Wikipedia sowiki https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogga_Hore MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.24 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Portal Portal talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2247 310780 300972 2026-10-24T07:03:21Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 310780 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Puntland''' , si rasmi ah maamul -'''goboleedka Soomaaliyeed ee Puntland''' , waa maamul - goboleedka isku haysta in uu ka tirsan yahay [[Soomaaliya]] , inkastoo aysan aqbalin sharcinimada maamulka hadda jira ee Soomaaliya . Waxaa la aasaasay 1998, waana dawlad xubin ka ah [[Dawladda federaalka Soomaaliya|federaalka Soomaaliya.]] Puntland waxay ku taal waqooyi bari Soomaaliya. Caasimadeeda waa magaalada [[Garoowe]] ee gobolka [[Nugaal]] . Gobolku wuxuu lahaa dad dhan 4,334,633 sanadka 2016.{{Infobox settlement | official_name = Puntland State of Somalia<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Puntland-const2010.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=30 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610044838/http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Puntland-const2010.pdf |archive-date=10 June 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> | name = Puntland | native_name = {{unbulleted list|{{native name|so|Buntilaan}} |{{native name|ar|أرض البنط|italics=off}}}} |settlement_type = | image_flag = Flag of Puntland.svg | flag_size = 120px | image_shield = Coat of Arms of Puntland.svg | image_map = |image2 = | mapsize = 250px |pushpin_map =Somalia | map_caption = | coordinates = {{Coord|8|24|N|48|29|E|type:city}} | seat = [[Garowe]] | governing_body = [[Dowladda Puntland]] | leader_title1 = [[Siciid Cabdulaahi Deni|Madaxwaynaha]] | leader_name1 = [[Siciid Cabdulaahi Deni]] | area_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.populationdata.net/rankings/population/|title=Rankings – Countries and Territories of the World • PopulationData.net|access-date=28 June 2021|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629181040/https://en.populationdata.net/rankings/population/|url-status=live}}</ref> | area_total_km2 = 212510 | area_water_km2 = 21,711 | leader_title2 = Madaxweyne-ku-xigeenka | leader_name2 = [[Ilyaas Cismaan Lugator]] | leader_title3 = Afhayeenka Aqalka | leader_name3 = [[Cabdirisaaq Axmed Siciid]] | area_rank = | established_title = La asaasay | established_date = 1 Ogosto 1998 | seat_type = Caasimada | population_est = 4334633 | pop_est_as_of = 2016 | pop_est_footnotes = <ref name="PLFactsandFigures2012-2017">{{cite web |title=Puntland Facts and Figures 2012–2017 |url=https://bareedo.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Puntland-Facts-and-Figures-2017-Year-book-2018-1.pdf |access-date=31 July 2023 |archive-date=31 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731042558/https://bareedo.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Puntland-Facts-and-Figures-2017-Year-book-2018-1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> | timezone1 = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | utc_offset_DST = +3 | motto = | area_code = [[+252]]90 (Soomaaliya) | iso_code = SO }} Puntland waxa ay xad la wadaagtaa Somaliland dhanka galbeed, Gacanka Cadmeed ee waqooyi, kanaalka Guardafui ee waqooyi-bari, badweynta Hindiya , Koonfur-galbeed ee maamulka Galmudug , iyo Itoobiya oo koonfur-galbeed ah. Puntland waxaa ku yaal dhowr daraf oo waaweyn oo ay ka mid yihiin Cape Guardafui , oo ah cidhifka Geeska Afrika, Raas Xaafuun oo ah meesha ugu bari ee qaaradda Afrika oo dhan, iyo bilawga buuraleyda Karkaar . Magaca "Puntland" waxa uu ka yimid dhulkii Puntland ee lagu sheegay ilo-wareedyadii hore ee Masaarida , in kasta oo meesha saxda ah ee dhulka laga sameeyay ay tahay qarsoodi. Daraasado badan ayaa soo jeedinaya in dhulka Puntland uu ku yaalay Soomaaliya maanta, halka qaar kalena ay soo jeedinayaan in uu ku yaal meel kale. 31-March-2024-ka kadib is bedelo ka dhashay qalalaasaha dastuuriga ah ee Soomaaliya ayaa dowladda Puntland waxa ay sheegtay in aysan aqoonsanayn awoodda dowladda federaalka ah ee Soomaaliya , isla markaana aysan ka qeyb geli doonin hay’adaha federaalka Soomaaliya . Waxay ku dhawaaqday inay si madax-banaan u shaqayn doonto, ama “ay fulin doonto awoodaha dawlad madax bannaan”, inta laga helayo dawlad federaal ah oo leh dastuur lagu heshiiyey afti dadweyne oo ay Puntland ka qayb galayso. ==Taariikhda== ===Saldanada Majeerteen iyo Hobyo=== Majeerteen Sultanate (Migiurtinia) waxaa la aas aasay bartamihii qarnigii 18-aad. Waxay soo shaacbaxday qarnigii xigay, oo uu xukumayey Boqorka kheyraadka badan (Boqor) Cismaan Maxamuud . Xarunteedu waxay ahayd Caluula , waxay gacanta ku haysay inta badan waqooyiga iyo badhtamaha Soomaaliya qarniyadii 19-aad iyo horraantii 20-aad. Boqor Cismaan waxa uu ka mid ahaa ugaasyadii caanka ahaa ee beelaha Daarood oo soo maamuli jiray magaalooyinka qadiimiga ah ee Caluula, Baargaal , Boosaaso iyo Xaafuun ka dibna waxa uu u soo baxay oday dhaqameed awood leh oo si buuxda u maamula deegaamada uu ka taliyo. Siyaasaddu waxa ay ilaalisay shabakad ganacsi oo adag, waxa ay heshiisyo la gashay quwado shisheeye, waxana ay awood dhexe oo xoog leh ka fulisay gudaha gudaha. [[File:Garesadihafun.jpg|thumb|Mid ka mid ah qalcadaha Suldaanka Majeerteen (Migiurtinia) ee Xaafuun]] Suldaanka Majeerteen waxa uu ku sigtay in la burburiyo bartamihii 1800-aadkii dagaal awoodeed oo dhex maray Boqor Cismaan iyo Yuusuf Cali Keenadiid oo uu adeer u ahaa . Ka dib ku dhawaad ​​shan sano oo dagaal ah, dhallinyaradii bilawday ayaa ugu dambayntii lagu qasbay in loo masaafuriyo Yemen . Toban sano ka dib, sannadihii 1870-aadkii, Kenadiid wuxuu ka soo noqday Jasiiradda Carabta isagoo wata koox ka mid ah Musketeers Hadhrami iyo koox dab-damiyayaal ah. Iyagoo gacan ka helaya, wuxuu ku guulaystey inuu ka awood roonaado beelihii deegaanka oo uu dhidibada u taagay Saldanada Hobyo 1878. Dabayaaqadii 1889kii Boqor Cismaan wuxuu heshiis la galay Talyaaniga , isaga oo boqortooyadiisa ka dhigay maxmiyad Talyaani ah . Suldaan Keenadiid oo la tartamayey ayaa sanad ka hor saxiixay heshiis kaas la mid ah oo ku wajahan suldaannimadiisa. Labada masuulba waxay saxeexeen heshiisyada maxmiyadda si ay u horumariyaan ujeeddooyinkooda isballaarinta, iyadoo Boqor Cismaan uu eegayay inuu taageero Talyaanigu u adeegsado halganka awoodeed ee uu kula jiro Kenadiid ee Saldanada Majeerteen. Boqor Cismaan iyo Suldaan Keenadiid waxa ay sidoo kale rajaynayeen in ay ka faa’idaystaan ​​danaha iska soo horjeeda ee ka dhexeeya quwadaha reer Yurub ee markaasi doonayey in ay ka taliyaan gacanka Soomaalida, si ay uga fogaadaan in si toos ah xoog loogu qabsado dhulkooda. Markii si tartiib tartiib ah loo ballaariyay waqooyiga Soomaaliya ee gumeystihii reer Yurub, dhammaan seddexdii suldaan waxaa lagu daray Soomaalilaan Talyaani horaantii qarnigii 20aad. ===Dhismihii Puntland=== Ka dib markii uu qarxay dagaalkii sokeeye ee Soomaaliya 1991-kii, shirweyne dastuuri ah oo ka soo baxay gudaha Garoowe ayaa lagu qabtay Garoowe 1998-kii oo socday muddo saddex bilood ah. Shirkan oo ay ka soo qeyb galeen qeybaha kala duwan ee bulshada, Isimada , ganacsatada, waxgaradka iyo qeybaha kala duwan ee bulshada rayidka ah ayaa waxaa ka soo qeyb galay masuuliyiin ka tirsan maamulka Puntland, waxaana shirkan ka soo qeyb galay xubno ka socday beesha caalamka iyo qeybaha kala duwan ee bulshada. Cabdullaahi Yuusuf Axmed waxa uu noqday madaxweynihii dhidibada u taagay dawladdii curdinka ahayd. Sida ku cad qodobka 1-aad ee Axdiga ku meel gaarka ah ee Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya , Puntland waa qayb ka mid ah dawladda federaalka ah ee Soomaaliya. Sidaas darteed, gobolku wuxuu raadinayaa midnimada Soomaalida , wuxuuna u hoggaansamaa nidaamka federaalka. Si ka duwan jamhuuriyadda Somaliland ee galbeedkeeda, Puntland iskuma daydo inay hesho aqoonsi caalami ah oo ah qaran gaar ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, labada gobolba hal shay ayaa ka dhexeeya oo ah inay taageeradooda ku saleeyaan oday-dhaqameedyada iyo qaab-dhismeedkooda urureed iyadoo lagu saleynayo xidhiidhka qabiilka iyo xigaalka . Si kastaba ha ahaatee, farqiga ugu muhiimsani wuxuu ahaa in Puntland loo sameeyay sidii isir ku salaysan oo ka duwan Somaliland. Dawladdu waxay u dhisnayd "dhulkii hooyo" ee beesha Harti ee Waqooyiga Soomaaliya, taas oo Majeerten loo arkayay "madax-qaab-yaqaannada" ee deegaanka. Tan iyo markii la aasaasay 1998, Puntland waxa ay sidoo kale Somaliland kula jirtay muran dhuleed oo ku saabsan gobollada Sool , Sanaag iyo Cayn. Qaab-dhismeedka sharci ee Puntland wuxuu ka kooban yahay Garsoorka, Xeer-dejinta ( Golaha Wakiilada ) iyo fulinta (Madaxwaynaha iyo Golihiisa Wasaaradaha uu magacaabay) waaxaha dawladda. Inkasta oo ay nabad ahayd, haddana gobolku waxa uu muddo kooban ka dhacay qalalaase siyaasadeed sannadkii 2001 markaas oo madaxweynihii Puntland ee xilligaas, Cabdullaahi Yuusuf Axmed, oo ka mid ahaa aabayaashii dhidibbada u taagay Puntland iyo madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay uu doonayay in muddada loo kordhiyo. Axmed iyo Jaamac Cali Jaamac waxay ku dagaalameen gacan ku haynta gobolka, iyadoo Axmed uu ku guuleystay sannadkii xigay. Axmed ayaa markii labaad xilka madaxweynenimo hayay ilaa Oktoobar 2004, markaasoo loo doortay madaxweynaha Soomaaliya . Waxa xilka ku kala wareegay Maxamed Xaashi oo xilka hayay ilaa January 2005 markaas oo uu ku guul-darraystay tartankii dib-u-doorashada ee golaha wakiillada General Maxamuud Muuse Xirsi “Cadde”. ==Siyaasada== Puntland ayaa adeegsata hab baarlamaan oo ah in madaxweynaha iyo madaxweyne ku xigeenka ay soo doortaan golaha baarlamaanka ee Puntland ===Maamulka General Cadde Muuse=== [[File:Cadde1.jpg|thumb|Mohamud Muse Hersi]] Bishii March 2005, Madaxweyne Muuse waxa uu bilaabay qorshe hammi ah oo lagu dhisayo garoonka diyaaradaha ee magaalada Boosaaso ee xarunta ganacsiga Puntland, mashruucaas oo hadda la dhamaystiray laguna magacaabo Bender Qassim International Airport . Bishii Abriil 2007, Muuse wuxuu kulamo la qaatay Sheikh Saud bin Saqr Al Qaasimi , oo ah dhaxal-sugaha iyo ku-xigeenka Amiirka Ras al-Khaimah ee Isutagga Imaaraadka Carabta (UAE), halkaas oo ay labada hoggaamiye ku kala saxiixdeen heshiis ku saabsan samaynta goob karantiil oo xoolaha ah si loo fududeeyo dhoofinta xoolaha Soomaaliya ee Imaaraadka. Bishii Oktoobar 2008, Muuse waxa kale oo uu heshiis 170 milyan Dirham ah la saxeexday Kooxda Lootah ee Dubai si ay uga taageerto dhismaha garoonka diyaaradaha, dekedda iyo aagga xorta ah ee magaalo-xeebeedda Boosaaso. Muuse waxa uu tilmaamay “Waxaan aaminsanahay in marka aan dhammayno mashaariicdan oo dhan ay dadkeenu ka faa’iidaysan doonaan inay helaan adeeg caafimaad oo wanaagsan, waxbarasho iyo barwaaqo guud. ===Maamulka Faroole=== [[File:Abdirahman Farole.jpg|thumb|Cabdiraxmaan Faroole]] Bishii Janaayo 2009, Cabdiraxmaan Faroole ayaa loo doortay madaxweynaha cusub ee Puntland . Maamulka Faroole ayaa markii uu xilka la wareegay wuxuu sameeyay isbedello badan, gaar ahaan laamaha ammaanka iyo garsoorka. Si loo xoojiyo nidaamka cadaaladda ee gobolka, xeer-ilaaliyeyaal badan, garsoorayaal iyo shaqaale kale oo maxkamadeed iyo sidoo kale ilaalada xabsiga oo dheeraad ah ayaa la shaqaaleysiiyay lana tababaray. Bishii Luulyo 2010, Golaha Wasiirada Puntland waxay cod aqlabiyad ah ku ansixiyeen sharciga cusub ee la dagaalanka argigixisada si si hufan loogu maareeyo tuhmanayaasha argagixisanimada iyo kuwa gacan saar la leh; Maxkamad gaar ah ayaa sidoo kale la filayaa in laga dhiso nidaamka maxkamadaha dembiyada ee gobolka si loo fududeeyo hawsha. Dhanka maaliyadda, waxaa la sameeyay hannaan maaliyadeed oo daah-furan oo ku saleysan miisaaniyad , kaasoo sida la sheegay gacan ka geystay kordhinta kalsoonida shacabka ee dowladda. Sidoo kale, waxaa la sameeyay dastuur cusub oo heer gobol ah, kaddibna la ansixiyay 15-kii Juun 2009, kaasoo la rumeysan yahay inuu ka dhigan yahay tallaabo muhiim ah oo loo qaaday aakhirkii in nidaamka siyaasadeed ee xisbiyada badan laga hirgeliyo deegaanka markii ugu horreysay; Nidaamkan oo kale ayaa hore uga jiray gobolka Somaliland ee ku xiga. Dib-u-habayn aad u yar ayaa sidoo kale lagu sameeyay dhaqdhaqaaqyada qaybta bulshada, gaar ahaan dhinacyada waxbarashada iyo daryeelka caafimaadka. Maamulka gobolka ayaa shaqaaleysiiyay shaqaale iyo macalimiin badan oo ka shaqeeya daryeelka caafimaadka, iyadoo qorshuhu yahay in dib u habeyn lagu sameeyo iskuullada iyo isbitaallada. Mid ka mid ah dib-u-habaynta cusub ee ugu muhiimsan ee uu sameeyay maamulka Puntland ee hadda xilka haya ayaa ah daah-furkii bishii May 2009 ee Hay’adda daryeelka bulshada Puntland (PASWE), oo ah hay’addii ugu horreysay ee nooceeda ah taariikhda Soomaaliya. Hay’addu waxa ay taageero caafimaad, waxbarasho iyo la-talinba siisaa dadka nugul iyo shakhsiyaadka sida agoonta, naafada iyo indhoolayaasha. PASWE waxaa korjoogta ka ah Gole Sare oo ka kooban Culimaa’udiin , Ganacsato, Waxgarad iyo Odayaal dhaqameed. ===Habka dimuqraadiyaynta=== 15kii Juun 2009, dawladda Puntland waxay ansixisay qabyo-qoraalka dastuurka cusub ee gobollada, taas oo ka dhigan tallaabo muhiim ah oo loo qaaday in ugu dambayntii lagu soo dabbaalo nidaamka siyaasadda xisbiyada badan ee gobolka markii ugu horreysay [[File:Somdbihd6.png|thumb|Haweenka oo ku jira hawl siyaasadeed inta lagu guda jiro geeddi-socodka dimuqraadiyaynta Puntland]] 15 April 2012, dawladda Puntland ayaa furay shirweyne dastuuri ah oo socon doona muddo afar maalmood ah, kaas oo si rasmi ah loogu daah-furay dastuurka cusub ee Puntland . Dastuurka oo ay kormeereen guddiga doorashada Puntland ayaa u taagan tilaabadii ugu dambeysay ee geedi socodka dimuqraadiyeynta gobolada, waxaana qorshuhu ahaa in la dhiso xisbiyo siyaasadeed. 12-kii September 2012, guddiga doorashada Puntland ayaa ku dhawaaqay in diiwaan gelinta xisbiyada siyaasadda Puntland ay hadda furan tahay. Arrintan ayaa timid kadib markii la meel mariyay sharciga ururada siyaasadda, xeerka aftida, xeerka doorashooyinka degmooyinka iyo daah-furka dastuurka dowlad goboleedyada. Waxay sidoo kale noqon doonaan kuwa loolan adag doorashada soo socota, ee loo qorsheeyay Janaayo 2014. 14 November 2012, Madaxweyne Faroole ayaa ku dhawaaqay daah-furka xisbigiisa cusub ee Horseed . Ururku waxa uu tiriyaa in ka badan 200 oo xubnood, waxana ay matalaan xukuumadda Puntland ee hadda xilka haysa, sida Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Cabdisamad Cali Shire iyo wasiiru dowlayaasha. Waa xisbigii ugu horreeyay ee la filayo in uu codsi ka diiwaan galiyo Guddiga Ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Doorashooyinka Puntland (TPEC). Sidoo kale Faroole ayaa sheegay in guud ahaan shacabka ay xaq u yeelan doonaan ka mid noqoshada ururkaasi marka loo doorto xisbi siyaasadeed oo rasmi ah. Waxa la asaasay shan urur siyaasadeed oo kale bishii xigtay, oo ay ku jiraan Xisbiga Horumarka iyo Cadaaladda ee Horcad oo uu furay ganacsade iyo ganacsade Cumar Ismaaciil Waaberi oo ay weheliyaan siyaasiyiin kale, Midowga Shacabka Gobollada ama UPR (Ururka Gobollada Umadaha Bahoobey ama UGUB), Midnimo, Talowadaag (Consensus-Consensus-Building) ee Asaaska G. Waxbarashada iyo Horumarinta ee ku wajahan Aasaaska Hadafka Dhabta ah). ===Maamulka Dr. Cabdiweli Maxamed Cali Gaas=== [[File:Presidentialres.jpg|thumb|Madaxtooyada [[Boosaaso]]]] 8-dii Janaayo 2014, Ra’iisul Wasaarihii hore ee Soomaaliya C/weli Maxamed Cali ayaa loo doortay Madaxweynihii 5-aad ee Puntland isagoo kaga guuleystay Dr. Faroole hal cod. Cabdixakiim Cabdullaahi Xaaji Cumar ayaa isku mar loo doortay madaxweyne ku xigeenka Puntland. ===Maamulka Deni=== 8-dii Janaayo 2019 Wasiirkii hore ee Qorsheynta iyo Iskaashiga Caalamiga ee Dowladda Federaalka, Saciid Cabdullaahi Deni, ayaa lagu dhawaaqay inuu yahay Madaxweynaha cusub. Doorashada ayaa ahayd mid si weyn loogu tartamay, waxaana loo gudbay wareeggii saddexaad ee codbixinta. Deni ayaa ka adkaaday Asad Cismaan Cabdullaahi oo horay uga tirsanaan jiray Nabadsugidda . Deni ayaa helay 35 cod, halka Diayno uu helay 31 cod. [[File:Said Abdullahi Deni (22-05-2021) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Madaxweynaha Puntland [[Siciid Cabdulaahi Deni|Siciid Cabdullaahi Deni]]]] Deni ayaa la hadlay xildhibaanada kadib markii lagu dhawaaqay in uu guuleystay. Waxa uu sheegay in uu sii wadi doono siyaasadii Madaxweynihii isaga ka horeeyay ee C/weli Gaas. Bishii Abriil 2024, Puntland waxay ku dhawaaqday inay u shaqeyn doonto sidii dowlad madax-bannaan iyada oo uu jiro khilaaf ka dhashay isbeddelka dastuurka Soomaaliya. ==Qaybaha maamulka== ===Gobollada=== Sida ku cad qodobka 3aad ee dastuurka ku meel gaarka ah ee dawlad goboleedka Puntland 2001, Puntland waxay ka kooban tahay gobolada la sheeganayo: Cayn Buuhoodle3 Bari Boosaas 5 Karkaar Qardho 5 Ra'as Caseyr Aluula 5 Haylaan Dhahar 3 Mudug Gaalkacyo2,5 Nugaal Garoowe 5 Sanaag Badhan 4 Sool Laascaanood7 ===Dib u kala qaybinta iyo khilaafaadka xuduudaha=== Bishii Jannaayo 2009, maamul-goboleedka Maakhir ee wakhtiga gaaban ayaa si rasmi ah loogu daray Puntland. Gacan ku heynta galbeedka gobolada Sool , Sanaag iyo Cayn (SSC) ayaa lagu muransan yahay Somaliland. 17-kii July 2025, dowladda Puntland waxay xaqiijisay in gobolladaas ay ku sii jiraan maamulkooda, iyadoo diiday inay aqoonsato maamulka Khaatumo ilaa laga gaarayo heshiis wada-tashi ah. 8-dii April 2013, dowladda Puntland ayaa ku dhawaaqday in la sameeyay gobol cusub oo loogu magac daray Gardafuul . Waxaa laga soo saaray gobolka Bari, wuxuuna ka kooban yahay saddex degmo, wuxuuna xarun u yahay Caluula . Ka hor inta aan la magacaabin gobolkan cusub, dawladdii hore ee Puntland waxay samaysay saddex gobol oo dhammaantood laga soo xardhay gobolladii jiray: Karkaar waxaa laga soo xardhay Bari ,Haylaan oo Sanaag laga soo saaray , Cayn oo laga sameeyay gobolka Togdheer . Koonfurta sida ay sheegeen dowladda federaalka ah ee Soomaaliya iyo CIA-da , koonfurta Mudug waxay ka tirsan tahay Galmudug . Magaalooyinka ama magaalooyinka ugu waaweyn Puntland Darajo Magaca Gobolka Boob 1 Boosaaso Bari, Soomaaliya 164,906 2 Gaalkacyo Mudug 137,667 3 Garoowe Nugaal 70,991 4 Qardho Bari, Soomaaliya 56,825 5 Badhan, Sanaag Puntland iyo Somaliland oo ku muransan 55,300 6 Galdogob Nugaal 40,433 7 Waaciye Bari 44,109 8 n/a n/a n/a 9 n/a n/a n/a 10 n/a n/a ==Juqraafiga== [[File:Sambalaxx.jpg|thumb|Geel oo eegaya qaybaha caleenta ah ee buurta Cal Madow ee Puntland]] Puntland waxay ku taal juqraafi ahaan qaybta waqooyi bari ee Soomaaliya . Waxa xad la leh Somaliland oo galbeed ka xigta, woqooyiga Gacanka Cadmeed , Badweynta Hindiya koonfur-bari, iyo Itoobiya oo koonfur-galbeed ka xigta. Puntland waxay ku fadhidaa dhul baaxadiisu dhan tahay 212,510 km2 ( 82,050 sq mi) ama qiyaastii saddex meelood meel meel dhulka juqraafiyeed ee Soomaaliya. Buuraha waxaa ka mid ah Buuraha Golis , Galgala iyo Cal Madow ===Cimilada=== Gobolku waa badh-emane , leh cimilo diiran iyo celcelis ahaan heerkul maalinle ah oo u dhexeeya 27 °C (80.6 °F) ilaa 37 °C (98.6 °F). Xaaladahan cimiladu waxay u roon yihiin xoolo-dhaqatada oo ah isticmaalka ugu waxtarka badan ee dhulka inta badan qaybaha gobolka. Dhul-daaqsimeedka waxaa ka mid ah gobolka Hawd oo ku yaal dhulka sare ee galbeedka gobollada Mudug iyo Sool , dhulka cagaarka ah ee Sanaag iyo dhinaca Itoobiya iyo dooxada hoose ee Nugaaleed . Heerkulka khafiifka ah, marka la barbardhigo, waxaa la soo maray oo keliya hareeraha buuraha dhaadheer ee Bari . Roobabku waa yar yihiin waana kala duwan yihiin, iyada oo aanay jirin meel keliya oo hesha in ka badan 400 mm (15.7 in) oo roob ah sannadkii. Reer guuraagu waxay inta badan ku tiirsan yihiin ceelasha sidii isha biyaha halkii ay ka ahaan lahaayeen biyaha dusha sare leh . Waxa jira afar xilli oo nolosha xoolo-dhaqatada iyo beeralayda ah ku wareegsan yihiin, kuwaasna waxa lagu maamulaa isbeddellada dabaysha. Xilliyada Puntland waa: Jilaal - laga bilaabo Janaayo ilaa Maarso; xilliga qalalan ee ugu daran sanadka Gu - laga bilaabo Abriil ilaa Juun; xilli roobaadka ugu weyn Xagaa - laga bilaabo Luulyo ilaa Sebtembar; xilliga qalalan ee labaad Deyr - laga bilaabo Oktoobar ilaa Disembar; xilli roobaadka oo gaaban oo aan la isku hallayn karin ==Waxbarashada== [[File:Punstacomlab2.jpg|thumb|Fasalka kombiyuutarka ee Jaamacadda Dawladda Puntland ee xarunta [[Garoowe]]]] Ka dib markii ay Soomaaliya ka dillaaceen dagaalladii sokeeye, waxaa soo baxay dhibaatooyin badan oo la xiriira helitaanka waxbarasho ee miyiga iyo jinsiga, tayada bixinta waxbarashada, ka jawaabista manhajka dugsiyada, heerarka waxbarashada iyo kontaroolada, maareynta iyo qorsheynta awoodda iyo maalgelinta. Si wax looga qabto tabashooyinkaas, dawladda Puntland waxay waddaa qorshe ay ku dejinayso siyaasad waxbarasho oo lagu hagi karo geeddi-socodka aqooneed ee gobolka oo cagta saaraya waddada dib-u-dhiska iyo horumarinta dhaqaalaha. Midda dambe waxaa ku jira siyaasadda waxbarashada qaranka xasaasiga ah ee jinsiga oo u hoggaansan heerarka caalamiga ah, sida kuwa lagu qeexay Heshiiska Xuquuqda Carruurta (CRC) iyo Axdiga Ciribtirka Dhammaan Noocyada Takoorka ee Haweenka (CEDAW). Tusaalooyinka tallaabooyinkan iyo tallaabooyinka kale ee waxbarasho ee shaqada ayaa ah dejinta dawladda ee sharciga loogu talagalay in lagu sugo danaha waxbarasho ee gabdhaha, kor u qaadida kobaca barnaamijka Horumarinta Carruurnimada Hore (ECD) ee loogu talagalay in lagu gaaro waalidiinta iyo bixiyeyaasha daryeelka ee guryahooda iyo sidoo kale xarumaha ECD ee 0-ilaa 5-sano-jirrada 61-aad ee loogu talagalay in lagu dhiirigeliyo xirmooyinka carruurta ee 0- ilaa 5 - sano jir ah miyiga fogfog. Nidaamka waxbarashada Puntland waxaa loo arkaa inuu yahay midka ugu horumarsan, wuxuuna isku dayayaa inuu xiro farqiga u dhexeeya jinsiga si haween badan ay u awoodaan inay iskuulada tagaan. Gobolo kale ayaa ku raacaya in Puntland ay ka dhabeyso arrintaas. Dawladda Puntland dhexdeeda, wasaaradda waxbarashada ayaa u xilsaaran horumarinta iyo maaraynta baahiyaha waxbarasho ee gobolka. Waxa madax ka ah Wasiirka Maxamuud Bile Dubbe, oo ay hoos yimaadaan Wasiir-ku-xigeen iyo Agaasime Guud oo gacan ka geysta kormeerka Qaybta Waxbarashada Dugsiga Hoose (PPED) iyo Agaasinka Waxbarashada Aasaasiga ah (BED), iyo guddiyo kale. [[File:Eaubosaso2.jpg|thumb|Gelitaanka Jaamacadda Bariga Afrika faraceeda [[Boosaaso]]]] Nidaamka waxbarasho ee Puntland wuxuu ka kooban yahay laba sano oo korriin carruurnimo hore ah (ECD), siddeed sano oo waxbarasho hoose ah (afar sano oo dugsi hoose ah iyo afar sano oo dugsi hoose ah) iyo afar sano oo dugsi sare ah . Waxbarashada sare waxay ka kooban tahay celcelis ahaan afar sano, iyada oo gobolku hadda lagu tiriyo todobo jaamacadood oo waaweyn oo kala ah: Puntland State University Garowe , Puntland State University Gaalkacyo , Boosaaso College in Bosaaso , East Somalia University in Qardho , Muqdisho University ( Puntland branch ) in Bosaaso, Maakhir University in Badhan , Sanaag , iyo Nugaal University in Laascaanood . Jaamacadda Bariga Afrika waxay kaloo ku leedahay Puntland lix laamood, waxayna xarumo ku leedahay Boosaaso, Ceerigaabo , Galdogob , Gaalkacyo, Garoowe iyo Qardho. Sidaa darteed, waa nidaamka 2-4-4-4. Wasaaradda waxbarashada Puntland waxay sidoo kale u aqoonsan tahay waxbarashada dadban iyo farsamada gacanta iyo tababarka (TVET) inay yihiin qaybo ka mid ah nidaamka waxbarasho ee gobolka. Laga soo bilaabo 2005/2006 ilaa 2006/2007, waxaa aad kor ugu kacay tirada dugsiyada Puntland, taasoo ka badan 137 machad oo sanad ka hor ahaa. Isla muddadaas, tirada fasallada gobolka ayaa kordhay 504, iyada oo 762 macalimiin ah ay sidoo kale bixiyeen adeegyadooda. Wadarta is-diiwaangelinta ardayda ayaa kordhay 27% sannadkii hore, iyada oo habluhu wax yar ka dambeeyaan wiilasha xaadirka ah inta badan gobollada. Diwaan galinta ugu saraysa ayaa lagu arkay waqooyiga gobolka Bari , halka tiradii ugu hoosaysayna laga arkay gobolka Cayn oo dadkeedu yar yahay. Qaybinta fasallada ayaa ku dhawaad ​​si siman loo kala qaybiyey magaalooyinka iyo miyiga, iyada oo inta yar ee arday badani ka qayb galayaan iyo macallimiin ay casharro ku dhigaan magaalooyinka. Ka dib dhibaatadii COVID-19, Dawladda Puntland waxay daah-furtay Baasaboorka Waxbarashada, oo ah goob wax lagu barto dijitaalka ah oo ay carruurtu ka heli karaan waxyaabaha waxbarashada online iyo offline labadaba guryahooda. Baasaboorka Waxbarashadu waa iskaashi gogol-xaadh u dhexeeya UNICEF, Microsoft iyo Jaamacadda Cambridge. ==Tirakoobka dadka iyo diinta== [[File:Punmosq.jpg|thumb|Masjid ku yaala Boosaaso]] Ilaa 2016, dadka Puntland waxaa lagu qiyaasaa 4,334,633 qof, 39% waa reer guuraa . Gobolka waxaa dega ugu horrayn dad ka soo jeeda qowmiyadda Soomaalida , gaar ahaan Daarood ayaa si fiican u metelaya. Waxa kale oo jira tiro dadka Mehri deggan. Hadda 31% dadka gobolka ayaa ku nool magaalooyinka sida xawliga ah u koraya ee kala ah Boosaaso , Qardho , Laascaanood , Buuhoodle , Badhan , Galdogob , Garoowe iyo Gaalkacyo . Ku dhawaad ​​70% dadku waxay sidoo kale ka hooseeyaan da'da 30. Tirada dadka ee Puntland waxaa lagu qiyaasaa 20/km 2 (52/sq mi). Si la mid ah Soomaaliya inteeda kale, Islaamku waa diinta ugu weyn ee gobollada Puntland ==Gaadiidka== Gaadiidka basaska dowladda hoose ayaa ka shaqeeya magaalooyinka Boosaaso , Garoowe , Laascaanood , Gaalkacyo iyo Qardho . Adeegyada gaadiidka ee u dhexeeya magaalooyinka waaweyn ee gobolka iyo tuulooyinka ku dhow ayaa sidoo kale lagu heli karaa iyada oo loo marayo noocyada kala duwan ee baabuurta, sida 4 taayirrada iyo baabuurta fudud (LGV). Laga bilaabo May 2015, in ka badan 70,000 oo baabuur ayaa ka diiwaan gashan Wasaaradda Hawlaha iyo Gaadiidka Puntland [[File:Garoweresid6.jpg|thumb|Muuqaalka wadada dhinaceeda ee xaafad ku taal Garoowe]] Puntland waxa mara 750 km (470 mi) wadada wayn ee waqooyi-koonfur. Waxay isku xirtaa magaalooyinka waaweyn ee waqooyiga Soomaaliya, sida Garoowe, Boosaaso iyo Gaalkacyo, iyo magaalooyin ku yaal koonfurta. Sannadkii 2012, Hay'adda Waddooyinka Puntland waxay soo gabagabaysay dayactirka halbowlaha dhexe ee isku xira Garoowe iyo Gaalkacyo. Hay'adda gaadiidku waxay sidoo kale biloowday mashruuc dib-u-habayn iyo dayactir ah bishii Juun 2012 oo ku saabsan laamiga weyn ee isku xira magaalo-madaxda gobolka iyo Boosaaso. Intaa waxaa dheer, dayactirku wuxuu bilaabmay Oktoobar 2012 waddada dheer ee isku xirta Boosaaso iyo Qardho. Waxa kale oo uu socdaa qorshayaal lagu dhisayo waddooyin cusub oo isku xidha magaalooyinka waaweyn ee gobolka iyo jidka weyn. [[File:Bosasairp.jpg|thumb|Garoonka caalamiga ah ee Bender Qaasim ee magaalada Boosaaso 2016, ka hor dayactir]] Boosaaso waxay leedahay deked weyn oo la dhisay bartamihii 1980-meeyadii iyadoo sanad walba xoolaha nool loo daabulo bariga dhexe . Bishii Janaayo 2012, mashruuc dib u habeyn ah ayaa la bilaabay, iyadoo KMC ay qandaraas ku qaadatay hagaajinta dekedda. Wajigii koowaad ee hindisaha ayaa lagu arkay nadiifinta agabka aan loo baahnayn ee ka soo baxay barxadda dekedda, waxaana la dhameeyay bishii gudaheeda. Wejiga labaad waxa uu ku saabsan yahay dib u dhiska dekeddu ku teedsan tahay badda ku dheggan, iyada oo ujeedadu tahay in la dejiyo maraakiibta waaweyn. Sannadkii 2012, koox injineero ah ayaa sidoo kale loo qoray maamulka Puntland si ay u qiimeeyaan dayactirka ka socda dekedda Laascaanood . Sida uu sheegay wasiirka dekedaha , Siciid Maxamed Raage , dawladda Puntland waxay ku talo jirtaa inay mashaariic horumarineed oo noocan oo kale ah ka hirgeliso magaalada Laascaanood. Duulimaadyada maxalliga ah waxay bixiyaan duulimaadyo kala duwan oo gudaha iyo dibadda ah, sida Jabuuti , Addis Ababa , Dubai iyo Jeddah ; sidoo kale waxay bixiyaan duulimaadyada xajka iyo cumrada . Duulimaadyada ugu caansan Puntland waxaa ka mid ah Jubba Airways , Cosob Air iyo Daallo Airlines , kuwaas oo ka howlgala garoonka diyaaradaha ee Bender Qaasim ee Boosaaso iyo garoonka diyaaradaha Cabdullaahi Yuusuf (Garoonkii hore ee Gaalkacyo) ee Gaalkacyo iyo meelo kale. Dabayaaqadii bishii Sebtembar 2013, waxaa xarunta lagu qabtay munaasabad lagu daah furayay qandaraaska qandaraaska dib u dayactirka garoonka diyaaradaha ee Boosaaso. Dayactirkan ayaa waxaa ka mid ah in la balaadhiyo dhabaha ay diyaaraduhu ku ordaan ee garoonka oo laga dhigay 1,800m ilaa 2,650m. Balaadhka dhabyga diyaaraduhu waxa kale oo laga balaadhin doonaa 30m ilaa 45m, waxaana labada dhinac ka muuqan doona 7.5m garbaha quruuruxda. Sida uu sheegay wasiir ku xigeenka wasaaradda duulista hawada Puntland Cabdiqani Geelle, dowladda Puntland ayaa qorshaynaysa in ay dhismo noocan oo kale ah ku sameyso garoonka diyaaradaha ee Garoowe ee Garoowe, garoonka diyaaradaha Cabdullaahi Yuusuf ee Gaalkacyo iyo kan Qardho ee Qardho. ==Milatari== [[File:Calaamada ciidamada daraawishta2.png|thumb|Astaanta Ciidanka Daraawiishta Puntland]] Ciidanka PSF-ta Puntland waa ciidamada qalabka sida ee maamul goboleedka Puntland. Taliyeyaasha iyo saraakiisha sare ee ciidamada waxaa loo magacaabay guddi tayo leh oo ay ansixiyeen Golaha Wasiirada. Laamaha amniga Puntland waxa kale oo ay leeyihiin maxkamad ciidan oo madax-banaan. PSF waxaa ka mid ah Ciidanka Daraawiishta Puntland (PDF), qaybteeda rasmiga ah ee ciidamada. Waxay ka shaqeysaa ciidankeeda booliiska, oo ay ku jiraan Unug Ilaalinta Gaarka ah. Hay’adda Sirdoonka Puntland (PIA) waa xafiiska sirdoonka ee ciidamada Puntland. Waxaa la aas aasay sanadkii 2001-dii iyadoo la aas aasay ciidanka sirdoonka Puntland xilligii uu talada hayay Madaxweyne Cabdullaahi Yuusuf Axmed , iyadoo gacan ka heleysa dowladda Mareykanka. Ciidanka badda Puntland (PMPF) waa ciidan laga qorey gudaha, xirfadna u leh ilaalinta badda. Ugu horrayn waxaa looga golleeyahay ka hortagga, ogaanshaha iyo ciribtirka burcad-badeednimada , kalluumeysiga sharci-darrada ah , iyo falalka kale ee xaaraanta ah ee ka socda xeebaha Soomaaliya iyo guud ahaan ilaalinta kheyraadka badda ee qaranka. Intaa waxaa dheer, Ciidanku waxay bixiyaan taageero bulsho, oo ay ku jiraan dayactirka ceelasha, dayactirka isbitaallada iyo rugaha caafimaadka, iyo dayactirka waddooyinka, garoomada diyaaradaha iyo kaabayaasha kale. Waxa kale oo ay siisaa barnaamijyo tababar xirfadeed bulshooyinka deegaanka. ==Dhaqaalaha== Puntland waxay leedahay 1,600 km (990 mi) oo xeeb ah, kaas oo ay ku badan yihiin kalluunka iyo kheyraadka kale ee badda . Wax soo saarka dhaqaale ee dheeraadka ah iyo waxqabadyada gobolka waxaa ka mid ah xoolaha nool , faleenka , malmalka , xabkaha carabiga , wax soo saarka iyo beeraha . Wax soo saarka beeraha sida canbaha, muuska, guavas, liin, sonkorta, iyo lawska ayaa lagu beeraa beeraha gobolka. Raashinka iyo badeecadaha laga soo dejiyo Berbera , Somaliland qiimo jaban ayaa lagu iibiyaa marka loo eego kuwa Boosaaso laga soo dejiyo . Sidaa darteed, beddelka xoolaha nool ee ka soo jeeda Puntland waxaa laga dhoofiyaa Berbera . Xarumaha ganacsiga ee Puntland waxay ku kala yaalaan Boosaaso iyo Gaalkacyo . Si kastaba ha ahaatee, magaalooyinka kale sida Qardho iyo Garoowe waxay u dhaqmaan sidii goobaha suuqa ee fasalka labaad. Dakhliga waxaa laga soo saaraa warshadaha soo socda: Xoolaha, Kalluumeysiga, Beeyada, iyo Ganacsiga yaryar. Xoolaha ka soo jeeda Puntland waxaa loo dhoofiyaa Boosaaso. Xarumaha ganacsiga ee muhiimka ah ee Puntland waxay ku kala yaalaan Boosaaso iyo Gaalkacyo . Caanaha aruuriya ( Anooley Af Soomaali ) waxay ku sugan yihiin suuqyada magaalooyinka Qardho , Garoowe iyo Boosaso . Puntland ayaa leh heerka ugu hooseeya ee saboolnimada Soomaaliya , iyadoo 27% ka ah, halka Somaliland ay ka tahay 50% iyo 57% Muqdisho . Khubarada ayaa aaminsan in tani ay sabab u tahay isticmaalka badan iyo ka qaybgalka xoogga shaqada oo sarreeya. Qoysaska ku nool Puntland waxay isticmalaan tiro ka badan qofkiiba shay iyo wax ka badan qoyskiiba. Heerka hoose ee faqriga uma muuqdo mid ay wadaan tirada qoyska, maadaama celceliska Puntland uu yahay 5.2, marka la barbar dhigo 5.7 Somaliland iyo 4.5 ee Muqdisho . Puntland waxa ay si fiican uga socotaa tilmaamo kala duwan oo muhiim ah oo samaha. Tusaale ahaan, heerka wax-akhriska Puntland waa 64% marka la barbar dhigo celceliska qaranka oo ah 55%. Intaa waxaa dheer, qoysaska Puntland waxay sidoo kale ka sarreeyaan celceliska natiijooyinka kale ee waxbarasho sida is-diiwaangelinta iyo kasbashada waxbarashada. 70% qoysaska Puntland ayaa helay ilo biyood oo hagaagsan marka loo eego celceliska qaranka oo ah 58%. Sidaa darteed, waxqabadka sare ee Puntland ee tilmaamayaasha samaha ee aan lacagta ahayn waxay la jaan qaadayaan heerka saboolnimada hoose. Bishii Disembar 2011, suuq ganacsi oo cusub ayaa laga furay xaafadda Dayaxa ee waqooyiga Boosaaso ("Xiddiga"), una dhow dekedda. Qiyaastii nus kiilomitir cabbirkeeda, waxaa loo qorsheeyay si loo hubiyo helitaanka gaadhiga. Suuqan ayaa ka dhashay qorshe taxaddar leh oo u dhexeeya madaxda dawladda Puntland iyo wakiilada bulshada rayidka ah. [[File:Galkamaal.jpg|thumb|Bangiga Amal ee Gaalkacyo , Puntland]] Boosaaso waxa kale oo ay xarun u tahay shirkadda Golis Telecom Soomaaliya oo ah shirkadda ugu weyn ee isgaarsiineed ee waqooyi bari Soomaaliya. Waxaa la asaasay sanadkii 2002 ujeedadeeduna ahayd sidii dalka loo gaadhsiin lahaa adeegyada mobilada ee GSM, khadka tooska ah iyo adeega internet ka , waxa ay leedahay shabakad balaadhan oo ka kooban dhamaan magaalooyinka waaweyn ee qaranka iyo in ka badan 40 degmo oo ka kala tirsan Puntland iyo Somaliland. Intaa waxaa dheer, Netco waxay xarunteedu ku leedahay magaalada. Shirkadaha kale ee isgaarsiinta ee u adeega gobolka waxaa ka mid ah Telcom iyo NationLink . Bishii April 2013, Wasaaradda Kalluumeysiga iyo Kheyraadka Badda Puntland ayaa si rasmi ah u daah furtay suuq cusub oo kalluunka lagu iibinayo oo laga hirgeliyay magaalada Garoowe. Dhismahan oo ay iska kaashadeen madaxda UK iyo UNDP, waa qayb ka mid ah qorshe ballaaran oo lagu horumarinayo gobolka oo lagu arki doono laba suuq oo kale oo la mid ah oo sanadkan gudihiisa laga furay Gaalkacyo iyo Qardho. Bishii Agoosto 2014, iyada oo ay weheliyaan dawladda Jabuuti iyo shirkad dhisme oo caalami ah oo xarunteedu tahay Shiinaha, wasaaradda gaadiidka iyo dekedaha Puntland waxay daah-furtay mashruuc lagu dhisayo dekedo cusub oo maamul goboleedka. Qorshahan ayaa qeyb ka ah olole ballaaran oo maamulka Puntland uu ku doonayo in diiradda lagu saaro sidii looga faa’ideysan lahaa fursadaha ganacsi ee gobolka iyadoo loo marayo mashaariic horumarineed oo kala duwan ===Shidaal baadhista=== [[File:Puntland oil.png|thumb|Shidaalkii Puntland]] Sannadihii 2000-aadkii, dawladda Puntland waxay bilowday wada-xaajood rasmi ah oo ay la yeelanayso shirkado Shisheeye oo Shisheeye ah oo ku saabsan xuquuqda sahaminta dhulka. Maamulka gobolka Oktoobar 2005 ayaa Range Resources siiyay saamiga ugu badan ee labada shati ee sahaminta macdanta iyo kaarboonka biyaha ku salaysan ee baaxadda leh, marka lagu daro xuquuqaha badda. Xeebta Nugaaleed iyo Dooxada Dharoor ee su'aasha la is weydiinayo waxay gaaraysa in ka badan 14,424 iyo 24,908 km2 ( 5,569 iyo 9,617 sq mi), siday u kala horreeyaan. Laba sano ka dib, Range Resources waxay heshay 100% dulsaar labada baloog waxayna isla markaaba 80% ka beeratay saamigaas Canmex Minerals. Bishii Janaayo 2007, maamulka Puntland oo uu markaas hoggaaminayey Madaxweyne Maxamuud Muuse Xirsi ayaa heshiis la saxiixday Puntland Product Sharing Agreement (PSA) oo ay la saxiixdeen Range Resources Limited iyo Canmex Minerals subsidiary Canmex Holdings (Bermuda) II Limited. Ka dib markii uu isbedel ku yimid hoggaanka 2009, dawladda Puntland ee uu hadda hoggaamiyo Madaxweyne Cabdiraxmaan Maxamuud Faroole, waxay damacday inay dib ugala xaajoodaan heshiiska faa'iidada qaybsiga ee Range Resources si loo xaqiijiyo shuruudo badan oo ku habboon gobolka. Sannadkii 2012, dawladda Puntland waxay siisay iftiinka cagaaran mashruucii ugu horreeyay ee sahaminta shidaalka ee Puntland iyo guud ahaan Soomaaliya. Sanadkii 2017-kii, wasiiro ka tirsan Puntland ayaa shir ay yeesheen golaha wasiirada waxay ku ansixiyeen heshiis shidaal baaris ah oo ay la gashay shirkadda CCECC ee laga leeyahay dalka Shiinaha , taas bedelkeedana waxaa lagu dhisay waddo isku xirta Eyl iyo Garoowe iyo dayactir iyo dib u habeyn lagu sameeyay garoonka diyaaradaha ee Cabdullaahi Yuusuf ==Warbaahinta== [[File:Satelpunt.jpg|thumb|Qaar ka mid ah adeegyada dayax-gacmeedka ee Puntland]] Puntland waxay leedahay TV iyo istuudiyo u gaar ah. TV-ga iyo Raadiyaha Puntland waa shabakada baahinta guud ee maamul goboleedka Puntland ee Soomaaliya. Xarunteedu waa magaalo madaxda gobolka ee Garoowe . Adeeggu wuxuu kaloo xafiis ku leeyahay London . La aas aasay bishii April 2013, Puntland TV iyo Radio waxay ku hadashaa af-Soomaali gudaha gudaha iyadoo la adeegsanayo adeegga dhulka. Waxa kale oo ay sii daysaa barnaamijyo caalami ah iyada oo loo marayo dayax-gacmeedka . Radio Puntland ayaa si caalami ah u tabiya mowjadaha gaaban, iyadoo la gaarsiinayo ilaa Finland. Barnaamijkeeda caadiga ah waxaa ka mid ah wararka guud, diiradda saaraya horumarka gobolka, ciyaaraha iyo madadaalada. Idaacadaha sida gaarka ah loo leeyahay ee East Television Network (ETN TV) iyo Somali Broadcasting Corporation (SBC TV) ayaa laga baahiyey magaalada Boosaaso. Radio Garowe oo la aas aasay 2004tii waa idaacad bulsho oo xarunteedu tahay Garowe. Idaacadda ayaa maalin kasta ka soo baxda Soomaaliya 89.8 FM, [ 112 ] iyadoo ka soo tabisa dhammaan cinwaannadii ugu dambeeyay ee wararka, siyaasadda iyo bulshada Soomaaliyeed. Waxa ay sidoo kale baahisaa barnaamijyo kale oo gaar ah oo ka baxa Garowe Online oo ah mareegta walaalkeed ee internetka. LaasqorayNET waa shabakad kale oo si gaar ah loo leeyahay oo fadhigeedu yahay Badhan , Boosaaso , Dubai iyo London . Mareegta waxaa ku jira maqaallo ku qoran af Soomaali iyo Ingiriis. Intaa waxaa dheer, shabakadu waxay martigelisaa qaar ka mid ah maqalka, inkastoo kan dambe aan si joogto ah loo cusbooneysiin. Radio Gaalkacyo waa idaacada dowladda. Xarunteedu tahay magaalada Gaalkacyo , waxaa hore loo odhan jiray Radio Free Somalia. Horseed Media waxaa la aas aasay sanadkii 2002-dii, waxaana aasaasay koox aqoonyahano ah oo Soomaaliyeed oo ku kala nool dalalka Holland iyo Finland. Idaacadda ayaa ka dhegeysata magaalada Boosaaso, waxaana dhageystayaal gaaraya ilaa 80,000 oo qof, iyadoo dhererkeedu yahay 150 km2 ( 58 sq mi). Waxa kale oo ay ka shaqeysaa shabakad ay ku xisaabtamaan in ka badan 10,000 oo booqasho maalinle ah. Puntland Post oo fadhigeedu yahay magaalada Garoowe ayaa waxaa la aas aasay sanadkii 2001-dii, waxaana aasaasay qurba-joog Soomaaliyeed oo ku dhaqan dalka Denmark. Websaydhkeedu waxa uu maalin walba ku soo bandhigaa warbixino iyo falanqeyn isugu jira warar gudaha iyo dibadda ah oo isugu jira Soomaali iyo Ingiriis, iyadoo xoogga la saarayo arrimaha Puntland. Puntland Star oo la aas aasay 2014-kii, waxa ay idiin soo gudbisaa warar, sheekooyin iyo Documentry ka socda Soomaaliya iyo Caalamka intiisa kale. Ururada kale ee warbaahinta waxaa ka mid ah Raxanreeb Online (RBC Radio). Waxa la bilaabay 2006dii, RBC waxa ay dhagaystayaasha caalamka u soo bandhigtaa wararka Soomaaliga oo ku baxa Soomaali iyo Ingiriisba. Iyada oo ilo toos ah laga helayo Soomaaliya, waxay khusaysaa siyaasadda gudaha iyo bulshada ==Ciyaaraha== ===Kubadda Cagta=== Sannadka 2017, waxaa la aasaasay ururka maamul goboleedka Puntland oo ka kooban sagaal kooxood. == Dawladda Puntland == Dawladda Puntland ee somaliyeed waxaa la asaasay 1998kii, waxaana asaasay isimo ,siyaasiyiin,ganacsato,culimaa,udiin ,haween dadka ugu caansanaa ee isugu yimi shirkii GAROWE kadhacay 1998 waxaa kamid ahaa madaxweynihii hore ee Dawladda DFKMG [[Cabdullaahi Yuusuf Axmed]], Ibrahim Abshir Ibrahim, Beeldaaje Xaaji Cabdullahi, Suldaan Ciise Xasan Cumar, [[Ugaas Yaasiin Ugaas Cabdirixmaan| Ugaas Yaasiin]], Suldaan Saciid Cabdisalaan, Islaan Maxamed iyo Garaad Jaamac ,sababta loo sameeyay maamulkaan wuxuu ahaa si loo badbaadiyo shacabka woqooyiga. Maamulka puntland aad ayuu uuga duwanyahay maamulka kale ee [[SSC-Khatumo]]. Puntland ma raadinooso kala goynta dalka somalia, dadkaan waa dad wadaniyiin ah . shacabka puntland run ahaantii waa dad markasto raadiyo isku keenta shacabka soomaaliyeed. Puntland waxee leedahay maamul xukumo iyo barlamaan u gooni ah iyo wasiiro maamulo shacab woqooyiga. ===Hormuudka=== Madaxweynihii ugu horeeyay ee puntland woxoo ahaa Cabdullahi Yuusuf, waxaa ku xigay Maxamed Abdi Xaashi waxaa ku xigay Cade Muuse waxaa ku sii xigay Cabdiraxmaan Maxamuud faroole, Hadana waxaa xilka hayya Cabdiwali Maxamed Cali. == caasimada puntland == Garoowe waa caasimadda Dawladda puntland ee somaliyeed, Garoowe ayaa waxay soo martay maraxalado kala gedisan. Haatanna waxay maraysaa heer keedii ugu sarreeyay. Magaalada Ayaa xarun u ah haayado dowliya iyo kuwa aan dowli ahayn,qunsuliyado,ururo maxali ah , kuwa NGO ah,radio stations,TV IWM. Garowe waxaa ku yaal Meelo aad iyo aad u qurxoon suuqaaq iyo bacadlayaal aad iyo aad u camiran Jawiga ayaa had iyo goorba ah mid aan qaboow saa'ida iyo kulayl saa'idana aan lahayn qorraxda ayaa inta badan waxaa ku dahaaran cadar iyo daruuro. ===Qarnigii 21ka=== Ka dib markii wadatashiyo badan ay yeesheen isimada, siyaasiyiinta, aqoonyahanka, ganacsatada, iyo qaybaha kala duwan ee bulshada ku nool goboladan, ayaa waxaa la go'aansaday in magaalada Garoowe lagu qabto shir loo wada dhan yahay kaasoo ujeedadiisu ay ahayd in la dhiso maamul dowlad goboleed. Islamarkaas waxaas ku soo biiray Gobolada Sanaag iyo Sool oo kula bahoobay Maamulaka cusub Goboladii laysku oran jiray Waqooyi Bari. Shirkaas waxaa ka soo baxay bartamihii 1998, Dowlad Goboleedka Puntland, taasoo leh sadexda awoodood oo kala ah, Golaha Wakiilada oo dhan 66 Xilibaan oo lab iyo dhedigba leh, Garsoorka , iyo Golaha Xukuumada oo leh Madaxwayne iyo madaxwayne ku-xigeen. == Dhismihii== ===maamulka=== Sida uu qeexayo Xeerka 1aad,. ee axdiga ku meel-gaarka ah ee lagu dhisay Puntland. ===Hubinta=== '''Hubinta iyo controlka daawada''' Waxaa wasaarada u suurto gashey in la helo labo mashiin oo ah kuwa lagu baarey tayada daawada oo la dhigay Magaalada [[Bosaso]] (Dekada) iyo [[Garowe]]. Waxaa ay wasaaradu magacowday gudi dib u eega nidaamyada ilaalinta kontoroolka daawada. Waxa socda dib u eegista iyo hirgelinta sharciga caafimaadka ,Waxa hirgeshey in la mamnuuco ka ganacsashada daawada qaaxada ee goobaha ganacsiga ah. [[File:R.publication Somali language.jpg|thumb|380px|Daabacadaha [[Af Soomaali|Af-Soomaaliga]]<ref>[https://www.jw.org/so/wargeysyada/maxaa-cusub/ Buugag iyo Qormo Dhigashada…]</ref>]] ==Bulshada== ===Hirgalinta=== '''hirgalinta Siyaasadda (ISKA WAX U QABSO)''' Waxa wasaaraddu si fiican ugu wacyi gelisey bulshada reer Puntland ka qeyb qaadashada caafimaadka guud Waxa ay wasaaraddu ka shaqeysay isku xirka Jaaliyada dibada ee reer Puntland si ay gacan fiican uga geystaan caafimaa ===Calanka=== Calanka Puntland midabadeeda waa [[ciraad]], cagaar iyo cadaan. Calanka Puntland waxay uu eegtahay calanka Uzbekistan iyo calanka Lesotho. == Kaabayaasha (infrastructure) == Miisaaniyadaha Degmooyinka. Markii u horaysay Wasaaradda Arrimaha Guduhu waxay ku guuleysatay inay Miisaaniyado u samayso qaar ka mid ah Degmooyinka Puntland walow aan Degmooyinka oo dhan loo samayn hadana waxaa loo sameeyey 9 Degmo o ka tirsan Degmooyinka Miisaaniyadaas oo isu dheeli tiraysa Dakhli & Khara. Waxayna ka kooban tahay Saadaasha/ Odorosida Dakhliga soo gelaya Degmooyinka ee la filayo & Kharashka ku baxaya hawlaha Degmadda taas oo sahashay in D/hoose lagula xisaabtamo Dakhliga soo galay & sida ay u kharash gareeyeen , Miisaaniyadda Degmooyinku waxay ka mid noqonayaan Dakhliga Guud ee Dowladda dhexe (GDP). ===Goobaha=== '''Liiska Degmooyinka loo sameeyey Miisaaniyadaha & Qiyaasta Kharash & Dakhli ee Degmooyinkaas''' # [[Garoowe]] 21,031,284,000 # [[Boosaaso]] 39,878,352,000 # [[Gaalkacayo]] 27,000,000,000 # [[Qardho]] 7,012,671,000 # [[Carmo]] 5,615,040,000 # [[Buurtinle]] 1,224,000,000 # [[Dangorayo]] 3,729,408,000 # [[Xarfo]] 2,400,000,000 # [[Waaciye]] 4,774,584,000 # Ufeyn 5,800,600,000 Degmadda Wadarta Guud ee Miisaaniyadda Sh.so/ ===Caafimaadka Puntland=== Waxaa si joogta u shaqeynaya oo adeegyada caafimaadka joogta bixiyey 86 xarumaha hooyada iyo dhalaan, 8 Isbitaal heer gobol, 9 Isbitaal 7 xarumaha qaaxada, 5 xarumaha barista iyo la talinta cudurka Ej-Ay-Fii Aydhiska, 10 xarun oo caafimaad dhimirka, 6 xarun quudinta nafaqda iyo 212 Baro caafimaad. Xarumahaas caafimaadka waxa ay dhamaantood ku kala yaalan dhamaan degaanada Puntland heer gobol ilaa tuulo. Guud ahaan xaalada caafimaad ee dalka waa mid degan waxaana si dhameystiran loo xakameeyey cuduraddii dilaacey 3 bilood ee la soo dhaafey Dalgaalkii galmudug ka dacay waa la gu laayey puntland markaasna puntland way jabtey. ===Kor u qaadista=== '''Kor u qaadista wadashaqeynta hayadaha''' Waxa la sameeyey nidaam wadashaqeyn hayadaha ka shaqeeya caafimaadka Puntland si wax ku ool u noqdaan mashaaricda ay nagalaa shaqeeyan Hayadaha caalamiga ah. * [[Soomaali luqadda dhegoolaha]] ==Tixraacyo== [https://en.populationdata.net/rankings/population/ "Darajooyinka - Wadamada iyo Dhulka Adduunka • PopulationData.net"] {{Wayback|url=https://en.populationdata.net/rankings/population/ |date=20210629181040 }} [https://www.dw.com/en/somalia-puntland-pulls-recognition-of-federal-government/a-68709757 "Soomaaliya: Puntland oo la baxday aqoonsiga dowladda federaalka – DW – 03/31/2024"] [https://www.tvcnews.tv/somalia-puntland-refuses-to-recognise-fg-after-disputed-constitutional-changes/ "Soomaaliya: Puntland way diiday inay aqoonsato DFS ka dib markii la isku khilaafay dastuurka] [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-04-01/puntland-to-operate-independently-from-somalia-after-law-change "Puntland waa in ay si madax banaan uga shaqeyso Soomaaliya ka dib markii sharciga la bedelo"] [https://www.jurist.org/news/2024/04/somalia-state-of-puntland-rejects-constitutional-amendments-and-withdraws-from-federal-government/ “Maamulka Soomaaliya ee Puntland waxa uu diiday in wax laga bedelo dastuurka, kana baxay dowladda federaalka”] [http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Puntland_s_Experience_in_Peace-building_and_State-building.shtml : Waaya aragnimada Puntland ee Nabadaynta iyo Dawlad-dhisidda] {{Wayback|url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Puntland_s_Experience_in_Peace-building_and_State-building.shtml |date=20131017121333 }} [https://books.google.com/books?id=mUIdWpwofCcC&pg=PA102 Buug-gacmeedka Sharciga Ganacsiga Soomaaliya: Macluumaadka Istaraatiijiga ah iyo Sharciyada] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121120100415/http://www.rangeresources.com.au/fileadmin/user_upload/research_Reports/gecr_29Nov07_RangeResources_mainnote.pdf "Rage Resources: Speculative Buy at 25.5p - Qiimaha bartilmaameedka 56p"] 20kii Noofambar 2012. La soo celiyay 19 Abriil 2019.Maamul-goboleedka Soomaaliyeed ee Puntland waxa uu isu haystaa in uu yahay mid madaxbannaan tan iyo 1998-kii, iyada oo caasimad u ah Garoowe, waxana uu magacaabay gobollo leh caasimad goboleedyo la aqoonsan yahay. Maamulka Putland ee uu madaxda ka yahay Madaxweyne Cadde Muuse Xirsi ayaa ah kuwo aan si hoose u muuqan, mana raadiyaan in ay ka madax banaanaadaan dowladda KMG ah ee Soomaaliya (Muqdisho waa caasimad). Maamulka Puntland ayaa soo shaac baxay ka dib markii la riday Madaxweyne Siyaad Barre 1991. Koonfurta Soomaaliya, maxkamado Islaami ah, qabqablayaal dagaal iyo qabaa'il gobolleed ayaa isku haya awoodda iyo xukunka iyadoo Puntland ay dareemayso xasillooni siyaasadeed iyadoo hal beel oo ka tirsan Puntland ay hadda maamusho gobolka. hab-siyaasadeed ku jihaysan [https://books.google.com/books?id=l2QwAQAAIAAJ&q=puntland+harti Axdigii 1998 ee Puntland ee Soomaaliya] [https://web.archive.org/web/20120728101945/http://www.ameinfo.com/116856.html "RAK iyo Puntland oo kala saxiixday heshiisyo lagu xoojinayo iskaashiga labada dhinac | Dowladda Ras Al Khaimah"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20150418222759/http://www.raxanreeb.com/2014/08/somaliapuntland-to-establish-new-seaports-as-part-of-the-boost-puntland-economy-campaign/ "Soomaaliya: Puntland waxay samaynaysaa dekedo cusub oo qayb ka ah ololaha "Kobcinta dhaqaalaha Puntland"] [http://www.dxing.info/news/2013_04.dx "Idaacadda Puntland ee Soomaaliya oo tijaabisay 13800 kHz mowjadaha gaaban"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20150321103106/http://somali-media.so/media-directory/radio/ "Khariidadda Warbaahinta Soomaaliyeed – Xarumaha Idaacadaha"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20211225054712/https://www.datanyze.com/companies/puntland-post/353771459 "Puntland Post Company Profile | Liiska Maamulka iyo Shaqaalaha"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20211225054712/https://www.datanyze.com/companies/puntland-post/353771459 "Puntland Post Company Profile | Liiska Maamulka iyo Shaqaalaha"] [https://www.bbc.com/somali/war-38621292 "Horyaalka koobaad ee Puntland oo wareegii labaad galay"] ==Xiriirinta dibadda== [http://mopicplgov.net/ Wasaaradda Qorshaynta iyo Iskaashiga Caalamiga ah ee Puntland] {{Wayback|url=http://mopicplgov.net/ |date=20131015053122 }} ayaa 15 October 2013 [http://pl.statistics.so/the-somali-health-demographic-survey-2020/#:~:text=01%20May%20The%20Somali%20Health%20%26%20Demographic%20Survey%202020&text=The%20Somali%20Health%20and%20Demographic,urban%2C%20rural%20and%20nomadic%20households. Waaxda Tirakoobka Puntland] [https://web.archive.org/web/20210629001940/http://pl.statistics.so/the-somali-health-demographic-survey-2020/ waxaa lagu kaydiyay] 29 June 2021 [https://www.polgeonow.com/2021/02/somalia-control-map-2021.html?m=1 Khariidadda Xakamaynta Soomaaliya] 2ecndyd16azx17qvxqqo34og7xoh7p2 0 4471 310781 310633 2026-10-24T07:44:39Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 310781 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Country in Western Asia}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Boqortooyada Sacuudi Carabiya | common_name = | native_name = | image_flag = Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg | image_coat = | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = {{nowrap|لَا إِلٰهَ إِلَّا ٱلله، مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُوْلُ ٱلله}}<Br/>"{{transl|ar|Lā ʾilāha ʾillā Llāh, Muḥammadur rasūlu Llāh}}"<br />"Waxaan qira'yaa in uusan jirin ilaah, [[Ilaahay|Alle]] mooyee, waxana qirayaa in uu [[Nebi Maxamed c.s|Muxamed]] yahay rasuulkii Alle. (''[[Shahaadah]]'') | national_anthem = {{lang|ar|ٱلنَّشِيْد ٱلْوَطَنِي ٱلسُّعُوْدِي}}<Br/>"[[Aash Al Maleek|{{transl|ar|an-Našīd al-Waṭanīy as-Suʿūdī}}]]" <Br/> "Aash Al Maleek"<Br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Saudi Arabian national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.oga|center]]</div> | image_map = Saudi Arabia (orthographic projection).svg | capital = [[Madina]]: | coordinates = {{Coord|24|39|N|46|46|E|type:city_region:SA}} | largest_city = [[Madiina Al-munawara]] | official_languages = [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]]<ref name="">CIA World Factbook</ref>{{cite web |title=Basic Law of Governance |url=https://www.moe.gov.sa/en/TheMinistry/AboutKSA/Pages/System-of-Governance.aspx |website=Ministry of Education |publisher=Ministry of Education – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia |access-date=1 September 2020 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=5 Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205091610/https://www.moe.gov.sa/en/TheMinistry/AboutKSA/Pages/System-of-Governance.aspx |dead-url=yes }}<!-- Do not edit without talkpage consensus. --> | regional_languages = | religion = {{unbulleted list |93.0% [[Diinta Islaamka]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Saudi Arabia - The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saudi-arabia/ |website=CIA |publisher=CIA |access-date=30 May 2021 |archive-date=19 Maarso 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319180722/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saudi-arabia |url-status=dead }}</ref> *:85–90% [[Sunni]] ([[Diinta dawladda]]) *:10–15% [[Shiico]] |4.4% [[Diinta Kiristaanka]] |1.1% [[Hinduism]] |0.3% [[Buddhism]] |0.2% [[Aan diin ku xirnayn]] }} | demonym = {{unbulleted list |[[Saudis|Saudi]]|Saudi Arabian}} | government_type = Dawlad midaysan oo Islaami ah oo leh nidaam boqortooyo oo buuxda | leader_title1 = [[King of Saudi Arabia|Boqor]] | leader_name1 = [[Salman bin 'Abd al-'Aziz Al Sa'ud]]: | leader_title2 = [[Prince of Saudi Arabia|Prince of Saudi Arabia]] | leader_name2 = [[Prince Mohammed bin Salman]] | legislature = none{{efn|There is a [[Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia|Consultative Assembly]], or Shura Council, which has no legislative power.<Ref>{{cite book|first1=Robert W.|last1=Hefner|title=Remaking Muslim Politics: Pluralism, Contestation, Democratization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MmmVMCBej8oC&q=Saudi%2520%2522consultative%2520assembly%2522%2520no%2520legislative%2520power&pg=PA202|publisher=Princeton University Press|date=2009|isbn=978-1-4008-2639-1|page=202}}</ref> As its role is only consultative it is not considered to be a legislature.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-06-06|title=Analysts: Saudi Arabia Nervous About Domestic Discontent|publisher=VoA News - English|url=https://www.voanews.com/middle-east/analysts-saudi-arabia-nervous-about-domestic-discontent|website=www.voanews.com|archive-date=2021-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606143218/https://www.voanews.com/middle-east/analysts-saudi-arabia-nervous-about-domestic-discontent|url-status=dead}}</Ref> }} | sovereignty_type = [[History of Saudi Arabia|Establishment]] | established_event1 = [[Emirate of Diriyah|First Saudi State]] | established_date1 = 1744 | established_event2 = [[Emirate of Nejd|Second Saudi State]] | established_date2 = 1824 | established_event3 = [[Emirate of Riyadh]] | established_date3 = 13 January 1902 | established_event4 = [[Unification of Saudi Arabia|Unification]] | established_date4 = 23 September 1932 | established_event5 = [[United Nations Charter|Admitted]][[United Nations Conference on International Organization|to the]] [[United Nations]] | established_date5 = 24 October 1945 | established_event6 = [[Basic Law of Saudi Arabia|Current constitution]] | established_date6 = 31 January 1992 | area_km2 = 2,149,690<Ref>name="CIA World Factbook"</Ref> | area_rank = 12th | area_sq_mi = 830,000 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> | percent_water = 0.7 | population_estimate = 34,218,169<Ref>name=population>{{cite web|title=The total population – General Authority for Statistics|url=https://www.stats.gov.sa/en/indicators/1|website=stats.gov.sa|access-date=31 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403082640/https://www.stats.gov.sa/en/indicators/1|archive-date=3 April 2019|url-status=dead}}</Ref> | population_census = | population_estimate_year = 2019 | population_estimate_rank = 40th | population_census_year = | population_density_km2 = 15 | population_density_sq_mi = 38.8 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> | population_density_rank = 174th | GDP_PPP = $1.924 trillion <Ref>name=imf2>{{cite web |url= https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2017&ey=2024&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=86&pr1.y=9&c=456&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Saudi Arabia |publisher=International Monetary Fund}}</Ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP_rank = 14th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $56,817<ref>name=imf2 </ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 12th | GDP_nominal = $1180.289 Trillion Dollars | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal_rank = 18th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $23,566. | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 35th | Gini = 45.9 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2013 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saudi-arabia/ |title=The World Factbook |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |website=CIA.gov |access-date=28 May 2019 |archive-date=19 Bisha Saddexaad 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319180722/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saudi-arabia |url-status=dead }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.854 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2019<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref> name="UNHDR">{{cite book|title=Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|date=15 December 2020|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|isbn=978-92-1-126442-5|pages=343–346|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 40th | currency = [[Sacuudi riyaal| Sacuudi riyaal]] | currency_code = SAR | time_zone = [[Arabia Standard Time|AST]] | utc_offset = +3 | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy ([[Hijri year|AH]]) | drives_on = Right | calling_code = +966 | cctld = {{unbulleted list|.sa |السعودية.}} | today = | ethnic_groups = 69% [[Arabs|Arab]] <Br/> 31% [[Afro-Arabs|Afro-Arab]] | ethnic_groups_year = 2017 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sa.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702033527/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sa.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-07-02|title=The World Factbook|date=2 July 2014}}</Ref> | religion_ref = <Ref> name=pewl>{{cite web|title=Religious Composition by Country|url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2012/12/globalReligion-tables.pdf|archive-date=23 March 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all|access-date=10 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323215031/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2012/12/globalReligion-tables.pdf}}</Ref> | religion_year = 2013 }} [[W:Tr:Suudi Arabistan]] [[w:arc:ܣܥܘܕܝܐ]] '''Sacuudiga''' ama '''Boqortooyada Sacuudi Carabiya''' ([[Af-Carabi]] المملكة العربية السعودية ) waa wadan muslin ah oo ku yaala qaarada Aasiya, gaar ahaan mandiqada [[Bariga Dhexe|bariga dhexe]]. waxayna xad lawadagtaa, wadamada [[Urdun]], [[Kuweyt]], , [[Baxrayn]], iyo [[Imaaraatka carabta]]. Waxaa kale oo xad lawadaagaa Gacanka faarisiga, oo kaga beegan dhinaca [[Woqooyi]] [[Bari]] iyo [[Baddacas]] oo [[Galbeed]]ah dadka sucuudiga tiradooda waxaa lagu qiyaasaa, in ka badan 35* miliyan oo qof.(2020).: [[File:Saudi_Exchange_Logo.svg|thumb|right|400px|]] [[File:Riyad_Bank_logo.svg|thumb|right|400px|]] [[File:Flynas_Logo.svg|thumb|right|400px|]] [[File:Chicken_Saleeg.jpg|thumb|right|400px|]] *_Boqortooyada waxaa yimaada sanadkii in la badan 2 milyan oo ruux Sacuudi Carabiya (/ ˌsɔːdi əreɪbiə / (ku saabsan dhawaaqa maqalka), / ˌsaʊ- / (ku saabsan codkan maqal); Carabi: السعودية as-Sucuudiyyah ama as-Sacuudiyyah), si rasmi ah Boqortooyada Sacuudi Carabiya (BSC; Carabi: المملكة العربية السعودية al-Mamlakah al-Carabiyyah as-Sucuudiyyah, ku saabsan codkani (caawimaad · info)}}}, waa dal ku yaal galbeedka Aasiya oo ka kooban qaybta jasiiradda Carabta. Sacuudi Carabiya ayaa ah gobolka ugu weyn ee madaxbannaan ee Bariga Dhexe, oo ah juqraafi ahaana shanaad ee ugu weyn Asia, tan labaad ee dunida Carabta ka dib Algeria iyo 12 -aad ee adduunka ugu weyn. . Sacuudi Carabiya ayaa xuddun u ah Jordan iyo Ciraaq waqooyi, Kuwait ilaa waqooyi bari, Qadar, Bahrain iyo Imaaraadka Imaaraadka Carabta xagga bari, Oman ilaa koonfur iyo yemen xagga koonfureed. Waxaa laga soocay Israel iyo </nowiki>[[Masar]] by Gacanka Cadaba. Waa waddanka keliya ee leh xeebta Badda Cas iyo xeebta Gacanka, oo badi dhulkeeda waxay ka kooban tahay lamadegaan, dhul hoose iyo buuro. Sacuudi Carabiya waa dhaqaalaha ugu weyn ee Bariga Dhexe ilaa Oktoobar 2018 iyo 18aad ee adduunka ugu weyn. Xuduuda hadda ka jirta Sacuudi Carabiya waxay ahayd goobo dhaqameedyo iyo dhaqamo qadiimi ah. Taariikhda Sacuudi Carabiya waxay muujineysaa qaar ka mid ah raadintii hore ee hawlaha bani-aadamka adduunka. Diinta labaad ee adduunka ugu weyn, Islaam, ayaa ka soo baxay maalinta casriga ah ee Sacuudi Carabiya. Horraantii 7aad, Nabiga Islaamka wuxuu midoobey dadweynaha Carabta isla markaana abuuray nidaam diimeed oo Islaami ah. Kadib markii uu geeriyooday 632, taageerayaashiisa si degdeg ah ayey u balaariyeen dhulka xukunka Muslimka ee ka baxsan Carabta, oo ka adkaaday dhulalka waaweyn ee dhulalka ah (laga bilaabo Iberian Peninsula ee galbeedka ilaa maalinta casriga ah ee Pakistan ee Bariga). Carabta oo ka soo jeeda waqooyiga Suudaan taariikhda casriga ah waxay aasaaseen Rashiidun (632-661), Umayyad (661-750), Abbasid (750-1517) iyo Fatimid (909-1171) Khaliifad iyo sidoo kale dhulal badan oo kale oo Asia ah, Afrika iyo Europe. Deegaanka Sacuudi Carabiya wuxuu hore u ahaan jirey afar gobol oo kala duwan: Hejaz, Najd iyo qaybo ka mid ah Bariga Carabta (Al-Ahsa) iyo Koonfurta Carabta ('Asir') Boqortooyada Sacuudi Carabiya waxaa aasaasay sannadkii 1932 by Ibn Saud. Waxa uu ku biiray afartan gobol hal waddan iyada oo loo marayo qabsashooyin taxane ah oo laga bilaabo 1902 la qabsaday Riyadh, oo ah aabaha gurigiisa oo ka tirsan qoyskiisa, House of Saud. Sacuudi Carabiya ayaa tan iyo markii uu ahaa boqortooyo baddan, si wax-ku-ool ah oo kali-talisnimo ah loo maamulay khadadka islaamka. Dhaqdhaqaaqa diiniga ah ee Wahhabi ee kuyaal Sunniga Islaamka waxaa loo yaqaan "muhiimada ugu muhiimsan ee dhaqanka Sacuudiga" == Taariikh == Sacuudiga waxee ka mid tahay wadamada Adoonta lahaan jirtay, wadanka sacuudiga waxaa la sameeyay sanadka marka oo ahaa 1902, ninka sameeyay waxa uu ahaa [[Cabdul Casiis al Sacuudi|Ibn Sacuudi]], waxaana boqortooyada Sacuudiga noqday sanadka marka oo ahaa 1932, cabdul casiis wuxuu dhalay caruur ka badan 50 ruux. Waxaana markii ugu horeesay dhaxlay boqortooyada Wiilkiisa sanadka marka uu ahaa. 1964 kii. Magaciisana waxaa la dhihi jiray (Faysal bin Cabdul Casiis Al sacuudi) wuxuuna bilaabay in uu keeno adoomo. wuxuuna sacuudiga ka abuuray goobo waxbarasho.Sida iskuulo iyo meelaha kale ee cilmiga diiniga lagu barto iyo goobo caafimaad.Sida isbitaalada. Siyaasiyiinta wadanka sacuudiga ma eesan jeclaan jirin siyaasada wadamada reer galbeedka Sida wadanka Boqortootada ingiriiska (English) iyo wadanka kale ee maraykanka (america). Markii uu bilaawday Dagaalkii Gacanka oo u dhaxeeyay [[Qaramada Midoobay]] (QM) iyo wadanka Ciraaq sanadka marka uu ahaay 1991, sacuudiga waxee militari soo dhoobtay xuduudkeeda, isla markaas sacuudiga waxaa lagu soo weeraray sawaariiq waxeena ku dhaceen magaalada (Riyaad) ee caasimada wadanka sacuudiga Waqtigaas kadib sacuudiga waxuu saaxiib fiican la noqday wadanka mareykanka(america) Boqorkii sacuudi carabiya ee 《Fahad bin Cabdul Casiis Al Sacuudi》 waxuu ahaan jiray boqor iyo raiisul wasaare oo loo doortay sanadka marka uu ahaa 1982 kii waxuuna dhintay sabadka marka uu ahaa 2005 tii Kadibna waxaa bedelay [[Cabdullahi bin Cabdul Casiis Al Sacuudi]]. Sacuudi Carabiya waxay ku dhawaad ​​80% Jasiiradda Carabta (Xuduudaha ugu weyn adduunka), oo u dhaxeeya waddooyinka u dhaxeeya 16 ° iyo 33 ° N, iyo dhererka 34 ° iyo 56 ° E. Sababta oo ah xuduudaha koonfureed ee waddanka Imaaraadka Carabta iyo Oman ma aha mid si sax ah loo calaamadeeyay, cabbirka saxda ah ee waddanka lama yaqaan. [292] Caqabada CIA ee dunidu waxay ku qiyaastay 2,149,690 km2 (830,000 sq mi) iyo liisaska Sacuudi Carabiya oo ah gobolka 13aad ee ugu wayn dunida. Waa juquraafi ahaan waddanka ugu weyn ee Qaadka Carbeed. ==UN Tiroka== '''682''' Juqraafiyada Sucuudigu waxay ku badan tahay xeebta Carbeed, oo la xidhiidha semi-lama-degaanka iyo geed-geedka (eeg muuqaalka dayax-gacmeedka) iyo dhowr buurood iyo goobo dhaadheer. Xaqiiqdii, waxaa jira tiro ka mid ah loola xiriiriyey oo ay ku jiraan 647,500 km2 (250,001 sq m) Rub 'al khali ("Quarter Boos") oo ku yaalla qaybta koonfur bari ee dalka, xeebta aduunka ee ugu weyn ee cagaaran. Waxaa jira harooyin yar oo dalka ka mid ah laakiin aan lahayn wabiyada joogtada ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee wadada ayaa aad u badan. Meelaha bacrin ah waa in laga helaa kaydka alaabooyinka dhulka, basaska, iyo oases. Muuqaalka ugu muhiimsan ee ugu muhiimsan waa bareegga dhexe ee ka soo baxa Badda Cas oo si tartiib ah ugu soo degaya Caddaanka iyo Gacanka Ciraaq. Xeebta Badda Cas, waxaa jira cirif dhuxul ah, oo loo yaqaan Tihamah barbar socda taas oo ku socota dabagal balaadhan. Gobolka Koonfur galbeed ee Asir waa buuro, waxaana ku jira 3,133 m (10,279 ft) Buur Sawda, oo ah meesha ugu sarraysa dalka. Marka laga reebo gobolka koofur galbeed ee Asir, Sacuudi Carabiya waxay leedahay cimilo cilad ah oo leh heerkul aad u sarreeya iyo heerkulka khafiifka ah ee habeenkii. Heerkulka xagaaga ee celceliska heerkulkiisu waa 45 ° C (113 ° F), laakiin wuxuu noqon karaa mid u sareeya 54 ° C (129 ° F). Xilliga jiilaalka heerkulku wuxuu yareeyaa 0 ° C (32 ° F). Guga iyo dayrta kuleylku waa diirimaad, heerkulka celcelis ahaan qiyaastii 29 ° C (84 ° F). Roobka sannadlaha ah ayaa aad u hooseeya. Goobta Asir waxay ku kala duwantahay in ay saameyn ku yeelato maraakiibta Hindiya, inta badan waxay dhacaan inta u dhexeysa bilaha Oktoobar ilaa Maarso. Celcelis ahaan 300 mm (12 in) oo ah roobabku waxay dhacaan muddadan, taas oo qiyaastii 60% roobabkii sanadlaha ahaa.!!` ==Boqolkiiba IMF== 2.1% <ref>http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2009-09/16/content_8696547.htm</ref>. =Xubin= *[[Bankiga Aduunka]] *[[Jaamacada Carabta]] *[[Qaramada Midoobay]] *[[Kooxda Labaatanka]] ==Waddanmaha La Deggan Saudi Arabia== * {{Flag|Bahrain}}: 50,000+ * {{Flag|Qatar}}:100,000+ * {{Flag|Kuwait}}: 20,000+ * {{Flag|Oman}}: 30,000+ * {{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}:10,000++ The very large expatriate communities also speak their own languages, the most numerous of which, according to 2019* data: are Bengali (~1,500,000), Tagalog (~900,000), Eastern Punjabi (~800,000), Urdu (~750,000), Egyptian Arabic (~650,000), Rohingya, North Levantine Arabic (both ~500,000)[489] and Malayalam.[490].<ref>https://www.internationalinvestment.net/news/4026204/250-expats-left-saudi-arabia-3q2020</ref>. <ref>https://www.expatfocus.com/general/these-five-countries-have-the-highest-percentage-of-expats-find-out-why-2514</ref>. Non-{{flag|Arab League}} States: Countries migrant workers come mainly from: '''[[ Midowga Yurub]]''', '''[[Great Britain]]''', ''[[Bangladesh]]'', '''[[Bakistaan]]''', ''[[Indonesia]]'', ''[[Philippines]]'', and many others at 12.49+ millions.!!` <ref>https://www.arabnews.com/saudi-arabia/news/875131</ref>. Duurjoogta waxaa ka mid ah Leopard Carbeed, Jahannamo, Dhallinyaro, Dhoobleey, Koontooyin, Gaadhi, bisad ciid, iyo jerboa. Xayawaanka sida xayawaanka, oryx, leopards iyo cheetahs waxay ahaayeen kuwo badan illaa qarnigii 19aad, markii xayawaan ballaadhan ay hoos u dhigtay xayawaankan. Shimbiraha waxaa ka mid ah falcons (oo la qabto oo loo tababaray sidii loo ugaadhsiin lahaa), gorgortanka, maqaarka, waraaqaha, qashinka, iyo bulubyada. Waxaa jira noocyo kala duwan oo abeesooyin ah, kuwaas oo intooda badani yihiin kuwo qarxa. Sucuudi Carabiya waxay ku nooshahay nolol aad u qoto dheer. Deegaanka Badu-yo gaar ahaan waa nidaam hodan ah oo kala duwan. In ka badan 1200 nooc oo kalluun ayaa laga diiwaangeliyey Badda Cas, 10% oo ka mid ah kuwaan ayaa laga helaa meel kale.[https://www.saudi-expatriates.com/2015/05/foreign-workers-population-in-ksa.html] .[<Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/3/17/mbs-mbz-a-special-bond-between-two-gulf-princes</Ref>] {{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. [https://www.globalmediainsight.com/blog/saudi-arabia-population-statistics] [https://www.expatica.com/sa/moving/about/an-introduction-to-saudi-arabia-71251/#:~:text=Saudi%20Arabia%20is%20the%20Middle,population%20(around%2033%20million)] ==Eqtisaadka iyo Dhaqaale == Sacuudigu waa dowlada waa ugu weyn Dawladaha [[Carabta]] & [[Islaamka]] iyo kan siddeed iyo tobnaad ee ugu weyn [[aduunka]]. Xubin joogta ah iyo aasaasaha '''[[OPEC]]'''. [[Sacuudi Carabiya]] sidoo kale waa qayb ka mid ah golaha '''[[Kooxda Labaatanka]]''' oo ah mid ka mid ah dhaqaalaha ugu weyn [[aduunka]]. Dhaqaaluhu wuxuu si weyn ugu tiirsan yahay ilaalinta iyo adeegyada ay taageeraan dawladda qaranka iyo qoyska boqortooyada.` Iyada oo lagu qiyaasay qiimihiisu yahay US$ ''33.00'' trillion, [[Sacuudi Carabiya]] waxa uu leeyahay kaydka khayraadka dabiiciga ah ee labaad ee ugu qiimaha badan. Inta badan kaydka Sucuudigu waxa uu ku jiraa qaab batroolka iyo gaasta dabiiciga ah. Dalku wuxuu leeyahay kaydka kaydka batroolka ee la xaqiijiyay ee labaad, iyo kaydka gaaska dabiiciga ah ee shanaad ee ugu wayn. Sacuudiga ayaa hadda ah dalka ugu badan ee dhoofiya batroolka [[aduunka]].!! '''[[Saudi aramco]]''', ama '''Saudi Arabian Oil Company''', waa shirkadda ugu weyn adduunka marka la eego suuq-geynta suuqa oo dhan US$ '''9.8''' trillion, in kasta oo saamiyadeeda ganacsigu ay ku fadhiyaan US$ ''2.36'' Trillion, wax yar ka horreeya '''[[Abbal]] Inc'''. Shirkaddu waa shirkadda ugu weyn ee isku dhafka ah ee saliidda iyo gaaska. Waxay xarunteedu tahay Dhahran, [[Sacuudi Carabiya]] waxayna ka shaqeysaa adduunka oo dhan, iyadoo shaqaaleysiisay in ka badan 70,000 oo qof. Shirkadda ayaa si guud u shaacbaxday Diseembar 2019 markii ay iibisay US$ '''1.98''' tiriliyan oo saami ah, taasoo ah bixinta ugu weyn ee bilawga ah ee dadweynaha taariikhda.<ReF>https://www.fxcm.com/markets/insights/10-largest-companies-in-world-market-cap/</Ref>.!! [[Sacuudi Carabiya]] waxa uu kamid yahay wadanka ugu soo saaritaanka badan shiidaalka ceyriinka ah iyo saliida sisaa darteed sacuudiga waa in uu '''[[Midowga Yurub]]''' da iyo '''[[Midowga Afrika]]''' da la saaxiibto.<Ref> {{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=https://incorporated.zone/largest-companies-by-market-cap-in-the-world/ |access-date=2022-07-15 |archive-date=2022-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814071530/https://incorporated.zone/largest-companies-by-market-cap-in-the-world/ |url-status=dead}} </Ref>.!! ==Sido kale Fiiri== * {{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}.:: * [[Somaliland]]:.. * {{Flag|Somalia}}:.. =Tixraac= {{reflist}} {{Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} {{Western Asia}} [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] 6anhh19w2ihtkers43m9363spdp3458 0 6535 310752 305536 2026-10-23T21:12:54Z Isma4l 41797 310752 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Yubbe | other_name = | native_name = | nickname = | type = Magaalo | motto = [[File:Yube town.jpg|thumb]] | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Sanaag#Somalia | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_caption = Sida ay ku leedahay Sanaag | subdivision_type = Dalka | subdivision_name = {{flag|Somalia}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Gobolada Soomaaliya|Gobolka]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Sanaag]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Gobolada Soomaaliya|Degmada]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Degmada Ceerigaabo|Ceerigaabo]] | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = | leader_name = | established_title = | established_date = | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = | population_as_of = 2002<ref>{{Cite web |author=unicef |date=September 2002 |url=https://www.fsnau.org/downloads/Sanaag%20Survey%20-%20May%202002.pdf |title=SANAAG REGION NUTRITION SURVEY REPORT |accessdate=2021-07-11 |archive-date=2021-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711080102/https://www.fsnau.org/downloads/Sanaag%20Survey%20-%20May%202002.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total = 2000 | population_density_km2 = | time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates = {{coord|10|44|51|N|47|55|09|E|region:SO-SA|display=inline,title}} | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = | custom_label_sec1 = | custom_data_sec1 = | website = | name = }} '''Yubbe''' (sidoo kale loo yaqaano '''Yobe''', '''Yube''', '''Yubeh''' iyo '''Yubbe Tug'''<ref name="Speke"/>) waa magaalo ku taal gobolka [[Sanaag]] ee DAWLA gobolka WAQOOYI-BARI EE SOOMAALIYA.[[Somalia|Soomaaliya]] waxay ku claiming gacan ku haynta deegaanka. Bishi Janaayo 2023, waxaa la sheegay in ciidamada Somaliland ay ka baxeen magaalada.<ref name="Map">{{Cite web |url=https://puntlandpost.net/2023/01/26/ciidamada-somaliland-oo-xalay-isaga-baxay-degaanka-yubbe-ee-gobolka-sanaag/ |title=Ciidamada Somaliland oo xalay isaga baxay degaanka Yubbe ee Gobolka Sanaag – Puntland Post |access-date=2024-01-13 |archive-date=2024-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113201138/https://puntlandpost.net/2023/01/26/ciidamada-somaliland-oo-xalay-isaga-baxay-degaanka-yubbe-ee-gobolka-sanaag/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sidoo kale marka loo eego warbixinnada bishii Awstaba 2025, dowladda Puntland waxay ciidamada beelaha ee Yubbe ku dartay ciidamadeeda qayb ka ah Hawlgalka [[Cal Madow]].<ref name="HorseedMedia2025">{{cite news |url=https://horseedmedia.net/yubbe-puntland-ayaa-qaramaysay-ciidamo-beeleedyo-qayb-ka-noqonaya-hawlgalka-cal-madaw/410528/ |title=Yubbe: Puntland ayaa qaramaysay ciidamo beeleedyo qayb ka noqonaya hawlgalka Cal-madaw. |trans-title=Yubbe: Puntland has nationalized clan militias to become part of the Cal-madaw operation. |newspaper=Horseed Media |date=2025-08-06 |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=so}}</ref> ==Taariikhda== ===Aaroolajiyada=== Magaalo saxara ah oo ay inta badan degan yihiin reer guuraa, Yubbe waxay guri u tahay dhismayaal badan oo taariikhi ah. Markii uu booqday deegaanka qarnigii 19-aad, sahamiyihii Ingiriiska ahaa ee [[John Hanning Speke]] wuxuu sharraxay inuu arkay [[Tumulus|xabaalo-buureedyo]] kala duwan. Kuwaas oo uu ka warbixiyay in mid ka mid ah uu ku jiraa "qol godan oo ay taageerayaan tiirar alwaax ah, oo hoostooda, oo dhulka ku aasnaa, ay ku jireen dheryo dhoobo ah oo kala duwan, qadaadiic rasaas ah, fargeeto dahab ah sida ay dumarka Hindida ah ee Muslimka ah ku xirtaan sanka, iyo hanti kale oo kala duwan."<ref name="Speke">John Hanning Speke, ''What led to the discovery of the source of the Nile'', (Blackwood: 1864), p.68.</ref> ===Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya=== {{Location map+|Somaliland|width=300|float=right| relief = 1 |caption=Khariidadda xiriirka. Y=Yubbe, H=[[Hadaftimo]], B=[[Badhan, Sanaag|Badhan]]. |places= {{Location map~|Somaliland|lat_deg=10.7475|lon_deg=47.919167|position=top|label=Y}} {{Location map~|Somaliland|lat_deg=10.766667|lon_deg=48.1|position=bottom|label=[[Hadaftimo|H]]}} {{Location map~|Somaliland|lat_deg=8.475556|lon_deg=47.358333|position=bottom|label=[[Las Anod]]}} {{Location map~|Somaliland|lat_deg=10.616667|lon_deg=47.366667|position=bottom|label=[[Erigavo]]}} {{Location map~|Somaliland|lat_deg=10.713889|lon_deg=48.334722|position=bottom|label=[[Badhan, Sanaag|B]]}} }} Bishii June 18, 1991, wax yyar ka dib markii uu starts Dagaalkii sokeeye ee Soomaaliya, shir beeleed ayaa ka dhacay Yubbe ka dib markii uu baaq u ka soo baxay [[Warsangali|Warsangeli]] calan Aaqil Bashiir oo ku socday garaadka [[Habar Yoonis]] WARSAME HERSI (Yubbe 1). Shirkaas waxaa lagu meelmariyay go'aan lagu joojinayo colada laguna wadaagayo dhulka daaqa. Shirweynihii Oktoobar 6–9 (Yubbe 2) wuxuu dhaliyay xabad-joojin iyo heshiis xudduud oo u dhexeeya beelaha Warsangeli iyo Habar Yoonis.<ref name=ip2008>{{Cite web |author=Academy for Peace and Development |date=April 2008 |url=https://www.interpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/2008_SomS_Interpeace_APD_Statebuilding_EN.pdf |title=THE SEARCH FOR PEACE |accessdate=2021-05-23}}</ref> Bishii June 1993, shir ay yeesheen Warsangari oo ka dhacay [[Hadaftimo]] iyo beesha Habar Yoonis ayaa lagu qabtay Yubbe (Yubbe 3), waxaana lagu go'aamiyay in beesha Habar Yoonis ay shir ku qabato [[Erigavo|Ceerigaabo]] kaas oo dhammaan ergooyinka beelaha Sanaag, harayna kuwa la tartamaya ee [[Habr Je'lo|Habar Jeclo]] iyo [[Dhulbahante]], loogu yeeri doono.<ref name=ip2008/> Sannadkii 2006, biyo la'aan daran ayaa ku dhacday Sanaag, waxaana la ogaaday in ceel ku yaal tuulada Yubbe uu ka shaqayn waayay biyo la'aanta daran dhiirigelinteeda darted.<ref>{{Cite web |author=reliefweb |date=2006-12-31 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/somaliland-assistance-bulletin-oct-dec-2006 |title=Somaliland assistance bulletin Oct - Dec 2006 |accessdate=2021-05-23}}</ref> ===Muran Puntland iyo Somaliland=== Sannadkii 2007, xurgufta u dhaxaysa Puntland iyo Somaliland ayaa cirka isku sharaxday markii ciidanka Somaliland ay ka faa'iideysteen khilaafaadka gudaha Puntland si ay u qabsadaan [[Las Anod|Laascaanood]] ([[Puntland–Somaliland dispute|Muranka Puntland–Somaliland]].) Bishii Oktoobar 2015, gudoomiyihii Komishanka Doorashooyinka Somaliland ee gobolka Sanaag ayaa lagu afduubay Yubbe oo loo kaxaystay magaalada Puntland maamusho ee [[Badhan, Sanaag|Badhan]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mas'uuliyiin lagu afduubtay Sanaag |newspaper=BBC |date=2015-10-18 |url=https://www.bbc.com/somali/war/2015/10/151018_afduub |accessdate=2021-05-22 }}</ref> Bishii Maarso 2019, ciidamada Somaliland waxay xireen isku socodka gaadiidka ee u dhexeeya Yubbe iyo [[Hadaftimo]]. Dadka deegaanka ayaa dibad-bax ka dhan ah horumarka ciidamada Somaliland sameeyay.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Somaliland oo joojisay dhaq dhaqaaqa Gaadiidka ka dhex shaqeyn jiray Hadaaftimo iyo deegaanka Yubbe. |newspaper=Somaliweyn |date=2019-03-14 |url=http://www.somaliweyn.org/2019/03/14/somaliland-oo-joojisay-dhaq-dhaqaaqa-gaadiidka-ka-dhex-shaqeyn-jiray-hadaaftimo-iyo-deegaanka-yubbe/ |accessdate=2021-05-22 }}</ref> Odayaasha Ceerigaabo ayaa si hoose u kulmay si ay ugu baaqaan in ciidanka Somaliland ay ka baxaan Yubbe.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sanaag: Odayaasha Ceerigaabo oo isku afgartay in Ciidanka Somaliland ka baxaan Yubbe |newspaper=Mustaqbal media |date=2019-03-26 |url=https://mustaqbalmedia.net/so/sanaag-odayaasha-ceerigaabo-oo-isku-afgartay-in-ciidanka-somaliland-ka-baxaan-yubbe/ |accessdate=2021-05-22 }}</ref> Bishii Awstaba 2019, gudoomiyaha Puntland u magacawday gobolka Sanaag ayaa sheegay in "ciidanka Somaliland ay ka baxeen gobolka Sanaag, marka laga reebo Yubbe, oo maleeshiyada dhanka Puntland la qarameeyay."<ref>{{Cite news |title=GUDDOOMIYE CALI SOOMAALI: "SOMALILAND YUBBE OO CIIDAMO AAN REER SANAAG AHAYN JOOGAAN AYEY KA JOOGTAA GOBOLKA" |newspaper=Puntland post |date=2019-08-27 |url=https://puntlandpost.net/2019/08/27/guddoomiye-cali-somalilandsomaliland-yubbe-oo-ciidamo-aan-reer-sanaag-ahayn-joogaan-ayey-ka-joogtaa-gobolka/ |accessdate=2021-05-23 }}</ref> Bishii November 2019, dadka deegaanka Yubbe waxay arkeen koox ka tirsan [[al-Shabaab (Somalia)|Al-Shabaab]] oo ku sugan deegaanka Ga'an-Marodi.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Al-Shabaab fighters cross to Somaliland for first time |newspaper=Somali Affairs |date=2019-11-20 |url=https://www.somaliaffairs.com/news/al-shabaab-fighters-cross-to-somaliland-for-first-time/ |accessdate=2021-05-23 |archive-date=2021-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523003856/https://www.somaliaffairs.com/news/al-shabaab-fighters-cross-to-somaliland-for-first-time/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bishii Feberaayo 2020, ciidamada Somaliland ee ka socday Yubbe waxay dagaal la galeen ciidamada Puntland ee ku sugan tuulada Kadhada oo 18 kiiloometer u jirta.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Somaliland, Puntland forces clash in Sanaag Region |newspaper=Somaliland |date=2020-02-26 |url=https://www.somaliland.com/news/somaliland/somaliland-puntland-forces-clash-in-sanaag-region/ |accessdate=2021-05-22 }}</ref> Dagaalka ka dib, ciidamada Puntland waxay sheegteen guul ay ka gaareen ciidamada Somaliland, iyagoo qabsaday maxaabiis iyo gaadiid milatari.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Somalia - Puntland in guerra contro il Somaliland |newspaper=Africa |date=2020-02-28 |url=https://www.africarivista.it/somalia-puntland-in-guerra-contro-il-somaliland/153930/ |accessdate=2021-05-23 }}</ref> Bishii Maarso 2021, gudoomiyaha Somaliland u magacawday gobolka Sanaag oo ku nool Ceerigaabo ayaa ugu baaqay dadka deegaanka Yubbe inay kala shaqeeyaan, maadaama isbitaal umuliso oo loo qorsheeyay iyo mashaariic kale oo horumarineer oo Yubbe ka socday ay hakat galeen.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gudoomiyaha Gobolka Sanaag Oo Xadhiga Ka Jaray Mashaariic Horumarineed Oo Xukuumadda Somaliland Ka Hirgelisay Degaanka Yubbe Ee Gobolkaas. |newspaper=warfaafintajsl.com |date=2021-03-19 |url=https://warfaafintajsl.com/Solna/gudoomiyaha-gobolka-sanaag-oo-xadhiga-ka-jaray-mashaariic-horumarineed-oo-xukuumadda-somaliland-ka-hirgelisay-degaanka-yubbe-ee-gobolkaas/ |accessdate=2021-05-23 |archive-date=2021-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523010852/https://warfaafintajsl.com/Solna/gudoomiyaha-gobolka-sanaag-oo-xadhiga-ka-jaray-mashaariic-horumarineed-oo-xukuumadda-somaliland-ka-hirgelisay-degaanka-yubbe-ee-gobolkaas/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bishii Janaayo 2023, ciidanka Somaliland waxay ka baxeen Yubbe.<ref name=mo20230126>{{Cite news|url=https://muqdisho.online/ciidamada-somaliland-oo-isaga-baxay-degaanka-yubbe-ee-gobolka-sanaag/|title=Ciidamada Somaliland oo isaga baxay degaanka Yubbe ee Gobolka Sanaag|trans-title=Somaliland forces withdrew from Yubbe area of Sanaag region|author=Cabdifatax Ibrahim|date=2023-01-26|work=Muqdisho Online|access-date=2024-01-15}}</ref> Bishii Abriil 2024, Wasiirka Gaadiidka iyo Horumarinta Jidadka ee Somaliland ayaa dhagax dhigay waddada xiriirisa Yubbe iyo Ceerigaabo oo ku taal [[Erigavo|Ceerigaabo]], wuxuuna ugu baaqay dadka deegaanka Yubbe inay ka qayb qaataan dhismaha waddada oo ay bixiyaan dhaqaalaha ku baxaya.<ref name="SomalilandStandard2024">{{cite web |url=https://somalilandstandard.com/erigavo-yubbe-road-to-be-constructed/ |title=Erigavo-Yubbe road to be constructed |website=Somaliland Standard |date=2024-04-27 |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> Bishii Awstaba 2025, dowladda Puntland ayaa lagu soo waramayaa in ay ciidamada beelaha Yubbe ku dartay ciidamadeeda qayb ka ah Hawlgalka [[Cal Madow]].<ref name="SomalilandStandard2024"/> ==Demographics== Magaalada waxaa dega beelaha Maxamuud Xarri ee Nuux Cumar (Warsangeli) iyo Hinjiye (Maxamuud Xarri) .<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hunt|first=John Anthony|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aAhBAQAAIAAJ|title=A General Survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950: Final Report on "An Economic Survey and Reconnaissance of the British Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950," Colonial Development and Welfare Scheme D. 484|date=1951|publisher=To be purchased from the Chief Secretary}}</ref> ==Sidoo kale eeg== {{Portal|Somalia}} ==Xusuusin== {{Reflist}} ==Tixraac== *[http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=427062&fid=5792&c=somalia Yube, Soomaaliya] 0dtocy16ln4g6emrtuqxjg1hntbthx1 310754 310752 2026-10-23T21:13:44Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 310754 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Yubbe | other_name = | native_name = | nickname = | type = Magaalo | motto = [[File:Yube town.jpg|thumb]] | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Sanaag#Somalia | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_caption = Sida ay ku leedahay Sanaag | subdivision_type = Dalka | subdivision_name = {{flag|Somalia}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Gobolada Soomaaliya|Gobolka]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Sanaag]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Gobolada Soomaaliya|Degmada]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Degmada Ceerigaabo|Ceerigaabo]] | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = | leader_name = | established_title = | established_date = | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = | population_as_of = 2002<ref>{{Cite web |author=unicef |date=September 2002 |url=https://www.fsnau.org/downloads/Sanaag%20Survey%20-%20May%202002.pdf |title=SANAAG REGION NUTRITION SURVEY REPORT |accessdate=2021-07-11 |archive-date=2021-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711080102/https://www.fsnau.org/downloads/Sanaag%20Survey%20-%20May%202002.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total = 2000 | population_density_km2 = | time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates = {{coord|10|44|51|N|47|55|09|E|region:SO-SA|display=inline,title}} | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = | custom_label_sec1 = | custom_data_sec1 = | website = | name = }} '''Yubbe''' (sidoo kale loo yaqaano '''Yobe''', '''Yube''', '''Yubeh''' iyo '''Yubbe Tug'''<ref name="Speke"/>) waa magaalo ku taal gobolka [[Sanaag]] ee maamul gobolka waqooyi-bari ee Soomaaliya.[[Somalia|Soomaaliya]] waxay ku claiming gacan ku haynta deegaanka. Bishi Janaayo 2023, waxaa la sheegay in ciidamada Somaliland ay ka baxeen magaalada.<ref name="Map">{{Cite web |url=https://puntlandpost.net/2023/01/26/ciidamada-somaliland-oo-xalay-isaga-baxay-degaanka-yubbe-ee-gobolka-sanaag/ |title=Ciidamada Somaliland oo xalay isaga baxay degaanka Yubbe ee Gobolka Sanaag – Puntland Post |access-date=2024-01-13 |archive-date=2024-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113201138/https://puntlandpost.net/2023/01/26/ciidamada-somaliland-oo-xalay-isaga-baxay-degaanka-yubbe-ee-gobolka-sanaag/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sidoo kale marka loo eego warbixinnada bishii Awstaba 2025, dowladda Puntland waxay ciidamada beelaha ee Yubbe ku dartay ciidamadeeda qayb ka ah Hawlgalka [[Cal Madow]].<ref name="HorseedMedia2025">{{cite news |url=https://horseedmedia.net/yubbe-puntland-ayaa-qaramaysay-ciidamo-beeleedyo-qayb-ka-noqonaya-hawlgalka-cal-madaw/410528/ |title=Yubbe: Puntland ayaa qaramaysay ciidamo beeleedyo qayb ka noqonaya hawlgalka Cal-madaw. |trans-title=Yubbe: Puntland has nationalized clan militias to become part of the Cal-madaw operation. |newspaper=Horseed Media |date=2025-08-06 |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=so}}</ref> ==Taariikhda== ===Aaroolajiyada=== Magaalo saxara ah oo ay inta badan degan yihiin reer guuraa, Yubbe waxay guri u tahay dhismayaal badan oo taariikhi ah. Markii uu booqday deegaanka qarnigii 19-aad, sahamiyihii Ingiriiska ahaa ee [[John Hanning Speke]] wuxuu sharraxay inuu arkay [[Tumulus|xabaalo-buureedyo]] kala duwan. Kuwaas oo uu ka warbixiyay in mid ka mid ah uu ku jiraa "qol godan oo ay taageerayaan tiirar alwaax ah, oo hoostooda, oo dhulka ku aasnaa, ay ku jireen dheryo dhoobo ah oo kala duwan, qadaadiic rasaas ah, fargeeto dahab ah sida ay dumarka Hindida ah ee Muslimka ah ku xirtaan sanka, iyo hanti kale oo kala duwan."<ref name="Speke">John Hanning Speke, ''What led to the discovery of the source of the Nile'', (Blackwood: 1864), p.68.</ref> ===Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya=== {{Location map+|Somaliland|width=300|float=right| relief = 1 |caption=Khariidadda xiriirka. Y=Yubbe, H=[[Hadaftimo]], B=[[Badhan, Sanaag|Badhan]]. |places= {{Location map~|Somaliland|lat_deg=10.7475|lon_deg=47.919167|position=top|label=Y}} {{Location map~|Somaliland|lat_deg=10.766667|lon_deg=48.1|position=bottom|label=[[Hadaftimo|H]]}} {{Location map~|Somaliland|lat_deg=8.475556|lon_deg=47.358333|position=bottom|label=[[Las Anod]]}} {{Location map~|Somaliland|lat_deg=10.616667|lon_deg=47.366667|position=bottom|label=[[Erigavo]]}} {{Location map~|Somaliland|lat_deg=10.713889|lon_deg=48.334722|position=bottom|label=[[Badhan, Sanaag|B]]}} }} Bishii June 18, 1991, wax yyar ka dib markii uu starts Dagaalkii sokeeye ee Soomaaliya, shir beeleed ayaa ka dhacay Yubbe ka dib markii uu baaq u ka soo baxay [[Warsangali|Warsangeli]] calan Aaqil Bashiir oo ku socday garaadka [[Habar Yoonis]] WARSAME HERSI (Yubbe 1). Shirkaas waxaa lagu meelmariyay go'aan lagu joojinayo colada laguna wadaagayo dhulka daaqa. Shirweynihii Oktoobar 6–9 (Yubbe 2) wuxuu dhaliyay xabad-joojin iyo heshiis xudduud oo u dhexeeya beelaha Warsangeli iyo Habar Yoonis.<ref name=ip2008>{{Cite web |author=Academy for Peace and Development |date=April 2008 |url=https://www.interpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/2008_SomS_Interpeace_APD_Statebuilding_EN.pdf |title=THE SEARCH FOR PEACE |accessdate=2021-05-23}}</ref> Bishii June 1993, shir ay yeesheen Warsangari oo ka dhacay [[Hadaftimo]] iyo beesha Habar Yoonis ayaa lagu qabtay Yubbe (Yubbe 3), waxaana lagu go'aamiyay in beesha Habar Yoonis ay shir ku qabato [[Erigavo|Ceerigaabo]] kaas oo dhammaan ergooyinka beelaha Sanaag, harayna kuwa la tartamaya ee [[Habr Je'lo|Habar Jeclo]] iyo [[Dhulbahante]], loogu yeeri doono.<ref name=ip2008/> Sannadkii 2006, biyo la'aan daran ayaa ku dhacday Sanaag, waxaana la ogaaday in ceel ku yaal tuulada Yubbe uu ka shaqayn waayay biyo la'aanta daran dhiirigelinteeda darted.<ref>{{Cite web |author=reliefweb |date=2006-12-31 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/somaliland-assistance-bulletin-oct-dec-2006 |title=Somaliland assistance bulletin Oct - Dec 2006 |accessdate=2021-05-23}}</ref> ===Muran Puntland iyo Somaliland=== Sannadkii 2007, xurgufta u dhaxaysa Puntland iyo Somaliland ayaa cirka isku sharaxday markii ciidanka Somaliland ay ka faa'iideysteen khilaafaadka gudaha Puntland si ay u qabsadaan [[Las Anod|Laascaanood]] ([[Puntland–Somaliland dispute|Muranka Puntland–Somaliland]].) Bishii Oktoobar 2015, gudoomiyihii Komishanka Doorashooyinka Somaliland ee gobolka Sanaag ayaa lagu afduubay Yubbe oo loo kaxaystay magaalada Puntland maamusho ee [[Badhan, Sanaag|Badhan]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mas'uuliyiin lagu afduubtay Sanaag |newspaper=BBC |date=2015-10-18 |url=https://www.bbc.com/somali/war/2015/10/151018_afduub |accessdate=2021-05-22 }}</ref> Bishii Maarso 2019, ciidamada Somaliland waxay xireen isku socodka gaadiidka ee u dhexeeya Yubbe iyo [[Hadaftimo]]. Dadka deegaanka ayaa dibad-bax ka dhan ah horumarka ciidamada Somaliland sameeyay.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Somaliland oo joojisay dhaq dhaqaaqa Gaadiidka ka dhex shaqeyn jiray Hadaaftimo iyo deegaanka Yubbe. |newspaper=Somaliweyn |date=2019-03-14 |url=http://www.somaliweyn.org/2019/03/14/somaliland-oo-joojisay-dhaq-dhaqaaqa-gaadiidka-ka-dhex-shaqeyn-jiray-hadaaftimo-iyo-deegaanka-yubbe/ |accessdate=2021-05-22 }}</ref> Odayaasha Ceerigaabo ayaa si hoose u kulmay si ay ugu baaqaan in ciidanka Somaliland ay ka baxaan Yubbe.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sanaag: Odayaasha Ceerigaabo oo isku afgartay in Ciidanka Somaliland ka baxaan Yubbe |newspaper=Mustaqbal media |date=2019-03-26 |url=https://mustaqbalmedia.net/so/sanaag-odayaasha-ceerigaabo-oo-isku-afgartay-in-ciidanka-somaliland-ka-baxaan-yubbe/ |accessdate=2021-05-22 }}</ref> Bishii Awstaba 2019, gudoomiyaha Puntland u magacawday gobolka Sanaag ayaa sheegay in "ciidanka Somaliland ay ka baxeen gobolka Sanaag, marka laga reebo Yubbe, oo maleeshiyada dhanka Puntland la qarameeyay."<ref>{{Cite news |title=GUDDOOMIYE CALI SOOMAALI: "SOMALILAND YUBBE OO CIIDAMO AAN REER SANAAG AHAYN JOOGAAN AYEY KA JOOGTAA GOBOLKA" |newspaper=Puntland post |date=2019-08-27 |url=https://puntlandpost.net/2019/08/27/guddoomiye-cali-somalilandsomaliland-yubbe-oo-ciidamo-aan-reer-sanaag-ahayn-joogaan-ayey-ka-joogtaa-gobolka/ |accessdate=2021-05-23 }}</ref> Bishii November 2019, dadka deegaanka Yubbe waxay arkeen koox ka tirsan [[al-Shabaab (Somalia)|Al-Shabaab]] oo ku sugan deegaanka Ga'an-Marodi.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Al-Shabaab fighters cross to Somaliland for first time |newspaper=Somali Affairs |date=2019-11-20 |url=https://www.somaliaffairs.com/news/al-shabaab-fighters-cross-to-somaliland-for-first-time/ |accessdate=2021-05-23 |archive-date=2021-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523003856/https://www.somaliaffairs.com/news/al-shabaab-fighters-cross-to-somaliland-for-first-time/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bishii Feberaayo 2020, ciidamada Somaliland ee ka socday Yubbe waxay dagaal la galeen ciidamada Puntland ee ku sugan tuulada Kadhada oo 18 kiiloometer u jirta.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Somaliland, Puntland forces clash in Sanaag Region |newspaper=Somaliland |date=2020-02-26 |url=https://www.somaliland.com/news/somaliland/somaliland-puntland-forces-clash-in-sanaag-region/ |accessdate=2021-05-22 }}</ref> Dagaalka ka dib, ciidamada Puntland waxay sheegteen guul ay ka gaareen ciidamada Somaliland, iyagoo qabsaday maxaabiis iyo gaadiid milatari.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Somalia - Puntland in guerra contro il Somaliland |newspaper=Africa |date=2020-02-28 |url=https://www.africarivista.it/somalia-puntland-in-guerra-contro-il-somaliland/153930/ |accessdate=2021-05-23 }}</ref> Bishii Maarso 2021, gudoomiyaha Somaliland u magacawday gobolka Sanaag oo ku nool Ceerigaabo ayaa ugu baaqay dadka deegaanka Yubbe inay kala shaqeeyaan, maadaama isbitaal umuliso oo loo qorsheeyay iyo mashaariic kale oo horumarineer oo Yubbe ka socday ay hakat galeen.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gudoomiyaha Gobolka Sanaag Oo Xadhiga Ka Jaray Mashaariic Horumarineed Oo Xukuumadda Somaliland Ka Hirgelisay Degaanka Yubbe Ee Gobolkaas. |newspaper=warfaafintajsl.com |date=2021-03-19 |url=https://warfaafintajsl.com/Solna/gudoomiyaha-gobolka-sanaag-oo-xadhiga-ka-jaray-mashaariic-horumarineed-oo-xukuumadda-somaliland-ka-hirgelisay-degaanka-yubbe-ee-gobolkaas/ |accessdate=2021-05-23 |archive-date=2021-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523010852/https://warfaafintajsl.com/Solna/gudoomiyaha-gobolka-sanaag-oo-xadhiga-ka-jaray-mashaariic-horumarineed-oo-xukuumadda-somaliland-ka-hirgelisay-degaanka-yubbe-ee-gobolkaas/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bishii Janaayo 2023, ciidanka Somaliland waxay ka baxeen Yubbe.<ref name=mo20230126>{{Cite news|url=https://muqdisho.online/ciidamada-somaliland-oo-isaga-baxay-degaanka-yubbe-ee-gobolka-sanaag/|title=Ciidamada Somaliland oo isaga baxay degaanka Yubbe ee Gobolka Sanaag|trans-title=Somaliland forces withdrew from Yubbe area of Sanaag region|author=Cabdifatax Ibrahim|date=2023-01-26|work=Muqdisho Online|access-date=2024-01-15}}</ref> Bishii Abriil 2024, Wasiirka Gaadiidka iyo Horumarinta Jidadka ee Somaliland ayaa dhagax dhigay waddada xiriirisa Yubbe iyo Ceerigaabo oo ku taal [[Erigavo|Ceerigaabo]], wuxuuna ugu baaqay dadka deegaanka Yubbe inay ka qayb qaataan dhismaha waddada oo ay bixiyaan dhaqaalaha ku baxaya.<ref name="SomalilandStandard2024">{{cite web |url=https://somalilandstandard.com/erigavo-yubbe-road-to-be-constructed/ |title=Erigavo-Yubbe road to be constructed |website=Somaliland Standard |date=2024-04-27 |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> Bishii Awstaba 2025, dowladda Puntland ayaa lagu soo waramayaa in ay ciidamada beelaha Yubbe ku dartay ciidamadeeda qayb ka ah Hawlgalka [[Cal Madow]].<ref name="SomalilandStandard2024"/> ==Demographics== Magaalada waxaa dega beelaha Maxamuud Xarri ee Nuux Cumar (Warsangeli) iyo Hinjiye (Maxamuud Xarri) .<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hunt|first=John Anthony|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aAhBAQAAIAAJ|title=A General Survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950: Final Report on "An Economic Survey and Reconnaissance of the British Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950," Colonial Development and Welfare Scheme D. 484|date=1951|publisher=To be purchased from the Chief Secretary}}</ref> ==Sidoo kale eeg== {{Portal|Somalia}} ==Xusuusin== {{Reflist}} ==Tixraac== *[http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=427062&fid=5792&c=somalia Yube, Soomaaliya] ahuwmu1y8nzb2gvmlhhjnxybsz8j0zv 310755 310754 2026-10-23T21:14:08Z Isma4l 41797 310755 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Yubbe | other_name = | native_name = | nickname = | type = Magaalo | motto = [[File:Yube town.jpg|thumb]] | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Sanaag#Somalia | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_caption = Sida ay ku leedahay Sanaag | subdivision_type = Dalka | subdivision_name = {{flag|Somalia}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Gobolada Soomaaliya|Gobolka]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Sanaag]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Gobolada Soomaaliya|Degmada]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Degmada Ceerigaabo|Ceerigaabo]] | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = | leader_name = | established_title = | established_date = | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = | population_as_of = 2002<ref>{{Cite web |author=unicef |date=September 2002 |url=https://www.fsnau.org/downloads/Sanaag%20Survey%20-%20May%202002.pdf |title=SANAAG REGION NUTRITION SURVEY REPORT |accessdate=2021-07-11 |archive-date=2021-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711080102/https://www.fsnau.org/downloads/Sanaag%20Survey%20-%20May%202002.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total = 2000 | population_density_km2 = | time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates = {{coord|10|44|51|N|47|55|09|E|region:SO-SA|display=inline,title}} | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = | custom_label_sec1 = | custom_data_sec1 = | website = | name = }} '''Yubbe''' (sidoo kale loo yaqaano '''Yobe''', '''Yube''', '''Yubeh''' iyo '''Yubbe Tug'''<ref name="Speke"/>) waa magaalo ku taal gobolka [[Sanaag]] ee maamul gobolka waqooyi-bari ee Soomaaliya.[[Somalia|Soomaaliya]] waxay ku claiming gacan ku haynta deegaanka. Bishi Janaayo 2023, waxaa la sheegay in ciidamada Somaliland ay ka baxeen magaalada.<ref name="Map">{{Cite web |url=https://puntlandpost.net/2023/01/26/ciidamada-somaliland-oo-xalay-isaga-baxay-degaanka-yubbe-ee-gobolka-sanaag/ |title=Ciidamada Somaliland oo xalay isaga baxay degaanka Yubbe ee Gobolka Sanaag – Puntland Post |access-date=2024-01-13 |archive-date=2024-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113201138/https://puntlandpost.net/2023/01/26/ciidamada-somaliland-oo-xalay-isaga-baxay-degaanka-yubbe-ee-gobolka-sanaag/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sidoo kale marka loo eego warbixinnada bishii Awstaba 2025, dowladda Puntland waxay ciidamada beelaha ee Yubbe ku dartay ciidamadeeda qayb ka ah Hawlgalka [[Cal Madow]].<ref name="HorseedMedia2025">{{cite news |url=https://horseedmedia.net/yubbe-puntland-ayaa-qaramaysay-ciidamo-beeleedyo-qayb-ka-noqonaya-hawlgalka-cal-madaw/410528/ |title=Yubbe: Puntland ayaa qaramaysay ciidamo beeleedyo qayb ka noqonaya hawlgalka Cal-madaw. |trans-title=Yubbe: Puntland has nationalized clan militias to become part of the Cal-madaw operation. |newspaper=Horseed Media |date=2025-08-06 |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=so}}</ref> ==Taariikhda== ===Aaroolajiyada=== Magaalo saxara ah oo ay inta badan degan yihiin reer guuraa, Yubbe waxay guri u tahay dhismayaal badan oo taariikhi ah. Markii uu booqday deegaanka qarnigii 19-aad, sahamiyihii Ingiriiska ahaa ee [[John Hanning Speke]] wuxuu sharraxay inuu arkay [[Tumulus|xabaalo-buureedyo]] kala duwan. Kuwaas oo uu ka warbixiyay in mid ka mid ah uu ku jiraa "qol godan oo ay taageerayaan tiirar alwaax ah, oo hoostooda, oo dhulka ku aasnaa, ay ku jireen dheryo dhoobo ah oo kala duwan, qadaadiic rasaas ah, fargeeto dahab ah sida ay dumarka Hindida ah ee Muslimka ah ku xirtaan sanka, iyo hanti kale oo kala duwan."<ref name="Speke">John Hanning Speke, ''What led to the discovery of the source of the Nile'', (Blackwood: 1864), p.68.</ref> ===Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya=== {{Location map+|Somaliland|width=300|float=right| relief = 1 |caption=Khariidadda xiriirka. Y=Yubbe, H=[[Hadaftimo]], B=[[Badhan, Sanaag|Badhan]]. |places= {{Location map~|Somaliland|lat_deg=10.7475|lon_deg=47.919167|position=top|label=Y}} {{Location map~|Somaliland|lat_deg=10.766667|lon_deg=48.1|position=bottom|label=[[Hadaftimo|H]]}} {{Location map~|Somaliland|lat_deg=8.475556|lon_deg=47.358333|position=bottom|label=[[Las Anod]]}} {{Location map~|Somaliland|lat_deg=10.616667|lon_deg=47.366667|position=bottom|label=[[Erigavo]]}} {{Location map~|Somaliland|lat_deg=10.713889|lon_deg=48.334722|position=bottom|label=[[Badhan, Sanaag|B]]}} }} Bishii June 18, 1991, wax yyar ka dib markii uu starts Dagaalkii sokeeye ee Soomaaliya, shir beeleed ayaa ka dhacay Yubbe ka dib markii uu baaq u ka soo baxay [[Warsangali|Warsangeli]] calan Aaqil Bashiir oo ku socday garaadka [[Habar Yoonis]] WARSAME HERSI (Yubbe 1). Shirkaas waxaa lagu meelmariyay go'aan lagu joojinayo colada laguna wadaagayo dhulka daaqa. Shirweynihii Oktoobar 6–9 (Yubbe 2) wuxuu dhaliyay xabad-joojin iyo heshiis xudduud oo u dhexeeya beelaha Warsangeli iyo Habar Yoonis.<ref name=ip2008>{{Cite web |author=Academy for Peace and Development |date=April 2008 |url=https://www.interpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/2008_SomS_Interpeace_APD_Statebuilding_EN.pdf |title=THE SEARCH FOR PEACE |accessdate=2021-05-23}}</ref> Bishii June 1993, shir ay yeesheen Warsangari oo ka dhacay [[Hadaftimo]] iyo beesha Habar Yoonis ayaa lagu qabtay Yubbe (Yubbe 3), waxaana lagu go'aamiyay in beesha Habar Yoonis ay shir ku qabato [[Erigavo|Ceerigaabo]] kaas oo dhammaan ergooyinka beelaha Sanaag, harayna kuwa la tartamaya ee [[Habr Je'lo|Habar Jeclo]] iyo [[Dhulbahante]], loogu yeeri doono.<ref name=ip2008/> Sannadkii 2006, biyo la'aan daran ayaa ku dhacday Sanaag, waxaana la ogaaday in ceel ku yaal tuulada Yubbe uu ka shaqayn waayay biyo la'aanta daran dhiirigelinteeda darted.<ref>{{Cite web |author=reliefweb |date=2006-12-31 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/somaliland-assistance-bulletin-oct-dec-2006 |title=Somaliland assistance bulletin Oct - Dec 2006 |accessdate=2021-05-23}}</ref> ===Muran Puntland iyo Somaliland=== Sannadkii 2007, xurgufta u dhaxaysa Puntland iyo Somaliland ayaa cirka isku sharaxday markii ciidanka Somaliland ay ka faa'iideysteen khilaafaadka gudaha Puntland si ay u qabsadaan [[Las Anod|Laascaanood]] ([[Puntland–Somaliland dispute|Muranka Puntland–Somaliland]].) Bishii Oktoobar 2015, gudoomiyihii Komishanka Doorashooyinka Somaliland ee gobolka Sanaag ayaa lagu afduubay Yubbe oo loo kaxaystay magaalada Puntland maamusho ee [[Badhan, Sanaag|Badhan]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mas'uuliyiin lagu afduubtay Sanaag |newspaper=BBC |date=2015-10-18 |url=https://www.bbc.com/somali/war/2015/10/151018_afduub |accessdate=2021-05-22 }}</ref> Bishii Maarso 2019, ciidamada Somaliland waxay xireen isku socodka gaadiidka ee u dhexeeya Yubbe iyo [[Hadaftimo]]. Dadka deegaanka ayaa dibad-bax ka dhan ah horumarka ciidamada Somaliland sameeyay.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Somaliland oo joojisay dhaq dhaqaaqa Gaadiidka ka dhex shaqeyn jiray Hadaaftimo iyo deegaanka Yubbe. |newspaper=Somaliweyn |date=2019-03-14 |url=http://www.somaliweyn.org/2019/03/14/somaliland-oo-joojisay-dhaq-dhaqaaqa-gaadiidka-ka-dhex-shaqeyn-jiray-hadaaftimo-iyo-deegaanka-yubbe/ |accessdate=2021-05-22 }}</ref> Odayaasha Ceerigaabo ayaa si hoose u kulmay si ay ugu baaqaan in ciidanka Somaliland ay ka baxaan Yubbe.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sanaag: Odayaasha Ceerigaabo oo isku afgartay in Ciidanka Somaliland ka baxaan Yubbe |newspaper=Mustaqbal media |date=2019-03-26 |url=https://mustaqbalmedia.net/so/sanaag-odayaasha-ceerigaabo-oo-isku-afgartay-in-ciidanka-somaliland-ka-baxaan-yubbe/ |accessdate=2021-05-22 }}</ref> Bishii Awstaba 2019, gudoomiyaha Puntland u magacawday gobolka Sanaag ayaa sheegay in "ciidanka Somaliland ay ka baxeen gobolka Sanaag, marka laga reebo Yubbe, oo maleeshiyada dhanka Puntland la qarameeyay."<ref>{{Cite news |title=GUDDOOMIYE CALI SOOMAALI: "SOMALILAND YUBBE OO CIIDAMO AAN REER SANAAG AHAYN JOOGAAN AYEY KA JOOGTAA GOBOLKA" |newspaper=Puntland post |date=2019-08-27 |url=https://puntlandpost.net/2019/08/27/guddoomiye-cali-somalilandsomaliland-yubbe-oo-ciidamo-aan-reer-sanaag-ahayn-joogaan-ayey-ka-joogtaa-gobolka/ |accessdate=2021-05-23 }}</ref> Bishii November 2019, dadka deegaanka Yubbe waxay arkeen koox ka tirsan [[al-Shabaab (Somalia)|Al-Shabaab]] oo ku sugan deegaanka Ga'an-Marodi.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Al-Shabaab fighters cross to Somaliland for first time |newspaper=Somali Affairs |date=2019-11-20 |url=https://www.somaliaffairs.com/news/al-shabaab-fighters-cross-to-somaliland-for-first-time/ |accessdate=2021-05-23 |archive-date=2021-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523003856/https://www.somaliaffairs.com/news/al-shabaab-fighters-cross-to-somaliland-for-first-time/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bishii Feberaayo 2020, ciidamada Somaliland ee ka socday Yubbe waxay dagaal la galeen ciidamada Puntland ee ku sugan tuulada Kadhada oo 18 kiiloometer u jirta.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Somaliland, Puntland forces clash in Sanaag Region |newspaper=Somaliland |date=2020-02-26 |url=https://www.somaliland.com/news/somaliland/somaliland-puntland-forces-clash-in-sanaag-region/ |accessdate=2021-05-22 }}</ref> Dagaalka ka dib, ciidamada Puntland waxay sheegteen guul ay ka gaareen ciidamada Somaliland, iyagoo qabsaday maxaabiis iyo gaadiid milatari.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Somalia - Puntland in guerra contro il Somaliland |newspaper=Africa |date=2020-02-28 |url=https://www.africarivista.it/somalia-puntland-in-guerra-contro-il-somaliland/153930/ |accessdate=2021-05-23 }}</ref> Bishii Maarso 2021, gudoomiyaha Somaliland u magacawday gobolka Sanaag oo ku nool Ceerigaabo ayaa ugu baaqay dadka deegaanka Yubbe inay kala shaqeeyaan, maadaama isbitaal umuliso oo loo qorsheeyay iyo mashaariic kale oo horumarineer oo Yubbe ka socday ay hakat galeen.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gudoomiyaha Gobolka Sanaag Oo Xadhiga Ka Jaray Mashaariic Horumarineed Oo Xukuumadda Somaliland Ka Hirgelisay Degaanka Yubbe Ee Gobolkaas. |newspaper=warfaafintajsl.com |date=2021-03-19 |url=https://warfaafintajsl.com/Solna/gudoomiyaha-gobolka-sanaag-oo-xadhiga-ka-jaray-mashaariic-horumarineed-oo-xukuumadda-somaliland-ka-hirgelisay-degaanka-yubbe-ee-gobolkaas/ |accessdate=2021-05-23 |archive-date=2021-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523010852/https://warfaafintajsl.com/Solna/gudoomiyaha-gobolka-sanaag-oo-xadhiga-ka-jaray-mashaariic-horumarineed-oo-xukuumadda-somaliland-ka-hirgelisay-degaanka-yubbe-ee-gobolkaas/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bishii Janaayo 2023, ciidanka Somaliland waxay ka baxeen Yubbe.<ref name=mo20230126>{{Cite news|url=https://muqdisho.online/ciidamada-somaliland-oo-isaga-baxay-degaanka-yubbe-ee-gobolka-sanaag/|title=Ciidamada Somaliland oo isaga baxay degaanka Yubbe ee Gobolka Sanaag|trans-title=Somaliland forces withdrew from Yubbe area of Sanaag region|author=Cabdifatax Ibrahim|date=2023-01-26|work=Muqdisho Online|access-date=2024-01-15}}</ref> Bishii Abriil 2024, Wasiirka Gaadiidka iyo Horumarinta Jidadka ee Somaliland ayaa dhagax dhigay waddada xiriirisa Yubbe iyo Ceerigaabo oo ku taal [[Erigavo|Ceerigaabo]], wuxuuna ugu baaqay dadka deegaanka Yubbe inay ka qayb qaataan dhismaha waddada oo ay bixiyaan dhaqaalaha ku baxaya.<ref name="SomalilandStandard2024">{{cite web |url=https://somalilandstandard.com/erigavo-yubbe-road-to-be-constructed/ |title=Erigavo-Yubbe road to be constructed |website=Somaliland Standard |date=2024-04-27 |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> Bishii Awstaba 2025, dowladda Puntland ayaa lagu soo waramayaa in ay ciidamada beelaha Yubbe ku dartay ciidamadeeda qayb ka ah Hawlgalka [[Cal Madow]].<ref name="SomalilandStandard2024"/> ==Tirakoobka Dadka== Magaalada waxaa dega beelaha Maxamuud Xarri ee Nuux Cumar (Warsangeli) iyo Hinjiye (Maxamuud Xarri) .<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hunt|first=John Anthony|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aAhBAQAAIAAJ|title=A General Survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950: Final Report on "An Economic Survey and Reconnaissance of the British Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950," Colonial Development and Welfare Scheme D. 484|date=1951|publisher=To be purchased from the Chief Secretary}}</ref> ==Sidoo kale eeg== {{Portal|Somalia}} ==Xusuusin== {{Reflist}} ==Tixraac== *[http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=427062&fid=5792&c=somalia Yube, Soomaaliya] kezp43ebrx44x8cnvp1c5jiffpuie31 310821 310755 2026-10-24T11:18:27Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 310821 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Yubbe | other_name = | native_name = | nickname = | type = Magaalo | motto = [[File:Yube town.jpg|thumb]] | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Sanaag#Somalia | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_caption = Sida ay ku leedahay Sanaag | subdivision_type = Dalka | subdivision_name = {{flag|Somalia}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Gobolada Soomaaliya|Gobolka]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Sanaag]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Gobolada Soomaaliya|Degmada]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Degmada Ceerigaabo|Ceerigaabo]] | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = | leader_name = | established_title = | established_date = | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = | population_as_of = 2002<ref>{{Cite web |author=unicef |date=September 2002 |url=https://www.fsnau.org/downloads/Sanaag%20Survey%20-%20May%202002.pdf |title=SANAAG REGION NUTRITION SURVEY REPORT |accessdate=2021-07-11 |archive-date=2021-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711080102/https://www.fsnau.org/downloads/Sanaag%20Survey%20-%20May%202002.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total = 2000 | population_density_km2 = | time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates = {{coord|10|44|51|N|47|55|09|E|region:SO-SA|display=inline,title}} | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = | custom_label_sec1 = | custom_data_sec1 = | website = | name = }} '''Yubbe''' (sidoo kale loo yaqaano '''Yobe''', '''Yube''', '''Yubeh''' iyo '''Yubbe Tug'''<ref name="Speke"/>) waa magaalo ku taal gobolka [[Sanaag]] ee maamul gobolka waqooyi-bari ee Soomaaliya.[[Somalia|Soomaaliya]] waxay ku claiming gacan ku haynta deegaanka. Bishi Janaayo 2023, waxaa la sheegay in ciidamada Somaliland ay ka baxeen magaalada.<ref name="Map">{{Cite web |url=https://puntlandpost.net/2023/01/26/ciidamada-somaliland-oo-xalay-isaga-baxay-degaanka-yubbe-ee-gobolka-sanaag/ |title=Ciidamada Somaliland oo xalay isaga baxay degaanka Yubbe ee Gobolka Sanaag – Puntland Post |access-date=2024-01-13 |archive-date=2024-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113201138/https://puntlandpost.net/2023/01/26/ciidamada-somaliland-oo-xalay-isaga-baxay-degaanka-yubbe-ee-gobolka-sanaag/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sidoo kale marka loo eego warbixinnada bishii Awstaba 2025, dowladda Puntland waxay ciidamada beelaha ee Yubbe ku dartay ciidamadeeda qayb ka ah Hawlgalka [[Cal Madow]].<ref name="HorseedMedia2025">{{cite news |url=https://horseedmedia.net/yubbe-puntland-ayaa-qaramaysay-ciidamo-beeleedyo-qayb-ka-noqonaya-hawlgalka-cal-madaw/410528/ |title=Yubbe: Puntland ayaa qaramaysay ciidamo beeleedyo qayb ka noqonaya hawlgalka Cal-madaw. |trans-title=Yubbe: Puntland has nationalized clan militias to become part of the Cal-madaw operation. |newspaper=Horseed Media |date=2025-08-06 |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=so}}</ref> ==Taariikhda== ===Aaroolajiyada=== Magaalo saxara ah oo ay inta badan degan yihiin reer guuraa, Yubbe waxay guri u tahay dhismayaal badan oo taariikhi ah. Markii uu booqday deegaanka qarnigii 19-aad, sahamiyihii Ingiriiska ahaa ee [[John Hanning Speke]] wuxuu sharraxay inuu arkay [[Tumulus|xabaalo-buureedyo]] kala duwan. Kuwaas oo uu ka warbixiyay in mid ka mid ah uu ku jiraa "qol godan oo ay taageerayaan tiirar alwaax ah, oo hoostooda, oo dhulka ku aasnaa, ay ku jireen dheryo dhoobo ah oo kala duwan, qadaadiic rasaas ah, fargeeto dahab ah sida ay dumarka Hindida ah ee Muslimka ah ku xirtaan sanka, iyo hanti kale oo kala duwan."<ref name="Speke">John Hanning Speke, ''What led to the discovery of the source of the Nile'', (Blackwood: 1864), p.68.</ref> ===Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya=== {{Location map+|Somaliland|width=300|float=right| relief = 1 |caption=Khariidadda xiriirka. Y=Yubbe, H=[[Hadaftimo]], B=[[Badhan, Sanaag|Badhan]]. |places= {{Location map~|Somaliland|lat_deg=10.7475|lon_deg=47.919167|position=top|label=Y}} {{Location map~|Somaliland|lat_deg=10.766667|lon_deg=48.1|position=bottom|label=[[Hadaftimo|H]]}} {{Location map~|Somaliland|lat_deg=8.475556|lon_deg=47.358333|position=bottom|label=[[Las Anod]]}} {{Location map~|Somaliland|lat_deg=10.616667|lon_deg=47.366667|position=bottom|label=[[Erigavo]]}} {{Location map~|Somaliland|lat_deg=10.713889|lon_deg=48.334722|position=bottom|label=[[Badhan, Sanaag|B]]}} }} Bishii June 18, 1991, wax yyar ka dib markii uu starts Dagaalkii sokeeye ee Soomaaliya, shir beeleed ayaa ka dhacay Yubbe ka dib markii uu baaq u ka soo baxay [[Warsangali|Warsangeli]] calan Aaqil Bashiir oo ku socday garaadka [[Habar Yoonis]] WARSAME HERSI (Yubbe 1). Shirkaas waxaa lagu meelmariyay go'aan lagu joojinayo colada laguna wadaagayo dhulka daaqa. Shirweynihii Oktoobar 6–9 (Yubbe 2) wuxuu dhaliyay xabad-joojin iyo heshiis xudduud oo u dhexeeya beelaha Warsangeli iyo Habar Yoonis.<ref name=ip2008>{{Cite web |author=Academy for Peace and Development |date=April 2008 |url=https://www.interpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/2008_SomS_Interpeace_APD_Statebuilding_EN.pdf |title=THE SEARCH FOR PEACE |accessdate=2021-05-23}}</ref> Bishii June 1993, shir ay yeesheen Warsangari oo ka dhacay [[Hadaftimo]] iyo beesha Habar Yoonis ayaa lagu qabtay Yubbe (Yubbe 3), waxaana lagu go'aamiyay in beesha Habar Yoonis ay shir ku qabato [[Erigavo|Ceerigaabo]] kaas oo dhammaan ergooyinka beelaha Sanaag, harayna kuwa la tartamaya ee [[Habr Je'lo|Habar Jeclo]] iyo [[Dhulbahante]], loogu yeeri doono.<ref name=ip2008/> Sannadkii 2006, biyo la'aan daran ayaa ku dhacday Sanaag, waxaana la ogaaday in ceel ku yaal tuulada Yubbe uu ka shaqayn waayay biyo la'aanta daran dhiirigelinteeda darted.<ref>{{Cite web |author=reliefweb |date=2006-12-31 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/somaliland-assistance-bulletin-oct-dec-2006 |title=Somaliland assistance bulletin Oct - Dec 2006 |accessdate=2021-05-23}}</ref> ===Muran Puntland iyo Somaliland=== Sannadkii 2007, xurgufta u dhaxaysa Puntland iyo Somaliland ayaa cirka isku sharaxday markii ciidanka Somaliland ay ka faa'iideysteen khilaafaadka gudaha Puntland si ay u qabsadaan [[Las Anod|Laascaanood]] ([[Puntland–Somaliland dispute|Muranka Puntland–Somaliland]].) Bishii Oktoobar 2015, gudoomiyihii Komishanka Doorashooyinka Somaliland ee gobolka Sanaag ayaa lagu afduubay Yubbe oo loo kaxaystay magaalada Puntland maamusho ee [[Badhan, Sanaag|Badhan]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mas'uuliyiin lagu afduubtay Sanaag |newspaper=BBC |date=2015-10-18 |url=https://www.bbc.com/somali/war/2015/10/151018_afduub |accessdate=2021-05-22 }}</ref> Bishii Maarso 2019, ciidamada Somaliland waxay xireen isku socodka gaadiidka ee u dhexeeya Yubbe iyo [[Hadaftimo]]. Dadka deegaanka ayaa dibad-bax ka dhan ah horumarka ciidamada Somaliland sameeyay.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Somaliland oo joojisay dhaq dhaqaaqa Gaadiidka ka dhex shaqeyn jiray Hadaaftimo iyo deegaanka Yubbe. |newspaper=Somaliweyn |date=2019-03-14 |url=http://www.somaliweyn.org/2019/03/14/somaliland-oo-joojisay-dhaq-dhaqaaqa-gaadiidka-ka-dhex-shaqeyn-jiray-hadaaftimo-iyo-deegaanka-yubbe/ |accessdate=2021-05-22 }}</ref> Odayaasha Ceerigaabo ayaa si hoose u kulmay si ay ugu baaqaan in ciidanka Somaliland ay ka baxaan Yubbe.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sanaag: Odayaasha Ceerigaabo oo isku afgartay in Ciidanka Somaliland ka baxaan Yubbe |newspaper=Mustaqbal media |date=2019-03-26 |url=https://mustaqbalmedia.net/so/sanaag-odayaasha-ceerigaabo-oo-isku-afgartay-in-ciidanka-somaliland-ka-baxaan-yubbe/ |accessdate=2021-05-22 }}</ref> Bishii Awstaba 2019, gudoomiyaha Puntland u magacawday gobolka Sanaag ayaa sheegay in "ciidanka Somaliland ay ka baxeen gobolka Sanaag, marka laga reebo Yubbe, oo maleeshiyada dhanka Puntland la qarameeyay."<ref>{{Cite news |title=GUDDOOMIYE CALI SOOMAALI: "SOMALILAND YUBBE OO CIIDAMO AAN REER SANAAG AHAYN JOOGAAN AYEY KA JOOGTAA GOBOLKA" |newspaper=Puntland post |date=2019-08-27 |url=https://puntlandpost.net/2019/08/27/guddoomiye-cali-somalilandsomaliland-yubbe-oo-ciidamo-aan-reer-sanaag-ahayn-joogaan-ayey-ka-joogtaa-gobolka/ |accessdate=2021-05-23 }}</ref> Bishii November 2019, dadka deegaanka Yubbe waxay arkeen koox ka tirsan [[al-Shabaab (Somalia)|Al-Shabaab]] oo ku sugan deegaanka Ga'an-Marodi.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Al-Shabaab fighters cross to Somaliland for first time |newspaper=Somali Affairs |date=2019-11-20 |url=https://www.somaliaffairs.com/news/al-shabaab-fighters-cross-to-somaliland-for-first-time/ |accessdate=2021-05-23 |archive-date=2021-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523003856/https://www.somaliaffairs.com/news/al-shabaab-fighters-cross-to-somaliland-for-first-time/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bishii Feberaayo 2020, ciidamada Somaliland ee ka socday Yubbe waxay dagaal la galeen ciidamada Puntland ee ku sugan tuulada Kadhada oo 18 kiiloometer u jirta.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Somaliland, Puntland forces clash in Sanaag Region |newspaper=Somaliland |date=2020-02-26 |url=https://www.somaliland.com/news/somaliland/somaliland-puntland-forces-clash-in-sanaag-region/ |accessdate=2021-05-22 }}</ref> Dagaalka ka dib, ciidamada Puntland waxay sheegteen guul ay ka gaareen ciidamada Somaliland, iyagoo qabsaday maxaabiis iyo gaadiid milatari.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Somalia - Puntland in guerra contro il Somaliland |newspaper=Africa |date=2020-02-28 |url=https://www.africarivista.it/somalia-puntland-in-guerra-contro-il-somaliland/153930/ |accessdate=2021-05-23 }}</ref> Bishii Maarso 2021, gudoomiyaha Somaliland u magacawday gobolka Sanaag oo ku nool Ceerigaabo ayaa ugu baaqay dadka deegaanka Yubbe inay kala shaqeeyaan, maadaama isbitaal umuliso oo loo qorsheeyay iyo mashaariic kale oo horumarineer oo Yubbe ka socday ay hakat galeen.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gudoomiyaha Gobolka Sanaag Oo Xadhiga Ka Jaray Mashaariic Horumarineed Oo Xukuumadda Somaliland Ka Hirgelisay Degaanka Yubbe Ee Gobolkaas. |newspaper=warfaafintajsl.com |date=2021-03-19 |url=https://warfaafintajsl.com/Solna/gudoomiyaha-gobolka-sanaag-oo-xadhiga-ka-jaray-mashaariic-horumarineed-oo-xukuumadda-somaliland-ka-hirgelisay-degaanka-yubbe-ee-gobolkaas/ |accessdate=2021-05-23 |archive-date=2021-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523010852/https://warfaafintajsl.com/Solna/gudoomiyaha-gobolka-sanaag-oo-xadhiga-ka-jaray-mashaariic-horumarineed-oo-xukuumadda-somaliland-ka-hirgelisay-degaanka-yubbe-ee-gobolkaas/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bishii Janaayo 2023, ciidanka Somaliland waxay ka baxeen Yubbe.<ref name=mo20230126>{{Cite news|url=https://muqdisho.online/ciidamada-somaliland-oo-isaga-baxay-degaanka-yubbe-ee-gobolka-sanaag/|title=Ciidamada Somaliland oo isaga baxay degaanka Yubbe ee Gobolka Sanaag|trans-title=Somaliland forces withdrew from Yubbe area of Sanaag region|author=Cabdifatax Ibrahim|date=2023-01-26|work=Muqdisho Online|access-date=2024-01-15|archive-date=2024-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115124149/https://muqdisho.online/ciidamada-somaliland-oo-isaga-baxay-degaanka-yubbe-ee-gobolka-sanaag/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bishii Abriil 2024, Wasiirka Gaadiidka iyo Horumarinta Jidadka ee Somaliland ayaa dhagax dhigay waddada xiriirisa Yubbe iyo Ceerigaabo oo ku taal [[Erigavo|Ceerigaabo]], wuxuuna ugu baaqay dadka deegaanka Yubbe inay ka qayb qaataan dhismaha waddada oo ay bixiyaan dhaqaalaha ku baxaya.<ref name="SomalilandStandard2024">{{cite web |url=https://somalilandstandard.com/erigavo-yubbe-road-to-be-constructed/ |title=Erigavo-Yubbe road to be constructed |website=Somaliland Standard |date=2024-04-27 |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> Bishii Awstaba 2025, dowladda Puntland ayaa lagu soo waramayaa in ay ciidamada beelaha Yubbe ku dartay ciidamadeeda qayb ka ah Hawlgalka [[Cal Madow]].<ref name="SomalilandStandard2024"/> ==Tirakoobka Dadka== Magaalada waxaa dega beelaha Maxamuud Xarri ee Nuux Cumar (Warsangeli) iyo Hinjiye (Maxamuud Xarri) .<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hunt|first=John Anthony|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aAhBAQAAIAAJ|title=A General Survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950: Final Report on "An Economic Survey and Reconnaissance of the British Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950," Colonial Development and Welfare Scheme D. 484|date=1951|publisher=To be purchased from the Chief Secretary}}</ref> ==Sidoo kale eeg== {{Portal|Somalia}} ==Xusuusin== {{Reflist}} ==Tixraac== *[http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=427062&fid=5792&c=somalia Yube, Soomaaliya] 1vp0ggrvzw83ye5mj3c8c01uklgrdve 0 8079 310772 309780 2026-10-24T03:44:49Z ~2026-56878-79 47970 310772 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Caddayn u baahan}} [[:en:Osman_Haji|Cismaan Xaaji mohamed Afrax Garuun]] oo loo yaqaan cismaan Baketti waxa uu ku dhashay magaalada Mareeg 1920 waxa uu ka soo Jeeda Beeshaa reer Wacayle. Waxaa Dhalay Abaanduulahii ama Geesigii Caanka ahaa ee Reer Mareeg [[Maxamed Afrax Garuun]] Cismaan xaaji waxa uu ku biiray xisbiga leegada [[1944]] Cismaan xaaji waxaa ka mid ahaa gudigii talada Somaliyeed ee la aasasay 1950 [[Advisory Committee Of Somalia]] Cismaan xaaji waxa uu ka mid ahaa 70 kii Deputaati ee ugu horeeyay ee Somaaliya laga soo Doortay 56 waxay ahaayeen Somali 14 kalena waxay ahaayeen [[Talyaani]] ,Carab iyo Hindi.Cismaan waxa uu noqday Dibitaatigii ugu horeeyay ee beesha mareeg ama Wacaysle waxaana loo yaqaana dibitaatigii Wacaysle. Mujtamaca Somaaliyeed Xushmad iyo Karaamo wayn ayuu ku lahaa si wayna loo raadiyo codkiisa ama garabsiintiis ama( His Endorsement) Waxa uu ahaa nin jecel Dadkiisa, Diintiisa iyo Dalkiisa si wayna loo Qadariyo. Waayo waxuu ahaa nin daacad ah oo dammir fiican kana xishooda waxyaabaha musuqmaasuqa ah .Waxa uu soo Hoyey Guulo wax ku ool ah. Waxa uu ka soo galay degmada Ceelbuur 1956 waaya ceeldheer ma Ahayn Degmo ama district Xiligaas waxa uu ku guulaysay in uu degmo ka dhigo magaalada ceeldheer waxa uuna mar labaad ka soo galay degmada ceeldheer 1960-1964.Cismaan Xaaji waxa uu ahaa nin wadani ah oo sumcad fiican ku leh umada soomaaliyeed oo aan la hilmaami karin mabda iisa iyo waxa uu aaminsanyahay oo ku salaysnaa xaq iyo cadaalad sidaa darteed ayaa loogu Bixiyay cismaan Baketti oo macnaheedu ah nin mabda adag oo aan mowqifkiisa laga badeli karin dibotaatigii cismaan xaaji wuxuu ahaa qof jecel midnimada & wadajirka Ummadda soomaaliyeed wuxuu qeeb weyn ka so qaatey halganadii xurnimodoonka ahaa cismaan xaaji wuxuu ahaa qof xili wlbo farxad aad ka dareemeyso cidna iskama weeneen jriin sida lagu yaqaano soomaali qofkii masuul ah dadka ka dhex baxo waxyaabaha lagu xasuusto waxaa ka mid ahaa isagoo codkiisa u fiirin jirin reer ama dano gaar dowladii kacaanka ayaa waxey xirtey dhowr sanadood isagoo lagu eedaynayo in uu ku jiray Afgambigii dhicisoobay ee 1970 oo uu hogaaminayey General Salaad Gabeyre iyo deputy president General Ceeynaanshe iyo colonel Cabdulqaadir Dhel.Cismaan wuxuu maanta qeyb wayn kuleeyahay calanka aan harsaneeno. Halkaan laguma so koobi karo sharafta & kamaarada uu ku dhex lahaa bulshada waxaanse ka soo qaadanaynaa in yar oo ka mid ah ugu danbeeyntii waxuu geeriyodey isagoo u halgamaayo shacabka soomaaliyeed sanadku markuu ahaa Luulyo 28 [[1975]] Religious Views Muslim Gender Male [[Category:Siyaasadda Soomaaliya]] 9ygalra6qq8ao8b5epkrv22frnx2v1l 310773 310772 2026-10-24T03:47:19Z ~2026-56878-79 47970 310773 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Caddayn u baahan}} [[:en:Osman_Haji|Cismaan Xaaji mohamed Afrax Garuun]] oo loo yaqaan cismaan Baketti waxa uu ku dhashay magaalada Mareeg 1920 waxa uu ka soo Jeeda Beeshaa reer Wacayle. Waxaa Dhalay Abaanduulahii ama Geesigii Caanka ahaa ee Reer Mareeg [[Maxamed Afrax Garuun]] Cismaan xaaji waxa uu ku biiray xisbiga leegada [[1944]] Cismaan xaaji waxaa ka mid ahaa gudigii talada Somaliyeed ee la aasasay 1950 [[Advisory Committee Of Somalia]] Cismaan xaaji waxa uu ka mid ahaa 70 kii Deputaati ee ugu horeeyay ee Somaaliya laga soo Doortay 56 waxay ahaayeen Somali 14 kalena waxay ahaayeen [[Talyaani]] ,Carab iyo Hindi.Cismaan waxa uu noqday Dibitaatigii ugu horeeyay ee beesha mareeg ama Wacaysle waxaana loo yaqaana dibitaatigii Wacaysle. Mujtamaca Somaaliyeed Xushmad iyo Karaamo wayn ayuu ku lahaa si wayna loo raadiyo codkiisa ama garabsiintiis ama( His Endorsement) Waxa uu ahaa nin jecel Dadkiisa, Diintiisa iyo Dalkiisa si wayna loo Qadariyo. Waayo waxuu ahaa nin daacad ah oo dammir fiican kana xishooda waxyaabaha musuqmaasuqa ah .Waxa uu soo Hoyey Guulo wax ku ool ah. Waxa uu ka soo galay degmada Ceelbuur 1956 waaya ceeldheer ma Ahayn Degmo ama district Xiligaas waxa uu ku guulaysay in uu degmo ka dhigo magaalada ceeldheer waxa uuna mar labaad ka soo galay degmada ceeldheer 1960-1964.Cismaan Xaaji waxa uu ahaa nin wadani ah oo sumcad fiican ku leh umada soomaaliyeed oo aan la hilmaami karin mabda iisa iyo waxa uu aaminsanyahay oo ku salaysnaa xaq iyo cadaalad sidaa darteed ayaa loogu Bixiyay cismaan Baketti oo macnaheedu ah nin mabda adag oo aan mowqifkiisa laga badeli karin dibotaatigii cismaan xaaji wuxuu ahaa qof jecel midnimada & wadajirka Ummadda soomaaliyeed wuxuu qeeb weyn ka so qaatey halganadii xurnimodoonka ahaa cismaan xaaji wuxuu ahaa qof xili wlbo farxad aad ka dareemeyso cidna iskama weeneen jriin sida lagu yaqaano soomaali qofkii masuul ah dadka ka dhex baxo waxyaabaha lagu xasuusto waxaa ka mid ahaa isagoo codkiisa u fiirin jirin reer ama dano gaar dowladii kacaanka ayaa waxey xirtey dhowr sanadood isagoo lagu eedaynayo in uu ku jiray Afgambigii dhicisoobay ee 1970 oo uu hogaaminayey General Salaad Gabeyre iyo deputy president General Ceeynaanshe iyo colonel Cabdulqaadir Dhel.Cismaan wuxuu maanta qeyb wayn kuleeyahay calanka aan harsaneeno. Halkaan laguma so koobi karo sharafta & kamaarada uu ku dhex lahaa bulshada waxaanse ka soo qaadanaynaa in yar oo ka mid ah ugu danbeeyntii waxuu geeriyodey isagoo u halgamaayo shacabka soomaaliyeed sanadku markuu ahaa Luulyo 28 [[1975]] Religious Views Muslim Gender Male Xigasho [[:en:Osman_Haji|Xigasho]] [[Category:Siyaasadda Soomaaliya]] h1yz7kk1qsnatz6n8599m9fsuydcaan 310776 310773 2026-10-24T04:36:29Z Isma4l 41797 310776 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Cismaan Xaaji Maxamed Afrax Garuun | native_name = عثمان حاجي محمد | image = Osman Haji 1945.jpg | alt = | birth_name = | birth_date = 1920 | birth_place = [[Mareeg]], [[Somalia|Soomaaliya]] | death_date = 1980-1982 | death_place = [[Mogadishu|Xamar]], Soomaaliya | other_names = Osman Baketti | occupation = Xildhibaan Baarlamaan }} '''Cismaan Xaaji Maxamed''' ({{langx|so|Cismaan Xaaji Maxamed}}, {{langx|ar|عثمان حاجي محمد}}) (b. 1920 – d. Luulyo 28, 1982 ), oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano '''Cismaan Baketti''', wuxuu ahaa siyaasi [[Soomaalid|Soomaaliyeed]]. Wuxuu ahaa shakhsi muhiim ka ahaa Dowladdii [[Dhulka Ilaalada Somaliland|Maxmiyadda ee Soomaaliya]] iyo maamulkii rayidka ahaa ee ka dib xornimadii Soomaaliya. ==Sanadaha Hore== Cismaan wuxuu dhashay sanadkii 1920-kii magaalada [[Mareeg]], oo ku taal [[El Dher District|Degmada Ceeldheer]] ee gobollada dhexe ee [[Somalia|Soomaaliya]]. Wuxuu ahaa wiilkii uu dhalay geesigii iyo shakhsigii caanka ahaa ee deegaanka [[Mohamed Afrah Garuun|Maxamed Afrax Garuun]], wuxuuna dugsiyada quraanka ka dhigtay Ceeldheer, ka dibna wuxuu iska diiwaangeliyay dugsi ku yaal [[Mogadishu|Muqdisho]]. Markii uu korayay, wuxuu ku raaxaysan jiray akhrinta gabayada, orodka iyo fardasboolayda. ==Shaqada== Cismaan wuxuu ku biiray [[Somali Youth League|Leegada]] (SYL) sanadkii 1944-kii, ka hor intaanu baarlamaanka galin. Wuxuu ku caan baxay shaqo edeb leh iyo jagooyin madax-bannaanida u janjeera. Sida xisbigii ugu horreeyay ee rasmiga ah ee siyaasadeed ee dhulkaas, SYL waxay u taagnayd sababta xornimada iyo caddaaladda bulshada. Hoggaamiyeyaasheeda hore waxay ahaayeen inta badan dhallinyaro, kuwo is-baray, caqli badan, kuwo isku kalsoon oo go'aan leh.<ref>African & American Institute</ref> Sannadkii 1945-kii, [[Potsdam Conference|Shirkii Potsdam]] ayaa la qhelday, halkaas oo lagu go'aamiyay inaan dib loogu celin maamulkii [[Italian Somaliland|Dhulka Soomaalida ee Talyaaniga]] dalka [[Italy|Talyaaniga]].<ref name="Federal">Federal Research Division, ''Somalia: A Country Study'', (Kessinger Publishing, LLC: 2004), p.38</ref> [[United Nations|Qaramada Midoobay]] waxay dooratay Taa baddalkeeda bishii Nofeembar 1949 inay Talyaaniga ka siiso maxmiyad Dhulka Soomaalida ee Talyaaniga maamul cusub ee [[Trust Territory of Somaliland|Maxmiyadda Soomaaliya]]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay sidaas ku sameysay oo keliya hoos imaanaysa supervision dhow iyo shuruud — oo ay markii ugu horreysay soo bandhigeen SYL iyo ururradii kale ee siyaasadeed ee Soomaaliyeed ee xilligaas u ololeynayay xornimada, sida [[Marehan Union Party]], [[Hizbia Digil Mirifle Somali]] (HDMS) (oo markii dambe noqotay [[Hizbia Dastur Mustaqbal Somali]]) iyo SNL — oo ah inay Soomaaliya gaarto xornimo muddo toban sano ah gudaheeda.<ref name="Zolberg">Aristide R. Zolberg et al., ''Escape from Violence: Conflict and the Refugee Crisis in the Developing World'', (Oxford University Press: 1992), p.106</ref> Cismaan ka dib wuxuu noqday xubin ka tirsan Guddiga Talo-bixinta Cusub ee Soomaaliya. Intii lagu jiray xilligii maxmiyadda ee 1950-aadkii, xubnihii SYL waxay tajrubo ka heleen doodo baarlamaanka ah oo ku saabsan arrimaha siyaasadda, dhaqaalaha iyo bulshada oo dhulka dhowaan xornimada heli doona uu u badan yahay inuu wajaho. [[1956 Italian Somaliland parliamentary election|Doorashooyinkii baarlamaanka ee 1956-kii]], Cismaan wuxuu ka mid ahaa doortay toddobaatankii xildhibaan ee ugu horreeyay (''Deputato''). Wuxuu u taagnaa deegaan doorashada [[El Bur|Celtuur]], maadaama Ceeldheer aysan wali degmo ahayn. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Cismaan wuxuu dadaal u galay in Ceeldheer ay noqoto degmo buuxda oo leh laba kooys. Ka dib dhowr sano oo olole ah, wuxuu gaaray go'aankan, isagoo aasaasay degmada cusub ee Ceeldheer. Wuxuu ku caan baxay wadaniyad, Cismaan waxaa si aqlabiyad leh dib ugu doortay dadka deegaanka Ceeldheer muddo xileed saddexaad. Wuxuu ahaa xildhibaan intii u dhaxeysay 1960 ilaa 1967. Oktoobar 15, 1969, intii uu ku jiray booqasho uu ku marayay magaalada waqooyiga ku taal ee [[Las Anod|Laascaanood]], Madaxweynihii xilligaas ee Soomaaliya [[Abdirashid Ali Shermarke|Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke]] waxaa tiriyey oo dilay mid ka mid ah ilaaladiisa. Dilkiisa ka dib waxaa si degdeg ah u dhacay [[coup d'état|inqilaab]] milatari 21-kii Oktoobar 1969 (maalinkii ka dambeeyay aaskiisa), kaas oo [[Military of Somalia|Ciidanka Soomaaliyeed]] ay ku qabsadeen awoodda iyadoon la kulmin iska hor imaad hubaysan — asal ahaan inqilaab aan dhiig ku tertin. Inqilaabka waxaa hoggaaminayay Major General [[Siad Barre|Maxamed Siyaad Barre]], oo xilligaas amrayay ciidanka.<ref name="Myswenvwp">Moshe Y. Sachs, ''Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations'', Volume 2, (Worldmark Press: 1988), p.290.</ref> Ilaa Barre, [[Supreme Revolutionary Council (Somalia)|Golaha Sare ee Revolushanka]] (SRC) oo la wareegay awoodda ka dib dilkii Madaxweyne Sharmaarke waxaa hoggaaminayay Lieutenant Colonel [[Salaad Gabeyre Kediye]] iyo Taliyaha Booliska [[Jama Korshel|Jaamac Qorsheel]]. Kediye wuxuu si rasmi ah u hayay titilka "Aabbaha Revolushanka," Barre-na obsi yar ka dib wuxuu noqday madaxa SRC.<ref name="Adam">Adam, p.226</ref> SRC waxay ka dib dib u bixisay magaca dalka oo ay u bixisay [[Somali Democratic Republic|Jamhuuriyadda Demuqraadiga Soomaaliya]],<ref>J. D. Fage, Roland Anthony Oliver, ''The Cambridge history of Africa'', Volume 8, (Cambridge University Press: 1985), p.478.</ref><ref name="Grolierenc">''The Encyclopedia Americana: complete in thirty volumes. Skin to Sumac'', Volume 25, (Grolier: 1995), p.214.</ref> iyagoo xiray xubnihii dowladdii rayidka ahayd ee hore, mamnuucay xisbiyadii siyaasadda,<ref name=Metz3>{{citation|editor-last= Metz|editor-first = Helen C. |editor-link=Helen Chapin Metz |chapter=Coup d'Etat|title=''Somalia: A Country Study''|year=1992|chapter-url= http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+so0031)|publisher= [[Library of Congress]]|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]|access-date= October 21, 2009}}.</ref> kala diray baarlamaankii iyo Maxkamadda Sare, isla markaana hakiyay dhuastuurka.<ref name="Pjdlfw">Peter John de la Fosse Wiles, ''The New Communist Third World: an essay in political economy'', (Taylor & Francis: 1982), p.279.</ref> Cismaan wuxuu ka mid ahaa siyaasiyiintii ay xirtay SRC, sababtoo ah waxaa lagu eedeeyay inuu ka qayb qaatay inqilaab fashilmay 1970-kii oo uu la lahaa Kediye. Ka dib shaqo dheer oo uu ku lahaa siyaasadda Soomaaliya, Cismaan wuxuu dhintay Luulyo 28, 1982, magaalada Muqdisho. ==Sidoo kale eeg== *[[Haji Bashir Ismail Yusuf]] *[[Haji Yusuf Iman Guled]] *[[Salaad Gabeyre Kediye]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} ==Tixraacyo== *{{cite book | last = African & American Institute | title = Africa report, Volumes 1-5 | publisher = African & American Institute | year = 1971 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=f1EJAQAAIAAJ }} * {{cite web |title=Trusteeship and Protectorate: The Road to Independence |url=http://countrystudies.us/somalia/14.htm |editor=Helen Chapin Metz |editor-link=Helen Chapin Metz |work=Somalia: A Country Study |publisher=GPO for the Library of Congress |location=Washington |year=1992 }} * {{cite web |title=From Independence to Revolution |url=http://countrystudies.us/somalia/15.htm |editor=Helen Chapin Metz |work=Somalia: A Country Study |publisher=GPO for the Library of Congress |location=Washington |year=1992 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Osman Garuun}} nnxn8fpyovx84nczc6mvodwvrvrb46c 310777 310776 2026-10-24T04:37:35Z Isma4l 41797 /* Sidoo kale eeg */ 310777 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Cismaan Xaaji Maxamed Afrax Garuun | native_name = عثمان حاجي محمد | image = Osman Haji 1945.jpg | alt = | birth_name = | birth_date = 1920 | birth_place = [[Mareeg]], [[Somalia|Soomaaliya]] | death_date = 1980-1982 | death_place = [[Mogadishu|Xamar]], Soomaaliya | other_names = Osman Baketti | occupation = Xildhibaan Baarlamaan }} '''Cismaan Xaaji Maxamed''' ({{langx|so|Cismaan Xaaji Maxamed}}, {{langx|ar|عثمان حاجي محمد}}) (b. 1920 – d. Luulyo 28, 1982 ), oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano '''Cismaan Baketti''', wuxuu ahaa siyaasi [[Soomaalid|Soomaaliyeed]]. Wuxuu ahaa shakhsi muhiim ka ahaa Dowladdii [[Dhulka Ilaalada Somaliland|Maxmiyadda ee Soomaaliya]] iyo maamulkii rayidka ahaa ee ka dib xornimadii Soomaaliya. ==Sanadaha Hore== Cismaan wuxuu dhashay sanadkii 1920-kii magaalada [[Mareeg]], oo ku taal [[El Dher District|Degmada Ceeldheer]] ee gobollada dhexe ee [[Somalia|Soomaaliya]]. Wuxuu ahaa wiilkii uu dhalay geesigii iyo shakhsigii caanka ahaa ee deegaanka [[Mohamed Afrah Garuun|Maxamed Afrax Garuun]], wuxuuna dugsiyada quraanka ka dhigtay Ceeldheer, ka dibna wuxuu iska diiwaangeliyay dugsi ku yaal [[Mogadishu|Muqdisho]]. Markii uu korayay, wuxuu ku raaxaysan jiray akhrinta gabayada, orodka iyo fardasboolayda. ==Shaqada== Cismaan wuxuu ku biiray [[Somali Youth League|Leegada]] (SYL) sanadkii 1944-kii, ka hor intaanu baarlamaanka galin. Wuxuu ku caan baxay shaqo edeb leh iyo jagooyin madax-bannaanida u janjeera. Sida xisbigii ugu horreeyay ee rasmiga ah ee siyaasadeed ee dhulkaas, SYL waxay u taagnayd sababta xornimada iyo caddaaladda bulshada. Hoggaamiyeyaasheeda hore waxay ahaayeen inta badan dhallinyaro, kuwo is-baray, caqli badan, kuwo isku kalsoon oo go'aan leh.<ref>African & American Institute</ref> Sannadkii 1945-kii, [[Potsdam Conference|Shirkii Potsdam]] ayaa la qhelday, halkaas oo lagu go'aamiyay inaan dib loogu celin maamulkii [[Italian Somaliland|Dhulka Soomaalida ee Talyaaniga]] dalka [[Italy|Talyaaniga]].<ref name="Federal">Federal Research Division, ''Somalia: A Country Study'', (Kessinger Publishing, LLC: 2004), p.38</ref> [[United Nations|Qaramada Midoobay]] waxay dooratay Taa baddalkeeda bishii Nofeembar 1949 inay Talyaaniga ka siiso maxmiyad Dhulka Soomaalida ee Talyaaniga maamul cusub ee [[Trust Territory of Somaliland|Maxmiyadda Soomaaliya]]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay sidaas ku sameysay oo keliya hoos imaanaysa supervision dhow iyo shuruud — oo ay markii ugu horreysay soo bandhigeen SYL iyo ururradii kale ee siyaasadeed ee Soomaaliyeed ee xilligaas u ololeynayay xornimada, sida [[Marehan Union Party]], [[Hizbia Digil Mirifle Somali]] (HDMS) (oo markii dambe noqotay [[Hizbia Dastur Mustaqbal Somali]]) iyo SNL — oo ah inay Soomaaliya gaarto xornimo muddo toban sano ah gudaheeda.<ref name="Zolberg">Aristide R. Zolberg et al., ''Escape from Violence: Conflict and the Refugee Crisis in the Developing World'', (Oxford University Press: 1992), p.106</ref> Cismaan ka dib wuxuu noqday xubin ka tirsan Guddiga Talo-bixinta Cusub ee Soomaaliya. Intii lagu jiray xilligii maxmiyadda ee 1950-aadkii, xubnihii SYL waxay tajrubo ka heleen doodo baarlamaanka ah oo ku saabsan arrimaha siyaasadda, dhaqaalaha iyo bulshada oo dhulka dhowaan xornimada heli doona uu u badan yahay inuu wajaho. [[1956 Italian Somaliland parliamentary election|Doorashooyinkii baarlamaanka ee 1956-kii]], Cismaan wuxuu ka mid ahaa doortay toddobaatankii xildhibaan ee ugu horreeyay (''Deputato''). Wuxuu u taagnaa deegaan doorashada [[El Bur|Celtuur]], maadaama Ceeldheer aysan wali degmo ahayn. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Cismaan wuxuu dadaal u galay in Ceeldheer ay noqoto degmo buuxda oo leh laba kooys. Ka dib dhowr sano oo olole ah, wuxuu gaaray go'aankan, isagoo aasaasay degmada cusub ee Ceeldheer. Wuxuu ku caan baxay wadaniyad, Cismaan waxaa si aqlabiyad leh dib ugu doortay dadka deegaanka Ceeldheer muddo xileed saddexaad. Wuxuu ahaa xildhibaan intii u dhaxeysay 1960 ilaa 1967. Oktoobar 15, 1969, intii uu ku jiray booqasho uu ku marayay magaalada waqooyiga ku taal ee [[Las Anod|Laascaanood]], Madaxweynihii xilligaas ee Soomaaliya [[Abdirashid Ali Shermarke|Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke]] waxaa tiriyey oo dilay mid ka mid ah ilaaladiisa. Dilkiisa ka dib waxaa si degdeg ah u dhacay [[coup d'état|inqilaab]] milatari 21-kii Oktoobar 1969 (maalinkii ka dambeeyay aaskiisa), kaas oo [[Military of Somalia|Ciidanka Soomaaliyeed]] ay ku qabsadeen awoodda iyadoon la kulmin iska hor imaad hubaysan — asal ahaan inqilaab aan dhiig ku tertin. Inqilaabka waxaa hoggaaminayay Major General [[Siad Barre|Maxamed Siyaad Barre]], oo xilligaas amrayay ciidanka.<ref name="Myswenvwp">Moshe Y. Sachs, ''Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations'', Volume 2, (Worldmark Press: 1988), p.290.</ref> Ilaa Barre, [[Supreme Revolutionary Council (Somalia)|Golaha Sare ee Revolushanka]] (SRC) oo la wareegay awoodda ka dib dilkii Madaxweyne Sharmaarke waxaa hoggaaminayay Lieutenant Colonel [[Salaad Gabeyre Kediye]] iyo Taliyaha Booliska [[Jama Korshel|Jaamac Qorsheel]]. Kediye wuxuu si rasmi ah u hayay titilka "Aabbaha Revolushanka," Barre-na obsi yar ka dib wuxuu noqday madaxa SRC.<ref name="Adam">Adam, p.226</ref> SRC waxay ka dib dib u bixisay magaca dalka oo ay u bixisay [[Somali Democratic Republic|Jamhuuriyadda Demuqraadiga Soomaaliya]],<ref>J. D. Fage, Roland Anthony Oliver, ''The Cambridge history of Africa'', Volume 8, (Cambridge University Press: 1985), p.478.</ref><ref name="Grolierenc">''The Encyclopedia Americana: complete in thirty volumes. Skin to Sumac'', Volume 25, (Grolier: 1995), p.214.</ref> iyagoo xiray xubnihii dowladdii rayidka ahayd ee hore, mamnuucay xisbiyadii siyaasadda,<ref name=Metz3>{{citation|editor-last= Metz|editor-first = Helen C. |editor-link=Helen Chapin Metz |chapter=Coup d'Etat|title=''Somalia: A Country Study''|year=1992|chapter-url= http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+so0031)|publisher= [[Library of Congress]]|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]|access-date= October 21, 2009}}.</ref> kala diray baarlamaankii iyo Maxkamadda Sare, isla markaana hakiyay dhuastuurka.<ref name="Pjdlfw">Peter John de la Fosse Wiles, ''The New Communist Third World: an essay in political economy'', (Taylor & Francis: 1982), p.279.</ref> Cismaan wuxuu ka mid ahaa siyaasiyiintii ay xirtay SRC, sababtoo ah waxaa lagu eedeeyay inuu ka qayb qaatay inqilaab fashilmay 1970-kii oo uu la lahaa Kediye. Ka dib shaqo dheer oo uu ku lahaa siyaasadda Soomaaliya, Cismaan wuxuu dhintay Luulyo 28, 1982, magaalada Muqdisho. ==Sidoo kale eeg== *[[Xaaji Bashiir Ismaaciil Yuusuf]] *[[Haji Yusuf Iman Guled]] *[[Salaad Gabeyre Kediye]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} ==Tixraacyo== *{{cite book | last = African & American Institute | title = Africa report, Volumes 1-5 | publisher = African & American Institute | year = 1971 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=f1EJAQAAIAAJ }} * {{cite web |title=Trusteeship and Protectorate: The Road to Independence |url=http://countrystudies.us/somalia/14.htm |editor=Helen Chapin Metz |editor-link=Helen Chapin Metz |work=Somalia: A Country Study |publisher=GPO for the Library of Congress |location=Washington |year=1992 }} * {{cite web |title=From Independence to Revolution |url=http://countrystudies.us/somalia/15.htm |editor=Helen Chapin Metz |work=Somalia: A Country Study |publisher=GPO for the Library of Congress |location=Washington |year=1992 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Osman Garuun}} 05fw4u39nqbl26jj8ivs6oug27tdtyq 310778 310777 2026-10-24T04:38:03Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 310778 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Cismaan Xaaji Maxamed Afrax Garuun | native_name = عثمان حاجي محمد | image = Osman Haji 1945.jpg | alt = | birth_name = | birth_date = 1920 | birth_place = [[Mareeg]], [[Somalia|Soomaaliya]] | death_date = 1980-1982 | death_place = [[Mogadishu|Xamar]], Soomaaliya | other_names = Osman Baketti | occupation = Xildhibaan Baarlamaan }} '''Cismaan Xaaji Maxamed''' ({{langx|so|Cismaan Xaaji Maxamed}}, {{langx|ar|عثمان حاجي محمد}}) (b. 1920 – d. Luulyo 28, 1982 ), oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano '''Cismaan Baketti''', wuxuu ahaa siyaasi [[Soomaalida|Soomaaliyeed]]. Wuxuu ahaa shakhsi muhiim ka ahaa Dowladdii [[Dhulka Ilaalada Somaliland|Maxmiyadda ee Soomaaliya]] iyo maamulkii rayidka ahaa ee ka dib xornimadii Soomaaliya. ==Sanadaha Hore== Cismaan wuxuu dhashay sanadkii 1920-kii magaalada [[Mareeg]], oo ku taal [[El Dher District|Degmada Ceeldheer]] ee gobollada dhexe ee [[Somalia|Soomaaliya]]. Wuxuu ahaa wiilkii uu dhalay geesigii iyo shakhsigii caanka ahaa ee deegaanka [[Mohamed Afrah Garuun|Maxamed Afrax Garuun]], wuxuuna dugsiyada quraanka ka dhigtay Ceeldheer, ka dibna wuxuu iska diiwaangeliyay dugsi ku yaal [[Mogadishu|Muqdisho]]. Markii uu korayay, wuxuu ku raaxaysan jiray akhrinta gabayada, orodka iyo fardasboolayda. ==Shaqada== Cismaan wuxuu ku biiray [[Somali Youth League|Leegada]] (SYL) sanadkii 1944-kii, ka hor intaanu baarlamaanka galin. Wuxuu ku caan baxay shaqo edeb leh iyo jagooyin madax-bannaanida u janjeera. Sida xisbigii ugu horreeyay ee rasmiga ah ee siyaasadeed ee dhulkaas, SYL waxay u taagnayd sababta xornimada iyo caddaaladda bulshada. Hoggaamiyeyaasheeda hore waxay ahaayeen inta badan dhallinyaro, kuwo is-baray, caqli badan, kuwo isku kalsoon oo go'aan leh.<ref>African & American Institute</ref> Sannadkii 1945-kii, [[Potsdam Conference|Shirkii Potsdam]] ayaa la qhelday, halkaas oo lagu go'aamiyay inaan dib loogu celin maamulkii [[Italian Somaliland|Dhulka Soomaalida ee Talyaaniga]] dalka [[Italy|Talyaaniga]].<ref name="Federal">Federal Research Division, ''Somalia: A Country Study'', (Kessinger Publishing, LLC: 2004), p.38</ref> [[United Nations|Qaramada Midoobay]] waxay dooratay Taa baddalkeeda bishii Nofeembar 1949 inay Talyaaniga ka siiso maxmiyad Dhulka Soomaalida ee Talyaaniga maamul cusub ee [[Trust Territory of Somaliland|Maxmiyadda Soomaaliya]]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay sidaas ku sameysay oo keliya hoos imaanaysa supervision dhow iyo shuruud — oo ay markii ugu horreysay soo bandhigeen SYL iyo ururradii kale ee siyaasadeed ee Soomaaliyeed ee xilligaas u ololeynayay xornimada, sida [[Marehan Union Party]], [[Hizbia Digil Mirifle Somali]] (HDMS) (oo markii dambe noqotay [[Hizbia Dastur Mustaqbal Somali]]) iyo SNL — oo ah inay Soomaaliya gaarto xornimo muddo toban sano ah gudaheeda.<ref name="Zolberg">Aristide R. Zolberg et al., ''Escape from Violence: Conflict and the Refugee Crisis in the Developing World'', (Oxford University Press: 1992), p.106</ref> Cismaan ka dib wuxuu noqday xubin ka tirsan Guddiga Talo-bixinta Cusub ee Soomaaliya. Intii lagu jiray xilligii maxmiyadda ee 1950-aadkii, xubnihii SYL waxay tajrubo ka heleen doodo baarlamaanka ah oo ku saabsan arrimaha siyaasadda, dhaqaalaha iyo bulshada oo dhulka dhowaan xornimada heli doona uu u badan yahay inuu wajaho. [[1956 Italian Somaliland parliamentary election|Doorashooyinkii baarlamaanka ee 1956-kii]], Cismaan wuxuu ka mid ahaa doortay toddobaatankii xildhibaan ee ugu horreeyay (''Deputato''). Wuxuu u taagnaa deegaan doorashada [[El Bur|Celtuur]], maadaama Ceeldheer aysan wali degmo ahayn. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Cismaan wuxuu dadaal u galay in Ceeldheer ay noqoto degmo buuxda oo leh laba kooys. Ka dib dhowr sano oo olole ah, wuxuu gaaray go'aankan, isagoo aasaasay degmada cusub ee Ceeldheer. Wuxuu ku caan baxay wadaniyad, Cismaan waxaa si aqlabiyad leh dib ugu doortay dadka deegaanka Ceeldheer muddo xileed saddexaad. Wuxuu ahaa xildhibaan intii u dhaxeysay 1960 ilaa 1967. Oktoobar 15, 1969, intii uu ku jiray booqasho uu ku marayay magaalada waqooyiga ku taal ee [[Las Anod|Laascaanood]], Madaxweynihii xilligaas ee Soomaaliya [[Abdirashid Ali Shermarke|Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke]] waxaa tiriyey oo dilay mid ka mid ah ilaaladiisa. Dilkiisa ka dib waxaa si degdeg ah u dhacay [[coup d'état|inqilaab]] milatari 21-kii Oktoobar 1969 (maalinkii ka dambeeyay aaskiisa), kaas oo [[Military of Somalia|Ciidanka Soomaaliyeed]] ay ku qabsadeen awoodda iyadoon la kulmin iska hor imaad hubaysan — asal ahaan inqilaab aan dhiig ku tertin. Inqilaabka waxaa hoggaaminayay Major General [[Siad Barre|Maxamed Siyaad Barre]], oo xilligaas amrayay ciidanka.<ref name="Myswenvwp">Moshe Y. Sachs, ''Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations'', Volume 2, (Worldmark Press: 1988), p.290.</ref> Ilaa Barre, [[Supreme Revolutionary Council (Somalia)|Golaha Sare ee Revolushanka]] (SRC) oo la wareegay awoodda ka dib dilkii Madaxweyne Sharmaarke waxaa hoggaaminayay Lieutenant Colonel [[Salaad Gabeyre Kediye]] iyo Taliyaha Booliska [[Jama Korshel|Jaamac Qorsheel]]. Kediye wuxuu si rasmi ah u hayay titilka "Aabbaha Revolushanka," Barre-na obsi yar ka dib wuxuu noqday madaxa SRC.<ref name="Adam">Adam, p.226</ref> SRC waxay ka dib dib u bixisay magaca dalka oo ay u bixisay [[Somali Democratic Republic|Jamhuuriyadda Demuqraadiga Soomaaliya]],<ref>J. D. Fage, Roland Anthony Oliver, ''The Cambridge history of Africa'', Volume 8, (Cambridge University Press: 1985), p.478.</ref><ref name="Grolierenc">''The Encyclopedia Americana: complete in thirty volumes. Skin to Sumac'', Volume 25, (Grolier: 1995), p.214.</ref> iyagoo xiray xubnihii dowladdii rayidka ahayd ee hore, mamnuucay xisbiyadii siyaasadda,<ref name=Metz3>{{citation|editor-last= Metz|editor-first = Helen C. |editor-link=Helen Chapin Metz |chapter=Coup d'Etat|title=''Somalia: A Country Study''|year=1992|chapter-url= http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+so0031)|publisher= [[Library of Congress]]|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]|access-date= October 21, 2009}}.</ref> kala diray baarlamaankii iyo Maxkamadda Sare, isla markaana hakiyay dhuastuurka.<ref name="Pjdlfw">Peter John de la Fosse Wiles, ''The New Communist Third World: an essay in political economy'', (Taylor & Francis: 1982), p.279.</ref> Cismaan wuxuu ka mid ahaa siyaasiyiintii ay xirtay SRC, sababtoo ah waxaa lagu eedeeyay inuu ka qayb qaatay inqilaab fashilmay 1970-kii oo uu la lahaa Kediye. Ka dib shaqo dheer oo uu ku lahaa siyaasadda Soomaaliya, Cismaan wuxuu dhintay Luulyo 28, 1982, magaalada Muqdisho. ==Sidoo kale eeg== *[[Xaaji Bashiir Ismaaciil Yuusuf]] *[[Haji Yusuf Iman Guled]] *[[Salaad Gabeyre Kediye]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} ==Tixraacyo== *{{cite book | last = African & American Institute | title = Africa report, Volumes 1-5 | publisher = African & American Institute | year = 1971 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=f1EJAQAAIAAJ }} * {{cite web |title=Trusteeship and Protectorate: The Road to Independence |url=http://countrystudies.us/somalia/14.htm |editor=Helen Chapin Metz |editor-link=Helen Chapin Metz |work=Somalia: A Country Study |publisher=GPO for the Library of Congress |location=Washington |year=1992 }} * {{cite web |title=From Independence to Revolution |url=http://countrystudies.us/somalia/15.htm |editor=Helen Chapin Metz |work=Somalia: A Country Study |publisher=GPO for the Library of Congress |location=Washington |year=1992 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Osman Garuun}} elwy54y9vsjsuc6r26p96huulykrnrc 0 8958 310784 309711 2026-10-24T08:51:28Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 310784 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Suleymaan khaan koowaad bin saliim khaan koowaad''' ([[Af-Turki]] ''Sultan Süleyman I'':) oo ku magac dheer '''suleymaan qaanuuni,''' waxa uu ahaa suldaanka 10aad ee [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|Dawladda Cosmaniya]], wuxuu ahaa kan ugu waqtiga dheeraa boqorada dawlada wuxuu xilka haayay 46 sano, sidoo kale khaliifka islaamka ayuu ahaa, waxaa looga yaqaan ree galbeedka agtood ('''The Great Suleyman)=''' suleymaankii weynaa, {| class="infobox" align="right" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: left;" |- {{#if:|{{!}} colspan="2" style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" {{!}} [[File:|200px|]]<br />{{{caption|}}}}} | colspan="2" style="font-size: larger; text-align: center;" | '''suleymaan qaanuuni'''<br /> سليمان القانوني <br /> |- ! colspan="2" style="background-color: #c1cdc1; text-align: center;" |[[ suldaanka 10aad ee cusmaaniyiinta]] |- ! colspan="2" style="background-color: #c1cdc1; text-align: center;" |[[ skhaliifka islaamka]] |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |mudada xukunkiisa |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[1520]] ilaa , [[1566]] |- !Xil kaga horeeyay: |[[saliim koowaad]]. |- !Xil kaga danbeeyay |[[saliim labaad]]. |- !Dhashay: |[[1494]] |- !Ku dhashay: | [[daraabazon ]] |- !Diintiisa: |[[Islaam]] |- !Dhalasho: |[[Dawlada Cosmaniya|dawlada cosmaniya]] |- !aabihiis |saliim koowaad |- !hooyadiis | caaisha xafsa suldaan |- ! colspan="2" |xaaska |} mudada dheer ee uu xilka haayay dawladu waxay gaartay dhul balaarsigeedi ugu fogaa, ayadoo kulmisay sedex qaaradood [[afrika]],[[aasiya]] iyo [[yurub]], wuxuu dagaalo ku qabsaday [[Hungary|hangari]], [[Belgaraad|balgrad]] iyo jaziirada [[rodos]], wuxuu hareereeyay [[Fiyena|fiyeena]] labo jeer oo dhufeesyadeed uu dhaafi waayay, dagaalo uu la galay safawiyiinta wuxuu ku qabsaday badanaa [[Bariga Dhexe|bariga dhex]], waxaa dawlada ku soo darsamay badanaa [[Waqooyiga Afrika|waqooyiga afrika]] sida [[aljeeriya]] iyo [[Libiya|liibiya]] iyo wadamo badan oo ka dhaca [[Bariga Afrika|bariga afrika]] sida [[soomaaliya]], [[jabuuti]] iyo [[Eratareya|iratariya]]. si guud xiligiisa waxaa lagu tiriyaa xiligii dahabiga ee dawlada, waxay aad uga hormartay dawlada dhanka maamulka, [[Suugaan|suugaanta]], fanka iyo dhimasha [[File:EmperorSuleiman.jpg|thumbnail|Suldaan Süleymaan]] =Aftirsigiisa= Waa '''suleymaan koowaad ina [[saliim koowaad]] ina [[bayazid labaad]] ina [[Maxamed Al-faatex|muxamad alfaatix]] ina [[muraad labaad]] ina [[muxamad koowaad]] ina [[bayazid koowaad]] ina [[muraad koowaad]] [[orkhan]] ina [[cusmaan gaazi]]''' =Horaantiisa= Wuxuu ku dhashey Sulayman Al-qanuuni magaladad [[daraabazoon]] 6dii [[nofeembar]] 1494 <ref>Clot, 25.</ref> xiligaa oo uu aabihii [[Saliim koowaad|saliim]] ka talinayey magaladaa, hooyadiina waa caaisha xafsa khaatuun, wuxuuna aabihiisa u barbaariyey si wanaagsan isaga oo culuum kala duwan baray kan Diiniga iyo maadigaba, hogaaminta iyo maamulka. Wuxuu soo qabtay xilalka magaalooyinka [[maniisiya]], [[Fiyudoosiya|kafa]] iyo [[Edirne|adirna]] oo mudo gaaban haayay <ref>Clot, 28.</ref><ref name="point">{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.noqta.info/page-30955-ar.html|عنوان=السلطان {{Wayback|url=http://www.noqta.info/page-30955-ar.html{{!}}عنوان=السلطان |date=20171114202132 }} العثناني أسطورة تعيد مجدها عبر الزمان|ناشر=موقع نقطة|تاريخ الوصول=14 November 2017|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114202132/http://www.noqta.info/page-30955-ar.html%7C</ref> markuu dhintay aabihiis [[Saliim koowaad|saliim]] 1520kii waxaa loo caleemo saaray inuu noqdo boqorka cusub ee [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]] Xilka, wuxuu qabtay asagoo jira 26 sano mana ahayn qof ku deg-dega wuxuu qabanayo ee wuxuu ahaa qof u fekera oo go’aan markuu qaatana aan ka noqonin. =kacdoomadii uu wajahay= Sanadahii ugu horeeyey ee xiligii sulaymaan Al-qaanuuni wuxuu wajahay afar kacdoon oo ka mashquuliyey dhaqdhaqaaqii jihaadka. kuwaas oo gudoomiyaashii qayb ka mid ah ay moodeen in heleen fursad ay kaga go’ikaraan dowlada Wiilka dhallinyaradi ah hogaaminayo: Kacdoonkii 1aad: Waxaa sameeyey Jambarli algazaali oo ahaa guddoomiyihii [[Shaam]] wuxuuna ku dhawaaqay inuu kasoo horjeestay dowladda, wuxuuna isku dayey inuu qabsado [[Xalab]] laakiin wuu ku fashilmay, Wuxuuna amray Sulaymaan Al-qaanuuni in la damiyo fitnada uu wadey Jambarli, waxaana madaxiisa loo soo diray [[Istanbuul]] ayadoo daliil looga dhigayo inuu dhamaaday kacdoonkii. Kacdoonkii 2aad: waxaa sameeyey khaainkii waynaa Axmad Bashaa gudoomiyaha [[Masar]] kaasoo waligii jeclaa in loo dhiibo xilka "SADRUL ACDAM" (oo ahaa xilka ugu sareeyey ee uu qof ka qabta xiligii dowlada cusmaaniyiinta wuxuuna hada xilkaas u dhigmaa Raysal Wasaare xiligeena).Laakiin kuma guulaysan inuu hadafkiisa gaaro, wuxuuna codsay in loo doorto gudoomiyaha [[Masar]], markuu [[Masar]] tagay wuxuu isku deyey inuu dadka dhiniciisa u soo jeediyo wuxuuna naftiisa u doortay boqor gooni ka ah boqortooyadii cusmaaniyiinta, laakin dadkii cilmiga lahaa iyo ciidamidii dowlada cusmaaniyiinta ma aysan aqbalin wayna dileen <ref>[http://www.cairodar.com/228140/أحمد-باشا-الخائن-تولى-أمر-مصر-فأعلنها أحمد باشا الخائن تولى أمر مصر فتمرد فيها] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cairodar.com/228140/أحمد-باشا-الخائن-تولى-أمر-مصر-فأعلنها |date=20190630174904 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630174904/http://www.cairodar.com/228140/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86-%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D9%81%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%7C</ref>. Kacdoonkii 3aad: waxaa sameeyey Baabuduun oo ahaa shiici (Raafidi ah), wuxuu soo aruuriyey dad gaaraya 3000 ilaa 4000 oo kacdoon wadayaal ah gobolka Yusgaadh, wuxuuna dulsaaray gobolkaa canshuur ilaa uu gaaray heer uu jabiyey ciidamadii cusmaaniyiinta. Inkastoo markii dambe uu ku dhamaaday in madaxii Baabuduun loo diro [[Istanbuul|istabuul]].<ref>[http://dorar.net/history/search?skeys=عيالُ+اللهِ+فأحبُّهم+إليه+أنفعُهم+لعيالِه&st=a&page=150 تمرد شيعي رافضي على الدولة العثمانية] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205064828/https://dorar.net/history/search?skeys=عيالُ+اللهِ+فأحبُّهم+إليه+أنفعُهم+لعيالِه&st=a&page=150|</ref><ref>[https://www.rqiim.com/islam11/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%8A-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%85-1-%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A العثمانيون المجني عليهم سليمان القانوني] {{Wayback|url=https://www.rqiim.com/islam11/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%8A-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%85-1-%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A |date=20200111054006 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111054006/https://www.rqiim.com/islam11/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%8A-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%85-1-%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%7C</ref> Kacdoonkii 4aad: waxaa hogaaminayey Qalandar shilbi oo ahaa asagana shiici Tageerayaashiisa waxay gaareen 30,000 waxayna dileen muslimiint suniga ahaa ee gobolka [[Konya|qonya]] iyo [[Marcash]], [[Bahraan baashaa]] ayaa loo direy si uu u horistaago kacdoonka socday balse waa la diley, Sadral Acdamkii [[Ibraahim baashaa]] ayaa ku guulaystay inuu dhinaciisa u soo jeediyo ama u soo jiito qaar ka mid ah taageerayashii qalandar jallabi wuuna ka taqalusay qalandar shilbi. =dagaaladiisa= ===furashada balgaraad=== suldaan suleymaan markuu damiyay kacdoomadii wuxuu bilaabay inuu jihaadka dhanka yurub u weecdo, magaalada balgaraad oo ahayd magaalo boqoradii ka horeesay furan waayeen buu weeraray culees badan muuna kala kulmin wuxuu qabsaday 1521. ===furashada jaziirada rodos=== ciidanka fardooleyda qadiis yoxanaa ee heestay jaziirada [[Jaziirada Rodos|rodos]] ayaa waxay ahaayeen inay dhibaato badan ku haayeen doomaha muslimiinta ganacsatada ah iyo kuwa xajinaayo, sidaas darteed ayuu suldaanka go'aansaday inuu ka qabsado jaziirada <ref>[https://www.almrsal.com/post/514054 حقائق عن فتح المسلمين جزيرة رودس] {{Wayback|url=https://www.almrsal.com/post/514054 |date=20171206110628 }} {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20171206110628/https://www.almrsal.com/post/514054|date=06 ديسمبر 2017}}</ref> , talyihii jaziirada heestay ayaa markuu ogaaday in lagu soo wajahanyahay wuxuu usoo bandhigay suldaanka inuu bixiyo jizyo, asagoo kusii fakaraayay inuu gurmad uga imaado yurub balse suldaanka oo ku fahmay ayaa ka diiday <ref name="islamstoryrods">{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://islamstory.com/ar/artical/1374/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD-%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B3|عنوان=فتح جزيرة رودس قاعدة مهمة للبحرية الإسلامية|ناشر=موقع قصة الإسلام|تاريخ الوصول=16 November 2017|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703163333/http://www.islamstory.com/ar/artical/1374/فتح-جزيرة-رودس|تاريخ أرشيف=3 يوليو 2019}}</ref>, ciidanka cusmaaniyiinta ayaa aad u juqeeyay jaziirada waxayna gaarsiiyeen khasaarooyin badan mudo kadib waxay dalbadeen ciidankii jaziirada heestay in ka baxaan jaziirada suldaanka ayaa ka yeelay waxayna ku baxeen doomaha cusmaaniyiinta <ref>سليمان القانوني سلطان البرين والبحرين، فريدون أمجان، دار النيل، الأولى، 2014، ص 62.</ref>, furashada kadib waxaa jaziirada laga dhisay masjid loogu magac daray suldaan suleymaan <ref name="Religious Monuments"><nowiki>{{استشهاد ويب|عنوان=Religious Monuments|مسار=</nowiki>http://www.rhodes.gr/en/ipolimas/touristikosodigos/churches/%7Cموقع=http://www.rhodes.gr%7Cناشر=Municipality {{Wayback|url=http://www.rhodes.gr/en/ipolimas/touristikosodigos/churches/%7Cموقع=http://www.rhodes.gr%7Cناشر=Municipality |date=20160923140938 }} of Rhodes| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20160923140938/http://www.rhodes.gr/en/ipolimas/touristikosodigos/churches | تاريخ أرشيف = 23 سبتمبر 2016 |</ref> ===furashada hangari=== Boqorkii [[Hungary|hangari]] luwiis labaad wuxuu go’aansaday inuu buriyo cahdiyadii boqoradii asaga ka horeeyey ay siiyeen dowlada cusmaaniyiinta wuxuuna gaaray heer uu dilay ninkii uu soo dirsaday Sulaymaan Al-qaanuuni si uu u qaado canshuurtii sanad laha ahayd, Suldaan suleymaan oo doonay inuu edbiyo [[Hungary|hangari]] oo dawlada cadaw daran ku ahayd ciidan aad u badan buu soo qaatay intuu dhex soo socday qalcado badan buu furtay <ref>[https://www.alittihad.ae/mobile/404 معركة موهاكس التي أسقطت المجر] {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20171116133745/http://www.alittihad.ae/mobile/details.php?id=73972&y=2013|date=16 نوفمبر 2017}}</ref>, baabaa kelimenti tobaad wuxuu ku baaqay in la saacido [[Hungary|hangari]] <ref>[http://www.jazan-news.com/tfr/3209 هل سمعت عن معركة موهاكس] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jazan-news.com/tfr/3209 |date=20200522011703 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522011703/http://www.jazan-news.com/tfr/3209|date=22 مايو 2020}}</ref>, ciidanka hangari oo saacidayaan ciidamo ka kala yimid wadamada [[yurub]] iyo kuwa cusmaaniyiinta ayaa waxaa dhex maray [[dagaalkii muuhaakis]] 1526 dagaalkaas oo socday labo saacadood ayaa waxaa ku halaagsamay ciidankii hangari <ref>[http://akhbar-alkhaleej.com/news/article/1074571 معركة موهاكس] {{Wayback|url=http://akhbar-alkhaleej.com/news/article/1074571 |date=20171116134057 }} {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20171116134057/http://akhbar-alkhaleej.com/news/article/1074571|date=16 نوفمبر 2017}}</ref> boqorkoodi luwiis labaad iyo ciidan badan ayaa ku dhinteen biyaha, waxaa la qabtay taliyayaal badan iyo ciidamo kumanaan ah, dagaalkan oo aad u asaameeyay hangari ayaa noqday waayihii dambe mid ay Halhees ka dhigtaan "ka daran jabkeeni muuhaakis" Dagaalka kadib dhulka hangari badanaa oo ku jirto caasimada [[Budapest|buudaabasti]] waxey gacanta u galeen cusmaaniyiinta, suldaanka wuxuu u dhiibay yaanuush zabulyaa oo isku dhawaayeen boqorada [[Hungary|hangari]]. amiirka [[Awstriya|hostori]] ferdinaan ayaa wuxuu isku arkay inuu leeyahay hangari maadaama boqorkeeda uu ka tagin wax dhaxal wuxuu weeraray yaanuush zabulyaa meelo qaar ayuu qabsaday, suldaanka ayaa si dhaqso ah la yimid ciidan 100kun ah wuxuu kasoo ceshaday meelihii uu qabsaday, Ferdinaan wuxuu ku gambaday [[Fiyena|fiyeenaa]] suldaanka ayaa hareereeyay [[Fiyena|fiyeenaa]] 1529kii laakin wuu qabsan waayay, mar kale ayuu hareereeyay 1532 hadana kuma guuleysan. ===Isku dhaca safawiyiinta=== Sababka isku dhaca waa dahmasib shaah oo daadaansi badan ku sameeyay dawlada asigoo dilay gudoomiyaha [[baqdaad]] oo u janjeeray cusmaaniyiinta, iskuna dayay inuu isbahaysi la sameeyo habisborg , cusmaaniyiinta oo horkacaayay sadrulacdam Ibraahiim baashaa ayaa weerareen safawiyiinta, suldaan suleymaan ayaa laftirkiisa ku biiray dagaalka, dahmasib shaah ayaa dib u gurtay asagoo gubay dhulka iyo beeraha, cusmaaniyiinta ayaa gaaray guul weyn waxay qabsadeen [[baqdaad]] iyo [[ciraaq]] oo dhan waxay gaareen tibriiz ka dib wey soo laabteen. Markale ayuu suleymaan soo rogaal celiyay weerarkiisa safawiyiinta 1548 sidii oo kale dahmasib wuu is ka ilaaliyay la kulankiisa, weerarkan dawlada waxay ku qabsatay [[Armania|armiiniya]] iyo dhufeesyo dhaca [[Joorjiya (wadan)|joorjiya]]. weerar sedexaad ayuu ku qaaday [[Dawlada Safawiyiinta|safawiyiinta]] 1553-1555 kaas oo ku soo ceshaday dhulal ey [[Dawlada Safawiyiinta|safawiyiinta]] ka qabsatay. Ugu dambeen wuxuu la galay safawiyiinta [[hishiiskii amaasiya]]. ===la dagaalanka burtaqiiska=== waxay ahaayeen [[Burtuqaal|burtaqiiska]] inay heleen marin ay u qaadan [[hindiya]] waxay dhibaato badan ku haayeen dawlado badan oo Muslim ah, qaar ka mid ah dawladaha muslimiinta hindiya ayaa ka dalbaday dawlada inay ka taageerto la dagaalanka [[Burtuqaal|burtaqiiska]] <ref>[http://www.naba.ps/arabic/?Action=Details&ID=544 السلطان سليمان القانوني] {{Wayback|url=http://www.naba.ps/arabic/?Action=Details&ID=544 |date=20171117174450 }} {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20171117174450/http://www.naba.ps/arabic/?Action=Details&ID=544|date=17 نوفمبر 2017}}</ref> suldaanka ayaa amray gudoomiyaha [[masar]] suleymaan baashaa inuu u la baxo doomaha dawlada hindiya, wuxuu dhex ku sii qabsaday [[cadan]], [[cumaan]], [[Qatar|qadar]] iyo axsaa, [[Baddacas|bada cas]] waxay noqotay mid gacanta dawlada soo gasha, xarunta [[Burtuqaal|burtaqiiska]] diyuu ayuu hareereeyay 1532 balse ma suura galin furashada. Saldanada atshee ee ka jirtay [[Indunisiya|indunuusiya]] ayaa ka dalbatay dawlada inay ka saacido ladagaalanka cadawga [[Burtuqaal|burtaqiiska]]<ref>''Cambridge illustrated atlas, warfare: Renaissance to revolution, 1492–1792'' by Jeremy Black p.17 [https://books.google.com/books?id=neUKEvaYPZYC&pg=PA17] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114033806/https://books.google.com/books?id=neUKEvaYPZYC&pg=PA17|date=14 يناير 2017}}</ref>, suldaanka oo jawaabay ayaa u diray 1565 ciidamo badan oo gurmad ah <ref name="Cambridge">[https://books.google.com/books?id=jtsMLNmMzbkC&pg=PA39 ''The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia'' by Nicholas Tarling p.39] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128032711/https://books.google.com/books?id=jtsMLNmMzbkC&pg=PA39|</ref><ref>''Cambridge illustrated atlas, warfare: Renaissance to revolution, 1492–1792'' by Jeremy Black p.16 [https://books.google.com/books?id=neUKEvaYPZYC&pg=PA16] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128065126/https://books.google.com/books?id=neUKEvaYPZYC&pg=PA16|</ref>. Dagaalkii u dhaxeeyay [[Imaam Axmed Guray|axmad gureey]] iyo [[boqortooyada itoobiya]] 1529-1549 waxay dawladu ku taageertay [[Saldanadii Cadal|saldanadii awdal]] hub, halka [[boqortooyada itoobiya]] eey ka heleesay [[Burtuqaal|burtaqiiska]] taageero hub iyo ciidanba =Kheyrudiin barboosa iyo jihaadka bada= [[Kheyrudiin barboosa]] oo ahaa walaalka caruuj ayaa qabtay gudoomiyaha aljeeriya, wuxuuna sii waday la dagaalanka [[Isbania|isbeen]] iyo inuu ka xureeyo meelaha ee ka joogaan [[Waqooyiga Afrika|waqooyiga afrika]], sidoo kale wuxuu weeraro ku qaaday xeebaha [[Isbania|isbeen]] tiro badan oo reer [[andalus]] ahna wuu soo badbaaday<ref>{{استشهاد بهارفارد دون أقواس|بربروس|ترجمة: دراج|2010|p=152: 159}}</ref>. Suldaan suleymaan ayaa ka wacay kheyrudiin [[Istanbuul]] oo u dhiibay 1534 xilka kabtanka usuduulka dawlada <ref>{{استشهاد بهارفارد دون أقواس|التر|ترجمة: عامر|1989|p=101: 104}}</ref> 1534tii waxaa u suura gashay inuu ka qabsado [[dawlada xafsiyiinta]] [[Tunisiya|tuniisiya]], suldaanka [[Tunisiya|tuniisiya]] ayaa cararay oo ka dalbay [[shaaralkaan]] boqorka [[Isbania|isbeen]] ahna imbiraadoorka roomanka inuu u soo celiyo xilkiis, shaaralkaan oo ciidamo badan wata ayaa soo gaaray [[Tunisiya|tuniisiya]] dagaal culus ka dib, kheyrudiin ayaa isaga baxay [[Tunisiya|tuniisiya]]. intii u dhaxeesay 1537-1540 waxaa kacay dagaal [[Dawlada Bunduqiya|bunduqiya]] iyo cusmaaniyiinta u dhaxeeyo usduulka cusmaaniyiinta ayaa weeraray jaziirado badan oo hoos oo [[Dawlada Bunduqiya|bunduqiya]] hoos imaanayeen iyo xeebaha [[talyaaniga]], baabaa bolis sedexaad ayaa ku baaqay in la sameeyo isbahaysi ka dhan ah cusmaaniyiinta, waxaa sameesmay isbahaysi dawlada badan kulmiyay dagaalka ayeena qeyb ka noqdeen balse [[Kheyrudiin barboosa|kheyrudiin]] ayaa ku jabiyay dagaalkii barooza<ref name="alalukabroza">{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.alukah.net/culture/0/88355/|عنوان=معركة بروزة مجد البحرية العثمانية|ناشر=شبكة الألوكة|تاريخ الوصول=17 November 2017|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815040521/http://www.alukah.net/culture/0/88355/|</ref> andaryaa doryaa oo isbahaysiga hogaamiya ka ahaa ayaana cararay, [[Dawlada Bunduqiya|bunduqiya]] oo khasaaro badan soo gaaray ayaa ugu dambeyn la saxiixatay hishiis dawlada. [[shaaralkaan]] oo rabay inuu ka aarsado cusmaaniyiinta ayaa weeraray [[aljeeriya]] 1541 balse fashil xun baa ku dhacay, iska caabin adagana wuu wajahay. Ciidan wuu watay kheyrudiin ayaa gaaray [[faransiiska]] 1543 si ay uga taageeraan la dagaalanka shaaralkaan waxeyna soo hooyeen guulo badan. kheyrudiin kadib dagaalada bada wey sii socdeen, sanadkii 1551 ciidanka cusmaaniyiinta ayaa ku guuleesteen inay ka xureeyaan [[Triboli|tiriibuli]] iyo [[Libiya|liibiya]] oo dhan [[isbeen]] iyo fardooleyda qadiis yoxanaa <ref>''Cervantes in Algiers: a captive's tale'' by María Antonia Garcés p. 25 [https://books.google.com/books?id=h97ivaPeOx8C&pg=PA25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140128213205/http://books.google.com/books?id=h97ivaPeOx8C&pg=PA25|</ref><ref>''A history of Islamic societies'' Ira Marvin Lapidus p. 255 [https://books.google.com/books?id=I3mVUEzm8xMC&pg=PA255] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411221803/https://books.google.com/books?id=I3mVUEzm8xMC&pg=PA255|</ref><ref name="Braudel">''The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean world in the age of Philip II'' by Fernand Braudel pp. 920– [https://books.google.com/books?id=LPp63EKb9moC&pg=PA920] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213224319/https://books.google.com/books?id=LPp63EKb9moC&pg=PA920|</ref> Sanadkii 1565 ciidanka cusmaaniyiinta waxay hareereeyay jazirada [[Malta|maalta]] oo gabaad cusub ka dhigteen fardooleyda qadiis yoxanaa, hase ahaatee wey qabsan waayeen dib ayeena uga gurteen <ref>[http://www.malta.com/en/about-malta/history The History of Malta] {{Wayback|url=http://www.malta.com/en/about-malta/history |date=20090205022353 }} {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20090205022353/http://malta.com:80/about-malta/history-of-malta.html|date=05 فبراير 2009}} {{وصلة مكسورة|</ref> =isu dhawaashaha faransiiska iyo cusmaaniyiinta= boqorkii [[Faransiiska|Fransiiska]] faransoo koowaad oo tartan kula jiray [[shaaralkaan]] boqorkii Roomanka, ayuu arkay fursad inay tahay uu Yurubta kale kaga adkaan karo gaar ahaana [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|dowlada Cusmaaniyada]] oo joojin karta Awoodii Boqorka Romanka ee shaaral Shanaad waxaana ka dhaxeeyey labadooda tartan dhanka kursiga boqortoyadii Roomaanka. 1535 ayuu Boqorkii [[Faransiiska]] diray Xogyihiisii Jan De Laforeh si uu heshiis ula saxiixdo Sulayman Al-qanuuni, waxaana heshiiskaas loo baxshay “ hishiiska gaarka ah ee Cusmaaniyada iyo [[Faransiiska]]”, ahamiyada gaarka ah ee ay lahayd aowgeed heshiiskaas, waxaan soo bandhigaynaa qodobadii ugu muhiimsanaa: 1- [[Faransiiska]] waxay ka faa’iidaysatay u dhowaanshiyaha Cusmaaniyada Ciidan ahaan, Dhaqaale ahaan, Siyaasad ahaan, waxayna ka yeelatay mucaahadadaas inay ku furato albaabo hor le oo ganacsiga Bariga taasoo markii xoog ay ku haysatay Burtiqiiska kadibkii markii ay heshay marin badeedka Koonfur Africa, waxayna doonyaha France ku marijireen si xuriyad ah. 2- [[Faransiiska]] waxay xaq u heshay inay ka ganacsan karto Gudaha dowlada Cusmaaniyada. 3- Canshuuraha Kastamyada ayay france hal mar siinaysaa Dowladda Cusmaaniyada. 4- Canshurta ay bixinayaan ganacsatada [[Faransiiska]] waxay la mid tahay kuwa ay Turkida bixiyaan ee ka ganacsada France. 5- Qunsilayad ayay [[Faransiiska]] ka furan kartaa Dowlada Cusmaaniyada, Qunsulkuna wuxuu helayaa Xasaanad isaga, ehelkiisa iyo Shaqaalihiisaba. 6- Qunsulka [[Faransiiska]] wuxuu eegi karaa falal dambiiyeedka Madaniga iyo Military ga ah kuwaasaa ay geystaan faransiiska ku nool Dowladda Cusmaaniyada isaga oo kaashaanaya Maxkamadaha Dowladda Cusmaaniyada si xukunka loogu fuliyo Dambiilayaasha. 7- Fal dambiyeedka Faransiisku ay geystaan oo kula kacaan Cusmaaniyiinta lama Xukumayo, Maxkamadana uma yeerayso ilaa uu yimaado Turjumaanka Qunsulka. 8- Xuriyada Diinta iyo Cibaada ayaa la qiray. 9- Waxaa la joojiyey adoonsiga Raciyada Boqorka. Sidoo kale Dowladii Cusmaaniyada ayaa heshay awood dheeraad ah, waxayna weerar ku qaaday Doonyihii dagaalka ee xeebta Boqortooyada Nasbooli ee hoostimaaday boqor shaaralkaan 1543. Waxay kaloo weerartay “Niis” ee hoos timaaday Safoy oo isna Xulufo la ahaa shaaralkaan. = maamulkiisa = Ma ahayn xilligii Sulaymaan Al-qaanuuni mid Dowladii Cusmaaniyada ay ugu dhul fidis badanayd, ee wuxuu ahaa xilligii dowladii ugu waynayd ee Nidaam, Awood iyo Cadaalad isku Darsatay, ciidanka cusmaaniyiinta heebad waxee yeesheen heer [[Holland|holan]] oo dagaalo kula jirtay [[Isbania|isbeen]] Mar ey ka dalbatay gurmad dawlada in loo diro kaliya labiska inkishaariyiinta oo kaliya, isla markii ee aragtay isbeen dharka waxy ka baxday dagaalka sodon sano uma dhawaan [[Holland|holan]], xaga waxbarashada hormar fiican bee ka gaartay suldaanka wuxuu dhisay madaaris badan masaajid badan suuqyo wadooyin buundooyin xamaamyo injineer la yiraado sanaan ayaa aad soo caan baxay. xuquuqda xayawaan qawaaniintiisa way taabanayeen oo wuxuu soosaaray in ay mamnuuc tahay xayawaanada alaab ee qaadi karin in lasaaro<ref>[https://www.turkpress.co/node/15706 الرفق بالحيوان في الدولة العثمانية] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111054022/https://www.turkpress.co/node/15706|</ref> = Dhimashadiis = Wuxuu geeriyaday Boqor Sulayman Al-qaanuuni isaga oo hareereeyey magaaladii Siiktowar ee Badda ku tiilay 5 September 1566/ 20 Safar 974H, waxay ku duugeen mindhicirihiisa meeshuu ku dhintay si jirkiisa kale loogu aaso [[Istanbuul]] <ref>Yapp, [http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761575054_2/Suleiman_I.html Suleiman I] {{Wayback|url=http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761575054_2/Suleiman_I.html |date=20081003071213 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003071213/http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761575054_2/Suleiman_I.html%7C</ref><ref>Imber, 60.</ref><ref>[https://m.elwatannews.com/news/details/1396480 اكتشاف قبر يحوي أحشاء سليمان القانوتي] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512180653/https://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/1396480|</ref> = Qoyskiisa = '''Xaasaskiisa iyo ilmihiisa''' *'''maah dooraan suldaan''' waxay ahayd xaaska koowaad ee suleymaan qaanuuni isku dhac ka dhashay ayada iyo khuram suldaan darteed ayuu suldaanka u fogeeyay maniisiya wiilkeed musdafa agtiis, waxay u dhashay suldaanka: **'''shahrazaada maxamuud''' yaraanta buu ku dhintay **'''[[shahrazaada musdafa]]''' wuxuu ahaa dhaxal suge 1553 ayaa laga faafiyay warar taas oo keentay aabihiis inuu amro dilkiis. **'''raadiya suldaan''' *[[Khuram suldaan|'''khuram suldaan''']] aabaheed wuxuu ahaa baadari ruush ah adoon ahaan ayaa loo soo qabsaday, mar dambe waxaa guursaday suldaanka waxayna hanatay qalbigiisa, waxaa lagu xantaa inay door weyn ku laheed dilka musdafa si wiilkeeda saliim u noqdo dhaxal suge, waxay u dhashay suldaanka: **'''shahrazaada muxamad''' wuxuu ahaa curudka [[khuram suldaan]] wuxuu dhintay 1543 ayuu dhintay **'''shahrazaada cabdulaahi''' yaraanta ayuu ku dhintay **[[Saliim labaad|'''shahrazaada saliim''']] kadib dhimashada walaalihiis musdafa, bayazid iyo jahaankiir wuxuu noqday dhaxal sugaha kaliya dhimashada aabihiis kadib ayuu xilka qabtay 1566 **'''shahrazaada jahaankiir''' 1553 ayuu u dhintay tiiraanyo oo ka qabay dilka walaalkii musdafa **'''shahrazaada bayazid''' wuxuu ku caasiyay aabihiis 1561 ayaa la dilay **'''suldaana Mahramaah''' waxaa guursaday [[rustum baashaa]] *'''joolfam khaatuun''' waxee dhashay: **'''shahrazaada muraad''' yaraanta ayuu ku dhintay *''' foolaana khaatuun''' waxee dhashay: **'''faaduma nuur''' =xigasho= [[Category:Taariikh]] hsyglrrz4w39gqnmj6anu1dnccq4txo 0 9986 310779 310722 2026-10-24T04:50:31Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 310779 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Political post | post = Afhayeenka Golaha Shacabka ee Soomaaliya | body = | native_name = Afhayeenka Gollaha Shacabka | insignia = | insignia_caption = Astaanta Qaranka Soomaaliya | image = | incumbent = ''[[Cabduqaadir Maxamed Nuur]]'' | incumbent_since = 10 Ogosto 2026 | deputy = Cabdullaahi Cumar Abshir, Saciid Yaasiin Xaaji Daahir. | style = [[The Honourable]] | residence = Villa Hargeisa, Muqdisho, Soomaaliya | appointer = [[Doorashooyinka Soomaaliya|Codbixiyayaasha]] | appointerpost = | term_length = 4 sano, la cusboonaysiin karo hal mar | inaugural = [[Aadan Daar|Aadan Cabdulle Cusmaan Daar]] | formation = 29 Febraayo 1956 }} {{Siyaasadda Soomaaliya}} Waxaa soo socda '''liiska afhayeenadda Baarlamaanka ee [[Soomaaliya]]'''. Waxaa jiray 12 afhayeen oo rasmi ah oo ka tirsan Baarlamaanka ilaa xafiiska la abuuray 1956.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Golaha|first1=Shacabka|title=Taxanaha baarlmaan|url=http://www.parliament.gov.so/images/Ku-Saabsan-Baarlamaanka/Qaararka-Sugidda-Taxanaha-Goleyaasha2.pdf|website=parliament.gov.so|accessdate=4 January 2014|archive-date=27 Bisha Saddexaad 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327083253/http://www.parliament.gov.so/images/Ku-Saabsan-Baarlamaanka/Qaararka-Sugidda-Taxanaha-Goleyaasha2.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Afhayeenkii ugu horreeyay ee Baarlamaanka wuxuu ahaa [[Aadan Daar|Aadan Cabdulle Cismaan]], kaas oo xilka hayay ka hor xornimada gudaha [[Dhulka Ilaalada Somaliland|Dhulka Xannaanada ee Soomaaliya]], waxaana xilka kala wareegay [[Xaaji Bashiir Ismaaciil Yuusuf]] 1 Luulyo 1960, Golaha Qaranka Soomaaliyeed. Xilka afhayeenka ayaa haatan ah mid baneed ka dib markii afhayeenkii ugu dambeeyay, [[Aaden Nuur|Aaden Madoobe]], uu noqday Madaxweynaha Dowlad Goboleedka Koonfur Galbeed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2026/Jun/205371/somali_speaker_wins_southwest_state_presidency_election_after_rival_withdraws.aspx |title=Somali speaker wins Southwest State Presidency election after rival withdraws |website=Hiraan Online}}</ref> ==Madaxweyne Ku Meel Gaar ah== Haddii ay dhacdo maqnaansho ku-meel-gaar ah oo ku timaada [[Madaxwaynaha Soomaaliya|Madaxweynaha Soomaaliya]] oo ay sabab u tahay xanuun, safar dibadda ah ama xaalado la mid ah, afhayeenka baarlamaanka ayaa u shaqeeya sida madaxweynaha ku-meel-gaarka ah, wuxuuna fuliyaa awoodaha madaxweynaha dowladda ilaa uu madaxweynuhu ka bilaabayo hawshiisa, iyo haddii ay dhacdo in xilka madaxweynuhu bannaan yahay iyada oo ka dhalatay geeri ama istiskaal ama sabab kale oo kasta, ilaa laga dooranayo madaxweyne cusub.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} ==Liiska afhayeenada== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! {{Abbr|No.|Tiro}} ! width=150|Magaca<br />{{small|(Dhalasho–Geeri)}} ! Sawir ! colspan=2|Muddada xilka ! Xisbiga siyaasadda |- ! colspan="6" | Hal Aqal - Golaha Qaranka [[Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya]] (1960–1969) |- ! style="background:{{party color|Somali Youth League}}; color:white;"| 1 | [[Aadan Daar|Aadan Cabdulle Cusmaan Daa'ir]]<br />{{small|(1908–2007)}} || [[File:Aden Abdulle Osman Daar.jpg|150px]] || 29 Febraayo 1956 || 1 Luulyo 1960 || [[Xisbiga SYL|Ururka Dhalinyarada Soomaaliyeed]] |- ! style="background:{{party color|Ururka Dhalinyarada Soomaaliyeed}}; color:white;"| — | [[Xaaji Bashiir Ismaaciil Yuusuf]]<br>{{small|''Afhayeenka Ku meel gaarka ah''}}<br />{{small|(1912–1984)}} || [[File:Haji Bashir Ismail Yusuf2.jpg|150px]] || 1 Luulyo 1960 || 26 Luulyo 1960 || [[Xisbiga SYL|Ururka Dhalinyarada Soomaaliyeed]] |- ! style="background:{{party color|Somali Youth League}}; color:white;"| 2 | [[Jaamac cabdullahi qaalib]]<br />{{small|(1930–2015)}} || [[File:Jama.png|150px]] || 26 Luulyo 1960 || 26 Meey 1964 || [[Xisbiga SYL|Ururka Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed]] |- ! style="background:{{party color|Somali Youth League}}; color:white;"| 3 | [[Axmed Maxamed Cabsiiye]]<br />{{small|(1914–1984)}} ||[[File:Cabsiiye (Copy).png|150px]] || 26 Meey 1964 || 1 Maarso 1967 || [[Xisbiga SYL|Ururka Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed]] |- ! style="background:{{party color|Somali Youth League}}; color:white;"| 4 | [[Mukhtar Hussein|Sheekh Mukhtaar M.Husein]]<br />{{small|(1912–2012)}} || [[File:Sheikh Mukhtar.jpg|150px]] || 1 Maarso 1967 || 21 Oktoobar 1969 || [[Xisbiga SYL|Ururka Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed]] |- ! colspan="6" | Hal Aqal – Golaha Shacabka |- ! style="background:{{party color|Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party}}; color:white;"| 5 | [[Ismaaciil Cali Abokor]]<br />{{small|(1937–)}} || [[File:Ismail.png |150px]] || 5 Agoosto 1979 || 26 Janaayo 1982 || [[Golahi Sare Kacaanka Soomaaliya|Golaha Sare ee Kacaanka]] |- ! style="background:{{party color|Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party}}; color:white;"| 6 | [[Maxamed Ibraahim Liqliiqato]]<br />{{small|(1921–1998)}} || [[File:Liqliqato.png|150px]] || 26 Janaayo 1982 || 1 Nofeembar 1989 || [[Golahi Sare Kacaanka Soomaaliya|Golaha Sare ee Kacaanka]] |- ! style="background:{{party color|Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party}}; color:white;"| 7 | [[Xuseen Kulmiye Afrax]]<br />{{small|(1920–1993)}} || [[File:Hussein.png|150px]] || 1 Nofeembar 1989 || 22 Janaayo 1991 ||[[Golahi Sare Kacaanka Soomaaliya|Golaha Sare ee Kacaanka]] |- | colspan="6" |'''Hal Aqal – [[Dowladda Ku meel gaarka ah ee Qaranka Soomaaliya|DKQ]] (2000–2004) [[Dowladda Ku meel gaarka ah ee Qaranka Soomaaliya|DKF]] (2004–2012)''' |- ! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}; color:black;"| 8 | [[Cabdalle Deeroow Isaaq]]<br />{{small|(1950–2006)}} || [[File:Deerow.png |150px]] || 9 Agoosto 2000 || 14 Sebtembar 2004 || Madaxbanaan |- ! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}; color:black;"| 9 | [[Shariif Xasan Sheekh Aadan]]<br />{{small|(1954–)}} || [[File:Sharif.png|150px]] || 14 Sebtembar 2004 || 17 Janaayo 2007 || Madaxbanaan |- ! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}; color:black;"| 10 | [[Aaden Nuur|Aaden Madoobe]]<br />{{small|(1956–)}} || [[File:Adan.png|150px]] || 17 Janaayo 2007 || 25 Meey 2010 || Madaxbanaan |- ! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}; color:black;"| 11 | [[Shariif Xasan Sheekh Aadan]]<br />{{small|(1954–)}} || [[File:Sharif.png|150px]] || 25 Meey 2010 || 20 Agoosto 2012|| Madaxbanaan |- ! colspan="6" | Hal Aqal – Golaha Shacabka [[Dowladda Federaalka Soomaaliya]] '''(2012–)''' |- ! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}; color:black;"| — | [[Muuse Xasan Sheekh Cabdulle|Muuse Xasan Cabdulle]]<br />{{small|''Afhayeenka Ku-meel-gaarka ah''}}<br />{{small|(1940–)}} | [[File:Muse Hassan Abdulle.jpg|150px]] ||20 Agoosto 2012 || 28 Agoosto 2012|| Madaxbanaan |- ! style="background:{{party color|Union for Peace and Development Party}}; color:black;"| 12 | [[Maxamed Jawaari|Maxamed Cusmaan Jawaari]]<br />{{small|(1945–2024)}} || [[File:Jawari.png|150px]] || 28 Agoosto 2012 ||9 Abriil 2018 | [[Xisbiga Midowga Nabadda iyo Horumarka]] |- | colspan="6" |'''[[Bicameral]] – kala qaybsan [[Aqalka Sare ee Soomaaliya]] (2016–)''' |- ! style="background:{{party color|Tayo Political Party}}; color:black;"| 13 |[[Maxamed Mursal Sheikh Cabduraxman]] |[[File:Mohamed mursal (Copy).png|Mohamed mursal (Copy).png|150px]] |30 Abriil 2018 |30 Abriil 2022 |[[Xisbiga Siyaasadda ee Tayo]] |- ! style="background:{{party color|Union for Peace and Development Party}};" | 14 | [[Aaden Nuur|Aaden Madoobe]]<br /><small>(1956–)</small> | [[File:Adan Mohamed Nuur.jpg|150px]] | 30 Abriil 2022 | 10 Agoosto 2026 | [[Xisbiga Midowga Nabadda iyo Horumarka]] |- ! style="background:{{party color|Independent}};" | 15 | [[Cabduqaadir Maxamed Nuur]]<br /><small>(1985–)</small> | [[File:Minister at Meeting in Mogadishu to discuss new AU mission in Somalia (51854290701) (cropped).jpg|150px]] | 10 Agoosto 2026 | ''Xil-haya'' | [[Xisbiga Midowga Nabadda iyo Horumarka]] |} ==Sidoo kale eeg== *[[Liiska Xubnaha Baarlamaanka Federaalka ee Soomaaliya]] == Tixraacyada == {{reflist}} *Noocyada kala duwan ee ''The Europa World Year'' {{Maqaalo Soomaaliya}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == *[https://web.archive.org/web/20141022135723/http://www.parliament.gov.so/index.php/en/membersparliament-3 Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya - Xubnaha] iqz8rbtugsgajo1puih9f2rq08zus5p 0 20148 310759 280682 2026-10-23T23:35:07Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 310759 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Adado District''' ( [[Af Soomaali|Somali]] : Degmada Cadaado ) waa degmo ku taal gobolka Galgaduud ee bartamaha [[Soomaaliya]] . Caasimaddeedu waxay ku taal [[Cadaado]] . Dadka ku nool magaalada waxay ka soo jeedaan Saleebaan, [[Habar Gidir|Habar gidir]] oo ka tirsan beelaha [[Hawiye]] .{{Infobox settlement | official_name = Cadaado | other_name = Magaalada Buluugga ah | native_name = | nickname = | settlement_type = Degmo | motto = | image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_map = Somalia, Galguduud region, Adado district.png | mapsize = 222px | map_caption = Magaalada Cadaado ee xarunta gobolka Galguduud. |coordinates ={{coord|5.3206|46.2310|region:SO|display=it}} |pushpin_map = Somalia | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_map_caption = | subdivision_type = Wadanka | subdivision_name = {{flag|Somalia}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Maamulgoboleedka Soomaaliya|Maamul Goboleedka]] | subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Galmudug}} | subdivision_type2 = [[Gobolada Soomaaliya|Gobolka]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Galguduud]] | subdivision_type3 = Caasimada | subdivision_name3 = [[Cadaado]] | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = | leader_name = | established_title = | established_date = | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = Imperial | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = | population_as_of = 2016 | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total = 500,051 <ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Omosanya |first=Lateef |title=Solving the energy challenges in Adado, Somalia |date=29 August 2016 |degree=Bachelor of Engineering |publisher=Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied Sciences |url=https://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/119091/Lateef%20Omosanya%20Thesis.pdf?sequence=1 |access-date=7 Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |archive-date=9 Bisha Lixaad 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609101003/https://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/119091/Lateef%20Omosanya%20Thesis.pdf?sequence=1 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | population_density_km2 = | timezone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = | blank_name = | blank_info = | website = | footnotes = }} ==Sidoo Kale Fiiri== * [[Cadaado]] * [[Galmudug]] {{Degmooyinka Gobolka Galguduud}} ==Tixraacyo== {{Portal|Soomaaliya}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20251211125809/https://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/119091/Lateef%20Omosanya%20Thesis.pdf?sequence=1%7CXallinta caqabadaha tamarta ee Cadaado, Soomaaliya] ==Xiriirinta dibadda== {{Portal|Soomaaliya}} [http://www.statoids.com/yso.html|Degmooyinka Soomaaliya]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/120222_OCHASom_Administrative_Map_Galgaduud_Cadaado_A3.pdf|Khariidadda maamulka degmada Cadaado] Maqaalkan goobta [[Soomaaliya]] waa madax adag . Waxaad ku caawin kartaa Wikipedia adigoo ballaarinaya . nxyqb5q2lnu69hcwper23rlkbe7c7lb 0 30561 310748 278224 2026-10-23T19:56:36Z ~2026-56677-56 47967 /* */ YMP 310748 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yubbe''' waa degmo ka tirsan gobolka [[sanaag]], ee Jamhuriyada [[Waqooyibari]] waxay dhanka bariga ka xigta qiyaas ahaan 90km magaalo madaxda gobalka [[cergaabo]]. Waa magaalo taarikhiya waxay leedahay dhul bilic ahan soo jiidasho heer sare ah leh. '''Yubbe Media production''' <ref>{{Cite news|YMP=Yubbe Media Production (YMP) Yubbe Media Production waa warbaahin madax-bannaan oo bulshada u soo gudbisa warar sugan, xog cusub, falanqayn, iyo dhacdooyinka muhiimka ah ee dalka iyo dibaddaba. Waxaan diiradda saarnaa: - Wararka gudaha iyo dibadda - Siyaasadda iyo arrimaha bulshada - Nabadda iyo horumarka - Wararka deegaanka iyo dhacdooyinka taagan - Xog-ogaalnimo iyo wacyigelin bulsho YMP {{!}} Yubbe Media Production War sugan, xog dhab ah, iyo codka bulshada.}}</ref> ==Taariikh== == Juquraafiga== Juquraafi ahaan Yubbe waxay ku taalaa goob istaraatiiji ah, Waxa ku yaala buuro iyo beero aad u waawayn. Deegaan ahaan waxaa hoos taga dhul aad u balaadhan oo ay ka midyihiin tuulooyinka iyo deeganadan hoos ku xusan. * tuulad ninku jooge * tuulada qaarar * tuulada jiingada * tuulada isrow Deegaanada hoosyimaada waxa ka mida * dooxad birxamar * dooxada damal jabay * dooxada qorilehe * dooxada wadaayin * dooxada caqa sudh * dooxada sadexgeed * dooxada dhudhub * dooxada ceelal higlo * dooxada karin * dooxada geed quraan * dooxada xundhurbeed * Ceel-kale sare/Hose * Wadaayin * Dhuudhuudh == Dhaqaalaha == * '''[https://www.jw.org/en/library/books/Mankinds-Search-for-God/Islām-The-Way-to-God-by-Submission/ Islām—The Way to God by Submission]''' (en) * '''[https://www.jw.org/so/wargeysyada/maxaa-cusub/iimaan-run-ah/ Iimaan Run ah Waa Waddada Nolol Farxad Leh]''' ==Beelaha == beelaha Dega waa [[Harti Waqoyi]] cumar, nuux cumar iyo hinjiye iyo dadkale o degaan la dega Hartiga kale Majeerteen, [[Reer-Darawiish]], iyo [[Harti Waqooyi]] kale . '''nuux omr''' 1 ali abdirixiin 2 jibriil axmed 3 abdirahmaan 4 abdokor madobe {{Degmooyinka Gobolka Sanaag}} nbpek1es963qyidl0xm7zlbyh97c4az 310751 310748 2026-10-23T21:10:44Z Isma4l 41797 Bog loo bedeley [[Yube]] 310751 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Yube]] aswwu0od7qqv651or8nb7nih9zntwsa 0 32041 310766 310736 2026-10-24T02:03:55Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 310766 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox tribe | name = Habar Awal | type = [[Isaaq|Beesha Isaaq]] | ethnicity = [[Soomaalida|Soomaali]] | location = [[Soomaaliya]], [[Jabuuti]], [[Itoobiya]], [[Kenya]] | descended = [[Isxaaq bin Axmed]] | parent_tribe = [[Isaaq|Isaaq]] | branches = Ciise Muuse:<br /> *Abokor Ciise *Aadan Ciise *Idris Ciise *Maxamed Ciise Sacad Muuse:<br /> *Cabdixmaan Sacad *Cabdalle Sacad *Xasan Sacad *Isxaaq Sacad | language = [[Somali language|Soomaali]] | religion = [[Sunni Islam|Islam Sunni]] | image = Sultan Abdulrahman Deria.png | caption = Suldaankii Habar Awal Suldaan [[Abdulrahman Deria|Cabdiraxmaan Suldaan Diiriye]] oo jooga London 1955 si uu u codsado Deegaanka Xood ee la xannibay }} '''Habar Awal''' (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano '''Subeyr Awal''' ama {{langx|so|Habar Awal}})<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/somalia_ethnic_grps_2002.jpg |title=Ethnic Groups |author=Central Intelligence Agency |year=2002 |work=Somalia Summary Map |publisher=[[Perry–Castañeda Library]] |access-date=15 June 2016|author-link=Central Intelligence Agency }}</ref> waa mid ka mid ah qoys-beeleedyada ugu waaweyn beel-weynta [[Isaaq]], waxayna sii kala tirsan tahay siddeed hoos-qaybood oo ah kuwa ugu waaweyn uguna caansan [[Issa Musa|Ciise Muuse]] iyo [[Sa'ad Musa|Sacad Muuse]]. Xubnaheedu waxay qayb ka yihiin isbahaysiga Habar Magadle. Habar Awal dhaqan ahaan waxay ka kooban yihiin xoolo-dhaqato [[Nomadic pastoralism|reer guuraa ah]], dad [[coastal|xeebaha degan]], [[merchants|ganacsato]] iyo [[farmers|beeraley]]. Waxaa taariikh ahaan loo arkaa inay yihiin qabiil hodan ku ah geeska Afrika oo door weliba ka qaatay xornimada Somaliland.<ref name="Habar Awal richest Somali clan">{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=StAUAQAAIAAJ&q=Habar+Awal+richest+somali+tribe |title = Historical dictionary of Somalia|isbn = 9780810808300|last1 = Castagno|first1 = Margaret|year = 1975| publisher=Scarecrow Press }}</ref> Habar Awal waa kuwo siyaasadeed iyo dhaqaale ahaan saameyn ku leh [[Somaliland]] iyo guud ahaan [[Horn of Africa|Geeska Afrika]], waxayna degan yihiin dhulal xeebeed iyo kuwo beereed istiraatiiji ah.<ref name="Habar Awal dominates Somaliland">{{Cite web |url=http://www.awdalpress.com/index/one-clan-domination-is-complete-in-somaliland/ |title=One clan domination is complete in Somaliland |access-date=2018-01-23 |archive-date=2019-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909092044/http://www.awdalpress.com/index/one-clan-domination-is-complete-in-somaliland/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Habar Awal dominate Somaliland">{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IfgxAQAAQBAJ&q=habar+awal+dominate+somaliland&pg=PA135 |title = Consider Somaliland: State-Building with Traditional Leaders and Institutions|isbn = 9789004222540|last1 = Renders|first1 = Marleen|date = 2012-01-20| publisher=BRILL }}</ref> ==Qaybinta== [[File:Habr Awal in Somaliland.png|thumb|Khariidadda [[Somaliland]] oo muujinaysa qaybinta beesha Habar Awal ee bartamaha iyo bariga Somaliland]] Beesha Habar Awal waxay inta badan ku tahay aqlabiyad gobolka [[Maroodi Jeex]] oo loo arko gobolka ugu dadka badan [[Somaliland]] iyo kan labaad ee ugu dadka badan Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya ka dib degmada [[Banaadir]]. Waxay ka mid yihiin aqlabiyadda dadka ku nool caasimadda qaranka [[Hargeisa|Hargeysa]] hamigooduna si gaar ah ayuu u degaa magaalooyinka beeraha ee [[Gabiley]], [[Wajaale]], [[Arabsiyo]], iyo [[Kalabaydh]]. Habar Awal sidoo kale waxay ku badan yihiin gobolka [[Sahil, Somaliland|Saaxil]], gaar ahaan caasimadda gobolka iyo magaalada dekedda weyn ee [[Berbera]], magaalada dalxiiska ee [[El-Sheikh|Sheikh Suuq], magaalada dekedda taariikhiga ah ee [[Bulhar]], magaalada taariikhiga ah ee [[Sheikh, Somalia|Sheekh]] iyo sidoo kale [[Daarbuduq]]. Beesha sidoo kale qayb ahaan waxay degtaa qaybta waqooyi ee magaalada caasimadda ah ee [[Burao|Burco]] ee gobolka [[Togdheer]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hunt|first=John Anthony|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aAhBAQAAIAAJ&q=%22ainabo%22|title=A General Survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950: Final Report on "An Economic Survey and Reconnaissance of the British Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950," Colonial Development and Welfare Scheme D. 484|date=1951|publisher=To be purchased from the Chief Secretary|language=en}}</ref> Meel ka baxsan Somaliland, Habar Awal waxay sidoo kale deegaanno waaweyn ku leeyihiin [[Somali Region|Gobolka Soomaalida]] ee [[Ethiopia|Itoobiya]], gaar ahaan [[Fafan Zone|Gobolka Fafan]] halkaas oo ay ku leeyihiin aqlabiyad magaalooyinka [[Harshin (woreda)|Xarshin]], [[Hart Sheik]], iyo [[Wajaale]] (Dhinaca Itoobiya). Waxay sidoo kale degaan oo xuduud la leeyihiin [[Kebri Beyah (woreda)|Geri Baay]] iyo [[Jijiga (woreda)|Jigjiga]] ee [[Fafan Zone|Gobolka Fafan]]. Waxay sidoo kale degmo ballaaran ku leeyihiin [[Kenya]] halkaas oo looga yaqaano qayb ka mid ah bulshada Isaxaaqiya.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-s8tAQAAIAAJ&q=awal+settlement|title= Violent deeds live on: landmines in Somalia and Somaliland, p. 63|last1= Omaar|first1= Rakiya|last2= Waal|first2= Alexander De|last3= McGrath|first3= Rae|last4= (Organization)|first4= African Rights|year= 1993}} |</ref> Ugu dambeyntii waxay joogitaan ballaaran ku leeyihiin [[Djibouti|Jabuuti]], iyagoo ka samaynaya boqolkiiba badan dadka Soomaaliyeed ee ku nool [[Djibouti|Jabuuti]] dhexdeedana taariikh ahaan waxay degeen Degmada 3-aad, oo ahayd mid ka mid ah 7-da degmo ee waaweyn ee Jabuuti.<ref name="Habar Awal territory">{{Cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/publ/RESEARCH/3d5d0f3a4.pdf/|title = Pastoral society and transnational refugees: Population movements in Somaliland and eastern Ethiopia 1988 - 2000, Guido Ambroso}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G-bZiKh9FHkC&pg=PA284|title=Tracer des frontières à Djibouti: des territoires et des hommes aux XIXe et XXe siècles|last=Imbert-Vier|first=Simon|date=2011|publisher=KARTHALA Editions|isbn=9782811105068|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eK6SBJIckIsC&q=habr+awal+live+in++awdal |title= I. M. Lewis, A pastoral Democracy|isbn= 9780852552803|last1= Lewis|first1= I. M.|year= 1999|publisher= James Currey Publishers}}</ref> == Abtirsiimada == [[Ishaaq bin Ahmed|Isxaaq bin Axmed]] waa qof khuraafaad taariikhi ah<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lewis |first=I. M. |date=March 1962 |title=Historical Aspects of Genealogies in Northern Somali Social Structure |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/abs/historical-aspects-of-genealogies-in-northern-somali-social-structure1/818BF4812E44980408CA34549694DC3C |journal=The Journal of African History |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=45 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700002723 |issn=1469-5138 |quote=Thus it seems that the traditions surrounding the origins and advent from Arabia of Sheikhs Daarood and Isaaq have the character of myths rather than of history...|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Loimeier |first=Roman |url=https://www.google.com/books?id=cVGZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA197 |title=Muslim Societies in Africa: A Historical Anthropology |date=2013-07-17 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-02732-0 |pages=197 |language=en |quote=Despite their clear Cushitic linguistic and ethnic identity, Somaal oral traditions claim Arab origin through two mystical clan ancestors, Shaykh Darood and Shaykh Isaaq, who allegedly arrived in the northern Horn in the tenth and thirteenth centuries, respectively, where they married local women ... [they] are presented as being of noble Qurayshī origin.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Abdullahi |first=Mohamed Diriye |url=https://www.google.com/books?id=VOPEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 |title=Culture and Customs of Somalia |date=2001-10-30 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-0-313-07329-8 |pages=64 |language=en |quote=Some of the early proselytizers were grafted both into the saintly pantheon and into the genealogical trees of Somali clans; these might be called genealogical saints; one of them is Sheikh Ishaaq, the mythical father of the Isaaq confederation, who probably was an early proselytizer who over the years became transmogrified into a genealogical father.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=I. M. |url=https://www.google.com/books?id=9fAjtruUXjEC&pg=PA105 |title=Blood and Bone: The Call of Kinship in Somali Society |date=1994 |publisher=The Red Sea Press |isbn=978-0-932415-93-6 |pages=105 |language=en |quote=[These examples illustrate] a process of myth-making in its early stages which has already proceeded much further amongst the Darood and Isaaq. Thus at the point where Somali trace descent from Arabia outside their own society, a strong mythical component enters into the genealogies which is not present at lower generational levels.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Diop |first=Samba |url=https://www.google.com/books?id=8zyBAAAAMAAJ |title=The Oral History and Literature of the Wolof People of Waalo, Northern Senegal: The Master of the Word (griot) in the Wolof Tradition |last2=Diop |first2=Papa Samba |date=1995 |publisher=E. Mellen Press |isbn=978-0-7734-9031-4 |pages=170 |language=en |quote=Lewis goes further by giving the example of a Sheikh named Isaaq (or rather his descendants) who "have arabicized their genealogy as a means of acquiring prestige"}}</ref> oo la sheego inuu yimid Geeska Afrika si uu Islaamka u faafiyo qarnigii 12aad ilaa 13aad. Sidaas darteed, Isxaaq wuxuu guursaday laba dumar ah oo maxalli ah oo Somaliland ku noolaa kuwaas oo uga tagay siddeed wiil, mid ka mid ahna uu ahaa Cabdiraxmaan (Awal). Faracyada siddeedaas wiil waxay ka kooban yihiin qoys-beeleedka Isaaq.<ref>I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), pp. 31 & 42</ref> Qabriga Subeyr Awal, oo ah awowgii asaasaha ahaa ee Habr Awal ee [[Isaaq]], wuxuu ku yaalaa [[Jidali]] ee gobolka [[Sanaag]] kaas oo u jira qiyaastii 100&nbsp;km dhanka bari ee qabrigii awowgiis Sheekh [[Ishaaq bin Ahmed|Isxaaq bin Axmed]], oo ah aabahii aasaasaha ahaa ee beesha [[Isaaq]], kaas oo qabrigiisu ku yaal magaalada xeebta ah ee [[Maydh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Samiir |date=2014-08-03 |title=Culimo Ka Digtay In Khilaaf Diineed Laga Abuuro Siyaaro Ay Ugu Tagayaan Qabriga Subeer Awal |url=https://geeska.net/culimo-ka-digtay-in-khilaaf-diineed-laga-abuuro-siyaaro-ay-ugu-tagayaan-qabriga-subeer-awal/ |access-date=2021-05-21 |website=Geeska Afrika Newspaper |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-23 |title=DAAWO; Beesha Urursuge Oo Deegaanka Jiidalli Ee Gobolka Sanaag Shir Ugu Soo Gabo Gaboobey |url=http://www.wajaalenews.net/?p=19418 |access-date=2021-05-21 |website=WAJAALE NEWS |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AKHRISO: Ururka JIIDALI Oo Ceerigaabo Ku Wajahan Iyo Xukumadda Oo Ka Gaashaamatay {{!}} Hubaal Media |url=https://www.hubaalmedia.net/akhriso-ururka-jiidali-oo-ceerigaabo-ku-wajahan-iyo-xukumadda-oo-ka-gaashaamatay/amp/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106120001/https://www.hubaalmedia.net/akhriso-ururka-jiidali-oo-ceerigaabo-ku-wajahan-iyo-xukumadda-oo-ka-gaashaamatay/amp/ |archive-date=2021-11-06 |access-date=2021-05-21 |website=www.hubaalmedia.net}}</ref> ==Taariikhda== ===Xilligii Dhexe (Qabsashadii Xabashida)=== Taariikh ahaan, Habr Awal waxay qayb ka ahaayeen [[Adal Sultanate|Saldanaddii Cadal]] waxaana lagu sheegay buugga caanka ah ee "[[Futuh al-Habasha]]" tabarucaadoodii waaweynaa ee [[Ethiopian-Adal war|dagaalkii Xabashida iyo Cadal]] iyagoo ah Habr Magaadle oo ay weheliyaan Habar Yoonis, Arab, Ayuub iyo Ciidagale oo ka soo horjeeday [[Ethiopian Empire|Boqortooyada Itoobiya]], iyo sidoo kale soo saarista shakhsi taariikhi ah oo lagu magacaabo Axmed Gari bin Xuseen kaas oo ahaa gacanta midig ee [[Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi|Axmed Gurey]] iyo taliye ciidan oo ka tirsanaa ciidamada Habr Magaadle intii uu socday dagaalkii Itoobiya iyo Cadal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://makhtota.ksu.edu.sa/makhtota/554/16|title=مخطوطات > بهجة الزمان > الصفحة رقم 16|website=makhtota.ksu.edu.sa|access-date=2017-08-24|archive-date=2021-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027182420/https://makhtota.ksu.edu.sa/makhtota/554/16|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Sacad Muuse=== {{main|Sa'ad Musa}} [[File:Warsame Yunis.png|thumb|right|Warsame Yuunis oo ka tirsan Sacad Muuse Habar Awal, oo uu sawiray Roland Bonaparte, 1890]] [[File:First footsteps in East Africa, or, An exploration of Harar (1904) (14586268478).jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Ahmad III ibn Abu Bakr|Axmed III ibn Abu Bakr]], Amiirkii [[Harar|Harar]] iyo xulafo la ah Habr Awal]] Habr Awal waxay leeyihiin taariikh ganacsi oo hodan ah inta badan sabab macaan oo ay ku leeyihiin dekedda weyn ee Soomaaliyeed ee [[Berbera]], taas oo ahayd dekedda iyo deegaanka ugu weyn ee beesha Habr Awal intii lagu guda jiray xilligii casriga ahaa ee hore.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://reerahmednuux.wordpress.com/2015/08/21/piece-of-berbera-history-reer-ahmed-nuh-ismail/ |title=Piece of Berbera History: Reer Ahmed Nuh Ismail |website=wordpress.com|date=21 August 2015}}</ref> Beesha waxay xiriir adag la lahayd [[Emirate of Harar|Saldanadda Harar]] amiiraduna waxay Habr Awal ku ixtiraami jireen maxkamadooda iyadoo [[Richard Francis Burton|Richard Burton]] uu xusay saameyntooda maxkamadda Amiir [[Ahmad III ibn Abu Bakr|Axmed III ibn Abu Bakr]] iyo wadahadaladii uu la lahaa [[Vizier|Wasiirka]] Maxamed.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/firstfootstepsi00burtgoog|title=First Footsteps in East Africa|last=Burton|first=Richard|publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans|year=1856|edition=1st|page= 238}}</ref> <blockquote>Habr Awal guud ahaan waa dad hodan ah, inta badan waxaa u sabab ah ganacsiga soo mara dekedda Berbera oo ku taal dhulka Sacad Muuse. <ref>{{cite book|title= Ethnographic Survey of Africa, Volume 5 |date=1969|pages=24|language=en}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>Habankan beelaha deegaanka ee uu maraayo ganacsiga weyn ama jidadka ganacsigu waxay aruuriyeen hanti badan, halka kuwa sida Reer Axmed (Ayal Ahmed), oo nasiib u yeeshay inay yeeshaan deked uu dabiicigu u hiiliyay sida Berbera, ay si dabiici ah uga dambaysay inay hodmaan.<ref>British Somaliland, by Ralph Evelyn Drake-Brockman, p. 36</ref></blockquote> [[File:Paulitschke map of Somaliland and the interior.png|thumb|300px|Khariidaddii Paulitschke oo daboolaysa waddooyinka ganacsiga muhiimka ah 1898]] [[File:Sketch Map of Northern Somali Land.png|thumb|300px|right|Waddooyinka ganacsiga ee gala Berbera iyadoo 'Ayal Achmet' (Reer Axmed Nuux) ay ku sugan yihiin Berbera dhexdeeda iyo hareeraheeda iyo qalcadda bari ee Siyara oo muuqata]] Ganacsatada Habr Awal waxay lahaayeen xiriir ganacsi oo ballaaran oo lala lahaa ganacsatada Carabta iyo Hindiya ee ka imaanayay [[Arabia|Carabtii]] iyo [[Indian subcontinent|Hindiya]]. Markii ganacsatadan ajnabiga ahi ay yimaadeen [[Berbera]] iyo [[Bulhar]] si ay ganacsi u sameeyaan, waxaa jiray nidaam faa'iido leh oo ku salaysan nidaamka abban (ilaalin) ee u dhexeeya iyaga iyo Reer Yuusuf Nuux (Ayal Yuusuf) iyo Axmed Nuux (Ayal Axmed) ee Sacad Muuse, Habr Awal: <blockquote>Ka hor intaanan la gaarin arrintan, iyo ka hor intaanu deggenaanshaha Ingiriisku ka dhicin Cadan 1839, Reer Yuusuf Nuux iyo Reer Axmed Nuux ee Habr Awal waxay haysteen Berbera waxayna si wadajir ah u maamulayeen ganacsigeeda, iyagoo la qaybsanayay faa'iidada dhammaan hawlaha ganacsiga iyagoo ah 'ilaaliyaal' (abban) ee ganacsatada ajnabiga ah ee ka timid Carabta iyo Hindiya. Markii dhiirigelinta horumarka Cadan ay dekeddu si weyn u korodhay, Reer Yuusuf Nuux oo tiro ahaan badnaa waxay ceyriyeen ehelladoodii la tartamayay waxayna ku dhawaaqeen inay iyagu yihiin madaxda ganacsiga ee Berbera. Tani waxay keentay dagaal qabiil oo dhinac walba uu raadsaday caawimaad dibedda ah; Reer Axmed Nuux ee laga adkaaday waxay u jeesteen Xaaji Shirmarke Cali iyo ehelladoodii Habar Yoonis si ay u helaan taageero. Taageeradaas ka dib, waxay awoodeen inay dib isu dhisaan oo ay ceyriyaan Reer Yuusuf Nuux oo u guuray dekedda yar ee Bulhar, dhanka galbeed ee Berbera.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=I.M.|title= The Modern History of Somaliland: from Nation to State |date=1965|publisher=Praeger|pages=35|language=en}}</ref></blockquote> [[File:Berbera, 1884.png|thumb|300px|Sawirka Berbera, 1884]] Habr Awal keligood ma martigelin ganacsatada ajnabiga ah ee dekedahooda, balse waxay juga iyo ku mareen maraakiibtooda u gaarka ah hawlo ganacsi oo ay ku tageen dekedaha Carabta.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pankhurst|first1=R.|title=Journal of Ethiopian Studies Vol. 3, No. 1|date=1965|pages=45|publisher=Institute of Ethiopian Studies|language=en}}</ref> Inta badan ganacsatada Soomaaliyeed ee tegi jiray Cadan iyo dekedaha kale ee Koonfurta Carabta waxay ka soo jeedeen beesha Habr Awal. Waxay ka soo qaadeen alaabooyin ceeriin oo kala duwan oo ka yimid Harar iyo gudaha dalka iyagoo ku beddelanayay alaabo la farsameeyay. Intii ay halkaas joogeen, Habr Awal waxay kireysteen guryahooda oo ay shaqo geliyeen adeegayaashooda, halka qabiilooyinka kale ee Soomaaliyeed ay u badnaayeen inay la degaan qaraabo horay uga dhisnaa dhanka gacanka. ជនជាតិ. — Waa kuwo inta badan ka tirsan beesha Habr Awal. Waxay ka keenaan Harar iyo dalka Galla, qaxwo, saffron, foolmaroodi (ivory), iyo baalasha, iyagoo ka qaata beddelkeeda zinc, naxaas, dhar ballaaran, iyo alaabooyin goosgoos ah. Waxay Cadan joogaan ilaa labaatan maalmood hal mar xilliga ganacsiga, kaas oo socda ilaa sagaal bilood, iyagoo sameeya afar safar. Intii ay deegaanka joogaan waxay kireystaan guri, waxaana la socda adeegayaashooda.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hunter|first1=Frederick|title=An Account of the British Settlement of Aden in Arabia|date=1877|publisher=Cengage Gale|pages=41|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Street in Bulhar.png|thumb|300px|Waddo ku taal [[Bulhar]]]] Gudaha dalka, safarrada ganacsiga ee Habr Awal (khafilas) waxay ahaayeen kuwo si joogto ah loo arko sida ay sheegayaan warbixinnada Yurub ee casriga ah ee ku saabsan Gacanka Soomaalida: <blockquote>Markii ka soo amba baxnay Hargeisa waxaan u safraynay maylal badan oo dhex maraya dhul qurux badan oo park u eg, oo ay ka buuxaan shimbiraha iyo digaagga duurjoogta ah. Waxaan la kulannay safarradii caadiga ahaa ee Soomaaliyeed ee khafilas [safarrada ganacsiga] ee raggii Habr-Awal, iyagoo wada haragooda, gunka, subagga, iyo qaxwaha oo ay u wadaan dekeddayada Bulhar, oo u dhaxaysa Berbera iyo Zeyla.<ref>'Twixt sirdar & Menelik: an account of a year's expedition from Zeila to Cairo, p. 18, 1901</ref></blockquote> Soomaalida ka timid gudaha fog, gaar ahaan kuwa ka yimid [[Ogaden (clan)|Ogaadeenya]], waxay sidoo kale ka heleen inta badan agabkooda ganacsatada Habr Awal oo ay u yaqaaneen "iidoor", taas oo ahayd eedeyn macno leh oo macnaheedu yahay [[merchant|ganacsade]] ama dillaal, taas oo ahayd tixraac ku aaddan dabeecadda ganacsi ee ganacsatada Habr Awal xilligaas.<ref name="Info">Somali Poetry, Lewis & Adrzejewski, 1964, pp. 111–115</ref> Habr Awal xeebaha (inta badan Reer Axmed Nuux) waxay si joogto ah u noqdeen dillaaliin u ah qabiilooyinka Soomaaliyeed ee gudaha ee raba inay alaabtooda geeyaan dekedaha Berbera iyo Bulhar: <blockquote>Caadadu waxay tahay in Reer Axmed (qabiilka Berbera) ay u dhaqmaan sidii dillaaliin, oo inta badan faa'iidada badankeeda ay ku dhegganaato gacanta dillaalka. Ilaa dhawaan ma jirin Ogaadeen waligiis tagay xeebta, balse alaabta waxay ku aamineen ganacsatada xeebta.<ref>{{cite book|title= The Dublin Review, Volume 98|date=1886|pages=176|language=en}}</ref></blockquote> ==== Dagaalkii Berbera ==== {{Main|Battle of Berbera 1827}} [[File:Habr Awal Warriors.png|thumb|300px|Dagaalyahannada Sacad Muuse ee Habr Awal oo u diyaargaroobaya dagaal ka dhacay u dhow [[Hargeisa|Hargeysa]]]] Markii markab Ingiriis ah oo la odhan jiray ''Mary Anne'' uu isku dayay inuu ku xirto dekedda Berbera 1825 waxaa weeraray oo laayay xubno badan oo ka mid ah shaqaalaha Habr Awal. Jawaab ahaan [[Royal Navy|Ciidanka Badda ee Boqortooyada]] waxay fuliyeen xayiraad waxaana qaar ka mid ah xisaabaadka ay sheegayaan duqeyn ka dhacday magaalada.<ref name="Laitin 1977 70">{{cite book|title=Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience|year=1977|page=70|isbn=9780226467917|publisher=9780226467917|first=David D.|last=Laitin}}</ref> 1827 laba sano ka dib Ingiriisku wuxuu yimid wuxuuna bixiyay dalab lagu dejinayo xayiraadda oo joojisay ganacsiga faa'iidada badan ee Berbera beddelkeeda magdhow. Ka dib taladan bilowgii [[Battle of Berbera 1827|Dagaalkii Berbera 1827]] wuxuu qarxay. Ka dib guuldarradii Habr Awal, 15,000 [[Spanish dollars|doolarka Isbanishka]] ayaa ay ahayd in ay bixiyaan hoggaamiyeyaasha Habr Awal burburinta markabka iyo dhimashada dadka.<ref name="Laitin 1977 70"/> [[Isaaq Sultanate|Suldaanka Isaaq]] [[Farah Guled|Faarax Garaad Guuleed]] iyo Xaaji Cali waxay u qoreen warqad [[Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi|Suldaan bin Saqr Al Qasimi]] oo ka tirsan [[Ras Al Khaimah]] iyagoo ka codsanaya caawimaad millatari iyo dagaal diimeed oo wadajir ah oo ka dhan ah Ingiriiska.<ref>{{cite book|title=رسالة زعماء الصومال إلى الشيخ سلطان بن صقر القاسمي|language=ar|page=١٧|year=1996|first=Sultan bin Muhammad|last=Al Qasimi}}</ref> Tani ma aysan rumoobin maaddaama Suldaan Saqr uu curyaamiyay [[Persian Gulf campaign of 1819|ololihii Gacanka Persia ee 1919]] mana uusan awoodin inuu caawimaad u diro Berbera. Marka laga reebo xaruntooda Gacanka Persia & Gacanka Cumaan, Qasimi waxay aad uga dhex muuqdeen dhanka millatariga iyo dhaqaalaha labadaba [[Gulf of Aden|Gacanka Cadmeed]] waxaana la siiyay inay dhacaan oo weeraraan maraakiibta ilaa galbeedka illaa [[Mocha, Yemen|Mukha]] ee [[Red Sea|Badda Cas]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Blood-red Arab Flag: An Investigation Into Qasimi Piracy, 1797-1820|first=Charles E.|last=Davies|publisher=University of Exeter Press|year=1997|page=167|isbn=9780859895095}}</ref> Waxay lahaayeen xiriir ganacsi oo badan oo ay la lahaayeen [[Somalis|Soomaalida]], taasoo keentay in maraakiibta ka timid Ras Al Khaimah iyo [[Persian Gulf|Gacanka Persia]] ay si joogto ah u xaadiraan carwooyinka ganacsiga ee dekedaha waaweyn ee [[Berbera]] iyo [[Zeila|Zeyla]] isla markaana ay aad u aqoon fiican u lahaayeen Isaaq.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Trade of the Gulf of Aden Ports of Africa in the Early Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41965718|year=1965|first=Richard|last=Pankhurst|issue= 1|volume= 3|journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies|pages=36–81|jstor=41965718}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=رسالة زعماء الصومال إلى الشيخ سلطان بن صقر القاسمي|language=ar|page=١٢|year=1996|first=Sultan bin Muhammad|last=Al Qasimi}}</ref> Natiijo ahaan, Beesha Habar Awal waxay heshiis ilaalin ah la saxiixatay [[British Empire|Boqortooyada Ingiriiska]] 14 Luulyo 1884. Habr Awal waxay sii waday inay yeelato heshiis ganacsi oo faa'iido leh oo ay la leeyihiin xiriiradooda ajnabiga ah, kuwaas oo tiro badan ay sidoo kale ku hoos jireen xukunka Ingiriiska ee dalalkooda. Ingiriisku wuxuu ka aasaasay caasimadda [[British Somaliland|Somaliland Ingiriiska]] [[Berbera]], balse markii dambe caasimadda ay u rari doonaan [[Hargeisa|Hargeysa]] 1941.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=755848|title=The Ethiopia-Somaliland Frontier Dispute|journal=International and Comparative Law Quarterly|volume=5|year=1956|pages=245–264|author=D. J. Latham Brown|issue=2|doi=10.1093/iclqaj/5.2.245}}</ref> ==== Xilligii Casriga ah ==== ==== U Guurista Koonfureed ee Xeebta illaa Gudaha Dalka ==== [[File:Sheikh Madar of Hargeisa (right).jpg|thumb|left|200 px|[[Sheikh Madar|Sheekh Madar]] (midig), aasaasaha Hargeysa [[Hargeisa|casriga ah]], oo uu sawiray 1912 Ralph E Brockman]] Bartamihii qarnigii 19th Hargeisa iyo deegaanka ku xeeran waxay ahaayeen goob kulul oo ay ka taagan yihiin muranno qabiil iyadoo duullaanno lagu samaynayay safarro isku dayaya inay maraan.<ref>{{cite book |title=Journal of African Languages |date=1963 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |pages=27 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite book |last=Carlos-Swayne |first=Harald |title=Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia |year=1900 |pages=96}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Carlos-Swayne |first=Harald |title=Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia |year=1900 |pages=40}}</ref> Madar oo ay weheliyaan sheekhyada kale ee Suufiyada waxay Aasaaseen ''Jama'a Weyn'' ama ''jamcadda weyn'' ee Hargeysa. Jamcadda cusub waxay raacday nidaamkii 900-sano jirka ahaa ee [[Qadiriyya]] ee uu aas-aasay Shaykh-a caanka ah [[Abdul Qadir Gilani|Cabdulqaadir Al-Jeeylaani]] waxayna soo bandhigtay dhaqamo cusub oo Hargeysa u horseeday waddada ay ku noqon lahayd magaalada Soomaaliyeed ee ugu weyn [[Somaliland]] iyo magaalada labaad ee ugu dadka badan ee Soomaali degto ilaa maanta.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite book |last1=Abdullahi |first1=Abdurahman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X1dDDwAAQBAJ&q=sheikh+madar |title=Making Sense of Somali History: Volume 1 |date=2017-09-18 |publisher=Adonis and Abbey Publishers |isbn=9781909112797 |page=80}}</ref> Hargeisa iyo deegaankeedu waxay lahaayeen carro ku habboon iyo biyo ku filan oo loogu talagalay beeraha balse xoolo-dhaqatadu ma aysan ka faa'iidaysan xaqiiqadan. Madar oo ay la socdeen hoggaamiyeyaasha kale ee ''Jam'a Weyn'' waxay soo bandhigeen beerashada [[sorghum|masagada]] iyo dhismaha cusub ee guryaha joogtada ah iyo abuurista masaajiddiisa weyn 1883.<ref name="auto3" /> Sheekh waxaa kale oo saarnaa masuuliyadda hoggaaminta salaadaha jaamacadda ee baryada ah [[Allah|Alle]] ee roobka ee cibaadada loo yaqaano ''roobdoon''.<ref name="auto5">{{cite book |last=Mire |first=Sada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J6nODwAAQBAJ&q=sheikh+madar+shrine+hargeisa&pg=PA153 |title=Divine Fertility: The Continuity in Transformation of an Ideology of Sacred Kinship in Northeast Africa |date=5 February 2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781138368507 |page=151}}</ref> Sheekh Madar iyo Suldaan Isaaq [[Deria Hassan|Diiriye Xasan]] waxay ku kulmeen banaanka Hargeisa 1870 si ay uga wada hadlaan arrimaha ku saabsan magaalada cusub waxayna ku heshiiyeen in ugaarsiga iyo goynta geedaha agagaarka ah la mamnuuco.<ref>{{cite book |last=WSP Transition Programme |first=War-torn Societies Project |title=Rebuilding Somaliland: Issues and Possibilities, Volume 1 |publisher=Red Sea Press |year=2005 |page=214}}</ref> Laanta Sacad Muuse ee Habr Awal waxay billowday inay degto Hargeysa iyadoo hoos imaanaysa ilaalinta Madar iyo Suldaan [[Deria Hassan|Diiriye]] waxayna si farxad leh u qaateen hababka cusub ee beeraha. ''Jama'a'' waxay samaysay udub dhexaad soo jiitay reer guuraaga kale inay yimaadaan oo degaan magaalada soo koraysa.<ref>{{cite book |last=Great Britain |first=War Office |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fZQLAAAAIAAJ&q=Official+History+of+the+Operations+in+Somaliland,+1901-04,+Volume+1 |title=Official History of the Operations in Somaliland, 1901-04, Volume 1 |publisher=HM Stationery Office |year=1907 |isbn=9780344344800 |pages=31–32}}</ref> Sidoo kale, khilaafaadkii qabiilka waa la yareeyay maaddaama bulshada cusub ay ku guulaysatay inay ku midoobto aqoonsi diimeed oo la wadaago halkii ay si adag ugu salaysnaan lahayd saldhig qabiil oo dhaqameed. Iyadoo Sheekh uu ku guuleystay hawsha loo igmaday ee uu ka helay macallinkiisa Sheekh Kabiir. Hogaamiyayaasha diinta ee ''Jama'a'' waxay isku qaadeen inay naafada deegaanka ku hoos jiraan daryeelkooda.<ref name="auto3" /> ====U Ololeynta Xornimada [[British Somaliland|Somaliland Ingiriiska]]==== Sannadkii 1955, [[Abdulrahman Deria|Suldaan Cabdiraxmaan Garaad Diiriye]] wuxuu xubin ka ahaa wafdi ka kooban 4 siyaasiyiin iyo suldanno ah oo aaday [[London]], [[United Kingdom|Ingiriiska]]. Hadafkeedu wuxuu ahaa in la codsado oo lagu cadaadiyo Dowladda Ingiriiska inay soo celiso dhulkii heshiiska ee lumay ee loo yaqaanay 'Haud Reserve Area' ee loo dhiibay [[Ethiopian Empire|Boqortooyada Itoobiya]] intii uu socday heshiiskii Anglo Ethiopian ee 1954.<ref name="auto">{{cite book |last1=Mohamed |first1=Jama |title=Imperial Policies and Nationalism in The Decolonization of Somaliland, 1954-1960 |date=2002 |publisher=The English Historical Review |language=en}}</ref> Buugga ''Imperial Policies and Nationalism in The Decolonization of Somaliland, 1954-1960'', Taariikhyahan Jama Mohamed wuxuu qorayaa: <blockquote>N.U.F. waxay u ololeysay soo celinta dhulalka labada Somaliland iyo dibadda. March 1955, tusaale ahaan, wafdi ka kooban Michael Mariano, Abokor Xaaji Faarax iyo Cabdi Daahir waxay aadeen Muqdisho si ay u helaan taageerada iyo iskaashiga kooxaha waddaniyadda ee Soomaaliya. Febraayo iyo May 1955 wafdi kale oo ka kooban laba Suldaan oo dhaqameed ([[Abdillahi Deria|Suldaan Cabdilaahi Suldaan Diiriye]], iyo [[Abdulrahman Deria|Suldaan Cabdiraxmaan Garaad Diiriye]]), iyo laba siyaasi oo muxaafid ah oo reer Galbeedka wax bartay (Michael Mariano, Cabdiraxmaan Xali Maxamed Dubeh) waxay boqdeen London iyo New York. Safarkoodii London, waxay si rasmi ah u kulmeen oo ay kala hadleen arrinta Xoghayaha Dawladda u qaabilsan Gumeysiga, Alan Lennox-Boyd. Waxay u sheegeen Lennox-Boyd heshiisyadii Anglo-Somali ee 1885. Heshiisyada hoostooda, Michael Mariano wuxuu sheegay, Dowladda Ingiriisku 'waxay qaadatay inaysan marnaba bixin, iibin, dhigan ama si kale u siin shaqo, marka laga reebo Dowladda Ingiriiska, qayb ka mid ah dhulka ay degaan iyagu ama hoos imaanaya xakamayntooda'. Laakiin hadda dadka Soomaaliyeed 'waxay maqleen in dhulkooda la siinayo Itoobiya hoos imaanaysa heshiiskii Anglo-Ethiopian ee 1897'. Heshiiskaas, si kastaba ha ahaatee, wuxuu ahaa mid 'isku dhacaya' heshiisyadii Anglo-Somali 'ee mudnaanta lahaa waqtiga' ka hor heshiiskii Anglo-Ethiopian ee 1897[.] Dowladda Ingiriisku 'waxay ka badbadisay awoodeeda markii ay soo gabagabeysay Heshiiskii 1897 iyo ... Heshiiskii 1897 ma ahayn mid ku waajib ah qabiilooyinka.' Suldaan Cabdilaahi wuxuu sidoo kale ku daray in heshiiskii 1954 uu ahaa 'naxdin weyn dadka Soomaaliyeed' maaddaama aan loo sheegin wadaxaajodka, iyo maaddaama Dowladda Ingiriisku ay maamulaysay deegaanka tan iyo 1941. Wufuuddu waxay codsadeen, sida uu sheegay Suldaan Cabdiraxmaan, in dib loo dhigo hirgelinta heshiiska si 'loo siiyo wafuudda waqti ay kiiskooda ku soo bandhigaan' Baarlamaanka iyo ururada caalamiga ah.<ref name="auto"/></blockquote> ===Ciise Muuse=== {{main|Issa Musa}} [[File:Ahmed Amar.png|thumb|Axmed Camar oo 23 jir ah oo ka tirsan Ciise Muuse Habar Awal, oo uu sawiray Roland Bonaparte 1890]] Taariikh ahaan, Ciise Muuse waxay isticmaaleen [[Camel train|safarka]] [[trade|ganacsiga]] ee aadka u qiimaha badan ee ku yaal [[Horn of Africa|Geeska Afrika]]. Waxay dakhli ka heleen safarrada imanaya suuqyada magaalada xeebta ah ee [[Berbera]]. Ciise Muuse waxay awoodeen inay soo rogaan canshuur gudub oo ah 4 unug oo ana ah halkii geel ee ay ku raran yihiin alaab.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JoEmPJ3s9QUC&q=Isa+Musa&pg=PA228 |title=Petermanns Mitteilungen. Ergänzungsheft |date=1894 |publisher=J. Perthes |language=de}}</ref><blockquote>Ciise Muuse, oo aagga daaqaagu uu yahay bannaanka xeebta, waxay sidoo kale soo saaraan canshuur gudub oo ah 4 anas (qiyaastii 48 pfennigs) oo ka timaada safarrada dromedarka raran iyo 1 ana id kasta iyo riy kasta, taas oo ka timaada qabiilooyinka kale ka dib Suuqyada laga keeni doono Berbera.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JoEmPJ3s9QUC&q=Isa+Musa&pg=PA228 |title=Petermanns Mitteilungen. Ergänzungsheft |date=1894 |publisher=J. Perthes |pages=228 |language=de}}</ref></blockquote>Sahamiyaha iyo juqraafiga Talyaaniga [[Luigi Robecchi Bricchetti|Luigi Robecchi Brichetti]] wuxuu lahaa hadal la mid ah dhanka ganacsiga safarka ee qiimaha leh, halkaas oo uu sidoo kale ku xusay Reer Axmed ee la xiriira ee Habar Awal - kuwaas oo haystay cinwaanka ah Abban ee Berbera.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burton |first=Sir Richard Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mu0MAAAAIAAJ&q=Ahmad&pg=PA74 |title=First Footsteps in East Africa, Or, An Exploration of Harar |date=1894 |publisher=Tylston and Edwards |isbn=9780705415002 |pages=74 |language=en}}</ref> Sida laga soo xigtay xisaabta Bricchetti, Ciise Muuse waxay awoodeen inay helaan dakhli uga mahadcelinaya taraafikada safarka mashquulka badan ee galaya & ka baxaya magaalada xeebta iyo taariikhiga ah ee Berbera<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bricchetti |first=Luigi Robecchi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TOoxAQAAMAAJ&q=Somalia+e+Benadir&pg=PA632 |title=Somalia e Benadir: viaggio di esplorazione nell'Africa orientale. Prima traversata della Somalia, compiuta per incarico della Societá geografica italiana |date=1899 |publisher=Aliprandi |language=it}}</ref><blockquote>Waxay u gudbaan sida xoolo-dhaqatada geel ee xirfadda leh iyo qabanqaabiyeyaasha safarka ee caqliga leh [Ayal Achmed]. Sidoo kale waa qoysaska kala duwan ee Ciise Muuse, oo ku nool ganacsiga safarka ee Ogaadeenya, iyagoo kor u kacaya Uebi [Webi] oo raacaya waddada Faf (Fafan).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bricchetti |first=Luigi Robecchi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TOoxAQAAMAAJ&q=Somalia+e+Benadir&pg=PA632 |title=Somalia e Benadir: viaggio di esplorazione nell'Africa orientale. Prima traversata della Somalia, compiuta per incarico della Societá geografica italiana |date=1899 |publisher=Aliprandi |pages=632 |language=it}}</ref></blockquote> ==== Aasaaskii Saldanadda Ciise Muuse ==== Geeridii Diriiye kadib, wiilkiisii Cabdiraxmaan ayaa la Caleemo Saaray wuxuuna ahaa hoggaamiyihii ugu horreeyay ee Habar Awal ee isu bixiya 'Suldaan' halkii uu ka ahaan lahaa Garaad. Cabdiraxmaan wuxuu aad ula mid ahaa aabihiis balse wuxuu aad uga firfircoonaa arrimaha xannaanada.<ref>{{cite book |last=Milman |first=Brock |title=British Somaliland: An Administrative History, 1920-1960 |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=9780415717458 |page=79}}</ref> Markii Ciidagale ay isku dayeen inay dhacaan Ciise Muuse, wiil uu dhalay Suldaankii Habar Yoonis ayaa ku biiray duullaanka oo markii la cayrsaday raggiisii waa la dilay. Suldaankii Habar Yoonis wuxuu u yimid Cabdiraxmaan si uu u xalliyo muranka wuxuuna rabay inuu ku qasbo Ciise Muuse inay bixiyaan [[diyya|mag]] wiilka Suldaanka. Sida uu qabo [[xeer|xeerka]] dhaqameed ee Soomaaliyeed mag Lama bixiyo marka qof lagu dilo is-difaacid. Sidaas darteed Ciise Muuse way diideen waxayna ku dhufteen gaashaanadoodii iyagoo diidaya xukunka Cabdiraxmaan.<ref name="Progressio">{{cite book |last1=Orwin |first1=Martin |title=War and Peace: An anthology of Somali literature Suugaanta Nabadda iyo Colaadda |last2=Axmed |first2=Rashiid |publisher=Progressio |year=2009 |isbn=9781852873295 |page=206}}</ref> Cismaan Haariyey oo ahaa gabyaa ayaa istaagay oo tiriyey [[Somali literature|geeraarkan]] soo socda oo muujinaya ixtiraamkiisa balse diidaya Suldaan Cabdiraxmaan. Intaas ka dib Ciise Muuse way baxeen waxayna u ambabaxeen inay caleemo saaraan Suldaankoodii ugu horreeyay, Suldaan Koshin 1949 taas oo calaamad u ahayd xornimadooda ay ka heleen walaalahooda Sacad Muuse ee waaweyn.<ref name="Progressio"/> {{Verse translation|lang=so-Latn| Ninka Qaaliya joogee Ka qoteysta hadhuudhkiyo Ninka geeri qodaayiyo Ka qasaalaya geela Suldaanaw bal qiyaasoo Wax ma qaybsan karaan? Suldaanow kuma caayin Ku canaannana maayo Ceebna kuu gudi maayo Calafna kaa sugi maayo Cuudkii aannu ku siinniyo Cadradii gabadhiinna Marnaba kaa celin maayo Ceynkaagaa rag ahaayoon Caleentii boqor saarray baa Cuurkii Muuse Subeer Aakhiro u celinaaya |attr1=Cismaan Haayirey ''Suldaanow Kuma Caayin''<ref>''War and Peace: An Anthology of Somali literature, p.86''</ref>| Ninka hantida ku taagan Ee masagada gurta Ninka dhimashada qoda Iyo kuwa geela ilaaliya Haddaba Suldaan ka fikir Way heshiin karaan? Suldaanow ku ma ay cayin Mana ahayn inaan ku canaanto Ma daynayo inaan ceeb kaa magdhabo Mana filayo hanti xaggaaga ah Ixtiraamka aan ku siineyno Gabdhaha dhalinyarada ah ee quruxda badan Marnaba kaama qaadan doonno Rag sidaada oo kale ah Ee aan caleenta saarnay boqor ahaan Way dib u dhigayaan Dadkii Muuse Subeer}} ==== Xilligii Casriga ah ==== Ciise Muuse waxay soo saareen tiro badan oo ah shakhsiyaad caan ah oo Soomaaliyeed iyadoo Ku-xigeenka Xoghayaha Guud ee Qaramada Midoobay [[Abdulrahim Abby Farah]], iyo tan ugu caansan Ra'iisul Wasaarihii ugu horreeyay ee [[Somali Prime Minister|Soomaaliya]] & Madaxweynihii labaad ee [[President of Somaliland|Somaliland]] [[Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal|Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal]], oo hoggaamiyay protectorate-kii hore ee [[British Somaliland|Somaliland Ingiriiska]] xornimada Luulyo 1960 si loo dhiso [[Somali Republic|Jamhuuriyadda Soomaalida]]. Ilaa maanta, [[Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal|Cigaal]] wuxuu ahaa qofkii keliya ee ah Isaaq ah oo noqday Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Soomaaliya. [[File:Somali National Flag Flying in Hargeisa 26th June 1960.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Calanka Soomaaliya oo ka Lalnaya Hargeysa 26 Juun 1960: Calanka Cad iyo Buluugga ah ee Soomaaliya intii lagu guda jiray dabaaldegyadii Xornimada ee [[Independence Day (State of Somaliland)|Xornimada]] 26 Juun 1960 Ra'iisul Wasaare [[Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal|Cigaal]] ee [[State of Somaliland|Maamulka Somaliland]] wuxuu salaamay calanka.]] 26kii Juun 1960 Cigaal wuxuu ahaa Ra'iisul Wasaaraha [[State of Somaliland|Maamulka Somaliland]] ee xornimada helay dhowaan, kaas oo shan maalmood ka dib la midoobay [[Trust Territory of Somaliland|Dhulka Xannaanada ee Soomaaliya]] ee hore si loo dhiso Jamhuuriyadda Soomaalida 1 Luulyo 1960. Codsashada ugu muhiimsan, hay'adaha siyaasadeed ee [[Somaliland]] waxay asal ahaan ka yimaadeen hoos ilaa kor hoos timaad xukunka muhiimka ah ee [[Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal|Cigaal]]. Intii uu socday muddadiisa 9-ka sano ahayd ee uu ahaa [[President of Somaliland|Madaxweynaha Somaliland]], Cigaal wuxuu ku guuleystay inuu hub ka dhig ku sameeyo kooxaha fallaagada ah ee deegaanka, xasillooniyo dhaqaalaha gobolka waqooyi-galbeed ee Somaliland, isla markaana uu ka dhisay xiriir ganacsi oo aan rasmi ahayn oo lala yeeshay dalal shisheeye. Wuxuu sidoo kale soo bandhigay [[Somaliland shilling|shillingka Somaliland]], baasaboor iyo calan cusub oo dib loo naqshadeeyay. Intaa waxaa dheer, Cigaal wuxuu abuuray [[Military of Somaliland|Ciidanka Qalabka Sida ee Somaliland]], oo ah ciidanka Soomaaliyeed ee ugu waxtarka badan ee ka jiray tan iyo intii la kala diray [[Somali National Army|Ciidanka Xoogga Dalka Soomaaliyeed]] 1991.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Glickman |first1=Harvey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EQIwAQAAIAAJ&q=habar+awal+snm |title=Ethnic Conflict and Democritization in Africa, p. 217 |year=1995 |publisher=African Studies Assoc. Press |isbn=9780918456748}}</ref> [[File:Mohamed Hasan Abdullahi (Jidhif).jpg|thumb|[[Mohamed Hasan Abdullahi|Jeneraal Maxamed Xasan Cabdullaahi]] "Jidhif", oo caan ku ah duullaankiisa qabsashada magaalada dekedda ah ee [[Zeila|Zeyla]] dabayaaqadii 1980-meeyadii magaca [[Somali National Movement|SNM]].]] === Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya iyo Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Soomaaliyeed === [[Somali National Movement|Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Soomaaliyeed]] (SNM) wuxuu ahaa urur fallaago ah oo ka jiray 1980-meeyadii illaa 1990-meeyadii. SNM-tii 1981 ee lagu aas-aasay [[London]] waxay dooratay [[Ahmed Mohamed Gulaid|Axmed Maxamed Guleed]] oo ka tirsanaa beesha Habar Awal guddoomiyaheedii ugu horreeyay, kaas oo sheegay in ujeeddada cad ee ururku ay ahayd in la rido nidaamkii [[Siad Barre|Siyaad Barre]] ee [[military regime|maamulka millatariga]].<ref name="Metz">[[Helen Chapin Metz]], ed., ''Somalia: a country study'', Volume 550, Issues 86-993, (The Division: 1993), p.xxviii.</ref> SNM waxay ururisay saldhiggeeda ugu weyn ee taageerada xubnaha beesha Isaaq, oo dhisay oo taageeray dhaqdhaqaaqa iyaga oo ka jawaabaya sanado badan oo takoor nidaamsan ah oo ay geysatay dowladdii Siyaad Barre. Taliye ahaan qaybta 99aad, Jeneraal [[Mohamed Hasan Abdullahi|Maxamed Xasan Cabdullaahi]] (Jidhif) wuxuu sidoo kale ka dhisay [[Somali National Movement|SNM]] saldhig millatari oo ku yaal [[Zeila|Zeyla]] halkaas oo [[Somali National Movement|SNM]] ay ka qabsatay gobolka Awdal muddo 4 sano ah waxayna si guul leh uga adkaatay isku day ay sameeyeen xoogagga millatariga ee USF ee daacadda u ah [[Djibouti|Jabuuti]] kuwaas oo isku dayay inay ka faa'iidaystaan ​​dhicitaankii [[Military Junta|Dowladdii Milatariga]] ee Siyaad Barre 1991 isla markaana ay qabsadaan magaalada [[Zeila|Zeyla]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jama |first1=Hassan Ali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lAyeNqKK7bQC&q=jibril+abokor+militia |title=Hassan Ali Jama, Who cares about Somalia |year=2005 |publisher=Verlag Hans Schiler |isbn=9783899300758}}</ref> [[File:Muse_Bihi_official_portrait_2017_(cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Muse Bihi Abdi|Gashaanle Muuse Bihi Cabdi]], madaxweynihii shanaad ee [[Somaliland]], iyo sarkaal millatari oo hore oo u shaqaynayay duuliye [[Somali Air Force|Ciidanka Cirka ee Soomaaliya]] ka hor int>**uusan u goosan [[Somali National Movement|SNM]] bartamihii 1980-meeyadii halkaas oo uu ka hoggaamiyay ciidamada fallaagada.]] Liiska Taliyeyaasha SNM ee Habar Awal ee caanka ah ([[Mujahids]]).<ref name="List of Habar Awal SNM leaders">{{cite book |last1=Forberg |first1=Ekkehard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0x3rAgAACAAJ&q=list+of+Habar+Awal+leaders |title=Small Arms in Somaliland: Their Role and Diffusion |last2=Terlinden |first2=Ulf |date=13 April 1999 |publisher=BITS |isbn=9783933111012 |via=Google Books}}</ref> * Gashaanle [[Abdillahi Askar|Cabdillaahi Askar]] Barkhad {{citation needed|date=August 2024}} * Cabdikarim Xaashi Cilmi{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} * Aadan Dhaamaha{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} * Aadan Shiine{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} * Axmed Jaamac Sabbaan (Janan Oogo){{citation needed|date=August 2024}} * [[Ahmed Mohamed Gulaid|Axmed Maxamed Guleed]]{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} * Axmed Dhagax{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} * Axmed Ibraahim (Raage Bidaar){{citation needed|date=August 2024}} * Axmed Golhaye{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} * Axmed Maxamed Xasan (Axmed Japan){{citation needed|date=August 2024}} * Cali Gurey{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} * Jeneraal Cali Xuseen Cabdi{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} * Boobe Yuusuf Ducaale{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} * Jeneraal [[Hassan Yonis Habane|Xasan Yoonis Habane]] * Haybe Axmed Gure (Haybe Laambad){{citation needed|date=August 2024}} * Xamud Ibraahim Ismaaciil{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} * Professor [[Ibrahim Megag Samatar|Ibraahim Megag Samatar]]{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} * [[Ibrahim Dhagahweyne|Ibraahim Dhagaxweyne]]<ref name=hm20110715>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/296964922|title=Political Orientations and Repertoires of Identification: State and Identity Formation in Northern Somalia|last1=Höhne|first1=Markus|date=2011-07-15|journal=ResearchGate|volume=|issue=|page=351|doi=|access-date=2024-05-07}}</ref> * [[Sheikh Ibrahim Sheikh Yusuf Sheikh Madar|Sheekh Ibraahim Sheekh Yuusuf Sheekh Madar]]<ref name=ip2008>{{Cite web|url=https://www.interpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/2008_SomS_Interpeace_APD_Statebuilding_EN.pdf|title=Peace in Somaliland: An Indigenous Approach to State-Building|author=interpeace|year=2008|access-date=2023-04-24}}</ref> * Maxamed Cilmi Samatar Galaan{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} * Jeneraal [[Mohamed Hasan Abdullahi|Maxamed Xasan Cabdullaahi]] (Jidhif) * [[Mohamed Hashi Elmi|Maxamed Xaashi Cilmi]]{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} * Maxamed Xasan (Gacmo Dheere){{citation needed|date=August 2024}} * Mahdi Cali Faarax{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} * Gashaanle [[Muse Bihi Abdi|Muuse Bihi Cabdi]]{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} * Sheekh Yuusuf Cali Sheekh Madar{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} * Yahya Xaaji Ibraahim{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} == Garaadada iyo Suldannada Habar Awal == Habar Awal waxay leeyihiin dhaqan dheer oo hoggaamineed waxaana hoggaamiya Suldaan ka soo jeeda laanta Axmed Cabdalla - oo ahayd hoos-qayb tiro badan oo ka tirsan Sacad Muuse oo inta badan degta [[Somali Region|Itoobiya]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/firstfootstepsi00burtgoog|title=First Footsteps in East Africa|last=Burton|first=Richard|publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans|year=1856|edition=1st|page= 53}}</ref> Taariikh ahaan waxay door bideen inay isticmaalaan ereyga wadaniga ah ''Garaad'' sida Warsangeli, labada qabiilna waxay tan iyo markaas beddeleen magaca cinwaanka oo u beddeleen ''Suldaan'' inkasta oo doorku uu isku mid yahay.<ref>{{cite book|title=British and Foreign State Papers|date=1893|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office}}</ref> Garaadada Habar Awal waxay soo ururin jireen rag xilliyada dagaalka waxayna xallin jireen murannada waaweyn ee qabiilooyinka kale iyagoo buuxinaya doorka nabad-doonka ugu dambeeya (''nabadoon'').<ref name="Felix 1907 115">{{cite book|first=Rosen|last=Felix|year=1907|title=Eine deutsche Gesandtschaft in Abessinien|page=115|publisher=VERLAG VON VEIT & COMP Leipzig|url=https://archive.org/details/einedeutscheges00rose|isbn=9780274113415|language=de}}</ref> Garaadkii ugu horreeyay ee Biniin waxaa la Caleemo Saaray xilli la mid ah kii ugu horreeyay ee [[Garhajis#Habr Yunis|Habr Yunis]] [[Deria Sugulleh Ainashe|Suldaan Diriiye Ainasha]], iyadoo labada qoys-beeleed ee waaweyn ay ka soo degeen hantidii [[Garhajis#Eidagale|Ciidagale]] oo ahayd madaxdii ballaaran ee [[Isaaq Sultanate|Saldanadda Isaaq]]. Geeridiisa ka dib, Habar Awal ma aysan Caleemo Saarin Garaad cusub dhowr sano maaddaama dhaxalsugayaasha Biniin ay aad u yaraayeen, iyadoo Garaad Cabdalla la Caleemo Saaray markii uu qaangaaray. Dagaallada ka dhacay xadka koonfureed ee dhulka Habar Awal si loo ilaaliyo beesha ka dhanka ah cadowgeeda iyo la dagaalanka duullaanka. Mid ka mid ah dhacdooyinka wuxuu si cidhiidhi ah uga fogaaday duullaan lama filaan ah oo [[Darod|Jidwaaq]] ah iyadoo Axmed Cabdalla ay si degdeg ah isu soo ururiyeen oo ay ku qasbeen duullaanka inay cararaan.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia|last=Carlos-Swayne|first=Harald|year=1900|pages=138}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! !Magaca !Xukunka laga soo bilaabo !Xukunka illaa |- |1 | style="white-space:nowrap" | ''Garaad'' '''Biniin''' (''Garaadkii ugu horreeyay'') | style="white-space:nowrap" | | |- |2 | style="white-space:nowrap" |''Garaad'' '''Cabdalla''' ''Garaad'' Biniin | style="white-space:nowrap" | | |- |3 | style="white-space:nowrap" |''Garaad'' '''Askar''' ''Garaad'' Cabdalla | style="white-space:nowrap" | | |- |4 | style="white-space:nowrap" |''Garaad'' '''Diriiye''' ''Garaad'' Cabdalla | style="white-space:nowrap" | | |- |5 | style="white-space:nowrap" |''Suldaan'' '''[[Abdulrahman Deria|Cabduraxmaan]]''' ''Garaad'' Diriiye ''(oo qaatay cinwaanka Suldaanka)'' | style="white-space:nowrap" | | |- |6 | style="white-space:nowrap" |''Suldaan'' '''Cabdilaahi''' ''Suldaan'' Cabduraxmaan | style="white-space:nowrap" | | |- |7 | style="white-space:nowrap" |''Suldaan'' '''Cabdirisaaq''' ''Suldaan'' Cabdilaahi | style="white-space:nowrap" | | |- |8 | style="white-space:nowrap" |''Suldaan'' '''Xasan''' ''Suldaan'' Cabdilaahi | style="white-space:nowrap" | | |} [[File:Garaad Askar.png|thumb|Mustaqbalka ''Garaad'' Askar oo la sawiray 1895]] Garaad Cabdalla wuxuu xilka hayay dhowr iyo soddon sano waxaana soo dhoweeyay saraakiisha Ingiriiska ee socdaalka ahayd ee u dhow xadka koonfureed ee [[British Somaliland|protectorate]] 1894 oo ku saabsan ballaarinta Jeneraal [[Makonnen Wolde Mikael|Ras Makonen]] oo matalaya [[Menelik II]].<ref>{{cite book|title=A Soldier's Shikar Trips|page=77|publisher=Grant Richards Ltd|first=H.G|last=Mainwaring|year=1894}}</ref> Garaad Cabdalla iyo hoggaamiyeyaal kale oo badan oo ku sugan Somaliland Ingiriiska sida Suldaan [[Deria Hassan|Diiriye Xasan]] iyo [[Sheikh Madar|Sheekh Madar]] waxay ka walaacsanaayeen duullaan ba'an oo ay ciidamada Abyssinia ku qaadeen magaalada soo koraysa ee [[Hargeisa|Hargeysa]] iyo agagaarkeeda. Garaad waxaa la xiriiray Makonen laba sano ka dib weydiisanaya isaga iyo Habar Awal inay ku biiraan [[Ethiopian Empire|Boqortooyada Itoobiya]] balse waa la diiday.<ref>{{cite book|title=Anglo-Ethiopian Relations, 1869 to 1906: A Study of British Policy in Ethiopia|page=121|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xYapmF_K__8C&q=coerced+british+protection+somaliland&pg=PA121|first=Venkat|last=Ram|year=2009|isbn=9788180696244|publisher=Concept Publishing Company New Delhi}}</ref> Garaad Cabdalla waxaa soo ag maray Suldaankii [[Garhajis#Habr Yunis|Habr Yunis]] markii ay la kulmeen abaar, Habr Yunis waxay ka codsadeen inay helaan biyoodka Habar Awal si ay u waraabiyaan. Abdalla wuxuu oggolaaday codsigii balse qaar ka mid ah xubnaha beeshiisa waxay u maleeyeen inuu aad u deeqsi ahaa oo uu caawinayay Habr Yunis kharashka wanaagga xoolohooda. Hogaamiyaha dadkan waxaa ka mid ahaa wiilkiisa 15-jirka ah ee Askar. Markii qaar ka mid ah xisbigii Habr Yunis ay yimaadeen waraabinta, Askar wuxuu dhex taagnaa ceelka iyo raggii isagoo ka reebay inay galaan. Waa lala taliyay doqonnimadiisa waxaana lagu amray inuu meesha ka tago oo uu addeeco rabitaanka aabihiis. Askar oo careysan wuxuu mindhihiisii ku dhuftay ninkii canaantay waxaanu dagaal ku dhowaaday inuu qarxo falkan darted.<ref name="Felix 1907 115"/> Gabyaa xigmad badan oo Habr Awal ah oo ka yimid [[Bulhar]] oo magaciisu ahaa Aami ayaa istaagay oo tiriyey [[Somali literature|gabay]]<ref name="Felix 1907 115"/> :''Hadalada aadka u badan ayaa hore looga hadlay erayadii doqonnimada ahaa ee Yuunis'' :''Balse xukunka xaqa ah ee Alle ku dhow marka loo eego caadada hore, keenaya nabadda iyo (si adag) sida buur oo kale'' :''Aad u dhow oo ku dhuumanaya dad, cadawgaaga, ilaa waqtigii hore xusuusashadooda colaad'' :''Haddii uu yimaado waqtigii aad indho-tirtay muranka, ma aad ixtiraami lahayd'' :''Iyadoo aan la labalabayn, ayay si lama filaan ah kuugu dhaceen'' :''Dhammaan qabiilooyinka cadowga ah waxay maqleen wararka murankaaga'' :''Sida gorgorka, dhammaantood waxay si hunguri leh u eegayaan hilibkaaga!'' Xisbiyadii waxaa dhaqaajiyay erayadiisii ​​oo waxay dhexdhexaadiyeen murankoodii. Garaad Cabdalla wuxuu gabadhiisa gacanteeda siiyay gabyahaha abaal-marin ahaan dadaalkiisii.<ref name="Felix 1907 115"/> Geeridii Cabdalla ka dib, wiilkiisii ​​u weynaa ee Askar ayaa beddelay isagoo Garaad noqday. Askar wuxuu ahaa faras-yahan xirfad leh wuxuuna ka dagaallamay duullaan uu la lahaa qaybaha koonfureed ee beesha oo ka dhan ahaa Daraawiishdii oo bilaabay inay Habr Awal iyo qabiilooyinka kale ee gobolka ku duulaan. [[Sheikh Madar|Sheekh Madar]] wuxuu ururiyay qaybaha waqooyi ee Habr Awal kuwaas oo ka duwan Axmed Cabdalla iyo qaar kale, oo ay ku noolaayeen inta badan xadka gudahiisa [[British Somaliland|Somaliland Ingiriiska]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Parliamentary Sessional Papers volume 48|first=House of Commons|last=Great Britain|page= 5|publisher=HM Stationery Office|year=1901}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Parliamentary Sessional Papers volume 48|first=House of Commons|last=Great Britain|page= 15|publisher=HM Stationery Office|year=1901}}</ref> Geeridii Askaar ka dib walaalkiis ka yar Diriiye wuxuu qaatay xilka Garaadka oo si ka duwan walaalkiis iyo aabihiis wuxuu aad u danaynayay arrimaha bulshada Habar Awal maaddaama xilli nabad qaraabo ah uu dhashay guuldarradii Daraawiishta ka dib, taas oo yareyneysay baahida loo qabo dagaalka.<ref>{{cite book|title=British Somaliland: An Administrative History, 1920-1960|first=Brock|last=Milman|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=9780415717458|page=79}}</ref> Diriiye wuxuu wajahay tartan loollan ah oo ku aaddan doorkiisii ​​Garaad ahaan waxaana Habr Awal ay ku taageereen oo ay iska celiyeen ninkii isku dayay inuu booska ka qaado.<ref>{{cite book|title=British Somaliland: An Administrative History, 1920-1960|first=Brock|last=Milman|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=9780415717458|page=64}}</ref> ==Laamaha== Qoys-beeleedka Isaaq, beelaha hoose waxaa loo qaybiyaa laba qaybood oo dheddig ah, sida ka muuqata abtirsiinta. Qaybta koowaad waa inta ka soo jeeda wiilashii Sheekh Isxaaq ee ka dhashay naag [[Harari people|Harari ah]] – Habar Habuusheed – iyo kuwa ka soo jeeda wiilashii Sheekh Isxaaq ee ka dhashay naag [[Somali people|Soomaali ah]] oo ka tirsan beesha Magaadle ee [[Dir (clan)|Dir]] – Habar Magaadle. Runtii, inta badan beelaha ugu waaweyn ee qoys-beeleedka waa isbahaysi dheddig ah sidaas darteed magaca hooyada "Habar" oo af-Soomaaligii hore [[Somali language|af-Soomaali]] macnihiisu yahay "hooyo".<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoMBQCr4LysC |title = A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa|isbn = 9783825830847|last1 = Lewis|first1 = I. M.|last2 = Samatar|first2 = Said S.|year = 1999| publisher=LIT Verlag Münster }}</ref> Tani waxaa lagu muujiyey qaab-dhismeedka qabiilka ee soo socda.<ref name="Lewisapd">I. M. Lewis, ''A pastoral democracy: a study of pastoralism and politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa'', (LIT Verlag Münster: 1999), p. 157.</ref> Falanqaynta DNA-da ee xubnaha beesha Habr Awal ee deggan Jabuuti waxay ogaatay in dhammaan shakhsiyaadka ay ka tirsanaayeen EV32 subclade ee Y-DNA [[Haplogroup E-M215 (Y-DNA)|E1b1b]] haplogroup aabaha ah.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Iacovacci, Giuseppe|display-authors=etal|title=Forensic data and microvariant sequence characterization of 27 Y-STR loci analyzed in four Eastern African countries|journal=Forensic Science International: Genetics|date=2017|volume=27|pages=123–131|url=https://www.docdroid.net/Dedb2N1/forensic-data-and-microvariant-sequence0acharacterization-of-27-y-str-loci-analyzed-in-four-eastern0aafrican-countries-iacovacci-et-al-2016.pdf.html|access-date=18 January 2018|doi=10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.12.015|pmid=28068531|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Geed qoys-beeleed oo la soo koobay oo ka mid ah hoos-qaybiyaha Habr Awal ee ugu waaweyn ayaa lagu soo bandhigay hoos.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://isaaq.webs.com/habrawal.htm|title=Habr Awal|access-date=2017-04-04|archive-date=2021-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307053718/https://isaaq.webs.com/habrawal.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Axmed Cabdalla (Reer Axmed Cabdalla) waa [[Sultan|Safka Boqortooyada ee Suldaanka Habar Awal]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burton |first=Sir Richard Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mu0MAAAAIAAJ&dq=the+royal+race+is+the+ayyal&pg=PA248 |title=First Footsteps in East Africa, Or, An Exploration of Harar |date=1894 |publisher=Tylston and Edwards |pages=52 |language=en}}</ref> {{Tree list}}[[Ishaaq bin Ahmed|Sheekh Isxaaq bin Axmed bin Maxamed]] **Habr Habuusheed ***Axmed (Tol-Ja’lo) ***[[Habr Je'lo|Muuse]] ***[[Sanbur|Ibraahim]] ***[[Ibran|Maxamed]] **Habr Magaadle ***[[Garhajis|Ismaaciil]] ***Ayuub ***[[Arap|Maxamed]] ***'''Abdiraxmaan (Habr Awal)''' ****Sacad Muuse *****Cabdixmaan Sacad *****Cabdalle Sacad *****Xasan Sacad ******Cabdalle Xasan *****Isxaaq Sacad ******Makahil *******Nuux Makahil *******Abokor Makahil *******Cumar Makahil *******Maxamed Makahil *******Xasan Makahil ********Cali Xasan ********Jibriil Xasan ********Rooble Xasan ********Cismaan Xasan *******Maxamed Isxaaq (Abbas) *******Isse Isxaaq (Ciise Carab) *******Muuse (Ase) Isxaaq *******Yeesif Isxaaq *******Abokor Isxaaq ********Ugaadh Abokor (Ugaadhyahan) ********Cabdalle Abokor ********Xuseen Abokor *********Cismaan Xuseen (Cismaannada) *********Jibriil Xuseen **********Ismaaciil Jibriil ***********Nuux Ismaaciil ************Yuusuf Nuux (Reer Yuusuf Nuux) *************Shirdoon Yonis (Reer Shirdoon) *************Hoosh Yonis (Reer Hoosh) *************Gadid Yonis (Reer Gadid) *************Maxamed Yonis ************Axmed Nuux (Reer Axmed Nuux) ***********Saciid Ismaaciil ************Cabdalle Saciid *************Samatar Cabdalle (Reer Samatar) *************Abane Cabdalle (Reer Abane) *************Axmed Cabdalle (Reer Axmed Cabdalla) ***********Cabdalle Ismaaciil ***********Cali Ismaaciil ***********Idris Ismaaciil (Bah Gobo) ***********Muhumed Ismaaciil (Waran'ad) ***********Yonis Ismaaciil (Bah Gobo) ***********Yuusuf Ismaaciil ********Jibriil Abokor *********Aadan Jibriil (Bahaabar Aadan) *********Cali Jibriil **********Cumar Cali ***********Abeeb Cumar (Baha Cumar) ***********Abtidon Cumar (Baha Cumar) ***********Aadan Cumar ***********Xuseen Qawa Cumar (Baha Cumar) ***********Sahal Cumar (Baha Cumar) ***********Yonis Cumar (Dugeh) ***********Ismaaciil Cumar ************Barre Ismaaciil *************Hareed Barre (Reer Hareed) ************Dalal Ismaaciil (Reer Dalal) ************Geedi Ismaaciil 'Gheedi Shide' (Baha Cumar) ************Hoosh Ismaaciil (Baha Cumar) ************Higgis Ismaaciil ************Idris Ismaaciil ************Ollow Ismaaciil ************Samatar Ismaaciil ************Qayaad Ismaaciil (Baha Cumar) *********Xasan Jibriil *********Maxamed Jibriil (Deriyahan) *********Yonis Jibriil (Reer Yonis) **********Muuse Yonis ***********Cabdi Muuse Yonis **********Caraale yonis **********Caynaashe Yonis **********Urkurag Yonis ***********Aadan Urkurag ************Cumar Aadan ************Cali Aadan ************Axmed Aadan ****Ciise Muuse *****Aadan Ciise ******Jibriil Aadan *******Maxamud Jibriil *******Xasan Jibriil *******Ibraahim Jibriil *******Ismaaciil Jibriil *****Abokor Ciise ******Xasan Abokor *******Balle Xasan (Reer Baale) *******Muuse Xasan *****Idris Ciise ******abdiwadhawr ******rer dahir ******rer hayan ******ali wadhawr *****Mohamed Issa ******Mukhtar Mohamed ******Hassan Mohamed ******Jibriil Mohamed *******Omar Jibriil *******Abokor Jibriil *******Yonis Jibriil *******Muuse Jibriil ********Ali Muuse *********Sahal Ali (Reer Sahal) *********Wa'ays Ali (Reer Wa'ays) *********Abane Ali (Reer Abane) *********Had Ali (Reer Had) *********Hildid Ali (Reer Hildid) *******Abdirahman Muuse *******Abdulle Muuse ********Abdalle Abdulle (Abdalle Qoyan) ********Hassan Abdulle *********Ahmed Hassan (Dhogori) *********Deriyahan Hassan ****Abdalla Muuse ****Afgab Muuse(Abdi Muse) ****Egalle Muuse ****Eli Muuse ****Omar Muuse{{Tree list end}} ==Shakhsiyaadka Caanka ah iyo kuwa Saameynta Leh== [[File:MoPodiumRio2016.png|thumb|[[Mo Farah]], ciyaaryahan Ingiriis ah oo haysta afar billadood oo dahab ah oo Olimbikada ah iyo ciyaaryahanka ugu quruxda badan taariikhda ciyaaraha fudud ee Britain.]] [[File:Ismail Ahmed.jpg|thumb|[[Ismail Ahmed (businessman)|Ismail Ahmed]], milkiilaha iyo agaasimaha guud ee [[WorldRemit]] oo ah mid ka mid ah shirkadaha xawaaladaha lacagta ugu waaweyn adduunka. Waxaa loo arkaa ninka 7aad ee ugu saameynta badan [[United Kingdom|Boqortooyada Midowday]].<ref name="Ismael Ahmed">{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldremit.com/en/about-us/management-team|title=Board of directors|access-date=2021-01-16|archive-date=2019-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102170310/https://www.worldremit.com/en/about-us/management-team|url-status=dead}}</ref>]] Beesha waxay soo saartay qaar ka mid ah shakhsiyaadka ugu caansan uguna saameynta badan taariikhda Soomaaliya, kuwaas oo ku qoran hoos: * [[Abdillahi Suldaan Mohammed Timacade|Cabdillaahi Suldaan Maxamed Timacadde]], oo loo yaqaan "Timacadde", gabyaa caan ah xilligii gumeysiga ka hor iyo ka dib *[[Abdulrahman Deria|''Suldaan'' Cabdiraxmaan ''Garaad'' Diiriye]], Suldaankii 1aad & hoggaamihii 5aad ee Habar Awal * [[Sheikh Madar|Sheekh Madar Axmed Shirwac]], oo lagu tixgeliyo kobaca hore ee iyo aasaasaha Hargeysa [[Hargeisa|casriga ah]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Abdurahman.|first1=A|title= Making Sense of Somali History|date=2017|publisher=Adonis and Abbey|pages=80|language=en}}</ref> *[[Sheikh Ibrahim Sheikh Yusuf Sheikh Madar|Sheekh Ibraahim Sheekh Yuusuf Sheekh Madar]], wuxuu u adegay guddoomiyaha la doortay ee SNM bishii Janaayo 1982 wuxuuna markii dambe ka shaqeeyay hoggaamiyaha Guurtida ee Baarlamaanka Somaliland. Wuxuu awoowe u yahay [[Sheikh Madar|Sheekh Madar]] caanka ah. * [[Abdulrahim Abby Farah|Cabdiraxiin Abby Faarax]], [[Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations|Ku-xigeenka Xoghayaha Guud ee Qaramada Midoobay]] 1979–1990 iyo Wakiilka Joogtada ah ee [[Somali Republic|Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya]] ee Qaramada Midoobay 1965–1972. * [[Abdurrahman Mahmoud Aidiid|Cabdiraxmaan Maxamuud Caydiid]], duqii hore ee [[Mayor of Hargeisa|Hargeysa]], caasimadda Jamhuuriyadda [[Somaliland]]. * [[Abdishakur Iddin|Cabdishakuur Iidinta]], duqa hadda ee [[Berbera|Berbera]], caasimadda gobolka [[Sahil, Somaliland|Saaxil]]. * [[Abdul Majid Hussein|Cabdimaajid Xuseen]], Dhaqaaleyahan, Safiirkii hore ee Itoobiya u fadhiyay Qaramada Midoobay, 2001–2004. Hoggaamiyaha xisbiga [[Ethiopian Somali Democratic League]] (ESDL) ee [[Somali Region|Gobolka Soomaalida]] ee [[Ethiopia|Itoobiya]] 1995 ilaa 2001. * [[Ahmed Mohamed Gulaid|Axmed Maxamed Guleed]], mid ka mid ah xubnihii asaasayaasha ahaa ee [[Somali National Movement|Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Soomaaliyeed]] iyo kii ugu horreeyay ee loo doorto guddoomiyaha ururka Oktoober 1981. * [[Ahmad Girri bin Husain|Axmed Gari bin Xuseen]], Taliye ku xigeenka [[Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi|Axmed Gurey]] iyo general sare oo ka tirsanaa [[Adal Sultanate|Saldanaddii Cadal]] oo hoggaamiyay ciidan weyn oo ka dhan ah [[Abyssinian empire|boqortooyada Xabashida]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://makhtota.ksu.edu.sa/makhtota/554/17|title=مخطوطات > بهجة الزمان > الصفحة رقم 17|website=makhtota.ksu.edu.sa|access-date=2017-07-26|archive-date=2017-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729180419/http://makhtota.ksu.edu.sa/makhtota/554/17|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Ahmed Hassan Awke|Axmed Xasan Cawke]], Wariye iyo baahiyaha Soomaaliyeed ee caanka ah. Wuxuu ahaa halyeey ka tirsan [[BBC World Service]], [[Voice of America]], [[Somaliland National TV]], [[Horn Cable Television]], [[Radio Mogadishu]] iyo [[Universal Television (Somalia)|Universal TV]] iyo sidoo kale afhayeenka madaxweynaha ee [[Siad Barre|Siyaad Barre]] intii lagu guda jiray maamulkiisa millatariga.<ref name="Ahmed Hasan Awke">{{cite web |url=http://www.somalilandinformer.com/somaliland/somaliland-prominent-somali-journalist-ahmed-hasan-awke-passes-away-in-jigjiga/ |title=Somaliland: Prominent Somali Journalist, Ahmed Hasan Awke Passes Away in Jigjiga {{!}} SomalilandInformer |website=www.somalilandinformer.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216030219/http://www.somalilandinformer.com/somaliland/somaliland-prominent-somali-journalist-ahmed-hasan-awke-passes-away-in-jigjiga/ |archive-date=2018-02-16}}</ref> * [[Ahmed Yusuf Yasin|Axmed Yuusuf Yaasiin]], [[Vice-President of Somaliland|Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Somaliland]] 2002 ilaa 2010, iyo Guddoomiyaha Labaad ee xisbiga UDUB. * [[Ali Abdi Farah|Cali Abdi Faarax]], Wasiirkii hore ee Isgaarsiinta iyo Dhaqanka ee [[Djibouti|Jabuuti]] * [[Ali Feiruz|Cali Fayruus]], fanaan Soomaaliyeed oo caan ah oo ku nool [[Djibouti|Jabuuti]] iyo [[Somaliland]] * [[Abdi Hashi Abdullahi|Cabdi Xaashi Cabdullaahi]], Afhayeenka [[Senate of Somalia|Aqalka Sare ee Soomaaliya]] iyo Senator tan iyo Janaayo 2017. * [[Gaarriye]] (dhashay Maxamed Xaashi Dhamac), Gabyaa caan ah oo tixay mid ka mid ah gabayada af-Soomaaliga ee ugu caansan mawduuca heshiisiinta, "Hagarlaawe". * Jaamac Yuusuf Tamiinlaaye, oo lagu sheegay [[Geoffrey Archer's 1916 important members of Darawiish haroun list|liiska xubnaha muhiimka ah ee Daraawiishta ee 1916 ee Geoffrey Archer]] * [[Hussain Bisad|Xuseen Bisaad]], mid ka mid ah ragga ugu dheer adduunka, dhererkiisu yahay 2.32 m (7 ft 7 1⁄2 in). Wuxuu leeyahay gacanta ugu ballaaran qof kasta oo nool. * [[Ibrahim Dheere|Ibraahim Dheere]], Waxaa loo arkaa bilyaneerka Soomaaliyeed ee ugu horreeya iyo qofka Soomaaliyeed ee ugu taajirsan adduunka oo leh hanti qiyaastii 1.8 bilyan oo doollarka Maraykanka ah.<ref name="Ibrahim Dheere">{{cite web |url=http://www.somalilandinformer.com/somaliland/breaking-ibrahim-dheere-tycoon-passes-away-in-djibouti/ |title=BREAKING: Ibrahim Dheere Tycoon passes away in Djibouti {{!}} SomalilandInformer |website=www.somalilandinformer.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124005650/http://www.somalilandinformer.com/somaliland/breaking-ibrahim-dheere-tycoon-passes-away-in-djibouti/ |archive-date=2018-01-24}}</ref> * [[Ismail Ahmed (businessman)|Ismail Ahmed]], milkiilaha iyo agaasimaha guud ee [[WorldRemit]] oo ah mid ka mid ah shirkadaha xawaaladaha lacagta ee ugu koritaanka badan adduunka waxaana loo arkaa ninka 7aad ee ugu saameynta badan Britain.<ref name="Ismael Ahmed"/> * [[Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal|Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal]], Siyaasi Soomaaliyeed oo caan ah. Ra'iisul Wasaarihii ugu horreeyay ee [[Somali Prime Minister|Soomaaliya]]: 1960, 1967–1969. Madaxweynaha [[President of Somaliland|Somaliland]], 1993–2002. * [[Mohammed Abdillahi Kahin|Maxamed Cabdillaahi Kaahin]] 'Ogsadey', Ganacsade Soomaaliyeed oo ku salaysan Itoobiya, halkaas oo uu ka aasaasay MAO Harar Horse, shirkaddii ugu horreysay ee Afrika ah ee dhoofisa bunka oo urursaday hanti qiyaastii ah $3 Bilyan oo [[Ethiopian Birr|Birta Itoobiya]].<ref name="HIGP">{{cite news|title=Somali Entrepreneurs|url=http://salaanmedia.com/?p=24470|access-date=15 Feb 2018 |newspaper=Salaan Media |date=15 June 2017}}</ref> * [[Mohamed Abdullahi Omaar|Maxamed Cabdullaahi Cumar]], Wasiirkii Arrimaha Dibadda ee Soomaaliya * [[Mohamed Hasan Abdullahi|Maxamed Xasan Cabdullaahi]], Taliyihii hore ee [[Somaliland Armed Forces|Ciidanka Qalabka Sida ee Somaliland]] * [[Mo Farah|Maxamed Faarax]], ciyaaryahan Ingiriis ah oo haysta afar billadood oo dahab ah oo Olimbikada ah iyo ciyaaryahanka ugu quruxda badan taariikhda ciyaaraha fudud ee Britain. Waxaa kale oo loo arkaa inuu yahay orodyahanka maraykanka ugu fiican adduunka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/aug/10/mo-farah-mother-somaliland |title=Mo Farah's family cheers him on from Somaliland village |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=10 August 2012 |access-date=13 March 2014}}</ref> *[[Abdi Haybe Laampad|Cabdi Haybe Laampad]] Muusikiiste Soomaaliyeed oo caan ah iyo mid ka mid ah majaajilistayaasha Soomaaliyeed ee ugu fiican waqti kasta. * [[Mohamed Omar Arte|Maxamed Cumar Carte]], Ra'iisul Wasaare ku xigeenkii hore ee Soomaaliya. * [[Muhammad Hawadle Madar|Maxamed Xawaadle Madar]], Ra'iisul Wasaarihii hore ee Soomaaliya ka billow 3 Sebtembar 1990, ilaa 24 Janaayo 1991. * [[Muse Bihi Abdi|Muuse Bihi Cabdi]], Madaxweynihii shanaad ee [[President of Somaliland|Somaliland]] iyo sarkaal millatari oo hore oo u shaqaynayay duuliye [[Somali Air Force|Ciidanka Cirka ee Soomaaliya]]. * [[Nuh Ismail Tani|Nuux Ismaaciil Tani]], Taliyaha hadda ee [[Somaliland Armed Forces|Ciidanka Qalabka Sida ee Somaliland]] *[[Hussein Mohamed Bashe|Xuseen Maxamed Bashe]], Wasiirka Beeraha ee Tanzania iyo xubin ka tirsan baarlamaanka ee degmada [[Nzega]] Urban tan iyo 2015. Janaayo 2022, waxaa loo magacaabay Wasiirka Beeraha. * [[Umar Arteh Ghalib|Cumar Carte Galib]], Ra'iisul Wasaarihii hore ee Soomaaliya, 1991–1993; wuxuu Soomaaliya galiyey [[ArabLeague|Jaamacadda Carabta]] 1974 intii uu ahaa Wasiirka Arrimaha Dibadda ee Soomaaliya, 1969–1977; madaxweynihii hore ee Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay; macallin iyo gabyaa *[[Saad Ali Shire|Dr. Saad Ali Shire]], siyaasi British-Somali ah, agronomist iyo dhaqaaleyahan, oo hadda ka shaqeynaya Wasiirka Maaliyadda ee Somaliland. Shire horay ayuu uga soo shaqeeyay Wasiirka Arrimaha Dibadda ee Somaliland. Waxa kale oo uu soo noqday Wasiirka Qorshaynta iyo Horumarinta Qaranka ee Somaliland. * [[Sultan Osman Sultan Ali Koshin|Suldaan Cismaan Suldaan Cali Koshin]], Suldaanka guud ee hadda ee beesha [[Issa Musa|Ciise Muuse]]. *[[Mohamed se'ad Geedi|Maxamed Siciid Geedi]], Milkiilaha shirkadda fiilooyinka ugu dhaqsaha badan Geeska Afrika iyo MSG Group ee [[Sa'ad Musa|Sacad Muuse]] *[[Jam'a Omar Seed|Jaamaca Cumar Siciid]], Mid ka mid ah ganacsatada Somaliland iyo Jabuuti ee ugu dhaqaalaha badan xagga soo dejinta alaabta ee [[Ominco Company|Shirkadda Ominco]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist|30em}} qw68ptprwqzqg0knmpjtzbtbxldha0y 10 32193 310814 209795 2026-10-24T11:03:08Z Isma4l 41797 310814 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mbox | type = notice | image = [[File:Blue check.svg|30px|link=|alt=]] | imageright = {{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{Ombox/shortcut|{{{1|}}}|{{{2|}}}|{{{3|}}}|{{{4|}}}|{{{5|}}}}}}} | text = <div style="padding-top: 6px; padding-bottom: 5px;">'''[[Wikipedia:Siyaasadaha iyo tilmaamaha|Hagahan]]{{#if:{{{section|}}}|&#32;qaybtiisa}} waa qayb ka mid ah [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Buugga Habka Qoraalka]] ee Wikipedia Soomaaliga.'''<br /><div style="font-size: 90%;">Tafaftirayaashu guud ahaan waa inay raacaan, inkasta oo ay habboon tahay in lagu dabaqo [[:en:Wikipedia:What "Ignore all rules" means#Use common sense|caqli gal]], isla markaana ay jiri karaan [[Wikipedia:Iska indho tir dhammaan xeerarka|ka-reebitaanno]]. Tafatirrada {{em|muhiimka ah}} ee {{#if:{{{section|}}}|qaybtan|boggan}} [[WP:PGCHANGE|waa inay ka tarjumaan is-afgaradka]].</div></div> }}<noinclude>{{documentation}}<!-- Qaybaha iyo xiriirrada luqadaha kale ku dar bogga hoose ee /doc, halkan ha ku darin! --></noinclude> 465ao1ox871fxja1ucz2z8zjg6sy9m2 0 32751 310760 305496 2026-10-24T00:36:15Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 310760 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name = Door County, Wisconsin |official_name = |settlement_type = County |nickname = |image_skyline = DoorCountyWisconsinCourthouse.jpg |imagesize = 234px |image_caption = Xarunta Dowladda ee Door County ee ku taal Sturgeon Bay |image_flag = |image_seal = |image_map = Map_of_Wisconsin_highlighting_Door_County.svg |mapsize = 234px |map_caption = Door County ee Wisconsin |image_map1 = Wisconsin_in_United_States.svg |mapsize1 = 234px |map_caption1 = Wisconsin ee Mareykanka |pushpin_map = |pushpin_map_caption = |coordinates_display = |coordinates_region = |subdivision_type = |subdivision_type1 = |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name = |subdivision_name1 = |subdivision_name2 = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |frame_style = border:none; padding: 0; |title_style = |established_date = 1851 <!-- Area --> |unit_pref = Imperial |area_footnotes = |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = 2370 |area_land_sq_mi = 482 |area_water_sq_mi = 1888 |area_water_percent = 80 <!-- Population --> |population_as_of = |population_est = 2019 |pop_est_as_of = |pop_est_footnotes = |population_footnotes = |population_total = 27785 |population_rank = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_metro = |population_blank1_title = |population_blank1 = |population_demonym = |postal_code_type = |postal_code = |area_code = Area code 920 |timezone = [[Wakhti|CST]] |utc_offset = −06:00 |timezone_DST = CDT |utc_offset_DST = −05:00 |latd= |latm= |lat |longd= |longm= |long |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = [http://www.co.door.wi.gov Bogga rasmiga ah ee dowladda] |footnotes = }} '''Door County''' waa degmada ugu fog bariga gobolka Wisconsin ee [[Gobolada Isku Tegay ee Ameerika|Mareykanka]] . Laga soo bilaabo tirakoobkii 2010, tirada dadka ku nool gobolka waxay ahaayeen 27,785.<ref name="QF">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110606145801/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/55/55029.html State & County QuickFacts], ''United States Census Bureau''</ref> Kursiga degmadu waa Sturgeon Bay, taas oo ka dhigaysa mid ka mid ah saddexda [[degmo]] ee Wisconsin ee harada Lake Michigan inaysan yeelan kursi degmo oo isku magac ah. <ref name="GR6">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx Find a County], ''National Association of Counties''</ref> Taabadalkeed waxaa loogu magac daray marinka cidhiidhka ah ee u dhexeeya Jasiiradda Door peninsula iyo jasiirada Washington. Marinka halista ah, ee loo yaqaan Albaabka Dhimashada, waxaa ku jira maraakiib burburay wuxuuna caan ku ahaa dadkii [[Hindida Cas|asalka maraykanka ahaa]] iyo sahamiyayaashii hore ee Faransiiska Gobolka waxaa la sameeyay 1851 waxaana la abaabulay 1861. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200214002752/https://publications.newberry.org/ahcbp/documents/WI_Individual_County_Chronologies.htm Wisconsin Atlas of Historical County Boundaries], ''The Newberry Library''</ref> Degmada Door waa meel caan ah oo loo dalxiis tago. == Taariikhda == === Dhaladka Mareykanka iyo Faransiiska === ==== Halyeeygii Porte des Morts ==== Magaca Door County wuxuu ka yimid Porte des Morts oo macnaheedu yahay ("Albaabka Geerida"), waana marinka udhaxeeya jasiirada Door Peninsula iyo jasiirada Washington Island. <ref>[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States], waxaa qoray Henry Gannett, 1905, U.S. Government Printing Office</ref> Magaca "Albaabka Dhimashada" wuxuu ka yimid sheekooyinka dadkii asalka Mareykanka ahaa, oo ay maqleen sahamiyayaashii hore ee Faransiiska waxaana loo daabacay qaab aad loo qurxiyay oo uu daabacay Hjalmar Holand, kaasoo ku tilmaamay duulaan fashilmay oo ay soo qaadeen qabiilka Ho-Chunk (Winnebago) si ay uga qabsadaan Jasiiradda Washington island qabiilka la tartamaya ee Pottawatomi. horaantii 1600. Waxay la xiriirtay markabkii ku burburay marinka dhexdiisa . <ref>Kohl, Cris & Joan Forsberg, ''Shipwrecks at Death's Door'', bogga 10.</ref> === Deegaamayn iyo horumar === ==== Deegaamayntii qarnigii 19aad-20aad ==== [[File:The_Pioneer_Cemetery_at_Peninsula_State_Park..jpg|thumb|Qabrigii Increase Claflin iyo qoyskiisi.]] Qarniyadii 19aad iyo 20aad waxay arkeen socdaalka iyo deegamaysigii hormoodka, badmareenada, kalluumeysatada, dhir jarista, iyo beeraleyda. Qofkii ugu horreeyay ee deeganka daga ee caddaanna wuxuu ahaa Increase Claflin. <ref>''[http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm/ref/collection/wch/id/33982 History of Door County Wisconsin, The County Beautiful]'' waxaa qoray Hjalmar Holand, Chicago: S. J. Clarke, 1917, bogga 77.</ref> Sannadkii 1851, Degmada Door waxaa laga soocay wixii ka jiray Brown County. <ref name="2030 plan">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200113054549/http://map.co.door.wi.us/planning/Comp-Plan/2035-Update/Chapter%203%20Historical%20and%20Cultural%20Resources.pdf Door County Comprehensive Plan 2030. Chapter 3 – Historical and Cultural Resources. Volume II, Resource Report.], Table 3.1: Timeline of Historic Events in Door County, bogagga 19–20 (bogagga 4–5 ee pdf)</ref> 1853, Moravians waxay aasaaseen Efrayim inay yihiin beel diimeed ka dib markii Nils Otto Tank uu is hortaagay isku daygii iyo dib u habeynta lahaanshaha dhulka ee gumeysigii hore ee diimeedka ee u dhowaa Green Bay. <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=lxCLAFUu2RoC&pg=PA21 Inventory of the Church Archives of Wisconsin: Moravian Church], waxaa qoray Historical Records Survey, Division of Women's and Professional Projects, Works Progress Administration, 1938, bogga 21 iyo [http://history.rays-place.com/wi/door-ephraim.htm History of Ephraim, Door County, Wisconsin]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} waxaa qoray Hjalmar R. Holand, 1917</ref> Bulshada Mareykan-Madowga ah iyo jameekaan ku cibaadeysanaya West Harbor oo ku taal Jasiiradda Washington ayaa lagu sheegay 1854. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070202071808/http://www.bleidoorcountytimes.com/blogpage.asp?blogPageId=4 On Islands, Lighthouses, & The Keeper of the Light on Pilot Island: Martin Nicolai Knudsen; "A Gleam Across the Wave"], ''Norman Blei Door County Times'', Diisambar 20, 2006 (archived from the original)''</ref> Sidoo kale sanadkii 1854 xafiiskii boosto ee ugu horreeyay gobolka ayaa laga furay, Jasiiradda Washington. <ref>''[https://dokumen.pub/going-for-the-mail-a-history-of-door-county-post-offices-0964149931.html Going For The Mail: A History Of Door County Post Offices]'' waxaa qoray James B. Hale, Brown County Historical Society: Green Bay, WI. 1996. Full text on dokumen.pub</ref> Sanadkii 1855, afar qof oo Irish ah ayaa si kama 'ah uga tagtay doontii ay saaraayeen, taasoo horseeday dejinta iyo deegamaynta meesha hadda loo yaqaan Forestville. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200113054804/http://map.co.door.wi.us/planning/Comp-Plan/Completed/Village%20of%20Forestville%20Comp%20Plan%202009.pdf Village of Forestville Comprehensive Plan], Sebtember 11th, 2009, bogagga 14–16 ee dukumintiga</ref> Qarnigii 19aad, soogalooti baaxad weyn oo ka socda Walloons-ka [[Beljim|Beljamka]] ayaa soo degay gobol yar oo ku yaal qaybta koonfureed ee gobolka,<ref name="Soucek 2011">[https://books.google.com/books?id=dPl-CQAAQBAJ&pg=PT11 Door County Tales: Shipwrecks, Cherries and Goats on the Roof] waxaa qoray G. Soucek, 2011</ref> oo ay ku jirto aagga loo qoondeeyey inay tahay Degmada Taariikheed ee Namur. Waxay dhiseen votive chapels, qaarkoodna ilaa maanta la isticmaalo, <ref>[https://doorcountypulse.com/small-sacred-spaces-preserved/ Southern Door County's Belgian Wayside Chapels] waxaa qoray ''Door County Living'', May 1, 2009, [https://www.doorcounty.com/experience/worship/belgian-chapels/ Where to Find Belgian Chapels in Door County] {{Wayback|url=https://www.doorcounty.com/experience/worship/belgian-chapels/ |date=20210624200700 }}, ''Door County Visitor Bureau'' iyo [https://www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?msa=0&hl=en&ie=UTF8&t=p&ll=44.7283540095412%2C-87.50432131385733&spn=0.341371%2C0.583649&z=10&source=embed&mid=12Ose-DUL7MCyf8vnE4rKSBZspG0 Wisconsin Belgian Roadside Chapels] in Google Maps</ref> waxayna dhaqammo kale ka keeneen Yurub sida xafladda iida harvest festival ee Kermiss. <ref>Holand, Hjalmar Rued, Wisconsin's Belgian community: an account of the early events in the Belgian settlement in northeastern Wisconsin with particular reference to the Belgians in Door County, [https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://images.library.wisc.edu/WI/EFacs/USAIN/BelgComm/reference/wi.belgcomm.i0013.pdf Chapter VII Belgian Characteristics and Customs], bogga 82 ff, 1933. See also the [http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/WI.BelgComm Table of Contents] for the entire book.</ref> Markii la meel mariyay Homestead Act of 1862 (Sharciga Guryaha ee 1862), dadku waxay iibsan karayeen 80 hektar oo dhul ah $18 oo keliya haddii ay degaan dhulka, hagaajiyaan, oo ay beeraha beertaan muddo shan sano ah. Tani waxay ka dhigtay degitaanka degmada Door mid la awoodi karo. Markii [[Dab|dabkii]] Peshtigo ee 1871 uu gubay magaalada Williamsonville, lixdan qof ayaa ku dhintay. Aagga ay masiibadani hadda ka dhacday waa Tornado Memorial County Park, oo loogu magac daray dab-damiskii kaas oo halkaas ka dhacay. <ref>[https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://images.library.wisc.edu/WI/EFacs/transactions/WT1990/reference/wi.wt1990.jmmoran.pdf Tornadoes of Fire at Williamsonville, Wisconsin, Oktoobar 8, 1871] waxaa qoray Joseph M. Moran iyo E. Lee Somerville, 1990, Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters, 31 bogagga</ref> <ref>[https://doorcountypulse.com/fire-took-williamsonville/ The Fire That Took Williamsonville], waxaa qoray Justin Skiba, ''Door County Living'' Sebtember 2, 2016 </ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200113055040/http://map.co.door.wi.us/parks/kiosks/Tornado.pdf Tornado Memorial Park] kiosk historical notes, also see [http://archaeolab.anthro.uwm.edu/WIS_57_Project/WIS_57_Public_Interpretation/WIS_57_Documents/Summary_Handout_(Version_3).pdf bogga 19] {{Wayback|url=http://archaeolab.anthro.uwm.edu/WIS_57_Project/WIS_57_Public_Interpretation/WIS_57_Documents/Summary_Handout_(Version_3).pdf |date=20210624200537 }} ee County C Park and Ride lot panel draft pdf</ref> Isku soo wada duuboo, 128 qof oo ka tirsan gobolka ayaa ku halaagmay oo ku nafwaayey dabkii Peshtigo. <ref name="2030 plan2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200113054549/http://map.co.door.wi.us/planning/Comp-Plan/2035-Update/Chapter%203%20Historical%20and%20Cultural%20Resources.pdf Door County Comprehensive Plan 2030. Chapter 3 – Historical and Cultural Resources. Volume II, Resource Report.], Table 3.1: Timeline of Historic Events in Door County, bogagga 19–20 (bogagga 4–5 ee pdf)</ref> Dabkii iyo masiibadii ka dib, qaar ka mid ah dadka deegaanka ayaa go'aansaday inay isticmaalaan leben halkii ay ka isticmaali lahaayeen alwaax. <ref>[https://dc.uwm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1191&context=etd Brick by Brick: A Comparative pXRF Analysis of Brickworks and Structures in the Belgian-American Community ee Door Peninsula] waxaa qoray Lisa Marie Zimmerman, unpublished M.S. thesis, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, 2013 iyo [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89065971202&view=1up&seq=169 Old World Wisconsin: around Europe in the Badger State] waxaa qoray Fred L. Holmes. E. M. Hale and Company, 1944, bogga 163 (169 ee pdf)</ref> Sannadkii 1885 ama 1886, waxaa laga aasaasay waxa hadda loo yaqaan Saldhigga Ilaalada Xeebaha ee Sturgeon Bay. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200113055046/http://map.co.door.wi.us/planning/Comp-Plan/Transportation_Profile_DRAFT.pdf II. Transportation Profile Draft], waxaa qoray the Door County Comprehensive Plan 2030 Transportation Advisory Workgroup, bogga 5 ee pdf</ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080925200639/http://uscg.mil/history/stations/STURGEONBAYCANAL.pdf Station Sturgeon Bay Canal, Wisconsin], ''United States Coast Guard History Program'', United States Coast Guard</ref> Saldhigga yar ee xilliyada-qaar furan ee Jasiiradda Washington isna waxaa la aasaasay 1902. <ref name="WashingtonIsland">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025025700/http://www.uscg.mil/d9/sectlakemichigan/STAWashingtonIslandUO.pdf USCG Station Washington Island], United States Coast Guard</ref> Markii muddada deegaamayntu socotey, Dhaladka Mareykanka waxay ahayeen dad laga tiro badanyahay oo ku nool jasiirada Door County . Tirakoobkii sanadkii 1890-kii wuxuu sheegay 22 Hindi ah oo ku nool Degmada jasiirada Door. Iyagu way is taageereen, waxay ku xirnaayeen canshuur, mana helin raashin. <ref>[https://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1890a_v10-30.pdf Total Indian Population as of Juun 1, 1890] ''Bureau of the Census'', bogga 1 ee pdf.</ref> Markii la gaadhay tirakoobkii sanadkii 1910-kii tiradoodu waxay hoos ugu dhacday ilaa sagaal qof. <ref>Table 7. Indians, Chinese, and Japanese, For Counties and For Cities of 25,000 or More: 1920, 1920, and 1900. [https://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/06229686v44-49ch5.pdf Fourteenth Census of the United States: State Compendium: Wisconsin] ''Bureau of the Census'', 1925, bogga 33 (bogga 35 ee pdf)</ref> Sannadkii 1894-kii ayaa Ahnapee iyo Western Railway lagu soo kordhiyay Sturgeon Bay. Sannadkii 1969-kii, tareen ayaa woqooyiga Algoma kasoo gali jiray gobolka markii ugu dambaysay, <ref>[https://doorcountypulse.com/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-ahnapee-western-railway/ The Rise and Fall of the Ahnapee & Western Railway] waxaa qoray Myles Dannhausen Jr. iyo Patty Williamson, ''Door County Living'' Nofeembar 15, 2011</ref> in kastoo tareenno dheeri ah oo koonfurta ka yimaada ay ka shaqayn jireen ilaa iyo sanadkii 1986 <ref name="Mailer">''Green Bay & Western The First 111 Years'' waxaa qoray Mailer, Stan, Hundman Publishing, 1989</ref> ==== Dalxiis-yadii Hore ==== [[File:Excursion party on Sailor Boy.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Laga soo qaatay kaarka boostada lagu calaamadeeyay [[1906]] ee Sturgeon Bay]] [[File:Cedar_Glen,_one_of_themany_free_tourists%27_camp_sites_in_Peninsula_State_Park,_Door_County,..._(NBY_562).jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Kaadh boosta [[1924]]]] [[File:Children enjoy picking cherries in Door County orchards.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Laga soo bilaabo buug-yaraha xayaysiinta ee sanadkii [[1914]]-kii, cinwaan ayaa loo tarjumay "Carruurtu waxay ku raaxaystaan ​​inay soo goostaan ​​canabka beeraha ee Degmada Door"]] Laga soo bilaabo sanadkii [[1865]]-kii illaa sanadkii [[1870]]-kii, seddex hudheel dalxiis ayaa laga dhisay gudaha iyo hareeraha Sturgeon Bay iyo mid kale oo ku yaal Fish Creek. Hal meel oo dalxiis oo weyn ayaa laga aasaasay sanadkaa [[1870]], iyadoo qiimaheedu ahaa $7.50 asbuucii (oo u dhiganta $150 sanadka [[2020]]). In kasta oo qiimaha ay ku jirto saddex cunto oo maalinle ah, haddana lacag dheeri ah ayaa lagu soo rogay oo ah kireynta fardaha, oo sidoo kale laga heli karo bajaajleyda iyo wadayaasha baabuurta. <ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/title/door-county-wisconsins-peninsular-jewel/oclc/767578020 Door County Wisconsin's Peninsular Jewel] waxaa qoray Bruce Thomas, [[1993]], bogagga 33–34, iyo 41, also see the inflation calculator from [https://www.measuringworth.com/dollarvaluetoday/?amount=145001890&from=1870 measuringworth.com] {{Wayback|url=https://www.measuringworth.com/dollarvaluetoday/?amount=145001890&from=1870 |date=20210624202745 }}</ref> Ka sokow joogitaanka hudheelada, dalxiisayaashu waxay kaloo degi jireen guryo gaar loo leeyahay. Dalxiisayaashu waxay booqan jireen qaybta woqooyi ee gobolka iyagoo raaca markabo yaryar oo rakaaba kuwaaso loo yaqaan 'Great Lakes', mararka qaarna waxay qayb ka yihiin harada dalxiis ee ay ku jiraan muusikada iyo madadaalada. <ref>[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015071189941&view=1up&seq=5 Ships and Shipwrecks in Door County, Wisconsin, Volume 2] waxaa qoray Arthur C. iyo Lucy F. Frederickson, Frankfort, Michigan, [[1963]], bogga 3 (bogga 5 ee pdf)</ref> Gaaritaanka jasiiradda peninsula marka laga soo tago Chicago waxay qaadanjirtey saddex maalmood. Hawada ku hareeraysan bulshooyinka beeralayda ayaa ahayd mid fiican oo aan lahayn kulayl iyo wasakh maxaa yeelay dalagyada miraha ayaa si tartiib ah ugu bislaan jirey cimilada qabow waxaana la goosan jiray miraha dabayaaqada sanadka. Tani waxay ka hor tagtay xilliyadii dambe ee dalaga la goosan jirey. Tani waxay si gaar ah u soo jiidatay dadka qaba cudurka sanboorka ee magaalada ku noola. <ref name="Hart2">Hart, John Fraser. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/214100 Resort Areas in Wisconsin]. ''Geographical Review 74''(2) [[1984]], bogagga 206, 207, iyo 198–200 iyo [https://archive.org/stream/americanbeejourn411901hami/#page/597/mode/1up A Bee-keeper's Vacation Spent in Wisconsin] waxaa qoray C. F. Dadant, Sebtember 19, [[1901]] in ''American Bee Journal 41''(38): Chicago, bogga 957</ref> Wadooyinka waaweyn ee la hagaajiyay ee dhagaxa laga jajabiyey waxay fududeeyeen dalxiisyadii gawaarida horaantii sanadkii1900. <ref name="2030 plan3">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200113054549/http://map.co.door.wi.us/planning/Comp-Plan/2035-Update/Chapter%203%20Historical%20and%20Cultural%20Resources.pdf Door County Comprehensive Plan 2030. Chapter 3 – Historical and Cultural Resources. Volume II, Resource Report.], Table 3.1: Timeline of Historic Events in Door County, bogagga 19–20 (bogagga 4–5 ee pdf)</ref> taariikhdu Markay ahayd sanadkii 1909 ugu yaraan 1,000 dalxiisayaal ah ayaa soo booqan jirey sanadkiiba. <ref>[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc2.ark:/13960/t7br8sm8w&view=1up&seq=47 State parks for Wisconsin. Report of John Nolen, Landscape Architect, With Letter of Transmittal by State Park Board], waxaa qoray John Nolen, 1909, bogga 31 (bogga 47 ee pdf)</ref> Sanadkii 1938 Jens Jensen wuxuu ka digay saamaynta dhaqan xumo ee dalxiisayaasha imanaya. Wuxuu qoray, "Degmada Door si tartiib tartiib ah ayay u burburiyeen nacasyada lacagta wata. Ganacsigan dalxiisku wuxuu burburinayaa dhaqankii yaraa ee jiray. " <ref>quotation taken from the Green Bay Press Gazette, Juun 15, 1938 on bogga 194 of ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=9rU-KxYpaM8C&pg=PA194&lpg=PA194&dq=%22Door+County+is+slowly+being+ruined+by+the+stupid+money+crazed+fools.+This+tourist+business+is+destroying+the+little+bit+of+culture+that+was%22&source=bl&ots=V-ABxYH-kU&sig=ACfU3U0CEeGR5CDXZrbAKxG747cPVRRtqA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiHjpmjoMDmAhVXBc0KHT79CgAQ6AEwAHoECAEQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Door%20County%20is%20slowly%20being%20ruined%20by%20the%20stupid%20money%20crazed%20fools.%20This%20tourist%20business%20is%20destroying%20the%20little%20bit%20of%20culture%20that%20was%22&f=false Door County's Emerald Treasure: A History of Peninsula State Park]'' waxaa qoray William H. Tishler, Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, 2006</ref> ==== Xoojinta Beeraha ==== Sannadkii 1865, hawlgalkii ugu horreeyay ee miro ganacsi ayaa la aasaasay markii canab lagu beeray mid ka mid ah Jasiiradaha Strawberry. taariikhdu Markay ahayd sanadkii1895, waxaa la aasaasay xanaanada dhirta miraha waaweyn oo midho-dhalinta khudradda si xoog leh loo dallacsiiyay. Maaha beeraleyda oo keliya laakiin xitaa ragga "magaalada lagu soocay" waxaa lagu booriyay inay u tixgeliyaan beerashada miraha sida shaqada oo kale. Midkii ugu horreeyay ee iskaashatooyin ah kuwaaso suuq geyn u leh miro badan ayaa la bilaabay 1897. Marka lagu daro geedaha ay maamulaan shirkaduhu, 1910 shirkaddii ugu horreysay waxaa loo aasaasay inay beerto oo iibiso geedo hore loo aasaasay. In kasta oo geedaha tufaaxu ka horreeyeen geedaha canabka, haddana sanadkii 1913 waxaa la soo sheegay in canabku uu dhaafay tufaaxa. <ref name="Cain">[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/005752947 The Development of Apple Horticulture in Wisconsin, 1850s-1950s: Case Studies of Bayfield, Crawford, and Door Counties], Chapter 4, Door County Apple Horticulture waxaa qoray Cain, Cortney, M.A. thesis, UW-Madison, May 2006</ref> ==== Canabka, ilaha shaqada dalagga ==== Haweenka iyo carruurta ayaa sida caadiga ah loo shaqaaleeyay inay soo guraan miraha , laakiin shaqada la hayo ayaa ka sarreysa sahayda shaqaalaha. taariikhdu Markay ahayd sanadkii 1918, way adkeyd in la helo caawimaad ku filan si loo soo qaado dalagyada miraha, sidaa darteed shaqaalaha waxaa keenay YMCA iyo Boy Scouts of America. Soo qaadista canabka waxaa loo suuq geyn jiray sidii nashaadaad xagaaga ah oo wanaagsan oo loogu talagalay wiilasha dhalinyarada ah si loogu celiyo qolka, guddiga, iyo howlaha madadaalada. Hal beerood ayaa ciyaartoy ka kirestay Green Bay Packers iyagoo ah la taliyayaasha kaamka. Intaa waxaa sii dheer, xubno ka socda Oneida Nation ee Wisconsin iyo qabiilooyinka kale ee asalka ah ayaa loo shaqaaleeyay inay soo qaadaan miraha canabka. <ref>[https://minds.wisconsin.edu/bitstream/handle/1793/68290/Bankston%20Jarocki%20Miller.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Geography of Apple Orchards in Wisconsin: Examining the Core of Cultivation]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} waxaa qoray Kody Bankston, Morgan Jarocki, iyo Adrienne Miller, unpublished student paper, UW-Madison, 2012</ref> <ref>[https://wi101.wisc.edu/2017/07/01/migrant-labor-and-door-county-cherries/ Migrant Labor and Door County Cherries] {{Wayback|url=https://wi101.wisc.edu/2017/07/01/migrant-labor-and-door-county-cherries/ |date=20220223190334 }} waxaa qoray Emily Irwin, Luulyo 1, 2017</ref> Mushaharkooda ka sokow, qoysaska Dhaladka Mareykanka ah waxaa la siiyay miro u bisil suuqgaynta, oo ay keydiyeen una keydsadeen adeegsiga muddada dheer. <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=9fHADAAAQBAJ&pg=PT29 Good Seeds: A Menominee Indian Food Memoir] waxaa qoray Thomas Pecore Weso, Wisconsin Historical Society Press, 2016, bogga 29</ref> Xero lagu ilaaliyo dadka rayidka ah ayaa laga sameeyay [[Peninsula State Park]] intii lagu jiray Murugada Weyn. Xilligii xagaaga ee sanadkii 1945, Fish Creek waxay ahayd goob xero POW ah oo hoos tagta xero ku taal Fort Sheridan, Illinois. <ref>Mariah Goode. "[https://doorcountypulse.com/the-harvest-of-1945/ The Harvest of 1945: German POW Camps Filled Door County's Labor Shortage]". ''Door County Pulse'', Luulyo 1, 2005.</ref> <ref>cheyenne Lentz. "[https://www.wpr.org/story-wisconsins-german-pows-piece-hidden-history-author-says Story Of Wisconsin's German POWs Is A Piece Of Hidden History, Author Says]". ''Wisconsin Public Radio'', Juun 23, 2015.</ref> <ref>Damien Jaques. "[https://onmilwaukee.com/myOMC/authors/damienjaques/vicfarm12.html Cherry picking with German POWs in Door County]". ''On Milwaukee'', Luulyo 9, 2012.</ref> [[Jarmalka|Maxaabiista Jarmalka]] ah waxay ku mashquulsanaayeen mashaariic dhismo, qoryo ayey dhisi jareen, waxayna soo gurteen canabka Jasiiradda Peninsula State Park iyo nawaaxigeeda. <ref name="Tishler 2006">[https://books.google.com/books?id=9rU-KxYpaM8C&pg=PA154 Door County's Emerald Treasure: A History of Peninsula State Park], Tishler, W.H., University of Wisconsin Press, 2006</ref> Intii lagu gudajiray shaqo joojin kooban, POWs ayaa diiday inay shaqeeyaan. Jawaabta ayay ilaalayaashu dejiyeen siyaasad "shaqo majiro, waxna ha cunin" waxayna ku noqdeen shaqadoodii, iyaga oo ka guraya 11 baal maalin walba ugu dambayntiina isku darka waxay gaarayaan 508,020 pails. <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=zD-kby0LiuEC&pg=PA240 Stalag Wisconsin: Inside WW II Prisoner-of-war Camps], waxaa qoray Betty Cowley, Oregon, Wisconsin: Badger Books, 2002, Section on Camp Sturgeon Bay 1945, bogagga 240 iyo 243</ref> Adeegga Shaqaalaynta ee Gobolka Wisconsin wuxuu xafiis ka sameeyay degmada Door sanadkii 1949 si uu u goro [[Texas|Tejanos]] si uu u soo qaado miraha canabka. Shaqadu waxay ahayd mid aan la saadaalin karin, maadaama goosashada miraha canabku ay liidatay sanadaha qaarkood shaqaaluhuna lagu siin jiray qadarka ay soo saareen. Sannadkii 1951, Waaxda Daryeelka Dadweynaha ee Wisconsin waxay samaysay daraasad lagu diiwaan gelinayo isku dhaca u dhexeeya shaqaalaha muhaajiriinta ah iyo dalxiisayaasha, kuwaas oo ka xumaaday joogitaanka qoysaska muhaajiriinta ah ee aagagga fasaxa dadweynaha. <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=VXg3DwAAQBAJ Mexicans in Wisconsin] waxaa qoray Sergio González, Wisconsin Historical Society Press, 2017</ref> Liiska talooyinka ayaa loo diyaariyey si loo hagaajiyo xiriirka jinsiyadaha. <ref>The list is found on bogagga 51 ff of [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89096552690&view=1up&seq=51 Migrant agricultural workers in Door County] waxaa qoray Division for Children and Youth, State Department of Public Welfare, Wisconsin, 1951</ref> Shaqaalaynta muhaajiriinta ayaa sii socota ilaa maanta. Sannadkii 2013, waxaa gobolka ka jiray saddex xero shaqo oo muhaajiriin ah, oo ay ku noolyihiin wadar ahaan 57 xoogsato iyo xoogsade ka shaqeeya iyo shan qof oo aan shaqaale ahayn. <ref>[https://web.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-101914-093218/unrestricted/Farm_Labor__IQP_Report.pdf Developing Strategies to Improve Farm Labor Camp Housing Policy in Massachusetts] {{Wayback|url=https://web.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-101914-093218/unrestricted/Farm_Labor__IQP_Report.pdf |date=20210721041341 }}, waxaa qoray Daniel MacVeigh-Fierro Samantha Ricci Damani Walder, Worcester Polytechnic Institute Boston Project Center B.S. Interactive Qualifying Project, bogga 65 (bogga 79 ee pdf)</ref> ==== Dhacdooyinkii qarnigii 20 –aad-21aad ==== Sannadkii 1905, ''Lilly Amiot'' wuxuu ku sugnaa Ellison Bay waxana uu saarnaa xamuul siday shidaal markii uu dab qabsaday. Ka dib markii la gooyay dabacsan, wuu rogmaday ilaa uu ka qarxayey; qaraxa waxaa laga maqlay meel 15 mayl u jirta goobta. <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=4CBCcye0n6IC&pg=PA41&lpg=PA41 Shipwrecks of Lake Michigan] waxaa qoray Benjamin J. Shelak, Black Earth, Wisconsin: Trails Books, 2003, bogga 41</ref> Sannadkii 1912, duuliye diyaaradeed Lincoln Beachey ayaa soo bandhigay biplanekiisa intii lagu gudo jiray carwadii degmada; tan waxaa la rumeysan yahay inay tahay duullimaadkii ugu horreeyay ee ku dega gobolka. <ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20200113055650/http://map.co.door.wi.us/airport/They%20Wanted%20Wings-History%20of%20Door%20County%20Aviation.pdf They Wanted Wings: A History of Door County Aviation]'' waxaa qoray John Enigl iyo Wallace "Bud" Felhofer, 2001, bogga 5 (bogga 11 ee pdf)</ref> Sannadkii 1913, ''The Old Rugged Cross'' waxaa markii ugu horraysay ee laga heesay Kaniisadda loo yaqaan Saaxiibbada ee ku taal Sturgeon Bay iyada oo ay wada socdaan laba daaci oo socdaal ah. <ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=FjBdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA113 Hidden History of Sturgeon Bay]''by Heidi Hodges and Kathy Steebs, Charleston, North Carolina: The History Press, 2018, bogga 113</ref> Sannadkii 1919-kii, tartankii ugu horreeyay ee loo yaqaan 'Hydro-Navy hydrogen balloon' waxaa ku guuleystay koox ciidan ah oo buufinkoodu ku dhacday marinka Albaabka Dhimashada. Laba askari ayaa u adkeystay mowjado 10-cag ah saacad ka hor inta aanu badbaadin nin kalluumeysato ah. <ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20200113055650/http://map.co.door.wi.us/airport/They%20Wanted%20Wings-History%20of%20Door%20County%20Aviation.pdf They Wanted Wings: A History of Door County Aviation]'' waxaa qoray John Enigl and Wallace "Bud" Felhofer, 2001, bogga 13 (bogga 19 ee pdf) and [https://books.google.com/books?id=XHvCTAFtLIsC&pg=RA1-PA33&dq=%22First+Army-Navy+Balloon+Race%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHzb7i997mAhVJZc0KHa9lBCQQ6AEwAHoECAEQAg#v=onepage&q=%22First%20Army-Navy%20Balloon%20Race%22&f=false U.S. Air Services, Volumes 2–4], bogga 33</ref> Sannadkii 1925-kii, lo ku nool Horseshoe Bay oo la yiraahdo Aurora Homestead Badger ayaa soo saartay 30,000 oo rodol oo caano ah, xilligaas oo taasi noqotay rikoor caalami ah oo lo'da caanaha laga helo ah. <ref>[https://doorcountypulse.com/horseshoe-bay-farms/ Horseshoe Bay Farms Still Stands Tall] waxaa qoray Myles Dannhausen Jr., ''Door County Living'' May 1, 2013</ref> Bishii Juun ee sanadkiii1938, sawirro hawada laga qaaday ayaa laga qaaday gobolka oo dhan; sanadkii 2011 sawirada waxaa lasoo geliyay internetka. <ref>They are available from the [https://maps.sco.wisc.edu/WHAIFinder/#9/44.9162/-87.5226 WHAIFinder] application, for reference see [https://www.sco.wisc.edu/2011/02/23/wisconsin-historic-aerial-photographs-now-available-online/ Wisconsin historic aerial photographs now available online] waxaa qoray Howard Veregin, ''Wisconsin Geospatial News'', Febraayo 23, 2011</ref> 1941, Dugsiga Xirfadaha ee Sturgeon Bay ayaa la furay. Hadda waa xerada Sturgeon Bay ee Northeast Wisconsin Technical College. Bishii Diseembar ee sanadkii1959, ''Bridgebuilder X'' ayaa la waayey ka dib markii uu ka tegey xero markab oo ku taal Sturgeon Bay halkaas oo lagu hagaajiyey. Meelaha loogu tala galay in la tago waxay ahaayeen Northport iyo South Fox Island. Waxyaabaha suurtagalka ah waxaa ka mid ahaa la'aanta ballastiis iyo horumar lama filaan ah oo hirarka 11-cagood ah. Mid ka mid ah labada shaqaale ayaa meydkiisa la helay xagaagii xigay. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200207065910/https://upnorthlive.com/news/neighborhood/more-mysteries-in-the-great-lakes More Mysteries in the Great Lakes] (Archived Febraayo 7, 2020) waxaa qoray Meghan Morelli, ''WPBN-TV'', Diisambar 14, 2012, also see [https://web.archive.org/web/20191123101947/https://michiganmysteries.com/missing-ships/1959-bridgebuilder-x/ 1959 Bridgebuilder X] (Archived Nofeembar 23, 2019) waxaa qoray Ross Richardson, ''Michigan Mysteries''</ref> Sannadkii 2004, degmadu waxay billowday [[Magaalada mataano|xiriir magaalooyin walaasheed]] la leh Jingdezhen oo ku yaal koonfur-bari [[Shiinaha]]. <ref>[https://doorcountypulse.com/door-county-and-jingdezhen-china/ Door County and Jingdezhen, China: Sister Cities] waxaa qoray ''Door County Living'', Luulyo 1, 2004, accessed Diisambar 12, 2019</ref> == Juqraafiga == Sida laga soo xigtay Xafiiska Tirakoobka Mareykanka, gobolka wuxuu leeyahay aag guud oo dhan {{Convert|2370|sqmi}} , oo ka mid ah {{Convert|482|sqmi}} waa dhul iyo {{Convert|1888|sqmi}} (80%) waa biyo. <ref name="GR1">[http://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/counties_list_55.txt 2010 Census Gazetteer Files], United States Census Bureau, Ogosto 22, 2012</ref> Waxana uu noqonaya degmada ugu weyn Wisconsin marka loo eego wadarta aagagga. Degmadu waxay leedahay {{Convert|298|miles|meters}} oo xeeb ah, taas oo guud ahaan lagu tilmaamo kala-goynta dhinaca galbeed. Dhinaca bari peat waxaa soo raaca cows iyo xeebo ciid ah ama quruurux ah oo ku yaala hareeraha harada. <ref>[https://www.blogs.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/wisconsin/doorWI1918/doorWI1918.pdf Soil Survey of Door County, Wisconsin] {{Wayback|url=https://www.blogs.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/wisconsin/doorWI1918/doorWI1918.pdf |date=20210604104655 }} waxaa qoray W. J. Geib, Carl Thompson, and H.V. Geib, USDA Bureau of Soils, 1918, bogga 6, (bogga 8 ee pdf)</ref> Sannado badan oo hoos u dhacday heerarka biyaha haradu, ubaxyada ku teedsan xeebta waxay muujineysaa isku-xigsi dhir. Badhtamaha Jasiiraddu inta badan waa dhul fidsan ama rogan oo dhul beereed ah. Waxaa jira saddex biyood oo kala duwan iyo laba nooc oo ilo ah oo ka jira degmada. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200126061420/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/c490/eda3b833bb470534ca519baf1c4ce74a54f5.pdf Geology and ground water in Door County, Wisconsin, with emphasis on contamination potential in the Silurian dolomite] waxaa qoray M.G. Sherrill Section: "Hydrologic Characteristics of Rock Units," 1978, U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2047, bogagga 11–12</ref> <ref>[https://uwex.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapSeries/index.html?appid=5f3157d4ba6049edb4964568f6ab1ff9 Wisconsin Springs: Data], see the four points located in the county on the electronic map, Susan Swanson, Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey</ref> Degmadu waxay dabooshaa inta badan Jasiiradda Door. Markii la dhammeeyey kanaalka Maraakiibta ee Sturgeon Bay sanadkii 1881, <ref name="Wardius Wardius 2013">[https://books.google.com/books?id=iVecpMd_5AAC&pg=PA100 Wisconsin Lighthouses: A Photographic and Historical Guide, Revised Edition], K. Wardius iyo B. Wardius, Wisconsin Historical Society Press, 2013, 100–25</ref> qeybtii woqooyi ee jasiiraddu waxay noqotay jasiirad macmal ah. <ref>''Great Lakes Island Escapes'' waxaa qoray Maureen Dunphy, chapter on [https://muse.jhu.edu/chapter/1916900 Washington Island, Wisconsin], bogga 64 (bogga 3 ee pdf), Wayne State University Press, 2016</ref> Kanaalkan ayaa la rumeysan yahay inuu si uun u sababay hoos u dhac ku yimaad shahwada tirada badan ee ku sugan harada badda sababo la xiriira isbeddelada ku dhaca deegaanka biyaha ku jira. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200113055938/https://www.sturgeonbaywi.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/comprehensive-plan-update-2010-adopted1.pdf City of Sturgeon Bay Comprehensive Plan Update], 2010, chapter 2 bogga 2 (bogga 14 ee pdf)</ref> Is barbar dhigga woqooyi ee 45aad wuxuu ka kooban yahay "jasiiradda," tanna waxaa lagu xusaa Park Meridian Park. <ref>{[https://www.co.door.wi.gov/746/Meridian-County-Park Meridian County Park], Door County Parks</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Meridian County Park and Harter-Matter Sanctuary Map and trail guide |url=https://kangaroolake.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/MERIDIAN-CO-PARK.pdf |access-date=2021-06-22 |archive-date=2022-10-09 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://kangaroolake.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/MERIDIAN-CO-PARK.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> === Soo-kabashada === Dolomite outcroppings ah ee Escarpment Niagara waxa ay ka muuqdan labada xeebood ee Jasiiradda, laakiin karst qaababka ah Cuesta xigtaa si gaar ah caan u ah dhinaca Green Bay sida arkay at the Blufflands Bayshore. Koofurta Sturgeon Bay soohdintu waxay u kala baxdaa qulqulo hoose oo badan iyada oo aan wejiyada dhagxaanta waaweyn ee la soo bandhigin. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100228152419/http://www.dnr.wi.gov/master_planning/land_legacy/documents/clakemich.pdf Chapter 8: Central Lake Michigan Coastal Ecological Landscape], subsection on Bedrock Geology from ''The ecological landscapes of Wisconsin: An assessment of ecological resources and a guide to planning sustainable management.'' Madison: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 2015. PUB-SS-1131Q 2015, bogga J-5 (bogga 15 ee pdf)</ref> Godad badan ayaa laga helaa qafiska. <ref>[https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2047/report.pdf Geology and Ground Water in Door County, Wisconsin, with Emphasis on Contamination Potential in the Silurian Dolomite] waxaa qoray M. G. Sherrill, United States Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2047. 1978, locations of caves are shown on Plate 1</ref> <ref>[https://www.wisconsinlife.org/story/man-goes-deep-to-explore-preserve-the-hidden-treasures-of-door-countys-caves/ Man Goes Deep To Explore, Preserve The Hidden Treasures Of Door County's Caves], waxaa qoray Joel Waldinger, Oktoobar 14, 2014, ''Wisconsin Life'' PBS</ref> Marka laga soo tago cirifka woqooyi ee jasiiradda, cirifka qayb ahaan hoosta ka sameysan ayaa sameeya jasiiradaha Potawatomi, oo u fidsan Jasiiradda ee Jasiiradda Sare ee Michigan. Kuwani waxaa ugu weyn Jasiiradda Washington. Intooda badani waxay sameystaan Magaalada Washington.<ref>[https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/wisconsin/doorWI1978/door.pdf Soil Survey of Door County, Wisconsin] {{Wayback|url=https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/wisconsin/doorWI1978/door.pdf |date=20210624200024 }}, USDA SCS, Diisambar 1978</ref> Kala bixintu waa goob soo jiidasho leh oo loogu talagalay qodista, guryaha, iyo munaaradaha isgaarsiinta. <ref>[https://dnr.wi.gov/files/PDF/pubs/er/ER0801.pdf The Niagara Escarpment: Inventory Findings 1999–2001 and Considerations for Management. Final Report], Craig Anderson, Eric Epstein, William Smith, Nicole Merryfield, May 2002, Natural Heritage Inventory Program Bureau of Endangered Resources Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, bogga 32 (bogga 40 ee pdf)</ref> Goob hore oo dhagax laga qoday oo ku taal xeebta oo shan mayl xaga waqooyi-bari ee Sturgeon Bay hadda waa jardiinooyin degmo. <ref name="Quarry">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200127092530/http://map.co.door.wi.us/parks/kiosks/George_PINNEY.pdf George Pinney County Park kiosk information], ''Door County Parks''</ref> [[File:Gfp-wisconsin-whitefish-dunes-top-of-the-dune.jpg|thumb|Ka eeg xagga kore ee Old Baldy bisha Ogosto]] === Dhibco sare === Eskers waa waxa kaliya ee laga helo geeska fog koonfur-galbeed ee gobolka, laakiin drumlins yar iyo weynba moraines sidoo kale sii dhacaan ilaa Jasiiradda. <ref>[https://arcg.is/0D5bvf Wisconsin Geology] electronic map, in the Layer List, "Landforms features (lines)" was selected to show the glacial landforms</ref> 102kii&nbsp;feet sare Brussels Hill <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200113060255/http://map.co.door.wi.us/planning/Comp-Plan/Completed/Town%20of%20Gardner%20Comp%20Plan%20Text%20and%20Maps.pdf Town of Gardner 20 Year Comprehensive Plan], Janaayo 2010, Chapter 5, bogga 15 (bogga 78 ee pdf)</ref> ({{Coord|44.75166|-87.59093|dim:30_region:US-WI_type:hill}}, sare u qaadis 851 feet) waa meesha ugu sarreysa ee gobolka. <ref>[http://media.baylakerpc.org/media/34694/t%20brussels.pdf Town of Brussels 2020 Comprehensive Plan] {{Wayback|url=http://media.baylakerpc.org/media/34694/t%20brussels.pdf |date=20200113060257 }}, Chapter 2, bogga 30 (bogga 56 ee pdf)</ref> Red Hill Woods ee u dhow waa keynta ugu weyn ee hartay maple-beech aagga. <ref>Wisconsin Land Legacy Report, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100228152419/http://www.dnr.wi.gov/master_planning/land_legacy/documents/clakemich.pdf Central Lake Michigan Coastal ecological landscape], subsection "Red Hill Woods – Brussels Grassland", bogga 134 (bogga 7 ee pdf), 2006, ''Wisconsin DNR''</ref> Old Baldy ({{Coord|44.920344|-87.20192|dim:30_region:US-WI_type:dune}} ) waa bacaad ciida ugu dheer ee gobolka <ref>[https://www.travelwisconsin.com/article/things-to-do/get-a-birds-eye-view-of-wisconsins-fall-color Get A Bird's Eye View of Wisconsin's Fall Color] waxaa qoray Travel Wisconsin, Sept. 21, 2017</ref> at 93 feet heer ka sarreeya gudubno. <ref>Note that lake level changes from year to year. [https://dnr.wi.gov/topic/parks/name/whitefish/trails.html Whitefish Dunes State Park Trail descriptions], ''Wisconsin DNR'', Maarso 20th 2016, accessed Sebtember 7th, 2019</ref> === Cimilada === Degmadu waxay leedahay [[Cimilada]] qaaradda ee qoyan| cimilo qaaradeed oo qoyan (oo loo yaqaan 'Dfb' oo ku taal [Köppen ) oo leh kuleyl diirran iyo qabow [[baraf]] qabaw. Xogta laga helay Saldhigga Cilmi-baarista Beeraha ee Peninsula ee waqooyiga magaalada Sturgeon Bay waxay bixisay celcelis ahaan heerkulka bil kasta oo in uu u dhexeeyo {{Convert|68.7|F|C}} xagaaga illaa {{Convert|18.0|F|C}} xilliga jiilaalka. Bishii Janaayo 7, 1967 Washington Island waxay heshay 17 inji oo baraf ah, taas oo dejineysa rikoorka degmada ugu weyn ee hal maalin baraf da'o. <ref>[https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/snow-and-ice/snowfall-extremes/ Wisconsin 1-Day Snowfall Extremes]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information'', Oktoobar 22, 2018</ref> Afar duufaan ayaa ka dhacday intii u dhaxeysay 1844 iyo 1880, iyo lix ka timid 1950 ilaa 1989, laakiin ma jirin wax dhimasho ah oo midkoodna ku dhalatay. Laba waxay ka gudbeen khadka degmada ee Door-Kewaunee. <ref>[https://wgnhs.wisc.edu/pubs/b100/ A Tornado Climatology for Wisconsin]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} waxaa qoray Pamela Naber Knox and Douglas Norgord, ''Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey'' Bulletin 100, 2000, bogga 9 (bogga 17 ee pdf) iyo bogga 13 (bogga 21 ee pdf)</ref> Laga soo bilaabo 1989 ilaa 2019, waxaa jiray 2 duufaano dheeri ah, oo ay ku jiraan F3 "Door County tornado" oo ku dhacday Egg Harbor 1998. <ref>[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.731.83&rep=rep1&type=pdf Development of the Door County Supercell on 23 Ogosto 1998] waxaa qoray James R. Jelinek, Department of Atmospheric and Ocean Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, May 2006</ref> Intaa waxaa sii dheer waxaa jiray 10 biyo-mareenno u kala dhexeeyay sanadii 1950 iyo 2018. <ref>[https://www.weather.gov/media/grb/climate/severewx/8TORBYCOUNTYDOOR.pdf Door County Tornado Guide], ''weather.gov''</ref> == Soojiidashada == [[File:Winter_Road_-_Shivering_Sands,_Door_Peninsula_(32151198956).jpg|thumb|Wadada isku xirka qoyan ee Shivering Sands, Janaayo 1]] Sannadkii 1905, Theodore Roosevelt wuxuu ku taliyay in aagga Shivering Sands la ilaaliyo. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200113062550/http://map.co.door.wi.us/planning/Comp-Plan/Completed/Town%20of%20Sevasopol%20Comprehensive%20Plan.pdf Town of Sevastopol Comprehensive Plan 2028], Nofeembar 2008, Chapter 6, bogga 7, bogga 104 ee pdf</ref> Maanta aaggan waxaa ka mid ah Dunes Whitefish, Kellner's Fen, Shivering Sands complex wet, <ref>[https://www.doorcountylandtrust.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Landings_Spring-2012.pdf Landings, Journal of the Door County Land Trust]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Spring 2012, bogagga 6–7</ref> iyo xadiiqada Cave Point County . <ref>[https://dnr.wi.gov/files/PDF/pubs/er/ER0803.pdf A Data Compilation and Assessment of Coastal Wetlands of Wisconsin's Great Lakes], 2002 (See M-16. Shivering Sands Area on p. 37 ee dukumintiga iyo p. 43 ee pdf)</ref> Hjalmar Holand, oo reer Efrayim ah, <ref>[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015016754817&view=1up&seq=16 My first eighty years] waxaa qoray Holand, Hjalmar Rued, 1957, Twayne Publishers, New York, p. 10 (p. 16 ee pdf)</ref> ayaa kor uqaaday Degmada Door si ay u noqoto meel loo dalxiis tago nuskii hore ee qarnigii 20aad. Wuxuu ka soo shaqeeyay guddi la bilaabay 1927 si loo ilaaliyo loona horumariyo goobaha taariikhiga ah, <ref>[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89066138504&view=1up&seq=254 Old peninsula days; the making of an American community], Chapter 26, "The Peninsula's County Parks" waxaa qoray Holand, Hjalmar Rued, 8th revised edition, 1959, p. 242 and following (p. 254 iyo raacitaanka pdf)</ref> iyo dadaalkan awgiis bulshada taariikhiga ah ee degmada ayaa iibsatay dhulal hada ah beeraha, oo ay kujiraan xadiiqada Tornado , xadiiqada Robert LaSalle, xadiiqada Murphy, xadiiqada Increase Claflin, iyo meesha muqadaska ah ee Ridges . <ref>[https://doorcountypulse.com/door-countys-original-historian-hjalmar-r-holand/ Door County's Original Historian: Hjalmar R. Holand] waxaa qoray Steve Grutzmacher, ''Door County Living'', Sebtember 4, 2015</ref> Maanta, inta badan dalxiisayaasha iyo dadka xagaaga dagan waxay ka yimaadaan magaalooyinka waaweyn ee Milwaukee, [[Chicago]], Madison, Green Bay, [[Minneapolis]] iyo [[Saint Paul]], <ref name="NYTimes20080911">[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/12/greathomesanddestinations/12mark.html?partner=rssnyt&emc=rss The Cape Cod of the Midwest] waxaa qoray Lyttle, Bethany, Sebtember 11, 2008, ''The New York Times''</ref> in kasta oo dadka degan Illinois ay yihiin kooxda ugu badan labada degmo ee Door iyo koonfurta ka xigta geeska bari ee Wisconsin. <ref>[Condos in the Woods: The Growth of Seasonal and Retirement Homes in Northern Wisconsin https://books.google.com/books?id=Z737bhspiloC&pg=PA22], Rebecca L. Schewe, Donald R. Field, Deborah J. Frosch, Gregory Clendenning, iyo Dana Jensen, May 15, 2012, University of Wisconsin Press, p. 22</ref> Sannadkii 2003, cilmi baarayaashu waxay ogaadeen in marka la barbar dhigo gobollada kale ee Wisconsin, Degmada Door ay leedahay qaddar dhexdhexaad ah oo ah biyaha gudaha, dhulka kaymaha ah, garoomada ay degmooyinku leeyihiin, iyo masaafada lugta tareenka iyo tiro badan oo garoomo golf ah, ganacsiyo madadaalo ah iyo buuraha barafka dhaadheer iyo xerooyinka. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190302172244/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9f65/5760fa12dca9766f5b9e98331d7a3bdc209b.pdf Standardizing county-level recreation supply components: A precursor to the Wisconsin SCORP, 2005] Working Paper 03-2 Nofeembar 2003 waxaa qoray Peter Herreid, Dave Marcouiller, and Jeff Prey</ref> In kasta oo ay jiraan xerooyin aad u tiro badan haddana Wisconsin DNR ayaa soo warisay 2006-kii in "baahida loo qabo kaamamku ay aad uga badan tahay tan hadda la bixiyo ee jirta." <ref>Wisconsin Land Legacy Report, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100228151140/http://www.dnr.wi.gov/master_planning/land_legacy/documents/nlakemich.pdf Northern Lake Michigan Coastal ecological landscape], subsection "Recreation Uses and Opportunities", bogga 119 (bogga 2 ee pdf), 2006, ''Wisconsin DNR''</ref> === Dhul madadaalo === [[File:Potawatomi_Tower_View.jpg|thumb|Ka eeg bisha Ogosto taarikada indha indheynta ee hadda xiran ee ku taal Potawatomi State Park. Jasiiradda yar waa jasiiradda Cirka ee Dunida, oo hore u ahaan jirtay Bug Island. <ref name="islands">[https://doorcountypulse.com/islands-around-us/ Door County's Islands] waxaa qoray Sally Slattery, ''Door County Living'', Luulyo 1, 2014</ref> Bidixda bidix waa Cabot Point, oo qayb ka ah aagga loo yaqaan Idlewild, dhanka midigna waxaa ku yaal xeebta waqooyi-galbeed ee Sturgeon Bay oo ay ka muuqato dhagaxa weyn ee loo yaqaan 'Old Stone Quarry', oo ah kan ugu weyn gobolka.<ref name=Quarry/> Jasiiradda Green Island waxay umuuqataa khad aad u jilicsan oo ku teedsan jihada hore.]] [[File:Nicolet_Bay_Aerial.jpg|thumb|Nicolet Bay oo ku taal [[Peninsula State Park]], Nicolet Beach oo ku taal bartamaha. Tan iyo markii la qaatay bartamihii Sebtember, xeebta badiyaa way madhan tahay.]] Degmada Door waxay hoy u tahay lix jardiinooyin oo gobolka ku yaal. <ref>[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/broadband-high-speed-internet-government-spending/ Federal lawmakers have spent billions in the wake of the pandemic to get Americans high-speed internet. And they want to spend much more.] waxaa qoray Sarah Ewall-Wice, ''CBS News'' May 21, 2021</ref> <ref>[https://doorcountypulse.com/66938/ Article posted Thursday, Maarso 6, 2014 10:36am] waxaa qoray Jim Lundstrom, ''Peninsula Pulse'', Maarso 6th, 2014</ref> Afar waxay ku yaalliin Peninsula: [[Newport State Park|Xadiiqada Newport State]], waqooyi-bari Ellison Bay; Xadiiqada Peninsula State, oo ku taal bariga Kalluunka Creek; Beerta Gobolka Potawatomi, oo ay weheliso Sturgeon Bay; iyo [[Whitefish Dunes State Park]] oo ku teedsan harada Michigan. Laba waxay ku yaaliin jasiiradaha: [[Rock Island, Wisconsin|Xadiiqada Rock Island State]] iyo Xadiiqada Grand traverse Island State . Xadiiqada Grand Traverse Island State waxaa la aasaasay 1970 waxayna ilaalisaa aragga in ka badan kan {{convert | 5 | acre | ha}} dhul ku yaal Jasiiradda Detroit.<ref>[http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/lands/realestate/documents/05r911071d.pdf Payment of State Aid to Municipalities for the payment year of 2005], Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources</ref> Maaddaama ay ka kooban tahay shan xirmooyin oo aan kala bixin<ref>[https://dnr.wi.gov/files/PDF/pubs/pr/PR2090.pdf Hunting & Trapping Map Grand Traverse Island State Park] {{Wayback|url=https://dnr.wi.gov/files/PDF/pubs/pr/PR2090.pdf |date=20210624210345 }}, Wisconsin DNR PUB PR-2090, Rev. 9/11/2014</ref> mana jirto marin doomo laga raaco xadiiqadani caadi ahaan lama xayeysiiyo. Marka lagu daro xarumaha dabiiciga ee ku dhex yaal jardiinooyinka gobolka, waxaa jira saddex kale oo ka baxsan jardiinooyinka. Waxaa jira afar Meelood oo Duurjoogta iyo Kalluumeysiga ah<ref>Gardner Swamp Wildlife Area, Mud Lake Wildlife Area, Reibolts Creek Public Access, and Schuyler Creek State Fishery Area</ref> iyo sidoo kale Aagagga Dabiiciga ah ee Gobolka oo u oggolaanaya marin-u-helidda dadweynaha ee bilaashka ah. <ref name="SNA">[https://dnr.wi.gov/topic/Lands/NaturalAreas/county.html#Door State natural areas waxaa qoray county], ''Wisconsin DNR'' Janaayo 22, 2019</ref> Ka sokow degmada, <ref>[http://doorcounty.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapTour/index.html?appid=b745a6c3b54640a097199de19d2aaa4d Interactive map of State and County Parks]</ref> magaalada, iyo jardiinooyinka bulshada, <ref>[https://www.sturgeonbaywi.org/departments/parks___recreation/park_facilities.php Park facilities], ''City of Sturgeon Bay''</ref> <ref>[https://doorcountypulse.com/far-from-the-madding-crowd-liberty-grove-town-parks/ Far From the Madding Crowd: Liberty Grove Town Parks]</ref> waxaa ku yaal xerada kormeerka wiilka, xero kiristaan ah, <ref>[https://www.ccca.org/assnfe/CompanySearch.asp?MODE=DETAIL&COID=856&PAGENUM=5 Camp Zion] {{Wayback|url=https://www.ccca.org/assnfe/CompanySearch.asp?MODE=DETAIL&COID=856&PAGENUM=5 |date=20210624202545 }} listing in the CCCA campgrounds directory, accessed Diisambar 10th, 2019</ref> iyo goob dadweyne oo ay maamusho Xarunta Qadiimiga ah. <ref>[https://www.iceagetrail.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Book-Sample-Door.pdf Ice Age Trail Guidebook 2014] {{Wayback|url=https://www.iceagetrail.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Book-Sample-Door.pdf |date=20210721040925 }}, Points of interest: Cardy Paleo-Indian Camp Archaeological Site, p. 353 (p. 6 ee pdf)</ref> <ref name="Cardy">[https://www.archaeologicalconservancy.org/?wpfb_dl=68 Life During The End Of The Ice Age: The Cardy site could inform archaeologists about how humans dealt with a challenging environment.] {{Wayback|url=https://www.archaeologicalconservancy.org/?wpfb_dl=68 |date=20220223203808 }}, ''American Archaeology Vol. 14'', No. 3, Fall 2010</ref> Aaminaad dhul oo maxalli ah ayaa ka shaqeysa 14 jardiinooyin oo gaar loo leeyahay oo u furan dadweynaha, <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180410164615/http://www.doorcountylandtrust.org/ Explore Our Preserves], ''Door County Land Trust''</ref> iyo 3,277.3 hektar (1326.3 ha) oo ka mid ah dhulal gaar loo leeyahay ayaa u furan dadweynaha ugaarsiga, kalluumeysiga, socodka, aragga iyo ciyaaraha barafka ee waddamada Barnaamijka Kaymaha la maamula. <ref>Lands enrolled in the tax program are shown on the [https://dnrmaps.wi.gov/opfl DNR Private Forest Lands Open for Public Recreation] {{Wayback|url=https://dnrmaps.wi.gov/opfl |date=20210629033503 }} interactive map and [https://web.archive.org/web/20200222022053/https://dnr.wi.gov/topic/ForestLandowners/documents/MFLAcreSummaryMun.pdf Managed Forest Law 2019 Acreage Summary Report by Municipality] waxaa qoray Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Febraayo 25, 2019, p. 17</ref> === Xeebaha === Marka lagu daro harada Lake Michigan iyo Green Bay labadaba, waxaa jira 54 xeebood oo dadweyne ah ama dayactir ubaahan <ref>[https://dnr.wi.gov/topic/Beaches/documents/maps/door.pdf Map of Door County Beaches on Lake Michigan] {{Wayback|url=https://dnr.wi.gov/topic/Beaches/documents/maps/door.pdf |date=20210721040907 }} and [https://www.arcgis.com/apps/mapviewer/index.html?webmap=55235cfdfe374ba8ad22fc39a03cb522 Wisconsin's Great Lake Public Access Guide], electronic map</ref> iyo 39 goobood oo laga bilaabayo kayak.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170711231351/https://www.doorcounty.com/media/8619/bike-map_2016_digital.pdf Bicycle and other silent sports map 2016], Door County Visitor Bureau</ref> 35 xeeb ayaa si joogto ah loola socdaa dakana loogala taliyaa tayada biyaha. <ref>[https://www.wibeaches.us/apex/f?p=181:1:::NO:RP:: Wisconsin Beach Advisories] {{Wayback|url=https://www.wibeaches.us/apex/f?p=181:1:::NO:RP:: |date=20210118014302 }} on the Wisconsin Beach Health website; counties are located in the dropdown menu</ref> In kasta oo Degmada Door ay ku yar tahay maalmaha qoraxdu badan tahay gobollada badankood ee Wisconsin iyo Illinois, haddana sidoo kale waxay leedahay roobab yar iyo heerkulka xagaaga oo hooseeya, <ref>Ka eeg khariidada xagga hoose ee [https://www.bestplaces.net/climate/county/wisconsin/door Door County, Wisconsin, - Sperling's BestPlaces], Diisambar 12, 2019 ''Bestplaces.net''</ref> taas oo ka dhigaysa jawiga Qoori|ugu habboon ee xeebta tagaya. === Harooyinka iyo balliyada === Marka laga reebo harada Michigan iyo Green Bay, waxaa jira 25 harooyin, balliyo, ama marsooyin iyo 37 webi, durdurro, iyo ilo ka tirsan gobolka. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200113070608/http://map.co.door.wi.us/planning/Comp-Plan/Final_20091106/Chapter%204%20-%20Agricultural%20%26%20Natural%20Resources%20_adopted%2010-27-09_.pdf Door County Comprehensive Plan 2030: Chapter 4, Agricultural and Natural Resources], p. 20 ee pdf, Tables 4.15 and 4.16</ref> === Dhul qoyan === 4,631 [[Hektar|ha]] (11,400 hektar) oo ka mid ah dhulka qoyan ee Door Peninsula Coast ayaa ku hoos qoran Heshiiska Ramsar oo ah dhul qoyan oo muhiimad caalami ah leh. <ref>[https://www.ramsar.org/news/united-states-designates-its-37th-ramsar-site United States designates its 37th Ramsar Site], Abriil 27, 2015, khariidada dhulka qoyan eeg Figure 2-28. Door Peninsula Coastal Wetlands Ramsar Site khariidada waxaa qoray Door County Planning Department, May 2014 in the [https://www.co.door.wi.gov/AgendaCenter/ViewFile/Agenda/_07092020-668 Luulyo 9, 2020 Land Conservation Committee Agenda], bogga 83</ref> Liiska waxaa ku jira saddex aag oo horay loogu aqoonsan jiray "Wetland Gems." === Xilliga === In kasta oo jasiirada Door County ay ku nool yihiin qiyaastii sanadkii dad gaadha 27,610, waxay la kulantaa qulqul dalxiisayaala oo ka yimaada dhinac kasta inta u dhexeysa Maalinta Xusuusta iyo Maalinta Shaqaalaha, iyada oo ay jiraan in ka badan 2.1 milyan oo soo booqdayaal ah sanadkiiba. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200113062550/http://map.co.door.wi.us/planning/Comp-Plan/Completed/Town%20of%20Sevasopol%20Comprehensive%20Plan.pdf Town of Sevastopol Comprehensive Plan 2028], Nofeembar 2008, Chapter 4, p. 11, (bogga 64 ee pdf)</ref> Ganacsiyada badankoodu waxaa lagu bartilmaameedsadaa dalxiiska waxayna ku shaqeeyaan wakhti-xilliyeed. Iyada oo ku saleysan ururinta canshuuraha qolka laga soo bilaabo sanadkii 2017-kii ilaa 2018-kii, Luulyo waa bisha ugu mashquulka badan sanadka oo dhan, in kasta oo dakhliga canshuuraha iibku uu ka sarreeyo bisha Agoosto. Canshuuraha ugu yar ayaa la uruuriyaa bisha Janaayo, iyo canshuurta iibka ee ugu yar waxaa la ururiyaa iyana bisha Abriil. <ref name="bureau2019">[http://doorcountytourismzone.com/uploads/ckfiles/files/12-2019%20-%20DDC%20December%202019%20Monthly%20Report.pdf Monthly Report, Diisambar 2019] {{Wayback|url=http://doorcountytourismzone.com/uploads/ckfiles/files/12-2019%20-%20DDC%20December%202019%20Monthly%20Report.pdf |date=20200923183640 }}, Door County Visitor Bureau, bogagga 1 and 5</ref> == Dalxiiska == In kasta oo jasiirada Door County ay ku nool yihiin qiyaastii dad gaadhaya 27,610, waxay la kulantaa qulqul dalxiisayaal ah oo ka yimaada dhinac kasta inta u dhexeysa Maalinta Xusuusta iyo Maalinta Shaqaalaha, iyada oo in ka badan 2.1 milyan ay soo booqdaan sanadkiiba. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200113062550/http://map.co.door.wi.us/planning/Comp-Plan/Completed/Town%20of%20Sevasopol%20Comprehensive%20Plan.pdf Town of Sevastopol Comprehensive Plan 2028], Nofeembar 2008, Chapter 4, p. 11, (bogga 64 ee pdf)</ref> Ganacsiyada badankooda waxaa lagu bartilmaameedsadaa dalxiiska waxayna ku shaqeeyaan wakhti-xilliyeed. Iyada oo ku saleysan ururinta canshuuraha qolka laga soo bilaabo sanadkii 2017-kii ilaa 2018-kii, Luulyo waa bisha ugu mashquulka badan sanadka, in kasta oo dakhliga canshuuraha iibku uu ka sarreeyo bisha Agoosto. Canshuuraha ugu yar ayaa la uruuriyaa bisha Janaayo, iyo canshuurta iibka ee ugu yar waxaa la ururiyaa iyana bisha Abriil. <ref name="bureau20192">[http://doorcountytourismzone.com/uploads/ckfiles/files/12-2019%20-%20DDC%20December%202019%20Monthly%20Report.pdf Monthly Report, Diisambar 2019] {{Wayback|url=http://doorcountytourismzone.com/uploads/ckfiles/files/12-2019%20-%20DDC%20December%202019%20Monthly%20Report.pdf |date=20200923183640 }}, Door County Visitor Bureau, bogagga 1 and 5</ref> Dhaqaalaha Degmada Door wuxuu la mid yahay kan gobolada Bayfield, Iron, Oneida, Sawyer, iyo Vilas. Lixdaan degmo oo ku yaala waqooyiga Wisconsin ayaa waxaa loo kala saaray inay leeyihiin "dalxiis la xiriira keymaha" oo ku saleysan dhaqaalo. <ref>[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.46.6962&rep=rep1&type=pdf Clustering Wisconsin Counties for Analytical Comparisons] waxaa qoray Martin Shields and Steven C. Deller, CCED Staff Paper # 96.7, Oktoobar 1996, bogagga 11 and 16 (bogagga 13 and 19 ee pdf)</ref> Falanqeyn la isbarbar dhigayo xogta 1999 ee xulashada gobolada Wisconsin ayaa lagu ogaaday in Degmada Door ay si gaar ah ugu xoogan tahay tafaariiqda dhismaha iyo qalabka, raashinka, dharka iyo qalabka, tafaariiqda ee kala duwan, iyo sidoo kale maqaayadaha. Adeegyada, waxay ugu xoog badnaayeen madadaalo, filim, iyo madadaalo iyo hoy. Degmada Door waxay ka heshay dheeri maaliyadeed dhammaan qaybaha oo dhan dhammaan gobollada kale, marka laga reebo alaabta guriga & qalabka guryaha lagu iibiyo, taas oo Door County ay ku sii daatay iibinta gobollada kale. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200117233651/https://tind-customer-agecon.s3.amazonaws.com/e53d44a6-0aab-43f7-94f8-42915c7d9d1c?response-content-disposition=attachment%3B%20filename%2A%3DUTF-8%27%27stpap428.pdf&response-content-type=application%2Fpdf&AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAXL7W7Q3XHXDVDQYS&Expires=1579307811&Signature=pKiLzQjlbdIURp9C0VHE4xL4zGc%3D Trade Area Analysis of Select Wisconsin Counties] waxaa qoray Steven C. Deller, Ogosto 2001, Staff Paper No. 428, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Staff Paper Series. Archived Janaayo 17, 2020</ref> Sanadkii 2015-kii, ururada farshaxanka iyo doorka ee Door County waxay qarashgareeyeen $9.7 milyan, taas oo 70.9% kamid ah lagu kharash gareeyay gudaha, marka lagu daro $15.0 milyan oo ay bixiyeen ka soo qaybgalayaashu kuwasoo ahaa dad lagu qiyaasay 1,582 mutadawiciin ah, waxayna ugu talogaleen fanka iyo ururada dhaqanka celcelis ahaan 35.7 saacadood midkiiba. Sanadkii 2015, 194,424 qof ayaa kaqeybgalay fanka iyo munaasabadaha dhaqanka ee gobolka, 78.0% kamid ah dadka aan deegaanka aheyn. Sannadkii 2016-kii, celceliska kaqeybgaleyaasha dhacdooyinka farshaxanka ee gobolka wuxuu kharash gareeyay $28.96, halka celcelis ahaan qofka aan dalka degganeyn uu ku qaatay $90.53. Sanadkii 2016ka, 50.6% dadka aan deegaanka aheyn ayaa sheegay in munaasabada fanka ay aheyd sababta koowaad ee ay ugu safreen gobolka. 66.0% ee kaqeybgaleyaasha deganayaasha degmada 2016 waxay ahaayeen 65 ama ka weyn, halka 48.6% ee kaqeybgaleyaasha aan deganeyn ay ahaayeen 65 ama ka weyn. <ref>[https://www.americansforthearts.org/sites/default/files/aep5/PDF_Files/NationalFindings_StatisticalReport.pdf Arts and Economic Prosperity 5, National Statistical Report] waxaa qoray Americans for the Arts, bogagga B–25, B–73, B–189, B–205, B–333, B–365, B–381, B–413, B–445 (bogagga 57, 105, 221, 237, 365, 397, 413, 445, and 477 ee pdf)</ref> === Xilliga shaqada iyo guryaha === Heerarka shaqo la'aanta ee jasiirada Door County inta lagu jiro xilliga kuleylaha iyo deyrta ayaa aad uga hooseeya xilliga qaboobaha. <ref>[https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/WIDOOR9URN Monthly Unemployment Rate for Door County, WI, 1991-2019], garaaf ka FRED Economic Research, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, accessed Diisambar 12, 2019.</ref> <ref>[https://baylakerpc.org/application/files/1015/2840/3401/Town_of_Nasewaupee_Comprehensive_Plan.pdf Year 2025 Comprehensive Plan Town of Nasewaupee Door County, Wisconsin] {{Wayback|url=https://baylakerpc.org/application/files/1015/2840/3401/Town_of_Nasewaupee_Comprehensive_Plan.pdf |date=20210624203746 }}, Sebtember 2003, bogga 117 ee pdf, Figure 6-1</ref> Dakhliga sanadlaha ah ee Degmada Door caadi ahaan wuu kayaryahay shaqooyinka lamidka ah meelaha kale ee Wisconsin. Tan waxaa loo aaneeyay dabeecadda xilliyeed ee inta badan shaqada. Tusaale ahaan, sanadkii 2009-kii, waxaa la ogaaday in dadku ay 4.85 jeer ay u badan tahay in laga shaqaaleeyo hoteellada iyo mootooyinka ku yaal jasiirada Door County oo ka soo horjeedda qaranka intiisa kale. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180201083553/https://dnr.wi.gov/topic/Sectors/documents/DellerEconomicImpacts0324.pdf The Economic Impacts of Agriculture in Wisconsin Counties] waxaa qoray Steven C. Deller and David Williams.</ref> 22.0% oo ka mid ah 13,728 shaqaale ah ayaa sanadkii 2018 ka shaqeeyay waaxda firaaqada iyo soo-dhawaynta ee gobolka, in ka badan qaybaha kale. Si kastaba ha noqotee, sababtoo ah shaqooyinka firaaqada iyo martigelinta uma muuqdaan kuwo si fiican loo helo, waxay kasbadeen kaliya 12.9% dhammaan mushaharka laga helo degmada. Taa bedelkeeda, shaqaalaha waxsoosaarka waxay heleen 24.5% mushaharka labixiyay sanadkii 2018, inkasta oo ay kaliya ka dhigteen 17.0% shaqaalaha. Tani waa inkasta oo celceliska mushaarka sanadlaha ah ee xilliga firaaqada iyo soodhaweynta ay yihiin 109.3% celceliska mushaarka gobolka ee xilliga firaaqada iyo martigalinta sanadkii 2018. Taa bedelkeeda, shaqaalaha ka shaqeeya wax soo saarka waxay heleen 86.7% celceliska mushaharka gobolka ee wax soo saarka. Mushaharka degmada Door ayaa celcelis ahaan gobolka u soo saaray qayb kasta marka laga reebo xilliga firaaqada iyo martigelinta <ref>[https://jobcenterofwisconsin.com/wisconomy/wits_info/downloads/CP/door_profile.pdf 2019 Workforce profile: Door County] waxaa qoray Ryan Long, Bay Area Regional Economist for the State of Wisconsin Department of Workforce Development, 2019, bogga 7, section "Industry Employment and Wages, 2018 Employment and Wage Distribution by Industry, Door County"</ref> Saamaynta dakhliga hoose waxaa iskudarsaday celcelis ahaan qiimaha guryaha; meelaha kale ee Wisconsin ee mushaharkoodu hooseeyo waxay u muuqdaan inay leeyihiin guryo hooseeya. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190410034729/http://map.co.door.wi.us/planning/Comp-Plan/Completed/Village%20of%20Sister%20Bay%20Comprehensive%20Plan.pdf Village of Sister Bay 2020 Comprehensive Plan] Chapter 1, bogga 16 (bogga 31 ee pdf), 2003</ref> Awood la'aanta guryaha ayaa lala xiriiriyay dhibaatada yaraanta shaqaalaha, maadaama shaqaalaha cusub laga yaabo inaysan awoodin inay iibsadaan guryaha ayna go'aansadaan inay baxaan. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190410034230/http://map.co.door.wi.us/planning/Comp-Plan/Completed/Town%20of%20Liberty%20Grove%20Comprehensive%20Plan.pdf Town of Liberty Grove Comprehensive Plan 2003] Chapter 1, bogga 12 (bogga 32 ee pdf)</ref> Daraasad 2019-kii ah ayaa lagu ogaaday in degmada ay tahay gobolka sideedaad ee ugu qaalisan nolosha ee dhammaan gobollada Wisconsin. <ref>Tani waxaa loogu talagalay qoys laba waalid leh oo leh hal cunug oo iskuulka ku jira iyo hal dugsi-barbaarin, heerka isku-filnaanshaha sannadlaha ah wuxuu ahaa $63,001. [http://www.selfsufficiencystandard.org/sites/default/files/selfsuff/docs/WI2019_SSS.pdf The Self-Sufficiency Standard for Wisconsin 2019] {{Wayback|url=http://www.selfsufficiencystandard.org/sites/default/files/selfsuff/docs/WI2019_SSS.pdf |date=20210624204921 }} waxaa qoray Diana M. Pearce and the Wisconsin Department of Workforce Development, May 2019, Center for Women's Welfare, University of Washington School of Social Work, bogga 11 (bogga 13 ee pdf)</ref> == Shaqaalaha ajaanibta ah iyo tirada dadka == Maaddaama diiwaangelinta dugsiga sare ee gobolka ay yaraatay, shaqo-bixiyeyaasha waxay u jeesteen fiisooyinka J-1 si ay u buuxiyaan boosaska xilliyeed halkii. <ref>[https://doorcountypulse.com/j-1-visa-program-growing-in-door-county/ J-1 Visa Program Growing in Door County] waxaa qoray Jackson Parr, ''Peninsula Pulse'' May 4, 2018, [https://www.greenbaypressgazette.com/story/news/local/door-co/2019/08/15/door-county-seasonal-j-1-visa-workers-housing-focus-new-plan/2009275001/ Door County's seasonal, J-1 Visa workers need housing. This Illinois couple hopes to help] waxaa qoray Sammy Gibbons, ''Green Bay Press-Gazette'', Ogosto 15, 2019, and [https://doorcountypulse.com/worker-shortage-endures-for-manufacturing-sector-n-e-w-industries-shares-story-about-changes-that-make-it-difficult-to-remain-fully-staffed/ Overseas Restrictions Limit J-1 Visa Arrivals: Door County Businesses Prepare For Workforce Shortage] waxaa qoray Jackson Parr, ''Peninsula Pulse'', May 14, 2021</ref> [[File:MigrantWorkerHousingDoorCountyWisconsin.jpg|thumb|Guriyeynta shaqaalaha muhaajiriinta (Maarso, 2011-kii) Sababtoo ah qiimaha sare ee nolosha marka la barbardhigo dakhliga xadidan ee shaqooyin badan oo dalxiis-warshadeed ay bixiyaan, shaqaale ku meelgaar ah ayaa badanaa la shaqaaleeyaa, kuwa gudaha iyo dibaddaba. Shaqaaluhu waxay ka yimaadaan meelo fog fog sida Ukraine, <ref name="Reardon">[https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://scholar.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=2511&context=all_dissertations Administrative Relationships, Agency Theory, and the Summer Work Travel Program: 2012–2013] waxaa qoray Mark Reardon, Ph.D. thesis, Clemson University, bogga 134 (143 ee pdf)</ref> Scandinavia, Uzbekistan, Turkey, ama South Africa.]] Sababtoo ah shaqaalaha ajaanibta ah ee lagu keenay Barnaamijka Safarka Shaqada Xagaaga mararka qaarkood waxaa la dejiyaa meel ka duwan halka ay ka shaqeeyaan, qaar baa ku dhammaaday baaskiil 10-15 mayl maalintii tan iyo markii ay ka maqnaayeen gawaarida isla markaana gobolku uu xaddidan yahay gaadiidka dadweynaha. <ref name="Reardon2">[https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://scholar.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=2511&context=all_dissertations Administrative Relationships, Agency Theory, and the Summer Work Travel Program: 2012–2013] waxaa qoray Mark Reardon, Ph.D. thesis, Clemson University, bogga 134 (143 ee pdf)</ref> Intaa waxaa sii dheer, soogalootiga sharci-darrada ah ama kuwa aan sharciga lahayn ee ka shaqeeya warshadaha dalxiiska ayaa inta badan haysan rukhsad darawalnimo. <ref>[https://doorcountypulse.com/building-bridges-between-cultures/ Building Bridges Between Cultures] waxaa qoray Gary Jones, ''Peninsula Pulse'', Febraayo 4, 2011</ref> Sannadkii 2012-kii, Garyaqaanka Degmada Door Ray Pelrine wuxuu yiri "shaqaalaha soogalootiga sharci darrada ah hadda waxaa lagu dhisay qaab dhismeedka ganacsiyo badan oo halkan ku yaal." <ref>[https://doorcountypulse.com/the-immigration-debate-and-why-it-matters-to-door-county-more-than-you-think/ The Immigration Debate – and Why it Matters to Door County More than You Think], waxaa qoray Myles Dannhausen Jr. ''Peninsula Pulse'', Luulyo 5, 2012</ref> === Hoos u dhaca dhalinyarada iyo guud ahaan dadka === Marka loo eego qiyaasta ACS, tirada dadka ka yar 18 sano ee degmada ayaa hoos uga dhacday 5,119 sanadkii 2010-kii ilaa 4,479 sanadka 2017-kii. <ref>[https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Door%20County&g=0500000US55029&hidePreview=false&table=DP05&tid=ACSDP5Y2017.DP05&vintage=2017&cid=DP05_0001E&layer=county&lastDisplayedRow=42 ACS 5-year estimate], Accessed Diisambar 12, 2019</ref> Sannadkii 2013, cilmi-baare ayaa saadaaliyay in marka la gaaro 2040, dadka ku nool degmada ay hoos u dhici doonaan 4.2%, boqolkiiba 10-ka ugu weyn ee hoos u dhaca dhammaan gobollada Wisconsin <ref>[https://doa.wi.gov/DIR/FinalProjs2040_Publication.pdf Wisconsin's Future Population Projections for the State, Its Counties and Municipalities, 2010–2040], waxaa qoray David Egan-Robertson, UW-Madison Applied Population Laboratory, Prepared for the Wisconsin Department of Administration Demographic Services Center, Diisambar 2013, bogga 20 (bogga 24 ee pdf)</ref> Laga soo bilaabo 2013 ilaa 2017, 36.8% ee 9,358 qoys ee degmada ku nool waxay kujireen caruurnimo, iyadoo lagu saleynayo qiyaasta 5 sano ee ACS, marka loo barbardhigo 44.2% ee Wisconsin sanadkii 2017, iyadoo lagu saleynayo qiyaasta hal sano ee ACS. <ref>[https://www.livestories.com/statistics/wisconsin/door-county-families-structure-composition Door County Families: Structure and Composition], Livestories Statistics, compared to [https://www.livestories.com/statistics/wisconsin/families-structure-composition Wisconsin Families: Structure and Composition], Livestories Statistics, accessed Sebtember 6, 2019</ref> Marka laga reebo barnaamijka dugsiga barbaarinta ee Sevastopol, dhammaan degmooyinka gobolku waxay arkeen hoos u dhigista diiwaangelinta laga soo bilaabo 2000 ilaa iyo 2019 ee heerarka dugsiga hoose, dhexe, iyo sare. <ref name="enrollment">2000-2019 enrollment figures come from the Wisconsin DPI [https://dpi.wi.gov/school-nutrition/program-statistics/archive#epr Program Statistics Archives, Wisconsin School Free/Reduced Eligibility Data] and the Wisconsin DPI [https://dpi.wi.gov/school-nutrition/program-statistics School Nutrition Program Statistics] reports for school level enrollment and participation data, except for Washington Island, which was missing for 2019. Instead, 2018 [https://wisedash.dpi.wi.gov/Dashboard/Page/Home/Topic%20Area/Enrollment/Enrollment%20(Single%20Year)?filtersetid=d3297b44-3080-46bc-aaef-12d4905a0f81 WISEdash elementary] and [https://wisedash.dpi.wi.gov/Dashboard/Page/Home/Topic%20Area/Enrollment/Enrollment%20(Single%20Year)?filtersetid=0e64588c-5e7f-40b9-aad5-7e81da9fe662 high school] statistics for Washington Island are used.</ref> Hoos u dhaca diiwaangelinta dugsiga sare <ref name="enrollment2">2000-2019 enrollment figures come from the Wisconsin DPI [https://dpi.wi.gov/school-nutrition/program-statistics/archive#epr Program Statistics Archives, Wisconsin School Free/Reduced Eligibility Data] and the Wisconsin DPI [https://dpi.wi.gov/school-nutrition/program-statistics School Nutrition Program Statistics] reports for school level enrollment and participation data, except for Washington Island, which was missing for 2019. Instead, 2018 [https://wisedash.dpi.wi.gov/Dashboard/Page/Home/Topic%20Area/Enrollment/Enrollment%20(Single%20Year)?filtersetid=d3297b44-3080-46bc-aaef-12d4905a0f81 WISEdash elementary] and [https://wisedash.dpi.wi.gov/Dashboard/Page/Home/Topic%20Area/Enrollment/Enrollment%20(Single%20Year)?filtersetid=0e64588c-5e7f-40b9-aad5-7e81da9fe662 high school] statistics for Washington Island are used.</ref> ayaa loo aaneynayaa yaraanta shaqaalaha xilliyada, waxaana loo aaneynayaa inay soo dedejisay ballaarinta barnaamijka fiisaha J-1. <ref>[https://doorcountypulse.com/j-1-visa-program-growing-in-door-county/ J-1 Visa Program Growing in Door County] waxaa qoray Jackson Parr, ''Peninsula Pulse'' May 4, 2018</ref> === Tirakoobka diinta === Tiro koobkii 2010-kii, koox diimeedkii ugu weynaa ee Door County waxay ahaayeen Katooligga, oo leh 9,325 oo qof kuwaaso raacsan oo ku cibaadeysta lix kaniisadood, waxaa ku xiga 2,982 qof oo ah ELCA Lutherans oo leh toddobo urur, 2,646 oo qof oo ah WELS Lutherans oo leh toddobo urur, 872 qof oo ah Moravians oo leh saddex jameeco, 834 qof oo ah United Methodists oo leh afar jameeco, 533 qof oo ah Masiixiyiin aan diin lahayn oo leh lix urur, 503 qof oo ah LCMS Lutherans oo leh laba urur, 283 qof oo ah LCMC Lutherans oo leh hal urur, 270 qof oo ah Converge Baptists oo leh seddex urur, 213 qof oo ah Episcopalians oo leh hal urur, 207 qof oo ah UCC Masiixiyiin ah oo leh hal urur, iyo 593 qof oo ah kuwa raacsan. Guud ahaan, 69.3% dadka waxaa loo tiriyey inay yihiin kuwo raacsan urur diimeed. <ref>[http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/rcms2010A.asp?U=55029&T=county&Y=2010&S=adh County Membership Report: Door County (Wisconsin)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/rcms2010A.asp?U=55029&T=county&Y=2010&S=adh |date=20200114062248 }}, The Association of Religion Data Archives</ref> Sannadkii 2014, Degmada Door waxay lahayd ururrada diimeed ee ugu tirada badan ee 719-aad qof kasta oo deggan oo ka mid ah dhammaan 3,141 degmooyin ee Mareykanka, iyadoo 34 urur diimeed ay ka jiraan gobolka. <ref name="PennState">[https://aese.psu.edu/nercrd/community/social-capital-resources/social-capital-variables-for-2014/social-capital-variables-spreadsheet-for-2014 Social Capital Variables Spreadsheet for 2014] {{Wayback|url=https://aese.psu.edu/nercrd/community/social-capital-resources/social-capital-variables-for-2014/social-capital-variables-spreadsheet-for-2014 |date=20191231001016 }}, PennState College of Agricultural Sciences, Northeast Regional Center for Rural Development</ref> == Sidoo Kale arag == * [[Hennepin County, Minnesota]] {{Magaalooyinka Maraykanka}} {{Gobolada Maraykanka}} [[Category:Ameerikada waqooyi]] [[Category:Maraykanka]] [[Category:Dad]] j3g5cxm6kaguggm2ofnveec3l446bm3 0 34286 310765 223596 2026-10-24T01:07:19Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 310765 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:15.8.2018 Stolperstein von Erich Barthel Auerbach Vogtl. Falkensteiner Str. 40.JPG|350px|thumb|Erich Barthel - [[stolperstein]]]] [[Erich Barthel]] ([[1907]] - [[1944]]), [https://www.jw.org/so/ Markhaatigii Yehowah], ayaa diiday inuu ku biiro ciidanka milatariga ee [[Adolf Hitler]]. Taasi waa sababta loogu xukumay xukunka dilka ah. * [https://www.jw.org/so/markhaatiyaasha-yehowah/suʼaalaha-la-is-weyddiiyo/maxaynan-markhaatiyaasha-yehowah-dagaal-uga-qaybqaadan/ Maxaynan Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah Dagaal uga Qaybqaadan?] * [https://www.jw.org/en/news/releases/by-region/germany/stand-firm-video-clip/ Excerpt: Jehovah’s Witnesses Stand Firm Against Nazi Assault] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20211109201113/https://www.archiv-vegelahn.de/index.php/jehovas-zeugen/geschichte/20-deutschland/3517-wege-gegen-das-vergessen Erich Barthel] * [[Saddex -xagalka violet]] * [[Stolperstein]] [[category:Diin]] 6hutf8m7vnejeoa41fafp3dgekgjw2n 0 34804 310746 226681 2026-10-23T19:03:27Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 310746 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox award|name=Abaalmarinta Muqdisho|firstawarded=|established=2018|country=[[Soomaaliya]]|sponsor={{Hlist|[[Hormuud Telecom]]|[[Bangiga Caalamiga ah ee Soomaaliya|IBS Bank]]|[[Premier Bank]]|Amal Bank|[[Dahabshiil]]| G.Banaadir (Maamulka Gobolka Banaadir iyo Dowladda Hoose ee Xamar)|}}}} '''Abaalmarinta Muqdisho''' waa xaflad abaal-marineed oo sanadle ah oo ka dhacda magaalada Muqdisho ee dalka Soomaaliya. Waxaa soo aasstay Amal Cali e 2018. Waxaa loo sharafa Soomaalidii oo wax ku soo kordhisay in ay uu qabteen dalkooda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=https://mogadishuawards.com/ |access-date=2021-12-18 |archive-date=2021-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218181635/https://mogadishuawards.com/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tix == m2jm9qs96mzmz9alh6dy78uwlzw4fzw 0 36875 310771 310026 2026-10-24T03:28:01Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 310771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox university | name = Jaamacadda Mareykanka | image = American University logo.svg | established = {{start date and age|1893|02|24}} | motto = {{lang|la|[[Pro aris et focis|Pro deo et patria]]}} ([[Latin|Laatiini]]) | motto_eng = "Ilaah iyo Waddanka" | type = [[Private university|Gaar loo leeyahay]] [[University charter#Federal|federaal ahaan loo aqoonsaday]] [[research university|jaamacad cilmi-baaris]] | founders = [[John Fletcher Hurst]] | accreditation = [[Middle States Commission on Higher Education|MSCHE]] | religious_affiliation = [[United Methodist Church|Kaniisadda Methodist-ka Midowday]] | president = [[David Marchick]] (K MG) | provost = [[Vicky M. Wilkins]] | city = [[Washington, D.C.]] | country = Maraykanka | students = 13,019 (Dayrtii 2023)<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.american.edu/trustees/upload/american-university-presidential-search-prospectus_october-2023.pdf|title=American University Presidential Search Prospectus | publisher=American University | date=October 30, 2023 | access-date=October 30, 2023}}</ref> | undergrad = 7,571 (Dayrtii 2023) | postgrad = 3,613 (Dayrtii 2023) | other_students = 1,835 (Dayrtii 2023) | campus = Magaalo weyn,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=American&s=all&pg=5&id=131159|title=College Navigator – American University|website=nces.ed.gov}}</ref> {{convert|90|acre|ha}} | mascot = Clawed Z. Eagle (Gorgorka) | sporting_affiliations = {{hlist| [[NCAA Division I]] – [[Patriot League]]|[[Eastern Intercollegiate Wrestling Association|EIWA]]}} | sports_nickname = [[American Eagles|Gorgorrada]] | colors = {{color box|#ED193A}} Casaan<br />{{color box|#004FA2}} Buluug<br />{{color box|white}} Caddaan | endowment = $1.12 bilyan (2025)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/nacubo1-nacubo-prd-dc8b/media/Nacubo/Documents/EndowmentFiles/2025-NCSE-Endowment-Market-Values-for-US-and-Canadian-Institutions-FINAL.xlsx |title=U.S. and Canadian 2025 NCSE Participating Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2025 Endowment Market Value |publisher=National Association of College and University Business Officers (NACUBO) |access-date=February 14, 2026 |format=XLSX}}</ref> | academic_affiliations = {{hlist|[[Coalition of Urban and Metropolitan Universities|CUMU]]|[[Consortium of Universities of the Washington Metropolitan Area|CUWMA]]|[[Consortium for North American Higher Education Collaboration|CONAHEC]]|[[International Association of Methodist-related Schools, Colleges, and Universities|IAMSCU]]|[[National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities|NAICU]]|[[National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program|Space grant]]|[[Consortium for Undergraduate International Business Education|CUIBE]]}} | coordinates = {{coord|38.9371|-77.0869|region:US_type:edu|display=inline,title}} | website = {{official url}} | logo = | logo_upright = .9 | free_label = Wargeyska | free = ''The Eagle'' }} [[File:AU Flag.jpg|thumb|Calanka Jaamacadda Mareykanka]] '''Jaamacadda Mareykanka''' (ingiriisi: '''American University''', oo loo soo gaabiyo '''AU''' ama '''American''') waa [[Private university|jaamacad gaar loo leeyahay]] oo ku taal magaalada [[Washington, D.C.]], ee dalka Maraykanka. Xarunteeda weyn waxay ku fidsan tahay 90 acres (36 ha) oo ku taal [[Ward Circle]], oo ka tirsan xaafadaha [[Spring Valley (Washington, D.C.)|Spring Valley]] iyo [[Tenleytown]] ee [[Northwest (Washington, D.C.)|Northwest D.C.]]. Jaamacadda waxaa lagu aasaasay sharci ka soo baxay [[Act of Congress|Golaha Guurtida Maraykanka]] sanadkii 1893, iyada oo uu soo jeediyay bishop-kii Methodist-ka ahaa ee [[John Fletcher Hurst]], kaas oo doonayay in uu abuuro hay'ad dhiirrigelisa [[public service|adeegga bulshada]], [[Internationalism (politics)|caalamiyeynta]], iyo [[pragmatic idealism|aragti-wanaagga dhabta ah]].<ref name=ActofIncorporation>{{cite web |url=http://www.american.edu/trustees/Charter.cfm|title= American University Act of Incorporation|date=December 5, 1892|work=US Congress|access-date=April 15, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{USStatute|52|160|27|476|1893|02|24|HR|10304}}</ref> Jaamacadda waxaa aasaasay [[General Conference (Methodism)|Shirka Guud]] ee [[Methodist Episcopal Church]] oo ahayd hay'ad qaran oo Methodist ah.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AU's United Methodist Affiliation |url=https://www.american.edu/student-affairs/kay/united-methodist-affiliation.cfm |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=American University |language=en}}</ref> Waxay weli xiriir la leedahay [[United Methodist Church|Kaniisadda Methodist-ka Midowday]], hase yeeshee, xiriirka diimeed ma aha shuruud loo baahan yahay in lagu soo galo jaamacadda, shaqo looga helayo, mana aha shuruud akhris-aqooneed. AU waxay bilowday dhismaheedii 1902, waxayna furantahay iyada oo ah hay'ad waxbarasho oo heer sare ah (qalin-jabisa) 1914, iyada oo aqbashay ardaydii ugu horreysay ee shahaadada koowaad (undergraduate) sanadkii 1925. AU waxay ka kooban tahay siddeed dugsi iyo kulliyadood: [[American University School of International Service|Dugsiga Adeegga Caalamiga ah]]; [[American University College of Arts and Sciences|Kulliyadda Fanka iyo Sayniska]]; Dugsiga Ganacsiga ee Kogod; [[American University School of Communication|Dugsiga Isgaarsiinta]]; Dugsiga Daraasaadka Xirfadda iyo Baahsan; [[American University School of Public Affairs|Dugsiga Arrimaha Dadweynaha]]; [[American University School of Education|Dugsiga Waxbarashada ee Linda A. and H. Kent Baker]]; iyo [[Washington College of Law]] (WCL). Jaamacaddu waxay bixisaa in ka badan 160 barnaamijyo waxbarasho, oo ay ku jiraan 71 shahaadada koowaad ah, 87 shahaadada mastarka ah, iyo 10 shahaadada dhakhtarnimada (PhD), iyo waliba barnaamijyada [[Juris Doctor Degree|JD]], [[Master of Law|LLM]], iyo [[Doctor of Juridical Science|SJD]]. Jaamacaddu waxay ka mid tahay [[Carnegie Classification of Institutions|jaamacadaha heerka R1]] ee leh dhaqdhaqaaq cilmi-baaris oo sarreeya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=American University |url=https://carnegieclassifications.acenet.edu/institution/american-university/ |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education |language=en-US}}</ref> Iyada oo ay ardaydu ka badan yihiin 13,000 kana kala socda dhammaan 50-ka gobol ee Maraykanka iyo 141 waddan, ku dhawaad ​​shan meelood meel ardayda ayaa ah kuwo caalami ah. Ardayda ciyaaraha ee jaamacaddu waxay kula tartamaan kooxaha heerka jaamacadeed sida [[American Eagles]] ee [[NCAA Division I]] iyagoo xubin ka ah [[Patriot League]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Patriot League |url=https://patriotleague.org/ |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=Patriot League |language=en}}</ref> AU waxay hoy u tahay Maktabadda Jack I. iyo Dorothy G. Bender, taas oo haysa in ka badan hal milyan oo buug waana qayb ka mid ah [[Washington Research Library Consortium]], oo ay weheliso Maktabadda Sharci ee Pence ee WCL.<ref>{{Cite web |title=American University {{!}} Washington Research Library Consortium |url=https://www.wrlc.org/au |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=www.wrlc.org}}</ref> Jaamacadda Mareykanka waa mid ka mid ah saddexda dugsi ee ugu sarreeya ee ardaydoodu toos uga shaqo galaan [[United States Department of State|Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda ee Maraykanka]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Toosi |first=Nahal |date=June 14, 2020 |title=Ivy League grads have a leg up in State Department promotions, stats show |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/06/14/ivy-league-grads-state-department-promotions-316531 |access-date=November 27, 2023 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}</ref> {{TOC limit|4}} == Taariikhda == === Aasaaskii === [[File:American University Glover Gate.jpg|thumb|Albaabka hore ee Jaamacadda Mareykanka]] [[File:American University in 1916.jpg|thumb|Jaamacadda Mareykanka sanadkii 1916]] Jaamacadda Mareykanka waxaa lagu aasaasay Degmada Columbia (District of Columbia) iyada oo ay sababtay sharci ka soo baxay [[Act of Congress|Golaha Guurtida]] Disembar 5, 1892, taas oo inta badan ka dhalatay dadaalkii uu bixiyay bishop-kii Methodist-ka ahaa ee [[John Fletcher Hurst]], kaas oo ujeedadiisu ahayd in uu abuuro hay'ad tababari karta shaqaalaha dowladda mustaqbalka. Hurst ayaa sidoo kale doortay goobta jaamacadda, taas oo ku tiilay hareeraha miyiga ah ee [[Washington, D.C.]]. Ka dib in ka badan saddex sano iyo bar oo loo huray inta badan helitaanka taageero dhaqaale, jaamacadda waxaa si rasmi ah loo daahfuray May 15, 1914. Waxbarashadu waxay bilaabatay Oktoobar 1914 iyada oo ay diiwaan gashanaayeen 28 arday, kuwaas oo 19 ka mid ahi ay ahaayeen qalin-jabis, inta kalena ay ahaayeen arday gaar ah oo aan u sharaxnayn shahaado. === Qarnigii 20-aad === Qalin-jabintii ugu horreysay ee Jaamacadda Mareykanka waxay dhacday Juun 2, 1915. [[File:AU McKineyHall ACC.jpeg|thumb|Goobta ay ka dhalatay Ciidanka Kimikada Ee Ciidanka (Army Chemical Corps)]] Intii lagu guda jiray [[Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka]], jaamacaddu waxay u oggolaatay [[U.S. military|ciidanka Maraykanka]] inay adeegsadaan dhulka jaamacadda si ay tijaabooyin uga sameeyaan. Sanadkii 1917, ciidanka Maraykanka waxay u qaybiyeen Jaamacadda Mareykanka laba qaybood: [[Camp Leach]] iyo [[Camp American University]]. Camp Leach wuxuu ahaa hoy ay ka socdaan cilmi-baaris horumarsan, horumarin, iyo tijaabinta farsamooyinka daboolida casriga ah (camouflage). Camp American University waxay ahayd saldhig tijaabo ah oo noqday halkii ay ka dhalatay barnaamijka hubka kiimikada ee Maraykanka iyo goobta tijaabada hubka kiimikada.<ref name="Gordon">{{cite book |last1=Gordon |first1=Martin K. |url=https://www.nab.usace.army.mil/Portals/63/docs/SpringValley/AUES_Report_June_1994.pdf |title=Final Report: A Brief History of the American University Experiment Station and U. S. Navy Bomb Disposal School, America University |last2=Sude |first2=Barry R. |last3=Overbeck |first3=Ruth Ann |last4=Hendricks |first4=Charles |date=1994 |publisher=U. S. Army Corps of Engineers |access-date=13 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="Gross">{{cite journal|last1=Gross|first1=Daniel A.|title=Chemical Warfare: From the European Battlefield to the American Laboratory|journal=Distillations|date=Spring 2015|volume=1|issue=1|pages=16–23|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/chemical-warfare-from-the-european-battlefield-to-the-american-laboratory|access-date=March 20, 2018}}</ref> Dadaal weyn oo nadiifin ah ayaa bilaabmay 1990-meeyadii si looga saaro hadhaagii hubka kiimikada, gaar ahaan ururinta in ka badan 200 oo qolof oo gaaska mustard ah oo lagu aasay dhulka hoostiisa kampaska.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-23 |title=American University Once Had A Chemical Warfare Center |url=https://architectofthecapital.org/posts/2016/11/18/american-university-chemical-weapons |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Architect of the Capital |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207111846/https://architectofthecapital.org/posts/2016/11/18/american-university-chemical-weapons |url-status=dead}}</ref> Agab dheeraad ah ayaa la helay Juun 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Restoration plans persist in cleanup of former World War I chemical weapons manufacturing site - The Eagle |url=https://www.theeagleonline.com/article/2024/12/restoration-plans-persist-in-cleanup-of-former-world-war-i-chemical-weapons-manufacturing-site |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=www.theeagleonline.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Spring Valley Monthly Update February 2025 |url=https://www.nab.usace.army.mil/Home/Spring-Valley/Monthly-Update/ |access-date=May 18, 2025 |website=US Army Corps of Engineers Baltimore District}}</ref> Waxbarashada waxaa markii ugu horreysay lagu bixiyay heerka qalin-jabinta keliya, iyadoo waafaqsan aragtida aasaasayaasha jaamacadda. Arrinkani wuu is beddelay 1925 markii la aasaasay Kulliyada Fanka Xorta ah (oo hadhow loo bixiyay [[American University College of Arts and Sciences|Kulliyada Fanka iyo Sayniska]]), taas oo bixisay shahaadooyinka iyo barnaamijyada jaamacadeed ee heerka koowaad. Wixii hadda ah [[American University School of Public Affairs|Dugsiga Arrimaha Dadweynaha]] waxaa la aasaasay 1934,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spa.american.edu/pages.php?ID=12 |title=The School of Public Affairs at American University |publisher=Spa.american.edu |access-date=July 23, 2012}}</ref> qayb ahaan si loo baro shaqaalaha dowladda ee mustaqbalka dhinaca [[public administration|maamulka dadweynaha]]. Xiriirka AU ee dowladda Maraykanka wuxuu sii socday intii lagu guda jiray [[Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka]], xilligaas oo kampasku uu martigeliyay Iskuulka Bambaanooyinka Burburiya ee Ciidanka Badda ee Maraykanka iyo xerada ciidanka dumarka ee [[United States Naval Reserve (Women's Reserve)|WAVE]]. Kaalinta AU ee dadaalladaas dagaalka awgeed, markabkii guusha ee [[Victory ship|SS ''American Victory'']] loogu magac daray sharafteeda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mission & History |url=https://www.americanvictory.org/about/mission-and-history/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=American Victory Ship |language=en-US}}</ref> [[File:President Kennedy American University Commencement Address June 10, 1963.jpg|thumb|Madaxweyne [[John F. Kennedy]] wuxuu jeedinayaa [[wikisource:A Strategy of Peace|hutbiga qalin-jabinta ee Jaamacadda Mareykanka]], Juun 10, 1963]] Xilligii ka dambeeyay Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka waxaa la arkay koror weyn iyo dib-u-habeyn lagu sameeyay AU. 1949, jaamacaddu waxay midoobday [[Washington College of Law]], taas oo la aasaasay 1896. Wax yar ka dib, saddex waaxood ayaa loo habeeyay sidii dugsiyo: Dugsiga Maamulka Ganacsiga 1955 (oo hadhow loo bixiyay Kulliyada Maamulka Ganacsiga ee Robert P. iyo Arlene R. Kogod 1999na loo bixiyay Dugsiga Ganacsiga ee Kogod); Dugsiga Dowladda iyo Maamulka Dadweynaha 1957; iyo [[School of International Service|Dugsiga Adeegga Caalamiga ah]] 1958.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}} Horraantii 1960-meeyadii, [[United States Department_of_Defense|Wasaaradda Difaaca]] iyo [[Central Intelligence Agency|Wakaaladda Sirdoonka Bartamaha]] waxay maamulayeen xarunta cilmi-baarista iyo horumarinta ee federaalka loo maalgeliyo ee [[Project Camelot|Xafiiska Cilmi-baarista Howlaha Gaarka ah (SORO)]] oo ahayd xarun fikradeed (think-tank) oo ku taal Jaamacadda Mareykanka. Lugaha siyaasadeed ee AU waxaa sii xoojiyay khudbaddii qalin-jabinta ee Madaxweyne [[John F. Kennedy]] ee Guga 1963.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/BWC7I4C9QUmLG9J6I8oy8w.aspx |title=Commencement Address at American University, June 10, 1963 |date=June 10, 1963 |website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum |access-date=March 12, 2018}}</ref> Khudbadaas, Kennedy wuxuu ugu baaqay Midowga Soofiyeeti inay la shaqeeyaan Maraykanka si loo gaaro heshiis lagu mamnuucayo tijaabada nukliyeerka iyo in la yareeyo xiisadaha caalamiga ah ee xooggan iyo cabsida dagaalka nukliyeerka xilligaas oo uu taagnaa [[Dagaalkii Qaboobaa]]. Laga soo bilaabo 1965 ilaa 1977, Kulliyada Waxbarashada Sii-socota (College of Continuing Education) waxay jirtay iyada oo ah kulliyad bixisa shahaadooyin oo masuul ka ahayd barnaamijyada waxbarashada dadka waaweyn ee gudaha iyo dibaddaba kampaska. Dugsiga Kalkaalinta Caafimaadka ee Lucy Webb Hayes wuxuu bixiyay waxbarashada heerka koowaad ee Kalkaalinta 1965 ilaa 1988. 1972, Dugsiga Dowladda iyo Maamulka Dadweynaha, Dugsiga Adeegga Caalamiga ah, Xarunta Farsamada iyo Maamulka, iyo Xarunta Maamulka Caddaaladda (oo hadhow loo bixiyay Dugsiga Caddaaladda) waxaa lagu daray Kulliyada Arrimaha Dadweynaha iyo Caalamiga ah. Jaamacaddu waxay iibsatay Kampaska Immaculata 1986 si loo xalliyo dhibaatooyinka booska. Kanu wuxuu noqon doonaa Kampaska Tenley.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Flanagan |first=Neil |last2= |title=Moving AU law school could revitalize Tenleytown |url=https://ggwash.org/view/5269/moving-au-law-school-could-revitalize-tenleytown |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Greater Greater Washington |language=en}}</ref> 1986, dhismaha Xarunta Isboortiga iyo Kulanka ee Adnan Khashoggi ayaa billowday. Waxaa lagu maalgeliyay $5 milyan oo ka yimid islamarkaana loogu magac daray xubnihii gollaha maamulka ee Sacuudiga [[Adnan Khashoggi]], dhismaha waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu cusboonaysiiyo xarumaha ciyaaraha oo la siiyo garoon cusub, iyo sidoo kale meel baabuurta la dhigto iyo xafiisyo adeegyada maamulka ah. Isagoo ku kacay qiyaastii $19 milyan, dhismahani wuxuu ahaa mashruucsprkii ugu weynaa ee dhismaha ilaa xilligaas laakiin wuxuu la kulmay mudaharaad uga yimid macallimiinta iyo ardaydaba oo ka soo horjeeday isticmaalka jaamacadda ee magaca Khashoggi ee dhismaha sababtoo ah qaybtiisii ganacsiga hubka caalamiga ah.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1987/01/11/american-u-donation-stirs-debate/a8487a86-1788-4a79-ab8f-16e02c03df43/ |title=AMERICAN U. DONATION STIRS DEBATE |last=Isikoff |first=Michael |date=January 11, 1987 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en-US |access-date=March 12, 2018}}</ref> 1988, Kulliyada Arrimaha Dadweynaha iyo Caalamiga ah waxaa dib loo habeeyay si loo abuuro laba dugsi oo madaxbannaan: Dugsiga Adeegga Caalamiga ah iyo Dugsiga Arrimaha Dadweynaha, oo ay ku jiraan Dugsiga Dowladda iyo Maamulka Dadweynaha iyo Dugsiga Caddaaladda. Isla sanadkaas, dhismaha Xarunta Isboortiga ee Adnan Khashoggi waa la dhammeeyay halka ay arrinta muranka ka taagnayd ee [[Iran–Contra affair|Iran–Contra]] ay gaartay heerkeedii ugu sarreeyay, in kasta oo magaciisu uu ku haray dhismaha ilaa ka dib markii Khashoggi uu ku guuldareysatay waajibaadkiisii deeqda ahayd dhexdii ilaa dhammaadkii 1990-meeyadii. [[File:Tenleytown aerial 2019.jpg|thumb|Muuqaal xagga sare ah oo ka muuqda kampaska Jaamacadda Mareykanka, iyadoo [[Tenleytown]] ay ku taal gadaal, 2019]] [[File:AmericanUniversity.jpg|thumb|Jaamacadda Mareykanka]]1997, [[American University of Sharjah]], oo ahayd jaamacadda keliya ee iskudhaf ah, ee fanka xorta ah ee ku taal [[United Arab Emirates|Aimaraatka Carabta ee Midoobay]], waxay saxiixday qandaraas laba sano ah oo ay la gashay AU si ay u bixiso maamulka aqooneed. Qandaraaskan tan iyo markaas waa la cusboonaysiiyay dhowr jeer ilaa Agoosto 2009. Koox ka tirsan maamulayaasha sare ee AU ayaa u guuray [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]] si ay uga caawiyaan aasaaska jaamacadda iyo in ay maraan nidaamka aqoonsiga ee [[Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools]]. === Qarnigii 21-aad === Dayrtii 2005, [[Katzen Arts Center|Xarunta Fanka ee Katzen]] iyo [[American University Museum]] ayaa furmay, iyagoo lagu maalgeliyay deeq ka timid [[philanthropists|deeq-bixiyeyaasha]] Washington, D.C. Dr. Cyrus iyo Myrtle Katzen.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-15 |title=The Katzen Arts Center: A Legacy |url=https://www.american.edu/cas/news/katzen-arts-center-legacy.cfm |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=American University |language=en}}</ref> Xaruntu waxay sii waddaa inay soo bandhigto ururinta fanka ee reer Katzen waxayna diiradda saartaa iskaashiga kala duwan ee dhinaca fanka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katzen Arts Center |url=https://www.american.edu/cas/katzen/ |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=American University |language=en}}</ref> [[Benjamin Ladner]] waxaa laga joojiyay xilkiisii madaxweynaha jaamacadda Agoosto 24, 2005, iyadoo la sugayo baaritaan ku saabsan suurtagalnimada in si khaldan loo isticmaalay lacagaha jaamacadda. Macallimiinta jaamacadda ayaa codad kalsooni darro ah u qaaday Madaxweyne Ladner bishii xigtay.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/26/AR2005092601801.html |title=AU Faculty Members Vote No Confidence in Ladner |last1=Kinzie |first1=Susan |last2=Strauss |first2=Valerie |date=September 27, 2005 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en-US |access-date=March 12, 2018}}</ref> Hal bil ka dib codbixinta macallimiinta, gollaha maamulayaashu waxay go'aamiyeen in Ladner uusan dib ugu laaban doonin Jaamacadda Mareykanka ahaan madaxweynaheeda.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/25/education/president-of-american-university-agrees-to-resign.html |title=President of American University Agrees to Resign |last=Janofsky |first=Michael |date=October 25, 2005 |website=The New York Times |language=en-US |access-date=March 12, 2018}}</ref> Sida uu qabo [[The Chronicle of Higher Education]],<ref>Bogga B10, November 16, 2007</ref> Ladner wuxuu helay magdhow guud oo gaaraya $4,270,665 sannadkiisii ugu dambeeyay ee adeegga, kaas oo ahaa kii labaad ee ugu sarreeyay madaxweyne kasta oo jaamacad ah dalka gudahiisa. [[Cornelius M. Kerwin]], oo ahaa maamule muddo dheer ka tirsanaa AU, ayaa markaas loo magacaabay madaxweyne K MG. Sebtembar 1, 2007, Kerwin waxaa loo magacaabay xilka si rasmi ah u joogto ah ka dib markii laba codsade ay diideen dalab ka yimid gollaha maamulayaasha.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.american.edu/president/new/biography.html |title=President-Elect Cornelius M. Kerwin biography| author=American University |year=2007 |access-date=July 20, 2007}}</ref> Dhismaha dhismaha cusub ee [[American University School of International Service|Dugsiga Adeegga Caalamiga ah]] ayaa la dhagax dhigay Nofeembar 14, 2007, waxaana la dhammeeyay 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |title=American University School of International Service |url=https://mcdonoughpartners.com/projects/american-university-school-of-international-service/ |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=William McDonough + Partners |language=en-US}}</ref> Furitaanka dhismaha, waxaa khudbad jeediyay xilligaas Senator-kii Hawaii [[Daniel K. Inouye]]. 2015, Jaamacadda Mareykanka waxay bilowday bixinta barnaamij la aqoonsaday, oo degdeg ah oo internetka ah oo ah Shahaadada Mastarka Maamulka Ganacsiga ([[Master of Business Administration|MBA]]).<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/american-university-kogod-school-of-business-to-offer-accelerated-one-year-online-mba-program-300152411.html|title=American University Kogod School of Business to Offer Accelerated One-year Online MBA Program|website=www.prnewswire.com|language=en|access-date=June 21, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://onlinebusiness.american.edu/mba/|title=Online MBA - Earn your MBA from Anywhere|access-date=June 21, 2018|language=en|archive-date=Bisha Lixaad 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622005248/https://onlinebusiness.american.edu/mba/|url-status=dead}}</ref> May 2017, Kerwin wuxuu ka fariistay madaxweynaha AU.<ref name="reedretire">{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2016/03/28/american-university-president-neil-kerwin-to-step.html |title=American University President Neil Kerwin to step down |last=Reed |first=Tina |date=March 28, 2016 |work=Washington Business Journal |access-date=March 28, 2016}}</ref> Bishii Juun, wax yar ka dib markii ay ka tagtay xilkeedii ahayd [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services|Wasiirka HHS]], [[Sylvia Mathews Burwell]] ayaa loo doortay inay noqoto madaxweynaha 15-aad isla markaana ahayd haweeneydii ugu horreysay ee ka shaqeysa doorkaas.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Rebecca Adams |date=2017-01-26 |title=Burwell to Lead American University as President |url=https://rollcall.com/2017/01/26/burwell-to-lead-american-university-as-president/ |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Roll Call |language=en-US}}</ref> 2017, [[Taylor Dumpson]] waxay noqotay madaxweynaha ururka ardayda ee ugu horreysay oo ah haweeney madow ah ee AU. Maalinteedii ugu horreysay ee xafiiska, moos ayaa laga helay saddex meelood oo ka tirsan kampaska, oo ka lulnaya xargo xarig u eg, oona ay ku calaamadsan yihiin xarfaha "AKA," oo ah xarfaha ururka gabdhaha ee [[Alpha Kappa Alpha]]. Jaamacaddu waxay u aragtay dhacdadaas mid cunsuriyad ah, iyadoo madaxweynaha bixi doona Kerwin uu ku tilmaamay "fal fulaynimo ah, oo laga naxo."<ref>Larimer, Susan (May 2, 2017) [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2017/05/02/a-cowardly-despicable-act-american-u-president-responds-to-banana-incident-on-schools-campus/ "Man who harassed black student online must deliver 'sincere' apology, renounce white supremacy"] ''[[The Washington Post]]''</ref><ref name="larimer">Larimer, Sarah (December 21, 2018) [https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2018/12/21/man-who-harassed-black-student-online-must-deliver-sincere-apology-renounce-white-supremacy/ "Man who harassed black student online must deliver 'sincere' apology, renounce white supremacy"] ''[[The Washington Post]]''</ref> 2019, [[American University School of Education|Dugsiga Waxbarashada]] (SOE) waxaa laga gooyay [[American University College of Arts and Sciences|Kulliyada Fanka iyo Sayniska]] (CAS).<ref name="theeagleonline.com">{{Cite web|title=School of Education separates from the College of Arts and Sciences|url=https://www.theeagleonline.com/article/2019/06/school-of-education-separates|access-date=August 20, 2020|website=The Eagle|language=en}}</ref> Sida uu sheegay deenka SOE ee xilligaas Cheryl Holcomb-McCoy, tallaabadan waxaa loo qaaday si "loogu dhiirrigeliyo ardayda badan inay raadsadaan shaqooyinka waxbarashada."<ref name="theeagleonline.com" /> Meelaha daraasadda ee ardaydu ay ka ceyrsan karaan dugsiga dhexdiisa waxaa ka mid ah: waxbarashada macallimiinta, waxbarashada gaarka ah, siyaasadda waxbarashada iyo hoggaanka, iyo waxbarashada caalamiga ah. Dugsigu wuxuu hoy u yahay Machadka Hal-abuurka ee Waxbarashada iyo Xarunta Diyaarinta iyo Guusha Kadib-Sare.<ref>{{Cite web|title=School of Education {{!}} American University, Washington, DC|url=https://www.american.edu/soe/|access-date=August 20, 2020|website=American University|language=en}}</ref><ref name="theeagleonline.com" /> Abriil 22, 2020, AU waxay ku dhawaaqday inay [[Fossil fuel divestment|ka baxday (divested)]] hantideeda keydka ah (endowment) shidaalka fosilka, taasoo ka dhigtay mid ka mid ah jaamacadaha ugu horreeya ee Mareykanka ee si buuxda uga baxa haysashada shidaalka fosilka ee tooska ah iyo midka aan tooska ahayn labadaba.<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 22, 2020|title=American University Eliminates All Public Fossil Fuel Investments from Its Endowment|url=https://www.american.edu/media/news/20200422-divestment.cfm|access-date=December 27, 2020|website=American University|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=BREAKING: AU announces full financial divestment from fossil fuel stocks|url=https://www.theeagleonline.com/article/2020/04/breaking-au-announces-full-financial-divestment-from-fossil-fuel-stocks|access-date=December 27, 2020|website=The Eagle|language=en}}</ref> Ka dib [[referendum|afti]] ay ardaydu u codeeyeen inay taageerayaan ka bixitaanka, gollaha maamulayaasha AU waxay u codeeyeen inay diidaan ka bixitaanka keydka 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Respaut|first=Robin|date=November 21, 2014|title=American University rejects divesting its fossil-fuel assets|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-university-fossilfuel-idUSKCN0J52C120141121|access-date=December 27, 2020}}</ref> Go'aanka lagu baxay 2020 wuxuu yimid ka dib olole ballaaran oo ay ardaydu ka sameeyeen kooxo sida Fossil Free AU iyo dowladda ardayda ee heerka koowaad.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Lu|first=Mark|date=April 22, 2020|title=Fossil Free AU & AUSG: the unlikely pair that secured fossil fuel divestment|url=https://www.americanagora.org/single-post/2020/04/22/ffau-ausg-the-unlikely-pair-that-secured-fossil-fuel-divestment|access-date=December 27, 2020|website=americanagora|language=en|archive-date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204074412/https://www.americanagora.org/single-post/2020/04/22/ffau-ausg-the-unlikely-pair-that-secured-fossil-fuel-divestment|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> 2020, Fossil Free AU waxay ku aaddisay afti labaad oo arday ah oo ku saabsan mawduuca, dowladduna ardayduna waxay soo saartay warbixin ku saabsan ka bixitaanka, taas oo loo bandhigay gollaha maamulayaasha adkeysiga maaliyadeed ee ardayda Robert Zitzmann.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=February 1, 2020|title=Fossil Fuel Divestment: Environmentally Sustainable, Financially Responsible|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1gCj2nr5qcWy1fQobPyWcCaslZarEQsCt/view|website=American University Student Government}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=SG referendum supporting divestment from fossil fuel industry passes|url=https://www.theeagleonline.com/article/2020/04/sg-referendum-supporting-divestment-from-fossil-fuel-industry-passes|access-date=December 27, 2020|website=The Eagle|language=en}}</ref> Horraantii Agoosto 2023, Burwell waxay ku dhawaaqday inay ka degayso madaxweynaha 15-aad ee AU laakiin ay ka sii shaqayn doonto Machadka Si سیاست iyo Siyaasadda ee Sine ee AU.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anderson |first=Nick |date=August 8, 2023 |title=American University president to step down after the coming school year |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2023/08/08/american-university-sylvia-burwell-resign/ |access-date=March 19, 2024 |work=Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Changemaking Presidency |url=https://www.american.edu/magazine/article/a-changemaking-presidency.cfm |access-date=July 4, 2024 |website=American University |language=en}}</ref> Luuliyo 1, 2024, [[Jonathan Alger]] wuxuu noqday madaxweynaha 16-aad ee AU.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Announcing AU's 16th president |url=https://www.american.edu/trustees/presidentialsearch/ |access-date=March 18, 2024 |website=American University |language=en}}</ref> Alger wuxuu u magacaabay Matthew Eynon, oo hore u ahaa Madaxweyne Ku-xigeenka Arrimaha Jaamacadda ee [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT), inuu hoggaamiyo Horumarinta Jaamacadda iyo Qorshaynta Istaraatiijiyadeed ee AU.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Announcing our new Vice President of University Advancement |url=https://www.american.edu/president/announcements/march-24-2025.cfm |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=American University |language=en}}</ref> Nofeembar 2024, waxaa la sheegay in AU ay tixgelineyso dib-u-habeyn lagu sameeyo [[American University School of Education|SOE]], taas oo laga yaabo inay dib ugu biiriso [[American University College of Arts and Sciences|CAS]] ama xitaa ay kala dirto [[American University School of Education|SOE]] gebi ahaanba, iyada oo ay sabab u tahay walaacyo dhinaca miisaaniyadda ah.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NAICU - Amid Budget Cuts, American University May Restructure School of Education |url=https://www.naicu.edu/news-events/member-news/2024/11/amid-budget-cuts-american-university-may-restructure-school-of-education/ |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=www.naicu.edu}}</ref> Febraayo 2025, borofisarkii mudada dheer maaliyadda H. Kent Baker wuxuu sameeyay deeq aan la shaacin, taas oo ahayd deeqdii shaqsi ee ugu weynayd taariikhda AU, oo lagu sharfayo xaaskiisii ​​geeriyootay, Linda. Gollaha Maamulayaasha waxay aqoonsadeen deeqdiisa beddelka lahayd iyagoo u bixiyay dugsiga [[American University School of Education|Dugsiga Waxbarashada ee Linda A. and H. Kent Baker]], taas oo ahayd tallaabo ugu dambeyn xajistay xaaladda madaxbannaan ee dugsiga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Frank {{!}} |first=Adrienne |date=2025-02-11 |title=The Enduring Legacy of an AU Love Story: Lifelong AU Connections Inspire Historic Gift to Name the School of Education (SOE) |url=https://www.american.edu/news/The-Enduring-Legacy-of-an-AU-Love-Story-Lifelong-AU-Connections-Inspire-Historic-Gift-to-Name-the-School-of-Education-SOE.cfm |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=American University |language=en}}</ref> May 2026, Alger wuxuu ku dhawaaqay inuu ka degay xilkii madaxweynaha 16-aad ee AU.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Message to the AU Community from President Alger |url=https://www.american.edu/president/announcements/may-27-2026.cfm |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=American University |language=en}}</ref> Laga bilaabo Luuliyo 2026, [[David Marchick]] wuxuu u adeegaa AU ahaan madaxweyne kumeelgaar ah ilaa madaxweynaha xiga uu xilka ka qabanayo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-27 |title=A letter from David Marchick to the American University community |url=https://kogod.american.edu/news/a-letter-from-david-marchick-to-the-american-university-community |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=kogod.american.edu |language=en}}</ref> ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} n5ota4lwo5k4om0r2kngnxtx8htiag9 0 38302 310822 293541 2026-10-24T11:39:43Z 2RandomUsername 47349 310822 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width: 255px; font-size: 90%; float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border: 1px solid #aaa; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 0.5em;" |- ! colspan="2" style="font-size: 120%; text-align: center; background: #b0c4de;" | Somali Premier League |- ! Dalka | [[Soomaaliya]] |- ! Xiriirka | [[Xiriirka Kubadda Cagta Soomaaliyeed]] (SFF) |- ! Heerka | Heerka 1aad |- ! Kooxaha | 12 |- ! U laabashada | [[Somali Division One]] |- ! Websaydhka | [https://footballsomalia.so footballsomalia.so] |- ! Xilli ciyaareedka | [[Somali Premier League 2025/26|2025-2026 Somali Premier League]] |} '''Somali Premier League''' (Horyaalka Kubadda Cagta Soomaaliya) waa heerka ugu sarreeya ee ciyaaraha kubadda cagta ee dalka [[Soomaaliya]]. Horyaalka waxaa la aasaasay sanadkii [[1961]], wuxuuna ka kooban yahay 12 kooxood. In kasta oo ay jiraan caqabadaha amni iyo kuwa siyaasadeed ee dalka, horyaalku waa mid deggan oo si joogto ah u dhaca, iyadoo ku dhowaad marnaba la baajin ama dib loo dhigin xilli ciyaareed. Kooxda [[Banaadir Telecom FC|Mogadishu City Club]] ayaa ah kooxda ugu guulaha badan horyaalka iyadoo haysata 9 koob. Dhammaadka xilli ciyaareedka, kooxda ku guulaysata horyaalka waxay u soo baxdaa isku-reebreebka [[CAF Champions League]], halka labada kooxood ee ugu hooseeya (kaalmaha 11aad iyo 12aad) ay u dhacaan heerka labaad ee [[Somali Division One]]. == Kooxaha (2025-26) == Xilli ciyaareedka hadda socda: [[2025-26 Somali Premier League]] * [[Badbaado FC]] * [[Dekedaha FC]] * [[Elman FC]] * [[Gaadiidka FC]] * [[Gantaalaha FC]] * [[Heegan FC]] * [[Horseed FC]] * [[Jazeera Sports Club]] * [[Jeenyo FC]] * [[Jubba FC]] * [[Banaadir Telecom FC|Mogadishu City Club]] * [[Raadsan SC]] == Horyaalada la qaaday == {{Columns-list|colwidth=17em| * 1967: Somali Police * 1968: Hoga * 1969: Lavori Publici * 1970: Lavori Publici * 1971: Lavori Publici * 1971-72: [[Horseed FC]] * 1972-73: [[Horseed FC]] * 1973-74: [[Horseed FC]] * 1975: Mogadiscio Municipality * 1976-77: [[Horseed FC]] * 1977-78: [[Horseed FC]] * 1978-79: [[Horseed FC]] * 1979-80: [[Horseed FC]] * 1980-81: Lavori Publici * 1982: Wagad * 1983: National Printing Agency * 1984: Marine Club * 1985: Wagad * 1986: Mogadiscio Municipality * 1987: Wagad * 1988: Wagad * 1989: Mogadiscio Municipality * 1990: Jadidka * 2003: [[Elman FC]] * 2004-06: [[Banaadir Telecom FC]] * 2007: [[Elman FC]] * 2008: [[Elman FC]] * 2009: [[Banaadir Telecom FC]] * 2010: Gayher FC * 2011: [[Elman FC]] * 2012: [[Elman FC]] * 2013-14: [[Banaadir Telecom FC]] * 2014-15: [[Heegan FC]] * 2015-16: [[Banaadir Telecom FC]] * 2016-17: [[Dekedaha FC]] * 2018: [[Dekedaha FC]] * 2019: [[Banaadir Telecom FC]] * 2021: [[Horseed FC]] * 2022: [[Gaadiidka FC|Gaadiidka]] * 2023-24: [[Dekedaha FC]] * 2024-25: [[Banaadir Telecom FC]] * 2025-26: [[Gaadiidka FC|Gaadiidka]] }} c1z4qqzlrl80cp29pewzoma6hi4hc6y 310823 310822 2026-10-24T11:40:19Z 2RandomUsername 47349 2RandomUsername la wareejiyay bogga [[Heerka Koowaad ee Soomaali]] ilaa [[Somali Premier League]] 310822 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width: 255px; font-size: 90%; float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border: 1px solid #aaa; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 0.5em;" |- ! colspan="2" style="font-size: 120%; text-align: center; background: #b0c4de;" | Somali Premier League |- ! Dalka | [[Soomaaliya]] |- ! Xiriirka | [[Xiriirka Kubadda Cagta Soomaaliyeed]] (SFF) |- ! Heerka | Heerka 1aad |- ! Kooxaha | 12 |- ! U laabashada | [[Somali Division One]] |- ! Websaydhka | [https://footballsomalia.so footballsomalia.so] |- ! Xilli ciyaareedka | [[Somali Premier League 2025/26|2025-2026 Somali Premier League]] |} '''Somali Premier League''' (Horyaalka Kubadda Cagta Soomaaliya) waa heerka ugu sarreeya ee ciyaaraha kubadda cagta ee dalka [[Soomaaliya]]. Horyaalka waxaa la aasaasay sanadkii [[1961]], wuxuuna ka kooban yahay 12 kooxood. In kasta oo ay jiraan caqabadaha amni iyo kuwa siyaasadeed ee dalka, horyaalku waa mid deggan oo si joogto ah u dhaca, iyadoo ku dhowaad marnaba la baajin ama dib loo dhigin xilli ciyaareed. Kooxda [[Banaadir Telecom FC|Mogadishu City Club]] ayaa ah kooxda ugu guulaha badan horyaalka iyadoo haysata 9 koob. Dhammaadka xilli ciyaareedka, kooxda ku guulaysata horyaalka waxay u soo baxdaa isku-reebreebka [[CAF Champions League]], halka labada kooxood ee ugu hooseeya (kaalmaha 11aad iyo 12aad) ay u dhacaan heerka labaad ee [[Somali Division One]]. == Kooxaha (2025-26) == Xilli ciyaareedka hadda socda: [[2025-26 Somali Premier League]] * [[Badbaado FC]] * [[Dekedaha FC]] * [[Elman FC]] * [[Gaadiidka FC]] * [[Gantaalaha FC]] * [[Heegan FC]] * [[Horseed FC]] * [[Jazeera Sports Club]] * [[Jeenyo FC]] * [[Jubba FC]] * [[Banaadir Telecom FC|Mogadishu City Club]] * [[Raadsan SC]] == Horyaalada la qaaday == {{Columns-list|colwidth=17em| * 1967: Somali Police * 1968: Hoga * 1969: Lavori Publici * 1970: Lavori Publici * 1971: Lavori Publici * 1971-72: [[Horseed FC]] * 1972-73: [[Horseed FC]] * 1973-74: [[Horseed FC]] * 1975: Mogadiscio Municipality * 1976-77: [[Horseed FC]] * 1977-78: [[Horseed FC]] * 1978-79: [[Horseed FC]] * 1979-80: [[Horseed FC]] * 1980-81: Lavori Publici * 1982: Wagad * 1983: National Printing Agency * 1984: Marine Club * 1985: Wagad * 1986: Mogadiscio Municipality * 1987: Wagad * 1988: Wagad * 1989: Mogadiscio Municipality * 1990: Jadidka * 2003: [[Elman FC]] * 2004-06: [[Banaadir Telecom FC]] * 2007: [[Elman FC]] * 2008: [[Elman FC]] * 2009: [[Banaadir Telecom FC]] * 2010: Gayher FC * 2011: [[Elman FC]] * 2012: [[Elman FC]] * 2013-14: [[Banaadir Telecom FC]] * 2014-15: [[Heegan FC]] * 2015-16: [[Banaadir Telecom FC]] * 2016-17: [[Dekedaha FC]] * 2018: [[Dekedaha FC]] * 2019: [[Banaadir Telecom FC]] * 2021: [[Horseed FC]] * 2022: [[Gaadiidka FC|Gaadiidka]] * 2023-24: [[Dekedaha FC]] * 2024-25: [[Banaadir Telecom FC]] * 2025-26: [[Gaadiidka FC|Gaadiidka]] }} c1z4qqzlrl80cp29pewzoma6hi4hc6y 310825 310823 2026-10-24T11:41:36Z 2RandomUsername 47349 2RandomUsername la wareejiyay bogga [[Somali Premier League]] ilaa [[Heerka Koowaad ee Soomaali]] iyadoo la dul mariyay sii toosin 310822 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width: 255px; font-size: 90%; float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border: 1px solid #aaa; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 0.5em;" |- ! colspan="2" style="font-size: 120%; text-align: center; background: #b0c4de;" | Somali Premier League |- ! Dalka | [[Soomaaliya]] |- ! Xiriirka | [[Xiriirka Kubadda Cagta Soomaaliyeed]] (SFF) |- ! Heerka | Heerka 1aad |- ! Kooxaha | 12 |- ! U laabashada | [[Somali Division One]] |- ! Websaydhka | [https://footballsomalia.so footballsomalia.so] |- ! Xilli ciyaareedka | [[Somali Premier League 2025/26|2025-2026 Somali Premier League]] |} '''Somali Premier League''' (Horyaalka Kubadda Cagta Soomaaliya) waa heerka ugu sarreeya ee ciyaaraha kubadda cagta ee dalka [[Soomaaliya]]. Horyaalka waxaa la aasaasay sanadkii [[1961]], wuxuuna ka kooban yahay 12 kooxood. In kasta oo ay jiraan caqabadaha amni iyo kuwa siyaasadeed ee dalka, horyaalku waa mid deggan oo si joogto ah u dhaca, iyadoo ku dhowaad marnaba la baajin ama dib loo dhigin xilli ciyaareed. Kooxda [[Banaadir Telecom FC|Mogadishu City Club]] ayaa ah kooxda ugu guulaha badan horyaalka iyadoo haysata 9 koob. Dhammaadka xilli ciyaareedka, kooxda ku guulaysata horyaalka waxay u soo baxdaa isku-reebreebka [[CAF Champions League]], halka labada kooxood ee ugu hooseeya (kaalmaha 11aad iyo 12aad) ay u dhacaan heerka labaad ee [[Somali Division One]]. == Kooxaha (2025-26) == Xilli ciyaareedka hadda socda: [[2025-26 Somali Premier League]] * [[Badbaado FC]] * [[Dekedaha FC]] * [[Elman FC]] * [[Gaadiidka FC]] * [[Gantaalaha FC]] * [[Heegan FC]] * [[Horseed FC]] * [[Jazeera Sports Club]] * [[Jeenyo FC]] * [[Jubba FC]] * [[Banaadir Telecom FC|Mogadishu City Club]] * [[Raadsan SC]] == Horyaalada la qaaday == {{Columns-list|colwidth=17em| * 1967: Somali Police * 1968: Hoga * 1969: Lavori Publici * 1970: Lavori Publici * 1971: Lavori Publici * 1971-72: [[Horseed FC]] * 1972-73: [[Horseed FC]] * 1973-74: [[Horseed FC]] * 1975: Mogadiscio Municipality * 1976-77: [[Horseed FC]] * 1977-78: [[Horseed FC]] * 1978-79: [[Horseed FC]] * 1979-80: [[Horseed FC]] * 1980-81: Lavori Publici * 1982: Wagad * 1983: National Printing Agency * 1984: Marine Club * 1985: Wagad * 1986: Mogadiscio Municipality * 1987: Wagad * 1988: Wagad * 1989: Mogadiscio Municipality * 1990: Jadidka * 2003: [[Elman FC]] * 2004-06: [[Banaadir Telecom FC]] * 2007: [[Elman FC]] * 2008: [[Elman FC]] * 2009: [[Banaadir Telecom FC]] * 2010: Gayher FC * 2011: [[Elman FC]] * 2012: [[Elman FC]] * 2013-14: [[Banaadir Telecom FC]] * 2014-15: [[Heegan FC]] * 2015-16: [[Banaadir Telecom FC]] * 2016-17: [[Dekedaha FC]] * 2018: [[Dekedaha FC]] * 2019: [[Banaadir Telecom FC]] * 2021: [[Horseed FC]] * 2022: [[Gaadiidka FC|Gaadiidka]] * 2023-24: [[Dekedaha FC]] * 2024-25: [[Banaadir Telecom FC]] * 2025-26: [[Gaadiidka FC|Gaadiidka]] }} c1z4qqzlrl80cp29pewzoma6hi4hc6y 310827 310825 2026-10-24T11:44:12Z 2RandomUsername 47349 310827 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width: 255px; font-size: 90%; float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border: 1px solid #aaa; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 0.5em;" |- ! colspan="2" style="font-size: 120%; text-align: center; background: #b0c4de;" | Somali Premier League |- ! Dalka | [[Soomaaliya]] |- ! Xiriirka | [[Xiriirka Kubadda Cagta Soomaaliyeed]] (SFF) |- ! Heerka | Heerka 1aad |- ! Kooxaha | 12 |- ! U laabashada | [[Somali Division One]] |- ! Websaydhka | [https://footballsomalia.so footballsomalia.so] |- ! Xilli ciyaareedka | '''Heerka Koowaad ee Soomaali''' '''25/26''' |} '''Heerka Koowaad ee Soomaali''' waa heerka ugu sarreeya ee ciyaaraha kubadda cagta ee dalka [[Soomaaliya]]. Horyaalka waxaa la aasaasay sanadkii [[1961]], wuxuuna ka kooban yahay 12 kooxood. In kasta oo ay jiraan caqabadaha amni iyo kuwa siyaasadeed ee dalka, horyaalku waa mid deggan oo si joogto ah u dhaca, iyadoo ku dhowaad marnaba la baajin ama dib loo dhigin xilli ciyaareed. Kooxda [[Banaadir Telecom FC|Mogadishu City Club]] ayaa ah kooxda ugu guulaha badan horyaalka iyadoo haysata 9 koob. Dhammaadka xilli ciyaareedka, kooxda ku guulaysata horyaalka waxay u soo baxdaa isku-reebreebka [[CAF Champions League]], halka labada kooxood ee ugu hooseeya (kaalmaha 11aad iyo 12aad) ay u dhacaan heerka labaad ee [[Somali Division One]]. == Kooxaha (2025-26) == Xilli ciyaareedka hadda socda: '''Heerka Koowaad ee Soomaali''' '''25/26''' * [[Badbaado FC]] * [[Dekedaha FC]] * [[Elman FC]] * [[Gaadiidka FC]] * [[Gantaalaha FC]] * [[Heegan FC]] * [[Horseed FC]] * [[Jazeera Sports Club]] * [[Jeenyo FC]] * [[Jubba FC]] * [[Banaadir Telecom FC|Mogadishu City Club]] * [[Raadsan SC]] == Horyaalada la qaaday == {{Columns-list|colwidth=17em| * 1967: Somali Police * 1968: Hoga * 1969: Lavori Publici * 1970: Lavori Publici * 1971: Lavori Publici * 1971-72: [[Horseed FC]] * 1972-73: [[Horseed FC]] * 1973-74: [[Horseed FC]] * 1975: Mogadiscio Municipality * 1976-77: [[Horseed FC]] * 1977-78: [[Horseed FC]] * 1978-79: [[Horseed FC]] * 1979-80: [[Horseed FC]] * 1980-81: Lavori Publici * 1982: Wagad * 1983: National Printing Agency * 1984: Marine Club * 1985: Wagad * 1986: Mogadiscio Municipality * 1987: Wagad * 1988: Wagad * 1989: Mogadiscio Municipality * 1990: Jadidka * 2003: [[Elman FC]] * 2004-06: [[Banaadir Telecom FC]] * 2007: [[Elman FC]] * 2008: [[Elman FC]] * 2009: [[Banaadir Telecom FC]] * 2010: Gayher FC * 2011: [[Elman FC]] * 2012: [[Elman FC]] * 2013-14: [[Banaadir Telecom FC]] * 2014-15: [[Heegan FC]] * 2015-16: [[Banaadir Telecom FC]] * 2016-17: [[Dekedaha FC]] * 2018: [[Dekedaha FC]] * 2019: [[Banaadir Telecom FC]] * 2021: [[Horseed FC]] * 2022: [[Gaadiidka FC|Gaadiidka]] * 2023-24: [[Dekedaha FC]] * 2024-25: [[Banaadir Telecom FC]] * 2025-26: [[Gaadiidka FC|Gaadiidka]] }} 29dd24h1vkiatjrfacmy8tbn92mvbvy 0 40556 310763 265584 2026-10-24T00:49:43Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 310763 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Duqeynta Gaza 2024''' * {{Flag|Israel}} * {{Flag|Palestine}} * Dilka : 30,000+ '''Daadka Palestine''' * Ama: Daadka Asia Palestine * Ama: israel bamka Duqeynta Gaza iyo dadkeeda , Israa’iil oo ku soo duushay Aasiya , Falastiiniyiinta oo wata taangi iyo duqeymo lagu garaacayo deegaannada Gaza ee Aasiya , duqeymo aad u badan oo ka dhacay deegaankeeda oo ay ku dhinteen dad gaaraya 30,000 oo qof iyo in ka badan , Qasa oo ay sabab u tahay duqeyn sida maya. internet iyo cunto helid iyo macaluul baa dhow ==Warka== * https://www.khmertimeskh.com/501526734/israel-strikes-gaza-yemen-lebanon-after-attacks/ * https://web.archive.org/web/20240724102639/https://www.counterpunch.org/2023/12/29/bombing-gaza-disturbing-comparisons-with-vietnam/ * https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3238471/israel-gaza-war-china-condemns-heinous-attack-hospital-and-urges-ceasefire-priority-un-security * https://www.thejakartapost.com/world/2024/03/17/bloody-ramadan-as-gaza-strike-kills-36-relatives.html * https://www.thejakartapost.com/world/2024/04/02/israel-airstrike-on-gaza-kills-foreign-aid-workers.html m31ajsfkbp8uxcbeqlgyp9a0ui8wj8q 0 42796 310758 285357 2026-10-23T23:04:50Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 310758 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Dagaalka Shifta | partof = [[Colaada Soomaaliya iyo Kenya]] | image = | caption = | date = {{circa}} November 1963–1967<br>({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|1963-1-1|1967-1-1}})<br> | place = [[Gobolka Bariga-waqooyi (Kiinya)|Gobolka Waqooyi Bari]], Kenya | casus = | territory = | result = Xabad joojin | combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Kenya (1921–1963).svg}} [[Kenya Colony]] (until Dec. 1963)<br/>{{flagicon|Kenya}} [[Kenya]] (from Dec. 1963)<br>'''Waxaa taageeray:'''<br>{{Flag|United Kingdom}}<br/>{{flag|Ethiopian Empire}}{{sfn|Behr|2018|p=148}} | combatant2 = Dhaqdhaqaaqa Xoreynta Degmooyinka Xudduudaha Waqooyi *kooxda [[Hawiye]] *kooxda [[Darod]] '''Waxaa taageeray:'''<br/>{{flagicon|Somalia}} [[Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya|Soomaaliya]]<br>{{Flag|Soviet Union}} | commander1 = [[Jomo Kenyatta]] | commander2 = Macalin Maxamed Stamboul (Kooxda Daarood) | strength1 = | strength2 = Boqolaal (1963)<br/>1,200+ (1966) | casualties1 = | casualties2 = | casualties3 = In ka badan 4,200 qof ayaa la dilay<ref>Jacob Bercovitch and Richard Jackson, International Conflict : A Chronological Encyclopedia of Conflicts and Their Management 1945-1995 (1997)</ref> }} '''Dagaalkii Shifta ama Gaf Daba (1963–1967)''' wuxuu ahaa khilaaf gooni-u-taag ah, kaasoo qowmiyadaha [[Soomaalida]], Muslimiinta Borana, Sakuye, Gabbra, iyo Rendille ee markaas ka tirsanaa Degmada Xadka Waqooyi (Northern Frontier District, NFD) ee Kenya ay isku dayeen inay ku biiraan Soomaaliya. Dowladda Kenya waxay khilaafka u bixisay magaca "shifta", oo ka yimid erayga Swahili ee micnihiisu yahay “burcad”, qayb ka mid ah dadaal propaganda ah. Cutubka ka-hortagga mucaaradka ee Kenya, General Service Units, ayaa shacabka ku qasbay inay u guuraan “tuulooyin la ilaaliyo” (oo asal ahaan ahaa xerooyin lagu xiro dadka) iyo sidoo kale inay dilaan xoolihii ay haysteen Soomaalida dhaqatooyinka ku nool. Dagaalku wuxuu dhammaaday 1967 markii Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal ,Ra'iisul Wasaarihii Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya , uu Kenya la saxiixday xabbad-joojintii Shirkii Caruusha ee 23 Oktoobar 1967 . Dagaalada iyo gacan ka hadalka dowladda Kenya ayaa sababay khalkhal ballaaran oo ku yimid hab nololeedka degmada, taasoo keentay in wax yar laga beddelo hab-nololeedkii xoolo-dhaqatada iyo hab-nololeedkii ka baxsan bini'aadminimada oo loo guuro hab-nololeed fadhiid ah oo magaalada ah. ==Asalkii hore== Dagmada Xudduudaha Waqooyi (NFD) waxa la aas aasay 1925. Waagaas oo uu gumaystaha Ingiriiska ka talinayey, qaybta waqooyi ee Jubaland waxaa loo wareejiyey Talyaaniga abaal-marin uu Talyaanigu u fidiyey xulafadii uu ku jiray dagaalkii 1aad ee Adduunka Ingriisku waxa uu sii haystay maamulka qaybta koonfureed ee dhulka, kaas oo ku hadhay Degmadda Xudduudaha Waqooyi, waana gobolka hadda ee Waqooyi Bari ee Kenya. Laga soo bilaabo 1926 ilaa 1934 , NFD, oo ka kooban gobolka Waqooyi Bari ee hadda jira iyo degmooyinka Marsabit , Moyale iyo Isiolo waxaa xidhay mas'uuliyiintii gumeysiga Ingiriiska . Dhaqdhaqaaqa gudaha iyo ka bixista degmada waxa uu ku suurta galay isticmaalka baasaska Iyadoo ay jiraan xayiraadahaas, xoola-dhaqatada ayaa si fiican ugu habboon xaaladaha qalalan iyo dadka aan Soomaalida ahayn - kuwaas oo matalaya tiro yar oo ka mid ah dadweynaha gobolka Sida laga soo xigtay mas'uuliyiintii gumeysiga 1962-dii, gobolka waxaa sidoo kale deggenaa kooxo la taaban karo oo kala ah Boran , Gabra Galla , Orma Galla , Pokomo , "Soomaali badhkeed" (oo Ajuran iyo Garre lagu tiriyo), Rendille , El-molo , iyo Turkana . Kooxahan ayaa xitaa aqlabiyad ka sameeyay degaannada NFD qaarkood Sanadkii 1953, cilmi-nafsiga John Baxter wuxuu xusay: Reer Booran iyo reer Sakuuye waxay ahaayeen dad nafaqaysan oo dhar wanaagsan qabay, inkastoo nolosha xoola-dhaqatodu ay tahay mid mar walba jidh ahaan u baahan, haddana dadku waxay ku noolaayeen nolol sharaf leh oo ay ku qanacsan yihiin... Waxay si cad u barwaaqaysanayeen muddo sannado ah. Sannadkii 1940kii, Guddoomiyahii Degmadu waxa uu ku yidhi War-bixintiisii ​​Gacan-gelinta: “Reer Ewaso Boran waxa ay ku baabba’day Xoolo iyo Nolol Jilicsan oo hawl-la’aan iyo fulaynimo u taagan” 26-kii Juun 1960-kii, afar maalmood ka hor markii ay xornimada qaadan jirtay British Somaliland , dawladda Ingiriisku waxay ku dhawaaqday in dhammaan deegaannada Soomaalida la mideeyo hal gobol oo maamul. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ka dib burburkii gumaystihii Ingiriiska ee Bariga Afrika, Ingriisku waxa uu maamul u siiyay Degmadda Xuduudda Waqooyi ee Kenya inkasta oo ay si aan toos ahayn u muujisay rabitaanka baaxadda leh ee dadka gobolka ku nool inay ku biiraan Jamhuuriyaddii Soomaaliya ee dhawaan la sameeyay , gaar ahaan bulshada Soomaaliyeed 1962 kii, hogaamiyaha Midowga Afrika ee Kenya Jomo Kenyatta ayaa si cad ugu dhawaaqay in mustaqbalka NFD uu yahay "arrimaha gudaha ee Kenya", wuxuuna meesha ka saaray cabsida laga qabo is-faham la'aanta Soomaalida , isagoo u sheegay Soomaalida Kenya "Geelkiinna soo xidha oo taga Soomaaliya Halkaa marka ay marayso, KANU waxay ku kalsoonayd in kacdoon kasta oo Soomaaliyeed si fudud loo burburiyo; Hogaamiyayaasha xisbigu waxay aad uga walaacsanaayeen in Ingiriisku taageero u fidiyo kooxaha gooni-goosadka ah ee suurtogalka ah si ay u abuuraan xaalad la mid ah Congo-Kinshasa oo xornimada qaadatay 1960-kii, oo kaliya ay la ildaran tahay gooni-u-goosad ballaaran oo shisheeye taageeray. KANU waxa ay aaminsanaayeen saraakiishii gumaystaha Ingiriiska in ay u naxaan Soomaalida Waxaa hogaaminaya Xisbiga Horusocodka Dadka ee Gobolka Waqooyi (NPPPP), Soomaali badan, Muslim Boorana, Gabra iyo Rendille xoolo dhaqato ah oo ku nool NFD waxay si xooggan u raadsadeen inay la midoobaan Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya ee waqooyiga. Taas waxaa sabab u ahaa dareenka ay wadaagaan Muslimka, iyo sidoo kale aragtida ah in ay noqon doonto nidaam xakameyn yar, taas oo muhiim u ah hab nololeedka xoola-dhaqatada NPPPP lafteedu waxay dhinac ka dhigtay kooxihii kale ee gooni-goosadka sida "Midowga Madaxbanaan ee Soomaaliyeed" ee fadhigoodu yahay Nairobi Soo jeedintii lagu midoobi lahaa NFD iyo Soomaaliya waxaa si weyn looga taageeray waqooyiga Kenya inkastoo ay jireen kala duwanaansho dhaqaale iyo mid dhaqan iyo sidoo kale xurguf ka dhex jirta bulshada Soomaaliyeed Doorashadii guud ee Kenya 1961dii , NPPPP waxay kasbatay taageerada inta badan Soomaalida waqooyiga Kenya Si kastaba ha ahaatee, kooxaha gooni goosadka ka soo horjeeda ayaa sidoo kale ka jiray NFD, tusaale ahaan "Northern Province United Association" (NPUA), oo inta badan ay taageeraan dadka magaalada Borana Xisbiyada kale sida "United Ogaden Somali Association" (UOSA) waxay lahaayeen ujeedooyin cadcad oo yar UOSA waxay si isdaba joog ah u beddeshay mawqifkeeda siyaasadeed, mararka qaar xitaa waxay u ololayn jirtay in la midoobo dhulal badan oo Kenya, Soomaaliya iyo Itoobiya ah si ay u noqdaan Ogaden- weyn oo madax bannaan Tiro tiro yar oo ka mid ah Soomaali-wadaniyiintu waxay kaloo rumaysnaayeen in NFD ay ka sii mid ahaato Kenya, oo ay ku kala go'aan dhexdhexaadin, ama ay ka madaxbannaanaadaan Kenya iyo Soomaaliya labadaba; si kastaba ha ahaatee, fikradahani waxay si tartiib tartiib ah u libdheen ka dib markii xeryaha siyaasadeed ay noqdeen kuwo si sii kordheysa u milmay oo hadalku sii suntanaa Gooni-goosadka iyo gooni-goosad-diidka waxay ku hawlanaayeen hadallo gardarro ah, waxaana mararka qaarkood dhacay rabshado beeleed. Ingriiska oo markii hore ku daray ergada NFD ee wada xaajoodyada madax-bannaanida, una muuqday in ay ku maaweelinayaan gooni-isu-taagga, ayaa aakhirkii waxa ay heshiis la galeen xisbigii ugu horreeyay ee talada Kenya haya ee KANU, kaas oo lagu ilaalinayo xaaladda dhuleed ee gobolka. Xukunkii Guddigii Xuduudaha Waqooyi ee 1962 -kaas oo ay ahayd in uu baadho suurtagalnimada kala go'a NFD-waxaa sidaas ku diiday waddaniyiin Soomaaliyeed ka hor inta aan xitaa lagu dhawaaqin, iyaga oo ku soo gebogebeeyey in guddigaas uu raaci doono aragtida waddaniyiinta Kenya 22kii Noofambar 1963 dawladda Ingiriisku waxay ku dhawaaqday in "aan waxba laga beddeli doonin xuduudka Kenya haddii aanay go'aan ka gaadhin dawladda cusub ee Kenya". Maadaama ay dawladdii gumaystuhu la safatay wadaniyiinta Kenya, waxay bilowday inay ka soo hor jeeddo NPPPP. Intii u dhaxaysay March iyo May 1963, ciidamada ammaanku waxay xireen saddex hoggaamiye oo NPPPP ah oo loo musaafuriyay meelo fogfog. Kadibna xoghayaha guud ee NPPPP Degho Macalin Stamboul ayaa isna la xidhay. Aabaha dambe, Chief Maalim Mohammed Stamboul, ayaa sidaas darteed door weyn ka ciyaari doona Dagaalka Shifta. ==Colaad== ===Bilawga kacdoonka=== Colaaddu waxay bilaabatay toddobaadyadii ka hor xornimada Kenya, markii dhowr boqol oo Soomaali ah oo NFD ah ay hubka qaateen. Iyaga oo rajaynaya in ay la midoobaan Soomaaliya iyada oo loo marayo jabhad, taageerayaasha NPPPP waxay samaysteen Dhaqdhaqaaqa Xoreynta Degmooyinka Waqooyiga (NFDLM). NFDLM waxay u qaybsantay laba qaybood oo kala duwan, oo ku xeeran beelaha Hawiye iyo Daarood siday u kala horreeyaan. Kooxdii hore waxay ka hawlgasho inta u dhaxaysa Wajeer , Mooyaale , iyo Mandheera , halka kooxda dambe uu hoggaaminayay Macallin Maxamed Stamboul oo ka hawlgalayay meel u dhow Gaarisa iyo xuduudda Koonfur-galbeed ee Soomaaliya Dadka aan Soomaalida ahayn sida Turkana ayaa iyaguna ku biiraya jabhadaha; Xubnaha qawmiyadahan ayaa intooda badan sabab u ahaa cabsi laga qabo xannibaado lagu soo rogay dhaqdhaqaaqooda iyo qaab nololeedkooda oo ay ku soo rogtay dowladda Kenya In kasta oo ay jabhaduhu kala duwanaayeen asalka iyo kala qaybsanaanta gudaha, haddana waxa ay ka midaysnaayeen diidmadoodii dhexe ee ku xidhnaa Kenya. Gooni-goosiintu waxay aaminsanaayeen in Soomaaliya ay faragelin yar ku sameyn doonto arrimahooda, taasoo ka dhigaysa mid aan awood badan lahayn, sidaas awgeedna ay ilaalinayso hab-nololeedyada maxalliga ah oo la waafajiyay aag xuduud ah oo joogitaan dawladeed daciif ah. Gobolka ayaa sidaas ku galay xilli dagaalo socday oo u dhaxeeyay Ciidanka Kenya iyo kuwa NFDLM ee ay Soomaalidu taageerto. Dhibanayaasha ugu horreeya ee sida weyn loo hadal hayo waxay ahaayeen laba hoggaamiye oo Borana ah, Guddoomiyihii ugu horreeyay ee Afrikaan ah oo lagu magacaabo Dabaso Wabera iyo Caaqil Xaaji Galma Dido, kuwaas oo la dilay xilli ay ku sii jeedeen Isiolo si ay ugu baaqaan dadka deegaanka in aysan u hiilin gooni-u-goosadka Labada gacan ku dhiigle ayaa ka mid ahaa Soomaalida Kenya ee markii dambe ka baxsaday xadka Soomaaliya. Bishii Noofambar 1963 xaaladda ammaan ee NFD si degdeg ah ayey hoos ugu dhacday markii shaqada ay bilaabeen inay si toos ah u weeraraan booliska iyo ciidamada Kenya waxa la siiyay madax-bannaani 12-kii Diseembar, iyadoo taas ka jawaabaysa maleeshiyada NPPPP waxay weerarro fiidnimo ah ku qaadeen saldhigyada booliiska woqooyiga iyo xarumaha maamulka. Weeraradaasi waxay horseedeen in hogaanka NPPPP uu si cad isaga fogeeyo xil wareejinta, oo uu ku dhawaaqo inuu ka shaqayn doono sidii loo midoobi lahaa Soomaaliya iyadoo loo marayo "hab dastuuri ah Talaabadani waxay si wax ku ool ah uga dhigan tahay in xisbigu ka qayb qaatay sharci-dejinta jabhadaha. [[File:Jomo_Kenyatta.jpg|thumb|Jomo Kenyatta (Sawirka 1966) wuxuu isku dayay inuu xakameeyo jabhadda isagoon awood siinin Ciidanka Kenya .]] Roobab mahiigaan ah ayaa u diiday ciidamada amaanka in ay ka hortagaan kacdoonadii ugu horeeyay, gaar ahaan markii jabhada ay taageero heerkeedu sarreeyo ka heshay shacabka NFD sanadkii ugu horeeyay ee jabhada Iyadoo ay taasi jirto, dowladda dhexe ee Kenya ee uu hogaamiyo Kenyatta markii hore ma aysan tixgelin dagaalka ka socda NFD arrin mudnaan sare leh. Kenyatta waxa uu aad uga walaacsanaa in ay suurtagal tahay in ciidanku ay is-dilaan ama inqilaab ay suurtogal tahay in kooxaha isaga soo horjeeda ay ka sameeyaan gudaha KANU, waxana uu ka baqay in millatariga la siiyo awood siyaasadeed oo ay la dagaalamaan fallaagada oo keliya. Sidaa darteed, wuxuu go'aansaday inuu u soo jeesto saameynta Ingiriiska ee NFD, oo uu ka codsado in Boqortooyada Ingiriiska laga caawiyo sidii wax looga qaban lahaa jabhadaha Kenyatta ayaa xaddiday tirada ciidamada Kenya inkastoo ay khatar ku yihiin gooni-goosadka iyo xiisadaha kala dhexeeya Soomaaliya Waxa kale oo uu ku tiirsanaa Qaybta Adeegga Guud ee Ciidamada (GSU) si ay ula dagaallamaan fallaagada. Kaas oo ka koobnaa ilaa 1,000 "askari naxdinta leh", waxaa tababaray laanta gaarka ah ee British Air Service , oo inta badan ka kooban Kikuyu (Qawmiyadda Kenya), waxaana loo arkaa inay daacad u tahay dowladda Kenya 28 December 1963, dawladda Kenya waxay ku dhawaaqday xaalad degdeg ah gobolka Waqooyi Bari Tani waxay ka koobnayd in ciidamada ammaanku ay dadka sii hayaan ilaa 56 maalmood iyada oo aan maxkamad la soo taagin, la wareegida hantida bulshooyinka ee lagu eedaynayo in ay ka aargoosanayaan falalka guracan, iyo in la xaddido xaqa isu imaatinka. Xuduudda Soomaaliya ayaa laga sameeyay 'aag mamnuuc ah', waxaana ciqaabta dilka ah lagu xukumay haysashada hub aan la fasixin. "Maxkamad gaar ah" oo aan dammaanad qaadin nidaamka cadaaladeed ayaa sidoo kale la abuuray. Waqooyi-bari—waxaa lagu dhawaaqay “degmo gaar ah”—waxay ku hoos jirtay xukun aan la xakameynin oo ku dhow dowladda, oo ay ku jirto awoodda lagu xiro, xiro ama xoog lagu raro shaqsiyaad ama kooxo, iyo sidoo kale la wareegitaanka hantida iyo dhulka Si kastaba ha ahaatee, iyada oo qayb ka ah dadaalkeeda lagu doonayo in lagu qanciyo dadweynaha, Codka Kenya waxaa looga digay in aysan ku tilmaamin khilaafka "muran xuduudeed", halka guddi gaar ah oo dawladeed ay go'aansadeen in jabhadda loogu yeero "shiftada" si loo yareeyo dabeecadda siyaasadeed ee dagaalka. Kenyatta waxa uu xoojiyey sawirkan isaga oo ku tilmaamay fallaagada in ay yihiin dambiilayaal kaliya oo uu ku andacoonayo in dhammaan iskahorimaadka ay soo abaabuleen muwaadiniin Soomaaliyeed oo aan ku lug lahayn muwaadiniin Kenyan ah . Wuxuu kaloo ku eedeeyay in ilaa 2,000 oo shiftas ah, 700 oo kaliya ay dhab ahaantii ka howlgalayeen NFD. ===Ismari waaga=== Inkasta oo ay guulo horudhac ah gaadheen iyo taageerada deegaanka ee laxaadka leh, hawl-wadeenadu waxa ay ahaayeen kuwo aad u liita tiro ahaan iyo qalab ahaanba si ay uga adkaadaan ciidamada ammaanka. Natiijo ahaan, ismari waa ka dhashaIn kasta oo xilli-hawleedyadu ay mararka qaarkood xoolaha kaga beddelan jireen hubka rayidka, guud ahaan waxay ku tiirsanaayeen hubka ay Soomaaliya keento Laga bilaabo 1963dii, taageerada dawladda Soomaaliya waxay noqotay "muhiim" kacdoonka Haddaba, bishii Febraayo 1964kii dhaqdhaqaaqa fallaagada ayaa kordhay ka dib markii ay Soomaaliya shixnad hub ah ka heshay Midowgii Soofiyeeti balse hoos ayay u dhacday bishii Maarso ka dib markii sahaydoodii ka dhammaaday Iyadoo ay taageerayaan ciidamo British ah, ciidamada Kenya ayaa sidoo kale bilaabay weerar culus bishaas, inkastoo taasi aysan ka hor istaagin mucaaradka inay soo qaadaan weerar culus oo iyaga ay ku qaadeen magaalada Marsabit . Halkaa marka ay marayso, kala badh Ciidanka Kenya waxay ku hawlanaayeen NFD. [[File:Camels_in_Marsabit,_Kenya.jpg|thumb|Shiftadu waxay soo dhaceen lo' , oo ay ku jiraan geel, intii colaaddu socotay.]] Mid ka mid ah cawaaqib xumadii ka dhalatay kacdoonkii Shifta ayaa ahaa saxiixii 1964-tii heshiis is-difaacid ah oo dhexmaray maamulkii Jomo Kenyatta iyo dowladdii Imbaraadoor Xayle Salaase ee Itoobiya Markii uu qarxay dagaalkii u dhexeeyay Itoobiya iyo Soomaaliya wuxuu sii xaddiday qulqulka hubka ee ku-meel-gaadhka ah, sidaas darteed qaybta dambe ee sannadka waxay xil-wareejintu noqdeen kuwo aad ugu milmay colaadaha bulshada deegaanka waxayna galeen hawlo "dambiyeed" caadi ah. Wejigan cusub waxa uu horseeday in sirdoonka Kenya ay abuuraan saddex qaybood oo rabshado shifta ah: weerarro ay kooxo yaryar ku garaaceen bartilmaameedyo jilicsan , weerarro waaweyn oo lagu qaaday kolonyada, iyo xatooyada lo'da ee "qabiil hubaysan". Sannadkii 1965-kii weerarrada lo'du waxay noqdeen kuwa ugu badan dhacdooyinka la diiwaan geliyey, taasoo ku adkeysay mas'uuliyiinta Kenya inay kala soocaan rabshadaha iyo arrimaha "qabiilada" ee maxalliga ah iyo weerarrada la xiriira iskahorimaadyada gooni-goosadka ah Tani waxay saamaysay caannimada fallaagada taas oo hoos u dhacday markii jabhaddu ay sii socoto oo shiftadu ay xadeen cunto iyo sahay kale oo dadka rayidka ah si ay u sii dagaalamaan. Guud ahaan, muqaawamadu waxay "rabiyeen jiritaan quus ah", iyadoo taageerada Soomaaliya ay kooxo badan si teel-teel ah u gaartey Isla markaana, saamayntii Ingiriisku ku lahaa dagaalka ayaa korodhay. Bishii Maarso 1964-kii, dowladaha Kenya iyo Ingiriiska waxay saxiixeen heshiis ku saabsan in tan dambe la siiyo hawada Kenya iyo qaybo ciidan Heshiisyo difaac oo dheeri ah ayaa la saxiixay labada sano ee soo socota Natiijo ahaan, saraakiishii xilligii gumeysiga Ingiriiska waxay sii wadeen inay sii hayaan jagooyin muhiim ah oo ka tirsan ciidamada ammaanka Kenya iyo maamulka oo saameyn ku yeeshay istiraatiijiyadooda. Dhinac, tani waxay ka dhigan tahay in jabhadda Kenya ay ka dhalatay habab gumeysi, sida kuwii Ingiriisku qaaday xilligii Kacdoonkii Mau Mau , oo ay hormuud ka ahaayeen Kikuyu, oo hadda si la yaab leh u maamula dawladda KANU Dhinaca kale, si kastaba ha ahaatee, Ingiriisku wuxuu lahaa saameyn dhexdhexaad ah. Kacdoonada ka soo horjeeda waagii gumaystaha waxay ahaayeen kuwo aad u kharash badan, Boqortooyada Ingiriiskuna ma doonayn inay Kenya siiso lacagta iyo hubka ay ku soo celiso. Taa beddelkeeda la-taliyayaashii Ingiriisku waxay ku booriyeen xakamaynta waxayna ku riixeen dagaal yar, xeelado badan oo goos goos ah kuwaas oo awooday inay xakameeyaan, laakiin aan ka adkaan jabhadaha Arrinkan, waxay ku niyad jabiyeen saraakiisha dawladda Kenya oo u janjeera inay taageeraan tallaabooyin adag oo caburin ah si loogu qasbo dadka laga tirada badan yahay ee Soomaalida inay is dhiibaan Si kastaba ha ahaatee, kacdoonka xaddidan ee xaddidan waxay sidoo kale ka dhigan tahay in ciidamada ammaanku ay awoodi waayeen inay ilaaliyaan xogta ama abuuraan shabakado taageera NFD, iyo guud ahaan la'aanta sirdoon si ay u aqoonsadaan taageerayaasha fallaagada. Taasina waxay keentay in ay ku kacaan dadka degan NFD. Intaa waxaa dheer, hawlgallada xannibay waxay sidoo kale saameyn ku yeesheen dadaalladii dowlad-dhisidda ee muhiimka u ahaa hawlgalladii xilligii gumeysiga; iyadoo dowladda Kenyatta ay dadka deegaanka u ballan qaaday casriyeyn, haddana wax yar ayay geliyeen. Intii uu dagaalka socday, dowladda Kenya waxaa aad uga walaacsan awoodda sii kordhaysa ee ciidamada milateriga Soomaaliya. Xornimada, Soomaaliya waxay lahayd ciidan daciif ah oo ka kooban 5,000 oo askari, kuwaas oo aan awood u lahayn in ay isku dayaan in ay xadkooda dhaafaan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, 1963-kii, dawladda Soomaaliya waxay kaalmo ka codsatay Midowgii Soofiyeeti , taasoo ka jawaabtay inay amaahiso lacag, hub siiso, iyo tababarayaal u soo dirtay. Tani waxay si weyn u xoojisay milateriga Soomaaliya oo muhiimaddooda ay sidoo kale ku kortay siyaasadda. Askarta Soomaaliya ayaa ku cadaadiyay dawladdooda inay kordhiso taageerada ay siiso kooxaha nabad-diidka ah, waxayna bilaabeen inay si toos ah u tababaraan xilliyada shaqada. Sannadkii 1966-kii, ilaa 1,200 oo jabhadood ayaa tababarro siisay milateriga Soomaaliya. ===Horumarka dawladeed=== Sannadkii 1966-kii, shaqaaluhu waxay billaabeen duullaanno ay ku galayaan xarumaha magaalooyinka waxayna si wax ku ool ah u isticmaali jireen miinooyinka dhulka si ay u weeraraan ciidamada ammaanka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Ciidanka Kenya ayaa bilaabay in ay dib u qabsadaan dhulkii ay deganaayeen, waxayna qaateen siyaasad ku aadan in ay qasab ku noqoto deegaanadii uu dagaalku ka dhacay, si ay u diidaan taageerada shacabka. Maamulka dowladda ayaa si wax ku ool ah u mamnuucay ka ganacsiga lo'da, taasoo keentay in dad badan oo deegaanka ah ay xaalufiyaan Burburka ganacsiga xuduudaha ayaa sidoo kale saameyn xun ku yeeshay dhaqaalaha Soomaaliya oo markii horeba la halgamayay. Intaa waxaa dheer, fikradda Soomaali-weyn waxay luminaysay dareenkeedii Soomaaliya. Dowladda Soomaaliya ayaa sidaas ku bilaawday in ay dhimato taageeradii ay siin jirtay xilliyada kala duwan 1967dii, cabsida Kenya waxay gaartay heerkii xumada, waxaana la sameeyay guddi dowladeed oo gaar ah si ay u diyaariyaan dagaal ballaaran oo lala galo Soomaaliya Waxaa intaa dheer, saamaynta Ingiriiska ayaa yaraatay, maadaama dawladda Kenyatta ay hadda aad u ammaan badnayd. Waxa ay rumaysnayd in ay hubisay daacadnimada ciidamada qalabka sida iyada oo loo marayo tallaabooyin kala duwan; reer Yurub mar dambe lagama maarmaan ma ahayn. Iyadoo lagu khilaafay dhexdhexaadintii uu u doodayay Ingiriisku, saraakiishii ugu dambaysay ee qurbaha ka timid ee ciidamada ammaanka waxaa lagu bedelay Kenyan kuwaas oo doorbiday hab dagaal badan Safaaradda Maraykanku waxay ku doodday in saraakiishii Ingiriiska laga saaray ay keentay in Ciidanka Kenya iyo GSU ay si "arxan darro ah" uga hawlgalaan NFD 1967, dadka waxaa loo raray 14 Manyattas , tuulooyin ay ilaalinayeen ciidamada (qaar ayaa loo yaqaan xerooyinka fiirsashada). Aqoonyahanka Bariga Afrika Alex de Waal ayaa natiijada ku tilmaamay "Weerar millatari oo lagu qaaday dhammaan hab-nololeedkii xoola-dhaqatada," iyadoo tiro aad u badan oo xoolo ah lagala wareegay ama la dilay, qayb ahaan loo diiday in ay adeegsadaan jabhadda iyo qayb ka mid ah in dadka lagu qasbo in ay adhigooda ka tagaan oo ay u guuraan Manyatta . Haddaba, laga dhigay caydh, dad badan oo reer miyi ah ayaa noqday reer magaalnimo, halka Soomaalidii wax bartay ee Kenya ay dalka isaga carareen. Waxa kale oo ay xukuumaddu beddeshay salaadiintii fir-fircoonayd ee madax-dhaqameedka ahayd, iyada oo ay ku beddeshay caaqilo hoose oo xukuumaddu magacawday Tallaabooyinkani waxay u oggolaadeen millatariga iyo booliiska inay qaadaan weeraro waaweyn oo ka dhan ah fallaagada Isku day lagu doonayo in lagu soo afjaro colaadda, dowladda Kenya ayaa laba cafis madaxweyne u fidisay 1967-kii. Midkii ugu horreeyay wuxuu socday 1-da Juun ilaa 15-kii Luulyo wuxuuna horseeday in 340 ay isa soo dhiibaan. Midda labaad, intii u dhaxaysay 20kii Oktoobar iyo 20kii Nofembar, waxay horseedday 151 fallaago oo dheeraad ah si ay hubka u dhigaan Is-dhiibida waxa fududeeyay odayaasha deegaanka iyo madaxda bulshada, kuwaas oo si badheedh ah u fuliyay codsigii dawladda ee ahaa in lagala xaajoodo xil-wareejinta nolosha rayidka ah, si colaadda loo sii dajiyo, loogana fogaado culays kale oo la saaro deegaankooda Saraakiisha maamulka ayaa lagu amray in ay siiyaan dagaalyahannadii hore raashin si ay u muujiyaan niyad wanaag; Mandera, dawladdu waxay siin jirtay sahayda kalluunka iyo cuntada galleyda toddobaad kasta. Tuulooyinka ayaa sidoo kale dhigay xaflado lagu soo dhawaynayo qoysaska isa soo dhiibay oo dib ugu soo laabtay nolosha guud Isbahaysigii firfircoonaa ayaa ka jawaabay oo weeraray qoysaskii kuwii is-dhiibay oo xaday xoolahoodii ===Xabad joojin=== Bishii Juun 1967- kii Muxamed Cigaal ayaa loo doortay Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Soomaaliya. Isagoo taageeray midnimadii Soomaaliweyn, wuxuu isku dayay inuu joojiyo iska hor imaadka diblomaasiyadeed ee Kenya. Bishii Sebtembar waxaa Kinshasa lagu qabtay shir madaxeedkii Ururka Midowga Afrika , wufuudda Kenya iyo Soomaaliya waxay go'aansadeen in ay gaaraan heshiis ku saabsan NFD. Tani waxay keentay shir madaxeed kale oo lagu qabtay Arusha, Tanzania 28kii Oktoobar oo uu guddoominayay madaxweynaha Zambia Kenneth Kaunda . Dowladaha labada dowladood ayaa kala saxiixday heshiis is afgarad ah , waxaana ka mid ahaa in la hakiyo xaaladda degdegga ah ee Kenya iyo Soomaaliya iyo in si buuxda loo soo celiyo xiriirkii diblomaasiyadeed iyo midka dhaqaale ee labada dowladood 23kii Nofembar, Guddiga Howlgallada Gaarka ah ee Kenya ayaa ku dhawaaqay in aysan qaadi doonin wax weerar ah oo cusub NFD Amniga gobolku ma uusan guulaysan ilaa 1969. Istaraatiijiyadda Manyatta ayaa loo arkaa inay door muhiim ah ka ciyaareyso soo afjarida kacdoonka, inkastoo laga yaabo in dowladda Soomaaliya ay sidoo kale go'aansato in faa'iidooyinka ka dhalan kara dagaal aysan u qalmin qarashka iyo khatarta Markii ay isa soo dhiibeen shiftadii hadhay, in yar ayaa sidaas sameeyay iyaga oo hubkooda wata. Taas bedelkeeda, jabhaddu waxay hubkooda la soo galeen Soomaaliya ka hor inta aysan ka tanaasulin ciidamada ammaanka ee Kenya. Sidaa awgeed, hub badan oo ay hore u haysteen fallaago ayaa gacanta u galay dambiilayaal kuwaas oo sii waday duullaannada xudduudaha Soomaaliya ka soo gala si ay lo'da u dhacaan, taasoo keentay ammaan-darro joogto ah. ==Ka dib== Diiwaanka dowladda ayaa sheegaya in tirada rasmiga ah ee dhimashada ay gaareyso kumanaan, laakiin ururada aan dowliga ahayn ayaa sheegay in in ka badan 10,000 oo qof ay dhinteen. ===Saamaynta istiraatijiyadeed=== Inkastoo uu dhamaaday dagaalkii Shifta, dowladda Kenya waxay sii waday cabsi ay ka qabto faragelinta Soomaaliya Ka dib afgambigii Somalida ee 1969 ee Siyaad Barre , Kenya waxay markii hore aaminsanayd in Soomaaliya iyo xulafadeeda Bariga ay dib u bilaabayaan hubaynta kooxaha nabad-diidka ah ee Kenya Dhamaadka dagaalka ayaa sidoo kale saameyn ku yeeshay Ciidanka Kenya. Askartan ayaa horey diiradda u saaray la dagaalanka kooxaha mucaaradka ah, waxaana ay ku howlgalayeen niyad sare iyo weliba ujeedo, iyagoo helay tababar joogto ah iyo qalab cusub. Laga soo bilaabo 1967, si kastaba ha ahaatee, dowladda ayaa dhimay taageeradii ay siin jirtay ciidamada, taasoo keentay in tirada askarta Kenya ay sii kordheyso aysan ku qanacsanayn. Ciidanka Kenya ayaa sidoo kale loo diiday in ay dhoolatus ka sameeyaan NFD, taasoo keentay in ciidamadu ay ka niyad jabaan "wax la'aan ku filan oo ay sameeyaan". Ku qanacsanaan la'aantan ayaa sababtay inqilaab aan lagu guulaysan oo ka dhex dhacay Ciidanka Kenya. Ugu dambeyntii, xurguftii ka soo cusboonaatay Soomaaliya sannadihii 1970-meeyadii waxay keentay in hoggaanka Kenya uu mar kale taageero shisheeye ka codsado Great Britain, Mareykanka iyo Israa'iil si loo horumariyo ciidankeeda, iyadoo qayb ahaan wax ka qabanaysa cabashooyinka askarta. ===Saamaynta deegaanka=== Dhaqaale ahaan, dagaalladii NFD waxay horseedeen magaalo-beelid, daciifinta xoolo-dhaqatada yaryar, iyo saboolnimada oo kordhay iyo ku tiirsanaanta gargaarka dibadda. Xoolo-dhaqato badan oo ku xoolo beelay dagaalka markii la qabsaday ayaa soo gudbiyay dacwooyin ay ku doonayaan magdhowga magdhowga dawladda, laakiin ma muuqato wax caddaynaya in kuwaas weligood wax laga qabtay Dhamaadkii dagaalku, hantida gaarka ah ee kaydka yaryar iyo geela ee NFD aad bay u yaraadeen, sababtoo ah hilibka yar ayaa sii kordhayay in la gowraco si ay cunto u helaan iyo neef geel ah oo la qaado oo ay u cararaan Soomaaliya ama ay xaalufiyeen duqsigu Colaadda ayaa sidoo kale xoojisay aragtida dowladda Kenya ee ah in Soomaalida NFD ay yihiin ajaanib. Sannadkii 1971-kii, Xildhibaan Cabdi Xaaji Axmed oo laga soo doortay degaanka Garissa waxa uu ka cawday in dawladda dhexe aanay “cafin” dadka degan NFD jabhadda, oo aanay dan ka lahayn haddii ay dadka deegaanka ku nool yihiin iyo haddii ay dhintaan, isaga oo farta ku fiiqay biyo la’aan iyo dugsi la’aan ka jirta deegaanka. Anthropologist John Baxter ayaa qoray in gudaha Isiolo 1982 , "kaliya dhawr qof oo nasiib leh ayaa weli naftooda ku ilaalinaya xoola -dhaqatada. 40 boqolkiiba Boran iyo Sakuye ee degmada ayaa loo kaxeeyey tuulooyinka xaafadaha ee xaafadaha cusub ee maamulka cusub . , samaynta khamriga sharci darrada ah, ku lug yeelashada dhilleysiga iyo wixii la mid ah Xoolo lagu xannaaneeyo degmada Isiolo ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah u soo kabtay sannadihii dagaalka ka dib, laakiin dabayaaqadii 2007 weli kama aysan dhaafin tiradooda dagaalka ka hor Korodhka heerka saboolnimada iyo badinta hubka ayaa sidoo kale horseeday dambiyo iyo burcadnimo badan. Nabadgelyo-la'aantu waxay ahayd mid dhib badan ilaa 1990-aadkii, waxayna ku khasabtay xoola-dhaqatada inay xoolahooda daaqaan aagagga ammaanka xaddidan, taasoo kordhisay u nuglaanta abaarta Dagaalku wuxuu sidaas ku biloowday tobanaan sano oo rabshado rabshado wata iyo tallaabooyin cabudhin ah oo ay booliisku ka wadeen NFD, oo ay weheliso eedaymo been abuur ah iyo aflagaado aan qarsoonayn oo ka soo baxay dhinaca warbaahinta Kenya, iyaga oo ku eedeeyay dadka Soomaalida ah ee ku nool gobolka "burcadnimo" iyo waxyaabo kale oo xun xun Dagaalkii Ogaadeeniya iyo xasillooni darrada sii kordheysa ee Soomaaliya waxay sidoo kale sababtay in shufto shisheeye ah ay ka soo gudbaan xadka si ay uga hawlgalaan NFD, taasoo keentay ammaan darro hor leh Tacaddiyadii ugu xumaa ee ay ciidamada nabad sugida ka gaysteen NFD waxay dhaceen sanadihii sideetamaadkii Dhacdo gaar ah oo rabshado wata oo loogu magac daray Xasuuqii Wagalla waxa ay dhacday 1984-kii, markii guddoomiyaha gobolka Kenya uu amar ku bixiyay in 5,000 oo nin oo ka tirsan qabiilka Somali Degoodiye ay ku soo ururiyaan garoonka Wagalla , Wajeer , rasaas ay ku fureen, ka dibna ay isku dayeen in ay maydkooda qariyaan. Sannadkii 2000, dawladdu waxay qiratay inay dishay 380 qof, in kasta oo qiyaasaha madax-bannaani ay sheegeen in dhimashadu ay ka badan tahay 2,000 Ilaa dabayaaqadii 2000 iyo maamulkii Guddoomiyaha Gobolka Mohammoud Saleh – oo Soomaali ah—waxaa jiray hoos u dhac weyn oo ku yimid dhaq-dhaqaaqa rabshadaha, oo qayb ahaan loo aaneynayo siyaasaddii Saleh ee dulqaad la'aanta ee ku aaddan xadgudubyada ay geystaan ​​ciidamada ammaanka. Waxaase yaab leh in Saalax laftiisa uu ahaa bartilmaameedka booliiska deegaanka, isagoo dhowr jeer la xiray oo ballan la qaatay. Isaga oo xidhan dhar cad, Saalax waxa uu sida muuqata lagu qalday in uu yahay qof caadi ah oo deggan NFD Hogaamiyihii hore ee NPPP Degho Macalin Stamboul ayaa ugu danbeyn musaafuris ku aaday Soomaaliya, waxa uuna Kenya kusoo laabtay 2010-kii. Waxa uu weli ka mid yahay dhawrka qof ee sida adag u taageersan midowga waqooyi bari Kenya ee Soomaaliya. Sannadihii 2010-aadkii, inta badan gooni-goosadka waqooyi-bari Kenya waxay taa beddelkeeda taageerayaan madax-bannaani ama waxay soo jeedinayeen dawlad cusub, oo si buuxda uga madaxbannaan Kenya iyo sidoo kale Soomaaliya labadaba, halka fikradda Soomaaliweyn ay noqotay aragti cirifka ah. ==Taariikhda== Dukumentiyada rasmiga ah ee Ingiriiska iyo Kenya ee wakhtigan, dagaalka waxaa loogu yeeraa "muranka NFD" ama "Su'aasha Soomaalida Kenya dhexdeeda, weedha "gaf Daba" ayaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa in lagu aqoonsado isku dhaca Waxay asal ahaan ka soo jeeddaa sarbeeb ay dadka reer Booraanka u adeegsadaan lahjaddooda si ay u tixraacaan dhacdooyinka waxaana macno ahaan Ingiriisiga loogu tarjumay "waqtiga joogsiga", laakiin sidoo kale waxaa loo tarjumay "waqti joojin" ama "waqti la'aan". Eraygu waxa uu dib u soo celinayaa adeegsigii maamulka Kenya ee xerooyinka internment,maadaama "daba" uu ahaa kelmada Boran ay u adeegsatay in ay tixraacdo dhismooyinkan oo kale Guud ahaan, waxay tixraacday carqaladaynta nolol maalmeedka Inta badan taariikhda dagaalku waxay xoogga saartay doorka qarannimada Soomaaliyeed iyo fikirka jabhadaha ee Soomaaliweyn Dhanka kale, guud ahaan way iska indho-tirtay kala qaybsanaanta qaybaha ee jabhadaha, wax yarna kama fiirsato ka qayb qaadashada dadka Boran iyo Rendille ee kacdoonka Nene Mburu waxa uu qoray hal -ku-dhegga kaliya ee u go'ay mawduuca. ==Xusuusin== '''Cilmi-baaraha Agnes''' Wanjiru Behr ayaa si khaldan u aqoonsaday Macallin Mohammed Stamboul inuu yahay hoggaamiyaha NPPPP ==Tixraac== [https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2000041423/kenya-s-first-secessionist-war "Dagaalkii ugu horeeyey ee Kenya ee gooni u goosadka ah] [https://web.archive.org/web/20071010051019/http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/hm_news/news.php?articleid=7837 "Sawirro sii dhacaya: Sida gobolku ula dagaallamayo dhaxalka burcadda hal-il leh"] [http://www.njas.helsinki.fi/pdf-files/vol8num2/mburu.pdf "Burcadnimada Casriga ah ee Geeska Afrika: Sababaha, Taariikhda iyo Saamaynta Siyaasadeed""] {{Wayback|url=http://www.njas.helsinki.fi/pdf-files/vol8num2/mburu.pdf |date=20210411205135 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20080228121259/http://www.benadir-watch.com/2005%20News/0226_NFD_Wagalla_Massacre.pdf "Xasuuqii Wagalla: Qoysasku Waxay Dalbadeen Lacag""] [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/978922.stm "Kenya waxay qiratay khaladaadka 'xasuuqii'"] ==Shaqooyinka la soo xigtay== Anderson, David M. (2017). "Xusuusinta Wagalla: Rabshadihii dawladeed ee waqooyiga Kenya, 1962-1991". In Anderson, David M.; Rolandsen, Øystein H. (eds.). [https://books.google.com/books?id=AGNQDwAAQBAJ Siyaasadda iyo Rabshadaha Bariga Afrika: Halgankii Dawladaha Soo Kordhay] Behr, Agnes Wanjiru (2018).[https://web.archive.org/web/20250411154732/https://erepo.usiu.ac.ke/handle/11732/4574 Xuduudda, Aqoonsiga iyo (Gudaha): Amniga: Xuduudka Kenya iyo Soomaaliya 1963-2016] Laanta, Daniel (2017). "Rabshadaha, gumeysiga iyo dagaalkii qaboobaa ee gobolka waqooyi-bari Kenya, 1963-1978". In Anderson, David M.; Rolandsen, Øystein H. (eds.).[https://books.google.com/books?id=AGNQDwAAQBAJ Siyaasadda iyo Rabshadaha Bariga Afrika: Halgankii Dawladaha Soo Kordhay] Khaliif, Saynabu Kabaale; Oba, Gufu (2013).[[doi:10.1186/2041-7136-3-14|"'Gaafa dhaabaa - muddada joogsiga': Ka sheekaynta saamaynta kacdoonka kacdoonku ku yeeshay dhaqaalaha xoolo-dhaqatada waqooyiga Kenya, c. 1963 ilaa 2007"]] Weitzberg, Keren (2017). [https://books.google.com/books?id=L_stDwAAQBAJ Soohdin ma lihin: Soomaaliweyn iyo dhibka ka taagan lahaanshaha Kenya] de Waal, Alex (1997)[https://books.google.com/books?id=UV3XROXhn5oC Dambiyada macluusha: Siyaasadda & Warshadaha Gargaarka Masiibooyinka ee Afrika] [https://web.stanford.edu/group/tomzgroup/pmwiki/uploads/1426-1964-04-KS-AMS.pdf "Abriil 1964 - Dhacdooyinka Xuduudka, Xaaladda Degdegga ah ee Gobolka Waqooyi-Bari Kenya, - Doorashooyin Goboleed"] (PDF) Castagno, AA (1964). " [https://www.jstor.org/stable/158817 "Khilaafka Somali-Kenya: Saamaynta Mustaqbalka, c. 1963-8"] 13amwst8qaqx9oqnt8yz8umj1srgc48 0 45443 310750 291399 2026-10-23T20:59:19Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 310750 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Beáta Bena Green | image = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1996|5|15|df=y}} | birth_place = Koonfur Afrika | alma_mater = [[Jaamacadda Stellenbosch ]] | occupation = Jilaa, moodel, ganacsade | family = [[Tamaryn Green]] (ina-adeer) | years_active = 2014–hadda | website = }} '''Beáta Bena Green''' waa jilaa Koonfur Afrikaan ah, moodeel, iyo ganacsade. Waxaa loo caleemo saaray Miss Teen South African 2013. Waxay caan ku tahay ciyaarista Shady ee abaal-marinta ku guulaysatay Koonfur Afrika Soapie 7de Laan, Sienna ee Deepstate 2 iyo Kim Claasen ee Kyknet & Kie's Telenovela Arendsvlei. ==Nolosha hore iyo waxbarashada== Green waxay ka timid Western Cape waxayna dhigatay Dugsiga Sare ee Hottentots Holland ee Somerset West halkaas oo ay ka qayb qaadatay wax soo saarka dugsiga iyo raadiyaha dugsiga Waxay sii waday inay ka qalinjabiso Jaamacadda Stellenbosch Ina-adeerkeed Tamaryn Green ayaa loo caleemo saaray Miss South Africa 2018 , iyo orodyahanka 1aad ee Miss Universe 2018 . ==Tixraac== [https://www.netwerk24.com/huisgenoot/vermaak/tv/arendsvlei-ster-groet-reeks-ek-is-gereed-om-my-vlerke-te-sprei-20200902 "'Arendsvlei'-ster groet reeks: 'Waan ku faraxsanahay inaan ku noolaado noloshayda'"] [https://www.news24.com/channel/the-juice/news/arendsvlei-actress-and-tamaryn-greens-cousin-beata-has-her-eye-set-on-miss-sa-crown-20200601-2 "Aktarada Arendsvlei iyo Tamaryn Green ina-adeerkeed Beáta waxay isha ku haysaa taajka Miss SA"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20241130094420/https://www.bignewsnetwork.com/news/262388128/5-local-celebrities-you-might-not-have-known-were-related "5 qof oo caan ah oo deegaanka ah oo laga yaabo inaadan ogayn inay qaraabo yihiin"] p0ok0xu5po6bdlgytjmtbmtjfw0zvpw 0 45878 310783 304193 2026-10-24T08:43:19Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 310783 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Stephen Ese Kekeghe''' (wuxuu dhashay 10 Oktoobar 1982) waa qoraa reer Nayjeeriya ah , aqoonyahan iyo aqoonyahan. Buuggiisa gabayada ee Rumbling Sky (2020) waa ku guuleystay abaalmarinta Ururka Qorayaasha Nayjeeriya ee Gabayada sannadkii 2021, riwaayaddiisa Broken Edges (2023) waxaa loo soo xulay Abaalmarinta Ururka Qorayaasha Nayjeeriya ee Riwaayadaha sannadkii 2023. ==Nolosha hore iyo waxbarashada== Kekeghe wuxuu ku dhashay qoys Urhobo ah sanadkii 1982-kii magaalada Imode, Delta State, Nigeria Wuxuu waxbarashadiisa hoose ku dhammeeyay Dugsiga Hoose ee Baba-Ido ee Okwagbe, Gobolka Delta, sanadkii 1995, waxbarashadiisa sarena wuxuu ku qaatay Kulliyadda St. Vincent, Okwagbe, sanadkii 2001, halkaas oo uu ka ahaa tifaftiraha naadiga saxaafadda ee kulliyadda. ==Tixraac== [https://mediterraneanpublications.com/mejhlar/article/view/199 "BILICSI AFKA IYO QALADAHA SIYAASADDA BULSHADA EE TANURE OJAIDE OO UGU YEERAYA RUUXA DAGAALYAHA"] {{Wayback|url=https://mediterraneanpublications.com/mejhlar/article/view/199 |date=20250526023224 }} [https://www.delsu.edu.ng/viewstaff.aspx?id=101/053 "Jaamacadda Gobolka Delta, Abraka Nigeria | Mareegta Rasmiga ah ee Dugsiga"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.delsu.edu.ng/viewstaff.aspx?id=101/053 |date=20251213045156 }} [https://journals.casjournals.com/index.php/ECOJAH/article/view/44 "DHAAWACA KA DIB GUMEYSIGA: CABSI-BULSHADA SIYAASADDA IYO BURBURKA MASKAXDA EE CIRKA JABAN EE STEPHEN KEKEGHE"] {{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 4xmsda2knwcdb7gerpxf41l331h30d3 0 47890 310820 299342 2026-10-24T11:08:39Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 310820 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area | name = Xeebta Aftissate–Boujdour | alt_name = | iucn_category = | iucn_ref = | image = | image_size = | image_alt = | image_caption = | map = Western Sahara | map_width = | map_alt = | map_caption = | relief = y | label = | label_position = | mark = | marker_size = | location = | nearest_city = | coordinates = {{coord|25|48|N|14|35|W|display=it}} | coords_ref = | area_ha = 11700 | designation = Goobta Ramsar, Dhul-qoyan muhiimad caalami ah leh{{sfn|Côte Aftissate-Boujdour Protected Planet}} | authorized = | created = | designated = 16 Abriil 2019 | established = | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | visitation_ref = | governing_body = | administrator = | operator = | owner = | world_heritage_site = }} '''Xeebta Aftissate–Boujdour''' waa [[Ramsar site]] oo ku fidsan {{convert|50|km}} oo xeebta [[Western Sahara]] ah oo koonfur ka xigta Boujdour. Waxay ku jirtaa tuulada kalluumaysiga ee [[Aftissat]]. ==Goobta== Côte Aftissate-Boujdour waxay ku taal degmada [[Jraifia]], [[Boujdour Province]] ee gobolka Laâyoune-Sakia El Hamra.{{sfn|Côte Aftissate-Boujdour RSIS}} Aagga la ilaaliyo wuxuu daboolayaa {{convert|117|km2}}.{{sfn|Côte Aftissate-Boujdour Protected Planet}} Waxay ku fidsan tahay xeebta [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] masaafad dhan {{convert|50|km}}. Goobta waxaa la magacaabay 16 Abriil 2019. Qaybtan xeebta ah, xeeb iyo buuro ciid ah oo dhaqdhaqaaqa ayaa badda ka sooca marro hoose oo dhul ah oo ku taal hoosta buur 70 m ah oo badda ku taal.{{sfn|Côte Aftissate-Boujdour RSIS}} ==Deegaanka== Côte Aftissate-Boujdour waxay ku taal cidhifka koonfureed ee [[Palearctic realm|Palearctic ecozone]]. Cimiladu waxay si xoog leh u saameeyaa qulqulka xeebta.{{sfn|Côte Aftissate-Boujdour RSIS}} Dhul-qoyanku waa meel ay ku nastaan [[Seabird|shimbiraha badda]] ee Palearctic, waders iyo dadka soo hijrooday, gaar ahaan [[passerine]]s. In ka badan 1% dadka bayoolojiga ah ee noocyada sida [[lesser black-backed gull]] (''Larus fuscus'') ayaa laga helaa dhul-qoyan xilliga jiilaalka. Aagga qallalan wuxuu hoy u yahay gecko-ga endemic-ka ah ''[[Saurodactylus brosseti]]'' iyo noocyo kale oo dhif ah oo endemic ah.{{sfn|Twelve new Ramsar sites for Morocco}} ==Qoraallo== {{notes}}{{reflist|30em}} ==Ilaha== {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/555698096 |accessdate=2021-10-23 |title=Côte Aftissate-Boujdour |work=Protected Planet |ref={{harvid|Côte Aftissate-Boujdour Protected Planet}} }} *{{citation |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2377 |accessdate=2021-10-23 |title=Côte Aftissate-Boujdour |work=Ramsar Sites Information Service |ref={{harvid|Côte Aftissate-Boujdour RSIS}} }} *{{citation |url=https://smartwatermagazine.com/news/ramsar/twelve-new-ramsar-sites-morocco |accessdate=2021-10-23 |title=Twelve new Ramsar sites for Morocco |journal=Smart Water Magazine |date=3 September 2019 |ref={{harvid|Twelve new Ramsar sites for Morocco}} |archive-date=2021-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023180327/https://smartwatermagazine.com/news/ramsar/twelve-new-ramsar-sites-morocco |url-status=dead }} {{refend}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Côte Aftissate-Boujdour}} nwecjid5zski4lavd6mhk6wcc03cxdp 0 48089 310782 300078 2026-10-24T07:51:55Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 310782 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam | name = Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Liouesso | name_official = | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = | location_map = Republic of the Congo | location_map_size = | location_map_caption = Khariidadda Jamhuuriyadda Kongo oo muujinaysa goobta Liouesso. | location_map_alt = | coordinates = {{coord|01|26|07|N|16|10|42|E|region:CG_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | location_map_relief = | country = [[Jamhuuriyadda Kongo]] | location = [[Ouesso]], [[Gobolka Sangha (Jamhuuriyadda Kongo)|Gobolka Sangha]] | purpose = P | status = O | construction_began = | opening = | demolished = | cost = US$110 milyan | owner = [[Dowladda Jamhuuriyadda Kongo]] | operator = ''Energaz'' | dam_type = | dam_crosses = [[Webiga Sangha]] | dam_height = | dam_height_foundation= | dam_height_thalweg = | dam_length = | dam_elevation_crest = | dam_width_crest = | dam_width_base = | dam_volume = | spillway_count = | spillway_type = | spillway_capacity = | res_name = | res_capacity_total = | res_capacity_active = | res_capacity_inactive= | res_catchment = | res_surface = | res_max_length = | res_max_width = | res_max_depth = | res_elevation = | res_tidal_range = | plant_name = | plant_coordinates = | plant_operator = | plant_commission = 2017 | plant_decommission = | plant_type = | plant_hydraulic_head = | plant_turbines = 3 x 6.4 MW | plant_capacity = {{convert|19.2|MW}} | plant_annual_gen = 9 GWh | website = | extra = }} '''Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Liouesso''' waa xarun koronto oo biyaha ku shaqaysa oo dhan {{convert|19.2|MW}} oo ku taal [[Jamhuuriyadda Kongo]]. Xaruntan korontada ee ay dowladda leedahay ayaa ganacsi ahaan loo daah-furay Maajo 2017. Mashruucan kaabayaasha tamarta dib loo cusboonaysiin karo oo ay dhistay [[China Gezhouba Group]] ayaa ku kacay qiyaastii US$110 milyan in la dhiso.<ref name="1R">{{cite web|url=https://www.hydroreview.com/world-regions/congo-republic-s-19-9-mw-liouesso-hydroelectric-project-inaugurated/ | title=Mashruuca korontada biyaha ee 19.9-MW Liouesso ee Jamhuuriyadda Kongo ayaa la daah-furay |work=Hydroreview.com |date=30 Maajo 2017 | author=Michael Harris |access-date=26 Maajo 2022 |location=London, Boqortooyada Midowday}}</ref> ==Goobta== Xarunta korontadu waxay ku taal magaalada [[Ouesso]], ee [[Degmada Ouesso]], ee [[Gobolka Sangha (Jamhuuriyadda Kongo)|Gobolka Sangha]] ee Jamhuuriyadda Kongo. Ouesso waxay ku taal [[Webiga Sangha]], oo ah gacan ka mid ah [[Webiga Kongo]], oo u dhow xadka caalamiga ah ee [[Kameruun]]. Tani waa qiyaastii {{convert|829|km|0}}, dhanka waddada, waqooyiga [[Brazzaville]], oo ah caasimadda iyo magaalada ugu weyn dalkaas.<ref name="2R">{{google maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Ou%C3%A9sso,+Republic+of+the+Congo/Brazzaville,+Republic+of+the+Congo/@-1.3268909,15.6440977,6z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x1098ee048d23eccf:0xe832b4d204e555d6!2m2!1d16.0463837!2d1.6154718!1m5!1m1!1s0x1a6a32ac441bb83b:0xab3deababe7de443!2m2!1d15.2428853!2d-4.2633597!3e0 | title=Masaafada u dhaxaysa Ouesso, Jamhuuriyadda Kongo iyo Brazzaville, Jamhuuriyadda Kongo |access-date=26 Maajo 2022}}</ref> Isku-duwayaasha juqraafiyeed ee Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Liouesso waa 1°26'07.0"N, 16°10'42.0"E (Loolka:1.435278; Dhigta:16.178333).<ref name="3R">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/1%C2%B026'07.0%22N+16%C2%B010'42.0%22E/@1.4346791,16.1779622,340m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0xb677436e6ed2f3fd!8m2!3d1.4352778!4d16.1783333 |title=Goobta Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Liouesso | access-date=26 Maajo 2022}}</ref> ==Taariikhda== Sannadkii 2006, heshiiska [[injineernimada, wax-iibsiga iyo dhismaha]] (EPC) ee xaruntan korontada waxaa la guddoonsiiyay shirkadda Clackson Power Company ee Koonfur Afrika.<ref name="4R">{{cite web| url=https://www.hydroreview.com/world-regions/congo-republic-awards-four-hydro-project-contracts/ |title=Jamhuuriyadda Kongo waxay guddoonsiisay afar heshiis oo mashruuca biyaha ah |work=Hydroreview.com |date=10 Diseembar 2006 |author=Hydro Review |location=London, Boqortooyada Midowday}}</ref> Ka dib, heshiiska EPC waxaa loo wareejiyay China Gezhouba Group Company (CGGC). CGGC waxay awoodday inay gaarto xiritaan maaliyadeed xaruntan korontada, Janaayo 2014.<ref name="5R">{{cite web|work=NSEnergybusiness.com |date=27 Janaayo 2014 |url=https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/news/newscggc-closes-liouesso-hydropower-station-in-the-republic-of-congo-280114-4166913/ |title=CGGC waxay xirtay Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Liouesso ee Jamhuuriyadda Kongo |author=NS Energy |access-date=26 Maajo 2022 | location=Ghaziabad, Hindiya}}</ref> 30 Maajo 2017, xaruntii korontada ee la dhammaystiray ayaa ganacsi ahaan loo daah-furay.<ref name="6R">{{cite web|url=https://www.projectstoday.com/News/Hydroelectric-plant-inaugurated-at-Congo-Republic |title=Warshad korontada biyaha ah oo laga daah-furay Jamhuuriyadda Kongo |work=Projectsoday.com |date=31 Maajo 2017 |author=Projects Today |access-date=26 Maajo 2022 | location=Mumbai, Hindiya}}</ref> ==Guudmarka== Guriga korontadu wuxuu ka kooban yahay saddex [[Francis turbine|nooca Francis]] turbines, mid kasta oo lagu qiimeeyay 6.4 MW, si loo soo saaro awood dhan 19.2 MW. Tamarta halkan laga soo saaro ayaa loo qaybiyaa magaalada Ouesso iyo tuulooyinka dariska la ah ee Degmada Ouesso, ee Gobolka Sangha.<ref name="5R"/> ==Kharashka dhismaha iyo maalgelinta== Waxaa la soo wariyay in dhismaha HPP-gan uu ku kacay qiyaastii US$110 milyan.<ref name="1R"/> Tixraacyo kale oo la isku halayn karo ayaa muujiyay in dowladda Jamhuuriyadda Kongo ay maalgashatay US$92 milyan. Jadwalka hoose wuxuu muujinayaa ilaha maalgelinta ee xarunta korontada.<ref name="7R">{{cite web| url=https://www.power-technology.com/news/newsdeals-this-week-government-of-congo-alsons-consolidated-resources-crius-energy-trust-5830696/ |title=Heshiisyada usbuucan: Dowladda Kongo, Alsons Consolidated Resources, Crius Energy Trust |date=1 Juun 2017 |work=Power-Technology.com |author=Power Technology | access-date=26 Maajo 2022 |location=New York City}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 0.5em auto" |+ Ilaha Maalgelinta ee Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Liouesso ! Darajada !!Magaca Maalgeliyaha!!Maalgelinta USD (Milyan) !! Boqolkiiba !!Qoraallada |- | 1 || [[Dowladda Jamhuuriyadda Kongo]] ||{{center|92.0}} ||{{center|83.6}} ||<ref name="7R"/> |- | 2 || Maalgeliyaha(yaasha) kale ||{{center|18.0}}||{{center|6.4}}||<ref name="7R"/> |- | ||'''Wadarta'''||{{center|'''110.0'''}}||{{center|'''100.00'''}} ||<ref name="1R"/> |- |} ==Dib-u-dhiska== Maajo 2022, dowladda Jamhuuriyadda Kongo waxay heshiisyo la saxiixatay CGGC iyo ENERGAZ, oo ah IPP Kongo ah, si dib loogu dhiso xaruntan korontada, oo wax soo saarkeedu uu si aad ah hoos ugu dhacay, iyo in la ballaariyo shabakada qaybinta ee warshadda korontada oo aan weli ku xirnayn shabakadda korontada.<ref name="8R">{{cite web | date=25 Maajo 2022 | url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/congo-cggc-and-energaz-sign-ppp-for-two-331-mw-hydroelectric-plants/ | title=Kongo: CGGC iyo Energaz waxay u saxiixdeen PPP laba xarumood oo korontada biyaha ah oo dhan 331 MW | work=Afrik21.africa | access-date=26 Maajo 2022 | author=Jean Marie Takouleu | location=Paris, Faransiis | archive-date=2023-09-27 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927080835/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/congo-cggc-and-energaz-sign-ppp-for-two-331-mw-hydroelectric-plants/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="9R">{{cite web |url=https://www.interholco.com/en/media-news/news/236-the-future-has-a-beautiful-energy-says-congolese-entrepreneur-vouala-obambi |title=Mustaqbalku wuxuu leeyahay tamar qurux badan, ayuu yiri ganacsadaha Kongo Vouala Obambi |work=Interholco.com |date=8 Maarso 2021 |author=Interholco |access-date=26 Maajo 2022 |location=Baar, Switzerland |archive-date=2026-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260219185833/https://www.interholco.com/en/media-news/news/236-the-future-has-a-beautiful-energy-says-congolese-entrepreneur-vouala-obambi |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Sidoo kale eeg== {{stack|{{Portal|Jamhuuriyadda Kongo|Biyaha|Tamarta dib loo cusboonaysiin karo}}}} * [[Liiska xarumaha korontada ee Jamhuuriyadda Kongo]] ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist|33em}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * [https://tractebel-engie.com/en/references/liouesso-hydropower-project/ Mashruuca Korontada Biyaha ee Liouesso] {{Authority control}} dl677ks7xv9770yn2qobm6qu3ntppnk 0 48319 310764 310307 2026-10-24T00:53:43Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 310764 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Edmund Yakani''' waa u ololeeye bulshada rayidka ah oo u dhashay [[South Sudan]] isla markaana ah [[Human rights defender|u doode xuquuqda aadanaha]]. Waa Agaasimaha Fulinta ee Community Empowerment for Progress Organization (CEPO), oo ah urur fadhigiisu yahay [[Juba]], [[South Sudan]], kana shaqeeya arrimaha nabad-dhisidda, [[human rights|xuquuqda aadanaha]], iyo maamul dimuqraadi ah. Waxa uu caan ku yahay doorkiisa ku aaddan hindisayaasha bulshada rayidka intii lagu jiray iyo ka dib dagaalkii sokeeye ee Koonfurta Suudaan. == Noloshii hore iyo waxbarashada == Yakani wuxuu cilmiga siyaasadda iyo sharciga ku bartay [[University of Juba]]. Waxa kale oo uu haystaa dibloomo ku saabsan daraasaadka jinsiga iyo kaaliyaha sharciga (paralegal studies). Kahor inta uusan noqon u ololeeye waqti-buuxa ah, wuxuu ka shaqayn jiray cilmi-baaris iyo u doodista siyaasadaha la xiriira maamulka, ku dhaqanka sharciga, iyo dib-u-habaynta waaxda amniga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mr. Edmund Yakani Berizilious |url=https://cepo-southsudan.org/team/mr-edmund-yakani-berizilious |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Community Empowerment for Progress Organization |archive-date=2025-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250628163936/https://cepo-southsudan.org/team/mr-edmund-yakani-berizilious |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Shaqada iyo u ololeynta == Yakani wuxuu door muuqda ka qaatay bulshada rayidka ee Koonfurta Suudaan, gaar ahaan intii lagu jiray wada-hadalladii nabadda iyo dadaalladii dib-u-dhiska dalka dagaalka ka dib. Isagoo ah Agaasimaha Fulinta ee CEPO,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Community Empowerment for Progress Organization (CEPO) |url=https://uncaccoalition.org/anti-corruption-platforms/africa/south-sudan/community-empowerment-for-progress-organization/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=UNCAC Coalition |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250806082952/https://uncaccoalition.org/anti-corruption-platforms/africa/south-sudan/community-empowerment-for-progress-organization/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> wuxuu ka qayb qaatay wada-hadallada qaran, kormeerka doorashooyinka, doodaha ku saabsan caddaaladda ku-meel-gaarka ah, iyo u doodista maamul loo dhan yahay.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=March 8, 2024 |title=CEPO's Yakani embarks on global lobby for peaceful transition in South Sudan |url=https://www.radiotamazuj.org/en/news/article/cepos-yakani-embarks-on-global-lobby-for-peaceful-transition-in-south-sudan |access-date=June 28, 2025 |website=Radio Tamazuj |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Team |url=https://cepo-southsudan.org/team |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Community Empowerment for Progress Organization |archive-date=2025-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250714020006/https://www.cepo-southsudan.org/team |url-status=dead}}</ref> Waxa kale oo uu ka soo shaqeeyay madallo goboleed oo bulshada rayidka ah, waxaana sannadkii 2023 loo doortay Madaxweynaha Golaha Ururrada Bulshada Rayidka ee Bariga Afrika (EACSOF). Yakani wuxuu si joogto ah uga qayb qaatay hawlaha u doodista heer qaran iyo heer caalami, isagoo la shaqeeyay dejiyeyaasha siyaasadda iyo hay'adaha caalamiga ah ee arrimaha saameeya Koonfurta Suudaan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ninrew |first=Chany |date=2023-05-05 |title=Edmund Yakani named new EAC Civil Society leader |url=https://www.eyeradio.org/edmund-yakani-elected-head-of-eac-civil-society/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Eye Radio |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-05-09 |title=CEPO's Yakani elected president of regional civil society forum |url=https://www.radiotamazuj.org/en/news/article/cepos-yakani-elected-president-of-regional-civil-society-forum |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Radio Tamazuj |language=en-US}}</ref> Sannadkii 2024, Yakani wuxuu booqday [[Washington, D.C.]], halkaas oo uu kula kulmay saraakiil ka tirsan dowladda Mareykanka, ururrada bulshada rayidka ah, iyo hay'ado caalami ah si uu ugu ololeeyo isbeddel dimuqraadi ah iyo ixtiraamka xuquuqda aadanaha ee Koonfurta Suudaan.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-03-07 |title=Civil society leader Yakani in Washington to advocate for democratic transition |url=https://www.sudanspost.com/south-sudan-civil-society-leader-yakani-in-washington-to-advocate-for-democratic-transition/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Sudans Post |language=en-US}}</ref> Mararka qaar, hawlaha u ololeynta ee Yakani waxay keeneen hanjabaado. Wuxuu si cad u sheegay inuu helay hanjabaado dil iyo inuu bartilmaameed u noqday dhaleeceyntiisa ku wajahan siyaasiyiinta Koonfurta Suudaan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, wuxuu sii waday inuu si cad uga hadlo arrimaha xuquuqda aadanaha, bannaanka bulshada rayidka, iyo isla xisaabtanka dowladda.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-02-14 |title=South Sudanese human rights defender Edmund Yakani Receives Death Threats |url=https://crd.org/2020/02/14/south-sudanese-hrd-edmund-yakani-receives-death-threats/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Civil Rights Defenders |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ninrew |first=Chany |date=2024-07-05 |title=Yakani reports receiving death threats over NSS bill comments |url=https://www.eyeradio.org/yakani-reports-receiving-death-threats-over-nss-bill-comments/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Eye Radio |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abaalmarinno iyo aqoonsi == Sannadkii 2017, wuxuu helay Abaalmarinta Civil Rights Defender of the Year oo ay bixiso hay'adda Civil Rights Defenders ee fadhigeedu yahay Stockholm.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2017-04-04 |title=Civil Rights Defender of the Year 2017 – Edmund Yakani |url=https://crd.org/2017/04/04/civil-rights-defender-of-the-year-award-2017-edmund-yakani/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Civil Rights Defenders |language=en-US}}</ref> Sannadkii 2022, waxaa lagu sharfay abaalmarin heer qaaradeed ah oo lagu aqoonsaday kaalintiisa nabad-dhisidda iyo u ololeynta bulshada rayidka ee Afrika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grandolfo |first=Francesca |date=2020-05-31 |title=Human Rights Defender of the Month: Edmund Yakani |url=https://defenddefenders.org/human-rights-defender-of-the-month-edmund-yakani/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=DefendDefenders |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2017-01-24 |title=South Sudan civil society leader wins civil rights award |url=https://www.radiotamazuj.org/en/news/article/south-sudan-civil-society-leader-wins-civil-rights-award |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Radio Tamazuj |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ninrew |first=Chany |date=2022-11-05 |title=CEPO leader Edmund Yakani wins continental award |url=https://www.eyeradio.org/cepo-leader-edmund-yakani-wins-continental-award/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Eye Radio |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} plcw8e657sgmny11hemgokuujfo53sv 0 48382 310767 300501 2026-10-24T02:17:15Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 310767 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Chamo | image = Lake Chamo 01.jpg | caption = Harada Chamo oo laga arkay [[Arba Minch]] | image_bathymetry = Chamomap.jpg | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|5|50|N|37|33|E|region:ET_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = Ethiopia | length = {{convert|32|km|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|13|km|abbr=on}} | area = {{convert|317|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = | max-depth = {{convert|14|m|abbr=on}} | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|1110|m|abbr=on}} | islands = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Chamo in Ethiopia. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Chamo''' ([[Amharic language|Amharic]]: ቻሞ ሐይቅ) waa [[lake|haro]] ku taalla [[South Ethiopia Regional State|Dawlad Deegaanka Koonfurta Itoobiya]] ee koonfurta [[Ethiopia|Itoobiya]]. Waxay ku taalla [[Main Ethiopian Rift|Riftiga Weyn ee Itoobiya]], jooggeeduna wuxuu yahay 1,110 mitir. Harada Chamo waxay si sax ah dhanka koonfureed kaga beegan tahay [[Lake Abaya|Harada Abaya]] iyo magaalada [[Arba Minch]], dhanka bari ee [[Guge Mountains|Buuraha Guge]], iyo dhanka galbeed ee [[Amaro Mountains|Buuraha Amaro]]. ==Dulmar Guud== Darafka waqooyi ee Harada Chamo wuxuu ku dhex yaal [[Nechisar National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Nechisar]]. Sida laga soo xigtay tirokoobyada ay daabacday [[Central Statistical Agency (Ethiopia)|Wakaaladda Dhexe ee Tirokoobka]], waxay dhererkeedu yahay 32 kiiloomitir ballaceeduna waa 13, iyadoo leh baaxad dusha sare ah oo isku wareeggeedu yahay 317 kiiloomitir oo laba jibaaran iyo moolka ugu sarreeya oo ah 14 mitir, iyadoo baaxadda dhulka biyaha qaada uu yahay qiyaastii 18,757 kiiloomitir oo laba jibaaran.<ref>[http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/publications/Working_Papers/working/WP123.pdf "Water Resources and Irrigation Development in Ethiopia - IWMI"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/publications/Working_Papers/working/WP123.pdf |date=20110718023957 }} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718023957/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/publications/Working_Papers/working/WP123.pdf |date=18 July 2011 }}, Table 3. Basic hydrological data of lakes and reservoirs of Ethiopia. (accessed 2 July 2011)</ref><ref>Google Earth</ref> Illo kale ayaa sheegaya inay ku taal joog dhan 1,235 mitir, dhererkeedu yahay 26&nbsp;km, ballaceeduna yahay 22&nbsp;km, baaxaddeeduna tahay 551 kiiloomitir oo laba jibaaran, iyadoo dhulka biyaha qaada uu yahay 2,220 kiiloomitir oo laba jibaaran, moolka ugu sarreeyana uu yahay 10 mitir.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 |date=20101113215000 }} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 |date=13 November 2010 }}, Table A.2. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> Harada waxaa ku xeeran dhul-bageed ay ku baxdo dhirta ''[[Typha]]'', iyo sidoo kale dhulal qoyan. Waxaa quudiya [[Kulfo River|Webiga Kulfo]] iyo dhowr durdurro oo yaryar, iyo sidoo kale biyaha ka dhasha buuxdhaafka [[Lake Abaya|Harada Abaya]] ee uu u soo gudbiyo Webiga Ualo.<ref name=directory>Robert Mepham, R. H. Hughes, and J. S. Hughes, [https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PP1 ''A directory of African wetlands''], (Cambridge: IUCN, UNEP and WCMC, 1992), p. 163</ref> [[Oscar Rudolph Neumann|Oscar Neumann]], oo sahamiyay aaggan sannadkii 1901, wuxuu helay kanaal engegan oo ku xira Harada Chamo iyo [[Sagan River|Webiga Sagan]], taas oo ku dhalisay inuu gunaanado in haradu ay ku darsanto Webiga Sagan sannadaha ay roobabka waaweyn da'aan.<ref>Oscar Neumann, "From the Somali Coast through Southern Ethiopian to the Sudan", ''Geographical Journal'', '''20''' (October 1902), pp. 373–398</ref> Duurjoogta waxaa ka mid ah malaayda sida kuluunka [[Bagrus docmak]] iyo [[Nile perch|kalluunka Nile perch]], iyo sidoo kale [[hippopotamus|jeerta]] iyo [[Nile crocodile|yaxaaska Niilka]].<ref name=directory/> == Sawiro == <gallery> File:Lake Chamo 03.jpg|Dusha harada File:Crocodylus niloticus in Lake Chamo 01.jpg|[[Nile crocodile|Yaxaaska Niilka]] File:Hippopotamus amphibius in Lake Chamo 05.jpg|[[Hippopotamus|Jeer]] File:LakeChamoPelicans.jpg|[[Pelicans|Shimbiraha xeebta (Pelicans)]] </gallery> ==Qoraallo== {{reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070713194759/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dsafr007.html ILEC Database entry for Lake Chamo] sh4nbpvu7yz7w48tb0s3vqvjotxx86z 0 48455 310816 300984 2026-10-24T11:04:53Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 310816 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Pdrc-Hor-Large-black-text-01-1.png|right|thumb|250x250px]] '''Xarunta Cilmi baarista iyo Horumarinta Puntlan (PDRC)''' waa urur maxalli ah oo aan dowli ahayn (LNGO) oo xaruntiisu tahay [[Garoowe]], caasimadda maamulka iskiis u maamula ee [[Puntland]] ee waqooyi-bari [[Soomaaliya]]. Xaruntu waxay door muhiim ah ka qaadataa cilmi-baarista iyo maalgelinta horumarinta nabadda iyo dadaallada lagu xoojinayo maamul wanaagga. ==Hawlaha== PDRC waxaa maamula [[board of directors|guddi agaasime]] oo ka kooban toddoba xubnood; shan rag ah iyo laba haween ah. Agaasimaha xarunta waa Cabdiraxmaan Cabdulle Cismaan (Shuke).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pdrcsomalia.org/profile.php |title=PDRC - Puntland Development Research Center |accessdate=2011-03-09 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119055842/http://pdrcsomalia.org/profile.php |archivedate=2008-11-19 }}</ref> Ujeeddada ay xaruntu sheegtay waa horumarinta dhismaha nabadda iyo dib-u-dhiska qaranka kadib [[Somali Civil War|Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya]] iyo saameyntiisii. Iyadoo la dhiirrigelinayo wada-hadalka u dhexeeya dhinacyada muhiimka ah ee gudaha iyo kuwa caalamiga ah, PDRC waxay doonaysaa inay kobciso qiyamka dimuqraadiyadda. Waxa kale oo ay hiigsanaysaa horumarinta bulshada iyo dhaqaalaha iyadoo la ixtiraamayo xuquuqda aadanaha, si hufan loo adeegsanayo khayraadka, isla markaana dadka deegaanka loola dhaqmo si siman. ==Taariikh== PDRC waxaa la aasaasay 30 Oktoobar 1999.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pdrcsomalia.org/profile.php |title=PDRC - Puntland Development Research Center |accessdate=2011-03-09 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119055842/http://pdrcsomalia.org/profile.php |archivedate=2008-11-19 }}</ref> Tobankii sano ee ugu horreeyay, xaruntu waxay samaysay dadaallo badan oo lagu hagaajinayo tayada maamulka [[Puntland]]. Sidaas awgeed, sannadkii 2001 waxay hirgelisay Puntland Peace Mission (PPM), oo ahayd hindise lagu doonayay in lagu xalliyo khilaafaadka u dhexeeyay maamulka Puntland ee xilligaas iyo kooxaha mucaaradka.<ref name="PPM">[http://www.somaliawatch.org/archivemar02/020420601.htm Puntland Peace Mission (PPM)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.somaliawatch.org/archivemar02/020420601.htm |date=20110725081433 }} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725081433/http://www.somaliawatch.org/archivemar02/020420601.htm |date=2011-07-25 }}</ref> PDRC waxay sidoo kale qabanqaabisay isu-soo-baxyo nabadeed oo ka dhacay guud ahaan gobolka. Horraantii 2004, PDRC waxay xoogga saartay muhiimadda cilmi-baarista ku saabsan dimuqraadiyeynta nidaamka siyaasadeed ee Puntland, maamulka dakhliga dowladda, adkaynta heshiiska nabadda Mudug iyo dib-u-heshiisiinta qaran. Waxay sidoo kale soo bandhigtay dadaalladii lagu horumarinayay tayada maamulka Soomaaliya. Isla sannadkaas, PDRC waxay iskaashi la samaysay War-torn Societies Project (WSP) si looga hortago in uu dhaco firaaqo siyaasadeed oo ka dhalata qaab-dhismeedka siyaasadeed ee Puntland xilligaas. Sanadihii u dambeeyay, PDRC waxay sii wadday doorkeeda muhiimka ah ee cilmi-baarista iyo maalgelinta barnaamijyada lagu horumarinayo nabadda iyo maamul wanaagga Puntland. Sida ay sheegtay PDRC, maamul wanaaggu wuxuu kordhiyaa ka-qaybgalka shacabka ee go'aan qaadashada, wuxuu suurageliyaa [[decentralization|maamul-daadejinta]] awoodda laga soo wareejiyo dowladda dhexe loona wareejiyo heerarka gobollada iyo bulshada, wuxuuna xoojiyaa hufnaanta go'aan qaadashada. Sannadkii 2016, PDRC waxay magaceeda ka beddeshay "Puntland Development Research Center" una beddeshay "Peace and Development Research Center". Sababta isbeddelkan ayaa ahayd qorshaha ay ku ballaarinayso joogitaankeeda iyo shaqadeeda guud ahaan Soomaaliya. PDRC waxay iskaashi la leedahay Interpeace, oo ah urur aan faa'iido doon ahayn oo fadhigiisu yahay Geneva kana shaqeeya dhismaha nabadda. == Tixraacyo == t21d5qf3xiufwuctstsehxmj60rjejs 0 48463 310749 300974 2026-10-23T20:07:37Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 310749 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Anna Nimiriano.jpg|right|250px]] '''Anna Nimiriano''' (mararka qaarna waxaa loo yaqaan '''Anna Nimiriano Nunu Siya''') waa saxafiyad u dhalatay Koonfur Suudaan, waana aasaasaha wadajirka ah iyo tifaftiraha guud ee ''Juba Monitor''. Nimiriano waa haweeneyda keliya ee ah tifaftire guud ee wargeys ka shaqeysa Koonfur Suudaan, waxayna ku guuleysatay Abaalmarinta Women in News Editorial Leadership Award 2019 Africa (WAN-IFRA 2019 Africa Laureate).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Nimiriano, South Sudan's only female newspaper editor |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1503257 |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> == Taariikh nololeed iyo waxbarasho == Nimiriano waxay shahaadada Bachelor of Arts ee Cilmiga Bulshada iyo Horumarinta Reer Miyiga ka qaadatay [[University of Juba]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Editor from South Sudan is 2019 Africa Laureate |url=https://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/200/15/190604.html |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=Bizcommunity |language=en}}</ref> Waxay sidoo kale haysataa Dibloomo cilmiga diinta ah oo ay ka qaadatay Institute of Theology for the Laity.<ref name=":0" /> Intaa waxaa dheer, Nimiriano waxay ka qaybgashay aqoon-is-weydaarsiyo badan oo heer qaran iyo heer caalami ah oo ku saabsan warbaahinta, kuwaas oo lagu qabtay Kenya, Uganda, [[Washington, D.C.|Washington DC]], Sierra Leone, Jabuuti, Tansaaniya, Shiinaha iyo Hindiya.<ref name=":0" /> == Shaqada == Intii ay jaamacadda dhigatay, Nimiriano waxay qori jirtay maqaalada aragtida iyo faallooyinka ee wargeyskii hadda xirmay ee [[Khartoum Monitor]]. Kadib markii ay waxbarashadeeda dhammaysatay sannadkii 2006, waxay ku biirtay wargeyska iyadoo noqotay agaasimaha tafatirka, kadibna tifaftiraha maamulka.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=adminjubamonitor |title=The rise to fame of a female journalist, Anna Nimiriano |url=https://www.jubamonitor.com/the-rise-to-fame-of-a-female-journalist-anna-nimiriano/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322014725/http://www.jubamonitor.com/the-rise-to-fame-of-a-female-journalist-anna-nimiriano/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=22 March 2019 |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=Juba Monitor |language=en-US}}</ref> Wargeyska waxaa loo beddelay ''Juba Monitor'' sannadkii 2000, waxayna noqotay mid ka mid ah aasaasayaashiisa. Sannadkii 2017, Nimiriano waxaa loo magacaabay [[Editor-in-chief|tifaftiraha guud]] ee ''Juba Monitor'', taas oo ka dhigtay haweeneyda keliya ee xilkaas ka haysa Koonfur Suudaan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=adminjubamonitor |title=Anna Nimiriano off to Washington for fourth Award |url=https://www.jubamonitor.com/anna-nimiriano-off-to-washington-for-fourth-award/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019051115/http://www.jubamonitor.com/anna-nimiriano-off-to-washington-for-fourth-award/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=19 October 2019 |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=Juba Monitor |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 October 2018 |title=She bears witness to South Sudan's turbulence, one headline at a time |work=Christian Science Monitor |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2018/1004/She-bears-witness-to-South-Sudan-s-turbulence-one-headline-at-a-time |access-date=2022-03-21 |issn=0882-7729}}</ref> Waxay beddeshay [[Alfred Taban]], kaas oo xilka ka degay kadib markii loo magacaabay xildhibaan matalaya [[Kajo Keji|Kajo-Keji]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=adminjubamonitor |title=Kajo-Keji MP vows to restore security |url=https://www.jubamonitor.com/kajo-keji-mp-vows-to-restore-security/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207125222/https://www.jubamonitor.com/kajo-keji-mp-vows-to-restore-security/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=7 December 2021 |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=Juba Monitor |language=en-US}}</ref> Nimiriano waxay xubin ka tahay National Editors' Forum (NEF) ee Koonfur Suudaan.<ref name=":0" /> Iyadoo doorkaas ku jirta, waxay warbaahinta u matashay madasha heerka sare ee Revitalized Peace Agreement Forum ee Koonfur Suudaan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anna Nimiriano – IWMF |url=https://www.iwmf.org/community/anna-nimiriano/ |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=[www.iwmf.org](http://www.iwmf.org) |language=en}}</ref> == Abaalmarino iyo aqoonsi == Sannadkii 2019, Nimiriano waxay heshay laba abaalmarin. Waxaa loo magacaabay WAN-IFRA Africa Laureate, sidoo kale waxay ku guuleysatay Abaalmarinta Courage in Journalism Award 2019.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=The IWMF Announces 2019 Courage in Journalism Award Winners – IWMF |url=https://www.iwmf.org/2019/07/the-iwmf-announces-2019-courage-in-journalism-award-winners/ |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=[www.iwmf.org](http://www.iwmf.org) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2020 |title=WAN-IFRA Women in News names Mary Mbewe the 2020 Editorial Leadership Award Laureate for Africa |url=https://wan-ifra.org/2020/09/wan-ifra-women-in-news-names-mary-mbewe-the-2020-editorial-leadership-award-laureate-for-africa/ |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=WAN-IFRA |language=en-US}}</ref> Waxay kaalinta 8-aad ka gashay liiska majaladda ''Fortune'' ee 50-ka hoggaamiye ee ugu saameynta badan dunida sannadkii 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anna Nimiriano |url=https://fortune.com/worlds-greatest-leaders/2019/anna-nimiriano/ |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=Fortune |language=en}}</ref> Sidoo kale, Avance Media waxay ku dartay liiska 100-ka haween ee Afrika ugu saameynta badan sannadkii 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=100Women {{!}} Avance Media {{!}} Anna Nimiriano |url=https://100women.avancemedia.org/annanimiriano/ |access-date=2022-03-21 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225172607/https://100women.avancemedia.org/annanimiriano/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tixraacyo == 9y6dd7kxm0outa6djvekz2lhm59d4t8 0 48832 310801 301467 2026-10-24T10:34:27Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 310801 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Webiga Ndjim''' waa wabi ku yaal dalka [[Cameroon]].<ref name="Shahin">[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmdYFTlcSgEC&pg=PA397&lpg=PA396 Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa - M. Shahins<!-- Bot generated title -->]. pp. 396-397.</ref> Waa [[wabi-gacmeed]] ka tirsan [[Webiga Mbam]], waana qayb ka mid ah nidaamka [[Webiga Sanaga]].<ref name="Shahin"/> Wabigu wuxuu dhex maraa [[Goura, Centre Region|Goura]].<ref name="Shahin"/> == Eeg sidoo kale == * [[Liiska wabiyada Cameroon]] == Tixraac == {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == * [http://cm.geoview.info/ndjim,203595895w Geoview.info] {{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} macluumaad {{Coord|4.638226|11.402680|display=title}} ccl4k4tb2uf7aequrl0su3kgh9amvwf 0 48940 310787 301709 2026-10-24T10:17:28Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 310787 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = '''Webiga Loky''' | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = MRU-NBO 25.08.2009 09-39-16.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Sawir laga qaaday hawada qaybta hoose | map = Madagascar rivers.svg | map_size = | map_caption = Khariidadda wabiyaasha Madagascar (Loky wuxuu ka qulqulaa qaybta waqooyi ilaa xeebta bari). | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Madagascar]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = Gobol | subdivision_name3 = [[Gobolka Sava|Sava]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length_km = 80 | length_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://mg.geoview.info/loky,194004496w|title=Loky|website=mg.geoview.info|accessdate=16 August 2017}} {{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = [[Gobolka Sava|Sava]], [[Madagascar]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = [[Gobolka Sava|Sava]] [[Badweynta Hindiya]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|-12.788718| 49.663046|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Loky''', oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Webiga Lokia, wuxuu ku yaal waqooyiga [[Madagascar]]. Wuxuu u qulqulaa xeebta waqooyi-bari, isagoo ku shubma [[Badweynta Hindiya]] wuxuuna sameeyaa xuduudda dabiiciga ah ee u dhaxaysa [[Gobolka Diana|Diana]] iyo [[Gobolka Sava|Sava]]. Waxaa ka gudba [[Route nationale 5a (Madagascar)|RN 5a]] meel u dhow [[Anivorano Nord|Anivorano du Nord]]. Afkiisu wuxuu ku yaallaa [[Gacanka Lokia]]. == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} obvd6b23fxrumf0kawzfyyqm6pn656o 0 49096 310806 305778 2026-10-24T10:38:55Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 310806 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Omo | image = Omo River 02.jpg | image_caption = Webiga Omo oo u dhow Omorati | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|4|29|48.8|N|36|0|49.7|E}} | subdivision_type1 = Dal | subdivision_name1 = Itoobiya | subdivision_type2 = [[Gobollada Itoobiya|Gobollada]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Itoobiya ee Koonfurta]], [[Oromiya]] | source1 = [[Buuraleyda Itoobiya]] | source1_elevation = {{cvt|2281|m}} | source1_coordinates = {{coord|7|48|43|N|36|53|56|E|display=it}} | mouth = [[Harada Turkana]] | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|388|m}} | length = {{cvt|1104.5|km|0|adj=ri0}}<ref name="HydroSHEDS" /> | discharge1_location = Afka<ref name="HydroSHEDS" /> | discharge1_min = {{cvt|164.633|m3/s|adj=ri1|sigfig=4}} | discharge1_avg = {{cvt|915.505|m3/s|adj=ri1|sigfig=4}} | discharge1_max = {{cvt|2294.512|m3/s|adj=ri0|sigfig=4}} | river_system = Bassin-ka Omo | basin_population = 15,500,000<ref> Liu, L., Cao, X., Li, S., & Jie, N. (2023). GlobPOP: A 31-year (1990-2020) global gridded population dataset generated by cluster analysis and statistical learning (1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10088105</ref> | tributaries_left = [[Webiga Gibe|Gibe]], [[Webiga Usno|Usno]], [[Webiga Wabe|Wabe]] | tributaries_right = [[Webiga Gojeb|Gojeb]], [[Webiga Denchya|Denchya]], [[Webiga Mui|Mui]], [[Webiga Mantsa|Mantsa]], [[Webiga Zigina|Zigina]] | basin_size = {{cvt|86657.2|km2|0|adj=ri0}}<ref name="HydroSHEDS" /> }}{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site | WHS = Dooxada Hoose ee Omo | image = | caption = | ID = 17 | coordinates = {{coord|4|48|N|35|58|E|format=dms}} | locmapin = Itoobiya | map_caption = |Criteria={{UNESCO WHS type|(iii)(iv)}}(iii)(iv)|Location=[[Itoobiya]]|Year=1980}} '''Webiga Omo''' (Af-Amxaari: ኦሞ ወንዝ; oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Omo-Bottego) oo ku yaal koonfurta Itoobiya waa wabiga ugu weyn ee Itoobiya ee ka baxsan [[Bassin-ka Niil|Bassin-ka Niil]]. Waddadiisa oo dhan waxay ku dhex jirtaa xuduudaha Itoobiya, wuxuuna ku shubmaa [[Harada Turkana]] oo ku taal [[Xuduuda Itoobiya iyo Kenya|xuduudda Kenya]]. Wabigu waa durdurka ugu weyn ee [[Bassin-ka Turkana]], oo ah [[bassin-ka qulqulka gudaha]] ah. Bassin-ka wabiga ayaa caan ku ah tirada badan ee haraaga [[hominid]]-ka hore iyo natiijooyinka cilmi-baarista qadiimiga ah sida qalabka dhagaxa ah ee hore, taas oo keentay in lagu daro [[UNESCO]] [[Liiska Dhaxalka Adduunka]] sanadkii 1980.<ref name = "unesco">{{cite web |url = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/17 |title = Lower Valley of the Omo |website = UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher = United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date = 18 September 2021}}</ref> == Juqraafi == [[Image:Omo river delta.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Webiga Omo Delta]] Webiga Omo wuxuu ku samaysmaa isku darka [[Webiga Gibe]], oo ah kan ugu weyn guud ahaan wabi laamoodka Webiga Omo, iyo [[Webiga Gojeb]], oo ah wabi laamood weyn oo dhanka midig ka ah Omo.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://etd.aau.edu.et/server/api/core/bitstreams/97c95d07-ed80-460f-bcfc-167ddfd78fe6/content |title = Impact of Land use Land cover change on Stream flow (Case Study Gilgel Gibe III) |website = Addis Abeba University |publisher = Addis Abeba University - Institute of Technology School of Garaduate Studies Department of Civil Engineering |access-date = 9 November 2025}}</ref> Marka la eego cabbirkooda, dhererkooda iyo waddooyinkooda, qofku wuxuu u qaadan karaa in Omo iyo Gibe ay yihiin hal wabi oo isku mid ah laakiin leh magacyo kala duwan. Sidaa darteed, dhammaan bassin-ka wabiga waxaa mararka qaarkood loo yaqaan ''Bassin-ka Webiga Omo-Gibe''. Bassin-kan wabigu wuxuu ka kooban yahay qayb ka mid ah galbeedka [[Gobolka Oromiya]] iyo dhexda [[Gobolka Qoomiyadaha, Qowmiyadaha iyo Shucuubta Koonfureed]].<ref name="HydroSHEDS">{{Cite journal |last=Lehner |first=Bernhard |last2=Verdin |first2=Kristine |last3=Jarvis |first3=Andy |date=2008-03-04 |title=New Global Hydrography Derived From Spaceborne Elevation Data |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008eo100001 |journal=Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union |volume=89 |issue=10 |pages=93–94 |doi=10.1029/2008eo100001 |issn=0096-3941}}</ref> Waddadiisu guud ahaan waa dhanka koonfureed, in kasta oo uu leeyahay leexasho weyn oo dhanka galbeed ah qiyaastii 7° N 37° 30' E ilaa ku dhawaad 36° E halkaas oo uu u leexdo dhanka koonfureed ilaa 5° 30' N halkaas oo uu ka samaynayo leexasho S-ah oo weyn ka dibna dib u bilaabaya waddadiisa koonfureed ee ku socota Harada Turkana. Sida laga soo xigtay agabka ay daabacday [[Wakaaladda Tirakoobka Dhexe (Itoobiya)]], Webiga Omo-Bottego waa {{convert|760|km}} dherer.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 |date=20101113215000 }}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> Waddadiisa Omo-Bottego wuxuu guud ahaan ka dhacaa ku dhawaad {{convert|700|m}} min isku darka wabiyada Gibe iyo Wabe oo jooga {{convert|1060|m}} ilaa {{convert|360|m}} oo ah heerka harada, sidaas darteedna waa durdur xawaare ku socda qaybihiisa sare, isagoo ka jaban Kokobi iyo dhaca kale, waxaana la dhex mari karaa oo keliya masaafo gaaban oo ka sarreysa halka uu ku shubmo Harada Turkana, oo ka mid ah harooyinka [[Gregory Rift]]. ''Spectrum Guide to Ethiopia'' wuxuu ku tilmaamay inay tahay goob caan ku ah [[white-water rafting]] bilaha Sebtembar iyo Oktoobar, marka wabigu weli sarreeyo xilliga roobka.<ref>Camerapix (2000), p. 262</ref> Wabi laamoodkiisa ugu muhiimsan waa [[Webiga Gibe]]; wabi laamoodyada yaryar waxaa ka mid ah wabiyada [[Webiga Wabe|Wabi]], [[Webiga Denchya|Denchya]], [[Webiga Gojeb|Gojeb]], [[Webiga Mui|Mui]] iyo [[Webiga Usno|Usno]]. Webiga Omo-Bottego wuxuu sameeyay xuduudaha bari ee boqortooyooyinkii hore ee [[Boqortooyada Janjero|Janjero]], iyo [[Boqortooyada Garo|Garo]]. Omo wuxuu kaloo dhex maraa [[Beerta Qaranka ee Mago|Mago]] iyo [[Beerta Qaranka ee Omo|Beerta Qaranka ee Omo]], kuwaas oo caan ku ah duurjoogta.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/readersdigestnat00sche|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=0-89577-087-3|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/readersdigestnat00sche/page/281 281]|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref> Xayawaanno badan ayaa ku nool agagaarka iyo wabiga, oo ay ku jiraan [[qiiro-biyoodka|qiiro-biyoodka]], [[yaxaasyada]] iyo [[Bitis arietans|puff adders]]. == Natiijooyinka qadiimiga ah == [[File:Lower Valley of the Omo-138523.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Webiga Omo oo laga gudbayo]] Dhammaan bassin-ka wabiga Omo ayaa sidoo kale muhiim u ah juqraafi ahaan iyo qadiimi ahaan. In ka badan 50,000 oo haraaga fosil ah ayaa laga aqoonsaday dooxada hoose, oo ay ku jiraan 230 haraaga hominid oo soo laabtay ilaa [[Pliocene]] iyo [[Pleistocene]].<ref name = "Alemseged">{{cite journal |last1=Alemseged |first1=Z |title=An integrated approach to taphonomy and faunal change in the Shungura Formation (Ethiopia) and its implication for hominid evolution |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |date=April 2003 |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=451–478 |doi=10.1016/S0047-2484(03)00012-5|pmid=12727463 }}</ref> Haraaga fosil ee ka tirsan jinsiga ''[[Australopithecus]]'' iyo ''[[Homo (genus)|Homo]]'' ayaa laga helay dhowr goobood oo qadiimi ah, iyo sidoo kale qalab laga sameeyay [[quartzite]], kuwa ugu da'da weyn oo soo laabta ku dhawaad 2.4 milyan oo sano ka hor.<ref name = "unesco"/> Markii la helay, waxaa loo malaynayay in qalabku laga yaabo inuu qayb ka ahaa waxa loogu yeero warshadaha pre-Oldowan, xitaa mid ka primitive badan wixii laga helay [[Olduvai Gorge]]. Cilmi-baaris dambe ayaa muujisay in muuqaalka cayriin ee qalabku uu dhab ahaantii sababay qalab cayriin oo aad u liita, iyo in farsamooyinka la isticmaalay iyo qaababku ay oggolaadaan in lagu daro [[Oldowan]]. Dahfurka qadiimiga ah ee ugu horreeyay ee aagga ayaa ahaa 1901, oo ay samaysay duullimaad Faransiis ah. Dahfurka ugu muhiimsan waxaa la sameeyay mar dambe, intii u dhaxaysay 1967 iyo 1975, oo ay samaysay koox qadiimi ah oo caalami ah.<ref name="readersnatural"/> Kooxdan ayaa heshay dhowr shay oo kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan daanka qof ''[[Australopithecus]]'' ah, oo lagu qiyaasay inuu yahay 2.5 milyan oo sano.<ref>Crandall (2007)</ref><ref name="readersnatural"/> Qadiimiga ayaa sidoo kale helay [[Omo remains|qaybo fosil ah]] oo ka mid ah [[Olduwan]] [[hominid]]-ka laga soo bilaabo xilligii [[Pleistocene]] hore iyo ilaa xilligii [[Pliocene]]. Qalabka Quartz ayaa laga helay qaar ka mid ah haraaga ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' ee dambe ee laga helay banka wabiga.<ref name="readersnatural"/> Tan iyo markaas, qodista waxaa fuliyay koox wadajir ah oo Faransiis iyo Maraykan ah.<ref name = "Plummer">{{cite journal |last1=Plummer |first1=Thomas W. |last2=Ferraro |first2=Joseph V. |last3=Louys |first3=Julien |last4=Hertel |first4=Fritz |last5=Alemseged |first5=Zeresenay |last6=Bobe |first6=René |last7=Bishop |first7=L.C. |title=Bovid ecomorphology and hominin paleoenvironments of the Shungura Formation, lower Omo River Valley, Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |date=November 2015 |volume=88 |pages=108–126 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.06.006|pmid=26208956 |doi-access=free |hdl=10211.3/198525 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Marka laga soo tago fosil-ka hominid-ka hore, noocyo kala duwan oo naasley<ref name = "Plummer"/> iyo kalluun<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Trapani |first1=Josh |title=Quaternary fossil fish from the Kibish Formation, Omo Valley, Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |date=September 2008 |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=521–530 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.05.017|pmid=18691738 }}</ref> fosil ah ayaa laga helay gudaha Dooxada Omo.<ref name = "Alemseged"/> == Saamaynta aadanaha == [[File:Omo River Valley IMG 9888.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Dooxada Webiga Omo]] Dooxada hoose ee Omo ayaa hadda loo malaynayaa in qaar ay ahayd isgoys muddo kumanaan sano ah maadaama dhaqamo iyo kooxo qowmiyadeed kala duwan ay u guureen agagaarka gobolka, iyadoo ay jiraan tiro badan oo fosil [[Hominidae|hominid]] ah.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Lower Valley of the Omo |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/17/ |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref> Ilaa maantadan, dadka Dooxada Hoose ee Omo, oo ay ku jiraan [[Dadka Mursi|Mursi]], [[Dadka Surma|Suri]], [[Dadka Nyangatom|Nyangatom]], [[Dadka Dizi|Dizi]] iyo Me'en, ayaa loo daraaseeyaa [[dhaqan-yari|kala duwanaanshahooda]].<ref>Hurd (2006)</ref> Sahamiye Talyaani ah [[Vittorio Bottego]] ayaa markii ugu horreysay gaaray wabiga Omo 29 Juun 1896 intii lagu jiray duullimaadkiisii labaad ee Afrika (1895–97), isagoo ku dhintay intii lagu jiray duullimaadkan 17 Maarso 1897. Webiga Omo ayaa dib loogu magacaabay Omo-Bottego si loogu sharfo isaga. [[Herbert Henry Austin]] iyo raggiisa ayaa gaaray delta-da Omo 12 Sebtembar 1898, waxayna ogaadeen in duullimaad Itoobiyaan ah, oo uu hoggaaminayay Ras [[Wolda Giyorgis]], ay horay u taageen calanka Itoobiya xeebta woqooyi ee Harada Turkana 7 Abriil. Lieutenant [[Alexander Bulatovich]] ayaa hoggaamiyay duullimaad labaad oo Itoobiyaan ah kaas oo gaaray harada 21 Agoosto 1899, wuxuuna ahaa mid siman oo burbur ah. In kasta oo ay taasi jirtay, Faransiiskii kooxda ku jiray ayaa si sax ah u sawiray markii ugu horreysay qaar badan oo ka mid ah meanders-ka delta-da Webiga Omo. Bandhiggan Webiga Omo ayaa sii jiray ilaa 1930-yadii markii khariidad-sameeyayaashii gumeysiga Talyaanigu ay sameeyeen bandhig cusub oo sax ah oo ku saabsan wabiga iyo delta-diisa.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.nai.uu.se/library/resources/dossiers/local_history_of_ethiopia/o/ORTO.pdf |title= Local History in Ethiopia |access-date= 2016-05-02 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110612210605/http://www.nai.uu.se/library/resources/dossiers/local_history_of_ethiopia/o/ORTO.pdf |archive-date= 2011-06-12 |url-status= dead }} The Nordic Africa Institute website (accessed 1 May 2016)</ref> == Saldhigyada korontada biyaha == Waxaa jira dhowr saldhig oo koronto iyo biyo-xireenno ah oo ku yaal bassin-ka Webiga Omo kuwaas oo loogu magac daray [[Webiga Gilgel Gibe]] iyo [[Webiga Gibe]], kuwaas oo ah wabi laamoodka Webiga Omo. In kasta oo magacaabista ay xoogaa jahwareerinayso, waxay yihiin saldhigyo koronto oo asal ah iyo biyo-xireenno ku yaal Webiga Omo. === Saldhigga Korontada Gilgel Gibe II === {{main|Saldhigga Korontada Gilgel Gibe II}} [[Saldhigga Korontada Gilgel Gibe II]] {{coord|7.756492664604506|N|37.56255950100352|E}} waa [[koronto-biyood]] [[saldhig koronto]] oo ku yaal Webiga Omo oo leh awood koronto oo dhan 420 Megawatt (MW). Saldhigga korontadu wuxuu biyo ka helaa albaabka tunnel-ka {{coord|7|55|27|N|37|23|16|E|name=Gilgel Gibe II Power Station headrace tunnel entrance|display=inline}} oo ku yaal [[Webiga Gilgel Gibe]] ee nidaamka [[run-of-river]]. Albaabka tunnel-ka ayaa fadhiya dhanka hoose ee [[Biyo-xireenka Gilgel Gibe I]] sidoo kale ku yaal Webiga Gilgel Gibe oo ay la samaystaan koronto-biyood cascade ah. === Biyo-xireenka Gibe III === {{main|Biyo-xireenka Gibe III}} Biyo-xireenka Koronto-biyoodka Gibe III waa {{convert|243|m}} oo dherer ah [[roller-compacted concrete]] biyo-xireen oo leh warshad koronto-biyood oo la xiriirta Webiga Omo ee [[Itoobiya]]. Waa warshadda koronto-biyoodka ugu weyn Itoobiya oo leh awood koronto oo ku dhow 1870 Megawatt (MW), sidaas darteed in ka badan labanlaab awoodda guud ee la rakibay ee Itoobiya min heerkeedii 2007 ee 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014013025/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ |date=2016-10-14 }}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref><ref>[[Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET |date=2010-08-31 }}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> Khilaaf ayaa ka dhashay dhismahiisa, iyadoo dhowr NGO-yo ay samaysteen olole ay ku horjeedaan. Sida laga soo xigtay Terri Hathaway, agaasimaha barnaamijka Afrika ee [[International Rivers]], Gibe III waa "biyo-xireenka ugu burburka badan ee dhismaha ku socdo Afrika." Mashruucu wuxuu xukumi lahaa "nus milyan oo ka mid ah dadka ugu nugul gobolka gaajo iyo colaad."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> Koox ka mid ah ololaha caalamiga ah ayaa bilaabay codsi internet-ka ah oo ka dhan ah mashruuca biyo-xireenka Itoobiya oo ku saabsan welwelka xuquuqda aadanaha.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm|title=Web campaign against Ethiopia dam|date=2010-03-23|access-date=2018-04-13|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683|title=Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia|last=International|first=Survival|access-date=2018-04-13|language=en}}</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Azeb Asnake, maamulaha mashruuca Gibe III ee dawladda bixiyaha korontada, ayaa sheegay in cabbirka yaraynta la diyaariyay haddii wax dhacaan. Marka laga reebo tan, Asnake ma saadaalin wax saameyn xun oo ka dhalan kara mashruuca, isagoo ku daray in in ka badan kala bar dadka ku nool aagga ay ku tiirsan yihiin gargaarka cuntada iyo in saldhigga cusub uu lagama maarmaan yahay maadaama hadda shirkaddu ay koronto siiso oo keliya 25 boqolkiiba dadka.<ref>[http://nazret.com/blog/index.php/2009/03/30/ethiopia_gilgel_gibe_iii_managers_dismis "Ethiopia - Gilgel Gibe III managers dismiss environmental concerns"] nazret.com. 30 Mar 2009. Last accessed 22 Apr 2011.</ref> == Fatahaaddii 2006 == Roobab mahiigaan ah oo dhacay 2006 ayaa sababay in Omo uu fataho waddadiisa hoose, isagoo dilay ugu yaraan 456 qof iyo in ka badan 20,000 oo qof oo ku xayirmay intii u dhaxaysay shan maalmood oo ku dhammaaday 16 Agoosto. In kasta oo roobab mahiigaan ah ay caadi u yihiin qaybtan dalka, [[overgrazing]] iyo jarista dhirta ayaa lagu eedeeyay masiibadan. "Wabiyada Itoobiya waxay leeyihiin awood yar oo ay ku hayaan biyo inta ay la'eg yihiin sanado ka hor, sababtoo ah waxaa lagu buuxinayaa dhoobo," ayay tiri afhayeenka [[World Food Programme]] Paulette Jones. "Waxay qaadataa xoog yar oo roobab ah ... si wabiga meel kasta oo dalka ka mid ah u fataho."<ref>[http://www.zeenews.com/znnew/articles.asp?rep=2&aid=315920&sid=wor "More than 700 killed or missing in Ethiopian floods"], Zeenews.com 16 August 2006; [http://home.eircom.net/content/reuters/worldnews/8695698?view=Eircomnet "Ethiopian floods feared to have killed 870" by Tsegaye Tadesse] {{Wayback|url=http://home.eircom.net/content/reuters/worldnews/8695698?view=Eircomnet |date=20070312013509 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312013509/http://home.eircom.net/content/reuters/worldnews/8695698?view=Eircomnet |date=2007-03-12 }}, Eircom net, 16 August 2006</ref> Fatahaadda xilliga ee Webiga Omo waa muhiim u ah kooxaha asaliga ah ee ku nool agagaarka wabiga. Fatahaaddu waxay keentaa dhoobo bacrin ah waxayna ku qoyaan bankiyada biyo, taasoo ka dhigaysa beerashada banka wabiga mid suurtogal ah. Dadka kala duwan ee ku nool hoose ee Omo—oo ay ku jiraan [[Dadka Turkana|Turkana]], [[Dadka Daasanach|Dassanach]], [[Dadka Hamar|Hamer]], [[Dadka Nyangatom|Nyangatom]], Karo, [[Dadka Kwegu|Kwegu]], [[Dadka Mursi|Mursi]], [[Dadka Bodi|Bodi]], iyo [[Dadka Me'en|Me'en]]—ayaa ka soo saara qayb weyn oo ka mid ah sahaydooda cuntada laga soo bilaabo beerashada fatahaadda.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict |url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf |archive-date=2009-09-02 |access-date=2009-10-17}}</ref> Fatahaaddii weynayd ee burburka ahayd ee 2006 waa tii keliya ee dhacday kontonkii sano ee la soo dhaafay. Hoos u dhaca dhawaan ku yimid heerka Harada Turkana, oo guud ahaan loo aqoonsan yahay inay hesho ku dhawaad boqolkiiba sagaashan biyaha ka imanaya qulqulka Webiga Omo, ayaa horey u sababay kor u kaca heerka cusbada. == Sidoo kale eeg == [[File:Karo woman and child.jpg|thumb|Karo woman and child near Omo River]] * [[Webiga Gibe]] * [[Liiska webiyada Itoobiya]] * [[Liiska goobaha fosil]] ''(leh tusaha xiriirka)'' * [[Omo Kibish Formation]] * [[Omo Remains]] * [[Liiska Goobaha Dhaxalka Adduunka ee Itoobiya]] == Xusuusin == {{reflist|2}} == Tixraacyo == * Butzer, Karl W. (1971). ''Recent history of an Ethiopian delta: the Omo River and the level of Lake Rudolph'', Research paper '''136''', Department of Geography, University of Chicago, 184 p., [[Library of Congress Control Number|LCCN]] 70-184080 * Camerapix (2000). ''Spectrum Guide to Ethiopia'', First American Ed., Brooklyn: Interlink, {{ISBN|1-56656-350-X}} * Crandall, Ben (2007). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20061210123834/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/sites/africa/omoriver.html The Omo River Valley]'', eMuseum @ [[Minnesota State University, Mankato]]; website accessed 31 October 2007 * Hurd, W. (2006). "[http://www.culturalsurvival.org/ourpublications/csq/article/rangers-birth Rangers by Birth]", ''Cultural Survival Quarterly'', '''30.2''', website accessed 31 October 2007 * UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2007). ''[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/17 Lower Valley of the Omo]'', World Heritage List, website accessed 31 October 2007 * Vannutelli, L. and Citerni, C. (1899). ''Seconda spedizione Bòttego: L'Omo, viaggio d'esplorazione nell'Africa Orientale'', Milano : Hoepli, 650 p. == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Commons}} *[http://www.selamta.net/omo_park.htm Beerta Qaranka ee Omo] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160307222523/http://www.slidespost.com/zoom.php?id=2326 Qabiillada Afrika ee OMO] *[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ Africa Resources Working Group Gibe III Dam Omo River] {{Wayback|url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ |date=20210216203655 }} *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9PUSPE_7ek8&t=4s Walking With The Mursi is an adventure/travel documentary spanning four continents as David Willing hikes 500km across Ethiopia's remote Omo Valley, home of the fascinating Mursi tribes.] {{Authority control}} 3t1yjh3wxh9s199zh0mz3atzvg9w1zg 0 49111 310756 302199 2026-10-23T21:42:58Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 310756 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Abay | image = ET Bahir Dar asv2018-02 img32 view from Bezawit.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Abay ee Itoobiya | map = Blue nile map.png | source1_location = [[Gish Abay at Sekela]], Itoobiya | source1_coordinates = {{Coord|11.002|37.225|format=dms|display=i}} | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2560|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Webiga Niil]] | mouth_location = [[Khartoum]], Suudaan | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|15.642|32.505|format=dms|display=i}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|373|m|ft|abbr=on}} | subdivision_type1 = Wadamada | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]], [[Suudaan]] | progression = [[Niil]] → [[Bada Dhexe]] | length = {{convert|1450|km|mi|abbr=on}} | discharge1_avg = {{convert|1548|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} | basin_size = {{convert|325000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} | river_system = [[Niil]] | tributaries_left = [[Webiga Bashilo|Bashilo]], [[Webiga Walaqa|Walaqa]], [[Webiga Jamma|Jamma]], [[Webiga Muger|Muger]], [[Webiga Guder|Guder]], [[Webiga Gulla|Gulla]], [[Webiga Didessa|Didessa]], [[Webiga Dabus|Dabus]] | tributaries_right = [[Webiga Beles|Beles]], [[Webiga Dinder|Dinder]], [[Webiga Rahad|Rahad]] | other_name = Abay }} '''Webiga Abay'''{{notetag| {{bulleted list |{{Langx|am|ጥቁር አባይ|translit=t’ikʼuri ābayi}} |{{Langx|om|Mormor or Abbayaa|| aabbaha durdurrada ||}} |{{Langx|ar|النيل الأزرق|translit=an-Nīl al-ʾAzraqu}}}}}} waa [[wabi]] ka soo askuma [[Harada Tana]] ee [[Itoobiya]]. Waxa uu u safrayaa qiyaastii {{Convert|1,450|km|mi|abbr=on}} isagoo dhex mara Itoobiya iyo [[Suudaan]]. Isagoo ay weheliso [[Niilka Cad]], waxa uu ka mid yahay labada [[wabi laamood]] ee ugu waaweyn [[Niil]] wuxuuna siiyaa qiyaastii 85.6% biyaha Niil xilliga [[Xilli-roobaad|xilli-roobaadka]]. == Marin-biyoodka == Masaafada wabiga laga bilaabo [[Isha wabiga|isha]] ilaa [[isku darka]] ayaa si kala duwan loogu soo wariyay inta u dhaxaysa {{convert|1460|and|1600|km|mi}}. Hubanti la'aantan ayaa laga yaabaa inay ka dhalatay xaqiiqda ah in wabigu u qulqulo taxane ka mid ah guryo aan la dhex mari karin oo ku yaal [[Buuraleyda Itoobiya]] ilaa qoto dheer oo qiyaastii {{convert|1500|m}}. Sida ku cad agabka ay daabacday [[Wakaaladda Tirakoobka Dhexe]], oo ah wakaalad dawladeed oo Itoobiya ah, Abay wuxuu leeyahay dherer dhan {{convert|1450|km}}, oo ka mid ah {{convert|800|km|mi}} ay ku yaallaan gudaha Itoobiya.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 |date=20101113215000 }} , Shaxda A.1. Website-ka Wakaaladda Tirakoobka Dhexe (la helay 26 Diseembar 2009)</ref> === Gudaha Itoobiya === Abay waxa uu ka soo askumaa [[Gish Abay]] oo ku taal [[Sekela]] ee Itoobiya (halkaas oo loogu yeero Webiga Abay). Wabigu wuxuu u qulqulaa guud ahaan koonfurta ka hor inta uusan gelin dooxad qiyaastii {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} dherer ah, qiyaastii {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} Harada Tana, taas oo ah caqabad weyn oo dhanka safarka iyo isgaarsiinta u dhaxaysa waqooyiga iyo koonfurta Itoobiya. Dooxada waxaa markii ugu horreysay loogu yeeray "Grand Canyon" 1968 koox Ingiriis ah oo fulisay markii ugu horreysay ee wabiga laga soo dejiyo Harada Tana ilaa dhammaadka dooxada; xisbiyada wabiga ee rafaadka ah ayaa ugu yeeray "Grand Canyon of the Nile".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37|title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program|first1=Marina|last1=Engelking|first2=Gloria|last2=McPherson-Ramirez|date=15 Abriil 2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-542738-7|via=Google Books}}</ref> [[Biyo-dhaca Abay]] ([[Amxaari]]: Tis Abay, macno ahaan "qiiq weyn"), oo ah mid ka mid ah goobaha ugu waaweyn ee dalxiiska ee Itoobiya, ayaa ku yaal bilowga dooxada. Wabigu wuxuu ku wareegaa waqooyi-galbeed Itoobiya ka hor inta uusan quudin wabi laamoodyo badan oo u dhexeeya Harada Tana iyo [[xuduudka Itoobiya iyo Suudaan]]. Kuwa ku yaal bangiga bidix, oo u kala horreeya qulqulka, waxaa ka mid ah Webiga Wanqa, [[Webiga Bashilo]], [[Webiga Walaqa]], [[Webiga Wanchet]], [[Webiga Jamma]], [[Webiga Muger]], [[Webiga Guder]], Webiga Agwel, Webiga Nedi, [[Webiga Didessa]] iyo [[Webiga Dabus]]. Kuwa ku yaal dhanka midig, sidoo kale u kala horreeya qulqulka, waxaa ka mid ah Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[Webiga Muga (Itoobiya)|Muga]], [[Gulla (wabi)|Gulla]], [[Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter iyo [[Webiga Beles|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">Liisaskan waxay ku salaysan yihiin isku dubbaridka G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> === Gudaha Suudaan === [[Image:whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Sawirka dayax-gacmeedka halka Niilka Cad iyo Abay ay isugu tagaan|alt=]] Abay kadib wuxuu u sii jeedaa waqooyi-galbeed ee Suudaan. Wuxuu u safrayaa qiyaastii {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, isagoo dhaafaya [[Er Roseires]] oo uu ku helayo [[Webiga Dinder]] dhanka midig ee bangiga at [[Dinder, Suudaan|Dinder]]. Magaalada [[Khartoum]], Abay wuxuu ku biiraa [[Niilka Cad]] iyo, sida [[Niil]], wuxuu u qulqulaa [[Masar]] ilaa [[Bada Dhexe]] ee [[Aleksandriya]]. == Qulqulka biyaha == [[Image:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|upright=1.3|Isku darka webiyada Abay iyo Niilka Cad meel u dhow [[Khartoum]], caasimadda [[Suudaan]]|alt=]] Qulqulka Abay wuxuu gaaraa mugga ugu badan xilli-roobaadka laga bilaabo Juun ilaa Sebtembar, markaas oo uu bixiyo 80{{endash}}86% biyaha Niilka saxda ah. Wabigu wuxuu ahaa il weyn oo ka mid ah [[daadadka Niil]] ee Masar taas oo gacan ka geysatay bacriminta Dooxada Niil iyo kor u kaca ka dhashay [[Masar-tii Hore]] iyo [[Khuraafaadka Masar]]. Iyada oo la dhammaystiray [[Biyo-xireenka Aswan]] 1970, daadadkan ayaa joogsaday inay ka dhacaan koonfurta Masar. Inta lagu jiro xilliga [[monsoon]] ee xagaaga, Abay wuxuu nabaad-guuriyaa xaddi badan oo ciid bacrin ah oo ka timaada Buuraleyda Itoobiya wuxuuna u qaadaa qulqulka hoose sida [[dhoobo]], taas oo biyaha ka dhigaysa mid bunni madow ama ku dhow madow.<ref>{{cite web|title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge|url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm|archive-date=20 Agoosto 2015|access-date=11 Oktoobar 2015|publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> Abay wuxuu muhiim u yahay nolosha dadka Masar: isagoo ah wabi laamoodka ugu muhiimsan ee Niil, wuxuu ku kordhiyaa in ka badan 85% qulqulka Niil.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation | title= Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin | year = 2012 | publisher = [[Jaamacadda Alberta]] |hdl = 10402/era.28151| location = [[Canada]] | doi = 10.7939/R3377641M | last1 = Elsanabary | first1 = Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa }}</ref> Inkasta oo uu ka gaaban yahay Niilka Cad, 59% biyaha gaara Masar waxay ka yimaadaan buuraleyda Itoobiya iyada oo loo marayo Abay. Wabigu sidoo kale waa il muhiim u ah Suudaan, halkaas oo [[Biyo-xireenka Roseires]] iyo [[Biyo-xireenka Sennar]] ay ku kordhiyaan 80% korontada dalka laga dhaliyo [[koronto-biyoodka]]. Biyo-xireenadan ayaa sidoo kale gacan ka geysta waraabinta [[Gezira Scheme]], oo ugu caansan [[cudbi]]-ga tayada sarreeya, iyo sidoo kale [[sarreen]] iyo wax soo saarka dalagga cuntada xoolaha ee aagga. Nofeembar 2012, Itoobiya waxay bilowday dhismaha [[Biyo-xireenka Weyn ee Itoobiya]], biyo-xireen koronto-biyood oo 6000-megawatt ah oo ku yaal wabiga. Biyo-xireenka ayaa la filayaa inuu noqdo mid kor u qaada dhaqaalaha Itoobiya. Suudaan iyo Masar, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay muujiyeen welwelkooda ku saabsan dhimista biyaha la heli karo.<ref>{{Citation |url = http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |title = Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year = 2012 |publisher = [[Thomson Reuters Foundation]] |location = [[Afrika]] |access-date = 9 Luulyo 2015 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date = 14 Luulyo 2015 }}</ref> Koronto dhalintu waxay bilaabatay Febraayo 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title = Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work = BBC News|date = 20 Febraayo 2022}}</ref> == Taariikh == [[File: Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|right|thumb|Buundada ganaaxa ee Webiga Abay. Waa buundada kaliya ee lugta lagu maro ee ganaaxa ee Abay ee Itoobiya.]] [[File: Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|right|thumb|Dooxada Abay ee Itoobiya.]] Cabsi Masar ay ka qabto in Itoobiya ay xannibi karto Abay waxay ahayd arrin weyn oo ku saabsan xiriirka dheer iyo kan adag ee Itoobiya iyo Masar. Inkasta oo Masar ay Itoobiya u tiirsanayd biyaha, Itoobiya waxay ku tiirsanayd [[Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] awoodda baadari iyo magacaabista magaalo-madaxeeda. Isku tiirsanaantan ayaa qaabaysay dhacdooyinka tan iyo qarnigii 11-aad. Qarniyo badan, hanjabaadda ah in la xannibo Abay waxay ahayd istaraatiijiyad wax ku ool ah oo lagu hubinayo magacaabista magaalo-madaxyada Masar. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ficil ahaan, marna lama isku dayin leexinta ama isticmaalka ballaaran ee biyaha wabiga.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> Dhibaato hore ayaa soo baxday intii lagu jiray boqortooyadii Zagwe King [[Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], kaas oo Masriyiintu ka shakiyeen inuu isku dayayo inuu leexiyo wabiga, inkasta oo boqortooyadiisu aysan waligeed gaarin Abay. Waxa uu ahaa Boqor [[Amda Seyon I]] kii ugu horreeyay ee qabsaday bassin-ka Abay oo bilaabay faafinta Masiixiyadda halkaas.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> Boqorradii Solomonic, gaar ahaan [[Dawit II]], [[Yeshaq I]], iyo [[Zara Yaqob]], waxay sii wadeen inay ku adkaystaan xakamaynta Itoobiya ee wabiga ahaan qalab diblomaasiyadeed. Waxay kaloo xoojiyeen fikraddan dhanka diinta, iyagoo aqoonsanaya Abay oo leh Gihon-kii Baybalka iyo la qabsiga Tammera Maryam si ay u sharciyeeyaan awooddooda biyaha. Khuraafaadkii Yurub ee qarniyadii dhexe ee ku saabsanaa Itoobiya Masiixi ah oo awood leh oo gacan ka geysanaysa burburinta Islaamka ayaa sii kordhiyay muhiimadda Abay ee xiriirka Itoobiya iyo Masar.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> Qofkii ugu horreeyay ee Yurubiyaan ah oo la ogaa inuu arkay Abay ee Itoobiya iyo isha wabiga wuxuu ahaa [[Pedro Páez]], oo ahaa [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] Isbaanish ah oo gaaray isha wabiga 21 Abriil 1618.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Bortaqiiskii João Bermudes, oo isku tilmaamay "Baadari Itoobiya", ayaa bixiyay sharraxaaddii ugu horreysay ee Tis Abay River Falls oo ku jirta xusuus-qorkiisa oo la daabacay 1565, iyo qof kasta oo Yurubiyaan ah oo ku noolaa Itoobiya qarnigii 15-aad sida [[Pêro da Covilhã]] ayaa arki karay wabiga muddo dheer ka hor Páez, laakiin uusan gaarin ishiisa. Isha Niilka saxda ah ayaa sidoo kale waxaa gaaray 1629 adeegaha Jesuit ee Boortaqiiska [[Jerónimo Lobo]] iyo 1770 sahamiyihii Scottish-ka [[James Bruce]]. In kasta oo sahamiyayaasha Yurub ay ka fekereen inay raacaan waddada Niilka laga bilaabo isku darka Abay iyo Niilka Cad ilaa Harada Tana, Dooxada Abay waxay niyad-jabisay dhammaan isku dayadii tan iyo isku daygii [[Frédéric Cailliaud]] ee 1821. Isku daygii ugu horreeyay ee halis ah oo qof aan maxalli ahayn uu sahamiyo waddadan wabiga waxaa fuliyay Maraykanka W.W. Macmillan 1902, iyadoo la kaashanayo sahamiyihii Norway B.H. Jenssen; Jenssen wuxuu u socday kor ilaa Khartoum halka Macmillan uu u safrayay hoos ka yimid Harada Tana. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, doonyaha Jenssen waxaa xannibay qulqulka at [[Famaka]] gaaban xuduudka Suudaan-Itoobiya, iyo doonyaha Macmillan ayaa burburay wax yar ka dib markii la bilaabay. Macmillan wuxuu ku dhiirigeliyay Jenssen inuu isku dayo inuu markale kor u safrayo Khartoum 1905, laakiin waxaa lagu qasbay inuu joojiyo {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} gaaban Harada Tana.<ref>Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', daabacaaddii dib loo eegay (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&nbsp;319f</ref> [[Robert Ernest Cheesman|Robert Cheesman]], oo diiwaangeliyay yaabkiisa markuu gaaray Itoobiya markuu ogaaday in biyaha sare ee "mid ka mid ah wabiyada ugu caansan ee adduunka, iyo mid magaciisu si fiican loogu yaqaanay qadiimiga" uu ku jiray noloshiisa "lagu calaamadeeyay khariidadda khadad dhibco leh", wuxuu ku guuleystay inuu khariidado waddada sare ee Abay intii u dhaxaysay 1925 iyo 1933. Wuxuu tan sameeyay ma aha iyadoo la raacayo wabiga bangiyadiisa iyo dooxadiisa aan la dhex mari karin laakiin iyadoo la raacayo buuraleyda sare, u safraya qiyaastii {{convert|5000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} baqlo dalka deriska ah.<ref>Cheesman, pp.&nbsp;358–374.</ref> 1950-meeyadii iyo 1960-meeyadii, dhowr qof oo ku safraya doonniyaal ayaa ku dhex mareen qaybo ka mid ah dooxada. 1968, codsi ka yimid [[Haile Selassie]], koox ka kooban 60 askari iyo saynisyahanno Ingiriis iyo Itoobiyaan ah ayaa sameeyay markii ugu horreysay ee si buuxda loogu dego wabiga laga bilaabo Harada Tana ilaa barta u dhow xuduudka Suudaan oo uu hoggaaminayo sahamiyaha [[John Blashford-Snell]].<ref>Snailham, Richard. 1970. ''The Blue Nile Revealed''. London: Chatto and Windus.</ref> Kooxdu waxay isticmaashay [[Avon Inflatables]] si gaar ah loo dhisay iyo [[Royal Engineers]] [[assault boat]]s oo wax laga beddelay si ay u maraan qulqulka cabsida leh. Sahaminta rafaadka ee xigay 1970-meeyadii iyo 1980-meeyadii guud ahaan waxay daboolayeen oo kaliya qaybo ka mid ah dooxada wabiga. 1999, qoraa Virginia Morell<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp|title=Blue Nile: Ethiopia's River of Magic and Mystery - Bookreporter.com|website=bookreporter.com|access-date=3 Maajo 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608171628/http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp|archive-date=8 Juun 2011}}</ref> iyo sawir qaade Nevada Wier ayaa safarka ku maray rafd laga bilaabo Harada Tana ilaa Suudaan, iyagoo daabacay dukumentiyo ku saabsan safarkooda ka dib.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |title=Blue Nile @ nationalgeographic.com |publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com |access-date=27 Janaayo 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006021132/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |archive-date=6 Oktoobar 2012 }}</ref> 2000, Maraykan iyo akhristaha National Geographic, Kenneth Frantz, ayaa arkay sawir ay qaadday Nevada Wier oo loogu talagalay ''National Geographic'' kaas oo u horseedi doona inuu aasaaso samafalka [[Bridges to Prosperity]]. Sawirkani wuxuu muujiyay buundada jabtay intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka, iyadoo 10 nin ay ku sugnaayeen labada dhinac ee qaybta jabtay ay isku jiidayaan iyagoo adeegsanaya xadhig. Buundadan taariikhiga ah waxaa dhisay Boqor [[Fasilides]] qiyaastii 1660 iyadoo la adeegsanayo tignoolajiyada buundada Roomaanka ee loo keenay Itoobiya askarta Bortaqiiska intii lagu jiray dagaalkii lala galay duullaankii Muslimiinta 1507.<ref name=Britannica>{{cite book|last=Baynes|first=Thomas Spencer|title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 1|year=1838|publisher=Henry G. Allen and Company|edition=Sagaaraad|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ/page/n76 65]|chapter=Abyssinia}}</ref> Labada 2001 iyo 2009, tabaruceyaasha Bridges to Prosperity ayaa u safrayay Maraykanka si ay u dayactiraan buundada jabtay ee Abay ka dibna waxay dhisteen [[buundada ganaaxa]] cusub oo aan u nugulayn fatahaadda.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |title=Envisioning a world where poverty caused by rural isolation no longer exists |publisher=Bridges to Prosperity |access-date=27 Janaayo 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112041000/http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |archive-date=12 Janaayo 2013 }}</ref> 28 Abriil 2004, juqraafi Pasquale Scaturro iyo lammaanihiisa, kayaker iyo agaasimaha dukumentiyada Gordon Brown, ayaa noqday dadkii ugu horreeyay ee la ogaa ee ku dhex mara Abay gebi ahaanba. In kasta oo safarkoodu uu ku jiray dhowr qof oo kale, Brown iyo Scaturro waxay ahaayeen kuwa kaliya ee ku hadhay safarka intii lagu jiray safarka oo dhan. Waxay ku qoreen tacaburkooda kamarad [[IMAX]] iyo laba kamaradood oo fiidiyoow ah, iyagoo sheekadooda ku wadaagaya filimka ''[[Mystery of the Nile]]'' iyo buug isla magacaas ah.<ref>Richard Bangs and Pasquale Scaturro, ''Mystery of the Nile''. New York: New American Library, 2005</ref> 29 Janaayo 2005, Kanadiyaan Les Jickling iyo saaxiibkiis New Zealander Mark Tanner ayaa dhammaystiray markii ugu horreysay ee si buuxda aadanaha u socdaalayo ee Abay oo dhan iyo Niilka ee Suudaan iyo Masar. Safarkooda oo ka badan {{Convert|5000|km|mi|abbr=on}} ayaa qaatay shan bilood waxayna u safrayeen Itoobiya, Suudaan, iyo Masar. Waxay dib u xusuustaan inay ku dhex mareen aagagga khilaafaadka dagaalka sokeeye, gobollada looga yaqaanay burcadka, waxayna la kulmeen khataro iyo qulqullo badan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm|title=Department - Alumni Association|website=web.uvic.ca|access-date=1 Agoosto 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202121003/http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm|archive-date=2 Febraayo 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Liiska webiyada Itoobiya]] * [[Liiska webiyada Suudaan]] == Xusuusin == {{notefoot}} == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Commons}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070506010335/http://www.aber.ac.uk/quaternary/tana/ The Tana Project] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080512003609/http://www.niletrip.com/ Paddling the Blue Nile] {{coord|12|00|N|037|15|E|type:river|display=title}} {{Authority control}} i5aqap0n2pe2tunjrhhzqly7f17kx7k 0 49124 310768 302590 2026-10-24T02:36:44Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 310768 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Hora-Dambal | image = Lake Ziway.jpg | caption = | image_bathymetry = Ethiopia_central_lakes.jpg | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|08.00|N|38.83|E|region:ET_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = Itoobiya | length = {{cvt|31|km}} | width = {{cvt|20|km}} | area = {{cvt|440|km2}} | depth = | max-depth = {{cvt|8.9|m}} | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{cvt|1636|m}} | islands = | cities = [[Batu (magaalo)|Batu]] | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Goobta Harada Zway ee Itoobiya. | pushpin_map_caption = | website = }} '''Harada Batu''', oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano '''Hora-Dambal''' ama '''Dambal''' ([[Af-Oromo|Oromo]]: ''Hora Dambal'') waa mid ka mid ah [[harooyinka Dooxada Rift]] ee biyaha macaan ee [[Itoobiya]]. Waxay ku taallaa qiyaastii 100 mayl koonfurta [[Addis Ababa]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Leslau |first=Wolf |date=1999 |title=Dambal Ethiopic Documents: Grammar and Dictionary |location=Wiesbaden |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz |page=xv |isbn=3447041625}}</ref> xadka u dhexeeya [[Oromiya]] iyo [[Gobolka Qoomiyadaha, Qowmiyadaha iyo Shucuubta Koonfureed]], degmooyinka haysta xeebta harada waa [[Adami Tullu and Jido Kombolcha|Adami Tullu-Jido Kombolcha]], [[Dugda (degmo)|Dugda]], iyo [[Batu (magaalo)|magaalada Batu]]. Magaalada [[Batu (magaalo)|Batu]] waxay ku taal xeebta galbeed ee harada. Harada waxaa inta badan quudiya laba wabi, [[Webiga Meki|Meki]] oo ka imanaya galbeedka iyo [[Webiga Katar|Katar]] oo ka imanaya bariga, waxaana biyaha ka saara [[Webiga Bulbula|Bulbula]] kaas oo ku shuba [[Harada Abijatta]]. Biyo-qabashada harada waxay leedahay bed dhan 7,025 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran.<ref>Robert Mepham, R. H. Hughes, and J. S. Hughes, [https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PP1 ''A directory of African wetlands''], (Cambridge: IUCN, UNEP and WCMC, 1992), p. 158</ref> Hora-Dambal waa 31 kiiloomitir dhererkeedu yahay iyo 20&nbsp;km ballaciisu yahay, oo leh bedka dusha sare oo ah 440 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran. Waxay leedahay qoto dheer oo ugu badan oo ah 9 mitir waxayna ku taal joogga 1,636 mitir.<ref>[http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/publications/Working_Papers/working/WP123.pdf "Water Resources and Irrigation Development in Ethiopia – IWMI"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/publications/Working_Papers/working/WP123.pdf |date=20110718023957 }}, Jadwalka 3. Xogta aasaasiga ah ee haydarooliga ee harooyinka iyo biyo-xireennada Itoobiya. (La helay 2 Luulyo 2011)</ref><ref>Google Earth</ref> Waxay leedahay qoto dheer oo ugu badan oo ah 4 mitir waxayna ku taal joogga 1,846 mitir.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 |date=20101113215000 }}, Jadwalka A.2. Website-ka Hay'adda Dhexe ee Tirakoobka (La helay 26 Diseembar 2009)</ref> Waxay ka kooban tahay shan jasiiradood, oo ay ku jiraan Debre Sina, Galila, Funduro, Tsedecha iyo Tulu Gudo, oo hoy u ah [[kalluun]] (macbad) la sheegay inuu ku jiray [[Sanduuqa Axdiga]] qiyaastii qarnigii sagaalaad. Xeebaha iyo jasiiradaha Hora Dambal waa hoyga [[dadka Zay]]. Dhaqanku wuxuu sheegayaa in markii [[Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi]] oo ka tirsan [[Saldanada Adal]] uu qabsaday Itoobiya, Masiixiyiinta aaggaasi ay magangelyo ka raadsadeen jasiiradaheeda. Waxaa markii dambe ka go'doonsaday inta kale ee Itoobiya [[dadka Oromada]], oo ku noolaa hareeraha harada. Waqtigii [[Menelik II]] uu qabsaday dhulka hareeraha harada, dadkii deganaa harada dib ayaa loo helay waxaana la ogaaday inay ilaashadeen labadaba caqiidadooda Masiixiga ah iyo tiro qoraallo qadiimi ah.<ref>Paul B. Henze, ''Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia'' (New York: Palgrave, 2000), pp. 113f, 152</ref> Sahamiyaha qarnigii 20-aad [[Herbert Weld Blundell]] wuxuu ku tilmaamay inuu helay "laba barxadood oo kala duwan oo xeebo hore ah oo kor u kacay qiyaastii 80 cagood heerka hadda, kuwaas oo samaynaya giraan ku dhow harada waqooyiga, qiyaastii 4 mayl xeebta, taasoo calaamad u ah bassin hore." Xeebaha waqooyi waxaa daboolay [[Cyperus papyrus|papyrus]]. Weld Blundell wuxuu ku darayaa xisaabtiisa "dhaqan cajiib ah, laga yaabee inuu soo jeediyay xeebta kor u kacday," iyo in haradu "ay ahayd boqortooyo 50 mayl ballac ah, oo ay ku noolaayeen toddobaatan iyo siddeed madax," taas oo baaba'day habeen keliya.<ref>H. Weld Blundell, "Exploration in the Abai Basin, Abyssinia", ''The Geographical Journal'', 27 (1906), pp. 529–551</ref> Haradu waxay caan ku tahay dadkeeda badan ee shimbiraha iyo [[jeer]]-ka. Waxay kaloo taageertaa [[Kalluumeysiga Itoobiya|warshad kalluumeysi]]; sida laga soo xigtay Waaxda Kalluumeysiga iyo Biyaha ee Itoobiya, 2454 tan oo kalluun ah ayaa la soo dejiyaa sannad kasta, taas oo waaxdu ku qiyaastay inay tahay 83% qaddarkeeda waara.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm "Information on Fisheries Management in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm |date=20080228033847 }} (warbixin taariikhdu ahayd Janaayo, 2003)</ref> == Xusuusin == {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070703040928/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dsafr018.html Gelitaanka Database-ka ILEC ee Harada Zway] {{Authority control}} gump3ul9vej6cecrl2x4drnsljsca7c 0 49304 310747 302547 2026-10-23T19:44:22Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 310747 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |type = Stadt |name = Altena |image_photo = Burg Altena.jpg |imagesize = |image_caption = Muuqaalka [[Altena Castle|Qasriga Altena]] ee Sebtembar 2008 |image_coa = DEU Altena COA.png |coordinates = {{coord|51|18|N|07|40|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Altena in MK.svg |state = |region = Arnsberg |district = Märkischer Kreis |elevation = 145 - 511 |area = 44.42 |postal_code = 58741–58762 |area_code = 02352 |licence = MK |Gemeindeschlüssel = 05 9 62 004 |divisions = 7 |website = [http://www.altena.de/ www.altena.de] |mayor = Guido Thal |leader_term = 2025&ndash;30 |party = CDU }} '''Altena''' ({{IPA|de|ˈaltəna|}}; {{langx|wep|Altenoa}}) waa magaalo ka tirsan degmada [[Märkischer Kreis]], [[North Rhine-Westphalia]], Jarmalka. Qasriga magaalada ayaa ah asalkii u ahaa [[Dukes of Berg|Dukes-kii Berg]] ee dambe. Altena waxay ku taal dooxada webiga [[Lenne]], oo ku taal qaybaha waqooyi ee [[Sauerland]]. ==Taariikhda== {{stack|[[File:Burg Altena Morgendunst.jpg|thumb|Qasriga Altena]]}} [[Altena Castle|Qasriga Altena]] waxaa la dhisay bilowgii qarnigii 12-aad, isagoo ah qalcad ay lahaayeen [[Counts of Berg|Counts-kii Berg]] ee hore. Muddo yar ka dib tuulo ayaa la aasaasay iyadoo ku taal hoosta buurta, oo leh qasriga oo ku teedsan webiga [[Lenne]], kaas oo ku milma webiga [[Ruhr]]. Ka dib qaybintii hantida qoyska Berg ee 1161, Altena waxay noqotay xarunta Degmada Altena. Count-kii ugu horreeyay ee Altena wuxuu noqday [[Eberhard I, Count of Berg-Altena|Eberhard I, Count of Berg-Altena]]. Sannadkii 1180, ka dib dhimashadii Count-kii ugu horreeyay, degmada waxaa loo qaybiyay labadii wiil ee ugu waaweynaa: Arnold of Altena iyo Friedrich of Altena. Wiilkii saddexaad, Adolf of Altena, wuxuu noqday [[Archbishop of Cologne|Archbishop-ka Cologne]]. Arnold waxaa la siiyay kala bar Qasriga iyo Degmada Altena, Qasriga Hövel iyo qaar ka mid ah hantida oo ah xukunka Archbishop-ka Cologne iyo bailiwicks ee Abbey Essen. Meel u dhow Tuulada iyo Qasriga Hövel, wuxuu dhisay Qasriga iyo magaalada Nienbrügge (Novus Ponte) oo ku taal bangiyada webiga [[Lippe (river)|Lippe]]. Laanta qoyskiisa ayaa isu beddelay magac ka dib markii ay iibiyeen kala barkoodii Altena oo ay siiyeen Archbishop-ka Cologne sida ''de Nienbrügge'' ama ''de Novus Ponte'', deggenaanshahooda cusub ee ugu weyn oo qiyaastii afartan kiiloomitir dhanka waqooyi ah. Dhaxalka Arnold wuxuu ahaa Friedrich de Novus Ponte (Nienbrügge) kaas oo cinwaankiisa u beddelay Isenberg ka dib qasriga cusub ee [[Hattingen]]. Waxaa lagu xukumay dhimasho isagoo ah madaxa shirqool lagu dilayo Engelbert I. Archbishop-ka Cologne, Chancellor-ka Boqortooyada Quduuska ah ee Roomaanka, Duke of Westphalia iyo Count of Berg, qaraabo dhow, sannadkii 1226. Archbishop-ka ayaa lagu soo gaaday wadada uu kaga yimid Magaaladiisii Soest ilaa Magaalada Cologne isagoo ay wadaan Friedrich iyo raggiisa meel u dhow [[Gevelsberg]] waddo godan ah. Labaduba waxay isku haysteen xukunka [[Essen Abbey]]. Laanta yaryar ee Counts-ka Altena, waxaa aasaasay Friedrich de Altena. Waxaa la siiyay kala barka kale ee Altena iyo vassal walaalkiis Archbishop-ka Cologne. Sannadkii ama ku dhowaad 1170 wuxuu iibsaday ''Oberhof Mark'' ama waxaa lagu abaalmariyay Archbishop-ka. Oberhof wuxuu ahaa manor maayar aan lahayn qalcado tuulada Mark, inta u dhaxaysa webiyada Lippe iyo Ahse oo ka yar shan kiiloomitir dhanka bari ee [[Nienbrügge Castle]] iyo qiyaastii toddobo kiiloomitir koonfur-bari ee [[Hövel Castle]]. Maanta, qiyaastii 1,5 kiiloomitir dhanka bari ee xarunta magaalada [[Hamm, North Rhine-Westphalia|Hamm]]. Ka hor ama sannadkii 1198 wuxuu dhisay Qasriga Mark. Wiilkiisa Adolf I. wuxuu isu magacaabay 1202 ''puer comes de marca'' wuxuuna noqday [[Count of Mark|Count-kii ugu horreeyay ee Mark]]. Mararka qaarkood wuxuu isticmaali jiray cinwaankii hore ee Altena oo lagu daray Mark. Degganaanshihiisa ugu weyn wuxuu ahaa Qasriga Mark. Ka dib dilkii ina-adeerkii Friedrich de Isenberg ee Cologne, wuxuu burburiyay Qasriga Neinbruegge wuxuuna la wareegay hantidii laantii qoyska ee sare. Ka dib 1202, Qasriga Altena wuxuu ahaa mid ka mid ah dhowr qalcado oo ay lahayd qoyska Altena-Mark. Intii lagu guda jiray khilaaf 1323 u dhexeeya [[Prince-Bishop of Münster|Prince-Bishop-ka Münster]] iyo Count-ka Mark, Bishop-ka waa la qabtay waxaana lagu hayay madax furasho gudaha Altena. Sannadkii 1367 degitaankii hoosta qasriga wuxuu helay xuquuq xaddidan oo magaalo ah iyada oo loo marayo Engelbert III. Count de la Mark. Tan iyo 1392 Altena waxay ahaan jirtay kaliya xarunta bailiff-ka ee bailiwick Altena. Qasriga waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali jiray kayd dukumiintiyo iyo shatiyo loogu talagalay degmada. Sannadkii 1609, Count-kii ugu dambeeyay wuxuu dhintay isagoon carruur dhalin. Boqortooyadiisa, [[United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg]] waxaa loo qaybiyay qayb Katoolik ah iyo mid Protestant ah. [[Duchy of Cleves|Duchy-ga Cleves]] iyo degmooyinka Mark iyo Ravensberg, iyo Dominion-ka Ravenstein waxaa dhaxlay [[Prince-elector|Elector-ka]] Protestant-ka ee Boqortooyada Quduuska ah ee Roomaanka, [[Margrave of Brandenburg]], iyo Duke of Prussia Johann Sigismund oo ka tirsan [[Hohenzollern]]. [[Duchy of Jülich-Berg|Duchy-ga Jülich-Berg]] ee Katoolikada waxaa dhaxlay [[Count Palatine|Count Palatine]] Wolfgang Wilhelm oo ka tirsan Neuburg. Intii lagu guda jiray qabsashadii [[Napoleon|Napoleonic]] ee Rhineland iyo Westphalia, Altena waxaa dib loogu biiriyay [[Grand Duchy of Berg]] oo hadda kor loo qaaday. Ka dib [[Congress of Vienna]], Degmada Mark waxaa lagu daray Boqortooyada Prussia waxaana dib loo habeeyay sidii degmo ([[Districts of Germany|Kreis]]) iyo degmada dawladda ([[Regierungsbezirk]]). Altena waxay noqotay qayb ka mid ah Regierungsbezirk Hamm waxayna ahayd xarunta Kreis Altena. Sannadkii 1815 Dawladdu waxay u rartay meelaha degganaanshaha laga bilaabo [[Hamm, North Rhine-Westphalia|Hamm]] ilaa [[Arnsberg]], waxayna u beddeshay magaca [[Regierungsbezirk Arnsberg]]. Bilowgii sannadkii 1969, [[Kreis Altena]] iyo magaalada [[Lüdenscheid]] ayaa lagu midoobay si ay u sameeyaan Kreis Lüdenscheid cusub. Lüdenscheid waxay noqotay xarunta cusub ee maamulka ee degmada. Kaliya lix sano ka dib [[Kreis Lüdenscheid]] ayaa dib loo habeeyay oo la ballaariyay. Xusuusta Degmada Mark waxaa loo beddelay [[Märkischer Kreis]]. Bishii Maajo 2017, Chancellor [[Angela Merkel|Merkel]] waxay siisay Duqa Altena Andreas Hollstein "Abaalmarinta Qaranka ee Isdhexgalka" qaadashada 370 qaxooti, tusaale ahaan 100 ka badan tirada qasabka ah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/germany-honors-town-for-successfully-assimilating-refugees/a-38873446|title=Jarmalka oo sharfay magaalo si guul leh ugu milmeen qaxootiga &#124; DW &#124; 17.05.2017|website=[[Deutsche Welle]] }}</ref> Lix bilood ka dib, in kasta oo Duqa magaalada Hollstein uu mindi ku dhuftay nin mindi watay oo la sheegay inuu ka xumaaday siyaasaddiisa socdaalka, wuxuu go'aansaday inuu kor u qaado siyaasadaha looga golleeyahay in lagu caawiyo qaxootiga inay ku milmaan magaalada.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Griff Witte |title=Wuu ka badbaaday mindi. Hadda duqan Jarmal ah ayaa si adag u diiddan inuu dib uga noqdo qaxootiga. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/he-survived-a-stabbing-now-this-german-mayor-is-defiantly-refusing-to-back-down-on-refugees/2017/12/17/ec122dd6-df52-11e7-b2e9-8c636f076c76_story.html |access-date=11 June 2018 |newspaper=Washington Post |date=17 December 2017 |quote=Wuxuu ahaa harraadsan, ayuu yiri, markii uu mindi hilible oo cag dhan uu saaray cunaha duqa magaalada. Laakiin halkii uu ka caawin lahaa Jarmalkiisa, duqa magaalada wuxuu qaatay boqollaal qaxooti ah.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/man-on-trial-for-knife-attack-on-altena-mayor-andreas-hollstein/a-43873865|title = Nin maxkamad u taagan weerar mindi ah oo lagu qaaday Duqa Altena Andreas Hollstein &#124; DW &#124; 22.05.2018| website=[[Deutsche Welle]] }}</ref> ==Siyaasadda== Duqa magaalada ee hadda waa Guido Thal oo ka tirsan [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]]. Intii lagu guda jiray [[2025 North Rhine-Westphalia local elections|doorashooyinkii maxalliga ahaa ee 2025]] wuxuu helay 63,1 % codadkii.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ergebnis |url=https://wahlen.kommunale.it/production/kw2025/05962004/praesentation/ergebnis.html?wahl_id=247&stimmentyp=0&id=ebene_3_id_17 |date=2025-09-28|access-date=2026-02-28 |website=wahlen.kommunale.it |language=de}}</ref> ===Golaha Magaalada=== Ka dib doorashooyinkii 2025, golaha [[Stadtrat|magaalada]] Altena wuxuu ka kooban yahay sidan: {{election table}} ! colspan=2| Xisbiga ! Codadka ! % ! +/- ! Kuraasta ! +/- |- | bgcolor={{party color|Christian Democratic Union of Germany}}| | align=left| [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|Christian Democratic Union]] (CDU) | 3,161 | 50.5 | {{increase}} 4.5 | 17 | {{increase}} 2 |- | bgcolor={{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}| | align=left| [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party]] (SPD) | 1,535 | 24.5 | {{increase}} 3.2 | 8 | {{increase}} 1 |- | bgcolor={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}| | align=left| [[Alliance 90/The Greens|Alliance 90/The Greens]] (Grüne) | 709 | 11.3 | {{decrease}} 6.3 | 3 | {{decrease}} 3 |- | bgcolor=#646464| | align=left| Beddelka Bulshada iyo Dimuqraadiga ee Altena (SDA) | 556 | 8.9 | {{increase}} 2.9 | 3 | {{increase}} 1 |- | bgcolor={{party color|The Left (Germany)}}| | align=left| [[The Left (Germany)|The Left]] (Die Linke) | 304 | 4.9 | {{increase}} 0.3 | 1 | ±0 |- ! colspan=2| Codadka saxda ah ! 6,265 ! 96.0 ! ! ! |- ! colspan=2| Codadka aan sax ahayn ! 258 ! 4.0 ! ! ! |- ! colspan=2| Wadarta ! 6,523 ! 100.0 ! ! 32 ! ±0 |- ! colspan=2| Tirada dadka dooran kara/ka qaybgalka ! 13,395 ! 48.7 ! ! ! |- | colspan=7| Xigasho: [https://wahlen.kommunale.it/production/kw2025/05962004/praesentation/ergebnis.html?wahl_id=249&stimmentyp=0&id=ebene_3_id_17 Magaalada Altena] |} ===Duqa Magaalada=== * Abriil 1945 – Ogosto 1945 Fritz Berg<ref name="BM">{{Cite web |url=http://www.altena.de/Buergermeister-und-Hauptverwaltungsbeamte-der-Stad.973.0.html |title=Bürgermeister der Stadt Altena (Westf.) |access-date=2016-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206205258/http://www.altena.de/Buergermeister-und-Hauptverwaltungsbeamte-der-Stad.973.0.html |archive-date=2015-02-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * Ogosto 1945 – Maarso 1946 Friedrich Heyne<ref name="BM" /> * Sebtembar 1946 – Nofeembar 1952 Hermann Voß<ref name="BM" /> * Nofeembar 1952 – Oktoobar 1956 Gustav Trappe<ref name="BM" /> * Nofeembar 1956 – Janaayo 1957 Hermann Voß<ref name="BM" /> * Janaayo 1957 – Maarso 1961 Heinrich Malkus<ref name="BM" /> * Maarso 1961 – Maarso 1969 Gustav Trappe<ref name="BM" /> * Abriil 1969 – Abriil 1970 Friedhelm Halfmeier (SPD)<ref name="BM" /> * Abriil 1970 – Sebtembar 1999 Günter Topmann (SPD)<ref name="BM" /> * Sebtembar 1999 - Oktober 2020 Andreas Hollstein (CDU)<ref name="BM" /> * Nofeembar 2020 – Nofeembar 2025 Uwe Kober (CDU)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ergebnis |url=https://wahlen.kommunale.it/production/kw2020/05962004/praesentation/ergebnis.html?wahl_id=133&stimmentyp=0&id=ebene_3_id_17 |date=2021-12-01|access-date=2026-02-28 |website=wahlen.kommunale.it |language=de}}</ref> * tan iyo Nofeembar 2025 Guido Thal (CDU) ==Horumarka dadweynaha== Tirada dadka (31 Diseembar) {| width="50%" | valign="top" | * 1900 – 12,766 * 1930 – 16,415 * 1945 – 19,937 * 1960 – 23,914 * 1970 – 32,006 * 1978 – 25,015<ref name="Kommunalprofil">Information und Technik NRW, Geschäftsbereich Statistik ''[http://www.it.nrw.de/kommunalprofil/l05962004.pdf Kommunalprofil der Stadt Altena] {{Wayback|url=http://www.it.nrw.de/kommunalprofil/l05962004.pdf |date=20140531221140 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531221140/http://www.it.nrw.de/kommunalprofil/l05962004.pdf |date=2014-05-31 }} (PDF; 222&nbsp;kB).'' 18. Diseembar 2009.</ref> * 1980 – 24,565 * 1985 – 22,207 * 1990 – 24,043 * 1995 – 24,026 | valign="top" | * 1998 – 23,077<ref name="Kommunalprofil" /> * 2000 – 22,215 * 2002 – 21,404 * 2003 – 21,126<ref name="Kommunalprofil" /> * 2004 – 20,805 * 2006 – 20,001 * 2008 – 19,252<ref name="Kommunalprofil" /> * 2010 – 18,277 * 2012 – 17,869 * 2014 – 17,595 |} ==Goobaha xiisaha leh== [[File:Burg Altena Tower.jpg|150px|thumb|Burg Altena]] Soojiidashada ugu weyn ee magaalada waa qasriga: ''[[Altena Castle|Burg Altena]]''. Ka dib markii aan la isticmaalin qarniyo badan waxay ahayd burbur, in kasta oo qayb ka mid ah dhismayaasha loo isticmaali jiray cusbitaal. Dib-u-habayn dhammaystiran ayaa la sameeyay 1909 si loogu dabbaaldego sannad-guuradii 300-aad ee ku-biirintii Prussia ee [[county of Mark|degmada Mark]] ee Prussia (Brandenburg). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inta badan shaqada ma dhammayn ka hor 1914; dabbaaldegyada ayaa markaas lagu qabtay Qasriga [[Hohensyburg]]. Sannadkii 1912 [[youth hostel|hoygii dhalinyarada]] ugu horreeyay ee adduunka waxaa abuuray [[Richard Schirrmann]] gudaha qasriga. Qolalkii hore ayaa weli la soo bandhigaa, qolal cusub oo ku dhex yaalla aagga qasriga ayaa weli qayb ka ah hoyga maanta. Warshadaha ugu badan ee Altena waxay ahayd soo saarista siligga, sidaas darteed waxay leedahay madxaf loogu talagalay warshadan oo kaliya, ''Drahtmuseum''. ==Calanka magaalada== Calanka magaalada wuxuu muujinayaa [[Catherine of Alexandria]], oo ahayd ilaaliyaha kaniisadda la dhisay 1310. Waxaa lagu sawiray seef iyo giraangir, maadaama la dilay 307 labadan shay. Doorashada ilaaliyaha waxay dib ugu noqonaysaa nidar uu sameeyay Count [[Engelbert III of the Mark|Engelbert III ee Mark]] kaas oo lagu sameeyay meeshii lagu aasay Catherine ee Yeruusaalem. [[Fess|Giraangirta]] casaanka iyo caddaanka ah ee la hubiyay waxay tilmaamaysaa calanka Counts-ka Mark. Calanka magaaladdu waa mid aad u duug ah: shaabaddii qarnigii 15-aad ayaa horeyba u muujinaysay isla walxaha. Naqshadeeda hadda waxaa abuuray [[Otto Hupp]] 1938. ==Magaalooyinka mataanaha ah – magaalooyinka walaalaha ah== {{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany}} Altena waa [[Sister city|mataano]] la leh:<ref name=twins>{{cite web |title=Partnerstädte und Patenschaften|url=https://www.altena.de/buerger-rathaus/unsere-stadt/partnerstaedte/patenschaften/|website=altena.de|publisher=Altena|language=de|access-date=2021-02-04}}</ref> *{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Blackburn]], England, Boqortooyada Midowday (1972) *{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Péronne, Somme|Péronne]], Faransiiska (1967) *{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Pinsk]], Belarus (1990) ===Magaalada saaxiibtinimada=== Altena waa magaalo saaxiibtinimo la leh:<ref name=twins/> *{{flagicon|USA}} [[Owensville, Missouri|Owensville]], Maraykanka (2005) ==Dadka caanka ah== [[File:Fritz Heinemann 1.jpg|thumb|170px|Fritz Heinemann]] * Fritz Berg (1901–1979), madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee Xiriirka Warshadaha Jarmalka ka dib [[World War II|Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka]] * Herbert Berg (1910–1938), darawal orod * [[Jason Dark]] (dhashay 1945), magaca been-abuurka ah ee qoraaga [[Jason Dark|Helmut Rellergerd]] * [[Fritz Heinemann (artist)|Fritz Heinemann]] (1864–1932), sawir-qaade * [[Friedrich Sieburg]] (1893–1964), naqdiye suugaaneed, saxafi iyo qoraa ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} ==Xiriirka dibadda== {{Commons}} * [http://www.altena.de Website-ka rasmiga ah] (Jarmal) * [http://www.burg-altena.de Website-ka rasmiga ah ee Burg Altena] (Jarmal) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080608075215/http://www.altena-owensville.org/ Naadiga Jarmalka ee Maraykanka] (Jarmal/Ingiriis) {{Authority control}} r9byu8zg608yr30pfvfliuvapsuq9xh 0 49781 310753 303553 2026-10-23T21:13:25Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 310753 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_photo =Bennhausen Ostansicht Juli 2010.jpg |image_coa = DEU Bennhausen COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|49|37|20.88|N|7|58|44.54|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Bennhausen in KIB.svg |state = |district = Donnersbergkreis |Verbandsgemeinde = Kirchheimbolanden |elevation = 281 <!-- Quelle: http://www.geodatenzentrum.de --> |area = 1.49 |postal_code = 67808 |area_code = 06357 |licence = KIB |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 3 33 005 |website = [http://www.kirchheimbolanden.de/273_1031.html kirchheimbolanden.de] |mayor = Reinhard Horsch<ref>[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/3330000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Donnersbergkreis], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 9 August 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;24 |party = }} '''Bennhausen''' waa munisipaliteet ku yaal degmada [[Donnersbergkreis]], ee [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. Waxay ka tirsan tahay [[Kirchheimbolanden (Verbandsgemeinde)|Verbandsgemeinde ee Kirchheimbolanden]]. ==Juqraafiga== Bennhausen waxay leedahay dhul ballaciisu yahay 1.49&nbsp;km². Waxay ku taallaa [[North Palatine Uplands]], cagta [[Donnersberg]], oo qiyaastii 3&nbsp;km koonfur ka xigta tuulada. Dhulka galbeedka iyo waqooyiga ee dhulka buuraha leh waxaa u badan beeraha miro-dhalka, iyo kaynta oo ku dhowaad gaarta meelaha ka ngoài ee tuulada. Dhulka koonfurta iyo bariga waxaa u badan dhul beereed. Munisipaliteetyada dariska la ah waa [[Weitersweiler]] (koonfur-bari), [[Jakobsweiler]] (galbeed), [[Dannenfels]] (waqooyi-galbeed) iyo [[Bolanden]] (bari). ==Taariikhda== Bennhausen waxaa markii ugu horreysay la diiwaan geliyay, sanadkii 1252, sidii ''Benninhusen''. Sanadkii 1376, magaaladu waxay ka tirsanayd [[Electorate of the Palatinate|Palatinate]]. Intii lagu jiray [[Thirty Years' War|Dagaalkii Soggashada Sano]], Bennhausen guud ahaan waa la burburiyay. Sanadkii 1706, waxaa siiyay Earls-ka [[Nassau-Weilburg]]. Wixii ka dambeeyay 1816, Bennhausen waxay ka tirsanayd munisipaliteetka Dannenfels.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}} ==Maamulka== ===Siyaasadda=== {{Update|section|date=January 2013}} [[local government|Golaha maxalliga ah]] ee Bennhausen wuxuu ka kooban yahay oo lix xubnood, oo ku dooran doona [[majority vote|codka aqlabiyadda]], iyo [[Title of honor|sharaf-ku-lahaye]] [[mayor|duqa magaalada]] oo ah gudoomiye. [[local elections|Doorashooyinkii maxalliga ahaa]] ee ugu dambeeyay waxay dhaceen 7 June 2009.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://wahlen.rlp.de/kw/wahlen/2009/gemeinderatswahlen/ergebnisse/3330400500.html | title=LWL RLP - Kommunalwahlen: Ergebnisse der Ratswahlen: Wahlergebnisse 2009: Stadt- und Gemeinderatswahlen }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ Duqyada Magaalada<ref>[http://www.kirchheimbolanden.de/1435_1031.html] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kirchheimbolanden.de/1435_1031.html |date=20130106235011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106235011/http://www.kirchheimbolanden.de/1435_1031.html |date=2013-01-06 }}.</ref> |- | 1960–1974 || Richard Zerger |- | 1974–1982 || Erich Eymann |- | 1983–1993 || Reinhold Huy |- | 1994– || Reinhard Horsch |} ===Astanta gaarka ah=== [[coat of arms|Astanta gaarka ah]] waa "casaan iyo qalin si chabeen ah loo qeybiyay, sare ee xagga midig giraangiraha silver-ka ah oo lix af leh, hooska xagga bidix cawl cas oo ay dooxaday feyl cas". Waxaa ansixiyay sanadkii 1976 [[Rheinhessen-Pfalz|dowladda degmada Neustadt]]. [[Wheel of Mainz|Giraangiraha Mainz]] wuxuu xusuusinayaa in Bennhausen ay ka tirsan tahay [[diocese of Mainz]]. Cawlku waa sifaadka [[Saint Giles]], oo ka mid ah [[Fourteen Holy Helpers]], oo ay kiniisad hore u heysay.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}} ==Dhaqaalaha iyo kabayaasha dhaqaalaha== Sida caadiga ah tuulooyinka la midka ah, meeshu waxay lahayd muuqda, illaa 1960-kii, ee beeraha. Maanta, shaqada maalinlaha ah (commuters) ayaa maamula, marka laga eego dhanka dhaqaalaha. Dhowr meelood oo cusub ayaa la aasaasay qiyaastii 1980 iyo 2005, si isku xigta. Xarunta asalka ah, guryo dhowr ah ayaa lagu sameeyay dib-u-habayn oo ay sameeyeen dadka deegaanka iyo kuwa cusubba. Waxaa sidoo kale jira hanti beereed hore. [[elementary school|Dugsigii hoose]] ee hore, oo shaqaynayay illaa 1960, ayaa si ful ah loo dib-u-habeeyay loona sii ballaariyay; hadda wuxuu u shaqeeyaa sidii xarunta bulshada ee ujeedooyinka kala duwan. Bennhausen waxay leedahay [[volunteer fire department|waaxda dabdemiska ee mutadawiciinta]], oo ay ku jirto [[Junior firefighter|Kooxda Dabdemiska ee Dhallinyarada]]. Taageerayaasha bulshada waxay soo abaabulaan dhacdooyinka dhaqanka, festifaallada iyo bandhigyada, oo ka dhaca todobaadka 3-aad ee Ogosto. [[Landesstraße|L 397]] waxay sii maraysaa tuulada. Qiyaastii 3&nbsp;km koonfur bari, meesha laga baxo ee [[Göllheim]], waxay ku xirantahay [[A63 motorway (Germany)|A 63]] ([[Kaiserslautern]] - [[Mainz]]). Dhanka koonfur-galbeed, Kaiserslautern waa qiyaastii 30&nbsp;km. Waqooyiga, Mainz waxay u jirtaa noin 50&nbsp;km. [[Dreisen]], oo 4&nbsp;km u jirta Bennhausen, khadka tareenka waa la xray oo wuxuu shaqeeyaa oo kaliya dhammaadka todobaadka inta lagu jiro mieaha xagaaga, iyadoo loo marayo [[Zellertal railway]]. Saldhiga tareenka ee caadiga ah ee ugu dhow wuxuu ku yaal [[Kirchheimbolanden]], oo ku xiran [[Alzey]] iyo [[Mainz]], iyo sidoo kale [[Winnweiler]], oo halkaas uga xiranta [[Kaiserslautern]] iyo [[Bad Kreuznach]]. ==Tirada dadka== Bennhausen waxay leedahay tirada dadka oo ah 156 (ilaa December 31, 2011). {| class="wikitable" |+ Tirada dadka<ref>On December, 31.</ref> |- |2004|| 2006|| 2009||2010 ||2011 |- |141||148|| 145||157 ||156 |} ==Xusuusin== {{Reflist}} ==Tixraac== * Reinhold Huy, ''Vom Hofgut zum Dorf: Bennhausen. Ein Ort schreibt Geschichte'', Gemeinde Bennhausen, 2009, {{ISBN|978-3-926306-60-9}}. ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130528170329/http://www.kirchheimbolanden.de/272_1031.html Official webpage]. * [http://www.rlb.de/cgi-bin/wwwalleg/wiki.pl?db=rpb&index=1&zeilen=1&s1=o33304005? Literature on Bennhausen] at the [http://www.rlb.de/cgi-bin/wwwalleg/maske.pl?db=rpb Bibliographie of Rhineland-Palatinate] {{Commons category|Bennhausen}} {{Authority control}} mfzfma80q50rqqg3vss3nnwduxnrupk 0 51168 310769 305996 2026-10-24T02:45:32Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 310769 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |type = Town |image_skyline = Heldburg, Altstadt, Ansicht von der Veste Heldburg 20161030-001.jpg |image_coa = DEU Heldburg COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|50|17|N|10|44|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Heldburg in HBN.png |state = |district = Hildburghausen |Verwaltungsgemeinschaft = Heldburger Unterland |elevation = 288 |area = 112.74 |postal_code = 98663 |area_code = 036871 |licence = HBN |Gemeindeschlüssel = 16 0 69 063 |divisions = 13 |website = {{url|https://stadt-heldburg.de/}} |mayor = Christopher Other<ref>[https://wahlen.thueringen.de/datenbank/wahl1/wahl.asp?wahlart=BM&wJahr=0000&zeigeErg=LAND&auswertung=2 Gewählte Bürgermeister - aktuelle Landesübersicht], Freistaat Thüringen, accessed 14 July 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;25 |party = CDU }} '''Heldburg''' ({{IPA|de|ˈhɛltbʊʁk}}) waa magaalo iyo [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan degmada [[Hildburghausen (district)|Hildburghausen]], ee gobolka [[Thuringia|Thüringen]], bartamaha dalka [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. Degmadan waxaa la abuuray 1 Janaayo 2019 iyadoo la midaynayo degmooyinkii hore ee [[Bad Colberg-Heldburg]], [[Gompertshausen]] iyo [[Hellingen]]. Waxay u jirtaa 16 km dhanka koonfureed ee [[Hildburghausen]], iyo 18 km dhanka galbeed ee [[Coburg]]. == Qaybaha Maamulka == {{div col|colwidth=14em}} * Albingshausen * Bad Colberg * Einöd * Gellershausen * [[Gompertshausen]] * Heldburg * [[Hellingen]] * Holzhausen * Käßlitz * Lindenau * Poppenhausen * Rieth * Völkershausen * Volkmannshausen {{div col end}} == Taariikh == Heldburg waxaa markii ugu horreysay la xusay sanadkii 837. Waxay ku taal cidhifka [[Heldburg Fortress|Qalcadda Heldburg]]. Sanadkii 1374 waxay u gudubtay [[landgrave|hogaamiyaasha]] Thüringen.<ref name=mgk/> Heldburg waxaa la siiyay xuquuqda magaalada sanadkii 1394. Sanadkii 1900, magaaladu waxay lahayd dad gaaraya 1,040.<ref name=mgk>{{cite book|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon|year=1906|volume=9|location=Leipzig und Wien|page=132}}</ref> Intii lagu guda jiray [[World War II|Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka]], 11kii Maajo 1942, deegaanka maanta ah ee Poppenhausen wuxuu ahaa goob lagu xasuuqay 20 maxbuus oo [[Polish people|Reer Boolish ah]] oo ka tirsanaa [[Buchenwald concentration camp|xeryaha fiirsashada ee Buchenwald]], kuwaas oo si fagaare ah loogu [[hanging|deldelay]] [[Gestapo|Gestapo]].<ref>{{cite book|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Buchenwald. Ausgrenzung und Gewalt 1937 bis 1945|year=2016|language=de|location=Bad Berka|page=214|isbn=978-3-9816900-3-3}}</ref> Dagaalka dabadiis, magaaladu waxay qayb ka noqotay [[East Germany|Jarmalka Bari]]. Sanadkii 1993 waxay noqotay qayb ka mid ah degmada Bad Colberg-Heldburg.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Heldburg - Geschichte erleben |url=https://stadt-heldburg.de/content/heldburg-geschichte-erleben-0 |access-date=2026-08-26 |archive-date=2020-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803084555/https://stadt-heldburg.de/content/heldburg-geschichte-erleben-0 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} cjni0atg9678g8aa975mt25psuyz4sy 0 51671 310774 306928 2026-10-24T04:23:37Z Gliwi 47573 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:DEU Iffeldorf COA 3.svg]] → [[File:DEU Iffeldorf COA.svg]] 310774 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = DEU Iffeldorf COA.svg |image_photo = Iffeldorf 36a.jpg |image_caption = Iffeldorf iyo kaniisaddeeda, iyo dhinaca dambe oo ay ka muuqdaan [[Alps|buuraha Alps]] |coordinates = {{coord|47|46|15.6|N|11|19|11.6|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Iffeldorf in WM.svg |state = |region = Oberbayern |district = Weilheim-Schongau |Verwaltungsgemeinschaft = Seeshaupt |elevation = 603 |area = 27.61 |postal_code = 82393 |area_code = 08856, 08801 |licence = WM |Gemeindeschlüssel = 09 1 90 132 |website = [http://www.iffeldorf.de www.iffeldorf.de] |mayor = Hans Lang<ref>[https://www.statistik.bayern.de/wahlen/kommunalwahlen/bgm/ Liste der ersten Bürgermeister/Oberbürgermeister in kreisangehörigen Gemeinden], [[Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik]], 15 July 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2020&ndash;26 }} '''Iffeldorf''' waa [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan degmada [[Weilheim-Schongau]] ee gobolka [[Bavaria|Bavaria]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. ==Gaadiidka== Degmadu waxay leedahay saldhig tareen, {{stn|Iffeldorf}}, oo ku yaal [[Kochelsee Railway|Wadada Tareenka Kochelsee]]. ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} fpr2384pgljk9jjyp77lxc9yolr4jc3 0 51985 310775 307561 2026-10-24T04:34:38Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 310775 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_photo = |image_coa = DEU Kretzschau COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|51|3|N|12|4|E|display=it}} |image_plan = Kretzschau in BLK.svg |state = |district = Burgenlandkreis |Verbandsgemeinde = Droyßiger-Zeitzer Forst |elevation = 197 |area = 27.76 |postal_code = 06712 |area_code = 03441, 034425 |licence = BLK |Gemeindeschlüssel = 15 0 84 275 |website = {{url|https://www.vgem-dzf.de/de/kretzschau.html|www.vgem-dzf.de}} |mayor = Anemone Just<ref>[https://wahlergebnisse.sachsen-anhalt.de/wahlen/bmbm/index.html Bürgermeisterwahlen in den Gemeinden, Endgültige Ergebnisse], [[Statistisches Landesamt Sachsen-Anhalt]], accessed 8 July 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2021&ndash;28 }} '''Kretzschau''' ({{IPA|de|ˈkʁɛtʃaʊ}}) waa [[municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ku taal degmada [[Burgenlandkreis]], ee koonfurta [[Saxony-Anhalt]], [[Germany]]. Waxay qayb ka tahay ''[[Verbandsgemeinde]]'' [[Droyßiger-Zeitzer Forst]].<ref>[https://www.vgem-dzf.de/de/kretzschau.html Kretzschau] {{Wayback|url=https://www.vgem-dzf.de/de/kretzschau.html |date=20260911090256 }}, Verbandsgemeinde Droyßiger-Zeitzer Forst</ref> Ilaa Diseembar 2020, dadkeedu waxay ahaayeen 2,409. 1 Janaayo 2010 waxay la midoobday degmooyinkii hore ee [[Döschwitz]] iyo [[Grana, Germany|Grana]].<ref>[https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Laender-Regionen/Regionales/Gemeindeverzeichnis/Namens-Grenz-Aenderung/2010.html Gebietsänderungen vom 01.01. bis 31.12.2010], [[Statistisches Bundesamt]]</ref> ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} 2ekm568kg9j46xrdjdgzuok8j01euhn 0 53394 310757 309920 2026-10-23T22:54:47Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 310757 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Claire Holt | image = Claire Holt at the 47 Meters Down premiere in June 2017 01.png | caption = Holt sanadkii 2017 | birth_name = Claire Rhiannon Holt | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1988|6|11}} | birth_place = [[Brisbane]], Queensland, Australia | citizenship = {{hlist|Australia|United States<ref name="insta20191121"/>}} | occupation = Atarixi | years_active = 2005–present | spouse = {{unbulleted list|{{marriage|[[Matt Kaplan]]|2016|end=divorced|2017}}|{{marriage|[[Andrew Joblon]]|2018}}}} | children = 3 | relatives = | website = {{URL|https://thecornerbyclaire.com/}} | education = }} '''Claire Rhiannon Holt''' (dhashay 11 Juun 1988) waa atarixo u dhalatay Australiya-Maraykan.<ref name="insta20191121" /><!--link is live but birth dates only appear in TV Guide's archive--> Waxay jilitaankeeda koowaad ka bilowday iyada oo ku ciidaysa Emma Gilbert oo ahayd taxanaha [[H2O: Just Add Water|H<sub>2</sub>O: Just Add Water]] (2006–2008), ka hor inta aysan u guurin Mareykanka oo aysan filimkeeda ugu horreeya ka bilaabin 2009. Ka dib markii ay ka muuqatay taxanaha telefishanka [[Mean Girls 2]] iyo [[List of Pretty Little Liars episodes|labadii xilli ee ugu horreeyay]] ee [[Pretty Little Liars]] (labaduba 2011), waxay lahayd doorkeeda [[breakthrough role|guusha leh]] ee ah [[List of The Originals characters#Rebekah_Mikaelson|Rebekah Mikaelson]] oo ka tirsan riwaayadda cajiibka ah ee [[the CW]] ee [[The Vampire Diaries]] (2011–2014), [[The Originals (TV series)|The Originals]] (2013–2018) iyo [[Legacies (TV series)|Legacies]] (2021–2022). Doorkani wuxuu u kasbaday amaan iyo magacaabid [[Teen Choice Award]]. Waxay kaloo jishay taxanaha riwaayadaha dembiyada xilliga [[NBC]] ee [[Aquarius (American TV series)|Aquarius]] (2015–2016), si ay u sii hesho amaan. Xagga filimada, Holt waxay jishay majaajilada riwaayadda ah [[Blue Like Jazz (film)|Blue Like Jazz]] (2012) iyo riwaayadda badbaadada ee [[47 Meters Down]] (2017) oo ay ka heshay soo dhoweyn dhaleeceyn ah, waxaana ku xigay doorar ka tirsan mashaariic aan sidaas u fiicnayn, iyo markii dambe filimka majaajilada cabsi leh ee la amaanay [[Untitled Horror Movie]] (2021). Kan ugu dambeeya iyaduna waa ay soo saartay. == Nolosha hore == Holt waxaa lagu dhalay [[Brisbane]], Queensland, Australia, waxayna dhigatay [[Stuartholme School]].<ref>{{cite web|date=12 January 2012|title=Australian Television: H2O – Just Add Water|url=http://www.australiantelevision.net/h2o/articles/holt-impressing-hollywood.html|access-date=30 May 2022|website=australiantelevision.net|archive-date=9 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909220605/http://australiantelevision.net/h2o/articles/holt-impressing-hollywood.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Shaqada== ===2000s: Guul iyo aqoonsi hore=== Sannadkii 2005, Holt waxay ku guuleysatay doorka Emma Gilbert ee bandhigga telefishanka khuraafaadka [[Network 10|Network Ten]] ee [[H2O: Just Add Water|H<sub>2</sub>O: Just Add Water]] taas oo ahayd doorkeedii ugu horreeyay ee telefishan. Bandhiggu wuxuu ku guuleystay abaalmarinta [[Logie Award]] iyo abaalmarinta [[Nickelodeon Australian Kids' Choice Awards|Nickelodeon Australia Kids' Choice Award]]. Intii taxanaha loo cusbooneysiinayay xilli saddexaad, Holt waxay ka tagtay bandhigga ka dib xilligii labaad ka dib markii ay saxiixday sii wadida filimkii 2007 [[The Messengers (film)|The Messengers]], oo loogu magac daray [[Messengers 2: The Scarecrow]]. Waxaa lagu bedelay dabeecadda [[Indiana Evans]], Bella. Duubista ''Messengers 2'' waxay ka dhacday [[Sofia]] intii u dhaxaysay 2008. Iyada oo la jileysa [[Norman Reedus]] iyo [[Heather Stephens]], filimka waxaa la sii daayay 21 Luulyo 2009 oo si toos ah loogu sii daayay DVD. === 2010s: Aqoonsiga adduunka oo dhan === [[File:Claire Holt at PaleyFest 2014.jpg|thumb|right|160px|Claire Holt at The Paley Center For Media's PaleyFest 2014 Honoring "The Originals"]] Marka laga reebo doorarka telefishanka iyo filimada, Holt waxay ka muuqatay xayeysiisyo loogu talagalay [[Dreamworld (Australian theme park)|Dreamworld]], [[Sizzler]], iyo [[Surf Life Saving Queensland]]. [[BuddyTV]] waxay ku qiimeysay lambarka 55 liiska Haweenka 100 ee ugu galmada badan TV-ga 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.buddytv.com/slideshows/one-tree-hill/tvs-100-sexiest-women-of-2011-27145.aspx |title=TV's 100 Sexiest Women of 2011 |publisher=[[BuddyTV.com]] |year=2011 |access-date=13 January 2012 |archive-date=21 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621064400/http://www.buddytv.com/slideshows/one-tree-hill/tvs-100-sexiest-women-of-2011-27145.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Kahor inta aysan guul ka gaarin [[United States]], Holt waxay shaaca ka qaaday in ay martay 142 imtixaan ka hor inta aysan ballansan doorarkeeda ugu horreeya ee dalka, filimka TV-ga [[Mean Girls 2]], iyo doorka soo noqnoqda ee [[Pretty Little Liars]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=‘I had 142 auditions before my first job’ |url=http://www.news.com.au/national/queensland/claire-holt-reveals-she-auditioned-142-times-before-she-won-her-first-hollywood-role/news-story/5b3528ed0a00f61d076e950b424c0e9a |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922171233/http://www.news.com.au/national/queensland/claire-holt-reveals-she-auditioned-142-times-before-she-won-her-first-hollywood-role/news-story/5b3528ed0a00f61d076e950b424c0e9a |archive-date=2017-09-22 |access-date=2026-07-09 |work=NewsComAu}}</ref> Holt waxay ku wadaagtay kanaalkeeda YouTube iyo podcast-ka "Not skinny but not fat" in ay ku tijaabisay shaashadda doorka Annabeth ee [[Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief]]. Doorkii waxaa ugu dambeyntii qaatay [[Alexandra Daddario]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2026}} Waxay kaloo sheegtay in ay markii hore u tijaabisay taxanaha TV-ga khiyaanada leh ee [[The Secret Circle (TV series)|The Secret Circle]] doorka Diana, oo ay dib u guuleysatay [[Shelley Hennig]], ka hor inta uusan tixgelin [[Kevin Williamson (screenwriter)|Kevin Williamson]] ee [[The Vampire Diaries]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JEBTtISKtl4 |title=Two Actors Enabling Each Other The Interview (Episode 16) |date=2026-06-23 |last=The Corner By Claire Holt |access-date=2026-07-09 |via=YouTube}}<!-- b --></ref> Ogosto 2011, Holt waxaa la xaqiijiyay in ay ku jiri doonto taxanaha TV-ga ''The Vampire Diaries'' oo ah Rebekah Mikaelson.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://hollywoodcrush.mtv.com/2011/08/09/vampire-diaries-season-3-stefans-ex-girlfriend/ |title='Vampire Diaries' Casts Stefan's Ex: 5 Theories On Why She's Coming To Town |publisher=[[MTV]] |first=Nuzhat |last=Naoreen |date=9 August 2011 |access-date=7 November 2011 |archive-date=25 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925172833/http://hollywoodcrush.mtv.com/2011/08/09/vampire-diaries-season-3-stefans-ex-girlfriend/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Janaayo 13, 2013, The CW waxay ku dhawaaqday in Holt ay ku biirtay jilaaga ''The Vampire Diaries'' spin-off ''[[The Originals (TV series)|The Originals]]'', halkaas oo ay ku celisay doorkeeda Rebekah Mikaelson.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Andreeva |first1=Nellie |title='Vampire Diaries' Claire Holt To Co-Star In 'The Originals' Spinoff |url=https://deadline.com/2013/02/vampire-diaries-spinoff-claire-holt-co-star-casting-originals-cw-429870/ |website=Deadline Hollywood |access-date=17 October 2023 |date=13 February 2013}}</ref> Waxay ka tagtay bandhigga oo ahayd jilaa caadi ah qaybtii lixaad iyo tobnaad ee xilligii koowaad, taas oo ka baxday Mareykanka bishii Maarso 11, 2014.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Ng |first1=Philiana |title=Claire Holt Exits 'The Originals' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/claire-holt-exits-originals-as-687866/ |magazine=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=17 October 2023 |date=11 March 2014}}</ref> Holt waxay ku laabatay doorkeeda dhammaadka xilliga koowaad bishii May 13, 2014, waxayna sii waday martigelinta xilliyada qaarkood ee taxanaha ilaa dhammaadkeeda bishii Agoosto 1, 2018.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Claire Holt talks 'Originals' finale, whether she'll be back next year |url=https://ew.com/article/2015/05/08/claire-holt-previews-unexpected-ending-originals-finale/ |access-date=20 November 2025 |magazine=Entertainment Weekly}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 August 2015 |title=Claire Holt Is Returning to The Originals! Get the Scoop on When and How She'll Show Up |url=https://www.eonline.com/news/686064/claire-holt-is-returning-to-the-originals-get-the-scoop-on-when-and-how-she-ll-show-up |access-date=20 November 2025 |agency=E!}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Dowling |first=Amber |date=2 August 2018 |title='The Originals' Boss Talks 'Tragic' Series Finale, Looking Ahead to 'Legacies' |url=https://variety.com/2018/tv/features/the-originals-series-finale-julie-plec-interview-1202890282/ |access-date=20 November 2025 |magazine=Variety}}</ref> 2014, Holt waxaa lala xiriiriyay CBS ''[[Supergirl (TV series)|Supergirl]]'', inkastoo ay dooratay inaysan daba-gelin.<ref name="20141209comicbook-claire">{{cite news |url=https://comicbook.com/2014/12/09/claire-holt-not-expected-to-play-kryptons-supergirl-/ |title=Claire Holt Not Expected To Play Supergirl |publisher=Comicbook.com |first=Andrew |last=Steinbeiser |date=9 December 2014 |access-date=2 October 2017 |archive-date=1 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001213519/http://comicbook.com/2014/12/09/claire-holt-not-expected-to-play-kryptons-supergirl-/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Waxay ka dhex muuqatay taxanaha dhacdada [[NBC]] ''[[Aquarius (American TV series)|Aquarius]]'' oo ahayd Charmain Tully. 2016, waxaa loo jilay majaajilada jaceylka ah [[The Divorce Party]], iyada oo ciyaareyso doorka Susan.<ref name="20161104projectcasting">{{cite news |url=http://www.projectcasting.com/casting-calls-acting-auditions/divorce-party-atlanta-casting-call-featured-roles |title='The Divorce Party' Casting Call for Featured Roles |publisher=ProjectCasting.com |date=4 November 2016 |access-date=2 October 2017 |archive-date=3 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003124457/http://www.projectcasting.com/casting-calls-acting-auditions/divorce-party-atlanta-casting-call-featured-roles |url-status=dead }}</ref> Isla sanadkaas, Holt waxaa lagu jilay filimka argagaxa leh "Wolf in the Wild", oo ay weheliso [[Frank Grillo]], inkasta oo mashruuca aan la soo gabagabayn. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lang |first=Brent |date=2016-05-04 |title=Cannes: Frank Grillo to Star in Thriller ‘Wolf in the Wild’ (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2016/film/festivals/frank-grillo-thriller-wolf-in-the-wild-1201766181/ |access-date=2026-07-09 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> Holt waxay lahayd door hormuud ah sida Kayla ee [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] riwaayadda taxanaha ah ee tijaabada ah ''Doomsday'' ee 2017, inkasta oo ABC ay go'aansatay inaysan horay u socon soo saaridda bandhigga.<ref name="20170302deadline">{{cite news |url=https://deadline.com/2017/03/claire-holt-female-lead-doomsday-abc-drama-pilot-1202034909/ |title=Claire Holt To Topline 'Doomsday' ABC Drama Pilot |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |first=Nellie |last=Andreeva |date=2 March 2017 |access-date=12 March 2017 |archive-date=12 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312033537/http://deadline.com/2017/03/claire-holt-female-lead-doomsday-abc-drama-pilot-1202034909/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Sidoo kale sanadkaas, Holt waxay jishay sida Kate ee filimka argagaxa leh ee badbaadada biyaha hoostooda [[47 Meters Down]], oo ku xigtay [[Mandy Moore]] iyo [[Matthew Modine]], kaas oo lagu sii daayay tiyaatarada bishii Juun 16, 2017.<ref name="20160725variety">{{cite magazine |url=https://variety.com/2016/film/news/mandy-moore-shark-tale-47-meters-down-weinsteins-1201822542/ |title=Mandy Moore's Shark Tale '47 Meters Down' Bought From Weinsteins |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |last=McNary |first=Dave |date=25 July 2016 |access-date=22 November 2016 |archive-date=23 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123054632/http://variety.com/2016/film/news/mandy-moore-shark-tale-47-meters-down-weinsteins-1201822542/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Holt waxaa markii hore loo qorsheeyay inay noqoto door ka tirsan filimka riwaayadda 2018 [[Irreplaceable You]] laakiin markii dambe way ka tagtay mashruuca.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lodderhose |first=Diana |date=2017-03-15 |title=Jacki Weaver, Timothy Simons, Claire Holt & More Join ‘Irreplaceable You’ |url=https://deadline.com/2017/03/jacki-weaver-timothy-simons-claire-holt-alanna-masterson-gugu-mbatha-raw-christopher-walken-steve-coogan-round-out-cast-irreplaceable-you-1202044119/ |access-date=2026-07-09 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> ===2020s: Atarixi la aasaasay=== Sannadkii 2021, Holt waxay lahayd door hoggaamineed oo ah [[Untitled Horror Movie]]. Waxay sidoo kale la shaqaysay astaanta Andie Swim si ay u naqshaddeyso ururinta dabbaasha.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theteenmagazine.com/actress-claire-holt-on-collaborating-with-andie-channel-your-inner-mermaid|title=Actress Claire Holt on Collaborating with Andie: Channel Your Inner Mermaid|date=9 August 2021|magazine=www.theteenmagazine.com|access-date=10 December 2021|archive-date=10 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210205906/https://www.theteenmagazine.com/actress-claire-holt-on-collaborating-with-andie-channel-your-inner-mermaid|url-status=live}}</ref> Bishii Nofeembar ee isla sanadkaas, waxay ka muuqatay taxanaha ''Originals'' spin-off ''[[Legacies (TV series)|Legacies]]'' sida Rebekah Mikaelson.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tvline.com/news/legacies-season-4-rebekah-mikaelson-claire-holt-first-photo-1234739443/|title=''Legacies'' First Look: Claire Holt Brings Rebekah Mikaelson Back to Mystic Falls|date=8 November 2021|last=Swift|first=Andy|website=TV Line|access-date=10 December 2021|archive-date=10 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210202009/https://tvline.com/2021/11/08/legacies-season-4-rebekah-mikaelson-claire-holt-first-photo/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=You Won't Believe Which Vampire Diaries Alum Is Heading to Legacies |url=https://www.eonline.com/news/1308884/you-wont-believe-which-vampire-diaries-alum-is-heading-to-legacies |website=E! Online |access-date=17 October 2023 |date=9 November 2021}}</ref> Sannadkii 2022, Holt wuxuu mar kale ka muuqday ''Legacies'' oo ah Rebekah Mikaelson hal qayb, isagoo u ciyaaraya dabeecadda markii ugu dambeysay.<ref>{{cite magazine |title='Legacies' is staging a Mikaelson family reunion |url=https://ew.com/tv/legacies-mikaelson-reunion-originals-charles-michael-davis-nathaniel-buzolic-riley-voelkel-claire-holt/ |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |access-date=17 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Oktoobar 2024, Holt waxay la shaqaysay shirkadda ganacsiga VEE Collective si ay u naqshaddeyso boorsooyinka VEE ee riyadeeda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Porter Line {{!}} Exclusive Collaboration with Claire Holt |url=https://www.vee-collective.com/pages/claire-holt |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=VEE COLLECTIVE |language=en}}</ref> Nofeembar 2024 iyo 2025, Holt waxay ka qaybqaadatay marathonkeeda saddexaad iyo afraad iyo tiisii labaad iyo saddexaad ee magaalada New York, iyadoo la kaashaneysa [[Maybelline]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DB88fDlxY8v/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&igsh=MzRlODBiNWFlZA== |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-02 |title=All the celebrities who ran the 2025 New York City marathon |url=https://www.the-independent.com/life-style/nyc-marathon-2025-celebrities-route-b2855054.html |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> Bishii Diseembar 2025, Holt waxaa wareystay [[E! News]] waxayna shaaca ka qaaday in ay fasax ka qaadanayso jilitaanka si ay diiradda u saarto korinta saddexdeeda carruur ah.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-13 |title=The Vampire Diaries' Claire Holt Reveals Why She Stepped Back From Acting |url=https://www.eonline.com/news/1426158/vampire-diaries-claire-holt-on-acting-break-leaving-hollywood |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=E! Online}}</ref> == Mashaariicda kale == === Mareegaha iyo kanaalka YouTube === Janaayo 2023, Holt waxay ku dhawaaqday in ay furtay shabakad internet ah, taas oo toddobaad walba ay ka keeni doonto waxyaabo ay ka mid yihiin qurxinta, xulashada moodada, arrimaha hooyada iyo wax kaloo badan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Corner by Claire Holt |url=https://thecornerbyclaire.com/ |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=thecornerbyclaire.com |language=en}}</ref> Bishii Maarso 2026, Holt waxay abuurtay kanaal [[YouTube]] ah oo loogu magac daray mareegteeda, halkaas oo ay ku diiwaangeliso waqtiyada iyo marxaladaha kala duwan ee nolosheeda iyada oo sii mareysa [[Vlog|vlogs]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Corner By Claire Holt |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUJvBh2hWphfpHweIo-Rw9Q |access-date=2026-03-18 |website=YouTube |language=en}}</ref> === Moodada: Saint Sirène === Bishii Abriil 9, 2026, Holt waxay bilaabtay summaddeedii dhar ee ugu horreysay, ''Saint Sirène'', oo ay la kaashatay saaxiibkeed Madeline Simmer. Fikradda waxaa ka timid raadinta shaqsiyeed ee Holt ee funaanad cad oo buuxisay filashadeeda. Ka dib markii ay la xiriirtay asxaabta iyo dhageystayaasheeda Instagram, waxay ururisay jawaab celin muujinaysa niyad-jabka caadiga ah iyo baahiyaha aan la daboolin. Iyada oo ka duuleysa jawaab-celintaan, Holt iyo Simmer waxay ku qaateen sannad horumarinta summada, iyaga oo diiradda saaraya saddex gooyay oo kala duwan oo loogu talagalay in lagu gaaro funaanad cad oo ku habboon. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Werner |first=Kaleigh |date=2026-04-09 |title=Actress Claire Holt Launches Her First Fashion Brand |url=https://wwd.com/pop-culture/new-fashion-releases/claire-holt-fashion-brand-launch-1238894301/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=WWD |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Saint Sirène {{!}} The Perfect White Tee |url=https://saintsirene.com/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=Saint Sirène |language=en}}</ref> Holt iyo Simmer waxay qorsheynayaan inay ballaariyaan safkooda dharka mustaqbalka. === Dood-cilmiyeedka === Bishii Nofeembar 2022, Holt waxay go'aansatay in ay wado Marathon-ka Magaalada New York si ay khidmaddeda ugu tabarucdo [[Boston Children's Hospital]] wadarta guud ee {{Currency|162,000}}. Holt waxay u orodday {{Convert|42.2|km|mi}} iyadoo gaartay hadafkeeda ugu weyn.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What it's like to run the NYC marathon. |url=https://thecornerbyclaire.com/blogs/journal/i-ran-the-nyc-marathon |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=thecornerbyclaire.com |language=en}}</ref> Bishii Oktoobar 2024, Holt waxay ordaysay marathonkeeda labaad ee Chicago, iyadoo ururisay in ka badan {{Currency|100,000}} si ay ugu darto [[Boston Children's Hospital]] {{Currency|250,000}} ay hore u soo ururisay.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakrabarty |first=Prasun |date=2024-10-13 |title=Having Raised $250,000, ‘Vampire Diaries’ Star Claire Holt to Run in Chicago Marathon for a Noble Cause |url=https://www.essentiallysports.com/us-sports-news-olympics-news-track-and-field-news-having-raised-two-lacs-fifty-thousands-vampire-diaries-star-claire-holt-to-run-in-chicago-marathon-for-a-noble-cause/ |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=EssentiallySports |language=en |archive-date=2025-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318180639/https://www.essentiallysports.com/us-sports-news-olympics-news-track-and-field-news-having-raised-two-lacs-fifty-thousands-vampire-diaries-star-claire-holt-to-run-in-chicago-marathon-for-a-noble-cause/ |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohan |first=Isabel |date=2024-10-14 |title=Claire Holt Wins PB at Chicago Marathon 11 Months After Third Baby |url=https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-moms/news/claire-holt-wins-pb-at-chicago-marathon-11-months-after-third-baby/ |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=Us Weekly |language=en-US}}</ref> === Muuqaalada kale === Podcast: ''Evergreen'' (2023), sida Dagny Isaacs. == Nolosha shaqsiga ah == Bishii Luulyo 2015, Holt waxay guursatay saaxiibkeed mudada dheer, soo saaraha telefishanka [[Matt Kaplan]].<ref name="people20150714">{{cite news|date=14 July 2015|title=Claire Holt Is Engaged! Check out the Aquarius Actress's Ring|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|url=http://www.people.com/article/claire-holt-announces-engagement-instagram|access-date=30 April 2016|archive-date=15 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915175836/http://www.people.com/article/claire-holt-announces-engagement-instagram|url-status=live}}</ref> Labadaas waxay is guursadeen Abriil 28, 2016.<ref name="aol20160429">{{cite news|date=29 April 2016|title=Former 'The Originals' star Claire Holt gets married|publisher=[[AOL]]|url=http://www.aol.com/article/2016/04/29/former-the-originals-star-claire-holt-gets-married/21357082/|access-date=30 April 2016|archive-date=11 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711220630/http://www.aol.com/article/2016/04/29/former-the-originals-star-claire-holt-gets-married/21357082/|url-status=live}}</ref> Abriil 27, 2017, Kaplan wuxuu u gudbiyay furriin Holt, isagoo ku sababeeyay "khilaaf aan la heshiin karin". Holt ayaa markaas dacwo ku soo oogtay 2 May 2017, iyadoo sidoo kale codsatay in magaceeda laga beddelo Kaplan oo loogu celiyo Holt.<ref name="people20170504">{{cite news|date=4 May 2017|title=''The Originals''{{'}} Actress Claire Holt's Husband Files for Divorce One Day Before 1-Year Anniversary|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|url=http://people.com/tv/claire-holt-divorcing-husband-files-one-day-before-1-year-anniversary/|access-date=5 May 2017|archive-date=28 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228023254/https://people.com/tv/claire-holt-divorcing-husband-files-one-day-before-1-year-anniversary/|url-status=live}}</ref> Bishii Diseembar 3, 2017, Holt waxay ku dhawaaqday hawlgelinteeda madaxa guryaha ma-guurtada ah [[Andrew Joblon]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-03 |title=Vampire Diaries' Claire Holt Engaged to Andrew Joblon |url=https://www.eonline.com/news/897802/vampire-diaries-claire-holt-engaged-to-andrew-joblon |access-date=2026-09-15 |website=E! Online}}</ref> Bishii Maarso 5, 2018, Holt waxay ku muujisay [[Instagram]] in ay soo martay [[miscarriage|ilmo soo ridis]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Bf66AdbFiEh/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/Bf66AdbFiEh |archive-date=24 December 2021 |url-access=limited|title=Claire Holt on Instagram: "I took this photo 10 days ago, as I waited for surgery after my sweet little baby lost its heartbeat. I sent it to my fiancé in the waiting..." |website=Instagram |language=en |access-date=11 March 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Holt iyo Joblon waxay is guursadeen Agoosto 18, 2018.<ref name="usweek20180819">{{cite news|date=19 August 2018|title=The Originals' Claire Holt Marries Andrew Joblon: See Her Wedding Dress|work=US Weekly|url=https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/the-originals-claire-holt-marries-andrew-joblon/|access-date=19 August 2018|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805105431/https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/the-originals-claire-holt-marries-andrew-joblon/|url-status=live}}</ref> Waxay leeyihiin saddex carruur ah: laba wiil (oo dhashay 2019 iyo 2023)<ref name="people20190329">{{cite magazine|date=29 March 2019|title=Meet James! Claire Holt Welcomes a Son with Husband Andrew Joblon|url=https://people.com/parents/claire-holt-welcomes-son-james/|magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]|access-date=9 June 2019|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330143510/https://people.com/parents/claire-holt-welcomes-son-james/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Claire Holt Welcomes Baby No. 3, a Son, with Husband Andrew Joblon |url=https://people.com/claire-holt-welcomes-baby-no-3-with-husband-andrew-joblon-8382606 |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=Peoplemag |language=en}}</ref> iyo gabadh (dhalatay 2020).<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 September 2020|title=Claire Holt Welcomes Daughter Elle: 'She Flew Into the World and Expanded Our Hearts'|url=https://people.com/parents/claire-holt-welcomes-daughter-elle/|website=PEOPLE.com|language=EN|access-date=14 September 2020|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915120231/https://people.com/parents/claire-holt-welcomes-daughter-elle/|url-status=live}}</ref> Holt waxay ku dhawaaqday in ay noqotay muwaadin Maraykan ah bishii Nofeembar 2019.<ref name="insta20191121">{{Cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/B5I2W8WgI60/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108045520/https://www.instagram.com/p/B5I2W8WgI60/ |archive-date=8 November 2022 |url-access=limited|title=Claire Holt on Instagram: "Pretty special day for me today. I'M GOING TO BE A VOTER!" |website=Instagram |language=en |date=21 November 2019 |access-date=15 December 2020|url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ==Filimada== [[File:Claire Holt 2012.jpg|thumb|upright=0.70|Holt at the [[Ian Somerhalder]] Foundation's Influence Affair Red Carpet 2012.]] {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |+ Doorka filimada |- ! scope="col" | Sannadka ! scope="col" | Magaca ! scope="col" | Doorka ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Xusuusin |- | scope="row" | 2009 | ''[[Messengers 2: The Scarecrow]]'' | {{sortname|Lindsay|Rollins|nolink=1}} | |- | scope="row" | 2012 | ''[[Blue Like Jazz (film)|Blue Like Jazz]]'' | Penny | |- | scope="row" | 2017 | ''[[47 Meters Down]]'' | Kate | |- | scope="row" | 2019 | ''{{sortname|The|Divorce Party}}'' | Susan Brown | |- | scope="row" | 2019 | ''{{sortname|A|Violent Separation}}'' | {{sortname|Abbey|Campbell|nolink=1}} | |- | scope="row" | 2021 | ''[[Untitled Horror Movie]]'' | Kelly | Sidoo kale soo-saare sare |} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |+ Doorarka telefishanka |- ! scope="col" | Sannadka ! scope="col" | Magaca ! scope="col" | Doorka ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Xusuusin |- | scope="row" | 2006–2008 | ''[[H2O: Just Add Water|H<sub>2</sub>O: Just Add Water]]'' | {{sortname|Emma|Gilbert|nolink=1}} | Doorka ugu weyn (xilliyada 1–2), 51 qaybood |- | rowspan="2" scope="row" | 2011 | ''[[Mean Girls 2]]'' | {{sortname|Chastity|Meyer|nolink=1}} | Filimka telefishanka<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/mean-girls-2/cast/309194/ |title=Mean Girls 2 |work=[[TV Guide]] |access-date=2 October 2017 |archive-date=13 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313192227/https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/mean-girls-2/cast/309194/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | ''[[Pretty Little Liars]]'' | {{sortname|Samara|Cook|nolink=1}} | Doorka martida (xilliga 1); doorka soo noqnoqda (xilliga 2); 5 qaybood |- | scope="row" | 2011–2014 | ''{{sortname|The|Vampire Diaries}}'' | rowspan="2" | {{sortname|Rebekah|Mikaelson|nolink=1}} | Doorka soo noqnoqda (xilliyada 3-4); doorka martida (xilliga 5); 38 qaybood |- | scope="row" | 2013–2018 | ''{{sortname|The|Originals|dab=TV series}}'' | Doorka ugu weyn (xilliga 1); doorka soo noqnoqda (xilliyada 2–5); 37 qaybood |- | scope="row" | 2015–2016 | ''[[Aquarius (American TV series)|Aquarius]]'' | {{sortname|Charmain|Tully|nolink=1}} | Doorka ugu weyn; 22 qaybood |- | scope="row" | 2021–2022 | ''[[Legacies (TV series)|Legacies]]'' | {{sortname|Rebekah|Mikaelson|nolink=1}} | Doorka martida gaarka ah; 2 qaybood<ref name="Season4Episode15Legacies">{{cite web|url=https://www.tvline.com/casting-news/legacies-marcel-kol-season-4-episode-15-rebekah-freya-1234813184/|title=''Legacies'': Charles Michael Davis and Nathaniel Buzolic to Appear as Marcel and Kol in Season 4 Episode|website=TVLine|first=Andy|last=Swift|date=24 March 2022|access-date=24 March 2022|archive-date=25 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325025821/https://tvline.com/2022/03/24/legacies-marcel-kol-season-4-episode-15-rebekah-freya/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | 2023 | ''[[Based on a True Story (TV series)|Based on a True Story]]'' | Qoraa TV ah | Qeybta: "Ted Bundy Bottle Opener" |} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |+ Doorarka muqaalka muusikada |- ! scope="col" | Sannadka ! scope="col" | Heesta ! scope="col" | Fannaanka ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Xusuusin |- | scope="row" | 2014 | "We Are Done" | [[The Madden Brothers]] | |- | scope="row" | 2017 | "Small Town Boy" | [[Dustin Lynch]] | |} ==Abaalmarinnada iyo magacaabista== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="margin-right: 0;" |- ! scope="col" | Sannadka ! scope="col" | Abaalmarinta ! scope="col" | Qeybta ! scope="col" | Shaqada ! scope="col" | Natiijada ! scope="col" | Tixraacyada |- | 2014 | scope="row" | ''[[Teen Choice Awards]]'' | Atarixada TV-ga ee la doortay: Sci-Fi/Fantasy | ''[[The Originals (TV series)|The Originals]]'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="20140618teenchoiceawards">{{cite news |url=http://teenchoiceawards.com/tcnews.aspx |title=First Wave of 'Teen Choice 2014' Nominees Announced |date=18 June 2014 |publisher=[[Teen Choice Awards]] |access-date=18 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701143335/http://www.teenchoiceawards.com/tcnews.aspx |archive-date=1 July 2014}}</ref> |} ==Tixraacyada== {{reflist|2}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== {{commons category|Claire Holt}} {{wikiquote}} *{{Twitter}} *{{IMDb name}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Holt, Claire}} mwp14te6u10glyg7c3wk1c4xlsqoi8v 0 53634 310770 310705 2026-10-24T03:23:43Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 310770 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Jaamac Cabdullaahi Qaalib | image = Jama.png | image_size = 190px | honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable]] | office = Guddoomiyihii 2aad ee [[Liiska Afhayeenada Baarlamaanka Soomaaliya|Baarlamaanka Soomaaliya]] | deputy = | term_start = 26 Luulyo 1960 | term_end = 26 Maajo 1964 | predecessor = [[Xaaji Bashiir Ismaaciil Yuusuf]] | successor1 = [[Axmed Maxamed Cabsiiye]] | office1 = | prime_minister1 = | term_start1 = | term_end1 = | predecessor1 = | birth_date = 1930 | birth_place = [[Hargeisa|Hargeysa]], [[Somalia|Soomaaliya]] | death_date = 2015 (da'da 84–85) | death_place = [[Lusaka]], [[Zambia]] | party = [[Xisbiga SYL|Ururka Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed (SYL)]] | alma_mater = }} '''Jaamac Cabdullaahi Qaalib''' (1930–2015) wuxuu ahaa siyaasi Soomaaliyeed oo ka tirsanaa xubnaha sare ee [[Xisbiga SYL|Ururka Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed (SYL)]], wuxuuna soo noqday Guddoomiyaha [[Baarlamaanka Soomaaliya]] waqtigii maamulkii madaniga ahaa ee ugu horreeyay ee Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya u dhexaysay 1960 iyo 1964.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=KUwoAQAAMAAJ&q=Afrah++Abokor Current World Leaders 1978]</ref> Wuxuu sidoo kale ahaa Guddoomiyaha Baarlamaanka 1979 &ndash; 1982.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} ==Nolosha iyo xirfadda== Qaalib wuxuu ku dhashay [[Hargeisa|Hargeysa]], ee waqooyiga Soomaaliya, sannadkii 1930-kii.<ref>{{cite news |title=Taariikh Nolaaleedkii Gudoomiiyahii Barlaamankii Ugu Horeeyaay ee Somali Republic Marxuun Jamac Cabdilahi Qaalib (Jamac Diirqaadhaadh) 1930–2015 |url=http://www.qurbejoog.com/taariikh-nolaaleedkii-gudoomiiyahii-barlaamankii-ugu-horeeyaay-ee-somali-republic-marxuun-jamac-cabdilahi-qaalib-jamac-diirqaadhaadh-1930-2015/ |access-date=2 February 2022 |publisher=Qurbejoog}}</ref> Wuxuu ku dhintay [[Lusaka]], [[Zambia]] sannadkii 2015-kii.<ref>{{cite news |title=Taariikhda Jaamac Cabdullaahi Qaalib |url=https://www.xaqiiqatimes.com/taariikhda-jaamac-cabdullaahi-qaalib/ |access-date=2 February 2022 |publisher=Xaqiiqa Times |date=3 August 2015 |archive-date=2 Bisha Labaad 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202222347/https://www.xaqiiqatimes.com/taariikhda-jaamac-cabdullaahi-qaalib/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tixraacyada== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Qaalib, Jaamac Cabdullaahi}} ky3i8ze1hblvauu1lv2kak8dc5h9j2w 0 53637 310761 310708 2026-10-24T00:40:22Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 310761 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | native_name = | common_name = Somalia | conventional_long_name = Dowladda Kumeelgaarka ah ee Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya | status = | p1 = Dowladdii Ku-meel-gaarka ahayd ee Soomaaliya | flag_p1 = Flag of Somalia.svg | s1 = Dowladda Federaalka Kumeelgaarka ah ee Soomaaliya | flag_s1 = Flag of Somalia.svg | image_flag = Flag of Somalia.svg | flag_alt = Calanka Soomaaliya | flag = Flag of Somalia.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Somalia.svg | image_map = Somalia (orthographic projection).svg | capital = [[Mogadishu|Muqdisho]] | common_languages = [[Somali language|Soomaali]]{{·}}[[Arabic|Carabi]]{{·}}[[Italian language|Talyaani]] | religion = [[Sunni Islam|Islam Sunni]] | government_type = [[Provisional government|Dowlad ku-meel-gaar ah]] | anthem = (2000)<br>[[National anthem of Somalia (1960-2000)|Heesta calanka Soomaaliya]]{{center|[[File:Somali National Anthem (1960-2000).ogg]]}}<hr>(2000–2004)<br>[[Soomaaliyeey toosoo]]{{center|}} | title_leader = Madaxweyne | leader1 = [[Abdiqasim Salad Hassan|Cabdiiqaasim Salaad Xasan]] | year_leader1 = 2000–2004 | event_start = [[Attempts at reconciliation in Somalia (1991–2004)#2000 Somalia National Peace Conference|Shirka Nabadda Qaranka Soomaaliyeed]] | year_start = 2000 | date_start = 20 Abriil | event_end = [[Transitional Federal Charter|Axdiga Kumeelgaarka ah]] | year_end = 2004 | date_end = 14 Oktoobar | demonym = | area_km2 = | area_rank = | GDP_PPP = | GDP_PPP_year = | HDI = | HDI_year = | today = }} {{Siyaasadda Soomaaliya}} '''Dowladda Kumeelgaarka ah''' ('''TNG''') waxay ahayd dowladda dhexe ee Soomaaliya ee caalamku aqoonsan ee ka jirtay [[Somalia|Soomaaliya]] sannadadii 2000 ilaa 2004. ==Dulmar gubaan== Dowladda Kumeelgaarka ah waxaa lagu dhisay 20 Abriil–5 Maajo 2000 Shirka Nabadda Qaranka Soomaaliyeed oo lagu qhelday [[Arta, Djibouti|Carta]], [[Djibouti|Jabuuti]].<ref name="Cfbsom">{{cite web|author=Central Intelligence Agency|title=Somalia|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|location=Langley, Virginia|year=2014|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109132350/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 9, 2021|access-date=April 8, 2014}}</ref> Mabda' ahaan, Axdiga Kumeelgaarka ah ee Dowladda Kumeelgaarka ah dhaliyay, wuxuu aqoonsaday madax-bannaanida deegaannada iyo noqoshada maamullo cusub ee waqooyiga Soomaalidii hore, oo ay degan yihiin qabaa'il hab-wadaag ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, meelaha qaar ee Soomaaliya, maamul-daadejintu waxay ka dhignayd in awooddii dowladeed ay burburtay.<ref>Women and Gender Equality in Peace Processes: From Women at the Negotiating Table to Postwar Structural Reforms in Guatemala Gutemala and Somalia, Sumie Nakaya, Global Governance Vol. 9, No. 4 (Oct.–Dec. 2003), pp. 459–476</ref> Waddanka deriska ah ee awoodda leh, [[Ethiopia|Itoobiya]], ayaa markiiba ka soo horjeedsatay Dowladda Kumeelgaarka ah, iyadoo ka cabsi qabtay in dowladdaas ay dib u soo cusbooneysiiso sheegashada gobolka [[Ogaden|Ogaadeenya]]. Itoobiya waxay taageertay kooxaha Soomaaliya ee ka soo horjeeday Dowladda Kumeelgaarka ah, iyadoo maalgelineysa dhismaha isbahaysiyo mucaarad ah si ay u dhowrato danahooda istiraatiijiyadeed. Waxa ugu caansanaa, inay kafaala-qaaday dhismaha isbahaysi hoggaamiye-kooxeedyo awood leh oo loo vocab-bixiyay [[Somalia Reconciliation and Restoration Council|Golaha Dib-u-hesashiinta iyo Badbaadinta Soomaaliya]] (SRRC) oo ku dhashay Itoobiya dhexdeeda bartamihii sannadkii 2001. SRRC waxay u served-gareysay mucaaradka ugu weyn ee siyaasadeed iyo ciidan ee ka soo horjeeday Dowladda Kumeelgaarka ah.{{Sfn|Murison|2002|p=945}} Soo bixitaanka Dowladda Kumeelgaarka ah wuxuu walaac ku dhaliyay dowladdii ka talineysay [[Puntland]], kuwaas oo ka cabsaday in Soomaaliya oo dib u midoobay ay dhanka koonfureed u janjeersato. Bishii Janaayo 2001, [[Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed|Cabdullaahi Yuusuf Axmed]] wuxuu ka codsaday [[United Nations|Qaramaada Midoobay]] inay 'dib u eegaan go'aankooda' ee aqoonsiga Dowladda Kumeelgaarka ah, wuxueena u go'aansaday oo kaga protest-gareeyay [[Arab League|Jaamacadda Carabta]] taageerada la siinayo dowladda.{{Sfn|Murison|2002|p=947}} Yuusuf wuxuu sidoo kale ku biiray isbahaysigii hoggaamiye-kooxeedyada ee Itoobiya taageereysay si uu u waxyeeleeyo Dowladda Kumeelgaarka ah.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2008-12-29 |title=Profile: Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3732020.stm |access-date=2024-03-09 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB |quote=He was a member of an Ethiopian-backed coalition of warlords that blocked previous attempts at restoring order. As a result of this opposition, the authority of the Transitional National Government (TNG) formed in 2000 was undermined.}}</ref> Ka dib [[September 11 attacks|weeraradii 11-ka Sebtembar]], dowladda Itoobiya waxay si muuqata ku eedeysay hoggaanka Dowladda Kumeelgaarka ah inay yihiin [[Islamic extremism|xagjiriin Islaami ah]] oo pro-[[Osama bin Laden|Bin Laden]] ah<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Elmi |first1=Afyare Abdi |last2=Barise |first2=Dr Abdullahi |date=2006 |title=The Somali Conflict: Root causes, obstacles, and peace-building strategies |url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/101782/FULL.pdf |journal=African Security Review |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=32–53 |doi=10.1080/10246029.2006.9627386}}</ref> iyadoo SRRC ay ugu baaqday [[international community|bulshada caalamka]] inay soo dxgaleen Soomaaliya oo ay dhisaan dowlad ku-meel-gaar ah oo u dhow [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan|Afqaanistaan]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2002-01-08 |title=Analysis: Somalia's powerbrokers |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1747697.stm#srrc |access-date=2024-07-29 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> Isla markaana markii la dhisayay dowladda kumeelgaarka ah, [[Islamic Courts Union|Maxkamadaha Islaamiga ah]] ee kala duwanaa oo u soo baxay inay lchallenge-gareeyaan awoodda hoggaamiye-kooxeedyada Soomaaliyeed ee Muqdisho ayaa milishiyadooda isku daray si ay u noqdaan ciidan dagaal oo qudha sannadkii 2000. Tani waxay muujisay soo bixitaanka ciidankii ugu horreeyay ee maamul-kooxeed madaxbannaan oo hubaysan oo ka jiro magaalada.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Cocodia |first=Jude |date=2021-04-03 |title=Rejecting African Solutions to African Problems: The African Union and the Islamic Courts Union in Somalia |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19392206.2021.1922026 |journal=African Security |language=en |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=110–131 |doi=10.1080/19392206.2021.1922026 |issn=1939-2206 |s2cid=236350899 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Markii Dowladda Kumeelgaarka ah la dhisay isla sannadkaas, xawligii Maxkamadaha Islaamiga ah waa uu gaabtay iyagoo doorbidaya inay taageeraan Dowladda Kumeelgaarka ah. Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadaha Islaamiga ah waxaa loo doortay xubin ka tirsan ''Golaha Shacabka Kumeelgaarka ah''.<ref name=":35">{{Cite news |date=25 August 2000 |title=IRIN Interview with Islamic Courts Chairman Hassan Sheik Mohamed Abdi |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/q-and/2000/08/25/irin-interview-islamic-courts-chairman-hassan-sheik-mohamed-abdi |work=[[The New Humanitarian]] |publication-place=[[Arta, Djibouti]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 Sep 2000 |title=IRIN interview with Abdallah Derow Isaak, Speaker of Somalia's Transitional National Assembly |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/q-and/2000/09/04/irin-interview-abdallah-derow-isaak-speaker-somalia%E2%80%99s-transitional-national |work=[[The New Humanitarian]] |quote=}}</ref> Iyagoo halis muuqata ka wajahaya hoggaamiye-kooxeedyada, Maxkamadaha waxay ilaaliyeen Madaxweyne [[Abdiqasim Salad Hassan|Cabdiiqaasim Salaad Xasan]] markii uu dib uga soo laabtay caasimadda bishii Agoosto 2000,<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 August 2000 |title=New president visits Mogadishu |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/ar/node/231609 |work=[[The New Humanitarian]]}}</ref> waxaana yar ka dib ay hubkooda culus u dhiibeen Dowladda Kumeelgaarka ah ee cusub.<ref name=":34">{{Cite news |date=12 March 2001 |title=Mogadishu central prison reopens |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/19089/somalia-mogadishu-central-prison-reopens |work=[[The New Humanitarian]]}}</ref> Sannadkii 2001 Dowladda Kumeelgaarka ah waxay si tartiib-tartiib ah u la xiriirtay Maxkamadaha Islaamiga ah iyo milishiyadooda, iyadoo gabi ahaanba howlahoodii joojisay dhammaadka sannadkaas.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2K8FV9_WvfUC |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Report Submitted to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. House of Representatives and Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate by the Department of State in Accordance with Sections 116(d) and 502B(b) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as Amended |date=2001 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |page=591 |language=en |chapter=Somalia}}</ref> Sida uu sheegay Le Sage, Dowladda Kumeelgaarka ah sannadkii 2002 waxay lahayd dhammaan xubnaha dowlada qaranka, iyadoo ay ka mid yihiin hangallada fulinta iyo garsoorka, sidoo kale baarlamaanka, ciidanka booliska iyo ciidanka taagan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xudduudaheeda waxay ahaayeen kuwo aad u liita sababtoo ah qalab xafiiseed aasaasi ah oo la'aan ah, kontrool dhul oo aan jirin, iyo awood la'aanta aruurinta cashuurta. Limit-yadan darteed, Dowladda Kumeelgaarka ah ma awoodin inay bixiso adeegyada bulshada ee aasaasiga ah. Wasiirrada iyo xildhibaannadu waxay sidoo kale badanaa ka cawdeen in laga baxshay geeddi-socodka dhabta ah ee go'aan-qaadashada, iyo inay helaan mushaar aan joogto ahayn oo xaddidan. Si taa la mid ah, Le Sage wuxuu doodayay in mas'uuliyiinta dowladda ay u served-garaynayeen sida calaamado lagu muujinayo suurtagalnimada dowlad qaran oo sal-ballaaran.<ref>Somalia: Sovereign Disguise for a Mogadishu Mafia, Andre Le Sage, Review of African Political Economy, Vol. 29, No. 91, (Mar., 2002), pp. 132–138</ref> Dhibaatooyinka hoose ee Dowladda Kumeelgaarka ah waxay keeneen in ra'iisul wasaaraha afar jeer la baddalo saddex sano dhexdeed, iyo kacitaanka maaliyadeed ee maamulka oo la sheegay bishii Disembar 2003. Xilligii shaqadeedana wuxuu ku dhammaaday waqtigaas.<ref name="TNG-PRIME-MINISTER-CONCLUDES-FORMATION-OF-CABINET">{{cite web|title=TNG Prime Minister Concludes Formation of Cabinet |url=http://www.banadir.com/cabinet.shtml |date=2003-12-31 |access-date=2014-04-08 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040921233018/http://www.banadir.com/cabinet.shtml |archive-date=September 21, 2004 }}</ref> Dowlad Soomaaliyeed oo awood badan oo aan ku xirnayn [[Addis Ababa]] waxaa loo arkayay halis nabadgelyo oo ka dhan ah dowladda Itoobiya,<ref name="Cocodia-2021">{{Cite journal |last=Cocodia |first=Jude |date=2021-04-03 |title=Rejecting African Solutions to African Problems: The African Union and the Islamic Courts Union in Somalia |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19392206.2021.1922026 |journal=African Security |language=en |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=110–131 |doi=10.1080/19392206.2021.1922026 |issn=1939-2206 |s2cid=236350899 |quote=Ethiopia considered a weak Somali state dependent on Ethiopian support as a lesser threat than a strong one. This propelled Ethiopia to undertake the forceful installment of the TFG.|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Sudan Trib-2006a">{{Cite web |date=21 August 2006 |title=Ethiopia prepares to attack Somali Islamists – Eritrea |url=https://sudantribune.com/article17688/ |website=[[Sudan Tribune]]}}</ref> sidaas darteed dowladda Itoobiya waxay aad u taageertay dhismaha [[Transitional Federal Government of Somalia|Dowladda Federaalka Kumeelgaarka ah ee Soomaaliya]] (TFG) sannadkii 2004 iyo madaxweynanimada [[Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed|Cabdullaahi Yuusuf]] sababtoo ah wuxuu ka tanaasuli lahaa sheegashada dheer ee Soomaaliya ee Ogaadeenya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cocodia |first=Jude |date=2021-04-03 |title=Rejecting African Solutions to African Problems: The African Union and the Islamic Courts Union in Somalia |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19392206.2021.1922026 |journal=African Security |language=en |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=110–131 |doi=10.1080/19392206.2021.1922026 |issn=1939-2206 |s2cid=236350899 |quote=The TFG had Ethiopia’s approval on the basis that under Yusuf, Somalia will rest its claim to the Ogaden region|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sida ay sheegeen aqoonyahannada Ashley Elliot iyo Georg-Sebastian Holzer, "Guusha Itoobiya ka gaartay waxyeeleynta dowladdii kumeelgaarka ahayd ee curdinka ahayd waxay caddaysay in Addis Ababa ay si hufan u adeegsatay awoodda [[veto|weeto]] ee ku aadan jihada siyaasadeed ee deriskeeda jahawareersan."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elliot |first=Ashley |last2=Holzer |first2=Georg-Sebastian |date=2009-08-01 |title=The invention of ‘terrorism’ in Somalia: paradigms and policy in US foreign relations |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10220460903268984 |journal=South African Journal of International Affairs |publisher=Routledge |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=215–244 |doi=10.1080/10220460903268984 |issn=1022-0461}}</ref> 10 Oktoobar 2004, xildhibaannadu waxay doorteen [[Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed|Cabdullaahi Yuusuf Axmed]] oo noqday madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee [[transitional federal government|dowladda federaalka kumeelgaarka ah]] (TFG), oo ahayd beddelka Dowladda Kumeelgaarka ah.<ref name="Spmoarc">[https://web.archive.org/web/20041121085231/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2004-11/13/content_2213479.htm Somali PM optimistic about rebuilding country]</ref> Wuxuu helay 189 cod oo ka timid Baarlamaanka TFG-da, iyadoo musharaxii ugu dhowaa, danjiraha hore ee Soomaaliya u fadhiga Washington [[Abdullahi Ahmed Addou|Cabdullaahi Axmed Caddoow]], uu helay 79 cod wareegii saddexaad ee codbixinta. Madaxweynihii xilligaas ee Soomaaliya, hoggaamiyihii Dowladda Kumeelgaarka ah [[Abdiqasim Salad Hassan|Cabdiiqaasim Salaad Xasan]], ayaa si nabdoon uga tanaasulay musharaxnimadiisa.<ref name="Smenp">[http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/SO/Somalia%20-%20BBC%20article%20MPs%20elect%20new%20president.doc Somalia MPs elect new president]</ref><ref name="Rulers">[http://www.rulers.org/2004-10.html Rulers – Somalia – October 2004]</ref> ==Taariikhda== {{further|Taariikhda dowladda federaalka kumeelgaarka ah, Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya}} ===2000=== * Shirka Nabadda Qaranka Soomaaliyeed (SNPC) ama Shirki Carta, oo ku dhacay Carta, Jabuuti, 20 Abriil – 5 Maajo 2000.<ref name=SOMALIA-NATIONAL-PEACE-CONFERENCE>[http://www.banadir.com/whatisthere.htm Somalia National Peace Conference] Program, hosted at Banadir.com</ref> Magaca Dowladda Kumeelgaarka ah (TNG) waxaa loo doortay geeddi-socodkan waqtigaas. * Doorashadii [[Abdiqasim Salad Hassan|Cabdiiqaasim Salaad Xasan]] ee madaxweynaha oo ay doorteen ergooyinka qabaa'ilka ===2001=== * Guddiga Qaranka ee Dib-u-hesashiinta iyo Hantida ===2002=== * [[2002 Somali Reconciliation Conference|Shirka Dib-u-hesashiinta Soomaaliyeed ee 2002]] oo lagu qhelday [[Eldoret]], [[Kenya]]<ref name=SOMALIA-INTERVIEW-WITH-BARRE-ADAN-SHIRE>[http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=30536&SelectRegion=Horn_of_Africa&SelectCountry=SOMALIA SOMALIA: Interview with Barre Adan Shire, chairman of the Juba Valley Alliance (JVA)] IRIN</ref> * Magacaabista Jeneraal [[Ismail Qasim Naji|Ismaaciil Qaasim Naaji]] oo noqday hoggaamiyaha ciidanka bishii Janaayo 2002.<ref name=LIVES-OF-18-AMERICAN-SOLDIERS-NOT-BETTER-THAN-THOUSANDS-OF-SOMALI-LIVES>{{cite web |title = The Lives of 18 American Soldiers Are Not Better Than Thousands of Somali Lives They Killed, Somalia's TNG Prime Minister Col. Hassan Abshir Farah says |url = http://www.somaliawatch.org/archivedec01/020122101.htm |date = 2002-01-22 |access-date = 2007-01-17 |publisher = [[Somalia Watch]] |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070103000012/http://somaliawatch.org/archivedec01/020122101.htm |archive-date = 2007-01-03 }}</ref><ref name=SOMALIA-WARLORDS-LAY-DOWN-WEAPONS>{{cite web |title = Somalia: Warlords lay down weapons |url = http://somalinet.com/news/world/Somalia/6756 |publisher = [[SomaliNet]] |date = 2007-01-17 |access-date = 2007-01-17 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081014144024/http://www.somalinet.com/news/world/Somalia/6756 |archive-date = 2008-10-14 }}</ref> Ciidanku bishii Maarso 2002 wuxuu ka koobnaa 2,010 rag ah iyo 90 dumarka ah.<ref>{{cite web |title=War Clouds Over Somalia |url=http://www.merip.org/mero/mero032202.html |date=2002-03-22 |publisher=[[Middle East Report]] |access-date=2007-01-17 |archive-date=2006-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061213080529/http://www.merip.org/mero/mero032202.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Gadood ka dhacay bilowgii 2002.<ref>Somalia: Countering Terrorism in a Failed State, ICG Africa Report N°45, 23 May 2002, p.6</ref> ==Hoggaamiyeyaasha iyo xubnaha== * [[Abdiqasim Salad Hassan|Cabdiiqaasim Salaad Xasan]] – Madaxweyne * Jen. [[Ismail Qasim Naji|Ismaaciil Qaasim Naaji]] – Taliyaha Ciidanka ([[Somali Armed Forces|Ciidanka Xoogga Dalka Soomaaliyeed]]) * [[Ali Khalif Galaydh|Cali Khaliif Galaydh]] – Ra'iisul Wasaaraha 1aad, 8 Oktoobar 2000 – 28 Oktoobar 2001 * [[Osman Jama Ali|Cusmaan Jaamac Cali]] – Ra'iisul Wasaaraha 2aad, si kooban oo hayay xilka 28 Oktoobar – 12 Nofeembar 2002<ref name="TNG-PRIME-MINISTER-CONCLUDES-FORMATION-OF-CABINET"/> * [[Hassan Abshir Farah|Xasan Abshir Faarax]] – Ra'iisul Wasaaraha 3aad, 12 Nofeembar 2002 – 8 Disembar 2003 * [[Mohamed Abdi Yusuf|Maxamed Cabdi Yuusuf]] – Ra'iisul Wasaaraha 4aad, 31 Disembar 2003 – 3 Nofeembar 2004<ref name="TNG-PRIME-MINISTER-CONCLUDES-FORMATION-OF-CABINET"/> * [[Ali Mahdi Muhammad|Cali Mahdi Maxamed]] – Xildhibaan ka tirsan Dowladda Kumeelgaarka ah * [[Rasack Yousuf]] – Xildhibaan ka tirsan Dowladda Kumeelgaarka ah * [[Abdirahman Omar]] – Xildhibaan ka tirsan Dowladda Kumeelgaarka ah * [[Mahamed Saeed]] – Xildhibaan ka tirsan Dowladda Kumeelgaarka ah * [[Sheikh Ibrahim Sheikh Yusuf Sheikh Madar|Sheekh Ibraahim]] – Xildhibaan ka tirsan Dowladda Kumeelgaarka ah ==Tixraacyada== {{reflist|2}} === Xigashooyinka === * {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1KBP7QbalX0C |title=Africa South of the Sahara 2003 |date=31 October 2002 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-85743-131-5 |editor-last=Murison |editor-first=Katharine |chapter=Somalia}} o9xb3f369rgwor8cm8i4ntcceu60u4x 0 53638 310762 310710 2026-10-24T00:40:35Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 310762 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Dowladdii Ku meel gaarka ahayd ee Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya | common_name = Somalia | image_flag = Flag of Somalia.svg | flag_alt = Calanka Soomaaliya | flag = Flag of Somalia | image_coat = Coat of arms of Somalia.svg | image_map = Somalia (orthographic projection).svg | capital = [[Muqdisho]] | common_languages = [[Af Soomaali|Soomaali]]{{·}}[[Arabic language|Carabi]]{{·}}[[Italian language|Talyaani]] | religion = [[Sunni Islam|Islam Sunni]] | anthem = [[National anthem of Somalia (1960-2000)|Heesta calanka Soomaaliya]]{{center|[[File:Somali_National_Anthem_(1960-2000).ogg]]}} | era = Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya | status = | government_type = Jamhuuriyad [[Presidential system|madaxweyneynimo]] ah oo midaysan | title_leader = [[Madaxweynaha Soomaaliya|Madaxweyne]] | leader1 = [[Cali Mahdi Maxamed]] | year_leader1 = 1991-1997 | event_start = Shir caalami ah oo heerkiisu sarreeyo oo ku saabsan Soomaaliya | date_start = Janaayo | year_start = 1991 | date_end = Janaayo | year_end = 1997 | p1 = Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya | flag_p1 = Flag of Somalia.svg | s1 = Dowladda Kumeelgaarka ah ee Soomaaliya | flag_s1 = Flag of Somalia.svg }} '''Dowladdii Ku-meel-gaarka ahayd ee Soomaaliya''', oo uu hoggaaminayay [[Ali Mahdi Muhammad|Cali Mahdi Maxamed]], waxaa la dhisay isla markii uu [[Somali Rebellion|burburay]] maamulkii [[Somali Democratic Republic|Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya]]. Laga soo bilaabo Nofeembar 1991 ilaa 1995, Cali Mahdi Maxamed wuxuu aqoonsi [[President of Somalia|Madaxweyne]] ka helay dhowr states ka dib [[Attempts at reconciliation in Somalia (1991–2004)#1991: First attempts at reconciliation|shirkii Jabuuti ee 1991]] oo ka dhacay Jabuuti u dhexaysay 15 iyo 21 Luulyo 1991,<ref>{{cite web |author1=Annabel Lee Hogg |title=Timeline: Somalia, 1991-2008 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2008/12/timeline-somalia-1991-2008/307190/ |website=The Atlantic |date=22 December 2008 |access-date=2 November 2021}}</ref> Cali Mahdi waxaa loo doortay Madaxweynaha ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Soomaaliya muddo laba sano ah, balse maadaama ay sharciyaddii ka soo baxday shirkii Jabuuti ee Cali Mahdi la siiyay darteed, dowladdiisii waxaa aqoonsaday dhowr waddan, oo ay ka mid yihiin [[Djibouti|Jabuuti]], [[Egypt|Masar]], [[Italy|Talyaaniga]], iyo [[Saudi Arabia|Sacuudi Carabiya]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/5267 |title=Harbinger of a new world order? |publisher=library.ubc.ca |access-date=2014-03-05 }} {{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma uusan awoodin in uu awooddiisa fiyo ka baxsan qaybo ka mid ah caasimadda. Awoodda waxaa taa baddalkeeda kula tartamayay hoggaamiyeyaasha kooxaha kale ee qeybta koonfureed ee dalka iyo maamullo madax-bannaan oo ka jiray waqooyiga.<ref name=SOMALIA-KEY-ACTORS>{{cite news|title=Somalia: Some key actors in the transitional process|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/0/cd80e675a2fba86a49256ff90029df0f?OpenDocument|date=2005-05-06|publisher=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]]|access-date=2007-02-07|archive-date=2007-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927193104/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/0/cd80e675a2fba86a49256ff90029df0f?OpenDocument|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tartanka loogu jiro awoodda iyo kheyraadka ee u dhexexeeyay Maxamed iyo [[Mohamed Farrah Aidid|Maxamed Faarax Caydiid]] wuxuu sii socday intii ay socdeen howlgalladii Qarammada Midoobay ee Soomaaliya ee 1992–95 ([[UNOSOM I]], [[UNOSOM II]], iyo [[UNITAF]]), ilaa geeridii Caydiid ee 1996-kii. ==Tixraacyada== {{reflist}} n8wyt4ofy0wkohmqanvu66bpirzcwi9 4 53649 310785 2026-10-24T10:12:21Z Isma4l 41797 Abuuray 310785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{MoS guideline|WP:MOS<!-- DO NOT add more shortcuts. None are as short and popular as this one. -->}} '''Haddaha Qaabka''' ('''MoS''' ama '''MOS''') waa [[haddaha qaabka]] ee dhammaan [[Wikipedia:Waa maxay maqaal?|maqaallada]] [[Wikipedia:Soomaali|Wikipedia-ha Soomaaliga]].{{efn|Isku xirka [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility|waxyaabaha la xiriira oo la heli karo]] waxay ku dabaqmaan dhammaan mashruuca, oo ma aha oo kaliya maqaallada.}} Boggan koowaad waxaa taageera [[:Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style|boggag yar oo xeel-dheer]], oo halkan la isku gudbin karo oo lagu tirtiray [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents]]. Haddii ay ka dhalato is-diido, boggani wuxuu leeyahay ka-horreyn.{{efn|name="CONLEVEL"|Kani waa arrin siyaasadeed oo ku saabsan {{section link|Wikipedia:Consensus|Level of consensus}}: "Is-afgaradka ka dhex jira koox xaddidan oo tifaftireyaal ah, hal meel iyo hal maalin, ma baabi'in karo [[Wikipedia:Community consensus|is-afgaradka samaynta]] ee baaxadda weyn. Tusaale ahaan, ilaa ay ka dhaadhiciyaan bulshada balaadhan in aysan sax ahayn, kaqeybgalayaasha WikiProject ma go'aamin karaan in siyaasada ama hagaha Wikipedia uusan ku dabaqmin maqaallada ku dhex jira baaxadeeda." Iyo: "Wikipedia waxay leedahay heer sare oo kaqeybgal iyo is-afgarad ee beddelka siyaasadaha iyo hagayaasha marka loo eego noocyada kale ee boggaga." Boggaga ka hooseeya waxaa ku jira [[:Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style|boggaga MoS-ka ee xeel-dheeraanta]], [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Guide#Advice pages|qoraallada qaabka]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style|Haddaha Qaabka ee Fudud]].}} {{vanchor|Clarity|text=Tifaftireyaal waa inay u qoraan maqaallada iyagoo isticmaalaya luqad toos ah, gaaban, oo fudud in la fahmo. Tifaftireyaal waa inay u dhisaan maqaallada qaabeyn joogto ah oo u sahlanaata akhristaha.}} {{va|Stability|text=Haddii ka badan hal qaab ama foom lagu aamini karo MoS-ka, mid waa in loo isticmaalo madal kasta oo ku dhex jirta maqaalka oo [[#Retaining existing styles|aan la beddelin]] sabab wanaagsan la'aanteed. [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|Tifaftirka dagaalka]] ee ku saabsan doorashooyinka qaabka ma aha mid la accepts karo.{{efn|name="ew"|Arrrimahaani waxaa lagu xalliyay go'aannada [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|Guddiga Garsoorka]] ee [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk#Optional styles|2005]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan#Preferred styles|2006]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Date delinking#Optional styles|2009]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Infoboxes#Use of infoboxes|2015]].}} Qoraal cusub oo lagu daro boggan waa inuu toos u xalliyo arrin qaab oo si joogto ah u soo noqnoqota.}} {{TOC limit|3}} ==Dhonsashada qaababka jira== {{Shortcut|MOS:VAR|MOS:STYLEVAR|MOS:STYLERET}} {{Redirect|MOS:VAR|retention of an article's established national English variety|#National varieties of English|a list of more specific related rules|WP:VARS}} Marna, MOS-ku wuxuu bixiyaa ka badan hal qaab oo la accepts karo ama ma bixiyo hagal gaar ah. Marka ka badan hal qaab la accepts karo, al-fajar ma aha mid habboon in tifaftiraha Wikipedia uu ka beddelo hal qaab oo uu u beddelo mid kale ilaa ay jirto sabab muhiim ah oo beddelka ah.{{efn|name="ArbCom"|Astaanta bilowga ee qoraalkan, eeg go'aannada [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|ArbCom]] ee [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk#Principles|Juun 2005]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/jguk 2#Principles|Nofembar 2005]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan#Principles|2006]].}} [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|Tifaftirka dagaalka]] ee ku saabsan qaabka,{{efn|name="ew"}} ama u adeegsiga qaab dookh ah si [[Wikipedia:Bot policy#Assisted editing guidelines|bot-oo kale ah]] is-afgarad ka hor la'aantiis,{{efn|name="bot-like"|Eeg [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Magioladitis 2#High-speed editing|Go'aanka ArbCom ee 2017]], iyo {{section link|Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser#Rules of use}}; tifaftirka bot-ka oo kale ah oo sii socda inkastoo ay jiraan diidmo ama oo keena makhaadhaa wuxuu keeni karaa [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|xannibaad]] iyo baabi'inta xuquuqaha ku saabsan qalabka semi-automated-ka ah.}} waa [[Wikipedia:Disruptive editing|dhibco ka dhan ah]] oo waligeed ma aha mid la accepts karo. Beddelka aan la xaqijin ee kaaga taagan hal qaab oo la accepts karo, [[#Consistency within articles|oo si joogto ah loo adeegsaday]] ee ku dhex jira maqaal oo loo beddelo qaab kale waa la [[Wikipedia:Reverting|celin karaa]]. Doono [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Opportunities for commonality|fursadaha wadaagga]] si looga fogaado murannada qaabka. Haddii aad rammayso in qaab kale uu ka habboon yahay maqaal gaar ah, doono [[Wikipedia:Consensus|is-afgarad]] iyadoo ku saabsan tan lagula discuss-garaynayo bogga wada-hadalka maqaalka ama{{snd}}haddii ay keento arrin guud ama ku saabsan MoS-ka lakiisa{{snd}}at [[Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style]]. Haddii wada-hadalku uusan keenin is-afgarad beddelka ah, sii wad isticmaalka qaabka horey loo dhisay ee maqaalka. Haddii wada-hadalku uu ku guuldareysto inuu gaaro wax is-afgarad ah oo ku saabsan midka laba ama ka badan qaab oo tartamaya oo la isticmaalayo, markaas dib u noqo qaabkii loo isticmaalay nooca ugu horreeyay ee ka dambeeya [[Wikipedia:Stub|qabyada]] maqaalka oo uu ka muuqday mid ka mid ah qaababka ku dabaqmaya. (Mawqifkan dib-u-noqoshada ah ma siiyo [[WP:UNCHALLENGED|darajo aan la tartami karin]] qaabkaas gaarka ah inta lagu jiro wada-hadalka is-afgaradka, mana siiyo tifaftiraha soo impose-garaysay qaabkaas ugu horreeyay [[Wikipedia:Ownership of content|wax ka badan]] wada-hadalka.) ==<span class="anchor" id="Article titles, headings, and sections"></span>Mawduucyada maqaalka, qaybaha, iyo madaxda== {{Shortcut|MOS:AT}} ===Mawduucyada maqaalka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Article titles}} {{for|titles which coincide with a work's title|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles of works}} Mawduucu waa inuu noqdo magac la aqoonsan karo ama sifaynta mawduuca, [[Wikipedia:Common sense|isagoo maareynaya]] shuruudaha ah inuu yahay mid asalka ah, si ku filan oo sax ah, gaaban, oo joogto ah oo la mid ah maqaallada la xiriira. Hagaha qaabaynta eeg qaybta {{section link|Wikipedia:Article titles|Article title format}}, isagoo xusaya kuwa soo socda: *U qor herga labaad ee xarafka ugu horreeya (marka laga reebo xaaladaha dhifka ah, sida {{xt|eBay}}), laakiin haddii kale raac [[sentence case]]{{efn|name=Sentence case|1=Wikipedia waxay u isticmaashaa [[sentence case]] jumlado, [[Wikipedia:Article titles|mawduucyada maqaalka]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout|mawduucyada qaybaha]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables|madaxda taarikada]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images|qoraallada sawirka]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists|qoraallada liiska]] (xaaladaha badankooda), iyo qoraallada ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Infobox|infoboxes]] iyo moodallada la midka ah, iyo waxyaabo kale. Wax kasta oo MoS ah oo ku saabsan bilowga jumlad waxay ku dabaqmaan waxyaabaha isticmaalaya sentence case.<!-- Please keep this footnote synced with the version at the MOS:CAPS page. -->}} ({{xt|Funding of UNESCO projects}}), ma aha title case ({{!xt|Funding of UNESCO Projects}}), marka laga reebo halka title case loo isticmaali lahaa qoraalka caadiga ah. Eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (capitalization)]]. *Si aad u qorto farta italic-ka ah, ku dar {{tlx|italic title}} meel dhow sare ee maqaalka. Si aad farta italic-ka ah ugu qorto kaliya qayb ka mid ah mawduuca, ku dar xadka <code>|string=</code> ee qoraalka gaarka ah ee lagu qorayo farta italic-ka ah. Isticmaalka farta italic-ka ah waa inuu u dhigmaa {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting|Italic type}}. *Ha isticmaalin [[Article (grammar)|maqaallada]] (''a'', ''an'', ama ''the'') sida xarafka ugu horreeya ({{xt|Economy of the Second Empire}}, ma aha {{!xt|The economy of the Second Empire}}), ilaa ay tahay qayb aan la kala saari karin oo magaca ka mid ah ({{xt|The Hague}}) ama mawduuca shaqa (''{{xt|A Clockwork Orange}}'', ''{{xt|The Simpsons}}''). *Caadi ahaan isticmaal [[noun]]s ama [[noun phrase]]s: {{xt|Early life}}, ma aha {{!xt|In early life}}.{{Efn|1=Erayada sida {{xt|In early life}} waa kuwo la accepts karo (inkastoo aan loo baahnayn) sida madaxda qaybaha. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa si joogto ah sida qayb ka mid ah mawduucyada maqaalka oo dheeraad ah sida [[Piracy in the Caribbean|{{xt|Piracy in the Caribbean}}]], indhaheeda marka dhismaha gaaban ({{xtn|Caribbean piracy}}) uu leeyahay arrimo is-dhaafsi ah.}} *Xarafka ugu dambeeya waa inuusan noqon calaamad ilaahiyad ilaa uu yahay qayb aan la kala saari karin oo magaca ka mid ah ({{xt|[[Saint-Louis-du-Ha! Ha!]]}}, {{xt|''[[Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?]]''}}) ama gaabinta ({{xt|[[Inverness City F.C.]]}}), ama marka xiritaanka bracket-ka wareegga ama calaamadda xigmadda loo baahan yahay ({{xt|[[John Palmer (1814 schooner)|''John Palmer'' (1814 schooner)]]}}). *Markasta oo calaamadaha xigmadda ama noocyada apostrophe-ka oo kale ay ka muuqdaan ({{xt|[[Geʽez]]}}), ku dar [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirection]] mawduuc caddaynaya oo isticmaalaya apostrophes ({{xt|[[Ge'ez]]}}).{{efn|name=curlyq|1=Calaamadaha xigmadda tooska ah iyo apostrophes waa kuwo fudud in loo qorto si lagu aamini karo madallada badankooda, markaas kani wuxuu u sahlayaa bartilmaameedka redirection-ka oo fudud. Xigmadda curdanka ah iyo apostrophes sidaas darteed waa kuwo si weyn looga tagay Wikipedia-ha English-ka. Eeg sidoo kale [[MOS:CURLY]] iyo [[MOS:']].}} Labadaba ha ka sareeyaan iyo kuwo [[Wikipedia:Article titles]], qeybta kale ee MoS-ka, gaar ahaan {{section link||Punctuation}}, waxay ku dabaqmaan sidoo kale mawduuca. ===Agaasimaha qaybta=== {{Shortcut|MOS:SO}} {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout}} Mawduuca maqaalka waa inuu ku starts-garo [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section|qaybta hordhaca ah<!-- Do not add the word "lede" here. See footnotes at WP:LEAD for details. -->]]{{snd}}gaabinta kooban ee maqaalka{{snd}}oo aan waligeed loo kala saarin qaybo {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section]])}}. Qaybta hartay ee maqaalka waxaa caadi ahaan loo kala saaraa [[Help:Section|qaybo]]. [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes|Infoboxes]], sawirrada, iyo mawduucyada kale ee la xiriira qaybta hordhaca ah waa inay noqdaan kuwo dhanka midig ah. Calaamadaha qaarkood oo heerka ah [[Help:Template|moodallada]] iyo [[Help:Wikitext|wikitext]] oo aan ahayn qaybo waxay ka sarreeyaan inta ugu dambaysa maqaalka, ka hor mawduuca qaybta hordhaca ah, iyo uusocodka soo socda: *[[Wikipedia:Short description|Gaaban sharrax leh]], oo leh moodalka {{tlx|Short description}} *[[Wikipedia:Hatnote|Hatnote-ka disambiguation]], waqtiga badankiisa oo leh moodalka {{tlx|Hatnote}} {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg sidoo kale {{section link|Wikipedia:Hatnote#Hatnote templates}})}} *Moodallada aan lahayn soo-saarka oo muujinaya foomka taariikhda dhisay ee maqaalka iyo nooca luqadda English-ka, haddii ay jiraan (t.s., {{tlx|Use dmy dates}}, {{tlx|Use Canadian English}}) *Moodallada dayactirka ee Banner-ka ah, [[Wikipedia:Template index/Disputes|Dispute]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Template index/Cleanup|Moodallada Cleanup]] ee arrimaha maqaalka oo dhan oo la calaamadeeyay (haddii kale loo isticmaalo sare ee qayb gaar ah, ka dambeeya hatnote kasta oo qayb ah sida {{tlx|main}}) *[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes|Infobox]], oo ah dookh (marka laga reebo xaaladaha gaarka ah sida {{tlx|Taxobox}} iyo {{tlx|Chembox}}, ama nooc ka mid ah, maqaallada ku dabaqmaya); caadi ahaan sidoo kale waxaa ku jira sawirka ugu horreeya *Sawirka hordhaca ah, marka infobox aan la isticmaalin, ama sawir dheeraad ah loo baahan yahay qaybta hordhaca ah (haddii hordhacu u yahay mid aad u dheer, sawir labaad waxaa lagu lagi karaa dhexda qoraalka hordhaca ah) Nooca skin-ka ee [[Vector 2022]], [[Wikipedia:Table of contents|tusmada maqaalka]] waa mid ka mid ah oo ka baxsan mawduuca maqaalka. Noocyada skin-ka hore qaarkood, tusmada la mari karo waxay ka muuqataa si otomaatig ah ka dambaysa hordhaca haddii maqaalku leeyahay ugu yaraan afar madax oo qaybo ah. Haddii mawduuca qayb uu ku jiraa si xeel-dheer oo dheeraad ah maqaal gaar ah {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Summary style]])}}, ku dar {{tlx|main|{{var|Article name}}}} ama {{tlx|further|{{var|Article name}}}} isla markiiba ka hooseeya madaxa qaybta. Sida lagu sharraxay si xeel-dheer {{slink|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout|Standard appendices and footers}}, noocyo dhowr ah oo maaddooyinka ah (badankoodu waa dookh) waxay ka muuqan karaan ka dambaysa qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee maqaalka, uusocodka soo socda: *Buugaagta ama shaqaalaha kale ee lagu abuuray mawduuca maqaalka, ka hooseeya madaxa qaybta "Works", "Publications", "Discography", "Filmography", iyo wixii la mid ah sida habboon (ka fogao "Bibliography", oo loo khaldami karo xigashooyinka tixraaca) *Isku xirka hoose ee maqaallada la xiriira ee Wikipedia-ha English-ka, oo leh madaxa qaybta "See also" *Xusuus-qoraallada iyo tixraacyada, oo leh madaxa qaybta "Notes" ama "References" (caadi ahaan ka dambeeya), ama qayb gaar ah oo loogu talagalay mid kasta uusocodkan {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]])}}; ka fogao "Bibliography", oo loo khaldami karo shaqaalaha mawduuca *Buugaagta la xiriira, maqaallada, ama shaqaalaha kale ee aan loo isticmaalin sida tixraacyada; isticmaal madaxa qaybta "Further reading"; noqo mid si sare ah loo doortay, maadaama [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a directory|Wikipedia aysan ahayn buugga tixraaca]] *Websaydhada la xiriira [[Wikipedia:External links|iyo kuwo habboon]] ee aan loo isticmaalin sida tixraacyada oo aan ka muuqan appendices-ka hore, isticmaalka madaxa "External links", oo loo sameyn karo qayb ka hooseysa "Further reading" (ama isku xirkaas waxaa toos lagu ammaan goyn karaa liiska "Further reading" halkii); [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Links to sister projects|moodallada isku xirka ee mawduucyada mashruuca walaalka ah]] sidoo cuali ahaan waxay ka sarreeyaan qaybtan marka ay jirto (haddii kale qaybta ugu dambaysa ee bogga) *Waxyaabaha ugu dambeeya ee soo socda waligeed ma qaataan madaxyada qaybaha: **Isku xirka hoose oo lagu aaggaaday [[Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates#Navigation_templates|boxes-ka navigation-ka]] **Metadata ee [[Wikipedia:Authority control|Authority control]], haddii loo baahdo, isticmaalka {{tlx|Authority control}} (wuxuu kala saaraa isticmaalka magaca laba mawduuc, ama magacyo badan oo loogu talagalay hal mawduuc) **[[Wikipedia:Categorization|Qeeybaha]], oo waa inay noqdaan maaddada ugu dambaysa ee koodha maqaalka haddii aysan jirin moodallada stub-ka **[[Wikipedia:Stub sorting|Moodallada stub-ka]], haddii loo baahdo, oo waa inay raacaan qeeybaha [[Wikipedia:Stand-alone lists|Maqaallada liiska ah ee gaarka ah]] waxay leeyihiin waxyaabo dheeraad ah oo agaasimaha ah. ===<span class="anchor" id="Section management"></span>Madaxyada qaybaha=== {{Shortcut|MOS:HEAD|MOS:HEADINGS}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Headings|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Order of article elements|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Section headings}} [[Help:Section|Madaxyada qaybaha]] waa inay caadi ahaan raacaan hagaha [[#Article titles|mawduucyada maqaalka]] ee sare oo ay ku muuqdaan [[sentence case]] ({{xt|Funding of UNESCO projects in developing countries}}), ma aha [[title case]] ({{!xt|Funding of UNESCO Projects in Developing Countries}}).{{efn|name=Sentence case}} {{shortcut|MOS:BLANKLINE}} {{vanchor|Blank line|text=Dhammaan madaxyada waa inay ku dhex jiraan xarkooda gaarka ah, oo ay ka horreyso presely hal xar oo eber ah, oo ay raacdo mid ka mid ah hal xar ama aan lahayn xar eber ah.}} {{vanchor|Section headings (necessary point 6)|text=Ha u isticmaalin si xun [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists#Description (definition, association) lists|liiska sharraxaadda]] markup ("<code>;</code>") si aad u abuurto [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Pseudo-headings|pseudo-headings]].}} {{va|SECTIONSTYLE|Section headings (styling best practice)|Section headings (main styling reason)|text=Sida arrin qaab oo joogto ah, madaxyada qaybuhu waa inaynaan:}} {{Shortcut|MOS:SECTIONSTYLE|MOS:NOBACKREF}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 1)|text=si turjumaad ah dib ugu tixraacin mawduuca maqaalka, t.s., {{xt|Early life}}, ma aha {{!xt|Smith's early life}} ama {{!xt|His early life}}}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 2)|text=tixraacin madax heer sare ah, ilaa aad sameyso ay tahay mid gaaban ama caddayn badan}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 3)|text=noqon kuwo la nambareeyay ama xarfo leh sida outline}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 4)|text=noqon kuwo loo sameeyay sida su'aal, t.s., {{xt|Languages}}, ma aha {{!xt|What languages are spoken?}}}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 5)|text=isticmaalin luga ama farta aan caadiga ahayn oo keeni kara [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Headings|arrimaha lagu heli karo]]}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 6)|text=noqon kuwo lagu duubay [[Help:Wikitext|markup]], sida bold iyo italics, oo baabi'in kara muujintooda oo keeni kara arrimo kale oo lagu heli karo}} ====Wikimarkup==== {{shortcut|MOS:NOSECTIONLINKS|MOS:HEADINGLINKS}} {{va|Section headings (technical best practice)|text=Sababo tignoolajiyada ah, madaxyada qaybuhu waa inay}} {{va|Section headings (necessary point 1)|text=noqdaan kuwo gaar ah oo ku dhex jira maqaal (si [[Template:Section link|isqu xirka qaybta]] uu u shaqeeyo)}} oo waa inaynaan ku dhex jirin: *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 2)|text=[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking#Principles|isqu xirka]], xataa haddii kaliya qayb ka mid ah madaxa la isku xiray}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 5)|text=xigashooyinka ama xusuus-qoraallada}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 4)|text=<code><[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics#Typesetting of mathematical formulae|math]]></code> markup}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 3)|text=sawirrada ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Icons#Encyclopedic purpose|icons-ka]]}} {{va|Section headings (main technical reason)|text=Xaddidaadahani waa kuwo lagu khasbay si looga fogaado tignoolajiyada dhibco leh oo ma aha kuwo la baabi'in karo is-afgaradka maxalliga ah ama hagayaasha aan ku habboonayn.}} {{short|MOS:TEMPLATE}} {{va|Section headings (necessary point 7)|text=Wadaagga moodalka}} waa in sidoo kale caadi ahaan looga fogaadaa madaxyada qaybaha, sababtoo ah waxay keenaan koodha asalka ah ee baaqida moodalka inuu ka muuqdo isqu xirka lagu daray gaabinta tifaftirka; gujinta isqu xirkaas ka muuqda taariikhda bogga ma keeni doonto qaybta loo baahan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, [[WP:ANCHORSUBST|marka lagu darayo isqu xirka anchor madaxyada, mar walba beddel moodalka gudaha madaxa]]: {{block indent|1={{plainlist| * {{y}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== {{subst:anchor|Anchor name}} Section title ==</nowiki>}}</code> * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== {{anchor|Anchor name}} Section title ==</nowiki>}}</code> }} }} {{shortcut|MOS:SECTIONCOMMENT}} {{va|SECTIONCOMMENT|Section comment|text=[[#Invisible comments|Xusuus-qoraallada la qariyay]] oo tixraacaya madaxa qayb ama qayb oo dhan waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu lago xar ka hooseysa madaxa. Waxaa sidoo cuali ahaan lagu lagi karaa ku dhex jira xarkooda oo kale sida madaxa, laakiin xaaladaas waa inay noqdaan kuwo {{em|gudaha}} <code>==&nbsp;==</code> markup:{{efn|1=Xusuus-qoraal ka baxsan <code><nowiki>==&nbsp;==</nowiki></code> laakiin ku dhex jira xarkooda oo kale wuxuu keeni karaa isqu xirka tifaftirka qaybta inuu ku guuldareysto inuu ka muuqdo dhammaan; ee browsers-ka kale, wuxuu ka muuqan karaa, laakiin isticmaalkiisu wuxuu keeni doonaa madaxa qaybta inuusan si otomaatig ah lagu darin gaabinta tifaftirka.}}}} {{block indent|1={{plainlist| * {{y}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== Implications ==</nowiki><br /><nowiki><!--This comment is placed correctly.--></nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{mby}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== Implications<!--This comment works fine.--> ==</nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{mby}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== <!--This comment works fine.-->Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== Implications == <!--This comment causes problems.--> </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{tracked|T381786}}{{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki><!--This comment causes problems.</nowiki><br><nowiki>-->== Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki><!--The space after this comment breaks the heading completely.--> == Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} }} }} ====<span class="anchor" id="SECTIONANCHOR"></span><span class="anchor" id="Section anchor"></span>Anchors==== {{short|MOS:SECTIONANCHOR}} <section begin="heading links" />Ka hor inta aanad beddelin madax, tixgeli in aad baabi'inayso isqu xirka jira oo ku dhex jira.<section end="heading links" /> Haddii ay jiraan [[Help:Link#To a section|isqu xirka badan oo u socda mawduuca hore]],{{efn|name="many links"|1=Si aad u ogaato inta isqu xirka ee u socda mawduuca qaybta hore iyo maqaallada leeh iyaga, waxaad sameyn kartaa <span class=plainlinks>[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=all%3A+linksto%3A%22ARTICLE%22+insource%3A%2F%5B%5B%7C%5DARTICLE%5C%23OLDSECTION%2F+&title=Special:Search&profile=all&fulltext=1 raadinta sare ee]</span>, iyadoo la beddelayo {{smallcaps|article}} magaca maqaalka, iyo {{smallcaps|oldsection}} mawduuca qaybta hore. Raadintaas sare ma raadiso [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirections-ka]], markaas sidoo kale eeg bogga maqaalka ee [[Special:WhatLinksHere]] ee redirections-ka u socda mawduuca qaybta hore. Haddii ay jiraan kaliya nambarka yar ee isqu xirka ee u socda mawduuca qaybta hore, waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu cusbooneysiiyo manwal ahaan.}} abuur [[Help:Anchor|anchor]] oo leh mawduucaas si loo xaqijiyo in kuwani ay sii shaqeeyaan. Sidoo kale, marka lagu isqu xirayo qayb, ka tag xusuus-qoraal aan la arki karin madaxa qaybta bartilmaameedka, iyadoo lagu magacaabayo maqaallada isqu xirka leeh, si haddii madaxa dambe loo beddelo kani si fudud loo hagaajin karo, ama kale anchor kale loo abuurayo haddii ay jiraan kuwo badan.{{efn|name="many links"}} Tusaale ahaan: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == {{subst:Anchor|Consequences}} Implications == <!-- "Richard Dawkins" and "Daniel Dennett" link here. --> </syntaxhighlight> oo lagu kaydin doono maqaalka sida: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == <span class="anchor" id="Consequences"></span> Implications == <!-- "Richard Dawkins" and "Daniel Dennett" link here. --> </syntaxhighlight> Faa'iidada isticmaalka {{tlxs|Anchor}}, ama kaliya la dhex gelinayo {{tag|span|o|link=yes}} tags-ka toos, waa in marka tifaftirka loo sameeyo qaybta mustaqbalka, anchor-ku ma lagu dhex jiri doono taariikhda bogga sida qayb ka mid ah magaca qaybta. Marka kaliya {{tlx|Anchor}} loo isticmaalo toos, akhlaaqdaas aan loo baahnayn {{em|waa ay}} dhacdaa, markaas waa in mar walba [[WP:ANCHORSUBST|loo beddelo anchors madaxyada qaybaha]]. Marka la dhex gelinayo span toos, {{em|ha}} gaabin iyadoo la isticmaalayo tag-ka self-closing, sida ku dhex jirta: <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== <span id="Consequences"</nowiki>{{highlight round|/|bc=var(--background-color-destructive-subtle, lightred);}}> Implications <nowiki>==</nowiki>}}</code> In HTML5 foomkaas XML-style waa mid shaqaynaya kaliya tags-ka qaarkood, sida {{nowrap |<code>&lt;br/></code>}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T134423 |title=T134423 Deprecate nonstandard behavior of self-closed HTML tags in wikitext. |website=phabricator.wikimedia.org |access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref> Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking|Avoiding broken section links}} si aad u ogaato wada-hadal dheeraad ah. ====Mawduuca oo kale madaxa==== Hagaha sare ee madaxyada qaybaha, gaar ahaan sentence case, turjumaad, sawirrada iyo su'aalaha, sidoo kale wuxuu ku dabaqmaa [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables#Captions and headers|madaxyada taarikada]] (iyo noocyada taarikada iyo xarrada). Laakiin, madaxyada taarikada waxay ku dhex jiri karaan xigashooyinka oo waxay ku starts-garo karaan, ama noqon karaan, nambara. Unka madaxyada bogga, madaxyada taarikada ma samayn karaan si otomaatig ah anchors-ka isqu xirka. Ka baxsan sentence case ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Glossaries|glossaries]], talada madaxa sidoo kale waxay ku dabaqmaysaa ''term'' qoraallada ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists#DLIST|description lists]]. Haddii la isticmaalayo [[Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Glossaries#Template-structured|template-structured glossaries]], terms-ku si otomaatig ah waxay leeyihiin anchors-ka isqu xirka, laakiin ma leeyihiin kale. Xigashooyinka mawduuca description-list waxay ku dhex jiraan {{tl|term}} ama {{tl|defn}} element, sida loo baahan yahay. ==Noocyada qaranka ee English-ka== {{Shortcut|MOS:ENGVAR}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Article titles#National varieties of English|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling|Wikipedia:Article titles#English-language titles}} Noocyada qaranka ee English-ka (tusaale ahaan, [[American English]] ama [[British English]]) waxay ku kala duwan yihiin vocabulary (''elevator'' vs. ''lift''), spelling (''center'' vs. ''centre''), iyo marna grammar {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Plurals}}, ka hooseeya)}}. Maqaallada sida [[English plurals]] iyo [[Comparison of American and British English]] waxay bixiyaan macluumaad ku saabsan kala duwanaanshaas. Dhammaan noocyada qaranka ee [[Standard English]] waa kuwo la accepts karo oo siman Wikipedia-ha English-ka, oo isticmaala foomka rasmiga ah, encyclopedic [[Register (sociolinguistics)|register]] ama tone. Mawduuca taariikhda maqaalka ({{xt|{{#time: F j, Y}}}} vs. {{xt|{{#time: j F Y}}}}) wuxuu sidoo kale la xiriiraa noocyada qaranka ee English-ka{{snd}}eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|Strong national ties to a topic|Retaining existing format}}. === <span class="anchor" id="Internal consistency"></span>Joogteynta ku dhex jirta maqaallada<!-- When renaming this section title, rename the full link at [[Wikipedia:Consistency]] --> === {{Shortcut|MOS:ARTCON|MOS:CONSISTENT}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Variation in citation methods|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Retaining existing format}} Heshiisyada nooc gaar ah oo Standard English ah waa in loo raaco si joogto ah ku dhex jirta maqaal gaar ah. Waxyaabaha ka baxsan waxaa ku jira: *'''Xigashooyinka''' iyo '''mawduucyada shaqaalaha''' (sida buugaagta, filimada, iyo muusigga) waa in loo bixiyo sida ay ka muuqdaan tixraacyada. Laakiin, waxaa jira xaalado qaarkood oo leexanaya maamulkan si loo dhasheeyo heerka farta qaabka ee encyclopedia-ha dhan. {{crossref|Eeg {{section link||Typographic conformity}}.}} *'''Magacyada saxda ah''' waxay isticmaalaan qoraalka mawduuca laakiis, t.s., {{xt|joint project of the United States Department of Defense and the Australian Defence Force}}; {{xt|International Labour Organization}}<!--This example is here because it uses -our and -ization at the same time; it is Oxford spelling.-->. *Maqaallada ku saabsan mawduucyada la xiriira chemistry-ga, foomka heerka caalamiga ah ee spelling-ka {{xt|aluminium}}, {{xt|sulfur}}, {{xt|caesium}} (iyo terms-ka ka soo baxay) waa in loo isticmaalo iyadoo aan loo eegin nooca English-ka ee looga adeegsado maqaalka. {{crossref|Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (chemistry)|Element names}}.}} ===Fursadaha wadaagga=== {{shortcut|MOS:COMMONALITY}} Si loogu talagalay encyclopedia-ha caalamiga ah, isticmaalka vocabulary wadaagga ah dhammaan noocyada English-ka waa mid ka wanaagsan. *Isticmaal terms-ka si caalami ah loo accepts-garaysay halkii kuwa aan aad loo fidin, gaar ahaan mawduucyada. Tusaale ahaan, [[Glasses|{{xt|glasses}}]] waxaa ka wanaagsan noocyada qaranka {{!xt|spectacles}} ([[British English]]) iyo {{!xt|eyeglasses}} ([[American English]]); [[Ten million|{{xt|ten million}}]] waxaa ka wanaagsan [[crore|{{!xt|one crore}}]] ([[Indian English]]). *Haddii variant spelling uu ka muuqdo mawduuc, samee bogga [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirection]] si loogu talagalay kuwa kale, sida ku dhex jirta [[artefact]] iyo [[artifact]], si dhammaan variants-ka loo isticmaali karo raadinta iyo isqu xirka. *Terms-ka ku kala duwan noocyada English-ka, ama leeh macnayaal kala duwan, waxaa lagu [[Gloss (annotation)#In linguistics|gloss-garayn karaa]] si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga, tusaale ahaan, {{xt|the trunk (American English) or boot (British English) of a car&nbsp;...}}. *Isticmaal eray ama foom si caadi ah loo fahmo iyadoo ka wanaagsan mid leeh macno kale sababtoo ah kala duwanaanshaha qaranka (halkii {{!xt|alternate}}, isticmaal {{xt|alternative}} ama {{xt|alternating}}, sida habboon), marka laga reebo tignoolajiyada halka beddelkaas uu noqon lahaa mid aan habboonayn ({{xt|alternate leaves}}; {{xt|alternate law}}). *Marka ka badan hal variant spelling uu ka jiro ku dhex jira heerka qaranka ee nooca English-ka, variant-ka ugu caansan ee hadda la isticmaalo (dhammaan noocyada Standard English) waa in caadi ahaan ka wanaagsan noqdo, marka laga reebo halka spelling-ka yar uu leeyahay isticmaalka gaar ah xaalad xeel-dheer, t.s., ''connexion'' ku dhex jirta [[Connexionalism|Methodist connexionalism]]. {{crossref|pw=y|Si aad u hesho taageero terms-ka gaar ah, eeg {{section link|Comparison of American and British English|Vocabulary}}, iyo [[American and British English spelling differences]]; dictionaries badankoodu sidoo kale waxay muujiyaan terms-ka gobolka.}} ===Xiriirka qaranka ee xoogga leh ee mawduuca=== {{Shortcut|MOS:TIES}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Strong national ties to a topic|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Unit choice and order}} Maqaal ku saabsan mawduuc leeh xiriir xooggan oo u socda [[English-speaking nation]] gaar ah waa inuu isticmaalaa heerka English-ka (rasmi ah, ma aha colloquial) ee qarankaas. Tusaale ahaan: <!-- Please DO NOT add more examples here. This is not a list of English dialects. ENGVAR is concerned with English varieties that exist in a codified, formal written register with their own style guides. --> {{Columns-list|colwidth=22em| *[[Afrikaners]] ([[South African English]]) *[[Emancipation Proclamation]] ([[American English]]) *[[Australian Defence Force]] ([[Australian English]]) *''[[The New Zealand Herald]]'' ([[New Zealand English]]) *[[Oscar Wilde]] ([[Hiberno-English]]) *[[Great Fire of London]] ([[British English]]) *[[Lagos]] ([[Nigerian English]]) *[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] ([[Pakistani English]]) *[[Tata Group]] ([[Indian English]]) *''[[Constitution Act, 1982]]'' ([[Canadian English]]) *[[Wanchai Tower]] ([[Hong Kong English]]) *[[Zamboanga City]] ([[Philippine English]]) }} Mawduucyada leeh xiriir xooggan oo u socda [[Commonwealth of Nations]], ama waddamo badan oo Commonwealth ah ama [[British Empire|dhulalkii hore ee British-ka]], isticmaal spelling-ka British-ka. ===Dhonsashada nooca jira=== {{Shortcut|MOS:RETAIN}} {{See also|#Retaining existing styles|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Retaining the existing format|Wikipedia:Article titles#National varieties of English}} {{redirect|WP:RETAIN|the general editing policy|Wikipedia:Editing policy#Try to fix problems}} Marka nooc English ah [[#Consistency within articles|isticmaalkiisa joogtada ah]] lagu dhisay maqaal, sii wad iyadoo aan la helin is-afgarad ka dhan ah. Kaliya xaaladaha gaarka ah (sida marka mawduuc uu leeyahay [[#Strong national ties to a topic|xiriir qaranka ee xoogga leh]], ama beddelku wuxuu yareeyaa is-dhaafsiga) ayaay jirtaa sabab shaqaynaysa oo loo beddelo ka mid ah dookha la accepts karo oo loo beddelo mid kale. {{va|FPSR|FMC|text=Marka aan la dhisin nooc English ah oo wada-hadalku uusan xallin arrinta, isticmaal nooca ka muuqda nooca ugu horreeyay ee ka dambeeya [[Wikipedia:Stub|qabyada]] oo soo bandhigay nooc la aqoonsan karo. Waxa ka baxsan tan waa [[#Retain quote variety|ha beddelin nooca English-ka ee ku dhex jira xigasho]].}} Nooca lagu dhisay maqaal gaar ah waxaa lagu qoraa iyadoo lagu lagayo [[:Category:Use English templates|moodalka Use X English]] ee habboon bogga maqaalka. Moodalka [[:Category:Varieties of English templates|nooca English-ka ee habboon]] sidoo cuali ahaan waxaa lagu lagi karaa bogga wada-hadalka. Maqaal waa inuusan noqon mid la tifaftiro ama magaca loo beddelo kaliya si looga beddelo hal nooc oo English ah oo loo beddelo mid kale. {{tlxs|uw-engvar}} waxaa lagu lagi karaa bogga wada-hadalka tifaftiraha si loogu sharraxo tan. ==Xarfo waaweyn== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters}} Mawduucyada maqaalka Wikipedia iyo madaxyada qaybaha waxay isticmaalaan sentence case, ma aha title case; eeg [[Wikipedia:Article titles]] iyo {{section link||Section headings}}. Capitalization-ka waxyaabaha liiska, eeg {{section link||Bulleted and numbered lists}}. Dhibcaha kale ee ku saabsan capitalization-ka waxaa lagu gaabay ka hooseeya. Macluumaadka dhan waxaa lagu heley karaa at [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters]]. Dhibicda ugu muhiimsan waa in Wikipedia aysan u qorin xaraf weyn wax ilaa ay si joogto ah xaraf weyn ugu noqoto badankooda muhiimka ah ee [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|tixraacyada lagu aamini karo]] ee gaarka ah. ===Capitalization-ka ''The''=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Capitalization of The}} Caadi ahaan, ha u qorin xaraf weyn erayga ''the'' dhexda jumlada: {{xt|throughout the United Kingdom}}, ma aha {{!xt|throughout The United Kingdom}}. Waxyaabaha ka baxsan heshiiska waxaa ku jira magacyada saxda ah ee qaarkood ({{xt|he visited The Hague}}) iyo badankooda mawduucyada shaqaalaha abuurka ah ({{xt|Tolkien wrote ''The Lord of the Rings''}}{{snd}}laakiin ogaada in ''the'' ayan noqon karin qayb ka mid ah mawduuca laakiis, t.s., {{xt|Homer composed the ''Odyssey''}}). Waxaa jira waxyaabo gaar ah oo loo tixgeliyo [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music#Names (definite article)|magacyada band-ka]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Institutions|magacyada doorka]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#NICKNAMETHE|magacyada gaaban]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles#Indefinite and definite articles|mawduucyada shaqaalaha]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks#TMTHE|trademarks-ka]]. ===<span id="Capitalization-Titles"></span>Mawduucyada shaqaalaha=== {{main|WP:Manual of Style/Titles of works}} Mawduucyada luqadda English-ka ee dhismaha (buugaagta iyo shaqaalaha kale ee qoraalka, noocyada iyo shaqaalaha kale ee codka, filimada iyo shaqaalaha kale ee muuqda, sawirrada iyo shaqaalaha kale ee fanka, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxaa loo bixiyaa ku dhex jirta {{em|[[title case]]}}, halka eray kasta loo bixiyo xaraf weyn oo bilow ah marka laga reebo erayada qaarkood oo yar oo muhiim ah (sida lagu sharraxay at {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters|Composition titles}}). Erayada ugu horreeya iyo kuwa ugu dambeeya ee ku dhex jira mawduuc luqadda English-ka ah mar walba waa kuwo xaraf weyn ah. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|''An Eye for an Eye''}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|''Worth the Fighting For''}} Capitalization-ka mawduucyada aan luqadda English-ka ahayn waa uu kala duwan yahay, xataa waqtiga ku dhex jira luqadda oo kale; caadi ahaan, dhonsashada qaabka asalka ah ee shaqaalaha cusub, oo raac isticmaalka ku dhex jira tixraacyada lagu aamini karo ee luqadda English-ka ee hadda{{efn|name=recent}} ee shaqaalaha taariikhda. Marka lagu qoro alfabeta Latin-ka, badankooda waxyaabahaani waa inay sidoo kale ku dhex jiraan [[#Italics|italics]], ama lagu duubo [[#Names and titles|calaamadaha xigmadda]]. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|{{lang|fr|Les Liaisons dangereuses}}}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"{{lang|de|italics=no|Hymnus an den heiligen Geist}}"}} ===Mawduucyada dadka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Titles of people}} *'''Isticmaalka guud''', isticmaal xarafka yar ee erayada sida ''president'', ''king'', iyo ''emperor'' ({{xt|De Gaulle was a French president}}; {{xt|Louis XVI was a French king}}; {{xt|Three prime ministers attended the conference}}). *'''Toos ka hor magaca dadka''', erayadaas waxay ku starts-garoogayaan xaraf weyn ({{xt|President Obama}}, ma aha {{!xt|president Obama}}). Magacyada heerka ah ama caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo ee doorka waxaa loo treats-garaysay sida magacyada saxda ah ({{xt|David Cameron was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom}}; {{xt|Hirohito was Emperor of Japan}}; {{xt|Louis XVI was King of France}}). Qaababka boqortooyada waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|Her Majesty}}; {{xt|His Highness}}); waxyaabaha ka baxsan waxay ku dabaqmi karaan doorkii gaar ah. ===Diimaha, ilaahada, falsafadaha, caqiidooyinka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Religions, deities, philosophies, doctrines, and their adherents}} {{see|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Religion}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles#Religious texts}} *'''Diimaha, kooxaha, iyo kaniisadaha''' iyo taageerayaashooda (foomka noun ama adjective) waxay ku starts-garoogayaan xaraf weyn. Caadi ahaan, "the" ma aha xaraf weyn ka hor magacyadaas ({{xt|the Unitarians}}, ma aha {{!xt|The Unitarians}}). *'''[[Religious text]]s''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn, laakiin mara badanaa ma aha italics ({{xt|the Bhagavad Gita}}, {{xt|the Quran}}, {{xt|the Talmud}}, {{xt|the Granth Sahib}}, {{xt|the Bible}}). Ha u qorin xaraf weyn "the" marka aad u isticmaalayso foomkan. Adjectives-ka qaarkood oo ka soo baxay waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn heshiis ahaan, qaarkoodna ma qaataan ({{xt|biblical}}, laakiin {{xt|Quranic}}); haddii aad ma ogayd, eeg dictionary-ga. *'''[[Honorific]]s ee ilaahada''', ku dhex jira magacyada saxda ah iyo mawduucyada, waxay ku starts-garoogayaan xaraf weyn ({{xt|God}}, {{xt|Allah}}, {{xt|the Lord}}, {{xt|the Supreme Being}}, {{xt|the Great Spirit}}, {{xt|the Horned One}}, {{xt|Bhagavan}}). Ha u qorin xaraf weyn "the" xaaladahaas ama marka aad tixraacayso dadka waaweyn ee diinta ama dadka ka mid ah mythology-ga ({{xt|the Prophet}}, {{xt|the Messiah}}, {{xt|the Virgin}}). Nouns-ka wadaagga ah ee ilaahada iyo dadka diinta ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|many gods}}; {{xt|the god Woden}}; {{xt|saints and prophets}}). *'''Pronouns-ka dadka cibaadada ama worship-ka''' ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn, xataa haddii xaraf weyn lagu qoro qoraallada diinta ({{xt|God and his will}}). *'''Qeeybaha baaxadda leh ee mythical ama legendary beings''' waxay ku starts-garoogayaan xarfo yar ({{xt|elf}}, {{xt|fairy}}, {{xt|nymph}}, {{xt|unicorn}}, {{xt|angel}}), inkastoo shaqaalaha fantasy-ga, sida buugaagta [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] iyo madaaddaalada video game-ka qaarkood, xarfaha waaweyn ee bilowga ah marna loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo in beings-ku ay samaynayaan culture ama race ku dhex jira [[fictional universe]]. U qor xaraf weyn magacyada ama mawduucyada creatures-ka gaarka ah ({{xt|the Minotaur}}, {{xt|Pegasus}}) iyo kooxaha oo magacooda iyo kaqeybgalayaashoodu ay dhisay yihiin ({{xt|the Magi, or the Three Wise Men}}, {{xt|the Furies}}). Tixraacyada guud ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|these priests}}; {{xt|several wise men}}; {{xt|cherub-like}}). *'''Spiritual ama matoorada diinta''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn kaliya marka la tixraacayo matoorada gaarka ah ama waqtiyada ({{xt|the Great Flood}} iyo {{xt|the Exodus}}; laakiin {{xt|annual flooding}} iyo {{xt|an exodus of refugees}}). *'''Falsafadaha, theories-ka, movements-ka, iyo caqiidooyinka''' waxay isticmaalaan xarfo yar ilaa magacu ka soo baxo magac sax ah ({{xt|capitalism versus Marxism}}) ama uusan noqon magac sax ah ({{xt|republican}}, dhismaha fikirka political-ka; {{xt|Republican}}, xisbiga political-ka). Isticmaal xarfo yar mawduucyada caqiidooyinka ama fikirka diinta ee canon-ka ah (oo ka soo karşı matoorada gaarka ah), xataa haddii xaraf weyn lagu qoro taageerayaasha diinta qaarkood ({{xt|virgin birth}}, {{xt|original sin}}, {{xt|transubstantiation}}). *'''[[Platonic idealism|Platonic]] ama transcendent ideals''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn xaaladda caqiidada philosophical-ka ({{xt|Truth}}, {{xt|the Good}}); iyagoo loo isticmaalo si baaxad leh, waxay ku dhex jiraan xarfo yar ({{xt|Superman represents American ideals of truth and justice}}). Isticmaal xarfo waaweyn personifications-ka lagu muujiyay fanka ({{xt|the guidebook mentioned statues of Justice and Liberty}}). *{{va|Eponyms|EPONYM|EPONYMS|text='''[[Eponym]]s''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn ([[Edwardian era|{{xt|Edwardian}}]], [[De Morgan's laws|{{xt|De Morgan's laws}}]], [[Alice in Wonderland syndrome|{{xt|Alice in Wonderland syndrome}}]], [[Plaster of Paris|{{xt|plaster of Paris}}]], [[Platonic idealism|{{xt|Platonic idealism}}]], [[Draconian constitution|{{xt|Draconian constitution of Athens}}]]), marka laga reebo isticmaalka idiomatic-ka ah oo ka baxsan xaaladda asalka ah oo caadi ahaan xarfo yar ku dhex jira tixraacyada ([[Platonic relationship|{{xt|a platonic relationship}}]]; {{xt|complained of draconian workplace policies}}).{{efn|name=eponyms|1=Waxaa jira waxyaabo yar oo dheeraad ah oo ka baxsan capitalization-ka eponyms-ka, halka term uu leeyahay conventionalized xooggan ku dhex jirta xarfo yar, t.s., lagu doorbido foomkaas badankooda dictionaries-ka waaweyn ee luqadda English-ka. Tusaale ahaan, {{xt|parkinsonian}} wuxuu sharraxaa patient muujinaya symptoms-ka [[Parkinson's disease|{{xt|Parkinson's disease}}]]. Linguistics/orthography isticmaalka terms-ka [[Linguistic latinisation|{{xt|latinize}}]], [[Romanisation|{{xt|romanize}}]], iyo [[Anglicization|{{xt|anglicize}}]] [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Anglo- and similar prefixes|waxay sii kordhayaan xarfo yar]], iyo [[Italic type|{{xt|italic[s]}}]] ku dhex jirta typography mar walba waa ikhsan.}} Foomka dhan oo uu eponym ku yahay adjective [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Religions, deities, philosophies, doctrines, and their adherents|ma aha xaraf weyn]] marka laga reebo marka foomka laikiisu uu yahay magac sax ah (t.s., [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles|mawduuca shaqaalaha la daabacay]]: [[The China Syndrome|{{xt|''The China Syndrome''}}]]).}} ===Waxyaabaha kalandarka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Calendar items}} *'''Bilaaha, maalmaha toddobaadka, iyo fasaxyada''' waxay ku starts-garoogayaan xaraf weyn ({{xt|June}}, {{xt|Monday}}; {{xt|the Fourth of July}} wuxuu tixraacaa kaliya Maalinta Xorriyadda US{{snd}}haddii kale {{xt|July 4}} ama {{xt|4 July}}). *'''Xilliyada''' waxay ku dhex jiraan xarfo yar ({{xt|her last summer}}; {{xt|the winter solstice}}; {{xt|spring fever}}), marka laga reebo personifications-ka ama magacyada saxda ah ee waqtiyada ama matoorada ({{xt|Old Man Winter}}; {{xt|competed on the Spring Circuit}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="People, animals, plants, and other organisms"></span><!-- It is unlikely this was used much, and the phrase can simply be searched for and replaced. -->Dhabaha, dhirta, iyo organisms-ka kale=== {{Shortcut|MOS:LIFE}} {{Hatnote|For more detail on capitalization, see {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters|Animals, plants, and other organisms}}; on italicization, {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting|Italic type}}. See also {{section link|Wikipedia:Lead section|Organisms}} for handling of first sentence. See [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (fauna)]] and [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora)]] for article title guidelines.}} Marka la isticmaalayo '''[[Taxonomy (biology)|magacyada taxonomic ("scientific")]]''', u qor xaraf weyn oo italics genus-ka: {{xt|''Berberis''}}, {{xt|''Erithacus''}}. (Supergenus iyo subgenus, marka ay ku dabaqmaan, loo treats-garaysay foomkaas oo kale.) Italics-garo laakiin ha u qorin xaraf weyn ranks-ka taxonomic-ka ah heerka species-ka iyo ka hooseeya: {{xt|''Berberis darwinii''}}, {{xt|''Erithacus rubecula superbus''}}, {{xt|''Acacia coriacea'' subsp. ''sericophylla''}}; wax ka baxsan ma aha oo lagu sameeyay magacyada saxda ah oo samaynaya qayb ka mid ah magacyada scientific-ka ah. Taxa-ga sare (order, family, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn Latin-ka ({{xt|Carnivora}}, {{xt|Felidae}}) laakiin ma qaataan equivalents-ka English-ka laakiis ({{xt|carnivorans}}, {{xt|felids}}); ma aha italics labada foomba, marka laga reebo viruses, halka dhammaan magacyada la accepts-garaysay guddiga [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|ICTV]] ay yihiin italics ({{xt|''Retroviridae''}}). {{Shortcut|MOS:CULTIVAR}}{{Anchor|Cultivar}}Magacyada '''[[Cultivar]]''' iyo '''[[cultivar group]]''' ee dhirta ma aha italics, oo waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn (ku dhex jirta erayga ''Group'' ee magaca ku dhex jira); magacyada cultivar waxay ka muuqdaan ku dhex jira xigmadda single-ka ah ({{xt|''Malus domestica'' 'Red Delicious'}}), inta cultivar groups ma qaataan ({{xt|''Cynara cardunculus'' Scolymus Group}}). '''English [[Common name|magacyada vernacular ("common")]]''' waxaa loo bixiyaa xarfo yar qoraalka maqaalka ([[Plains zebra|{{xt|plains zebra}}]]<!-- animal species -->, [[Mountain maple|{{xt|mountain&nbsp;maple}}]]<!-- plant species -->, iyo [[Southwestern red-tailed hawk|{{xt|southwestern red-tailed hawk}}]]<!-- bird subspecies -->) iyo ku dhex jirta sentence case bilowga jumlada iyo meelaha kale oo xarafka ugu horreeya ee erayga ugu horreeya uu yahay xaraf weyn.{{efn|name=Sentence case}} Waxay sidoo kale qaataan xarfo waaweyn halka ay ku dhex jiraan magacyada saxda ah: [[Przewalski's horse|{{xt|Przewalski's&nbsp;horse}}]]<!-- eponym -->, [[California condor|{{xt|California&nbsp;condor}}]]<!-- typical geonym -->, iyo [[Fair-maid-of-France|{{xt|fair-maid-of-France}}]]<!-- unusual but important illustrative case -->. Kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa species iyo subspecies, sida tusaalooyinka hore, iyo sidoo kale magacyada guud ee kooxaha ama noocyada organism-ka: [[Bird of prey|{{xt|bird&nbsp;of&nbsp;prey}}]]<!-- cross-order ecological niche -->, [[Oak|{{xt|oak}}]]<!-- plant family -->, [[Great apes|{{xt|great&nbsp;apes}}]]<!-- animal family -->, [[Bryde's whales|{{xt|Bryde's&nbsp;whales}}]]<!-- species group -->, [[Livestock guardian dog|{{xt|livestock&nbsp;guardian&nbsp;dog}}]]<!-- domestic type -->, [[Poodle|{{xt|poodle}}]]<!-- domestic breed group but not a breed -->, [[Van cat|{{xt|Van&nbsp;cat}}]]<!-- domestic geographic landrace -->, [[Wolfdog|{{xt|wolfdog}}]]<!-- hybrid/crossbreed/mongrel not recognized as a standardized breed -->. Marka magaca common-ka ah uu la mid yahay taxon scientific ah, ha u qorin xaraf weyn ama italics, marka laga reebo halka la tixraacayo organism-ka taxonomically: {{xt|A lynx is any of the four medium-sized wild cat species within the genus ''Lynx''.}} Magacyada vernacular ee aan English-ka ahayn, marka ay la xiriiraan in lagu daro, waxaa loo maareeyay sida terms-ka kale oo aan English-ka ahayn: italics sidaas, oo xaraf weyn kaliya haddii shuruudaha luqadda hooyo ay u baahan yihiin. Magacyada aan English-ka ahayn oo noqday kuwo lagu dhex dhasheeyay English-ka waxaa loo treats-garaysay sida English-ka ([[Ayahuasca|{{xt|ayahuasca}}]], [[Okapi|{{xt|okapi}}]]). {{Shortcut|MOS:BREED}}{{Anchor|Breed}}'''[[Standardized breeds]]''' waa inay caadi ahaan dhonsadaan capitalization-ka loo isticmaalay heerka breed-ka.{{efn|name=Standardized breeds|1=Hagaha breeds-ka lagu daray [[Diff2/881140543|RfC on capitalization of the names of standardized breeds|December 2018 RfC]]. "Standardized breed" wuxuu waayay macno toos ah oo caddaynaya, laakiin wuxuu ku dhex jiraa breed kasta oo ku dhex jira [[breed standard]] ama [[studbook]] ee kooxda notable breeder/fancier. Kooxaha kale ee dhabaha dhaladada ah ma aha standardized breeds: noocyada taariikhda hore, kooxaha breed-ka, dadka feral-ka ah, landraces, iyo [[crossbreed]]s ama [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] oo aan kooxaha waaweyn ma aqoonsan sida breeds. Kuwo badan caadi ahaan ma aha [[Wikipedia:Notability|notable]] laakiis.}} Tusaalooyinka: [[German Shepherd|{{xt|German Shepherd}}]], [[Russian White goat|{{xt|Russian White goat}}]], [[Berlin Short-faced Tumbler|{{xt|Berlin Short-faced Tumbler}}]]. Sida dhirta cultivars, kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa haddii noun-ka lagu daray uu yahay magac sax ah ama kale, oo ka soo karşı sida magacyada vernacular ee species loo qoro. Laakiin, ka baxsan cultivars, breeds waligeed ma lagu lago xigmadda single-ka ah, oo magacyadoodu waligeed ma aha qayb ka mid ah magac scientific ah. Term-ka species oo lagu daray dhamaadka si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga ("cat", "hound", "horse", "swine", iyo wixii la mid ah) waa inuusan noqon xaraf weyn, ilaa uu yahay qayb ka mid ah magaca breed-ka laakiis oo si joogto ah lagu muujiyo foomkaas heerka breed-ka (xaaladaha dhifka ah waxaa ku jira [[Norwegian Forest Cat|{{xt|Norwegian Forest Cat}}]] iyo [[American Quarter Horse|{{xt|American Quarter Horse}}]]). Samee [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirections]] ka soo baxay capitalization-ka kale iyo foomamka spelling-ka ee mawduucyada maqaalka, iyo magacyada kale, t.s., [[Adélie Penguin]], [[Adelie penguin]], [[Adelie Penguin]] iyo ''[[Pygoscelis adeliae]]'' dhammaan waa inay redirection u sameeyaan [[Adélie penguin]]. ===Celestial bodies=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Celestial bodies}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (astronomical objects)}} Erayada ''sun'', ''earth'', ''moon'', iyo ''solar system'' ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn isticmaalka guud ({{xt|The sun was over the mountain top}}; {{xt|The tribal people thought of the whole earth as their home}}). Waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn marka entity-ga uu yahay personified ({{xt|Sol Invictus ('Unconquered Sun') was the Roman sun god}}) ama marka loo isticmaalo sida magaca body gaar ah xaaladda scientific ama astronomical ({{xt|The Moon orbits the Earth}}; laakiin {{xt|Io is a moon of Jupiter}}). Magacyada planets, moons, asteroids, comets, stars, constellations, iyo galaxies waa magacyo sax ah, oo sidaas darteed xaraf weyn ah ({{xt|The planet Mars is in the constellation Gemini, near the star Pollux}}). Xarafka ugu horreeya ee eray kasta oo ku dhex jira magacaas waa xaraf weyn ({{xt|Alpha Centauri}} ma aha {{!xt|Alpha centauri}}; {{xt|Milky Way}}, ma aha {{!xt|Milky way}}). Erayada sida ''comet'' iyo ''galaxy'' waa inay noqdaan xaraf weyn marka ay samaynayaan qayb ka mid ah magac sax ah, laakiin ma aha marka loo isticmaalo sida term guud ({{xt|Halley's Comet is the most famous of the comets}}; {{xt|the Andromeda Galaxy is a spiral galaxy}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Compass"></span>Dhibcaha compass-ka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Compass points}} Ha u qorin xaraf weyn '''directions''' sida ''north'' ama foomamka la xiriira ({{xt|We took the northern road}}) marka laga reebo marka ay yihiin qaybo ka mid ah magacyada saxda ah ({{xt|Great North Road}}, {{xt|Great Western Drive}}, {{xt|South Pole}}). U qor xaraf weyn '''magacyada gobollada''' haddii ay gaareen heerka magaca saxda ah, ku dhex jira magacyada caadiga ah ee heshiiska ({{xt|Southern California}}; {{xt|the Western Desert}}), iyo terms-ka ka soo baxay ee dadka (t.s., ''Southerner'' sida ein ka soo jeeda [[Southern United States]]). Ha u qorin xaraf weyn magacyada sharraxaadda leh ee gobollada oo aan gaarin heerka magacyada saxda ah, sida {{xt|southern Poland}}. Directions-ka composite waxaa lagu dhex jiri karaa ama aan lagu dhex jiri karin hyphen, iyadoo ku xiran [[#National varieties of English|nooca English-ka ee loo dhasheeyay]] maqaalka. {{xt|Southeast Asia}} iyo {{xt|northwest}} waxay ka caansan yihiin American English-ka; laakiin {{xt|South-East Asia}} iyo {{xt|north-west}} waxay ka caansan yihiin British English-ka. Xaaladaha sida {{xt|north–south dialogue}} iyo {{xt|east–west orientation}}, isticmaal en dash; eeg {{section link||Other uses for en dashes}}. ===<span id="Institutions"></span>Magacyada saxda ah ka soo karşı terms-ka guud=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Institutions|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Capitalization of The{{!}}Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Capitalization of ''The''}} U qor xaraf weyn magacyada doorka gaarka ah ({{xt|the founding of the University of Delhi}}; {{xt|the history of Stanford University}}) laakiin ma aha erayada guud ee doorka ({{xt|the high school is near the university}}). Ha u qorin xaraf weyn ''the'' bilowga magaca doorka, iyadoo aan loo eegin qaabka loo doorbido ee doorka. Waxaa jira waxyaabo gaar ah oo dhif ah, marka la hoggaaminayo ''The'' oo lagu muujiyay ''T'' ku dhex jirta acronym-ka kooxda: {{xt|The International Cat Association (TICA)}}. U treats-garee political ama geographic units foomkan oo kale: {{xt|The city has a population of 55,000}}; {{xt|The two towns merged to become the City of Smithville}}. Ha u sameynin sida qaabka wargaysyada maxalliga ah oo tixraacaya municipality-ga sida ''the City'' ama ''The City'', marka laga reebo City of London [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#City of London|xaaladaha qaarkood]]. Hagahaani wuxuu sii kordhayaa soo-saarka doorka, companiyo, iyo kooxaha kale. Tusaale ahaan, magaca dhan ee sharciga sida {{xt|Online Safety Act 2023}} wuxuu noqon doonaa xaraf weyn, laakiin tixraacyada ka dambeeya ee {{xt|the act}} ma noqon doonaan. ==<span class="anchor" id="Acronyms and abbreviations"></span><span class="anchor" id="Acronyms"></span><span class="anchor" id="Initialisms"></span><span class="anchor" id="Shortenings"></span>Gaabinta== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Initials}} Gaabinta waa foomamka gaaban ee erayada ama foomamka. Raadinta saxda ah, waxay ku kala duwan yihiin [[Contraction (grammar)|contractions]], oo isticmaala [[apostrophe]] (t.s., ''won't'', eeg {{Section link||Contractions}}), iyo [[initialism]]s. Initialism waxaa lagu samaynayaa ka mid ah ama dhammaan xarfaha bilowga ah ee erayada ku dhex jira foom. Ka hooseeya, tixraacyada gaabinta waa in loo qaadaa inay ku dhex jiraan acronyms, iyo term-ka ''acronym'' waa inuu sidoo cuali ahaan ku dabaqmaa initialisms. ===U qor matoorada ugu horreeya si dhan=== {{Shortcut|MOS:1STOCC|MOS:1STABBR}} Marka gaabinta loo isticmaali doono maqaal, soo bandhig iyadoo la isticmaalayo foomka dhan, iyo gaabinta ku dhex jirta parentheses: {{Block indent|{{xt|an early local area network (LAN) developed by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC){{nbsp}}... DEC's later LAN products were{{nbsp}}...}}}} Ha isticmaalin xarfo waaweyn foomka dhan kaliya sababtoo ah xarfaha waaweyn waxaa loo isticmaalay gaabinta: {{!xt|an early Local Area Network (LAN)}}. Marka laga reebo xaaladaha gaarka ah, gaabinta caadiga ah (sida {{xt|PhD}}, {{xt|DNA}}, ama {{xt|USSR}}) looma baahna in lagu fido xataa isticmaalka ugu horreeya. ===Foomamka plural-ka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:GREENGROCER}} U samee plural [[acronyms]] iyadoo lagu darayo ''-s'' ama ''-es'': {{xt|Three CD-ROMs and two BIOSes were released}}. Ha isticmaalin ''[[greengrocer's apostrophe]]'' si aad u samayso plurals: {{!xt|Three CD-ROM's and two BIOS's were released}}. ===<span class="anchor" id="Periods (full stops) and spaces"></span><span class="anchor" id="Full stops and spaces"></span><span class="anchor" id="op.cit."></span>Punctuation iyo spacing=== {{Shortcut|MOS:PS}} Gaabintu waxay ku dhabayn kartaa ama aan ku dhabayn karin full point (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-garaysay ''period'' ama ''full stop''). Qaab joogto ah waa in lagu dhasheeyaa ku dhex jirta maqaal. Isticmaalka North American caadi ahaan waa in lagu dhabeeyo dhammaan gaabinta period ({{xt|Dr. Smith of 42&nbsp;Drummond St.}}) laakiin isticmaalka caadiga ah ee British iyo Australian, ma jiro period loo isticmaalo haddii gaabinta (contraction) ay ku dhabayso xarafka ugu dambeya ee foomka aan la gaabin ({{xt|Dr Smith of 42&nbsp;Drummond St}}) ilaa is-dhaafsi uu keeni karo. Kani waa sidoo cuali ahaan isticmaalka caadiga ah ee qoraalka scientific-ka ah. Iyadoo aan loo eegin punctuation, erayada lagu gaabay ka badan hal xaraf waa lagu dhex jiraa space ({{xt|op.&nbsp;cit.}} ma aha {{!xt|op.cit.}} ama {{!xt|opcit}}). Waxaa jira waxyaabo ka baxsan oo yar: {{xt|PhD}} {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg sare)}} "Philosophiae Doctor"; {{xt|BVetMed}} "Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine". Xaaladaha badankooda, Wikipedia ma isticmaalto punctuation-ka oo kale ku dhex jirta acronyms iyo initialisms: {{xt|GDP}}, ma aha {{!xt|G.D.P.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="US"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S."></span><span class="anchor" id="USA"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S.A."></span>US iyo U.S.<!-- When renaming this section title, rename the full link at [[Wikipedia:Consistency]] -->=== {{Shortcut|MOS:US|MOS:U.S.|MOS:USA|MOS:U.S.A.}} {{redirect|MOS:US|the use of the word "us"|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#First-person pronouns}} {{xt|US}} waa gaabinta caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo ee {{xt|United States}}, inkastoo {{xtn|U.S.}} – oo leh periods iyo aan lahayn space – ay tahay mid caadi ah daabacadaha North American, ku dhex jirta wargaysyada news-ka. Hagayaasha qaabka American qaarkood, ku dhex jiro ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style]]'' (tan iyo 2010), waxay baabi'iyeen {{!xt|U.S.}} waxayna soo sheegeen {{xt|US}}. Sababaha [[#Opportunities for commonality|wadaagga]], isticmaal {{xt|US}} default ahaan marka aad gaabinayso, laakiin [[#Retaining existing styles|sii wad]] {{xtn|U.S.}} maqaallada American ama Canadian English oo ay horey u dhisantay, ilaa ay jirto sabab wanaagsan oo loo beddelo. Sababtoo ah isticmaalka periods ee gaabinta iyo acronyms wuxuu noqon doonaa mid joogto ah ku dhex jira maqaal kasta, mar walba isticmaal {{xt|US}} maqaal leh gaabinta waddammada kale. Gaabinta dheeraad ah oo lagu dhex jiro initials-ka waddanka ({{xt|USN}}, {{xt|USAF}}), waligeed ha isticmaalin periods. Marka United States lagu xuso hal ama ka badan waddammada kale ku dhex jirta jumlad oo kale, {{xt|US}} (ama {{xtn|U.S.}}) wuxuu noqon karaa mid aad u informal ah, gaar ahaan xusidda ugu horreysa ama sida noun halkii adjective ({{xt|France and the United States}}, ma aha {{!xt|France and the US}}). Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|U.&nbsp;S.}} oo leh space ama {{!xt|U.S.&nbsp;of&nbsp;A.}} oo taariikh hore ah, marka laga reebo marka aad xigasho sameynayso. Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|U.S.A.}} ama {{!xt|USA}} marka laga reebo ku dhex jirta xigasho, sida qayb ka mid ah magac sax ah ({{xt|Team USA}}), ama isticmaalka tignoolajiyada iyo rasmiga ah ee qaarkood (t.s., [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3]], [[FIFA country codes|FIFA]], iyo [[IOC country codes]]). ===Circa=== {{for|examples|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Uncertain, incomplete, or approximate dates}} Si loo muujiyo ''si xaddidan'', isticmaalka {{tl|circa}}, oo muuqda sida {{xt|{{circa}}}}, waxaa ka wanaagsan {{!xt|circa}}, {{!xt|c.}}, {{!xt|ca.}}, ama {{!xt|approx.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="unwarranted abbreviations"></span>Ka fogao isticmaalka aan la xaqijin=== {{Hatnote|See also: {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|Units of measurement}} for when to abbreviate units of measurement.}} Ka fogao gaabinta marka ay jahwareerin karaan akhristaha, baabi'in karaan socodka, ama ka muuqan karaan informal. Tusaale ahaan: *Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|approx.}} ee {{xt|approximate(ly)}} marka laga reebo infobox ama table (xaaladaas isticmaal {{tlx|abbr|approx.|approximately}} xusidda ugu horreysa: {{xt|{{abbr|approx.|approximately}}}}). *Ha isticmaalin legalism-ka {{!xt|Holmes J}} ee {{xt|[[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.|Justice Holmes]]}}. <!-- this might be better in [[WP:JARGON]] --> ===Ha samaynin=== Ka fogao sameynta [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#Neologisms|gaabinta cusub]], gaar ahaan acronyms. Tusaale ahaan, {{xtn|World Union of Billiards}} waa wanaagsan yahay sida {{em|turjumaad}} ee {{xt|[[Union Mondiale de Billard]]}}, laakiin ma aha iyada ama yareynta {{!xt|WUB}} oo loo isticmaalay kooxda ama tixraacyada gaarka ah; isticmaal magaca asalka ah iyo gaabintiisa rasmiga ah, {{xt|UMB}}. Haddii ay noqoto mid lagama maarmaan ah in lagu gaabiyo space yar, sida [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables#Captions and headers|column header ee table-ka]], isticmaal gaabinta si baaxad leh loo aqoonsan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, ee {{xt|New Zealand gross national product}}, isticmaal {{xt|NZ}} iyo {{xt|GNP}}, oo leh isqu xir haddii term-ka aan horey loogu qorin maqaalka: {{xt|NZ&nbsp;[[Measures of national income and output|GNP]]}}. Ha samaynin initialisms sida {{!xt|NZGNP}}. ===HTML tags iyo moodallada=== Mid ka mid ah {{tag|abbr|o}} ama {{tlx|abbr}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa gaabinta iyo acronyms: {{tag|abbr|params=title="World Health Organization"|content=WHO|wrap=yes}} ama {{tlx|abbr|WHO|World Health Organization}} waxay samayn doonaan {{abbr|WHO|World Health Organization}}; [[mouseover|soreynta]] qoraalka muuqda waxay keentaa [[tooltip]] ee foomka dheer inuu soo muuqdo. ===Ampersand=== {{Shortcut|MOS:AMP|MOS:&}} {{redirects|WP:&|the use of "and" in titles|Wikipedia:Article titles#Titles containing "and"}} Qoraalka caadiga ah iyo madaxyada, isticmaal ''and'' halkii [[ampersand]] (''&''): {{xt|January 1&nbsp;and&nbsp;2}}, ma aha {{!xt|January 1&nbsp;&&nbsp;2}}. Laakiin sii wad ampersand marka uu yahay qayb shaqaynaysa oo qaabka magac sax ah, mawduuca shaqaalaha, ama trademark, sida ku dhex jirta ''[[Up & Down (Horace Parlan album)|Up&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Down]]'' ama [[AT&T]]. Meelaha kale, ampersands waxaa loo isticmaali karaa joogteyn iyo dookh halka space uu aad u xaddidan yahay (t.s., tables iyo infoboxes). Xigashooyinka [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Typographic conformity|waxaa lagu beddeli karaa si dhibco leh]], gaar ahaan joogteynta halka noocyada kala duwan lagu xigto, maadaama noocyada cusub ee qoraallada hore ay si joogto ah u beddealaan ampersands ''and'' (sida ay u beddealaan [[glyph]]s kale oo aan la isticmaalin, [[Typographic ligature|ligatures]], iyo gaabinta). Isticmaalka kale oo loo ilaysay laakiin aan loo baahnayn waa tixraacyada gaaban ee shaqaalaha leeh qoraa badan, t.s.: {{xt|<nowiki><ref>Lubbers & Scheepers (2002); Van Hiel & Mervielde (2002); Swyngedouw & Giles (2007); Van Hiel (2012).</ref></nowiki>}}. ==Italics== {{Shortcut|MOS:IT|MOS:ITAL}} {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Italic type}} ===<span id="Do not use capitals for emphasis"></span>Emphasis=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Emphasis}} Italics waxaa loo isticmaalaa emphasis, halkii [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Boldface|boldface]] ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#All caps and small caps|capitals]]. Laakiin isticmaalka badan wuxuu yareeyaa shaqadiisa: tixgeli dib-u-qorista halkii. Isticmaal {{tag|em}} ama {{tlx|em|...}} ee emphasis. Kani wuxuu u sahlayaa [[Help:User style|user style sheets]] in lagu maareeyo emphasis foom gaar ah, wuxuuna taageeraa reusers-ka iyo turjumaada.{{refn|{{cite web |last1=Ishida |first1=Richard |title=Using b and i elements |quote=the content of a <code>b</code> element may not always be bold, and that of an <code>i</code> element may not always be italic. |url=https://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-b-and-i-tags |website=W3C Internationalization |publisher=[[World Wide Web Consortium]] |date=2015 |access-date=1 September 2016}} }} *Sax: <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>The meerkat is <em>not</em> actually a cat.</nowiki>}}</code> *Sax: <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>The meerkat is {{em|not}} actually a cat.</nowiki>}}</code> ===<span id="Italics-Titles"></span>Mawduucyada=== {{shortcut|MOS:NOITALIC}} {{/titles hatnote include|where=MOS#I-T}} Isticmaal italics mawduucyada shaqaalaha (sida buugaagta, filimada, taxanaha TV-ga, bandhigga la magacaabay, video games-ka, albums-ka muusigga, iyo fanka). Mawduucyada maqaallada, chapters-ka, noocyada, episodes-ka, storylines-ka, papars-ka raadinta iyo shaqaalaha kale ee gaaban waxay qaataan calaamadaha xigmadda double-ka ah. Italics ma loo isticmaalo shaqaalaha diinta ee waaweyn ({{xt|the Bible}}, {{xt|the Quran}}, {{xt|the Talmud}}). Kuwa badan oo mawduucyadaani waa inay sidoo kale ku dhex jirin [[#Titles of works|title case]]. ===Erayada sida erayada=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Words as words}} {{for|the policy when a word or phrase itself may be an encyclopedic subject|Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#When a word or phrase may be an encyclopedic subject}} Isticmaal italics marka aad {{em|xusayso}} eray ama xaraf {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Use–mention distinction]])}} ama foomka erayada ilaa hal jumlad ({{xt|the term ''panning'' is derived from ''panorama''}}; {{xt|the most common letter in English is ''e''}}). Marka jumlad dhan la xuso, calaamadaha xigmadda double-ka ah waxaa loo isticmaali karaa halkii, iyadoo leh joogteyn ({{xt|The preposition in ''She sat on the chair'' is ''on''}}; ama {{xt|The preposition in "She sat on the chair" is "on"}}). Calaamadaha xigmadda waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa maaddada gaaban si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga, sida marka italics horey loo isticmaalay si xooggan bogga ee sabab kale (t.s., ee erayada iyo foomamka badan ee aan English-ka ahayn). {{em|Xusidda}} (si looga wada-hadlo grammar, wording, punctuation, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxay ku kala duwan tahay {{em|xigashoda}} (halka wax caadi ahaan lagu muujiyo ka magaca tixraaca la xigtay). Xigashoda waxaa lagu sameeyaa calaamadaha xigmadda, waligeed ma aha italics, ama labadaba waqti oo kale {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Quotations}} si aad u ogaato xeel-dheeraan).}} Isticmaalka la xiriira ee italics waa marka la soo bandhigayo ama lagu kala saarayo terms: {{xt|The ''natural numbers'' are the integers greater than 0.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign words"></span> Erayada aan English-ka ahayn=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Non-English terms}} Italics waxaa lagu muujiyay foomamka aan English-ka ahayn iyo erayada aan English-ka ahayn ee gaarka ah oo aan caadi ahaan loo isticmaalin English-ka maalin kasta. Laakiin, magacyada saxda ah (sida magacyada meelaha) ee luqadaha kale caadi ahaan ma aha italics, ama terms-ka ku dhex jira scripts-ka aan Latin-ka ahayn. Moodalka {{tlx|lang}} iyo noocyadiisa waxay taageeraan dhammaan [[ISO 639]] koodhadhka luqadaha, iyagoo sax ah u aqoonsanaya luqadda iyo si otomaatig ah u italics-garaynaya. Fadlan isticmaal moodalladan halkii aad manwal ahaan italics ugu sameyn lahayd maaddada aan English-ka ahayn. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link|WP:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Other languages}} si aad u ogaato macluumaad dheeraad ah.)}} ===Magacyada scientific-ka ah=== Isticmaal italics magacyada scientific-ka ah ee dhirta, dhabaha, iyo [[Kingdom (biology)|dhammaan organisms-ka kale]] marka laga reebo viruses heerka [[genus]] iyo ka hooseeya (italics-garo {{xt|''Panthera leo''}} iyo {{xt|''Retroviridae''}}, laakiin ma aha {{xt|Felidae}}). Sign-ka hybrid ma aha italics ({{xt|''Rosa''&nbsp;×&nbsp;''damascena''}}), ama "connecting term" loo baahan yahay ku dhex jirta [[Trinomial nomenclature#In botany|magacyada botanical-ka ee saddexda qaybood ah]] ({{xt|''Rosa gallica'' subsp. ''officinalis''}}). ===<span id="Italics and quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka ku dhex jira italics=== {{shortcut|MOS:ITALQUOTE|}}{{See also|#Quotations}} <section begin="Quotations in italics body"/>Ha u lagin xigashooyinka italics. [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation marks|Calaamadaha xigmadda]] (ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Block quotations|block quoting]]) kaliya waa kuwo ku filan oo foomamka saxda ah si loogu muujiyo xigashooyinka. Italics waa in loo isticmaalo kaliya haddii maaddada la xigtay ay haddii kale u baahan lahayd italics.<section end="Quotations in italics body"/> ([[#Italics within quotations|Eeg ka hooseeya]].) ===Italics ku dhex jira xigashooyinka=== <section begin="Italics within quotations body"/>Isticmaal italics ku dhex jira xigashooyinka si aad u soo saarto emphasis oo ku dhex jirta maaddada tixraaca ama si aad u muujiso isticmaalka erayada aan English-ka ahayn. Emphasis waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu sameyo {{tlx|em}}. Haddii aysan caddayn in tixraacu horey u lagu daray italics (ama qaab kale) ee emphasis, ama si loo muujiyo marka emphasis aan loo isticmaalin qoraalka asalka ah laakiin dambe lagu daray tifaftirka, ku dar xusuus-qoraalka tifaftirka {{xt|[emphasis in original]}} ama {{xt|[emphasis added]}}, sida ay u kala horreeyaan, ka dambaysta xigashoda. * Tusaale ahaan: {{xt|"Now cracks a noble heart. Good night sweet prince: And {{em|flights of angels}} sing thee to thy rest." [emphasis in original].}}<section end="Italics within quotations body"/> ===Atharta ku dhex jirta punctuation-ka dhow=== {{Shortcut|MOS:ITALPUNCT}} Italics-garo kaliya elements-ka jumlada oo uu saameeyay emphasis-ku. Ha italics-garayn punctuation-ka ku dhex jira dhowga. *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|What are we to make of {{em|that?}}}} (Su'aashu waxay ku dabaqmaysaa jumlada dhan, ma aha kaliya emphasis-ka ''that'', markaas waa inaysan noqon italics.) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|What are we to make of {{em|that}}?}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Four of Patrick White's most famous novels are ''A Fringe of Leaves'', ''The Aunt's Story'', ''Voss'', and ''The Tree of Man''.}} (Commas, period, iyo erayga ''and'' ma aha italics.) ==Xigashooyinka== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTE}}{{See|Wikipedia:Do not include the full text of lengthy primary sources}} {{Redirects here|MOS:QUOTE|the section on quotation characters|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation characters|the essay|Wikipedia:Quotations}} [[Wikipedia:Non-free content#Guideline examples|Xigashooyinka gaaban ee qoraalka la dhowray]] waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loogu muujiyo dhibic, loo dhiibo xaalad, ama loo atribuigo dhibic fikir ama aragti. Inkastoo xigashooyinku ay yihiin qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah Wikipedia, isticmaalka badan ee iyaga ka mid ah ma aha mid ku habboon qaabka qoraalka encyclopedic-ka ah oo wuxuu noqon karaa [[Wikipedia:Copyrights|baabi'inta copyright-ka]], markaas badankooda mawduuca waa inuu ku dhex jiraa erayada tifaftiraha laakiis. Tixgeli dib-u-qorista xigashooyinka si ay u noqdaan qoraal toos ah oo gaaban marka ay habboon tahay (iyadoo la ogaaday in [[Wikipedia:Close paraphrasing|dib-u-qorista dhow]] ay sii baabi'in karto copyright-ka). [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Quotations|Ha u lagin xigashooyinka italics]] ilaa maaddadu ay italics ugu noqoto sabab kale laakiis. Per [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|siyaasada verifiability-ga]], xigashooyinka tooska ah {{em|waa in}} ay la socdaan [[WP:INCITE|inline citation]] oo ka soo baxday [[WP:RS|tixraac lagu aamini karo]] oo taageeraya maaddada. Kani waa mid gaar ah oo muhiim ah maqaallada ku saabsan ama ku dhex jira maaddada ku saabsan [[WP:BLP|dadka nool ama dhowaan dhintay]] (BLPs). ===<span class="anchor" id="Principle of minimal change"></span><span class="anchor" id="Minimal change"></span><span class="anchor" id="PMC"></span><span class="anchor" id="PLC"></span><span class="anchor" id="MINIMALCHANGE"></span><span class="anchor" id="MINCHANGE"></span><span class="anchor" id="LEASTCHANGE"></span>Qoraalka asalka ah=== {{Shortcut|MOS:PMC|MOS:SIC}} {{Redirect|WP:PMC|closure of requested moves by page movers|Wikipedia:Requested moves/Closing instructions#Closure by a page mover}} {{Redirect|WP:PLC|inclusion guidelines for organizations|Wikipedia:Notability (organizations and companies)|the handling of the abbreviation "plc" in article titles|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (companies)}}Xigashooyinka waa inay noqdaan kuwo [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiably]] loo atribuigoy, iyo qoraalka qoraalka la xigtay waa inuu noqdo mid si dhab ah loo soo saaro. Kani waxaa loo tixraacaa sida {{em|maamulka beddelka yar}}. Halka ay jirto sabab wanaagsan oo loo beddelo qoraalka, ku dar square bracket qoraalka la beddelay; tusaale ahaan, {{!xt|"Ocyrhoe told him his fate"}} waxaa loo xigtay karaa sida {{xt|"Ocyrhoe told [her father] his fate"}}. <!-- IF EDITING THE FOLLOWING SENTENCE, PLEASE UPDATE THE DOCUMENTATION AT [[Template:Sic/doc]] ACCORDINGLY --> Makhaadhaa yar ee spelling-ka iyo typographic-ka waa in si toos ah loo hagaajiyo (tusaale ahaan, hagaaji {{!xt|basicly}} loo beddelo {{xt|basically}}). Haddii ay jirto makhaadhaa muhiim ah asalka ku dhex jirta, raac iyada oo leh {{tlx|sic}} (soo saaraya {{sic}}{{hsp}}) si loogu muujiyo in makhaadhaahu aysan ahayn mid ay sameysay Wikipedia; tusaale ahaan, {{xt|"his interview with the Dolly Llama {{sic}}"}}. Marka lagu dabaqo qoraal oo isku xir leh, syntax-ka moodalka waxaa loo hagaajin karaa {{tlx|sic|2=nolink=y}} (soo saaraya {{sic|nolink=y}} qoraalka isku xirka leh ee ka soo baxa; tusaale ahaan ku dhex jirta isku xirka: [[Template:Sic|{{sic|nolink=y}} template]]).{{efn|name="sicwarning"|{{tl|Sic}} ma aha in loo isticmaalo dhexda {{tag|ref}} tags, ama ku dhex jirta [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation templates]] sida [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]] iyo [[Help:Citation Style 2|Citation Style 2]], sababtoo ah wuxuu ku dhex jiraa markup oo baabi'in doona [[COinS]] metadata ee ay soo saaraan; eeg [[Wikipedia:COinS]].<!-- Per [[Template:Sic]] there is a {{COinS safe|n}} warning that it "should not be used in citation templates such as Citation Style 1 and Citation Style 2, because it includes markup that will pollute the COinS metadata they produce; see Wikipedia:COinS." -->}} Sababaha saxda ah iyo indexing-ka, mawduucyada tixraacyada ee loo tixraacay ma aha in loo hagaajiyo spelling-ka, laakiin hagaajinta yar ee typographic-ka ah (sida beddelka [[MOS:CURLY|curly quotes]] loo beddelo straight) waxaa lagu sameyn karaa si toos ah. Inline citations ee ku dhex jira qoraalka la xigtay, oo loo tixraaco aan loo isticmaalin maqaalka Wikipedia, waa in si toos ah loo baabi'iyo. Isticmaal [[#Ellipses|ellipses]] si aad u muujiso ka-tagista qoraalka la xigtay. Ka-tagista la xaqijiyay waxaa ku jira erayada aan loo baahnayn, aan la xiriirin, ama parenthetical-ka ah, iyo yaraynta yar ({{!xt|umm}} iyo {{!xt|hmm}}), laakiin ha ka tagin qoraal halka aad sameyso ay baabi'in doonto xaaladda muhiimka ah ama beddeli doonto macnaha qoraalka. Vulgarities iyo obscenities waa in lagu muujiyo si sax ah sida ay ka muuqdaan tixraaca la xigtay; Wikipedians ma aha in waligeed [[Wikipedia:Offensive material#How to treat offensive material in articles|baabi'iyaan erayada]] ({{!xt|G-d d--n it!}}), laakiin haddii qoraalka la xigtay {{em|laikiisu}} uu foomkan u sameyo, copy-garo qoraalka verbatim oo isticmaal {{tlx|sic}} si aad u muujiso in qoraalka loo xigtay sida ka muuqata tixraaca. Xigashooyinka tooska ah, sii wad spelling-ka dialectal iyo archaic-ka ah, ku dhex jirta capitalization-ka (laakiin ma aha glyphs iyo ligatures archaic-ka ah, sida lagu sharraxay ka hooseeya ku dhex jirta {{slink||Typographic conformity}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Quotation point of view"></span>Aragtida=== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTEPOV}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Attributing and specifying biased statements|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Expressions of doubt}} Xigashoda waa in loo isticmaalo, iyadoo la atribuigo, si loo soo bandhigo aragtiyada emotive ee aan lagu muujin karin poxa Wikipedia laikiis, laakiin waligeed ma aha si loo soo bandhigo heerarka culture sida kaliya aragtiyada: *La accepts karo: {{xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film "unforgettable".}} *Aan la accepts karin: {{!xt|The site is considered "sacred" by the religion's scriptures.}} Aragtiyada gaaban ee aan aad uga emotive ahayn caadi ahaan waxaa lagu soo sheegi karaa iyadoo la atribuigo halkii xigashoda tooska ah. Isticmaalka calaamadaha xigmadda ee terms-ka sharraxaadda leh ee gaaban wuxuu [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Expressions of doubt|muujin karaa wax is-dhaafsi ah]] oo ku saabsan maaddada la xigtay; sarcasm ama [[weasel words]], sida ''supposedly'' ama ''so-called'', waxaa lagu muujin karaa. *La accepts karo: {{xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film interesting.}} *Aan loo baahnayn oo muujin kara is-dhaafsi: {{!xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film "interesting".}} *Waa in la xigto: {{xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film "interesting but heart-wrenching".}} ===Typographic conformity=== {{Shortcut|MOS:CONFORM}} {{redirect|MOS:CONFORM|consistency within articles|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Consistency within articles}} Xigashodu ma aha [[wikt:facsimile|facsimile]] oo, xaaladaha badankooda, ma aha shuruud in qaabka asalka ah lagu dhowro. Qaabka iyo elements-ka kale ee typographic-ka ah ee qoraalka la xigtay{{efn|"Qoraalka la xigtay" ee typographic conformity iyo sababaha kale ee badan wuxuu ku dhex jiraa mawduucyada shaqaalaha, magacyada kooxaha, iyo foomamka kale oo, asalkiisa, la xigtay. Tusaale: waxyaabaha sida "Mexican-American War" waxaa si joogto ah loo hagaajiyaa loo beddelo "Mexican–American War" Wikipedia-ha, ku dhex jirta mawduucyada tixraacyada loo tixraacay, ku dhex jirta qoraalka maqaalka, tixraacyada xusuus-qoraalka, ama meelaha kale ee bogga. Kani ma leeyahay athar raadinta shaqaalaha aan tixraacnay, maadaama dhammaan raadinta waaweyn ay baabi'iyaan calaamadaha punctuation-ka.}} waa in lagu dhasheeyo heshiisyada Wikipedia-ha English-ka oo aan lahayn xusuus-qoraal, iyadoo la xaqijiyay in sameynta kani aysan beddeli doonin ama baabi'in doonin macnaha ama inta qoraalka. Kani waa beddelka oo aan samaynayn kala duwanaansho marka qoraalka loo akhrriyo si toos ah; tusaale ahaan: *Normalize dashes iyo hyphens: eeg {{Section link||Dashes}}. Isticmaal qaabka loo doortay maqaalka: unspaced [[em dash]] ama spaced [[en dash]]. *Beddel apostrophes iyo calaamadaha xigmadda loo beddelo qaabka Wikipedia: **Kuwani waa inay noqdaan toos, ma aha curly ama slanted. Eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}}. **Marka aad xigtayso xigasho iyada laikiis ku dhex jirta xigasho, beddel dhexda isticmaalka double iyo single quotes ee xigasho kasta. Eeg {{section link||For a quotation within a quotation}} si aad u ogaato xeel-dheeraan. *Marka aad xigtayso qoraal ka soo baxay luqadaha aan English-ka ahayn, punctuation-ka ka baxsan waa inuu raaco [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation marks|Manual of Style ee calaamadaha xigmadda English-ka]]. Haddii ay jiraan xigashooyinka ku dhex jira, raac shuruudaha punctuation-ka saxda ah ee luqaddaas. Haddii ay jiraan qaabab badan oo luqad ah, midka loo isticmaalay Wikipedia-ha luqaddaas waa ka wanaagsan yahay ilaa punctuation-ka laikiisu uu yahay ku dhex jiro wada-hadal. *:{{xt|The cynical response "{{lang|fr|italic=unset|L'auteur aurait dû demander&nbsp;: «&nbsp;à quoi sert-il d'écrire ceci&nbsp;?&nbsp;» mais ne l'a pas fait}}" was all he wrote.}} *Baabi'i spaces ka hor punctuation-ka sida periods iyo colons. *Caadi ahaan sii wad bold iyo italics {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Italics}})}}, laakiin badankooda qaabka kale waa in loo beddelo qoraal toos ah. {{!xt|{{Underline|Underlining}}}}, {{!xt|spac&nbsp;ing}} ku dhex jirta erayada, {{!xt|1=co<span style="color:Goldenrod;">lor</span>s}}, {{!xt|ALL CAPS}}, {{Smallcaps|{{!xt|small caps}}}}, iyo wixii la mid ah caadi ahaan waa in loo normalize-garayo qoraal toos ah. Haddii ay {{em|caddaynaysay}} muujinayso emphasis, isticmaal italic {{em|emphasis}} ({{tlx|em}}) ama, foomka dhexdiisa oo horey italics ah, boldface (leh {{tlx|strong}}). Mawduucyada buugaagta, maqaallada, gabayada, iyo wixii la mid ah, isticmaal italics ama calaamadaha xigmadda raacaya [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles|hagaha mawduucyada]]. Italics waxaa sidoo kale lagu dari karaa si loogu muujiyo [[#Non-English terms|terms-ka aan English-ka ahayn]] (leh moodalka {{tlx|lang}}), ee [[#Animals, plants, and other organisms|magaca scientific-ka ah ee organism-ka]], iyo si loogu muujiyo isticmaalka [[#Words as words|words-as-words]]. *Fiid gaabinta (aan horey loo isticmaalin mawduuca ka hor xigashoda) sida beddelka square-bracketed, ama ku sharrax iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|abbr}}. *Normalize glyphs iyo ligatures archaic-ka ah ee English-ka ee aan loo baahnayn macnaha (marka laga reebo magacyada saxda ah iyo luqadaha halka ligatures ay yihiin heer, per {{section link||Ampersand}} iyo {{Section link||Ligatures}}). Tusaalooyinka waxaa ku jira ''[[æ]]''→''ae'', ''[[œ]]''→''oe'', ''[[Long s|ſ]]''→''s'', iyo ''[[Thorn (letter)#Abbreviations|þ<sup>e</sup>]]''→''the''. {{crossref|pw=y|Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles#Typographic conformity}} si aad u ogaato waxyaabaha gaarka ah ee loo tixgeliyo normalization-ka typography-ka ee mawduucyada shaqaalaha.}} {{Shortcut|MOS:RETAINQUOTEVARIETY}} {{vanchor|Retain quote variety|text= Laakiin, noocyada qaranka ma aha in loo beddelo, maadaama kuwani ay ku dhex jiri karaan beddelka vocabulary-ka. Tusaale ahaan, xigasho ka soo baxday tixraac British ah waa in ay sii wadato spelling-ka British-ka, xataa maqaal oo haddii kale isticmaala spelling-ka American-ka. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Consistency within articles}}.)}}}} Nambarada sidoo kale caadi ahaan [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Quotations, titles, etc.|ma aha in loo re-format-gareeyo]]. Xigashoda tooska ah ma aha in loo isticmaalo si loo dhowro qaabka loo doorbido ee publisher ka baxsan (gaar ahaan marka maaddadu ay haddii kale noqon lahayd aan la beddelin), maadaama kani wuxuu leeyahay athar ee [[Scare quotes|scare-quoting]]: *{{em|La accepts karo}}: {{xt|The animal is listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.}} *{{em|Aan la accepts karin}}: {{!xt|The animal is listed as "Endangered" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.}} Italics waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loogu muujiyo isticmaalka gaar ah sida [[term of art]] (xaaladda "[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Words as words|words as words]]"), gaar ahaan marka ay tahay mid aan la dhasheyn ama ma aha in loo dib-u-qoro ka magaca aan aheyin expert: *{{em|La accepts karo}}: {{xt|The animal is listed as ''critically endangered'' on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.}} Marka aad xigtayso jumlad dhan, caadi ahaan waxaa lagu taliyaa in erayga ugu horreeya uu sii wado xaraf weyn. Laakiin, haddii qoraalka la xigtay lagu ammaan goyay jumlada dhow (tusaale ahaan, leh hordhac sida "{{var|X}} said that"), xarafka weyn ee asalka ah waxaa loo beddeli karaa xaraf yar. *{{xt|LaVesque's report stated: "The equipment was selected for its low price. This is the primary reason for criticism of the program."}} *{{xt|LaVesque's report said that "the equipment was selected for its low price".}} *{{xt|The program was criticized primarily because "the equipment was selected for its low price", according to LaVesque.}} Caadi ahaan looma baahna in la xuso beddelka capitalization-ka. Laakiin, si loo helo saxnaan dheeraad ah, xarafka la beddelay waxaa lagu lagi karaa ku dhex jira square brackets: {{nobr|"The" → "[t]he".}} *{{xt|The program was criticized primarily because {{nobr|"[t]he}} equipment was selected for its low price", according to LaVesque.}} ===Attribution=== Akhristahu waa inuu awoodaa inuu go'aamiyo tixraaca xigasho kasta, ugu yaraan ka magaca footnote. Tixraacu waa in lagu magacaabo {{em|qoraalka maqaalka}} haddii xigashodu ay tahay aragti {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|Attributing and specifying biased statements}})}}. Marka aad atribuigo-garayso xigasho, ka fogao [[Wikipedia:Words to avoid#Synonyms for said|sharraxaaddeeda foomka biased-ka ah]]. ===Xigashooyinka ku dhex jira xigashooyinka=== Eeg {{section link||For a quotation within a quotation}}. ===Isku xirka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:LINKQUOTE|MOS:LWQ}} Noqo mid dhibco leh marka aad isku xirayso ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka; isku xir kaliya bartilmaameedyada u dhigma macnaha caddaynaya ee loo intended-gareeyay qoraaga xigashoda. Halka ay suurtogal tahay, isku xir qoraalka ka baxsan xigashoda halkii – mid ka hor ama dhowaan ka dambeeya. (Haddii aad xigtayso [[hypertext]], ku dar xusuus-qoraal tifaftirka, {{xt|[link in original]}} ama {{xt|[link added]}}, sida habboon, si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga ku saabsan in isku xirka uu sameeyay qoraaga asalka ah.) ===<span class="anchor" id="Block quotations"></span><span class="anchor" id="Block quotes"></span>Block quotations=== {{Shortcut|MOS:BQ|MOS:BLOCKQUOTE}} U format-garee xigashoda dheer (ka badan 40 eray ama poynti yar oo xarfo ah, ama ka kooban ka badan hal paragraph, iyadoo aan loo eegin dheerka) sida [[block quotation]], iyadoo la isticmaalayo moodalka {{tlx|blockquote}}. Qoraalka lagu muujiyay block quotations iyo quote boxes (eeg ka hooseeya) waa inuusan laikiisu noqon mid lagu duubay calaamadaha xigmadda (ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda waaweyn, "decorative"-style). Block quotations iyo quote boxes oo isticmaalaya luga background ah sidoo kale ma lagu hagal-garayo. Isticmaal {{tnull|blockquote}} iyo markup-ka la midka ah kaliya xigashooyinka dhabta ah; [[#Indentation|indentation-ka sababaha kale]] waxaa loo sameeyay foom kale. Waa heshiis in lagu hor maro block quotation jumlad hordhac ah (ama qayb jumlad ah) oo lagu daro citation-ka tixraaca xarkaas. Alternativamente, moodalka {{tnull|blockquote}} wuxuu bixiyaa parameters ee attribution iyo citation oo ka muuqan doona ka hooseeya xigashoda. {{crossref|pw=y|(Ee isticmaalka dashes leh attributions, eeg {{section link||Other uses for em dashes}}.)}} Qaabkan attribution-ka ee ka hooseeya xigashoda waxaa loo intended-gareeyay xigashooyinka caanka ah oo ma aha caadi maqaallada sababtoo ah wuxuu ku oki lahaa tone aan habboonayn. Xigasho aan lahayn tixraac loo tixraacay waa in lagu calaamadeeyo {{tlx|quote without source}}, ama la baabi'iyo. Maadaama line breaks iyo indentation caadi ahaan lagu baabi'iyo ku dhex jirta {{tnull|blockquote}} ama {{tag|blockquote|o}}, isticmaal {{xtag|poem}} ama {{tlx|poem quote}} gabayada, lyrics, iyo maaddada la midka ah. Maaddadaas waxaa sidoo cuali ahaan loo xigtay karaa inline, leh line breaks oo lagu muujiyay <code><nowiki>{{nbsp}}/</nowiki></code>, iyo paragraph ama stanza breaks oo lagu muujiyay <code><nowiki>{{nbsp}}//</nowiki></code>. Tusaale ahaan: {{xt|"And, as in uffish thought he stood,{{nbsp}}/ The Jabberwock, with eyes of flame,{{nbsp}}/ Came whiffling through the tulgey wood,{{nbsp}}/ And burbled as it came!{{nbsp}}// One, two! One, two! And through and through{{nbsp}}/ The vorpal blade went snicker-snack!"}} {{Shortcut|MOS:BOXQUOTE|MOS:PQ|MOS:PULLQUOTE}} {{va|Pull quotes|Pull quote|Pull quotations|nocquote|text={{tlx|Quote box}} waa alternative ee inline quote ama block quote. Quote boxes waxaa lagu muujiyaa foom gaar ah (la mid ah sawirrada) oo waxay ugu wanaagsan yihiin xigashooyinka muhiimka ah ama sanado ah. Waxay samayn karaan [[WP:POV|point of view]] ama [[WP:UNDUE|undue weight]] arrimo, sababtoo ah xigashooyinka ma lagu lagayo xaaladda ama ma lagu ammaan goyo qoraalka maqaalka. Sidaas darteed, waa in loo isticmaalo si dhibco leh.}} [[Pull quote]]s ma aha kuwo ka mid ah maqaallada Wikipedia. Kuwani waa [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not news|news iyo magazine style]] oo ku saabsan "pulling" maaddada horey ku dhex jirtay maqaalka si loo dib-u-isticmaalo xigashooyinka decorative-ka ah ee soo jiidata attention-ka. Qaabkan unencyclopedic-ka ah waa foom ka mid ah [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Editorializing|editorializing]], wuxuuna soo saaraa [[Wikipedia:Writing better articles#Provide context for the reader|out-of-context]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Due and undue weight|undue emphasis]], oo wuxuu [[Wikipedia:No original research|keeni karaa akhristaha go'aanno]] aan lagu taageerin maaddada. Xigashoda badan ee qoraalka la dhowray (haddii ay u format-gareeyay sida blockquote ama kale, oo xataa haddii lagu credited-gareeyay tixraaciisa) waa la xannibay. Eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Quotations#Copyrighted material and fair use}}. ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign-language quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka aan English-ka ahayn=== {{Shortcut|MOS:FOREIGNQUOTE|}} Xigashooyinka ka soo baxday tixraacyada aan English-ka ahayn waa inay ka muuqdaan turjumaad loo beddelay English, ugu wanaagsan mid cusub{{efn|name=recent}}. Xigashooyinka ah turjumaada waa in si toos ah loo kala saaro kuwa aan ahayn. Muuji tixraaca asalka ah ee turjumaada (haddii uu yahay mid la heley karo, oo aan markii ugu horreysay lagu daabacin ku dhex jirta Wikipedia), iyo luqadda asalka ah (haddii aysan caddayn xaaladda). Haddii qoraalka asalka ah ee aan la turjumin uu yahay mid la heley karo, bixi tixraac iyada ama ku dar iyada, sida habboon. Marka tifaftireyaasha laikiisu ay turjumaan qoraalka loo beddelo English,{{efn|[[Wikipedia:No original research#Translations and transcriptions|Turjumaada laikiisu ma u baahna tixraac marka uu sameeyo tifaftire]]; laakiin xigashooyinka loo isticmaalay ku dhex jirta [[WP:REF|tixraacyada]], [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Quoting|turjumaada ka soo baxday tixraacyada lagu aamini karo waa ka wanaagsan yihiin]], ama [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Citing|tixraacyada luqadda English-ka ee ka wanaagsan]] .}} daryeel waa in mar walba loo qaado si lagu dhex jiro qoraalka asalka ah, {{em|[[MOS:FOREIGNITALIC|ku dhex jira italics]]}} ([[MOS:BADITALICS|marka laga reebo dhismaha scripts-ka aan Latin-ka ahayn]], oo ugu wanaagsan lagu sameyo moodallada {{tlx|lang}} ama {{tlx|langx}}, oo labaduba italics-gareynaya sida habboon oo bixinaya luqadda metadata); iyo si loo isticmaalo erayada dhabta ah iyo (haddii ay suurtogal tahay) erayada caadiga ah ee English-ka ku dhex jira turjumaada. Ilaa aad ka si dhab ah uga ogaato competency-gaaga aad wax ku turjumayso, eeg [[Wikipedia:Translation]] si aad u hesho taageero. ==Punctuation== {{Shortcut|MOS:PUNCT}} {{For|a brief guide to how some punctuation marks are used in Wikipedia for special purposes, e.g., [[Help:List#List basics|description lists]]|Help:Punctuation}} ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign characters that resemble apostrophes"></span>Apostrophes=== {{Shortcut|MOS:'|MOS:APOSTROPHE}} *Isticmaal [[straight apostrophe]]s ({{big|{{mxt|'}}}}), ma aha [[curly apostrophe]]s ({{big|{{!mxt|’}}}}). Ha isticmaalin accent marks ama [[backtick]]s ({{big|{{!mxt|`}}}}) sida apostrophes. *Moodallada sida {{tlx|`}} iyo {{tlx|`s}} waxay leeyihiin taageero marka apostrophe (ama single quote) ka muuqdo bilowga ama dhamaadka qoraalka ku dhex jira italics ama bold, sababtoo ah italics iyo bold laikiisu waxaa lagu muujiyaa noocyada single quotes. **Marka apostrophe raaco qoraalka italics-ka ah, {{tlx|'}} ama {{tlx|'s}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si looga fogaado xarafka ugu dambeeya ee qoraalka dhanka midig ah inuu isku xiro apostrophe-ka. Tusaale: {{xt|the ''Iliad''{{'s}} themes}} (markup: {{nobreak|<code><nowiki>the ''Iliad''{{'s}} themes</nowiki></code>}}). *Xarfaha u okiya apostrophes iyo curly quotes, sida [[{{okina}}okina]] ({{mxt|{{okina}}}}{{snd}}la dhex geliyo iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|okina}}), [[Saltillo (linguistics)|saltillo]] ({{mxt|{{saltillo}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|saltillo}}), Hebrew [[ayin]] ama Arabic ʿayn ({{mxt|{{ayin}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|ayin}}), iyo Arabic [[hamza]] ({{mxt|{{hamza}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|hamza}}), waa in lagu muujiyo moodalladaas ama xarfaha laikiis ee [[Unicode]]. (Basic Arabic transliteration, oo isticmaala ASCII apostrophe, waxaa ka wanaagsan xaaladaha badankooda ka magaca [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Arabic]]; xarfaha kale kani waxaa loo isticmaalaa kaliya transliteration-ka saxda ah.) **Moodallada ma loo isticmaali karo mawduucyada maqaalka; isticmaal xarafka Unicode-ka ee u dhigma toos. Per {{Section link|Wikipedia:Article titles#Special characters}}, sidoo kale samee redirection ka soo baxay foomka ASCII-ka ah si loogu taageero raadinta. Foomamka aan lahayn xarfaha apostrophe-ka oo kale marna waxaa ka wanaagsan ka magaca {{Section link|Wikipedia:Article titles# Use commonly recognizable names}} (t.s. [[Hawaii]] laakiin ma aha [[Keali{{okina}}i Reichel]]). *:{{crossref|pw=y|Sidoo kale eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles|Orthography, spelling and formatting}}}} *Ee [[Wade–Giles]] romanizations ee Mandarin Chinese, isticmaal {{tlx|wg-apos}}. *Luqadaha leh [[ejective consonants]] iyo wixii la mid ah, isticmaal {{tlx|hamza}}. *Ee Cyrillic [[soft sign]], marka lagu muujiyo dhammaan, isticmaal {{tlx|softsign}} ama {{tlx|hamza}}. *Ee isticmaalka possessive apostrophe-ka, eeg {{section link||Possessives}}. *Ee xeel-dheeraanta isticmaalka apostrophe-ka (possessive, elision, formation ee plurals qaarkood, arrimo luqadaha aan English-ka ahayn), eeg maqaalka [[Apostrophe]]. ===Calaamadaha xigmadda=== {{Shortcut|MOS:"|MOS:QUOTEMARKS|}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotations}} Maaddada ka hooseysa, term-ka ''quotation'' wuxuu ku dhex jiraa isticmaalka caadiga ah ee calaamadaha xigmadda sida mawduucyada noocyada, chapters-ka, episodes-ka, iyo wixii la mid ah. Calaamadaha xigmadda sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaalaa xaaladaha kale, sida [[#Animals, plants, and other organisms|magacyada cultivar]]. ====Calaamadaha xigmadda xarfaha==== {{Shortcut|MOS:CQ|MOS:CURLY|MOS:STRAIGHT}} *Isticmaal {{xt|{{big|<b>"</b>}}straight{{big|<b>"</b>}}}} calaamadaha xigmadda, ma aha {{!xt|{{big|<b>“</b>}}curly{{big|<b>”</b>}}}} kuwo. (Ee [[single quotes]]: {{xt|{{big|<b>'</b>}}straight{{big|<b>'</b>}}}}, ma aha {{!xt|{{big|<b>‘</b>}}curly{{big|<b>’</b>}}}}.) *Ha isticmaalin accent marks, backticks ({{!xt|{{big|'''`'''}}text{{big|'''´'''}}}}), low–high ({{!xt|„&nbsp;“}}), corner brackets ({{!xt|「&nbsp;」}}), [[guillemet]]s ({{!xt|«&nbsp;»}}), ama [[Chinese punctuation#Book title marks|title marks]] ({{!xt|《&nbsp;》}}) sida calaamadaha xigmadda (marka laga reebo marka marks-kaas ay yihiin {{em|internal}} ee qoraalka aan English-ka ahayn ee la xigtay{{snd}}eeg {{slink||Typographic conformity}}). Symbols-ka {{!xt|′}} iyo {{!xt|″}} ee ka muuqda edit window dropdowns waa "[[prime (symbol)|prime]]" iyo "double prime" sida ay u kala horreeyaan: kuwani waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loogu muujiyo [[Minute and second of arc|units of angular measurement]], oo ma aha sida apostrophes ama quote marks. *Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo apostrophes ee maaddada la import-gareeyay [[#Typographic conformity|waa in loo beddelo]] haddii ay noqoto lagama maarmaan si loo raaco sare. ====<span id="Double or single quotation marks"></span><span id="Single quotation marks"></span>Double ama single==== {{Shortcut|MOS:SINGLE|MOS:DOUBLE|}} *Badankooda xigashooyinku waxay qaataan calaamadaha xigmadda double-ka ah ({{xt|Welles said: "It was a terrible situation."}}),{{efn|1=Double quotation marks waxaa ka wanaagsan single sababtoo ah waxay si toos ah uga kala duwan yihiin apostrophes: *{{!xt|She wrote that 'Cleanthes' differs from the others', but neither opinion may represent Hume's'}} (wuxuu yareeyaa akhristaha). *{{xt|She wrote that "Cleanthes' differs from the others', but neither opinion may represent Hume's"}} (caddayn badan). }} marka laga reebo xigashooyinka ku dhex jira (eeg ka hooseeya). *Plant cultivars waxay qaataan calaamadaha xigmadda single-ka ah ({{xt|''Malus domestica'' 'Golden Delicious'}}; eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora)]]). *[[Gloss (annotation)#In linguistics|Glosses]] oo turjumaya ama definining-garaynaya terms aan la dhasheyn (marka la isticmaalayo [[MOS:WORDSASWORDS|words as words]]) waxay qaataan single quotes; glosses-ka gaaban ma u baahna comma ka hor definition-ka ({{xt|''Cossack'' originates from [[Cuman language|Cuman]] {{lang|qwm|proto=yes|qazaq}} 'freebooter'; ''republic'' comes from Latin {{lang|la|res publica}}, loosely meaning 'public affair'.}}). Moodalka {{tl|Gloss}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa tan; t.s. <code>{{tlp|lang|es|casa}} {{tlf|gloss|house}}</code> wuxuu soo saaraa: {{lang|es|casa}} {{gloss|house}}. Ee turjumaada tooska ah, moodalka {{tl|Literal translation}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa; wuxuu dhex gelyaa {{xt|lit.}} ka hor gloss-ka. ====Ee xigasho ku dhex jirta xigasho==== {{Shortcut|MOS:QWQ|}} Isticmaal single quotes: *{{xt|Darwin wrote in his introduction that "the maxim 'de minimis lex non curat' does not apply to science".}} Ee dhismaha dheeraad ah, beddel dhexda single iyo double quotes: *{{xt|He said, "That book asserts, 'Confucius said "Everything has beauty, but not everyone sees it.{{" ' "}}}} Ee quote marks ee uusocodka tooska ah, ku dar space yar iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{nowrap|{{tl|" '}}}}, {{nowrap|{{tl|' "}}}}, ama (sida tusaale ahaan halkan loo dhiibay) {{nowrap|{{tl|" ' "}}}}: *{{xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!{{' "}}}} Markup: <code>He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!{{tl|' "}}</code> *{{!xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!'"}} (jamming garaynta waxyaabaha waxay u okisaa si xun fonts badankooda) *{{!xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!'{{nbsp}}"}} (space caadi ah wuxuu leeyahay inta badan) ====<span id="Quotation marks in article openings"></span>Bilowga maqaalka==== {{Shortcut|MOS:BOLDQUOTE}} Qoraalka bold-ka ah oo caadi ahaan ka muuqda bilowga maqaalka: *Calaamad kasta oo xigmadda ah oo qayb ka mid ah mawduuca waa in ay noqoto bold sida qaybta hartay ee mawduuca. **Ka soo baxay ''[["A" Is for Alibi]]'': {{xt|'''''"A" Is for Alibi''''' is a mystery novel&nbsp;...}} *Calaamadaha xigmadda ee {{em|aan}} qayb ka mid ah mawduuca ma aha in ay noqdaan bold. **Ka soo baxay [[Jabberwocky]]: {{xt|"'''Jabberwocky'''" is a nonsense poem&nbsp;...}} **Ka soo baxay [[Babe Ruth]]: {{xt|'''George Herman''' "'''Babe'''" '''Ruth''' was an American baseball player&nbsp;...}} {{crossref|pw=y|(Sidoo kale eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography|Nicknames}}.)}} ====Punctuation ka hor xigashooyinka==== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTEPUNCT}} Haddii dhisma aan la xigtay laakiin kale oo u dhigma uu shaqayn lahaa grammatically aan lahayn comma, isticmaalka comma ka hor xigasho oo lagu ammaan goyay jumlad waa dookh: *{{xt|The report stated "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} ([[wikt:cf.|Cf.]] aan la xigtay {{xt|The report stated there was a 45% reduction in transmission rate.}}) *{{xt|The report stated, "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} Qaabka aan lahayn comma ka sanado badan waxaa loo isticmaalaa xigashooyinka qaybta ah: *{{xt|The report observed "a 45% reduction in transmission rate".}} Comma waxaa loo baahan yahay marka ay ka muuqan lahayd dhismaha oo kale haddii maaddada aan ayan ahayn xigasho: *{{xt|In Margaret Mead's view, "we must recognize the whole gamut of human potentialities" to enrich our culture.}} Ha dhex gelin comma haddii ay is-dhaafsi keeni karto ama beddeli karto macnaha: *{{xt|Caitlyn Jenner expressed concerns about children "who are coming to terms with being true to who they are".}} (Xigasho sax ah oo ka soo baxday foomka ku saabsan {{em|carruurta qaarkood}}{{snd}}gaar ahaan carruurtaas "who are coming to terms{{nbsp}}...") *{{!xt|Caitlyn Jenner expressed concerns about children, "who are coming to terms with being true to who they are".}} (Beddelaa macnaha si loogu muujiyo Jenner in ay muujinaysay concern ku saabsan {{em|dhammaan}} carruurta, inta la dhiibay in carruurtu, guud ahaan, "are coming to terms{{nbsp}}...") Waxay ka caddayn tahay in loo isticmaalo colon si loo soo bandhigo xigasho haddii ay samaynayso jumlad dhan, iyo kani waa in mar walba loo sameyo xigashooyinka jumlado badan leeh: *{{xt|The report stated: "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} *{{xt|In a letter to his son, Albert Einstein wrote: "Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance you must keep moving."}} Punctuation dheeraad ah ma aha mid lagama maarmaan ah ee tooska ah [[#Words as words|words-as-words]] xaaladda: *{{xt|The message was unintelligible except for the fragments "help soon" and "how much longer before".}} ====<span class="anchor" id="Quotation marks-Titles"></span><span id="Quotation marks with names and titles"></span>Magacyada iyo mawduucyada==== {{/titles hatnote include|where=MOS#P-QM-N&T}} Calaamadaha xigmadda waa in loo isticmaalo magacyada iyo mawduucyada soo socda: {{columns-list|colwidth=27em| *Maqaallada iyo chapters-ka (buugaagta iyo periodicals waa italics) *Sheekooyinka gaaban (buugaagta iyo periodicals waa italics) *Qaybaha muusigga (pieces waa italics) *Strips-ka gaarka ah ee comics iyo webcomics (comics waa italics) *Gabayada (gabayada dheer ama epic waa italics) *Noocyada (albums, song cycles, operas, operettas, iyo oratorios waa italics) *Episodes-ka gaarka ah ee taxanaha TV-ga iyo radio-ga iyo [[Serial (radio and television)|serials]] (mawduuca taxanaha waa italics){{efn|1="Mawduuca taxanaha waa italics" wuxuu isticmaalayaa ''taxanaha'' si loogu macneeyo show-ga dhan. Season (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay ''series'' ee British English-ka) leh mawduuciisa laikiis wuxuu isticmaalaa calaamadaha xigmadda mawduucaas, sida sub-work.}} }} {{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The Beatles wrote "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" for their album ''Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band''.}} Ha isticmaalin calaamadaha xigmadda ama italics ee qoraallada hore, concert tours, meelaha, cibaadooyinka, myths, iyo epics. (Kuwa badan, laakiin ma aha dhammaan, oo ka mid ah waxyaabahaani [[#Titles of works|waa inay sidoo kale ku dhex jirin title case]].) ====<span class="anchor" id="LP"></span><span class="anchor" id="LQ"></span><span class="anchor" id="TQ"></span><span class="anchor" id="logical quotes"></span><span id="Punctuation inside or outside quotation marks"></span>Punctuation ku dhex jirta ama ka baxsan==== {{Shortcut|MOS:LQ|MOS:LOGICAL|MOS:INOROUT}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Logical quotation on Wikipedia|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Effect on nearby punctuation}}<!-- Another kind of punctuation "in or out". EDITORS PLEASE NOTE: Changes to this section may escalate into heated dispute. Please consider raising any proposed changes for discussion and consensus-building on the talk page before editing. --> Isticmaal qaabka [[logical quotation]] dhammaan maqaallada, iyadoo aan loo eegin nooca English-ka oo lagu qoray. Ku dar punctuation-ka dhamaadka ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda kaliya haddii uu ka muuqday maaddada asalka ah, oo haddii kale u lag ka dambaysta calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. Qaybta badankeeda, kani wuxuu macneynayaa u treats-garaynta periods iyo commas foomkaas oo kale sida question marks: sii wad ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda haddii ay ku dabaqmaan kaliya maaddada la xigtay iyo ka baxsan haddii ay ku dabaqmaan jumlada dhan. Tusaalooyinka waxaa loo dhiibay ka hooseeya. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Did Darla say, "Here I am"?}} (question mark wuxuu ku dabaqmaa jumlada dhan) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|Did Darla say, "Here I am?"}} (aan sax ahayn in lagu dabaqo question mark xigashoda) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Darla said, "Where am I?"}} (question mark wuxuu ku dabaqmaa maaddada la xigtay kaliya) Haddii xigashodu ay tahay eray gaar ah ama qayb jumlad ah, u lag punctuation-ka dhamaadka ka baxsan calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. Marka aad xigtayso jumlad dhan, dhamaadka oo u dhigma dhamaadka jumlada ku dhex jirta, u lag punctuation-ka dhamaadka ku dhex jira calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. *{{xt|Miller wanted, he said, "to create something timeless".}} *{{xt|Miller said: "I wanted to create something timeless."}} Haddii jumlada la xigtay ay raacdo [[clause]] oo waa in uu ka horreeyo comma, ka tag [[full stop]] (period), iyo ha u beddelin comma {{em|ku dhex jirta}} xigashoda.{{efn|Kani waa foomka ugu muhiimsan oo uu logical quotation ku kala duwan yahay isticmaalka punctuation-ka wargaysyada British-ka, halka publishers badan ay u ilayeeyaan beddelkaas maaddada la xigtay, oo ka aghas ah saxnaanta dhismaha logical punctuation-ka.}} Terminal punctuation kale, sida question marks ama exclamation marks, waxaa lagu dhowri karaa. *{{xt|Livingston then said, "It is done", and turned to the people.}} *{{xt|Livingston then exclaimed, "It is done!", and turned to the people.}} Haddii jumlada la xigtay ay raacdo clause oo aqoonsanaya speaker-ka, isticmaal comma ka baxsan calaamadda xigmadda halkii full stop ku dhex jira, laakiin sii wad terminal punctuation kasta oo kale, sida question mark. *{{xt|"There is no strife, no prejudice, no national conflict in outer space as yet", said Kennedy.}} *{{xt|By asking "Who are you?", she prompts John to tell his story.}} Ha raacin erayada ama qaybaha la xigtay commas ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda, marka laga reebo halka xigasho dheer lagu baabi'iyay iyo comma uu yahay qayb ka mid ah xigashoda dhan. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change, opening the way to confidence and courage", said Turner.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change," said Turner, "opening the way to confidence and courage."}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change, opening the way", said Turner, "to confidence and courage."}} *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|"I began to change, opening the way," said Turner, "to confidence and courage."}} ==== Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo isqu xirka ka baxsan ==== Isqu xirka ka baxsan ee u socda mawduucyada maqaallada waa in ay leeyihiin mawduuca ku dhex jira quotes ku dhex jira isqu xirka. Moodallada tixraaca ee [[Help:Citation Style 1|CS1]] iyo [[Help:Citation Style 2|CS2]] waxay sameynayaan tan si otomaatig ah, iyo tixraacyada aan moodalka lahayn waa inay sameeyaan foomkan oo kale. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|{{cite news |last1=Kiefer |first1=Francine |title=Clinton: The Early Years |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |date=May 29, 1998 |ref=none}}}} (Isticmaalka {{tl|cite news}}) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt| Kiefer, Francine (May 29, 1998). [https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html "Clinton: The Early Years"]. ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''.}} (Aan moodal lahayn) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt| Kiefer, Francine (May 29, 1998). "[https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html Clinton: The Early Years]". ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''.}} (Aan moodal lahayn) ==== Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo isqu xirka ku dhex jira ==== Isqu xirka ku dhex jira (wikilinks) oo ay la socdaan calaamadaha xigmadda caadi ahaan waa inay leeyihiin quotes ka baxsan isqu xirka. Kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa mawduucyada shaqaalaha ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda (noocyada, episodes-ka, iyo wixii la mid ah) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Play it, Sam. Play "[[As Time Goes By (song)|As Time Goes By]]".}} (Isticmaalka <code><nowiki>"[[ ]]"</nowiki></code>.) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|Play it, Sam. Play [[As Time Goes By (song)|"As Time Goes By"]].}} (Isticmaalka <code><nowiki>[[" "]]</nowiki></code>.) Laakiin, calaamadaha xigmadda waxaa loo baahan yahay ku dhex jira wikilinks marka calaamadda xigmadda ay tahay qayb ka mid ah isqu xirka, ama halka qoraalka isqu xirka leh ee muuqda uu ku dhex jiro calaamadaha xigmadda oo muujinaya slang, nicknames, magacyada caadiga ah, ama isticmaalka la midka ah. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The term ''soccer'' comes from [[Oxford "-er"|Oxford {{nowrap|"-er"}}]] slang, which was prevalent at the [[University of Oxford]] in England from about 1875...}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|A Cockney accent [[Rhoticity in English|drops the "r"]] after a vowel.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The [[Dynamo Sports Club|Proletarian Sports Society "Dynamo"]] was established in Moscow in 1923.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|President Suharto's [[New Order (Indonesia)|"New Order"]] administration received US support for its economic policies.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Japan's [[Lost Decades|"Lost Decades"]] began in 1991.}} ===Brackets iyo parentheses=== {{Shortcut|MOS:()|MOS:BRACKETS}} {{Redirect|MOS:PAREN|use of parentheses (round brackets) in article titles|WP:Article titles#Parenthetical disambiguation|deprecated inline parenthetical citations|WP:Citing sources#Parenthetical referencing}} Qaybtan waxay ku dabaqmaysaa labadaba round brackets {{xt|(&nbsp;)}}, sidoo cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay [[Bracket|parentheses]], iyo square brackets {{xt|[&nbsp;]}}. Haddii jumlad ay ku dhex jirto foom bracketed ah, u lag punctuation-ka jumlada ka baxsan brackets-ka {{xt|(sida halkan loo muujiyay).}} Laakiin, halka hal ama ka badan jumlado ay ku dhex jiraan brackets-ka dhan, u lag punctuation-kooda ku dhex jira brackets-ka. Waa inuusan jirin space dhow dhanka ku dhex jira ee bracket-ka. Bracket-ka oo starts-garoogaya caadi ahaan waa inuu ka horreeyo space. Kani ma noqon karo xaaladda haddii uu ka horreeyo calaamad xigmadda oo starts-garoogaysa, bracket kale oo starts-garoogaya, ama qayb ka mid ah eray: *{{xt|He rose to address the meeting: "(Ahem)&nbsp;... Ladies and gentlemen, welcome!"}} *{{xt|Only the royal characters in the play ([Prince] Hamlet and his family) habitually speak in blank verse.}} *{{xt|We journeyed on the Inter[continental].}} *{{xt|Most people are right-handed. (Some people are left-handed, but that does not make right-handed people "better" than left-handed people.)}} Waa inuu jiro space ka dambeeya bracket-ka xiritaanka, marka laga reebo halka punctuation mark uu raaco (inkastoo spaced dash uu sii wadi doono space ka dambeeya bracket-ka xiritaanka) iyo xaaladaha aan caadiga ahayn ee la midka ah kuwa lagu tirtiray bracket-ka starts-garoogaya. Ka fogao kooxaha dhow ee brackets-ka. Mid ka mid ah u lag foomamka parenthetical-ka ah ku dhex jirta hal koox oo lagu kala saaray semicolons, ama dib-u-qor: *{{em|Ka fogao}}: {{!xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919) (also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader.}} *{{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: {{xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919; also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader.}} *{{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: {{xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader. He was also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv.}} Square brackets waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loogu muujiyo beddelka tifaftirka iyo dhex-gelinta ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka, inkastoo kani waligeed ma aha inuu beddelo macnaha loo intended-gareeyay. Waxay u adeegaan saddex sababood oo waaweyn: *Si loo caddayo: {{xt|She attended [secondary] school}}, halka kani uu ahaa macnaha loo intended-gareeyay, laakiin nooca school-ka uusan ahayn mid lagu dhiibay jumlada asalka ah. *Si loo yareeyo dheerka xigashoda: {{xt|X contains Y, and under certain circumstances, X may contain Z as well}} waxaa loo yareeyn karaa {{xt|X contains Y [and sometimes Z]}}. Marka ellipsis ({{xt|...}}) loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo maaddada ka baxday xigashoda tooska ah, caadi ahaan ma aha in lagu duubo bracket. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Ellipses}} si aad u ogaato xaaladda gaarka ah.)}} *Si loo sameyo grammar-ka inuu shaqeeyo: Tixraacaya foomka dadka {{xt|"I hate to do laundry"}}, ein wuxuu sax ah ugu qori karaa {{xt|She "hate[s] to do laundry"}}. Haddii jumlad ay ku dhex jirta maaddo subsidiary ah oo lagu duubay square ama round brackets, waa in ay sii wadato terminal punctuation {{em|ka dambaysa}} brackets-kaas, iyadoo aan loo eegin punctuation kasta oo ku dhex jira brackets-ka. {{Block indent|{{xt|She refused all requests (except for basics such as food, medicine, etc.).}}}} Laakiin, haddii jumlada dhan ay ku dhex jirta brackets-ka, punctuation-ka xiritaanka wuxuu ku dhex jiraa brackets-ka. {{xt|(This sentence is an example.)}} ====Brackets iyo isqu xirka==== Square brackets ku dhex jira isqu xirka waa inay noqdaan kuwo [[Escape character|escaped]] ah: {| class="wikitable" | He said, "<code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[[John Doe|John &amp;#91;Doe&amp;#93;]]</nowiki>}}</code> answered." || He said, "[[John Doe|John &#91;Doe&#93;]] answered." |- | He said, "<code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[[John Doe|John {{bracket|Doe}}]]</nowiki>}}</code> answered." || He said, "[[John Doe|John {{bracket|Doe}}]] answered." |- | <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[https://example.com On the first day &amp;#91;etc.&amp;#93;]</nowiki>}}</code> || [https://example.com On the first day &#91;etc.&#93;] |- | <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[https://example.com On the first day {{bracket|etc.}}]</nowiki>}}</code> || [https://example.com On the first day {{bracket|etc.}}] |} Markup-ka {{xtag|nowiki}} sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaali karaa: {{tag|nowiki|content=[Doe]}} ama {{tag|nowiki|content=[etc.]}}. Haddii URL laikiisu uu ku dhex jiro square brackets, wikitext-ku waa inuu isticmaalo foomka [[URL encoding|URL-encoded]] ah <code><nowiki>https://</nowiki>example.com/foo.php?query={{bxt|%5B}}xxx{{bxt|%5D}}yyy</code>, halkii&nbsp;...<code>query={{!bxt|&#91;}}xxx{{!bxt|&#93;}}yyy</code>. Kani wuxuu ka fogaan doonaa baabi'inta isqu xirka ka dambaysa <code>xxx</code>. ====Angle brackets==== :''Ee guillemets («&nbsp;»), eeg {{section link|#Quotation characters}}'' Angle brackets (⟨&nbsp;⟩) waxaa loo isticmaalaa mawduucyada tignoolajiyada ee kala duwan, sida physics-ka ee [[bra–ket notation]] iyo [[Expectation value (quantum mechanics)|expectation value]] (t.s. {{xt|⟨''φ''{{!}}''ψ''⟩}}), mathematics-ka ee [[presentation of a group]], iyo linguistics-ka si loogu muujiyo [[grapheme]]s (t.s. {{xt|the digraph ⟨sh⟩}}). Ha isticmaalin less-than iyo greater-than signs (<&nbsp;>) sida angle brackets (t.s. {{!xt|<''φ''{{!}}''ψ''>}}, {{!xt|the digraph <sh>}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipses"></span><span class="anchor" id="..."></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis style"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis function and implementation"></span>Ellipses=== {{Shortcut|MOS:...|MOS:ELLIPSIS|}} Isticmaal ''[[ellipsis]]'' haddii maaddadu ay ka baxday xigashoda, ilaa square brackets loo isticmaalo si loo [[Gloss (annotation)|gloss]] xigashoda. *Ee prose iyo non-LaTeX mathematics formulae, ellipses waxaa lagu qoraa iyadoo la isticmaalayo saddex unspaced dots ({{xt|<code>...</code>}}); ha isticmaalin xarafka precomposed ellipsis-ka ah ({{!xt|<code>…</code>}})<!-- Possibly we should explain the precomposed character in terms of its code point or something --> ama saddex dots oo lagu kala saaray spaces {{nobr|({{!xt|<code>. . .</code>}})}} *Caadi ahaan, isticmaal non-breaking space ka hor ellipsis iyo space caadi ah ka dambaystiisa: {{nobr|{{xt|Alpha, Bravo,{{tl|nbsp}}... Zulu}}}} *Haddii ellipsis uu raaco <code>.&nbsp;?&nbsp;!&nbsp;:&nbsp;;&nbsp;,&nbsp;)&nbsp;]&nbsp;}</code> ama calaamad xigmadda oo xiritaanka ah (single ama double), ka tag space-ka ka dambaysa. U lag terminal punctuation ku dhex jira quote-ka kaliya haddii uu yahay mid muhiim ah qoraalka, sida caadi ahaan ah xaaladda exclamation marks iyo question marks laakiin dhifka ah periods: *: {{xt|Jones wrote: "These stories amaze me. The facts suffer so frightfully{{tlf|nbsp}}...".}} *: {{xt|"But what of the other cities? London, Paris{{tlf|nbsp}}...?"}} * Haddii ellipsis uu toos u raaco calaamad xigmadda oo starts-garoogaysa, kaliya isticmaal non-breaking space ka dambaystiisa: *: {{xt|He continued to pursue Smith ("...{{tlf|nbsp}}to the ends of the earth", he had sworn) until his own death.}} *{{Visible anchor|text=Si loo kala saaro ellipsis oo muujinaya qoraalka ka baxay iyo mid ka mid ah quote-ka, waxaad ku duubi kartaa kan kowaad square brackets: {{xt|She retorted: "How do I feel? How do you {{em|think}} I&nbsp;... This is too much!&nbsp;[...] Take me home!"}}|With square brackets}} *{{Visible anchor|text=Marka ellipsis loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo pause ama suspense ee speech-ka, sii wad punctuation-ka asalka ah: {{xt|Virginia's startled reply was "Could he&nbsp;...? No, I can't believe it!"}}. Marka loo isticmaalo ku dhex jira eray aan dhammaystirnayn, ma jiro space loo isticmaalo dhexda erayga qaybtiisa iyo ellipsis-ka: {{xt|The garbled transmission ended with "We are stranded near San L...o", interpreted as either San Leandro or San Lorenzo.}}|Pause or suspension of speech}} *In LaTeX-formatted mathematics formulae, isticmaal LaTeX markup-ka saxda ah ee lowered dots (<code>\dots</code>, <math>\dots</math>) ama xarfaha precomposed-ka ah oo leeh dots meelaha kale (sida centered ama diagonal, ⋯, ⋰, ama ⋱) ===<span class="anchor" id="fewer commas"></span>Commas=== {{Shortcut|MOS:,|MOS:COMMA}} Pair ka mid ah [[comma]]s wuxuu bracket-garayn karaa [[appositive]], [[relative clause]], ama [[parenthetical phrase]] (sida brackets ama dashes, inkastoo leh interruption dheeraad ah ee jumlada). Tusaale ahaan: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|John Smith, Janet Cooper's son, is a well-known playwright.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Janet Cooper's son John Smith is a well-known playwright.}} (marka Janet ay leedahay sons badan) {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Janet Cooper's son, John Smith, is a well-known playwright.}} (marka Janet ay leedahay kaliya hal son) {{!}}} }} Mar walba isticmaal {{em|pair}} ka mid ah commas ee tan, ilaa punctuation mark kale uu qaado meesha comma-ka labaad: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Blunt comments came from the newest member, John Smith.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|The newest member, John Smith{{snd}}a retired teacher{{snd}}was blunt.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|The newest member, John Smith was blunt.}}<!-- There's actually a way to parse this such that it would be acceptable in some styles, but WP articles don't use such styles. --> {{!}}} }} Ha u ilayn punctuation-ka kale inuu kaaga baabi'iyo u baahnaanta comma, gaar ahaan marka comma uu collided-garayyo bracket ama parenthesis: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Burke and Wills, fed by locals (on beans, fish, and ''ngardu''), survived for a few months.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Burke and Wills, fed by locals (on beans, fish, and ''ngardu'') survived for a few months.}} {{!}}} }} {{Shortcut|MOS:GEOCOMMA}} {{vanchor|Geographical references|text=In geographical references oo ku dhex jiraan heerarka badan ee subordinate divisions (t.s. city, state/province, country), comma wuxuu kala saaraa element kasta wuxuuna raacaa element-ka ugu dambeeya ilaa uu raaco terminal punctuation ama parenthesis-ka xiritaanka. Element-ka ugu dambeeya waxaa loo treats-garaysay sida [[Wikipedia:Basic copyediting#Parenthetical comma|parenthetical]].}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|He traveled through North Carolina before staying in Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the night.}}<!-- About a 10-hour drive if he started in Virginia Beach and passed through Winston-Salem. --> {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|He traveled through North Carolina before staying in Chattanooga, Tennessee for the night.}} {{!}}} }} Sidoo kale ku dar commas marka geographical element-ka loo isticmaalo sida disambiguator: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Hantratty received a PhD from the University of California, Irvine, in 1977.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Hantratty received a PhD from the University of California, Irvine in 1977.}} {{!}}} }} Ku dar comma labaad sidoo kale marka dhismaha leh comma [[Grammatical modifier|modifies-garayyo]] noun ama compound noun: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Keith Wilson won the 2024 Portland, Oregon, mayoral election.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Keith Wilson won the 2024 Portland, Oregon mayoral election.}} {{!}}} }} {{shortcut|MOS:DATECOMMA}} {{vanchor|Date commas|text=[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Dates, months, and years|Dates]] ku dhex jira month–day–year format waxay u baahan yihiin comma ka dambaysa day-ka, iyo sidoo kale ka dambaysa year-ka, ilaa ay raacdo punctuation kale. Element-ka ugu dambeeya waxaa loo treats-garaysay sida [[Wikipedia:Basic copyediting#Parenthetical comma|parenthetical]].}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|He set October 1, 2011, as the deadline for Patterson to meet his demands.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|He set October 1, 2011 as the deadline for Patterson to meet his demands.}} {{!}}} }} {{shortcut|MOS:QUOTECOMMA}} {{vanchor|Quotation commas|text= U lag calaamadaha xigmadda iyadoo la raacayo {{Section link||Punctuation inside or outside}}. Kani waxaa loo intended-gareeyay "logical quotation".}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Sax:}} {{!}} {{xt|She said, "The weather changes too often", and made other complaints.}} {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}} {{!xt|She said, "The weather changes too often," and made other complaints.}} {{!}}} }} Comma waxaa lagu dhex jiri karaa ka hor xigasho oo lagu ammaan goyay jumlad {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}})}}. ====<span class="anchor" id="Serial comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Oxford comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Oxford commas"></span><span class="anchor" id="Harvard comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Harvard commas"></span>Serial commas==== {{Shortcut|MOS:SERIAL|MOS:OXFORD||}} {{Redirect|MOS:OXFORD|Oxford spelling|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling#British English with "-ize" (Oxford spelling)}} A [[serial comma]] (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay ''Oxford comma'' ama ''Harvard comma'') waa comma loo isticmaalo toos ka hor conjunction (''and'', ''or'', ''nor'') ku dhex jirta liiska saddex ama ka badan items. {{Block indent|{{xt|ham, chips, and eggs}}{{spnd}}serial comma}} {{Block indent|{{xt|ham, chips and eggs}}{{spnd}}aan lahayn serial comma}} Tifaftireyaasha waxay isticmaali karaan mid ka mid ah heshiiska ilaa maqaal kasta uu yahay joogto ah ku dhex jirta. Serial commas waxay ka taageeraan badan marka qoraalka maqaalku uu yahay dhibco leh, sida liiska oo leh multi-word items (gaar ahaan haddii mid uu ku dhex jiro laikiis "''and''{{-"}}) ama nooc ka mid ah terms aan la dhasheyn oo laga yaabo. Laakiin, waxaa jira xaalado halka ka-tagista ama ku-darida serial comma ay keento is-dhaafsi: {{Block indent|{{!xt|The author thanked her friends, Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley}}{{spnd}}oo tirtiri kara mid ka mid ah afar ama ka badan dad ah (friends-ka iyo labada dad ee la magacaabay) ama laba dad ah (O'Connor iyo Marley, oo ah friends-ka).}} {{Block indent|{{!xt|The author thanked a friend, Sinéad O'Connor, and Bob Marley}}{{spnd}}oo tirtiri kara mid ka mid ah laba dad ah (O'Connor, oo ah friend-ka, iyo Marley) ama saddex dad ah (kan kowaad oo ah friend-ka, kan labaad O'Connor, iyo kan saddexaad Marley).}} Xaaladahaas is-dhaafsiga ah, cadday mid ka mid ah afar foom: *Ku dar ama baabi'i serial comma-ka. *Isticmaal jumlado gaar ah, bullet lists, ama beddelka dhismaha kale si loo caddayo. *Recast-garee jumlada ("friends" xaaladda): **Si loo tirtiro laba dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked her friends Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley.}} ***Caddayn badan: {{xt|The author thanked two friends: Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley.}} **Si loo tirtiro dad badan: **: {{xt|The author thanked Sinéad O'Connor, Bob Marley and her friends}} ama **: {{xt|The author thanked Sinéad O'Connor, Bob Marley, and her friends}}. ***Laakiin ma aha: {{!xt|The author thanked Bob Marley, Sinéad O'Connor[,] and her friends}}{{spnd}}soo bandhigaa is-dhaafsi ku saabsan ''her''. *Recast-garee jumlada ("friend" xaaladda): **Si loo tirtiro laba dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked Bob Marley and her friend Sinéad O'Connor.}} ***Ama noqo mid gaar ah marka ay suurtogal tahay: {{xt|The author thanked her childhood friend Sinéad O'Connor and her mentor, Bob Marley.}} **Si loo tirtiro saddex dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked Bob Marley, Sinéad O'Connor, and a friend.}} ***Caddaynta leh gender-specific terms sida ''mother'' waxay noqon kartaa dhibco leh; {{!xt|The author thanked her mother, Kim Thayil, and Sinéad O'Connor}} ma aha caddayn sababtoo ah akhristayaasha ma ogaankaraan [[Kim Thayil]] in uu yahay male oo ma noqon doono dadka oo kale sida mother-ka. ***Caddayn badan: {{xt|The author thanked Kim Thayil, Sinéad O'Connor, and her own mother}} ama {{xt|The author thanked her mother and musicians Kim Thayil and Sinéad O'Connor}}. ===Colons=== {{Shortcut|MOS:COLON}} {{For|the wikitext link formatting|Help:Colon trick}} A [[Colon (punctuation)|colon]] ({{xt|:}}) wuxuu soo bandhigaa wax muujinaya, sharraxaya, ama modifies-garaynaya waxa soo maray, ama ah liiska items oo dhowaan la soo bandhigay. Items-ka ku dhex jira liiskaas waxaa lagu kala saari karaa commas, ama haddii ay yihiin kuwo dhibco badan leh oo laga yaabo in ay laikiisu ku dhex jiraan commas, items-ka waa in lagu kala saaro semicolons ama lagu aaggaado bulleted list. {{Block indent|{{xt|We visited several tourist attractions: the Leaning Tower of Pisa, which I thought could fall at any moment; the Bridge of Sighs; the supposed birthplace of Petrarch, or at least the first known house in which he lived; and so many more.}}}} Colon waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa si loo soo bandhigo [[Quotation marks in English#Quotations and speech|direct speech]] oo lagu duubay calaamadaha xigmadda. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}}.)}} Marka colon loo isticmaalo sida separator ku dhex jira mawduuca maqaalka, madaxa qaybta, ama item liiska ah, tifaftireyaasha waxay dooran karaan in ay xaraf weyn ugu qoraan waxa raaca, iyadoo loo tixgelinayo [[#Retaining existing styles|isticmaalka jira]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Article titles#Consistency|joogteynta leh maqaallada la xiriira]]. Marka laga reebo isticmaalka tignoolajiyada ({{xt|a 3:1 ratio}}), ma jiro jumlad waa in ay ku dhex jirtay colons badan, ma jiro space waa in uu ka horreeyo colon, iyo space (laakiin waligeed ma aha hyphen ama dash) waa in uu raaco colon-ka. ===Semicolons=== {{Shortcut|MOS:;|MOS:SEMICOLON|}} {{for|usage in marking up description (definition) lists|Help:List#Description lists}} A [[semicolon]] ({{xt|;}}) marna waa alternative ee full stop (period), iyadoo u sahlaysa maaddada la xiriirta in lagu dhowro jumlada oo kale; waxay muujisaa kala saarisa la go'aamiyay ee jumlada marka loo eego comma. Haddii semicolon-ku uu kala saaro clauses, caadi ahaan clause kasta waa in uu noqdo mid gaar ah (macneheedu waa in uu taaggaanshaan karo laikiisu sida jumlad). Xaaladaha badankooda, kaliya comma ama kaliya semicolon wuxuu noqon doonaa sax ku dhex jira jumlad gaar ah. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Sax:}} | {{xt|Though he had been here before, I did not recognize him.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} | {{!xt|Though he had been here before; I did not recognize him.}} |} Sare, "Though he had been here before" ma taaggaanshaan karo laikiisu sida jumlad, oo sidaas darteed ma aha independent clause. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Sax:}} | {{xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit; bananas are classified as alkaline.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} | {{!xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit, bananas are classified as alkaline.}} |} Isticmaalkan aan saxda ahayn ee comma ee dhexda laba independent clauses waxaa loo intended-gareeyay [[comma splice]]; laakiin, xaaladaha qaarkood, comma waxaa loo isticmaali karaa halka semicolon wuxuu oki lahaa in loo baahan yahay: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | {{em|La accepts-garaysay}}: || {{xt|"Life is short, art is long."}} (laba clauses oo gaaban ku dhex jira [[aphorism]]; eeg ''[[Ars longa, vita brevis]]'') |- | {{em|La accepts-garaysay}}: || {{xt|"I have studied it, you have not."}} (soo sheegida wada-hadal gaaban, sida jawaabtan ee [[Isaac Newton|Newton]]) |} Jumlad waxay ku dhex jiri kartaa semicolons badan, gaar ahaan marka clauses-ku ay yihiin kuwo parallel ee dhismaha iyo macnaha; semicolons badan oo aan la xiriirin caadi ahaan waa calaamado ah in jumlada loo kala saaro jumlado gaaban ama foom kale loo dib-u-qoro. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Unwieldy}}: | {{!xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit; bananas are classified as alkaline; pears are close to neutral; these distinctions are rarely discussed.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: | {{xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit, bananas are alkaline, and pears are close to neutral; these distinctions are rarely discussed.}} |} Semicolons waxaa loo isticmaalaa ku-darida commas si loo kala saaro items ku dhex jira liiska, marka commas laikiisu ay keeni karaan jahwareer. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Jahwareer:}} | {{!xt|Sales offices are located in Boston, Massachusetts, San Francisco, California, Singapore, and Millbank, London, England.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Caddayn:}} | {{xt|Sales offices are located in Boston, Massachusetts; San Francisco, California; Singapore; and Millbank, London, England.}} |} ====Semicolon ka hor "however"==== {{Shortcut|MOS:HOWEVER}} {{Redirect|MOS:HOWEVER|its usage in editorialization|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Editorializing}} Macnaha jumlad ay ku dhex jirta trailing clause oo ku starts-garoogaysa erayga ''however'' wuxuu ku xiran yahay punctuation-ka ka horreeya eraygaas. Makhaadhaa caadi ah waa isticmaalka punctuation-ka aan saxda ahayn, iyadoo beddelaysa macnaha mid aan loo intended-gareeyn. Marka erayga ''however'' uu yahay adverb macneheedu yahay "nevertheless", waa in uu ka horreeyo semicolon oo uu raaco comma. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people; however, they tried.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people; nevertheless, they tried.}} |} Marka erayga ''however'' uu yahay conjunction macneheedu yahay "in whatever manner", ama "regardless of how", wuxuu ka horreyn karaa comma laakiin ma aha semicolon, oo waa inuusan raacin punctuation. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people, however they tried.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people, regardless of how they tried.}} |} Xaaladda kowaad, clause-ka oo ku starts-garoogaya "however" ma loo beddeli karo clause-ka kowaad; xaaladda labaad kani waxaa lagu sameyn karaa aan lahayn beddelka macnaha: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|However they tried, it was obvious they could not convert these people.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|Regardless of how they tried, it was obvious they could not convert these people.}} |} Haddii labada clauses aan loo beddeli karin, semicolon waxaa loo baahan yahay. Jumlad ama clause waxay sidoo kale ku dhex jiri kartaa erayga ''however'' dhexda, haddii uu yahay adverb macneheedu yahay "although" oo lagu lagi karay bilowga laakiin aan ku starts-garoogayn clause cusub dhexda jumlada. Isticmaalkan, erayga waxaa lagu duubi karaa dhexda commas. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|He did not know, however, that the venue had been changed at the last minute.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|However, he did not know that the venue had been changed at the last minute.}} |} ===Hyphens=== {{Shortcut|MOS:-|MOS:HYPHEN}} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Globe Toters-A Birla Preschool,Indore (cropped).jpg | image2 = Peuters_in_het_tehuis_zitten_met_zijn_allen_op_de_po,_Bestanddeelnr_252-0385.jpg | image3 = Graduates 2014 IMG 2779 (14083168633).jpg | caption1 = Four-year-old children | caption2 = Four year-old children | caption3 = Four-year old children }} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Haring 03.jpg | image2 = Great white Dyer island 2010-07.jpg | caption1 = A man {{nobr|eating fish}} | caption2 = A man-eating fish }} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Catalina_Island_Rescue_DVIDS1091019.jpg | image2 = Kintín al ataque (5189220934).jpg | caption1 = Officials help {{nobr|dog-bite victim}}. | caption2 = Officials help {{nobr|dog bite victim}}. }} [[File:Carry-On Aircraft.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|A sign {{shy|exhibiting over-eager hy|phen|a|tion}}: the second hyphen is fine, but the first is spurious.]] [[Hyphen]]s ({{xt|-}}) waxay muujiyaan conjunction. Waxaa jira saddex isticmaalka waaweyn: # In hyphenated magacyada dadka ({{xt|John Lennard-Jones}}, {{xt|Omar al-Bashir}}). # Si loogu isku xiro [[prefixes]] iyo [[suffixes]] oo leh terms-kooda waaweyn dhismaha qaarkood, [[#En dash across open compounds|ilbaa compounds-ka laikiisu ay ku dhex jiraan space ama hyphen]]: {{xt|quasi-scientific}}, {{xt|ultra-nationalistic}}, {{xt|London-based}}, {{xt|community-led}}. #*Hyphen waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loo kala saaro dhexda [[homograph]]s ({{xt|[[wikt:re-sign|re-sign]]}} macneheedu waa ''sign again'', laakiin {{xt|[[wikt:resign|resign]]}} macneheedu waa ''relinquish ownership'' ama ''leave a job''). #*Waxaa jira trend caddaynaya oo lagu ammaan goyo labada elements dhammaan noocyada English-ka ({{xt|subsection}}, {{xt|nonlinear}}). Hyphenation-ku wuxuu caddayaa marka xarfaha la keenay contact ay yihiin kuwo oo kale ({{xt|non-negotiable}}, {{xt|sub-basement}}) ama ay yihiin vowels ({{xt|pre-industrial}}), ama halka eray uu yahay mid aan caadi ahayn ({{xt|co-proposed}}, {{xt|re-target}}) ama laga yaabo in loo akhrriyo si aan sax ahayn ({{xt|sub-era}}, ma aha {{!xt|subera}}). Erayada qaarkood oo noocan ah si oo kale waa kuwo caadi ah aan lahayn hyphen-ka (t.s., {{xt|cooperation}} waxaa si joogto ah loo dhasheeyay ka badan {{xtg|co-operation}} ee English-ka cusub). Ka dhiiri erayada beddelaya macnahooda aan lahayn hyphen-ka, t.s. {{xt|re-creation}} (create again) iyo {{xt|recreation}} (amusement).{{efn|name=recent}} # {{va|Hyphens in compound modifiers|text=Si loogu isku xiro terms-ka la xiriira ee ku dhex jira [[compound modifier]]s}}:{{Efn|1=Gaar ahaan compound [[attributive adjective|attributives]], oo ah modifiers ee noun oo ka muuqda ku dhex jira [[noun phrase]]. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link|English compound#Hyphenated compound modifiers}}.)}}}} #*Hyphens waxay taageeri karaan fududaynta akhrrinta (waa inay noqdaan kuwo {{xt|ease-of-reading}} taageera) oo waxay gaar ahaan u wanaagsan yihiin noun phrases-ka dheer: {{xt|gas-phase reaction dynamics}}. Laakiin waligeed ha dhex gelin hyphen magac sax ah ({{xt|Middle Eastern cuisine}}, ma aha {{!xt|Middle-Eastern cuisine}}). #*Hyphen wuxuu taageeri karaa disambiguator-ka (qaarkood {{xt|short-story writers}} waa kuwo dheer; {{xt|a government-monitoring program}} waa program oo monitor-garaynaya xukuumadda, inta {{xt|a government monitoring program}} uu yahay program xukuumadda oo monitor-garaynaya). #*Compounds oo ah hyphenated marka loo isticmaalo {{em|[[Attributive adjective|attributively]]}} (adjectives ka hor nouns-ka ay qualified-garaynayaan: {{xt|a light-blue handbag}}, {{xt|a 34-year-old woman}}) ama {{em|[[substantive]]ly}} (sida noun: {{xt|she is a 34-year-old}}) caadi ahaan ma aha hyphenated marka loo isticmaalo {{em|[[Predicative expression|predicatively]]}} (foomka sharraxaadda leh oo lagu kala saaray noun-ka: {{xt|the handbag was light blue}}, {{xt|the woman is 34 years old}}). Halka uu ka jiri lahaa baabi'inta caddaynta laakiis, hyphen waxaa loo isticmaali karaa foomka predicative-ka ah sidoo kale ({{xt|hand-fed turkeys}}, {{xt|the turkeys were hand-fed}}). Attributive hyphenation-ka dhibco leh marna waxaa looga fogaan karaa dib-u-qorid fudud: {{xt|Hawaiian-native species}} → {{xt|native Hawaiian species}}. #*Ka fogao isticmaalka hyphen ka dambaysa heerka ''{{nowrap|-ly}}'' adverb ({{xt|a newly available home}}, {{xt|a wholly owned subsidiary}}) ilaa ay tahay qayb ka mid ah compound dheeraad ah ({{xt|a slowly-but-surely strategy}}). Xaaladaha dhifka ah, hyphen wuxuu ka wanaajin karaa caddaynta haddii alternative-ka dib loo qoray uu yahay dhibco leh, laakiin dib-u-qoriddu caadi ahaan waa ka wanaagsan tahay: {{!xt|The idea was clearly stated enough}} waxaa lagu disambiguator-gareyn karaa sida {{xt|The idea clearly was stated often enough}} ama {{xt|The idea was ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} k2dya0m32nd7t7gae42wu7dfvlts96v 310786 310785 2026-10-24T10:16:12Z Isma4l 41797 310786 wikitext text/x-wiki {{MoS guideline|WP:MOS<!-- DO NOT add more shortcuts. None are as short and popular as this one. -->}} '''Haddaha Qaabka''' ('''MoS''' ama '''MOS''') waa [[haddaha qaabka]] ee dhammaan [[Wikipedia:Waa maxay maqaal?|maqaallada]] [[Wikipedia:Soomaali|Wikipedia-ha Soomaaliga]].{{efn|Isku xirka [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility|waxyaabaha la xiriira oo la heli karo]] waxay ku dabaqmaan dhammaan mashruuca, oo ma aha oo kaliya maqaallada.}} Boggan koowaad waxaa taageera [[:Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style|boggag yar oo xeel-dheer]], oo halkan la isku gudbin karo oo lagu tirtiray [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents]]. Haddii ay ka dhalato is-diido, boggani wuxuu leeyahay ka-horreyn.{{efn|name="CONLEVEL"|Kani waa arrin siyaasadeed oo ku saabsan {{section link|Wikipedia:Consensus|Level of consensus}}: "Is-afgaradka ka dhex jira koox xaddidan oo tifaftireyaal ah, hal meel iyo hal maalin, ma baabi'in karo [[Wikipedia:Community consensus|is-afgaradka samaynta]] ee baaxadda weyn. Tusaale ahaan, ilaa ay ka dhaadhiciyaan bulshada balaadhan in aysan sax ahayn, kaqeybgalayaasha WikiProject ma go'aamin karaan in siyaasada ama hagaha Wikipedia uusan ku dabaqmin maqaallada ku dhex jira baaxadeeda." Iyo: "Wikipedia waxay leedahay heer sare oo kaqeybgal iyo is-afgarad ee beddelka siyaasadaha iyo hagayaasha marka loo eego noocyada kale ee boggaga." Boggaga ka hooseeya waxaa ku jira [[:Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style|boggaga MoS-ka ee xeel-dheeraanta]], [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Guide#Advice pages|qoraallada qaabka]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style|Haddaha Qaabka ee Fudud]].}} {{vanchor|Clarity|text=Tifaftireyaal waa inay u qoraan maqaallada iyagoo isticmaalaya luqad toos ah, gaaban, oo fudud in la fahmo. Tifaftireyaal waa inay u dhisaan maqaallada qaabeyn joogto ah oo u sahlanaata akhristaha.}} {{va|Stability|text=Haddii ka badan hal qaab ama foom lagu aamini karo MoS-ka, mid waa in loo isticmaalo madal kasta oo ku dhex jirta maqaalka oo [[#Retaining existing styles|aan la beddelin]] sabab wanaagsan la'aanteed. [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|Tifaftirka dagaalka]] ee ku saabsan doorashooyinka qaabka ma aha mid la accepts karo.{{efn|name="ew"|Arrrimahaani waxaa lagu xalliyay go'aannada [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|Guddiga Garsoorka]] ee [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk#Optional styles|2005]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan#Preferred styles|2006]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Date delinking#Optional styles|2009]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Infoboxes#Use of infoboxes|2015]].}} Qoraal cusub oo lagu daro boggan waa inuu toos u xalliyo arrin qaab oo si joogto ah u soo noqnoqota.}} {{TOC limit|3}} ==Dhonsashada qaababka jira== {{Shortcut|MOS:VAR|MOS:STYLEVAR|MOS:STYLERET}} {{Redirect|MOS:VAR|retention of an article's established national English variety|#National varieties of English|a list of more specific related rules|WP:VARS}} Marna, MOS-ku wuxuu bixiyaa ka badan hal qaab oo la accepts karo ama ma bixiyo hagal gaar ah. Marka ka badan hal qaab la accepts karo, al-fajar ma aha mid habboon in tifaftiraha Wikipedia uu ka beddelo hal qaab oo uu u beddelo mid kale ilaa ay jirto sabab muhiim ah oo beddelka ah.{{efn|name="ArbCom"|Astaanta bilowga ee qoraalkan, eeg go'aannada [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|ArbCom]] ee [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk#Principles|Juun 2005]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/jguk 2#Principles|Nofembar 2005]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan#Principles|2006]].}} [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|Tifaftirka dagaalka]] ee ku saabsan qaabka,{{efn|name="ew"}} ama u adeegsiga qaab dookh ah si [[Wikipedia:Bot policy#Assisted editing guidelines|bot-oo kale ah]] is-afgarad ka hor la'aantiis,{{efn|name="bot-like"|Eeg [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Magioladitis 2#High-speed editing|Go'aanka ArbCom ee 2017]], iyo {{section link|Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser#Rules of use}}; tifaftirka bot-ka oo kale ah oo sii socda inkastoo ay jiraan diidmo ama oo keena makhaadhaa wuxuu keeni karaa [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|xannibaad]] iyo baabi'inta xuquuqaha ku saabsan qalabka semi-automated-ka ah.}} waa [[Wikipedia:Disruptive editing|dhibco ka dhan ah]] oo waligeed ma aha mid la accepts karo. Beddelka aan la xaqijin ee kaaga taagan hal qaab oo la accepts karo, [[#Consistency within articles|oo si joogto ah loo adeegsaday]] ee ku dhex jira maqaal oo loo beddelo qaab kale waa la [[Wikipedia:Reverting|celin karaa]]. Doono [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Opportunities for commonality|fursadaha wadaagga]] si looga fogaado murannada qaabka. Haddii aad rammayso in qaab kale uu ka habboon yahay maqaal gaar ah, doono [[Wikipedia:Consensus|is-afgarad]] iyadoo ku saabsan tan lagula discuss-garaynayo bogga wada-hadalka maqaalka ama{{snd}}haddii ay keento arrin guud ama ku saabsan MoS-ka lakiisa{{snd}}at [[Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style]]. Haddii wada-hadalku uusan keenin is-afgarad beddelka ah, sii wad isticmaalka qaabka horey loo dhisay ee maqaalka. Haddii wada-hadalku uu ku guuldareysto inuu gaaro wax is-afgarad ah oo ku saabsan midka laba ama ka badan qaab oo tartamaya oo la isticmaalayo, markaas dib u noqo qaabkii loo isticmaalay nooca ugu horreeyay ee ka dambeeya [[Wikipedia:Stub|qabyada]] maqaalka oo uu ka muuqday mid ka mid ah qaababka ku dabaqmaya. (Mawqifkan dib-u-noqoshada ah ma siiyo [[WP:UNCHALLENGED|darajo aan la tartami karin]] qaabkaas gaarka ah inta lagu jiro wada-hadalka is-afgaradka, mana siiyo tifaftiraha soo impose-garaysay qaabkaas ugu horreeyay [[Wikipedia:Ownership of content|wax ka badan]] wada-hadalka.) ==<span class="anchor" id="Article titles, headings, and sections"></span>Mawduucyada maqaalka, qaybaha, iyo madaxda== {{Shortcut|MOS:AT}} ===Mawduucyada maqaalka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Article titles}} {{for|titles which coincide with a work's title|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles of works}} Mawduucu waa inuu noqdo magac la aqoonsan karo ama sifaynta mawduuca, [[Wikipedia:Common sense|isagoo maareynaya]] shuruudaha ah inuu yahay mid asalka ah, si ku filan oo sax ah, gaaban, oo joogto ah oo la mid ah maqaallada la xiriira. Hagaha qaabaynta eeg qaybta {{section link|Wikipedia:Article titles|Article title format}}, isagoo xusaya kuwa soo socda: *U qor herga labaad ee xarafka ugu horreeya (marka laga reebo xaaladaha dhifka ah, sida {{xt|eBay}}), laakiin haddii kale raac [[sentence case]]{{efn|name=Sentence case|1=Wikipedia waxay u isticmaashaa [[sentence case]] jumlado, [[Wikipedia:Article titles|mawduucyada maqaalka]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout|mawduucyada qaybaha]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables|madaxda taarikada]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images|qoraallada sawirka]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists|qoraallada liiska]] (xaaladaha badankooda), iyo qoraallada ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Infobox|infoboxes]] iyo moodallada la midka ah, iyo waxyaabo kale. Wax kasta oo MoS ah oo ku saabsan bilowga jumlad waxay ku dabaqmaan waxyaabaha isticmaalaya sentence case.<!-- Please keep this footnote synced with the version at the MOS:CAPS page. -->}} ({{xt|Funding of UNESCO projects}}), ma aha title case ({{!xt|Funding of UNESCO Projects}}), marka laga reebo halka title case loo isticmaali lahaa qoraalka caadiga ah. Eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (capitalization)]]. *Si aad u qorto farta italic-ka ah, ku dar {{tlx|italic title}} meel dhow sare ee maqaalka. Si aad farta italic-ka ah ugu qorto kaliya qayb ka mid ah mawduuca, ku dar xadka <code>|string=</code> ee qoraalka gaarka ah ee lagu qorayo farta italic-ka ah. Isticmaalka farta italic-ka ah waa inuu u dhigmaa {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting|Italic type}}. *Ha isticmaalin [[Article (grammar)|maqaallada]] (''a'', ''an'', ama ''the'') sida xarafka ugu horreeya ({{xt|Economy of the Second Empire}}, ma aha {{!xt|The economy of the Second Empire}}), ilaa ay tahay qayb aan la kala saari karin oo magaca ka mid ah ({{xt|The Hague}}) ama mawduuca shaqa (''{{xt|A Clockwork Orange}}'', ''{{xt|The Simpsons}}''). *Caadi ahaan isticmaal [[noun]]s ama [[noun phrase]]s: {{xt|Early life}}, ma aha {{!xt|In early life}}.{{Efn|1=Erayada sida {{xt|In early life}} waa kuwo la accepts karo (inkastoo aan loo baahnayn) sida madaxda qaybaha. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa si joogto ah sida qayb ka mid ah mawduucyada maqaalka oo dheeraad ah sida [[Piracy in the Caribbean|{{xt|Piracy in the Caribbean}}]], indhaheeda marka dhismaha gaaban ({{xtn|Caribbean piracy}}) uu leeyahay arrimo is-dhaafsi ah.}} *Xarafka ugu dambeeya waa inuusan noqon calaamad ilaahiyad ilaa uu yahay qayb aan la kala saari karin oo magaca ka mid ah ({{xt|[[Saint-Louis-du-Ha! Ha!]]}}, {{xt|''[[Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?]]''}}) ama gaabinta ({{xt|[[Inverness City F.C.]]}}), ama marka xiritaanka bracket-ka wareegga ama calaamadda xigmadda loo baahan yahay ({{xt|[[John Palmer (1814 schooner)|''John Palmer'' (1814 schooner)]]}}). *Markasta oo calaamadaha xigmadda ama noocyada apostrophe-ka oo kale ay ka muuqdaan ({{xt|[[Geʽez]]}}), ku dar [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirection]] mawduuc caddaynaya oo isticmaalaya apostrophes ({{xt|[[Ge'ez]]}}).{{efn|name=curlyq|1=Calaamadaha xigmadda tooska ah iyo apostrophes waa kuwo fudud in loo qorto si lagu aamini karo madallada badankooda, markaas kani wuxuu u sahlayaa bartilmaameedka redirection-ka oo fudud. Xigmadda curdanka ah iyo apostrophes sidaas darteed waa kuwo si weyn looga tagay Wikipedia-ha English-ka. Eeg sidoo kale [[MOS:CURLY]] iyo [[MOS:']].}} Labadaba ha ka sareeyaan iyo kuwo [[Wikipedia:Article titles]], qeybta kale ee MoS-ka, gaar ahaan {{section link||Punctuation}}, waxay ku dabaqmaan sidoo kale mawduuca. ===Agaasimaha qaybta=== {{Shortcut|MOS:SO}} {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout}} Mawduuca maqaalka waa inuu ku starts-garo [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section|qaybta hordhaca ah<!-- Do not add the word "lede" here. See footnotes at WP:LEAD for details. -->]]{{snd}}gaabinta kooban ee maqaalka{{snd}}oo aan waligeed loo kala saarin qaybo {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section]])}}. Qaybta hartay ee maqaalka waxaa caadi ahaan loo kala saaraa [[Help:Section|qaybo]]. [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes|Infoboxes]], sawirrada, iyo mawduucyada kale ee la xiriira qaybta hordhaca ah waa inay noqdaan kuwo dhanka midig ah. Calaamadaha qaarkood oo heerka ah [[Help:Template|moodallada]] iyo [[Help:Wikitext|wikitext]] oo aan ahayn qaybo waxay ka sarreeyaan inta ugu dambaysa maqaalka, ka hor mawduuca qaybta hordhaca ah, iyo uusocodka soo socda: *[[Wikipedia:Short description|Gaaban sharrax leh]], oo leh moodalka {{tlx|Short description}} *[[Wikipedia:Hatnote|Hatnote-ka disambiguation]], waqtiga badankiisa oo leh moodalka {{tlx|Hatnote}} {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg sidoo kale {{section link|Wikipedia:Hatnote#Hatnote templates}})}} *Moodallada aan lahayn soo-saarka oo muujinaya foomka taariikhda dhisay ee maqaalka iyo nooca luqadda English-ka, haddii ay jiraan (t.s., {{tlx|Use dmy dates}}, {{tlx|Use Canadian English}}) *Moodallada dayactirka ee Banner-ka ah, [[Wikipedia:Template index/Disputes|Dispute]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Template index/Cleanup|Moodallada Cleanup]] ee arrimaha maqaalka oo dhan oo la calaamadeeyay (haddii kale loo isticmaalo sare ee qayb gaar ah, ka dambeeya hatnote kasta oo qayb ah sida {{tlx|main}}) *[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes|Infobox]], oo ah dookh (marka laga reebo xaaladaha gaarka ah sida {{tlx|Taxobox}} iyo {{tlx|Chembox}}, ama nooc ka mid ah, maqaallada ku dabaqmaya); caadi ahaan sidoo kale waxaa ku jira sawirka ugu horreeya *Sawirka hordhaca ah, marka infobox aan la isticmaalin, ama sawir dheeraad ah loo baahan yahay qaybta hordhaca ah (haddii hordhacu u yahay mid aad u dheer, sawir labaad waxaa lagu lagi karaa dhexda qoraalka hordhaca ah) Nooca skin-ka ee [[Vector 2022]], [[Wikipedia:Table of contents|tusmada maqaalka]] waa mid ka mid ah oo ka baxsan mawduuca maqaalka. Noocyada skin-ka hore qaarkood, tusmada la mari karo waxay ka muuqataa si otomaatig ah ka dambaysa hordhaca haddii maqaalku leeyahay ugu yaraan afar madax oo qaybo ah. Haddii mawduuca qayb uu ku jiraa si xeel-dheer oo dheeraad ah maqaal gaar ah {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Summary style]])}}, ku dar {{tlx|main|{{var|Article name}}}} ama {{tlx|further|{{var|Article name}}}} isla markiiba ka hooseeya madaxa qaybta. Sida lagu sharraxay si xeel-dheer {{slink|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout|Standard appendices and footers}}, noocyo dhowr ah oo maaddooyinka ah (badankoodu waa dookh) waxay ka muuqan karaan ka dambaysa qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee maqaalka, uusocodka soo socda: *Buugaagta ama shaqaalaha kale ee lagu abuuray mawduuca maqaalka, ka hooseeya madaxa qaybta "Works", "Publications", "Discography", "Filmography", iyo wixii la mid ah sida habboon (ka fogao "Bibliography", oo loo khaldami karo xigashooyinka tixraaca) *Isku xirka hoose ee maqaallada la xiriira ee Wikipedia-ha English-ka, oo leh madaxa qaybta "See also" *Xusuus-qoraallada iyo tixraacyada, oo leh madaxa qaybta "Notes" ama "References" (caadi ahaan ka dambeeya), ama qayb gaar ah oo loogu talagalay mid kasta uusocodkan {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]])}}; ka fogao "Bibliography", oo loo khaldami karo shaqaalaha mawduuca *Buugaagta la xiriira, maqaallada, ama shaqaalaha kale ee aan loo isticmaalin sida tixraacyada; isticmaal madaxa qaybta "Further reading"; noqo mid si sare ah loo doortay, maadaama [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a directory|Wikipedia aysan ahayn buugga tixraaca]] *Websaydhada la xiriira [[Wikipedia:External links|iyo kuwo habboon]] ee aan loo isticmaalin sida tixraacyada oo aan ka muuqan appendices-ka hore, isticmaalka madaxa "External links", oo loo sameyn karo qayb ka hooseysa "Further reading" (ama isku xirkaas waxaa toos lagu ammaan goyn karaa liiska "Further reading" halkii); [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Links to sister projects|moodallada isku xirka ee mawduucyada mashruuca walaalka ah]] sidoo cuali ahaan waxay ka sarreeyaan qaybtan marka ay jirto (haddii kale qaybta ugu dambaysa ee bogga) *Waxyaabaha ugu dambeeya ee soo socda waligeed ma qaataan madaxyada qaybaha: **Isku xirka hoose oo lagu aaggaaday [[Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates#Navigation_templates|boxes-ka navigation-ka]] **Metadata ee [[Wikipedia:Authority control|Authority control]], haddii loo baahdo, isticmaalka {{tlx|Authority control}} (wuxuu kala saaraa isticmaalka magaca laba mawduuc, ama magacyo badan oo loogu talagalay hal mawduuc) **[[Wikipedia:Categorization|Qeeybaha]], oo waa inay noqdaan maaddada ugu dambaysa ee koodha maqaalka haddii aysan jirin moodallada stub-ka **[[Wikipedia:Stub sorting|Moodallada stub-ka]], haddii loo baahdo, oo waa inay raacaan qeeybaha [[Wikipedia:Stand-alone lists|Maqaallada liiska ah ee gaarka ah]] waxay leeyihiin waxyaabo dheeraad ah oo agaasimaha ah. ===<span class="anchor" id="Section management"></span>Madaxyada qaybaha=== {{Shortcut|MOS:HEAD|MOS:HEADINGS}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Headings|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Order of article elements|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Section headings}} [[Help:Section|Madaxyada qaybaha]] waa inay caadi ahaan raacaan hagaha [[#Article titles|mawduucyada maqaalka]] ee sare oo ay ku muuqdaan [[sentence case]] ({{xt|Funding of UNESCO projects in developing countries}}), ma aha [[title case]] ({{!xt|Funding of UNESCO Projects in Developing Countries}}).{{efn|name=Sentence case}} {{shortcut|MOS:BLANKLINE}} {{vanchor|Blank line|text=Dhammaan madaxyada waa inay ku dhex jiraan xarkooda gaarka ah, oo ay ka horreyso presely hal xar oo eber ah, oo ay raacdo mid ka mid ah hal xar ama aan lahayn xar eber ah.}} {{vanchor|Section headings (necessary point 6)|text=Ha u isticmaalin si xun [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists#Description (definition, association) lists|liiska sharraxaadda]] markup ("<code>;</code>") si aad u abuurto [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Pseudo-headings|pseudo-headings]].}} {{va|SECTIONSTYLE|Section headings (styling best practice)|Section headings (main styling reason)|text=Sida arrin qaab oo joogto ah, madaxyada qaybuhu waa inaynaan:}} {{Shortcut|MOS:SECTIONSTYLE|MOS:NOBACKREF}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 1)|text=si turjumaad ah dib ugu tixraacin mawduuca maqaalka, t.s., {{xt|Early life}}, ma aha {{!xt|Smith's early life}} ama {{!xt|His early life}}}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 2)|text=tixraacin madax heer sare ah, ilaa aad sameyso ay tahay mid gaaban ama caddayn badan}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 3)|text=noqon kuwo la nambareeyay ama xarfo leh sida outline}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 4)|text=noqon kuwo loo sameeyay sida su'aal, t.s., {{xt|Languages}}, ma aha {{!xt|What languages are spoken?}}}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 5)|text=isticmaalin luga ama farta aan caadiga ahayn oo keeni kara [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Headings|arrimaha lagu heli karo]]}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 6)|text=noqon kuwo lagu duubay [[Help:Wikitext|markup]], sida bold iyo italics, oo baabi'in kara muujintooda oo keeni kara arrimo kale oo lagu heli karo}} ====Wikimarkup==== {{shortcut|MOS:NOSECTIONLINKS|MOS:HEADINGLINKS}} {{va|Section headings (technical best practice)|text=Sababo tignoolajiyada ah, madaxyada qaybuhu waa inay}} {{va|Section headings (necessary point 1)|text=noqdaan kuwo gaar ah oo ku dhex jira maqaal (si [[Template:Section link|isqu xirka qaybta]] uu u shaqeeyo)}} oo waa inaynaan ku dhex jirin: *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 2)|text=[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking#Principles|isqu xirka]], xataa haddii kaliya qayb ka mid ah madaxa la isku xiray}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 5)|text=xigashooyinka ama xusuus-qoraallada}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 4)|text=<code><[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics#Typesetting of mathematical formulae|math]]></code> markup}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 3)|text=sawirrada ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Icons#Encyclopedic purpose|icons-ka]]}} {{va|Section headings (main technical reason)|text=Xaddidaadahani waa kuwo lagu khasbay si looga fogaado tignoolajiyada dhibco leh oo ma aha kuwo la baabi'in karo is-afgaradka maxalliga ah ama hagayaasha aan ku habboonayn.}} {{short|MOS:TEMPLATE}} {{va|Section headings (necessary point 7)|text=Wadaagga moodalka}} waa in sidoo kale caadi ahaan looga fogaadaa madaxyada qaybaha, sababtoo ah waxay keenaan koodha asalka ah ee baaqida moodalka inuu ka muuqdo isqu xirka lagu daray gaabinta tifaftirka; gujinta isqu xirkaas ka muuqda taariikhda bogga ma keeni doonto qaybta loo baahan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, [[WP:ANCHORSUBST|marka lagu darayo isqu xirka anchor madaxyada, mar walba beddel moodalka gudaha madaxa]]: {{block indent|1={{plainlist| * {{y}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== {{subst:anchor|Anchor name}} Section title ==</nowiki>}}</code> * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== {{anchor|Anchor name}} Section title ==</nowiki>}}</code> }} }} {{shortcut|MOS:SECTIONCOMMENT}} {{va|SECTIONCOMMENT|Section comment|text=[[#Invisible comments|Xusuus-qoraallada la qariyay]] oo tixraacaya madaxa qayb ama qayb oo dhan waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu lago xar ka hooseysa madaxa. Waxaa sidoo cuali ahaan lagu lagi karaa ku dhex jira xarkooda oo kale sida madaxa, laakiin xaaladaas waa inay noqdaan kuwo {{em|gudaha}} <code>==&nbsp;==</code> markup:{{efn|1=Xusuus-qoraal ka baxsan <code><nowiki>==&nbsp;==</nowiki></code> laakiin ku dhex jira xarkooda oo kale wuxuu keeni karaa isqu xirka tifaftirka qaybta inuu ku guuldareysto inuu ka muuqdo dhammaan; ee browsers-ka kale, wuxuu ka muuqan karaa, laakiin isticmaalkiisu wuxuu keeni doonaa madaxa qaybta inuusan si otomaatig ah lagu darin gaabinta tifaftirka.}}}} {{block indent|1={{plainlist| * {{y}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== Implications ==</nowiki><br /><nowiki><!--This comment is placed correctly.--></nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{mby}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== Implications<!--This comment works fine.--> ==</nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{mby}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== <!--This comment works fine.-->Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== Implications == <!--This comment causes problems.--> </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{tracked|T381786}}{{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki><!--This comment causes problems.</nowiki><br><nowiki>-->== Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki><!--The space after this comment breaks the heading completely.--> == Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} }} }} ====<span class="anchor" id="SECTIONANCHOR"></span><span class="anchor" id="Section anchor"></span>Anchors==== {{short|MOS:SECTIONANCHOR}} <section begin="heading links" />Ka hor inta aanad beddelin madax, tixgeli in aad baabi'inayso isqu xirka jira oo ku dhex jira.<section end="heading links" /> Haddii ay jiraan [[Help:Link#To a section|isqu xirka badan oo u socda mawduuca hore]],{{efn|name="many links"|1=Si aad u ogaato inta isqu xirka ee u socda mawduuca qaybta hore iyo maqaallada leeh iyaga, waxaad sameyn kartaa <span class=plainlinks>[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=all%3A+linksto%3A%22ARTICLE%22+insource%3A%2F%5B%5B%7C%5DARTICLE%5C%23OLDSECTION%2F+&title=Special:Search&profile=all&fulltext=1 raadinta sare ee]</span>, iyadoo la beddelayo {{smallcaps|article}} magaca maqaalka, iyo {{smallcaps|oldsection}} mawduuca qaybta hore. Raadintaas sare ma raadiso [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirections-ka]], markaas sidoo kale eeg bogga maqaalka ee [[Special:WhatLinksHere]] ee redirections-ka u socda mawduuca qaybta hore. Haddii ay jiraan kaliya nambarka yar ee isqu xirka ee u socda mawduuca qaybta hore, waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu cusbooneysiiyo manwal ahaan.}} abuur [[Help:Anchor|anchor]] oo leh mawduucaas si loo xaqijiyo in kuwani ay sii shaqeeyaan. Sidoo kale, marka lagu isqu xirayo qayb, ka tag xusuus-qoraal aan la arki karin madaxa qaybta bartilmaameedka, iyadoo lagu magacaabayo maqaallada isqu xirka leeh, si haddii madaxa dambe loo beddelo kani si fudud loo hagaajin karo, ama kale anchor kale loo abuurayo haddii ay jiraan kuwo badan.{{efn|name="many links"}} Tusaale ahaan: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == {{subst:Anchor|Consequences}} Implications == <!-- "Richard Dawkins" and "Daniel Dennett" link here. --> </syntaxhighlight> oo lagu kaydin doono maqaalka sida: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == <span class="anchor" id="Consequences"></span> Implications == <!-- "Richard Dawkins" and "Daniel Dennett" link here. --> </syntaxhighlight> Faa'iidada isticmaalka {{tlxs|Anchor}}, ama kaliya la dhex gelinayo {{tag|span|o|link=yes}} tags-ka toos, waa in marka tifaftirka loo sameeyo qaybta mustaqbalka, anchor-ku ma lagu dhex jiri doono taariikhda bogga sida qayb ka mid ah magaca qaybta. Marka kaliya {{tlx|Anchor}} loo isticmaalo toos, akhlaaqdaas aan loo baahnayn {{em|waa ay}} dhacdaa, markaas waa in mar walba [[WP:ANCHORSUBST|loo beddelo anchors madaxyada qaybaha]]. Marka la dhex gelinayo span toos, {{em|ha}} gaabin iyadoo la isticmaalayo tag-ka self-closing, sida ku dhex jirta: <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== <span id="Consequences"</nowiki>{{highlight round|/|bc=var(--background-color-destructive-subtle, lightred);}}> Implications <nowiki>==</nowiki>}}</code> In HTML5 foomkaas XML-style waa mid shaqaynaya kaliya tags-ka qaarkood, sida {{nowrap |<code>&lt;br/></code>}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T134423 |title=T134423 Deprecate nonstandard behavior of self-closed HTML tags in wikitext. |website=phabricator.wikimedia.org |access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref> Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking|Avoiding broken section links}} si aad u ogaato wada-hadal dheeraad ah. ====Mawduuca oo kale madaxa==== Hagaha sare ee madaxyada qaybaha, gaar ahaan sentence case, turjumaad, sawirrada iyo su'aalaha, sidoo kale wuxuu ku dabaqmaa [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables#Captions and headers|madaxyada taarikada]] (iyo noocyada taarikada iyo xarrada). Laakiin, madaxyada taarikada waxay ku dhex jiri karaan xigashooyinka oo waxay ku starts-garo karaan, ama noqon karaan, nambara. Unka madaxyada bogga, madaxyada taarikada ma samayn karaan si otomaatig ah anchors-ka isqu xirka. Ka baxsan sentence case ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Glossaries|glossaries]], talada madaxa sidoo kale waxay ku dabaqmaysaa ''term'' qoraallada ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists#DLIST|description lists]]. Haddii la isticmaalayo [[Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Glossaries#Template-structured|template-structured glossaries]], terms-ku si otomaatig ah waxay leeyihiin anchors-ka isqu xirka, laakiin ma leeyihiin kale. Xigashooyinka mawduuca description-list waxay ku dhex jiraan {{tl|term}} ama {{tl|defn}} element, sida loo baahan yahay. ==Noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga== {{Shortcut|MOS:ENGVAR}} Noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga (tusaale ahaan, kala duwanaanshaha erayada ama naxwaha ee gobollada ka jira) waxay bixiyaan macluumaad ku saabsan kala duwanaanshaas. Dhammaan noocyada gobollada ama noocyada heerka ee Af-Soomaaliga waa kuwo la aqbali karo oo siman Wikipedia-da Soomaaliga, iyada oo la isticmaalayo uslub rasmi ah oo maqaallada u gaar ah ([[Register (sociolinguistics)|weeraral rami ah]] ama astaanta luqadda). Qaabka taariikhda ee maqaalka ({{xt|{{#time: F j, Y}}}} ama {{xt|{{#time: j F Y}}}}) wuxuu sidoo kale la xiriiraa noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga {{snd}}eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|Strong national ties to a topic|Retaining existing format}}. === <span class="anchor" id="Internal consistency"></span>Joogteynta ku dhex jirta maqaallada<!-- When renaming this section title, rename the full link at [[Wikipedia:Consistency]] --> === {{Shortcut|MOS:ARTCON|MOS:CONSISTENT}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Variation in citation methods|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Retaining existing format}} Xeerarka nooc gaar ah oo Af-Soomaali caadifad ah waa in loo raaco si joogto ah ku dhex jirta maqaalka gaarka ah. Waxyaabaha ka baxsan waxaa ku jira: *'''Xigashooyinka''' iyo '''cinwaannada buugaagta ama hawlaha''' (sida buugaagta, filimada, iyo muusigga) waa in loo qoraa sida ay ka muuqdaan ilaha tixraaca. Laakiin, waxaa jira xaalado qaarkood oo leexanaya mabda'an si loo dhowro heerka qaab-qoraalka ee alifbeetada encyclopedia-ha dhan. {{crossref|Eeg {{section link||Typographic conformity}}.}} *'''Magacyada u gaarka ah''' waxay isticmaalaan qoraalka mawduuca ama lahaanshaha u gaarka ah, tusaale ahaan, {{xt|United States Department of Defense}} iyo {{xt|Australian Defence Force}}; {{xt|International Labour Organization}}<!--This example is here because it uses -our and -ization at the same time; it is Oxford spelling.-->. *Maqaallada ku saabsan mawduucyada la xiriira kimistariga, foomka heerka caalamiga ah ee higaada {{xt|aluminium}}, {{xt|sulfur}}, {{xt|caesium}} (iyo erayada ka soo baxa) waa in loo isticmaalo iyadoo aan loo eegin nooca luqadda ee looga adeegsado maqaalka. {{crossref|Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (chemistry)|Element names}}.}} ===Fursadaha wadaagga ama isku-duubnida=== {{shortcut|MOS:COMMONALITY}} Si loogu talagalay encyclopedia caalamiga ah, isticmaalka erayada wadaagga ah ee dhammaan noocyada Af-Soomaaliga waa mid ka wanaagsan. *Isticmaal erayada si caalami ah loo aqbalay halkii kuwa aan aad loo fidin, gaar ahaan cinwaannada. Tusaale ahaan, [[Glasses|{{xt|muraayado}}]] ayaa ka wanaagsan noocyada gobollada ee gaarka ah; [[Ten million|{{xt|toban milyan}}]] ayaa ka wanaagsan [[crore|{{!xt|hal crore}}]]. *Haddii kala duwanaansho higaadeed uu ka muuqdo cinwaan, samee bogga [[Wikipedia:Redirect|reer-itusaale (sidetrack/redirect)]] si loogu talagalay kuwa kale, sida ku dhex jirta [[artefact]] iyo [[artifact]], si dhammaan noocyada loo isticmaali karo raadinta iyo isku xirka. *Erayada ku kala duwan noocyada luqadda, ama leh macnayaal kala duwan, waxaa lagu [[Gloss (annotation)#In linguistics|u xaqiijin karaa faahfaahinta (gloss)]] si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga ama jahawareerka, tusaale ahaan, {{xt|qaybta dambe ee baabuurta (trunk ama boot)&nbsp;...}}. *Isticmaal eray ama weedh si caadi ah loo fahmo iyada oo ka wanaagsan mid leh macno kale sababtoo ah kala duwanaanshaha gobollada (halkii {{!xt|alternate}}, isticmaal {{xt|alternative}} ama {{xt|alternating}}, sida habboon), marka laga reebo xaaladaha tignoolajiyada ama cilmiga halka beddelkaas uu noqon lahaa mid aan habboonayn ({{xt|alternate leaves}}; {{xt|alternate law}}). *Marka ay jiraan wax ka badan hal nooc oo higaad ah oo ka dhex jira heerka caadiga ah ee luqadda, nooca ugu caansan ee hadda la isticmaalo waa in caadi ahaan ka wanaagsanaado, marka laga reebo halka higaada yar ay leedahay isticmaal gaar ah oo xaalad xeel-dheer ah, tusaale ahaan, ''connexion'' ku dhex jirta [[Connexionalism|Methodist connexionalism]]. {{crossref|pw=y|Si aad u hesho taageero erayada gaarka ah, eeg {{section link|Comparison of American and British English|Vocabulary}}, iyo [[American and British English spelling differences]]; Qaamuustu badankoodu sidoo kale waxay muujiyaan erayada gobollada.}} ===Xiriirka gobolka ama qaranka ee xoogga leh ee mawduuca=== {{Shortcut|MOS:TIES}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Strong national ties to a topic|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Unit choice and order}} Maqaal ku saabsan mawduuc leh xiriir xooggan oo u socda [[English-speaking nation|waddan ama gobol]] gaar ah waa inuu isticmaalaa heerka luqadda rasmiga ah (ee ma aha colloquial/afka wadada) ee gobolkaas ama qarankaas. Tusaale ahaan: <!-- Please DO NOT add more examples here. This is not a list of English dialects. ENGVAR is concerned with English varieties that exist in a codified, formal written register with their own style guides. --> {{Columns-list|colwidth=22em| *[[Afrikaners]] ([[South African English]]) *[[Emancipation Proclamation]] ([[American English]]) *[[Australian Defence Force]] ([[Australian English]]) *''[[The New Zealand Herald]]'' ([[New Zealand English]]) *[[Oscar Wilde]] ([[Hiberno-English]]) *[[Great Fire of London]] ([[British English]]) *[[Lagos]] ([[Nigerian English]]) *[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] ([[Pakistani English]]) *[[Tata Group]] ([[Indian English]]) *''[[Constitution Act, 1982]]'' ([[Canadian English]]) *[[Wanchai Tower]] ([[Hong Kong English]]) *[[Zamboanga City]] ([[Philippine English]]) }} Mawduucyada leh xiriir xooggan oo u socda [[Commonwealth of Nations]], ama waddamo badan oo Commonwealth ah ama [[British Empire|dhulalkii hore ee British-ka]], isticmaal higaada British-ka. ===Dhowrida nooca jira=== {{Shortcut|MOS:RETAIN}} {{See also|#Retaining existing styles|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Retaining the existing format|Wikipedia:Article titles#National varieties of English}} {{redirect|WP:RETAIN|the general editing policy|Wikipedia:Editing policy#Try to fix problems}} Marka nooc gaar ah [[#Consistency within articles|isticmaalkiisa joogtada ah]] lagu dhisay maqaal, sii wad iyada oo aan la helin is-afgarad ka dhan ah. Kaliya xaaladaha gaarka ah (sida marka mawduuc uu leeyahay [[#Strong national ties to a topic|xiriir gobol ama qaran oo xooggan]], ama beddelku wuxuu yareeyaa is-dhaafsiga) ayaa ay jirtaa sabab shaqaynaysa oo loo beddelo ka mid ah dookha la aqbali karo oo loo beddelo mid kale. {{va|FPSR|FMC|text=Marka aan la dhisin nooc gaar ah oo wada-hadalku uusan xallin arrinta, isticmaal nooca ka muuqda nooca ugu horreeyay ee ka dambeeya [[Wikipedia:Stub|qabyada (stub)]] oo soo bandhigay nooc la aqoonsan karo. Waxa ka baxsan tan waa [[#Retain quote variety|ha beddelin nooca luqadda ee ku dhex jira xigasho]].}} Nooca lagu dhisay maqaal gaar ah waxaa lagu qoraa iyadoo lagu dhex darayo [[:Category:Use English templates|tampaallada Use X English]] ee habboon bogga maqaalka. Tampaallada [[:Category:Varieties of English templates|nooca luqadda ee habboon]] sidoo kale waxaa lagu dhejin karaa bogga wada-hadalka ee maqaalka. Maqaal waa inuusan noqon mid la tifaftiro ama magaca loo beddelo kaliya si looga beddelo hal nooc oo luqad ah oo loo beddelo mid kale. Tampaalka {{tlxs|uw-engvar}} waxaa lagu dhejin karaa bogga wada-hadalka tifaftiraha si loogu sharraxo tan. ==Xarfo waaweyn== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters}} Mawduucyada maqaalka Wikipedia iyo madaxyada qaybaha waxay isticmaalaan sentence case, ma aha title case; eeg [[Wikipedia:Article titles]] iyo {{section link||Section headings}}. Capitalization-ka waxyaabaha liiska, eeg {{section link||Bulleted and numbered lists}}. Dhibcaha kale ee ku saabsan capitalization-ka waxaa lagu gaabay ka hooseeya. Macluumaadka dhan waxaa lagu heley karaa at [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters]]. Dhibicda ugu muhiimsan waa in Wikipedia aysan u qorin xaraf weyn wax ilaa ay si joogto ah xaraf weyn ugu noqoto badankooda muhiimka ah ee [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|tixraacyada lagu aamini karo]] ee gaarka ah. ===Capitalization-ka ''The''=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Capitalization of The}} Caadi ahaan, ha u qorin xaraf weyn erayga ''the'' dhexda jumlada: {{xt|throughout the United Kingdom}}, ma aha {{!xt|throughout The United Kingdom}}. Waxyaabaha ka baxsan heshiiska waxaa ku jira magacyada saxda ah ee qaarkood ({{xt|he visited The Hague}}) iyo badankooda mawduucyada shaqaalaha abuurka ah ({{xt|Tolkien wrote ''The Lord of the Rings''}}{{snd}}laakiin ogaada in ''the'' ayan noqon karin qayb ka mid ah mawduuca laakiis, t.s., {{xt|Homer composed the ''Odyssey''}}). Waxaa jira waxyaabo gaar ah oo loo tixgeliyo [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music#Names (definite article)|magacyada band-ka]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Institutions|magacyada doorka]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#NICKNAMETHE|magacyada gaaban]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles#Indefinite and definite articles|mawduucyada shaqaalaha]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks#TMTHE|trademarks-ka]]. ===<span id="Capitalization-Titles"></span>Mawduucyada shaqaalaha=== {{main|WP:Manual of Style/Titles of works}} Mawduucyada luqadda English-ka ee dhismaha (buugaagta iyo shaqaalaha kale ee qoraalka, noocyada iyo shaqaalaha kale ee codka, filimada iyo shaqaalaha kale ee muuqda, sawirrada iyo shaqaalaha kale ee fanka, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxaa loo bixiyaa ku dhex jirta {{em|[[title case]]}}, halka eray kasta loo bixiyo xaraf weyn oo bilow ah marka laga reebo erayada qaarkood oo yar oo muhiim ah (sida lagu sharraxay at {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters|Composition titles}}). Erayada ugu horreeya iyo kuwa ugu dambeeya ee ku dhex jira mawduuc luqadda English-ka ah mar walba waa kuwo xaraf weyn ah. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|''An Eye for an Eye''}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|''Worth the Fighting For''}} Capitalization-ka mawduucyada aan luqadda English-ka ahayn waa uu kala duwan yahay, xataa waqtiga ku dhex jira luqadda oo kale; caadi ahaan, dhonsashada qaabka asalka ah ee shaqaalaha cusub, oo raac isticmaalka ku dhex jira tixraacyada lagu aamini karo ee luqadda English-ka ee hadda{{efn|name=recent}} ee shaqaalaha taariikhda. Marka lagu qoro alfabeta Latin-ka, badankooda waxyaabahaani waa inay sidoo kale ku dhex jiraan [[#Italics|italics]], ama lagu duubo [[#Names and titles|calaamadaha xigmadda]]. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|{{lang|fr|Les Liaisons dangereuses}}}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"{{lang|de|italics=no|Hymnus an den heiligen Geist}}"}} ===Mawduucyada dadka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Titles of people}} *'''Isticmaalka guud''', isticmaal xarafka yar ee erayada sida ''president'', ''king'', iyo ''emperor'' ({{xt|De Gaulle was a French president}}; {{xt|Louis XVI was a French king}}; {{xt|Three prime ministers attended the conference}}). *'''Toos ka hor magaca dadka''', erayadaas waxay ku starts-garoogayaan xaraf weyn ({{xt|President Obama}}, ma aha {{!xt|president Obama}}). Magacyada heerka ah ama caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo ee doorka waxaa loo treats-garaysay sida magacyada saxda ah ({{xt|David Cameron was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom}}; {{xt|Hirohito was Emperor of Japan}}; {{xt|Louis XVI was King of France}}). Qaababka boqortooyada waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|Her Majesty}}; {{xt|His Highness}}); waxyaabaha ka baxsan waxay ku dabaqmi karaan doorkii gaar ah. ===Diimaha, ilaahada, falsafadaha, caqiidooyinka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Religions, deities, philosophies, doctrines, and their adherents}} {{see|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Religion}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles#Religious texts}} *'''Diimaha, kooxaha, iyo kaniisadaha''' iyo taageerayaashooda (foomka noun ama adjective) waxay ku starts-garoogayaan xaraf weyn. Caadi ahaan, "the" ma aha xaraf weyn ka hor magacyadaas ({{xt|the Unitarians}}, ma aha {{!xt|The Unitarians}}). *'''[[Religious text]]s''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn, laakiin mara badanaa ma aha italics ({{xt|the Bhagavad Gita}}, {{xt|the Quran}}, {{xt|the Talmud}}, {{xt|the Granth Sahib}}, {{xt|the Bible}}). Ha u qorin xaraf weyn "the" marka aad u isticmaalayso foomkan. Adjectives-ka qaarkood oo ka soo baxay waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn heshiis ahaan, qaarkoodna ma qaataan ({{xt|biblical}}, laakiin {{xt|Quranic}}); haddii aad ma ogayd, eeg dictionary-ga. *'''[[Honorific]]s ee ilaahada''', ku dhex jira magacyada saxda ah iyo mawduucyada, waxay ku starts-garoogayaan xaraf weyn ({{xt|God}}, {{xt|Allah}}, {{xt|the Lord}}, {{xt|the Supreme Being}}, {{xt|the Great Spirit}}, {{xt|the Horned One}}, {{xt|Bhagavan}}). Ha u qorin xaraf weyn "the" xaaladahaas ama marka aad tixraacayso dadka waaweyn ee diinta ama dadka ka mid ah mythology-ga ({{xt|the Prophet}}, {{xt|the Messiah}}, {{xt|the Virgin}}). Nouns-ka wadaagga ah ee ilaahada iyo dadka diinta ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|many gods}}; {{xt|the god Woden}}; {{xt|saints and prophets}}). *'''Pronouns-ka dadka cibaadada ama worship-ka''' ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn, xataa haddii xaraf weyn lagu qoro qoraallada diinta ({{xt|God and his will}}). *'''Qeeybaha baaxadda leh ee mythical ama legendary beings''' waxay ku starts-garoogayaan xarfo yar ({{xt|elf}}, {{xt|fairy}}, {{xt|nymph}}, {{xt|unicorn}}, {{xt|angel}}), inkastoo shaqaalaha fantasy-ga, sida buugaagta [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] iyo madaaddaalada video game-ka qaarkood, xarfaha waaweyn ee bilowga ah marna loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo in beings-ku ay samaynayaan culture ama race ku dhex jira [[fictional universe]]. U qor xaraf weyn magacyada ama mawduucyada creatures-ka gaarka ah ({{xt|the Minotaur}}, {{xt|Pegasus}}) iyo kooxaha oo magacooda iyo kaqeybgalayaashoodu ay dhisay yihiin ({{xt|the Magi, or the Three Wise Men}}, {{xt|the Furies}}). Tixraacyada guud ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|these priests}}; {{xt|several wise men}}; {{xt|cherub-like}}). *'''Spiritual ama matoorada diinta''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn kaliya marka la tixraacayo matoorada gaarka ah ama waqtiyada ({{xt|the Great Flood}} iyo {{xt|the Exodus}}; laakiin {{xt|annual flooding}} iyo {{xt|an exodus of refugees}}). *'''Falsafadaha, theories-ka, movements-ka, iyo caqiidooyinka''' waxay isticmaalaan xarfo yar ilaa magacu ka soo baxo magac sax ah ({{xt|capitalism versus Marxism}}) ama uusan noqon magac sax ah ({{xt|republican}}, dhismaha fikirka political-ka; {{xt|Republican}}, xisbiga political-ka). Isticmaal xarfo yar mawduucyada caqiidooyinka ama fikirka diinta ee canon-ka ah (oo ka soo karşı matoorada gaarka ah), xataa haddii xaraf weyn lagu qoro taageerayaasha diinta qaarkood ({{xt|virgin birth}}, {{xt|original sin}}, {{xt|transubstantiation}}). *'''[[Platonic idealism|Platonic]] ama transcendent ideals''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn xaaladda caqiidada philosophical-ka ({{xt|Truth}}, {{xt|the Good}}); iyagoo loo isticmaalo si baaxad leh, waxay ku dhex jiraan xarfo yar ({{xt|Superman represents American ideals of truth and justice}}). Isticmaal xarfo waaweyn personifications-ka lagu muujiyay fanka ({{xt|the guidebook mentioned statues of Justice and Liberty}}). *{{va|Eponyms|EPONYM|EPONYMS|text='''[[Eponym]]s''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn ([[Edwardian era|{{xt|Edwardian}}]], [[De Morgan's laws|{{xt|De Morgan's laws}}]], [[Alice in Wonderland syndrome|{{xt|Alice in Wonderland syndrome}}]], [[Plaster of Paris|{{xt|plaster of Paris}}]], [[Platonic idealism|{{xt|Platonic idealism}}]], [[Draconian constitution|{{xt|Draconian constitution of Athens}}]]), marka laga reebo isticmaalka idiomatic-ka ah oo ka baxsan xaaladda asalka ah oo caadi ahaan xarfo yar ku dhex jira tixraacyada ([[Platonic relationship|{{xt|a platonic relationship}}]]; {{xt|complained of draconian workplace policies}}).{{efn|name=eponyms|1=Waxaa jira waxyaabo yar oo dheeraad ah oo ka baxsan capitalization-ka eponyms-ka, halka term uu leeyahay conventionalized xooggan ku dhex jirta xarfo yar, t.s., lagu doorbido foomkaas badankooda dictionaries-ka waaweyn ee luqadda English-ka. Tusaale ahaan, {{xt|parkinsonian}} wuxuu sharraxaa patient muujinaya symptoms-ka [[Parkinson's disease|{{xt|Parkinson's disease}}]]. Linguistics/orthography isticmaalka terms-ka [[Linguistic latinisation|{{xt|latinize}}]], [[Romanisation|{{xt|romanize}}]], iyo [[Anglicization|{{xt|anglicize}}]] [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Anglo- and similar prefixes|waxay sii kordhayaan xarfo yar]], iyo [[Italic type|{{xt|italic[s]}}]] ku dhex jirta typography mar walba waa ikhsan.}} Foomka dhan oo uu eponym ku yahay adjective [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Religions, deities, philosophies, doctrines, and their adherents|ma aha xaraf weyn]] marka laga reebo marka foomka laikiisu uu yahay magac sax ah (t.s., [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles|mawduuca shaqaalaha la daabacay]]: [[The China Syndrome|{{xt|''The China Syndrome''}}]]).}} ===Waxyaabaha kalandarka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Calendar items}} *'''Bilaaha, maalmaha toddobaadka, iyo fasaxyada''' waxay ku starts-garoogayaan xaraf weyn ({{xt|June}}, {{xt|Monday}}; {{xt|the Fourth of July}} wuxuu tixraacaa kaliya Maalinta Xorriyadda US{{snd}}haddii kale {{xt|July 4}} ama {{xt|4 July}}). *'''Xilliyada''' waxay ku dhex jiraan xarfo yar ({{xt|her last summer}}; {{xt|the winter solstice}}; {{xt|spring fever}}), marka laga reebo personifications-ka ama magacyada saxda ah ee waqtiyada ama matoorada ({{xt|Old Man Winter}}; {{xt|competed on the Spring Circuit}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="People, animals, plants, and other organisms"></span><!-- It is unlikely this was used much, and the phrase can simply be searched for and replaced. -->Dhabaha, dhirta, iyo organisms-ka kale=== {{Shortcut|MOS:LIFE}} {{Hatnote|For more detail on capitalization, see {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters|Animals, plants, and other organisms}}; on italicization, {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting|Italic type}}. See also {{section link|Wikipedia:Lead section|Organisms}} for handling of first sentence. See [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (fauna)]] and [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora)]] for article title guidelines.}} Marka la isticmaalayo '''[[Taxonomy (biology)|magacyada taxonomic ("scientific")]]''', u qor xaraf weyn oo italics genus-ka: {{xt|''Berberis''}}, {{xt|''Erithacus''}}. (Supergenus iyo subgenus, marka ay ku dabaqmaan, loo treats-garaysay foomkaas oo kale.) Italics-garo laakiin ha u qorin xaraf weyn ranks-ka taxonomic-ka ah heerka species-ka iyo ka hooseeya: {{xt|''Berberis darwinii''}}, {{xt|''Erithacus rubecula superbus''}}, {{xt|''Acacia coriacea'' subsp. ''sericophylla''}}; wax ka baxsan ma aha oo lagu sameeyay magacyada saxda ah oo samaynaya qayb ka mid ah magacyada scientific-ka ah. Taxa-ga sare (order, family, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn Latin-ka ({{xt|Carnivora}}, {{xt|Felidae}}) laakiin ma qaataan equivalents-ka English-ka laakiis ({{xt|carnivorans}}, {{xt|felids}}); ma aha italics labada foomba, marka laga reebo viruses, halka dhammaan magacyada la accepts-garaysay guddiga [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|ICTV]] ay yihiin italics ({{xt|''Retroviridae''}}). {{Shortcut|MOS:CULTIVAR}}{{Anchor|Cultivar}}Magacyada '''[[Cultivar]]''' iyo '''[[cultivar group]]''' ee dhirta ma aha italics, oo waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn (ku dhex jirta erayga ''Group'' ee magaca ku dhex jira); magacyada cultivar waxay ka muuqdaan ku dhex jira xigmadda single-ka ah ({{xt|''Malus domestica'' 'Red Delicious'}}), inta cultivar groups ma qaataan ({{xt|''Cynara cardunculus'' Scolymus Group}}). '''English [[Common name|magacyada vernacular ("common")]]''' waxaa loo bixiyaa xarfo yar qoraalka maqaalka ([[Plains zebra|{{xt|plains zebra}}]]<!-- animal species -->, [[Mountain maple|{{xt|mountain&nbsp;maple}}]]<!-- plant species -->, iyo [[Southwestern red-tailed hawk|{{xt|southwestern red-tailed hawk}}]]<!-- bird subspecies -->) iyo ku dhex jirta sentence case bilowga jumlada iyo meelaha kale oo xarafka ugu horreeya ee erayga ugu horreeya uu yahay xaraf weyn.{{efn|name=Sentence case}} Waxay sidoo kale qaataan xarfo waaweyn halka ay ku dhex jiraan magacyada saxda ah: [[Przewalski's horse|{{xt|Przewalski's&nbsp;horse}}]]<!-- eponym -->, [[California condor|{{xt|California&nbsp;condor}}]]<!-- typical geonym -->, iyo [[Fair-maid-of-France|{{xt|fair-maid-of-France}}]]<!-- unusual but important illustrative case -->. Kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa species iyo subspecies, sida tusaalooyinka hore, iyo sidoo kale magacyada guud ee kooxaha ama noocyada organism-ka: [[Bird of prey|{{xt|bird&nbsp;of&nbsp;prey}}]]<!-- cross-order ecological niche -->, [[Oak|{{xt|oak}}]]<!-- plant family -->, [[Great apes|{{xt|great&nbsp;apes}}]]<!-- animal family -->, [[Bryde's whales|{{xt|Bryde's&nbsp;whales}}]]<!-- species group -->, [[Livestock guardian dog|{{xt|livestock&nbsp;guardian&nbsp;dog}}]]<!-- domestic type -->, [[Poodle|{{xt|poodle}}]]<!-- domestic breed group but not a breed -->, [[Van cat|{{xt|Van&nbsp;cat}}]]<!-- domestic geographic landrace -->, [[Wolfdog|{{xt|wolfdog}}]]<!-- hybrid/crossbreed/mongrel not recognized as a standardized breed -->. Marka magaca common-ka ah uu la mid yahay taxon scientific ah, ha u qorin xaraf weyn ama italics, marka laga reebo halka la tixraacayo organism-ka taxonomically: {{xt|A lynx is any of the four medium-sized wild cat species within the genus ''Lynx''.}} Magacyada vernacular ee aan English-ka ahayn, marka ay la xiriiraan in lagu daro, waxaa loo maareeyay sida terms-ka kale oo aan English-ka ahayn: italics sidaas, oo xaraf weyn kaliya haddii shuruudaha luqadda hooyo ay u baahan yihiin. Magacyada aan English-ka ahayn oo noqday kuwo lagu dhex dhasheeyay English-ka waxaa loo treats-garaysay sida English-ka ([[Ayahuasca|{{xt|ayahuasca}}]], [[Okapi|{{xt|okapi}}]]). {{Shortcut|MOS:BREED}}{{Anchor|Breed}}'''[[Standardized breeds]]''' waa inay caadi ahaan dhonsadaan capitalization-ka loo isticmaalay heerka breed-ka.{{efn|name=Standardized breeds|1=Hagaha breeds-ka lagu daray [[Diff2/881140543|RfC on capitalization of the names of standardized breeds|December 2018 RfC]]. "Standardized breed" wuxuu waayay macno toos ah oo caddaynaya, laakiin wuxuu ku dhex jiraa breed kasta oo ku dhex jira [[breed standard]] ama [[studbook]] ee kooxda notable breeder/fancier. Kooxaha kale ee dhabaha dhaladada ah ma aha standardized breeds: noocyada taariikhda hore, kooxaha breed-ka, dadka feral-ka ah, landraces, iyo [[crossbreed]]s ama [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] oo aan kooxaha waaweyn ma aqoonsan sida breeds. Kuwo badan caadi ahaan ma aha [[Wikipedia:Notability|notable]] laakiis.}} Tusaalooyinka: [[German Shepherd|{{xt|German Shepherd}}]], [[Russian White goat|{{xt|Russian White goat}}]], [[Berlin Short-faced Tumbler|{{xt|Berlin Short-faced Tumbler}}]]. Sida dhirta cultivars, kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa haddii noun-ka lagu daray uu yahay magac sax ah ama kale, oo ka soo karşı sida magacyada vernacular ee species loo qoro. Laakiin, ka baxsan cultivars, breeds waligeed ma lagu lago xigmadda single-ka ah, oo magacyadoodu waligeed ma aha qayb ka mid ah magac scientific ah. Term-ka species oo lagu daray dhamaadka si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga ("cat", "hound", "horse", "swine", iyo wixii la mid ah) waa inuusan noqon xaraf weyn, ilaa uu yahay qayb ka mid ah magaca breed-ka laakiis oo si joogto ah lagu muujiyo foomkaas heerka breed-ka (xaaladaha dhifka ah waxaa ku jira [[Norwegian Forest Cat|{{xt|Norwegian Forest Cat}}]] iyo [[American Quarter Horse|{{xt|American Quarter Horse}}]]). Samee [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirections]] ka soo baxay capitalization-ka kale iyo foomamka spelling-ka ee mawduucyada maqaalka, iyo magacyada kale, t.s., [[Adélie Penguin]], [[Adelie penguin]], [[Adelie Penguin]] iyo ''[[Pygoscelis adeliae]]'' dhammaan waa inay redirection u sameeyaan [[Adélie penguin]]. ===Celestial bodies=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Celestial bodies}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (astronomical objects)}} Erayada ''sun'', ''earth'', ''moon'', iyo ''solar system'' ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn isticmaalka guud ({{xt|The sun was over the mountain top}}; {{xt|The tribal people thought of the whole earth as their home}}). Waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn marka entity-ga uu yahay personified ({{xt|Sol Invictus ('Unconquered Sun') was the Roman sun god}}) ama marka loo isticmaalo sida magaca body gaar ah xaaladda scientific ama astronomical ({{xt|The Moon orbits the Earth}}; laakiin {{xt|Io is a moon of Jupiter}}). Magacyada planets, moons, asteroids, comets, stars, constellations, iyo galaxies waa magacyo sax ah, oo sidaas darteed xaraf weyn ah ({{xt|The planet Mars is in the constellation Gemini, near the star Pollux}}). Xarafka ugu horreeya ee eray kasta oo ku dhex jira magacaas waa xaraf weyn ({{xt|Alpha Centauri}} ma aha {{!xt|Alpha centauri}}; {{xt|Milky Way}}, ma aha {{!xt|Milky way}}). Erayada sida ''comet'' iyo ''galaxy'' waa inay noqdaan xaraf weyn marka ay samaynayaan qayb ka mid ah magac sax ah, laakiin ma aha marka loo isticmaalo sida term guud ({{xt|Halley's Comet is the most famous of the comets}}; {{xt|the Andromeda Galaxy is a spiral galaxy}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Compass"></span>Dhibcaha compass-ka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Compass points}} Ha u qorin xaraf weyn '''directions''' sida ''north'' ama foomamka la xiriira ({{xt|We took the northern road}}) marka laga reebo marka ay yihiin qaybo ka mid ah magacyada saxda ah ({{xt|Great North Road}}, {{xt|Great Western Drive}}, {{xt|South Pole}}). U qor xaraf weyn '''magacyada gobollada''' haddii ay gaareen heerka magaca saxda ah, ku dhex jira magacyada caadiga ah ee heshiiska ({{xt|Southern California}}; {{xt|the Western Desert}}), iyo terms-ka ka soo baxay ee dadka (t.s., ''Southerner'' sida ein ka soo jeeda [[Southern United States]]). Ha u qorin xaraf weyn magacyada sharraxaadda leh ee gobollada oo aan gaarin heerka magacyada saxda ah, sida {{xt|southern Poland}}. Directions-ka composite waxaa lagu dhex jiri karaa ama aan lagu dhex jiri karin hyphen, iyadoo ku xiran [[#National varieties of English|nooca English-ka ee loo dhasheeyay]] maqaalka. {{xt|Southeast Asia}} iyo {{xt|northwest}} waxay ka caansan yihiin American English-ka; laakiin {{xt|South-East Asia}} iyo {{xt|north-west}} waxay ka caansan yihiin British English-ka. Xaaladaha sida {{xt|north–south dialogue}} iyo {{xt|east–west orientation}}, isticmaal en dash; eeg {{section link||Other uses for en dashes}}. ===<span id="Institutions"></span>Magacyada saxda ah ka soo karşı terms-ka guud=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Institutions|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Capitalization of The{{!}}Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Capitalization of ''The''}} U qor xaraf weyn magacyada doorka gaarka ah ({{xt|the founding of the University of Delhi}}; {{xt|the history of Stanford University}}) laakiin ma aha erayada guud ee doorka ({{xt|the high school is near the university}}). Ha u qorin xaraf weyn ''the'' bilowga magaca doorka, iyadoo aan loo eegin qaabka loo doorbido ee doorka. Waxaa jira waxyaabo gaar ah oo dhif ah, marka la hoggaaminayo ''The'' oo lagu muujiyay ''T'' ku dhex jirta acronym-ka kooxda: {{xt|The International Cat Association (TICA)}}. U treats-garee political ama geographic units foomkan oo kale: {{xt|The city has a population of 55,000}}; {{xt|The two towns merged to become the City of Smithville}}. Ha u sameynin sida qaabka wargaysyada maxalliga ah oo tixraacaya municipality-ga sida ''the City'' ama ''The City'', marka laga reebo City of London [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#City of London|xaaladaha qaarkood]]. Hagahaani wuxuu sii kordhayaa soo-saarka doorka, companiyo, iyo kooxaha kale. Tusaale ahaan, magaca dhan ee sharciga sida {{xt|Online Safety Act 2023}} wuxuu noqon doonaa xaraf weyn, laakiin tixraacyada ka dambeeya ee {{xt|the act}} ma noqon doonaan. ==<span class="anchor" id="Acronyms and abbreviations"></span><span class="anchor" id="Acronyms"></span><span class="anchor" id="Initialisms"></span><span class="anchor" id="Shortenings"></span>Gaabinta== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Initials}} Gaabinta waa foomamka gaaban ee erayada ama foomamka. Raadinta saxda ah, waxay ku kala duwan yihiin [[Contraction (grammar)|contractions]], oo isticmaala [[apostrophe]] (t.s., ''won't'', eeg {{Section link||Contractions}}), iyo [[initialism]]s. Initialism waxaa lagu samaynayaa ka mid ah ama dhammaan xarfaha bilowga ah ee erayada ku dhex jira foom. Ka hooseeya, tixraacyada gaabinta waa in loo qaadaa inay ku dhex jiraan acronyms, iyo term-ka ''acronym'' waa inuu sidoo cuali ahaan ku dabaqmaa initialisms. ===U qor matoorada ugu horreeya si dhan=== {{Shortcut|MOS:1STOCC|MOS:1STABBR}} Marka gaabinta loo isticmaali doono maqaal, soo bandhig iyadoo la isticmaalayo foomka dhan, iyo gaabinta ku dhex jirta parentheses: {{Block indent|{{xt|an early local area network (LAN) developed by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC){{nbsp}}... DEC's later LAN products were{{nbsp}}...}}}} Ha isticmaalin xarfo waaweyn foomka dhan kaliya sababtoo ah xarfaha waaweyn waxaa loo isticmaalay gaabinta: {{!xt|an early Local Area Network (LAN)}}. Marka laga reebo xaaladaha gaarka ah, gaabinta caadiga ah (sida {{xt|PhD}}, {{xt|DNA}}, ama {{xt|USSR}}) looma baahna in lagu fido xataa isticmaalka ugu horreeya. ===Foomamka plural-ka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:GREENGROCER}} U samee plural [[acronyms]] iyadoo lagu darayo ''-s'' ama ''-es'': {{xt|Three CD-ROMs and two BIOSes were released}}. Ha isticmaalin ''[[greengrocer's apostrophe]]'' si aad u samayso plurals: {{!xt|Three CD-ROM's and two BIOS's were released}}. ===<span class="anchor" id="Periods (full stops) and spaces"></span><span class="anchor" id="Full stops and spaces"></span><span class="anchor" id="op.cit."></span>Punctuation iyo spacing=== {{Shortcut|MOS:PS}} Gaabintu waxay ku dhabayn kartaa ama aan ku dhabayn karin full point (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-garaysay ''period'' ama ''full stop''). Qaab joogto ah waa in lagu dhasheeyaa ku dhex jirta maqaal. Isticmaalka North American caadi ahaan waa in lagu dhabeeyo dhammaan gaabinta period ({{xt|Dr. Smith of 42&nbsp;Drummond St.}}) laakiin isticmaalka caadiga ah ee British iyo Australian, ma jiro period loo isticmaalo haddii gaabinta (contraction) ay ku dhabayso xarafka ugu dambeya ee foomka aan la gaabin ({{xt|Dr Smith of 42&nbsp;Drummond St}}) ilaa is-dhaafsi uu keeni karo. Kani waa sidoo cuali ahaan isticmaalka caadiga ah ee qoraalka scientific-ka ah. Iyadoo aan loo eegin punctuation, erayada lagu gaabay ka badan hal xaraf waa lagu dhex jiraa space ({{xt|op.&nbsp;cit.}} ma aha {{!xt|op.cit.}} ama {{!xt|opcit}}). Waxaa jira waxyaabo ka baxsan oo yar: {{xt|PhD}} {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg sare)}} "Philosophiae Doctor"; {{xt|BVetMed}} "Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine". Xaaladaha badankooda, Wikipedia ma isticmaalto punctuation-ka oo kale ku dhex jirta acronyms iyo initialisms: {{xt|GDP}}, ma aha {{!xt|G.D.P.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="US"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S."></span><span class="anchor" id="USA"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S.A."></span>US iyo U.S.<!-- When renaming this section title, rename the full link at [[Wikipedia:Consistency]] -->=== {{Shortcut|MOS:US|MOS:U.S.|MOS:USA|MOS:U.S.A.}} {{redirect|MOS:US|the use of the word "us"|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#First-person pronouns}} {{xt|US}} waa gaabinta caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo ee {{xt|United States}}, inkastoo {{xtn|U.S.}} – oo leh periods iyo aan lahayn space – ay tahay mid caadi ah daabacadaha North American, ku dhex jirta wargaysyada news-ka. Hagayaasha qaabka American qaarkood, ku dhex jiro ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style]]'' (tan iyo 2010), waxay baabi'iyeen {{!xt|U.S.}} waxayna soo sheegeen {{xt|US}}. Sababaha [[#Opportunities for commonality|wadaagga]], isticmaal {{xt|US}} default ahaan marka aad gaabinayso, laakiin [[#Retaining existing styles|sii wad]] {{xtn|U.S.}} maqaallada American ama Canadian English oo ay horey u dhisantay, ilaa ay jirto sabab wanaagsan oo loo beddelo. Sababtoo ah isticmaalka periods ee gaabinta iyo acronyms wuxuu noqon doonaa mid joogto ah ku dhex jira maqaal kasta, mar walba isticmaal {{xt|US}} maqaal leh gaabinta waddammada kale. Gaabinta dheeraad ah oo lagu dhex jiro initials-ka waddanka ({{xt|USN}}, {{xt|USAF}}), waligeed ha isticmaalin periods. Marka United States lagu xuso hal ama ka badan waddammada kale ku dhex jirta jumlad oo kale, {{xt|US}} (ama {{xtn|U.S.}}) wuxuu noqon karaa mid aad u informal ah, gaar ahaan xusidda ugu horreysa ama sida noun halkii adjective ({{xt|France and the United States}}, ma aha {{!xt|France and the US}}). Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|U.&nbsp;S.}} oo leh space ama {{!xt|U.S.&nbsp;of&nbsp;A.}} oo taariikh hore ah, marka laga reebo marka aad xigasho sameynayso. Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|U.S.A.}} ama {{!xt|USA}} marka laga reebo ku dhex jirta xigasho, sida qayb ka mid ah magac sax ah ({{xt|Team USA}}), ama isticmaalka tignoolajiyada iyo rasmiga ah ee qaarkood (t.s., [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3]], [[FIFA country codes|FIFA]], iyo [[IOC country codes]]). ===Circa=== {{for|examples|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Uncertain, incomplete, or approximate dates}} Si loo muujiyo ''si xaddidan'', isticmaalka {{tl|circa}}, oo muuqda sida {{xt|{{circa}}}}, waxaa ka wanaagsan {{!xt|circa}}, {{!xt|c.}}, {{!xt|ca.}}, ama {{!xt|approx.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="unwarranted abbreviations"></span>Ka fogao isticmaalka aan la xaqijin=== {{Hatnote|See also: {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|Units of measurement}} for when to abbreviate units of measurement.}} Ka fogao gaabinta marka ay jahwareerin karaan akhristaha, baabi'in karaan socodka, ama ka muuqan karaan informal. Tusaale ahaan: *Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|approx.}} ee {{xt|approximate(ly)}} marka laga reebo infobox ama table (xaaladaas isticmaal {{tlx|abbr|approx.|approximately}} xusidda ugu horreysa: {{xt|{{abbr|approx.|approximately}}}}). *Ha isticmaalin legalism-ka {{!xt|Holmes J}} ee {{xt|[[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.|Justice Holmes]]}}. <!-- this might be better in [[WP:JARGON]] --> ===Ha samaynin=== Ka fogao sameynta [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#Neologisms|gaabinta cusub]], gaar ahaan acronyms. Tusaale ahaan, {{xtn|World Union of Billiards}} waa wanaagsan yahay sida {{em|turjumaad}} ee {{xt|[[Union Mondiale de Billard]]}}, laakiin ma aha iyada ama yareynta {{!xt|WUB}} oo loo isticmaalay kooxda ama tixraacyada gaarka ah; isticmaal magaca asalka ah iyo gaabintiisa rasmiga ah, {{xt|UMB}}. Haddii ay noqoto mid lagama maarmaan ah in lagu gaabiyo space yar, sida [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables#Captions and headers|column header ee table-ka]], isticmaal gaabinta si baaxad leh loo aqoonsan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, ee {{xt|New Zealand gross national product}}, isticmaal {{xt|NZ}} iyo {{xt|GNP}}, oo leh isqu xir haddii term-ka aan horey loogu qorin maqaalka: {{xt|NZ&nbsp;[[Measures of national income and output|GNP]]}}. Ha samaynin initialisms sida {{!xt|NZGNP}}. ===HTML tags iyo moodallada=== Mid ka mid ah {{tag|abbr|o}} ama {{tlx|abbr}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa gaabinta iyo acronyms: {{tag|abbr|params=title="World Health Organization"|content=WHO|wrap=yes}} ama {{tlx|abbr|WHO|World Health Organization}} waxay samayn doonaan {{abbr|WHO|World Health Organization}}; [[mouseover|soreynta]] qoraalka muuqda waxay keentaa [[tooltip]] ee foomka dheer inuu soo muuqdo. ===Ampersand=== {{Shortcut|MOS:AMP|MOS:&}} {{redirects|WP:&|the use of "and" in titles|Wikipedia:Article titles#Titles containing "and"}} Qoraalka caadiga ah iyo madaxyada, isticmaal ''and'' halkii [[ampersand]] (''&''): {{xt|January 1&nbsp;and&nbsp;2}}, ma aha {{!xt|January 1&nbsp;&&nbsp;2}}. Laakiin sii wad ampersand marka uu yahay qayb shaqaynaysa oo qaabka magac sax ah, mawduuca shaqaalaha, ama trademark, sida ku dhex jirta ''[[Up & Down (Horace Parlan album)|Up&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Down]]'' ama [[AT&T]]. Meelaha kale, ampersands waxaa loo isticmaali karaa joogteyn iyo dookh halka space uu aad u xaddidan yahay (t.s., tables iyo infoboxes). Xigashooyinka [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Typographic conformity|waxaa lagu beddeli karaa si dhibco leh]], gaar ahaan joogteynta halka noocyada kala duwan lagu xigto, maadaama noocyada cusub ee qoraallada hore ay si joogto ah u beddealaan ampersands ''and'' (sida ay u beddealaan [[glyph]]s kale oo aan la isticmaalin, [[Typographic ligature|ligatures]], iyo gaabinta). Isticmaalka kale oo loo ilaysay laakiin aan loo baahnayn waa tixraacyada gaaban ee shaqaalaha leeh qoraa badan, t.s.: {{xt|<nowiki><ref>Lubbers & Scheepers (2002); Van Hiel & Mervielde (2002); Swyngedouw & Giles (2007); Van Hiel (2012).</ref></nowiki>}}. ==Italics== {{Shortcut|MOS:IT|MOS:ITAL}} {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Italic type}} ===<span id="Do not use capitals for emphasis"></span>Emphasis=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Emphasis}} Italics waxaa loo isticmaalaa emphasis, halkii [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Boldface|boldface]] ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#All caps and small caps|capitals]]. Laakiin isticmaalka badan wuxuu yareeyaa shaqadiisa: tixgeli dib-u-qorista halkii. Isticmaal {{tag|em}} ama {{tlx|em|...}} ee emphasis. Kani wuxuu u sahlayaa [[Help:User style|user style sheets]] in lagu maareeyo emphasis foom gaar ah, wuxuuna taageeraa reusers-ka iyo turjumaada.{{refn|{{cite web |last1=Ishida |first1=Richard |title=Using b and i elements |quote=the content of a <code>b</code> element may not always be bold, and that of an <code>i</code> element may not always be italic. |url=https://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-b-and-i-tags |website=W3C Internationalization |publisher=[[World Wide Web Consortium]] |date=2015 |access-date=1 September 2016}} }} *Sax: <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>The meerkat is <em>not</em> actually a cat.</nowiki>}}</code> *Sax: <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>The meerkat is {{em|not}} actually a cat.</nowiki>}}</code> ===<span id="Italics-Titles"></span>Mawduucyada=== {{shortcut|MOS:NOITALIC}} {{/titles hatnote include|where=MOS#I-T}} Isticmaal italics mawduucyada shaqaalaha (sida buugaagta, filimada, taxanaha TV-ga, bandhigga la magacaabay, video games-ka, albums-ka muusigga, iyo fanka). Mawduucyada maqaallada, chapters-ka, noocyada, episodes-ka, storylines-ka, papars-ka raadinta iyo shaqaalaha kale ee gaaban waxay qaataan calaamadaha xigmadda double-ka ah. Italics ma loo isticmaalo shaqaalaha diinta ee waaweyn ({{xt|the Bible}}, {{xt|the Quran}}, {{xt|the Talmud}}). Kuwa badan oo mawduucyadaani waa inay sidoo kale ku dhex jirin [[#Titles of works|title case]]. ===Erayada sida erayada=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Words as words}} {{for|the policy when a word or phrase itself may be an encyclopedic subject|Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#When a word or phrase may be an encyclopedic subject}} Isticmaal italics marka aad {{em|xusayso}} eray ama xaraf {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Use–mention distinction]])}} ama foomka erayada ilaa hal jumlad ({{xt|the term ''panning'' is derived from ''panorama''}}; {{xt|the most common letter in English is ''e''}}). Marka jumlad dhan la xuso, calaamadaha xigmadda double-ka ah waxaa loo isticmaali karaa halkii, iyadoo leh joogteyn ({{xt|The preposition in ''She sat on the chair'' is ''on''}}; ama {{xt|The preposition in "She sat on the chair" is "on"}}). Calaamadaha xigmadda waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa maaddada gaaban si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga, sida marka italics horey loo isticmaalay si xooggan bogga ee sabab kale (t.s., ee erayada iyo foomamka badan ee aan English-ka ahayn). {{em|Xusidda}} (si looga wada-hadlo grammar, wording, punctuation, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxay ku kala duwan tahay {{em|xigashoda}} (halka wax caadi ahaan lagu muujiyo ka magaca tixraaca la xigtay). Xigashoda waxaa lagu sameeyaa calaamadaha xigmadda, waligeed ma aha italics, ama labadaba waqti oo kale {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Quotations}} si aad u ogaato xeel-dheeraan).}} Isticmaalka la xiriira ee italics waa marka la soo bandhigayo ama lagu kala saarayo terms: {{xt|The ''natural numbers'' are the integers greater than 0.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign words"></span> Erayada aan English-ka ahayn=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Non-English terms}} Italics waxaa lagu muujiyay foomamka aan English-ka ahayn iyo erayada aan English-ka ahayn ee gaarka ah oo aan caadi ahaan loo isticmaalin English-ka maalin kasta. Laakiin, magacyada saxda ah (sida magacyada meelaha) ee luqadaha kale caadi ahaan ma aha italics, ama terms-ka ku dhex jira scripts-ka aan Latin-ka ahayn. Moodalka {{tlx|lang}} iyo noocyadiisa waxay taageeraan dhammaan [[ISO 639]] koodhadhka luqadaha, iyagoo sax ah u aqoonsanaya luqadda iyo si otomaatig ah u italics-garaynaya. Fadlan isticmaal moodalladan halkii aad manwal ahaan italics ugu sameyn lahayd maaddada aan English-ka ahayn. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link|WP:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Other languages}} si aad u ogaato macluumaad dheeraad ah.)}} ===Magacyada scientific-ka ah=== Isticmaal italics magacyada scientific-ka ah ee dhirta, dhabaha, iyo [[Kingdom (biology)|dhammaan organisms-ka kale]] marka laga reebo viruses heerka [[genus]] iyo ka hooseeya (italics-garo {{xt|''Panthera leo''}} iyo {{xt|''Retroviridae''}}, laakiin ma aha {{xt|Felidae}}). Sign-ka hybrid ma aha italics ({{xt|''Rosa''&nbsp;×&nbsp;''damascena''}}), ama "connecting term" loo baahan yahay ku dhex jirta [[Trinomial nomenclature#In botany|magacyada botanical-ka ee saddexda qaybood ah]] ({{xt|''Rosa gallica'' subsp. ''officinalis''}}). ===<span id="Italics and quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka ku dhex jira italics=== {{shortcut|MOS:ITALQUOTE|}}{{See also|#Quotations}} <section begin="Quotations in italics body"/>Ha u lagin xigashooyinka italics. [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation marks|Calaamadaha xigmadda]] (ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Block quotations|block quoting]]) kaliya waa kuwo ku filan oo foomamka saxda ah si loogu muujiyo xigashooyinka. Italics waa in loo isticmaalo kaliya haddii maaddada la xigtay ay haddii kale u baahan lahayd italics.<section end="Quotations in italics body"/> ([[#Italics within quotations|Eeg ka hooseeya]].) ===Italics ku dhex jira xigashooyinka=== <section begin="Italics within quotations body"/>Isticmaal italics ku dhex jira xigashooyinka si aad u soo saarto emphasis oo ku dhex jirta maaddada tixraaca ama si aad u muujiso isticmaalka erayada aan English-ka ahayn. Emphasis waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu sameyo {{tlx|em}}. Haddii aysan caddayn in tixraacu horey u lagu daray italics (ama qaab kale) ee emphasis, ama si loo muujiyo marka emphasis aan loo isticmaalin qoraalka asalka ah laakiin dambe lagu daray tifaftirka, ku dar xusuus-qoraalka tifaftirka {{xt|[emphasis in original]}} ama {{xt|[emphasis added]}}, sida ay u kala horreeyaan, ka dambaysta xigashoda. * Tusaale ahaan: {{xt|"Now cracks a noble heart. Good night sweet prince: And {{em|flights of angels}} sing thee to thy rest." [emphasis in original].}}<section end="Italics within quotations body"/> ===Atharta ku dhex jirta punctuation-ka dhow=== {{Shortcut|MOS:ITALPUNCT}} Italics-garo kaliya elements-ka jumlada oo uu saameeyay emphasis-ku. Ha italics-garayn punctuation-ka ku dhex jira dhowga. *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|What are we to make of {{em|that?}}}} (Su'aashu waxay ku dabaqmaysaa jumlada dhan, ma aha kaliya emphasis-ka ''that'', markaas waa inaysan noqon italics.) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|What are we to make of {{em|that}}?}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Four of Patrick White's most famous novels are ''A Fringe of Leaves'', ''The Aunt's Story'', ''Voss'', and ''The Tree of Man''.}} (Commas, period, iyo erayga ''and'' ma aha italics.) ==Xigashooyinka== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTE}}{{See|Wikipedia:Do not include the full text of lengthy primary sources}} {{Redirects here|MOS:QUOTE|the section on quotation characters|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation characters|the essay|Wikipedia:Quotations}} [[Wikipedia:Non-free content#Guideline examples|Xigashooyinka gaaban ee qoraalka la dhowray]] waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loogu muujiyo dhibic, loo dhiibo xaalad, ama loo atribuigo dhibic fikir ama aragti. Inkastoo xigashooyinku ay yihiin qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah Wikipedia, isticmaalka badan ee iyaga ka mid ah ma aha mid ku habboon qaabka qoraalka encyclopedic-ka ah oo wuxuu noqon karaa [[Wikipedia:Copyrights|baabi'inta copyright-ka]], markaas badankooda mawduuca waa inuu ku dhex jiraa erayada tifaftiraha laakiis. Tixgeli dib-u-qorista xigashooyinka si ay u noqdaan qoraal toos ah oo gaaban marka ay habboon tahay (iyadoo la ogaaday in [[Wikipedia:Close paraphrasing|dib-u-qorista dhow]] ay sii baabi'in karto copyright-ka). [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Quotations|Ha u lagin xigashooyinka italics]] ilaa maaddadu ay italics ugu noqoto sabab kale laakiis. Per [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|siyaasada verifiability-ga]], xigashooyinka tooska ah {{em|waa in}} ay la socdaan [[WP:INCITE|inline citation]] oo ka soo baxday [[WP:RS|tixraac lagu aamini karo]] oo taageeraya maaddada. Kani waa mid gaar ah oo muhiim ah maqaallada ku saabsan ama ku dhex jira maaddada ku saabsan [[WP:BLP|dadka nool ama dhowaan dhintay]] (BLPs). ===<span class="anchor" id="Principle of minimal change"></span><span class="anchor" id="Minimal change"></span><span class="anchor" id="PMC"></span><span class="anchor" id="PLC"></span><span class="anchor" id="MINIMALCHANGE"></span><span class="anchor" id="MINCHANGE"></span><span class="anchor" id="LEASTCHANGE"></span>Qoraalka asalka ah=== {{Shortcut|MOS:PMC|MOS:SIC}} {{Redirect|WP:PMC|closure of requested moves by page movers|Wikipedia:Requested moves/Closing instructions#Closure by a page mover}} {{Redirect|WP:PLC|inclusion guidelines for organizations|Wikipedia:Notability (organizations and companies)|the handling of the abbreviation "plc" in article titles|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (companies)}}Xigashooyinka waa inay noqdaan kuwo [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiably]] loo atribuigoy, iyo qoraalka qoraalka la xigtay waa inuu noqdo mid si dhab ah loo soo saaro. Kani waxaa loo tixraacaa sida {{em|maamulka beddelka yar}}. Halka ay jirto sabab wanaagsan oo loo beddelo qoraalka, ku dar square bracket qoraalka la beddelay; tusaale ahaan, {{!xt|"Ocyrhoe told him his fate"}} waxaa loo xigtay karaa sida {{xt|"Ocyrhoe told [her father] his fate"}}. <!-- IF EDITING THE FOLLOWING SENTENCE, PLEASE UPDATE THE DOCUMENTATION AT [[Template:Sic/doc]] ACCORDINGLY --> Makhaadhaa yar ee spelling-ka iyo typographic-ka waa in si toos ah loo hagaajiyo (tusaale ahaan, hagaaji {{!xt|basicly}} loo beddelo {{xt|basically}}). Haddii ay jirto makhaadhaa muhiim ah asalka ku dhex jirta, raac iyada oo leh {{tlx|sic}} (soo saaraya {{sic}}{{hsp}}) si loogu muujiyo in makhaadhaahu aysan ahayn mid ay sameysay Wikipedia; tusaale ahaan, {{xt|"his interview with the Dolly Llama {{sic}}"}}. Marka lagu dabaqo qoraal oo isku xir leh, syntax-ka moodalka waxaa loo hagaajin karaa {{tlx|sic|2=nolink=y}} (soo saaraya {{sic|nolink=y}} qoraalka isku xirka leh ee ka soo baxa; tusaale ahaan ku dhex jirta isku xirka: [[Template:Sic|{{sic|nolink=y}} template]]).{{efn|name="sicwarning"|{{tl|Sic}} ma aha in loo isticmaalo dhexda {{tag|ref}} tags, ama ku dhex jirta [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation templates]] sida [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]] iyo [[Help:Citation Style 2|Citation Style 2]], sababtoo ah wuxuu ku dhex jiraa markup oo baabi'in doona [[COinS]] metadata ee ay soo saaraan; eeg [[Wikipedia:COinS]].<!-- Per [[Template:Sic]] there is a {{COinS safe|n}} warning that it "should not be used in citation templates such as Citation Style 1 and Citation Style 2, because it includes markup that will pollute the COinS metadata they produce; see Wikipedia:COinS." -->}} Sababaha saxda ah iyo indexing-ka, mawduucyada tixraacyada ee loo tixraacay ma aha in loo hagaajiyo spelling-ka, laakiin hagaajinta yar ee typographic-ka ah (sida beddelka [[MOS:CURLY|curly quotes]] loo beddelo straight) waxaa lagu sameyn karaa si toos ah. Inline citations ee ku dhex jira qoraalka la xigtay, oo loo tixraaco aan loo isticmaalin maqaalka Wikipedia, waa in si toos ah loo baabi'iyo. Isticmaal [[#Ellipses|ellipses]] si aad u muujiso ka-tagista qoraalka la xigtay. Ka-tagista la xaqijiyay waxaa ku jira erayada aan loo baahnayn, aan la xiriirin, ama parenthetical-ka ah, iyo yaraynta yar ({{!xt|umm}} iyo {{!xt|hmm}}), laakiin ha ka tagin qoraal halka aad sameyso ay baabi'in doonto xaaladda muhiimka ah ama beddeli doonto macnaha qoraalka. Vulgarities iyo obscenities waa in lagu muujiyo si sax ah sida ay ka muuqdaan tixraaca la xigtay; Wikipedians ma aha in waligeed [[Wikipedia:Offensive material#How to treat offensive material in articles|baabi'iyaan erayada]] ({{!xt|G-d d--n it!}}), laakiin haddii qoraalka la xigtay {{em|laikiisu}} uu foomkan u sameyo, copy-garo qoraalka verbatim oo isticmaal {{tlx|sic}} si aad u muujiso in qoraalka loo xigtay sida ka muuqata tixraaca. Xigashooyinka tooska ah, sii wad spelling-ka dialectal iyo archaic-ka ah, ku dhex jirta capitalization-ka (laakiin ma aha glyphs iyo ligatures archaic-ka ah, sida lagu sharraxay ka hooseeya ku dhex jirta {{slink||Typographic conformity}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Quotation point of view"></span>Aragtida=== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTEPOV}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Attributing and specifying biased statements|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Expressions of doubt}} Xigashoda waa in loo isticmaalo, iyadoo la atribuigo, si loo soo bandhigo aragtiyada emotive ee aan lagu muujin karin poxa Wikipedia laikiis, laakiin waligeed ma aha si loo soo bandhigo heerarka culture sida kaliya aragtiyada: *La accepts karo: {{xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film "unforgettable".}} *Aan la accepts karin: {{!xt|The site is considered "sacred" by the religion's scriptures.}} Aragtiyada gaaban ee aan aad uga emotive ahayn caadi ahaan waxaa lagu soo sheegi karaa iyadoo la atribuigo halkii xigashoda tooska ah. Isticmaalka calaamadaha xigmadda ee terms-ka sharraxaadda leh ee gaaban wuxuu [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Expressions of doubt|muujin karaa wax is-dhaafsi ah]] oo ku saabsan maaddada la xigtay; sarcasm ama [[weasel words]], sida ''supposedly'' ama ''so-called'', waxaa lagu muujin karaa. *La accepts karo: {{xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film interesting.}} *Aan loo baahnayn oo muujin kara is-dhaafsi: {{!xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film "interesting".}} *Waa in la xigto: {{xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film "interesting but heart-wrenching".}} ===Typographic conformity=== {{Shortcut|MOS:CONFORM}} {{redirect|MOS:CONFORM|consistency within articles|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Consistency within articles}} Xigashodu ma aha [[wikt:facsimile|facsimile]] oo, xaaladaha badankooda, ma aha shuruud in qaabka asalka ah lagu dhowro. Qaabka iyo elements-ka kale ee typographic-ka ah ee qoraalka la xigtay{{efn|"Qoraalka la xigtay" ee typographic conformity iyo sababaha kale ee badan wuxuu ku dhex jiraa mawduucyada shaqaalaha, magacyada kooxaha, iyo foomamka kale oo, asalkiisa, la xigtay. Tusaale: waxyaabaha sida "Mexican-American War" waxaa si joogto ah loo hagaajiyaa loo beddelo "Mexican–American War" Wikipedia-ha, ku dhex jirta mawduucyada tixraacyada loo tixraacay, ku dhex jirta qoraalka maqaalka, tixraacyada xusuus-qoraalka, ama meelaha kale ee bogga. Kani ma leeyahay athar raadinta shaqaalaha aan tixraacnay, maadaama dhammaan raadinta waaweyn ay baabi'iyaan calaamadaha punctuation-ka.}} waa in lagu dhasheeyo heshiisyada Wikipedia-ha English-ka oo aan lahayn xusuus-qoraal, iyadoo la xaqijiyay in sameynta kani aysan beddeli doonin ama baabi'in doonin macnaha ama inta qoraalka. Kani waa beddelka oo aan samaynayn kala duwanaansho marka qoraalka loo akhrriyo si toos ah; tusaale ahaan: *Normalize dashes iyo hyphens: eeg {{Section link||Dashes}}. Isticmaal qaabka loo doortay maqaalka: unspaced [[em dash]] ama spaced [[en dash]]. *Beddel apostrophes iyo calaamadaha xigmadda loo beddelo qaabka Wikipedia: **Kuwani waa inay noqdaan toos, ma aha curly ama slanted. Eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}}. **Marka aad xigtayso xigasho iyada laikiis ku dhex jirta xigasho, beddel dhexda isticmaalka double iyo single quotes ee xigasho kasta. Eeg {{section link||For a quotation within a quotation}} si aad u ogaato xeel-dheeraan. *Marka aad xigtayso qoraal ka soo baxay luqadaha aan English-ka ahayn, punctuation-ka ka baxsan waa inuu raaco [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation marks|Manual of Style ee calaamadaha xigmadda English-ka]]. Haddii ay jiraan xigashooyinka ku dhex jira, raac shuruudaha punctuation-ka saxda ah ee luqaddaas. Haddii ay jiraan qaabab badan oo luqad ah, midka loo isticmaalay Wikipedia-ha luqaddaas waa ka wanaagsan yahay ilaa punctuation-ka laikiisu uu yahay ku dhex jiro wada-hadal. *:{{xt|The cynical response "{{lang|fr|italic=unset|L'auteur aurait dû demander&nbsp;: «&nbsp;à quoi sert-il d'écrire ceci&nbsp;?&nbsp;» mais ne l'a pas fait}}" was all he wrote.}} *Baabi'i spaces ka hor punctuation-ka sida periods iyo colons. *Caadi ahaan sii wad bold iyo italics {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Italics}})}}, laakiin badankooda qaabka kale waa in loo beddelo qoraal toos ah. {{!xt|{{Underline|Underlining}}}}, {{!xt|spac&nbsp;ing}} ku dhex jirta erayada, {{!xt|1=co<span style="color:Goldenrod;">lor</span>s}}, {{!xt|ALL CAPS}}, {{Smallcaps|{{!xt|small caps}}}}, iyo wixii la mid ah caadi ahaan waa in loo normalize-garayo qoraal toos ah. Haddii ay {{em|caddaynaysay}} muujinayso emphasis, isticmaal italic {{em|emphasis}} ({{tlx|em}}) ama, foomka dhexdiisa oo horey italics ah, boldface (leh {{tlx|strong}}). Mawduucyada buugaagta, maqaallada, gabayada, iyo wixii la mid ah, isticmaal italics ama calaamadaha xigmadda raacaya [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles|hagaha mawduucyada]]. Italics waxaa sidoo kale lagu dari karaa si loogu muujiyo [[#Non-English terms|terms-ka aan English-ka ahayn]] (leh moodalka {{tlx|lang}}), ee [[#Animals, plants, and other organisms|magaca scientific-ka ah ee organism-ka]], iyo si loogu muujiyo isticmaalka [[#Words as words|words-as-words]]. *Fiid gaabinta (aan horey loo isticmaalin mawduuca ka hor xigashoda) sida beddelka square-bracketed, ama ku sharrax iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|abbr}}. *Normalize glyphs iyo ligatures archaic-ka ah ee English-ka ee aan loo baahnayn macnaha (marka laga reebo magacyada saxda ah iyo luqadaha halka ligatures ay yihiin heer, per {{section link||Ampersand}} iyo {{Section link||Ligatures}}). Tusaalooyinka waxaa ku jira ''[[æ]]''→''ae'', ''[[œ]]''→''oe'', ''[[Long s|ſ]]''→''s'', iyo ''[[Thorn (letter)#Abbreviations|þ<sup>e</sup>]]''→''the''. {{crossref|pw=y|Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles#Typographic conformity}} si aad u ogaato waxyaabaha gaarka ah ee loo tixgeliyo normalization-ka typography-ka ee mawduucyada shaqaalaha.}} {{Shortcut|MOS:RETAINQUOTEVARIETY}} {{vanchor|Retain quote variety|text= Laakiin, noocyada qaranka ma aha in loo beddelo, maadaama kuwani ay ku dhex jiri karaan beddelka vocabulary-ka. Tusaale ahaan, xigasho ka soo baxday tixraac British ah waa in ay sii wadato spelling-ka British-ka, xataa maqaal oo haddii kale isticmaala spelling-ka American-ka. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Consistency within articles}}.)}}}} Nambarada sidoo kale caadi ahaan [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Quotations, titles, etc.|ma aha in loo re-format-gareeyo]]. Xigashoda tooska ah ma aha in loo isticmaalo si loo dhowro qaabka loo doorbido ee publisher ka baxsan (gaar ahaan marka maaddadu ay haddii kale noqon lahayd aan la beddelin), maadaama kani wuxuu leeyahay athar ee [[Scare quotes|scare-quoting]]: *{{em|La accepts karo}}: {{xt|The animal is listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.}} *{{em|Aan la accepts karin}}: {{!xt|The animal is listed as "Endangered" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.}} Italics waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loogu muujiyo isticmaalka gaar ah sida [[term of art]] (xaaladda "[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Words as words|words as words]]"), gaar ahaan marka ay tahay mid aan la dhasheyn ama ma aha in loo dib-u-qoro ka magaca aan aheyin expert: *{{em|La accepts karo}}: {{xt|The animal is listed as ''critically endangered'' on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.}} Marka aad xigtayso jumlad dhan, caadi ahaan waxaa lagu taliyaa in erayga ugu horreeya uu sii wado xaraf weyn. Laakiin, haddii qoraalka la xigtay lagu ammaan goyay jumlada dhow (tusaale ahaan, leh hordhac sida "{{var|X}} said that"), xarafka weyn ee asalka ah waxaa loo beddeli karaa xaraf yar. *{{xt|LaVesque's report stated: "The equipment was selected for its low price. This is the primary reason for criticism of the program."}} *{{xt|LaVesque's report said that "the equipment was selected for its low price".}} *{{xt|The program was criticized primarily because "the equipment was selected for its low price", according to LaVesque.}} Caadi ahaan looma baahna in la xuso beddelka capitalization-ka. Laakiin, si loo helo saxnaan dheeraad ah, xarafka la beddelay waxaa lagu lagi karaa ku dhex jira square brackets: {{nobr|"The" → "[t]he".}} *{{xt|The program was criticized primarily because {{nobr|"[t]he}} equipment was selected for its low price", according to LaVesque.}} ===Attribution=== Akhristahu waa inuu awoodaa inuu go'aamiyo tixraaca xigasho kasta, ugu yaraan ka magaca footnote. Tixraacu waa in lagu magacaabo {{em|qoraalka maqaalka}} haddii xigashodu ay tahay aragti {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|Attributing and specifying biased statements}})}}. Marka aad atribuigo-garayso xigasho, ka fogao [[Wikipedia:Words to avoid#Synonyms for said|sharraxaaddeeda foomka biased-ka ah]]. ===Xigashooyinka ku dhex jira xigashooyinka=== Eeg {{section link||For a quotation within a quotation}}. ===Isku xirka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:LINKQUOTE|MOS:LWQ}} Noqo mid dhibco leh marka aad isku xirayso ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka; isku xir kaliya bartilmaameedyada u dhigma macnaha caddaynaya ee loo intended-gareeyay qoraaga xigashoda. Halka ay suurtogal tahay, isku xir qoraalka ka baxsan xigashoda halkii – mid ka hor ama dhowaan ka dambeeya. (Haddii aad xigtayso [[hypertext]], ku dar xusuus-qoraal tifaftirka, {{xt|[link in original]}} ama {{xt|[link added]}}, sida habboon, si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga ku saabsan in isku xirka uu sameeyay qoraaga asalka ah.) ===<span class="anchor" id="Block quotations"></span><span class="anchor" id="Block quotes"></span>Block quotations=== {{Shortcut|MOS:BQ|MOS:BLOCKQUOTE}} U format-garee xigashoda dheer (ka badan 40 eray ama poynti yar oo xarfo ah, ama ka kooban ka badan hal paragraph, iyadoo aan loo eegin dheerka) sida [[block quotation]], iyadoo la isticmaalayo moodalka {{tlx|blockquote}}. Qoraalka lagu muujiyay block quotations iyo quote boxes (eeg ka hooseeya) waa inuusan laikiisu noqon mid lagu duubay calaamadaha xigmadda (ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda waaweyn, "decorative"-style). Block quotations iyo quote boxes oo isticmaalaya luga background ah sidoo kale ma lagu hagal-garayo. Isticmaal {{tnull|blockquote}} iyo markup-ka la midka ah kaliya xigashooyinka dhabta ah; [[#Indentation|indentation-ka sababaha kale]] waxaa loo sameeyay foom kale. Waa heshiis in lagu hor maro block quotation jumlad hordhac ah (ama qayb jumlad ah) oo lagu daro citation-ka tixraaca xarkaas. Alternativamente, moodalka {{tnull|blockquote}} wuxuu bixiyaa parameters ee attribution iyo citation oo ka muuqan doona ka hooseeya xigashoda. {{crossref|pw=y|(Ee isticmaalka dashes leh attributions, eeg {{section link||Other uses for em dashes}}.)}} Qaabkan attribution-ka ee ka hooseeya xigashoda waxaa loo intended-gareeyay xigashooyinka caanka ah oo ma aha caadi maqaallada sababtoo ah wuxuu ku oki lahaa tone aan habboonayn. Xigasho aan lahayn tixraac loo tixraacay waa in lagu calaamadeeyo {{tlx|quote without source}}, ama la baabi'iyo. Maadaama line breaks iyo indentation caadi ahaan lagu baabi'iyo ku dhex jirta {{tnull|blockquote}} ama {{tag|blockquote|o}}, isticmaal {{xtag|poem}} ama {{tlx|poem quote}} gabayada, lyrics, iyo maaddada la midka ah. Maaddadaas waxaa sidoo cuali ahaan loo xigtay karaa inline, leh line breaks oo lagu muujiyay <code><nowiki>{{nbsp}}/</nowiki></code>, iyo paragraph ama stanza breaks oo lagu muujiyay <code><nowiki>{{nbsp}}//</nowiki></code>. Tusaale ahaan: {{xt|"And, as in uffish thought he stood,{{nbsp}}/ The Jabberwock, with eyes of flame,{{nbsp}}/ Came whiffling through the tulgey wood,{{nbsp}}/ And burbled as it came!{{nbsp}}// One, two! One, two! And through and through{{nbsp}}/ The vorpal blade went snicker-snack!"}} {{Shortcut|MOS:BOXQUOTE|MOS:PQ|MOS:PULLQUOTE}} {{va|Pull quotes|Pull quote|Pull quotations|nocquote|text={{tlx|Quote box}} waa alternative ee inline quote ama block quote. Quote boxes waxaa lagu muujiyaa foom gaar ah (la mid ah sawirrada) oo waxay ugu wanaagsan yihiin xigashooyinka muhiimka ah ama sanado ah. Waxay samayn karaan [[WP:POV|point of view]] ama [[WP:UNDUE|undue weight]] arrimo, sababtoo ah xigashooyinka ma lagu lagayo xaaladda ama ma lagu ammaan goyo qoraalka maqaalka. Sidaas darteed, waa in loo isticmaalo si dhibco leh.}} [[Pull quote]]s ma aha kuwo ka mid ah maqaallada Wikipedia. Kuwani waa [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not news|news iyo magazine style]] oo ku saabsan "pulling" maaddada horey ku dhex jirtay maqaalka si loo dib-u-isticmaalo xigashooyinka decorative-ka ah ee soo jiidata attention-ka. Qaabkan unencyclopedic-ka ah waa foom ka mid ah [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Editorializing|editorializing]], wuxuuna soo saaraa [[Wikipedia:Writing better articles#Provide context for the reader|out-of-context]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Due and undue weight|undue emphasis]], oo wuxuu [[Wikipedia:No original research|keeni karaa akhristaha go'aanno]] aan lagu taageerin maaddada. Xigashoda badan ee qoraalka la dhowray (haddii ay u format-gareeyay sida blockquote ama kale, oo xataa haddii lagu credited-gareeyay tixraaciisa) waa la xannibay. Eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Quotations#Copyrighted material and fair use}}. ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign-language quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka aan English-ka ahayn=== {{Shortcut|MOS:FOREIGNQUOTE|}} Xigashooyinka ka soo baxday tixraacyada aan English-ka ahayn waa inay ka muuqdaan turjumaad loo beddelay English, ugu wanaagsan mid cusub{{efn|name=recent}}. Xigashooyinka ah turjumaada waa in si toos ah loo kala saaro kuwa aan ahayn. Muuji tixraaca asalka ah ee turjumaada (haddii uu yahay mid la heley karo, oo aan markii ugu horreysay lagu daabacin ku dhex jirta Wikipedia), iyo luqadda asalka ah (haddii aysan caddayn xaaladda). Haddii qoraalka asalka ah ee aan la turjumin uu yahay mid la heley karo, bixi tixraac iyada ama ku dar iyada, sida habboon. Marka tifaftireyaasha laikiisu ay turjumaan qoraalka loo beddelo English,{{efn|[[Wikipedia:No original research#Translations and transcriptions|Turjumaada laikiisu ma u baahna tixraac marka uu sameeyo tifaftire]]; laakiin xigashooyinka loo isticmaalay ku dhex jirta [[WP:REF|tixraacyada]], [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Quoting|turjumaada ka soo baxday tixraacyada lagu aamini karo waa ka wanaagsan yihiin]], ama [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Citing|tixraacyada luqadda English-ka ee ka wanaagsan]] .}} daryeel waa in mar walba loo qaado si lagu dhex jiro qoraalka asalka ah, {{em|[[MOS:FOREIGNITALIC|ku dhex jira italics]]}} ([[MOS:BADITALICS|marka laga reebo dhismaha scripts-ka aan Latin-ka ahayn]], oo ugu wanaagsan lagu sameyo moodallada {{tlx|lang}} ama {{tlx|langx}}, oo labaduba italics-gareynaya sida habboon oo bixinaya luqadda metadata); iyo si loo isticmaalo erayada dhabta ah iyo (haddii ay suurtogal tahay) erayada caadiga ah ee English-ka ku dhex jira turjumaada. Ilaa aad ka si dhab ah uga ogaato competency-gaaga aad wax ku turjumayso, eeg [[Wikipedia:Translation]] si aad u hesho taageero. ==Punctuation== {{Shortcut|MOS:PUNCT}} {{For|a brief guide to how some punctuation marks are used in Wikipedia for special purposes, e.g., [[Help:List#List basics|description lists]]|Help:Punctuation}} ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign characters that resemble apostrophes"></span>Apostrophes=== {{Shortcut|MOS:'|MOS:APOSTROPHE}} *Isticmaal [[straight apostrophe]]s ({{big|{{mxt|'}}}}), ma aha [[curly apostrophe]]s ({{big|{{!mxt|’}}}}). Ha isticmaalin accent marks ama [[backtick]]s ({{big|{{!mxt|`}}}}) sida apostrophes. *Moodallada sida {{tlx|`}} iyo {{tlx|`s}} waxay leeyihiin taageero marka apostrophe (ama single quote) ka muuqdo bilowga ama dhamaadka qoraalka ku dhex jira italics ama bold, sababtoo ah italics iyo bold laikiisu waxaa lagu muujiyaa noocyada single quotes. **Marka apostrophe raaco qoraalka italics-ka ah, {{tlx|'}} ama {{tlx|'s}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si looga fogaado xarafka ugu dambeeya ee qoraalka dhanka midig ah inuu isku xiro apostrophe-ka. Tusaale: {{xt|the ''Iliad''{{'s}} themes}} (markup: {{nobreak|<code><nowiki>the ''Iliad''{{'s}} themes</nowiki></code>}}). *Xarfaha u okiya apostrophes iyo curly quotes, sida [[{{okina}}okina]] ({{mxt|{{okina}}}}{{snd}}la dhex geliyo iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|okina}}), [[Saltillo (linguistics)|saltillo]] ({{mxt|{{saltillo}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|saltillo}}), Hebrew [[ayin]] ama Arabic ʿayn ({{mxt|{{ayin}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|ayin}}), iyo Arabic [[hamza]] ({{mxt|{{hamza}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|hamza}}), waa in lagu muujiyo moodalladaas ama xarfaha laikiis ee [[Unicode]]. (Basic Arabic transliteration, oo isticmaala ASCII apostrophe, waxaa ka wanaagsan xaaladaha badankooda ka magaca [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Arabic]]; xarfaha kale kani waxaa loo isticmaalaa kaliya transliteration-ka saxda ah.) **Moodallada ma loo isticmaali karo mawduucyada maqaalka; isticmaal xarafka Unicode-ka ee u dhigma toos. Per {{Section link|Wikipedia:Article titles#Special characters}}, sidoo kale samee redirection ka soo baxay foomka ASCII-ka ah si loogu taageero raadinta. Foomamka aan lahayn xarfaha apostrophe-ka oo kale marna waxaa ka wanaagsan ka magaca {{Section link|Wikipedia:Article titles# Use commonly recognizable names}} (t.s. [[Hawaii]] laakiin ma aha [[Keali{{okina}}i Reichel]]). *:{{crossref|pw=y|Sidoo kale eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles|Orthography, spelling and formatting}}}} *Ee [[Wade–Giles]] romanizations ee Mandarin Chinese, isticmaal {{tlx|wg-apos}}. *Luqadaha leh [[ejective consonants]] iyo wixii la mid ah, isticmaal {{tlx|hamza}}. *Ee Cyrillic [[soft sign]], marka lagu muujiyo dhammaan, isticmaal {{tlx|softsign}} ama {{tlx|hamza}}. *Ee isticmaalka possessive apostrophe-ka, eeg {{section link||Possessives}}. *Ee xeel-dheeraanta isticmaalka apostrophe-ka (possessive, elision, formation ee plurals qaarkood, arrimo luqadaha aan English-ka ahayn), eeg maqaalka [[Apostrophe]]. ===Calaamadaha xigmadda=== {{Shortcut|MOS:"|MOS:QUOTEMARKS|}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotations}} Maaddada ka hooseysa, term-ka ''quotation'' wuxuu ku dhex jiraa isticmaalka caadiga ah ee calaamadaha xigmadda sida mawduucyada noocyada, chapters-ka, episodes-ka, iyo wixii la mid ah. Calaamadaha xigmadda sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaalaa xaaladaha kale, sida [[#Animals, plants, and other organisms|magacyada cultivar]]. ====Calaamadaha xigmadda xarfaha==== {{Shortcut|MOS:CQ|MOS:CURLY|MOS:STRAIGHT}} *Isticmaal {{xt|{{big|<b>"</b>}}straight{{big|<b>"</b>}}}} calaamadaha xigmadda, ma aha {{!xt|{{big|<b>“</b>}}curly{{big|<b>”</b>}}}} kuwo. (Ee [[single quotes]]: {{xt|{{big|<b>'</b>}}straight{{big|<b>'</b>}}}}, ma aha {{!xt|{{big|<b>‘</b>}}curly{{big|<b>’</b>}}}}.) *Ha isticmaalin accent marks, backticks ({{!xt|{{big|'''`'''}}text{{big|'''´'''}}}}), low–high ({{!xt|„&nbsp;“}}), corner brackets ({{!xt|「&nbsp;」}}), [[guillemet]]s ({{!xt|«&nbsp;»}}), ama [[Chinese punctuation#Book title marks|title marks]] ({{!xt|《&nbsp;》}}) sida calaamadaha xigmadda (marka laga reebo marka marks-kaas ay yihiin {{em|internal}} ee qoraalka aan English-ka ahayn ee la xigtay{{snd}}eeg {{slink||Typographic conformity}}). Symbols-ka {{!xt|′}} iyo {{!xt|″}} ee ka muuqda edit window dropdowns waa "[[prime (symbol)|prime]]" iyo "double prime" sida ay u kala horreeyaan: kuwani waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loogu muujiyo [[Minute and second of arc|units of angular measurement]], oo ma aha sida apostrophes ama quote marks. *Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo apostrophes ee maaddada la import-gareeyay [[#Typographic conformity|waa in loo beddelo]] haddii ay noqoto lagama maarmaan si loo raaco sare. ====<span id="Double or single quotation marks"></span><span id="Single quotation marks"></span>Double ama single==== {{Shortcut|MOS:SINGLE|MOS:DOUBLE|}} *Badankooda xigashooyinku waxay qaataan calaamadaha xigmadda double-ka ah ({{xt|Welles said: "It was a terrible situation."}}),{{efn|1=Double quotation marks waxaa ka wanaagsan single sababtoo ah waxay si toos ah uga kala duwan yihiin apostrophes: *{{!xt|She wrote that 'Cleanthes' differs from the others', but neither opinion may represent Hume's'}} (wuxuu yareeyaa akhristaha). *{{xt|She wrote that "Cleanthes' differs from the others', but neither opinion may represent Hume's"}} (caddayn badan). }} marka laga reebo xigashooyinka ku dhex jira (eeg ka hooseeya). *Plant cultivars waxay qaataan calaamadaha xigmadda single-ka ah ({{xt|''Malus domestica'' 'Golden Delicious'}}; eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora)]]). *[[Gloss (annotation)#In linguistics|Glosses]] oo turjumaya ama definining-garaynaya terms aan la dhasheyn (marka la isticmaalayo [[MOS:WORDSASWORDS|words as words]]) waxay qaataan single quotes; glosses-ka gaaban ma u baahna comma ka hor definition-ka ({{xt|''Cossack'' originates from [[Cuman language|Cuman]] {{lang|qwm|proto=yes|qazaq}} 'freebooter'; ''republic'' comes from Latin {{lang|la|res publica}}, loosely meaning 'public affair'.}}). Moodalka {{tl|Gloss}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa tan; t.s. <code>{{tlp|lang|es|casa}} {{tlf|gloss|house}}</code> wuxuu soo saaraa: {{lang|es|casa}} {{gloss|house}}. Ee turjumaada tooska ah, moodalka {{tl|Literal translation}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa; wuxuu dhex gelyaa {{xt|lit.}} ka hor gloss-ka. ====Ee xigasho ku dhex jirta xigasho==== {{Shortcut|MOS:QWQ|}} Isticmaal single quotes: *{{xt|Darwin wrote in his introduction that "the maxim 'de minimis lex non curat' does not apply to science".}} Ee dhismaha dheeraad ah, beddel dhexda single iyo double quotes: *{{xt|He said, "That book asserts, 'Confucius said "Everything has beauty, but not everyone sees it.{{" ' "}}}} Ee quote marks ee uusocodka tooska ah, ku dar space yar iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{nowrap|{{tl|" '}}}}, {{nowrap|{{tl|' "}}}}, ama (sida tusaale ahaan halkan loo dhiibay) {{nowrap|{{tl|" ' "}}}}: *{{xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!{{' "}}}} Markup: <code>He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!{{tl|' "}}</code> *{{!xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!'"}} (jamming garaynta waxyaabaha waxay u okisaa si xun fonts badankooda) *{{!xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!'{{nbsp}}"}} (space caadi ah wuxuu leeyahay inta badan) ====<span id="Quotation marks in article openings"></span>Bilowga maqaalka==== {{Shortcut|MOS:BOLDQUOTE}} Qoraalka bold-ka ah oo caadi ahaan ka muuqda bilowga maqaalka: *Calaamad kasta oo xigmadda ah oo qayb ka mid ah mawduuca waa in ay noqoto bold sida qaybta hartay ee mawduuca. **Ka soo baxay ''[["A" Is for Alibi]]'': {{xt|'''''"A" Is for Alibi''''' is a mystery novel&nbsp;...}} *Calaamadaha xigmadda ee {{em|aan}} qayb ka mid ah mawduuca ma aha in ay noqdaan bold. **Ka soo baxay [[Jabberwocky]]: {{xt|"'''Jabberwocky'''" is a nonsense poem&nbsp;...}} **Ka soo baxay [[Babe Ruth]]: {{xt|'''George Herman''' "'''Babe'''" '''Ruth''' was an American baseball player&nbsp;...}} {{crossref|pw=y|(Sidoo kale eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography|Nicknames}}.)}} ====Punctuation ka hor xigashooyinka==== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTEPUNCT}} Haddii dhisma aan la xigtay laakiin kale oo u dhigma uu shaqayn lahaa grammatically aan lahayn comma, isticmaalka comma ka hor xigasho oo lagu ammaan goyay jumlad waa dookh: *{{xt|The report stated "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} ([[wikt:cf.|Cf.]] aan la xigtay {{xt|The report stated there was a 45% reduction in transmission rate.}}) *{{xt|The report stated, "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} Qaabka aan lahayn comma ka sanado badan waxaa loo isticmaalaa xigashooyinka qaybta ah: *{{xt|The report observed "a 45% reduction in transmission rate".}} Comma waxaa loo baahan yahay marka ay ka muuqan lahayd dhismaha oo kale haddii maaddada aan ayan ahayn xigasho: *{{xt|In Margaret Mead's view, "we must recognize the whole gamut of human potentialities" to enrich our culture.}} Ha dhex gelin comma haddii ay is-dhaafsi keeni karto ama beddeli karto macnaha: *{{xt|Caitlyn Jenner expressed concerns about children "who are coming to terms with being true to who they are".}} (Xigasho sax ah oo ka soo baxday foomka ku saabsan {{em|carruurta qaarkood}}{{snd}}gaar ahaan carruurtaas "who are coming to terms{{nbsp}}...") *{{!xt|Caitlyn Jenner expressed concerns about children, "who are coming to terms with being true to who they are".}} (Beddelaa macnaha si loogu muujiyo Jenner in ay muujinaysay concern ku saabsan {{em|dhammaan}} carruurta, inta la dhiibay in carruurtu, guud ahaan, "are coming to terms{{nbsp}}...") Waxay ka caddayn tahay in loo isticmaalo colon si loo soo bandhigo xigasho haddii ay samaynayso jumlad dhan, iyo kani waa in mar walba loo sameyo xigashooyinka jumlado badan leeh: *{{xt|The report stated: "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} *{{xt|In a letter to his son, Albert Einstein wrote: "Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance you must keep moving."}} Punctuation dheeraad ah ma aha mid lagama maarmaan ah ee tooska ah [[#Words as words|words-as-words]] xaaladda: *{{xt|The message was unintelligible except for the fragments "help soon" and "how much longer before".}} ====<span class="anchor" id="Quotation marks-Titles"></span><span id="Quotation marks with names and titles"></span>Magacyada iyo mawduucyada==== {{/titles hatnote include|where=MOS#P-QM-N&T}} Calaamadaha xigmadda waa in loo isticmaalo magacyada iyo mawduucyada soo socda: {{columns-list|colwidth=27em| *Maqaallada iyo chapters-ka (buugaagta iyo periodicals waa italics) *Sheekooyinka gaaban (buugaagta iyo periodicals waa italics) *Qaybaha muusigga (pieces waa italics) *Strips-ka gaarka ah ee comics iyo webcomics (comics waa italics) *Gabayada (gabayada dheer ama epic waa italics) *Noocyada (albums, song cycles, operas, operettas, iyo oratorios waa italics) *Episodes-ka gaarka ah ee taxanaha TV-ga iyo radio-ga iyo [[Serial (radio and television)|serials]] (mawduuca taxanaha waa italics){{efn|1="Mawduuca taxanaha waa italics" wuxuu isticmaalayaa ''taxanaha'' si loogu macneeyo show-ga dhan. Season (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay ''series'' ee British English-ka) leh mawduuciisa laikiis wuxuu isticmaalaa calaamadaha xigmadda mawduucaas, sida sub-work.}} }} {{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The Beatles wrote "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" for their album ''Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band''.}} Ha isticmaalin calaamadaha xigmadda ama italics ee qoraallada hore, concert tours, meelaha, cibaadooyinka, myths, iyo epics. (Kuwa badan, laakiin ma aha dhammaan, oo ka mid ah waxyaabahaani [[#Titles of works|waa inay sidoo kale ku dhex jirin title case]].) ====<span class="anchor" id="LP"></span><span class="anchor" id="LQ"></span><span class="anchor" id="TQ"></span><span class="anchor" id="logical quotes"></span><span id="Punctuation inside or outside quotation marks"></span>Punctuation ku dhex jirta ama ka baxsan==== {{Shortcut|MOS:LQ|MOS:LOGICAL|MOS:INOROUT}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Logical quotation on Wikipedia|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Effect on nearby punctuation}}<!-- Another kind of punctuation "in or out". EDITORS PLEASE NOTE: Changes to this section may escalate into heated dispute. Please consider raising any proposed changes for discussion and consensus-building on the talk page before editing. --> Isticmaal qaabka [[logical quotation]] dhammaan maqaallada, iyadoo aan loo eegin nooca English-ka oo lagu qoray. Ku dar punctuation-ka dhamaadka ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda kaliya haddii uu ka muuqday maaddada asalka ah, oo haddii kale u lag ka dambaysta calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. Qaybta badankeeda, kani wuxuu macneynayaa u treats-garaynta periods iyo commas foomkaas oo kale sida question marks: sii wad ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda haddii ay ku dabaqmaan kaliya maaddada la xigtay iyo ka baxsan haddii ay ku dabaqmaan jumlada dhan. Tusaalooyinka waxaa loo dhiibay ka hooseeya. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Did Darla say, "Here I am"?}} (question mark wuxuu ku dabaqmaa jumlada dhan) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|Did Darla say, "Here I am?"}} (aan sax ahayn in lagu dabaqo question mark xigashoda) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Darla said, "Where am I?"}} (question mark wuxuu ku dabaqmaa maaddada la xigtay kaliya) Haddii xigashodu ay tahay eray gaar ah ama qayb jumlad ah, u lag punctuation-ka dhamaadka ka baxsan calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. Marka aad xigtayso jumlad dhan, dhamaadka oo u dhigma dhamaadka jumlada ku dhex jirta, u lag punctuation-ka dhamaadka ku dhex jira calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. *{{xt|Miller wanted, he said, "to create something timeless".}} *{{xt|Miller said: "I wanted to create something timeless."}} Haddii jumlada la xigtay ay raacdo [[clause]] oo waa in uu ka horreeyo comma, ka tag [[full stop]] (period), iyo ha u beddelin comma {{em|ku dhex jirta}} xigashoda.{{efn|Kani waa foomka ugu muhiimsan oo uu logical quotation ku kala duwan yahay isticmaalka punctuation-ka wargaysyada British-ka, halka publishers badan ay u ilayeeyaan beddelkaas maaddada la xigtay, oo ka aghas ah saxnaanta dhismaha logical punctuation-ka.}} Terminal punctuation kale, sida question marks ama exclamation marks, waxaa lagu dhowri karaa. *{{xt|Livingston then said, "It is done", and turned to the people.}} *{{xt|Livingston then exclaimed, "It is done!", and turned to the people.}} Haddii jumlada la xigtay ay raacdo clause oo aqoonsanaya speaker-ka, isticmaal comma ka baxsan calaamadda xigmadda halkii full stop ku dhex jira, laakiin sii wad terminal punctuation kasta oo kale, sida question mark. *{{xt|"There is no strife, no prejudice, no national conflict in outer space as yet", said Kennedy.}} *{{xt|By asking "Who are you?", she prompts John to tell his story.}} Ha raacin erayada ama qaybaha la xigtay commas ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda, marka laga reebo halka xigasho dheer lagu baabi'iyay iyo comma uu yahay qayb ka mid ah xigashoda dhan. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change, opening the way to confidence and courage", said Turner.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change," said Turner, "opening the way to confidence and courage."}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change, opening the way", said Turner, "to confidence and courage."}} *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|"I began to change, opening the way," said Turner, "to confidence and courage."}} ==== Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo isqu xirka ka baxsan ==== Isqu xirka ka baxsan ee u socda mawduucyada maqaallada waa in ay leeyihiin mawduuca ku dhex jira quotes ku dhex jira isqu xirka. Moodallada tixraaca ee [[Help:Citation Style 1|CS1]] iyo [[Help:Citation Style 2|CS2]] waxay sameynayaan tan si otomaatig ah, iyo tixraacyada aan moodalka lahayn waa inay sameeyaan foomkan oo kale. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|{{cite news |last1=Kiefer |first1=Francine |title=Clinton: The Early Years |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |date=May 29, 1998 |ref=none}}}} (Isticmaalka {{tl|cite news}}) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt| Kiefer, Francine (May 29, 1998). [https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html "Clinton: The Early Years"]. ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''.}} (Aan moodal lahayn) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt| Kiefer, Francine (May 29, 1998). "[https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html Clinton: The Early Years]". ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''.}} (Aan moodal lahayn) ==== Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo isqu xirka ku dhex jira ==== Isqu xirka ku dhex jira (wikilinks) oo ay la socdaan calaamadaha xigmadda caadi ahaan waa inay leeyihiin quotes ka baxsan isqu xirka. Kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa mawduucyada shaqaalaha ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda (noocyada, episodes-ka, iyo wixii la mid ah) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Play it, Sam. Play "[[As Time Goes By (song)|As Time Goes By]]".}} (Isticmaalka <code><nowiki>"[[ ]]"</nowiki></code>.) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|Play it, Sam. Play [[As Time Goes By (song)|"As Time Goes By"]].}} (Isticmaalka <code><nowiki>[[" "]]</nowiki></code>.) Laakiin, calaamadaha xigmadda waxaa loo baahan yahay ku dhex jira wikilinks marka calaamadda xigmadda ay tahay qayb ka mid ah isqu xirka, ama halka qoraalka isqu xirka leh ee muuqda uu ku dhex jiro calaamadaha xigmadda oo muujinaya slang, nicknames, magacyada caadiga ah, ama isticmaalka la midka ah. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The term ''soccer'' comes from [[Oxford "-er"|Oxford {{nowrap|"-er"}}]] slang, which was prevalent at the [[University of Oxford]] in England from about 1875...}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|A Cockney accent [[Rhoticity in English|drops the "r"]] after a vowel.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The [[Dynamo Sports Club|Proletarian Sports Society "Dynamo"]] was established in Moscow in 1923.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|President Suharto's [[New Order (Indonesia)|"New Order"]] administration received US support for its economic policies.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Japan's [[Lost Decades|"Lost Decades"]] began in 1991.}} ===Brackets iyo parentheses=== {{Shortcut|MOS:()|MOS:BRACKETS}} {{Redirect|MOS:PAREN|use of parentheses (round brackets) in article titles|WP:Article titles#Parenthetical disambiguation|deprecated inline parenthetical citations|WP:Citing sources#Parenthetical referencing}} Qaybtan waxay ku dabaqmaysaa labadaba round brackets {{xt|(&nbsp;)}}, sidoo cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay [[Bracket|parentheses]], iyo square brackets {{xt|[&nbsp;]}}. Haddii jumlad ay ku dhex jirto foom bracketed ah, u lag punctuation-ka jumlada ka baxsan brackets-ka {{xt|(sida halkan loo muujiyay).}} Laakiin, halka hal ama ka badan jumlado ay ku dhex jiraan brackets-ka dhan, u lag punctuation-kooda ku dhex jira brackets-ka. Waa inuusan jirin space dhow dhanka ku dhex jira ee bracket-ka. Bracket-ka oo starts-garoogaya caadi ahaan waa inuu ka horreeyo space. Kani ma noqon karo xaaladda haddii uu ka horreeyo calaamad xigmadda oo starts-garoogaysa, bracket kale oo starts-garoogaya, ama qayb ka mid ah eray: *{{xt|He rose to address the meeting: "(Ahem)&nbsp;... Ladies and gentlemen, welcome!"}} *{{xt|Only the royal characters in the play ([Prince] Hamlet and his family) habitually speak in blank verse.}} *{{xt|We journeyed on the Inter[continental].}} *{{xt|Most people are right-handed. (Some people are left-handed, but that does not make right-handed people "better" than left-handed people.)}} Waa inuu jiro space ka dambeeya bracket-ka xiritaanka, marka laga reebo halka punctuation mark uu raaco (inkastoo spaced dash uu sii wadi doono space ka dambeeya bracket-ka xiritaanka) iyo xaaladaha aan caadiga ahayn ee la midka ah kuwa lagu tirtiray bracket-ka starts-garoogaya. Ka fogao kooxaha dhow ee brackets-ka. Mid ka mid ah u lag foomamka parenthetical-ka ah ku dhex jirta hal koox oo lagu kala saaray semicolons, ama dib-u-qor: *{{em|Ka fogao}}: {{!xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919) (also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader.}} *{{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: {{xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919; also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader.}} *{{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: {{xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader. He was also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv.}} Square brackets waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loogu muujiyo beddelka tifaftirka iyo dhex-gelinta ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka, inkastoo kani waligeed ma aha inuu beddelo macnaha loo intended-gareeyay. Waxay u adeegaan saddex sababood oo waaweyn: *Si loo caddayo: {{xt|She attended [secondary] school}}, halka kani uu ahaa macnaha loo intended-gareeyay, laakiin nooca school-ka uusan ahayn mid lagu dhiibay jumlada asalka ah. *Si loo yareeyo dheerka xigashoda: {{xt|X contains Y, and under certain circumstances, X may contain Z as well}} waxaa loo yareeyn karaa {{xt|X contains Y [and sometimes Z]}}. Marka ellipsis ({{xt|...}}) loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo maaddada ka baxday xigashoda tooska ah, caadi ahaan ma aha in lagu duubo bracket. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Ellipses}} si aad u ogaato xaaladda gaarka ah.)}} *Si loo sameyo grammar-ka inuu shaqeeyo: Tixraacaya foomka dadka {{xt|"I hate to do laundry"}}, ein wuxuu sax ah ugu qori karaa {{xt|She "hate[s] to do laundry"}}. Haddii jumlad ay ku dhex jirta maaddo subsidiary ah oo lagu duubay square ama round brackets, waa in ay sii wadato terminal punctuation {{em|ka dambaysa}} brackets-kaas, iyadoo aan loo eegin punctuation kasta oo ku dhex jira brackets-ka. {{Block indent|{{xt|She refused all requests (except for basics such as food, medicine, etc.).}}}} Laakiin, haddii jumlada dhan ay ku dhex jirta brackets-ka, punctuation-ka xiritaanka wuxuu ku dhex jiraa brackets-ka. {{xt|(This sentence is an example.)}} ====Brackets iyo isqu xirka==== Square brackets ku dhex jira isqu xirka waa inay noqdaan kuwo [[Escape character|escaped]] ah: {| class="wikitable" | He said, "<code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[[John Doe|John &amp;#91;Doe&amp;#93;]]</nowiki>}}</code> answered." || He said, "[[John Doe|John &#91;Doe&#93;]] answered." |- | He said, "<code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[[John Doe|John {{bracket|Doe}}]]</nowiki>}}</code> answered." || He said, "[[John Doe|John {{bracket|Doe}}]] answered." |- | <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[https://example.com On the first day &amp;#91;etc.&amp;#93;]</nowiki>}}</code> || [https://example.com On the first day &#91;etc.&#93;] |- | <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[https://example.com On the first day {{bracket|etc.}}]</nowiki>}}</code> || [https://example.com On the first day {{bracket|etc.}}] |} Markup-ka {{xtag|nowiki}} sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaali karaa: {{tag|nowiki|content=[Doe]}} ama {{tag|nowiki|content=[etc.]}}. Haddii URL laikiisu uu ku dhex jiro square brackets, wikitext-ku waa inuu isticmaalo foomka [[URL encoding|URL-encoded]] ah <code><nowiki>https://</nowiki>example.com/foo.php?query={{bxt|%5B}}xxx{{bxt|%5D}}yyy</code>, halkii&nbsp;...<code>query={{!bxt|&#91;}}xxx{{!bxt|&#93;}}yyy</code>. Kani wuxuu ka fogaan doonaa baabi'inta isqu xirka ka dambaysa <code>xxx</code>. ====Angle brackets==== :''Ee guillemets («&nbsp;»), eeg {{section link|#Quotation characters}}'' Angle brackets (⟨&nbsp;⟩) waxaa loo isticmaalaa mawduucyada tignoolajiyada ee kala duwan, sida physics-ka ee [[bra–ket notation]] iyo [[Expectation value (quantum mechanics)|expectation value]] (t.s. {{xt|⟨''φ''{{!}}''ψ''⟩}}), mathematics-ka ee [[presentation of a group]], iyo linguistics-ka si loogu muujiyo [[grapheme]]s (t.s. {{xt|the digraph ⟨sh⟩}}). Ha isticmaalin less-than iyo greater-than signs (<&nbsp;>) sida angle brackets (t.s. {{!xt|<''φ''{{!}}''ψ''>}}, {{!xt|the digraph <sh>}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipses"></span><span class="anchor" id="..."></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis style"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis function and implementation"></span>Ellipses=== {{Shortcut|MOS:...|MOS:ELLIPSIS|}} Isticmaal ''[[ellipsis]]'' haddii maaddadu ay ka baxday xigashoda, ilaa square brackets loo isticmaalo si loo [[Gloss (annotation)|gloss]] xigashoda. *Ee prose iyo non-LaTeX mathematics formulae, ellipses waxaa lagu qoraa iyadoo la isticmaalayo saddex unspaced dots ({{xt|<code>...</code>}}); ha isticmaalin xarafka precomposed ellipsis-ka ah ({{!xt|<code>…</code>}})<!-- Possibly we should explain the precomposed character in terms of its code point or something --> ama saddex dots oo lagu kala saaray spaces {{nobr|({{!xt|<code>. . .</code>}})}} *Caadi ahaan, isticmaal non-breaking space ka hor ellipsis iyo space caadi ah ka dambaystiisa: {{nobr|{{xt|Alpha, Bravo,{{tl|nbsp}}... Zulu}}}} *Haddii ellipsis uu raaco <code>.&nbsp;?&nbsp;!&nbsp;:&nbsp;;&nbsp;,&nbsp;)&nbsp;]&nbsp;}</code> ama calaamad xigmadda oo xiritaanka ah (single ama double), ka tag space-ka ka dambaysa. U lag terminal punctuation ku dhex jira quote-ka kaliya haddii uu yahay mid muhiim ah qoraalka, sida caadi ahaan ah xaaladda exclamation marks iyo question marks laakiin dhifka ah periods: *: {{xt|Jones wrote: "These stories amaze me. The facts suffer so frightfully{{tlf|nbsp}}...".}} *: {{xt|"But what of the other cities? London, Paris{{tlf|nbsp}}...?"}} * Haddii ellipsis uu toos u raaco calaamad xigmadda oo starts-garoogaysa, kaliya isticmaal non-breaking space ka dambaystiisa: *: {{xt|He continued to pursue Smith ("...{{tlf|nbsp}}to the ends of the earth", he had sworn) until his own death.}} *{{Visible anchor|text=Si loo kala saaro ellipsis oo muujinaya qoraalka ka baxay iyo mid ka mid ah quote-ka, waxaad ku duubi kartaa kan kowaad square brackets: {{xt|She retorted: "How do I feel? How do you {{em|think}} I&nbsp;... This is too much!&nbsp;[...] Take me home!"}}|With square brackets}} *{{Visible anchor|text=Marka ellipsis loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo pause ama suspense ee speech-ka, sii wad punctuation-ka asalka ah: {{xt|Virginia's startled reply was "Could he&nbsp;...? No, I can't believe it!"}}. Marka loo isticmaalo ku dhex jira eray aan dhammaystirnayn, ma jiro space loo isticmaalo dhexda erayga qaybtiisa iyo ellipsis-ka: {{xt|The garbled transmission ended with "We are stranded near San L...o", interpreted as either San Leandro or San Lorenzo.}}|Pause or suspension of speech}} *In LaTeX-formatted mathematics formulae, isticmaal LaTeX markup-ka saxda ah ee lowered dots (<code>\dots</code>, <math>\dots</math>) ama xarfaha precomposed-ka ah oo leeh dots meelaha kale (sida centered ama diagonal, ⋯, ⋰, ama ⋱) ===<span class="anchor" id="fewer commas"></span>Commas=== {{Shortcut|MOS:,|MOS:COMMA}} Pair ka mid ah [[comma]]s wuxuu bracket-garayn karaa [[appositive]], [[relative clause]], ama [[parenthetical phrase]] (sida brackets ama dashes, inkastoo leh interruption dheeraad ah ee jumlada). Tusaale ahaan: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|John Smith, Janet Cooper's son, is a well-known playwright.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Janet Cooper's son John Smith is a well-known playwright.}} (marka Janet ay leedahay sons badan) {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Janet Cooper's son, John Smith, is a well-known playwright.}} (marka Janet ay leedahay kaliya hal son) {{!}}} }} Mar walba isticmaal {{em|pair}} ka mid ah commas ee tan, ilaa punctuation mark kale uu qaado meesha comma-ka labaad: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Blunt comments came from the newest member, John Smith.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|The newest member, John Smith{{snd}}a retired teacher{{snd}}was blunt.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|The newest member, John Smith was blunt.}}<!-- There's actually a way to parse this such that it would be acceptable in some styles, but WP articles don't use such styles. --> {{!}}} }} Ha u ilayn punctuation-ka kale inuu kaaga baabi'iyo u baahnaanta comma, gaar ahaan marka comma uu collided-garayyo bracket ama parenthesis: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Burke and Wills, fed by locals (on beans, fish, and ''ngardu''), survived for a few months.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Burke and Wills, fed by locals (on beans, fish, and ''ngardu'') survived for a few months.}} {{!}}} }} {{Shortcut|MOS:GEOCOMMA}} {{vanchor|Geographical references|text=In geographical references oo ku dhex jiraan heerarka badan ee subordinate divisions (t.s. city, state/province, country), comma wuxuu kala saaraa element kasta wuxuuna raacaa element-ka ugu dambeeya ilaa uu raaco terminal punctuation ama parenthesis-ka xiritaanka. Element-ka ugu dambeeya waxaa loo treats-garaysay sida [[Wikipedia:Basic copyediting#Parenthetical comma|parenthetical]].}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|He traveled through North Carolina before staying in Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the night.}}<!-- About a 10-hour drive if he started in Virginia Beach and passed through Winston-Salem. --> {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|He traveled through North Carolina before staying in Chattanooga, Tennessee for the night.}} {{!}}} }} Sidoo kale ku dar commas marka geographical element-ka loo isticmaalo sida disambiguator: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Hantratty received a PhD from the University of California, Irvine, in 1977.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Hantratty received a PhD from the University of California, Irvine in 1977.}} {{!}}} }} Ku dar comma labaad sidoo kale marka dhismaha leh comma [[Grammatical modifier|modifies-garayyo]] noun ama compound noun: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Keith Wilson won the 2024 Portland, Oregon, mayoral election.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Keith Wilson won the 2024 Portland, Oregon mayoral election.}} {{!}}} }} {{shortcut|MOS:DATECOMMA}} {{vanchor|Date commas|text=[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Dates, months, and years|Dates]] ku dhex jira month–day–year format waxay u baahan yihiin comma ka dambaysa day-ka, iyo sidoo kale ka dambaysa year-ka, ilaa ay raacdo punctuation kale. Element-ka ugu dambeeya waxaa loo treats-garaysay sida [[Wikipedia:Basic copyediting#Parenthetical comma|parenthetical]].}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|He set October 1, 2011, as the deadline for Patterson to meet his demands.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|He set October 1, 2011 as the deadline for Patterson to meet his demands.}} {{!}}} }} {{shortcut|MOS:QUOTECOMMA}} {{vanchor|Quotation commas|text= U lag calaamadaha xigmadda iyadoo la raacayo {{Section link||Punctuation inside or outside}}. Kani waxaa loo intended-gareeyay "logical quotation".}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Sax:}} {{!}} {{xt|She said, "The weather changes too often", and made other complaints.}} {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}} {{!xt|She said, "The weather changes too often," and made other complaints.}} {{!}}} }} Comma waxaa lagu dhex jiri karaa ka hor xigasho oo lagu ammaan goyay jumlad {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}})}}. ====<span class="anchor" id="Serial comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Oxford comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Oxford commas"></span><span class="anchor" id="Harvard comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Harvard commas"></span>Serial commas==== {{Shortcut|MOS:SERIAL|MOS:OXFORD||}} {{Redirect|MOS:OXFORD|Oxford spelling|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling#British English with "-ize" (Oxford spelling)}} A [[serial comma]] (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay ''Oxford comma'' ama ''Harvard comma'') waa comma loo isticmaalo toos ka hor conjunction (''and'', ''or'', ''nor'') ku dhex jirta liiska saddex ama ka badan items. {{Block indent|{{xt|ham, chips, and eggs}}{{spnd}}serial comma}} {{Block indent|{{xt|ham, chips and eggs}}{{spnd}}aan lahayn serial comma}} Tifaftireyaasha waxay isticmaali karaan mid ka mid ah heshiiska ilaa maqaal kasta uu yahay joogto ah ku dhex jirta. Serial commas waxay ka taageeraan badan marka qoraalka maqaalku uu yahay dhibco leh, sida liiska oo leh multi-word items (gaar ahaan haddii mid uu ku dhex jiro laikiis "''and''{{-"}}) ama nooc ka mid ah terms aan la dhasheyn oo laga yaabo. Laakiin, waxaa jira xaalado halka ka-tagista ama ku-darida serial comma ay keento is-dhaafsi: {{Block indent|{{!xt|The author thanked her friends, Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley}}{{spnd}}oo tirtiri kara mid ka mid ah afar ama ka badan dad ah (friends-ka iyo labada dad ee la magacaabay) ama laba dad ah (O'Connor iyo Marley, oo ah friends-ka).}} {{Block indent|{{!xt|The author thanked a friend, Sinéad O'Connor, and Bob Marley}}{{spnd}}oo tirtiri kara mid ka mid ah laba dad ah (O'Connor, oo ah friend-ka, iyo Marley) ama saddex dad ah (kan kowaad oo ah friend-ka, kan labaad O'Connor, iyo kan saddexaad Marley).}} Xaaladahaas is-dhaafsiga ah, cadday mid ka mid ah afar foom: *Ku dar ama baabi'i serial comma-ka. *Isticmaal jumlado gaar ah, bullet lists, ama beddelka dhismaha kale si loo caddayo. *Recast-garee jumlada ("friends" xaaladda): **Si loo tirtiro laba dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked her friends Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley.}} ***Caddayn badan: {{xt|The author thanked two friends: Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley.}} **Si loo tirtiro dad badan: **: {{xt|The author thanked Sinéad O'Connor, Bob Marley and her friends}} ama **: {{xt|The author thanked Sinéad O'Connor, Bob Marley, and her friends}}. ***Laakiin ma aha: {{!xt|The author thanked Bob Marley, Sinéad O'Connor[,] and her friends}}{{spnd}}soo bandhigaa is-dhaafsi ku saabsan ''her''. *Recast-garee jumlada ("friend" xaaladda): **Si loo tirtiro laba dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked Bob Marley and her friend Sinéad O'Connor.}} ***Ama noqo mid gaar ah marka ay suurtogal tahay: {{xt|The author thanked her childhood friend Sinéad O'Connor and her mentor, Bob Marley.}} **Si loo tirtiro saddex dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked Bob Marley, Sinéad O'Connor, and a friend.}} ***Caddaynta leh gender-specific terms sida ''mother'' waxay noqon kartaa dhibco leh; {{!xt|The author thanked her mother, Kim Thayil, and Sinéad O'Connor}} ma aha caddayn sababtoo ah akhristayaasha ma ogaankaraan [[Kim Thayil]] in uu yahay male oo ma noqon doono dadka oo kale sida mother-ka. ***Caddayn badan: {{xt|The author thanked Kim Thayil, Sinéad O'Connor, and her own mother}} ama {{xt|The author thanked her mother and musicians Kim Thayil and Sinéad O'Connor}}. ===Colons=== {{Shortcut|MOS:COLON}} {{For|the wikitext link formatting|Help:Colon trick}} A [[Colon (punctuation)|colon]] ({{xt|:}}) wuxuu soo bandhigaa wax muujinaya, sharraxaya, ama modifies-garaynaya waxa soo maray, ama ah liiska items oo dhowaan la soo bandhigay. Items-ka ku dhex jira liiskaas waxaa lagu kala saari karaa commas, ama haddii ay yihiin kuwo dhibco badan leh oo laga yaabo in ay laikiisu ku dhex jiraan commas, items-ka waa in lagu kala saaro semicolons ama lagu aaggaado bulleted list. {{Block indent|{{xt|We visited several tourist attractions: the Leaning Tower of Pisa, which I thought could fall at any moment; the Bridge of Sighs; the supposed birthplace of Petrarch, or at least the first known house in which he lived; and so many more.}}}} Colon waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa si loo soo bandhigo [[Quotation marks in English#Quotations and speech|direct speech]] oo lagu duubay calaamadaha xigmadda. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}}.)}} Marka colon loo isticmaalo sida separator ku dhex jira mawduuca maqaalka, madaxa qaybta, ama item liiska ah, tifaftireyaasha waxay dooran karaan in ay xaraf weyn ugu qoraan waxa raaca, iyadoo loo tixgelinayo [[#Retaining existing styles|isticmaalka jira]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Article titles#Consistency|joogteynta leh maqaallada la xiriira]]. Marka laga reebo isticmaalka tignoolajiyada ({{xt|a 3:1 ratio}}), ma jiro jumlad waa in ay ku dhex jirtay colons badan, ma jiro space waa in uu ka horreeyo colon, iyo space (laakiin waligeed ma aha hyphen ama dash) waa in uu raaco colon-ka. ===Semicolons=== {{Shortcut|MOS:;|MOS:SEMICOLON|}} {{for|usage in marking up description (definition) lists|Help:List#Description lists}} A [[semicolon]] ({{xt|;}}) marna waa alternative ee full stop (period), iyadoo u sahlaysa maaddada la xiriirta in lagu dhowro jumlada oo kale; waxay muujisaa kala saarisa la go'aamiyay ee jumlada marka loo eego comma. Haddii semicolon-ku uu kala saaro clauses, caadi ahaan clause kasta waa in uu noqdo mid gaar ah (macneheedu waa in uu taaggaanshaan karo laikiisu sida jumlad). Xaaladaha badankooda, kaliya comma ama kaliya semicolon wuxuu noqon doonaa sax ku dhex jira jumlad gaar ah. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Sax:}} | {{xt|Though he had been here before, I did not recognize him.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} | {{!xt|Though he had been here before; I did not recognize him.}} |} Sare, "Though he had been here before" ma taaggaanshaan karo laikiisu sida jumlad, oo sidaas darteed ma aha independent clause. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Sax:}} | {{xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit; bananas are classified as alkaline.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} | {{!xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit, bananas are classified as alkaline.}} |} Isticmaalkan aan saxda ahayn ee comma ee dhexda laba independent clauses waxaa loo intended-gareeyay [[comma splice]]; laakiin, xaaladaha qaarkood, comma waxaa loo isticmaali karaa halka semicolon wuxuu oki lahaa in loo baahan yahay: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | {{em|La accepts-garaysay}}: || {{xt|"Life is short, art is long."}} (laba clauses oo gaaban ku dhex jira [[aphorism]]; eeg ''[[Ars longa, vita brevis]]'') |- | {{em|La accepts-garaysay}}: || {{xt|"I have studied it, you have not."}} (soo sheegida wada-hadal gaaban, sida jawaabtan ee [[Isaac Newton|Newton]]) |} Jumlad waxay ku dhex jiri kartaa semicolons badan, gaar ahaan marka clauses-ku ay yihiin kuwo parallel ee dhismaha iyo macnaha; semicolons badan oo aan la xiriirin caadi ahaan waa calaamado ah in jumlada loo kala saaro jumlado gaaban ama foom kale loo dib-u-qoro. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Unwieldy}}: | {{!xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit; bananas are classified as alkaline; pears are close to neutral; these distinctions are rarely discussed.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: | {{xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit, bananas are alkaline, and pears are close to neutral; these distinctions are rarely discussed.}} |} Semicolons waxaa loo isticmaalaa ku-darida commas si loo kala saaro items ku dhex jira liiska, marka commas laikiisu ay keeni karaan jahwareer. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Jahwareer:}} | {{!xt|Sales offices are located in Boston, Massachusetts, San Francisco, California, Singapore, and Millbank, London, England.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Caddayn:}} | {{xt|Sales offices are located in Boston, Massachusetts; San Francisco, California; Singapore; and Millbank, London, England.}} |} ====Semicolon ka hor "however"==== {{Shortcut|MOS:HOWEVER}} {{Redirect|MOS:HOWEVER|its usage in editorialization|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Editorializing}} Macnaha jumlad ay ku dhex jirta trailing clause oo ku starts-garoogaysa erayga ''however'' wuxuu ku xiran yahay punctuation-ka ka horreeya eraygaas. Makhaadhaa caadi ah waa isticmaalka punctuation-ka aan saxda ahayn, iyadoo beddelaysa macnaha mid aan loo intended-gareeyn. Marka erayga ''however'' uu yahay adverb macneheedu yahay "nevertheless", waa in uu ka horreeyo semicolon oo uu raaco comma. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people; however, they tried.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people; nevertheless, they tried.}} |} Marka erayga ''however'' uu yahay conjunction macneheedu yahay "in whatever manner", ama "regardless of how", wuxuu ka horreyn karaa comma laakiin ma aha semicolon, oo waa inuusan raacin punctuation. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people, however they tried.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people, regardless of how they tried.}} |} Xaaladda kowaad, clause-ka oo ku starts-garoogaya "however" ma loo beddeli karo clause-ka kowaad; xaaladda labaad kani waxaa lagu sameyn karaa aan lahayn beddelka macnaha: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|However they tried, it was obvious they could not convert these people.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|Regardless of how they tried, it was obvious they could not convert these people.}} |} Haddii labada clauses aan loo beddeli karin, semicolon waxaa loo baahan yahay. Jumlad ama clause waxay sidoo kale ku dhex jiri kartaa erayga ''however'' dhexda, haddii uu yahay adverb macneheedu yahay "although" oo lagu lagi karay bilowga laakiin aan ku starts-garoogayn clause cusub dhexda jumlada. Isticmaalkan, erayga waxaa lagu duubi karaa dhexda commas. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|He did not know, however, that the venue had been changed at the last minute.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|However, he did not know that the venue had been changed at the last minute.}} |} ===Hyphens=== {{Shortcut|MOS:-|MOS:HYPHEN}} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Globe Toters-A Birla Preschool,Indore (cropped).jpg | image2 = Peuters_in_het_tehuis_zitten_met_zijn_allen_op_de_po,_Bestanddeelnr_252-0385.jpg | image3 = Graduates 2014 IMG 2779 (14083168633).jpg | caption1 = Four-year-old children | caption2 = Four year-old children | caption3 = Four-year old children }} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Haring 03.jpg | image2 = Great white Dyer island 2010-07.jpg | caption1 = A man {{nobr|eating fish}} | caption2 = A man-eating fish }} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Catalina_Island_Rescue_DVIDS1091019.jpg | image2 = Kintín al ataque (5189220934).jpg | caption1 = Officials help {{nobr|dog-bite victim}}. | caption2 = Officials help {{nobr|dog bite victim}}. }} [[File:Carry-On Aircraft.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|A sign {{shy|exhibiting over-eager hy|phen|a|tion}}: the second hyphen is fine, but the first is spurious.]] [[Hyphen]]s ({{xt|-}}) waxay muujiyaan conjunction. Waxaa jira saddex isticmaalka waaweyn: # In hyphenated magacyada dadka ({{xt|John Lennard-Jones}}, {{xt|Omar al-Bashir}}). # Si loogu isku xiro [[prefixes]] iyo [[suffixes]] oo leh terms-kooda waaweyn dhismaha qaarkood, [[#En dash across open compounds|ilbaa compounds-ka laikiisu ay ku dhex jiraan space ama hyphen]]: {{xt|quasi-scientific}}, {{xt|ultra-nationalistic}}, {{xt|London-based}}, {{xt|community-led}}. #*Hyphen waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loo kala saaro dhexda [[homograph]]s ({{xt|[[wikt:re-sign|re-sign]]}} macneheedu waa ''sign again'', laakiin {{xt|[[wikt:resign|resign]]}} macneheedu waa ''relinquish ownership'' ama ''leave a job''). #*Waxaa jira trend caddaynaya oo lagu ammaan goyo labada elements dhammaan noocyada English-ka ({{xt|subsection}}, {{xt|nonlinear}}). Hyphenation-ku wuxuu caddayaa marka xarfaha la keenay contact ay yihiin kuwo oo kale ({{xt|non-negotiable}}, {{xt|sub-basement}}) ama ay yihiin vowels ({{xt|pre-industrial}}), ama halka eray uu yahay mid aan caadi ahayn ({{xt|co-proposed}}, {{xt|re-target}}) ama laga yaabo in loo akhrriyo si aan sax ahayn ({{xt|sub-era}}, ma aha {{!xt|subera}}). Erayada qaarkood oo noocan ah si oo kale waa kuwo caadi ah aan lahayn hyphen-ka (t.s., {{xt|cooperation}} waxaa si joogto ah loo dhasheeyay ka badan {{xtg|co-operation}} ee English-ka cusub). Ka dhiiri erayada beddelaya macnahooda aan lahayn hyphen-ka, t.s. {{xt|re-creation}} (create again) iyo {{xt|recreation}} (amusement).{{efn|name=recent}} # {{va|Hyphens in compound modifiers|text=Si loogu isku xiro terms-ka la xiriira ee ku dhex jira [[compound modifier]]s}}:{{Efn|1=Gaar ahaan compound [[attributive adjective|attributives]], oo ah modifiers ee noun oo ka muuqda ku dhex jira [[noun phrase]]. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link|English compound#Hyphenated compound modifiers}}.)}}}} #*Hyphens waxay taageeri karaan fududaynta akhrrinta (waa inay noqdaan kuwo {{xt|ease-of-reading}} taageera) oo waxay gaar ahaan u wanaagsan yihiin noun phrases-ka dheer: {{xt|gas-phase reaction dynamics}}. Laakiin waligeed ha dhex gelin hyphen magac sax ah ({{xt|Middle Eastern cuisine}}, ma aha {{!xt|Middle-Eastern cuisine}}). #*Hyphen wuxuu taageeri karaa disambiguator-ka (qaarkood {{xt|short-story writers}} waa kuwo dheer; {{xt|a government-monitoring program}} waa program oo monitor-garaynaya xukuumadda, inta {{xt|a government monitoring program}} uu yahay program xukuumadda oo monitor-garaynaya). #*Compounds oo ah hyphenated marka loo isticmaalo {{em|[[Attributive adjective|attributively]]}} (adjectives ka hor nouns-ka ay qualified-garaynayaan: {{xt|a light-blue handbag}}, {{xt|a 34-year-old woman}}) ama {{em|[[substantive]]ly}} (sida noun: {{xt|she is a 34-year-old}}) caadi ahaan ma aha hyphenated marka loo isticmaalo {{em|[[Predicative expression|predicatively]]}} (foomka sharraxaadda leh oo lagu kala saaray noun-ka: {{xt|the handbag was light blue}}, {{xt|the woman is 34 years old}}). Halka uu ka jiri lahaa baabi'inta caddaynta laakiis, hyphen waxaa loo isticmaali karaa foomka predicative-ka ah sidoo kale ({{xt|hand-fed turkeys}}, {{xt|the turkeys were hand-fed}}). Attributive hyphenation-ka dhibco leh marna waxaa looga fogaan karaa dib-u-qorid fudud: {{xt|Hawaiian-native species}} → {{xt|native Hawaiian species}}. #*Ka fogao isticmaalka hyphen ka dambaysa heerka ''{{nowrap|-ly}}'' adverb ({{xt|a newly available home}}, {{xt|a wholly owned subsidiary}}) ilaa ay tahay qayb ka mid ah compound dheeraad ah ({{xt|a slowly-but-surely strategy}}). Xaaladaha dhifka ah, hyphen wuxuu ka wanaajin karaa caddaynta haddii alternative-ka dib loo qoray uu yahay dhibco leh, laakiin dib-u-qoriddu caadi ahaan waa ka wanaagsan tahay: {{!xt|The idea was clearly stated enough}} waxaa lagu disambiguator-gareyn karaa sida {{xt|The idea clearly was stated often enough}} ama {{xt|The idea was ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} hlw0wpom30p77m36n1hl2vn08hqiy4u 310788 310786 2026-10-24T10:17:29Z Isma4l 41797 310788 wikitext text/x-wiki {{MoS guideline|WP:MOS<!-- DO NOT add more shortcuts. None are as short and popular as this one. -->}} '''Haddaha Qaabka''' ('''MoS''' ama '''MOS''') waa [[haddaha qaabka]] ee dhammaan [[Wikipedia:Waa maxay maqaal?|maqaallada]] [[Wikipedia:Soomaali|Wikipedia-ha Soomaaliga]].{{efn|Isku xirka [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility|waxyaabaha la xiriira oo la heli karo]] waxay ku dabaqmaan dhammaan mashruuca, oo ma aha oo kaliya maqaallada.}} Boggan koowaad waxaa taageera [[:Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style|boggag yar oo xeel-dheer]], oo halkan la isku gudbin karo oo lagu tirtiray [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents]]. Haddii ay ka dhalato is-diido, boggani wuxuu leeyahay ka-horreyn.{{efn|name="CONLEVEL"|Kani waa arrin siyaasadeed oo ku saabsan {{section link|Wikipedia:Consensus|Level of consensus}}: "Is-afgaradka ka dhex jira koox xaddidan oo tifaftireyaal ah, hal meel iyo hal maalin, ma baabi'in karo [[Wikipedia:Community consensus|is-afgaradka samaynta]] ee baaxadda weyn. Tusaale ahaan, ilaa ay ka dhaadhiciyaan bulshada balaadhan in aysan sax ahayn, kaqeybgalayaasha WikiProject ma go'aamin karaan in siyaasada ama hagaha Wikipedia uusan ku dabaqmin maqaallada ku dhex jira baaxadeeda." Iyo: "Wikipedia waxay leedahay heer sare oo kaqeybgal iyo is-afgarad ee beddelka siyaasadaha iyo hagayaasha marka loo eego noocyada kale ee boggaga." Boggaga ka hooseeya waxaa ku jira [[:Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style|boggaga MoS-ka ee xeel-dheeraanta]], [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Guide#Advice pages|qoraallada qaabka]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style|Haddaha Qaabka ee Fudud]].}} {{vanchor|Clarity|text=Tifaftireyaal waa inay u qoraan maqaallada iyagoo isticmaalaya luqad toos ah, gaaban, oo fudud in la fahmo. Tifaftireyaal waa inay u dhisaan maqaallada qaabeyn joogto ah oo u sahlanaata akhristaha.}} {{va|Stability|text=Haddii ka badan hal qaab ama foom lagu aamini karo MoS-ka, mid waa in loo isticmaalo madal kasta oo ku dhex jirta maqaalka oo [[#Retaining existing styles|aan la beddelin]] sabab wanaagsan la'aanteed. [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|Tifaftirka dagaalka]] ee ku saabsan doorashooyinka qaabka ma aha mid la accepts karo.{{efn|name="ew"|Arrrimahaani waxaa lagu xalliyay go'aannada [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|Guddiga Garsoorka]] ee [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk#Optional styles|2005]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan#Preferred styles|2006]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Date delinking#Optional styles|2009]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Infoboxes#Use of infoboxes|2015]].}} Qoraal cusub oo lagu daro boggan waa inuu toos u xalliyo arrin qaab oo si joogto ah u soo noqnoqota.}} {{TOC limit|3}} ==Dhonsashada qaababka jira== {{Shortcut|MOS:VAR|MOS:STYLEVAR|MOS:STYLERET}} {{Redirect|MOS:VAR|retention of an article's established national English variety|#National varieties of English|a list of more specific related rules|WP:VARS}} Marna, MOS-ku wuxuu bixiyaa ka badan hal qaab oo la accepts karo ama ma bixiyo hagal gaar ah. Marka ka badan hal qaab la accepts karo, al-fajar ma aha mid habboon in tifaftiraha Wikipedia uu ka beddelo hal qaab oo uu u beddelo mid kale ilaa ay jirto sabab muhiim ah oo beddelka ah.{{efn|name="ArbCom"|Astaanta bilowga ee qoraalkan, eeg go'aannada [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|ArbCom]] ee [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk#Principles|Juun 2005]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/jguk 2#Principles|Nofembar 2005]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan#Principles|2006]].}} [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|Tifaftirka dagaalka]] ee ku saabsan qaabka,{{efn|name="ew"}} ama u adeegsiga qaab dookh ah si [[Wikipedia:Bot policy#Assisted editing guidelines|bot-oo kale ah]] is-afgarad ka hor la'aantiis,{{efn|name="bot-like"|Eeg [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Magioladitis 2#High-speed editing|Go'aanka ArbCom ee 2017]], iyo {{section link|Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser#Rules of use}}; tifaftirka bot-ka oo kale ah oo sii socda inkastoo ay jiraan diidmo ama oo keena makhaadhaa wuxuu keeni karaa [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|xannibaad]] iyo baabi'inta xuquuqaha ku saabsan qalabka semi-automated-ka ah.}} waa [[Wikipedia:Disruptive editing|dhibco ka dhan ah]] oo waligeed ma aha mid la accepts karo. Beddelka aan la xaqijin ee kaaga taagan hal qaab oo la accepts karo, [[#Consistency within articles|oo si joogto ah loo adeegsaday]] ee ku dhex jira maqaal oo loo beddelo qaab kale waa la [[Wikipedia:Reverting|celin karaa]]. Doono [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Opportunities for commonality|fursadaha wadaagga]] si looga fogaado murannada qaabka. Haddii aad rammayso in qaab kale uu ka habboon yahay maqaal gaar ah, doono [[Wikipedia:Consensus|is-afgarad]] iyadoo ku saabsan tan lagula discuss-garaynayo bogga wada-hadalka maqaalka ama{{snd}}haddii ay keento arrin guud ama ku saabsan MoS-ka lakiisa{{snd}}at [[Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style]]. Haddii wada-hadalku uusan keenin is-afgarad beddelka ah, sii wad isticmaalka qaabka horey loo dhisay ee maqaalka. Haddii wada-hadalku uu ku guuldareysto inuu gaaro wax is-afgarad ah oo ku saabsan midka laba ama ka badan qaab oo tartamaya oo la isticmaalayo, markaas dib u noqo qaabkii loo isticmaalay nooca ugu horreeyay ee ka dambeeya [[Wikipedia:Stub|qabyada]] maqaalka oo uu ka muuqday mid ka mid ah qaababka ku dabaqmaya. (Mawqifkan dib-u-noqoshada ah ma siiyo [[WP:UNCHALLENGED|darajo aan la tartami karin]] qaabkaas gaarka ah inta lagu jiro wada-hadalka is-afgaradka, mana siiyo tifaftiraha soo impose-garaysay qaabkaas ugu horreeyay [[Wikipedia:Ownership of content|wax ka badan]] wada-hadalka.) ==<span class="anchor" id="Article titles, headings, and sections"></span>Mawduucyada maqaalka, qaybaha, iyo madaxda== {{Shortcut|MOS:AT}} ===Mawduucyada maqaalka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Article titles}} {{for|titles which coincide with a work's title|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles of works}} Mawduucu waa inuu noqdo magac la aqoonsan karo ama sifaynta mawduuca, [[Wikipedia:Common sense|isagoo maareynaya]] shuruudaha ah inuu yahay mid asalka ah, si ku filan oo sax ah, gaaban, oo joogto ah oo la mid ah maqaallada la xiriira. Hagaha qaabaynta eeg qaybta {{section link|Wikipedia:Article titles|Article title format}}, isagoo xusaya kuwa soo socda: *U qor herga labaad ee xarafka ugu horreeya (marka laga reebo xaaladaha dhifka ah, sida {{xt|eBay}}), laakiin haddii kale raac [[sentence case]]{{efn|name=Sentence case|1=Wikipedia waxay u isticmaashaa [[sentence case]] jumlado, [[Wikipedia:Article titles|mawduucyada maqaalka]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout|mawduucyada qaybaha]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables|madaxda taarikada]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images|qoraallada sawirka]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists|qoraallada liiska]] (xaaladaha badankooda), iyo qoraallada ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Infobox|infoboxes]] iyo moodallada la midka ah, iyo waxyaabo kale. Wax kasta oo MoS ah oo ku saabsan bilowga jumlad waxay ku dabaqmaan waxyaabaha isticmaalaya sentence case.<!-- Please keep this footnote synced with the version at the MOS:CAPS page. -->}} ({{xt|Funding of UNESCO projects}}), ma aha title case ({{!xt|Funding of UNESCO Projects}}), marka laga reebo halka title case loo isticmaali lahaa qoraalka caadiga ah. Eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (capitalization)]]. *Si aad u qorto farta italic-ka ah, ku dar {{tlx|italic title}} meel dhow sare ee maqaalka. Si aad farta italic-ka ah ugu qorto kaliya qayb ka mid ah mawduuca, ku dar xadka <code>|string=</code> ee qoraalka gaarka ah ee lagu qorayo farta italic-ka ah. Isticmaalka farta italic-ka ah waa inuu u dhigmaa {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting|Italic type}}. *Ha isticmaalin [[Article (grammar)|maqaallada]] (''a'', ''an'', ama ''the'') sida xarafka ugu horreeya ({{xt|Economy of the Second Empire}}, ma aha {{!xt|The economy of the Second Empire}}), ilaa ay tahay qayb aan la kala saari karin oo magaca ka mid ah ({{xt|The Hague}}) ama mawduuca shaqa (''{{xt|A Clockwork Orange}}'', ''{{xt|The Simpsons}}''). *Caadi ahaan isticmaal [[noun]]s ama [[noun phrase]]s: {{xt|Early life}}, ma aha {{!xt|In early life}}.{{Efn|1=Erayada sida {{xt|In early life}} waa kuwo la accepts karo (inkastoo aan loo baahnayn) sida madaxda qaybaha. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa si joogto ah sida qayb ka mid ah mawduucyada maqaalka oo dheeraad ah sida [[Piracy in the Caribbean|{{xt|Piracy in the Caribbean}}]], indhaheeda marka dhismaha gaaban ({{xtn|Caribbean piracy}}) uu leeyahay arrimo is-dhaafsi ah.}} *Xarafka ugu dambeeya waa inuusan noqon calaamad ilaahiyad ilaa uu yahay qayb aan la kala saari karin oo magaca ka mid ah ({{xt|[[Saint-Louis-du-Ha! Ha!]]}}, {{xt|''[[Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?]]''}}) ama gaabinta ({{xt|[[Inverness City F.C.]]}}), ama marka xiritaanka bracket-ka wareegga ama calaamadda xigmadda loo baahan yahay ({{xt|[[John Palmer (1814 schooner)|''John Palmer'' (1814 schooner)]]}}). *Markasta oo calaamadaha xigmadda ama noocyada apostrophe-ka oo kale ay ka muuqdaan ({{xt|[[Geʽez]]}}), ku dar [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirection]] mawduuc caddaynaya oo isticmaalaya apostrophes ({{xt|[[Ge'ez]]}}).{{efn|name=curlyq|1=Calaamadaha xigmadda tooska ah iyo apostrophes waa kuwo fudud in loo qorto si lagu aamini karo madallada badankooda, markaas kani wuxuu u sahlayaa bartilmaameedka redirection-ka oo fudud. Xigmadda curdanka ah iyo apostrophes sidaas darteed waa kuwo si weyn looga tagay Wikipedia-ha English-ka. Eeg sidoo kale [[MOS:CURLY]] iyo [[MOS:']].}} Labadaba ha ka sareeyaan iyo kuwo [[Wikipedia:Article titles]], qeybta kale ee MoS-ka, gaar ahaan {{section link||Punctuation}}, waxay ku dabaqmaan sidoo kale mawduuca. ===Agaasimaha qaybta=== {{Shortcut|MOS:SO}} {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout}} Mawduuca maqaalka waa inuu ku starts-garo [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section|qaybta hordhaca ah<!-- Do not add the word "lede" here. See footnotes at WP:LEAD for details. -->]]{{snd}}gaabinta kooban ee maqaalka{{snd}}oo aan waligeed loo kala saarin qaybo {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section]])}}. Qaybta hartay ee maqaalka waxaa caadi ahaan loo kala saaraa [[Help:Section|qaybo]]. [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes|Infoboxes]], sawirrada, iyo mawduucyada kale ee la xiriira qaybta hordhaca ah waa inay noqdaan kuwo dhanka midig ah. Calaamadaha qaarkood oo heerka ah [[Help:Template|moodallada]] iyo [[Help:Wikitext|wikitext]] oo aan ahayn qaybo waxay ka sarreeyaan inta ugu dambaysa maqaalka, ka hor mawduuca qaybta hordhaca ah, iyo uusocodka soo socda: *[[Wikipedia:Short description|Gaaban sharrax leh]], oo leh moodalka {{tlx|Short description}} *[[Wikipedia:Hatnote|Hatnote-ka disambiguation]], waqtiga badankiisa oo leh moodalka {{tlx|Hatnote}} {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg sidoo kale {{section link|Wikipedia:Hatnote#Hatnote templates}})}} *Moodallada aan lahayn soo-saarka oo muujinaya foomka taariikhda dhisay ee maqaalka iyo nooca luqadda English-ka, haddii ay jiraan (t.s., {{tlx|Use dmy dates}}, {{tlx|Use Canadian English}}) *Moodallada dayactirka ee Banner-ka ah, [[Wikipedia:Template index/Disputes|Dispute]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Template index/Cleanup|Moodallada Cleanup]] ee arrimaha maqaalka oo dhan oo la calaamadeeyay (haddii kale loo isticmaalo sare ee qayb gaar ah, ka dambeeya hatnote kasta oo qayb ah sida {{tlx|main}}) *[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes|Infobox]], oo ah dookh (marka laga reebo xaaladaha gaarka ah sida {{tlx|Taxobox}} iyo {{tlx|Chembox}}, ama nooc ka mid ah, maqaallada ku dabaqmaya); caadi ahaan sidoo kale waxaa ku jira sawirka ugu horreeya *Sawirka hordhaca ah, marka infobox aan la isticmaalin, ama sawir dheeraad ah loo baahan yahay qaybta hordhaca ah (haddii hordhacu u yahay mid aad u dheer, sawir labaad waxaa lagu lagi karaa dhexda qoraalka hordhaca ah) Nooca skin-ka ee [[Vector 2022]], [[Wikipedia:Table of contents|tusmada maqaalka]] waa mid ka mid ah oo ka baxsan mawduuca maqaalka. Noocyada skin-ka hore qaarkood, tusmada la mari karo waxay ka muuqataa si otomaatig ah ka dambaysa hordhaca haddii maqaalku leeyahay ugu yaraan afar madax oo qaybo ah. Haddii mawduuca qayb uu ku jiraa si xeel-dheer oo dheeraad ah maqaal gaar ah {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Summary style]])}}, ku dar {{tlx|main|{{var|Article name}}}} ama {{tlx|further|{{var|Article name}}}} isla markiiba ka hooseeya madaxa qaybta. Sida lagu sharraxay si xeel-dheer {{slink|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout|Standard appendices and footers}}, noocyo dhowr ah oo maaddooyinka ah (badankoodu waa dookh) waxay ka muuqan karaan ka dambaysa qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee maqaalka, uusocodka soo socda: *Buugaagta ama shaqaalaha kale ee lagu abuuray mawduuca maqaalka, ka hooseeya madaxa qaybta "Works", "Publications", "Discography", "Filmography", iyo wixii la mid ah sida habboon (ka fogao "Bibliography", oo loo khaldami karo xigashooyinka tixraaca) *Isku xirka hoose ee maqaallada la xiriira ee Wikipedia-ha English-ka, oo leh madaxa qaybta "See also" *Xusuus-qoraallada iyo tixraacyada, oo leh madaxa qaybta "Notes" ama "References" (caadi ahaan ka dambeeya), ama qayb gaar ah oo loogu talagalay mid kasta uusocodkan {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]])}}; ka fogao "Bibliography", oo loo khaldami karo shaqaalaha mawduuca *Buugaagta la xiriira, maqaallada, ama shaqaalaha kale ee aan loo isticmaalin sida tixraacyada; isticmaal madaxa qaybta "Further reading"; noqo mid si sare ah loo doortay, maadaama [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a directory|Wikipedia aysan ahayn buugga tixraaca]] *Websaydhada la xiriira [[Wikipedia:External links|iyo kuwo habboon]] ee aan loo isticmaalin sida tixraacyada oo aan ka muuqan appendices-ka hore, isticmaalka madaxa "External links", oo loo sameyn karo qayb ka hooseysa "Further reading" (ama isku xirkaas waxaa toos lagu ammaan goyn karaa liiska "Further reading" halkii); [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Links to sister projects|moodallada isku xirka ee mawduucyada mashruuca walaalka ah]] sidoo cuali ahaan waxay ka sarreeyaan qaybtan marka ay jirto (haddii kale qaybta ugu dambaysa ee bogga) *Waxyaabaha ugu dambeeya ee soo socda waligeed ma qaataan madaxyada qaybaha: **Isku xirka hoose oo lagu aaggaaday [[Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates#Navigation_templates|boxes-ka navigation-ka]] **Metadata ee [[Wikipedia:Authority control|Authority control]], haddii loo baahdo, isticmaalka {{tlx|Authority control}} (wuxuu kala saaraa isticmaalka magaca laba mawduuc, ama magacyo badan oo loogu talagalay hal mawduuc) **[[Wikipedia:Categorization|Qeeybaha]], oo waa inay noqdaan maaddada ugu dambaysa ee koodha maqaalka haddii aysan jirin moodallada stub-ka **[[Wikipedia:Stub sorting|Moodallada stub-ka]], haddii loo baahdo, oo waa inay raacaan qeeybaha [[Wikipedia:Stand-alone lists|Maqaallada liiska ah ee gaarka ah]] waxay leeyihiin waxyaabo dheeraad ah oo agaasimaha ah. ===<span class="anchor" id="Section management"></span>Madaxyada qaybaha=== {{Shortcut|MOS:HEAD|MOS:HEADINGS}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Headings|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Order of article elements|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Section headings}} [[Help:Section|Madaxyada qaybaha]] waa inay caadi ahaan raacaan hagaha [[#Article titles|mawduucyada maqaalka]] ee sare oo ay ku muuqdaan [[sentence case]] ({{xt|Funding of UNESCO projects in developing countries}}), ma aha [[title case]] ({{!xt|Funding of UNESCO Projects in Developing Countries}}).{{efn|name=Sentence case}} {{shortcut|MOS:BLANKLINE}} {{vanchor|Blank line|text=Dhammaan madaxyada waa inay ku dhex jiraan xarkooda gaarka ah, oo ay ka horreyso presely hal xar oo eber ah, oo ay raacdo mid ka mid ah hal xar ama aan lahayn xar eber ah.}} {{vanchor|Section headings (necessary point 6)|text=Ha u isticmaalin si xun [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists#Description (definition, association) lists|liiska sharraxaadda]] markup ("<code>;</code>") si aad u abuurto [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Pseudo-headings|pseudo-headings]].}} {{va|SECTIONSTYLE|Section headings (styling best practice)|Section headings (main styling reason)|text=Sida arrin qaab oo joogto ah, madaxyada qaybuhu waa inaynaan:}} {{Shortcut|MOS:SECTIONSTYLE|MOS:NOBACKREF}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 1)|text=si turjumaad ah dib ugu tixraacin mawduuca maqaalka, t.s., {{xt|Early life}}, ma aha {{!xt|Smith's early life}} ama {{!xt|His early life}}}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 2)|text=tixraacin madax heer sare ah, ilaa aad sameyso ay tahay mid gaaban ama caddayn badan}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 3)|text=noqon kuwo la nambareeyay ama xarfo leh sida outline}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 4)|text=noqon kuwo loo sameeyay sida su'aal, t.s., {{xt|Languages}}, ma aha {{!xt|What languages are spoken?}}}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 5)|text=isticmaalin luga ama farta aan caadiga ahayn oo keeni kara [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Headings|arrimaha lagu heli karo]]}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 6)|text=noqon kuwo lagu duubay [[Help:Wikitext|markup]], sida bold iyo italics, oo baabi'in kara muujintooda oo keeni kara arrimo kale oo lagu heli karo}} ====Wikimarkup==== {{shortcut|MOS:NOSECTIONLINKS|MOS:HEADINGLINKS}} {{va|Section headings (technical best practice)|text=Sababo tignoolajiyada ah, madaxyada qaybuhu waa inay}} {{va|Section headings (necessary point 1)|text=noqdaan kuwo gaar ah oo ku dhex jira maqaal (si [[Template:Section link|isqu xirka qaybta]] uu u shaqeeyo)}} oo waa inaynaan ku dhex jirin: *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 2)|text=[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking#Principles|isqu xirka]], xataa haddii kaliya qayb ka mid ah madaxa la isku xiray}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 5)|text=xigashooyinka ama xusuus-qoraallada}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 4)|text=<code><[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics#Typesetting of mathematical formulae|math]]></code> markup}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 3)|text=sawirrada ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Icons#Encyclopedic purpose|icons-ka]]}} {{va|Section headings (main technical reason)|text=Xaddidaadahani waa kuwo lagu khasbay si looga fogaado tignoolajiyada dhibco leh oo ma aha kuwo la baabi'in karo is-afgaradka maxalliga ah ama hagayaasha aan ku habboonayn.}} {{short|MOS:TEMPLATE}} {{va|Section headings (necessary point 7)|text=Wadaagga moodalka}} waa in sidoo kale caadi ahaan looga fogaadaa madaxyada qaybaha, sababtoo ah waxay keenaan koodha asalka ah ee baaqida moodalka inuu ka muuqdo isqu xirka lagu daray gaabinta tifaftirka; gujinta isqu xirkaas ka muuqda taariikhda bogga ma keeni doonto qaybta loo baahan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, [[WP:ANCHORSUBST|marka lagu darayo isqu xirka anchor madaxyada, mar walba beddel moodalka gudaha madaxa]]: {{block indent|1={{plainlist| * {{y}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== {{subst:anchor|Anchor name}} Section title ==</nowiki>}}</code> * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== {{anchor|Anchor name}} Section title ==</nowiki>}}</code> }} }} {{shortcut|MOS:SECTIONCOMMENT}} {{va|SECTIONCOMMENT|Section comment|text=[[#Invisible comments|Xusuus-qoraallada la qariyay]] oo tixraacaya madaxa qayb ama qayb oo dhan waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu lago xar ka hooseysa madaxa. Waxaa sidoo cuali ahaan lagu lagi karaa ku dhex jira xarkooda oo kale sida madaxa, laakiin xaaladaas waa inay noqdaan kuwo {{em|gudaha}} <code>==&nbsp;==</code> markup:{{efn|1=Xusuus-qoraal ka baxsan <code><nowiki>==&nbsp;==</nowiki></code> laakiin ku dhex jira xarkooda oo kale wuxuu keeni karaa isqu xirka tifaftirka qaybta inuu ku guuldareysto inuu ka muuqdo dhammaan; ee browsers-ka kale, wuxuu ka muuqan karaa, laakiin isticmaalkiisu wuxuu keeni doonaa madaxa qaybta inuusan si otomaatig ah lagu darin gaabinta tifaftirka.}}}} {{block indent|1={{plainlist| * {{y}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== Implications ==</nowiki><br /><nowiki><!--This comment is placed correctly.--></nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{mby}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== Implications<!--This comment works fine.--> ==</nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{mby}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== <!--This comment works fine.-->Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== Implications == <!--This comment causes problems.--> </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{tracked|T381786}}{{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki><!--This comment causes problems.</nowiki><br><nowiki>-->== Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki><!--The space after this comment breaks the heading completely.--> == Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} }} }} ====<span class="anchor" id="SECTIONANCHOR"></span><span class="anchor" id="Section anchor"></span>Anchors==== {{short|MOS:SECTIONANCHOR}} <section begin="heading links" />Ka hor inta aanad beddelin madax, tixgeli in aad baabi'inayso isqu xirka jira oo ku dhex jira.<section end="heading links" /> Haddii ay jiraan [[Help:Link#To a section|isqu xirka badan oo u socda mawduuca hore]],{{efn|name="many links"|1=Si aad u ogaato inta isqu xirka ee u socda mawduuca qaybta hore iyo maqaallada leeh iyaga, waxaad sameyn kartaa <span class=plainlinks>[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=all%3A+linksto%3A%22ARTICLE%22+insource%3A%2F%5B%5B%7C%5DARTICLE%5C%23OLDSECTION%2F+&title=Special:Search&profile=all&fulltext=1 raadinta sare ee]</span>, iyadoo la beddelayo {{smallcaps|article}} magaca maqaalka, iyo {{smallcaps|oldsection}} mawduuca qaybta hore. Raadintaas sare ma raadiso [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirections-ka]], markaas sidoo kale eeg bogga maqaalka ee [[Special:WhatLinksHere]] ee redirections-ka u socda mawduuca qaybta hore. Haddii ay jiraan kaliya nambarka yar ee isqu xirka ee u socda mawduuca qaybta hore, waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu cusbooneysiiyo manwal ahaan.}} abuur [[Help:Anchor|anchor]] oo leh mawduucaas si loo xaqijiyo in kuwani ay sii shaqeeyaan. Sidoo kale, marka lagu isqu xirayo qayb, ka tag xusuus-qoraal aan la arki karin madaxa qaybta bartilmaameedka, iyadoo lagu magacaabayo maqaallada isqu xirka leeh, si haddii madaxa dambe loo beddelo kani si fudud loo hagaajin karo, ama kale anchor kale loo abuurayo haddii ay jiraan kuwo badan.{{efn|name="many links"}} Tusaale ahaan: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == {{subst:Anchor|Consequences}} Implications == <!-- "Richard Dawkins" and "Daniel Dennett" link here. --> </syntaxhighlight> oo lagu kaydin doono maqaalka sida: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == <span class="anchor" id="Consequences"></span> Implications == <!-- "Richard Dawkins" and "Daniel Dennett" link here. --> </syntaxhighlight> Faa'iidada isticmaalka {{tlxs|Anchor}}, ama kaliya la dhex gelinayo {{tag|span|o|link=yes}} tags-ka toos, waa in marka tifaftirka loo sameeyo qaybta mustaqbalka, anchor-ku ma lagu dhex jiri doono taariikhda bogga sida qayb ka mid ah magaca qaybta. Marka kaliya {{tlx|Anchor}} loo isticmaalo toos, akhlaaqdaas aan loo baahnayn {{em|waa ay}} dhacdaa, markaas waa in mar walba [[WP:ANCHORSUBST|loo beddelo anchors madaxyada qaybaha]]. Marka la dhex gelinayo span toos, {{em|ha}} gaabin iyadoo la isticmaalayo tag-ka self-closing, sida ku dhex jirta: <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== <span id="Consequences"</nowiki>{{highlight round|/|bc=var(--background-color-destructive-subtle, lightred);}}> Implications <nowiki>==</nowiki>}}</code> In HTML5 foomkaas XML-style waa mid shaqaynaya kaliya tags-ka qaarkood, sida {{nowrap |<code>&lt;br/></code>}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T134423 |title=T134423 Deprecate nonstandard behavior of self-closed HTML tags in wikitext. |website=phabricator.wikimedia.org |access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref> Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking|Avoiding broken section links}} si aad u ogaato wada-hadal dheeraad ah. ====Mawduuca oo kale madaxa==== Hagaha sare ee madaxyada qaybaha, gaar ahaan sentence case, turjumaad, sawirrada iyo su'aalaha, sidoo kale wuxuu ku dabaqmaa [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables#Captions and headers|madaxyada taarikada]] (iyo noocyada taarikada iyo xarrada). Laakiin, madaxyada taarikada waxay ku dhex jiri karaan xigashooyinka oo waxay ku starts-garo karaan, ama noqon karaan, nambara. Unka madaxyada bogga, madaxyada taarikada ma samayn karaan si otomaatig ah anchors-ka isqu xirka. Ka baxsan sentence case ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Glossaries|glossaries]], talada madaxa sidoo kale waxay ku dabaqmaysaa ''term'' qoraallada ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists#DLIST|description lists]]. Haddii la isticmaalayo [[Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Glossaries#Template-structured|template-structured glossaries]], terms-ku si otomaatig ah waxay leeyihiin anchors-ka isqu xirka, laakiin ma leeyihiin kale. Xigashooyinka mawduuca description-list waxay ku dhex jiraan {{tl|term}} ama {{tl|defn}} element, sida loo baahan yahay. ==Noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga== {{Shortcut|MOS:ENGVAR}} Noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga (tusaale ahaan, kala duwanaanshaha erayada ama naxwaha ee gobollada ka jira) waxay bixiyaan macluumaad ku saabsan kala duwanaanshaas. Dhammaan noocyada gobollada ama noocyada heerka ee Af-Soomaaliga waa kuwo la aqbali karo oo siman Wikipedia-da Soomaaliga, iyada oo la isticmaalayo uslub rasmi ah oo maqaallada u gaar ah ([[Register (sociolinguistics)|weeraral rami ah]] ama astaanta luqadda). Qaabka taariikhda ee maqaalka ({{xt|{{#time: F j, Y}}}} ama {{xt|{{#time: j F Y}}}}) wuxuu sidoo kale la xiriiraa noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga {{snd}}eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|Strong national ties to a topic|Retaining existing format}}. === <span class="anchor" id="Internal consistency"></span>Joogteynta ku dhex jirta maqaallada<!-- When renaming this section title, rename the full link at [[Wikipedia:Consistency]] --> === {{Shortcut|MOS:ARTCON|MOS:CONSISTENT}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Variation in citation methods|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Retaining existing format}} Xeerarka nooc gaar ah oo Af-Soomaali caadifad ah waa in loo raaco si joogto ah ku dhex jirta maqaalka gaarka ah. Waxyaabaha ka baxsan waxaa ku jira: *'''Xigashooyinka''' iyo '''cinwaannada buugaagta ama hawlaha''' (sida buugaagta, filimada, iyo muusigga) waa in loo qoraa sida ay ka muuqdaan ilaha tixraaca. Laakiin, waxaa jira xaalado qaarkood oo leexanaya mabda'an si loo dhowro heerka qaab-qoraalka ee alifbeetada encyclopedia-ha dhan. {{crossref|Eeg {{section link||Typographic conformity}}.}} *'''Magacyada u gaarka ah''' waxay isticmaalaan qoraalka mawduuca ama lahaanshaha u gaarka ah, tusaale ahaan, {{xt|United States Department of Defense}} iyo {{xt|Australian Defence Force}}; {{xt|International Labour Organization}}<!--This example is here because it uses -our and -ization at the same time; it is Oxford spelling.-->. *Maqaallada ku saabsan mawduucyada la xiriira kimistariga, foomka heerka caalamiga ah ee higaada {{xt|aluminium}}, {{xt|sulfur}}, {{xt|caesium}} (iyo erayada ka soo baxa) waa in loo isticmaalo iyadoo aan loo eegin nooca luqadda ee looga adeegsado maqaalka. {{crossref|Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (chemistry)|Element names}}.}} ===Fursadaha wadaagga ama isku-duubnida=== {{shortcut|MOS:COMMONALITY}} Si loogu talagalay encyclopedia caalamiga ah, isticmaalka erayada wadaagga ah ee dhammaan noocyada Af-Soomaaliga waa mid ka wanaagsan. *Isticmaal erayada si caalami ah loo aqbalay halkii kuwa aan aad loo fidin, gaar ahaan cinwaannada. Tusaale ahaan, [[Glasses|{{xt|muraayado}}]] ayaa ka wanaagsan noocyada gobollada ee gaarka ah; [[Ten million|{{xt|toban milyan}}]] ayaa ka wanaagsan [[crore|{{!xt|hal crore}}]]. *Haddii kala duwanaansho higaadeed uu ka muuqdo cinwaan, samee bogga [[Wikipedia:Redirect|reer-itusaale (sidetrack/redirect)]] si loogu talagalay kuwa kale, sida ku dhex jirta [[artefact]] iyo [[artifact]], si dhammaan noocyada loo isticmaali karo raadinta iyo isku xirka. *Erayada ku kala duwan noocyada luqadda, ama leh macnayaal kala duwan, waxaa lagu [[Gloss (annotation)#In linguistics|u xaqiijin karaa faahfaahinta (gloss)]] si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga ama jahawareerka, tusaale ahaan, {{xt|qaybta dambe ee baabuurta (trunk ama boot)&nbsp;...}}. *Isticmaal eray ama weedh si caadi ah loo fahmo iyada oo ka wanaagsan mid leh macno kale sababtoo ah kala duwanaanshaha gobollada (halkii {{!xt|alternate}}, isticmaal {{xt|alternative}} ama {{xt|alternating}}, sida habboon), marka laga reebo xaaladaha tignoolajiyada ama cilmiga halka beddelkaas uu noqon lahaa mid aan habboonayn ({{xt|alternate leaves}}; {{xt|alternate law}}). *Marka ay jiraan wax ka badan hal nooc oo higaad ah oo ka dhex jira heerka caadiga ah ee luqadda, nooca ugu caansan ee hadda la isticmaalo waa in caadi ahaan ka wanaagsanaado, marka laga reebo halka higaada yar ay leedahay isticmaal gaar ah oo xaalad xeel-dheer ah, tusaale ahaan, ''connexion'' ku dhex jirta [[Connexionalism|Methodist connexionalism]]. {{crossref|pw=y|Si aad u hesho taageero erayada gaarka ah, eeg {{section link|Comparison of American and British English|Vocabulary}}, iyo [[American and British English spelling differences]]; Qaamuustu badankoodu sidoo kale waxay muujiyaan erayada gobollada.}} ===Xiriirka gobolka ama qaranka ee xoogga leh ee mawduuca=== {{Shortcut|MOS:TIES}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Strong national ties to a topic|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Unit choice and order}} Maqaal ku saabsan mawduuc leh xiriir xooggan oo u socda [[English-speaking nation|waddan ama gobol]] gaar ah waa inuu isticmaalaa heerka luqadda rasmiga ah (ee ma aha colloquial/afka wadada) ee gobolkaas ama qarankaas. Tusaale ahaan: Mawduucyada leh xiriir xooggan oo u socda [[Commonwealth of Nations]], ama waddamo badan oo Commonwealth ah ama dhulalkii hore ee British-ka, isticmaal higaada British-ka. ===Dhowrida nooca jira=== {{Shortcut|MOS:RETAIN}} Marka nooc gaar ah [[#Consistency within articles|isticmaalkiisa joogtada ah]] lagu dhisay maqaal, sii wad iyada oo aan la helin is-afgarad ka dhan ah. Kaliya xaaladaha gaarka ah (sida marka mawduuc uu leeyahay [[#Strong national ties to a topic|xiriir gobol ama qaran oo xooggan]], ama beddelku wuxuu yareeyaa is-dhaafsiga) ayaa ay jirtaa sabab shaqaynaysa oo loo beddelo ka mid ah dookha la aqbali karo oo loo beddelo mid kale. {{va|FPSR|FMC|text=Marka aan la dhisin nooc gaar ah oo wada-hadalku uusan xallin arrinta, isticmaal nooca ka muuqda nooca ugu horreeyay ee ka dambeeya [[Wikipedia:Stub|qabyada (stub)]] oo soo bandhigay nooc la aqoonsan karo. Waxa ka baxsan tan waa [[#Retain quote variety|ha beddelin nooca luqadda ee ku dhex jira xigasho]].}} Nooca lagu dhisay maqaal gaar ah waxaa lagu qoraa iyadoo lagu dhex darayo [[:Category:Use English templates|tampaallada Use X English]] ee habboon bogga maqaalka. Tampaallada [[:Category:Varieties of English templates|nooca luqadda ee habboon]] sidoo kale waxaa lagu dhejin karaa bogga wada-hadalka ee maqaalka. Maqaal waa inuusan noqon mid la tifaftiro ama magaca loo beddelo kaliya si looga beddelo hal nooc oo luqad ah oo loo beddelo mid kale. Tampaalka {{tlxs|uw-engvar}} waxaa lagu dhejin karaa bogga wada-hadalka tifaftiraha si loogu sharraxo tan. ==Xarfo waaweyn== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters}} Mawduucyada maqaalka Wikipedia iyo madaxyada qaybaha waxay isticmaalaan sentence case, ma aha title case; eeg [[Wikipedia:Article titles]] iyo {{section link||Section headings}}. Capitalization-ka waxyaabaha liiska, eeg {{section link||Bulleted and numbered lists}}. Dhibcaha kale ee ku saabsan capitalization-ka waxaa lagu gaabay ka hooseeya. Macluumaadka dhan waxaa lagu heley karaa at [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters]]. Dhibicda ugu muhiimsan waa in Wikipedia aysan u qorin xaraf weyn wax ilaa ay si joogto ah xaraf weyn ugu noqoto badankooda muhiimka ah ee [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|tixraacyada lagu aamini karo]] ee gaarka ah. ===Capitalization-ka ''The''=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Capitalization of The}} Caadi ahaan, ha u qorin xaraf weyn erayga ''the'' dhexda jumlada: {{xt|throughout the United Kingdom}}, ma aha {{!xt|throughout The United Kingdom}}. Waxyaabaha ka baxsan heshiiska waxaa ku jira magacyada saxda ah ee qaarkood ({{xt|he visited The Hague}}) iyo badankooda mawduucyada shaqaalaha abuurka ah ({{xt|Tolkien wrote ''The Lord of the Rings''}}{{snd}}laakiin ogaada in ''the'' ayan noqon karin qayb ka mid ah mawduuca laakiis, t.s., {{xt|Homer composed the ''Odyssey''}}). Waxaa jira waxyaabo gaar ah oo loo tixgeliyo [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music#Names (definite article)|magacyada band-ka]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Institutions|magacyada doorka]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#NICKNAMETHE|magacyada gaaban]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles#Indefinite and definite articles|mawduucyada shaqaalaha]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks#TMTHE|trademarks-ka]]. ===<span id="Capitalization-Titles"></span>Mawduucyada shaqaalaha=== {{main|WP:Manual of Style/Titles of works}} Mawduucyada luqadda English-ka ee dhismaha (buugaagta iyo shaqaalaha kale ee qoraalka, noocyada iyo shaqaalaha kale ee codka, filimada iyo shaqaalaha kale ee muuqda, sawirrada iyo shaqaalaha kale ee fanka, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxaa loo bixiyaa ku dhex jirta {{em|[[title case]]}}, halka eray kasta loo bixiyo xaraf weyn oo bilow ah marka laga reebo erayada qaarkood oo yar oo muhiim ah (sida lagu sharraxay at {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters|Composition titles}}). Erayada ugu horreeya iyo kuwa ugu dambeeya ee ku dhex jira mawduuc luqadda English-ka ah mar walba waa kuwo xaraf weyn ah. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|''An Eye for an Eye''}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|''Worth the Fighting For''}} Capitalization-ka mawduucyada aan luqadda English-ka ahayn waa uu kala duwan yahay, xataa waqtiga ku dhex jira luqadda oo kale; caadi ahaan, dhonsashada qaabka asalka ah ee shaqaalaha cusub, oo raac isticmaalka ku dhex jira tixraacyada lagu aamini karo ee luqadda English-ka ee hadda{{efn|name=recent}} ee shaqaalaha taariikhda. Marka lagu qoro alfabeta Latin-ka, badankooda waxyaabahaani waa inay sidoo kale ku dhex jiraan [[#Italics|italics]], ama lagu duubo [[#Names and titles|calaamadaha xigmadda]]. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|{{lang|fr|Les Liaisons dangereuses}}}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"{{lang|de|italics=no|Hymnus an den heiligen Geist}}"}} ===Mawduucyada dadka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Titles of people}} *'''Isticmaalka guud''', isticmaal xarafka yar ee erayada sida ''president'', ''king'', iyo ''emperor'' ({{xt|De Gaulle was a French president}}; {{xt|Louis XVI was a French king}}; {{xt|Three prime ministers attended the conference}}). *'''Toos ka hor magaca dadka''', erayadaas waxay ku starts-garoogayaan xaraf weyn ({{xt|President Obama}}, ma aha {{!xt|president Obama}}). Magacyada heerka ah ama caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo ee doorka waxaa loo treats-garaysay sida magacyada saxda ah ({{xt|David Cameron was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom}}; {{xt|Hirohito was Emperor of Japan}}; {{xt|Louis XVI was King of France}}). Qaababka boqortooyada waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|Her Majesty}}; {{xt|His Highness}}); waxyaabaha ka baxsan waxay ku dabaqmi karaan doorkii gaar ah. ===Diimaha, ilaahada, falsafadaha, caqiidooyinka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Religions, deities, philosophies, doctrines, and their adherents}} {{see|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Religion}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles#Religious texts}} *'''Diimaha, kooxaha, iyo kaniisadaha''' iyo taageerayaashooda (foomka noun ama adjective) waxay ku starts-garoogayaan xaraf weyn. Caadi ahaan, "the" ma aha xaraf weyn ka hor magacyadaas ({{xt|the Unitarians}}, ma aha {{!xt|The Unitarians}}). *'''[[Religious text]]s''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn, laakiin mara badanaa ma aha italics ({{xt|the Bhagavad Gita}}, {{xt|the Quran}}, {{xt|the Talmud}}, {{xt|the Granth Sahib}}, {{xt|the Bible}}). Ha u qorin xaraf weyn "the" marka aad u isticmaalayso foomkan. Adjectives-ka qaarkood oo ka soo baxay waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn heshiis ahaan, qaarkoodna ma qaataan ({{xt|biblical}}, laakiin {{xt|Quranic}}); haddii aad ma ogayd, eeg dictionary-ga. *'''[[Honorific]]s ee ilaahada''', ku dhex jira magacyada saxda ah iyo mawduucyada, waxay ku starts-garoogayaan xaraf weyn ({{xt|God}}, {{xt|Allah}}, {{xt|the Lord}}, {{xt|the Supreme Being}}, {{xt|the Great Spirit}}, {{xt|the Horned One}}, {{xt|Bhagavan}}). Ha u qorin xaraf weyn "the" xaaladahaas ama marka aad tixraacayso dadka waaweyn ee diinta ama dadka ka mid ah mythology-ga ({{xt|the Prophet}}, {{xt|the Messiah}}, {{xt|the Virgin}}). Nouns-ka wadaagga ah ee ilaahada iyo dadka diinta ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|many gods}}; {{xt|the god Woden}}; {{xt|saints and prophets}}). *'''Pronouns-ka dadka cibaadada ama worship-ka''' ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn, xataa haddii xaraf weyn lagu qoro qoraallada diinta ({{xt|God and his will}}). *'''Qeeybaha baaxadda leh ee mythical ama legendary beings''' waxay ku starts-garoogayaan xarfo yar ({{xt|elf}}, {{xt|fairy}}, {{xt|nymph}}, {{xt|unicorn}}, {{xt|angel}}), inkastoo shaqaalaha fantasy-ga, sida buugaagta [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] iyo madaaddaalada video game-ka qaarkood, xarfaha waaweyn ee bilowga ah marna loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo in beings-ku ay samaynayaan culture ama race ku dhex jira [[fictional universe]]. U qor xaraf weyn magacyada ama mawduucyada creatures-ka gaarka ah ({{xt|the Minotaur}}, {{xt|Pegasus}}) iyo kooxaha oo magacooda iyo kaqeybgalayaashoodu ay dhisay yihiin ({{xt|the Magi, or the Three Wise Men}}, {{xt|the Furies}}). Tixraacyada guud ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|these priests}}; {{xt|several wise men}}; {{xt|cherub-like}}). *'''Spiritual ama matoorada diinta''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn kaliya marka la tixraacayo matoorada gaarka ah ama waqtiyada ({{xt|the Great Flood}} iyo {{xt|the Exodus}}; laakiin {{xt|annual flooding}} iyo {{xt|an exodus of refugees}}). *'''Falsafadaha, theories-ka, movements-ka, iyo caqiidooyinka''' waxay isticmaalaan xarfo yar ilaa magacu ka soo baxo magac sax ah ({{xt|capitalism versus Marxism}}) ama uusan noqon magac sax ah ({{xt|republican}}, dhismaha fikirka political-ka; {{xt|Republican}}, xisbiga political-ka). Isticmaal xarfo yar mawduucyada caqiidooyinka ama fikirka diinta ee canon-ka ah (oo ka soo karşı matoorada gaarka ah), xataa haddii xaraf weyn lagu qoro taageerayaasha diinta qaarkood ({{xt|virgin birth}}, {{xt|original sin}}, {{xt|transubstantiation}}). *'''[[Platonic idealism|Platonic]] ama transcendent ideals''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn xaaladda caqiidada philosophical-ka ({{xt|Truth}}, {{xt|the Good}}); iyagoo loo isticmaalo si baaxad leh, waxay ku dhex jiraan xarfo yar ({{xt|Superman represents American ideals of truth and justice}}). Isticmaal xarfo waaweyn personifications-ka lagu muujiyay fanka ({{xt|the guidebook mentioned statues of Justice and Liberty}}). *{{va|Eponyms|EPONYM|EPONYMS|text='''[[Eponym]]s''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn ([[Edwardian era|{{xt|Edwardian}}]], [[De Morgan's laws|{{xt|De Morgan's laws}}]], [[Alice in Wonderland syndrome|{{xt|Alice in Wonderland syndrome}}]], [[Plaster of Paris|{{xt|plaster of Paris}}]], [[Platonic idealism|{{xt|Platonic idealism}}]], [[Draconian constitution|{{xt|Draconian constitution of Athens}}]]), marka laga reebo isticmaalka idiomatic-ka ah oo ka baxsan xaaladda asalka ah oo caadi ahaan xarfo yar ku dhex jira tixraacyada ([[Platonic relationship|{{xt|a platonic relationship}}]]; {{xt|complained of draconian workplace policies}}).{{efn|name=eponyms|1=Waxaa jira waxyaabo yar oo dheeraad ah oo ka baxsan capitalization-ka eponyms-ka, halka term uu leeyahay conventionalized xooggan ku dhex jirta xarfo yar, t.s., lagu doorbido foomkaas badankooda dictionaries-ka waaweyn ee luqadda English-ka. Tusaale ahaan, {{xt|parkinsonian}} wuxuu sharraxaa patient muujinaya symptoms-ka [[Parkinson's disease|{{xt|Parkinson's disease}}]]. Linguistics/orthography isticmaalka terms-ka [[Linguistic latinisation|{{xt|latinize}}]], [[Romanisation|{{xt|romanize}}]], iyo [[Anglicization|{{xt|anglicize}}]] [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Anglo- and similar prefixes|waxay sii kordhayaan xarfo yar]], iyo [[Italic type|{{xt|italic[s]}}]] ku dhex jirta typography mar walba waa ikhsan.}} Foomka dhan oo uu eponym ku yahay adjective [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Religions, deities, philosophies, doctrines, and their adherents|ma aha xaraf weyn]] marka laga reebo marka foomka laikiisu uu yahay magac sax ah (t.s., [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles|mawduuca shaqaalaha la daabacay]]: [[The China Syndrome|{{xt|''The China Syndrome''}}]]).}} ===Waxyaabaha kalandarka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Calendar items}} *'''Bilaaha, maalmaha toddobaadka, iyo fasaxyada''' waxay ku starts-garoogayaan xaraf weyn ({{xt|June}}, {{xt|Monday}}; {{xt|the Fourth of July}} wuxuu tixraacaa kaliya Maalinta Xorriyadda US{{snd}}haddii kale {{xt|July 4}} ama {{xt|4 July}}). *'''Xilliyada''' waxay ku dhex jiraan xarfo yar ({{xt|her last summer}}; {{xt|the winter solstice}}; {{xt|spring fever}}), marka laga reebo personifications-ka ama magacyada saxda ah ee waqtiyada ama matoorada ({{xt|Old Man Winter}}; {{xt|competed on the Spring Circuit}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="People, animals, plants, and other organisms"></span><!-- It is unlikely this was used much, and the phrase can simply be searched for and replaced. -->Dhabaha, dhirta, iyo organisms-ka kale=== {{Shortcut|MOS:LIFE}} {{Hatnote|For more detail on capitalization, see {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters|Animals, plants, and other organisms}}; on italicization, {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting|Italic type}}. See also {{section link|Wikipedia:Lead section|Organisms}} for handling of first sentence. See [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (fauna)]] and [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora)]] for article title guidelines.}} Marka la isticmaalayo '''[[Taxonomy (biology)|magacyada taxonomic ("scientific")]]''', u qor xaraf weyn oo italics genus-ka: {{xt|''Berberis''}}, {{xt|''Erithacus''}}. (Supergenus iyo subgenus, marka ay ku dabaqmaan, loo treats-garaysay foomkaas oo kale.) Italics-garo laakiin ha u qorin xaraf weyn ranks-ka taxonomic-ka ah heerka species-ka iyo ka hooseeya: {{xt|''Berberis darwinii''}}, {{xt|''Erithacus rubecula superbus''}}, {{xt|''Acacia coriacea'' subsp. ''sericophylla''}}; wax ka baxsan ma aha oo lagu sameeyay magacyada saxda ah oo samaynaya qayb ka mid ah magacyada scientific-ka ah. Taxa-ga sare (order, family, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn Latin-ka ({{xt|Carnivora}}, {{xt|Felidae}}) laakiin ma qaataan equivalents-ka English-ka laakiis ({{xt|carnivorans}}, {{xt|felids}}); ma aha italics labada foomba, marka laga reebo viruses, halka dhammaan magacyada la accepts-garaysay guddiga [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|ICTV]] ay yihiin italics ({{xt|''Retroviridae''}}). {{Shortcut|MOS:CULTIVAR}}{{Anchor|Cultivar}}Magacyada '''[[Cultivar]]''' iyo '''[[cultivar group]]''' ee dhirta ma aha italics, oo waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn (ku dhex jirta erayga ''Group'' ee magaca ku dhex jira); magacyada cultivar waxay ka muuqdaan ku dhex jira xigmadda single-ka ah ({{xt|''Malus domestica'' 'Red Delicious'}}), inta cultivar groups ma qaataan ({{xt|''Cynara cardunculus'' Scolymus Group}}). '''English [[Common name|magacyada vernacular ("common")]]''' waxaa loo bixiyaa xarfo yar qoraalka maqaalka ([[Plains zebra|{{xt|plains zebra}}]]<!-- animal species -->, [[Mountain maple|{{xt|mountain&nbsp;maple}}]]<!-- plant species -->, iyo [[Southwestern red-tailed hawk|{{xt|southwestern red-tailed hawk}}]]<!-- bird subspecies -->) iyo ku dhex jirta sentence case bilowga jumlada iyo meelaha kale oo xarafka ugu horreeya ee erayga ugu horreeya uu yahay xaraf weyn.{{efn|name=Sentence case}} Waxay sidoo kale qaataan xarfo waaweyn halka ay ku dhex jiraan magacyada saxda ah: [[Przewalski's horse|{{xt|Przewalski's&nbsp;horse}}]]<!-- eponym -->, [[California condor|{{xt|California&nbsp;condor}}]]<!-- typical geonym -->, iyo [[Fair-maid-of-France|{{xt|fair-maid-of-France}}]]<!-- unusual but important illustrative case -->. Kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa species iyo subspecies, sida tusaalooyinka hore, iyo sidoo kale magacyada guud ee kooxaha ama noocyada organism-ka: [[Bird of prey|{{xt|bird&nbsp;of&nbsp;prey}}]]<!-- cross-order ecological niche -->, [[Oak|{{xt|oak}}]]<!-- plant family -->, [[Great apes|{{xt|great&nbsp;apes}}]]<!-- animal family -->, [[Bryde's whales|{{xt|Bryde's&nbsp;whales}}]]<!-- species group -->, [[Livestock guardian dog|{{xt|livestock&nbsp;guardian&nbsp;dog}}]]<!-- domestic type -->, [[Poodle|{{xt|poodle}}]]<!-- domestic breed group but not a breed -->, [[Van cat|{{xt|Van&nbsp;cat}}]]<!-- domestic geographic landrace -->, [[Wolfdog|{{xt|wolfdog}}]]<!-- hybrid/crossbreed/mongrel not recognized as a standardized breed -->. Marka magaca common-ka ah uu la mid yahay taxon scientific ah, ha u qorin xaraf weyn ama italics, marka laga reebo halka la tixraacayo organism-ka taxonomically: {{xt|A lynx is any of the four medium-sized wild cat species within the genus ''Lynx''.}} Magacyada vernacular ee aan English-ka ahayn, marka ay la xiriiraan in lagu daro, waxaa loo maareeyay sida terms-ka kale oo aan English-ka ahayn: italics sidaas, oo xaraf weyn kaliya haddii shuruudaha luqadda hooyo ay u baahan yihiin. Magacyada aan English-ka ahayn oo noqday kuwo lagu dhex dhasheeyay English-ka waxaa loo treats-garaysay sida English-ka ([[Ayahuasca|{{xt|ayahuasca}}]], [[Okapi|{{xt|okapi}}]]). {{Shortcut|MOS:BREED}}{{Anchor|Breed}}'''[[Standardized breeds]]''' waa inay caadi ahaan dhonsadaan capitalization-ka loo isticmaalay heerka breed-ka.{{efn|name=Standardized breeds|1=Hagaha breeds-ka lagu daray [[Diff2/881140543|RfC on capitalization of the names of standardized breeds|December 2018 RfC]]. "Standardized breed" wuxuu waayay macno toos ah oo caddaynaya, laakiin wuxuu ku dhex jiraa breed kasta oo ku dhex jira [[breed standard]] ama [[studbook]] ee kooxda notable breeder/fancier. Kooxaha kale ee dhabaha dhaladada ah ma aha standardized breeds: noocyada taariikhda hore, kooxaha breed-ka, dadka feral-ka ah, landraces, iyo [[crossbreed]]s ama [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] oo aan kooxaha waaweyn ma aqoonsan sida breeds. Kuwo badan caadi ahaan ma aha [[Wikipedia:Notability|notable]] laakiis.}} Tusaalooyinka: [[German Shepherd|{{xt|German Shepherd}}]], [[Russian White goat|{{xt|Russian White goat}}]], [[Berlin Short-faced Tumbler|{{xt|Berlin Short-faced Tumbler}}]]. Sida dhirta cultivars, kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa haddii noun-ka lagu daray uu yahay magac sax ah ama kale, oo ka soo karşı sida magacyada vernacular ee species loo qoro. Laakiin, ka baxsan cultivars, breeds waligeed ma lagu lago xigmadda single-ka ah, oo magacyadoodu waligeed ma aha qayb ka mid ah magac scientific ah. Term-ka species oo lagu daray dhamaadka si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga ("cat", "hound", "horse", "swine", iyo wixii la mid ah) waa inuusan noqon xaraf weyn, ilaa uu yahay qayb ka mid ah magaca breed-ka laakiis oo si joogto ah lagu muujiyo foomkaas heerka breed-ka (xaaladaha dhifka ah waxaa ku jira [[Norwegian Forest Cat|{{xt|Norwegian Forest Cat}}]] iyo [[American Quarter Horse|{{xt|American Quarter Horse}}]]). Samee [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirections]] ka soo baxay capitalization-ka kale iyo foomamka spelling-ka ee mawduucyada maqaalka, iyo magacyada kale, t.s., [[Adélie Penguin]], [[Adelie penguin]], [[Adelie Penguin]] iyo ''[[Pygoscelis adeliae]]'' dhammaan waa inay redirection u sameeyaan [[Adélie penguin]]. ===Celestial bodies=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Celestial bodies}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (astronomical objects)}} Erayada ''sun'', ''earth'', ''moon'', iyo ''solar system'' ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn isticmaalka guud ({{xt|The sun was over the mountain top}}; {{xt|The tribal people thought of the whole earth as their home}}). Waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn marka entity-ga uu yahay personified ({{xt|Sol Invictus ('Unconquered Sun') was the Roman sun god}}) ama marka loo isticmaalo sida magaca body gaar ah xaaladda scientific ama astronomical ({{xt|The Moon orbits the Earth}}; laakiin {{xt|Io is a moon of Jupiter}}). Magacyada planets, moons, asteroids, comets, stars, constellations, iyo galaxies waa magacyo sax ah, oo sidaas darteed xaraf weyn ah ({{xt|The planet Mars is in the constellation Gemini, near the star Pollux}}). Xarafka ugu horreeya ee eray kasta oo ku dhex jira magacaas waa xaraf weyn ({{xt|Alpha Centauri}} ma aha {{!xt|Alpha centauri}}; {{xt|Milky Way}}, ma aha {{!xt|Milky way}}). Erayada sida ''comet'' iyo ''galaxy'' waa inay noqdaan xaraf weyn marka ay samaynayaan qayb ka mid ah magac sax ah, laakiin ma aha marka loo isticmaalo sida term guud ({{xt|Halley's Comet is the most famous of the comets}}; {{xt|the Andromeda Galaxy is a spiral galaxy}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Compass"></span>Dhibcaha compass-ka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Compass points}} Ha u qorin xaraf weyn '''directions''' sida ''north'' ama foomamka la xiriira ({{xt|We took the northern road}}) marka laga reebo marka ay yihiin qaybo ka mid ah magacyada saxda ah ({{xt|Great North Road}}, {{xt|Great Western Drive}}, {{xt|South Pole}}). U qor xaraf weyn '''magacyada gobollada''' haddii ay gaareen heerka magaca saxda ah, ku dhex jira magacyada caadiga ah ee heshiiska ({{xt|Southern California}}; {{xt|the Western Desert}}), iyo terms-ka ka soo baxay ee dadka (t.s., ''Southerner'' sida ein ka soo jeeda [[Southern United States]]). Ha u qorin xaraf weyn magacyada sharraxaadda leh ee gobollada oo aan gaarin heerka magacyada saxda ah, sida {{xt|southern Poland}}. Directions-ka composite waxaa lagu dhex jiri karaa ama aan lagu dhex jiri karin hyphen, iyadoo ku xiran [[#National varieties of English|nooca English-ka ee loo dhasheeyay]] maqaalka. {{xt|Southeast Asia}} iyo {{xt|northwest}} waxay ka caansan yihiin American English-ka; laakiin {{xt|South-East Asia}} iyo {{xt|north-west}} waxay ka caansan yihiin British English-ka. Xaaladaha sida {{xt|north–south dialogue}} iyo {{xt|east–west orientation}}, isticmaal en dash; eeg {{section link||Other uses for en dashes}}. ===<span id="Institutions"></span>Magacyada saxda ah ka soo karşı terms-ka guud=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Institutions|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Capitalization of The{{!}}Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Capitalization of ''The''}} U qor xaraf weyn magacyada doorka gaarka ah ({{xt|the founding of the University of Delhi}}; {{xt|the history of Stanford University}}) laakiin ma aha erayada guud ee doorka ({{xt|the high school is near the university}}). Ha u qorin xaraf weyn ''the'' bilowga magaca doorka, iyadoo aan loo eegin qaabka loo doorbido ee doorka. Waxaa jira waxyaabo gaar ah oo dhif ah, marka la hoggaaminayo ''The'' oo lagu muujiyay ''T'' ku dhex jirta acronym-ka kooxda: {{xt|The International Cat Association (TICA)}}. U treats-garee political ama geographic units foomkan oo kale: {{xt|The city has a population of 55,000}}; {{xt|The two towns merged to become the City of Smithville}}. Ha u sameynin sida qaabka wargaysyada maxalliga ah oo tixraacaya municipality-ga sida ''the City'' ama ''The City'', marka laga reebo City of London [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#City of London|xaaladaha qaarkood]]. Hagahaani wuxuu sii kordhayaa soo-saarka doorka, companiyo, iyo kooxaha kale. Tusaale ahaan, magaca dhan ee sharciga sida {{xt|Online Safety Act 2023}} wuxuu noqon doonaa xaraf weyn, laakiin tixraacyada ka dambeeya ee {{xt|the act}} ma noqon doonaan. ==<span class="anchor" id="Acronyms and abbreviations"></span><span class="anchor" id="Acronyms"></span><span class="anchor" id="Initialisms"></span><span class="anchor" id="Shortenings"></span>Gaabinta== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Initials}} Gaabinta waa foomamka gaaban ee erayada ama foomamka. Raadinta saxda ah, waxay ku kala duwan yihiin [[Contraction (grammar)|contractions]], oo isticmaala [[apostrophe]] (t.s., ''won't'', eeg {{Section link||Contractions}}), iyo [[initialism]]s. Initialism waxaa lagu samaynayaa ka mid ah ama dhammaan xarfaha bilowga ah ee erayada ku dhex jira foom. Ka hooseeya, tixraacyada gaabinta waa in loo qaadaa inay ku dhex jiraan acronyms, iyo term-ka ''acronym'' waa inuu sidoo cuali ahaan ku dabaqmaa initialisms. ===U qor matoorada ugu horreeya si dhan=== {{Shortcut|MOS:1STOCC|MOS:1STABBR}} Marka gaabinta loo isticmaali doono maqaal, soo bandhig iyadoo la isticmaalayo foomka dhan, iyo gaabinta ku dhex jirta parentheses: {{Block indent|{{xt|an early local area network (LAN) developed by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC){{nbsp}}... DEC's later LAN products were{{nbsp}}...}}}} Ha isticmaalin xarfo waaweyn foomka dhan kaliya sababtoo ah xarfaha waaweyn waxaa loo isticmaalay gaabinta: {{!xt|an early Local Area Network (LAN)}}. Marka laga reebo xaaladaha gaarka ah, gaabinta caadiga ah (sida {{xt|PhD}}, {{xt|DNA}}, ama {{xt|USSR}}) looma baahna in lagu fido xataa isticmaalka ugu horreeya. ===Foomamka plural-ka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:GREENGROCER}} U samee plural [[acronyms]] iyadoo lagu darayo ''-s'' ama ''-es'': {{xt|Three CD-ROMs and two BIOSes were released}}. Ha isticmaalin ''[[greengrocer's apostrophe]]'' si aad u samayso plurals: {{!xt|Three CD-ROM's and two BIOS's were released}}. ===<span class="anchor" id="Periods (full stops) and spaces"></span><span class="anchor" id="Full stops and spaces"></span><span class="anchor" id="op.cit."></span>Punctuation iyo spacing=== {{Shortcut|MOS:PS}} Gaabintu waxay ku dhabayn kartaa ama aan ku dhabayn karin full point (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-garaysay ''period'' ama ''full stop''). Qaab joogto ah waa in lagu dhasheeyaa ku dhex jirta maqaal. Isticmaalka North American caadi ahaan waa in lagu dhabeeyo dhammaan gaabinta period ({{xt|Dr. Smith of 42&nbsp;Drummond St.}}) laakiin isticmaalka caadiga ah ee British iyo Australian, ma jiro period loo isticmaalo haddii gaabinta (contraction) ay ku dhabayso xarafka ugu dambeya ee foomka aan la gaabin ({{xt|Dr Smith of 42&nbsp;Drummond St}}) ilaa is-dhaafsi uu keeni karo. Kani waa sidoo cuali ahaan isticmaalka caadiga ah ee qoraalka scientific-ka ah. Iyadoo aan loo eegin punctuation, erayada lagu gaabay ka badan hal xaraf waa lagu dhex jiraa space ({{xt|op.&nbsp;cit.}} ma aha {{!xt|op.cit.}} ama {{!xt|opcit}}). Waxaa jira waxyaabo ka baxsan oo yar: {{xt|PhD}} {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg sare)}} "Philosophiae Doctor"; {{xt|BVetMed}} "Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine". Xaaladaha badankooda, Wikipedia ma isticmaalto punctuation-ka oo kale ku dhex jirta acronyms iyo initialisms: {{xt|GDP}}, ma aha {{!xt|G.D.P.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="US"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S."></span><span class="anchor" id="USA"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S.A."></span>US iyo U.S.<!-- When renaming this section title, rename the full link at [[Wikipedia:Consistency]] -->=== {{Shortcut|MOS:US|MOS:U.S.|MOS:USA|MOS:U.S.A.}} {{redirect|MOS:US|the use of the word "us"|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#First-person pronouns}} {{xt|US}} waa gaabinta caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo ee {{xt|United States}}, inkastoo {{xtn|U.S.}} – oo leh periods iyo aan lahayn space – ay tahay mid caadi ah daabacadaha North American, ku dhex jirta wargaysyada news-ka. Hagayaasha qaabka American qaarkood, ku dhex jiro ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style]]'' (tan iyo 2010), waxay baabi'iyeen {{!xt|U.S.}} waxayna soo sheegeen {{xt|US}}. Sababaha [[#Opportunities for commonality|wadaagga]], isticmaal {{xt|US}} default ahaan marka aad gaabinayso, laakiin [[#Retaining existing styles|sii wad]] {{xtn|U.S.}} maqaallada American ama Canadian English oo ay horey u dhisantay, ilaa ay jirto sabab wanaagsan oo loo beddelo. Sababtoo ah isticmaalka periods ee gaabinta iyo acronyms wuxuu noqon doonaa mid joogto ah ku dhex jira maqaal kasta, mar walba isticmaal {{xt|US}} maqaal leh gaabinta waddammada kale. Gaabinta dheeraad ah oo lagu dhex jiro initials-ka waddanka ({{xt|USN}}, {{xt|USAF}}), waligeed ha isticmaalin periods. Marka United States lagu xuso hal ama ka badan waddammada kale ku dhex jirta jumlad oo kale, {{xt|US}} (ama {{xtn|U.S.}}) wuxuu noqon karaa mid aad u informal ah, gaar ahaan xusidda ugu horreysa ama sida noun halkii adjective ({{xt|France and the United States}}, ma aha {{!xt|France and the US}}). Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|U.&nbsp;S.}} oo leh space ama {{!xt|U.S.&nbsp;of&nbsp;A.}} oo taariikh hore ah, marka laga reebo marka aad xigasho sameynayso. Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|U.S.A.}} ama {{!xt|USA}} marka laga reebo ku dhex jirta xigasho, sida qayb ka mid ah magac sax ah ({{xt|Team USA}}), ama isticmaalka tignoolajiyada iyo rasmiga ah ee qaarkood (t.s., [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3]], [[FIFA country codes|FIFA]], iyo [[IOC country codes]]). ===Circa=== {{for|examples|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Uncertain, incomplete, or approximate dates}} Si loo muujiyo ''si xaddidan'', isticmaalka {{tl|circa}}, oo muuqda sida {{xt|{{circa}}}}, waxaa ka wanaagsan {{!xt|circa}}, {{!xt|c.}}, {{!xt|ca.}}, ama {{!xt|approx.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="unwarranted abbreviations"></span>Ka fogao isticmaalka aan la xaqijin=== {{Hatnote|See also: {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|Units of measurement}} for when to abbreviate units of measurement.}} Ka fogao gaabinta marka ay jahwareerin karaan akhristaha, baabi'in karaan socodka, ama ka muuqan karaan informal. Tusaale ahaan: *Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|approx.}} ee {{xt|approximate(ly)}} marka laga reebo infobox ama table (xaaladaas isticmaal {{tlx|abbr|approx.|approximately}} xusidda ugu horreysa: {{xt|{{abbr|approx.|approximately}}}}). *Ha isticmaalin legalism-ka {{!xt|Holmes J}} ee {{xt|[[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.|Justice Holmes]]}}. <!-- this might be better in [[WP:JARGON]] --> ===Ha samaynin=== Ka fogao sameynta [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#Neologisms|gaabinta cusub]], gaar ahaan acronyms. Tusaale ahaan, {{xtn|World Union of Billiards}} waa wanaagsan yahay sida {{em|turjumaad}} ee {{xt|[[Union Mondiale de Billard]]}}, laakiin ma aha iyada ama yareynta {{!xt|WUB}} oo loo isticmaalay kooxda ama tixraacyada gaarka ah; isticmaal magaca asalka ah iyo gaabintiisa rasmiga ah, {{xt|UMB}}. Haddii ay noqoto mid lagama maarmaan ah in lagu gaabiyo space yar, sida [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables#Captions and headers|column header ee table-ka]], isticmaal gaabinta si baaxad leh loo aqoonsan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, ee {{xt|New Zealand gross national product}}, isticmaal {{xt|NZ}} iyo {{xt|GNP}}, oo leh isqu xir haddii term-ka aan horey loogu qorin maqaalka: {{xt|NZ&nbsp;[[Measures of national income and output|GNP]]}}. Ha samaynin initialisms sida {{!xt|NZGNP}}. ===HTML tags iyo moodallada=== Mid ka mid ah {{tag|abbr|o}} ama {{tlx|abbr}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa gaabinta iyo acronyms: {{tag|abbr|params=title="World Health Organization"|content=WHO|wrap=yes}} ama {{tlx|abbr|WHO|World Health Organization}} waxay samayn doonaan {{abbr|WHO|World Health Organization}}; [[mouseover|soreynta]] qoraalka muuqda waxay keentaa [[tooltip]] ee foomka dheer inuu soo muuqdo. ===Ampersand=== {{Shortcut|MOS:AMP|MOS:&}} {{redirects|WP:&|the use of "and" in titles|Wikipedia:Article titles#Titles containing "and"}} Qoraalka caadiga ah iyo madaxyada, isticmaal ''and'' halkii [[ampersand]] (''&''): {{xt|January 1&nbsp;and&nbsp;2}}, ma aha {{!xt|January 1&nbsp;&&nbsp;2}}. Laakiin sii wad ampersand marka uu yahay qayb shaqaynaysa oo qaabka magac sax ah, mawduuca shaqaalaha, ama trademark, sida ku dhex jirta ''[[Up & Down (Horace Parlan album)|Up&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Down]]'' ama [[AT&T]]. Meelaha kale, ampersands waxaa loo isticmaali karaa joogteyn iyo dookh halka space uu aad u xaddidan yahay (t.s., tables iyo infoboxes). Xigashooyinka [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Typographic conformity|waxaa lagu beddeli karaa si dhibco leh]], gaar ahaan joogteynta halka noocyada kala duwan lagu xigto, maadaama noocyada cusub ee qoraallada hore ay si joogto ah u beddealaan ampersands ''and'' (sida ay u beddealaan [[glyph]]s kale oo aan la isticmaalin, [[Typographic ligature|ligatures]], iyo gaabinta). Isticmaalka kale oo loo ilaysay laakiin aan loo baahnayn waa tixraacyada gaaban ee shaqaalaha leeh qoraa badan, t.s.: {{xt|<nowiki><ref>Lubbers & Scheepers (2002); Van Hiel & Mervielde (2002); Swyngedouw & Giles (2007); Van Hiel (2012).</ref></nowiki>}}. ==Italics== {{Shortcut|MOS:IT|MOS:ITAL}} {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Italic type}} ===<span id="Do not use capitals for emphasis"></span>Emphasis=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Emphasis}} Italics waxaa loo isticmaalaa emphasis, halkii [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Boldface|boldface]] ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#All caps and small caps|capitals]]. Laakiin isticmaalka badan wuxuu yareeyaa shaqadiisa: tixgeli dib-u-qorista halkii. Isticmaal {{tag|em}} ama {{tlx|em|...}} ee emphasis. Kani wuxuu u sahlayaa [[Help:User style|user style sheets]] in lagu maareeyo emphasis foom gaar ah, wuxuuna taageeraa reusers-ka iyo turjumaada.{{refn|{{cite web |last1=Ishida |first1=Richard |title=Using b and i elements |quote=the content of a <code>b</code> element may not always be bold, and that of an <code>i</code> element may not always be italic. |url=https://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-b-and-i-tags |website=W3C Internationalization |publisher=[[World Wide Web Consortium]] |date=2015 |access-date=1 September 2016}} }} *Sax: <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>The meerkat is <em>not</em> actually a cat.</nowiki>}}</code> *Sax: <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>The meerkat is {{em|not}} actually a cat.</nowiki>}}</code> ===<span id="Italics-Titles"></span>Mawduucyada=== {{shortcut|MOS:NOITALIC}} {{/titles hatnote include|where=MOS#I-T}} Isticmaal italics mawduucyada shaqaalaha (sida buugaagta, filimada, taxanaha TV-ga, bandhigga la magacaabay, video games-ka, albums-ka muusigga, iyo fanka). Mawduucyada maqaallada, chapters-ka, noocyada, episodes-ka, storylines-ka, papars-ka raadinta iyo shaqaalaha kale ee gaaban waxay qaataan calaamadaha xigmadda double-ka ah. Italics ma loo isticmaalo shaqaalaha diinta ee waaweyn ({{xt|the Bible}}, {{xt|the Quran}}, {{xt|the Talmud}}). Kuwa badan oo mawduucyadaani waa inay sidoo kale ku dhex jirin [[#Titles of works|title case]]. ===Erayada sida erayada=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Words as words}} {{for|the policy when a word or phrase itself may be an encyclopedic subject|Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#When a word or phrase may be an encyclopedic subject}} Isticmaal italics marka aad {{em|xusayso}} eray ama xaraf {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Use–mention distinction]])}} ama foomka erayada ilaa hal jumlad ({{xt|the term ''panning'' is derived from ''panorama''}}; {{xt|the most common letter in English is ''e''}}). Marka jumlad dhan la xuso, calaamadaha xigmadda double-ka ah waxaa loo isticmaali karaa halkii, iyadoo leh joogteyn ({{xt|The preposition in ''She sat on the chair'' is ''on''}}; ama {{xt|The preposition in "She sat on the chair" is "on"}}). Calaamadaha xigmadda waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa maaddada gaaban si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga, sida marka italics horey loo isticmaalay si xooggan bogga ee sabab kale (t.s., ee erayada iyo foomamka badan ee aan English-ka ahayn). {{em|Xusidda}} (si looga wada-hadlo grammar, wording, punctuation, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxay ku kala duwan tahay {{em|xigashoda}} (halka wax caadi ahaan lagu muujiyo ka magaca tixraaca la xigtay). Xigashoda waxaa lagu sameeyaa calaamadaha xigmadda, waligeed ma aha italics, ama labadaba waqti oo kale {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Quotations}} si aad u ogaato xeel-dheeraan).}} Isticmaalka la xiriira ee italics waa marka la soo bandhigayo ama lagu kala saarayo terms: {{xt|The ''natural numbers'' are the integers greater than 0.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign words"></span> Erayada aan English-ka ahayn=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Non-English terms}} Italics waxaa lagu muujiyay foomamka aan English-ka ahayn iyo erayada aan English-ka ahayn ee gaarka ah oo aan caadi ahaan loo isticmaalin English-ka maalin kasta. Laakiin, magacyada saxda ah (sida magacyada meelaha) ee luqadaha kale caadi ahaan ma aha italics, ama terms-ka ku dhex jira scripts-ka aan Latin-ka ahayn. Moodalka {{tlx|lang}} iyo noocyadiisa waxay taageeraan dhammaan [[ISO 639]] koodhadhka luqadaha, iyagoo sax ah u aqoonsanaya luqadda iyo si otomaatig ah u italics-garaynaya. Fadlan isticmaal moodalladan halkii aad manwal ahaan italics ugu sameyn lahayd maaddada aan English-ka ahayn. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link|WP:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Other languages}} si aad u ogaato macluumaad dheeraad ah.)}} ===Magacyada scientific-ka ah=== Isticmaal italics magacyada scientific-ka ah ee dhirta, dhabaha, iyo [[Kingdom (biology)|dhammaan organisms-ka kale]] marka laga reebo viruses heerka [[genus]] iyo ka hooseeya (italics-garo {{xt|''Panthera leo''}} iyo {{xt|''Retroviridae''}}, laakiin ma aha {{xt|Felidae}}). Sign-ka hybrid ma aha italics ({{xt|''Rosa''&nbsp;×&nbsp;''damascena''}}), ama "connecting term" loo baahan yahay ku dhex jirta [[Trinomial nomenclature#In botany|magacyada botanical-ka ee saddexda qaybood ah]] ({{xt|''Rosa gallica'' subsp. ''officinalis''}}). ===<span id="Italics and quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka ku dhex jira italics=== {{shortcut|MOS:ITALQUOTE|}}{{See also|#Quotations}} <section begin="Quotations in italics body"/>Ha u lagin xigashooyinka italics. [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation marks|Calaamadaha xigmadda]] (ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Block quotations|block quoting]]) kaliya waa kuwo ku filan oo foomamka saxda ah si loogu muujiyo xigashooyinka. Italics waa in loo isticmaalo kaliya haddii maaddada la xigtay ay haddii kale u baahan lahayd italics.<section end="Quotations in italics body"/> ([[#Italics within quotations|Eeg ka hooseeya]].) ===Italics ku dhex jira xigashooyinka=== <section begin="Italics within quotations body"/>Isticmaal italics ku dhex jira xigashooyinka si aad u soo saarto emphasis oo ku dhex jirta maaddada tixraaca ama si aad u muujiso isticmaalka erayada aan English-ka ahayn. Emphasis waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu sameyo {{tlx|em}}. Haddii aysan caddayn in tixraacu horey u lagu daray italics (ama qaab kale) ee emphasis, ama si loo muujiyo marka emphasis aan loo isticmaalin qoraalka asalka ah laakiin dambe lagu daray tifaftirka, ku dar xusuus-qoraalka tifaftirka {{xt|[emphasis in original]}} ama {{xt|[emphasis added]}}, sida ay u kala horreeyaan, ka dambaysta xigashoda. * Tusaale ahaan: {{xt|"Now cracks a noble heart. Good night sweet prince: And {{em|flights of angels}} sing thee to thy rest." [emphasis in original].}}<section end="Italics within quotations body"/> ===Atharta ku dhex jirta punctuation-ka dhow=== {{Shortcut|MOS:ITALPUNCT}} Italics-garo kaliya elements-ka jumlada oo uu saameeyay emphasis-ku. Ha italics-garayn punctuation-ka ku dhex jira dhowga. *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|What are we to make of {{em|that?}}}} (Su'aashu waxay ku dabaqmaysaa jumlada dhan, ma aha kaliya emphasis-ka ''that'', markaas waa inaysan noqon italics.) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|What are we to make of {{em|that}}?}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Four of Patrick White's most famous novels are ''A Fringe of Leaves'', ''The Aunt's Story'', ''Voss'', and ''The Tree of Man''.}} (Commas, period, iyo erayga ''and'' ma aha italics.) ==Xigashooyinka== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTE}}{{See|Wikipedia:Do not include the full text of lengthy primary sources}} {{Redirects here|MOS:QUOTE|the section on quotation characters|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation characters|the essay|Wikipedia:Quotations}} [[Wikipedia:Non-free content#Guideline examples|Xigashooyinka gaaban ee qoraalka la dhowray]] waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loogu muujiyo dhibic, loo dhiibo xaalad, ama loo atribuigo dhibic fikir ama aragti. Inkastoo xigashooyinku ay yihiin qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah Wikipedia, isticmaalka badan ee iyaga ka mid ah ma aha mid ku habboon qaabka qoraalka encyclopedic-ka ah oo wuxuu noqon karaa [[Wikipedia:Copyrights|baabi'inta copyright-ka]], markaas badankooda mawduuca waa inuu ku dhex jiraa erayada tifaftiraha laakiis. Tixgeli dib-u-qorista xigashooyinka si ay u noqdaan qoraal toos ah oo gaaban marka ay habboon tahay (iyadoo la ogaaday in [[Wikipedia:Close paraphrasing|dib-u-qorista dhow]] ay sii baabi'in karto copyright-ka). [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Quotations|Ha u lagin xigashooyinka italics]] ilaa maaddadu ay italics ugu noqoto sabab kale laakiis. Per [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|siyaasada verifiability-ga]], xigashooyinka tooska ah {{em|waa in}} ay la socdaan [[WP:INCITE|inline citation]] oo ka soo baxday [[WP:RS|tixraac lagu aamini karo]] oo taageeraya maaddada. Kani waa mid gaar ah oo muhiim ah maqaallada ku saabsan ama ku dhex jira maaddada ku saabsan [[WP:BLP|dadka nool ama dhowaan dhintay]] (BLPs). ===<span class="anchor" id="Principle of minimal change"></span><span class="anchor" id="Minimal change"></span><span class="anchor" id="PMC"></span><span class="anchor" id="PLC"></span><span class="anchor" id="MINIMALCHANGE"></span><span class="anchor" id="MINCHANGE"></span><span class="anchor" id="LEASTCHANGE"></span>Qoraalka asalka ah=== {{Shortcut|MOS:PMC|MOS:SIC}} {{Redirect|WP:PMC|closure of requested moves by page movers|Wikipedia:Requested moves/Closing instructions#Closure by a page mover}} {{Redirect|WP:PLC|inclusion guidelines for organizations|Wikipedia:Notability (organizations and companies)|the handling of the abbreviation "plc" in article titles|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (companies)}}Xigashooyinka waa inay noqdaan kuwo [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiably]] loo atribuigoy, iyo qoraalka qoraalka la xigtay waa inuu noqdo mid si dhab ah loo soo saaro. Kani waxaa loo tixraacaa sida {{em|maamulka beddelka yar}}. Halka ay jirto sabab wanaagsan oo loo beddelo qoraalka, ku dar square bracket qoraalka la beddelay; tusaale ahaan, {{!xt|"Ocyrhoe told him his fate"}} waxaa loo xigtay karaa sida {{xt|"Ocyrhoe told [her father] his fate"}}. <!-- IF EDITING THE FOLLOWING SENTENCE, PLEASE UPDATE THE DOCUMENTATION AT [[Template:Sic/doc]] ACCORDINGLY --> Makhaadhaa yar ee spelling-ka iyo typographic-ka waa in si toos ah loo hagaajiyo (tusaale ahaan, hagaaji {{!xt|basicly}} loo beddelo {{xt|basically}}). Haddii ay jirto makhaadhaa muhiim ah asalka ku dhex jirta, raac iyada oo leh {{tlx|sic}} (soo saaraya {{sic}}{{hsp}}) si loogu muujiyo in makhaadhaahu aysan ahayn mid ay sameysay Wikipedia; tusaale ahaan, {{xt|"his interview with the Dolly Llama {{sic}}"}}. Marka lagu dabaqo qoraal oo isku xir leh, syntax-ka moodalka waxaa loo hagaajin karaa {{tlx|sic|2=nolink=y}} (soo saaraya {{sic|nolink=y}} qoraalka isku xirka leh ee ka soo baxa; tusaale ahaan ku dhex jirta isku xirka: [[Template:Sic|{{sic|nolink=y}} template]]).{{efn|name="sicwarning"|{{tl|Sic}} ma aha in loo isticmaalo dhexda {{tag|ref}} tags, ama ku dhex jirta [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation templates]] sida [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]] iyo [[Help:Citation Style 2|Citation Style 2]], sababtoo ah wuxuu ku dhex jiraa markup oo baabi'in doona [[COinS]] metadata ee ay soo saaraan; eeg [[Wikipedia:COinS]].<!-- Per [[Template:Sic]] there is a {{COinS safe|n}} warning that it "should not be used in citation templates such as Citation Style 1 and Citation Style 2, because it includes markup that will pollute the COinS metadata they produce; see Wikipedia:COinS." -->}} Sababaha saxda ah iyo indexing-ka, mawduucyada tixraacyada ee loo tixraacay ma aha in loo hagaajiyo spelling-ka, laakiin hagaajinta yar ee typographic-ka ah (sida beddelka [[MOS:CURLY|curly quotes]] loo beddelo straight) waxaa lagu sameyn karaa si toos ah. Inline citations ee ku dhex jira qoraalka la xigtay, oo loo tixraaco aan loo isticmaalin maqaalka Wikipedia, waa in si toos ah loo baabi'iyo. Isticmaal [[#Ellipses|ellipses]] si aad u muujiso ka-tagista qoraalka la xigtay. Ka-tagista la xaqijiyay waxaa ku jira erayada aan loo baahnayn, aan la xiriirin, ama parenthetical-ka ah, iyo yaraynta yar ({{!xt|umm}} iyo {{!xt|hmm}}), laakiin ha ka tagin qoraal halka aad sameyso ay baabi'in doonto xaaladda muhiimka ah ama beddeli doonto macnaha qoraalka. Vulgarities iyo obscenities waa in lagu muujiyo si sax ah sida ay ka muuqdaan tixraaca la xigtay; Wikipedians ma aha in waligeed [[Wikipedia:Offensive material#How to treat offensive material in articles|baabi'iyaan erayada]] ({{!xt|G-d d--n it!}}), laakiin haddii qoraalka la xigtay {{em|laikiisu}} uu foomkan u sameyo, copy-garo qoraalka verbatim oo isticmaal {{tlx|sic}} si aad u muujiso in qoraalka loo xigtay sida ka muuqata tixraaca. Xigashooyinka tooska ah, sii wad spelling-ka dialectal iyo archaic-ka ah, ku dhex jirta capitalization-ka (laakiin ma aha glyphs iyo ligatures archaic-ka ah, sida lagu sharraxay ka hooseeya ku dhex jirta {{slink||Typographic conformity}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Quotation point of view"></span>Aragtida=== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTEPOV}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Attributing and specifying biased statements|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Expressions of doubt}} Xigashoda waa in loo isticmaalo, iyadoo la atribuigo, si loo soo bandhigo aragtiyada emotive ee aan lagu muujin karin poxa Wikipedia laikiis, laakiin waligeed ma aha si loo soo bandhigo heerarka culture sida kaliya aragtiyada: *La accepts karo: {{xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film "unforgettable".}} *Aan la accepts karin: {{!xt|The site is considered "sacred" by the religion's scriptures.}} Aragtiyada gaaban ee aan aad uga emotive ahayn caadi ahaan waxaa lagu soo sheegi karaa iyadoo la atribuigo halkii xigashoda tooska ah. Isticmaalka calaamadaha xigmadda ee terms-ka sharraxaadda leh ee gaaban wuxuu [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Expressions of doubt|muujin karaa wax is-dhaafsi ah]] oo ku saabsan maaddada la xigtay; sarcasm ama [[weasel words]], sida ''supposedly'' ama ''so-called'', waxaa lagu muujin karaa. *La accepts karo: {{xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film interesting.}} *Aan loo baahnayn oo muujin kara is-dhaafsi: {{!xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film "interesting".}} *Waa in la xigto: {{xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film "interesting but heart-wrenching".}} ===Typographic conformity=== {{Shortcut|MOS:CONFORM}} {{redirect|MOS:CONFORM|consistency within articles|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Consistency within articles}} Xigashodu ma aha [[wikt:facsimile|facsimile]] oo, xaaladaha badankooda, ma aha shuruud in qaabka asalka ah lagu dhowro. Qaabka iyo elements-ka kale ee typographic-ka ah ee qoraalka la xigtay{{efn|"Qoraalka la xigtay" ee typographic conformity iyo sababaha kale ee badan wuxuu ku dhex jiraa mawduucyada shaqaalaha, magacyada kooxaha, iyo foomamka kale oo, asalkiisa, la xigtay. Tusaale: waxyaabaha sida "Mexican-American War" waxaa si joogto ah loo hagaajiyaa loo beddelo "Mexican–American War" Wikipedia-ha, ku dhex jirta mawduucyada tixraacyada loo tixraacay, ku dhex jirta qoraalka maqaalka, tixraacyada xusuus-qoraalka, ama meelaha kale ee bogga. Kani ma leeyahay athar raadinta shaqaalaha aan tixraacnay, maadaama dhammaan raadinta waaweyn ay baabi'iyaan calaamadaha punctuation-ka.}} waa in lagu dhasheeyo heshiisyada Wikipedia-ha English-ka oo aan lahayn xusuus-qoraal, iyadoo la xaqijiyay in sameynta kani aysan beddeli doonin ama baabi'in doonin macnaha ama inta qoraalka. Kani waa beddelka oo aan samaynayn kala duwanaansho marka qoraalka loo akhrriyo si toos ah; tusaale ahaan: *Normalize dashes iyo hyphens: eeg {{Section link||Dashes}}. Isticmaal qaabka loo doortay maqaalka: unspaced [[em dash]] ama spaced [[en dash]]. *Beddel apostrophes iyo calaamadaha xigmadda loo beddelo qaabka Wikipedia: **Kuwani waa inay noqdaan toos, ma aha curly ama slanted. Eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}}. **Marka aad xigtayso xigasho iyada laikiis ku dhex jirta xigasho, beddel dhexda isticmaalka double iyo single quotes ee xigasho kasta. Eeg {{section link||For a quotation within a quotation}} si aad u ogaato xeel-dheeraan. *Marka aad xigtayso qoraal ka soo baxay luqadaha aan English-ka ahayn, punctuation-ka ka baxsan waa inuu raaco [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation marks|Manual of Style ee calaamadaha xigmadda English-ka]]. Haddii ay jiraan xigashooyinka ku dhex jira, raac shuruudaha punctuation-ka saxda ah ee luqaddaas. Haddii ay jiraan qaabab badan oo luqad ah, midka loo isticmaalay Wikipedia-ha luqaddaas waa ka wanaagsan yahay ilaa punctuation-ka laikiisu uu yahay ku dhex jiro wada-hadal. *:{{xt|The cynical response "{{lang|fr|italic=unset|L'auteur aurait dû demander&nbsp;: «&nbsp;à quoi sert-il d'écrire ceci&nbsp;?&nbsp;» mais ne l'a pas fait}}" was all he wrote.}} *Baabi'i spaces ka hor punctuation-ka sida periods iyo colons. *Caadi ahaan sii wad bold iyo italics {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Italics}})}}, laakiin badankooda qaabka kale waa in loo beddelo qoraal toos ah. {{!xt|{{Underline|Underlining}}}}, {{!xt|spac&nbsp;ing}} ku dhex jirta erayada, {{!xt|1=co<span style="color:Goldenrod;">lor</span>s}}, {{!xt|ALL CAPS}}, {{Smallcaps|{{!xt|small caps}}}}, iyo wixii la mid ah caadi ahaan waa in loo normalize-garayo qoraal toos ah. Haddii ay {{em|caddaynaysay}} muujinayso emphasis, isticmaal italic {{em|emphasis}} ({{tlx|em}}) ama, foomka dhexdiisa oo horey italics ah, boldface (leh {{tlx|strong}}). Mawduucyada buugaagta, maqaallada, gabayada, iyo wixii la mid ah, isticmaal italics ama calaamadaha xigmadda raacaya [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles|hagaha mawduucyada]]. Italics waxaa sidoo kale lagu dari karaa si loogu muujiyo [[#Non-English terms|terms-ka aan English-ka ahayn]] (leh moodalka {{tlx|lang}}), ee [[#Animals, plants, and other organisms|magaca scientific-ka ah ee organism-ka]], iyo si loogu muujiyo isticmaalka [[#Words as words|words-as-words]]. *Fiid gaabinta (aan horey loo isticmaalin mawduuca ka hor xigashoda) sida beddelka square-bracketed, ama ku sharrax iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|abbr}}. *Normalize glyphs iyo ligatures archaic-ka ah ee English-ka ee aan loo baahnayn macnaha (marka laga reebo magacyada saxda ah iyo luqadaha halka ligatures ay yihiin heer, per {{section link||Ampersand}} iyo {{Section link||Ligatures}}). Tusaalooyinka waxaa ku jira ''[[æ]]''→''ae'', ''[[œ]]''→''oe'', ''[[Long s|ſ]]''→''s'', iyo ''[[Thorn (letter)#Abbreviations|þ<sup>e</sup>]]''→''the''. {{crossref|pw=y|Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles#Typographic conformity}} si aad u ogaato waxyaabaha gaarka ah ee loo tixgeliyo normalization-ka typography-ka ee mawduucyada shaqaalaha.}} {{Shortcut|MOS:RETAINQUOTEVARIETY}} {{vanchor|Retain quote variety|text= Laakiin, noocyada qaranka ma aha in loo beddelo, maadaama kuwani ay ku dhex jiri karaan beddelka vocabulary-ka. Tusaale ahaan, xigasho ka soo baxday tixraac British ah waa in ay sii wadato spelling-ka British-ka, xataa maqaal oo haddii kale isticmaala spelling-ka American-ka. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Consistency within articles}}.)}}}} Nambarada sidoo kale caadi ahaan [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Quotations, titles, etc.|ma aha in loo re-format-gareeyo]]. Xigashoda tooska ah ma aha in loo isticmaalo si loo dhowro qaabka loo doorbido ee publisher ka baxsan (gaar ahaan marka maaddadu ay haddii kale noqon lahayd aan la beddelin), maadaama kani wuxuu leeyahay athar ee [[Scare quotes|scare-quoting]]: *{{em|La accepts karo}}: {{xt|The animal is listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.}} *{{em|Aan la accepts karin}}: {{!xt|The animal is listed as "Endangered" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.}} Italics waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loogu muujiyo isticmaalka gaar ah sida [[term of art]] (xaaladda "[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Words as words|words as words]]"), gaar ahaan marka ay tahay mid aan la dhasheyn ama ma aha in loo dib-u-qoro ka magaca aan aheyin expert: *{{em|La accepts karo}}: {{xt|The animal is listed as ''critically endangered'' on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.}} Marka aad xigtayso jumlad dhan, caadi ahaan waxaa lagu taliyaa in erayga ugu horreeya uu sii wado xaraf weyn. Laakiin, haddii qoraalka la xigtay lagu ammaan goyay jumlada dhow (tusaale ahaan, leh hordhac sida "{{var|X}} said that"), xarafka weyn ee asalka ah waxaa loo beddeli karaa xaraf yar. *{{xt|LaVesque's report stated: "The equipment was selected for its low price. This is the primary reason for criticism of the program."}} *{{xt|LaVesque's report said that "the equipment was selected for its low price".}} *{{xt|The program was criticized primarily because "the equipment was selected for its low price", according to LaVesque.}} Caadi ahaan looma baahna in la xuso beddelka capitalization-ka. Laakiin, si loo helo saxnaan dheeraad ah, xarafka la beddelay waxaa lagu lagi karaa ku dhex jira square brackets: {{nobr|"The" → "[t]he".}} *{{xt|The program was criticized primarily because {{nobr|"[t]he}} equipment was selected for its low price", according to LaVesque.}} ===Attribution=== Akhristahu waa inuu awoodaa inuu go'aamiyo tixraaca xigasho kasta, ugu yaraan ka magaca footnote. Tixraacu waa in lagu magacaabo {{em|qoraalka maqaalka}} haddii xigashodu ay tahay aragti {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|Attributing and specifying biased statements}})}}. Marka aad atribuigo-garayso xigasho, ka fogao [[Wikipedia:Words to avoid#Synonyms for said|sharraxaaddeeda foomka biased-ka ah]]. ===Xigashooyinka ku dhex jira xigashooyinka=== Eeg {{section link||For a quotation within a quotation}}. ===Isku xirka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:LINKQUOTE|MOS:LWQ}} Noqo mid dhibco leh marka aad isku xirayso ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka; isku xir kaliya bartilmaameedyada u dhigma macnaha caddaynaya ee loo intended-gareeyay qoraaga xigashoda. Halka ay suurtogal tahay, isku xir qoraalka ka baxsan xigashoda halkii – mid ka hor ama dhowaan ka dambeeya. (Haddii aad xigtayso [[hypertext]], ku dar xusuus-qoraal tifaftirka, {{xt|[link in original]}} ama {{xt|[link added]}}, sida habboon, si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga ku saabsan in isku xirka uu sameeyay qoraaga asalka ah.) ===<span class="anchor" id="Block quotations"></span><span class="anchor" id="Block quotes"></span>Block quotations=== {{Shortcut|MOS:BQ|MOS:BLOCKQUOTE}} U format-garee xigashoda dheer (ka badan 40 eray ama poynti yar oo xarfo ah, ama ka kooban ka badan hal paragraph, iyadoo aan loo eegin dheerka) sida [[block quotation]], iyadoo la isticmaalayo moodalka {{tlx|blockquote}}. Qoraalka lagu muujiyay block quotations iyo quote boxes (eeg ka hooseeya) waa inuusan laikiisu noqon mid lagu duubay calaamadaha xigmadda (ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda waaweyn, "decorative"-style). Block quotations iyo quote boxes oo isticmaalaya luga background ah sidoo kale ma lagu hagal-garayo. Isticmaal {{tnull|blockquote}} iyo markup-ka la midka ah kaliya xigashooyinka dhabta ah; [[#Indentation|indentation-ka sababaha kale]] waxaa loo sameeyay foom kale. Waa heshiis in lagu hor maro block quotation jumlad hordhac ah (ama qayb jumlad ah) oo lagu daro citation-ka tixraaca xarkaas. Alternativamente, moodalka {{tnull|blockquote}} wuxuu bixiyaa parameters ee attribution iyo citation oo ka muuqan doona ka hooseeya xigashoda. {{crossref|pw=y|(Ee isticmaalka dashes leh attributions, eeg {{section link||Other uses for em dashes}}.)}} Qaabkan attribution-ka ee ka hooseeya xigashoda waxaa loo intended-gareeyay xigashooyinka caanka ah oo ma aha caadi maqaallada sababtoo ah wuxuu ku oki lahaa tone aan habboonayn. Xigasho aan lahayn tixraac loo tixraacay waa in lagu calaamadeeyo {{tlx|quote without source}}, ama la baabi'iyo. Maadaama line breaks iyo indentation caadi ahaan lagu baabi'iyo ku dhex jirta {{tnull|blockquote}} ama {{tag|blockquote|o}}, isticmaal {{xtag|poem}} ama {{tlx|poem quote}} gabayada, lyrics, iyo maaddada la midka ah. Maaddadaas waxaa sidoo cuali ahaan loo xigtay karaa inline, leh line breaks oo lagu muujiyay <code><nowiki>{{nbsp}}/</nowiki></code>, iyo paragraph ama stanza breaks oo lagu muujiyay <code><nowiki>{{nbsp}}//</nowiki></code>. Tusaale ahaan: {{xt|"And, as in uffish thought he stood,{{nbsp}}/ The Jabberwock, with eyes of flame,{{nbsp}}/ Came whiffling through the tulgey wood,{{nbsp}}/ And burbled as it came!{{nbsp}}// One, two! One, two! And through and through{{nbsp}}/ The vorpal blade went snicker-snack!"}} {{Shortcut|MOS:BOXQUOTE|MOS:PQ|MOS:PULLQUOTE}} {{va|Pull quotes|Pull quote|Pull quotations|nocquote|text={{tlx|Quote box}} waa alternative ee inline quote ama block quote. Quote boxes waxaa lagu muujiyaa foom gaar ah (la mid ah sawirrada) oo waxay ugu wanaagsan yihiin xigashooyinka muhiimka ah ama sanado ah. Waxay samayn karaan [[WP:POV|point of view]] ama [[WP:UNDUE|undue weight]] arrimo, sababtoo ah xigashooyinka ma lagu lagayo xaaladda ama ma lagu ammaan goyo qoraalka maqaalka. Sidaas darteed, waa in loo isticmaalo si dhibco leh.}} [[Pull quote]]s ma aha kuwo ka mid ah maqaallada Wikipedia. Kuwani waa [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not news|news iyo magazine style]] oo ku saabsan "pulling" maaddada horey ku dhex jirtay maqaalka si loo dib-u-isticmaalo xigashooyinka decorative-ka ah ee soo jiidata attention-ka. Qaabkan unencyclopedic-ka ah waa foom ka mid ah [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Editorializing|editorializing]], wuxuuna soo saaraa [[Wikipedia:Writing better articles#Provide context for the reader|out-of-context]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Due and undue weight|undue emphasis]], oo wuxuu [[Wikipedia:No original research|keeni karaa akhristaha go'aanno]] aan lagu taageerin maaddada. Xigashoda badan ee qoraalka la dhowray (haddii ay u format-gareeyay sida blockquote ama kale, oo xataa haddii lagu credited-gareeyay tixraaciisa) waa la xannibay. Eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Quotations#Copyrighted material and fair use}}. ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign-language quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka aan English-ka ahayn=== {{Shortcut|MOS:FOREIGNQUOTE|}} Xigashooyinka ka soo baxday tixraacyada aan English-ka ahayn waa inay ka muuqdaan turjumaad loo beddelay English, ugu wanaagsan mid cusub{{efn|name=recent}}. Xigashooyinka ah turjumaada waa in si toos ah loo kala saaro kuwa aan ahayn. Muuji tixraaca asalka ah ee turjumaada (haddii uu yahay mid la heley karo, oo aan markii ugu horreysay lagu daabacin ku dhex jirta Wikipedia), iyo luqadda asalka ah (haddii aysan caddayn xaaladda). Haddii qoraalka asalka ah ee aan la turjumin uu yahay mid la heley karo, bixi tixraac iyada ama ku dar iyada, sida habboon. Marka tifaftireyaasha laikiisu ay turjumaan qoraalka loo beddelo English,{{efn|[[Wikipedia:No original research#Translations and transcriptions|Turjumaada laikiisu ma u baahna tixraac marka uu sameeyo tifaftire]]; laakiin xigashooyinka loo isticmaalay ku dhex jirta [[WP:REF|tixraacyada]], [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Quoting|turjumaada ka soo baxday tixraacyada lagu aamini karo waa ka wanaagsan yihiin]], ama [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Citing|tixraacyada luqadda English-ka ee ka wanaagsan]] .}} daryeel waa in mar walba loo qaado si lagu dhex jiro qoraalka asalka ah, {{em|[[MOS:FOREIGNITALIC|ku dhex jira italics]]}} ([[MOS:BADITALICS|marka laga reebo dhismaha scripts-ka aan Latin-ka ahayn]], oo ugu wanaagsan lagu sameyo moodallada {{tlx|lang}} ama {{tlx|langx}}, oo labaduba italics-gareynaya sida habboon oo bixinaya luqadda metadata); iyo si loo isticmaalo erayada dhabta ah iyo (haddii ay suurtogal tahay) erayada caadiga ah ee English-ka ku dhex jira turjumaada. Ilaa aad ka si dhab ah uga ogaato competency-gaaga aad wax ku turjumayso, eeg [[Wikipedia:Translation]] si aad u hesho taageero. ==Punctuation== {{Shortcut|MOS:PUNCT}} {{For|a brief guide to how some punctuation marks are used in Wikipedia for special purposes, e.g., [[Help:List#List basics|description lists]]|Help:Punctuation}} ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign characters that resemble apostrophes"></span>Apostrophes=== {{Shortcut|MOS:'|MOS:APOSTROPHE}} *Isticmaal [[straight apostrophe]]s ({{big|{{mxt|'}}}}), ma aha [[curly apostrophe]]s ({{big|{{!mxt|’}}}}). Ha isticmaalin accent marks ama [[backtick]]s ({{big|{{!mxt|`}}}}) sida apostrophes. *Moodallada sida {{tlx|`}} iyo {{tlx|`s}} waxay leeyihiin taageero marka apostrophe (ama single quote) ka muuqdo bilowga ama dhamaadka qoraalka ku dhex jira italics ama bold, sababtoo ah italics iyo bold laikiisu waxaa lagu muujiyaa noocyada single quotes. **Marka apostrophe raaco qoraalka italics-ka ah, {{tlx|'}} ama {{tlx|'s}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si looga fogaado xarafka ugu dambeeya ee qoraalka dhanka midig ah inuu isku xiro apostrophe-ka. Tusaale: {{xt|the ''Iliad''{{'s}} themes}} (markup: {{nobreak|<code><nowiki>the ''Iliad''{{'s}} themes</nowiki></code>}}). *Xarfaha u okiya apostrophes iyo curly quotes, sida [[{{okina}}okina]] ({{mxt|{{okina}}}}{{snd}}la dhex geliyo iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|okina}}), [[Saltillo (linguistics)|saltillo]] ({{mxt|{{saltillo}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|saltillo}}), Hebrew [[ayin]] ama Arabic ʿayn ({{mxt|{{ayin}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|ayin}}), iyo Arabic [[hamza]] ({{mxt|{{hamza}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|hamza}}), waa in lagu muujiyo moodalladaas ama xarfaha laikiis ee [[Unicode]]. (Basic Arabic transliteration, oo isticmaala ASCII apostrophe, waxaa ka wanaagsan xaaladaha badankooda ka magaca [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Arabic]]; xarfaha kale kani waxaa loo isticmaalaa kaliya transliteration-ka saxda ah.) **Moodallada ma loo isticmaali karo mawduucyada maqaalka; isticmaal xarafka Unicode-ka ee u dhigma toos. Per {{Section link|Wikipedia:Article titles#Special characters}}, sidoo kale samee redirection ka soo baxay foomka ASCII-ka ah si loogu taageero raadinta. Foomamka aan lahayn xarfaha apostrophe-ka oo kale marna waxaa ka wanaagsan ka magaca {{Section link|Wikipedia:Article titles# Use commonly recognizable names}} (t.s. [[Hawaii]] laakiin ma aha [[Keali{{okina}}i Reichel]]). *:{{crossref|pw=y|Sidoo kale eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles|Orthography, spelling and formatting}}}} *Ee [[Wade–Giles]] romanizations ee Mandarin Chinese, isticmaal {{tlx|wg-apos}}. *Luqadaha leh [[ejective consonants]] iyo wixii la mid ah, isticmaal {{tlx|hamza}}. *Ee Cyrillic [[soft sign]], marka lagu muujiyo dhammaan, isticmaal {{tlx|softsign}} ama {{tlx|hamza}}. *Ee isticmaalka possessive apostrophe-ka, eeg {{section link||Possessives}}. *Ee xeel-dheeraanta isticmaalka apostrophe-ka (possessive, elision, formation ee plurals qaarkood, arrimo luqadaha aan English-ka ahayn), eeg maqaalka [[Apostrophe]]. ===Calaamadaha xigmadda=== {{Shortcut|MOS:"|MOS:QUOTEMARKS|}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotations}} Maaddada ka hooseysa, term-ka ''quotation'' wuxuu ku dhex jiraa isticmaalka caadiga ah ee calaamadaha xigmadda sida mawduucyada noocyada, chapters-ka, episodes-ka, iyo wixii la mid ah. Calaamadaha xigmadda sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaalaa xaaladaha kale, sida [[#Animals, plants, and other organisms|magacyada cultivar]]. ====Calaamadaha xigmadda xarfaha==== {{Shortcut|MOS:CQ|MOS:CURLY|MOS:STRAIGHT}} *Isticmaal {{xt|{{big|<b>"</b>}}straight{{big|<b>"</b>}}}} calaamadaha xigmadda, ma aha {{!xt|{{big|<b>“</b>}}curly{{big|<b>”</b>}}}} kuwo. (Ee [[single quotes]]: {{xt|{{big|<b>'</b>}}straight{{big|<b>'</b>}}}}, ma aha {{!xt|{{big|<b>‘</b>}}curly{{big|<b>’</b>}}}}.) *Ha isticmaalin accent marks, backticks ({{!xt|{{big|'''`'''}}text{{big|'''´'''}}}}), low–high ({{!xt|„&nbsp;“}}), corner brackets ({{!xt|「&nbsp;」}}), [[guillemet]]s ({{!xt|«&nbsp;»}}), ama [[Chinese punctuation#Book title marks|title marks]] ({{!xt|《&nbsp;》}}) sida calaamadaha xigmadda (marka laga reebo marka marks-kaas ay yihiin {{em|internal}} ee qoraalka aan English-ka ahayn ee la xigtay{{snd}}eeg {{slink||Typographic conformity}}). Symbols-ka {{!xt|′}} iyo {{!xt|″}} ee ka muuqda edit window dropdowns waa "[[prime (symbol)|prime]]" iyo "double prime" sida ay u kala horreeyaan: kuwani waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loogu muujiyo [[Minute and second of arc|units of angular measurement]], oo ma aha sida apostrophes ama quote marks. *Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo apostrophes ee maaddada la import-gareeyay [[#Typographic conformity|waa in loo beddelo]] haddii ay noqoto lagama maarmaan si loo raaco sare. ====<span id="Double or single quotation marks"></span><span id="Single quotation marks"></span>Double ama single==== {{Shortcut|MOS:SINGLE|MOS:DOUBLE|}} *Badankooda xigashooyinku waxay qaataan calaamadaha xigmadda double-ka ah ({{xt|Welles said: "It was a terrible situation."}}),{{efn|1=Double quotation marks waxaa ka wanaagsan single sababtoo ah waxay si toos ah uga kala duwan yihiin apostrophes: *{{!xt|She wrote that 'Cleanthes' differs from the others', but neither opinion may represent Hume's'}} (wuxuu yareeyaa akhristaha). *{{xt|She wrote that "Cleanthes' differs from the others', but neither opinion may represent Hume's"}} (caddayn badan). }} marka laga reebo xigashooyinka ku dhex jira (eeg ka hooseeya). *Plant cultivars waxay qaataan calaamadaha xigmadda single-ka ah ({{xt|''Malus domestica'' 'Golden Delicious'}}; eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora)]]). *[[Gloss (annotation)#In linguistics|Glosses]] oo turjumaya ama definining-garaynaya terms aan la dhasheyn (marka la isticmaalayo [[MOS:WORDSASWORDS|words as words]]) waxay qaataan single quotes; glosses-ka gaaban ma u baahna comma ka hor definition-ka ({{xt|''Cossack'' originates from [[Cuman language|Cuman]] {{lang|qwm|proto=yes|qazaq}} 'freebooter'; ''republic'' comes from Latin {{lang|la|res publica}}, loosely meaning 'public affair'.}}). Moodalka {{tl|Gloss}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa tan; t.s. <code>{{tlp|lang|es|casa}} {{tlf|gloss|house}}</code> wuxuu soo saaraa: {{lang|es|casa}} {{gloss|house}}. Ee turjumaada tooska ah, moodalka {{tl|Literal translation}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa; wuxuu dhex gelyaa {{xt|lit.}} ka hor gloss-ka. ====Ee xigasho ku dhex jirta xigasho==== {{Shortcut|MOS:QWQ|}} Isticmaal single quotes: *{{xt|Darwin wrote in his introduction that "the maxim 'de minimis lex non curat' does not apply to science".}} Ee dhismaha dheeraad ah, beddel dhexda single iyo double quotes: *{{xt|He said, "That book asserts, 'Confucius said "Everything has beauty, but not everyone sees it.{{" ' "}}}} Ee quote marks ee uusocodka tooska ah, ku dar space yar iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{nowrap|{{tl|" '}}}}, {{nowrap|{{tl|' "}}}}, ama (sida tusaale ahaan halkan loo dhiibay) {{nowrap|{{tl|" ' "}}}}: *{{xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!{{' "}}}} Markup: <code>He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!{{tl|' "}}</code> *{{!xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!'"}} (jamming garaynta waxyaabaha waxay u okisaa si xun fonts badankooda) *{{!xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!'{{nbsp}}"}} (space caadi ah wuxuu leeyahay inta badan) ====<span id="Quotation marks in article openings"></span>Bilowga maqaalka==== {{Shortcut|MOS:BOLDQUOTE}} Qoraalka bold-ka ah oo caadi ahaan ka muuqda bilowga maqaalka: *Calaamad kasta oo xigmadda ah oo qayb ka mid ah mawduuca waa in ay noqoto bold sida qaybta hartay ee mawduuca. **Ka soo baxay ''[["A" Is for Alibi]]'': {{xt|'''''"A" Is for Alibi''''' is a mystery novel&nbsp;...}} *Calaamadaha xigmadda ee {{em|aan}} qayb ka mid ah mawduuca ma aha in ay noqdaan bold. **Ka soo baxay [[Jabberwocky]]: {{xt|"'''Jabberwocky'''" is a nonsense poem&nbsp;...}} **Ka soo baxay [[Babe Ruth]]: {{xt|'''George Herman''' "'''Babe'''" '''Ruth''' was an American baseball player&nbsp;...}} {{crossref|pw=y|(Sidoo kale eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography|Nicknames}}.)}} ====Punctuation ka hor xigashooyinka==== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTEPUNCT}} Haddii dhisma aan la xigtay laakiin kale oo u dhigma uu shaqayn lahaa grammatically aan lahayn comma, isticmaalka comma ka hor xigasho oo lagu ammaan goyay jumlad waa dookh: *{{xt|The report stated "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} ([[wikt:cf.|Cf.]] aan la xigtay {{xt|The report stated there was a 45% reduction in transmission rate.}}) *{{xt|The report stated, "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} Qaabka aan lahayn comma ka sanado badan waxaa loo isticmaalaa xigashooyinka qaybta ah: *{{xt|The report observed "a 45% reduction in transmission rate".}} Comma waxaa loo baahan yahay marka ay ka muuqan lahayd dhismaha oo kale haddii maaddada aan ayan ahayn xigasho: *{{xt|In Margaret Mead's view, "we must recognize the whole gamut of human potentialities" to enrich our culture.}} Ha dhex gelin comma haddii ay is-dhaafsi keeni karto ama beddeli karto macnaha: *{{xt|Caitlyn Jenner expressed concerns about children "who are coming to terms with being true to who they are".}} (Xigasho sax ah oo ka soo baxday foomka ku saabsan {{em|carruurta qaarkood}}{{snd}}gaar ahaan carruurtaas "who are coming to terms{{nbsp}}...") *{{!xt|Caitlyn Jenner expressed concerns about children, "who are coming to terms with being true to who they are".}} (Beddelaa macnaha si loogu muujiyo Jenner in ay muujinaysay concern ku saabsan {{em|dhammaan}} carruurta, inta la dhiibay in carruurtu, guud ahaan, "are coming to terms{{nbsp}}...") Waxay ka caddayn tahay in loo isticmaalo colon si loo soo bandhigo xigasho haddii ay samaynayso jumlad dhan, iyo kani waa in mar walba loo sameyo xigashooyinka jumlado badan leeh: *{{xt|The report stated: "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} *{{xt|In a letter to his son, Albert Einstein wrote: "Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance you must keep moving."}} Punctuation dheeraad ah ma aha mid lagama maarmaan ah ee tooska ah [[#Words as words|words-as-words]] xaaladda: *{{xt|The message was unintelligible except for the fragments "help soon" and "how much longer before".}} ====<span class="anchor" id="Quotation marks-Titles"></span><span id="Quotation marks with names and titles"></span>Magacyada iyo mawduucyada==== {{/titles hatnote include|where=MOS#P-QM-N&T}} Calaamadaha xigmadda waa in loo isticmaalo magacyada iyo mawduucyada soo socda: {{columns-list|colwidth=27em| *Maqaallada iyo chapters-ka (buugaagta iyo periodicals waa italics) *Sheekooyinka gaaban (buugaagta iyo periodicals waa italics) *Qaybaha muusigga (pieces waa italics) *Strips-ka gaarka ah ee comics iyo webcomics (comics waa italics) *Gabayada (gabayada dheer ama epic waa italics) *Noocyada (albums, song cycles, operas, operettas, iyo oratorios waa italics) *Episodes-ka gaarka ah ee taxanaha TV-ga iyo radio-ga iyo [[Serial (radio and television)|serials]] (mawduuca taxanaha waa italics){{efn|1="Mawduuca taxanaha waa italics" wuxuu isticmaalayaa ''taxanaha'' si loogu macneeyo show-ga dhan. Season (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay ''series'' ee British English-ka) leh mawduuciisa laikiis wuxuu isticmaalaa calaamadaha xigmadda mawduucaas, sida sub-work.}} }} {{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The Beatles wrote "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" for their album ''Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band''.}} Ha isticmaalin calaamadaha xigmadda ama italics ee qoraallada hore, concert tours, meelaha, cibaadooyinka, myths, iyo epics. (Kuwa badan, laakiin ma aha dhammaan, oo ka mid ah waxyaabahaani [[#Titles of works|waa inay sidoo kale ku dhex jirin title case]].) ====<span class="anchor" id="LP"></span><span class="anchor" id="LQ"></span><span class="anchor" id="TQ"></span><span class="anchor" id="logical quotes"></span><span id="Punctuation inside or outside quotation marks"></span>Punctuation ku dhex jirta ama ka baxsan==== {{Shortcut|MOS:LQ|MOS:LOGICAL|MOS:INOROUT}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Logical quotation on Wikipedia|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Effect on nearby punctuation}}<!-- Another kind of punctuation "in or out". EDITORS PLEASE NOTE: Changes to this section may escalate into heated dispute. Please consider raising any proposed changes for discussion and consensus-building on the talk page before editing. --> Isticmaal qaabka [[logical quotation]] dhammaan maqaallada, iyadoo aan loo eegin nooca English-ka oo lagu qoray. Ku dar punctuation-ka dhamaadka ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda kaliya haddii uu ka muuqday maaddada asalka ah, oo haddii kale u lag ka dambaysta calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. Qaybta badankeeda, kani wuxuu macneynayaa u treats-garaynta periods iyo commas foomkaas oo kale sida question marks: sii wad ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda haddii ay ku dabaqmaan kaliya maaddada la xigtay iyo ka baxsan haddii ay ku dabaqmaan jumlada dhan. Tusaalooyinka waxaa loo dhiibay ka hooseeya. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Did Darla say, "Here I am"?}} (question mark wuxuu ku dabaqmaa jumlada dhan) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|Did Darla say, "Here I am?"}} (aan sax ahayn in lagu dabaqo question mark xigashoda) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Darla said, "Where am I?"}} (question mark wuxuu ku dabaqmaa maaddada la xigtay kaliya) Haddii xigashodu ay tahay eray gaar ah ama qayb jumlad ah, u lag punctuation-ka dhamaadka ka baxsan calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. Marka aad xigtayso jumlad dhan, dhamaadka oo u dhigma dhamaadka jumlada ku dhex jirta, u lag punctuation-ka dhamaadka ku dhex jira calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. *{{xt|Miller wanted, he said, "to create something timeless".}} *{{xt|Miller said: "I wanted to create something timeless."}} Haddii jumlada la xigtay ay raacdo [[clause]] oo waa in uu ka horreeyo comma, ka tag [[full stop]] (period), iyo ha u beddelin comma {{em|ku dhex jirta}} xigashoda.{{efn|Kani waa foomka ugu muhiimsan oo uu logical quotation ku kala duwan yahay isticmaalka punctuation-ka wargaysyada British-ka, halka publishers badan ay u ilayeeyaan beddelkaas maaddada la xigtay, oo ka aghas ah saxnaanta dhismaha logical punctuation-ka.}} Terminal punctuation kale, sida question marks ama exclamation marks, waxaa lagu dhowri karaa. *{{xt|Livingston then said, "It is done", and turned to the people.}} *{{xt|Livingston then exclaimed, "It is done!", and turned to the people.}} Haddii jumlada la xigtay ay raacdo clause oo aqoonsanaya speaker-ka, isticmaal comma ka baxsan calaamadda xigmadda halkii full stop ku dhex jira, laakiin sii wad terminal punctuation kasta oo kale, sida question mark. *{{xt|"There is no strife, no prejudice, no national conflict in outer space as yet", said Kennedy.}} *{{xt|By asking "Who are you?", she prompts John to tell his story.}} Ha raacin erayada ama qaybaha la xigtay commas ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda, marka laga reebo halka xigasho dheer lagu baabi'iyay iyo comma uu yahay qayb ka mid ah xigashoda dhan. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change, opening the way to confidence and courage", said Turner.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change," said Turner, "opening the way to confidence and courage."}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change, opening the way", said Turner, "to confidence and courage."}} *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|"I began to change, opening the way," said Turner, "to confidence and courage."}} ==== Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo isqu xirka ka baxsan ==== Isqu xirka ka baxsan ee u socda mawduucyada maqaallada waa in ay leeyihiin mawduuca ku dhex jira quotes ku dhex jira isqu xirka. Moodallada tixraaca ee [[Help:Citation Style 1|CS1]] iyo [[Help:Citation Style 2|CS2]] waxay sameynayaan tan si otomaatig ah, iyo tixraacyada aan moodalka lahayn waa inay sameeyaan foomkan oo kale. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|{{cite news |last1=Kiefer |first1=Francine |title=Clinton: The Early Years |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |date=May 29, 1998 |ref=none}}}} (Isticmaalka {{tl|cite news}}) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt| Kiefer, Francine (May 29, 1998). [https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html "Clinton: The Early Years"]. ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''.}} (Aan moodal lahayn) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt| Kiefer, Francine (May 29, 1998). "[https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html Clinton: The Early Years]". ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''.}} (Aan moodal lahayn) ==== Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo isqu xirka ku dhex jira ==== Isqu xirka ku dhex jira (wikilinks) oo ay la socdaan calaamadaha xigmadda caadi ahaan waa inay leeyihiin quotes ka baxsan isqu xirka. Kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa mawduucyada shaqaalaha ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda (noocyada, episodes-ka, iyo wixii la mid ah) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Play it, Sam. Play "[[As Time Goes By (song)|As Time Goes By]]".}} (Isticmaalka <code><nowiki>"[[ ]]"</nowiki></code>.) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|Play it, Sam. Play [[As Time Goes By (song)|"As Time Goes By"]].}} (Isticmaalka <code><nowiki>[[" "]]</nowiki></code>.) Laakiin, calaamadaha xigmadda waxaa loo baahan yahay ku dhex jira wikilinks marka calaamadda xigmadda ay tahay qayb ka mid ah isqu xirka, ama halka qoraalka isqu xirka leh ee muuqda uu ku dhex jiro calaamadaha xigmadda oo muujinaya slang, nicknames, magacyada caadiga ah, ama isticmaalka la midka ah. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The term ''soccer'' comes from [[Oxford "-er"|Oxford {{nowrap|"-er"}}]] slang, which was prevalent at the [[University of Oxford]] in England from about 1875...}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|A Cockney accent [[Rhoticity in English|drops the "r"]] after a vowel.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The [[Dynamo Sports Club|Proletarian Sports Society "Dynamo"]] was established in Moscow in 1923.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|President Suharto's [[New Order (Indonesia)|"New Order"]] administration received US support for its economic policies.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Japan's [[Lost Decades|"Lost Decades"]] began in 1991.}} ===Brackets iyo parentheses=== {{Shortcut|MOS:()|MOS:BRACKETS}} {{Redirect|MOS:PAREN|use of parentheses (round brackets) in article titles|WP:Article titles#Parenthetical disambiguation|deprecated inline parenthetical citations|WP:Citing sources#Parenthetical referencing}} Qaybtan waxay ku dabaqmaysaa labadaba round brackets {{xt|(&nbsp;)}}, sidoo cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay [[Bracket|parentheses]], iyo square brackets {{xt|[&nbsp;]}}. Haddii jumlad ay ku dhex jirto foom bracketed ah, u lag punctuation-ka jumlada ka baxsan brackets-ka {{xt|(sida halkan loo muujiyay).}} Laakiin, halka hal ama ka badan jumlado ay ku dhex jiraan brackets-ka dhan, u lag punctuation-kooda ku dhex jira brackets-ka. Waa inuusan jirin space dhow dhanka ku dhex jira ee bracket-ka. Bracket-ka oo starts-garoogaya caadi ahaan waa inuu ka horreeyo space. Kani ma noqon karo xaaladda haddii uu ka horreeyo calaamad xigmadda oo starts-garoogaysa, bracket kale oo starts-garoogaya, ama qayb ka mid ah eray: *{{xt|He rose to address the meeting: "(Ahem)&nbsp;... Ladies and gentlemen, welcome!"}} *{{xt|Only the royal characters in the play ([Prince] Hamlet and his family) habitually speak in blank verse.}} *{{xt|We journeyed on the Inter[continental].}} *{{xt|Most people are right-handed. (Some people are left-handed, but that does not make right-handed people "better" than left-handed people.)}} Waa inuu jiro space ka dambeeya bracket-ka xiritaanka, marka laga reebo halka punctuation mark uu raaco (inkastoo spaced dash uu sii wadi doono space ka dambeeya bracket-ka xiritaanka) iyo xaaladaha aan caadiga ahayn ee la midka ah kuwa lagu tirtiray bracket-ka starts-garoogaya. Ka fogao kooxaha dhow ee brackets-ka. Mid ka mid ah u lag foomamka parenthetical-ka ah ku dhex jirta hal koox oo lagu kala saaray semicolons, ama dib-u-qor: *{{em|Ka fogao}}: {{!xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919) (also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader.}} *{{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: {{xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919; also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader.}} *{{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: {{xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader. He was also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv.}} Square brackets waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loogu muujiyo beddelka tifaftirka iyo dhex-gelinta ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka, inkastoo kani waligeed ma aha inuu beddelo macnaha loo intended-gareeyay. Waxay u adeegaan saddex sababood oo waaweyn: *Si loo caddayo: {{xt|She attended [secondary] school}}, halka kani uu ahaa macnaha loo intended-gareeyay, laakiin nooca school-ka uusan ahayn mid lagu dhiibay jumlada asalka ah. *Si loo yareeyo dheerka xigashoda: {{xt|X contains Y, and under certain circumstances, X may contain Z as well}} waxaa loo yareeyn karaa {{xt|X contains Y [and sometimes Z]}}. Marka ellipsis ({{xt|...}}) loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo maaddada ka baxday xigashoda tooska ah, caadi ahaan ma aha in lagu duubo bracket. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Ellipses}} si aad u ogaato xaaladda gaarka ah.)}} *Si loo sameyo grammar-ka inuu shaqeeyo: Tixraacaya foomka dadka {{xt|"I hate to do laundry"}}, ein wuxuu sax ah ugu qori karaa {{xt|She "hate[s] to do laundry"}}. Haddii jumlad ay ku dhex jirta maaddo subsidiary ah oo lagu duubay square ama round brackets, waa in ay sii wadato terminal punctuation {{em|ka dambaysa}} brackets-kaas, iyadoo aan loo eegin punctuation kasta oo ku dhex jira brackets-ka. {{Block indent|{{xt|She refused all requests (except for basics such as food, medicine, etc.).}}}} Laakiin, haddii jumlada dhan ay ku dhex jirta brackets-ka, punctuation-ka xiritaanka wuxuu ku dhex jiraa brackets-ka. {{xt|(This sentence is an example.)}} ====Brackets iyo isqu xirka==== Square brackets ku dhex jira isqu xirka waa inay noqdaan kuwo [[Escape character|escaped]] ah: {| class="wikitable" | He said, "<code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[[John Doe|John &amp;#91;Doe&amp;#93;]]</nowiki>}}</code> answered." || He said, "[[John Doe|John &#91;Doe&#93;]] answered." |- | He said, "<code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[[John Doe|John {{bracket|Doe}}]]</nowiki>}}</code> answered." || He said, "[[John Doe|John {{bracket|Doe}}]] answered." |- | <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[https://example.com On the first day &amp;#91;etc.&amp;#93;]</nowiki>}}</code> || [https://example.com On the first day &#91;etc.&#93;] |- | <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[https://example.com On the first day {{bracket|etc.}}]</nowiki>}}</code> || [https://example.com On the first day {{bracket|etc.}}] |} Markup-ka {{xtag|nowiki}} sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaali karaa: {{tag|nowiki|content=[Doe]}} ama {{tag|nowiki|content=[etc.]}}. Haddii URL laikiisu uu ku dhex jiro square brackets, wikitext-ku waa inuu isticmaalo foomka [[URL encoding|URL-encoded]] ah <code><nowiki>https://</nowiki>example.com/foo.php?query={{bxt|%5B}}xxx{{bxt|%5D}}yyy</code>, halkii&nbsp;...<code>query={{!bxt|&#91;}}xxx{{!bxt|&#93;}}yyy</code>. Kani wuxuu ka fogaan doonaa baabi'inta isqu xirka ka dambaysa <code>xxx</code>. ====Angle brackets==== :''Ee guillemets («&nbsp;»), eeg {{section link|#Quotation characters}}'' Angle brackets (⟨&nbsp;⟩) waxaa loo isticmaalaa mawduucyada tignoolajiyada ee kala duwan, sida physics-ka ee [[bra–ket notation]] iyo [[Expectation value (quantum mechanics)|expectation value]] (t.s. {{xt|⟨''φ''{{!}}''ψ''⟩}}), mathematics-ka ee [[presentation of a group]], iyo linguistics-ka si loogu muujiyo [[grapheme]]s (t.s. {{xt|the digraph ⟨sh⟩}}). Ha isticmaalin less-than iyo greater-than signs (<&nbsp;>) sida angle brackets (t.s. {{!xt|<''φ''{{!}}''ψ''>}}, {{!xt|the digraph <sh>}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipses"></span><span class="anchor" id="..."></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis style"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis function and implementation"></span>Ellipses=== {{Shortcut|MOS:...|MOS:ELLIPSIS|}} Isticmaal ''[[ellipsis]]'' haddii maaddadu ay ka baxday xigashoda, ilaa square brackets loo isticmaalo si loo [[Gloss (annotation)|gloss]] xigashoda. *Ee prose iyo non-LaTeX mathematics formulae, ellipses waxaa lagu qoraa iyadoo la isticmaalayo saddex unspaced dots ({{xt|<code>...</code>}}); ha isticmaalin xarafka precomposed ellipsis-ka ah ({{!xt|<code>…</code>}})<!-- Possibly we should explain the precomposed character in terms of its code point or something --> ama saddex dots oo lagu kala saaray spaces {{nobr|({{!xt|<code>. . .</code>}})}} *Caadi ahaan, isticmaal non-breaking space ka hor ellipsis iyo space caadi ah ka dambaystiisa: {{nobr|{{xt|Alpha, Bravo,{{tl|nbsp}}... Zulu}}}} *Haddii ellipsis uu raaco <code>.&nbsp;?&nbsp;!&nbsp;:&nbsp;;&nbsp;,&nbsp;)&nbsp;]&nbsp;}</code> ama calaamad xigmadda oo xiritaanka ah (single ama double), ka tag space-ka ka dambaysa. U lag terminal punctuation ku dhex jira quote-ka kaliya haddii uu yahay mid muhiim ah qoraalka, sida caadi ahaan ah xaaladda exclamation marks iyo question marks laakiin dhifka ah periods: *: {{xt|Jones wrote: "These stories amaze me. The facts suffer so frightfully{{tlf|nbsp}}...".}} *: {{xt|"But what of the other cities? London, Paris{{tlf|nbsp}}...?"}} * Haddii ellipsis uu toos u raaco calaamad xigmadda oo starts-garoogaysa, kaliya isticmaal non-breaking space ka dambaystiisa: *: {{xt|He continued to pursue Smith ("...{{tlf|nbsp}}to the ends of the earth", he had sworn) until his own death.}} *{{Visible anchor|text=Si loo kala saaro ellipsis oo muujinaya qoraalka ka baxay iyo mid ka mid ah quote-ka, waxaad ku duubi kartaa kan kowaad square brackets: {{xt|She retorted: "How do I feel? How do you {{em|think}} I&nbsp;... This is too much!&nbsp;[...] Take me home!"}}|With square brackets}} *{{Visible anchor|text=Marka ellipsis loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo pause ama suspense ee speech-ka, sii wad punctuation-ka asalka ah: {{xt|Virginia's startled reply was "Could he&nbsp;...? No, I can't believe it!"}}. Marka loo isticmaalo ku dhex jira eray aan dhammaystirnayn, ma jiro space loo isticmaalo dhexda erayga qaybtiisa iyo ellipsis-ka: {{xt|The garbled transmission ended with "We are stranded near San L...o", interpreted as either San Leandro or San Lorenzo.}}|Pause or suspension of speech}} *In LaTeX-formatted mathematics formulae, isticmaal LaTeX markup-ka saxda ah ee lowered dots (<code>\dots</code>, <math>\dots</math>) ama xarfaha precomposed-ka ah oo leeh dots meelaha kale (sida centered ama diagonal, ⋯, ⋰, ama ⋱) ===<span class="anchor" id="fewer commas"></span>Commas=== {{Shortcut|MOS:,|MOS:COMMA}} Pair ka mid ah [[comma]]s wuxuu bracket-garayn karaa [[appositive]], [[relative clause]], ama [[parenthetical phrase]] (sida brackets ama dashes, inkastoo leh interruption dheeraad ah ee jumlada). Tusaale ahaan: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|John Smith, Janet Cooper's son, is a well-known playwright.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Janet Cooper's son John Smith is a well-known playwright.}} (marka Janet ay leedahay sons badan) {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Janet Cooper's son, John Smith, is a well-known playwright.}} (marka Janet ay leedahay kaliya hal son) {{!}}} }} Mar walba isticmaal {{em|pair}} ka mid ah commas ee tan, ilaa punctuation mark kale uu qaado meesha comma-ka labaad: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Blunt comments came from the newest member, John Smith.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|The newest member, John Smith{{snd}}a retired teacher{{snd}}was blunt.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|The newest member, John Smith was blunt.}}<!-- There's actually a way to parse this such that it would be acceptable in some styles, but WP articles don't use such styles. --> {{!}}} }} Ha u ilayn punctuation-ka kale inuu kaaga baabi'iyo u baahnaanta comma, gaar ahaan marka comma uu collided-garayyo bracket ama parenthesis: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Burke and Wills, fed by locals (on beans, fish, and ''ngardu''), survived for a few months.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Burke and Wills, fed by locals (on beans, fish, and ''ngardu'') survived for a few months.}} {{!}}} }} {{Shortcut|MOS:GEOCOMMA}} {{vanchor|Geographical references|text=In geographical references oo ku dhex jiraan heerarka badan ee subordinate divisions (t.s. city, state/province, country), comma wuxuu kala saaraa element kasta wuxuuna raacaa element-ka ugu dambeeya ilaa uu raaco terminal punctuation ama parenthesis-ka xiritaanka. Element-ka ugu dambeeya waxaa loo treats-garaysay sida [[Wikipedia:Basic copyediting#Parenthetical comma|parenthetical]].}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|He traveled through North Carolina before staying in Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the night.}}<!-- About a 10-hour drive if he started in Virginia Beach and passed through Winston-Salem. --> {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|He traveled through North Carolina before staying in Chattanooga, Tennessee for the night.}} {{!}}} }} Sidoo kale ku dar commas marka geographical element-ka loo isticmaalo sida disambiguator: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Hantratty received a PhD from the University of California, Irvine, in 1977.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Hantratty received a PhD from the University of California, Irvine in 1977.}} {{!}}} }} Ku dar comma labaad sidoo kale marka dhismaha leh comma [[Grammatical modifier|modifies-garayyo]] noun ama compound noun: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Keith Wilson won the 2024 Portland, Oregon, mayoral election.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Keith Wilson won the 2024 Portland, Oregon mayoral election.}} {{!}}} }} {{shortcut|MOS:DATECOMMA}} {{vanchor|Date commas|text=[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Dates, months, and years|Dates]] ku dhex jira month–day–year format waxay u baahan yihiin comma ka dambaysa day-ka, iyo sidoo kale ka dambaysa year-ka, ilaa ay raacdo punctuation kale. Element-ka ugu dambeeya waxaa loo treats-garaysay sida [[Wikipedia:Basic copyediting#Parenthetical comma|parenthetical]].}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|He set October 1, 2011, as the deadline for Patterson to meet his demands.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|He set October 1, 2011 as the deadline for Patterson to meet his demands.}} {{!}}} }} {{shortcut|MOS:QUOTECOMMA}} {{vanchor|Quotation commas|text= U lag calaamadaha xigmadda iyadoo la raacayo {{Section link||Punctuation inside or outside}}. Kani waxaa loo intended-gareeyay "logical quotation".}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Sax:}} {{!}} {{xt|She said, "The weather changes too often", and made other complaints.}} {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}} {{!xt|She said, "The weather changes too often," and made other complaints.}} {{!}}} }} Comma waxaa lagu dhex jiri karaa ka hor xigasho oo lagu ammaan goyay jumlad {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}})}}. ====<span class="anchor" id="Serial comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Oxford comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Oxford commas"></span><span class="anchor" id="Harvard comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Harvard commas"></span>Serial commas==== {{Shortcut|MOS:SERIAL|MOS:OXFORD||}} {{Redirect|MOS:OXFORD|Oxford spelling|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling#British English with "-ize" (Oxford spelling)}} A [[serial comma]] (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay ''Oxford comma'' ama ''Harvard comma'') waa comma loo isticmaalo toos ka hor conjunction (''and'', ''or'', ''nor'') ku dhex jirta liiska saddex ama ka badan items. {{Block indent|{{xt|ham, chips, and eggs}}{{spnd}}serial comma}} {{Block indent|{{xt|ham, chips and eggs}}{{spnd}}aan lahayn serial comma}} Tifaftireyaasha waxay isticmaali karaan mid ka mid ah heshiiska ilaa maqaal kasta uu yahay joogto ah ku dhex jirta. Serial commas waxay ka taageeraan badan marka qoraalka maqaalku uu yahay dhibco leh, sida liiska oo leh multi-word items (gaar ahaan haddii mid uu ku dhex jiro laikiis "''and''{{-"}}) ama nooc ka mid ah terms aan la dhasheyn oo laga yaabo. Laakiin, waxaa jira xaalado halka ka-tagista ama ku-darida serial comma ay keento is-dhaafsi: {{Block indent|{{!xt|The author thanked her friends, Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley}}{{spnd}}oo tirtiri kara mid ka mid ah afar ama ka badan dad ah (friends-ka iyo labada dad ee la magacaabay) ama laba dad ah (O'Connor iyo Marley, oo ah friends-ka).}} {{Block indent|{{!xt|The author thanked a friend, Sinéad O'Connor, and Bob Marley}}{{spnd}}oo tirtiri kara mid ka mid ah laba dad ah (O'Connor, oo ah friend-ka, iyo Marley) ama saddex dad ah (kan kowaad oo ah friend-ka, kan labaad O'Connor, iyo kan saddexaad Marley).}} Xaaladahaas is-dhaafsiga ah, cadday mid ka mid ah afar foom: *Ku dar ama baabi'i serial comma-ka. *Isticmaal jumlado gaar ah, bullet lists, ama beddelka dhismaha kale si loo caddayo. *Recast-garee jumlada ("friends" xaaladda): **Si loo tirtiro laba dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked her friends Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley.}} ***Caddayn badan: {{xt|The author thanked two friends: Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley.}} **Si loo tirtiro dad badan: **: {{xt|The author thanked Sinéad O'Connor, Bob Marley and her friends}} ama **: {{xt|The author thanked Sinéad O'Connor, Bob Marley, and her friends}}. ***Laakiin ma aha: {{!xt|The author thanked Bob Marley, Sinéad O'Connor[,] and her friends}}{{spnd}}soo bandhigaa is-dhaafsi ku saabsan ''her''. *Recast-garee jumlada ("friend" xaaladda): **Si loo tirtiro laba dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked Bob Marley and her friend Sinéad O'Connor.}} ***Ama noqo mid gaar ah marka ay suurtogal tahay: {{xt|The author thanked her childhood friend Sinéad O'Connor and her mentor, Bob Marley.}} **Si loo tirtiro saddex dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked Bob Marley, Sinéad O'Connor, and a friend.}} ***Caddaynta leh gender-specific terms sida ''mother'' waxay noqon kartaa dhibco leh; {{!xt|The author thanked her mother, Kim Thayil, and Sinéad O'Connor}} ma aha caddayn sababtoo ah akhristayaasha ma ogaankaraan [[Kim Thayil]] in uu yahay male oo ma noqon doono dadka oo kale sida mother-ka. ***Caddayn badan: {{xt|The author thanked Kim Thayil, Sinéad O'Connor, and her own mother}} ama {{xt|The author thanked her mother and musicians Kim Thayil and Sinéad O'Connor}}. ===Colons=== {{Shortcut|MOS:COLON}} {{For|the wikitext link formatting|Help:Colon trick}} A [[Colon (punctuation)|colon]] ({{xt|:}}) wuxuu soo bandhigaa wax muujinaya, sharraxaya, ama modifies-garaynaya waxa soo maray, ama ah liiska items oo dhowaan la soo bandhigay. Items-ka ku dhex jira liiskaas waxaa lagu kala saari karaa commas, ama haddii ay yihiin kuwo dhibco badan leh oo laga yaabo in ay laikiisu ku dhex jiraan commas, items-ka waa in lagu kala saaro semicolons ama lagu aaggaado bulleted list. {{Block indent|{{xt|We visited several tourist attractions: the Leaning Tower of Pisa, which I thought could fall at any moment; the Bridge of Sighs; the supposed birthplace of Petrarch, or at least the first known house in which he lived; and so many more.}}}} Colon waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa si loo soo bandhigo [[Quotation marks in English#Quotations and speech|direct speech]] oo lagu duubay calaamadaha xigmadda. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}}.)}} Marka colon loo isticmaalo sida separator ku dhex jira mawduuca maqaalka, madaxa qaybta, ama item liiska ah, tifaftireyaasha waxay dooran karaan in ay xaraf weyn ugu qoraan waxa raaca, iyadoo loo tixgelinayo [[#Retaining existing styles|isticmaalka jira]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Article titles#Consistency|joogteynta leh maqaallada la xiriira]]. Marka laga reebo isticmaalka tignoolajiyada ({{xt|a 3:1 ratio}}), ma jiro jumlad waa in ay ku dhex jirtay colons badan, ma jiro space waa in uu ka horreeyo colon, iyo space (laakiin waligeed ma aha hyphen ama dash) waa in uu raaco colon-ka. ===Semicolons=== {{Shortcut|MOS:;|MOS:SEMICOLON|}} {{for|usage in marking up description (definition) lists|Help:List#Description lists}} A [[semicolon]] ({{xt|;}}) marna waa alternative ee full stop (period), iyadoo u sahlaysa maaddada la xiriirta in lagu dhowro jumlada oo kale; waxay muujisaa kala saarisa la go'aamiyay ee jumlada marka loo eego comma. Haddii semicolon-ku uu kala saaro clauses, caadi ahaan clause kasta waa in uu noqdo mid gaar ah (macneheedu waa in uu taaggaanshaan karo laikiisu sida jumlad). Xaaladaha badankooda, kaliya comma ama kaliya semicolon wuxuu noqon doonaa sax ku dhex jira jumlad gaar ah. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Sax:}} | {{xt|Though he had been here before, I did not recognize him.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} | {{!xt|Though he had been here before; I did not recognize him.}} |} Sare, "Though he had been here before" ma taaggaanshaan karo laikiisu sida jumlad, oo sidaas darteed ma aha independent clause. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Sax:}} | {{xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit; bananas are classified as alkaline.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} | {{!xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit, bananas are classified as alkaline.}} |} Isticmaalkan aan saxda ahayn ee comma ee dhexda laba independent clauses waxaa loo intended-gareeyay [[comma splice]]; laakiin, xaaladaha qaarkood, comma waxaa loo isticmaali karaa halka semicolon wuxuu oki lahaa in loo baahan yahay: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | {{em|La accepts-garaysay}}: || {{xt|"Life is short, art is long."}} (laba clauses oo gaaban ku dhex jira [[aphorism]]; eeg ''[[Ars longa, vita brevis]]'') |- | {{em|La accepts-garaysay}}: || {{xt|"I have studied it, you have not."}} (soo sheegida wada-hadal gaaban, sida jawaabtan ee [[Isaac Newton|Newton]]) |} Jumlad waxay ku dhex jiri kartaa semicolons badan, gaar ahaan marka clauses-ku ay yihiin kuwo parallel ee dhismaha iyo macnaha; semicolons badan oo aan la xiriirin caadi ahaan waa calaamado ah in jumlada loo kala saaro jumlado gaaban ama foom kale loo dib-u-qoro. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Unwieldy}}: | {{!xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit; bananas are classified as alkaline; pears are close to neutral; these distinctions are rarely discussed.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: | {{xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit, bananas are alkaline, and pears are close to neutral; these distinctions are rarely discussed.}} |} Semicolons waxaa loo isticmaalaa ku-darida commas si loo kala saaro items ku dhex jira liiska, marka commas laikiisu ay keeni karaan jahwareer. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Jahwareer:}} | {{!xt|Sales offices are located in Boston, Massachusetts, San Francisco, California, Singapore, and Millbank, London, England.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Caddayn:}} | {{xt|Sales offices are located in Boston, Massachusetts; San Francisco, California; Singapore; and Millbank, London, England.}} |} ====Semicolon ka hor "however"==== {{Shortcut|MOS:HOWEVER}} {{Redirect|MOS:HOWEVER|its usage in editorialization|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Editorializing}} Macnaha jumlad ay ku dhex jirta trailing clause oo ku starts-garoogaysa erayga ''however'' wuxuu ku xiran yahay punctuation-ka ka horreeya eraygaas. Makhaadhaa caadi ah waa isticmaalka punctuation-ka aan saxda ahayn, iyadoo beddelaysa macnaha mid aan loo intended-gareeyn. Marka erayga ''however'' uu yahay adverb macneheedu yahay "nevertheless", waa in uu ka horreeyo semicolon oo uu raaco comma. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people; however, they tried.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people; nevertheless, they tried.}} |} Marka erayga ''however'' uu yahay conjunction macneheedu yahay "in whatever manner", ama "regardless of how", wuxuu ka horreyn karaa comma laakiin ma aha semicolon, oo waa inuusan raacin punctuation. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people, however they tried.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people, regardless of how they tried.}} |} Xaaladda kowaad, clause-ka oo ku starts-garoogaya "however" ma loo beddeli karo clause-ka kowaad; xaaladda labaad kani waxaa lagu sameyn karaa aan lahayn beddelka macnaha: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|However they tried, it was obvious they could not convert these people.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|Regardless of how they tried, it was obvious they could not convert these people.}} |} Haddii labada clauses aan loo beddeli karin, semicolon waxaa loo baahan yahay. Jumlad ama clause waxay sidoo kale ku dhex jiri kartaa erayga ''however'' dhexda, haddii uu yahay adverb macneheedu yahay "although" oo lagu lagi karay bilowga laakiin aan ku starts-garoogayn clause cusub dhexda jumlada. Isticmaalkan, erayga waxaa lagu duubi karaa dhexda commas. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|He did not know, however, that the venue had been changed at the last minute.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|However, he did not know that the venue had been changed at the last minute.}} |} ===Hyphens=== {{Shortcut|MOS:-|MOS:HYPHEN}} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Globe Toters-A Birla Preschool,Indore (cropped).jpg | image2 = Peuters_in_het_tehuis_zitten_met_zijn_allen_op_de_po,_Bestanddeelnr_252-0385.jpg | image3 = Graduates 2014 IMG 2779 (14083168633).jpg | caption1 = Four-year-old children | caption2 = Four year-old children | caption3 = Four-year old children }} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Haring 03.jpg | image2 = Great white Dyer island 2010-07.jpg | caption1 = A man {{nobr|eating fish}} | caption2 = A man-eating fish }} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Catalina_Island_Rescue_DVIDS1091019.jpg | image2 = Kintín al ataque (5189220934).jpg | caption1 = Officials help {{nobr|dog-bite victim}}. | caption2 = Officials help {{nobr|dog bite victim}}. }} [[File:Carry-On Aircraft.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|A sign {{shy|exhibiting over-eager hy|phen|a|tion}}: the second hyphen is fine, but the first is spurious.]] [[Hyphen]]s ({{xt|-}}) waxay muujiyaan conjunction. Waxaa jira saddex isticmaalka waaweyn: # In hyphenated magacyada dadka ({{xt|John Lennard-Jones}}, {{xt|Omar al-Bashir}}). # Si loogu isku xiro [[prefixes]] iyo [[suffixes]] oo leh terms-kooda waaweyn dhismaha qaarkood, [[#En dash across open compounds|ilbaa compounds-ka laikiisu ay ku dhex jiraan space ama hyphen]]: {{xt|quasi-scientific}}, {{xt|ultra-nationalistic}}, {{xt|London-based}}, {{xt|community-led}}. #*Hyphen waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loo kala saaro dhexda [[homograph]]s ({{xt|[[wikt:re-sign|re-sign]]}} macneheedu waa ''sign again'', laakiin {{xt|[[wikt:resign|resign]]}} macneheedu waa ''relinquish ownership'' ama ''leave a job''). #*Waxaa jira trend caddaynaya oo lagu ammaan goyo labada elements dhammaan noocyada English-ka ({{xt|subsection}}, {{xt|nonlinear}}). Hyphenation-ku wuxuu caddayaa marka xarfaha la keenay contact ay yihiin kuwo oo kale ({{xt|non-negotiable}}, {{xt|sub-basement}}) ama ay yihiin vowels ({{xt|pre-industrial}}), ama halka eray uu yahay mid aan caadi ahayn ({{xt|co-proposed}}, {{xt|re-target}}) ama laga yaabo in loo akhrriyo si aan sax ahayn ({{xt|sub-era}}, ma aha {{!xt|subera}}). Erayada qaarkood oo noocan ah si oo kale waa kuwo caadi ah aan lahayn hyphen-ka (t.s., {{xt|cooperation}} waxaa si joogto ah loo dhasheeyay ka badan {{xtg|co-operation}} ee English-ka cusub). Ka dhiiri erayada beddelaya macnahooda aan lahayn hyphen-ka, t.s. {{xt|re-creation}} (create again) iyo {{xt|recreation}} (amusement).{{efn|name=recent}} # {{va|Hyphens in compound modifiers|text=Si loogu isku xiro terms-ka la xiriira ee ku dhex jira [[compound modifier]]s}}:{{Efn|1=Gaar ahaan compound [[attributive adjective|attributives]], oo ah modifiers ee noun oo ka muuqda ku dhex jira [[noun phrase]]. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link|English compound#Hyphenated compound modifiers}}.)}}}} #*Hyphens waxay taageeri karaan fududaynta akhrrinta (waa inay noqdaan kuwo {{xt|ease-of-reading}} taageera) oo waxay gaar ahaan u wanaagsan yihiin noun phrases-ka dheer: {{xt|gas-phase reaction dynamics}}. Laakiin waligeed ha dhex gelin hyphen magac sax ah ({{xt|Middle Eastern cuisine}}, ma aha {{!xt|Middle-Eastern cuisine}}). #*Hyphen wuxuu taageeri karaa disambiguator-ka (qaarkood {{xt|short-story writers}} waa kuwo dheer; {{xt|a government-monitoring program}} waa program oo monitor-garaynaya xukuumadda, inta {{xt|a government monitoring program}} uu yahay program xukuumadda oo monitor-garaynaya). #*Compounds oo ah hyphenated marka loo isticmaalo {{em|[[Attributive adjective|attributively]]}} (adjectives ka hor nouns-ka ay qualified-garaynayaan: {{xt|a light-blue handbag}}, {{xt|a 34-year-old woman}}) ama {{em|[[substantive]]ly}} (sida noun: {{xt|she is a 34-year-old}}) caadi ahaan ma aha hyphenated marka loo isticmaalo {{em|[[Predicative expression|predicatively]]}} (foomka sharraxaadda leh oo lagu kala saaray noun-ka: {{xt|the handbag was light blue}}, {{xt|the woman is 34 years old}}). Halka uu ka jiri lahaa baabi'inta caddaynta laakiis, hyphen waxaa loo isticmaali karaa foomka predicative-ka ah sidoo kale ({{xt|hand-fed turkeys}}, {{xt|the turkeys were hand-fed}}). Attributive hyphenation-ka dhibco leh marna waxaa looga fogaan karaa dib-u-qorid fudud: {{xt|Hawaiian-native species}} → {{xt|native Hawaiian species}}. #*Ka fogao isticmaalka hyphen ka dambaysa heerka ''{{nowrap|-ly}}'' adverb ({{xt|a newly available home}}, {{xt|a wholly owned subsidiary}}) ilaa ay tahay qayb ka mid ah compound dheeraad ah ({{xt|a slowly-but-surely strategy}}). Xaaladaha dhifka ah, hyphen wuxuu ka wanaajin karaa caddaynta haddii alternative-ka dib loo qoray uu yahay dhibco leh, laakiin dib-u-qoriddu caadi ahaan waa ka wanaagsan tahay: {{!xt|The idea was clearly stated enough}} waxaa lagu disambiguator-gareyn karaa sida {{xt|The idea clearly was stated often enough}} ama {{xt|The idea was ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} sf5kmbzo0qii8pxnt42kl67rmhzqbqu 310789 310788 2026-10-24T10:17:48Z Isma4l 41797 /* Fursadaha wadaagga ama isku-duubnida */ 310789 wikitext text/x-wiki {{MoS guideline|WP:MOS<!-- DO NOT add more shortcuts. None are as short and popular as this one. -->}} '''Haddaha Qaabka''' ('''MoS''' ama '''MOS''') waa [[haddaha qaabka]] ee dhammaan [[Wikipedia:Waa maxay maqaal?|maqaallada]] [[Wikipedia:Soomaali|Wikipedia-ha Soomaaliga]].{{efn|Isku xirka [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility|waxyaabaha la xiriira oo la heli karo]] waxay ku dabaqmaan dhammaan mashruuca, oo ma aha oo kaliya maqaallada.}} Boggan koowaad waxaa taageera [[:Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style|boggag yar oo xeel-dheer]], oo halkan la isku gudbin karo oo lagu tirtiray [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents]]. Haddii ay ka dhalato is-diido, boggani wuxuu leeyahay ka-horreyn.{{efn|name="CONLEVEL"|Kani waa arrin siyaasadeed oo ku saabsan {{section link|Wikipedia:Consensus|Level of consensus}}: "Is-afgaradka ka dhex jira koox xaddidan oo tifaftireyaal ah, hal meel iyo hal maalin, ma baabi'in karo [[Wikipedia:Community consensus|is-afgaradka samaynta]] ee baaxadda weyn. Tusaale ahaan, ilaa ay ka dhaadhiciyaan bulshada balaadhan in aysan sax ahayn, kaqeybgalayaasha WikiProject ma go'aamin karaan in siyaasada ama hagaha Wikipedia uusan ku dabaqmin maqaallada ku dhex jira baaxadeeda." Iyo: "Wikipedia waxay leedahay heer sare oo kaqeybgal iyo is-afgarad ee beddelka siyaasadaha iyo hagayaasha marka loo eego noocyada kale ee boggaga." Boggaga ka hooseeya waxaa ku jira [[:Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style|boggaga MoS-ka ee xeel-dheeraanta]], [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Guide#Advice pages|qoraallada qaabka]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style|Haddaha Qaabka ee Fudud]].}} {{vanchor|Clarity|text=Tifaftireyaal waa inay u qoraan maqaallada iyagoo isticmaalaya luqad toos ah, gaaban, oo fudud in la fahmo. Tifaftireyaal waa inay u dhisaan maqaallada qaabeyn joogto ah oo u sahlanaata akhristaha.}} {{va|Stability|text=Haddii ka badan hal qaab ama foom lagu aamini karo MoS-ka, mid waa in loo isticmaalo madal kasta oo ku dhex jirta maqaalka oo [[#Retaining existing styles|aan la beddelin]] sabab wanaagsan la'aanteed. [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|Tifaftirka dagaalka]] ee ku saabsan doorashooyinka qaabka ma aha mid la accepts karo.{{efn|name="ew"|Arrrimahaani waxaa lagu xalliyay go'aannada [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|Guddiga Garsoorka]] ee [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk#Optional styles|2005]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan#Preferred styles|2006]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Date delinking#Optional styles|2009]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Infoboxes#Use of infoboxes|2015]].}} Qoraal cusub oo lagu daro boggan waa inuu toos u xalliyo arrin qaab oo si joogto ah u soo noqnoqota.}} {{TOC limit|3}} ==Dhonsashada qaababka jira== {{Shortcut|MOS:VAR|MOS:STYLEVAR|MOS:STYLERET}} {{Redirect|MOS:VAR|retention of an article's established national English variety|#National varieties of English|a list of more specific related rules|WP:VARS}} Marna, MOS-ku wuxuu bixiyaa ka badan hal qaab oo la accepts karo ama ma bixiyo hagal gaar ah. Marka ka badan hal qaab la accepts karo, al-fajar ma aha mid habboon in tifaftiraha Wikipedia uu ka beddelo hal qaab oo uu u beddelo mid kale ilaa ay jirto sabab muhiim ah oo beddelka ah.{{efn|name="ArbCom"|Astaanta bilowga ee qoraalkan, eeg go'aannada [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|ArbCom]] ee [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk#Principles|Juun 2005]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/jguk 2#Principles|Nofembar 2005]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan#Principles|2006]].}} [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|Tifaftirka dagaalka]] ee ku saabsan qaabka,{{efn|name="ew"}} ama u adeegsiga qaab dookh ah si [[Wikipedia:Bot policy#Assisted editing guidelines|bot-oo kale ah]] is-afgarad ka hor la'aantiis,{{efn|name="bot-like"|Eeg [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Magioladitis 2#High-speed editing|Go'aanka ArbCom ee 2017]], iyo {{section link|Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser#Rules of use}}; tifaftirka bot-ka oo kale ah oo sii socda inkastoo ay jiraan diidmo ama oo keena makhaadhaa wuxuu keeni karaa [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|xannibaad]] iyo baabi'inta xuquuqaha ku saabsan qalabka semi-automated-ka ah.}} waa [[Wikipedia:Disruptive editing|dhibco ka dhan ah]] oo waligeed ma aha mid la accepts karo. Beddelka aan la xaqijin ee kaaga taagan hal qaab oo la accepts karo, [[#Consistency within articles|oo si joogto ah loo adeegsaday]] ee ku dhex jira maqaal oo loo beddelo qaab kale waa la [[Wikipedia:Reverting|celin karaa]]. Doono [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Opportunities for commonality|fursadaha wadaagga]] si looga fogaado murannada qaabka. Haddii aad rammayso in qaab kale uu ka habboon yahay maqaal gaar ah, doono [[Wikipedia:Consensus|is-afgarad]] iyadoo ku saabsan tan lagula discuss-garaynayo bogga wada-hadalka maqaalka ama{{snd}}haddii ay keento arrin guud ama ku saabsan MoS-ka lakiisa{{snd}}at [[Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style]]. Haddii wada-hadalku uusan keenin is-afgarad beddelka ah, sii wad isticmaalka qaabka horey loo dhisay ee maqaalka. Haddii wada-hadalku uu ku guuldareysto inuu gaaro wax is-afgarad ah oo ku saabsan midka laba ama ka badan qaab oo tartamaya oo la isticmaalayo, markaas dib u noqo qaabkii loo isticmaalay nooca ugu horreeyay ee ka dambeeya [[Wikipedia:Stub|qabyada]] maqaalka oo uu ka muuqday mid ka mid ah qaababka ku dabaqmaya. (Mawqifkan dib-u-noqoshada ah ma siiyo [[WP:UNCHALLENGED|darajo aan la tartami karin]] qaabkaas gaarka ah inta lagu jiro wada-hadalka is-afgaradka, mana siiyo tifaftiraha soo impose-garaysay qaabkaas ugu horreeyay [[Wikipedia:Ownership of content|wax ka badan]] wada-hadalka.) ==<span class="anchor" id="Article titles, headings, and sections"></span>Mawduucyada maqaalka, qaybaha, iyo madaxda== {{Shortcut|MOS:AT}} ===Mawduucyada maqaalka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Article titles}} {{for|titles which coincide with a work's title|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles of works}} Mawduucu waa inuu noqdo magac la aqoonsan karo ama sifaynta mawduuca, [[Wikipedia:Common sense|isagoo maareynaya]] shuruudaha ah inuu yahay mid asalka ah, si ku filan oo sax ah, gaaban, oo joogto ah oo la mid ah maqaallada la xiriira. Hagaha qaabaynta eeg qaybta {{section link|Wikipedia:Article titles|Article title format}}, isagoo xusaya kuwa soo socda: *U qor herga labaad ee xarafka ugu horreeya (marka laga reebo xaaladaha dhifka ah, sida {{xt|eBay}}), laakiin haddii kale raac [[sentence case]]{{efn|name=Sentence case|1=Wikipedia waxay u isticmaashaa [[sentence case]] jumlado, [[Wikipedia:Article titles|mawduucyada maqaalka]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout|mawduucyada qaybaha]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables|madaxda taarikada]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images|qoraallada sawirka]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists|qoraallada liiska]] (xaaladaha badankooda), iyo qoraallada ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Infobox|infoboxes]] iyo moodallada la midka ah, iyo waxyaabo kale. Wax kasta oo MoS ah oo ku saabsan bilowga jumlad waxay ku dabaqmaan waxyaabaha isticmaalaya sentence case.<!-- Please keep this footnote synced with the version at the MOS:CAPS page. -->}} ({{xt|Funding of UNESCO projects}}), ma aha title case ({{!xt|Funding of UNESCO Projects}}), marka laga reebo halka title case loo isticmaali lahaa qoraalka caadiga ah. Eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (capitalization)]]. *Si aad u qorto farta italic-ka ah, ku dar {{tlx|italic title}} meel dhow sare ee maqaalka. Si aad farta italic-ka ah ugu qorto kaliya qayb ka mid ah mawduuca, ku dar xadka <code>|string=</code> ee qoraalka gaarka ah ee lagu qorayo farta italic-ka ah. Isticmaalka farta italic-ka ah waa inuu u dhigmaa {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting|Italic type}}. *Ha isticmaalin [[Article (grammar)|maqaallada]] (''a'', ''an'', ama ''the'') sida xarafka ugu horreeya ({{xt|Economy of the Second Empire}}, ma aha {{!xt|The economy of the Second Empire}}), ilaa ay tahay qayb aan la kala saari karin oo magaca ka mid ah ({{xt|The Hague}}) ama mawduuca shaqa (''{{xt|A Clockwork Orange}}'', ''{{xt|The Simpsons}}''). *Caadi ahaan isticmaal [[noun]]s ama [[noun phrase]]s: {{xt|Early life}}, ma aha {{!xt|In early life}}.{{Efn|1=Erayada sida {{xt|In early life}} waa kuwo la accepts karo (inkastoo aan loo baahnayn) sida madaxda qaybaha. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa si joogto ah sida qayb ka mid ah mawduucyada maqaalka oo dheeraad ah sida [[Piracy in the Caribbean|{{xt|Piracy in the Caribbean}}]], indhaheeda marka dhismaha gaaban ({{xtn|Caribbean piracy}}) uu leeyahay arrimo is-dhaafsi ah.}} *Xarafka ugu dambeeya waa inuusan noqon calaamad ilaahiyad ilaa uu yahay qayb aan la kala saari karin oo magaca ka mid ah ({{xt|[[Saint-Louis-du-Ha! Ha!]]}}, {{xt|''[[Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?]]''}}) ama gaabinta ({{xt|[[Inverness City F.C.]]}}), ama marka xiritaanka bracket-ka wareegga ama calaamadda xigmadda loo baahan yahay ({{xt|[[John Palmer (1814 schooner)|''John Palmer'' (1814 schooner)]]}}). *Markasta oo calaamadaha xigmadda ama noocyada apostrophe-ka oo kale ay ka muuqdaan ({{xt|[[Geʽez]]}}), ku dar [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirection]] mawduuc caddaynaya oo isticmaalaya apostrophes ({{xt|[[Ge'ez]]}}).{{efn|name=curlyq|1=Calaamadaha xigmadda tooska ah iyo apostrophes waa kuwo fudud in loo qorto si lagu aamini karo madallada badankooda, markaas kani wuxuu u sahlayaa bartilmaameedka redirection-ka oo fudud. Xigmadda curdanka ah iyo apostrophes sidaas darteed waa kuwo si weyn looga tagay Wikipedia-ha English-ka. Eeg sidoo kale [[MOS:CURLY]] iyo [[MOS:']].}} Labadaba ha ka sareeyaan iyo kuwo [[Wikipedia:Article titles]], qeybta kale ee MoS-ka, gaar ahaan {{section link||Punctuation}}, waxay ku dabaqmaan sidoo kale mawduuca. ===Agaasimaha qaybta=== {{Shortcut|MOS:SO}} {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout}} Mawduuca maqaalka waa inuu ku starts-garo [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section|qaybta hordhaca ah<!-- Do not add the word "lede" here. See footnotes at WP:LEAD for details. -->]]{{snd}}gaabinta kooban ee maqaalka{{snd}}oo aan waligeed loo kala saarin qaybo {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section]])}}. Qaybta hartay ee maqaalka waxaa caadi ahaan loo kala saaraa [[Help:Section|qaybo]]. [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes|Infoboxes]], sawirrada, iyo mawduucyada kale ee la xiriira qaybta hordhaca ah waa inay noqdaan kuwo dhanka midig ah. Calaamadaha qaarkood oo heerka ah [[Help:Template|moodallada]] iyo [[Help:Wikitext|wikitext]] oo aan ahayn qaybo waxay ka sarreeyaan inta ugu dambaysa maqaalka, ka hor mawduuca qaybta hordhaca ah, iyo uusocodka soo socda: *[[Wikipedia:Short description|Gaaban sharrax leh]], oo leh moodalka {{tlx|Short description}} *[[Wikipedia:Hatnote|Hatnote-ka disambiguation]], waqtiga badankiisa oo leh moodalka {{tlx|Hatnote}} {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg sidoo kale {{section link|Wikipedia:Hatnote#Hatnote templates}})}} *Moodallada aan lahayn soo-saarka oo muujinaya foomka taariikhda dhisay ee maqaalka iyo nooca luqadda English-ka, haddii ay jiraan (t.s., {{tlx|Use dmy dates}}, {{tlx|Use Canadian English}}) *Moodallada dayactirka ee Banner-ka ah, [[Wikipedia:Template index/Disputes|Dispute]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Template index/Cleanup|Moodallada Cleanup]] ee arrimaha maqaalka oo dhan oo la calaamadeeyay (haddii kale loo isticmaalo sare ee qayb gaar ah, ka dambeeya hatnote kasta oo qayb ah sida {{tlx|main}}) *[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes|Infobox]], oo ah dookh (marka laga reebo xaaladaha gaarka ah sida {{tlx|Taxobox}} iyo {{tlx|Chembox}}, ama nooc ka mid ah, maqaallada ku dabaqmaya); caadi ahaan sidoo kale waxaa ku jira sawirka ugu horreeya *Sawirka hordhaca ah, marka infobox aan la isticmaalin, ama sawir dheeraad ah loo baahan yahay qaybta hordhaca ah (haddii hordhacu u yahay mid aad u dheer, sawir labaad waxaa lagu lagi karaa dhexda qoraalka hordhaca ah) Nooca skin-ka ee [[Vector 2022]], [[Wikipedia:Table of contents|tusmada maqaalka]] waa mid ka mid ah oo ka baxsan mawduuca maqaalka. Noocyada skin-ka hore qaarkood, tusmada la mari karo waxay ka muuqataa si otomaatig ah ka dambaysa hordhaca haddii maqaalku leeyahay ugu yaraan afar madax oo qaybo ah. Haddii mawduuca qayb uu ku jiraa si xeel-dheer oo dheeraad ah maqaal gaar ah {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Summary style]])}}, ku dar {{tlx|main|{{var|Article name}}}} ama {{tlx|further|{{var|Article name}}}} isla markiiba ka hooseeya madaxa qaybta. Sida lagu sharraxay si xeel-dheer {{slink|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout|Standard appendices and footers}}, noocyo dhowr ah oo maaddooyinka ah (badankoodu waa dookh) waxay ka muuqan karaan ka dambaysa qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee maqaalka, uusocodka soo socda: *Buugaagta ama shaqaalaha kale ee lagu abuuray mawduuca maqaalka, ka hooseeya madaxa qaybta "Works", "Publications", "Discography", "Filmography", iyo wixii la mid ah sida habboon (ka fogao "Bibliography", oo loo khaldami karo xigashooyinka tixraaca) *Isku xirka hoose ee maqaallada la xiriira ee Wikipedia-ha English-ka, oo leh madaxa qaybta "See also" *Xusuus-qoraallada iyo tixraacyada, oo leh madaxa qaybta "Notes" ama "References" (caadi ahaan ka dambeeya), ama qayb gaar ah oo loogu talagalay mid kasta uusocodkan {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]])}}; ka fogao "Bibliography", oo loo khaldami karo shaqaalaha mawduuca *Buugaagta la xiriira, maqaallada, ama shaqaalaha kale ee aan loo isticmaalin sida tixraacyada; isticmaal madaxa qaybta "Further reading"; noqo mid si sare ah loo doortay, maadaama [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a directory|Wikipedia aysan ahayn buugga tixraaca]] *Websaydhada la xiriira [[Wikipedia:External links|iyo kuwo habboon]] ee aan loo isticmaalin sida tixraacyada oo aan ka muuqan appendices-ka hore, isticmaalka madaxa "External links", oo loo sameyn karo qayb ka hooseysa "Further reading" (ama isku xirkaas waxaa toos lagu ammaan goyn karaa liiska "Further reading" halkii); [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Links to sister projects|moodallada isku xirka ee mawduucyada mashruuca walaalka ah]] sidoo cuali ahaan waxay ka sarreeyaan qaybtan marka ay jirto (haddii kale qaybta ugu dambaysa ee bogga) *Waxyaabaha ugu dambeeya ee soo socda waligeed ma qaataan madaxyada qaybaha: **Isku xirka hoose oo lagu aaggaaday [[Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates#Navigation_templates|boxes-ka navigation-ka]] **Metadata ee [[Wikipedia:Authority control|Authority control]], haddii loo baahdo, isticmaalka {{tlx|Authority control}} (wuxuu kala saaraa isticmaalka magaca laba mawduuc, ama magacyo badan oo loogu talagalay hal mawduuc) **[[Wikipedia:Categorization|Qeeybaha]], oo waa inay noqdaan maaddada ugu dambaysa ee koodha maqaalka haddii aysan jirin moodallada stub-ka **[[Wikipedia:Stub sorting|Moodallada stub-ka]], haddii loo baahdo, oo waa inay raacaan qeeybaha [[Wikipedia:Stand-alone lists|Maqaallada liiska ah ee gaarka ah]] waxay leeyihiin waxyaabo dheeraad ah oo agaasimaha ah. ===<span class="anchor" id="Section management"></span>Madaxyada qaybaha=== {{Shortcut|MOS:HEAD|MOS:HEADINGS}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Headings|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Order of article elements|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Section headings}} [[Help:Section|Madaxyada qaybaha]] waa inay caadi ahaan raacaan hagaha [[#Article titles|mawduucyada maqaalka]] ee sare oo ay ku muuqdaan [[sentence case]] ({{xt|Funding of UNESCO projects in developing countries}}), ma aha [[title case]] ({{!xt|Funding of UNESCO Projects in Developing Countries}}).{{efn|name=Sentence case}} {{shortcut|MOS:BLANKLINE}} {{vanchor|Blank line|text=Dhammaan madaxyada waa inay ku dhex jiraan xarkooda gaarka ah, oo ay ka horreyso presely hal xar oo eber ah, oo ay raacdo mid ka mid ah hal xar ama aan lahayn xar eber ah.}} {{vanchor|Section headings (necessary point 6)|text=Ha u isticmaalin si xun [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists#Description (definition, association) lists|liiska sharraxaadda]] markup ("<code>;</code>") si aad u abuurto [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Pseudo-headings|pseudo-headings]].}} {{va|SECTIONSTYLE|Section headings (styling best practice)|Section headings (main styling reason)|text=Sida arrin qaab oo joogto ah, madaxyada qaybuhu waa inaynaan:}} {{Shortcut|MOS:SECTIONSTYLE|MOS:NOBACKREF}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 1)|text=si turjumaad ah dib ugu tixraacin mawduuca maqaalka, t.s., {{xt|Early life}}, ma aha {{!xt|Smith's early life}} ama {{!xt|His early life}}}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 2)|text=tixraacin madax heer sare ah, ilaa aad sameyso ay tahay mid gaaban ama caddayn badan}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 3)|text=noqon kuwo la nambareeyay ama xarfo leh sida outline}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 4)|text=noqon kuwo loo sameeyay sida su'aal, t.s., {{xt|Languages}}, ma aha {{!xt|What languages are spoken?}}}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 5)|text=isticmaalin luga ama farta aan caadiga ahayn oo keeni kara [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Headings|arrimaha lagu heli karo]]}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 6)|text=noqon kuwo lagu duubay [[Help:Wikitext|markup]], sida bold iyo italics, oo baabi'in kara muujintooda oo keeni kara arrimo kale oo lagu heli karo}} ====Wikimarkup==== {{shortcut|MOS:NOSECTIONLINKS|MOS:HEADINGLINKS}} {{va|Section headings (technical best practice)|text=Sababo tignoolajiyada ah, madaxyada qaybuhu waa inay}} {{va|Section headings (necessary point 1)|text=noqdaan kuwo gaar ah oo ku dhex jira maqaal (si [[Template:Section link|isqu xirka qaybta]] uu u shaqeeyo)}} oo waa inaynaan ku dhex jirin: *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 2)|text=[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking#Principles|isqu xirka]], xataa haddii kaliya qayb ka mid ah madaxa la isku xiray}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 5)|text=xigashooyinka ama xusuus-qoraallada}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 4)|text=<code><[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics#Typesetting of mathematical formulae|math]]></code> markup}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 3)|text=sawirrada ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Icons#Encyclopedic purpose|icons-ka]]}} {{va|Section headings (main technical reason)|text=Xaddidaadahani waa kuwo lagu khasbay si looga fogaado tignoolajiyada dhibco leh oo ma aha kuwo la baabi'in karo is-afgaradka maxalliga ah ama hagayaasha aan ku habboonayn.}} {{short|MOS:TEMPLATE}} {{va|Section headings (necessary point 7)|text=Wadaagga moodalka}} waa in sidoo kale caadi ahaan looga fogaadaa madaxyada qaybaha, sababtoo ah waxay keenaan koodha asalka ah ee baaqida moodalka inuu ka muuqdo isqu xirka lagu daray gaabinta tifaftirka; gujinta isqu xirkaas ka muuqda taariikhda bogga ma keeni doonto qaybta loo baahan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, [[WP:ANCHORSUBST|marka lagu darayo isqu xirka anchor madaxyada, mar walba beddel moodalka gudaha madaxa]]: {{block indent|1={{plainlist| * {{y}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== {{subst:anchor|Anchor name}} Section title ==</nowiki>}}</code> * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== {{anchor|Anchor name}} Section title ==</nowiki>}}</code> }} }} {{shortcut|MOS:SECTIONCOMMENT}} {{va|SECTIONCOMMENT|Section comment|text=[[#Invisible comments|Xusuus-qoraallada la qariyay]] oo tixraacaya madaxa qayb ama qayb oo dhan waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu lago xar ka hooseysa madaxa. Waxaa sidoo cuali ahaan lagu lagi karaa ku dhex jira xarkooda oo kale sida madaxa, laakiin xaaladaas waa inay noqdaan kuwo {{em|gudaha}} <code>==&nbsp;==</code> markup:{{efn|1=Xusuus-qoraal ka baxsan <code><nowiki>==&nbsp;==</nowiki></code> laakiin ku dhex jira xarkooda oo kale wuxuu keeni karaa isqu xirka tifaftirka qaybta inuu ku guuldareysto inuu ka muuqdo dhammaan; ee browsers-ka kale, wuxuu ka muuqan karaa, laakiin isticmaalkiisu wuxuu keeni doonaa madaxa qaybta inuusan si otomaatig ah lagu darin gaabinta tifaftirka.}}}} {{block indent|1={{plainlist| * {{y}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== Implications ==</nowiki><br /><nowiki><!--This comment is placed correctly.--></nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{mby}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== Implications<!--This comment works fine.--> ==</nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{mby}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== <!--This comment works fine.-->Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== Implications == <!--This comment causes problems.--> </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{tracked|T381786}}{{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki><!--This comment causes problems.</nowiki><br><nowiki>-->== Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki><!--The space after this comment breaks the heading completely.--> == Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} }} }} ====<span class="anchor" id="SECTIONANCHOR"></span><span class="anchor" id="Section anchor"></span>Anchors==== {{short|MOS:SECTIONANCHOR}} <section begin="heading links" />Ka hor inta aanad beddelin madax, tixgeli in aad baabi'inayso isqu xirka jira oo ku dhex jira.<section end="heading links" /> Haddii ay jiraan [[Help:Link#To a section|isqu xirka badan oo u socda mawduuca hore]],{{efn|name="many links"|1=Si aad u ogaato inta isqu xirka ee u socda mawduuca qaybta hore iyo maqaallada leeh iyaga, waxaad sameyn kartaa <span class=plainlinks>[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=all%3A+linksto%3A%22ARTICLE%22+insource%3A%2F%5B%5B%7C%5DARTICLE%5C%23OLDSECTION%2F+&title=Special:Search&profile=all&fulltext=1 raadinta sare ee]</span>, iyadoo la beddelayo {{smallcaps|article}} magaca maqaalka, iyo {{smallcaps|oldsection}} mawduuca qaybta hore. Raadintaas sare ma raadiso [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirections-ka]], markaas sidoo kale eeg bogga maqaalka ee [[Special:WhatLinksHere]] ee redirections-ka u socda mawduuca qaybta hore. Haddii ay jiraan kaliya nambarka yar ee isqu xirka ee u socda mawduuca qaybta hore, waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu cusbooneysiiyo manwal ahaan.}} abuur [[Help:Anchor|anchor]] oo leh mawduucaas si loo xaqijiyo in kuwani ay sii shaqeeyaan. Sidoo kale, marka lagu isqu xirayo qayb, ka tag xusuus-qoraal aan la arki karin madaxa qaybta bartilmaameedka, iyadoo lagu magacaabayo maqaallada isqu xirka leeh, si haddii madaxa dambe loo beddelo kani si fudud loo hagaajin karo, ama kale anchor kale loo abuurayo haddii ay jiraan kuwo badan.{{efn|name="many links"}} Tusaale ahaan: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == {{subst:Anchor|Consequences}} Implications == <!-- "Richard Dawkins" and "Daniel Dennett" link here. --> </syntaxhighlight> oo lagu kaydin doono maqaalka sida: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == <span class="anchor" id="Consequences"></span> Implications == <!-- "Richard Dawkins" and "Daniel Dennett" link here. --> </syntaxhighlight> Faa'iidada isticmaalka {{tlxs|Anchor}}, ama kaliya la dhex gelinayo {{tag|span|o|link=yes}} tags-ka toos, waa in marka tifaftirka loo sameeyo qaybta mustaqbalka, anchor-ku ma lagu dhex jiri doono taariikhda bogga sida qayb ka mid ah magaca qaybta. Marka kaliya {{tlx|Anchor}} loo isticmaalo toos, akhlaaqdaas aan loo baahnayn {{em|waa ay}} dhacdaa, markaas waa in mar walba [[WP:ANCHORSUBST|loo beddelo anchors madaxyada qaybaha]]. Marka la dhex gelinayo span toos, {{em|ha}} gaabin iyadoo la isticmaalayo tag-ka self-closing, sida ku dhex jirta: <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== <span id="Consequences"</nowiki>{{highlight round|/|bc=var(--background-color-destructive-subtle, lightred);}}> Implications <nowiki>==</nowiki>}}</code> In HTML5 foomkaas XML-style waa mid shaqaynaya kaliya tags-ka qaarkood, sida {{nowrap |<code>&lt;br/></code>}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T134423 |title=T134423 Deprecate nonstandard behavior of self-closed HTML tags in wikitext. |website=phabricator.wikimedia.org |access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref> Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking|Avoiding broken section links}} si aad u ogaato wada-hadal dheeraad ah. ====Mawduuca oo kale madaxa==== Hagaha sare ee madaxyada qaybaha, gaar ahaan sentence case, turjumaad, sawirrada iyo su'aalaha, sidoo kale wuxuu ku dabaqmaa [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables#Captions and headers|madaxyada taarikada]] (iyo noocyada taarikada iyo xarrada). Laakiin, madaxyada taarikada waxay ku dhex jiri karaan xigashooyinka oo waxay ku starts-garo karaan, ama noqon karaan, nambara. Unka madaxyada bogga, madaxyada taarikada ma samayn karaan si otomaatig ah anchors-ka isqu xirka. Ka baxsan sentence case ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Glossaries|glossaries]], talada madaxa sidoo kale waxay ku dabaqmaysaa ''term'' qoraallada ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists#DLIST|description lists]]. Haddii la isticmaalayo [[Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Glossaries#Template-structured|template-structured glossaries]], terms-ku si otomaatig ah waxay leeyihiin anchors-ka isqu xirka, laakiin ma leeyihiin kale. Xigashooyinka mawduuca description-list waxay ku dhex jiraan {{tl|term}} ama {{tl|defn}} element, sida loo baahan yahay. ==Noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga== {{Shortcut|MOS:ENGVAR}} Noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga (tusaale ahaan, kala duwanaanshaha erayada ama naxwaha ee gobollada ka jira) waxay bixiyaan macluumaad ku saabsan kala duwanaanshaas. Dhammaan noocyada gobollada ama noocyada heerka ee Af-Soomaaliga waa kuwo la aqbali karo oo siman Wikipedia-da Soomaaliga, iyada oo la isticmaalayo uslub rasmi ah oo maqaallada u gaar ah ([[Register (sociolinguistics)|weeraral rami ah]] ama astaanta luqadda). Qaabka taariikhda ee maqaalka ({{xt|{{#time: F j, Y}}}} ama {{xt|{{#time: j F Y}}}}) wuxuu sidoo kale la xiriiraa noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga {{snd}}eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|Strong national ties to a topic|Retaining existing format}}. === <span class="anchor" id="Internal consistency"></span>Joogteynta ku dhex jirta maqaallada<!-- When renaming this section title, rename the full link at [[Wikipedia:Consistency]] --> === {{Shortcut|MOS:ARTCON|MOS:CONSISTENT}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Variation in citation methods|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Retaining existing format}} Xeerarka nooc gaar ah oo Af-Soomaali caadifad ah waa in loo raaco si joogto ah ku dhex jirta maqaalka gaarka ah. Waxyaabaha ka baxsan waxaa ku jira: *'''Xigashooyinka''' iyo '''cinwaannada buugaagta ama hawlaha''' (sida buugaagta, filimada, iyo muusigga) waa in loo qoraa sida ay ka muuqdaan ilaha tixraaca. Laakiin, waxaa jira xaalado qaarkood oo leexanaya mabda'an si loo dhowro heerka qaab-qoraalka ee alifbeetada encyclopedia-ha dhan. {{crossref|Eeg {{section link||Typographic conformity}}.}} *'''Magacyada u gaarka ah''' waxay isticmaalaan qoraalka mawduuca ama lahaanshaha u gaarka ah, tusaale ahaan, {{xt|United States Department of Defense}} iyo {{xt|Australian Defence Force}}; {{xt|International Labour Organization}}<!--This example is here because it uses -our and -ization at the same time; it is Oxford spelling.-->. *Maqaallada ku saabsan mawduucyada la xiriira kimistariga, foomka heerka caalamiga ah ee higaada {{xt|aluminium}}, {{xt|sulfur}}, {{xt|caesium}} (iyo erayada ka soo baxa) waa in loo isticmaalo iyadoo aan loo eegin nooca luqadda ee looga adeegsado maqaalka. {{crossref|Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (chemistry)|Element names}}.}} ===Fursadaha wadaagga ama isku-duubnida=== {{shortcut|MOS:COMMONALITY}} Si loogu talagalay encyclopedia caalamiga ah, isticmaalka erayada wadaagga ah ee dhammaan noocyada Af-Soomaaliga waa mid ka wanaagsan. *Isticmaal erayada si caalami ah loo aqbalay halkii kuwa aan aad loo fidin, gaar ahaan cinwaannada. Tusaale ahaan, [[Glasses|{{xt|muraayado}}]] ayaa ka wanaagsan noocyada gobollada ee gaarka ah; [[Ten million|{{xt|toban milyan}}]] ayaa ka wanaagsan [[crore|{{!xt|hal crore}}]]. *Haddii kala duwanaansho higaadeed uu ka muuqdo cinwaan, samee bogga [[Wikipedia:Redirect|reer-itusaale (sidetrack/redirect)]] si loogu talagalay kuwa kale, sida ku dhex jirta [[artefact]] iyo [[artifact]], si dhammaan noocyada loo isticmaali karo raadinta iyo isku xirka. *Erayada ku kala duwan noocyada luqadda, ama leh macnayaal kala duwan, waxaa lagu [[Gloss (annotation)#In linguistics|u xaqiijin karaa faahfaahinta (gloss)]] si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga ama jahawareerka, tusaale ahaan, {{xt|qaybta dambe ee baabuurta (trunk ama boot)&nbsp;...}}. *Isticmaal eray ama weedh si caadi ah loo fahmo iyada oo ka wanaagsan mid leh macno kale sababtoo ah kala duwanaanshaha gobollada (halkii {{!xt|alternate}}, isticmaal {{xt|alternative}} ama {{xt|alternating}}, sida habboon), marka laga reebo xaaladaha tignoolajiyada ama cilmiga halka beddelkaas uu noqon lahaa mid aan habboonayn ({{xt|alternate leaves}}; {{xt|alternate law}}). *Marka ay jiraan wax ka badan hal nooc oo higaad ah oo ka dhex jira heerka caadiga ah ee luqadda, nooca ugu caansan ee hadda la isticmaalo waa in caadi ahaan ka wanaagsanaado, marka laga reebo halka higaada yar ay leedahay isticmaal gaar ah oo xaalad xeel-dheer ah, tusaale ahaan, ''connexion'' ku dhex jirta [[Connexionalism|Methodist connexionalism]]. ===Xiriirka gobolka ama qaranka ee xoogga leh ee mawduuca=== {{Shortcut|MOS:TIES}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Strong national ties to a topic|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Unit choice and order}} Maqaal ku saabsan mawduuc leh xiriir xooggan oo u socda [[English-speaking nation|waddan ama gobol]] gaar ah waa inuu isticmaalaa heerka luqadda rasmiga ah (ee ma aha colloquial/afka wadada) ee gobolkaas ama qarankaas. Tusaale ahaan: Mawduucyada leh xiriir xooggan oo u socda [[Commonwealth of Nations]], ama waddamo badan oo Commonwealth ah ama dhulalkii hore ee British-ka, isticmaal higaada British-ka. ===Dhowrida nooca jira=== {{Shortcut|MOS:RETAIN}} Marka nooc gaar ah [[#Consistency within articles|isticmaalkiisa joogtada ah]] lagu dhisay maqaal, sii wad iyada oo aan la helin is-afgarad ka dhan ah. Kaliya xaaladaha gaarka ah (sida marka mawduuc uu leeyahay [[#Strong national ties to a topic|xiriir gobol ama qaran oo xooggan]], ama beddelku wuxuu yareeyaa is-dhaafsiga) ayaa ay jirtaa sabab shaqaynaysa oo loo beddelo ka mid ah dookha la aqbali karo oo loo beddelo mid kale. {{va|FPSR|FMC|text=Marka aan la dhisin nooc gaar ah oo wada-hadalku uusan xallin arrinta, isticmaal nooca ka muuqda nooca ugu horreeyay ee ka dambeeya [[Wikipedia:Stub|qabyada (stub)]] oo soo bandhigay nooc la aqoonsan karo. Waxa ka baxsan tan waa [[#Retain quote variety|ha beddelin nooca luqadda ee ku dhex jira xigasho]].}} Nooca lagu dhisay maqaal gaar ah waxaa lagu qoraa iyadoo lagu dhex darayo [[:Category:Use English templates|tampaallada Use X English]] ee habboon bogga maqaalka. Tampaallada [[:Category:Varieties of English templates|nooca luqadda ee habboon]] sidoo kale waxaa lagu dhejin karaa bogga wada-hadalka ee maqaalka. Maqaal waa inuusan noqon mid la tifaftiro ama magaca loo beddelo kaliya si looga beddelo hal nooc oo luqad ah oo loo beddelo mid kale. Tampaalka {{tlxs|uw-engvar}} waxaa lagu dhejin karaa bogga wada-hadalka tifaftiraha si loogu sharraxo tan. ==Xarfo waaweyn== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters}} Mawduucyada maqaalka Wikipedia iyo madaxyada qaybaha waxay isticmaalaan sentence case, ma aha title case; eeg [[Wikipedia:Article titles]] iyo {{section link||Section headings}}. Capitalization-ka waxyaabaha liiska, eeg {{section link||Bulleted and numbered lists}}. Dhibcaha kale ee ku saabsan capitalization-ka waxaa lagu gaabay ka hooseeya. Macluumaadka dhan waxaa lagu heley karaa at [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters]]. Dhibicda ugu muhiimsan waa in Wikipedia aysan u qorin xaraf weyn wax ilaa ay si joogto ah xaraf weyn ugu noqoto badankooda muhiimka ah ee [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|tixraacyada lagu aamini karo]] ee gaarka ah. ===Capitalization-ka ''The''=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Capitalization of The}} Caadi ahaan, ha u qorin xaraf weyn erayga ''the'' dhexda jumlada: {{xt|throughout the United Kingdom}}, ma aha {{!xt|throughout The United Kingdom}}. Waxyaabaha ka baxsan heshiiska waxaa ku jira magacyada saxda ah ee qaarkood ({{xt|he visited The Hague}}) iyo badankooda mawduucyada shaqaalaha abuurka ah ({{xt|Tolkien wrote ''The Lord of the Rings''}}{{snd}}laakiin ogaada in ''the'' ayan noqon karin qayb ka mid ah mawduuca laakiis, t.s., {{xt|Homer composed the ''Odyssey''}}). Waxaa jira waxyaabo gaar ah oo loo tixgeliyo [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music#Names (definite article)|magacyada band-ka]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Institutions|magacyada doorka]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#NICKNAMETHE|magacyada gaaban]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles#Indefinite and definite articles|mawduucyada shaqaalaha]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks#TMTHE|trademarks-ka]]. ===<span id="Capitalization-Titles"></span>Mawduucyada shaqaalaha=== {{main|WP:Manual of Style/Titles of works}} Mawduucyada luqadda English-ka ee dhismaha (buugaagta iyo shaqaalaha kale ee qoraalka, noocyada iyo shaqaalaha kale ee codka, filimada iyo shaqaalaha kale ee muuqda, sawirrada iyo shaqaalaha kale ee fanka, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxaa loo bixiyaa ku dhex jirta {{em|[[title case]]}}, halka eray kasta loo bixiyo xaraf weyn oo bilow ah marka laga reebo erayada qaarkood oo yar oo muhiim ah (sida lagu sharraxay at {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters|Composition titles}}). Erayada ugu horreeya iyo kuwa ugu dambeeya ee ku dhex jira mawduuc luqadda English-ka ah mar walba waa kuwo xaraf weyn ah. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|''An Eye for an Eye''}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|''Worth the Fighting For''}} Capitalization-ka mawduucyada aan luqadda English-ka ahayn waa uu kala duwan yahay, xataa waqtiga ku dhex jira luqadda oo kale; caadi ahaan, dhonsashada qaabka asalka ah ee shaqaalaha cusub, oo raac isticmaalka ku dhex jira tixraacyada lagu aamini karo ee luqadda English-ka ee hadda{{efn|name=recent}} ee shaqaalaha taariikhda. Marka lagu qoro alfabeta Latin-ka, badankooda waxyaabahaani waa inay sidoo kale ku dhex jiraan [[#Italics|italics]], ama lagu duubo [[#Names and titles|calaamadaha xigmadda]]. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|{{lang|fr|Les Liaisons dangereuses}}}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"{{lang|de|italics=no|Hymnus an den heiligen Geist}}"}} ===Mawduucyada dadka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Titles of people}} *'''Isticmaalka guud''', isticmaal xarafka yar ee erayada sida ''president'', ''king'', iyo ''emperor'' ({{xt|De Gaulle was a French president}}; {{xt|Louis XVI was a French king}}; {{xt|Three prime ministers attended the conference}}). *'''Toos ka hor magaca dadka''', erayadaas waxay ku starts-garoogayaan xaraf weyn ({{xt|President Obama}}, ma aha {{!xt|president Obama}}). Magacyada heerka ah ama caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo ee doorka waxaa loo treats-garaysay sida magacyada saxda ah ({{xt|David Cameron was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom}}; {{xt|Hirohito was Emperor of Japan}}; {{xt|Louis XVI was King of France}}). Qaababka boqortooyada waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|Her Majesty}}; {{xt|His Highness}}); waxyaabaha ka baxsan waxay ku dabaqmi karaan doorkii gaar ah. ===Diimaha, ilaahada, falsafadaha, caqiidooyinka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Religions, deities, philosophies, doctrines, and their adherents}} {{see|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Religion}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles#Religious texts}} *'''Diimaha, kooxaha, iyo kaniisadaha''' iyo taageerayaashooda (foomka noun ama adjective) waxay ku starts-garoogayaan xaraf weyn. Caadi ahaan, "the" ma aha xaraf weyn ka hor magacyadaas ({{xt|the Unitarians}}, ma aha {{!xt|The Unitarians}}). *'''[[Religious text]]s''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn, laakiin mara badanaa ma aha italics ({{xt|the Bhagavad Gita}}, {{xt|the Quran}}, {{xt|the Talmud}}, {{xt|the Granth Sahib}}, {{xt|the Bible}}). Ha u qorin xaraf weyn "the" marka aad u isticmaalayso foomkan. Adjectives-ka qaarkood oo ka soo baxay waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn heshiis ahaan, qaarkoodna ma qaataan ({{xt|biblical}}, laakiin {{xt|Quranic}}); haddii aad ma ogayd, eeg dictionary-ga. *'''[[Honorific]]s ee ilaahada''', ku dhex jira magacyada saxda ah iyo mawduucyada, waxay ku starts-garoogayaan xaraf weyn ({{xt|God}}, {{xt|Allah}}, {{xt|the Lord}}, {{xt|the Supreme Being}}, {{xt|the Great Spirit}}, {{xt|the Horned One}}, {{xt|Bhagavan}}). Ha u qorin xaraf weyn "the" xaaladahaas ama marka aad tixraacayso dadka waaweyn ee diinta ama dadka ka mid ah mythology-ga ({{xt|the Prophet}}, {{xt|the Messiah}}, {{xt|the Virgin}}). Nouns-ka wadaagga ah ee ilaahada iyo dadka diinta ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|many gods}}; {{xt|the god Woden}}; {{xt|saints and prophets}}). *'''Pronouns-ka dadka cibaadada ama worship-ka''' ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn, xataa haddii xaraf weyn lagu qoro qoraallada diinta ({{xt|God and his will}}). *'''Qeeybaha baaxadda leh ee mythical ama legendary beings''' waxay ku starts-garoogayaan xarfo yar ({{xt|elf}}, {{xt|fairy}}, {{xt|nymph}}, {{xt|unicorn}}, {{xt|angel}}), inkastoo shaqaalaha fantasy-ga, sida buugaagta [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] iyo madaaddaalada video game-ka qaarkood, xarfaha waaweyn ee bilowga ah marna loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo in beings-ku ay samaynayaan culture ama race ku dhex jira [[fictional universe]]. U qor xaraf weyn magacyada ama mawduucyada creatures-ka gaarka ah ({{xt|the Minotaur}}, {{xt|Pegasus}}) iyo kooxaha oo magacooda iyo kaqeybgalayaashoodu ay dhisay yihiin ({{xt|the Magi, or the Three Wise Men}}, {{xt|the Furies}}). Tixraacyada guud ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|these priests}}; {{xt|several wise men}}; {{xt|cherub-like}}). *'''Spiritual ama matoorada diinta''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn kaliya marka la tixraacayo matoorada gaarka ah ama waqtiyada ({{xt|the Great Flood}} iyo {{xt|the Exodus}}; laakiin {{xt|annual flooding}} iyo {{xt|an exodus of refugees}}). *'''Falsafadaha, theories-ka, movements-ka, iyo caqiidooyinka''' waxay isticmaalaan xarfo yar ilaa magacu ka soo baxo magac sax ah ({{xt|capitalism versus Marxism}}) ama uusan noqon magac sax ah ({{xt|republican}}, dhismaha fikirka political-ka; {{xt|Republican}}, xisbiga political-ka). Isticmaal xarfo yar mawduucyada caqiidooyinka ama fikirka diinta ee canon-ka ah (oo ka soo karşı matoorada gaarka ah), xataa haddii xaraf weyn lagu qoro taageerayaasha diinta qaarkood ({{xt|virgin birth}}, {{xt|original sin}}, {{xt|transubstantiation}}). *'''[[Platonic idealism|Platonic]] ama transcendent ideals''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn xaaladda caqiidada philosophical-ka ({{xt|Truth}}, {{xt|the Good}}); iyagoo loo isticmaalo si baaxad leh, waxay ku dhex jiraan xarfo yar ({{xt|Superman represents American ideals of truth and justice}}). Isticmaal xarfo waaweyn personifications-ka lagu muujiyay fanka ({{xt|the guidebook mentioned statues of Justice and Liberty}}). *{{va|Eponyms|EPONYM|EPONYMS|text='''[[Eponym]]s''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn ([[Edwardian era|{{xt|Edwardian}}]], [[De Morgan's laws|{{xt|De Morgan's laws}}]], [[Alice in Wonderland syndrome|{{xt|Alice in Wonderland syndrome}}]], [[Plaster of Paris|{{xt|plaster of Paris}}]], [[Platonic idealism|{{xt|Platonic idealism}}]], [[Draconian constitution|{{xt|Draconian constitution of Athens}}]]), marka laga reebo isticmaalka idiomatic-ka ah oo ka baxsan xaaladda asalka ah oo caadi ahaan xarfo yar ku dhex jira tixraacyada ([[Platonic relationship|{{xt|a platonic relationship}}]]; {{xt|complained of draconian workplace policies}}).{{efn|name=eponyms|1=Waxaa jira waxyaabo yar oo dheeraad ah oo ka baxsan capitalization-ka eponyms-ka, halka term uu leeyahay conventionalized xooggan ku dhex jirta xarfo yar, t.s., lagu doorbido foomkaas badankooda dictionaries-ka waaweyn ee luqadda English-ka. Tusaale ahaan, {{xt|parkinsonian}} wuxuu sharraxaa patient muujinaya symptoms-ka [[Parkinson's disease|{{xt|Parkinson's disease}}]]. Linguistics/orthography isticmaalka terms-ka [[Linguistic latinisation|{{xt|latinize}}]], [[Romanisation|{{xt|romanize}}]], iyo [[Anglicization|{{xt|anglicize}}]] [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Anglo- and similar prefixes|waxay sii kordhayaan xarfo yar]], iyo [[Italic type|{{xt|italic[s]}}]] ku dhex jirta typography mar walba waa ikhsan.}} Foomka dhan oo uu eponym ku yahay adjective [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Religions, deities, philosophies, doctrines, and their adherents|ma aha xaraf weyn]] marka laga reebo marka foomka laikiisu uu yahay magac sax ah (t.s., [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles|mawduuca shaqaalaha la daabacay]]: [[The China Syndrome|{{xt|''The China Syndrome''}}]]).}} ===Waxyaabaha kalandarka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Calendar items}} *'''Bilaaha, maalmaha toddobaadka, iyo fasaxyada''' waxay ku starts-garoogayaan xaraf weyn ({{xt|June}}, {{xt|Monday}}; {{xt|the Fourth of July}} wuxuu tixraacaa kaliya Maalinta Xorriyadda US{{snd}}haddii kale {{xt|July 4}} ama {{xt|4 July}}). *'''Xilliyada''' waxay ku dhex jiraan xarfo yar ({{xt|her last summer}}; {{xt|the winter solstice}}; {{xt|spring fever}}), marka laga reebo personifications-ka ama magacyada saxda ah ee waqtiyada ama matoorada ({{xt|Old Man Winter}}; {{xt|competed on the Spring Circuit}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="People, animals, plants, and other organisms"></span><!-- It is unlikely this was used much, and the phrase can simply be searched for and replaced. -->Dhabaha, dhirta, iyo organisms-ka kale=== {{Shortcut|MOS:LIFE}} {{Hatnote|For more detail on capitalization, see {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters|Animals, plants, and other organisms}}; on italicization, {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting|Italic type}}. See also {{section link|Wikipedia:Lead section|Organisms}} for handling of first sentence. See [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (fauna)]] and [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora)]] for article title guidelines.}} Marka la isticmaalayo '''[[Taxonomy (biology)|magacyada taxonomic ("scientific")]]''', u qor xaraf weyn oo italics genus-ka: {{xt|''Berberis''}}, {{xt|''Erithacus''}}. (Supergenus iyo subgenus, marka ay ku dabaqmaan, loo treats-garaysay foomkaas oo kale.) Italics-garo laakiin ha u qorin xaraf weyn ranks-ka taxonomic-ka ah heerka species-ka iyo ka hooseeya: {{xt|''Berberis darwinii''}}, {{xt|''Erithacus rubecula superbus''}}, {{xt|''Acacia coriacea'' subsp. ''sericophylla''}}; wax ka baxsan ma aha oo lagu sameeyay magacyada saxda ah oo samaynaya qayb ka mid ah magacyada scientific-ka ah. Taxa-ga sare (order, family, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn Latin-ka ({{xt|Carnivora}}, {{xt|Felidae}}) laakiin ma qaataan equivalents-ka English-ka laakiis ({{xt|carnivorans}}, {{xt|felids}}); ma aha italics labada foomba, marka laga reebo viruses, halka dhammaan magacyada la accepts-garaysay guddiga [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|ICTV]] ay yihiin italics ({{xt|''Retroviridae''}}). {{Shortcut|MOS:CULTIVAR}}{{Anchor|Cultivar}}Magacyada '''[[Cultivar]]''' iyo '''[[cultivar group]]''' ee dhirta ma aha italics, oo waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn (ku dhex jirta erayga ''Group'' ee magaca ku dhex jira); magacyada cultivar waxay ka muuqdaan ku dhex jira xigmadda single-ka ah ({{xt|''Malus domestica'' 'Red Delicious'}}), inta cultivar groups ma qaataan ({{xt|''Cynara cardunculus'' Scolymus Group}}). '''English [[Common name|magacyada vernacular ("common")]]''' waxaa loo bixiyaa xarfo yar qoraalka maqaalka ([[Plains zebra|{{xt|plains zebra}}]]<!-- animal species -->, [[Mountain maple|{{xt|mountain&nbsp;maple}}]]<!-- plant species -->, iyo [[Southwestern red-tailed hawk|{{xt|southwestern red-tailed hawk}}]]<!-- bird subspecies -->) iyo ku dhex jirta sentence case bilowga jumlada iyo meelaha kale oo xarafka ugu horreeya ee erayga ugu horreeya uu yahay xaraf weyn.{{efn|name=Sentence case}} Waxay sidoo kale qaataan xarfo waaweyn halka ay ku dhex jiraan magacyada saxda ah: [[Przewalski's horse|{{xt|Przewalski's&nbsp;horse}}]]<!-- eponym -->, [[California condor|{{xt|California&nbsp;condor}}]]<!-- typical geonym -->, iyo [[Fair-maid-of-France|{{xt|fair-maid-of-France}}]]<!-- unusual but important illustrative case -->. Kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa species iyo subspecies, sida tusaalooyinka hore, iyo sidoo kale magacyada guud ee kooxaha ama noocyada organism-ka: [[Bird of prey|{{xt|bird&nbsp;of&nbsp;prey}}]]<!-- cross-order ecological niche -->, [[Oak|{{xt|oak}}]]<!-- plant family -->, [[Great apes|{{xt|great&nbsp;apes}}]]<!-- animal family -->, [[Bryde's whales|{{xt|Bryde's&nbsp;whales}}]]<!-- species group -->, [[Livestock guardian dog|{{xt|livestock&nbsp;guardian&nbsp;dog}}]]<!-- domestic type -->, [[Poodle|{{xt|poodle}}]]<!-- domestic breed group but not a breed -->, [[Van cat|{{xt|Van&nbsp;cat}}]]<!-- domestic geographic landrace -->, [[Wolfdog|{{xt|wolfdog}}]]<!-- hybrid/crossbreed/mongrel not recognized as a standardized breed -->. Marka magaca common-ka ah uu la mid yahay taxon scientific ah, ha u qorin xaraf weyn ama italics, marka laga reebo halka la tixraacayo organism-ka taxonomically: {{xt|A lynx is any of the four medium-sized wild cat species within the genus ''Lynx''.}} Magacyada vernacular ee aan English-ka ahayn, marka ay la xiriiraan in lagu daro, waxaa loo maareeyay sida terms-ka kale oo aan English-ka ahayn: italics sidaas, oo xaraf weyn kaliya haddii shuruudaha luqadda hooyo ay u baahan yihiin. Magacyada aan English-ka ahayn oo noqday kuwo lagu dhex dhasheeyay English-ka waxaa loo treats-garaysay sida English-ka ([[Ayahuasca|{{xt|ayahuasca}}]], [[Okapi|{{xt|okapi}}]]). {{Shortcut|MOS:BREED}}{{Anchor|Breed}}'''[[Standardized breeds]]''' waa inay caadi ahaan dhonsadaan capitalization-ka loo isticmaalay heerka breed-ka.{{efn|name=Standardized breeds|1=Hagaha breeds-ka lagu daray [[Diff2/881140543|RfC on capitalization of the names of standardized breeds|December 2018 RfC]]. "Standardized breed" wuxuu waayay macno toos ah oo caddaynaya, laakiin wuxuu ku dhex jiraa breed kasta oo ku dhex jira [[breed standard]] ama [[studbook]] ee kooxda notable breeder/fancier. Kooxaha kale ee dhabaha dhaladada ah ma aha standardized breeds: noocyada taariikhda hore, kooxaha breed-ka, dadka feral-ka ah, landraces, iyo [[crossbreed]]s ama [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] oo aan kooxaha waaweyn ma aqoonsan sida breeds. Kuwo badan caadi ahaan ma aha [[Wikipedia:Notability|notable]] laakiis.}} Tusaalooyinka: [[German Shepherd|{{xt|German Shepherd}}]], [[Russian White goat|{{xt|Russian White goat}}]], [[Berlin Short-faced Tumbler|{{xt|Berlin Short-faced Tumbler}}]]. Sida dhirta cultivars, kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa haddii noun-ka lagu daray uu yahay magac sax ah ama kale, oo ka soo karşı sida magacyada vernacular ee species loo qoro. Laakiin, ka baxsan cultivars, breeds waligeed ma lagu lago xigmadda single-ka ah, oo magacyadoodu waligeed ma aha qayb ka mid ah magac scientific ah. Term-ka species oo lagu daray dhamaadka si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga ("cat", "hound", "horse", "swine", iyo wixii la mid ah) waa inuusan noqon xaraf weyn, ilaa uu yahay qayb ka mid ah magaca breed-ka laakiis oo si joogto ah lagu muujiyo foomkaas heerka breed-ka (xaaladaha dhifka ah waxaa ku jira [[Norwegian Forest Cat|{{xt|Norwegian Forest Cat}}]] iyo [[American Quarter Horse|{{xt|American Quarter Horse}}]]). Samee [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirections]] ka soo baxay capitalization-ka kale iyo foomamka spelling-ka ee mawduucyada maqaalka, iyo magacyada kale, t.s., [[Adélie Penguin]], [[Adelie penguin]], [[Adelie Penguin]] iyo ''[[Pygoscelis adeliae]]'' dhammaan waa inay redirection u sameeyaan [[Adélie penguin]]. ===Celestial bodies=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Celestial bodies}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (astronomical objects)}} Erayada ''sun'', ''earth'', ''moon'', iyo ''solar system'' ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn isticmaalka guud ({{xt|The sun was over the mountain top}}; {{xt|The tribal people thought of the whole earth as their home}}). Waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn marka entity-ga uu yahay personified ({{xt|Sol Invictus ('Unconquered Sun') was the Roman sun god}}) ama marka loo isticmaalo sida magaca body gaar ah xaaladda scientific ama astronomical ({{xt|The Moon orbits the Earth}}; laakiin {{xt|Io is a moon of Jupiter}}). Magacyada planets, moons, asteroids, comets, stars, constellations, iyo galaxies waa magacyo sax ah, oo sidaas darteed xaraf weyn ah ({{xt|The planet Mars is in the constellation Gemini, near the star Pollux}}). Xarafka ugu horreeya ee eray kasta oo ku dhex jira magacaas waa xaraf weyn ({{xt|Alpha Centauri}} ma aha {{!xt|Alpha centauri}}; {{xt|Milky Way}}, ma aha {{!xt|Milky way}}). Erayada sida ''comet'' iyo ''galaxy'' waa inay noqdaan xaraf weyn marka ay samaynayaan qayb ka mid ah magac sax ah, laakiin ma aha marka loo isticmaalo sida term guud ({{xt|Halley's Comet is the most famous of the comets}}; {{xt|the Andromeda Galaxy is a spiral galaxy}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Compass"></span>Dhibcaha compass-ka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Compass points}} Ha u qorin xaraf weyn '''directions''' sida ''north'' ama foomamka la xiriira ({{xt|We took the northern road}}) marka laga reebo marka ay yihiin qaybo ka mid ah magacyada saxda ah ({{xt|Great North Road}}, {{xt|Great Western Drive}}, {{xt|South Pole}}). U qor xaraf weyn '''magacyada gobollada''' haddii ay gaareen heerka magaca saxda ah, ku dhex jira magacyada caadiga ah ee heshiiska ({{xt|Southern California}}; {{xt|the Western Desert}}), iyo terms-ka ka soo baxay ee dadka (t.s., ''Southerner'' sida ein ka soo jeeda [[Southern United States]]). Ha u qorin xaraf weyn magacyada sharraxaadda leh ee gobollada oo aan gaarin heerka magacyada saxda ah, sida {{xt|southern Poland}}. Directions-ka composite waxaa lagu dhex jiri karaa ama aan lagu dhex jiri karin hyphen, iyadoo ku xiran [[#National varieties of English|nooca English-ka ee loo dhasheeyay]] maqaalka. {{xt|Southeast Asia}} iyo {{xt|northwest}} waxay ka caansan yihiin American English-ka; laakiin {{xt|South-East Asia}} iyo {{xt|north-west}} waxay ka caansan yihiin British English-ka. Xaaladaha sida {{xt|north–south dialogue}} iyo {{xt|east–west orientation}}, isticmaal en dash; eeg {{section link||Other uses for en dashes}}. ===<span id="Institutions"></span>Magacyada saxda ah ka soo karşı terms-ka guud=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Institutions|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Capitalization of The{{!}}Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Capitalization of ''The''}} U qor xaraf weyn magacyada doorka gaarka ah ({{xt|the founding of the University of Delhi}}; {{xt|the history of Stanford University}}) laakiin ma aha erayada guud ee doorka ({{xt|the high school is near the university}}). Ha u qorin xaraf weyn ''the'' bilowga magaca doorka, iyadoo aan loo eegin qaabka loo doorbido ee doorka. Waxaa jira waxyaabo gaar ah oo dhif ah, marka la hoggaaminayo ''The'' oo lagu muujiyay ''T'' ku dhex jirta acronym-ka kooxda: {{xt|The International Cat Association (TICA)}}. U treats-garee political ama geographic units foomkan oo kale: {{xt|The city has a population of 55,000}}; {{xt|The two towns merged to become the City of Smithville}}. Ha u sameynin sida qaabka wargaysyada maxalliga ah oo tixraacaya municipality-ga sida ''the City'' ama ''The City'', marka laga reebo City of London [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#City of London|xaaladaha qaarkood]]. Hagahaani wuxuu sii kordhayaa soo-saarka doorka, companiyo, iyo kooxaha kale. Tusaale ahaan, magaca dhan ee sharciga sida {{xt|Online Safety Act 2023}} wuxuu noqon doonaa xaraf weyn, laakiin tixraacyada ka dambeeya ee {{xt|the act}} ma noqon doonaan. ==<span class="anchor" id="Acronyms and abbreviations"></span><span class="anchor" id="Acronyms"></span><span class="anchor" id="Initialisms"></span><span class="anchor" id="Shortenings"></span>Gaabinta== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Initials}} Gaabinta waa foomamka gaaban ee erayada ama foomamka. Raadinta saxda ah, waxay ku kala duwan yihiin [[Contraction (grammar)|contractions]], oo isticmaala [[apostrophe]] (t.s., ''won't'', eeg {{Section link||Contractions}}), iyo [[initialism]]s. Initialism waxaa lagu samaynayaa ka mid ah ama dhammaan xarfaha bilowga ah ee erayada ku dhex jira foom. Ka hooseeya, tixraacyada gaabinta waa in loo qaadaa inay ku dhex jiraan acronyms, iyo term-ka ''acronym'' waa inuu sidoo cuali ahaan ku dabaqmaa initialisms. ===U qor matoorada ugu horreeya si dhan=== {{Shortcut|MOS:1STOCC|MOS:1STABBR}} Marka gaabinta loo isticmaali doono maqaal, soo bandhig iyadoo la isticmaalayo foomka dhan, iyo gaabinta ku dhex jirta parentheses: {{Block indent|{{xt|an early local area network (LAN) developed by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC){{nbsp}}... DEC's later LAN products were{{nbsp}}...}}}} Ha isticmaalin xarfo waaweyn foomka dhan kaliya sababtoo ah xarfaha waaweyn waxaa loo isticmaalay gaabinta: {{!xt|an early Local Area Network (LAN)}}. Marka laga reebo xaaladaha gaarka ah, gaabinta caadiga ah (sida {{xt|PhD}}, {{xt|DNA}}, ama {{xt|USSR}}) looma baahna in lagu fido xataa isticmaalka ugu horreeya. ===Foomamka plural-ka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:GREENGROCER}} U samee plural [[acronyms]] iyadoo lagu darayo ''-s'' ama ''-es'': {{xt|Three CD-ROMs and two BIOSes were released}}. Ha isticmaalin ''[[greengrocer's apostrophe]]'' si aad u samayso plurals: {{!xt|Three CD-ROM's and two BIOS's were released}}. ===<span class="anchor" id="Periods (full stops) and spaces"></span><span class="anchor" id="Full stops and spaces"></span><span class="anchor" id="op.cit."></span>Punctuation iyo spacing=== {{Shortcut|MOS:PS}} Gaabintu waxay ku dhabayn kartaa ama aan ku dhabayn karin full point (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-garaysay ''period'' ama ''full stop''). Qaab joogto ah waa in lagu dhasheeyaa ku dhex jirta maqaal. Isticmaalka North American caadi ahaan waa in lagu dhabeeyo dhammaan gaabinta period ({{xt|Dr. Smith of 42&nbsp;Drummond St.}}) laakiin isticmaalka caadiga ah ee British iyo Australian, ma jiro period loo isticmaalo haddii gaabinta (contraction) ay ku dhabayso xarafka ugu dambeya ee foomka aan la gaabin ({{xt|Dr Smith of 42&nbsp;Drummond St}}) ilaa is-dhaafsi uu keeni karo. Kani waa sidoo cuali ahaan isticmaalka caadiga ah ee qoraalka scientific-ka ah. Iyadoo aan loo eegin punctuation, erayada lagu gaabay ka badan hal xaraf waa lagu dhex jiraa space ({{xt|op.&nbsp;cit.}} ma aha {{!xt|op.cit.}} ama {{!xt|opcit}}). Waxaa jira waxyaabo ka baxsan oo yar: {{xt|PhD}} {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg sare)}} "Philosophiae Doctor"; {{xt|BVetMed}} "Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine". Xaaladaha badankooda, Wikipedia ma isticmaalto punctuation-ka oo kale ku dhex jirta acronyms iyo initialisms: {{xt|GDP}}, ma aha {{!xt|G.D.P.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="US"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S."></span><span class="anchor" id="USA"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S.A."></span>US iyo U.S.<!-- When renaming this section title, rename the full link at [[Wikipedia:Consistency]] -->=== {{Shortcut|MOS:US|MOS:U.S.|MOS:USA|MOS:U.S.A.}} {{redirect|MOS:US|the use of the word "us"|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#First-person pronouns}} {{xt|US}} waa gaabinta caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo ee {{xt|United States}}, inkastoo {{xtn|U.S.}} – oo leh periods iyo aan lahayn space – ay tahay mid caadi ah daabacadaha North American, ku dhex jirta wargaysyada news-ka. Hagayaasha qaabka American qaarkood, ku dhex jiro ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style]]'' (tan iyo 2010), waxay baabi'iyeen {{!xt|U.S.}} waxayna soo sheegeen {{xt|US}}. Sababaha [[#Opportunities for commonality|wadaagga]], isticmaal {{xt|US}} default ahaan marka aad gaabinayso, laakiin [[#Retaining existing styles|sii wad]] {{xtn|U.S.}} maqaallada American ama Canadian English oo ay horey u dhisantay, ilaa ay jirto sabab wanaagsan oo loo beddelo. Sababtoo ah isticmaalka periods ee gaabinta iyo acronyms wuxuu noqon doonaa mid joogto ah ku dhex jira maqaal kasta, mar walba isticmaal {{xt|US}} maqaal leh gaabinta waddammada kale. Gaabinta dheeraad ah oo lagu dhex jiro initials-ka waddanka ({{xt|USN}}, {{xt|USAF}}), waligeed ha isticmaalin periods. Marka United States lagu xuso hal ama ka badan waddammada kale ku dhex jirta jumlad oo kale, {{xt|US}} (ama {{xtn|U.S.}}) wuxuu noqon karaa mid aad u informal ah, gaar ahaan xusidda ugu horreysa ama sida noun halkii adjective ({{xt|France and the United States}}, ma aha {{!xt|France and the US}}). Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|U.&nbsp;S.}} oo leh space ama {{!xt|U.S.&nbsp;of&nbsp;A.}} oo taariikh hore ah, marka laga reebo marka aad xigasho sameynayso. Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|U.S.A.}} ama {{!xt|USA}} marka laga reebo ku dhex jirta xigasho, sida qayb ka mid ah magac sax ah ({{xt|Team USA}}), ama isticmaalka tignoolajiyada iyo rasmiga ah ee qaarkood (t.s., [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3]], [[FIFA country codes|FIFA]], iyo [[IOC country codes]]). ===Circa=== {{for|examples|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Uncertain, incomplete, or approximate dates}} Si loo muujiyo ''si xaddidan'', isticmaalka {{tl|circa}}, oo muuqda sida {{xt|{{circa}}}}, waxaa ka wanaagsan {{!xt|circa}}, {{!xt|c.}}, {{!xt|ca.}}, ama {{!xt|approx.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="unwarranted abbreviations"></span>Ka fogao isticmaalka aan la xaqijin=== {{Hatnote|See also: {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|Units of measurement}} for when to abbreviate units of measurement.}} Ka fogao gaabinta marka ay jahwareerin karaan akhristaha, baabi'in karaan socodka, ama ka muuqan karaan informal. Tusaale ahaan: *Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|approx.}} ee {{xt|approximate(ly)}} marka laga reebo infobox ama table (xaaladaas isticmaal {{tlx|abbr|approx.|approximately}} xusidda ugu horreysa: {{xt|{{abbr|approx.|approximately}}}}). *Ha isticmaalin legalism-ka {{!xt|Holmes J}} ee {{xt|[[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.|Justice Holmes]]}}. <!-- this might be better in [[WP:JARGON]] --> ===Ha samaynin=== Ka fogao sameynta [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#Neologisms|gaabinta cusub]], gaar ahaan acronyms. Tusaale ahaan, {{xtn|World Union of Billiards}} waa wanaagsan yahay sida {{em|turjumaad}} ee {{xt|[[Union Mondiale de Billard]]}}, laakiin ma aha iyada ama yareynta {{!xt|WUB}} oo loo isticmaalay kooxda ama tixraacyada gaarka ah; isticmaal magaca asalka ah iyo gaabintiisa rasmiga ah, {{xt|UMB}}. Haddii ay noqoto mid lagama maarmaan ah in lagu gaabiyo space yar, sida [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables#Captions and headers|column header ee table-ka]], isticmaal gaabinta si baaxad leh loo aqoonsan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, ee {{xt|New Zealand gross national product}}, isticmaal {{xt|NZ}} iyo {{xt|GNP}}, oo leh isqu xir haddii term-ka aan horey loogu qorin maqaalka: {{xt|NZ&nbsp;[[Measures of national income and output|GNP]]}}. Ha samaynin initialisms sida {{!xt|NZGNP}}. ===HTML tags iyo moodallada=== Mid ka mid ah {{tag|abbr|o}} ama {{tlx|abbr}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa gaabinta iyo acronyms: {{tag|abbr|params=title="World Health Organization"|content=WHO|wrap=yes}} ama {{tlx|abbr|WHO|World Health Organization}} waxay samayn doonaan {{abbr|WHO|World Health Organization}}; [[mouseover|soreynta]] qoraalka muuqda waxay keentaa [[tooltip]] ee foomka dheer inuu soo muuqdo. ===Ampersand=== {{Shortcut|MOS:AMP|MOS:&}} {{redirects|WP:&|the use of "and" in titles|Wikipedia:Article titles#Titles containing "and"}} Qoraalka caadiga ah iyo madaxyada, isticmaal ''and'' halkii [[ampersand]] (''&''): {{xt|January 1&nbsp;and&nbsp;2}}, ma aha {{!xt|January 1&nbsp;&&nbsp;2}}. Laakiin sii wad ampersand marka uu yahay qayb shaqaynaysa oo qaabka magac sax ah, mawduuca shaqaalaha, ama trademark, sida ku dhex jirta ''[[Up & Down (Horace Parlan album)|Up&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Down]]'' ama [[AT&T]]. Meelaha kale, ampersands waxaa loo isticmaali karaa joogteyn iyo dookh halka space uu aad u xaddidan yahay (t.s., tables iyo infoboxes). Xigashooyinka [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Typographic conformity|waxaa lagu beddeli karaa si dhibco leh]], gaar ahaan joogteynta halka noocyada kala duwan lagu xigto, maadaama noocyada cusub ee qoraallada hore ay si joogto ah u beddealaan ampersands ''and'' (sida ay u beddealaan [[glyph]]s kale oo aan la isticmaalin, [[Typographic ligature|ligatures]], iyo gaabinta). Isticmaalka kale oo loo ilaysay laakiin aan loo baahnayn waa tixraacyada gaaban ee shaqaalaha leeh qoraa badan, t.s.: {{xt|<nowiki><ref>Lubbers & Scheepers (2002); Van Hiel & Mervielde (2002); Swyngedouw & Giles (2007); Van Hiel (2012).</ref></nowiki>}}. ==Italics== {{Shortcut|MOS:IT|MOS:ITAL}} {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Italic type}} ===<span id="Do not use capitals for emphasis"></span>Emphasis=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Emphasis}} Italics waxaa loo isticmaalaa emphasis, halkii [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Boldface|boldface]] ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#All caps and small caps|capitals]]. Laakiin isticmaalka badan wuxuu yareeyaa shaqadiisa: tixgeli dib-u-qorista halkii. Isticmaal {{tag|em}} ama {{tlx|em|...}} ee emphasis. Kani wuxuu u sahlayaa [[Help:User style|user style sheets]] in lagu maareeyo emphasis foom gaar ah, wuxuuna taageeraa reusers-ka iyo turjumaada.{{refn|{{cite web |last1=Ishida |first1=Richard |title=Using b and i elements |quote=the content of a <code>b</code> element may not always be bold, and that of an <code>i</code> element may not always be italic. |url=https://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-b-and-i-tags |website=W3C Internationalization |publisher=[[World Wide Web Consortium]] |date=2015 |access-date=1 September 2016}} }} *Sax: <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>The meerkat is <em>not</em> actually a cat.</nowiki>}}</code> *Sax: <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>The meerkat is {{em|not}} actually a cat.</nowiki>}}</code> ===<span id="Italics-Titles"></span>Mawduucyada=== {{shortcut|MOS:NOITALIC}} {{/titles hatnote include|where=MOS#I-T}} Isticmaal italics mawduucyada shaqaalaha (sida buugaagta, filimada, taxanaha TV-ga, bandhigga la magacaabay, video games-ka, albums-ka muusigga, iyo fanka). Mawduucyada maqaallada, chapters-ka, noocyada, episodes-ka, storylines-ka, papars-ka raadinta iyo shaqaalaha kale ee gaaban waxay qaataan calaamadaha xigmadda double-ka ah. Italics ma loo isticmaalo shaqaalaha diinta ee waaweyn ({{xt|the Bible}}, {{xt|the Quran}}, {{xt|the Talmud}}). Kuwa badan oo mawduucyadaani waa inay sidoo kale ku dhex jirin [[#Titles of works|title case]]. ===Erayada sida erayada=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Words as words}} {{for|the policy when a word or phrase itself may be an encyclopedic subject|Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#When a word or phrase may be an encyclopedic subject}} Isticmaal italics marka aad {{em|xusayso}} eray ama xaraf {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Use–mention distinction]])}} ama foomka erayada ilaa hal jumlad ({{xt|the term ''panning'' is derived from ''panorama''}}; {{xt|the most common letter in English is ''e''}}). Marka jumlad dhan la xuso, calaamadaha xigmadda double-ka ah waxaa loo isticmaali karaa halkii, iyadoo leh joogteyn ({{xt|The preposition in ''She sat on the chair'' is ''on''}}; ama {{xt|The preposition in "She sat on the chair" is "on"}}). Calaamadaha xigmadda waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa maaddada gaaban si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga, sida marka italics horey loo isticmaalay si xooggan bogga ee sabab kale (t.s., ee erayada iyo foomamka badan ee aan English-ka ahayn). {{em|Xusidda}} (si looga wada-hadlo grammar, wording, punctuation, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxay ku kala duwan tahay {{em|xigashoda}} (halka wax caadi ahaan lagu muujiyo ka magaca tixraaca la xigtay). Xigashoda waxaa lagu sameeyaa calaamadaha xigmadda, waligeed ma aha italics, ama labadaba waqti oo kale {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Quotations}} si aad u ogaato xeel-dheeraan).}} Isticmaalka la xiriira ee italics waa marka la soo bandhigayo ama lagu kala saarayo terms: {{xt|The ''natural numbers'' are the integers greater than 0.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign words"></span> Erayada aan English-ka ahayn=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Non-English terms}} Italics waxaa lagu muujiyay foomamka aan English-ka ahayn iyo erayada aan English-ka ahayn ee gaarka ah oo aan caadi ahaan loo isticmaalin English-ka maalin kasta. Laakiin, magacyada saxda ah (sida magacyada meelaha) ee luqadaha kale caadi ahaan ma aha italics, ama terms-ka ku dhex jira scripts-ka aan Latin-ka ahayn. Moodalka {{tlx|lang}} iyo noocyadiisa waxay taageeraan dhammaan [[ISO 639]] koodhadhka luqadaha, iyagoo sax ah u aqoonsanaya luqadda iyo si otomaatig ah u italics-garaynaya. Fadlan isticmaal moodalladan halkii aad manwal ahaan italics ugu sameyn lahayd maaddada aan English-ka ahayn. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link|WP:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Other languages}} si aad u ogaato macluumaad dheeraad ah.)}} ===Magacyada scientific-ka ah=== Isticmaal italics magacyada scientific-ka ah ee dhirta, dhabaha, iyo [[Kingdom (biology)|dhammaan organisms-ka kale]] marka laga reebo viruses heerka [[genus]] iyo ka hooseeya (italics-garo {{xt|''Panthera leo''}} iyo {{xt|''Retroviridae''}}, laakiin ma aha {{xt|Felidae}}). Sign-ka hybrid ma aha italics ({{xt|''Rosa''&nbsp;×&nbsp;''damascena''}}), ama "connecting term" loo baahan yahay ku dhex jirta [[Trinomial nomenclature#In botany|magacyada botanical-ka ee saddexda qaybood ah]] ({{xt|''Rosa gallica'' subsp. ''officinalis''}}). ===<span id="Italics and quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka ku dhex jira italics=== {{shortcut|MOS:ITALQUOTE|}}{{See also|#Quotations}} <section begin="Quotations in italics body"/>Ha u lagin xigashooyinka italics. [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation marks|Calaamadaha xigmadda]] (ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Block quotations|block quoting]]) kaliya waa kuwo ku filan oo foomamka saxda ah si loogu muujiyo xigashooyinka. Italics waa in loo isticmaalo kaliya haddii maaddada la xigtay ay haddii kale u baahan lahayd italics.<section end="Quotations in italics body"/> ([[#Italics within quotations|Eeg ka hooseeya]].) ===Italics ku dhex jira xigashooyinka=== <section begin="Italics within quotations body"/>Isticmaal italics ku dhex jira xigashooyinka si aad u soo saarto emphasis oo ku dhex jirta maaddada tixraaca ama si aad u muujiso isticmaalka erayada aan English-ka ahayn. Emphasis waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu sameyo {{tlx|em}}. Haddii aysan caddayn in tixraacu horey u lagu daray italics (ama qaab kale) ee emphasis, ama si loo muujiyo marka emphasis aan loo isticmaalin qoraalka asalka ah laakiin dambe lagu daray tifaftirka, ku dar xusuus-qoraalka tifaftirka {{xt|[emphasis in original]}} ama {{xt|[emphasis added]}}, sida ay u kala horreeyaan, ka dambaysta xigashoda. * Tusaale ahaan: {{xt|"Now cracks a noble heart. Good night sweet prince: And {{em|flights of angels}} sing thee to thy rest." [emphasis in original].}}<section end="Italics within quotations body"/> ===Atharta ku dhex jirta punctuation-ka dhow=== {{Shortcut|MOS:ITALPUNCT}} Italics-garo kaliya elements-ka jumlada oo uu saameeyay emphasis-ku. Ha italics-garayn punctuation-ka ku dhex jira dhowga. *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|What are we to make of {{em|that?}}}} (Su'aashu waxay ku dabaqmaysaa jumlada dhan, ma aha kaliya emphasis-ka ''that'', markaas waa inaysan noqon italics.) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|What are we to make of {{em|that}}?}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Four of Patrick White's most famous novels are ''A Fringe of Leaves'', ''The Aunt's Story'', ''Voss'', and ''The Tree of Man''.}} (Commas, period, iyo erayga ''and'' ma aha italics.) ==Xigashooyinka== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTE}}{{See|Wikipedia:Do not include the full text of lengthy primary sources}} {{Redirects here|MOS:QUOTE|the section on quotation characters|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation characters|the essay|Wikipedia:Quotations}} [[Wikipedia:Non-free content#Guideline examples|Xigashooyinka gaaban ee qoraalka la dhowray]] waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loogu muujiyo dhibic, loo dhiibo xaalad, ama loo atribuigo dhibic fikir ama aragti. Inkastoo xigashooyinku ay yihiin qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah Wikipedia, isticmaalka badan ee iyaga ka mid ah ma aha mid ku habboon qaabka qoraalka encyclopedic-ka ah oo wuxuu noqon karaa [[Wikipedia:Copyrights|baabi'inta copyright-ka]], markaas badankooda mawduuca waa inuu ku dhex jiraa erayada tifaftiraha laakiis. Tixgeli dib-u-qorista xigashooyinka si ay u noqdaan qoraal toos ah oo gaaban marka ay habboon tahay (iyadoo la ogaaday in [[Wikipedia:Close paraphrasing|dib-u-qorista dhow]] ay sii baabi'in karto copyright-ka). [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Quotations|Ha u lagin xigashooyinka italics]] ilaa maaddadu ay italics ugu noqoto sabab kale laakiis. Per [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|siyaasada verifiability-ga]], xigashooyinka tooska ah {{em|waa in}} ay la socdaan [[WP:INCITE|inline citation]] oo ka soo baxday [[WP:RS|tixraac lagu aamini karo]] oo taageeraya maaddada. Kani waa mid gaar ah oo muhiim ah maqaallada ku saabsan ama ku dhex jira maaddada ku saabsan [[WP:BLP|dadka nool ama dhowaan dhintay]] (BLPs). ===<span class="anchor" id="Principle of minimal change"></span><span class="anchor" id="Minimal change"></span><span class="anchor" id="PMC"></span><span class="anchor" id="PLC"></span><span class="anchor" id="MINIMALCHANGE"></span><span class="anchor" id="MINCHANGE"></span><span class="anchor" id="LEASTCHANGE"></span>Qoraalka asalka ah=== {{Shortcut|MOS:PMC|MOS:SIC}} {{Redirect|WP:PMC|closure of requested moves by page movers|Wikipedia:Requested moves/Closing instructions#Closure by a page mover}} {{Redirect|WP:PLC|inclusion guidelines for organizations|Wikipedia:Notability (organizations and companies)|the handling of the abbreviation "plc" in article titles|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (companies)}}Xigashooyinka waa inay noqdaan kuwo [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiably]] loo atribuigoy, iyo qoraalka qoraalka la xigtay waa inuu noqdo mid si dhab ah loo soo saaro. Kani waxaa loo tixraacaa sida {{em|maamulka beddelka yar}}. Halka ay jirto sabab wanaagsan oo loo beddelo qoraalka, ku dar square bracket qoraalka la beddelay; tusaale ahaan, {{!xt|"Ocyrhoe told him his fate"}} waxaa loo xigtay karaa sida {{xt|"Ocyrhoe told [her father] his fate"}}. <!-- IF EDITING THE FOLLOWING SENTENCE, PLEASE UPDATE THE DOCUMENTATION AT [[Template:Sic/doc]] ACCORDINGLY --> Makhaadhaa yar ee spelling-ka iyo typographic-ka waa in si toos ah loo hagaajiyo (tusaale ahaan, hagaaji {{!xt|basicly}} loo beddelo {{xt|basically}}). Haddii ay jirto makhaadhaa muhiim ah asalka ku dhex jirta, raac iyada oo leh {{tlx|sic}} (soo saaraya {{sic}}{{hsp}}) si loogu muujiyo in makhaadhaahu aysan ahayn mid ay sameysay Wikipedia; tusaale ahaan, {{xt|"his interview with the Dolly Llama {{sic}}"}}. Marka lagu dabaqo qoraal oo isku xir leh, syntax-ka moodalka waxaa loo hagaajin karaa {{tlx|sic|2=nolink=y}} (soo saaraya {{sic|nolink=y}} qoraalka isku xirka leh ee ka soo baxa; tusaale ahaan ku dhex jirta isku xirka: [[Template:Sic|{{sic|nolink=y}} template]]).{{efn|name="sicwarning"|{{tl|Sic}} ma aha in loo isticmaalo dhexda {{tag|ref}} tags, ama ku dhex jirta [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation templates]] sida [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]] iyo [[Help:Citation Style 2|Citation Style 2]], sababtoo ah wuxuu ku dhex jiraa markup oo baabi'in doona [[COinS]] metadata ee ay soo saaraan; eeg [[Wikipedia:COinS]].<!-- Per [[Template:Sic]] there is a {{COinS safe|n}} warning that it "should not be used in citation templates such as Citation Style 1 and Citation Style 2, because it includes markup that will pollute the COinS metadata they produce; see Wikipedia:COinS." -->}} Sababaha saxda ah iyo indexing-ka, mawduucyada tixraacyada ee loo tixraacay ma aha in loo hagaajiyo spelling-ka, laakiin hagaajinta yar ee typographic-ka ah (sida beddelka [[MOS:CURLY|curly quotes]] loo beddelo straight) waxaa lagu sameyn karaa si toos ah. Inline citations ee ku dhex jira qoraalka la xigtay, oo loo tixraaco aan loo isticmaalin maqaalka Wikipedia, waa in si toos ah loo baabi'iyo. Isticmaal [[#Ellipses|ellipses]] si aad u muujiso ka-tagista qoraalka la xigtay. Ka-tagista la xaqijiyay waxaa ku jira erayada aan loo baahnayn, aan la xiriirin, ama parenthetical-ka ah, iyo yaraynta yar ({{!xt|umm}} iyo {{!xt|hmm}}), laakiin ha ka tagin qoraal halka aad sameyso ay baabi'in doonto xaaladda muhiimka ah ama beddeli doonto macnaha qoraalka. Vulgarities iyo obscenities waa in lagu muujiyo si sax ah sida ay ka muuqdaan tixraaca la xigtay; Wikipedians ma aha in waligeed [[Wikipedia:Offensive material#How to treat offensive material in articles|baabi'iyaan erayada]] ({{!xt|G-d d--n it!}}), laakiin haddii qoraalka la xigtay {{em|laikiisu}} uu foomkan u sameyo, copy-garo qoraalka verbatim oo isticmaal {{tlx|sic}} si aad u muujiso in qoraalka loo xigtay sida ka muuqata tixraaca. Xigashooyinka tooska ah, sii wad spelling-ka dialectal iyo archaic-ka ah, ku dhex jirta capitalization-ka (laakiin ma aha glyphs iyo ligatures archaic-ka ah, sida lagu sharraxay ka hooseeya ku dhex jirta {{slink||Typographic conformity}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Quotation point of view"></span>Aragtida=== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTEPOV}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Attributing and specifying biased statements|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Expressions of doubt}} Xigashoda waa in loo isticmaalo, iyadoo la atribuigo, si loo soo bandhigo aragtiyada emotive ee aan lagu muujin karin poxa Wikipedia laikiis, laakiin waligeed ma aha si loo soo bandhigo heerarka culture sida kaliya aragtiyada: *La accepts karo: {{xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film "unforgettable".}} *Aan la accepts karin: {{!xt|The site is considered "sacred" by the religion's scriptures.}} Aragtiyada gaaban ee aan aad uga emotive ahayn caadi ahaan waxaa lagu soo sheegi karaa iyadoo la atribuigo halkii xigashoda tooska ah. Isticmaalka calaamadaha xigmadda ee terms-ka sharraxaadda leh ee gaaban wuxuu [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Expressions of doubt|muujin karaa wax is-dhaafsi ah]] oo ku saabsan maaddada la xigtay; sarcasm ama [[weasel words]], sida ''supposedly'' ama ''so-called'', waxaa lagu muujin karaa. *La accepts karo: {{xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film interesting.}} *Aan loo baahnayn oo muujin kara is-dhaafsi: {{!xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film "interesting".}} *Waa in la xigto: {{xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film "interesting but heart-wrenching".}} ===Typographic conformity=== {{Shortcut|MOS:CONFORM}} {{redirect|MOS:CONFORM|consistency within articles|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Consistency within articles}} Xigashodu ma aha [[wikt:facsimile|facsimile]] oo, xaaladaha badankooda, ma aha shuruud in qaabka asalka ah lagu dhowro. Qaabka iyo elements-ka kale ee typographic-ka ah ee qoraalka la xigtay{{efn|"Qoraalka la xigtay" ee typographic conformity iyo sababaha kale ee badan wuxuu ku dhex jiraa mawduucyada shaqaalaha, magacyada kooxaha, iyo foomamka kale oo, asalkiisa, la xigtay. Tusaale: waxyaabaha sida "Mexican-American War" waxaa si joogto ah loo hagaajiyaa loo beddelo "Mexican–American War" Wikipedia-ha, ku dhex jirta mawduucyada tixraacyada loo tixraacay, ku dhex jirta qoraalka maqaalka, tixraacyada xusuus-qoraalka, ama meelaha kale ee bogga. Kani ma leeyahay athar raadinta shaqaalaha aan tixraacnay, maadaama dhammaan raadinta waaweyn ay baabi'iyaan calaamadaha punctuation-ka.}} waa in lagu dhasheeyo heshiisyada Wikipedia-ha English-ka oo aan lahayn xusuus-qoraal, iyadoo la xaqijiyay in sameynta kani aysan beddeli doonin ama baabi'in doonin macnaha ama inta qoraalka. Kani waa beddelka oo aan samaynayn kala duwanaansho marka qoraalka loo akhrriyo si toos ah; tusaale ahaan: *Normalize dashes iyo hyphens: eeg {{Section link||Dashes}}. Isticmaal qaabka loo doortay maqaalka: unspaced [[em dash]] ama spaced [[en dash]]. *Beddel apostrophes iyo calaamadaha xigmadda loo beddelo qaabka Wikipedia: **Kuwani waa inay noqdaan toos, ma aha curly ama slanted. Eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}}. **Marka aad xigtayso xigasho iyada laikiis ku dhex jirta xigasho, beddel dhexda isticmaalka double iyo single quotes ee xigasho kasta. Eeg {{section link||For a quotation within a quotation}} si aad u ogaato xeel-dheeraan. *Marka aad xigtayso qoraal ka soo baxay luqadaha aan English-ka ahayn, punctuation-ka ka baxsan waa inuu raaco [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation marks|Manual of Style ee calaamadaha xigmadda English-ka]]. Haddii ay jiraan xigashooyinka ku dhex jira, raac shuruudaha punctuation-ka saxda ah ee luqaddaas. Haddii ay jiraan qaabab badan oo luqad ah, midka loo isticmaalay Wikipedia-ha luqaddaas waa ka wanaagsan yahay ilaa punctuation-ka laikiisu uu yahay ku dhex jiro wada-hadal. *:{{xt|The cynical response "{{lang|fr|italic=unset|L'auteur aurait dû demander&nbsp;: «&nbsp;à quoi sert-il d'écrire ceci&nbsp;?&nbsp;» mais ne l'a pas fait}}" was all he wrote.}} *Baabi'i spaces ka hor punctuation-ka sida periods iyo colons. *Caadi ahaan sii wad bold iyo italics {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Italics}})}}, laakiin badankooda qaabka kale waa in loo beddelo qoraal toos ah. {{!xt|{{Underline|Underlining}}}}, {{!xt|spac&nbsp;ing}} ku dhex jirta erayada, {{!xt|1=co<span style="color:Goldenrod;">lor</span>s}}, {{!xt|ALL CAPS}}, {{Smallcaps|{{!xt|small caps}}}}, iyo wixii la mid ah caadi ahaan waa in loo normalize-garayo qoraal toos ah. Haddii ay {{em|caddaynaysay}} muujinayso emphasis, isticmaal italic {{em|emphasis}} ({{tlx|em}}) ama, foomka dhexdiisa oo horey italics ah, boldface (leh {{tlx|strong}}). Mawduucyada buugaagta, maqaallada, gabayada, iyo wixii la mid ah, isticmaal italics ama calaamadaha xigmadda raacaya [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles|hagaha mawduucyada]]. Italics waxaa sidoo kale lagu dari karaa si loogu muujiyo [[#Non-English terms|terms-ka aan English-ka ahayn]] (leh moodalka {{tlx|lang}}), ee [[#Animals, plants, and other organisms|magaca scientific-ka ah ee organism-ka]], iyo si loogu muujiyo isticmaalka [[#Words as words|words-as-words]]. *Fiid gaabinta (aan horey loo isticmaalin mawduuca ka hor xigashoda) sida beddelka square-bracketed, ama ku sharrax iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|abbr}}. *Normalize glyphs iyo ligatures archaic-ka ah ee English-ka ee aan loo baahnayn macnaha (marka laga reebo magacyada saxda ah iyo luqadaha halka ligatures ay yihiin heer, per {{section link||Ampersand}} iyo {{Section link||Ligatures}}). Tusaalooyinka waxaa ku jira ''[[æ]]''→''ae'', ''[[œ]]''→''oe'', ''[[Long s|ſ]]''→''s'', iyo ''[[Thorn (letter)#Abbreviations|þ<sup>e</sup>]]''→''the''. {{crossref|pw=y|Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles#Typographic conformity}} si aad u ogaato waxyaabaha gaarka ah ee loo tixgeliyo normalization-ka typography-ka ee mawduucyada shaqaalaha.}} {{Shortcut|MOS:RETAINQUOTEVARIETY}} {{vanchor|Retain quote variety|text= Laakiin, noocyada qaranka ma aha in loo beddelo, maadaama kuwani ay ku dhex jiri karaan beddelka vocabulary-ka. Tusaale ahaan, xigasho ka soo baxday tixraac British ah waa in ay sii wadato spelling-ka British-ka, xataa maqaal oo haddii kale isticmaala spelling-ka American-ka. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Consistency within articles}}.)}}}} Nambarada sidoo kale caadi ahaan [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Quotations, titles, etc.|ma aha in loo re-format-gareeyo]]. Xigashoda tooska ah ma aha in loo isticmaalo si loo dhowro qaabka loo doorbido ee publisher ka baxsan (gaar ahaan marka maaddadu ay haddii kale noqon lahayd aan la beddelin), maadaama kani wuxuu leeyahay athar ee [[Scare quotes|scare-quoting]]: *{{em|La accepts karo}}: {{xt|The animal is listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.}} *{{em|Aan la accepts karin}}: {{!xt|The animal is listed as "Endangered" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.}} Italics waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loogu muujiyo isticmaalka gaar ah sida [[term of art]] (xaaladda "[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Words as words|words as words]]"), gaar ahaan marka ay tahay mid aan la dhasheyn ama ma aha in loo dib-u-qoro ka magaca aan aheyin expert: *{{em|La accepts karo}}: {{xt|The animal is listed as ''critically endangered'' on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.}} Marka aad xigtayso jumlad dhan, caadi ahaan waxaa lagu taliyaa in erayga ugu horreeya uu sii wado xaraf weyn. Laakiin, haddii qoraalka la xigtay lagu ammaan goyay jumlada dhow (tusaale ahaan, leh hordhac sida "{{var|X}} said that"), xarafka weyn ee asalka ah waxaa loo beddeli karaa xaraf yar. *{{xt|LaVesque's report stated: "The equipment was selected for its low price. This is the primary reason for criticism of the program."}} *{{xt|LaVesque's report said that "the equipment was selected for its low price".}} *{{xt|The program was criticized primarily because "the equipment was selected for its low price", according to LaVesque.}} Caadi ahaan looma baahna in la xuso beddelka capitalization-ka. Laakiin, si loo helo saxnaan dheeraad ah, xarafka la beddelay waxaa lagu lagi karaa ku dhex jira square brackets: {{nobr|"The" → "[t]he".}} *{{xt|The program was criticized primarily because {{nobr|"[t]he}} equipment was selected for its low price", according to LaVesque.}} ===Attribution=== Akhristahu waa inuu awoodaa inuu go'aamiyo tixraaca xigasho kasta, ugu yaraan ka magaca footnote. Tixraacu waa in lagu magacaabo {{em|qoraalka maqaalka}} haddii xigashodu ay tahay aragti {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|Attributing and specifying biased statements}})}}. Marka aad atribuigo-garayso xigasho, ka fogao [[Wikipedia:Words to avoid#Synonyms for said|sharraxaaddeeda foomka biased-ka ah]]. ===Xigashooyinka ku dhex jira xigashooyinka=== Eeg {{section link||For a quotation within a quotation}}. ===Isku xirka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:LINKQUOTE|MOS:LWQ}} Noqo mid dhibco leh marka aad isku xirayso ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka; isku xir kaliya bartilmaameedyada u dhigma macnaha caddaynaya ee loo intended-gareeyay qoraaga xigashoda. Halka ay suurtogal tahay, isku xir qoraalka ka baxsan xigashoda halkii – mid ka hor ama dhowaan ka dambeeya. (Haddii aad xigtayso [[hypertext]], ku dar xusuus-qoraal tifaftirka, {{xt|[link in original]}} ama {{xt|[link added]}}, sida habboon, si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga ku saabsan in isku xirka uu sameeyay qoraaga asalka ah.) ===<span class="anchor" id="Block quotations"></span><span class="anchor" id="Block quotes"></span>Block quotations=== {{Shortcut|MOS:BQ|MOS:BLOCKQUOTE}} U format-garee xigashoda dheer (ka badan 40 eray ama poynti yar oo xarfo ah, ama ka kooban ka badan hal paragraph, iyadoo aan loo eegin dheerka) sida [[block quotation]], iyadoo la isticmaalayo moodalka {{tlx|blockquote}}. Qoraalka lagu muujiyay block quotations iyo quote boxes (eeg ka hooseeya) waa inuusan laikiisu noqon mid lagu duubay calaamadaha xigmadda (ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda waaweyn, "decorative"-style). Block quotations iyo quote boxes oo isticmaalaya luga background ah sidoo kale ma lagu hagal-garayo. Isticmaal {{tnull|blockquote}} iyo markup-ka la midka ah kaliya xigashooyinka dhabta ah; [[#Indentation|indentation-ka sababaha kale]] waxaa loo sameeyay foom kale. Waa heshiis in lagu hor maro block quotation jumlad hordhac ah (ama qayb jumlad ah) oo lagu daro citation-ka tixraaca xarkaas. Alternativamente, moodalka {{tnull|blockquote}} wuxuu bixiyaa parameters ee attribution iyo citation oo ka muuqan doona ka hooseeya xigashoda. {{crossref|pw=y|(Ee isticmaalka dashes leh attributions, eeg {{section link||Other uses for em dashes}}.)}} Qaabkan attribution-ka ee ka hooseeya xigashoda waxaa loo intended-gareeyay xigashooyinka caanka ah oo ma aha caadi maqaallada sababtoo ah wuxuu ku oki lahaa tone aan habboonayn. Xigasho aan lahayn tixraac loo tixraacay waa in lagu calaamadeeyo {{tlx|quote without source}}, ama la baabi'iyo. Maadaama line breaks iyo indentation caadi ahaan lagu baabi'iyo ku dhex jirta {{tnull|blockquote}} ama {{tag|blockquote|o}}, isticmaal {{xtag|poem}} ama {{tlx|poem quote}} gabayada, lyrics, iyo maaddada la midka ah. Maaddadaas waxaa sidoo cuali ahaan loo xigtay karaa inline, leh line breaks oo lagu muujiyay <code><nowiki>{{nbsp}}/</nowiki></code>, iyo paragraph ama stanza breaks oo lagu muujiyay <code><nowiki>{{nbsp}}//</nowiki></code>. Tusaale ahaan: {{xt|"And, as in uffish thought he stood,{{nbsp}}/ The Jabberwock, with eyes of flame,{{nbsp}}/ Came whiffling through the tulgey wood,{{nbsp}}/ And burbled as it came!{{nbsp}}// One, two! One, two! And through and through{{nbsp}}/ The vorpal blade went snicker-snack!"}} {{Shortcut|MOS:BOXQUOTE|MOS:PQ|MOS:PULLQUOTE}} {{va|Pull quotes|Pull quote|Pull quotations|nocquote|text={{tlx|Quote box}} waa alternative ee inline quote ama block quote. Quote boxes waxaa lagu muujiyaa foom gaar ah (la mid ah sawirrada) oo waxay ugu wanaagsan yihiin xigashooyinka muhiimka ah ama sanado ah. Waxay samayn karaan [[WP:POV|point of view]] ama [[WP:UNDUE|undue weight]] arrimo, sababtoo ah xigashooyinka ma lagu lagayo xaaladda ama ma lagu ammaan goyo qoraalka maqaalka. Sidaas darteed, waa in loo isticmaalo si dhibco leh.}} [[Pull quote]]s ma aha kuwo ka mid ah maqaallada Wikipedia. Kuwani waa [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not news|news iyo magazine style]] oo ku saabsan "pulling" maaddada horey ku dhex jirtay maqaalka si loo dib-u-isticmaalo xigashooyinka decorative-ka ah ee soo jiidata attention-ka. Qaabkan unencyclopedic-ka ah waa foom ka mid ah [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Editorializing|editorializing]], wuxuuna soo saaraa [[Wikipedia:Writing better articles#Provide context for the reader|out-of-context]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Due and undue weight|undue emphasis]], oo wuxuu [[Wikipedia:No original research|keeni karaa akhristaha go'aanno]] aan lagu taageerin maaddada. Xigashoda badan ee qoraalka la dhowray (haddii ay u format-gareeyay sida blockquote ama kale, oo xataa haddii lagu credited-gareeyay tixraaciisa) waa la xannibay. Eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Quotations#Copyrighted material and fair use}}. ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign-language quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka aan English-ka ahayn=== {{Shortcut|MOS:FOREIGNQUOTE|}} Xigashooyinka ka soo baxday tixraacyada aan English-ka ahayn waa inay ka muuqdaan turjumaad loo beddelay English, ugu wanaagsan mid cusub{{efn|name=recent}}. Xigashooyinka ah turjumaada waa in si toos ah loo kala saaro kuwa aan ahayn. Muuji tixraaca asalka ah ee turjumaada (haddii uu yahay mid la heley karo, oo aan markii ugu horreysay lagu daabacin ku dhex jirta Wikipedia), iyo luqadda asalka ah (haddii aysan caddayn xaaladda). Haddii qoraalka asalka ah ee aan la turjumin uu yahay mid la heley karo, bixi tixraac iyada ama ku dar iyada, sida habboon. Marka tifaftireyaasha laikiisu ay turjumaan qoraalka loo beddelo English,{{efn|[[Wikipedia:No original research#Translations and transcriptions|Turjumaada laikiisu ma u baahna tixraac marka uu sameeyo tifaftire]]; laakiin xigashooyinka loo isticmaalay ku dhex jirta [[WP:REF|tixraacyada]], [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Quoting|turjumaada ka soo baxday tixraacyada lagu aamini karo waa ka wanaagsan yihiin]], ama [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Citing|tixraacyada luqadda English-ka ee ka wanaagsan]] .}} daryeel waa in mar walba loo qaado si lagu dhex jiro qoraalka asalka ah, {{em|[[MOS:FOREIGNITALIC|ku dhex jira italics]]}} ([[MOS:BADITALICS|marka laga reebo dhismaha scripts-ka aan Latin-ka ahayn]], oo ugu wanaagsan lagu sameyo moodallada {{tlx|lang}} ama {{tlx|langx}}, oo labaduba italics-gareynaya sida habboon oo bixinaya luqadda metadata); iyo si loo isticmaalo erayada dhabta ah iyo (haddii ay suurtogal tahay) erayada caadiga ah ee English-ka ku dhex jira turjumaada. Ilaa aad ka si dhab ah uga ogaato competency-gaaga aad wax ku turjumayso, eeg [[Wikipedia:Translation]] si aad u hesho taageero. ==Punctuation== {{Shortcut|MOS:PUNCT}} {{For|a brief guide to how some punctuation marks are used in Wikipedia for special purposes, e.g., [[Help:List#List basics|description lists]]|Help:Punctuation}} ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign characters that resemble apostrophes"></span>Apostrophes=== {{Shortcut|MOS:'|MOS:APOSTROPHE}} *Isticmaal [[straight apostrophe]]s ({{big|{{mxt|'}}}}), ma aha [[curly apostrophe]]s ({{big|{{!mxt|’}}}}). Ha isticmaalin accent marks ama [[backtick]]s ({{big|{{!mxt|`}}}}) sida apostrophes. *Moodallada sida {{tlx|`}} iyo {{tlx|`s}} waxay leeyihiin taageero marka apostrophe (ama single quote) ka muuqdo bilowga ama dhamaadka qoraalka ku dhex jira italics ama bold, sababtoo ah italics iyo bold laikiisu waxaa lagu muujiyaa noocyada single quotes. **Marka apostrophe raaco qoraalka italics-ka ah, {{tlx|'}} ama {{tlx|'s}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si looga fogaado xarafka ugu dambeeya ee qoraalka dhanka midig ah inuu isku xiro apostrophe-ka. Tusaale: {{xt|the ''Iliad''{{'s}} themes}} (markup: {{nobreak|<code><nowiki>the ''Iliad''{{'s}} themes</nowiki></code>}}). *Xarfaha u okiya apostrophes iyo curly quotes, sida [[{{okina}}okina]] ({{mxt|{{okina}}}}{{snd}}la dhex geliyo iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|okina}}), [[Saltillo (linguistics)|saltillo]] ({{mxt|{{saltillo}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|saltillo}}), Hebrew [[ayin]] ama Arabic ʿayn ({{mxt|{{ayin}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|ayin}}), iyo Arabic [[hamza]] ({{mxt|{{hamza}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|hamza}}), waa in lagu muujiyo moodalladaas ama xarfaha laikiis ee [[Unicode]]. (Basic Arabic transliteration, oo isticmaala ASCII apostrophe, waxaa ka wanaagsan xaaladaha badankooda ka magaca [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Arabic]]; xarfaha kale kani waxaa loo isticmaalaa kaliya transliteration-ka saxda ah.) **Moodallada ma loo isticmaali karo mawduucyada maqaalka; isticmaal xarafka Unicode-ka ee u dhigma toos. Per {{Section link|Wikipedia:Article titles#Special characters}}, sidoo kale samee redirection ka soo baxay foomka ASCII-ka ah si loogu taageero raadinta. Foomamka aan lahayn xarfaha apostrophe-ka oo kale marna waxaa ka wanaagsan ka magaca {{Section link|Wikipedia:Article titles# Use commonly recognizable names}} (t.s. [[Hawaii]] laakiin ma aha [[Keali{{okina}}i Reichel]]). *:{{crossref|pw=y|Sidoo kale eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles|Orthography, spelling and formatting}}}} *Ee [[Wade–Giles]] romanizations ee Mandarin Chinese, isticmaal {{tlx|wg-apos}}. *Luqadaha leh [[ejective consonants]] iyo wixii la mid ah, isticmaal {{tlx|hamza}}. *Ee Cyrillic [[soft sign]], marka lagu muujiyo dhammaan, isticmaal {{tlx|softsign}} ama {{tlx|hamza}}. *Ee isticmaalka possessive apostrophe-ka, eeg {{section link||Possessives}}. *Ee xeel-dheeraanta isticmaalka apostrophe-ka (possessive, elision, formation ee plurals qaarkood, arrimo luqadaha aan English-ka ahayn), eeg maqaalka [[Apostrophe]]. ===Calaamadaha xigmadda=== {{Shortcut|MOS:"|MOS:QUOTEMARKS|}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotations}} Maaddada ka hooseysa, term-ka ''quotation'' wuxuu ku dhex jiraa isticmaalka caadiga ah ee calaamadaha xigmadda sida mawduucyada noocyada, chapters-ka, episodes-ka, iyo wixii la mid ah. Calaamadaha xigmadda sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaalaa xaaladaha kale, sida [[#Animals, plants, and other organisms|magacyada cultivar]]. ====Calaamadaha xigmadda xarfaha==== {{Shortcut|MOS:CQ|MOS:CURLY|MOS:STRAIGHT}} *Isticmaal {{xt|{{big|<b>"</b>}}straight{{big|<b>"</b>}}}} calaamadaha xigmadda, ma aha {{!xt|{{big|<b>“</b>}}curly{{big|<b>”</b>}}}} kuwo. (Ee [[single quotes]]: {{xt|{{big|<b>'</b>}}straight{{big|<b>'</b>}}}}, ma aha {{!xt|{{big|<b>‘</b>}}curly{{big|<b>’</b>}}}}.) *Ha isticmaalin accent marks, backticks ({{!xt|{{big|'''`'''}}text{{big|'''´'''}}}}), low–high ({{!xt|„&nbsp;“}}), corner brackets ({{!xt|「&nbsp;」}}), [[guillemet]]s ({{!xt|«&nbsp;»}}), ama [[Chinese punctuation#Book title marks|title marks]] ({{!xt|《&nbsp;》}}) sida calaamadaha xigmadda (marka laga reebo marka marks-kaas ay yihiin {{em|internal}} ee qoraalka aan English-ka ahayn ee la xigtay{{snd}}eeg {{slink||Typographic conformity}}). Symbols-ka {{!xt|′}} iyo {{!xt|″}} ee ka muuqda edit window dropdowns waa "[[prime (symbol)|prime]]" iyo "double prime" sida ay u kala horreeyaan: kuwani waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loogu muujiyo [[Minute and second of arc|units of angular measurement]], oo ma aha sida apostrophes ama quote marks. *Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo apostrophes ee maaddada la import-gareeyay [[#Typographic conformity|waa in loo beddelo]] haddii ay noqoto lagama maarmaan si loo raaco sare. ====<span id="Double or single quotation marks"></span><span id="Single quotation marks"></span>Double ama single==== {{Shortcut|MOS:SINGLE|MOS:DOUBLE|}} *Badankooda xigashooyinku waxay qaataan calaamadaha xigmadda double-ka ah ({{xt|Welles said: "It was a terrible situation."}}),{{efn|1=Double quotation marks waxaa ka wanaagsan single sababtoo ah waxay si toos ah uga kala duwan yihiin apostrophes: *{{!xt|She wrote that 'Cleanthes' differs from the others', but neither opinion may represent Hume's'}} (wuxuu yareeyaa akhristaha). *{{xt|She wrote that "Cleanthes' differs from the others', but neither opinion may represent Hume's"}} (caddayn badan). }} marka laga reebo xigashooyinka ku dhex jira (eeg ka hooseeya). *Plant cultivars waxay qaataan calaamadaha xigmadda single-ka ah ({{xt|''Malus domestica'' 'Golden Delicious'}}; eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora)]]). *[[Gloss (annotation)#In linguistics|Glosses]] oo turjumaya ama definining-garaynaya terms aan la dhasheyn (marka la isticmaalayo [[MOS:WORDSASWORDS|words as words]]) waxay qaataan single quotes; glosses-ka gaaban ma u baahna comma ka hor definition-ka ({{xt|''Cossack'' originates from [[Cuman language|Cuman]] {{lang|qwm|proto=yes|qazaq}} 'freebooter'; ''republic'' comes from Latin {{lang|la|res publica}}, loosely meaning 'public affair'.}}). Moodalka {{tl|Gloss}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa tan; t.s. <code>{{tlp|lang|es|casa}} {{tlf|gloss|house}}</code> wuxuu soo saaraa: {{lang|es|casa}} {{gloss|house}}. Ee turjumaada tooska ah, moodalka {{tl|Literal translation}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa; wuxuu dhex gelyaa {{xt|lit.}} ka hor gloss-ka. ====Ee xigasho ku dhex jirta xigasho==== {{Shortcut|MOS:QWQ|}} Isticmaal single quotes: *{{xt|Darwin wrote in his introduction that "the maxim 'de minimis lex non curat' does not apply to science".}} Ee dhismaha dheeraad ah, beddel dhexda single iyo double quotes: *{{xt|He said, "That book asserts, 'Confucius said "Everything has beauty, but not everyone sees it.{{" ' "}}}} Ee quote marks ee uusocodka tooska ah, ku dar space yar iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{nowrap|{{tl|" '}}}}, {{nowrap|{{tl|' "}}}}, ama (sida tusaale ahaan halkan loo dhiibay) {{nowrap|{{tl|" ' "}}}}: *{{xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!{{' "}}}} Markup: <code>He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!{{tl|' "}}</code> *{{!xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!'"}} (jamming garaynta waxyaabaha waxay u okisaa si xun fonts badankooda) *{{!xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!'{{nbsp}}"}} (space caadi ah wuxuu leeyahay inta badan) ====<span id="Quotation marks in article openings"></span>Bilowga maqaalka==== {{Shortcut|MOS:BOLDQUOTE}} Qoraalka bold-ka ah oo caadi ahaan ka muuqda bilowga maqaalka: *Calaamad kasta oo xigmadda ah oo qayb ka mid ah mawduuca waa in ay noqoto bold sida qaybta hartay ee mawduuca. **Ka soo baxay ''[["A" Is for Alibi]]'': {{xt|'''''"A" Is for Alibi''''' is a mystery novel&nbsp;...}} *Calaamadaha xigmadda ee {{em|aan}} qayb ka mid ah mawduuca ma aha in ay noqdaan bold. **Ka soo baxay [[Jabberwocky]]: {{xt|"'''Jabberwocky'''" is a nonsense poem&nbsp;...}} **Ka soo baxay [[Babe Ruth]]: {{xt|'''George Herman''' "'''Babe'''" '''Ruth''' was an American baseball player&nbsp;...}} {{crossref|pw=y|(Sidoo kale eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography|Nicknames}}.)}} ====Punctuation ka hor xigashooyinka==== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTEPUNCT}} Haddii dhisma aan la xigtay laakiin kale oo u dhigma uu shaqayn lahaa grammatically aan lahayn comma, isticmaalka comma ka hor xigasho oo lagu ammaan goyay jumlad waa dookh: *{{xt|The report stated "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} ([[wikt:cf.|Cf.]] aan la xigtay {{xt|The report stated there was a 45% reduction in transmission rate.}}) *{{xt|The report stated, "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} Qaabka aan lahayn comma ka sanado badan waxaa loo isticmaalaa xigashooyinka qaybta ah: *{{xt|The report observed "a 45% reduction in transmission rate".}} Comma waxaa loo baahan yahay marka ay ka muuqan lahayd dhismaha oo kale haddii maaddada aan ayan ahayn xigasho: *{{xt|In Margaret Mead's view, "we must recognize the whole gamut of human potentialities" to enrich our culture.}} Ha dhex gelin comma haddii ay is-dhaafsi keeni karto ama beddeli karto macnaha: *{{xt|Caitlyn Jenner expressed concerns about children "who are coming to terms with being true to who they are".}} (Xigasho sax ah oo ka soo baxday foomka ku saabsan {{em|carruurta qaarkood}}{{snd}}gaar ahaan carruurtaas "who are coming to terms{{nbsp}}...") *{{!xt|Caitlyn Jenner expressed concerns about children, "who are coming to terms with being true to who they are".}} (Beddelaa macnaha si loogu muujiyo Jenner in ay muujinaysay concern ku saabsan {{em|dhammaan}} carruurta, inta la dhiibay in carruurtu, guud ahaan, "are coming to terms{{nbsp}}...") Waxay ka caddayn tahay in loo isticmaalo colon si loo soo bandhigo xigasho haddii ay samaynayso jumlad dhan, iyo kani waa in mar walba loo sameyo xigashooyinka jumlado badan leeh: *{{xt|The report stated: "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} *{{xt|In a letter to his son, Albert Einstein wrote: "Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance you must keep moving."}} Punctuation dheeraad ah ma aha mid lagama maarmaan ah ee tooska ah [[#Words as words|words-as-words]] xaaladda: *{{xt|The message was unintelligible except for the fragments "help soon" and "how much longer before".}} ====<span class="anchor" id="Quotation marks-Titles"></span><span id="Quotation marks with names and titles"></span>Magacyada iyo mawduucyada==== {{/titles hatnote include|where=MOS#P-QM-N&T}} Calaamadaha xigmadda waa in loo isticmaalo magacyada iyo mawduucyada soo socda: {{columns-list|colwidth=27em| *Maqaallada iyo chapters-ka (buugaagta iyo periodicals waa italics) *Sheekooyinka gaaban (buugaagta iyo periodicals waa italics) *Qaybaha muusigga (pieces waa italics) *Strips-ka gaarka ah ee comics iyo webcomics (comics waa italics) *Gabayada (gabayada dheer ama epic waa italics) *Noocyada (albums, song cycles, operas, operettas, iyo oratorios waa italics) *Episodes-ka gaarka ah ee taxanaha TV-ga iyo radio-ga iyo [[Serial (radio and television)|serials]] (mawduuca taxanaha waa italics){{efn|1="Mawduuca taxanaha waa italics" wuxuu isticmaalayaa ''taxanaha'' si loogu macneeyo show-ga dhan. Season (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay ''series'' ee British English-ka) leh mawduuciisa laikiis wuxuu isticmaalaa calaamadaha xigmadda mawduucaas, sida sub-work.}} }} {{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The Beatles wrote "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" for their album ''Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band''.}} Ha isticmaalin calaamadaha xigmadda ama italics ee qoraallada hore, concert tours, meelaha, cibaadooyinka, myths, iyo epics. (Kuwa badan, laakiin ma aha dhammaan, oo ka mid ah waxyaabahaani [[#Titles of works|waa inay sidoo kale ku dhex jirin title case]].) ====<span class="anchor" id="LP"></span><span class="anchor" id="LQ"></span><span class="anchor" id="TQ"></span><span class="anchor" id="logical quotes"></span><span id="Punctuation inside or outside quotation marks"></span>Punctuation ku dhex jirta ama ka baxsan==== {{Shortcut|MOS:LQ|MOS:LOGICAL|MOS:INOROUT}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Logical quotation on Wikipedia|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Effect on nearby punctuation}}<!-- Another kind of punctuation "in or out". EDITORS PLEASE NOTE: Changes to this section may escalate into heated dispute. Please consider raising any proposed changes for discussion and consensus-building on the talk page before editing. --> Isticmaal qaabka [[logical quotation]] dhammaan maqaallada, iyadoo aan loo eegin nooca English-ka oo lagu qoray. Ku dar punctuation-ka dhamaadka ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda kaliya haddii uu ka muuqday maaddada asalka ah, oo haddii kale u lag ka dambaysta calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. Qaybta badankeeda, kani wuxuu macneynayaa u treats-garaynta periods iyo commas foomkaas oo kale sida question marks: sii wad ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda haddii ay ku dabaqmaan kaliya maaddada la xigtay iyo ka baxsan haddii ay ku dabaqmaan jumlada dhan. Tusaalooyinka waxaa loo dhiibay ka hooseeya. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Did Darla say, "Here I am"?}} (question mark wuxuu ku dabaqmaa jumlada dhan) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|Did Darla say, "Here I am?"}} (aan sax ahayn in lagu dabaqo question mark xigashoda) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Darla said, "Where am I?"}} (question mark wuxuu ku dabaqmaa maaddada la xigtay kaliya) Haddii xigashodu ay tahay eray gaar ah ama qayb jumlad ah, u lag punctuation-ka dhamaadka ka baxsan calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. Marka aad xigtayso jumlad dhan, dhamaadka oo u dhigma dhamaadka jumlada ku dhex jirta, u lag punctuation-ka dhamaadka ku dhex jira calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. *{{xt|Miller wanted, he said, "to create something timeless".}} *{{xt|Miller said: "I wanted to create something timeless."}} Haddii jumlada la xigtay ay raacdo [[clause]] oo waa in uu ka horreeyo comma, ka tag [[full stop]] (period), iyo ha u beddelin comma {{em|ku dhex jirta}} xigashoda.{{efn|Kani waa foomka ugu muhiimsan oo uu logical quotation ku kala duwan yahay isticmaalka punctuation-ka wargaysyada British-ka, halka publishers badan ay u ilayeeyaan beddelkaas maaddada la xigtay, oo ka aghas ah saxnaanta dhismaha logical punctuation-ka.}} Terminal punctuation kale, sida question marks ama exclamation marks, waxaa lagu dhowri karaa. *{{xt|Livingston then said, "It is done", and turned to the people.}} *{{xt|Livingston then exclaimed, "It is done!", and turned to the people.}} Haddii jumlada la xigtay ay raacdo clause oo aqoonsanaya speaker-ka, isticmaal comma ka baxsan calaamadda xigmadda halkii full stop ku dhex jira, laakiin sii wad terminal punctuation kasta oo kale, sida question mark. *{{xt|"There is no strife, no prejudice, no national conflict in outer space as yet", said Kennedy.}} *{{xt|By asking "Who are you?", she prompts John to tell his story.}} Ha raacin erayada ama qaybaha la xigtay commas ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda, marka laga reebo halka xigasho dheer lagu baabi'iyay iyo comma uu yahay qayb ka mid ah xigashoda dhan. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change, opening the way to confidence and courage", said Turner.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change," said Turner, "opening the way to confidence and courage."}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change, opening the way", said Turner, "to confidence and courage."}} *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|"I began to change, opening the way," said Turner, "to confidence and courage."}} ==== Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo isqu xirka ka baxsan ==== Isqu xirka ka baxsan ee u socda mawduucyada maqaallada waa in ay leeyihiin mawduuca ku dhex jira quotes ku dhex jira isqu xirka. Moodallada tixraaca ee [[Help:Citation Style 1|CS1]] iyo [[Help:Citation Style 2|CS2]] waxay sameynayaan tan si otomaatig ah, iyo tixraacyada aan moodalka lahayn waa inay sameeyaan foomkan oo kale. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|{{cite news |last1=Kiefer |first1=Francine |title=Clinton: The Early Years |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |date=May 29, 1998 |ref=none}}}} (Isticmaalka {{tl|cite news}}) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt| Kiefer, Francine (May 29, 1998). [https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html "Clinton: The Early Years"]. ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''.}} (Aan moodal lahayn) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt| Kiefer, Francine (May 29, 1998). "[https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html Clinton: The Early Years]". ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''.}} (Aan moodal lahayn) ==== Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo isqu xirka ku dhex jira ==== Isqu xirka ku dhex jira (wikilinks) oo ay la socdaan calaamadaha xigmadda caadi ahaan waa inay leeyihiin quotes ka baxsan isqu xirka. Kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa mawduucyada shaqaalaha ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda (noocyada, episodes-ka, iyo wixii la mid ah) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Play it, Sam. Play "[[As Time Goes By (song)|As Time Goes By]]".}} (Isticmaalka <code><nowiki>"[[ ]]"</nowiki></code>.) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|Play it, Sam. Play [[As Time Goes By (song)|"As Time Goes By"]].}} (Isticmaalka <code><nowiki>[[" "]]</nowiki></code>.) Laakiin, calaamadaha xigmadda waxaa loo baahan yahay ku dhex jira wikilinks marka calaamadda xigmadda ay tahay qayb ka mid ah isqu xirka, ama halka qoraalka isqu xirka leh ee muuqda uu ku dhex jiro calaamadaha xigmadda oo muujinaya slang, nicknames, magacyada caadiga ah, ama isticmaalka la midka ah. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The term ''soccer'' comes from [[Oxford "-er"|Oxford {{nowrap|"-er"}}]] slang, which was prevalent at the [[University of Oxford]] in England from about 1875...}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|A Cockney accent [[Rhoticity in English|drops the "r"]] after a vowel.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The [[Dynamo Sports Club|Proletarian Sports Society "Dynamo"]] was established in Moscow in 1923.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|President Suharto's [[New Order (Indonesia)|"New Order"]] administration received US support for its economic policies.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Japan's [[Lost Decades|"Lost Decades"]] began in 1991.}} ===Brackets iyo parentheses=== {{Shortcut|MOS:()|MOS:BRACKETS}} {{Redirect|MOS:PAREN|use of parentheses (round brackets) in article titles|WP:Article titles#Parenthetical disambiguation|deprecated inline parenthetical citations|WP:Citing sources#Parenthetical referencing}} Qaybtan waxay ku dabaqmaysaa labadaba round brackets {{xt|(&nbsp;)}}, sidoo cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay [[Bracket|parentheses]], iyo square brackets {{xt|[&nbsp;]}}. Haddii jumlad ay ku dhex jirto foom bracketed ah, u lag punctuation-ka jumlada ka baxsan brackets-ka {{xt|(sida halkan loo muujiyay).}} Laakiin, halka hal ama ka badan jumlado ay ku dhex jiraan brackets-ka dhan, u lag punctuation-kooda ku dhex jira brackets-ka. Waa inuusan jirin space dhow dhanka ku dhex jira ee bracket-ka. Bracket-ka oo starts-garoogaya caadi ahaan waa inuu ka horreeyo space. Kani ma noqon karo xaaladda haddii uu ka horreeyo calaamad xigmadda oo starts-garoogaysa, bracket kale oo starts-garoogaya, ama qayb ka mid ah eray: *{{xt|He rose to address the meeting: "(Ahem)&nbsp;... Ladies and gentlemen, welcome!"}} *{{xt|Only the royal characters in the play ([Prince] Hamlet and his family) habitually speak in blank verse.}} *{{xt|We journeyed on the Inter[continental].}} *{{xt|Most people are right-handed. (Some people are left-handed, but that does not make right-handed people "better" than left-handed people.)}} Waa inuu jiro space ka dambeeya bracket-ka xiritaanka, marka laga reebo halka punctuation mark uu raaco (inkastoo spaced dash uu sii wadi doono space ka dambeeya bracket-ka xiritaanka) iyo xaaladaha aan caadiga ahayn ee la midka ah kuwa lagu tirtiray bracket-ka starts-garoogaya. Ka fogao kooxaha dhow ee brackets-ka. Mid ka mid ah u lag foomamka parenthetical-ka ah ku dhex jirta hal koox oo lagu kala saaray semicolons, ama dib-u-qor: *{{em|Ka fogao}}: {{!xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919) (also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader.}} *{{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: {{xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919; also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader.}} *{{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: {{xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader. He was also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv.}} Square brackets waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loogu muujiyo beddelka tifaftirka iyo dhex-gelinta ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka, inkastoo kani waligeed ma aha inuu beddelo macnaha loo intended-gareeyay. Waxay u adeegaan saddex sababood oo waaweyn: *Si loo caddayo: {{xt|She attended [secondary] school}}, halka kani uu ahaa macnaha loo intended-gareeyay, laakiin nooca school-ka uusan ahayn mid lagu dhiibay jumlada asalka ah. *Si loo yareeyo dheerka xigashoda: {{xt|X contains Y, and under certain circumstances, X may contain Z as well}} waxaa loo yareeyn karaa {{xt|X contains Y [and sometimes Z]}}. Marka ellipsis ({{xt|...}}) loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo maaddada ka baxday xigashoda tooska ah, caadi ahaan ma aha in lagu duubo bracket. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Ellipses}} si aad u ogaato xaaladda gaarka ah.)}} *Si loo sameyo grammar-ka inuu shaqeeyo: Tixraacaya foomka dadka {{xt|"I hate to do laundry"}}, ein wuxuu sax ah ugu qori karaa {{xt|She "hate[s] to do laundry"}}. Haddii jumlad ay ku dhex jirta maaddo subsidiary ah oo lagu duubay square ama round brackets, waa in ay sii wadato terminal punctuation {{em|ka dambaysa}} brackets-kaas, iyadoo aan loo eegin punctuation kasta oo ku dhex jira brackets-ka. {{Block indent|{{xt|She refused all requests (except for basics such as food, medicine, etc.).}}}} Laakiin, haddii jumlada dhan ay ku dhex jirta brackets-ka, punctuation-ka xiritaanka wuxuu ku dhex jiraa brackets-ka. {{xt|(This sentence is an example.)}} ====Brackets iyo isqu xirka==== Square brackets ku dhex jira isqu xirka waa inay noqdaan kuwo [[Escape character|escaped]] ah: {| class="wikitable" | He said, "<code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[[John Doe|John &amp;#91;Doe&amp;#93;]]</nowiki>}}</code> answered." || He said, "[[John Doe|John &#91;Doe&#93;]] answered." |- | He said, "<code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[[John Doe|John {{bracket|Doe}}]]</nowiki>}}</code> answered." || He said, "[[John Doe|John {{bracket|Doe}}]] answered." |- | <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[https://example.com On the first day &amp;#91;etc.&amp;#93;]</nowiki>}}</code> || [https://example.com On the first day &#91;etc.&#93;] |- | <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[https://example.com On the first day {{bracket|etc.}}]</nowiki>}}</code> || [https://example.com On the first day {{bracket|etc.}}] |} Markup-ka {{xtag|nowiki}} sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaali karaa: {{tag|nowiki|content=[Doe]}} ama {{tag|nowiki|content=[etc.]}}. Haddii URL laikiisu uu ku dhex jiro square brackets, wikitext-ku waa inuu isticmaalo foomka [[URL encoding|URL-encoded]] ah <code><nowiki>https://</nowiki>example.com/foo.php?query={{bxt|%5B}}xxx{{bxt|%5D}}yyy</code>, halkii&nbsp;...<code>query={{!bxt|&#91;}}xxx{{!bxt|&#93;}}yyy</code>. Kani wuxuu ka fogaan doonaa baabi'inta isqu xirka ka dambaysa <code>xxx</code>. ====Angle brackets==== :''Ee guillemets («&nbsp;»), eeg {{section link|#Quotation characters}}'' Angle brackets (⟨&nbsp;⟩) waxaa loo isticmaalaa mawduucyada tignoolajiyada ee kala duwan, sida physics-ka ee [[bra–ket notation]] iyo [[Expectation value (quantum mechanics)|expectation value]] (t.s. {{xt|⟨''φ''{{!}}''ψ''⟩}}), mathematics-ka ee [[presentation of a group]], iyo linguistics-ka si loogu muujiyo [[grapheme]]s (t.s. {{xt|the digraph ⟨sh⟩}}). Ha isticmaalin less-than iyo greater-than signs (<&nbsp;>) sida angle brackets (t.s. {{!xt|<''φ''{{!}}''ψ''>}}, {{!xt|the digraph <sh>}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipses"></span><span class="anchor" id="..."></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis style"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis function and implementation"></span>Ellipses=== {{Shortcut|MOS:...|MOS:ELLIPSIS|}} Isticmaal ''[[ellipsis]]'' haddii maaddadu ay ka baxday xigashoda, ilaa square brackets loo isticmaalo si loo [[Gloss (annotation)|gloss]] xigashoda. *Ee prose iyo non-LaTeX mathematics formulae, ellipses waxaa lagu qoraa iyadoo la isticmaalayo saddex unspaced dots ({{xt|<code>...</code>}}); ha isticmaalin xarafka precomposed ellipsis-ka ah ({{!xt|<code>…</code>}})<!-- Possibly we should explain the precomposed character in terms of its code point or something --> ama saddex dots oo lagu kala saaray spaces {{nobr|({{!xt|<code>. . .</code>}})}} *Caadi ahaan, isticmaal non-breaking space ka hor ellipsis iyo space caadi ah ka dambaystiisa: {{nobr|{{xt|Alpha, Bravo,{{tl|nbsp}}... Zulu}}}} *Haddii ellipsis uu raaco <code>.&nbsp;?&nbsp;!&nbsp;:&nbsp;;&nbsp;,&nbsp;)&nbsp;]&nbsp;}</code> ama calaamad xigmadda oo xiritaanka ah (single ama double), ka tag space-ka ka dambaysa. U lag terminal punctuation ku dhex jira quote-ka kaliya haddii uu yahay mid muhiim ah qoraalka, sida caadi ahaan ah xaaladda exclamation marks iyo question marks laakiin dhifka ah periods: *: {{xt|Jones wrote: "These stories amaze me. The facts suffer so frightfully{{tlf|nbsp}}...".}} *: {{xt|"But what of the other cities? London, Paris{{tlf|nbsp}}...?"}} * Haddii ellipsis uu toos u raaco calaamad xigmadda oo starts-garoogaysa, kaliya isticmaal non-breaking space ka dambaystiisa: *: {{xt|He continued to pursue Smith ("...{{tlf|nbsp}}to the ends of the earth", he had sworn) until his own death.}} *{{Visible anchor|text=Si loo kala saaro ellipsis oo muujinaya qoraalka ka baxay iyo mid ka mid ah quote-ka, waxaad ku duubi kartaa kan kowaad square brackets: {{xt|She retorted: "How do I feel? How do you {{em|think}} I&nbsp;... This is too much!&nbsp;[...] Take me home!"}}|With square brackets}} *{{Visible anchor|text=Marka ellipsis loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo pause ama suspense ee speech-ka, sii wad punctuation-ka asalka ah: {{xt|Virginia's startled reply was "Could he&nbsp;...? No, I can't believe it!"}}. Marka loo isticmaalo ku dhex jira eray aan dhammaystirnayn, ma jiro space loo isticmaalo dhexda erayga qaybtiisa iyo ellipsis-ka: {{xt|The garbled transmission ended with "We are stranded near San L...o", interpreted as either San Leandro or San Lorenzo.}}|Pause or suspension of speech}} *In LaTeX-formatted mathematics formulae, isticmaal LaTeX markup-ka saxda ah ee lowered dots (<code>\dots</code>, <math>\dots</math>) ama xarfaha precomposed-ka ah oo leeh dots meelaha kale (sida centered ama diagonal, ⋯, ⋰, ama ⋱) ===<span class="anchor" id="fewer commas"></span>Commas=== {{Shortcut|MOS:,|MOS:COMMA}} Pair ka mid ah [[comma]]s wuxuu bracket-garayn karaa [[appositive]], [[relative clause]], ama [[parenthetical phrase]] (sida brackets ama dashes, inkastoo leh interruption dheeraad ah ee jumlada). Tusaale ahaan: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|John Smith, Janet Cooper's son, is a well-known playwright.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Janet Cooper's son John Smith is a well-known playwright.}} (marka Janet ay leedahay sons badan) {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Janet Cooper's son, John Smith, is a well-known playwright.}} (marka Janet ay leedahay kaliya hal son) {{!}}} }} Mar walba isticmaal {{em|pair}} ka mid ah commas ee tan, ilaa punctuation mark kale uu qaado meesha comma-ka labaad: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Blunt comments came from the newest member, John Smith.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|The newest member, John Smith{{snd}}a retired teacher{{snd}}was blunt.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|The newest member, John Smith was blunt.}}<!-- There's actually a way to parse this such that it would be acceptable in some styles, but WP articles don't use such styles. --> {{!}}} }} Ha u ilayn punctuation-ka kale inuu kaaga baabi'iyo u baahnaanta comma, gaar ahaan marka comma uu collided-garayyo bracket ama parenthesis: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Burke and Wills, fed by locals (on beans, fish, and ''ngardu''), survived for a few months.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Burke and Wills, fed by locals (on beans, fish, and ''ngardu'') survived for a few months.}} {{!}}} }} {{Shortcut|MOS:GEOCOMMA}} {{vanchor|Geographical references|text=In geographical references oo ku dhex jiraan heerarka badan ee subordinate divisions (t.s. city, state/province, country), comma wuxuu kala saaraa element kasta wuxuuna raacaa element-ka ugu dambeeya ilaa uu raaco terminal punctuation ama parenthesis-ka xiritaanka. Element-ka ugu dambeeya waxaa loo treats-garaysay sida [[Wikipedia:Basic copyediting#Parenthetical comma|parenthetical]].}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|He traveled through North Carolina before staying in Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the night.}}<!-- About a 10-hour drive if he started in Virginia Beach and passed through Winston-Salem. --> {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|He traveled through North Carolina before staying in Chattanooga, Tennessee for the night.}} {{!}}} }} Sidoo kale ku dar commas marka geographical element-ka loo isticmaalo sida disambiguator: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Hantratty received a PhD from the University of California, Irvine, in 1977.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Hantratty received a PhD from the University of California, Irvine in 1977.}} {{!}}} }} Ku dar comma labaad sidoo kale marka dhismaha leh comma [[Grammatical modifier|modifies-garayyo]] noun ama compound noun: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Keith Wilson won the 2024 Portland, Oregon, mayoral election.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Keith Wilson won the 2024 Portland, Oregon mayoral election.}} {{!}}} }} {{shortcut|MOS:DATECOMMA}} {{vanchor|Date commas|text=[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Dates, months, and years|Dates]] ku dhex jira month–day–year format waxay u baahan yihiin comma ka dambaysa day-ka, iyo sidoo kale ka dambaysa year-ka, ilaa ay raacdo punctuation kale. Element-ka ugu dambeeya waxaa loo treats-garaysay sida [[Wikipedia:Basic copyediting#Parenthetical comma|parenthetical]].}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|He set October 1, 2011, as the deadline for Patterson to meet his demands.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|He set October 1, 2011 as the deadline for Patterson to meet his demands.}} {{!}}} }} {{shortcut|MOS:QUOTECOMMA}} {{vanchor|Quotation commas|text= U lag calaamadaha xigmadda iyadoo la raacayo {{Section link||Punctuation inside or outside}}. Kani waxaa loo intended-gareeyay "logical quotation".}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Sax:}} {{!}} {{xt|She said, "The weather changes too often", and made other complaints.}} {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}} {{!xt|She said, "The weather changes too often," and made other complaints.}} {{!}}} }} Comma waxaa lagu dhex jiri karaa ka hor xigasho oo lagu ammaan goyay jumlad {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}})}}. ====<span class="anchor" id="Serial comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Oxford comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Oxford commas"></span><span class="anchor" id="Harvard comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Harvard commas"></span>Serial commas==== {{Shortcut|MOS:SERIAL|MOS:OXFORD||}} {{Redirect|MOS:OXFORD|Oxford spelling|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling#British English with "-ize" (Oxford spelling)}} A [[serial comma]] (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay ''Oxford comma'' ama ''Harvard comma'') waa comma loo isticmaalo toos ka hor conjunction (''and'', ''or'', ''nor'') ku dhex jirta liiska saddex ama ka badan items. {{Block indent|{{xt|ham, chips, and eggs}}{{spnd}}serial comma}} {{Block indent|{{xt|ham, chips and eggs}}{{spnd}}aan lahayn serial comma}} Tifaftireyaasha waxay isticmaali karaan mid ka mid ah heshiiska ilaa maqaal kasta uu yahay joogto ah ku dhex jirta. Serial commas waxay ka taageeraan badan marka qoraalka maqaalku uu yahay dhibco leh, sida liiska oo leh multi-word items (gaar ahaan haddii mid uu ku dhex jiro laikiis "''and''{{-"}}) ama nooc ka mid ah terms aan la dhasheyn oo laga yaabo. Laakiin, waxaa jira xaalado halka ka-tagista ama ku-darida serial comma ay keento is-dhaafsi: {{Block indent|{{!xt|The author thanked her friends, Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley}}{{spnd}}oo tirtiri kara mid ka mid ah afar ama ka badan dad ah (friends-ka iyo labada dad ee la magacaabay) ama laba dad ah (O'Connor iyo Marley, oo ah friends-ka).}} {{Block indent|{{!xt|The author thanked a friend, Sinéad O'Connor, and Bob Marley}}{{spnd}}oo tirtiri kara mid ka mid ah laba dad ah (O'Connor, oo ah friend-ka, iyo Marley) ama saddex dad ah (kan kowaad oo ah friend-ka, kan labaad O'Connor, iyo kan saddexaad Marley).}} Xaaladahaas is-dhaafsiga ah, cadday mid ka mid ah afar foom: *Ku dar ama baabi'i serial comma-ka. *Isticmaal jumlado gaar ah, bullet lists, ama beddelka dhismaha kale si loo caddayo. *Recast-garee jumlada ("friends" xaaladda): **Si loo tirtiro laba dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked her friends Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley.}} ***Caddayn badan: {{xt|The author thanked two friends: Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley.}} **Si loo tirtiro dad badan: **: {{xt|The author thanked Sinéad O'Connor, Bob Marley and her friends}} ama **: {{xt|The author thanked Sinéad O'Connor, Bob Marley, and her friends}}. ***Laakiin ma aha: {{!xt|The author thanked Bob Marley, Sinéad O'Connor[,] and her friends}}{{spnd}}soo bandhigaa is-dhaafsi ku saabsan ''her''. *Recast-garee jumlada ("friend" xaaladda): **Si loo tirtiro laba dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked Bob Marley and her friend Sinéad O'Connor.}} ***Ama noqo mid gaar ah marka ay suurtogal tahay: {{xt|The author thanked her childhood friend Sinéad O'Connor and her mentor, Bob Marley.}} **Si loo tirtiro saddex dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked Bob Marley, Sinéad O'Connor, and a friend.}} ***Caddaynta leh gender-specific terms sida ''mother'' waxay noqon kartaa dhibco leh; {{!xt|The author thanked her mother, Kim Thayil, and Sinéad O'Connor}} ma aha caddayn sababtoo ah akhristayaasha ma ogaankaraan [[Kim Thayil]] in uu yahay male oo ma noqon doono dadka oo kale sida mother-ka. ***Caddayn badan: {{xt|The author thanked Kim Thayil, Sinéad O'Connor, and her own mother}} ama {{xt|The author thanked her mother and musicians Kim Thayil and Sinéad O'Connor}}. ===Colons=== {{Shortcut|MOS:COLON}} {{For|the wikitext link formatting|Help:Colon trick}} A [[Colon (punctuation)|colon]] ({{xt|:}}) wuxuu soo bandhigaa wax muujinaya, sharraxaya, ama modifies-garaynaya waxa soo maray, ama ah liiska items oo dhowaan la soo bandhigay. Items-ka ku dhex jira liiskaas waxaa lagu kala saari karaa commas, ama haddii ay yihiin kuwo dhibco badan leh oo laga yaabo in ay laikiisu ku dhex jiraan commas, items-ka waa in lagu kala saaro semicolons ama lagu aaggaado bulleted list. {{Block indent|{{xt|We visited several tourist attractions: the Leaning Tower of Pisa, which I thought could fall at any moment; the Bridge of Sighs; the supposed birthplace of Petrarch, or at least the first known house in which he lived; and so many more.}}}} Colon waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa si loo soo bandhigo [[Quotation marks in English#Quotations and speech|direct speech]] oo lagu duubay calaamadaha xigmadda. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}}.)}} Marka colon loo isticmaalo sida separator ku dhex jira mawduuca maqaalka, madaxa qaybta, ama item liiska ah, tifaftireyaasha waxay dooran karaan in ay xaraf weyn ugu qoraan waxa raaca, iyadoo loo tixgelinayo [[#Retaining existing styles|isticmaalka jira]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Article titles#Consistency|joogteynta leh maqaallada la xiriira]]. Marka laga reebo isticmaalka tignoolajiyada ({{xt|a 3:1 ratio}}), ma jiro jumlad waa in ay ku dhex jirtay colons badan, ma jiro space waa in uu ka horreeyo colon, iyo space (laakiin waligeed ma aha hyphen ama dash) waa in uu raaco colon-ka. ===Semicolons=== {{Shortcut|MOS:;|MOS:SEMICOLON|}} {{for|usage in marking up description (definition) lists|Help:List#Description lists}} A [[semicolon]] ({{xt|;}}) marna waa alternative ee full stop (period), iyadoo u sahlaysa maaddada la xiriirta in lagu dhowro jumlada oo kale; waxay muujisaa kala saarisa la go'aamiyay ee jumlada marka loo eego comma. Haddii semicolon-ku uu kala saaro clauses, caadi ahaan clause kasta waa in uu noqdo mid gaar ah (macneheedu waa in uu taaggaanshaan karo laikiisu sida jumlad). Xaaladaha badankooda, kaliya comma ama kaliya semicolon wuxuu noqon doonaa sax ku dhex jira jumlad gaar ah. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Sax:}} | {{xt|Though he had been here before, I did not recognize him.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} | {{!xt|Though he had been here before; I did not recognize him.}} |} Sare, "Though he had been here before" ma taaggaanshaan karo laikiisu sida jumlad, oo sidaas darteed ma aha independent clause. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Sax:}} | {{xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit; bananas are classified as alkaline.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} | {{!xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit, bananas are classified as alkaline.}} |} Isticmaalkan aan saxda ahayn ee comma ee dhexda laba independent clauses waxaa loo intended-gareeyay [[comma splice]]; laakiin, xaaladaha qaarkood, comma waxaa loo isticmaali karaa halka semicolon wuxuu oki lahaa in loo baahan yahay: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | {{em|La accepts-garaysay}}: || {{xt|"Life is short, art is long."}} (laba clauses oo gaaban ku dhex jira [[aphorism]]; eeg ''[[Ars longa, vita brevis]]'') |- | {{em|La accepts-garaysay}}: || {{xt|"I have studied it, you have not."}} (soo sheegida wada-hadal gaaban, sida jawaabtan ee [[Isaac Newton|Newton]]) |} Jumlad waxay ku dhex jiri kartaa semicolons badan, gaar ahaan marka clauses-ku ay yihiin kuwo parallel ee dhismaha iyo macnaha; semicolons badan oo aan la xiriirin caadi ahaan waa calaamado ah in jumlada loo kala saaro jumlado gaaban ama foom kale loo dib-u-qoro. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Unwieldy}}: | {{!xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit; bananas are classified as alkaline; pears are close to neutral; these distinctions are rarely discussed.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: | {{xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit, bananas are alkaline, and pears are close to neutral; these distinctions are rarely discussed.}} |} Semicolons waxaa loo isticmaalaa ku-darida commas si loo kala saaro items ku dhex jira liiska, marka commas laikiisu ay keeni karaan jahwareer. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Jahwareer:}} | {{!xt|Sales offices are located in Boston, Massachusetts, San Francisco, California, Singapore, and Millbank, London, England.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Caddayn:}} | {{xt|Sales offices are located in Boston, Massachusetts; San Francisco, California; Singapore; and Millbank, London, England.}} |} ====Semicolon ka hor "however"==== {{Shortcut|MOS:HOWEVER}} {{Redirect|MOS:HOWEVER|its usage in editorialization|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Editorializing}} Macnaha jumlad ay ku dhex jirta trailing clause oo ku starts-garoogaysa erayga ''however'' wuxuu ku xiran yahay punctuation-ka ka horreeya eraygaas. Makhaadhaa caadi ah waa isticmaalka punctuation-ka aan saxda ahayn, iyadoo beddelaysa macnaha mid aan loo intended-gareeyn. Marka erayga ''however'' uu yahay adverb macneheedu yahay "nevertheless", waa in uu ka horreeyo semicolon oo uu raaco comma. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people; however, they tried.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people; nevertheless, they tried.}} |} Marka erayga ''however'' uu yahay conjunction macneheedu yahay "in whatever manner", ama "regardless of how", wuxuu ka horreyn karaa comma laakiin ma aha semicolon, oo waa inuusan raacin punctuation. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people, however they tried.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people, regardless of how they tried.}} |} Xaaladda kowaad, clause-ka oo ku starts-garoogaya "however" ma loo beddeli karo clause-ka kowaad; xaaladda labaad kani waxaa lagu sameyn karaa aan lahayn beddelka macnaha: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|However they tried, it was obvious they could not convert these people.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|Regardless of how they tried, it was obvious they could not convert these people.}} |} Haddii labada clauses aan loo beddeli karin, semicolon waxaa loo baahan yahay. Jumlad ama clause waxay sidoo kale ku dhex jiri kartaa erayga ''however'' dhexda, haddii uu yahay adverb macneheedu yahay "although" oo lagu lagi karay bilowga laakiin aan ku starts-garoogayn clause cusub dhexda jumlada. Isticmaalkan, erayga waxaa lagu duubi karaa dhexda commas. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|He did not know, however, that the venue had been changed at the last minute.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|However, he did not know that the venue had been changed at the last minute.}} |} ===Hyphens=== {{Shortcut|MOS:-|MOS:HYPHEN}} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Globe Toters-A Birla Preschool,Indore (cropped).jpg | image2 = Peuters_in_het_tehuis_zitten_met_zijn_allen_op_de_po,_Bestanddeelnr_252-0385.jpg | image3 = Graduates 2014 IMG 2779 (14083168633).jpg | caption1 = Four-year-old children | caption2 = Four year-old children | caption3 = Four-year old children }} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Haring 03.jpg | image2 = Great white Dyer island 2010-07.jpg | caption1 = A man {{nobr|eating fish}} | caption2 = A man-eating fish }} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Catalina_Island_Rescue_DVIDS1091019.jpg | image2 = Kintín al ataque (5189220934).jpg | caption1 = Officials help {{nobr|dog-bite victim}}. | caption2 = Officials help {{nobr|dog bite victim}}. }} [[File:Carry-On Aircraft.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|A sign {{shy|exhibiting over-eager hy|phen|a|tion}}: the second hyphen is fine, but the first is spurious.]] [[Hyphen]]s ({{xt|-}}) waxay muujiyaan conjunction. Waxaa jira saddex isticmaalka waaweyn: # In hyphenated magacyada dadka ({{xt|John Lennard-Jones}}, {{xt|Omar al-Bashir}}). # Si loogu isku xiro [[prefixes]] iyo [[suffixes]] oo leh terms-kooda waaweyn dhismaha qaarkood, [[#En dash across open compounds|ilbaa compounds-ka laikiisu ay ku dhex jiraan space ama hyphen]]: {{xt|quasi-scientific}}, {{xt|ultra-nationalistic}}, {{xt|London-based}}, {{xt|community-led}}. #*Hyphen waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loo kala saaro dhexda [[homograph]]s ({{xt|[[wikt:re-sign|re-sign]]}} macneheedu waa ''sign again'', laakiin {{xt|[[wikt:resign|resign]]}} macneheedu waa ''relinquish ownership'' ama ''leave a job''). #*Waxaa jira trend caddaynaya oo lagu ammaan goyo labada elements dhammaan noocyada English-ka ({{xt|subsection}}, {{xt|nonlinear}}). Hyphenation-ku wuxuu caddayaa marka xarfaha la keenay contact ay yihiin kuwo oo kale ({{xt|non-negotiable}}, {{xt|sub-basement}}) ama ay yihiin vowels ({{xt|pre-industrial}}), ama halka eray uu yahay mid aan caadi ahayn ({{xt|co-proposed}}, {{xt|re-target}}) ama laga yaabo in loo akhrriyo si aan sax ahayn ({{xt|sub-era}}, ma aha {{!xt|subera}}). Erayada qaarkood oo noocan ah si oo kale waa kuwo caadi ah aan lahayn hyphen-ka (t.s., {{xt|cooperation}} waxaa si joogto ah loo dhasheeyay ka badan {{xtg|co-operation}} ee English-ka cusub). Ka dhiiri erayada beddelaya macnahooda aan lahayn hyphen-ka, t.s. {{xt|re-creation}} (create again) iyo {{xt|recreation}} (amusement).{{efn|name=recent}} # {{va|Hyphens in compound modifiers|text=Si loogu isku xiro terms-ka la xiriira ee ku dhex jira [[compound modifier]]s}}:{{Efn|1=Gaar ahaan compound [[attributive adjective|attributives]], oo ah modifiers ee noun oo ka muuqda ku dhex jira [[noun phrase]]. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link|English compound#Hyphenated compound modifiers}}.)}}}} #*Hyphens waxay taageeri karaan fududaynta akhrrinta (waa inay noqdaan kuwo {{xt|ease-of-reading}} taageera) oo waxay gaar ahaan u wanaagsan yihiin noun phrases-ka dheer: {{xt|gas-phase reaction dynamics}}. Laakiin waligeed ha dhex gelin hyphen magac sax ah ({{xt|Middle Eastern cuisine}}, ma aha {{!xt|Middle-Eastern cuisine}}). #*Hyphen wuxuu taageeri karaa disambiguator-ka (qaarkood {{xt|short-story writers}} waa kuwo dheer; {{xt|a government-monitoring program}} waa program oo monitor-garaynaya xukuumadda, inta {{xt|a government monitoring program}} uu yahay program xukuumadda oo monitor-garaynaya). #*Compounds oo ah hyphenated marka loo isticmaalo {{em|[[Attributive adjective|attributively]]}} (adjectives ka hor nouns-ka ay qualified-garaynayaan: {{xt|a light-blue handbag}}, {{xt|a 34-year-old woman}}) ama {{em|[[substantive]]ly}} (sida noun: {{xt|she is a 34-year-old}}) caadi ahaan ma aha hyphenated marka loo isticmaalo {{em|[[Predicative expression|predicatively]]}} (foomka sharraxaadda leh oo lagu kala saaray noun-ka: {{xt|the handbag was light blue}}, {{xt|the woman is 34 years old}}). Halka uu ka jiri lahaa baabi'inta caddaynta laakiis, hyphen waxaa loo isticmaali karaa foomka predicative-ka ah sidoo kale ({{xt|hand-fed turkeys}}, {{xt|the turkeys were hand-fed}}). Attributive hyphenation-ka dhibco leh marna waxaa looga fogaan karaa dib-u-qorid fudud: {{xt|Hawaiian-native species}} → {{xt|native Hawaiian species}}. #*Ka fogao isticmaalka hyphen ka dambaysa heerka ''{{nowrap|-ly}}'' adverb ({{xt|a newly available home}}, {{xt|a wholly owned subsidiary}}) ilaa ay tahay qayb ka mid ah compound dheeraad ah ({{xt|a slowly-but-surely strategy}}). Xaaladaha dhifka ah, hyphen wuxuu ka wanaajin karaa caddaynta haddii alternative-ka dib loo qoray uu yahay dhibco leh, laakiin dib-u-qoriddu caadi ahaan waa ka wanaagsan tahay: {{!xt|The idea was clearly stated enough}} waxaa lagu disambiguator-gareyn karaa sida {{xt|The idea clearly was stated often enough}} ama {{xt|The idea was ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} qdw90h44krullvo763pqvgrojejuqbc 310790 310789 2026-10-24T10:18:13Z Isma4l 41797 310790 wikitext text/x-wiki {{MoS guideline|WP:MOS<!-- DO NOT add more shortcuts. None are as short and popular as this one. -->}} '''Haddaha Qaabka''' ('''MoS''' ama '''MOS''') waa [[haddaha qaabka]] ee dhammaan [[Wikipedia:Waa maxay maqaal?|maqaallada]] [[Wikipedia:Soomaali|Wikipedia-ha Soomaaliga]].{{efn|Isku xirka [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility|waxyaabaha la xiriira oo la heli karo]] waxay ku dabaqmaan dhammaan mashruuca, oo ma aha oo kaliya maqaallada.}} Boggan koowaad waxaa taageera [[:Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style|boggag yar oo xeel-dheer]], oo halkan la isku gudbin karo oo lagu tirtiray [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents]]. Haddii ay ka dhalato is-diido, boggani wuxuu leeyahay ka-horreyn.{{efn|name="CONLEVEL"|Kani waa arrin siyaasadeed oo ku saabsan {{section link|Wikipedia:Consensus|Level of consensus}}: "Is-afgaradka ka dhex jira koox xaddidan oo tifaftireyaal ah, hal meel iyo hal maalin, ma baabi'in karo [[Wikipedia:Community consensus|is-afgaradka samaynta]] ee baaxadda weyn. Tusaale ahaan, ilaa ay ka dhaadhiciyaan bulshada balaadhan in aysan sax ahayn, kaqeybgalayaasha WikiProject ma go'aamin karaan in siyaasada ama hagaha Wikipedia uusan ku dabaqmin maqaallada ku dhex jira baaxadeeda." Iyo: "Wikipedia waxay leedahay heer sare oo kaqeybgal iyo is-afgarad ee beddelka siyaasadaha iyo hagayaasha marka loo eego noocyada kale ee boggaga." Boggaga ka hooseeya waxaa ku jira [[:Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style|boggaga MoS-ka ee xeel-dheeraanta]], [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Guide#Advice pages|qoraallada qaabka]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style|Haddaha Qaabka ee Fudud]].}} {{vanchor|Clarity|text=Tifaftireyaal waa inay u qoraan maqaallada iyagoo isticmaalaya luqad toos ah, gaaban, oo fudud in la fahmo. Tifaftireyaal waa inay u dhisaan maqaallada qaabeyn joogto ah oo u sahlanaata akhristaha.}} {{va|Stability|text=Haddii ka badan hal qaab ama foom lagu aamini karo MoS-ka, mid waa in loo isticmaalo madal kasta oo ku dhex jirta maqaalka oo [[#Retaining existing styles|aan la beddelin]] sabab wanaagsan la'aanteed. [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|Tifaftirka dagaalka]] ee ku saabsan doorashooyinka qaabka ma aha mid la accepts karo.{{efn|name="ew"|Arrrimahaani waxaa lagu xalliyay go'aannada [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|Guddiga Garsoorka]] ee [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk#Optional styles|2005]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan#Preferred styles|2006]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Date delinking#Optional styles|2009]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Infoboxes#Use of infoboxes|2015]].}} Qoraal cusub oo lagu daro boggan waa inuu toos u xalliyo arrin qaab oo si joogto ah u soo noqnoqota.}} {{TOC limit|3}} ==Dhonsashada qaababka jira== {{Shortcut|MOS:VAR|MOS:STYLEVAR|MOS:STYLERET}} {{Redirect|MOS:VAR|retention of an article's established national English variety|#National varieties of English|a list of more specific related rules|WP:VARS}} Marna, MOS-ku wuxuu bixiyaa ka badan hal qaab oo la accepts karo ama ma bixiyo hagal gaar ah. Marka ka badan hal qaab la accepts karo, al-fajar ma aha mid habboon in tifaftiraha Wikipedia uu ka beddelo hal qaab oo uu u beddelo mid kale ilaa ay jirto sabab muhiim ah oo beddelka ah.{{efn|name="ArbCom"|Astaanta bilowga ee qoraalkan, eeg go'aannada [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|ArbCom]] ee [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk#Principles|Juun 2005]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/jguk 2#Principles|Nofembar 2005]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan#Principles|2006]].}} [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|Tifaftirka dagaalka]] ee ku saabsan qaabka,{{efn|name="ew"}} ama u adeegsiga qaab dookh ah si [[Wikipedia:Bot policy#Assisted editing guidelines|bot-oo kale ah]] is-afgarad ka hor la'aantiis,{{efn|name="bot-like"|Eeg [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Magioladitis 2#High-speed editing|Go'aanka ArbCom ee 2017]], iyo {{section link|Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser#Rules of use}}; tifaftirka bot-ka oo kale ah oo sii socda inkastoo ay jiraan diidmo ama oo keena makhaadhaa wuxuu keeni karaa [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|xannibaad]] iyo baabi'inta xuquuqaha ku saabsan qalabka semi-automated-ka ah.}} waa [[Wikipedia:Disruptive editing|dhibco ka dhan ah]] oo waligeed ma aha mid la accepts karo. Beddelka aan la xaqijin ee kaaga taagan hal qaab oo la accepts karo, [[#Consistency within articles|oo si joogto ah loo adeegsaday]] ee ku dhex jira maqaal oo loo beddelo qaab kale waa la [[Wikipedia:Reverting|celin karaa]]. Doono [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Opportunities for commonality|fursadaha wadaagga]] si looga fogaado murannada qaabka. Haddii aad rammayso in qaab kale uu ka habboon yahay maqaal gaar ah, doono [[Wikipedia:Consensus|is-afgarad]] iyadoo ku saabsan tan lagula discuss-garaynayo bogga wada-hadalka maqaalka ama{{snd}}haddii ay keento arrin guud ama ku saabsan MoS-ka lakiisa{{snd}}at [[Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style]]. Haddii wada-hadalku uusan keenin is-afgarad beddelka ah, sii wad isticmaalka qaabka horey loo dhisay ee maqaalka. Haddii wada-hadalku uu ku guuldareysto inuu gaaro wax is-afgarad ah oo ku saabsan midka laba ama ka badan qaab oo tartamaya oo la isticmaalayo, markaas dib u noqo qaabkii loo isticmaalay nooca ugu horreeyay ee ka dambeeya [[Wikipedia:Stub|qabyada]] maqaalka oo uu ka muuqday mid ka mid ah qaababka ku dabaqmaya. (Mawqifkan dib-u-noqoshada ah ma siiyo [[WP:UNCHALLENGED|darajo aan la tartami karin]] qaabkaas gaarka ah inta lagu jiro wada-hadalka is-afgaradka, mana siiyo tifaftiraha soo impose-garaysay qaabkaas ugu horreeyay [[Wikipedia:Ownership of content|wax ka badan]] wada-hadalka.) ==<span class="anchor" id="Article titles, headings, and sections"></span>Mawduucyada maqaalka, qaybaha, iyo madaxda== {{Shortcut|MOS:AT}} ===Mawduucyada maqaalka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Article titles}} {{for|titles which coincide with a work's title|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles of works}} Mawduucu waa inuu noqdo magac la aqoonsan karo ama sifaynta mawduuca, [[Wikipedia:Common sense|isagoo maareynaya]] shuruudaha ah inuu yahay mid asalka ah, si ku filan oo sax ah, gaaban, oo joogto ah oo la mid ah maqaallada la xiriira. Hagaha qaabaynta eeg qaybta {{section link|Wikipedia:Article titles|Article title format}}, isagoo xusaya kuwa soo socda: *U qor herga labaad ee xarafka ugu horreeya (marka laga reebo xaaladaha dhifka ah, sida {{xt|eBay}}), laakiin haddii kale raac [[sentence case]]{{efn|name=Sentence case|1=Wikipedia waxay u isticmaashaa [[sentence case]] jumlado, [[Wikipedia:Article titles|mawduucyada maqaalka]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout|mawduucyada qaybaha]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables|madaxda taarikada]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images|qoraallada sawirka]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists|qoraallada liiska]] (xaaladaha badankooda), iyo qoraallada ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Infobox|infoboxes]] iyo moodallada la midka ah, iyo waxyaabo kale. Wax kasta oo MoS ah oo ku saabsan bilowga jumlad waxay ku dabaqmaan waxyaabaha isticmaalaya sentence case.<!-- Please keep this footnote synced with the version at the MOS:CAPS page. -->}} ({{xt|Funding of UNESCO projects}}), ma aha title case ({{!xt|Funding of UNESCO Projects}}), marka laga reebo halka title case loo isticmaali lahaa qoraalka caadiga ah. Eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (capitalization)]]. *Si aad u qorto farta italic-ka ah, ku dar {{tlx|italic title}} meel dhow sare ee maqaalka. Si aad farta italic-ka ah ugu qorto kaliya qayb ka mid ah mawduuca, ku dar xadka <code>|string=</code> ee qoraalka gaarka ah ee lagu qorayo farta italic-ka ah. Isticmaalka farta italic-ka ah waa inuu u dhigmaa {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting|Italic type}}. *Ha isticmaalin [[Article (grammar)|maqaallada]] (''a'', ''an'', ama ''the'') sida xarafka ugu horreeya ({{xt|Economy of the Second Empire}}, ma aha {{!xt|The economy of the Second Empire}}), ilaa ay tahay qayb aan la kala saari karin oo magaca ka mid ah ({{xt|The Hague}}) ama mawduuca shaqa (''{{xt|A Clockwork Orange}}'', ''{{xt|The Simpsons}}''). *Caadi ahaan isticmaal [[noun]]s ama [[noun phrase]]s: {{xt|Early life}}, ma aha {{!xt|In early life}}.{{Efn|1=Erayada sida {{xt|In early life}} waa kuwo la accepts karo (inkastoo aan loo baahnayn) sida madaxda qaybaha. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa si joogto ah sida qayb ka mid ah mawduucyada maqaalka oo dheeraad ah sida [[Piracy in the Caribbean|{{xt|Piracy in the Caribbean}}]], indhaheeda marka dhismaha gaaban ({{xtn|Caribbean piracy}}) uu leeyahay arrimo is-dhaafsi ah.}} *Xarafka ugu dambeeya waa inuusan noqon calaamad ilaahiyad ilaa uu yahay qayb aan la kala saari karin oo magaca ka mid ah ({{xt|[[Saint-Louis-du-Ha! Ha!]]}}, {{xt|''[[Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?]]''}}) ama gaabinta ({{xt|[[Inverness City F.C.]]}}), ama marka xiritaanka bracket-ka wareegga ama calaamadda xigmadda loo baahan yahay ({{xt|[[John Palmer (1814 schooner)|''John Palmer'' (1814 schooner)]]}}). *Markasta oo calaamadaha xigmadda ama noocyada apostrophe-ka oo kale ay ka muuqdaan ({{xt|[[Geʽez]]}}), ku dar [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirection]] mawduuc caddaynaya oo isticmaalaya apostrophes ({{xt|[[Ge'ez]]}}).{{efn|name=curlyq|1=Calaamadaha xigmadda tooska ah iyo apostrophes waa kuwo fudud in loo qorto si lagu aamini karo madallada badankooda, markaas kani wuxuu u sahlayaa bartilmaameedka redirection-ka oo fudud. Xigmadda curdanka ah iyo apostrophes sidaas darteed waa kuwo si weyn looga tagay Wikipedia-ha English-ka. Eeg sidoo kale [[MOS:CURLY]] iyo [[MOS:']].}} Labadaba ha ka sareeyaan iyo kuwo [[Wikipedia:Article titles]], qeybta kale ee MoS-ka, gaar ahaan {{section link||Punctuation}}, waxay ku dabaqmaan sidoo kale mawduuca. ===Agaasimaha qaybta=== {{Shortcut|MOS:SO}} {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout}} Mawduuca maqaalka waa inuu ku starts-garo [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section|qaybta hordhaca ah<!-- Do not add the word "lede" here. See footnotes at WP:LEAD for details. -->]]{{snd}}gaabinta kooban ee maqaalka{{snd}}oo aan waligeed loo kala saarin qaybo {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section]])}}. Qaybta hartay ee maqaalka waxaa caadi ahaan loo kala saaraa [[Help:Section|qaybo]]. [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes|Infoboxes]], sawirrada, iyo mawduucyada kale ee la xiriira qaybta hordhaca ah waa inay noqdaan kuwo dhanka midig ah. Calaamadaha qaarkood oo heerka ah [[Help:Template|moodallada]] iyo [[Help:Wikitext|wikitext]] oo aan ahayn qaybo waxay ka sarreeyaan inta ugu dambaysa maqaalka, ka hor mawduuca qaybta hordhaca ah, iyo uusocodka soo socda: *[[Wikipedia:Short description|Gaaban sharrax leh]], oo leh moodalka {{tlx|Short description}} *[[Wikipedia:Hatnote|Hatnote-ka disambiguation]], waqtiga badankiisa oo leh moodalka {{tlx|Hatnote}} {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg sidoo kale {{section link|Wikipedia:Hatnote#Hatnote templates}})}} *Moodallada aan lahayn soo-saarka oo muujinaya foomka taariikhda dhisay ee maqaalka iyo nooca luqadda English-ka, haddii ay jiraan (t.s., {{tlx|Use dmy dates}}, {{tlx|Use Canadian English}}) *Moodallada dayactirka ee Banner-ka ah, [[Wikipedia:Template index/Disputes|Dispute]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Template index/Cleanup|Moodallada Cleanup]] ee arrimaha maqaalka oo dhan oo la calaamadeeyay (haddii kale loo isticmaalo sare ee qayb gaar ah, ka dambeeya hatnote kasta oo qayb ah sida {{tlx|main}}) *[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes|Infobox]], oo ah dookh (marka laga reebo xaaladaha gaarka ah sida {{tlx|Taxobox}} iyo {{tlx|Chembox}}, ama nooc ka mid ah, maqaallada ku dabaqmaya); caadi ahaan sidoo kale waxaa ku jira sawirka ugu horreeya *Sawirka hordhaca ah, marka infobox aan la isticmaalin, ama sawir dheeraad ah loo baahan yahay qaybta hordhaca ah (haddii hordhacu u yahay mid aad u dheer, sawir labaad waxaa lagu lagi karaa dhexda qoraalka hordhaca ah) Nooca skin-ka ee [[Vector 2022]], [[Wikipedia:Table of contents|tusmada maqaalka]] waa mid ka mid ah oo ka baxsan mawduuca maqaalka. Noocyada skin-ka hore qaarkood, tusmada la mari karo waxay ka muuqataa si otomaatig ah ka dambaysa hordhaca haddii maqaalku leeyahay ugu yaraan afar madax oo qaybo ah. Haddii mawduuca qayb uu ku jiraa si xeel-dheer oo dheeraad ah maqaal gaar ah {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Summary style]])}}, ku dar {{tlx|main|{{var|Article name}}}} ama {{tlx|further|{{var|Article name}}}} isla markiiba ka hooseeya madaxa qaybta. Sida lagu sharraxay si xeel-dheer {{slink|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout|Standard appendices and footers}}, noocyo dhowr ah oo maaddooyinka ah (badankoodu waa dookh) waxay ka muuqan karaan ka dambaysa qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee maqaalka, uusocodka soo socda: *Buugaagta ama shaqaalaha kale ee lagu abuuray mawduuca maqaalka, ka hooseeya madaxa qaybta "Works", "Publications", "Discography", "Filmography", iyo wixii la mid ah sida habboon (ka fogao "Bibliography", oo loo khaldami karo xigashooyinka tixraaca) *Isku xirka hoose ee maqaallada la xiriira ee Wikipedia-ha English-ka, oo leh madaxa qaybta "See also" *Xusuus-qoraallada iyo tixraacyada, oo leh madaxa qaybta "Notes" ama "References" (caadi ahaan ka dambeeya), ama qayb gaar ah oo loogu talagalay mid kasta uusocodkan {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]])}}; ka fogao "Bibliography", oo loo khaldami karo shaqaalaha mawduuca *Buugaagta la xiriira, maqaallada, ama shaqaalaha kale ee aan loo isticmaalin sida tixraacyada; isticmaal madaxa qaybta "Further reading"; noqo mid si sare ah loo doortay, maadaama [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a directory|Wikipedia aysan ahayn buugga tixraaca]] *Websaydhada la xiriira [[Wikipedia:External links|iyo kuwo habboon]] ee aan loo isticmaalin sida tixraacyada oo aan ka muuqan appendices-ka hore, isticmaalka madaxa "External links", oo loo sameyn karo qayb ka hooseysa "Further reading" (ama isku xirkaas waxaa toos lagu ammaan goyn karaa liiska "Further reading" halkii); [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Links to sister projects|moodallada isku xirka ee mawduucyada mashruuca walaalka ah]] sidoo cuali ahaan waxay ka sarreeyaan qaybtan marka ay jirto (haddii kale qaybta ugu dambaysa ee bogga) *Waxyaabaha ugu dambeeya ee soo socda waligeed ma qaataan madaxyada qaybaha: **Isku xirka hoose oo lagu aaggaaday [[Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates#Navigation_templates|boxes-ka navigation-ka]] **Metadata ee [[Wikipedia:Authority control|Authority control]], haddii loo baahdo, isticmaalka {{tlx|Authority control}} (wuxuu kala saaraa isticmaalka magaca laba mawduuc, ama magacyo badan oo loogu talagalay hal mawduuc) **[[Wikipedia:Categorization|Qeeybaha]], oo waa inay noqdaan maaddada ugu dambaysa ee koodha maqaalka haddii aysan jirin moodallada stub-ka **[[Wikipedia:Stub sorting|Moodallada stub-ka]], haddii loo baahdo, oo waa inay raacaan qeeybaha [[Wikipedia:Stand-alone lists|Maqaallada liiska ah ee gaarka ah]] waxay leeyihiin waxyaabo dheeraad ah oo agaasimaha ah. ===<span class="anchor" id="Section management"></span>Madaxyada qaybaha=== {{Shortcut|MOS:HEAD|MOS:HEADINGS}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Headings|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Order of article elements|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Section headings}} [[Help:Section|Madaxyada qaybaha]] waa inay caadi ahaan raacaan hagaha [[#Article titles|mawduucyada maqaalka]] ee sare oo ay ku muuqdaan [[sentence case]] ({{xt|Funding of UNESCO projects in developing countries}}), ma aha [[title case]] ({{!xt|Funding of UNESCO Projects in Developing Countries}}).{{efn|name=Sentence case}} {{shortcut|MOS:BLANKLINE}} {{vanchor|Blank line|text=Dhammaan madaxyada waa inay ku dhex jiraan xarkooda gaarka ah, oo ay ka horreyso presely hal xar oo eber ah, oo ay raacdo mid ka mid ah hal xar ama aan lahayn xar eber ah.}} {{vanchor|Section headings (necessary point 6)|text=Ha u isticmaalin si xun [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists#Description (definition, association) lists|liiska sharraxaadda]] markup ("<code>;</code>") si aad u abuurto [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Pseudo-headings|pseudo-headings]].}} {{va|SECTIONSTYLE|Section headings (styling best practice)|Section headings (main styling reason)|text=Sida arrin qaab oo joogto ah, madaxyada qaybuhu waa inaynaan:}} {{Shortcut|MOS:SECTIONSTYLE|MOS:NOBACKREF}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 1)|text=si turjumaad ah dib ugu tixraacin mawduuca maqaalka, t.s., {{xt|Early life}}, ma aha {{!xt|Smith's early life}} ama {{!xt|His early life}}}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 2)|text=tixraacin madax heer sare ah, ilaa aad sameyso ay tahay mid gaaban ama caddayn badan}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 3)|text=noqon kuwo la nambareeyay ama xarfo leh sida outline}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 4)|text=noqon kuwo loo sameeyay sida su'aal, t.s., {{xt|Languages}}, ma aha {{!xt|What languages are spoken?}}}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 5)|text=isticmaalin luga ama farta aan caadiga ahayn oo keeni kara [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Headings|arrimaha lagu heli karo]]}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 6)|text=noqon kuwo lagu duubay [[Help:Wikitext|markup]], sida bold iyo italics, oo baabi'in kara muujintooda oo keeni kara arrimo kale oo lagu heli karo}} ====Wikimarkup==== {{shortcut|MOS:NOSECTIONLINKS|MOS:HEADINGLINKS}} {{va|Section headings (technical best practice)|text=Sababo tignoolajiyada ah, madaxyada qaybuhu waa inay}} {{va|Section headings (necessary point 1)|text=noqdaan kuwo gaar ah oo ku dhex jira maqaal (si [[Template:Section link|isqu xirka qaybta]] uu u shaqeeyo)}} oo waa inaynaan ku dhex jirin: *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 2)|text=[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking#Principles|isqu xirka]], xataa haddii kaliya qayb ka mid ah madaxa la isku xiray}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 5)|text=xigashooyinka ama xusuus-qoraallada}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 4)|text=<code><[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics#Typesetting of mathematical formulae|math]]></code> markup}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 3)|text=sawirrada ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Icons#Encyclopedic purpose|icons-ka]]}} {{va|Section headings (main technical reason)|text=Xaddidaadahani waa kuwo lagu khasbay si looga fogaado tignoolajiyada dhibco leh oo ma aha kuwo la baabi'in karo is-afgaradka maxalliga ah ama hagayaasha aan ku habboonayn.}} {{short|MOS:TEMPLATE}} {{va|Section headings (necessary point 7)|text=Wadaagga moodalka}} waa in sidoo kale caadi ahaan looga fogaadaa madaxyada qaybaha, sababtoo ah waxay keenaan koodha asalka ah ee baaqida moodalka inuu ka muuqdo isqu xirka lagu daray gaabinta tifaftirka; gujinta isqu xirkaas ka muuqda taariikhda bogga ma keeni doonto qaybta loo baahan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, [[WP:ANCHORSUBST|marka lagu darayo isqu xirka anchor madaxyada, mar walba beddel moodalka gudaha madaxa]]: {{block indent|1={{plainlist| * {{y}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== {{subst:anchor|Anchor name}} Section title ==</nowiki>}}</code> * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== {{anchor|Anchor name}} Section title ==</nowiki>}}</code> }} }} {{shortcut|MOS:SECTIONCOMMENT}} {{va|SECTIONCOMMENT|Section comment|text=[[#Invisible comments|Xusuus-qoraallada la qariyay]] oo tixraacaya madaxa qayb ama qayb oo dhan waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu lago xar ka hooseysa madaxa. Waxaa sidoo cuali ahaan lagu lagi karaa ku dhex jira xarkooda oo kale sida madaxa, laakiin xaaladaas waa inay noqdaan kuwo {{em|gudaha}} <code>==&nbsp;==</code> markup:{{efn|1=Xusuus-qoraal ka baxsan <code><nowiki>==&nbsp;==</nowiki></code> laakiin ku dhex jira xarkooda oo kale wuxuu keeni karaa isqu xirka tifaftirka qaybta inuu ku guuldareysto inuu ka muuqdo dhammaan; ee browsers-ka kale, wuxuu ka muuqan karaa, laakiin isticmaalkiisu wuxuu keeni doonaa madaxa qaybta inuusan si otomaatig ah lagu darin gaabinta tifaftirka.}}}} {{block indent|1={{plainlist| * {{y}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== Implications ==</nowiki><br /><nowiki><!--This comment is placed correctly.--></nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{mby}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== Implications<!--This comment works fine.--> ==</nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{mby}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== <!--This comment works fine.-->Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== Implications == <!--This comment causes problems.--> </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{tracked|T381786}}{{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki><!--This comment causes problems.</nowiki><br><nowiki>-->== Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki><!--The space after this comment breaks the heading completely.--> == Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} }} }} ====<span class="anchor" id="SECTIONANCHOR"></span><span class="anchor" id="Section anchor"></span>Anchors==== {{short|MOS:SECTIONANCHOR}} <section begin="heading links" />Ka hor inta aanad beddelin madax, tixgeli in aad baabi'inayso isqu xirka jira oo ku dhex jira.<section end="heading links" /> Haddii ay jiraan [[Help:Link#To a section|isqu xirka badan oo u socda mawduuca hore]],{{efn|name="many links"|1=Si aad u ogaato inta isqu xirka ee u socda mawduuca qaybta hore iyo maqaallada leeh iyaga, waxaad sameyn kartaa <span class=plainlinks>[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=all%3A+linksto%3A%22ARTICLE%22+insource%3A%2F%5B%5B%7C%5DARTICLE%5C%23OLDSECTION%2F+&title=Special:Search&profile=all&fulltext=1 raadinta sare ee]</span>, iyadoo la beddelayo {{smallcaps|article}} magaca maqaalka, iyo {{smallcaps|oldsection}} mawduuca qaybta hore. Raadintaas sare ma raadiso [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirections-ka]], markaas sidoo kale eeg bogga maqaalka ee [[Special:WhatLinksHere]] ee redirections-ka u socda mawduuca qaybta hore. Haddii ay jiraan kaliya nambarka yar ee isqu xirka ee u socda mawduuca qaybta hore, waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu cusbooneysiiyo manwal ahaan.}} abuur [[Help:Anchor|anchor]] oo leh mawduucaas si loo xaqijiyo in kuwani ay sii shaqeeyaan. Sidoo kale, marka lagu isqu xirayo qayb, ka tag xusuus-qoraal aan la arki karin madaxa qaybta bartilmaameedka, iyadoo lagu magacaabayo maqaallada isqu xirka leeh, si haddii madaxa dambe loo beddelo kani si fudud loo hagaajin karo, ama kale anchor kale loo abuurayo haddii ay jiraan kuwo badan.{{efn|name="many links"}} Tusaale ahaan: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == {{subst:Anchor|Consequences}} Implications == <!-- "Richard Dawkins" and "Daniel Dennett" link here. --> </syntaxhighlight> oo lagu kaydin doono maqaalka sida: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == <span class="anchor" id="Consequences"></span> Implications == <!-- "Richard Dawkins" and "Daniel Dennett" link here. --> </syntaxhighlight> Faa'iidada isticmaalka {{tlxs|Anchor}}, ama kaliya la dhex gelinayo {{tag|span|o|link=yes}} tags-ka toos, waa in marka tifaftirka loo sameeyo qaybta mustaqbalka, anchor-ku ma lagu dhex jiri doono taariikhda bogga sida qayb ka mid ah magaca qaybta. Marka kaliya {{tlx|Anchor}} loo isticmaalo toos, akhlaaqdaas aan loo baahnayn {{em|waa ay}} dhacdaa, markaas waa in mar walba [[WP:ANCHORSUBST|loo beddelo anchors madaxyada qaybaha]]. Marka la dhex gelinayo span toos, {{em|ha}} gaabin iyadoo la isticmaalayo tag-ka self-closing, sida ku dhex jirta: <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== <span id="Consequences"</nowiki>{{highlight round|/|bc=var(--background-color-destructive-subtle, lightred);}}> Implications <nowiki>==</nowiki>}}</code> In HTML5 foomkaas XML-style waa mid shaqaynaya kaliya tags-ka qaarkood, sida {{nowrap |<code>&lt;br/></code>}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T134423 |title=T134423 Deprecate nonstandard behavior of self-closed HTML tags in wikitext. |website=phabricator.wikimedia.org |access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref> Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking|Avoiding broken section links}} si aad u ogaato wada-hadal dheeraad ah. ====Mawduuca oo kale madaxa==== Hagaha sare ee madaxyada qaybaha, gaar ahaan sentence case, turjumaad, sawirrada iyo su'aalaha, sidoo kale wuxuu ku dabaqmaa [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables#Captions and headers|madaxyada taarikada]] (iyo noocyada taarikada iyo xarrada). Laakiin, madaxyada taarikada waxay ku dhex jiri karaan xigashooyinka oo waxay ku starts-garo karaan, ama noqon karaan, nambara. Unka madaxyada bogga, madaxyada taarikada ma samayn karaan si otomaatig ah anchors-ka isqu xirka. Ka baxsan sentence case ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Glossaries|glossaries]], talada madaxa sidoo kale waxay ku dabaqmaysaa ''term'' qoraallada ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists#DLIST|description lists]]. Haddii la isticmaalayo [[Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Glossaries#Template-structured|template-structured glossaries]], terms-ku si otomaatig ah waxay leeyihiin anchors-ka isqu xirka, laakiin ma leeyihiin kale. Xigashooyinka mawduuca description-list waxay ku dhex jiraan {{tl|term}} ama {{tl|defn}} element, sida loo baahan yahay. ==Noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga== {{Shortcut|MOS:ENGVAR}} Noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga (tusaale ahaan, kala duwanaanshaha erayada ama naxwaha ee gobollada ka jira) waxay bixiyaan macluumaad ku saabsan kala duwanaanshaas. Dhammaan noocyada gobollada ama noocyada heerka ee Af-Soomaaliga waa kuwo la aqbali karo oo siman Wikipedia-da Soomaaliga, iyada oo la isticmaalayo uslub rasmi ah oo maqaallada u gaar ah ([[Register (sociolinguistics)|weeraral rami ah]] ama astaanta luqadda). Qaabka taariikhda ee maqaalka ({{xt|{{#time: F j, Y}}}} ama {{xt|{{#time: j F Y}}}}) wuxuu sidoo kale la xiriiraa noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga {{snd}}eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|Strong national ties to a topic|Retaining existing format}}. === <span class="anchor" id="Internal consistency"></span>Joogteynta ku dhex jirta maqaallada<!-- When renaming this section title, rename the full link at [[Wikipedia:Consistency]] --> === {{Shortcut|MOS:ARTCON|MOS:CONSISTENT}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Variation in citation methods|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Retaining existing format}} Xeerarka nooc gaar ah oo Af-Soomaali caadifad ah waa in loo raaco si joogto ah ku dhex jirta maqaalka gaarka ah. Waxyaabaha ka baxsan waxaa ku jira: *'''Xigashooyinka''' iyo '''cinwaannada buugaagta ama hawlaha''' (sida buugaagta, filimada, iyo muusigga) waa in loo qoraa sida ay ka muuqdaan ilaha tixraaca. Laakiin, waxaa jira xaalado qaarkood oo leexanaya mabda'an si loo dhowro heerka qaab-qoraalka ee alifbeetada encyclopedia-ha dhan. {{crossref|Eeg {{section link||Typographic conformity}}.}} *'''Magacyada u gaarka ah''' waxay isticmaalaan qoraalka mawduuca ama lahaanshaha u gaarka ah, tusaale ahaan, {{xt|United States Department of Defense}} iyo {{xt|Australian Defence Force}}; {{xt|International Labour Organization}}<!--This example is here because it uses -our and -ization at the same time; it is Oxford spelling.-->. *Maqaallada ku saabsan mawduucyada la xiriira kimistariga, foomka heerka caalamiga ah ee higaada {{xt|aluminium}}, {{xt|sulfur}}, {{xt|caesium}} (iyo erayada ka soo baxa) waa in loo isticmaalo iyadoo aan loo eegin nooca luqadda ee looga adeegsado maqaalka. {{crossref|Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (chemistry)|Element names}}.}} ===Fursadaha wadaagga ama isku-duubnida=== {{shortcut|MOS:COMMONALITY}} Si loogu talagalay encyclopedia caalamiga ah, isticmaalka erayada wadaagga ah ee dhammaan noocyada Af-Soomaaliga waa mid ka wanaagsan. *Isticmaal erayada si caalami ah loo aqbalay halkii kuwa aan aad loo fidin, gaar ahaan cinwaannada. Tusaale ahaan, [[Glasses|{{xt|muraayado}}]] ayaa ka wanaagsan noocyada gobollada ee gaarka ah; [[Ten million|{{xt|toban milyan}}]] ayaa ka wanaagsan [[crore|{{!xt|hal crore}}]]. *Haddii kala duwanaansho higaadeed uu ka muuqdo cinwaan, samee bogga [[Wikipedia:Redirect|reer-itusaale (sidetrack/redirect)]] si loogu talagalay kuwa kale, sida ku dhex jirta [[artefact]] iyo [[artifact]], si dhammaan noocyada loo isticmaali karo raadinta iyo isku xirka. *Erayada ku kala duwan noocyada luqadda, ama leh macnayaal kala duwan, waxaa lagu [[Gloss (annotation)#In linguistics|u xaqiijin karaa faahfaahinta (gloss)]] si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga ama jahawareerka, tusaale ahaan, {{xt|qaybta dambe ee baabuurta (trunk ama boot)&nbsp;...}}. *Isticmaal eray ama weedh si caadi ah loo fahmo iyada oo ka wanaagsan mid leh macno kale sababtoo ah kala duwanaanshaha gobollada (halkii {{!xt|alternate}}, isticmaal {{xt|alternative}} ama {{xt|alternating}}, sida habboon), marka laga reebo xaaladaha tignoolajiyada ama cilmiga halka beddelkaas uu noqon lahaa mid aan habboonayn ({{xt|alternate leaves}}; {{xt|alternate law}}). *Marka ay jiraan wax ka badan hal nooc oo higaad ah oo ka dhex jira heerka caadiga ah ee luqadda, nooca ugu caansan ee hadda la isticmaalo waa in caadi ahaan ka wanaagsanaado, marka laga reebo halka higaada yar ay leedahay isticmaal gaar ah oo xaalad xeel-dheer ah, tusaale ahaan, ''connexion'' ku dhex jirta [[Connexionalism|Methodist connexionalism]]. ===Xiriirka gobolka ama qaranka ee xoogga leh ee mawduuca=== {{Shortcut|MOS:TIES}} Maqaal ku saabsan mawduuc leh xiriir xooggan oo u socda waddan ama gobol]] gaar ah waa inuu isticmaalaa heerka luqadda rasmiga ah (ee ma aha colloquial/afka wadada) ee gobolkaas ama qarankaas. Tusaale ahaan: Mawduucyada leh xiriir xooggan oo u socda [[Commonwealth of Nations]], ama waddamo badan oo Commonwealth ah ama dhulalkii hore ee British-ka, isticmaal higaada British-ka. ===Dhowrida nooca jira=== {{Shortcut|MOS:RETAIN}} Marka nooc gaar ah [[#Consistency within articles|isticmaalkiisa joogtada ah]] lagu dhisay maqaal, sii wad iyada oo aan la helin is-afgarad ka dhan ah. Kaliya xaaladaha gaarka ah (sida marka mawduuc uu leeyahay [[#Strong national ties to a topic|xiriir gobol ama qaran oo xooggan]], ama beddelku wuxuu yareeyaa is-dhaafsiga) ayaa ay jirtaa sabab shaqaynaysa oo loo beddelo ka mid ah dookha la aqbali karo oo loo beddelo mid kale. {{va|FPSR|FMC|text=Marka aan la dhisin nooc gaar ah oo wada-hadalku uusan xallin arrinta, isticmaal nooca ka muuqda nooca ugu horreeyay ee ka dambeeya [[Wikipedia:Stub|qabyada (stub)]] oo soo bandhigay nooc la aqoonsan karo. Waxa ka baxsan tan waa [[#Retain quote variety|ha beddelin nooca luqadda ee ku dhex jira xigasho]].}} Nooca lagu dhisay maqaal gaar ah waxaa lagu qoraa iyadoo lagu dhex darayo [[:Category:Use English templates|tampaallada Use X English]] ee habboon bogga maqaalka. Tampaallada [[:Category:Varieties of English templates|nooca luqadda ee habboon]] sidoo kale waxaa lagu dhejin karaa bogga wada-hadalka ee maqaalka. Maqaal waa inuusan noqon mid la tifaftiro ama magaca loo beddelo kaliya si looga beddelo hal nooc oo luqad ah oo loo beddelo mid kale. Tampaalka {{tlxs|uw-engvar}} waxaa lagu dhejin karaa bogga wada-hadalka tifaftiraha si loogu sharraxo tan. ==Xarfo waaweyn== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters}} Mawduucyada maqaalka Wikipedia iyo madaxyada qaybaha waxay isticmaalaan sentence case, ma aha title case; eeg [[Wikipedia:Article titles]] iyo {{section link||Section headings}}. Capitalization-ka waxyaabaha liiska, eeg {{section link||Bulleted and numbered lists}}. Dhibcaha kale ee ku saabsan capitalization-ka waxaa lagu gaabay ka hooseeya. Macluumaadka dhan waxaa lagu heley karaa at [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters]]. Dhibicda ugu muhiimsan waa in Wikipedia aysan u qorin xaraf weyn wax ilaa ay si joogto ah xaraf weyn ugu noqoto badankooda muhiimka ah ee [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|tixraacyada lagu aamini karo]] ee gaarka ah. ===Capitalization-ka ''The''=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Capitalization of The}} Caadi ahaan, ha u qorin xaraf weyn erayga ''the'' dhexda jumlada: {{xt|throughout the United Kingdom}}, ma aha {{!xt|throughout The United Kingdom}}. Waxyaabaha ka baxsan heshiiska waxaa ku jira magacyada saxda ah ee qaarkood ({{xt|he visited The Hague}}) iyo badankooda mawduucyada shaqaalaha abuurka ah ({{xt|Tolkien wrote ''The Lord of the Rings''}}{{snd}}laakiin ogaada in ''the'' ayan noqon karin qayb ka mid ah mawduuca laakiis, t.s., {{xt|Homer composed the ''Odyssey''}}). Waxaa jira waxyaabo gaar ah oo loo tixgeliyo [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music#Names (definite article)|magacyada band-ka]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Institutions|magacyada doorka]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#NICKNAMETHE|magacyada gaaban]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles#Indefinite and definite articles|mawduucyada shaqaalaha]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks#TMTHE|trademarks-ka]]. ===<span id="Capitalization-Titles"></span>Mawduucyada shaqaalaha=== {{main|WP:Manual of Style/Titles of works}} Mawduucyada luqadda English-ka ee dhismaha (buugaagta iyo shaqaalaha kale ee qoraalka, noocyada iyo shaqaalaha kale ee codka, filimada iyo shaqaalaha kale ee muuqda, sawirrada iyo shaqaalaha kale ee fanka, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxaa loo bixiyaa ku dhex jirta {{em|[[title case]]}}, halka eray kasta loo bixiyo xaraf weyn oo bilow ah marka laga reebo erayada qaarkood oo yar oo muhiim ah (sida lagu sharraxay at {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters|Composition titles}}). Erayada ugu horreeya iyo kuwa ugu dambeeya ee ku dhex jira mawduuc luqadda English-ka ah mar walba waa kuwo xaraf weyn ah. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|''An Eye for an Eye''}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|''Worth the Fighting For''}} Capitalization-ka mawduucyada aan luqadda English-ka ahayn waa uu kala duwan yahay, xataa waqtiga ku dhex jira luqadda oo kale; caadi ahaan, dhonsashada qaabka asalka ah ee shaqaalaha cusub, oo raac isticmaalka ku dhex jira tixraacyada lagu aamini karo ee luqadda English-ka ee hadda{{efn|name=recent}} ee shaqaalaha taariikhda. Marka lagu qoro alfabeta Latin-ka, badankooda waxyaabahaani waa inay sidoo kale ku dhex jiraan [[#Italics|italics]], ama lagu duubo [[#Names and titles|calaamadaha xigmadda]]. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|{{lang|fr|Les Liaisons dangereuses}}}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"{{lang|de|italics=no|Hymnus an den heiligen Geist}}"}} ===Mawduucyada dadka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Titles of people}} *'''Isticmaalka guud''', isticmaal xarafka yar ee erayada sida ''president'', ''king'', iyo ''emperor'' ({{xt|De Gaulle was a French president}}; {{xt|Louis XVI was a French king}}; {{xt|Three prime ministers attended the conference}}). *'''Toos ka hor magaca dadka''', erayadaas waxay ku starts-garoogayaan xaraf weyn ({{xt|President Obama}}, ma aha {{!xt|president Obama}}). Magacyada heerka ah ama caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo ee doorka waxaa loo treats-garaysay sida magacyada saxda ah ({{xt|David Cameron was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom}}; {{xt|Hirohito was Emperor of Japan}}; {{xt|Louis XVI was King of France}}). Qaababka boqortooyada waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|Her Majesty}}; {{xt|His Highness}}); waxyaabaha ka baxsan waxay ku dabaqmi karaan doorkii gaar ah. ===Diimaha, ilaahada, falsafadaha, caqiidooyinka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Religions, deities, philosophies, doctrines, and their adherents}} {{see|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Religion}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles#Religious texts}} *'''Diimaha, kooxaha, iyo kaniisadaha''' iyo taageerayaashooda (foomka noun ama adjective) waxay ku starts-garoogayaan xaraf weyn. Caadi ahaan, "the" ma aha xaraf weyn ka hor magacyadaas ({{xt|the Unitarians}}, ma aha {{!xt|The Unitarians}}). *'''[[Religious text]]s''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn, laakiin mara badanaa ma aha italics ({{xt|the Bhagavad Gita}}, {{xt|the Quran}}, {{xt|the Talmud}}, {{xt|the Granth Sahib}}, {{xt|the Bible}}). Ha u qorin xaraf weyn "the" marka aad u isticmaalayso foomkan. Adjectives-ka qaarkood oo ka soo baxay waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn heshiis ahaan, qaarkoodna ma qaataan ({{xt|biblical}}, laakiin {{xt|Quranic}}); haddii aad ma ogayd, eeg dictionary-ga. *'''[[Honorific]]s ee ilaahada''', ku dhex jira magacyada saxda ah iyo mawduucyada, waxay ku starts-garoogayaan xaraf weyn ({{xt|God}}, {{xt|Allah}}, {{xt|the Lord}}, {{xt|the Supreme Being}}, {{xt|the Great Spirit}}, {{xt|the Horned One}}, {{xt|Bhagavan}}). Ha u qorin xaraf weyn "the" xaaladahaas ama marka aad tixraacayso dadka waaweyn ee diinta ama dadka ka mid ah mythology-ga ({{xt|the Prophet}}, {{xt|the Messiah}}, {{xt|the Virgin}}). Nouns-ka wadaagga ah ee ilaahada iyo dadka diinta ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|many gods}}; {{xt|the god Woden}}; {{xt|saints and prophets}}). *'''Pronouns-ka dadka cibaadada ama worship-ka''' ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn, xataa haddii xaraf weyn lagu qoro qoraallada diinta ({{xt|God and his will}}). *'''Qeeybaha baaxadda leh ee mythical ama legendary beings''' waxay ku starts-garoogayaan xarfo yar ({{xt|elf}}, {{xt|fairy}}, {{xt|nymph}}, {{xt|unicorn}}, {{xt|angel}}), inkastoo shaqaalaha fantasy-ga, sida buugaagta [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] iyo madaaddaalada video game-ka qaarkood, xarfaha waaweyn ee bilowga ah marna loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo in beings-ku ay samaynayaan culture ama race ku dhex jira [[fictional universe]]. U qor xaraf weyn magacyada ama mawduucyada creatures-ka gaarka ah ({{xt|the Minotaur}}, {{xt|Pegasus}}) iyo kooxaha oo magacooda iyo kaqeybgalayaashoodu ay dhisay yihiin ({{xt|the Magi, or the Three Wise Men}}, {{xt|the Furies}}). Tixraacyada guud ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|these priests}}; {{xt|several wise men}}; {{xt|cherub-like}}). *'''Spiritual ama matoorada diinta''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn kaliya marka la tixraacayo matoorada gaarka ah ama waqtiyada ({{xt|the Great Flood}} iyo {{xt|the Exodus}}; laakiin {{xt|annual flooding}} iyo {{xt|an exodus of refugees}}). *'''Falsafadaha, theories-ka, movements-ka, iyo caqiidooyinka''' waxay isticmaalaan xarfo yar ilaa magacu ka soo baxo magac sax ah ({{xt|capitalism versus Marxism}}) ama uusan noqon magac sax ah ({{xt|republican}}, dhismaha fikirka political-ka; {{xt|Republican}}, xisbiga political-ka). Isticmaal xarfo yar mawduucyada caqiidooyinka ama fikirka diinta ee canon-ka ah (oo ka soo karşı matoorada gaarka ah), xataa haddii xaraf weyn lagu qoro taageerayaasha diinta qaarkood ({{xt|virgin birth}}, {{xt|original sin}}, {{xt|transubstantiation}}). *'''[[Platonic idealism|Platonic]] ama transcendent ideals''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn xaaladda caqiidada philosophical-ka ({{xt|Truth}}, {{xt|the Good}}); iyagoo loo isticmaalo si baaxad leh, waxay ku dhex jiraan xarfo yar ({{xt|Superman represents American ideals of truth and justice}}). Isticmaal xarfo waaweyn personifications-ka lagu muujiyay fanka ({{xt|the guidebook mentioned statues of Justice and Liberty}}). *{{va|Eponyms|EPONYM|EPONYMS|text='''[[Eponym]]s''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn ([[Edwardian era|{{xt|Edwardian}}]], [[De Morgan's laws|{{xt|De Morgan's laws}}]], [[Alice in Wonderland syndrome|{{xt|Alice in Wonderland syndrome}}]], [[Plaster of Paris|{{xt|plaster of Paris}}]], [[Platonic idealism|{{xt|Platonic idealism}}]], [[Draconian constitution|{{xt|Draconian constitution of Athens}}]]), marka laga reebo isticmaalka idiomatic-ka ah oo ka baxsan xaaladda asalka ah oo caadi ahaan xarfo yar ku dhex jira tixraacyada ([[Platonic relationship|{{xt|a platonic relationship}}]]; {{xt|complained of draconian workplace policies}}).{{efn|name=eponyms|1=Waxaa jira waxyaabo yar oo dheeraad ah oo ka baxsan capitalization-ka eponyms-ka, halka term uu leeyahay conventionalized xooggan ku dhex jirta xarfo yar, t.s., lagu doorbido foomkaas badankooda dictionaries-ka waaweyn ee luqadda English-ka. Tusaale ahaan, {{xt|parkinsonian}} wuxuu sharraxaa patient muujinaya symptoms-ka [[Parkinson's disease|{{xt|Parkinson's disease}}]]. Linguistics/orthography isticmaalka terms-ka [[Linguistic latinisation|{{xt|latinize}}]], [[Romanisation|{{xt|romanize}}]], iyo [[Anglicization|{{xt|anglicize}}]] [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Anglo- and similar prefixes|waxay sii kordhayaan xarfo yar]], iyo [[Italic type|{{xt|italic[s]}}]] ku dhex jirta typography mar walba waa ikhsan.}} Foomka dhan oo uu eponym ku yahay adjective [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Religions, deities, philosophies, doctrines, and their adherents|ma aha xaraf weyn]] marka laga reebo marka foomka laikiisu uu yahay magac sax ah (t.s., [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles|mawduuca shaqaalaha la daabacay]]: [[The China Syndrome|{{xt|''The China Syndrome''}}]]).}} ===Waxyaabaha kalandarka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Calendar items}} *'''Bilaaha, maalmaha toddobaadka, iyo fasaxyada''' waxay ku starts-garoogayaan xaraf weyn ({{xt|June}}, {{xt|Monday}}; {{xt|the Fourth of July}} wuxuu tixraacaa kaliya Maalinta Xorriyadda US{{snd}}haddii kale {{xt|July 4}} ama {{xt|4 July}}). *'''Xilliyada''' waxay ku dhex jiraan xarfo yar ({{xt|her last summer}}; {{xt|the winter solstice}}; {{xt|spring fever}}), marka laga reebo personifications-ka ama magacyada saxda ah ee waqtiyada ama matoorada ({{xt|Old Man Winter}}; {{xt|competed on the Spring Circuit}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="People, animals, plants, and other organisms"></span><!-- It is unlikely this was used much, and the phrase can simply be searched for and replaced. -->Dhabaha, dhirta, iyo organisms-ka kale=== {{Shortcut|MOS:LIFE}} {{Hatnote|For more detail on capitalization, see {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters|Animals, plants, and other organisms}}; on italicization, {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting|Italic type}}. See also {{section link|Wikipedia:Lead section|Organisms}} for handling of first sentence. See [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (fauna)]] and [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora)]] for article title guidelines.}} Marka la isticmaalayo '''[[Taxonomy (biology)|magacyada taxonomic ("scientific")]]''', u qor xaraf weyn oo italics genus-ka: {{xt|''Berberis''}}, {{xt|''Erithacus''}}. (Supergenus iyo subgenus, marka ay ku dabaqmaan, loo treats-garaysay foomkaas oo kale.) Italics-garo laakiin ha u qorin xaraf weyn ranks-ka taxonomic-ka ah heerka species-ka iyo ka hooseeya: {{xt|''Berberis darwinii''}}, {{xt|''Erithacus rubecula superbus''}}, {{xt|''Acacia coriacea'' subsp. ''sericophylla''}}; wax ka baxsan ma aha oo lagu sameeyay magacyada saxda ah oo samaynaya qayb ka mid ah magacyada scientific-ka ah. Taxa-ga sare (order, family, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn Latin-ka ({{xt|Carnivora}}, {{xt|Felidae}}) laakiin ma qaataan equivalents-ka English-ka laakiis ({{xt|carnivorans}}, {{xt|felids}}); ma aha italics labada foomba, marka laga reebo viruses, halka dhammaan magacyada la accepts-garaysay guddiga [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|ICTV]] ay yihiin italics ({{xt|''Retroviridae''}}). {{Shortcut|MOS:CULTIVAR}}{{Anchor|Cultivar}}Magacyada '''[[Cultivar]]''' iyo '''[[cultivar group]]''' ee dhirta ma aha italics, oo waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn (ku dhex jirta erayga ''Group'' ee magaca ku dhex jira); magacyada cultivar waxay ka muuqdaan ku dhex jira xigmadda single-ka ah ({{xt|''Malus domestica'' 'Red Delicious'}}), inta cultivar groups ma qaataan ({{xt|''Cynara cardunculus'' Scolymus Group}}). '''English [[Common name|magacyada vernacular ("common")]]''' waxaa loo bixiyaa xarfo yar qoraalka maqaalka ([[Plains zebra|{{xt|plains zebra}}]]<!-- animal species -->, [[Mountain maple|{{xt|mountain&nbsp;maple}}]]<!-- plant species -->, iyo [[Southwestern red-tailed hawk|{{xt|southwestern red-tailed hawk}}]]<!-- bird subspecies -->) iyo ku dhex jirta sentence case bilowga jumlada iyo meelaha kale oo xarafka ugu horreeya ee erayga ugu horreeya uu yahay xaraf weyn.{{efn|name=Sentence case}} Waxay sidoo kale qaataan xarfo waaweyn halka ay ku dhex jiraan magacyada saxda ah: [[Przewalski's horse|{{xt|Przewalski's&nbsp;horse}}]]<!-- eponym -->, [[California condor|{{xt|California&nbsp;condor}}]]<!-- typical geonym -->, iyo [[Fair-maid-of-France|{{xt|fair-maid-of-France}}]]<!-- unusual but important illustrative case -->. Kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa species iyo subspecies, sida tusaalooyinka hore, iyo sidoo kale magacyada guud ee kooxaha ama noocyada organism-ka: [[Bird of prey|{{xt|bird&nbsp;of&nbsp;prey}}]]<!-- cross-order ecological niche -->, [[Oak|{{xt|oak}}]]<!-- plant family -->, [[Great apes|{{xt|great&nbsp;apes}}]]<!-- animal family -->, [[Bryde's whales|{{xt|Bryde's&nbsp;whales}}]]<!-- species group -->, [[Livestock guardian dog|{{xt|livestock&nbsp;guardian&nbsp;dog}}]]<!-- domestic type -->, [[Poodle|{{xt|poodle}}]]<!-- domestic breed group but not a breed -->, [[Van cat|{{xt|Van&nbsp;cat}}]]<!-- domestic geographic landrace -->, [[Wolfdog|{{xt|wolfdog}}]]<!-- hybrid/crossbreed/mongrel not recognized as a standardized breed -->. Marka magaca common-ka ah uu la mid yahay taxon scientific ah, ha u qorin xaraf weyn ama italics, marka laga reebo halka la tixraacayo organism-ka taxonomically: {{xt|A lynx is any of the four medium-sized wild cat species within the genus ''Lynx''.}} Magacyada vernacular ee aan English-ka ahayn, marka ay la xiriiraan in lagu daro, waxaa loo maareeyay sida terms-ka kale oo aan English-ka ahayn: italics sidaas, oo xaraf weyn kaliya haddii shuruudaha luqadda hooyo ay u baahan yihiin. Magacyada aan English-ka ahayn oo noqday kuwo lagu dhex dhasheeyay English-ka waxaa loo treats-garaysay sida English-ka ([[Ayahuasca|{{xt|ayahuasca}}]], [[Okapi|{{xt|okapi}}]]). {{Shortcut|MOS:BREED}}{{Anchor|Breed}}'''[[Standardized breeds]]''' waa inay caadi ahaan dhonsadaan capitalization-ka loo isticmaalay heerka breed-ka.{{efn|name=Standardized breeds|1=Hagaha breeds-ka lagu daray [[Diff2/881140543|RfC on capitalization of the names of standardized breeds|December 2018 RfC]]. "Standardized breed" wuxuu waayay macno toos ah oo caddaynaya, laakiin wuxuu ku dhex jiraa breed kasta oo ku dhex jira [[breed standard]] ama [[studbook]] ee kooxda notable breeder/fancier. Kooxaha kale ee dhabaha dhaladada ah ma aha standardized breeds: noocyada taariikhda hore, kooxaha breed-ka, dadka feral-ka ah, landraces, iyo [[crossbreed]]s ama [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] oo aan kooxaha waaweyn ma aqoonsan sida breeds. Kuwo badan caadi ahaan ma aha [[Wikipedia:Notability|notable]] laakiis.}} Tusaalooyinka: [[German Shepherd|{{xt|German Shepherd}}]], [[Russian White goat|{{xt|Russian White goat}}]], [[Berlin Short-faced Tumbler|{{xt|Berlin Short-faced Tumbler}}]]. Sida dhirta cultivars, kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa haddii noun-ka lagu daray uu yahay magac sax ah ama kale, oo ka soo karşı sida magacyada vernacular ee species loo qoro. Laakiin, ka baxsan cultivars, breeds waligeed ma lagu lago xigmadda single-ka ah, oo magacyadoodu waligeed ma aha qayb ka mid ah magac scientific ah. Term-ka species oo lagu daray dhamaadka si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga ("cat", "hound", "horse", "swine", iyo wixii la mid ah) waa inuusan noqon xaraf weyn, ilaa uu yahay qayb ka mid ah magaca breed-ka laakiis oo si joogto ah lagu muujiyo foomkaas heerka breed-ka (xaaladaha dhifka ah waxaa ku jira [[Norwegian Forest Cat|{{xt|Norwegian Forest Cat}}]] iyo [[American Quarter Horse|{{xt|American Quarter Horse}}]]). Samee [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirections]] ka soo baxay capitalization-ka kale iyo foomamka spelling-ka ee mawduucyada maqaalka, iyo magacyada kale, t.s., [[Adélie Penguin]], [[Adelie penguin]], [[Adelie Penguin]] iyo ''[[Pygoscelis adeliae]]'' dhammaan waa inay redirection u sameeyaan [[Adélie penguin]]. ===Celestial bodies=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Celestial bodies}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (astronomical objects)}} Erayada ''sun'', ''earth'', ''moon'', iyo ''solar system'' ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn isticmaalka guud ({{xt|The sun was over the mountain top}}; {{xt|The tribal people thought of the whole earth as their home}}). Waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn marka entity-ga uu yahay personified ({{xt|Sol Invictus ('Unconquered Sun') was the Roman sun god}}) ama marka loo isticmaalo sida magaca body gaar ah xaaladda scientific ama astronomical ({{xt|The Moon orbits the Earth}}; laakiin {{xt|Io is a moon of Jupiter}}). Magacyada planets, moons, asteroids, comets, stars, constellations, iyo galaxies waa magacyo sax ah, oo sidaas darteed xaraf weyn ah ({{xt|The planet Mars is in the constellation Gemini, near the star Pollux}}). Xarafka ugu horreeya ee eray kasta oo ku dhex jira magacaas waa xaraf weyn ({{xt|Alpha Centauri}} ma aha {{!xt|Alpha centauri}}; {{xt|Milky Way}}, ma aha {{!xt|Milky way}}). Erayada sida ''comet'' iyo ''galaxy'' waa inay noqdaan xaraf weyn marka ay samaynayaan qayb ka mid ah magac sax ah, laakiin ma aha marka loo isticmaalo sida term guud ({{xt|Halley's Comet is the most famous of the comets}}; {{xt|the Andromeda Galaxy is a spiral galaxy}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Compass"></span>Dhibcaha compass-ka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Compass points}} Ha u qorin xaraf weyn '''directions''' sida ''north'' ama foomamka la xiriira ({{xt|We took the northern road}}) marka laga reebo marka ay yihiin qaybo ka mid ah magacyada saxda ah ({{xt|Great North Road}}, {{xt|Great Western Drive}}, {{xt|South Pole}}). U qor xaraf weyn '''magacyada gobollada''' haddii ay gaareen heerka magaca saxda ah, ku dhex jira magacyada caadiga ah ee heshiiska ({{xt|Southern California}}; {{xt|the Western Desert}}), iyo terms-ka ka soo baxay ee dadka (t.s., ''Southerner'' sida ein ka soo jeeda [[Southern United States]]). Ha u qorin xaraf weyn magacyada sharraxaadda leh ee gobollada oo aan gaarin heerka magacyada saxda ah, sida {{xt|southern Poland}}. Directions-ka composite waxaa lagu dhex jiri karaa ama aan lagu dhex jiri karin hyphen, iyadoo ku xiran [[#National varieties of English|nooca English-ka ee loo dhasheeyay]] maqaalka. {{xt|Southeast Asia}} iyo {{xt|northwest}} waxay ka caansan yihiin American English-ka; laakiin {{xt|South-East Asia}} iyo {{xt|north-west}} waxay ka caansan yihiin British English-ka. Xaaladaha sida {{xt|north–south dialogue}} iyo {{xt|east–west orientation}}, isticmaal en dash; eeg {{section link||Other uses for en dashes}}. ===<span id="Institutions"></span>Magacyada saxda ah ka soo karşı terms-ka guud=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Institutions|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Capitalization of The{{!}}Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Capitalization of ''The''}} U qor xaraf weyn magacyada doorka gaarka ah ({{xt|the founding of the University of Delhi}}; {{xt|the history of Stanford University}}) laakiin ma aha erayada guud ee doorka ({{xt|the high school is near the university}}). Ha u qorin xaraf weyn ''the'' bilowga magaca doorka, iyadoo aan loo eegin qaabka loo doorbido ee doorka. Waxaa jira waxyaabo gaar ah oo dhif ah, marka la hoggaaminayo ''The'' oo lagu muujiyay ''T'' ku dhex jirta acronym-ka kooxda: {{xt|The International Cat Association (TICA)}}. U treats-garee political ama geographic units foomkan oo kale: {{xt|The city has a population of 55,000}}; {{xt|The two towns merged to become the City of Smithville}}. Ha u sameynin sida qaabka wargaysyada maxalliga ah oo tixraacaya municipality-ga sida ''the City'' ama ''The City'', marka laga reebo City of London [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#City of London|xaaladaha qaarkood]]. Hagahaani wuxuu sii kordhayaa soo-saarka doorka, companiyo, iyo kooxaha kale. Tusaale ahaan, magaca dhan ee sharciga sida {{xt|Online Safety Act 2023}} wuxuu noqon doonaa xaraf weyn, laakiin tixraacyada ka dambeeya ee {{xt|the act}} ma noqon doonaan. ==<span class="anchor" id="Acronyms and abbreviations"></span><span class="anchor" id="Acronyms"></span><span class="anchor" id="Initialisms"></span><span class="anchor" id="Shortenings"></span>Gaabinta== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Initials}} Gaabinta waa foomamka gaaban ee erayada ama foomamka. Raadinta saxda ah, waxay ku kala duwan yihiin [[Contraction (grammar)|contractions]], oo isticmaala [[apostrophe]] (t.s., ''won't'', eeg {{Section link||Contractions}}), iyo [[initialism]]s. Initialism waxaa lagu samaynayaa ka mid ah ama dhammaan xarfaha bilowga ah ee erayada ku dhex jira foom. Ka hooseeya, tixraacyada gaabinta waa in loo qaadaa inay ku dhex jiraan acronyms, iyo term-ka ''acronym'' waa inuu sidoo cuali ahaan ku dabaqmaa initialisms. ===U qor matoorada ugu horreeya si dhan=== {{Shortcut|MOS:1STOCC|MOS:1STABBR}} Marka gaabinta loo isticmaali doono maqaal, soo bandhig iyadoo la isticmaalayo foomka dhan, iyo gaabinta ku dhex jirta parentheses: {{Block indent|{{xt|an early local area network (LAN) developed by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC){{nbsp}}... DEC's later LAN products were{{nbsp}}...}}}} Ha isticmaalin xarfo waaweyn foomka dhan kaliya sababtoo ah xarfaha waaweyn waxaa loo isticmaalay gaabinta: {{!xt|an early Local Area Network (LAN)}}. Marka laga reebo xaaladaha gaarka ah, gaabinta caadiga ah (sida {{xt|PhD}}, {{xt|DNA}}, ama {{xt|USSR}}) looma baahna in lagu fido xataa isticmaalka ugu horreeya. ===Foomamka plural-ka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:GREENGROCER}} U samee plural [[acronyms]] iyadoo lagu darayo ''-s'' ama ''-es'': {{xt|Three CD-ROMs and two BIOSes were released}}. Ha isticmaalin ''[[greengrocer's apostrophe]]'' si aad u samayso plurals: {{!xt|Three CD-ROM's and two BIOS's were released}}. ===<span class="anchor" id="Periods (full stops) and spaces"></span><span class="anchor" id="Full stops and spaces"></span><span class="anchor" id="op.cit."></span>Punctuation iyo spacing=== {{Shortcut|MOS:PS}} Gaabintu waxay ku dhabayn kartaa ama aan ku dhabayn karin full point (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-garaysay ''period'' ama ''full stop''). Qaab joogto ah waa in lagu dhasheeyaa ku dhex jirta maqaal. Isticmaalka North American caadi ahaan waa in lagu dhabeeyo dhammaan gaabinta period ({{xt|Dr. Smith of 42&nbsp;Drummond St.}}) laakiin isticmaalka caadiga ah ee British iyo Australian, ma jiro period loo isticmaalo haddii gaabinta (contraction) ay ku dhabayso xarafka ugu dambeya ee foomka aan la gaabin ({{xt|Dr Smith of 42&nbsp;Drummond St}}) ilaa is-dhaafsi uu keeni karo. Kani waa sidoo cuali ahaan isticmaalka caadiga ah ee qoraalka scientific-ka ah. Iyadoo aan loo eegin punctuation, erayada lagu gaabay ka badan hal xaraf waa lagu dhex jiraa space ({{xt|op.&nbsp;cit.}} ma aha {{!xt|op.cit.}} ama {{!xt|opcit}}). Waxaa jira waxyaabo ka baxsan oo yar: {{xt|PhD}} {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg sare)}} "Philosophiae Doctor"; {{xt|BVetMed}} "Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine". Xaaladaha badankooda, Wikipedia ma isticmaalto punctuation-ka oo kale ku dhex jirta acronyms iyo initialisms: {{xt|GDP}}, ma aha {{!xt|G.D.P.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="US"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S."></span><span class="anchor" id="USA"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S.A."></span>US iyo U.S.<!-- When renaming this section title, rename the full link at [[Wikipedia:Consistency]] -->=== {{Shortcut|MOS:US|MOS:U.S.|MOS:USA|MOS:U.S.A.}} {{redirect|MOS:US|the use of the word "us"|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#First-person pronouns}} {{xt|US}} waa gaabinta caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo ee {{xt|United States}}, inkastoo {{xtn|U.S.}} – oo leh periods iyo aan lahayn space – ay tahay mid caadi ah daabacadaha North American, ku dhex jirta wargaysyada news-ka. Hagayaasha qaabka American qaarkood, ku dhex jiro ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style]]'' (tan iyo 2010), waxay baabi'iyeen {{!xt|U.S.}} waxayna soo sheegeen {{xt|US}}. Sababaha [[#Opportunities for commonality|wadaagga]], isticmaal {{xt|US}} default ahaan marka aad gaabinayso, laakiin [[#Retaining existing styles|sii wad]] {{xtn|U.S.}} maqaallada American ama Canadian English oo ay horey u dhisantay, ilaa ay jirto sabab wanaagsan oo loo beddelo. Sababtoo ah isticmaalka periods ee gaabinta iyo acronyms wuxuu noqon doonaa mid joogto ah ku dhex jira maqaal kasta, mar walba isticmaal {{xt|US}} maqaal leh gaabinta waddammada kale. Gaabinta dheeraad ah oo lagu dhex jiro initials-ka waddanka ({{xt|USN}}, {{xt|USAF}}), waligeed ha isticmaalin periods. Marka United States lagu xuso hal ama ka badan waddammada kale ku dhex jirta jumlad oo kale, {{xt|US}} (ama {{xtn|U.S.}}) wuxuu noqon karaa mid aad u informal ah, gaar ahaan xusidda ugu horreysa ama sida noun halkii adjective ({{xt|France and the United States}}, ma aha {{!xt|France and the US}}). Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|U.&nbsp;S.}} oo leh space ama {{!xt|U.S.&nbsp;of&nbsp;A.}} oo taariikh hore ah, marka laga reebo marka aad xigasho sameynayso. Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|U.S.A.}} ama {{!xt|USA}} marka laga reebo ku dhex jirta xigasho, sida qayb ka mid ah magac sax ah ({{xt|Team USA}}), ama isticmaalka tignoolajiyada iyo rasmiga ah ee qaarkood (t.s., [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3]], [[FIFA country codes|FIFA]], iyo [[IOC country codes]]). ===Circa=== {{for|examples|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Uncertain, incomplete, or approximate dates}} Si loo muujiyo ''si xaddidan'', isticmaalka {{tl|circa}}, oo muuqda sida {{xt|{{circa}}}}, waxaa ka wanaagsan {{!xt|circa}}, {{!xt|c.}}, {{!xt|ca.}}, ama {{!xt|approx.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="unwarranted abbreviations"></span>Ka fogao isticmaalka aan la xaqijin=== {{Hatnote|See also: {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|Units of measurement}} for when to abbreviate units of measurement.}} Ka fogao gaabinta marka ay jahwareerin karaan akhristaha, baabi'in karaan socodka, ama ka muuqan karaan informal. Tusaale ahaan: *Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|approx.}} ee {{xt|approximate(ly)}} marka laga reebo infobox ama table (xaaladaas isticmaal {{tlx|abbr|approx.|approximately}} xusidda ugu horreysa: {{xt|{{abbr|approx.|approximately}}}}). *Ha isticmaalin legalism-ka {{!xt|Holmes J}} ee {{xt|[[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.|Justice Holmes]]}}. <!-- this might be better in [[WP:JARGON]] --> ===Ha samaynin=== Ka fogao sameynta [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#Neologisms|gaabinta cusub]], gaar ahaan acronyms. Tusaale ahaan, {{xtn|World Union of Billiards}} waa wanaagsan yahay sida {{em|turjumaad}} ee {{xt|[[Union Mondiale de Billard]]}}, laakiin ma aha iyada ama yareynta {{!xt|WUB}} oo loo isticmaalay kooxda ama tixraacyada gaarka ah; isticmaal magaca asalka ah iyo gaabintiisa rasmiga ah, {{xt|UMB}}. Haddii ay noqoto mid lagama maarmaan ah in lagu gaabiyo space yar, sida [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables#Captions and headers|column header ee table-ka]], isticmaal gaabinta si baaxad leh loo aqoonsan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, ee {{xt|New Zealand gross national product}}, isticmaal {{xt|NZ}} iyo {{xt|GNP}}, oo leh isqu xir haddii term-ka aan horey loogu qorin maqaalka: {{xt|NZ&nbsp;[[Measures of national income and output|GNP]]}}. Ha samaynin initialisms sida {{!xt|NZGNP}}. ===HTML tags iyo moodallada=== Mid ka mid ah {{tag|abbr|o}} ama {{tlx|abbr}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa gaabinta iyo acronyms: {{tag|abbr|params=title="World Health Organization"|content=WHO|wrap=yes}} ama {{tlx|abbr|WHO|World Health Organization}} waxay samayn doonaan {{abbr|WHO|World Health Organization}}; [[mouseover|soreynta]] qoraalka muuqda waxay keentaa [[tooltip]] ee foomka dheer inuu soo muuqdo. ===Ampersand=== {{Shortcut|MOS:AMP|MOS:&}} {{redirects|WP:&|the use of "and" in titles|Wikipedia:Article titles#Titles containing "and"}} Qoraalka caadiga ah iyo madaxyada, isticmaal ''and'' halkii [[ampersand]] (''&''): {{xt|January 1&nbsp;and&nbsp;2}}, ma aha {{!xt|January 1&nbsp;&&nbsp;2}}. Laakiin sii wad ampersand marka uu yahay qayb shaqaynaysa oo qaabka magac sax ah, mawduuca shaqaalaha, ama trademark, sida ku dhex jirta ''[[Up & Down (Horace Parlan album)|Up&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Down]]'' ama [[AT&T]]. Meelaha kale, ampersands waxaa loo isticmaali karaa joogteyn iyo dookh halka space uu aad u xaddidan yahay (t.s., tables iyo infoboxes). Xigashooyinka [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Typographic conformity|waxaa lagu beddeli karaa si dhibco leh]], gaar ahaan joogteynta halka noocyada kala duwan lagu xigto, maadaama noocyada cusub ee qoraallada hore ay si joogto ah u beddealaan ampersands ''and'' (sida ay u beddealaan [[glyph]]s kale oo aan la isticmaalin, [[Typographic ligature|ligatures]], iyo gaabinta). Isticmaalka kale oo loo ilaysay laakiin aan loo baahnayn waa tixraacyada gaaban ee shaqaalaha leeh qoraa badan, t.s.: {{xt|<nowiki><ref>Lubbers & Scheepers (2002); Van Hiel & Mervielde (2002); Swyngedouw & Giles (2007); Van Hiel (2012).</ref></nowiki>}}. ==Italics== {{Shortcut|MOS:IT|MOS:ITAL}} {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Italic type}} ===<span id="Do not use capitals for emphasis"></span>Emphasis=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Emphasis}} Italics waxaa loo isticmaalaa emphasis, halkii [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Boldface|boldface]] ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#All caps and small caps|capitals]]. Laakiin isticmaalka badan wuxuu yareeyaa shaqadiisa: tixgeli dib-u-qorista halkii. Isticmaal {{tag|em}} ama {{tlx|em|...}} ee emphasis. Kani wuxuu u sahlayaa [[Help:User style|user style sheets]] in lagu maareeyo emphasis foom gaar ah, wuxuuna taageeraa reusers-ka iyo turjumaada.{{refn|{{cite web |last1=Ishida |first1=Richard |title=Using b and i elements |quote=the content of a <code>b</code> element may not always be bold, and that of an <code>i</code> element may not always be italic. |url=https://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-b-and-i-tags |website=W3C Internationalization |publisher=[[World Wide Web Consortium]] |date=2015 |access-date=1 September 2016}} }} *Sax: <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>The meerkat is <em>not</em> actually a cat.</nowiki>}}</code> *Sax: <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>The meerkat is {{em|not}} actually a cat.</nowiki>}}</code> ===<span id="Italics-Titles"></span>Mawduucyada=== {{shortcut|MOS:NOITALIC}} {{/titles hatnote include|where=MOS#I-T}} Isticmaal italics mawduucyada shaqaalaha (sida buugaagta, filimada, taxanaha TV-ga, bandhigga la magacaabay, video games-ka, albums-ka muusigga, iyo fanka). Mawduucyada maqaallada, chapters-ka, noocyada, episodes-ka, storylines-ka, papars-ka raadinta iyo shaqaalaha kale ee gaaban waxay qaataan calaamadaha xigmadda double-ka ah. Italics ma loo isticmaalo shaqaalaha diinta ee waaweyn ({{xt|the Bible}}, {{xt|the Quran}}, {{xt|the Talmud}}). Kuwa badan oo mawduucyadaani waa inay sidoo kale ku dhex jirin [[#Titles of works|title case]]. ===Erayada sida erayada=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Words as words}} {{for|the policy when a word or phrase itself may be an encyclopedic subject|Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#When a word or phrase may be an encyclopedic subject}} Isticmaal italics marka aad {{em|xusayso}} eray ama xaraf {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Use–mention distinction]])}} ama foomka erayada ilaa hal jumlad ({{xt|the term ''panning'' is derived from ''panorama''}}; {{xt|the most common letter in English is ''e''}}). Marka jumlad dhan la xuso, calaamadaha xigmadda double-ka ah waxaa loo isticmaali karaa halkii, iyadoo leh joogteyn ({{xt|The preposition in ''She sat on the chair'' is ''on''}}; ama {{xt|The preposition in "She sat on the chair" is "on"}}). Calaamadaha xigmadda waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa maaddada gaaban si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga, sida marka italics horey loo isticmaalay si xooggan bogga ee sabab kale (t.s., ee erayada iyo foomamka badan ee aan English-ka ahayn). {{em|Xusidda}} (si looga wada-hadlo grammar, wording, punctuation, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxay ku kala duwan tahay {{em|xigashoda}} (halka wax caadi ahaan lagu muujiyo ka magaca tixraaca la xigtay). Xigashoda waxaa lagu sameeyaa calaamadaha xigmadda, waligeed ma aha italics, ama labadaba waqti oo kale {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Quotations}} si aad u ogaato xeel-dheeraan).}} Isticmaalka la xiriira ee italics waa marka la soo bandhigayo ama lagu kala saarayo terms: {{xt|The ''natural numbers'' are the integers greater than 0.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign words"></span> Erayada aan English-ka ahayn=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Non-English terms}} Italics waxaa lagu muujiyay foomamka aan English-ka ahayn iyo erayada aan English-ka ahayn ee gaarka ah oo aan caadi ahaan loo isticmaalin English-ka maalin kasta. Laakiin, magacyada saxda ah (sida magacyada meelaha) ee luqadaha kale caadi ahaan ma aha italics, ama terms-ka ku dhex jira scripts-ka aan Latin-ka ahayn. Moodalka {{tlx|lang}} iyo noocyadiisa waxay taageeraan dhammaan [[ISO 639]] koodhadhka luqadaha, iyagoo sax ah u aqoonsanaya luqadda iyo si otomaatig ah u italics-garaynaya. Fadlan isticmaal moodalladan halkii aad manwal ahaan italics ugu sameyn lahayd maaddada aan English-ka ahayn. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link|WP:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Other languages}} si aad u ogaato macluumaad dheeraad ah.)}} ===Magacyada scientific-ka ah=== Isticmaal italics magacyada scientific-ka ah ee dhirta, dhabaha, iyo [[Kingdom (biology)|dhammaan organisms-ka kale]] marka laga reebo viruses heerka [[genus]] iyo ka hooseeya (italics-garo {{xt|''Panthera leo''}} iyo {{xt|''Retroviridae''}}, laakiin ma aha {{xt|Felidae}}). Sign-ka hybrid ma aha italics ({{xt|''Rosa''&nbsp;×&nbsp;''damascena''}}), ama "connecting term" loo baahan yahay ku dhex jirta [[Trinomial nomenclature#In botany|magacyada botanical-ka ee saddexda qaybood ah]] ({{xt|''Rosa gallica'' subsp. ''officinalis''}}). ===<span id="Italics and quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka ku dhex jira italics=== {{shortcut|MOS:ITALQUOTE|}}{{See also|#Quotations}} <section begin="Quotations in italics body"/>Ha u lagin xigashooyinka italics. [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation marks|Calaamadaha xigmadda]] (ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Block quotations|block quoting]]) kaliya waa kuwo ku filan oo foomamka saxda ah si loogu muujiyo xigashooyinka. Italics waa in loo isticmaalo kaliya haddii maaddada la xigtay ay haddii kale u baahan lahayd italics.<section end="Quotations in italics body"/> ([[#Italics within quotations|Eeg ka hooseeya]].) ===Italics ku dhex jira xigashooyinka=== <section begin="Italics within quotations body"/>Isticmaal italics ku dhex jira xigashooyinka si aad u soo saarto emphasis oo ku dhex jirta maaddada tixraaca ama si aad u muujiso isticmaalka erayada aan English-ka ahayn. Emphasis waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu sameyo {{tlx|em}}. Haddii aysan caddayn in tixraacu horey u lagu daray italics (ama qaab kale) ee emphasis, ama si loo muujiyo marka emphasis aan loo isticmaalin qoraalka asalka ah laakiin dambe lagu daray tifaftirka, ku dar xusuus-qoraalka tifaftirka {{xt|[emphasis in original]}} ama {{xt|[emphasis added]}}, sida ay u kala horreeyaan, ka dambaysta xigashoda. * Tusaale ahaan: {{xt|"Now cracks a noble heart. Good night sweet prince: And {{em|flights of angels}} sing thee to thy rest." [emphasis in original].}}<section end="Italics within quotations body"/> ===Atharta ku dhex jirta punctuation-ka dhow=== {{Shortcut|MOS:ITALPUNCT}} Italics-garo kaliya elements-ka jumlada oo uu saameeyay emphasis-ku. Ha italics-garayn punctuation-ka ku dhex jira dhowga. *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|What are we to make of {{em|that?}}}} (Su'aashu waxay ku dabaqmaysaa jumlada dhan, ma aha kaliya emphasis-ka ''that'', markaas waa inaysan noqon italics.) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|What are we to make of {{em|that}}?}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Four of Patrick White's most famous novels are ''A Fringe of Leaves'', ''The Aunt's Story'', ''Voss'', and ''The Tree of Man''.}} (Commas, period, iyo erayga ''and'' ma aha italics.) ==Xigashooyinka== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTE}}{{See|Wikipedia:Do not include the full text of lengthy primary sources}} {{Redirects here|MOS:QUOTE|the section on quotation characters|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation characters|the essay|Wikipedia:Quotations}} [[Wikipedia:Non-free content#Guideline examples|Xigashooyinka gaaban ee qoraalka la dhowray]] waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loogu muujiyo dhibic, loo dhiibo xaalad, ama loo atribuigo dhibic fikir ama aragti. Inkastoo xigashooyinku ay yihiin qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah Wikipedia, isticmaalka badan ee iyaga ka mid ah ma aha mid ku habboon qaabka qoraalka encyclopedic-ka ah oo wuxuu noqon karaa [[Wikipedia:Copyrights|baabi'inta copyright-ka]], markaas badankooda mawduuca waa inuu ku dhex jiraa erayada tifaftiraha laakiis. Tixgeli dib-u-qorista xigashooyinka si ay u noqdaan qoraal toos ah oo gaaban marka ay habboon tahay (iyadoo la ogaaday in [[Wikipedia:Close paraphrasing|dib-u-qorista dhow]] ay sii baabi'in karto copyright-ka). [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Quotations|Ha u lagin xigashooyinka italics]] ilaa maaddadu ay italics ugu noqoto sabab kale laakiis. Per [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|siyaasada verifiability-ga]], xigashooyinka tooska ah {{em|waa in}} ay la socdaan [[WP:INCITE|inline citation]] oo ka soo baxday [[WP:RS|tixraac lagu aamini karo]] oo taageeraya maaddada. Kani waa mid gaar ah oo muhiim ah maqaallada ku saabsan ama ku dhex jira maaddada ku saabsan [[WP:BLP|dadka nool ama dhowaan dhintay]] (BLPs). ===<span class="anchor" id="Principle of minimal change"></span><span class="anchor" id="Minimal change"></span><span class="anchor" id="PMC"></span><span class="anchor" id="PLC"></span><span class="anchor" id="MINIMALCHANGE"></span><span class="anchor" id="MINCHANGE"></span><span class="anchor" id="LEASTCHANGE"></span>Qoraalka asalka ah=== {{Shortcut|MOS:PMC|MOS:SIC}} {{Redirect|WP:PMC|closure of requested moves by page movers|Wikipedia:Requested moves/Closing instructions#Closure by a page mover}} {{Redirect|WP:PLC|inclusion guidelines for organizations|Wikipedia:Notability (organizations and companies)|the handling of the abbreviation "plc" in article titles|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (companies)}}Xigashooyinka waa inay noqdaan kuwo [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiably]] loo atribuigoy, iyo qoraalka qoraalka la xigtay waa inuu noqdo mid si dhab ah loo soo saaro. Kani waxaa loo tixraacaa sida {{em|maamulka beddelka yar}}. Halka ay jirto sabab wanaagsan oo loo beddelo qoraalka, ku dar square bracket qoraalka la beddelay; tusaale ahaan, {{!xt|"Ocyrhoe told him his fate"}} waxaa loo xigtay karaa sida {{xt|"Ocyrhoe told [her father] his fate"}}. <!-- IF EDITING THE FOLLOWING SENTENCE, PLEASE UPDATE THE DOCUMENTATION AT [[Template:Sic/doc]] ACCORDINGLY --> Makhaadhaa yar ee spelling-ka iyo typographic-ka waa in si toos ah loo hagaajiyo (tusaale ahaan, hagaaji {{!xt|basicly}} loo beddelo {{xt|basically}}). Haddii ay jirto makhaadhaa muhiim ah asalka ku dhex jirta, raac iyada oo leh {{tlx|sic}} (soo saaraya {{sic}}{{hsp}}) si loogu muujiyo in makhaadhaahu aysan ahayn mid ay sameysay Wikipedia; tusaale ahaan, {{xt|"his interview with the Dolly Llama {{sic}}"}}. Marka lagu dabaqo qoraal oo isku xir leh, syntax-ka moodalka waxaa loo hagaajin karaa {{tlx|sic|2=nolink=y}} (soo saaraya {{sic|nolink=y}} qoraalka isku xirka leh ee ka soo baxa; tusaale ahaan ku dhex jirta isku xirka: [[Template:Sic|{{sic|nolink=y}} template]]).{{efn|name="sicwarning"|{{tl|Sic}} ma aha in loo isticmaalo dhexda {{tag|ref}} tags, ama ku dhex jirta [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation templates]] sida [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]] iyo [[Help:Citation Style 2|Citation Style 2]], sababtoo ah wuxuu ku dhex jiraa markup oo baabi'in doona [[COinS]] metadata ee ay soo saaraan; eeg [[Wikipedia:COinS]].<!-- Per [[Template:Sic]] there is a {{COinS safe|n}} warning that it "should not be used in citation templates such as Citation Style 1 and Citation Style 2, because it includes markup that will pollute the COinS metadata they produce; see Wikipedia:COinS." -->}} Sababaha saxda ah iyo indexing-ka, mawduucyada tixraacyada ee loo tixraacay ma aha in loo hagaajiyo spelling-ka, laakiin hagaajinta yar ee typographic-ka ah (sida beddelka [[MOS:CURLY|curly quotes]] loo beddelo straight) waxaa lagu sameyn karaa si toos ah. Inline citations ee ku dhex jira qoraalka la xigtay, oo loo tixraaco aan loo isticmaalin maqaalka Wikipedia, waa in si toos ah loo baabi'iyo. Isticmaal [[#Ellipses|ellipses]] si aad u muujiso ka-tagista qoraalka la xigtay. Ka-tagista la xaqijiyay waxaa ku jira erayada aan loo baahnayn, aan la xiriirin, ama parenthetical-ka ah, iyo yaraynta yar ({{!xt|umm}} iyo {{!xt|hmm}}), laakiin ha ka tagin qoraal halka aad sameyso ay baabi'in doonto xaaladda muhiimka ah ama beddeli doonto macnaha qoraalka. Vulgarities iyo obscenities waa in lagu muujiyo si sax ah sida ay ka muuqdaan tixraaca la xigtay; Wikipedians ma aha in waligeed [[Wikipedia:Offensive material#How to treat offensive material in articles|baabi'iyaan erayada]] ({{!xt|G-d d--n it!}}), laakiin haddii qoraalka la xigtay {{em|laikiisu}} uu foomkan u sameyo, copy-garo qoraalka verbatim oo isticmaal {{tlx|sic}} si aad u muujiso in qoraalka loo xigtay sida ka muuqata tixraaca. Xigashooyinka tooska ah, sii wad spelling-ka dialectal iyo archaic-ka ah, ku dhex jirta capitalization-ka (laakiin ma aha glyphs iyo ligatures archaic-ka ah, sida lagu sharraxay ka hooseeya ku dhex jirta {{slink||Typographic conformity}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Quotation point of view"></span>Aragtida=== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTEPOV}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Attributing and specifying biased statements|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Expressions of doubt}} Xigashoda waa in loo isticmaalo, iyadoo la atribuigo, si loo soo bandhigo aragtiyada emotive ee aan lagu muujin karin poxa Wikipedia laikiis, laakiin waligeed ma aha si loo soo bandhigo heerarka culture sida kaliya aragtiyada: *La accepts karo: {{xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film "unforgettable".}} *Aan la accepts karin: {{!xt|The site is considered "sacred" by the religion's scriptures.}} Aragtiyada gaaban ee aan aad uga emotive ahayn caadi ahaan waxaa lagu soo sheegi karaa iyadoo la atribuigo halkii xigashoda tooska ah. Isticmaalka calaamadaha xigmadda ee terms-ka sharraxaadda leh ee gaaban wuxuu [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Expressions of doubt|muujin karaa wax is-dhaafsi ah]] oo ku saabsan maaddada la xigtay; sarcasm ama [[weasel words]], sida ''supposedly'' ama ''so-called'', waxaa lagu muujin karaa. *La accepts karo: {{xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film interesting.}} *Aan loo baahnayn oo muujin kara is-dhaafsi: {{!xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film "interesting".}} *Waa in la xigto: {{xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film "interesting but heart-wrenching".}} ===Typographic conformity=== {{Shortcut|MOS:CONFORM}} {{redirect|MOS:CONFORM|consistency within articles|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Consistency within articles}} Xigashodu ma aha [[wikt:facsimile|facsimile]] oo, xaaladaha badankooda, ma aha shuruud in qaabka asalka ah lagu dhowro. Qaabka iyo elements-ka kale ee typographic-ka ah ee qoraalka la xigtay{{efn|"Qoraalka la xigtay" ee typographic conformity iyo sababaha kale ee badan wuxuu ku dhex jiraa mawduucyada shaqaalaha, magacyada kooxaha, iyo foomamka kale oo, asalkiisa, la xigtay. Tusaale: waxyaabaha sida "Mexican-American War" waxaa si joogto ah loo hagaajiyaa loo beddelo "Mexican–American War" Wikipedia-ha, ku dhex jirta mawduucyada tixraacyada loo tixraacay, ku dhex jirta qoraalka maqaalka, tixraacyada xusuus-qoraalka, ama meelaha kale ee bogga. Kani ma leeyahay athar raadinta shaqaalaha aan tixraacnay, maadaama dhammaan raadinta waaweyn ay baabi'iyaan calaamadaha punctuation-ka.}} waa in lagu dhasheeyo heshiisyada Wikipedia-ha English-ka oo aan lahayn xusuus-qoraal, iyadoo la xaqijiyay in sameynta kani aysan beddeli doonin ama baabi'in doonin macnaha ama inta qoraalka. Kani waa beddelka oo aan samaynayn kala duwanaansho marka qoraalka loo akhrriyo si toos ah; tusaale ahaan: *Normalize dashes iyo hyphens: eeg {{Section link||Dashes}}. Isticmaal qaabka loo doortay maqaalka: unspaced [[em dash]] ama spaced [[en dash]]. *Beddel apostrophes iyo calaamadaha xigmadda loo beddelo qaabka Wikipedia: **Kuwani waa inay noqdaan toos, ma aha curly ama slanted. Eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}}. **Marka aad xigtayso xigasho iyada laikiis ku dhex jirta xigasho, beddel dhexda isticmaalka double iyo single quotes ee xigasho kasta. Eeg {{section link||For a quotation within a quotation}} si aad u ogaato xeel-dheeraan. *Marka aad xigtayso qoraal ka soo baxay luqadaha aan English-ka ahayn, punctuation-ka ka baxsan waa inuu raaco [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation marks|Manual of Style ee calaamadaha xigmadda English-ka]]. Haddii ay jiraan xigashooyinka ku dhex jira, raac shuruudaha punctuation-ka saxda ah ee luqaddaas. Haddii ay jiraan qaabab badan oo luqad ah, midka loo isticmaalay Wikipedia-ha luqaddaas waa ka wanaagsan yahay ilaa punctuation-ka laikiisu uu yahay ku dhex jiro wada-hadal. *:{{xt|The cynical response "{{lang|fr|italic=unset|L'auteur aurait dû demander&nbsp;: «&nbsp;à quoi sert-il d'écrire ceci&nbsp;?&nbsp;» mais ne l'a pas fait}}" was all he wrote.}} *Baabi'i spaces ka hor punctuation-ka sida periods iyo colons. *Caadi ahaan sii wad bold iyo italics {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Italics}})}}, laakiin badankooda qaabka kale waa in loo beddelo qoraal toos ah. {{!xt|{{Underline|Underlining}}}}, {{!xt|spac&nbsp;ing}} ku dhex jirta erayada, {{!xt|1=co<span style="color:Goldenrod;">lor</span>s}}, {{!xt|ALL CAPS}}, {{Smallcaps|{{!xt|small caps}}}}, iyo wixii la mid ah caadi ahaan waa in loo normalize-garayo qoraal toos ah. Haddii ay {{em|caddaynaysay}} muujinayso emphasis, isticmaal italic {{em|emphasis}} ({{tlx|em}}) ama, foomka dhexdiisa oo horey italics ah, boldface (leh {{tlx|strong}}). Mawduucyada buugaagta, maqaallada, gabayada, iyo wixii la mid ah, isticmaal italics ama calaamadaha xigmadda raacaya [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles|hagaha mawduucyada]]. Italics waxaa sidoo kale lagu dari karaa si loogu muujiyo [[#Non-English terms|terms-ka aan English-ka ahayn]] (leh moodalka {{tlx|lang}}), ee [[#Animals, plants, and other organisms|magaca scientific-ka ah ee organism-ka]], iyo si loogu muujiyo isticmaalka [[#Words as words|words-as-words]]. *Fiid gaabinta (aan horey loo isticmaalin mawduuca ka hor xigashoda) sida beddelka square-bracketed, ama ku sharrax iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|abbr}}. *Normalize glyphs iyo ligatures archaic-ka ah ee English-ka ee aan loo baahnayn macnaha (marka laga reebo magacyada saxda ah iyo luqadaha halka ligatures ay yihiin heer, per {{section link||Ampersand}} iyo {{Section link||Ligatures}}). Tusaalooyinka waxaa ku jira ''[[æ]]''→''ae'', ''[[œ]]''→''oe'', ''[[Long s|ſ]]''→''s'', iyo ''[[Thorn (letter)#Abbreviations|þ<sup>e</sup>]]''→''the''. {{crossref|pw=y|Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles#Typographic conformity}} si aad u ogaato waxyaabaha gaarka ah ee loo tixgeliyo normalization-ka typography-ka ee mawduucyada shaqaalaha.}} {{Shortcut|MOS:RETAINQUOTEVARIETY}} {{vanchor|Retain quote variety|text= Laakiin, noocyada qaranka ma aha in loo beddelo, maadaama kuwani ay ku dhex jiri karaan beddelka vocabulary-ka. Tusaale ahaan, xigasho ka soo baxday tixraac British ah waa in ay sii wadato spelling-ka British-ka, xataa maqaal oo haddii kale isticmaala spelling-ka American-ka. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Consistency within articles}}.)}}}} Nambarada sidoo kale caadi ahaan [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Quotations, titles, etc.|ma aha in loo re-format-gareeyo]]. Xigashoda tooska ah ma aha in loo isticmaalo si loo dhowro qaabka loo doorbido ee publisher ka baxsan (gaar ahaan marka maaddadu ay haddii kale noqon lahayd aan la beddelin), maadaama kani wuxuu leeyahay athar ee [[Scare quotes|scare-quoting]]: *{{em|La accepts karo}}: {{xt|The animal is listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.}} *{{em|Aan la accepts karin}}: {{!xt|The animal is listed as "Endangered" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.}} Italics waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loogu muujiyo isticmaalka gaar ah sida [[term of art]] (xaaladda "[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Words as words|words as words]]"), gaar ahaan marka ay tahay mid aan la dhasheyn ama ma aha in loo dib-u-qoro ka magaca aan aheyin expert: *{{em|La accepts karo}}: {{xt|The animal is listed as ''critically endangered'' on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.}} Marka aad xigtayso jumlad dhan, caadi ahaan waxaa lagu taliyaa in erayga ugu horreeya uu sii wado xaraf weyn. Laakiin, haddii qoraalka la xigtay lagu ammaan goyay jumlada dhow (tusaale ahaan, leh hordhac sida "{{var|X}} said that"), xarafka weyn ee asalka ah waxaa loo beddeli karaa xaraf yar. *{{xt|LaVesque's report stated: "The equipment was selected for its low price. This is the primary reason for criticism of the program."}} *{{xt|LaVesque's report said that "the equipment was selected for its low price".}} *{{xt|The program was criticized primarily because "the equipment was selected for its low price", according to LaVesque.}} Caadi ahaan looma baahna in la xuso beddelka capitalization-ka. Laakiin, si loo helo saxnaan dheeraad ah, xarafka la beddelay waxaa lagu lagi karaa ku dhex jira square brackets: {{nobr|"The" → "[t]he".}} *{{xt|The program was criticized primarily because {{nobr|"[t]he}} equipment was selected for its low price", according to LaVesque.}} ===Attribution=== Akhristahu waa inuu awoodaa inuu go'aamiyo tixraaca xigasho kasta, ugu yaraan ka magaca footnote. Tixraacu waa in lagu magacaabo {{em|qoraalka maqaalka}} haddii xigashodu ay tahay aragti {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|Attributing and specifying biased statements}})}}. Marka aad atribuigo-garayso xigasho, ka fogao [[Wikipedia:Words to avoid#Synonyms for said|sharraxaaddeeda foomka biased-ka ah]]. ===Xigashooyinka ku dhex jira xigashooyinka=== Eeg {{section link||For a quotation within a quotation}}. ===Isku xirka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:LINKQUOTE|MOS:LWQ}} Noqo mid dhibco leh marka aad isku xirayso ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka; isku xir kaliya bartilmaameedyada u dhigma macnaha caddaynaya ee loo intended-gareeyay qoraaga xigashoda. Halka ay suurtogal tahay, isku xir qoraalka ka baxsan xigashoda halkii – mid ka hor ama dhowaan ka dambeeya. (Haddii aad xigtayso [[hypertext]], ku dar xusuus-qoraal tifaftirka, {{xt|[link in original]}} ama {{xt|[link added]}}, sida habboon, si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga ku saabsan in isku xirka uu sameeyay qoraaga asalka ah.) ===<span class="anchor" id="Block quotations"></span><span class="anchor" id="Block quotes"></span>Block quotations=== {{Shortcut|MOS:BQ|MOS:BLOCKQUOTE}} U format-garee xigashoda dheer (ka badan 40 eray ama poynti yar oo xarfo ah, ama ka kooban ka badan hal paragraph, iyadoo aan loo eegin dheerka) sida [[block quotation]], iyadoo la isticmaalayo moodalka {{tlx|blockquote}}. Qoraalka lagu muujiyay block quotations iyo quote boxes (eeg ka hooseeya) waa inuusan laikiisu noqon mid lagu duubay calaamadaha xigmadda (ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda waaweyn, "decorative"-style). Block quotations iyo quote boxes oo isticmaalaya luga background ah sidoo kale ma lagu hagal-garayo. Isticmaal {{tnull|blockquote}} iyo markup-ka la midka ah kaliya xigashooyinka dhabta ah; [[#Indentation|indentation-ka sababaha kale]] waxaa loo sameeyay foom kale. Waa heshiis in lagu hor maro block quotation jumlad hordhac ah (ama qayb jumlad ah) oo lagu daro citation-ka tixraaca xarkaas. Alternativamente, moodalka {{tnull|blockquote}} wuxuu bixiyaa parameters ee attribution iyo citation oo ka muuqan doona ka hooseeya xigashoda. {{crossref|pw=y|(Ee isticmaalka dashes leh attributions, eeg {{section link||Other uses for em dashes}}.)}} Qaabkan attribution-ka ee ka hooseeya xigashoda waxaa loo intended-gareeyay xigashooyinka caanka ah oo ma aha caadi maqaallada sababtoo ah wuxuu ku oki lahaa tone aan habboonayn. Xigasho aan lahayn tixraac loo tixraacay waa in lagu calaamadeeyo {{tlx|quote without source}}, ama la baabi'iyo. Maadaama line breaks iyo indentation caadi ahaan lagu baabi'iyo ku dhex jirta {{tnull|blockquote}} ama {{tag|blockquote|o}}, isticmaal {{xtag|poem}} ama {{tlx|poem quote}} gabayada, lyrics, iyo maaddada la midka ah. Maaddadaas waxaa sidoo cuali ahaan loo xigtay karaa inline, leh line breaks oo lagu muujiyay <code><nowiki>{{nbsp}}/</nowiki></code>, iyo paragraph ama stanza breaks oo lagu muujiyay <code><nowiki>{{nbsp}}//</nowiki></code>. Tusaale ahaan: {{xt|"And, as in uffish thought he stood,{{nbsp}}/ The Jabberwock, with eyes of flame,{{nbsp}}/ Came whiffling through the tulgey wood,{{nbsp}}/ And burbled as it came!{{nbsp}}// One, two! One, two! And through and through{{nbsp}}/ The vorpal blade went snicker-snack!"}} {{Shortcut|MOS:BOXQUOTE|MOS:PQ|MOS:PULLQUOTE}} {{va|Pull quotes|Pull quote|Pull quotations|nocquote|text={{tlx|Quote box}} waa alternative ee inline quote ama block quote. Quote boxes waxaa lagu muujiyaa foom gaar ah (la mid ah sawirrada) oo waxay ugu wanaagsan yihiin xigashooyinka muhiimka ah ama sanado ah. Waxay samayn karaan [[WP:POV|point of view]] ama [[WP:UNDUE|undue weight]] arrimo, sababtoo ah xigashooyinka ma lagu lagayo xaaladda ama ma lagu ammaan goyo qoraalka maqaalka. Sidaas darteed, waa in loo isticmaalo si dhibco leh.}} [[Pull quote]]s ma aha kuwo ka mid ah maqaallada Wikipedia. Kuwani waa [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not news|news iyo magazine style]] oo ku saabsan "pulling" maaddada horey ku dhex jirtay maqaalka si loo dib-u-isticmaalo xigashooyinka decorative-ka ah ee soo jiidata attention-ka. Qaabkan unencyclopedic-ka ah waa foom ka mid ah [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Editorializing|editorializing]], wuxuuna soo saaraa [[Wikipedia:Writing better articles#Provide context for the reader|out-of-context]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Due and undue weight|undue emphasis]], oo wuxuu [[Wikipedia:No original research|keeni karaa akhristaha go'aanno]] aan lagu taageerin maaddada. Xigashoda badan ee qoraalka la dhowray (haddii ay u format-gareeyay sida blockquote ama kale, oo xataa haddii lagu credited-gareeyay tixraaciisa) waa la xannibay. Eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Quotations#Copyrighted material and fair use}}. ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign-language quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka aan English-ka ahayn=== {{Shortcut|MOS:FOREIGNQUOTE|}} Xigashooyinka ka soo baxday tixraacyada aan English-ka ahayn waa inay ka muuqdaan turjumaad loo beddelay English, ugu wanaagsan mid cusub{{efn|name=recent}}. Xigashooyinka ah turjumaada waa in si toos ah loo kala saaro kuwa aan ahayn. Muuji tixraaca asalka ah ee turjumaada (haddii uu yahay mid la heley karo, oo aan markii ugu horreysay lagu daabacin ku dhex jirta Wikipedia), iyo luqadda asalka ah (haddii aysan caddayn xaaladda). Haddii qoraalka asalka ah ee aan la turjumin uu yahay mid la heley karo, bixi tixraac iyada ama ku dar iyada, sida habboon. Marka tifaftireyaasha laikiisu ay turjumaan qoraalka loo beddelo English,{{efn|[[Wikipedia:No original research#Translations and transcriptions|Turjumaada laikiisu ma u baahna tixraac marka uu sameeyo tifaftire]]; laakiin xigashooyinka loo isticmaalay ku dhex jirta [[WP:REF|tixraacyada]], [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Quoting|turjumaada ka soo baxday tixraacyada lagu aamini karo waa ka wanaagsan yihiin]], ama [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Citing|tixraacyada luqadda English-ka ee ka wanaagsan]] .}} daryeel waa in mar walba loo qaado si lagu dhex jiro qoraalka asalka ah, {{em|[[MOS:FOREIGNITALIC|ku dhex jira italics]]}} ([[MOS:BADITALICS|marka laga reebo dhismaha scripts-ka aan Latin-ka ahayn]], oo ugu wanaagsan lagu sameyo moodallada {{tlx|lang}} ama {{tlx|langx}}, oo labaduba italics-gareynaya sida habboon oo bixinaya luqadda metadata); iyo si loo isticmaalo erayada dhabta ah iyo (haddii ay suurtogal tahay) erayada caadiga ah ee English-ka ku dhex jira turjumaada. Ilaa aad ka si dhab ah uga ogaato competency-gaaga aad wax ku turjumayso, eeg [[Wikipedia:Translation]] si aad u hesho taageero. ==Punctuation== {{Shortcut|MOS:PUNCT}} {{For|a brief guide to how some punctuation marks are used in Wikipedia for special purposes, e.g., [[Help:List#List basics|description lists]]|Help:Punctuation}} ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign characters that resemble apostrophes"></span>Apostrophes=== {{Shortcut|MOS:'|MOS:APOSTROPHE}} *Isticmaal [[straight apostrophe]]s ({{big|{{mxt|'}}}}), ma aha [[curly apostrophe]]s ({{big|{{!mxt|’}}}}). Ha isticmaalin accent marks ama [[backtick]]s ({{big|{{!mxt|`}}}}) sida apostrophes. *Moodallada sida {{tlx|`}} iyo {{tlx|`s}} waxay leeyihiin taageero marka apostrophe (ama single quote) ka muuqdo bilowga ama dhamaadka qoraalka ku dhex jira italics ama bold, sababtoo ah italics iyo bold laikiisu waxaa lagu muujiyaa noocyada single quotes. **Marka apostrophe raaco qoraalka italics-ka ah, {{tlx|'}} ama {{tlx|'s}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si looga fogaado xarafka ugu dambeeya ee qoraalka dhanka midig ah inuu isku xiro apostrophe-ka. Tusaale: {{xt|the ''Iliad''{{'s}} themes}} (markup: {{nobreak|<code><nowiki>the ''Iliad''{{'s}} themes</nowiki></code>}}). *Xarfaha u okiya apostrophes iyo curly quotes, sida [[{{okina}}okina]] ({{mxt|{{okina}}}}{{snd}}la dhex geliyo iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|okina}}), [[Saltillo (linguistics)|saltillo]] ({{mxt|{{saltillo}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|saltillo}}), Hebrew [[ayin]] ama Arabic ʿayn ({{mxt|{{ayin}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|ayin}}), iyo Arabic [[hamza]] ({{mxt|{{hamza}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|hamza}}), waa in lagu muujiyo moodalladaas ama xarfaha laikiis ee [[Unicode]]. (Basic Arabic transliteration, oo isticmaala ASCII apostrophe, waxaa ka wanaagsan xaaladaha badankooda ka magaca [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Arabic]]; xarfaha kale kani waxaa loo isticmaalaa kaliya transliteration-ka saxda ah.) **Moodallada ma loo isticmaali karo mawduucyada maqaalka; isticmaal xarafka Unicode-ka ee u dhigma toos. Per {{Section link|Wikipedia:Article titles#Special characters}}, sidoo kale samee redirection ka soo baxay foomka ASCII-ka ah si loogu taageero raadinta. Foomamka aan lahayn xarfaha apostrophe-ka oo kale marna waxaa ka wanaagsan ka magaca {{Section link|Wikipedia:Article titles# Use commonly recognizable names}} (t.s. [[Hawaii]] laakiin ma aha [[Keali{{okina}}i Reichel]]). *:{{crossref|pw=y|Sidoo kale eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles|Orthography, spelling and formatting}}}} *Ee [[Wade–Giles]] romanizations ee Mandarin Chinese, isticmaal {{tlx|wg-apos}}. *Luqadaha leh [[ejective consonants]] iyo wixii la mid ah, isticmaal {{tlx|hamza}}. *Ee Cyrillic [[soft sign]], marka lagu muujiyo dhammaan, isticmaal {{tlx|softsign}} ama {{tlx|hamza}}. *Ee isticmaalka possessive apostrophe-ka, eeg {{section link||Possessives}}. *Ee xeel-dheeraanta isticmaalka apostrophe-ka (possessive, elision, formation ee plurals qaarkood, arrimo luqadaha aan English-ka ahayn), eeg maqaalka [[Apostrophe]]. ===Calaamadaha xigmadda=== {{Shortcut|MOS:"|MOS:QUOTEMARKS|}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotations}} Maaddada ka hooseysa, term-ka ''quotation'' wuxuu ku dhex jiraa isticmaalka caadiga ah ee calaamadaha xigmadda sida mawduucyada noocyada, chapters-ka, episodes-ka, iyo wixii la mid ah. Calaamadaha xigmadda sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaalaa xaaladaha kale, sida [[#Animals, plants, and other organisms|magacyada cultivar]]. ====Calaamadaha xigmadda xarfaha==== {{Shortcut|MOS:CQ|MOS:CURLY|MOS:STRAIGHT}} *Isticmaal {{xt|{{big|<b>"</b>}}straight{{big|<b>"</b>}}}} calaamadaha xigmadda, ma aha {{!xt|{{big|<b>“</b>}}curly{{big|<b>”</b>}}}} kuwo. (Ee [[single quotes]]: {{xt|{{big|<b>'</b>}}straight{{big|<b>'</b>}}}}, ma aha {{!xt|{{big|<b>‘</b>}}curly{{big|<b>’</b>}}}}.) *Ha isticmaalin accent marks, backticks ({{!xt|{{big|'''`'''}}text{{big|'''´'''}}}}), low–high ({{!xt|„&nbsp;“}}), corner brackets ({{!xt|「&nbsp;」}}), [[guillemet]]s ({{!xt|«&nbsp;»}}), ama [[Chinese punctuation#Book title marks|title marks]] ({{!xt|《&nbsp;》}}) sida calaamadaha xigmadda (marka laga reebo marka marks-kaas ay yihiin {{em|internal}} ee qoraalka aan English-ka ahayn ee la xigtay{{snd}}eeg {{slink||Typographic conformity}}). Symbols-ka {{!xt|′}} iyo {{!xt|″}} ee ka muuqda edit window dropdowns waa "[[prime (symbol)|prime]]" iyo "double prime" sida ay u kala horreeyaan: kuwani waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loogu muujiyo [[Minute and second of arc|units of angular measurement]], oo ma aha sida apostrophes ama quote marks. *Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo apostrophes ee maaddada la import-gareeyay [[#Typographic conformity|waa in loo beddelo]] haddii ay noqoto lagama maarmaan si loo raaco sare. ====<span id="Double or single quotation marks"></span><span id="Single quotation marks"></span>Double ama single==== {{Shortcut|MOS:SINGLE|MOS:DOUBLE|}} *Badankooda xigashooyinku waxay qaataan calaamadaha xigmadda double-ka ah ({{xt|Welles said: "It was a terrible situation."}}),{{efn|1=Double quotation marks waxaa ka wanaagsan single sababtoo ah waxay si toos ah uga kala duwan yihiin apostrophes: *{{!xt|She wrote that 'Cleanthes' differs from the others', but neither opinion may represent Hume's'}} (wuxuu yareeyaa akhristaha). *{{xt|She wrote that "Cleanthes' differs from the others', but neither opinion may represent Hume's"}} (caddayn badan). }} marka laga reebo xigashooyinka ku dhex jira (eeg ka hooseeya). *Plant cultivars waxay qaataan calaamadaha xigmadda single-ka ah ({{xt|''Malus domestica'' 'Golden Delicious'}}; eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora)]]). *[[Gloss (annotation)#In linguistics|Glosses]] oo turjumaya ama definining-garaynaya terms aan la dhasheyn (marka la isticmaalayo [[MOS:WORDSASWORDS|words as words]]) waxay qaataan single quotes; glosses-ka gaaban ma u baahna comma ka hor definition-ka ({{xt|''Cossack'' originates from [[Cuman language|Cuman]] {{lang|qwm|proto=yes|qazaq}} 'freebooter'; ''republic'' comes from Latin {{lang|la|res publica}}, loosely meaning 'public affair'.}}). Moodalka {{tl|Gloss}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa tan; t.s. <code>{{tlp|lang|es|casa}} {{tlf|gloss|house}}</code> wuxuu soo saaraa: {{lang|es|casa}} {{gloss|house}}. Ee turjumaada tooska ah, moodalka {{tl|Literal translation}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa; wuxuu dhex gelyaa {{xt|lit.}} ka hor gloss-ka. ====Ee xigasho ku dhex jirta xigasho==== {{Shortcut|MOS:QWQ|}} Isticmaal single quotes: *{{xt|Darwin wrote in his introduction that "the maxim 'de minimis lex non curat' does not apply to science".}} Ee dhismaha dheeraad ah, beddel dhexda single iyo double quotes: *{{xt|He said, "That book asserts, 'Confucius said "Everything has beauty, but not everyone sees it.{{" ' "}}}} Ee quote marks ee uusocodka tooska ah, ku dar space yar iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{nowrap|{{tl|" '}}}}, {{nowrap|{{tl|' "}}}}, ama (sida tusaale ahaan halkan loo dhiibay) {{nowrap|{{tl|" ' "}}}}: *{{xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!{{' "}}}} Markup: <code>He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!{{tl|' "}}</code> *{{!xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!'"}} (jamming garaynta waxyaabaha waxay u okisaa si xun fonts badankooda) *{{!xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!'{{nbsp}}"}} (space caadi ah wuxuu leeyahay inta badan) ====<span id="Quotation marks in article openings"></span>Bilowga maqaalka==== {{Shortcut|MOS:BOLDQUOTE}} Qoraalka bold-ka ah oo caadi ahaan ka muuqda bilowga maqaalka: *Calaamad kasta oo xigmadda ah oo qayb ka mid ah mawduuca waa in ay noqoto bold sida qaybta hartay ee mawduuca. **Ka soo baxay ''[["A" Is for Alibi]]'': {{xt|'''''"A" Is for Alibi''''' is a mystery novel&nbsp;...}} *Calaamadaha xigmadda ee {{em|aan}} qayb ka mid ah mawduuca ma aha in ay noqdaan bold. **Ka soo baxay [[Jabberwocky]]: {{xt|"'''Jabberwocky'''" is a nonsense poem&nbsp;...}} **Ka soo baxay [[Babe Ruth]]: {{xt|'''George Herman''' "'''Babe'''" '''Ruth''' was an American baseball player&nbsp;...}} {{crossref|pw=y|(Sidoo kale eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography|Nicknames}}.)}} ====Punctuation ka hor xigashooyinka==== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTEPUNCT}} Haddii dhisma aan la xigtay laakiin kale oo u dhigma uu shaqayn lahaa grammatically aan lahayn comma, isticmaalka comma ka hor xigasho oo lagu ammaan goyay jumlad waa dookh: *{{xt|The report stated "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} ([[wikt:cf.|Cf.]] aan la xigtay {{xt|The report stated there was a 45% reduction in transmission rate.}}) *{{xt|The report stated, "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} Qaabka aan lahayn comma ka sanado badan waxaa loo isticmaalaa xigashooyinka qaybta ah: *{{xt|The report observed "a 45% reduction in transmission rate".}} Comma waxaa loo baahan yahay marka ay ka muuqan lahayd dhismaha oo kale haddii maaddada aan ayan ahayn xigasho: *{{xt|In Margaret Mead's view, "we must recognize the whole gamut of human potentialities" to enrich our culture.}} Ha dhex gelin comma haddii ay is-dhaafsi keeni karto ama beddeli karto macnaha: *{{xt|Caitlyn Jenner expressed concerns about children "who are coming to terms with being true to who they are".}} (Xigasho sax ah oo ka soo baxday foomka ku saabsan {{em|carruurta qaarkood}}{{snd}}gaar ahaan carruurtaas "who are coming to terms{{nbsp}}...") *{{!xt|Caitlyn Jenner expressed concerns about children, "who are coming to terms with being true to who they are".}} (Beddelaa macnaha si loogu muujiyo Jenner in ay muujinaysay concern ku saabsan {{em|dhammaan}} carruurta, inta la dhiibay in carruurtu, guud ahaan, "are coming to terms{{nbsp}}...") Waxay ka caddayn tahay in loo isticmaalo colon si loo soo bandhigo xigasho haddii ay samaynayso jumlad dhan, iyo kani waa in mar walba loo sameyo xigashooyinka jumlado badan leeh: *{{xt|The report stated: "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} *{{xt|In a letter to his son, Albert Einstein wrote: "Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance you must keep moving."}} Punctuation dheeraad ah ma aha mid lagama maarmaan ah ee tooska ah [[#Words as words|words-as-words]] xaaladda: *{{xt|The message was unintelligible except for the fragments "help soon" and "how much longer before".}} ====<span class="anchor" id="Quotation marks-Titles"></span><span id="Quotation marks with names and titles"></span>Magacyada iyo mawduucyada==== {{/titles hatnote include|where=MOS#P-QM-N&T}} Calaamadaha xigmadda waa in loo isticmaalo magacyada iyo mawduucyada soo socda: {{columns-list|colwidth=27em| *Maqaallada iyo chapters-ka (buugaagta iyo periodicals waa italics) *Sheekooyinka gaaban (buugaagta iyo periodicals waa italics) *Qaybaha muusigga (pieces waa italics) *Strips-ka gaarka ah ee comics iyo webcomics (comics waa italics) *Gabayada (gabayada dheer ama epic waa italics) *Noocyada (albums, song cycles, operas, operettas, iyo oratorios waa italics) *Episodes-ka gaarka ah ee taxanaha TV-ga iyo radio-ga iyo [[Serial (radio and television)|serials]] (mawduuca taxanaha waa italics){{efn|1="Mawduuca taxanaha waa italics" wuxuu isticmaalayaa ''taxanaha'' si loogu macneeyo show-ga dhan. Season (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay ''series'' ee British English-ka) leh mawduuciisa laikiis wuxuu isticmaalaa calaamadaha xigmadda mawduucaas, sida sub-work.}} }} {{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The Beatles wrote "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" for their album ''Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band''.}} Ha isticmaalin calaamadaha xigmadda ama italics ee qoraallada hore, concert tours, meelaha, cibaadooyinka, myths, iyo epics. (Kuwa badan, laakiin ma aha dhammaan, oo ka mid ah waxyaabahaani [[#Titles of works|waa inay sidoo kale ku dhex jirin title case]].) ====<span class="anchor" id="LP"></span><span class="anchor" id="LQ"></span><span class="anchor" id="TQ"></span><span class="anchor" id="logical quotes"></span><span id="Punctuation inside or outside quotation marks"></span>Punctuation ku dhex jirta ama ka baxsan==== {{Shortcut|MOS:LQ|MOS:LOGICAL|MOS:INOROUT}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Logical quotation on Wikipedia|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Effect on nearby punctuation}}<!-- Another kind of punctuation "in or out". EDITORS PLEASE NOTE: Changes to this section may escalate into heated dispute. Please consider raising any proposed changes for discussion and consensus-building on the talk page before editing. --> Isticmaal qaabka [[logical quotation]] dhammaan maqaallada, iyadoo aan loo eegin nooca English-ka oo lagu qoray. Ku dar punctuation-ka dhamaadka ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda kaliya haddii uu ka muuqday maaddada asalka ah, oo haddii kale u lag ka dambaysta calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. Qaybta badankeeda, kani wuxuu macneynayaa u treats-garaynta periods iyo commas foomkaas oo kale sida question marks: sii wad ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda haddii ay ku dabaqmaan kaliya maaddada la xigtay iyo ka baxsan haddii ay ku dabaqmaan jumlada dhan. Tusaalooyinka waxaa loo dhiibay ka hooseeya. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Did Darla say, "Here I am"?}} (question mark wuxuu ku dabaqmaa jumlada dhan) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|Did Darla say, "Here I am?"}} (aan sax ahayn in lagu dabaqo question mark xigashoda) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Darla said, "Where am I?"}} (question mark wuxuu ku dabaqmaa maaddada la xigtay kaliya) Haddii xigashodu ay tahay eray gaar ah ama qayb jumlad ah, u lag punctuation-ka dhamaadka ka baxsan calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. Marka aad xigtayso jumlad dhan, dhamaadka oo u dhigma dhamaadka jumlada ku dhex jirta, u lag punctuation-ka dhamaadka ku dhex jira calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. *{{xt|Miller wanted, he said, "to create something timeless".}} *{{xt|Miller said: "I wanted to create something timeless."}} Haddii jumlada la xigtay ay raacdo [[clause]] oo waa in uu ka horreeyo comma, ka tag [[full stop]] (period), iyo ha u beddelin comma {{em|ku dhex jirta}} xigashoda.{{efn|Kani waa foomka ugu muhiimsan oo uu logical quotation ku kala duwan yahay isticmaalka punctuation-ka wargaysyada British-ka, halka publishers badan ay u ilayeeyaan beddelkaas maaddada la xigtay, oo ka aghas ah saxnaanta dhismaha logical punctuation-ka.}} Terminal punctuation kale, sida question marks ama exclamation marks, waxaa lagu dhowri karaa. *{{xt|Livingston then said, "It is done", and turned to the people.}} *{{xt|Livingston then exclaimed, "It is done!", and turned to the people.}} Haddii jumlada la xigtay ay raacdo clause oo aqoonsanaya speaker-ka, isticmaal comma ka baxsan calaamadda xigmadda halkii full stop ku dhex jira, laakiin sii wad terminal punctuation kasta oo kale, sida question mark. *{{xt|"There is no strife, no prejudice, no national conflict in outer space as yet", said Kennedy.}} *{{xt|By asking "Who are you?", she prompts John to tell his story.}} Ha raacin erayada ama qaybaha la xigtay commas ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda, marka laga reebo halka xigasho dheer lagu baabi'iyay iyo comma uu yahay qayb ka mid ah xigashoda dhan. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change, opening the way to confidence and courage", said Turner.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change," said Turner, "opening the way to confidence and courage."}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change, opening the way", said Turner, "to confidence and courage."}} *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|"I began to change, opening the way," said Turner, "to confidence and courage."}} ==== Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo isqu xirka ka baxsan ==== Isqu xirka ka baxsan ee u socda mawduucyada maqaallada waa in ay leeyihiin mawduuca ku dhex jira quotes ku dhex jira isqu xirka. Moodallada tixraaca ee [[Help:Citation Style 1|CS1]] iyo [[Help:Citation Style 2|CS2]] waxay sameynayaan tan si otomaatig ah, iyo tixraacyada aan moodalka lahayn waa inay sameeyaan foomkan oo kale. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|{{cite news |last1=Kiefer |first1=Francine |title=Clinton: The Early Years |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |date=May 29, 1998 |ref=none}}}} (Isticmaalka {{tl|cite news}}) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt| Kiefer, Francine (May 29, 1998). [https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html "Clinton: The Early Years"]. ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''.}} (Aan moodal lahayn) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt| Kiefer, Francine (May 29, 1998). "[https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html Clinton: The Early Years]". ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''.}} (Aan moodal lahayn) ==== Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo isqu xirka ku dhex jira ==== Isqu xirka ku dhex jira (wikilinks) oo ay la socdaan calaamadaha xigmadda caadi ahaan waa inay leeyihiin quotes ka baxsan isqu xirka. Kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa mawduucyada shaqaalaha ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda (noocyada, episodes-ka, iyo wixii la mid ah) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Play it, Sam. Play "[[As Time Goes By (song)|As Time Goes By]]".}} (Isticmaalka <code><nowiki>"[[ ]]"</nowiki></code>.) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|Play it, Sam. Play [[As Time Goes By (song)|"As Time Goes By"]].}} (Isticmaalka <code><nowiki>[[" "]]</nowiki></code>.) Laakiin, calaamadaha xigmadda waxaa loo baahan yahay ku dhex jira wikilinks marka calaamadda xigmadda ay tahay qayb ka mid ah isqu xirka, ama halka qoraalka isqu xirka leh ee muuqda uu ku dhex jiro calaamadaha xigmadda oo muujinaya slang, nicknames, magacyada caadiga ah, ama isticmaalka la midka ah. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The term ''soccer'' comes from [[Oxford "-er"|Oxford {{nowrap|"-er"}}]] slang, which was prevalent at the [[University of Oxford]] in England from about 1875...}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|A Cockney accent [[Rhoticity in English|drops the "r"]] after a vowel.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The [[Dynamo Sports Club|Proletarian Sports Society "Dynamo"]] was established in Moscow in 1923.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|President Suharto's [[New Order (Indonesia)|"New Order"]] administration received US support for its economic policies.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Japan's [[Lost Decades|"Lost Decades"]] began in 1991.}} ===Brackets iyo parentheses=== {{Shortcut|MOS:()|MOS:BRACKETS}} {{Redirect|MOS:PAREN|use of parentheses (round brackets) in article titles|WP:Article titles#Parenthetical disambiguation|deprecated inline parenthetical citations|WP:Citing sources#Parenthetical referencing}} Qaybtan waxay ku dabaqmaysaa labadaba round brackets {{xt|(&nbsp;)}}, sidoo cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay [[Bracket|parentheses]], iyo square brackets {{xt|[&nbsp;]}}. Haddii jumlad ay ku dhex jirto foom bracketed ah, u lag punctuation-ka jumlada ka baxsan brackets-ka {{xt|(sida halkan loo muujiyay).}} Laakiin, halka hal ama ka badan jumlado ay ku dhex jiraan brackets-ka dhan, u lag punctuation-kooda ku dhex jira brackets-ka. Waa inuusan jirin space dhow dhanka ku dhex jira ee bracket-ka. Bracket-ka oo starts-garoogaya caadi ahaan waa inuu ka horreeyo space. Kani ma noqon karo xaaladda haddii uu ka horreeyo calaamad xigmadda oo starts-garoogaysa, bracket kale oo starts-garoogaya, ama qayb ka mid ah eray: *{{xt|He rose to address the meeting: "(Ahem)&nbsp;... Ladies and gentlemen, welcome!"}} *{{xt|Only the royal characters in the play ([Prince] Hamlet and his family) habitually speak in blank verse.}} *{{xt|We journeyed on the Inter[continental].}} *{{xt|Most people are right-handed. (Some people are left-handed, but that does not make right-handed people "better" than left-handed people.)}} Waa inuu jiro space ka dambeeya bracket-ka xiritaanka, marka laga reebo halka punctuation mark uu raaco (inkastoo spaced dash uu sii wadi doono space ka dambeeya bracket-ka xiritaanka) iyo xaaladaha aan caadiga ahayn ee la midka ah kuwa lagu tirtiray bracket-ka starts-garoogaya. Ka fogao kooxaha dhow ee brackets-ka. Mid ka mid ah u lag foomamka parenthetical-ka ah ku dhex jirta hal koox oo lagu kala saaray semicolons, ama dib-u-qor: *{{em|Ka fogao}}: {{!xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919) (also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader.}} *{{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: {{xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919; also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader.}} *{{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: {{xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader. He was also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv.}} Square brackets waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loogu muujiyo beddelka tifaftirka iyo dhex-gelinta ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka, inkastoo kani waligeed ma aha inuu beddelo macnaha loo intended-gareeyay. Waxay u adeegaan saddex sababood oo waaweyn: *Si loo caddayo: {{xt|She attended [secondary] school}}, halka kani uu ahaa macnaha loo intended-gareeyay, laakiin nooca school-ka uusan ahayn mid lagu dhiibay jumlada asalka ah. *Si loo yareeyo dheerka xigashoda: {{xt|X contains Y, and under certain circumstances, X may contain Z as well}} waxaa loo yareeyn karaa {{xt|X contains Y [and sometimes Z]}}. Marka ellipsis ({{xt|...}}) loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo maaddada ka baxday xigashoda tooska ah, caadi ahaan ma aha in lagu duubo bracket. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Ellipses}} si aad u ogaato xaaladda gaarka ah.)}} *Si loo sameyo grammar-ka inuu shaqeeyo: Tixraacaya foomka dadka {{xt|"I hate to do laundry"}}, ein wuxuu sax ah ugu qori karaa {{xt|She "hate[s] to do laundry"}}. Haddii jumlad ay ku dhex jirta maaddo subsidiary ah oo lagu duubay square ama round brackets, waa in ay sii wadato terminal punctuation {{em|ka dambaysa}} brackets-kaas, iyadoo aan loo eegin punctuation kasta oo ku dhex jira brackets-ka. {{Block indent|{{xt|She refused all requests (except for basics such as food, medicine, etc.).}}}} Laakiin, haddii jumlada dhan ay ku dhex jirta brackets-ka, punctuation-ka xiritaanka wuxuu ku dhex jiraa brackets-ka. {{xt|(This sentence is an example.)}} ====Brackets iyo isqu xirka==== Square brackets ku dhex jira isqu xirka waa inay noqdaan kuwo [[Escape character|escaped]] ah: {| class="wikitable" | He said, "<code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[[John Doe|John &amp;#91;Doe&amp;#93;]]</nowiki>}}</code> answered." || He said, "[[John Doe|John &#91;Doe&#93;]] answered." |- | He said, "<code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[[John Doe|John {{bracket|Doe}}]]</nowiki>}}</code> answered." || He said, "[[John Doe|John {{bracket|Doe}}]] answered." |- | <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[https://example.com On the first day &amp;#91;etc.&amp;#93;]</nowiki>}}</code> || [https://example.com On the first day &#91;etc.&#93;] |- | <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[https://example.com On the first day {{bracket|etc.}}]</nowiki>}}</code> || [https://example.com On the first day {{bracket|etc.}}] |} Markup-ka {{xtag|nowiki}} sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaali karaa: {{tag|nowiki|content=[Doe]}} ama {{tag|nowiki|content=[etc.]}}. Haddii URL laikiisu uu ku dhex jiro square brackets, wikitext-ku waa inuu isticmaalo foomka [[URL encoding|URL-encoded]] ah <code><nowiki>https://</nowiki>example.com/foo.php?query={{bxt|%5B}}xxx{{bxt|%5D}}yyy</code>, halkii&nbsp;...<code>query={{!bxt|&#91;}}xxx{{!bxt|&#93;}}yyy</code>. Kani wuxuu ka fogaan doonaa baabi'inta isqu xirka ka dambaysa <code>xxx</code>. ====Angle brackets==== :''Ee guillemets («&nbsp;»), eeg {{section link|#Quotation characters}}'' Angle brackets (⟨&nbsp;⟩) waxaa loo isticmaalaa mawduucyada tignoolajiyada ee kala duwan, sida physics-ka ee [[bra–ket notation]] iyo [[Expectation value (quantum mechanics)|expectation value]] (t.s. {{xt|⟨''φ''{{!}}''ψ''⟩}}), mathematics-ka ee [[presentation of a group]], iyo linguistics-ka si loogu muujiyo [[grapheme]]s (t.s. {{xt|the digraph ⟨sh⟩}}). Ha isticmaalin less-than iyo greater-than signs (<&nbsp;>) sida angle brackets (t.s. {{!xt|<''φ''{{!}}''ψ''>}}, {{!xt|the digraph <sh>}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipses"></span><span class="anchor" id="..."></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis style"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis function and implementation"></span>Ellipses=== {{Shortcut|MOS:...|MOS:ELLIPSIS|}} Isticmaal ''[[ellipsis]]'' haddii maaddadu ay ka baxday xigashoda, ilaa square brackets loo isticmaalo si loo [[Gloss (annotation)|gloss]] xigashoda. *Ee prose iyo non-LaTeX mathematics formulae, ellipses waxaa lagu qoraa iyadoo la isticmaalayo saddex unspaced dots ({{xt|<code>...</code>}}); ha isticmaalin xarafka precomposed ellipsis-ka ah ({{!xt|<code>…</code>}})<!-- Possibly we should explain the precomposed character in terms of its code point or something --> ama saddex dots oo lagu kala saaray spaces {{nobr|({{!xt|<code>. . .</code>}})}} *Caadi ahaan, isticmaal non-breaking space ka hor ellipsis iyo space caadi ah ka dambaystiisa: {{nobr|{{xt|Alpha, Bravo,{{tl|nbsp}}... Zulu}}}} *Haddii ellipsis uu raaco <code>.&nbsp;?&nbsp;!&nbsp;:&nbsp;;&nbsp;,&nbsp;)&nbsp;]&nbsp;}</code> ama calaamad xigmadda oo xiritaanka ah (single ama double), ka tag space-ka ka dambaysa. U lag terminal punctuation ku dhex jira quote-ka kaliya haddii uu yahay mid muhiim ah qoraalka, sida caadi ahaan ah xaaladda exclamation marks iyo question marks laakiin dhifka ah periods: *: {{xt|Jones wrote: "These stories amaze me. The facts suffer so frightfully{{tlf|nbsp}}...".}} *: {{xt|"But what of the other cities? London, Paris{{tlf|nbsp}}...?"}} * Haddii ellipsis uu toos u raaco calaamad xigmadda oo starts-garoogaysa, kaliya isticmaal non-breaking space ka dambaystiisa: *: {{xt|He continued to pursue Smith ("...{{tlf|nbsp}}to the ends of the earth", he had sworn) until his own death.}} *{{Visible anchor|text=Si loo kala saaro ellipsis oo muujinaya qoraalka ka baxay iyo mid ka mid ah quote-ka, waxaad ku duubi kartaa kan kowaad square brackets: {{xt|She retorted: "How do I feel? How do you {{em|think}} I&nbsp;... This is too much!&nbsp;[...] Take me home!"}}|With square brackets}} *{{Visible anchor|text=Marka ellipsis loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo pause ama suspense ee speech-ka, sii wad punctuation-ka asalka ah: {{xt|Virginia's startled reply was "Could he&nbsp;...? No, I can't believe it!"}}. Marka loo isticmaalo ku dhex jira eray aan dhammaystirnayn, ma jiro space loo isticmaalo dhexda erayga qaybtiisa iyo ellipsis-ka: {{xt|The garbled transmission ended with "We are stranded near San L...o", interpreted as either San Leandro or San Lorenzo.}}|Pause or suspension of speech}} *In LaTeX-formatted mathematics formulae, isticmaal LaTeX markup-ka saxda ah ee lowered dots (<code>\dots</code>, <math>\dots</math>) ama xarfaha precomposed-ka ah oo leeh dots meelaha kale (sida centered ama diagonal, ⋯, ⋰, ama ⋱) ===<span class="anchor" id="fewer commas"></span>Commas=== {{Shortcut|MOS:,|MOS:COMMA}} Pair ka mid ah [[comma]]s wuxuu bracket-garayn karaa [[appositive]], [[relative clause]], ama [[parenthetical phrase]] (sida brackets ama dashes, inkastoo leh interruption dheeraad ah ee jumlada). Tusaale ahaan: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|John Smith, Janet Cooper's son, is a well-known playwright.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Janet Cooper's son John Smith is a well-known playwright.}} (marka Janet ay leedahay sons badan) {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Janet Cooper's son, John Smith, is a well-known playwright.}} (marka Janet ay leedahay kaliya hal son) {{!}}} }} Mar walba isticmaal {{em|pair}} ka mid ah commas ee tan, ilaa punctuation mark kale uu qaado meesha comma-ka labaad: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Blunt comments came from the newest member, John Smith.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|The newest member, John Smith{{snd}}a retired teacher{{snd}}was blunt.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|The newest member, John Smith was blunt.}}<!-- There's actually a way to parse this such that it would be acceptable in some styles, but WP articles don't use such styles. --> {{!}}} }} Ha u ilayn punctuation-ka kale inuu kaaga baabi'iyo u baahnaanta comma, gaar ahaan marka comma uu collided-garayyo bracket ama parenthesis: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Burke and Wills, fed by locals (on beans, fish, and ''ngardu''), survived for a few months.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Burke and Wills, fed by locals (on beans, fish, and ''ngardu'') survived for a few months.}} {{!}}} }} {{Shortcut|MOS:GEOCOMMA}} {{vanchor|Geographical references|text=In geographical references oo ku dhex jiraan heerarka badan ee subordinate divisions (t.s. city, state/province, country), comma wuxuu kala saaraa element kasta wuxuuna raacaa element-ka ugu dambeeya ilaa uu raaco terminal punctuation ama parenthesis-ka xiritaanka. Element-ka ugu dambeeya waxaa loo treats-garaysay sida [[Wikipedia:Basic copyediting#Parenthetical comma|parenthetical]].}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|He traveled through North Carolina before staying in Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the night.}}<!-- About a 10-hour drive if he started in Virginia Beach and passed through Winston-Salem. --> {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|He traveled through North Carolina before staying in Chattanooga, Tennessee for the night.}} {{!}}} }} Sidoo kale ku dar commas marka geographical element-ka loo isticmaalo sida disambiguator: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Hantratty received a PhD from the University of California, Irvine, in 1977.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Hantratty received a PhD from the University of California, Irvine in 1977.}} {{!}}} }} Ku dar comma labaad sidoo kale marka dhismaha leh comma [[Grammatical modifier|modifies-garayyo]] noun ama compound noun: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Keith Wilson won the 2024 Portland, Oregon, mayoral election.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Keith Wilson won the 2024 Portland, Oregon mayoral election.}} {{!}}} }} {{shortcut|MOS:DATECOMMA}} {{vanchor|Date commas|text=[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Dates, months, and years|Dates]] ku dhex jira month–day–year format waxay u baahan yihiin comma ka dambaysa day-ka, iyo sidoo kale ka dambaysa year-ka, ilaa ay raacdo punctuation kale. Element-ka ugu dambeeya waxaa loo treats-garaysay sida [[Wikipedia:Basic copyediting#Parenthetical comma|parenthetical]].}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|He set October 1, 2011, as the deadline for Patterson to meet his demands.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|He set October 1, 2011 as the deadline for Patterson to meet his demands.}} {{!}}} }} {{shortcut|MOS:QUOTECOMMA}} {{vanchor|Quotation commas|text= U lag calaamadaha xigmadda iyadoo la raacayo {{Section link||Punctuation inside or outside}}. Kani waxaa loo intended-gareeyay "logical quotation".}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Sax:}} {{!}} {{xt|She said, "The weather changes too often", and made other complaints.}} {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}} {{!xt|She said, "The weather changes too often," and made other complaints.}} {{!}}} }} Comma waxaa lagu dhex jiri karaa ka hor xigasho oo lagu ammaan goyay jumlad {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}})}}. ====<span class="anchor" id="Serial comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Oxford comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Oxford commas"></span><span class="anchor" id="Harvard comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Harvard commas"></span>Serial commas==== {{Shortcut|MOS:SERIAL|MOS:OXFORD||}} {{Redirect|MOS:OXFORD|Oxford spelling|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling#British English with "-ize" (Oxford spelling)}} A [[serial comma]] (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay ''Oxford comma'' ama ''Harvard comma'') waa comma loo isticmaalo toos ka hor conjunction (''and'', ''or'', ''nor'') ku dhex jirta liiska saddex ama ka badan items. {{Block indent|{{xt|ham, chips, and eggs}}{{spnd}}serial comma}} {{Block indent|{{xt|ham, chips and eggs}}{{spnd}}aan lahayn serial comma}} Tifaftireyaasha waxay isticmaali karaan mid ka mid ah heshiiska ilaa maqaal kasta uu yahay joogto ah ku dhex jirta. Serial commas waxay ka taageeraan badan marka qoraalka maqaalku uu yahay dhibco leh, sida liiska oo leh multi-word items (gaar ahaan haddii mid uu ku dhex jiro laikiis "''and''{{-"}}) ama nooc ka mid ah terms aan la dhasheyn oo laga yaabo. Laakiin, waxaa jira xaalado halka ka-tagista ama ku-darida serial comma ay keento is-dhaafsi: {{Block indent|{{!xt|The author thanked her friends, Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley}}{{spnd}}oo tirtiri kara mid ka mid ah afar ama ka badan dad ah (friends-ka iyo labada dad ee la magacaabay) ama laba dad ah (O'Connor iyo Marley, oo ah friends-ka).}} {{Block indent|{{!xt|The author thanked a friend, Sinéad O'Connor, and Bob Marley}}{{spnd}}oo tirtiri kara mid ka mid ah laba dad ah (O'Connor, oo ah friend-ka, iyo Marley) ama saddex dad ah (kan kowaad oo ah friend-ka, kan labaad O'Connor, iyo kan saddexaad Marley).}} Xaaladahaas is-dhaafsiga ah, cadday mid ka mid ah afar foom: *Ku dar ama baabi'i serial comma-ka. *Isticmaal jumlado gaar ah, bullet lists, ama beddelka dhismaha kale si loo caddayo. *Recast-garee jumlada ("friends" xaaladda): **Si loo tirtiro laba dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked her friends Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley.}} ***Caddayn badan: {{xt|The author thanked two friends: Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley.}} **Si loo tirtiro dad badan: **: {{xt|The author thanked Sinéad O'Connor, Bob Marley and her friends}} ama **: {{xt|The author thanked Sinéad O'Connor, Bob Marley, and her friends}}. ***Laakiin ma aha: {{!xt|The author thanked Bob Marley, Sinéad O'Connor[,] and her friends}}{{spnd}}soo bandhigaa is-dhaafsi ku saabsan ''her''. *Recast-garee jumlada ("friend" xaaladda): **Si loo tirtiro laba dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked Bob Marley and her friend Sinéad O'Connor.}} ***Ama noqo mid gaar ah marka ay suurtogal tahay: {{xt|The author thanked her childhood friend Sinéad O'Connor and her mentor, Bob Marley.}} **Si loo tirtiro saddex dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked Bob Marley, Sinéad O'Connor, and a friend.}} ***Caddaynta leh gender-specific terms sida ''mother'' waxay noqon kartaa dhibco leh; {{!xt|The author thanked her mother, Kim Thayil, and Sinéad O'Connor}} ma aha caddayn sababtoo ah akhristayaasha ma ogaankaraan [[Kim Thayil]] in uu yahay male oo ma noqon doono dadka oo kale sida mother-ka. ***Caddayn badan: {{xt|The author thanked Kim Thayil, Sinéad O'Connor, and her own mother}} ama {{xt|The author thanked her mother and musicians Kim Thayil and Sinéad O'Connor}}. ===Colons=== {{Shortcut|MOS:COLON}} {{For|the wikitext link formatting|Help:Colon trick}} A [[Colon (punctuation)|colon]] ({{xt|:}}) wuxuu soo bandhigaa wax muujinaya, sharraxaya, ama modifies-garaynaya waxa soo maray, ama ah liiska items oo dhowaan la soo bandhigay. Items-ka ku dhex jira liiskaas waxaa lagu kala saari karaa commas, ama haddii ay yihiin kuwo dhibco badan leh oo laga yaabo in ay laikiisu ku dhex jiraan commas, items-ka waa in lagu kala saaro semicolons ama lagu aaggaado bulleted list. {{Block indent|{{xt|We visited several tourist attractions: the Leaning Tower of Pisa, which I thought could fall at any moment; the Bridge of Sighs; the supposed birthplace of Petrarch, or at least the first known house in which he lived; and so many more.}}}} Colon waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa si loo soo bandhigo [[Quotation marks in English#Quotations and speech|direct speech]] oo lagu duubay calaamadaha xigmadda. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}}.)}} Marka colon loo isticmaalo sida separator ku dhex jira mawduuca maqaalka, madaxa qaybta, ama item liiska ah, tifaftireyaasha waxay dooran karaan in ay xaraf weyn ugu qoraan waxa raaca, iyadoo loo tixgelinayo [[#Retaining existing styles|isticmaalka jira]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Article titles#Consistency|joogteynta leh maqaallada la xiriira]]. Marka laga reebo isticmaalka tignoolajiyada ({{xt|a 3:1 ratio}}), ma jiro jumlad waa in ay ku dhex jirtay colons badan, ma jiro space waa in uu ka horreeyo colon, iyo space (laakiin waligeed ma aha hyphen ama dash) waa in uu raaco colon-ka. ===Semicolons=== {{Shortcut|MOS:;|MOS:SEMICOLON|}} {{for|usage in marking up description (definition) lists|Help:List#Description lists}} A [[semicolon]] ({{xt|;}}) marna waa alternative ee full stop (period), iyadoo u sahlaysa maaddada la xiriirta in lagu dhowro jumlada oo kale; waxay muujisaa kala saarisa la go'aamiyay ee jumlada marka loo eego comma. Haddii semicolon-ku uu kala saaro clauses, caadi ahaan clause kasta waa in uu noqdo mid gaar ah (macneheedu waa in uu taaggaanshaan karo laikiisu sida jumlad). Xaaladaha badankooda, kaliya comma ama kaliya semicolon wuxuu noqon doonaa sax ku dhex jira jumlad gaar ah. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Sax:}} | {{xt|Though he had been here before, I did not recognize him.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} | {{!xt|Though he had been here before; I did not recognize him.}} |} Sare, "Though he had been here before" ma taaggaanshaan karo laikiisu sida jumlad, oo sidaas darteed ma aha independent clause. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Sax:}} | {{xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit; bananas are classified as alkaline.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} | {{!xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit, bananas are classified as alkaline.}} |} Isticmaalkan aan saxda ahayn ee comma ee dhexda laba independent clauses waxaa loo intended-gareeyay [[comma splice]]; laakiin, xaaladaha qaarkood, comma waxaa loo isticmaali karaa halka semicolon wuxuu oki lahaa in loo baahan yahay: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | {{em|La accepts-garaysay}}: || {{xt|"Life is short, art is long."}} (laba clauses oo gaaban ku dhex jira [[aphorism]]; eeg ''[[Ars longa, vita brevis]]'') |- | {{em|La accepts-garaysay}}: || {{xt|"I have studied it, you have not."}} (soo sheegida wada-hadal gaaban, sida jawaabtan ee [[Isaac Newton|Newton]]) |} Jumlad waxay ku dhex jiri kartaa semicolons badan, gaar ahaan marka clauses-ku ay yihiin kuwo parallel ee dhismaha iyo macnaha; semicolons badan oo aan la xiriirin caadi ahaan waa calaamado ah in jumlada loo kala saaro jumlado gaaban ama foom kale loo dib-u-qoro. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Unwieldy}}: | {{!xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit; bananas are classified as alkaline; pears are close to neutral; these distinctions are rarely discussed.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: | {{xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit, bananas are alkaline, and pears are close to neutral; these distinctions are rarely discussed.}} |} Semicolons waxaa loo isticmaalaa ku-darida commas si loo kala saaro items ku dhex jira liiska, marka commas laikiisu ay keeni karaan jahwareer. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Jahwareer:}} | {{!xt|Sales offices are located in Boston, Massachusetts, San Francisco, California, Singapore, and Millbank, London, England.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Caddayn:}} | {{xt|Sales offices are located in Boston, Massachusetts; San Francisco, California; Singapore; and Millbank, London, England.}} |} ====Semicolon ka hor "however"==== {{Shortcut|MOS:HOWEVER}} {{Redirect|MOS:HOWEVER|its usage in editorialization|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Editorializing}} Macnaha jumlad ay ku dhex jirta trailing clause oo ku starts-garoogaysa erayga ''however'' wuxuu ku xiran yahay punctuation-ka ka horreeya eraygaas. Makhaadhaa caadi ah waa isticmaalka punctuation-ka aan saxda ahayn, iyadoo beddelaysa macnaha mid aan loo intended-gareeyn. Marka erayga ''however'' uu yahay adverb macneheedu yahay "nevertheless", waa in uu ka horreeyo semicolon oo uu raaco comma. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people; however, they tried.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people; nevertheless, they tried.}} |} Marka erayga ''however'' uu yahay conjunction macneheedu yahay "in whatever manner", ama "regardless of how", wuxuu ka horreyn karaa comma laakiin ma aha semicolon, oo waa inuusan raacin punctuation. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people, however they tried.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people, regardless of how they tried.}} |} Xaaladda kowaad, clause-ka oo ku starts-garoogaya "however" ma loo beddeli karo clause-ka kowaad; xaaladda labaad kani waxaa lagu sameyn karaa aan lahayn beddelka macnaha: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|However they tried, it was obvious they could not convert these people.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|Regardless of how they tried, it was obvious they could not convert these people.}} |} Haddii labada clauses aan loo beddeli karin, semicolon waxaa loo baahan yahay. Jumlad ama clause waxay sidoo kale ku dhex jiri kartaa erayga ''however'' dhexda, haddii uu yahay adverb macneheedu yahay "although" oo lagu lagi karay bilowga laakiin aan ku starts-garoogayn clause cusub dhexda jumlada. Isticmaalkan, erayga waxaa lagu duubi karaa dhexda commas. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|He did not know, however, that the venue had been changed at the last minute.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|However, he did not know that the venue had been changed at the last minute.}} |} ===Hyphens=== {{Shortcut|MOS:-|MOS:HYPHEN}} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Globe Toters-A Birla Preschool,Indore (cropped).jpg | image2 = Peuters_in_het_tehuis_zitten_met_zijn_allen_op_de_po,_Bestanddeelnr_252-0385.jpg | image3 = Graduates 2014 IMG 2779 (14083168633).jpg | caption1 = Four-year-old children | caption2 = Four year-old children | caption3 = Four-year old children }} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Haring 03.jpg | image2 = Great white Dyer island 2010-07.jpg | caption1 = A man {{nobr|eating fish}} | caption2 = A man-eating fish }} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Catalina_Island_Rescue_DVIDS1091019.jpg | image2 = Kintín al ataque (5189220934).jpg | caption1 = Officials help {{nobr|dog-bite victim}}. | caption2 = Officials help {{nobr|dog bite victim}}. }} [[File:Carry-On Aircraft.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|A sign {{shy|exhibiting over-eager hy|phen|a|tion}}: the second hyphen is fine, but the first is spurious.]] [[Hyphen]]s ({{xt|-}}) waxay muujiyaan conjunction. Waxaa jira saddex isticmaalka waaweyn: # In hyphenated magacyada dadka ({{xt|John Lennard-Jones}}, {{xt|Omar al-Bashir}}). # Si loogu isku xiro [[prefixes]] iyo [[suffixes]] oo leh terms-kooda waaweyn dhismaha qaarkood, [[#En dash across open compounds|ilbaa compounds-ka laikiisu ay ku dhex jiraan space ama hyphen]]: {{xt|quasi-scientific}}, {{xt|ultra-nationalistic}}, {{xt|London-based}}, {{xt|community-led}}. #*Hyphen waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loo kala saaro dhexda [[homograph]]s ({{xt|[[wikt:re-sign|re-sign]]}} macneheedu waa ''sign again'', laakiin {{xt|[[wikt:resign|resign]]}} macneheedu waa ''relinquish ownership'' ama ''leave a job''). #*Waxaa jira trend caddaynaya oo lagu ammaan goyo labada elements dhammaan noocyada English-ka ({{xt|subsection}}, {{xt|nonlinear}}). Hyphenation-ku wuxuu caddayaa marka xarfaha la keenay contact ay yihiin kuwo oo kale ({{xt|non-negotiable}}, {{xt|sub-basement}}) ama ay yihiin vowels ({{xt|pre-industrial}}), ama halka eray uu yahay mid aan caadi ahayn ({{xt|co-proposed}}, {{xt|re-target}}) ama laga yaabo in loo akhrriyo si aan sax ahayn ({{xt|sub-era}}, ma aha {{!xt|subera}}). Erayada qaarkood oo noocan ah si oo kale waa kuwo caadi ah aan lahayn hyphen-ka (t.s., {{xt|cooperation}} waxaa si joogto ah loo dhasheeyay ka badan {{xtg|co-operation}} ee English-ka cusub). Ka dhiiri erayada beddelaya macnahooda aan lahayn hyphen-ka, t.s. {{xt|re-creation}} (create again) iyo {{xt|recreation}} (amusement).{{efn|name=recent}} # {{va|Hyphens in compound modifiers|text=Si loogu isku xiro terms-ka la xiriira ee ku dhex jira [[compound modifier]]s}}:{{Efn|1=Gaar ahaan compound [[attributive adjective|attributives]], oo ah modifiers ee noun oo ka muuqda ku dhex jira [[noun phrase]]. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link|English compound#Hyphenated compound modifiers}}.)}}}} #*Hyphens waxay taageeri karaan fududaynta akhrrinta (waa inay noqdaan kuwo {{xt|ease-of-reading}} taageera) oo waxay gaar ahaan u wanaagsan yihiin noun phrases-ka dheer: {{xt|gas-phase reaction dynamics}}. Laakiin waligeed ha dhex gelin hyphen magac sax ah ({{xt|Middle Eastern cuisine}}, ma aha {{!xt|Middle-Eastern cuisine}}). #*Hyphen wuxuu taageeri karaa disambiguator-ka (qaarkood {{xt|short-story writers}} waa kuwo dheer; {{xt|a government-monitoring program}} waa program oo monitor-garaynaya xukuumadda, inta {{xt|a government monitoring program}} uu yahay program xukuumadda oo monitor-garaynaya). #*Compounds oo ah hyphenated marka loo isticmaalo {{em|[[Attributive adjective|attributively]]}} (adjectives ka hor nouns-ka ay qualified-garaynayaan: {{xt|a light-blue handbag}}, {{xt|a 34-year-old woman}}) ama {{em|[[substantive]]ly}} (sida noun: {{xt|she is a 34-year-old}}) caadi ahaan ma aha hyphenated marka loo isticmaalo {{em|[[Predicative expression|predicatively]]}} (foomka sharraxaadda leh oo lagu kala saaray noun-ka: {{xt|the handbag was light blue}}, {{xt|the woman is 34 years old}}). Halka uu ka jiri lahaa baabi'inta caddaynta laakiis, hyphen waxaa loo isticmaali karaa foomka predicative-ka ah sidoo kale ({{xt|hand-fed turkeys}}, {{xt|the turkeys were hand-fed}}). Attributive hyphenation-ka dhibco leh marna waxaa looga fogaan karaa dib-u-qorid fudud: {{xt|Hawaiian-native species}} → {{xt|native Hawaiian species}}. #*Ka fogao isticmaalka hyphen ka dambaysa heerka ''{{nowrap|-ly}}'' adverb ({{xt|a newly available home}}, {{xt|a wholly owned subsidiary}}) ilaa ay tahay qayb ka mid ah compound dheeraad ah ({{xt|a slowly-but-surely strategy}}). Xaaladaha dhifka ah, hyphen wuxuu ka wanaajin karaa caddaynta haddii alternative-ka dib loo qoray uu yahay dhibco leh, laakiin dib-u-qoriddu caadi ahaan waa ka wanaagsan tahay: {{!xt|The idea was clearly stated enough}} waxaa lagu disambiguator-gareyn karaa sida {{xt|The idea clearly was stated often enough}} ama {{xt|The idea was ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} 2lnvo6ht4c08m0uua4vuhpqt2rb36c1 310791 310790 2026-10-24T10:22:12Z Isma4l 41797 /* Xarfo-waweynaynta */ 310791 wikitext text/x-wiki {{MoS guideline|WP:MOS<!-- DO NOT add more shortcuts. None are as short and popular as this one. -->}} '''Haddaha Qaabka''' ('''MoS''' ama '''MOS''') waa [[haddaha qaabka]] ee dhammaan [[Wikipedia:Waa maxay maqaal?|maqaallada]] [[Wikipedia:Soomaali|Wikipedia-ha Soomaaliga]].{{efn|Isku xirka [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility|waxyaabaha la xiriira oo la heli karo]] waxay ku dabaqmaan dhammaan mashruuca, oo ma aha oo kaliya maqaallada.}} Boggan koowaad waxaa taageera [[:Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style|boggag yar oo xeel-dheer]], oo halkan la isku gudbin karo oo lagu tirtiray [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents]]. Haddii ay ka dhalato is-diido, boggani wuxuu leeyahay ka-horreyn.{{efn|name="CONLEVEL"|Kani waa arrin siyaasadeed oo ku saabsan {{section link|Wikipedia:Consensus|Level of consensus}}: "Is-afgaradka ka dhex jira koox xaddidan oo tifaftireyaal ah, hal meel iyo hal maalin, ma baabi'in karo [[Wikipedia:Community consensus|is-afgaradka samaynta]] ee baaxadda weyn. Tusaale ahaan, ilaa ay ka dhaadhiciyaan bulshada balaadhan in aysan sax ahayn, kaqeybgalayaasha WikiProject ma go'aamin karaan in siyaasada ama hagaha Wikipedia uusan ku dabaqmin maqaallada ku dhex jira baaxadeeda." Iyo: "Wikipedia waxay leedahay heer sare oo kaqeybgal iyo is-afgarad ee beddelka siyaasadaha iyo hagayaasha marka loo eego noocyada kale ee boggaga." Boggaga ka hooseeya waxaa ku jira [[:Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style|boggaga MoS-ka ee xeel-dheeraanta]], [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Guide#Advice pages|qoraallada qaabka]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style|Haddaha Qaabka ee Fudud]].}} {{vanchor|Clarity|text=Tifaftireyaal waa inay u qoraan maqaallada iyagoo isticmaalaya luqad toos ah, gaaban, oo fudud in la fahmo. Tifaftireyaal waa inay u dhisaan maqaallada qaabeyn joogto ah oo u sahlanaata akhristaha.}} {{va|Stability|text=Haddii ka badan hal qaab ama foom lagu aamini karo MoS-ka, mid waa in loo isticmaalo madal kasta oo ku dhex jirta maqaalka oo [[#Retaining existing styles|aan la beddelin]] sabab wanaagsan la'aanteed. [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|Tifaftirka dagaalka]] ee ku saabsan doorashooyinka qaabka ma aha mid la accepts karo.{{efn|name="ew"|Arrrimahaani waxaa lagu xalliyay go'aannada [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|Guddiga Garsoorka]] ee [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk#Optional styles|2005]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan#Preferred styles|2006]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Date delinking#Optional styles|2009]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Infoboxes#Use of infoboxes|2015]].}} Qoraal cusub oo lagu daro boggan waa inuu toos u xalliyo arrin qaab oo si joogto ah u soo noqnoqota.}} {{TOC limit|3}} ==Dhonsashada qaababka jira== {{Shortcut|MOS:VAR|MOS:STYLEVAR|MOS:STYLERET}} {{Redirect|MOS:VAR|retention of an article's established national English variety|#National varieties of English|a list of more specific related rules|WP:VARS}} Marna, MOS-ku wuxuu bixiyaa ka badan hal qaab oo la accepts karo ama ma bixiyo hagal gaar ah. Marka ka badan hal qaab la accepts karo, al-fajar ma aha mid habboon in tifaftiraha Wikipedia uu ka beddelo hal qaab oo uu u beddelo mid kale ilaa ay jirto sabab muhiim ah oo beddelka ah.{{efn|name="ArbCom"|Astaanta bilowga ee qoraalkan, eeg go'aannada [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|ArbCom]] ee [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk#Principles|Juun 2005]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/jguk 2#Principles|Nofembar 2005]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan#Principles|2006]].}} [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|Tifaftirka dagaalka]] ee ku saabsan qaabka,{{efn|name="ew"}} ama u adeegsiga qaab dookh ah si [[Wikipedia:Bot policy#Assisted editing guidelines|bot-oo kale ah]] is-afgarad ka hor la'aantiis,{{efn|name="bot-like"|Eeg [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Magioladitis 2#High-speed editing|Go'aanka ArbCom ee 2017]], iyo {{section link|Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser#Rules of use}}; tifaftirka bot-ka oo kale ah oo sii socda inkastoo ay jiraan diidmo ama oo keena makhaadhaa wuxuu keeni karaa [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|xannibaad]] iyo baabi'inta xuquuqaha ku saabsan qalabka semi-automated-ka ah.}} waa [[Wikipedia:Disruptive editing|dhibco ka dhan ah]] oo waligeed ma aha mid la accepts karo. Beddelka aan la xaqijin ee kaaga taagan hal qaab oo la accepts karo, [[#Consistency within articles|oo si joogto ah loo adeegsaday]] ee ku dhex jira maqaal oo loo beddelo qaab kale waa la [[Wikipedia:Reverting|celin karaa]]. Doono [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Opportunities for commonality|fursadaha wadaagga]] si looga fogaado murannada qaabka. Haddii aad rammayso in qaab kale uu ka habboon yahay maqaal gaar ah, doono [[Wikipedia:Consensus|is-afgarad]] iyadoo ku saabsan tan lagula discuss-garaynayo bogga wada-hadalka maqaalka ama{{snd}}haddii ay keento arrin guud ama ku saabsan MoS-ka lakiisa{{snd}}at [[Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style]]. Haddii wada-hadalku uusan keenin is-afgarad beddelka ah, sii wad isticmaalka qaabka horey loo dhisay ee maqaalka. Haddii wada-hadalku uu ku guuldareysto inuu gaaro wax is-afgarad ah oo ku saabsan midka laba ama ka badan qaab oo tartamaya oo la isticmaalayo, markaas dib u noqo qaabkii loo isticmaalay nooca ugu horreeyay ee ka dambeeya [[Wikipedia:Stub|qabyada]] maqaalka oo uu ka muuqday mid ka mid ah qaababka ku dabaqmaya. (Mawqifkan dib-u-noqoshada ah ma siiyo [[WP:UNCHALLENGED|darajo aan la tartami karin]] qaabkaas gaarka ah inta lagu jiro wada-hadalka is-afgaradka, mana siiyo tifaftiraha soo impose-garaysay qaabkaas ugu horreeyay [[Wikipedia:Ownership of content|wax ka badan]] wada-hadalka.) ==<span class="anchor" id="Article titles, headings, and sections"></span>Mawduucyada maqaalka, qaybaha, iyo madaxda== {{Shortcut|MOS:AT}} ===Mawduucyada maqaalka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Article titles}} {{for|titles which coincide with a work's title|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles of works}} Mawduucu waa inuu noqdo magac la aqoonsan karo ama sifaynta mawduuca, [[Wikipedia:Common sense|isagoo maareynaya]] shuruudaha ah inuu yahay mid asalka ah, si ku filan oo sax ah, gaaban, oo joogto ah oo la mid ah maqaallada la xiriira. Hagaha qaabaynta eeg qaybta {{section link|Wikipedia:Article titles|Article title format}}, isagoo xusaya kuwa soo socda: *U qor herga labaad ee xarafka ugu horreeya (marka laga reebo xaaladaha dhifka ah, sida {{xt|eBay}}), laakiin haddii kale raac [[sentence case]]{{efn|name=Sentence case|1=Wikipedia waxay u isticmaashaa [[sentence case]] jumlado, [[Wikipedia:Article titles|mawduucyada maqaalka]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout|mawduucyada qaybaha]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables|madaxda taarikada]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images|qoraallada sawirka]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists|qoraallada liiska]] (xaaladaha badankooda), iyo qoraallada ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Infobox|infoboxes]] iyo moodallada la midka ah, iyo waxyaabo kale. Wax kasta oo MoS ah oo ku saabsan bilowga jumlad waxay ku dabaqmaan waxyaabaha isticmaalaya sentence case.<!-- Please keep this footnote synced with the version at the MOS:CAPS page. -->}} ({{xt|Funding of UNESCO projects}}), ma aha title case ({{!xt|Funding of UNESCO Projects}}), marka laga reebo halka title case loo isticmaali lahaa qoraalka caadiga ah. Eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (capitalization)]]. *Si aad u qorto farta italic-ka ah, ku dar {{tlx|italic title}} meel dhow sare ee maqaalka. Si aad farta italic-ka ah ugu qorto kaliya qayb ka mid ah mawduuca, ku dar xadka <code>|string=</code> ee qoraalka gaarka ah ee lagu qorayo farta italic-ka ah. Isticmaalka farta italic-ka ah waa inuu u dhigmaa {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting|Italic type}}. *Ha isticmaalin [[Article (grammar)|maqaallada]] (''a'', ''an'', ama ''the'') sida xarafka ugu horreeya ({{xt|Economy of the Second Empire}}, ma aha {{!xt|The economy of the Second Empire}}), ilaa ay tahay qayb aan la kala saari karin oo magaca ka mid ah ({{xt|The Hague}}) ama mawduuca shaqa (''{{xt|A Clockwork Orange}}'', ''{{xt|The Simpsons}}''). *Caadi ahaan isticmaal [[noun]]s ama [[noun phrase]]s: {{xt|Early life}}, ma aha {{!xt|In early life}}.{{Efn|1=Erayada sida {{xt|In early life}} waa kuwo la accepts karo (inkastoo aan loo baahnayn) sida madaxda qaybaha. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa si joogto ah sida qayb ka mid ah mawduucyada maqaalka oo dheeraad ah sida [[Piracy in the Caribbean|{{xt|Piracy in the Caribbean}}]], indhaheeda marka dhismaha gaaban ({{xtn|Caribbean piracy}}) uu leeyahay arrimo is-dhaafsi ah.}} *Xarafka ugu dambeeya waa inuusan noqon calaamad ilaahiyad ilaa uu yahay qayb aan la kala saari karin oo magaca ka mid ah ({{xt|[[Saint-Louis-du-Ha! Ha!]]}}, {{xt|''[[Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?]]''}}) ama gaabinta ({{xt|[[Inverness City F.C.]]}}), ama marka xiritaanka bracket-ka wareegga ama calaamadda xigmadda loo baahan yahay ({{xt|[[John Palmer (1814 schooner)|''John Palmer'' (1814 schooner)]]}}). *Markasta oo calaamadaha xigmadda ama noocyada apostrophe-ka oo kale ay ka muuqdaan ({{xt|[[Geʽez]]}}), ku dar [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirection]] mawduuc caddaynaya oo isticmaalaya apostrophes ({{xt|[[Ge'ez]]}}).{{efn|name=curlyq|1=Calaamadaha xigmadda tooska ah iyo apostrophes waa kuwo fudud in loo qorto si lagu aamini karo madallada badankooda, markaas kani wuxuu u sahlayaa bartilmaameedka redirection-ka oo fudud. Xigmadda curdanka ah iyo apostrophes sidaas darteed waa kuwo si weyn looga tagay Wikipedia-ha English-ka. Eeg sidoo kale [[MOS:CURLY]] iyo [[MOS:']].}} Labadaba ha ka sareeyaan iyo kuwo [[Wikipedia:Article titles]], qeybta kale ee MoS-ka, gaar ahaan {{section link||Punctuation}}, waxay ku dabaqmaan sidoo kale mawduuca. ===Agaasimaha qaybta=== {{Shortcut|MOS:SO}} {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout}} Mawduuca maqaalka waa inuu ku starts-garo [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section|qaybta hordhaca ah<!-- Do not add the word "lede" here. See footnotes at WP:LEAD for details. -->]]{{snd}}gaabinta kooban ee maqaalka{{snd}}oo aan waligeed loo kala saarin qaybo {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section]])}}. Qaybta hartay ee maqaalka waxaa caadi ahaan loo kala saaraa [[Help:Section|qaybo]]. [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes|Infoboxes]], sawirrada, iyo mawduucyada kale ee la xiriira qaybta hordhaca ah waa inay noqdaan kuwo dhanka midig ah. Calaamadaha qaarkood oo heerka ah [[Help:Template|moodallada]] iyo [[Help:Wikitext|wikitext]] oo aan ahayn qaybo waxay ka sarreeyaan inta ugu dambaysa maqaalka, ka hor mawduuca qaybta hordhaca ah, iyo uusocodka soo socda: *[[Wikipedia:Short description|Gaaban sharrax leh]], oo leh moodalka {{tlx|Short description}} *[[Wikipedia:Hatnote|Hatnote-ka disambiguation]], waqtiga badankiisa oo leh moodalka {{tlx|Hatnote}} {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg sidoo kale {{section link|Wikipedia:Hatnote#Hatnote templates}})}} *Moodallada aan lahayn soo-saarka oo muujinaya foomka taariikhda dhisay ee maqaalka iyo nooca luqadda English-ka, haddii ay jiraan (t.s., {{tlx|Use dmy dates}}, {{tlx|Use Canadian English}}) *Moodallada dayactirka ee Banner-ka ah, [[Wikipedia:Template index/Disputes|Dispute]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Template index/Cleanup|Moodallada Cleanup]] ee arrimaha maqaalka oo dhan oo la calaamadeeyay (haddii kale loo isticmaalo sare ee qayb gaar ah, ka dambeeya hatnote kasta oo qayb ah sida {{tlx|main}}) *[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes|Infobox]], oo ah dookh (marka laga reebo xaaladaha gaarka ah sida {{tlx|Taxobox}} iyo {{tlx|Chembox}}, ama nooc ka mid ah, maqaallada ku dabaqmaya); caadi ahaan sidoo kale waxaa ku jira sawirka ugu horreeya *Sawirka hordhaca ah, marka infobox aan la isticmaalin, ama sawir dheeraad ah loo baahan yahay qaybta hordhaca ah (haddii hordhacu u yahay mid aad u dheer, sawir labaad waxaa lagu lagi karaa dhexda qoraalka hordhaca ah) Nooca skin-ka ee [[Vector 2022]], [[Wikipedia:Table of contents|tusmada maqaalka]] waa mid ka mid ah oo ka baxsan mawduuca maqaalka. Noocyada skin-ka hore qaarkood, tusmada la mari karo waxay ka muuqataa si otomaatig ah ka dambaysa hordhaca haddii maqaalku leeyahay ugu yaraan afar madax oo qaybo ah. Haddii mawduuca qayb uu ku jiraa si xeel-dheer oo dheeraad ah maqaal gaar ah {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Summary style]])}}, ku dar {{tlx|main|{{var|Article name}}}} ama {{tlx|further|{{var|Article name}}}} isla markiiba ka hooseeya madaxa qaybta. Sida lagu sharraxay si xeel-dheer {{slink|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout|Standard appendices and footers}}, noocyo dhowr ah oo maaddooyinka ah (badankoodu waa dookh) waxay ka muuqan karaan ka dambaysa qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee maqaalka, uusocodka soo socda: *Buugaagta ama shaqaalaha kale ee lagu abuuray mawduuca maqaalka, ka hooseeya madaxa qaybta "Works", "Publications", "Discography", "Filmography", iyo wixii la mid ah sida habboon (ka fogao "Bibliography", oo loo khaldami karo xigashooyinka tixraaca) *Isku xirka hoose ee maqaallada la xiriira ee Wikipedia-ha English-ka, oo leh madaxa qaybta "See also" *Xusuus-qoraallada iyo tixraacyada, oo leh madaxa qaybta "Notes" ama "References" (caadi ahaan ka dambeeya), ama qayb gaar ah oo loogu talagalay mid kasta uusocodkan {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]])}}; ka fogao "Bibliography", oo loo khaldami karo shaqaalaha mawduuca *Buugaagta la xiriira, maqaallada, ama shaqaalaha kale ee aan loo isticmaalin sida tixraacyada; isticmaal madaxa qaybta "Further reading"; noqo mid si sare ah loo doortay, maadaama [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a directory|Wikipedia aysan ahayn buugga tixraaca]] *Websaydhada la xiriira [[Wikipedia:External links|iyo kuwo habboon]] ee aan loo isticmaalin sida tixraacyada oo aan ka muuqan appendices-ka hore, isticmaalka madaxa "External links", oo loo sameyn karo qayb ka hooseysa "Further reading" (ama isku xirkaas waxaa toos lagu ammaan goyn karaa liiska "Further reading" halkii); [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Links to sister projects|moodallada isku xirka ee mawduucyada mashruuca walaalka ah]] sidoo cuali ahaan waxay ka sarreeyaan qaybtan marka ay jirto (haddii kale qaybta ugu dambaysa ee bogga) *Waxyaabaha ugu dambeeya ee soo socda waligeed ma qaataan madaxyada qaybaha: **Isku xirka hoose oo lagu aaggaaday [[Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates#Navigation_templates|boxes-ka navigation-ka]] **Metadata ee [[Wikipedia:Authority control|Authority control]], haddii loo baahdo, isticmaalka {{tlx|Authority control}} (wuxuu kala saaraa isticmaalka magaca laba mawduuc, ama magacyo badan oo loogu talagalay hal mawduuc) **[[Wikipedia:Categorization|Qeeybaha]], oo waa inay noqdaan maaddada ugu dambaysa ee koodha maqaalka haddii aysan jirin moodallada stub-ka **[[Wikipedia:Stub sorting|Moodallada stub-ka]], haddii loo baahdo, oo waa inay raacaan qeeybaha [[Wikipedia:Stand-alone lists|Maqaallada liiska ah ee gaarka ah]] waxay leeyihiin waxyaabo dheeraad ah oo agaasimaha ah. ===<span class="anchor" id="Section management"></span>Madaxyada qaybaha=== {{Shortcut|MOS:HEAD|MOS:HEADINGS}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Headings|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Order of article elements|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Section headings}} [[Help:Section|Madaxyada qaybaha]] waa inay caadi ahaan raacaan hagaha [[#Article titles|mawduucyada maqaalka]] ee sare oo ay ku muuqdaan [[sentence case]] ({{xt|Funding of UNESCO projects in developing countries}}), ma aha [[title case]] ({{!xt|Funding of UNESCO Projects in Developing Countries}}).{{efn|name=Sentence case}} {{shortcut|MOS:BLANKLINE}} {{vanchor|Blank line|text=Dhammaan madaxyada waa inay ku dhex jiraan xarkooda gaarka ah, oo ay ka horreyso presely hal xar oo eber ah, oo ay raacdo mid ka mid ah hal xar ama aan lahayn xar eber ah.}} {{vanchor|Section headings (necessary point 6)|text=Ha u isticmaalin si xun [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists#Description (definition, association) lists|liiska sharraxaadda]] markup ("<code>;</code>") si aad u abuurto [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Pseudo-headings|pseudo-headings]].}} {{va|SECTIONSTYLE|Section headings (styling best practice)|Section headings (main styling reason)|text=Sida arrin qaab oo joogto ah, madaxyada qaybuhu waa inaynaan:}} {{Shortcut|MOS:SECTIONSTYLE|MOS:NOBACKREF}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 1)|text=si turjumaad ah dib ugu tixraacin mawduuca maqaalka, t.s., {{xt|Early life}}, ma aha {{!xt|Smith's early life}} ama {{!xt|His early life}}}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 2)|text=tixraacin madax heer sare ah, ilaa aad sameyso ay tahay mid gaaban ama caddayn badan}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 3)|text=noqon kuwo la nambareeyay ama xarfo leh sida outline}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 4)|text=noqon kuwo loo sameeyay sida su'aal, t.s., {{xt|Languages}}, ma aha {{!xt|What languages are spoken?}}}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 5)|text=isticmaalin luga ama farta aan caadiga ahayn oo keeni kara [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Headings|arrimaha lagu heli karo]]}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 6)|text=noqon kuwo lagu duubay [[Help:Wikitext|markup]], sida bold iyo italics, oo baabi'in kara muujintooda oo keeni kara arrimo kale oo lagu heli karo}} ====Wikimarkup==== {{shortcut|MOS:NOSECTIONLINKS|MOS:HEADINGLINKS}} {{va|Section headings (technical best practice)|text=Sababo tignoolajiyada ah, madaxyada qaybuhu waa inay}} {{va|Section headings (necessary point 1)|text=noqdaan kuwo gaar ah oo ku dhex jira maqaal (si [[Template:Section link|isqu xirka qaybta]] uu u shaqeeyo)}} oo waa inaynaan ku dhex jirin: *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 2)|text=[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking#Principles|isqu xirka]], xataa haddii kaliya qayb ka mid ah madaxa la isku xiray}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 5)|text=xigashooyinka ama xusuus-qoraallada}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 4)|text=<code><[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics#Typesetting of mathematical formulae|math]]></code> markup}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 3)|text=sawirrada ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Icons#Encyclopedic purpose|icons-ka]]}} {{va|Section headings (main technical reason)|text=Xaddidaadahani waa kuwo lagu khasbay si looga fogaado tignoolajiyada dhibco leh oo ma aha kuwo la baabi'in karo is-afgaradka maxalliga ah ama hagayaasha aan ku habboonayn.}} {{short|MOS:TEMPLATE}} {{va|Section headings (necessary point 7)|text=Wadaagga moodalka}} waa in sidoo kale caadi ahaan looga fogaadaa madaxyada qaybaha, sababtoo ah waxay keenaan koodha asalka ah ee baaqida moodalka inuu ka muuqdo isqu xirka lagu daray gaabinta tifaftirka; gujinta isqu xirkaas ka muuqda taariikhda bogga ma keeni doonto qaybta loo baahan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, [[WP:ANCHORSUBST|marka lagu darayo isqu xirka anchor madaxyada, mar walba beddel moodalka gudaha madaxa]]: {{block indent|1={{plainlist| * {{y}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== {{subst:anchor|Anchor name}} Section title ==</nowiki>}}</code> * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== {{anchor|Anchor name}} Section title ==</nowiki>}}</code> }} }} {{shortcut|MOS:SECTIONCOMMENT}} {{va|SECTIONCOMMENT|Section comment|text=[[#Invisible comments|Xusuus-qoraallada la qariyay]] oo tixraacaya madaxa qayb ama qayb oo dhan waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu lago xar ka hooseysa madaxa. Waxaa sidoo cuali ahaan lagu lagi karaa ku dhex jira xarkooda oo kale sida madaxa, laakiin xaaladaas waa inay noqdaan kuwo {{em|gudaha}} <code>==&nbsp;==</code> markup:{{efn|1=Xusuus-qoraal ka baxsan <code><nowiki>==&nbsp;==</nowiki></code> laakiin ku dhex jira xarkooda oo kale wuxuu keeni karaa isqu xirka tifaftirka qaybta inuu ku guuldareysto inuu ka muuqdo dhammaan; ee browsers-ka kale, wuxuu ka muuqan karaa, laakiin isticmaalkiisu wuxuu keeni doonaa madaxa qaybta inuusan si otomaatig ah lagu darin gaabinta tifaftirka.}}}} {{block indent|1={{plainlist| * {{y}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== Implications ==</nowiki><br /><nowiki><!--This comment is placed correctly.--></nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{mby}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== Implications<!--This comment works fine.--> ==</nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{mby}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== <!--This comment works fine.-->Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== Implications == <!--This comment causes problems.--> </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{tracked|T381786}}{{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki><!--This comment causes problems.</nowiki><br><nowiki>-->== Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki><!--The space after this comment breaks the heading completely.--> == Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} }} }} ====<span class="anchor" id="SECTIONANCHOR"></span><span class="anchor" id="Section anchor"></span>Anchors==== {{short|MOS:SECTIONANCHOR}} <section begin="heading links" />Ka hor inta aanad beddelin madax, tixgeli in aad baabi'inayso isqu xirka jira oo ku dhex jira.<section end="heading links" /> Haddii ay jiraan [[Help:Link#To a section|isqu xirka badan oo u socda mawduuca hore]],{{efn|name="many links"|1=Si aad u ogaato inta isqu xirka ee u socda mawduuca qaybta hore iyo maqaallada leeh iyaga, waxaad sameyn kartaa <span class=plainlinks>[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=all%3A+linksto%3A%22ARTICLE%22+insource%3A%2F%5B%5B%7C%5DARTICLE%5C%23OLDSECTION%2F+&title=Special:Search&profile=all&fulltext=1 raadinta sare ee]</span>, iyadoo la beddelayo {{smallcaps|article}} magaca maqaalka, iyo {{smallcaps|oldsection}} mawduuca qaybta hore. Raadintaas sare ma raadiso [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirections-ka]], markaas sidoo kale eeg bogga maqaalka ee [[Special:WhatLinksHere]] ee redirections-ka u socda mawduuca qaybta hore. Haddii ay jiraan kaliya nambarka yar ee isqu xirka ee u socda mawduuca qaybta hore, waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu cusbooneysiiyo manwal ahaan.}} abuur [[Help:Anchor|anchor]] oo leh mawduucaas si loo xaqijiyo in kuwani ay sii shaqeeyaan. Sidoo kale, marka lagu isqu xirayo qayb, ka tag xusuus-qoraal aan la arki karin madaxa qaybta bartilmaameedka, iyadoo lagu magacaabayo maqaallada isqu xirka leeh, si haddii madaxa dambe loo beddelo kani si fudud loo hagaajin karo, ama kale anchor kale loo abuurayo haddii ay jiraan kuwo badan.{{efn|name="many links"}} Tusaale ahaan: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == {{subst:Anchor|Consequences}} Implications == <!-- "Richard Dawkins" and "Daniel Dennett" link here. --> </syntaxhighlight> oo lagu kaydin doono maqaalka sida: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == <span class="anchor" id="Consequences"></span> Implications == <!-- "Richard Dawkins" and "Daniel Dennett" link here. --> </syntaxhighlight> Faa'iidada isticmaalka {{tlxs|Anchor}}, ama kaliya la dhex gelinayo {{tag|span|o|link=yes}} tags-ka toos, waa in marka tifaftirka loo sameeyo qaybta mustaqbalka, anchor-ku ma lagu dhex jiri doono taariikhda bogga sida qayb ka mid ah magaca qaybta. Marka kaliya {{tlx|Anchor}} loo isticmaalo toos, akhlaaqdaas aan loo baahnayn {{em|waa ay}} dhacdaa, markaas waa in mar walba [[WP:ANCHORSUBST|loo beddelo anchors madaxyada qaybaha]]. Marka la dhex gelinayo span toos, {{em|ha}} gaabin iyadoo la isticmaalayo tag-ka self-closing, sida ku dhex jirta: <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== <span id="Consequences"</nowiki>{{highlight round|/|bc=var(--background-color-destructive-subtle, lightred);}}> Implications <nowiki>==</nowiki>}}</code> In HTML5 foomkaas XML-style waa mid shaqaynaya kaliya tags-ka qaarkood, sida {{nowrap |<code>&lt;br/></code>}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T134423 |title=T134423 Deprecate nonstandard behavior of self-closed HTML tags in wikitext. |website=phabricator.wikimedia.org |access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref> Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking|Avoiding broken section links}} si aad u ogaato wada-hadal dheeraad ah. ====Mawduuca oo kale madaxa==== Hagaha sare ee madaxyada qaybaha, gaar ahaan sentence case, turjumaad, sawirrada iyo su'aalaha, sidoo kale wuxuu ku dabaqmaa [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables#Captions and headers|madaxyada taarikada]] (iyo noocyada taarikada iyo xarrada). Laakiin, madaxyada taarikada waxay ku dhex jiri karaan xigashooyinka oo waxay ku starts-garo karaan, ama noqon karaan, nambara. Unka madaxyada bogga, madaxyada taarikada ma samayn karaan si otomaatig ah anchors-ka isqu xirka. Ka baxsan sentence case ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Glossaries|glossaries]], talada madaxa sidoo kale waxay ku dabaqmaysaa ''term'' qoraallada ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists#DLIST|description lists]]. Haddii la isticmaalayo [[Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Glossaries#Template-structured|template-structured glossaries]], terms-ku si otomaatig ah waxay leeyihiin anchors-ka isqu xirka, laakiin ma leeyihiin kale. Xigashooyinka mawduuca description-list waxay ku dhex jiraan {{tl|term}} ama {{tl|defn}} element, sida loo baahan yahay. ==Noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga== {{Shortcut|MOS:ENGVAR}} Noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga (tusaale ahaan, kala duwanaanshaha erayada ama naxwaha ee gobollada ka jira) waxay bixiyaan macluumaad ku saabsan kala duwanaanshaas. Dhammaan noocyada gobollada ama noocyada heerka ee Af-Soomaaliga waa kuwo la aqbali karo oo siman Wikipedia-da Soomaaliga, iyada oo la isticmaalayo uslub rasmi ah oo maqaallada u gaar ah ([[Register (sociolinguistics)|weeraral rami ah]] ama astaanta luqadda). Qaabka taariikhda ee maqaalka ({{xt|{{#time: F j, Y}}}} ama {{xt|{{#time: j F Y}}}}) wuxuu sidoo kale la xiriiraa noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga {{snd}}eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|Strong national ties to a topic|Retaining existing format}}. === <span class="anchor" id="Internal consistency"></span>Joogteynta ku dhex jirta maqaallada<!-- When renaming this section title, rename the full link at [[Wikipedia:Consistency]] --> === {{Shortcut|MOS:ARTCON|MOS:CONSISTENT}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Variation in citation methods|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Retaining existing format}} Xeerarka nooc gaar ah oo Af-Soomaali caadifad ah waa in loo raaco si joogto ah ku dhex jirta maqaalka gaarka ah. Waxyaabaha ka baxsan waxaa ku jira: *'''Xigashooyinka''' iyo '''cinwaannada buugaagta ama hawlaha''' (sida buugaagta, filimada, iyo muusigga) waa in loo qoraa sida ay ka muuqdaan ilaha tixraaca. Laakiin, waxaa jira xaalado qaarkood oo leexanaya mabda'an si loo dhowro heerka qaab-qoraalka ee alifbeetada encyclopedia-ha dhan. {{crossref|Eeg {{section link||Typographic conformity}}.}} *'''Magacyada u gaarka ah''' waxay isticmaalaan qoraalka mawduuca ama lahaanshaha u gaarka ah, tusaale ahaan, {{xt|United States Department of Defense}} iyo {{xt|Australian Defence Force}}; {{xt|International Labour Organization}}<!--This example is here because it uses -our and -ization at the same time; it is Oxford spelling.-->. *Maqaallada ku saabsan mawduucyada la xiriira kimistariga, foomka heerka caalamiga ah ee higaada {{xt|aluminium}}, {{xt|sulfur}}, {{xt|caesium}} (iyo erayada ka soo baxa) waa in loo isticmaalo iyadoo aan loo eegin nooca luqadda ee looga adeegsado maqaalka. {{crossref|Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (chemistry)|Element names}}.}} ===Fursadaha wadaagga ama isku-duubnida=== {{shortcut|MOS:COMMONALITY}} Si loogu talagalay encyclopedia caalamiga ah, isticmaalka erayada wadaagga ah ee dhammaan noocyada Af-Soomaaliga waa mid ka wanaagsan. *Isticmaal erayada si caalami ah loo aqbalay halkii kuwa aan aad loo fidin, gaar ahaan cinwaannada. Tusaale ahaan, [[Glasses|{{xt|muraayado}}]] ayaa ka wanaagsan noocyada gobollada ee gaarka ah; [[Ten million|{{xt|toban milyan}}]] ayaa ka wanaagsan [[crore|{{!xt|hal crore}}]]. *Haddii kala duwanaansho higaadeed uu ka muuqdo cinwaan, samee bogga [[Wikipedia:Redirect|reer-itusaale (sidetrack/redirect)]] si loogu talagalay kuwa kale, sida ku dhex jirta [[artefact]] iyo [[artifact]], si dhammaan noocyada loo isticmaali karo raadinta iyo isku xirka. *Erayada ku kala duwan noocyada luqadda, ama leh macnayaal kala duwan, waxaa lagu [[Gloss (annotation)#In linguistics|u xaqiijin karaa faahfaahinta (gloss)]] si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga ama jahawareerka, tusaale ahaan, {{xt|qaybta dambe ee baabuurta (trunk ama boot)&nbsp;...}}. *Isticmaal eray ama weedh si caadi ah loo fahmo iyada oo ka wanaagsan mid leh macno kale sababtoo ah kala duwanaanshaha gobollada (halkii {{!xt|alternate}}, isticmaal {{xt|alternative}} ama {{xt|alternating}}, sida habboon), marka laga reebo xaaladaha tignoolajiyada ama cilmiga halka beddelkaas uu noqon lahaa mid aan habboonayn ({{xt|alternate leaves}}; {{xt|alternate law}}). *Marka ay jiraan wax ka badan hal nooc oo higaad ah oo ka dhex jira heerka caadiga ah ee luqadda, nooca ugu caansan ee hadda la isticmaalo waa in caadi ahaan ka wanaagsanaado, marka laga reebo halka higaada yar ay leedahay isticmaal gaar ah oo xaalad xeel-dheer ah, tusaale ahaan, ''connexion'' ku dhex jirta [[Connexionalism|Methodist connexionalism]]. ===Xiriirka gobolka ama qaranka ee xoogga leh ee mawduuca=== {{Shortcut|MOS:TIES}} Maqaal ku saabsan mawduuc leh xiriir xooggan oo u socda waddan ama gobol]] gaar ah waa inuu isticmaalaa heerka luqadda rasmiga ah (ee ma aha colloquial/afka wadada) ee gobolkaas ama qarankaas. Tusaale ahaan: Mawduucyada leh xiriir xooggan oo u socda [[Commonwealth of Nations]], ama waddamo badan oo Commonwealth ah ama dhulalkii hore ee British-ka, isticmaal higaada British-ka. ===Dhowrida nooca jira=== {{Shortcut|MOS:RETAIN}} Marka nooc gaar ah [[#Consistency within articles|isticmaalkiisa joogtada ah]] lagu dhisay maqaal, sii wad iyada oo aan la helin is-afgarad ka dhan ah. Kaliya xaaladaha gaarka ah (sida marka mawduuc uu leeyahay [[#Strong national ties to a topic|xiriir gobol ama qaran oo xooggan]], ama beddelku wuxuu yareeyaa is-dhaafsiga) ayaa ay jirtaa sabab shaqaynaysa oo loo beddelo ka mid ah dookha la aqbali karo oo loo beddelo mid kale. {{va|FPSR|FMC|text=Marka aan la dhisin nooc gaar ah oo wada-hadalku uusan xallin arrinta, isticmaal nooca ka muuqda nooca ugu horreeyay ee ka dambeeya [[Wikipedia:Stub|qabyada (stub)]] oo soo bandhigay nooc la aqoonsan karo. Waxa ka baxsan tan waa [[#Retain quote variety|ha beddelin nooca luqadda ee ku dhex jira xigasho]].}} Nooca lagu dhisay maqaal gaar ah waxaa lagu qoraa iyadoo lagu dhex darayo [[:Category:Use English templates|tampaallada Use X English]] ee habboon bogga maqaalka. Tampaallada [[:Category:Varieties of English templates|nooca luqadda ee habboon]] sidoo kale waxaa lagu dhejin karaa bogga wada-hadalka ee maqaalka. Maqaal waa inuusan noqon mid la tifaftiro ama magaca loo beddelo kaliya si looga beddelo hal nooc oo luqad ah oo loo beddelo mid kale. Tampaalka {{tlxs|uw-engvar}} waxaa lagu dhejin karaa bogga wada-hadalka tifaftiraha si loogu sharraxo tan. ==Xarfo-waweynaynta== Cinwaannada maqaallada Wikipedia iyo cinwaannada qaybaha waxay isticmaalaan habka weedha, ma aha habka cinwaanka; iyo {{section link||Section headings}}. Xaraf-weynaynta alaabta liiska ku jirta, eeg {{section link||Bulleted and numbered lists}}. Points-ka kale ee ku saabsan xaraf-weynaynta waxaa si kooban loogu dhex muujiyay hoos. Macluumaadka fulan waxaa lagu heli karaa [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters]]. Qodobka ugu muhiimsan ayaa ah in Wikipedia aysan xaraf-weynaynayn eray ilaa uu si joogto ah xaraf-weyn ugu yahay badankooda [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|ilaha lagu kalsoonaan karo]] ee madax-bannaan. ===Xaraf-weynaynta ''The''=== Caadi ahaan, ha xaraf-weynayn erayga ''the'' dhexda jumlada ma aha { Reebanaanta caadiga ah waxaa ku jira magacyada u gaarka ah ee qaarkood iyo badankooda cinwaannada hawlaha abuurka ah ({{xt|Tolkien wrote ''The Lord of the Rings''}}{{snd}}laakiin ogaada in ''the'' aysan noqon karin qayb ka mid ah cinwaanka ee lagu qoro, t.s., Waxaa jira tixgelinno gaar ah oo loo sameeyo magacyada kooxaha muusigga , magacyada hay'adaha, magac u yaallada, summadaha ganacsiga. ===<span id="Capitalization-Titles"></span>Cinwaannada hawlaha=== {{main|WP:Manual of Style/Titles of works}} Cinwaannada luqadda Ingiriisiga ee qoraallada (buugaagta iyo hawlaha kale ee qoraalka, noocyada iyo hawlaha kale ee codka, filimada iyo hawlaha kale ee muuqaalka ah, sawirrada iyo hawlaha kale ee fanka, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxaa loo bixiyaa habka {{em|[[title case]]}}, halka eray kasta loo siiyo xaraf-weyn bilowga marka laga reebo erayada qaarkood oo yar oo muhiim ah (sida lagu sharraxay {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters|Composition titles}}). Erayada ugu horreeya iyo kuwa ugu dambeeya ee cinwaan luqad Ingiriisi ah mar walba waa kuwo xaraf-weyn leh. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|''An Eye for an Eye''}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|''Worth the Fighting For''}} Xaraf-weynaynta cinwaannada aan Ingiriisiga ahayn waa ay kala duwan tahay, xataa waqti ka waqti isla luqadda dhexdeeda; caadi ahaan, dhowr qaabka asalka ah ee hawlaha cusub, oo raac isticmaalka ka muuqda ilaha lagu kalsoonaan karo ee luqadda Ingiriisiga ee hadda{{efn|name=recent}} ee hawlaha taariikhiga ah. Marka lagu qoro alfabeta Laatiinka, badankooda waxyaabahaani waa inay sidoo kale ku jiraan farta janjeerta ([[#Italics|italics]]), ama lagu duubo [[#Names and titles|calaamadaha oraahda (quotation marks)]]. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|{{lang|fr|Les Liaisons dangereuses}}}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"{{lang|de|italics=no|Hymnus an den heiligen Geist}}"}} ===Tayooyinka iyo xilalka dadka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Titles of people}} *'''Isticmaalka guud''', isticmaal xaraf yar erayada sida ''president'' (madaxweyne), ''king'' (boqor), iyo ''emperor'' (imbiraadoor) ({{xt|De Gaulle was a French president}}; {{xt|Louis XVI was a French king}}; {{xt|Three prime ministers attended the conference}}). *'''Toos ka hor magaca dadka''', erayadaas waxay ka start-garoobayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|President Obama}}, ma aha {{!xt|president Obama}}). Magacyada heerka ah ama caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo ee doorka ama xilka waxaa loo meeleeyaa sida magacyada u gaarka ah ({{xt|David Cameron was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom}}; {{xt|Hirohito was Emperor of Japan}}; {{xt|Louis XVI was King of France}}). Qaababka boqortooyada waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|Her Majesty}}; {{xt|His Highness}}); reebanaantu waxay ku dabaqmi kartaa xilal gaar ah. ===Diimaha, ilaahyada, falsafadaha, iyo caqiidooyinka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Religions, deities, philosophies, doctrines, and their adherents}} {{see|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Religion}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles#Religious texts}} *'''Diimaha, kooxaha, iyo kaniisadaha''' iyo taageerayaashooda (foomka magaca ama tilmaamaha) waxay ka start-garoobayaan xaraf-weyn. Caadi ahaan, "the" ma aha xaraf-weyn ka hor magacyadaas ({{xt|the Unitarians}}, ma aha {{!xt|The Unitarians}}). *'''[[Religious text|Qoraallada diinta]]''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn, laakiin badanaa ma aha farta janjeerta ({{xt|the Bhagavad Gita}}, {{xt|the Quran}}, {{xt|the Talmud}}, {{xt|the Granth Sahib}}, {{xt|the Bible}}). Ha u qorin xaraf-weyn "the" marka aad u isticmaalayso foomkan. Tilmaamaha qaarkood oo ka soo baxa waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn heshiis ahaan, qaarkoodna ma qaataan ({{xt|biblical}}, laakiin {{xt|Quranic}}); haddii aad u baahato hubaal, eeg qaamuuska. *'''[[Honorific|Tayooyinka iyo magacyada sharafta]] ee ilaahyada''', ku dhex jira magacyada u gaarka ah iyo tayooyinka, waxay ka start-garoobayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|God}}, {{xt|Allah}}, {{xt|the Lord}}, {{xt|the Supreme Being}}, {{xt|the Great Spirit}}, {{xt|the Horned One}}, {{xt|Bhagavan}}). Ha u qorin xaraf-weyn "the" xaaladahaas ama marka aad tixraacayso dadka waaweyn ee diinta ama shakhsiyaadka khayalka ah/asraarta ah ({{xt|the Prophet}}, {{xt|the Messiah}}, {{xt|the Virgin}}). Magacyada guud ee ilaahyada iyo shakhsiyaadka diinta ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|many gods}}; {{xt|the god Woden}}; {{xt|saints and prophets}}). *'''Magac-u-yaallada shakhsiyaadka cibaadada ama Ilaah''' ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn, xataa haddii xaraf-weyn lagu qoro qoraallada diinta ({{xt|God and his will}}). *'''Qaybaha waaweyn ee mukhluuqaadka khayalka ah (mythical/legendary)''' waxay ka start-garoobayaan xarfo yar ({{xt|elf}}, {{xt|fairy}}, {{xt|nymph}}, {{xt|unicorn}}, {{xt|angel}}), inkastoo hawlaha khayalka ah (fantasy), sida buugaagta [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] iyo ciyaaraha fiidiyowga qaarkood, xarfaha waaweyn ee bilowga ah marmar loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo in mukhluuqaadku ay samaynayaan dhaqan ama irsi dhex jira [[fictional universe|caalamka khayalka ah]]. U qor xaraf-weyn magacyada ama tayooyinka mukhluuqaadka gaarka ah ({{xt|the Minotaur}}, {{xt|Pegasus}}) iyo kooxaha oo magacooda iyo xubnahoodu ay yihiin kuwo go'an ({{xt|the Magi, or the Three Wise Men}}, {{xt|the Furies}}). Tixraacyada guud ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|these priests}}; {{xt|several wise men}}; {{xt|cherub-like}}). *'''Matalaadaha ama dhacdooyinka ruuxiga ah iyo kuwa diinta''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn kaliya marka la tixraacayo dhacdooyin gaar ah ama waqtiyo gaar ah ({{xt|the Great Flood}} iyo {{xt|the Exodus}}; laakiin {{xt|annual flooding}} iyo {{xt|an exodus of refugees}}). *'''Falsafadaha, aragtiyaha, dhaqdhaqaaqyada, iyo caqiidooyinka''' waxay isticmaalaan xarfo yar ilaa magacu ka soo baxo magac u gaar ah ({{xt|capitalism versus Marxism}}) ama uusan noqon magac u gaar ah ({{xt|republican}}, oo ah dhismaha fikirka siyaasadda; {{xt|Republican}}, oo ah xisbi siyaasadeed). Isticmaal xarfo yar mawduucyada caqiidooyinka ama fikirka diinta ee heerka caadiga ah (oo ka soo contrasts-garoobaya dhacdooyinka gaarka ah), xataa haddii xaraf-weyn lagu qoro taageerayaasha diinta qaarkood ({{xt|virgin birth}}, {{xt|original sin}}, {{xt|transubstantiation}}). *'''[[Platonic idealism|Platonic]] ama fikradaha sare (transcendent ideals)''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn xaaladda caqiidada falsafadda ({{xt|Truth}}, {{xt|the Good}}); marka loo isticmaalo si dhumuc leh, waxay ku dhex jiraan xarfo yar ({{xt|Superman represents American ideals of truth and justice}}). Isticmaal xarfo waaweyn marka fanka lagu personify-gareeyo fikradaha ({{xt|the guidebook mentioned statues of Justice and Liberty}}). *{{va|Eponyms|EPONYM|EPONYMS|text='''[[Eponym|Eponym-s (erayada ka soo baxay magacyada dadka)]]''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn ([[Edwardian era|{{xt|Edwardian}}]], [[De Morgan's laws|{{xt|De Morgan's laws}}]], [[Alice in Wonderland syndrome|{{xt|Alice in Wonderland syndrome}}]], [[Plaster of Paris|{{xt|plaster of Paris}}]], [[Platonic idealism|{{xt|Platonic idealism}}]], [[Draconian constitution|{{xt|Draconian constitution of Athens}}]]), marka laga reebo isticmaalka sanfada ama maahmaahda ah oo ka baxsan xaaladda asalka ah oo caadi ahaan xarfo yar ku dhex jira ilaha tixraaca ([[Platonic relationship|{{xt|a platonic relationship}}]]; {{xt|complained of draconian workplace policies}}).{{efn|name=eponyms|1=Waxaa jira waxyaabo yar oo dheeraad ah oo ka baxsan xaraf-weynaynta eponyms-ka, halka eraygu leeyahay xeer xooggan oo ah xarfo yar, t.s., lagu doorbido foomkaas badankooda qaamuustada waaweyn ee luqadda Ingiriisiga. Tusaale ahaan, {{xt|parkinsonian}} wuxuu sharraxaa bukaan muujinaya astaamaha [[Parkinson's disease|{{xt|Parkinson's disease}}]]. Dhexdeeda carabiga/higgaada isticmaalka erayada [[Linguistic latinisation|{{xt|latinize}}]], [[Romanisation|{{xt|romanize}}]], iyo [[Anglicization|{{xt|anglicize}}]] [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Anglo- and similar prefixes|waxay sii kordhayaan xarfo yar]], iyo [[Italic type|{{xt|italic[s]}}]] ku dhex jirta farta mar walba waa xarfo yar.}} Weedha dhan oo uu eponym ku yahay tilmaame [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Religions, deities, philosophies, doctrines, and their adherents|ma aha xaraf-weyn]] marka laga reebo marka weedha dhitadeedu tahay magac u gaar ah (t.s., [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles|cinwaanka hawl la daabacay]]: [[The China Syndrome|{{xt|''The China Syndrome''}}]]).}} ===Astaamaha kalandarka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Calendar items}} *'''Bilsashada (bilo), maalmaha toddobaadka, iyo fasaxyada''' waxay ka start-garoobayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|June}}, {{xt|Monday}}; {{xt|the Fourth of July}} wuxuu tixraacaa kaliya Maalinta Xorriyadda Mareykanka{{snd}}haddii kale {{xt|July 4}} ama {{xt|4 July}}). *'''Xilliyada''' waxay ku dhex jiraan xarfo yar ({{xt|her last summer}}; {{xt|the winter solstice}}; {{xt|spring fever}}), marka laga reebo marka lagu personify-gareeyo fanka ama magacyada u gaarka ah ee waqtiyada ama dhacdooyinka ({{xt|Old Man Winter}}; {{xt|competed on the Spring Circuit}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="People, animals, plants, and other organisms"></span>Dadka, xayawaanka, dhirta, iyo noolaha kale=== {{Shortcut|MOS:LIFE}} {{Hatnote|Wixii faahfaahsan ee ku saabsan xaraf-weynaynta, eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters|Animals, plants, and other organisms}}; ee farta janjeerta, {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting|Italic type}}. Eeg sidoo kale {{section link|Wikipedia:Lead section|Organisms}} ee ku saabsan maareynta jumlada ugu horreysa. Eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (fauna)]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora)]] ee ku saabsan hagaha cinwaannada maqaallada.}} Marka la isticmaalayo '''[[Taxonomy (biology)|magacyada taksonomiga ("sayniska")]]''', u qor xaraf-weyn oo janjeer (italics) genus-ka: {{xt|''Berberis''}}, {{xt|''Erithacus''}}. (Supergenus iyo subgenus, marka ay ku dabaqmaan, loo maareeyo foomkaas oo kale.) Janjeeri laakiin ha u qorin xaraf-weyn heerarka taksonomiga ee species-ka iyo ka hooseeya: {{xt|''Berberis darwinii''}}, {{xt|''Erithacus rubecula superbus''}}, {{xt|''Acacia coriacea'' subsp. ''sericophylla''}}; wax ka baxsan ma jiraan oo lagu sameeyay magacyada u gaarka ah oo samaynaya qayb ka mid ah magacyada sayniska. Taxa-ga sare (order, family, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn Laatiinka ({{xt|Carnivora}}, {{xt|Felidae}}) laakiin ma qaataan udhigmaadka Ingiriisiga ({{xt|carnivorans}}, {{xt|felids}}); ma aha janjeer labada foomba, marka laga reebo fayrasyada, halka dhammaan magacyada lagu aqbalay guddiga [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|ICTV]] ay yihiin janjeer ({{xt|''Retroviridae''}}). {{Shortcut|MOS:CULTIVAR}}{{Anchor|Cultivar}}Magacyada '''[[Cultivar]]''' iyo '''[[cultivar group]]''' ee dhirta ma aha janjeer, oo waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn (ku dhex jirta erayga ''Group'' ee magaca ku dhex jira); magacyada cultivar waxay ka muuqdaan xigashooyinka keliyaalka ah (single quotes) ({{xt|''Malus domestica'' 'Red Delicious'}}), halka cultivar groups aysan qaadanin ({{xt|''Cynara cardunculus'' Scolymus Group}}). '''Ingiriisi [[Common name|magacyada afka caadiga ah ("common")]]''' waxaa loo bixiyaa xarfo yar qoraalka maqaalka ([[Plains zebra|{{xt|plains zebra}}]]<!-- animal species -->, [[Mountain maple|{{xt|mountain&nbsp;maple}}]]<!-- plant species -->, iyo [[Southwestern red-tailed hawk|{{xt|southwestern red-tailed hawk}}]]<!-- bird subspecies -->) iyo habka weedha (sentence case) bilowga jumlada iyo meelaha kale oo xarafka ugu horreeya ee erayga ugu horreeya uu yahay xaraf-weyn.{{efn|name=Sentence case}} Waxay sidoo kale qaataan xarfo waaweyn halka ay ku jiraan magacyo u gaar ah: [[Przewalski's horse|{{xt|Przewalski's&nbsp;horse}}]]<!-- eponym -->, [[California condor|{{xt|California&nbsp;condor}}]]<!-- typical geonym -->, iyo [[Fair-maid-of-France|{{xt|fair-maid-of-France}}]]<!-- unusual but important illustrative case -->. Kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa species iyo subspecies, sida tusaalooyinka hore, iyo sidoo kale magacyada guud ee kooxaha ama noocyada noolaha: [[Bird of prey|{{xt|bird&nbsp;of&nbsp;prey}}]]<!-- cross-order ecological niche -->, [[Oak|{{xt|oak}}]]<!-- plant family -->, [[Great apes|{{xt|great&nbsp;apes}}]]<!-- animal family -->, [[Bryde's whales|{{xt|Bryde's&nbsp;whales}}]]<!-- species group -->, [[Livestock guardian dog|{{xt|livestock&nbsp;guardian&nbsp;dog}}]]<!-- domestic type -->, [[Poodle|{{xt|poodle}}]]<!-- domestic breed group but not a breed -->, [[Van cat|{{xt|Van&nbsp;cat}}]]<!-- domestic geographic landrace -->, [[Wolfdog|{{xt|wolfdog}}]]<!-- hybrid/crossbreed/mongrel not recognized as a standardized breed -->. Marka magaca caadiga ah uu la mid yahay takson saynis ah, ha u qorin xaraf-weyn ama janjeer, marka laga reebo halka la tixraacayo noolaha dhanka taksonomiga: {{xt|A lynx is any of the four medium-sized wild cat species within the genus ''Lynx''.}} Magacyada caadiga ah ee aan Ingiriisiga ahayn, marka ay la xiriiraan in lagu daro, waxaa loo maareeyay sida erayada kale ee aan Ingiriisiga ahayn: janjeer sidaas, oo xaraf-weyn kaliya haddii shuruudaha luqadda hooyo ay u baahan yihiin. Magacyada aan Ingiriisiga ahayn oo noqday kuwo la qabsaday Ingiriisiga waxaa loo maareeyay sida Ingiriisiga ([[Ayahuasca|{{xt|ayahuasca}}]], [[Okapi|{{xt|okapi}}]]). {{Shortcut|MOS:BREED}}{{Anchor|Breed}}'''[[Standardized breeds|Dhalada la halbeeyay (Standardized breeds)]]''' waa inay caadi ahaan dhowraan xaraf-weynaynta loo isticmaalay halbeegga dhalada.{{efn|name=Standardized breeds|1=Hagaha dhalada lagu daray [[Diff2/881140543|RfC on capitalization of the names of standardized breeds|December 2018 RfC]]. "Dhalada la halbeeyay" wuxuu waayay macno toos ah oo caddaynaya, laakiin wuxuu ku dhex jiraa dhala kasta oo ku dhex jira [[breed standard]] ama [[studbook]] ee kooxda taranta/mataanaha. Kooxaha kale ee xayawaanka guri-joogga ah ma aha dhala la halbeeyay: noocyada taariikhda hore, kooxaha dhalada, xayawaanka duurjoogtoobay (feral), landraces, iyo [[crossbreed|dhalada la isku dhalay]] ama [[Hybrid (biology)|isandho]] oo aan kooxaha waaweyn aqoonsan sida dhala gaar ah. Kuwo badan caadi ahaan ma aha [[Wikipedia:Notability|muhiim (notable)]].}} Tusaalooyinka: [[German Shepherd|{{xt|German Shepherd}}]], [[Russian White goat|{{xt|Russian White goat}}]], [[Berlin Short-faced Tumbler|{{xt|Berlin Short-faced Tumbler}}]]. Sida cultivar-ka dhirta, kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa haddii magacu yahay magac u gaar ah ama kale, oo ka soo contrasts-garoobaya sida magacyada caadiga ah ee noolaha loo qoro. Laakiin, ka baxsan cultivar-ka, dhalada waligeed ma lagu dhex daro xigashooyinka keliyaalka ah (single quotes), oo magacyadoodu waligeed ma aha qayb ka mid ah magac saynis ah. Erayga noolaha ee lagu daray dhamaadka si looga fogaado jahawareerka ("cat", "hound", "horse", "swine", iyo wixii la mid ah) waa inuusan noqon xaraf-weyn, ilaa uu yahay qayb ka mid ah magaca dhalada oo si joogto ah lagu muujiyo foomkaas halbeegga dhalada (xaaladaha dhifka ah waxaa ku jira [[Norwegian Forest Cat|{{xt|Norwegian Forest Cat}}]] iyo [[American Quarter Horse|{{xt|American Quarter Horse}}]]). Samee [[Wikipedia:Redirect|sidetrack/redirects]] ka soo baxay xaraf-weynaynta kale iyo foomamka higaada ee cinwaannada maqaalka, iyo magacyada kale, t.s., [[Adélie Penguin]], [[Adelie penguin]], [[Adelie Penguin]] iyo ''[[Pygoscelis adeliae]]'' dhammaan waa inay sidetrack u sameeyaan [[Adélie penguin]]. ===Samooyinka iyo walxaha hawada sare=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Celestial bodies}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (astronomical objects)}} Erayada ''sun'' (sol/qorrax), ''earth'' (dhul), ''moon'' (dayax), iyo ''solar system'' (bahda qorraxda) ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn isticmaalka guud ({{xt|The sun was over the mountain top}}; {{xt|The tribal people thought of the whole earth as their home}}). Waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn marka walaxda lagu personify-gareeyo fanka/suugaanta ({{xt|Sol Invictus ('Unconquered Sun') was the Roman sun god}}) ama marka loo isticmaalo sida magac walax gaar ah xaaladda sayniska ama falagga ({{xt|The Moon orbits the Earth}}; laakiin {{xt|Io is a moon of Jupiter}}). Magacyada meereyaasha, dayaxyada, asteroids-ka, comets-ka, xiddigaha, constellations-ka, iyo galaxies-ka waa magacyo u gaar ah, oo sidaas darteed xaraf-weyn ah ({{xt|The planet Mars is in the constellation Gemini, near the star Pollux}}). Xarafka ugu horreeya ee eray kasta oo ku dhex jira magacaas waa xaraf-weyn ({{xt|Alpha Centauri}} ma aha {{!xt|Alpha centauri}}; {{xt|Milky Way}}, ma aha {{!xt|Milky way}}). Erayada sida ''comet'' iyo ''galaxy'' waa inay noqdaan xaraf-weyn marka ay samaynayaan qayb ka mid ah magac u gaar ah, laakiin ma aha marka loo isticmaalo sida eray guud ({{xt|Halley's Comet is the most famous of the comets}}; {{xt|the Andromeda Galaxy is a spiral galaxy}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Compass"></span>Pointers-ka kombaas-ka (Jihooyinka)=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Compass points}} Ha xaraf-weynayn '''jihooyinka''' sida ''north'' (woqooyi) ama foomamka la xiriira ({{xt|We took the northern road}}) marka laga reebo marka ay yihiin qaybo ka mid ah magacyada u gaarka ah ({{xt|Great North Road}}, {{xt|Great Western Drive}}, {{xt|South Pole}}). U qor xaraf-weyn '''magacyada gobollada''' haddii ay gaareen heerka magaca u gaarka ah, ku dhex jira magacyada caadiga ah ee heshiiska ({{xt|Southern California}}; {{xt|the Western Desert}}), iyo erayada ka soo baxa ee dadka (t.s., ''Southerner'' oo ah mid ka soo jeeda [[Southern United States]]). Ha xaraf-weynayn magacyada sharraxaadda leh ee gobollada oo aan gaarin heerka magacyada u gaarka ah, sida {{xt|southern Poland}}. Jihooyinka isku-dhafka ah waxaa lagu dhex jiri karaa ama aan lagu dhex jiri karin dhex-xariijin (hyphen), iyada oo ku xiran [[#National varieties of English|nooca Ingiriisiga ee loo qaatay]] maqaalka. {{xt|Southeast Asia}} iyo {{xt|northwest}} waxay ka caansan yihiin Ingiriisiga Mareykanka; laakiin {{xt|South-East Asia}} iyo {{xt|north-west}} waxay ka caansan yihiin Ingiriisiga British-ka. Xaaladaha sida {{xt|north–south dialogue}} iyo {{xt|east–west orientation}}, isticmaal en dash; eeg {{section link||Other uses for en dashes}}. ===<span id="Institutions"></span>Magacyada u gaarka ah ka soo contrasts-garoobaya erayada guud=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Institutions|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Capitalization of The{{!}}Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Capitalization of ''The''}} U qor xaraf-weyn magacyada hay'adaha ama doorka gaarka ah ({{xt|the founding of the University of Delhi}}; {{xt|the history of Stanford University}}) laakiin ma aha erayada guud ee hay'adaha ({{xt|the high school is near the university}}). Ha xaraf-weynayn ''the'' bilowga magaca hay'adda, iyada oo aan loo eegin qaabka loo doorbido ee hay'adda. Waxaa jira reebanaanno dhif ah, marka la hoggaaminayo ''The'' oo lagu muujiyay ''T'' ku dhex jira acronym-ka kooxda: {{xt|The International Cat Association (TICA)}}. U maaree qaybaha siyaasadda ama juqraafiga foomkan oo kale: {{xt|The city has a population of 55,000}}; {{xt|The two towns merged to become the City of Smithville}}. Ha u sameynin sida qaabka wargaysyada maxalliga ah oo tixraacaya degmada/magaalada sida ''the City'' ama ''The City'', marka laga reebo City of London [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#City of London|xaaladaha qaarkood]]. Hagahaani wuxuu sii kordhayaa wax-soosaarka hay'adaha, shirkadaha, iyo kooxaha kale. Tusaale ahaan, magaca dhan ee sharciga sida {{xt|Online Safety Act 2023}} wuxuu noqon doonaa xaraf-weyn, laakiin tixraacyada ka dambeeya ee {{xt|the act}} ma noqon doonaan kuwo xaraf-weyn ah. ==<span class="anchor" id="Acronyms and abbreviations"></span><span class="anchor" id="Acronyms"></span><span class="anchor" id="Initialisms"></span><span class="anchor" id="Shortenings"></span>Gaabinta== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Initials}} Gaabinta waa foomamka gaaban ee erayada ama foomamka. Raadinta saxda ah, waxay ku kala duwan yihiin [[Contraction (grammar)|contractions]], oo isticmaala [[apostrophe]] (t.s., ''won't'', eeg {{Section link||Contractions}}), iyo [[initialism]]s. Initialism waxaa lagu samaynayaa ka mid ah ama dhammaan xarfaha bilowga ah ee erayada ku dhex jira foom. Ka hooseeya, tixraacyada gaabinta waa in loo qaadaa inay ku dhex jiraan acronyms, iyo term-ka ''acronym'' waa inuu sidoo cuali ahaan ku dabaqmaa initialisms. ===U qor matoorada ugu horreeya si dhan=== {{Shortcut|MOS:1STOCC|MOS:1STABBR}} Marka gaabinta loo isticmaali doono maqaal, soo bandhig iyadoo la isticmaalayo foomka dhan, iyo gaabinta ku dhex jirta parentheses: {{Block indent|{{xt|an early local area network (LAN) developed by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC){{nbsp}}... DEC's later LAN products were{{nbsp}}...}}}} Ha isticmaalin xarfo waaweyn foomka dhan kaliya sababtoo ah xarfaha waaweyn waxaa loo isticmaalay gaabinta: {{!xt|an early Local Area Network (LAN)}}. Marka laga reebo xaaladaha gaarka ah, gaabinta caadiga ah (sida {{xt|PhD}}, {{xt|DNA}}, ama {{xt|USSR}}) looma baahna in lagu fido xataa isticmaalka ugu horreeya. ===Foomamka plural-ka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:GREENGROCER}} U samee plural [[acronyms]] iyadoo lagu darayo ''-s'' ama ''-es'': {{xt|Three CD-ROMs and two BIOSes were released}}. Ha isticmaalin ''[[greengrocer's apostrophe]]'' si aad u samayso plurals: {{!xt|Three CD-ROM's and two BIOS's were released}}. ===<span class="anchor" id="Periods (full stops) and spaces"></span><span class="anchor" id="Full stops and spaces"></span><span class="anchor" id="op.cit."></span>Punctuation iyo spacing=== {{Shortcut|MOS:PS}} Gaabintu waxay ku dhabayn kartaa ama aan ku dhabayn karin full point (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-garaysay ''period'' ama ''full stop''). Qaab joogto ah waa in lagu dhasheeyaa ku dhex jirta maqaal. Isticmaalka North American caadi ahaan waa in lagu dhabeeyo dhammaan gaabinta period ({{xt|Dr. Smith of 42&nbsp;Drummond St.}}) laakiin isticmaalka caadiga ah ee British iyo Australian, ma jiro period loo isticmaalo haddii gaabinta (contraction) ay ku dhabayso xarafka ugu dambeya ee foomka aan la gaabin ({{xt|Dr Smith of 42&nbsp;Drummond St}}) ilaa is-dhaafsi uu keeni karo. Kani waa sidoo cuali ahaan isticmaalka caadiga ah ee qoraalka scientific-ka ah. Iyadoo aan loo eegin punctuation, erayada lagu gaabay ka badan hal xaraf waa lagu dhex jiraa space ({{xt|op.&nbsp;cit.}} ma aha {{!xt|op.cit.}} ama {{!xt|opcit}}). Waxaa jira waxyaabo ka baxsan oo yar: {{xt|PhD}} {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg sare)}} "Philosophiae Doctor"; {{xt|BVetMed}} "Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine". Xaaladaha badankooda, Wikipedia ma isticmaalto punctuation-ka oo kale ku dhex jirta acronyms iyo initialisms: {{xt|GDP}}, ma aha {{!xt|G.D.P.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="US"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S."></span><span class="anchor" id="USA"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S.A."></span>US iyo U.S.<!-- When renaming this section title, rename the full link at [[Wikipedia:Consistency]] -->=== {{Shortcut|MOS:US|MOS:U.S.|MOS:USA|MOS:U.S.A.}} {{redirect|MOS:US|the use of the word "us"|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#First-person pronouns}} {{xt|US}} waa gaabinta caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo ee {{xt|United States}}, inkastoo {{xtn|U.S.}} – oo leh periods iyo aan lahayn space – ay tahay mid caadi ah daabacadaha North American, ku dhex jirta wargaysyada news-ka. Hagayaasha qaabka American qaarkood, ku dhex jiro ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style]]'' (tan iyo 2010), waxay baabi'iyeen {{!xt|U.S.}} waxayna soo sheegeen {{xt|US}}. Sababaha [[#Opportunities for commonality|wadaagga]], isticmaal {{xt|US}} default ahaan marka aad gaabinayso, laakiin [[#Retaining existing styles|sii wad]] {{xtn|U.S.}} maqaallada American ama Canadian English oo ay horey u dhisantay, ilaa ay jirto sabab wanaagsan oo loo beddelo. Sababtoo ah isticmaalka periods ee gaabinta iyo acronyms wuxuu noqon doonaa mid joogto ah ku dhex jira maqaal kasta, mar walba isticmaal {{xt|US}} maqaal leh gaabinta waddammada kale. Gaabinta dheeraad ah oo lagu dhex jiro initials-ka waddanka ({{xt|USN}}, {{xt|USAF}}), waligeed ha isticmaalin periods. Marka United States lagu xuso hal ama ka badan waddammada kale ku dhex jirta jumlad oo kale, {{xt|US}} (ama {{xtn|U.S.}}) wuxuu noqon karaa mid aad u informal ah, gaar ahaan xusidda ugu horreysa ama sida noun halkii adjective ({{xt|France and the United States}}, ma aha {{!xt|France and the US}}). Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|U.&nbsp;S.}} oo leh space ama {{!xt|U.S.&nbsp;of&nbsp;A.}} oo taariikh hore ah, marka laga reebo marka aad xigasho sameynayso. Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|U.S.A.}} ama {{!xt|USA}} marka laga reebo ku dhex jirta xigasho, sida qayb ka mid ah magac sax ah ({{xt|Team USA}}), ama isticmaalka tignoolajiyada iyo rasmiga ah ee qaarkood (t.s., [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3]], [[FIFA country codes|FIFA]], iyo [[IOC country codes]]). ===Circa=== {{for|examples|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Uncertain, incomplete, or approximate dates}} Si loo muujiyo ''si xaddidan'', isticmaalka {{tl|circa}}, oo muuqda sida {{xt|{{circa}}}}, waxaa ka wanaagsan {{!xt|circa}}, {{!xt|c.}}, {{!xt|ca.}}, ama {{!xt|approx.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="unwarranted abbreviations"></span>Ka fogao isticmaalka aan la xaqijin=== {{Hatnote|See also: {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|Units of measurement}} for when to abbreviate units of measurement.}} Ka fogao gaabinta marka ay jahwareerin karaan akhristaha, baabi'in karaan socodka, ama ka muuqan karaan informal. Tusaale ahaan: *Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|approx.}} ee {{xt|approximate(ly)}} marka laga reebo infobox ama table (xaaladaas isticmaal {{tlx|abbr|approx.|approximately}} xusidda ugu horreysa: {{xt|{{abbr|approx.|approximately}}}}). *Ha isticmaalin legalism-ka {{!xt|Holmes J}} ee {{xt|[[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.|Justice Holmes]]}}. <!-- this might be better in [[WP:JARGON]] --> ===Ha samaynin=== Ka fogao sameynta [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#Neologisms|gaabinta cusub]], gaar ahaan acronyms. Tusaale ahaan, {{xtn|World Union of Billiards}} waa wanaagsan yahay sida {{em|turjumaad}} ee {{xt|[[Union Mondiale de Billard]]}}, laakiin ma aha iyada ama yareynta {{!xt|WUB}} oo loo isticmaalay kooxda ama tixraacyada gaarka ah; isticmaal magaca asalka ah iyo gaabintiisa rasmiga ah, {{xt|UMB}}. Haddii ay noqoto mid lagama maarmaan ah in lagu gaabiyo space yar, sida [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables#Captions and headers|column header ee table-ka]], isticmaal gaabinta si baaxad leh loo aqoonsan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, ee {{xt|New Zealand gross national product}}, isticmaal {{xt|NZ}} iyo {{xt|GNP}}, oo leh isqu xir haddii term-ka aan horey loogu qorin maqaalka: {{xt|NZ&nbsp;[[Measures of national income and output|GNP]]}}. Ha samaynin initialisms sida {{!xt|NZGNP}}. ===HTML tags iyo moodallada=== Mid ka mid ah {{tag|abbr|o}} ama {{tlx|abbr}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa gaabinta iyo acronyms: {{tag|abbr|params=title="World Health Organization"|content=WHO|wrap=yes}} ama {{tlx|abbr|WHO|World Health Organization}} waxay samayn doonaan {{abbr|WHO|World Health Organization}}; [[mouseover|soreynta]] qoraalka muuqda waxay keentaa [[tooltip]] ee foomka dheer inuu soo muuqdo. ===Ampersand=== {{Shortcut|MOS:AMP|MOS:&}} {{redirects|WP:&|the use of "and" in titles|Wikipedia:Article titles#Titles containing "and"}} Qoraalka caadiga ah iyo madaxyada, isticmaal ''and'' halkii [[ampersand]] (''&''): {{xt|January 1&nbsp;and&nbsp;2}}, ma aha {{!xt|January 1&nbsp;&&nbsp;2}}. Laakiin sii wad ampersand marka uu yahay qayb shaqaynaysa oo qaabka magac sax ah, mawduuca shaqaalaha, ama trademark, sida ku dhex jirta ''[[Up & Down (Horace Parlan album)|Up&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Down]]'' ama [[AT&T]]. Meelaha kale, ampersands waxaa loo isticmaali karaa joogteyn iyo dookh halka space uu aad u xaddidan yahay (t.s., tables iyo infoboxes). Xigashooyinka [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Typographic conformity|waxaa lagu beddeli karaa si dhibco leh]], gaar ahaan joogteynta halka noocyada kala duwan lagu xigto, maadaama noocyada cusub ee qoraallada hore ay si joogto ah u beddealaan ampersands ''and'' (sida ay u beddealaan [[glyph]]s kale oo aan la isticmaalin, [[Typographic ligature|ligatures]], iyo gaabinta). Isticmaalka kale oo loo ilaysay laakiin aan loo baahnayn waa tixraacyada gaaban ee shaqaalaha leeh qoraa badan, t.s.: {{xt|<nowiki><ref>Lubbers & Scheepers (2002); Van Hiel & Mervielde (2002); Swyngedouw & Giles (2007); Van Hiel (2012).</ref></nowiki>}}. ==Italics== {{Shortcut|MOS:IT|MOS:ITAL}} {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Italic type}} ===<span id="Do not use capitals for emphasis"></span>Emphasis=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Emphasis}} Italics waxaa loo isticmaalaa emphasis, halkii [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Boldface|boldface]] ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#All caps and small caps|capitals]]. Laakiin isticmaalka badan wuxuu yareeyaa shaqadiisa: tixgeli dib-u-qorista halkii. Isticmaal {{tag|em}} ama {{tlx|em|...}} ee emphasis. Kani wuxuu u sahlayaa [[Help:User style|user style sheets]] in lagu maareeyo emphasis foom gaar ah, wuxuuna taageeraa reusers-ka iyo turjumaada.{{refn|{{cite web |last1=Ishida |first1=Richard |title=Using b and i elements |quote=the content of a <code>b</code> element may not always be bold, and that of an <code>i</code> element may not always be italic. |url=https://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-b-and-i-tags |website=W3C Internationalization |publisher=[[World Wide Web Consortium]] |date=2015 |access-date=1 September 2016}} }} *Sax: <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>The meerkat is <em>not</em> actually a cat.</nowiki>}}</code> *Sax: <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>The meerkat is {{em|not}} actually a cat.</nowiki>}}</code> ===<span id="Italics-Titles"></span>Mawduucyada=== {{shortcut|MOS:NOITALIC}} {{/titles hatnote include|where=MOS#I-T}} Isticmaal italics mawduucyada shaqaalaha (sida buugaagta, filimada, taxanaha TV-ga, bandhigga la magacaabay, video games-ka, albums-ka muusigga, iyo fanka). Mawduucyada maqaallada, chapters-ka, noocyada, episodes-ka, storylines-ka, papars-ka raadinta iyo shaqaalaha kale ee gaaban waxay qaataan calaamadaha xigmadda double-ka ah. Italics ma loo isticmaalo shaqaalaha diinta ee waaweyn ({{xt|the Bible}}, {{xt|the Quran}}, {{xt|the Talmud}}). Kuwa badan oo mawduucyadaani waa inay sidoo kale ku dhex jirin [[#Titles of works|title case]]. ===Erayada sida erayada=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Words as words}} {{for|the policy when a word or phrase itself may be an encyclopedic subject|Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#When a word or phrase may be an encyclopedic subject}} Isticmaal italics marka aad {{em|xusayso}} eray ama xaraf {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Use–mention distinction]])}} ama foomka erayada ilaa hal jumlad ({{xt|the term ''panning'' is derived from ''panorama''}}; {{xt|the most common letter in English is ''e''}}). Marka jumlad dhan la xuso, calaamadaha xigmadda double-ka ah waxaa loo isticmaali karaa halkii, iyadoo leh joogteyn ({{xt|The preposition in ''She sat on the chair'' is ''on''}}; ama {{xt|The preposition in "She sat on the chair" is "on"}}). Calaamadaha xigmadda waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa maaddada gaaban si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga, sida marka italics horey loo isticmaalay si xooggan bogga ee sabab kale (t.s., ee erayada iyo foomamka badan ee aan English-ka ahayn). {{em|Xusidda}} (si looga wada-hadlo grammar, wording, punctuation, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxay ku kala duwan tahay {{em|xigashoda}} (halka wax caadi ahaan lagu muujiyo ka magaca tixraaca la xigtay). Xigashoda waxaa lagu sameeyaa calaamadaha xigmadda, waligeed ma aha italics, ama labadaba waqti oo kale {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Quotations}} si aad u ogaato xeel-dheeraan).}} Isticmaalka la xiriira ee italics waa marka la soo bandhigayo ama lagu kala saarayo terms: {{xt|The ''natural numbers'' are the integers greater than 0.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign words"></span> Erayada aan English-ka ahayn=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Non-English terms}} Italics waxaa lagu muujiyay foomamka aan English-ka ahayn iyo erayada aan English-ka ahayn ee gaarka ah oo aan caadi ahaan loo isticmaalin English-ka maalin kasta. Laakiin, magacyada saxda ah (sida magacyada meelaha) ee luqadaha kale caadi ahaan ma aha italics, ama terms-ka ku dhex jira scripts-ka aan Latin-ka ahayn. Moodalka {{tlx|lang}} iyo noocyadiisa waxay taageeraan dhammaan [[ISO 639]] koodhadhka luqadaha, iyagoo sax ah u aqoonsanaya luqadda iyo si otomaatig ah u italics-garaynaya. Fadlan isticmaal moodalladan halkii aad manwal ahaan italics ugu sameyn lahayd maaddada aan English-ka ahayn. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link|WP:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Other languages}} si aad u ogaato macluumaad dheeraad ah.)}} ===Magacyada scientific-ka ah=== Isticmaal italics magacyada scientific-ka ah ee dhirta, dhabaha, iyo [[Kingdom (biology)|dhammaan organisms-ka kale]] marka laga reebo viruses heerka [[genus]] iyo ka hooseeya (italics-garo {{xt|''Panthera leo''}} iyo {{xt|''Retroviridae''}}, laakiin ma aha {{xt|Felidae}}). Sign-ka hybrid ma aha italics ({{xt|''Rosa''&nbsp;×&nbsp;''damascena''}}), ama "connecting term" loo baahan yahay ku dhex jirta [[Trinomial nomenclature#In botany|magacyada botanical-ka ee saddexda qaybood ah]] ({{xt|''Rosa gallica'' subsp. ''officinalis''}}). ===<span id="Italics and quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka ku dhex jira italics=== {{shortcut|MOS:ITALQUOTE|}}{{See also|#Quotations}} <section begin="Quotations in italics body"/>Ha u lagin xigashooyinka italics. [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation marks|Calaamadaha xigmadda]] (ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Block quotations|block quoting]]) kaliya waa kuwo ku filan oo foomamka saxda ah si loogu muujiyo xigashooyinka. Italics waa in loo isticmaalo kaliya haddii maaddada la xigtay ay haddii kale u baahan lahayd italics.<section end="Quotations in italics body"/> ([[#Italics within quotations|Eeg ka hooseeya]].) ===Italics ku dhex jira xigashooyinka=== <section begin="Italics within quotations body"/>Isticmaal italics ku dhex jira xigashooyinka si aad u soo saarto emphasis oo ku dhex jirta maaddada tixraaca ama si aad u muujiso isticmaalka erayada aan English-ka ahayn. Emphasis waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu sameyo {{tlx|em}}. Haddii aysan caddayn in tixraacu horey u lagu daray italics (ama qaab kale) ee emphasis, ama si loo muujiyo marka emphasis aan loo isticmaalin qoraalka asalka ah laakiin dambe lagu daray tifaftirka, ku dar xusuus-qoraalka tifaftirka {{xt|[emphasis in original]}} ama {{xt|[emphasis added]}}, sida ay u kala horreeyaan, ka dambaysta xigashoda. * Tusaale ahaan: {{xt|"Now cracks a noble heart. Good night sweet prince: And {{em|flights of angels}} sing thee to thy rest." [emphasis in original].}}<section end="Italics within quotations body"/> ===Atharta ku dhex jirta punctuation-ka dhow=== {{Shortcut|MOS:ITALPUNCT}} Italics-garo kaliya elements-ka jumlada oo uu saameeyay emphasis-ku. Ha italics-garayn punctuation-ka ku dhex jira dhowga. *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|What are we to make of {{em|that?}}}} (Su'aashu waxay ku dabaqmaysaa jumlada dhan, ma aha kaliya emphasis-ka ''that'', markaas waa inaysan noqon italics.) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|What are we to make of {{em|that}}?}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Four of Patrick White's most famous novels are ''A Fringe of Leaves'', ''The Aunt's Story'', ''Voss'', and ''The Tree of Man''.}} (Commas, period, iyo erayga ''and'' ma aha italics.) ==Xigashooyinka== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTE}}{{See|Wikipedia:Do not include the full text of lengthy primary sources}} {{Redirects here|MOS:QUOTE|the section on quotation characters|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation characters|the essay|Wikipedia:Quotations}} [[Wikipedia:Non-free content#Guideline examples|Xigashooyinka gaaban ee qoraalka la dhowray]] waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loogu muujiyo dhibic, loo dhiibo xaalad, ama loo atribuigo dhibic fikir ama aragti. Inkastoo xigashooyinku ay yihiin qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah Wikipedia, isticmaalka badan ee iyaga ka mid ah ma aha mid ku habboon qaabka qoraalka encyclopedic-ka ah oo wuxuu noqon karaa [[Wikipedia:Copyrights|baabi'inta copyright-ka]], markaas badankooda mawduuca waa inuu ku dhex jiraa erayada tifaftiraha laakiis. Tixgeli dib-u-qorista xigashooyinka si ay u noqdaan qoraal toos ah oo gaaban marka ay habboon tahay (iyadoo la ogaaday in [[Wikipedia:Close paraphrasing|dib-u-qorista dhow]] ay sii baabi'in karto copyright-ka). [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Quotations|Ha u lagin xigashooyinka italics]] ilaa maaddadu ay italics ugu noqoto sabab kale laakiis. Per [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|siyaasada verifiability-ga]], xigashooyinka tooska ah {{em|waa in}} ay la socdaan [[WP:INCITE|inline citation]] oo ka soo baxday [[WP:RS|tixraac lagu aamini karo]] oo taageeraya maaddada. Kani waa mid gaar ah oo muhiim ah maqaallada ku saabsan ama ku dhex jira maaddada ku saabsan [[WP:BLP|dadka nool ama dhowaan dhintay]] (BLPs). ===<span class="anchor" id="Principle of minimal change"></span><span class="anchor" id="Minimal change"></span><span class="anchor" id="PMC"></span><span class="anchor" id="PLC"></span><span class="anchor" id="MINIMALCHANGE"></span><span class="anchor" id="MINCHANGE"></span><span class="anchor" id="LEASTCHANGE"></span>Qoraalka asalka ah=== {{Shortcut|MOS:PMC|MOS:SIC}} {{Redirect|WP:PMC|closure of requested moves by page movers|Wikipedia:Requested moves/Closing instructions#Closure by a page mover}} {{Redirect|WP:PLC|inclusion guidelines for organizations|Wikipedia:Notability (organizations and companies)|the handling of the abbreviation "plc" in article titles|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (companies)}}Xigashooyinka waa inay noqdaan kuwo [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiably]] loo atribuigoy, iyo qoraalka qoraalka la xigtay waa inuu noqdo mid si dhab ah loo soo saaro. Kani waxaa loo tixraacaa sida {{em|maamulka beddelka yar}}. Halka ay jirto sabab wanaagsan oo loo beddelo qoraalka, ku dar square bracket qoraalka la beddelay; tusaale ahaan, {{!xt|"Ocyrhoe told him his fate"}} waxaa loo xigtay karaa sida {{xt|"Ocyrhoe told [her father] his fate"}}. <!-- IF EDITING THE FOLLOWING SENTENCE, PLEASE UPDATE THE DOCUMENTATION AT [[Template:Sic/doc]] ACCORDINGLY --> Makhaadhaa yar ee spelling-ka iyo typographic-ka waa in si toos ah loo hagaajiyo (tusaale ahaan, hagaaji {{!xt|basicly}} loo beddelo {{xt|basically}}). Haddii ay jirto makhaadhaa muhiim ah asalka ku dhex jirta, raac iyada oo leh {{tlx|sic}} (soo saaraya {{sic}}{{hsp}}) si loogu muujiyo in makhaadhaahu aysan ahayn mid ay sameysay Wikipedia; tusaale ahaan, {{xt|"his interview with the Dolly Llama {{sic}}"}}. Marka lagu dabaqo qoraal oo isku xir leh, syntax-ka moodalka waxaa loo hagaajin karaa {{tlx|sic|2=nolink=y}} (soo saaraya {{sic|nolink=y}} qoraalka isku xirka leh ee ka soo baxa; tusaale ahaan ku dhex jirta isku xirka: [[Template:Sic|{{sic|nolink=y}} template]]).{{efn|name="sicwarning"|{{tl|Sic}} ma aha in loo isticmaalo dhexda {{tag|ref}} tags, ama ku dhex jirta [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation templates]] sida [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]] iyo [[Help:Citation Style 2|Citation Style 2]], sababtoo ah wuxuu ku dhex jiraa markup oo baabi'in doona [[COinS]] metadata ee ay soo saaraan; eeg [[Wikipedia:COinS]].<!-- Per [[Template:Sic]] there is a {{COinS safe|n}} warning that it "should not be used in citation templates such as Citation Style 1 and Citation Style 2, because it includes markup that will pollute the COinS metadata they produce; see Wikipedia:COinS." -->}} Sababaha saxda ah iyo indexing-ka, mawduucyada tixraacyada ee loo tixraacay ma aha in loo hagaajiyo spelling-ka, laakiin hagaajinta yar ee typographic-ka ah (sida beddelka [[MOS:CURLY|curly quotes]] loo beddelo straight) waxaa lagu sameyn karaa si toos ah. Inline citations ee ku dhex jira qoraalka la xigtay, oo loo tixraaco aan loo isticmaalin maqaalka Wikipedia, waa in si toos ah loo baabi'iyo. Isticmaal [[#Ellipses|ellipses]] si aad u muujiso ka-tagista qoraalka la xigtay. Ka-tagista la xaqijiyay waxaa ku jira erayada aan loo baahnayn, aan la xiriirin, ama parenthetical-ka ah, iyo yaraynta yar ({{!xt|umm}} iyo {{!xt|hmm}}), laakiin ha ka tagin qoraal halka aad sameyso ay baabi'in doonto xaaladda muhiimka ah ama beddeli doonto macnaha qoraalka. Vulgarities iyo obscenities waa in lagu muujiyo si sax ah sida ay ka muuqdaan tixraaca la xigtay; Wikipedians ma aha in waligeed [[Wikipedia:Offensive material#How to treat offensive material in articles|baabi'iyaan erayada]] ({{!xt|G-d d--n it!}}), laakiin haddii qoraalka la xigtay {{em|laikiisu}} uu foomkan u sameyo, copy-garo qoraalka verbatim oo isticmaal {{tlx|sic}} si aad u muujiso in qoraalka loo xigtay sida ka muuqata tixraaca. Xigashooyinka tooska ah, sii wad spelling-ka dialectal iyo archaic-ka ah, ku dhex jirta capitalization-ka (laakiin ma aha glyphs iyo ligatures archaic-ka ah, sida lagu sharraxay ka hooseeya ku dhex jirta {{slink||Typographic conformity}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Quotation point of view"></span>Aragtida=== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTEPOV}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Attributing and specifying biased statements|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Expressions of doubt}} Xigashoda waa in loo isticmaalo, iyadoo la atribuigo, si loo soo bandhigo aragtiyada emotive ee aan lagu muujin karin poxa Wikipedia laikiis, laakiin waligeed ma aha si loo soo bandhigo heerarka culture sida kaliya aragtiyada: *La accepts karo: {{xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film "unforgettable".}} *Aan la accepts karin: {{!xt|The site is considered "sacred" by the religion's scriptures.}} Aragtiyada gaaban ee aan aad uga emotive ahayn caadi ahaan waxaa lagu soo sheegi karaa iyadoo la atribuigo halkii xigashoda tooska ah. Isticmaalka calaamadaha xigmadda ee terms-ka sharraxaadda leh ee gaaban wuxuu [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Expressions of doubt|muujin karaa wax is-dhaafsi ah]] oo ku saabsan maaddada la xigtay; sarcasm ama [[weasel words]], sida ''supposedly'' ama ''so-called'', waxaa lagu muujin karaa. *La accepts karo: {{xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film interesting.}} *Aan loo baahnayn oo muujin kara is-dhaafsi: {{!xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film "interesting".}} *Waa in la xigto: {{xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film "interesting but heart-wrenching".}} ===Typographic conformity=== {{Shortcut|MOS:CONFORM}} {{redirect|MOS:CONFORM|consistency within articles|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Consistency within articles}} Xigashodu ma aha [[wikt:facsimile|facsimile]] oo, xaaladaha badankooda, ma aha shuruud in qaabka asalka ah lagu dhowro. Qaabka iyo elements-ka kale ee typographic-ka ah ee qoraalka la xigtay{{efn|"Qoraalka la xigtay" ee typographic conformity iyo sababaha kale ee badan wuxuu ku dhex jiraa mawduucyada shaqaalaha, magacyada kooxaha, iyo foomamka kale oo, asalkiisa, la xigtay. Tusaale: waxyaabaha sida "Mexican-American War" waxaa si joogto ah loo hagaajiyaa loo beddelo "Mexican–American War" Wikipedia-ha, ku dhex jirta mawduucyada tixraacyada loo tixraacay, ku dhex jirta qoraalka maqaalka, tixraacyada xusuus-qoraalka, ama meelaha kale ee bogga. Kani ma leeyahay athar raadinta shaqaalaha aan tixraacnay, maadaama dhammaan raadinta waaweyn ay baabi'iyaan calaamadaha punctuation-ka.}} waa in lagu dhasheeyo heshiisyada Wikipedia-ha English-ka oo aan lahayn xusuus-qoraal, iyadoo la xaqijiyay in sameynta kani aysan beddeli doonin ama baabi'in doonin macnaha ama inta qoraalka. Kani waa beddelka oo aan samaynayn kala duwanaansho marka qoraalka loo akhrriyo si toos ah; tusaale ahaan: *Normalize dashes iyo hyphens: eeg {{Section link||Dashes}}. Isticmaal qaabka loo doortay maqaalka: unspaced [[em dash]] ama spaced [[en dash]]. *Beddel apostrophes iyo calaamadaha xigmadda loo beddelo qaabka Wikipedia: **Kuwani waa inay noqdaan toos, ma aha curly ama slanted. Eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}}. **Marka aad xigtayso xigasho iyada laikiis ku dhex jirta xigasho, beddel dhexda isticmaalka double iyo single quotes ee xigasho kasta. Eeg {{section link||For a quotation within a quotation}} si aad u ogaato xeel-dheeraan. *Marka aad xigtayso qoraal ka soo baxay luqadaha aan English-ka ahayn, punctuation-ka ka baxsan waa inuu raaco [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation marks|Manual of Style ee calaamadaha xigmadda English-ka]]. Haddii ay jiraan xigashooyinka ku dhex jira, raac shuruudaha punctuation-ka saxda ah ee luqaddaas. Haddii ay jiraan qaabab badan oo luqad ah, midka loo isticmaalay Wikipedia-ha luqaddaas waa ka wanaagsan yahay ilaa punctuation-ka laikiisu uu yahay ku dhex jiro wada-hadal. *:{{xt|The cynical response "{{lang|fr|italic=unset|L'auteur aurait dû demander&nbsp;: «&nbsp;à quoi sert-il d'écrire ceci&nbsp;?&nbsp;» mais ne l'a pas fait}}" was all he wrote.}} *Baabi'i spaces ka hor punctuation-ka sida periods iyo colons. *Caadi ahaan sii wad bold iyo italics {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Italics}})}}, laakiin badankooda qaabka kale waa in loo beddelo qoraal toos ah. {{!xt|{{Underline|Underlining}}}}, {{!xt|spac&nbsp;ing}} ku dhex jirta erayada, {{!xt|1=co<span style="color:Goldenrod;">lor</span>s}}, {{!xt|ALL CAPS}}, {{Smallcaps|{{!xt|small caps}}}}, iyo wixii la mid ah caadi ahaan waa in loo normalize-garayo qoraal toos ah. Haddii ay {{em|caddaynaysay}} muujinayso emphasis, isticmaal italic {{em|emphasis}} ({{tlx|em}}) ama, foomka dhexdiisa oo horey italics ah, boldface (leh {{tlx|strong}}). Mawduucyada buugaagta, maqaallada, gabayada, iyo wixii la mid ah, isticmaal italics ama calaamadaha xigmadda raacaya [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles|hagaha mawduucyada]]. Italics waxaa sidoo kale lagu dari karaa si loogu muujiyo [[#Non-English terms|terms-ka aan English-ka ahayn]] (leh moodalka {{tlx|lang}}), ee [[#Animals, plants, and other organisms|magaca scientific-ka ah ee organism-ka]], iyo si loogu muujiyo isticmaalka [[#Words as words|words-as-words]]. *Fiid gaabinta (aan horey loo isticmaalin mawduuca ka hor xigashoda) sida beddelka square-bracketed, ama ku sharrax iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|abbr}}. *Normalize glyphs iyo ligatures archaic-ka ah ee English-ka ee aan loo baahnayn macnaha (marka laga reebo magacyada saxda ah iyo luqadaha halka ligatures ay yihiin heer, per {{section link||Ampersand}} iyo {{Section link||Ligatures}}). Tusaalooyinka waxaa ku jira ''[[æ]]''→''ae'', ''[[œ]]''→''oe'', ''[[Long s|ſ]]''→''s'', iyo ''[[Thorn (letter)#Abbreviations|þ<sup>e</sup>]]''→''the''. {{crossref|pw=y|Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles#Typographic conformity}} si aad u ogaato waxyaabaha gaarka ah ee loo tixgeliyo normalization-ka typography-ka ee mawduucyada shaqaalaha.}} {{Shortcut|MOS:RETAINQUOTEVARIETY}} {{vanchor|Retain quote variety|text= Laakiin, noocyada qaranka ma aha in loo beddelo, maadaama kuwani ay ku dhex jiri karaan beddelka vocabulary-ka. Tusaale ahaan, xigasho ka soo baxday tixraac British ah waa in ay sii wadato spelling-ka British-ka, xataa maqaal oo haddii kale isticmaala spelling-ka American-ka. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Consistency within articles}}.)}}}} Nambarada sidoo kale caadi ahaan [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Quotations, titles, etc.|ma aha in loo re-format-gareeyo]]. Xigashoda tooska ah ma aha in loo isticmaalo si loo dhowro qaabka loo doorbido ee publisher ka baxsan (gaar ahaan marka maaddadu ay haddii kale noqon lahayd aan la beddelin), maadaama kani wuxuu leeyahay athar ee [[Scare quotes|scare-quoting]]: *{{em|La accepts karo}}: {{xt|The animal is listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.}} *{{em|Aan la accepts karin}}: {{!xt|The animal is listed as "Endangered" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.}} Italics waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loogu muujiyo isticmaalka gaar ah sida [[term of art]] (xaaladda "[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Words as words|words as words]]"), gaar ahaan marka ay tahay mid aan la dhasheyn ama ma aha in loo dib-u-qoro ka magaca aan aheyin expert: *{{em|La accepts karo}}: {{xt|The animal is listed as ''critically endangered'' on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.}} Marka aad xigtayso jumlad dhan, caadi ahaan waxaa lagu taliyaa in erayga ugu horreeya uu sii wado xaraf weyn. Laakiin, haddii qoraalka la xigtay lagu ammaan goyay jumlada dhow (tusaale ahaan, leh hordhac sida "{{var|X}} said that"), xarafka weyn ee asalka ah waxaa loo beddeli karaa xaraf yar. *{{xt|LaVesque's report stated: "The equipment was selected for its low price. This is the primary reason for criticism of the program."}} *{{xt|LaVesque's report said that "the equipment was selected for its low price".}} *{{xt|The program was criticized primarily because "the equipment was selected for its low price", according to LaVesque.}} Caadi ahaan looma baahna in la xuso beddelka capitalization-ka. Laakiin, si loo helo saxnaan dheeraad ah, xarafka la beddelay waxaa lagu lagi karaa ku dhex jira square brackets: {{nobr|"The" → "[t]he".}} *{{xt|The program was criticized primarily because {{nobr|"[t]he}} equipment was selected for its low price", according to LaVesque.}} ===Attribution=== Akhristahu waa inuu awoodaa inuu go'aamiyo tixraaca xigasho kasta, ugu yaraan ka magaca footnote. Tixraacu waa in lagu magacaabo {{em|qoraalka maqaalka}} haddii xigashodu ay tahay aragti {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|Attributing and specifying biased statements}})}}. Marka aad atribuigo-garayso xigasho, ka fogao [[Wikipedia:Words to avoid#Synonyms for said|sharraxaaddeeda foomka biased-ka ah]]. ===Xigashooyinka ku dhex jira xigashooyinka=== Eeg {{section link||For a quotation within a quotation}}. ===Isku xirka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:LINKQUOTE|MOS:LWQ}} Noqo mid dhibco leh marka aad isku xirayso ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka; isku xir kaliya bartilmaameedyada u dhigma macnaha caddaynaya ee loo intended-gareeyay qoraaga xigashoda. Halka ay suurtogal tahay, isku xir qoraalka ka baxsan xigashoda halkii – mid ka hor ama dhowaan ka dambeeya. (Haddii aad xigtayso [[hypertext]], ku dar xusuus-qoraal tifaftirka, {{xt|[link in original]}} ama {{xt|[link added]}}, sida habboon, si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga ku saabsan in isku xirka uu sameeyay qoraaga asalka ah.) ===<span class="anchor" id="Block quotations"></span><span class="anchor" id="Block quotes"></span>Block quotations=== {{Shortcut|MOS:BQ|MOS:BLOCKQUOTE}} U format-garee xigashoda dheer (ka badan 40 eray ama poynti yar oo xarfo ah, ama ka kooban ka badan hal paragraph, iyadoo aan loo eegin dheerka) sida [[block quotation]], iyadoo la isticmaalayo moodalka {{tlx|blockquote}}. Qoraalka lagu muujiyay block quotations iyo quote boxes (eeg ka hooseeya) waa inuusan laikiisu noqon mid lagu duubay calaamadaha xigmadda (ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda waaweyn, "decorative"-style). Block quotations iyo quote boxes oo isticmaalaya luga background ah sidoo kale ma lagu hagal-garayo. Isticmaal {{tnull|blockquote}} iyo markup-ka la midka ah kaliya xigashooyinka dhabta ah; [[#Indentation|indentation-ka sababaha kale]] waxaa loo sameeyay foom kale. Waa heshiis in lagu hor maro block quotation jumlad hordhac ah (ama qayb jumlad ah) oo lagu daro citation-ka tixraaca xarkaas. Alternativamente, moodalka {{tnull|blockquote}} wuxuu bixiyaa parameters ee attribution iyo citation oo ka muuqan doona ka hooseeya xigashoda. {{crossref|pw=y|(Ee isticmaalka dashes leh attributions, eeg {{section link||Other uses for em dashes}}.)}} Qaabkan attribution-ka ee ka hooseeya xigashoda waxaa loo intended-gareeyay xigashooyinka caanka ah oo ma aha caadi maqaallada sababtoo ah wuxuu ku oki lahaa tone aan habboonayn. Xigasho aan lahayn tixraac loo tixraacay waa in lagu calaamadeeyo {{tlx|quote without source}}, ama la baabi'iyo. Maadaama line breaks iyo indentation caadi ahaan lagu baabi'iyo ku dhex jirta {{tnull|blockquote}} ama {{tag|blockquote|o}}, isticmaal {{xtag|poem}} ama {{tlx|poem quote}} gabayada, lyrics, iyo maaddada la midka ah. Maaddadaas waxaa sidoo cuali ahaan loo xigtay karaa inline, leh line breaks oo lagu muujiyay <code><nowiki>{{nbsp}}/</nowiki></code>, iyo paragraph ama stanza breaks oo lagu muujiyay <code><nowiki>{{nbsp}}//</nowiki></code>. Tusaale ahaan: {{xt|"And, as in uffish thought he stood,{{nbsp}}/ The Jabberwock, with eyes of flame,{{nbsp}}/ Came whiffling through the tulgey wood,{{nbsp}}/ And burbled as it came!{{nbsp}}// One, two! One, two! And through and through{{nbsp}}/ The vorpal blade went snicker-snack!"}} {{Shortcut|MOS:BOXQUOTE|MOS:PQ|MOS:PULLQUOTE}} {{va|Pull quotes|Pull quote|Pull quotations|nocquote|text={{tlx|Quote box}} waa alternative ee inline quote ama block quote. Quote boxes waxaa lagu muujiyaa foom gaar ah (la mid ah sawirrada) oo waxay ugu wanaagsan yihiin xigashooyinka muhiimka ah ama sanado ah. Waxay samayn karaan [[WP:POV|point of view]] ama [[WP:UNDUE|undue weight]] arrimo, sababtoo ah xigashooyinka ma lagu lagayo xaaladda ama ma lagu ammaan goyo qoraalka maqaalka. Sidaas darteed, waa in loo isticmaalo si dhibco leh.}} [[Pull quote]]s ma aha kuwo ka mid ah maqaallada Wikipedia. Kuwani waa [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not news|news iyo magazine style]] oo ku saabsan "pulling" maaddada horey ku dhex jirtay maqaalka si loo dib-u-isticmaalo xigashooyinka decorative-ka ah ee soo jiidata attention-ka. Qaabkan unencyclopedic-ka ah waa foom ka mid ah [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Editorializing|editorializing]], wuxuuna soo saaraa [[Wikipedia:Writing better articles#Provide context for the reader|out-of-context]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Due and undue weight|undue emphasis]], oo wuxuu [[Wikipedia:No original research|keeni karaa akhristaha go'aanno]] aan lagu taageerin maaddada. Xigashoda badan ee qoraalka la dhowray (haddii ay u format-gareeyay sida blockquote ama kale, oo xataa haddii lagu credited-gareeyay tixraaciisa) waa la xannibay. Eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Quotations#Copyrighted material and fair use}}. ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign-language quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka aan English-ka ahayn=== {{Shortcut|MOS:FOREIGNQUOTE|}} Xigashooyinka ka soo baxday tixraacyada aan English-ka ahayn waa inay ka muuqdaan turjumaad loo beddelay English, ugu wanaagsan mid cusub{{efn|name=recent}}. Xigashooyinka ah turjumaada waa in si toos ah loo kala saaro kuwa aan ahayn. Muuji tixraaca asalka ah ee turjumaada (haddii uu yahay mid la heley karo, oo aan markii ugu horreysay lagu daabacin ku dhex jirta Wikipedia), iyo luqadda asalka ah (haddii aysan caddayn xaaladda). Haddii qoraalka asalka ah ee aan la turjumin uu yahay mid la heley karo, bixi tixraac iyada ama ku dar iyada, sida habboon. Marka tifaftireyaasha laikiisu ay turjumaan qoraalka loo beddelo English,{{efn|[[Wikipedia:No original research#Translations and transcriptions|Turjumaada laikiisu ma u baahna tixraac marka uu sameeyo tifaftire]]; laakiin xigashooyinka loo isticmaalay ku dhex jirta [[WP:REF|tixraacyada]], [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Quoting|turjumaada ka soo baxday tixraacyada lagu aamini karo waa ka wanaagsan yihiin]], ama [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Citing|tixraacyada luqadda English-ka ee ka wanaagsan]] .}} daryeel waa in mar walba loo qaado si lagu dhex jiro qoraalka asalka ah, {{em|[[MOS:FOREIGNITALIC|ku dhex jira italics]]}} ([[MOS:BADITALICS|marka laga reebo dhismaha scripts-ka aan Latin-ka ahayn]], oo ugu wanaagsan lagu sameyo moodallada {{tlx|lang}} ama {{tlx|langx}}, oo labaduba italics-gareynaya sida habboon oo bixinaya luqadda metadata); iyo si loo isticmaalo erayada dhabta ah iyo (haddii ay suurtogal tahay) erayada caadiga ah ee English-ka ku dhex jira turjumaada. Ilaa aad ka si dhab ah uga ogaato competency-gaaga aad wax ku turjumayso, eeg [[Wikipedia:Translation]] si aad u hesho taageero. ==Punctuation== {{Shortcut|MOS:PUNCT}} {{For|a brief guide to how some punctuation marks are used in Wikipedia for special purposes, e.g., [[Help:List#List basics|description lists]]|Help:Punctuation}} ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign characters that resemble apostrophes"></span>Apostrophes=== {{Shortcut|MOS:'|MOS:APOSTROPHE}} *Isticmaal [[straight apostrophe]]s ({{big|{{mxt|'}}}}), ma aha [[curly apostrophe]]s ({{big|{{!mxt|’}}}}). Ha isticmaalin accent marks ama [[backtick]]s ({{big|{{!mxt|`}}}}) sida apostrophes. *Moodallada sida {{tlx|`}} iyo {{tlx|`s}} waxay leeyihiin taageero marka apostrophe (ama single quote) ka muuqdo bilowga ama dhamaadka qoraalka ku dhex jira italics ama bold, sababtoo ah italics iyo bold laikiisu waxaa lagu muujiyaa noocyada single quotes. **Marka apostrophe raaco qoraalka italics-ka ah, {{tlx|'}} ama {{tlx|'s}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si looga fogaado xarafka ugu dambeeya ee qoraalka dhanka midig ah inuu isku xiro apostrophe-ka. Tusaale: {{xt|the ''Iliad''{{'s}} themes}} (markup: {{nobreak|<code><nowiki>the ''Iliad''{{'s}} themes</nowiki></code>}}). *Xarfaha u okiya apostrophes iyo curly quotes, sida [[{{okina}}okina]] ({{mxt|{{okina}}}}{{snd}}la dhex geliyo iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|okina}}), [[Saltillo (linguistics)|saltillo]] ({{mxt|{{saltillo}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|saltillo}}), Hebrew [[ayin]] ama Arabic ʿayn ({{mxt|{{ayin}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|ayin}}), iyo Arabic [[hamza]] ({{mxt|{{hamza}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|hamza}}), waa in lagu muujiyo moodalladaas ama xarfaha laikiis ee [[Unicode]]. (Basic Arabic transliteration, oo isticmaala ASCII apostrophe, waxaa ka wanaagsan xaaladaha badankooda ka magaca [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Arabic]]; xarfaha kale kani waxaa loo isticmaalaa kaliya transliteration-ka saxda ah.) **Moodallada ma loo isticmaali karo mawduucyada maqaalka; isticmaal xarafka Unicode-ka ee u dhigma toos. Per {{Section link|Wikipedia:Article titles#Special characters}}, sidoo kale samee redirection ka soo baxay foomka ASCII-ka ah si loogu taageero raadinta. Foomamka aan lahayn xarfaha apostrophe-ka oo kale marna waxaa ka wanaagsan ka magaca {{Section link|Wikipedia:Article titles# Use commonly recognizable names}} (t.s. [[Hawaii]] laakiin ma aha [[Keali{{okina}}i Reichel]]). *:{{crossref|pw=y|Sidoo kale eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles|Orthography, spelling and formatting}}}} *Ee [[Wade–Giles]] romanizations ee Mandarin Chinese, isticmaal {{tlx|wg-apos}}. *Luqadaha leh [[ejective consonants]] iyo wixii la mid ah, isticmaal {{tlx|hamza}}. *Ee Cyrillic [[soft sign]], marka lagu muujiyo dhammaan, isticmaal {{tlx|softsign}} ama {{tlx|hamza}}. *Ee isticmaalka possessive apostrophe-ka, eeg {{section link||Possessives}}. *Ee xeel-dheeraanta isticmaalka apostrophe-ka (possessive, elision, formation ee plurals qaarkood, arrimo luqadaha aan English-ka ahayn), eeg maqaalka [[Apostrophe]]. ===Calaamadaha xigmadda=== {{Shortcut|MOS:"|MOS:QUOTEMARKS|}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotations}} Maaddada ka hooseysa, term-ka ''quotation'' wuxuu ku dhex jiraa isticmaalka caadiga ah ee calaamadaha xigmadda sida mawduucyada noocyada, chapters-ka, episodes-ka, iyo wixii la mid ah. Calaamadaha xigmadda sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaalaa xaaladaha kale, sida [[#Animals, plants, and other organisms|magacyada cultivar]]. ====Calaamadaha xigmadda xarfaha==== {{Shortcut|MOS:CQ|MOS:CURLY|MOS:STRAIGHT}} *Isticmaal {{xt|{{big|<b>"</b>}}straight{{big|<b>"</b>}}}} calaamadaha xigmadda, ma aha {{!xt|{{big|<b>“</b>}}curly{{big|<b>”</b>}}}} kuwo. (Ee [[single quotes]]: {{xt|{{big|<b>'</b>}}straight{{big|<b>'</b>}}}}, ma aha {{!xt|{{big|<b>‘</b>}}curly{{big|<b>’</b>}}}}.) *Ha isticmaalin accent marks, backticks ({{!xt|{{big|'''`'''}}text{{big|'''´'''}}}}), low–high ({{!xt|„&nbsp;“}}), corner brackets ({{!xt|「&nbsp;」}}), [[guillemet]]s ({{!xt|«&nbsp;»}}), ama [[Chinese punctuation#Book title marks|title marks]] ({{!xt|《&nbsp;》}}) sida calaamadaha xigmadda (marka laga reebo marka marks-kaas ay yihiin {{em|internal}} ee qoraalka aan English-ka ahayn ee la xigtay{{snd}}eeg {{slink||Typographic conformity}}). Symbols-ka {{!xt|′}} iyo {{!xt|″}} ee ka muuqda edit window dropdowns waa "[[prime (symbol)|prime]]" iyo "double prime" sida ay u kala horreeyaan: kuwani waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loogu muujiyo [[Minute and second of arc|units of angular measurement]], oo ma aha sida apostrophes ama quote marks. *Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo apostrophes ee maaddada la import-gareeyay [[#Typographic conformity|waa in loo beddelo]] haddii ay noqoto lagama maarmaan si loo raaco sare. ====<span id="Double or single quotation marks"></span><span id="Single quotation marks"></span>Double ama single==== {{Shortcut|MOS:SINGLE|MOS:DOUBLE|}} *Badankooda xigashooyinku waxay qaataan calaamadaha xigmadda double-ka ah ({{xt|Welles said: "It was a terrible situation."}}),{{efn|1=Double quotation marks waxaa ka wanaagsan single sababtoo ah waxay si toos ah uga kala duwan yihiin apostrophes: *{{!xt|She wrote that 'Cleanthes' differs from the others', but neither opinion may represent Hume's'}} (wuxuu yareeyaa akhristaha). *{{xt|She wrote that "Cleanthes' differs from the others', but neither opinion may represent Hume's"}} (caddayn badan). }} marka laga reebo xigashooyinka ku dhex jira (eeg ka hooseeya). *Plant cultivars waxay qaataan calaamadaha xigmadda single-ka ah ({{xt|''Malus domestica'' 'Golden Delicious'}}; eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora)]]). *[[Gloss (annotation)#In linguistics|Glosses]] oo turjumaya ama definining-garaynaya terms aan la dhasheyn (marka la isticmaalayo [[MOS:WORDSASWORDS|words as words]]) waxay qaataan single quotes; glosses-ka gaaban ma u baahna comma ka hor definition-ka ({{xt|''Cossack'' originates from [[Cuman language|Cuman]] {{lang|qwm|proto=yes|qazaq}} 'freebooter'; ''republic'' comes from Latin {{lang|la|res publica}}, loosely meaning 'public affair'.}}). Moodalka {{tl|Gloss}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa tan; t.s. <code>{{tlp|lang|es|casa}} {{tlf|gloss|house}}</code> wuxuu soo saaraa: {{lang|es|casa}} {{gloss|house}}. Ee turjumaada tooska ah, moodalka {{tl|Literal translation}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa; wuxuu dhex gelyaa {{xt|lit.}} ka hor gloss-ka. ====Ee xigasho ku dhex jirta xigasho==== {{Shortcut|MOS:QWQ|}} Isticmaal single quotes: *{{xt|Darwin wrote in his introduction that "the maxim 'de minimis lex non curat' does not apply to science".}} Ee dhismaha dheeraad ah, beddel dhexda single iyo double quotes: *{{xt|He said, "That book asserts, 'Confucius said "Everything has beauty, but not everyone sees it.{{" ' "}}}} Ee quote marks ee uusocodka tooska ah, ku dar space yar iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{nowrap|{{tl|" '}}}}, {{nowrap|{{tl|' "}}}}, ama (sida tusaale ahaan halkan loo dhiibay) {{nowrap|{{tl|" ' "}}}}: *{{xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!{{' "}}}} Markup: <code>He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!{{tl|' "}}</code> *{{!xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!'"}} (jamming garaynta waxyaabaha waxay u okisaa si xun fonts badankooda) *{{!xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!'{{nbsp}}"}} (space caadi ah wuxuu leeyahay inta badan) ====<span id="Quotation marks in article openings"></span>Bilowga maqaalka==== {{Shortcut|MOS:BOLDQUOTE}} Qoraalka bold-ka ah oo caadi ahaan ka muuqda bilowga maqaalka: *Calaamad kasta oo xigmadda ah oo qayb ka mid ah mawduuca waa in ay noqoto bold sida qaybta hartay ee mawduuca. **Ka soo baxay ''[["A" Is for Alibi]]'': {{xt|'''''"A" Is for Alibi''''' is a mystery novel&nbsp;...}} *Calaamadaha xigmadda ee {{em|aan}} qayb ka mid ah mawduuca ma aha in ay noqdaan bold. **Ka soo baxay [[Jabberwocky]]: {{xt|"'''Jabberwocky'''" is a nonsense poem&nbsp;...}} **Ka soo baxay [[Babe Ruth]]: {{xt|'''George Herman''' "'''Babe'''" '''Ruth''' was an American baseball player&nbsp;...}} {{crossref|pw=y|(Sidoo kale eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography|Nicknames}}.)}} ====Punctuation ka hor xigashooyinka==== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTEPUNCT}} Haddii dhisma aan la xigtay laakiin kale oo u dhigma uu shaqayn lahaa grammatically aan lahayn comma, isticmaalka comma ka hor xigasho oo lagu ammaan goyay jumlad waa dookh: *{{xt|The report stated "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} ([[wikt:cf.|Cf.]] aan la xigtay {{xt|The report stated there was a 45% reduction in transmission rate.}}) *{{xt|The report stated, "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} Qaabka aan lahayn comma ka sanado badan waxaa loo isticmaalaa xigashooyinka qaybta ah: *{{xt|The report observed "a 45% reduction in transmission rate".}} Comma waxaa loo baahan yahay marka ay ka muuqan lahayd dhismaha oo kale haddii maaddada aan ayan ahayn xigasho: *{{xt|In Margaret Mead's view, "we must recognize the whole gamut of human potentialities" to enrich our culture.}} Ha dhex gelin comma haddii ay is-dhaafsi keeni karto ama beddeli karto macnaha: *{{xt|Caitlyn Jenner expressed concerns about children "who are coming to terms with being true to who they are".}} (Xigasho sax ah oo ka soo baxday foomka ku saabsan {{em|carruurta qaarkood}}{{snd}}gaar ahaan carruurtaas "who are coming to terms{{nbsp}}...") *{{!xt|Caitlyn Jenner expressed concerns about children, "who are coming to terms with being true to who they are".}} (Beddelaa macnaha si loogu muujiyo Jenner in ay muujinaysay concern ku saabsan {{em|dhammaan}} carruurta, inta la dhiibay in carruurtu, guud ahaan, "are coming to terms{{nbsp}}...") Waxay ka caddayn tahay in loo isticmaalo colon si loo soo bandhigo xigasho haddii ay samaynayso jumlad dhan, iyo kani waa in mar walba loo sameyo xigashooyinka jumlado badan leeh: *{{xt|The report stated: "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} *{{xt|In a letter to his son, Albert Einstein wrote: "Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance you must keep moving."}} Punctuation dheeraad ah ma aha mid lagama maarmaan ah ee tooska ah [[#Words as words|words-as-words]] xaaladda: *{{xt|The message was unintelligible except for the fragments "help soon" and "how much longer before".}} ====<span class="anchor" id="Quotation marks-Titles"></span><span id="Quotation marks with names and titles"></span>Magacyada iyo mawduucyada==== {{/titles hatnote include|where=MOS#P-QM-N&T}} Calaamadaha xigmadda waa in loo isticmaalo magacyada iyo mawduucyada soo socda: {{columns-list|colwidth=27em| *Maqaallada iyo chapters-ka (buugaagta iyo periodicals waa italics) *Sheekooyinka gaaban (buugaagta iyo periodicals waa italics) *Qaybaha muusigga (pieces waa italics) *Strips-ka gaarka ah ee comics iyo webcomics (comics waa italics) *Gabayada (gabayada dheer ama epic waa italics) *Noocyada (albums, song cycles, operas, operettas, iyo oratorios waa italics) *Episodes-ka gaarka ah ee taxanaha TV-ga iyo radio-ga iyo [[Serial (radio and television)|serials]] (mawduuca taxanaha waa italics){{efn|1="Mawduuca taxanaha waa italics" wuxuu isticmaalayaa ''taxanaha'' si loogu macneeyo show-ga dhan. Season (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay ''series'' ee British English-ka) leh mawduuciisa laikiis wuxuu isticmaalaa calaamadaha xigmadda mawduucaas, sida sub-work.}} }} {{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The Beatles wrote "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" for their album ''Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band''.}} Ha isticmaalin calaamadaha xigmadda ama italics ee qoraallada hore, concert tours, meelaha, cibaadooyinka, myths, iyo epics. (Kuwa badan, laakiin ma aha dhammaan, oo ka mid ah waxyaabahaani [[#Titles of works|waa inay sidoo kale ku dhex jirin title case]].) ====<span class="anchor" id="LP"></span><span class="anchor" id="LQ"></span><span class="anchor" id="TQ"></span><span class="anchor" id="logical quotes"></span><span id="Punctuation inside or outside quotation marks"></span>Punctuation ku dhex jirta ama ka baxsan==== {{Shortcut|MOS:LQ|MOS:LOGICAL|MOS:INOROUT}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Logical quotation on Wikipedia|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Effect on nearby punctuation}}<!-- Another kind of punctuation "in or out". EDITORS PLEASE NOTE: Changes to this section may escalate into heated dispute. Please consider raising any proposed changes for discussion and consensus-building on the talk page before editing. --> Isticmaal qaabka [[logical quotation]] dhammaan maqaallada, iyadoo aan loo eegin nooca English-ka oo lagu qoray. Ku dar punctuation-ka dhamaadka ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda kaliya haddii uu ka muuqday maaddada asalka ah, oo haddii kale u lag ka dambaysta calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. Qaybta badankeeda, kani wuxuu macneynayaa u treats-garaynta periods iyo commas foomkaas oo kale sida question marks: sii wad ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda haddii ay ku dabaqmaan kaliya maaddada la xigtay iyo ka baxsan haddii ay ku dabaqmaan jumlada dhan. Tusaalooyinka waxaa loo dhiibay ka hooseeya. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Did Darla say, "Here I am"?}} (question mark wuxuu ku dabaqmaa jumlada dhan) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|Did Darla say, "Here I am?"}} (aan sax ahayn in lagu dabaqo question mark xigashoda) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Darla said, "Where am I?"}} (question mark wuxuu ku dabaqmaa maaddada la xigtay kaliya) Haddii xigashodu ay tahay eray gaar ah ama qayb jumlad ah, u lag punctuation-ka dhamaadka ka baxsan calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. Marka aad xigtayso jumlad dhan, dhamaadka oo u dhigma dhamaadka jumlada ku dhex jirta, u lag punctuation-ka dhamaadka ku dhex jira calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. *{{xt|Miller wanted, he said, "to create something timeless".}} *{{xt|Miller said: "I wanted to create something timeless."}} Haddii jumlada la xigtay ay raacdo [[clause]] oo waa in uu ka horreeyo comma, ka tag [[full stop]] (period), iyo ha u beddelin comma {{em|ku dhex jirta}} xigashoda.{{efn|Kani waa foomka ugu muhiimsan oo uu logical quotation ku kala duwan yahay isticmaalka punctuation-ka wargaysyada British-ka, halka publishers badan ay u ilayeeyaan beddelkaas maaddada la xigtay, oo ka aghas ah saxnaanta dhismaha logical punctuation-ka.}} Terminal punctuation kale, sida question marks ama exclamation marks, waxaa lagu dhowri karaa. *{{xt|Livingston then said, "It is done", and turned to the people.}} *{{xt|Livingston then exclaimed, "It is done!", and turned to the people.}} Haddii jumlada la xigtay ay raacdo clause oo aqoonsanaya speaker-ka, isticmaal comma ka baxsan calaamadda xigmadda halkii full stop ku dhex jira, laakiin sii wad terminal punctuation kasta oo kale, sida question mark. *{{xt|"There is no strife, no prejudice, no national conflict in outer space as yet", said Kennedy.}} *{{xt|By asking "Who are you?", she prompts John to tell his story.}} Ha raacin erayada ama qaybaha la xigtay commas ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda, marka laga reebo halka xigasho dheer lagu baabi'iyay iyo comma uu yahay qayb ka mid ah xigashoda dhan. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change, opening the way to confidence and courage", said Turner.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change," said Turner, "opening the way to confidence and courage."}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change, opening the way", said Turner, "to confidence and courage."}} *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|"I began to change, opening the way," said Turner, "to confidence and courage."}} ==== Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo isqu xirka ka baxsan ==== Isqu xirka ka baxsan ee u socda mawduucyada maqaallada waa in ay leeyihiin mawduuca ku dhex jira quotes ku dhex jira isqu xirka. Moodallada tixraaca ee [[Help:Citation Style 1|CS1]] iyo [[Help:Citation Style 2|CS2]] waxay sameynayaan tan si otomaatig ah, iyo tixraacyada aan moodalka lahayn waa inay sameeyaan foomkan oo kale. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|{{cite news |last1=Kiefer |first1=Francine |title=Clinton: The Early Years |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |date=May 29, 1998 |ref=none}}}} (Isticmaalka {{tl|cite news}}) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt| Kiefer, Francine (May 29, 1998). [https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html "Clinton: The Early Years"]. ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''.}} (Aan moodal lahayn) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt| Kiefer, Francine (May 29, 1998). "[https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html Clinton: The Early Years]". ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''.}} (Aan moodal lahayn) ==== Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo isqu xirka ku dhex jira ==== Isqu xirka ku dhex jira (wikilinks) oo ay la socdaan calaamadaha xigmadda caadi ahaan waa inay leeyihiin quotes ka baxsan isqu xirka. Kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa mawduucyada shaqaalaha ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda (noocyada, episodes-ka, iyo wixii la mid ah) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Play it, Sam. Play "[[As Time Goes By (song)|As Time Goes By]]".}} (Isticmaalka <code><nowiki>"[[ ]]"</nowiki></code>.) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|Play it, Sam. Play [[As Time Goes By (song)|"As Time Goes By"]].}} (Isticmaalka <code><nowiki>[[" "]]</nowiki></code>.) Laakiin, calaamadaha xigmadda waxaa loo baahan yahay ku dhex jira wikilinks marka calaamadda xigmadda ay tahay qayb ka mid ah isqu xirka, ama halka qoraalka isqu xirka leh ee muuqda uu ku dhex jiro calaamadaha xigmadda oo muujinaya slang, nicknames, magacyada caadiga ah, ama isticmaalka la midka ah. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The term ''soccer'' comes from [[Oxford "-er"|Oxford {{nowrap|"-er"}}]] slang, which was prevalent at the [[University of Oxford]] in England from about 1875...}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|A Cockney accent [[Rhoticity in English|drops the "r"]] after a vowel.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The [[Dynamo Sports Club|Proletarian Sports Society "Dynamo"]] was established in Moscow in 1923.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|President Suharto's [[New Order (Indonesia)|"New Order"]] administration received US support for its economic policies.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Japan's [[Lost Decades|"Lost Decades"]] began in 1991.}} ===Brackets iyo parentheses=== {{Shortcut|MOS:()|MOS:BRACKETS}} {{Redirect|MOS:PAREN|use of parentheses (round brackets) in article titles|WP:Article titles#Parenthetical disambiguation|deprecated inline parenthetical citations|WP:Citing sources#Parenthetical referencing}} Qaybtan waxay ku dabaqmaysaa labadaba round brackets {{xt|(&nbsp;)}}, sidoo cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay [[Bracket|parentheses]], iyo square brackets {{xt|[&nbsp;]}}. Haddii jumlad ay ku dhex jirto foom bracketed ah, u lag punctuation-ka jumlada ka baxsan brackets-ka {{xt|(sida halkan loo muujiyay).}} Laakiin, halka hal ama ka badan jumlado ay ku dhex jiraan brackets-ka dhan, u lag punctuation-kooda ku dhex jira brackets-ka. Waa inuusan jirin space dhow dhanka ku dhex jira ee bracket-ka. Bracket-ka oo starts-garoogaya caadi ahaan waa inuu ka horreeyo space. Kani ma noqon karo xaaladda haddii uu ka horreeyo calaamad xigmadda oo starts-garoogaysa, bracket kale oo starts-garoogaya, ama qayb ka mid ah eray: *{{xt|He rose to address the meeting: "(Ahem)&nbsp;... Ladies and gentlemen, welcome!"}} *{{xt|Only the royal characters in the play ([Prince] Hamlet and his family) habitually speak in blank verse.}} *{{xt|We journeyed on the Inter[continental].}} *{{xt|Most people are right-handed. (Some people are left-handed, but that does not make right-handed people "better" than left-handed people.)}} Waa inuu jiro space ka dambeeya bracket-ka xiritaanka, marka laga reebo halka punctuation mark uu raaco (inkastoo spaced dash uu sii wadi doono space ka dambeeya bracket-ka xiritaanka) iyo xaaladaha aan caadiga ahayn ee la midka ah kuwa lagu tirtiray bracket-ka starts-garoogaya. Ka fogao kooxaha dhow ee brackets-ka. Mid ka mid ah u lag foomamka parenthetical-ka ah ku dhex jirta hal koox oo lagu kala saaray semicolons, ama dib-u-qor: *{{em|Ka fogao}}: {{!xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919) (also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader.}} *{{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: {{xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919; also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader.}} *{{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: {{xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader. He was also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv.}} Square brackets waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loogu muujiyo beddelka tifaftirka iyo dhex-gelinta ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka, inkastoo kani waligeed ma aha inuu beddelo macnaha loo intended-gareeyay. Waxay u adeegaan saddex sababood oo waaweyn: *Si loo caddayo: {{xt|She attended [secondary] school}}, halka kani uu ahaa macnaha loo intended-gareeyay, laakiin nooca school-ka uusan ahayn mid lagu dhiibay jumlada asalka ah. *Si loo yareeyo dheerka xigashoda: {{xt|X contains Y, and under certain circumstances, X may contain Z as well}} waxaa loo yareeyn karaa {{xt|X contains Y [and sometimes Z]}}. Marka ellipsis ({{xt|...}}) loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo maaddada ka baxday xigashoda tooska ah, caadi ahaan ma aha in lagu duubo bracket. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Ellipses}} si aad u ogaato xaaladda gaarka ah.)}} *Si loo sameyo grammar-ka inuu shaqeeyo: Tixraacaya foomka dadka {{xt|"I hate to do laundry"}}, ein wuxuu sax ah ugu qori karaa {{xt|She "hate[s] to do laundry"}}. Haddii jumlad ay ku dhex jirta maaddo subsidiary ah oo lagu duubay square ama round brackets, waa in ay sii wadato terminal punctuation {{em|ka dambaysa}} brackets-kaas, iyadoo aan loo eegin punctuation kasta oo ku dhex jira brackets-ka. {{Block indent|{{xt|She refused all requests (except for basics such as food, medicine, etc.).}}}} Laakiin, haddii jumlada dhan ay ku dhex jirta brackets-ka, punctuation-ka xiritaanka wuxuu ku dhex jiraa brackets-ka. {{xt|(This sentence is an example.)}} ====Brackets iyo isqu xirka==== Square brackets ku dhex jira isqu xirka waa inay noqdaan kuwo [[Escape character|escaped]] ah: {| class="wikitable" | He said, "<code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[[John Doe|John &amp;#91;Doe&amp;#93;]]</nowiki>}}</code> answered." || He said, "[[John Doe|John &#91;Doe&#93;]] answered." |- | He said, "<code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[[John Doe|John {{bracket|Doe}}]]</nowiki>}}</code> answered." || He said, "[[John Doe|John {{bracket|Doe}}]] answered." |- | <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[https://example.com On the first day &amp;#91;etc.&amp;#93;]</nowiki>}}</code> || [https://example.com On the first day &#91;etc.&#93;] |- | <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[https://example.com On the first day {{bracket|etc.}}]</nowiki>}}</code> || [https://example.com On the first day {{bracket|etc.}}] |} Markup-ka {{xtag|nowiki}} sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaali karaa: {{tag|nowiki|content=[Doe]}} ama {{tag|nowiki|content=[etc.]}}. Haddii URL laikiisu uu ku dhex jiro square brackets, wikitext-ku waa inuu isticmaalo foomka [[URL encoding|URL-encoded]] ah <code><nowiki>https://</nowiki>example.com/foo.php?query={{bxt|%5B}}xxx{{bxt|%5D}}yyy</code>, halkii&nbsp;...<code>query={{!bxt|&#91;}}xxx{{!bxt|&#93;}}yyy</code>. Kani wuxuu ka fogaan doonaa baabi'inta isqu xirka ka dambaysa <code>xxx</code>. ====Angle brackets==== :''Ee guillemets («&nbsp;»), eeg {{section link|#Quotation characters}}'' Angle brackets (⟨&nbsp;⟩) waxaa loo isticmaalaa mawduucyada tignoolajiyada ee kala duwan, sida physics-ka ee [[bra–ket notation]] iyo [[Expectation value (quantum mechanics)|expectation value]] (t.s. {{xt|⟨''φ''{{!}}''ψ''⟩}}), mathematics-ka ee [[presentation of a group]], iyo linguistics-ka si loogu muujiyo [[grapheme]]s (t.s. {{xt|the digraph ⟨sh⟩}}). Ha isticmaalin less-than iyo greater-than signs (<&nbsp;>) sida angle brackets (t.s. {{!xt|<''φ''{{!}}''ψ''>}}, {{!xt|the digraph <sh>}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipses"></span><span class="anchor" id="..."></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis style"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis function and implementation"></span>Ellipses=== {{Shortcut|MOS:...|MOS:ELLIPSIS|}} Isticmaal ''[[ellipsis]]'' haddii maaddadu ay ka baxday xigashoda, ilaa square brackets loo isticmaalo si loo [[Gloss (annotation)|gloss]] xigashoda. *Ee prose iyo non-LaTeX mathematics formulae, ellipses waxaa lagu qoraa iyadoo la isticmaalayo saddex unspaced dots ({{xt|<code>...</code>}}); ha isticmaalin xarafka precomposed ellipsis-ka ah ({{!xt|<code>…</code>}})<!-- Possibly we should explain the precomposed character in terms of its code point or something --> ama saddex dots oo lagu kala saaray spaces {{nobr|({{!xt|<code>. . .</code>}})}} *Caadi ahaan, isticmaal non-breaking space ka hor ellipsis iyo space caadi ah ka dambaystiisa: {{nobr|{{xt|Alpha, Bravo,{{tl|nbsp}}... Zulu}}}} *Haddii ellipsis uu raaco <code>.&nbsp;?&nbsp;!&nbsp;:&nbsp;;&nbsp;,&nbsp;)&nbsp;]&nbsp;}</code> ama calaamad xigmadda oo xiritaanka ah (single ama double), ka tag space-ka ka dambaysa. U lag terminal punctuation ku dhex jira quote-ka kaliya haddii uu yahay mid muhiim ah qoraalka, sida caadi ahaan ah xaaladda exclamation marks iyo question marks laakiin dhifka ah periods: *: {{xt|Jones wrote: "These stories amaze me. The facts suffer so frightfully{{tlf|nbsp}}...".}} *: {{xt|"But what of the other cities? London, Paris{{tlf|nbsp}}...?"}} * Haddii ellipsis uu toos u raaco calaamad xigmadda oo starts-garoogaysa, kaliya isticmaal non-breaking space ka dambaystiisa: *: {{xt|He continued to pursue Smith ("...{{tlf|nbsp}}to the ends of the earth", he had sworn) until his own death.}} *{{Visible anchor|text=Si loo kala saaro ellipsis oo muujinaya qoraalka ka baxay iyo mid ka mid ah quote-ka, waxaad ku duubi kartaa kan kowaad square brackets: {{xt|She retorted: "How do I feel? How do you {{em|think}} I&nbsp;... This is too much!&nbsp;[...] Take me home!"}}|With square brackets}} *{{Visible anchor|text=Marka ellipsis loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo pause ama suspense ee speech-ka, sii wad punctuation-ka asalka ah: {{xt|Virginia's startled reply was "Could he&nbsp;...? No, I can't believe it!"}}. Marka loo isticmaalo ku dhex jira eray aan dhammaystirnayn, ma jiro space loo isticmaalo dhexda erayga qaybtiisa iyo ellipsis-ka: {{xt|The garbled transmission ended with "We are stranded near San L...o", interpreted as either San Leandro or San Lorenzo.}}|Pause or suspension of speech}} *In LaTeX-formatted mathematics formulae, isticmaal LaTeX markup-ka saxda ah ee lowered dots (<code>\dots</code>, <math>\dots</math>) ama xarfaha precomposed-ka ah oo leeh dots meelaha kale (sida centered ama diagonal, ⋯, ⋰, ama ⋱) ===<span class="anchor" id="fewer commas"></span>Commas=== {{Shortcut|MOS:,|MOS:COMMA}} Pair ka mid ah [[comma]]s wuxuu bracket-garayn karaa [[appositive]], [[relative clause]], ama [[parenthetical phrase]] (sida brackets ama dashes, inkastoo leh interruption dheeraad ah ee jumlada). Tusaale ahaan: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|John Smith, Janet Cooper's son, is a well-known playwright.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Janet Cooper's son John Smith is a well-known playwright.}} (marka Janet ay leedahay sons badan) {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Janet Cooper's son, John Smith, is a well-known playwright.}} (marka Janet ay leedahay kaliya hal son) {{!}}} }} Mar walba isticmaal {{em|pair}} ka mid ah commas ee tan, ilaa punctuation mark kale uu qaado meesha comma-ka labaad: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Blunt comments came from the newest member, John Smith.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|The newest member, John Smith{{snd}}a retired teacher{{snd}}was blunt.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|The newest member, John Smith was blunt.}}<!-- There's actually a way to parse this such that it would be acceptable in some styles, but WP articles don't use such styles. --> {{!}}} }} Ha u ilayn punctuation-ka kale inuu kaaga baabi'iyo u baahnaanta comma, gaar ahaan marka comma uu collided-garayyo bracket ama parenthesis: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Burke and Wills, fed by locals (on beans, fish, and ''ngardu''), survived for a few months.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Burke and Wills, fed by locals (on beans, fish, and ''ngardu'') survived for a few months.}} {{!}}} }} {{Shortcut|MOS:GEOCOMMA}} {{vanchor|Geographical references|text=In geographical references oo ku dhex jiraan heerarka badan ee subordinate divisions (t.s. city, state/province, country), comma wuxuu kala saaraa element kasta wuxuuna raacaa element-ka ugu dambeeya ilaa uu raaco terminal punctuation ama parenthesis-ka xiritaanka. Element-ka ugu dambeeya waxaa loo treats-garaysay sida [[Wikipedia:Basic copyediting#Parenthetical comma|parenthetical]].}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|He traveled through North Carolina before staying in Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the night.}}<!-- About a 10-hour drive if he started in Virginia Beach and passed through Winston-Salem. --> {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|He traveled through North Carolina before staying in Chattanooga, Tennessee for the night.}} {{!}}} }} Sidoo kale ku dar commas marka geographical element-ka loo isticmaalo sida disambiguator: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Hantratty received a PhD from the University of California, Irvine, in 1977.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Hantratty received a PhD from the University of California, Irvine in 1977.}} {{!}}} }} Ku dar comma labaad sidoo kale marka dhismaha leh comma [[Grammatical modifier|modifies-garayyo]] noun ama compound noun: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Keith Wilson won the 2024 Portland, Oregon, mayoral election.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Keith Wilson won the 2024 Portland, Oregon mayoral election.}} {{!}}} }} {{shortcut|MOS:DATECOMMA}} {{vanchor|Date commas|text=[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Dates, months, and years|Dates]] ku dhex jira month–day–year format waxay u baahan yihiin comma ka dambaysa day-ka, iyo sidoo kale ka dambaysa year-ka, ilaa ay raacdo punctuation kale. Element-ka ugu dambeeya waxaa loo treats-garaysay sida [[Wikipedia:Basic copyediting#Parenthetical comma|parenthetical]].}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|He set October 1, 2011, as the deadline for Patterson to meet his demands.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|He set October 1, 2011 as the deadline for Patterson to meet his demands.}} {{!}}} }} {{shortcut|MOS:QUOTECOMMA}} {{vanchor|Quotation commas|text= U lag calaamadaha xigmadda iyadoo la raacayo {{Section link||Punctuation inside or outside}}. Kani waxaa loo intended-gareeyay "logical quotation".}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Sax:}} {{!}} {{xt|She said, "The weather changes too often", and made other complaints.}} {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}} {{!xt|She said, "The weather changes too often," and made other complaints.}} {{!}}} }} Comma waxaa lagu dhex jiri karaa ka hor xigasho oo lagu ammaan goyay jumlad {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}})}}. ====<span class="anchor" id="Serial comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Oxford comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Oxford commas"></span><span class="anchor" id="Harvard comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Harvard commas"></span>Serial commas==== {{Shortcut|MOS:SERIAL|MOS:OXFORD||}} {{Redirect|MOS:OXFORD|Oxford spelling|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling#British English with "-ize" (Oxford spelling)}} A [[serial comma]] (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay ''Oxford comma'' ama ''Harvard comma'') waa comma loo isticmaalo toos ka hor conjunction (''and'', ''or'', ''nor'') ku dhex jirta liiska saddex ama ka badan items. {{Block indent|{{xt|ham, chips, and eggs}}{{spnd}}serial comma}} {{Block indent|{{xt|ham, chips and eggs}}{{spnd}}aan lahayn serial comma}} Tifaftireyaasha waxay isticmaali karaan mid ka mid ah heshiiska ilaa maqaal kasta uu yahay joogto ah ku dhex jirta. Serial commas waxay ka taageeraan badan marka qoraalka maqaalku uu yahay dhibco leh, sida liiska oo leh multi-word items (gaar ahaan haddii mid uu ku dhex jiro laikiis "''and''{{-"}}) ama nooc ka mid ah terms aan la dhasheyn oo laga yaabo. Laakiin, waxaa jira xaalado halka ka-tagista ama ku-darida serial comma ay keento is-dhaafsi: {{Block indent|{{!xt|The author thanked her friends, Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley}}{{spnd}}oo tirtiri kara mid ka mid ah afar ama ka badan dad ah (friends-ka iyo labada dad ee la magacaabay) ama laba dad ah (O'Connor iyo Marley, oo ah friends-ka).}} {{Block indent|{{!xt|The author thanked a friend, Sinéad O'Connor, and Bob Marley}}{{spnd}}oo tirtiri kara mid ka mid ah laba dad ah (O'Connor, oo ah friend-ka, iyo Marley) ama saddex dad ah (kan kowaad oo ah friend-ka, kan labaad O'Connor, iyo kan saddexaad Marley).}} Xaaladahaas is-dhaafsiga ah, cadday mid ka mid ah afar foom: *Ku dar ama baabi'i serial comma-ka. *Isticmaal jumlado gaar ah, bullet lists, ama beddelka dhismaha kale si loo caddayo. *Recast-garee jumlada ("friends" xaaladda): **Si loo tirtiro laba dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked her friends Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley.}} ***Caddayn badan: {{xt|The author thanked two friends: Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley.}} **Si loo tirtiro dad badan: **: {{xt|The author thanked Sinéad O'Connor, Bob Marley and her friends}} ama **: {{xt|The author thanked Sinéad O'Connor, Bob Marley, and her friends}}. ***Laakiin ma aha: {{!xt|The author thanked Bob Marley, Sinéad O'Connor[,] and her friends}}{{spnd}}soo bandhigaa is-dhaafsi ku saabsan ''her''. *Recast-garee jumlada ("friend" xaaladda): **Si loo tirtiro laba dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked Bob Marley and her friend Sinéad O'Connor.}} ***Ama noqo mid gaar ah marka ay suurtogal tahay: {{xt|The author thanked her childhood friend Sinéad O'Connor and her mentor, Bob Marley.}} **Si loo tirtiro saddex dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked Bob Marley, Sinéad O'Connor, and a friend.}} ***Caddaynta leh gender-specific terms sida ''mother'' waxay noqon kartaa dhibco leh; {{!xt|The author thanked her mother, Kim Thayil, and Sinéad O'Connor}} ma aha caddayn sababtoo ah akhristayaasha ma ogaankaraan [[Kim Thayil]] in uu yahay male oo ma noqon doono dadka oo kale sida mother-ka. ***Caddayn badan: {{xt|The author thanked Kim Thayil, Sinéad O'Connor, and her own mother}} ama {{xt|The author thanked her mother and musicians Kim Thayil and Sinéad O'Connor}}. ===Colons=== {{Shortcut|MOS:COLON}} {{For|the wikitext link formatting|Help:Colon trick}} A [[Colon (punctuation)|colon]] ({{xt|:}}) wuxuu soo bandhigaa wax muujinaya, sharraxaya, ama modifies-garaynaya waxa soo maray, ama ah liiska items oo dhowaan la soo bandhigay. Items-ka ku dhex jira liiskaas waxaa lagu kala saari karaa commas, ama haddii ay yihiin kuwo dhibco badan leh oo laga yaabo in ay laikiisu ku dhex jiraan commas, items-ka waa in lagu kala saaro semicolons ama lagu aaggaado bulleted list. {{Block indent|{{xt|We visited several tourist attractions: the Leaning Tower of Pisa, which I thought could fall at any moment; the Bridge of Sighs; the supposed birthplace of Petrarch, or at least the first known house in which he lived; and so many more.}}}} Colon waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa si loo soo bandhigo [[Quotation marks in English#Quotations and speech|direct speech]] oo lagu duubay calaamadaha xigmadda. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}}.)}} Marka colon loo isticmaalo sida separator ku dhex jira mawduuca maqaalka, madaxa qaybta, ama item liiska ah, tifaftireyaasha waxay dooran karaan in ay xaraf weyn ugu qoraan waxa raaca, iyadoo loo tixgelinayo [[#Retaining existing styles|isticmaalka jira]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Article titles#Consistency|joogteynta leh maqaallada la xiriira]]. Marka laga reebo isticmaalka tignoolajiyada ({{xt|a 3:1 ratio}}), ma jiro jumlad waa in ay ku dhex jirtay colons badan, ma jiro space waa in uu ka horreeyo colon, iyo space (laakiin waligeed ma aha hyphen ama dash) waa in uu raaco colon-ka. ===Semicolons=== {{Shortcut|MOS:;|MOS:SEMICOLON|}} {{for|usage in marking up description (definition) lists|Help:List#Description lists}} A [[semicolon]] ({{xt|;}}) marna waa alternative ee full stop (period), iyadoo u sahlaysa maaddada la xiriirta in lagu dhowro jumlada oo kale; waxay muujisaa kala saarisa la go'aamiyay ee jumlada marka loo eego comma. Haddii semicolon-ku uu kala saaro clauses, caadi ahaan clause kasta waa in uu noqdo mid gaar ah (macneheedu waa in uu taaggaanshaan karo laikiisu sida jumlad). Xaaladaha badankooda, kaliya comma ama kaliya semicolon wuxuu noqon doonaa sax ku dhex jira jumlad gaar ah. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Sax:}} | {{xt|Though he had been here before, I did not recognize him.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} | {{!xt|Though he had been here before; I did not recognize him.}} |} Sare, "Though he had been here before" ma taaggaanshaan karo laikiisu sida jumlad, oo sidaas darteed ma aha independent clause. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Sax:}} | {{xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit; bananas are classified as alkaline.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} | {{!xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit, bananas are classified as alkaline.}} |} Isticmaalkan aan saxda ahayn ee comma ee dhexda laba independent clauses waxaa loo intended-gareeyay [[comma splice]]; laakiin, xaaladaha qaarkood, comma waxaa loo isticmaali karaa halka semicolon wuxuu oki lahaa in loo baahan yahay: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | {{em|La accepts-garaysay}}: || {{xt|"Life is short, art is long."}} (laba clauses oo gaaban ku dhex jira [[aphorism]]; eeg ''[[Ars longa, vita brevis]]'') |- | {{em|La accepts-garaysay}}: || {{xt|"I have studied it, you have not."}} (soo sheegida wada-hadal gaaban, sida jawaabtan ee [[Isaac Newton|Newton]]) |} Jumlad waxay ku dhex jiri kartaa semicolons badan, gaar ahaan marka clauses-ku ay yihiin kuwo parallel ee dhismaha iyo macnaha; semicolons badan oo aan la xiriirin caadi ahaan waa calaamado ah in jumlada loo kala saaro jumlado gaaban ama foom kale loo dib-u-qoro. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Unwieldy}}: | {{!xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit; bananas are classified as alkaline; pears are close to neutral; these distinctions are rarely discussed.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: | {{xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit, bananas are alkaline, and pears are close to neutral; these distinctions are rarely discussed.}} |} Semicolons waxaa loo isticmaalaa ku-darida commas si loo kala saaro items ku dhex jira liiska, marka commas laikiisu ay keeni karaan jahwareer. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Jahwareer:}} | {{!xt|Sales offices are located in Boston, Massachusetts, San Francisco, California, Singapore, and Millbank, London, England.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Caddayn:}} | {{xt|Sales offices are located in Boston, Massachusetts; San Francisco, California; Singapore; and Millbank, London, England.}} |} ====Semicolon ka hor "however"==== {{Shortcut|MOS:HOWEVER}} {{Redirect|MOS:HOWEVER|its usage in editorialization|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Editorializing}} Macnaha jumlad ay ku dhex jirta trailing clause oo ku starts-garoogaysa erayga ''however'' wuxuu ku xiran yahay punctuation-ka ka horreeya eraygaas. Makhaadhaa caadi ah waa isticmaalka punctuation-ka aan saxda ahayn, iyadoo beddelaysa macnaha mid aan loo intended-gareeyn. Marka erayga ''however'' uu yahay adverb macneheedu yahay "nevertheless", waa in uu ka horreeyo semicolon oo uu raaco comma. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people; however, they tried.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people; nevertheless, they tried.}} |} Marka erayga ''however'' uu yahay conjunction macneheedu yahay "in whatever manner", ama "regardless of how", wuxuu ka horreyn karaa comma laakiin ma aha semicolon, oo waa inuusan raacin punctuation. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people, however they tried.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people, regardless of how they tried.}} |} Xaaladda kowaad, clause-ka oo ku starts-garoogaya "however" ma loo beddeli karo clause-ka kowaad; xaaladda labaad kani waxaa lagu sameyn karaa aan lahayn beddelka macnaha: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|However they tried, it was obvious they could not convert these people.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|Regardless of how they tried, it was obvious they could not convert these people.}} |} Haddii labada clauses aan loo beddeli karin, semicolon waxaa loo baahan yahay. Jumlad ama clause waxay sidoo kale ku dhex jiri kartaa erayga ''however'' dhexda, haddii uu yahay adverb macneheedu yahay "although" oo lagu lagi karay bilowga laakiin aan ku starts-garoogayn clause cusub dhexda jumlada. Isticmaalkan, erayga waxaa lagu duubi karaa dhexda commas. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|He did not know, however, that the venue had been changed at the last minute.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|However, he did not know that the venue had been changed at the last minute.}} |} ===Hyphens=== {{Shortcut|MOS:-|MOS:HYPHEN}} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Globe Toters-A Birla Preschool,Indore (cropped).jpg | image2 = Peuters_in_het_tehuis_zitten_met_zijn_allen_op_de_po,_Bestanddeelnr_252-0385.jpg | image3 = Graduates 2014 IMG 2779 (14083168633).jpg | caption1 = Four-year-old children | caption2 = Four year-old children | caption3 = Four-year old children }} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Haring 03.jpg | image2 = Great white Dyer island 2010-07.jpg | caption1 = A man {{nobr|eating fish}} | caption2 = A man-eating fish }} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Catalina_Island_Rescue_DVIDS1091019.jpg | image2 = Kintín al ataque (5189220934).jpg | caption1 = Officials help {{nobr|dog-bite victim}}. | caption2 = Officials help {{nobr|dog bite victim}}. }} [[File:Carry-On Aircraft.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|A sign {{shy|exhibiting over-eager hy|phen|a|tion}}: the second hyphen is fine, but the first is spurious.]] [[Hyphen]]s ({{xt|-}}) waxay muujiyaan conjunction. Waxaa jira saddex isticmaalka waaweyn: # In hyphenated magacyada dadka ({{xt|John Lennard-Jones}}, {{xt|Omar al-Bashir}}). # Si loogu isku xiro [[prefixes]] iyo [[suffixes]] oo leh terms-kooda waaweyn dhismaha qaarkood, [[#En dash across open compounds|ilbaa compounds-ka laikiisu ay ku dhex jiraan space ama hyphen]]: {{xt|quasi-scientific}}, {{xt|ultra-nationalistic}}, {{xt|London-based}}, {{xt|community-led}}. #*Hyphen waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loo kala saaro dhexda [[homograph]]s ({{xt|[[wikt:re-sign|re-sign]]}} macneheedu waa ''sign again'', laakiin {{xt|[[wikt:resign|resign]]}} macneheedu waa ''relinquish ownership'' ama ''leave a job''). #*Waxaa jira trend caddaynaya oo lagu ammaan goyo labada elements dhammaan noocyada English-ka ({{xt|subsection}}, {{xt|nonlinear}}). Hyphenation-ku wuxuu caddayaa marka xarfaha la keenay contact ay yihiin kuwo oo kale ({{xt|non-negotiable}}, {{xt|sub-basement}}) ama ay yihiin vowels ({{xt|pre-industrial}}), ama halka eray uu yahay mid aan caadi ahayn ({{xt|co-proposed}}, {{xt|re-target}}) ama laga yaabo in loo akhrriyo si aan sax ahayn ({{xt|sub-era}}, ma aha {{!xt|subera}}). Erayada qaarkood oo noocan ah si oo kale waa kuwo caadi ah aan lahayn hyphen-ka (t.s., {{xt|cooperation}} waxaa si joogto ah loo dhasheeyay ka badan {{xtg|co-operation}} ee English-ka cusub). Ka dhiiri erayada beddelaya macnahooda aan lahayn hyphen-ka, t.s. {{xt|re-creation}} (create again) iyo {{xt|recreation}} (amusement).{{efn|name=recent}} # {{va|Hyphens in compound modifiers|text=Si loogu isku xiro terms-ka la xiriira ee ku dhex jira [[compound modifier]]s}}:{{Efn|1=Gaar ahaan compound [[attributive adjective|attributives]], oo ah modifiers ee noun oo ka muuqda ku dhex jira [[noun phrase]]. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link|English compound#Hyphenated compound modifiers}}.)}}}} #*Hyphens waxay taageeri karaan fududaynta akhrrinta (waa inay noqdaan kuwo {{xt|ease-of-reading}} taageera) oo waxay gaar ahaan u wanaagsan yihiin noun phrases-ka dheer: {{xt|gas-phase reaction dynamics}}. Laakiin waligeed ha dhex gelin hyphen magac sax ah ({{xt|Middle Eastern cuisine}}, ma aha {{!xt|Middle-Eastern cuisine}}). #*Hyphen wuxuu taageeri karaa disambiguator-ka (qaarkood {{xt|short-story writers}} waa kuwo dheer; {{xt|a government-monitoring program}} waa program oo monitor-garaynaya xukuumadda, inta {{xt|a government monitoring program}} uu yahay program xukuumadda oo monitor-garaynaya). #*Compounds oo ah hyphenated marka loo isticmaalo {{em|[[Attributive adjective|attributively]]}} (adjectives ka hor nouns-ka ay qualified-garaynayaan: {{xt|a light-blue handbag}}, {{xt|a 34-year-old woman}}) ama {{em|[[substantive]]ly}} (sida noun: {{xt|she is a 34-year-old}}) caadi ahaan ma aha hyphenated marka loo isticmaalo {{em|[[Predicative expression|predicatively]]}} (foomka sharraxaadda leh oo lagu kala saaray noun-ka: {{xt|the handbag was light blue}}, {{xt|the woman is 34 years old}}). Halka uu ka jiri lahaa baabi'inta caddaynta laakiis, hyphen waxaa loo isticmaali karaa foomka predicative-ka ah sidoo kale ({{xt|hand-fed turkeys}}, {{xt|the turkeys were hand-fed}}). Attributive hyphenation-ka dhibco leh marna waxaa looga fogaan karaa dib-u-qorid fudud: {{xt|Hawaiian-native species}} → {{xt|native Hawaiian species}}. #*Ka fogao isticmaalka hyphen ka dambaysa heerka ''{{nowrap|-ly}}'' adverb ({{xt|a newly available home}}, {{xt|a wholly owned subsidiary}}) ilaa ay tahay qayb ka mid ah compound dheeraad ah ({{xt|a slowly-but-surely strategy}}). Xaaladaha dhifka ah, hyphen wuxuu ka wanaajin karaa caddaynta haddii alternative-ka dib loo qoray uu yahay dhibco leh, laakiin dib-u-qoriddu caadi ahaan waa ka wanaagsan tahay: {{!xt|The idea was clearly stated enough}} waxaa lagu disambiguator-gareyn karaa sida {{xt|The idea clearly was stated often enough}} ama {{xt|The idea was ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} 2ois7g121o0zowa3x4ere6e2vz4e5nt 310792 310791 2026-10-24T10:22:34Z Isma4l 41797 310792 wikitext text/x-wiki {{MoS guideline|WP:MOS<!-- DO NOT add more shortcuts. None are as short and popular as this one. -->}} '''Haddaha Qaabka''' ('''MoS''' ama '''MOS''') waa [[haddaha qaabka]] ee dhammaan [[Wikipedia:Waa maxay maqaal?|maqaallada]] [[Wikipedia:Soomaali|Wikipedia-ha Soomaaliga]].{{efn|Isku xirka [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility|waxyaabaha la xiriira oo la heli karo]] waxay ku dabaqmaan dhammaan mashruuca, oo ma aha oo kaliya maqaallada.}} Boggan koowaad waxaa taageera [[:Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style|boggag yar oo xeel-dheer]], oo halkan la isku gudbin karo oo lagu tirtiray [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents]]. Haddii ay ka dhalato is-diido, boggani wuxuu leeyahay ka-horreyn.{{efn|name="CONLEVEL"|Kani waa arrin siyaasadeed oo ku saabsan {{section link|Wikipedia:Consensus|Level of consensus}}: "Is-afgaradka ka dhex jira koox xaddidan oo tifaftireyaal ah, hal meel iyo hal maalin, ma baabi'in karo [[Wikipedia:Community consensus|is-afgaradka samaynta]] ee baaxadda weyn. Tusaale ahaan, ilaa ay ka dhaadhiciyaan bulshada balaadhan in aysan sax ahayn, kaqeybgalayaasha WikiProject ma go'aamin karaan in siyaasada ama hagaha Wikipedia uusan ku dabaqmin maqaallada ku dhex jira baaxadeeda." Iyo: "Wikipedia waxay leedahay heer sare oo kaqeybgal iyo is-afgarad ee beddelka siyaasadaha iyo hagayaasha marka loo eego noocyada kale ee boggaga." Boggaga ka hooseeya waxaa ku jira [[:Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style|boggaga MoS-ka ee xeel-dheeraanta]], [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Guide#Advice pages|qoraallada qaabka]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style|Haddaha Qaabka ee Fudud]].}} {{vanchor|Clarity|text=Tifaftireyaal waa inay u qoraan maqaallada iyagoo isticmaalaya luqad toos ah, gaaban, oo fudud in la fahmo. Tifaftireyaal waa inay u dhisaan maqaallada qaabeyn joogto ah oo u sahlanaata akhristaha.}} {{va|Stability|text=Haddii ka badan hal qaab ama foom lagu aamini karo MoS-ka, mid waa in loo isticmaalo madal kasta oo ku dhex jirta maqaalka oo [[#Retaining existing styles|aan la beddelin]] sabab wanaagsan la'aanteed. [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|Tifaftirka dagaalka]] ee ku saabsan doorashooyinka qaabka ma aha mid la accepts karo.{{efn|name="ew"|Arrrimahaani waxaa lagu xalliyay go'aannada [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|Guddiga Garsoorka]] ee [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk#Optional styles|2005]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan#Preferred styles|2006]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Date delinking#Optional styles|2009]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Infoboxes#Use of infoboxes|2015]].}} Qoraal cusub oo lagu daro boggan waa inuu toos u xalliyo arrin qaab oo si joogto ah u soo noqnoqota.}} {{TOC limit|3}} ==Dhonsashada qaababka jira== {{Shortcut|MOS:VAR|MOS:STYLEVAR|MOS:STYLERET}} {{Redirect|MOS:VAR|retention of an article's established national English variety|#National varieties of English|a list of more specific related rules|WP:VARS}} Marna, MOS-ku wuxuu bixiyaa ka badan hal qaab oo la accepts karo ama ma bixiyo hagal gaar ah. Marka ka badan hal qaab la accepts karo, al-fajar ma aha mid habboon in tifaftiraha Wikipedia uu ka beddelo hal qaab oo uu u beddelo mid kale ilaa ay jirto sabab muhiim ah oo beddelka ah.{{efn|name="ArbCom"|Astaanta bilowga ee qoraalkan, eeg go'aannada [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|ArbCom]] ee [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk#Principles|Juun 2005]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/jguk 2#Principles|Nofembar 2005]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan#Principles|2006]].}} [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|Tifaftirka dagaalka]] ee ku saabsan qaabka,{{efn|name="ew"}} ama u adeegsiga qaab dookh ah si [[Wikipedia:Bot policy#Assisted editing guidelines|bot-oo kale ah]] is-afgarad ka hor la'aantiis,{{efn|name="bot-like"|Eeg [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Magioladitis 2#High-speed editing|Go'aanka ArbCom ee 2017]], iyo {{section link|Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser#Rules of use}}; tifaftirka bot-ka oo kale ah oo sii socda inkastoo ay jiraan diidmo ama oo keena makhaadhaa wuxuu keeni karaa [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|xannibaad]] iyo baabi'inta xuquuqaha ku saabsan qalabka semi-automated-ka ah.}} waa [[Wikipedia:Disruptive editing|dhibco ka dhan ah]] oo waligeed ma aha mid la accepts karo. Beddelka aan la xaqijin ee kaaga taagan hal qaab oo la accepts karo, [[#Consistency within articles|oo si joogto ah loo adeegsaday]] ee ku dhex jira maqaal oo loo beddelo qaab kale waa la [[Wikipedia:Reverting|celin karaa]]. Doono [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Opportunities for commonality|fursadaha wadaagga]] si looga fogaado murannada qaabka. Haddii aad rammayso in qaab kale uu ka habboon yahay maqaal gaar ah, doono [[Wikipedia:Consensus|is-afgarad]] iyadoo ku saabsan tan lagula discuss-garaynayo bogga wada-hadalka maqaalka ama{{snd}}haddii ay keento arrin guud ama ku saabsan MoS-ka lakiisa{{snd}}at [[Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style]]. Haddii wada-hadalku uusan keenin is-afgarad beddelka ah, sii wad isticmaalka qaabka horey loo dhisay ee maqaalka. Haddii wada-hadalku uu ku guuldareysto inuu gaaro wax is-afgarad ah oo ku saabsan midka laba ama ka badan qaab oo tartamaya oo la isticmaalayo, markaas dib u noqo qaabkii loo isticmaalay nooca ugu horreeyay ee ka dambeeya [[Wikipedia:Stub|qabyada]] maqaalka oo uu ka muuqday mid ka mid ah qaababka ku dabaqmaya. (Mawqifkan dib-u-noqoshada ah ma siiyo [[WP:UNCHALLENGED|darajo aan la tartami karin]] qaabkaas gaarka ah inta lagu jiro wada-hadalka is-afgaradka, mana siiyo tifaftiraha soo impose-garaysay qaabkaas ugu horreeyay [[Wikipedia:Ownership of content|wax ka badan]] wada-hadalka.) ==<span class="anchor" id="Article titles, headings, and sections"></span>Mawduucyada maqaalka, qaybaha, iyo madaxda== {{Shortcut|MOS:AT}} ===Mawduucyada maqaalka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Article titles}} {{for|titles which coincide with a work's title|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles of works}} Mawduucu waa inuu noqdo magac la aqoonsan karo ama sifaynta mawduuca, [[Wikipedia:Common sense|isagoo maareynaya]] shuruudaha ah inuu yahay mid asalka ah, si ku filan oo sax ah, gaaban, oo joogto ah oo la mid ah maqaallada la xiriira. Hagaha qaabaynta eeg qaybta {{section link|Wikipedia:Article titles|Article title format}}, isagoo xusaya kuwa soo socda: *U qor herga labaad ee xarafka ugu horreeya (marka laga reebo xaaladaha dhifka ah, sida {{xt|eBay}}), laakiin haddii kale raac [[sentence case]]{{efn|name=Sentence case|1=Wikipedia waxay u isticmaashaa [[sentence case]] jumlado, [[Wikipedia:Article titles|mawduucyada maqaalka]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout|mawduucyada qaybaha]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables|madaxda taarikada]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images|qoraallada sawirka]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists|qoraallada liiska]] (xaaladaha badankooda), iyo qoraallada ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Infobox|infoboxes]] iyo moodallada la midka ah, iyo waxyaabo kale. Wax kasta oo MoS ah oo ku saabsan bilowga jumlad waxay ku dabaqmaan waxyaabaha isticmaalaya sentence case.<!-- Please keep this footnote synced with the version at the MOS:CAPS page. -->}} ({{xt|Funding of UNESCO projects}}), ma aha title case ({{!xt|Funding of UNESCO Projects}}), marka laga reebo halka title case loo isticmaali lahaa qoraalka caadiga ah. Eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (capitalization)]]. *Si aad u qorto farta italic-ka ah, ku dar {{tlx|italic title}} meel dhow sare ee maqaalka. Si aad farta italic-ka ah ugu qorto kaliya qayb ka mid ah mawduuca, ku dar xadka <code>|string=</code> ee qoraalka gaarka ah ee lagu qorayo farta italic-ka ah. Isticmaalka farta italic-ka ah waa inuu u dhigmaa {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting|Italic type}}. *Ha isticmaalin [[Article (grammar)|maqaallada]] (''a'', ''an'', ama ''the'') sida xarafka ugu horreeya ({{xt|Economy of the Second Empire}}, ma aha {{!xt|The economy of the Second Empire}}), ilaa ay tahay qayb aan la kala saari karin oo magaca ka mid ah ({{xt|The Hague}}) ama mawduuca shaqa (''{{xt|A Clockwork Orange}}'', ''{{xt|The Simpsons}}''). *Caadi ahaan isticmaal [[noun]]s ama [[noun phrase]]s: {{xt|Early life}}, ma aha {{!xt|In early life}}.{{Efn|1=Erayada sida {{xt|In early life}} waa kuwo la accepts karo (inkastoo aan loo baahnayn) sida madaxda qaybaha. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa si joogto ah sida qayb ka mid ah mawduucyada maqaalka oo dheeraad ah sida [[Piracy in the Caribbean|{{xt|Piracy in the Caribbean}}]], indhaheeda marka dhismaha gaaban ({{xtn|Caribbean piracy}}) uu leeyahay arrimo is-dhaafsi ah.}} *Xarafka ugu dambeeya waa inuusan noqon calaamad ilaahiyad ilaa uu yahay qayb aan la kala saari karin oo magaca ka mid ah ({{xt|[[Saint-Louis-du-Ha! Ha!]]}}, {{xt|''[[Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?]]''}}) ama gaabinta ({{xt|[[Inverness City F.C.]]}}), ama marka xiritaanka bracket-ka wareegga ama calaamadda xigmadda loo baahan yahay ({{xt|[[John Palmer (1814 schooner)|''John Palmer'' (1814 schooner)]]}}). *Markasta oo calaamadaha xigmadda ama noocyada apostrophe-ka oo kale ay ka muuqdaan ({{xt|[[Geʽez]]}}), ku dar [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirection]] mawduuc caddaynaya oo isticmaalaya apostrophes ({{xt|[[Ge'ez]]}}).{{efn|name=curlyq|1=Calaamadaha xigmadda tooska ah iyo apostrophes waa kuwo fudud in loo qorto si lagu aamini karo madallada badankooda, markaas kani wuxuu u sahlayaa bartilmaameedka redirection-ka oo fudud. Xigmadda curdanka ah iyo apostrophes sidaas darteed waa kuwo si weyn looga tagay Wikipedia-ha English-ka. Eeg sidoo kale [[MOS:CURLY]] iyo [[MOS:']].}} Labadaba ha ka sareeyaan iyo kuwo [[Wikipedia:Article titles]], qeybta kale ee MoS-ka, gaar ahaan {{section link||Punctuation}}, waxay ku dabaqmaan sidoo kale mawduuca. ===Agaasimaha qaybta=== {{Shortcut|MOS:SO}} {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout}} Mawduuca maqaalka waa inuu ku starts-garo [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section|qaybta hordhaca ah<!-- Do not add the word "lede" here. See footnotes at WP:LEAD for details. -->]]{{snd}}gaabinta kooban ee maqaalka{{snd}}oo aan waligeed loo kala saarin qaybo {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section]])}}. Qaybta hartay ee maqaalka waxaa caadi ahaan loo kala saaraa [[Help:Section|qaybo]]. [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes|Infoboxes]], sawirrada, iyo mawduucyada kale ee la xiriira qaybta hordhaca ah waa inay noqdaan kuwo dhanka midig ah. Calaamadaha qaarkood oo heerka ah [[Help:Template|moodallada]] iyo [[Help:Wikitext|wikitext]] oo aan ahayn qaybo waxay ka sarreeyaan inta ugu dambaysa maqaalka, ka hor mawduuca qaybta hordhaca ah, iyo uusocodka soo socda: *[[Wikipedia:Short description|Gaaban sharrax leh]], oo leh moodalka {{tlx|Short description}} *[[Wikipedia:Hatnote|Hatnote-ka disambiguation]], waqtiga badankiisa oo leh moodalka {{tlx|Hatnote}} {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg sidoo kale {{section link|Wikipedia:Hatnote#Hatnote templates}})}} *Moodallada aan lahayn soo-saarka oo muujinaya foomka taariikhda dhisay ee maqaalka iyo nooca luqadda English-ka, haddii ay jiraan (t.s., {{tlx|Use dmy dates}}, {{tlx|Use Canadian English}}) *Moodallada dayactirka ee Banner-ka ah, [[Wikipedia:Template index/Disputes|Dispute]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Template index/Cleanup|Moodallada Cleanup]] ee arrimaha maqaalka oo dhan oo la calaamadeeyay (haddii kale loo isticmaalo sare ee qayb gaar ah, ka dambeeya hatnote kasta oo qayb ah sida {{tlx|main}}) *[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes|Infobox]], oo ah dookh (marka laga reebo xaaladaha gaarka ah sida {{tlx|Taxobox}} iyo {{tlx|Chembox}}, ama nooc ka mid ah, maqaallada ku dabaqmaya); caadi ahaan sidoo kale waxaa ku jira sawirka ugu horreeya *Sawirka hordhaca ah, marka infobox aan la isticmaalin, ama sawir dheeraad ah loo baahan yahay qaybta hordhaca ah (haddii hordhacu u yahay mid aad u dheer, sawir labaad waxaa lagu lagi karaa dhexda qoraalka hordhaca ah) Nooca skin-ka ee [[Vector 2022]], [[Wikipedia:Table of contents|tusmada maqaalka]] waa mid ka mid ah oo ka baxsan mawduuca maqaalka. Noocyada skin-ka hore qaarkood, tusmada la mari karo waxay ka muuqataa si otomaatig ah ka dambaysa hordhaca haddii maqaalku leeyahay ugu yaraan afar madax oo qaybo ah. Haddii mawduuca qayb uu ku jiraa si xeel-dheer oo dheeraad ah maqaal gaar ah {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Summary style]])}}, ku dar {{tlx|main|{{var|Article name}}}} ama {{tlx|further|{{var|Article name}}}} isla markiiba ka hooseeya madaxa qaybta. Sida lagu sharraxay si xeel-dheer {{slink|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout|Standard appendices and footers}}, noocyo dhowr ah oo maaddooyinka ah (badankoodu waa dookh) waxay ka muuqan karaan ka dambaysa qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee maqaalka, uusocodka soo socda: *Buugaagta ama shaqaalaha kale ee lagu abuuray mawduuca maqaalka, ka hooseeya madaxa qaybta "Works", "Publications", "Discography", "Filmography", iyo wixii la mid ah sida habboon (ka fogao "Bibliography", oo loo khaldami karo xigashooyinka tixraaca) *Isku xirka hoose ee maqaallada la xiriira ee Wikipedia-ha English-ka, oo leh madaxa qaybta "See also" *Xusuus-qoraallada iyo tixraacyada, oo leh madaxa qaybta "Notes" ama "References" (caadi ahaan ka dambeeya), ama qayb gaar ah oo loogu talagalay mid kasta uusocodkan {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]])}}; ka fogao "Bibliography", oo loo khaldami karo shaqaalaha mawduuca *Buugaagta la xiriira, maqaallada, ama shaqaalaha kale ee aan loo isticmaalin sida tixraacyada; isticmaal madaxa qaybta "Further reading"; noqo mid si sare ah loo doortay, maadaama [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a directory|Wikipedia aysan ahayn buugga tixraaca]] *Websaydhada la xiriira [[Wikipedia:External links|iyo kuwo habboon]] ee aan loo isticmaalin sida tixraacyada oo aan ka muuqan appendices-ka hore, isticmaalka madaxa "External links", oo loo sameyn karo qayb ka hooseysa "Further reading" (ama isku xirkaas waxaa toos lagu ammaan goyn karaa liiska "Further reading" halkii); [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Links to sister projects|moodallada isku xirka ee mawduucyada mashruuca walaalka ah]] sidoo cuali ahaan waxay ka sarreeyaan qaybtan marka ay jirto (haddii kale qaybta ugu dambaysa ee bogga) *Waxyaabaha ugu dambeeya ee soo socda waligeed ma qaataan madaxyada qaybaha: **Isku xirka hoose oo lagu aaggaaday [[Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates#Navigation_templates|boxes-ka navigation-ka]] **Metadata ee [[Wikipedia:Authority control|Authority control]], haddii loo baahdo, isticmaalka {{tlx|Authority control}} (wuxuu kala saaraa isticmaalka magaca laba mawduuc, ama magacyo badan oo loogu talagalay hal mawduuc) **[[Wikipedia:Categorization|Qeeybaha]], oo waa inay noqdaan maaddada ugu dambaysa ee koodha maqaalka haddii aysan jirin moodallada stub-ka **[[Wikipedia:Stub sorting|Moodallada stub-ka]], haddii loo baahdo, oo waa inay raacaan qeeybaha [[Wikipedia:Stand-alone lists|Maqaallada liiska ah ee gaarka ah]] waxay leeyihiin waxyaabo dheeraad ah oo agaasimaha ah. ===<span class="anchor" id="Section management"></span>Madaxyada qaybaha=== {{Shortcut|MOS:HEAD|MOS:HEADINGS}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Headings|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Order of article elements|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Section headings}} [[Help:Section|Madaxyada qaybaha]] waa inay caadi ahaan raacaan hagaha [[#Article titles|mawduucyada maqaalka]] ee sare oo ay ku muuqdaan [[sentence case]] ({{xt|Funding of UNESCO projects in developing countries}}), ma aha [[title case]] ({{!xt|Funding of UNESCO Projects in Developing Countries}}).{{efn|name=Sentence case}} {{shortcut|MOS:BLANKLINE}} {{vanchor|Blank line|text=Dhammaan madaxyada waa inay ku dhex jiraan xarkooda gaarka ah, oo ay ka horreyso presely hal xar oo eber ah, oo ay raacdo mid ka mid ah hal xar ama aan lahayn xar eber ah.}} {{vanchor|Section headings (necessary point 6)|text=Ha u isticmaalin si xun [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists#Description (definition, association) lists|liiska sharraxaadda]] markup ("<code>;</code>") si aad u abuurto [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Pseudo-headings|pseudo-headings]].}} {{va|SECTIONSTYLE|Section headings (styling best practice)|Section headings (main styling reason)|text=Sida arrin qaab oo joogto ah, madaxyada qaybuhu waa inaynaan:}} {{Shortcut|MOS:SECTIONSTYLE|MOS:NOBACKREF}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 1)|text=si turjumaad ah dib ugu tixraacin mawduuca maqaalka, t.s., {{xt|Early life}}, ma aha {{!xt|Smith's early life}} ama {{!xt|His early life}}}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 2)|text=tixraacin madax heer sare ah, ilaa aad sameyso ay tahay mid gaaban ama caddayn badan}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 3)|text=noqon kuwo la nambareeyay ama xarfo leh sida outline}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 4)|text=noqon kuwo loo sameeyay sida su'aal, t.s., {{xt|Languages}}, ma aha {{!xt|What languages are spoken?}}}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 5)|text=isticmaalin luga ama farta aan caadiga ahayn oo keeni kara [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Headings|arrimaha lagu heli karo]]}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 6)|text=noqon kuwo lagu duubay [[Help:Wikitext|markup]], sida bold iyo italics, oo baabi'in kara muujintooda oo keeni kara arrimo kale oo lagu heli karo}} ====Wikimarkup==== {{shortcut|MOS:NOSECTIONLINKS|MOS:HEADINGLINKS}} {{va|Section headings (technical best practice)|text=Sababo tignoolajiyada ah, madaxyada qaybuhu waa inay}} {{va|Section headings (necessary point 1)|text=noqdaan kuwo gaar ah oo ku dhex jira maqaal (si [[Template:Section link|isqu xirka qaybta]] uu u shaqeeyo)}} oo waa inaynaan ku dhex jirin: *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 2)|text=[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking#Principles|isqu xirka]], xataa haddii kaliya qayb ka mid ah madaxa la isku xiray}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 5)|text=xigashooyinka ama xusuus-qoraallada}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 4)|text=<code><[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics#Typesetting of mathematical formulae|math]]></code> markup}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 3)|text=sawirrada ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Icons#Encyclopedic purpose|icons-ka]]}} {{va|Section headings (main technical reason)|text=Xaddidaadahani waa kuwo lagu khasbay si looga fogaado tignoolajiyada dhibco leh oo ma aha kuwo la baabi'in karo is-afgaradka maxalliga ah ama hagayaasha aan ku habboonayn.}} {{short|MOS:TEMPLATE}} {{va|Section headings (necessary point 7)|text=Wadaagga moodalka}} waa in sidoo kale caadi ahaan looga fogaadaa madaxyada qaybaha, sababtoo ah waxay keenaan koodha asalka ah ee baaqida moodalka inuu ka muuqdo isqu xirka lagu daray gaabinta tifaftirka; gujinta isqu xirkaas ka muuqda taariikhda bogga ma keeni doonto qaybta loo baahan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, [[WP:ANCHORSUBST|marka lagu darayo isqu xirka anchor madaxyada, mar walba beddel moodalka gudaha madaxa]]: {{block indent|1={{plainlist| * {{y}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== {{subst:anchor|Anchor name}} Section title ==</nowiki>}}</code> * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== {{anchor|Anchor name}} Section title ==</nowiki>}}</code> }} }} {{shortcut|MOS:SECTIONCOMMENT}} {{va|SECTIONCOMMENT|Section comment|text=[[#Invisible comments|Xusuus-qoraallada la qariyay]] oo tixraacaya madaxa qayb ama qayb oo dhan waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu lago xar ka hooseysa madaxa. Waxaa sidoo cuali ahaan lagu lagi karaa ku dhex jira xarkooda oo kale sida madaxa, laakiin xaaladaas waa inay noqdaan kuwo {{em|gudaha}} <code>==&nbsp;==</code> markup:{{efn|1=Xusuus-qoraal ka baxsan <code><nowiki>==&nbsp;==</nowiki></code> laakiin ku dhex jira xarkooda oo kale wuxuu keeni karaa isqu xirka tifaftirka qaybta inuu ku guuldareysto inuu ka muuqdo dhammaan; ee browsers-ka kale, wuxuu ka muuqan karaa, laakiin isticmaalkiisu wuxuu keeni doonaa madaxa qaybta inuusan si otomaatig ah lagu darin gaabinta tifaftirka.}}}} {{block indent|1={{plainlist| * {{y}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== Implications ==</nowiki><br /><nowiki><!--This comment is placed correctly.--></nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{mby}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== Implications<!--This comment works fine.--> ==</nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{mby}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== <!--This comment works fine.-->Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== Implications == <!--This comment causes problems.--> </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{tracked|T381786}}{{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki><!--This comment causes problems.</nowiki><br><nowiki>-->== Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki><!--The space after this comment breaks the heading completely.--> == Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} }} }} ====<span class="anchor" id="SECTIONANCHOR"></span><span class="anchor" id="Section anchor"></span>Anchors==== {{short|MOS:SECTIONANCHOR}} <section begin="heading links" />Ka hor inta aanad beddelin madax, tixgeli in aad baabi'inayso isqu xirka jira oo ku dhex jira.<section end="heading links" /> Haddii ay jiraan [[Help:Link#To a section|isqu xirka badan oo u socda mawduuca hore]],{{efn|name="many links"|1=Si aad u ogaato inta isqu xirka ee u socda mawduuca qaybta hore iyo maqaallada leeh iyaga, waxaad sameyn kartaa <span class=plainlinks>[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=all%3A+linksto%3A%22ARTICLE%22+insource%3A%2F%5B%5B%7C%5DARTICLE%5C%23OLDSECTION%2F+&title=Special:Search&profile=all&fulltext=1 raadinta sare ee]</span>, iyadoo la beddelayo {{smallcaps|article}} magaca maqaalka, iyo {{smallcaps|oldsection}} mawduuca qaybta hore. Raadintaas sare ma raadiso [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirections-ka]], markaas sidoo kale eeg bogga maqaalka ee [[Special:WhatLinksHere]] ee redirections-ka u socda mawduuca qaybta hore. Haddii ay jiraan kaliya nambarka yar ee isqu xirka ee u socda mawduuca qaybta hore, waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu cusbooneysiiyo manwal ahaan.}} abuur [[Help:Anchor|anchor]] oo leh mawduucaas si loo xaqijiyo in kuwani ay sii shaqeeyaan. Sidoo kale, marka lagu isqu xirayo qayb, ka tag xusuus-qoraal aan la arki karin madaxa qaybta bartilmaameedka, iyadoo lagu magacaabayo maqaallada isqu xirka leeh, si haddii madaxa dambe loo beddelo kani si fudud loo hagaajin karo, ama kale anchor kale loo abuurayo haddii ay jiraan kuwo badan.{{efn|name="many links"}} Tusaale ahaan: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == {{subst:Anchor|Consequences}} Implications == <!-- "Richard Dawkins" and "Daniel Dennett" link here. --> </syntaxhighlight> oo lagu kaydin doono maqaalka sida: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == <span class="anchor" id="Consequences"></span> Implications == <!-- "Richard Dawkins" and "Daniel Dennett" link here. --> </syntaxhighlight> Faa'iidada isticmaalka {{tlxs|Anchor}}, ama kaliya la dhex gelinayo {{tag|span|o|link=yes}} tags-ka toos, waa in marka tifaftirka loo sameeyo qaybta mustaqbalka, anchor-ku ma lagu dhex jiri doono taariikhda bogga sida qayb ka mid ah magaca qaybta. Marka kaliya {{tlx|Anchor}} loo isticmaalo toos, akhlaaqdaas aan loo baahnayn {{em|waa ay}} dhacdaa, markaas waa in mar walba [[WP:ANCHORSUBST|loo beddelo anchors madaxyada qaybaha]]. Marka la dhex gelinayo span toos, {{em|ha}} gaabin iyadoo la isticmaalayo tag-ka self-closing, sida ku dhex jirta: <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== <span id="Consequences"</nowiki>{{highlight round|/|bc=var(--background-color-destructive-subtle, lightred);}}> Implications <nowiki>==</nowiki>}}</code> In HTML5 foomkaas XML-style waa mid shaqaynaya kaliya tags-ka qaarkood, sida {{nowrap |<code>&lt;br/></code>}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T134423 |title=T134423 Deprecate nonstandard behavior of self-closed HTML tags in wikitext. |website=phabricator.wikimedia.org |access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref> Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking|Avoiding broken section links}} si aad u ogaato wada-hadal dheeraad ah. ====Mawduuca oo kale madaxa==== Hagaha sare ee madaxyada qaybaha, gaar ahaan sentence case, turjumaad, sawirrada iyo su'aalaha, sidoo kale wuxuu ku dabaqmaa [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables#Captions and headers|madaxyada taarikada]] (iyo noocyada taarikada iyo xarrada). Laakiin, madaxyada taarikada waxay ku dhex jiri karaan xigashooyinka oo waxay ku starts-garo karaan, ama noqon karaan, nambara. Unka madaxyada bogga, madaxyada taarikada ma samayn karaan si otomaatig ah anchors-ka isqu xirka. Ka baxsan sentence case ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Glossaries|glossaries]], talada madaxa sidoo kale waxay ku dabaqmaysaa ''term'' qoraallada ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists#DLIST|description lists]]. Haddii la isticmaalayo [[Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Glossaries#Template-structured|template-structured glossaries]], terms-ku si otomaatig ah waxay leeyihiin anchors-ka isqu xirka, laakiin ma leeyihiin kale. Xigashooyinka mawduuca description-list waxay ku dhex jiraan {{tl|term}} ama {{tl|defn}} element, sida loo baahan yahay. ==Noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga== {{Shortcut|MOS:ENGVAR}} Noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga (tusaale ahaan, kala duwanaanshaha erayada ama naxwaha ee gobollada ka jira) waxay bixiyaan macluumaad ku saabsan kala duwanaanshaas. Dhammaan noocyada gobollada ama noocyada heerka ee Af-Soomaaliga waa kuwo la aqbali karo oo siman Wikipedia-da Soomaaliga, iyada oo la isticmaalayo uslub rasmi ah oo maqaallada u gaar ah ([[Register (sociolinguistics)|weeraral rami ah]] ama astaanta luqadda). Qaabka taariikhda ee maqaalka ({{xt|{{#time: F j, Y}}}} ama {{xt|{{#time: j F Y}}}}) wuxuu sidoo kale la xiriiraa noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga {{snd}}eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|Strong national ties to a topic|Retaining existing format}}. === <span class="anchor" id="Internal consistency"></span>Joogteynta ku dhex jirta maqaallada<!-- When renaming this section title, rename the full link at [[Wikipedia:Consistency]] --> === {{Shortcut|MOS:ARTCON|MOS:CONSISTENT}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Variation in citation methods|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Retaining existing format}} Xeerarka nooc gaar ah oo Af-Soomaali caadifad ah waa in loo raaco si joogto ah ku dhex jirta maqaalka gaarka ah. Waxyaabaha ka baxsan waxaa ku jira: *'''Xigashooyinka''' iyo '''cinwaannada buugaagta ama hawlaha''' (sida buugaagta, filimada, iyo muusigga) waa in loo qoraa sida ay ka muuqdaan ilaha tixraaca. Laakiin, waxaa jira xaalado qaarkood oo leexanaya mabda'an si loo dhowro heerka qaab-qoraalka ee alifbeetada encyclopedia-ha dhan. {{crossref|Eeg {{section link||Typographic conformity}}.}} *'''Magacyada u gaarka ah''' waxay isticmaalaan qoraalka mawduuca ama lahaanshaha u gaarka ah, tusaale ahaan, {{xt|United States Department of Defense}} iyo {{xt|Australian Defence Force}}; {{xt|International Labour Organization}}<!--This example is here because it uses -our and -ization at the same time; it is Oxford spelling.-->. *Maqaallada ku saabsan mawduucyada la xiriira kimistariga, foomka heerka caalamiga ah ee higaada {{xt|aluminium}}, {{xt|sulfur}}, {{xt|caesium}} (iyo erayada ka soo baxa) waa in loo isticmaalo iyadoo aan loo eegin nooca luqadda ee looga adeegsado maqaalka. {{crossref|Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (chemistry)|Element names}}.}} ===Fursadaha wadaagga ama isku-duubnida=== {{shortcut|MOS:COMMONALITY}} Si loogu talagalay encyclopedia caalamiga ah, isticmaalka erayada wadaagga ah ee dhammaan noocyada Af-Soomaaliga waa mid ka wanaagsan. *Isticmaal erayada si caalami ah loo aqbalay halkii kuwa aan aad loo fidin, gaar ahaan cinwaannada. Tusaale ahaan, [[Glasses|{{xt|muraayado}}]] ayaa ka wanaagsan noocyada gobollada ee gaarka ah; [[Ten million|{{xt|toban milyan}}]] ayaa ka wanaagsan [[crore|{{!xt|hal crore}}]]. *Haddii kala duwanaansho higaadeed uu ka muuqdo cinwaan, samee bogga [[Wikipedia:Redirect|reer-itusaale (sidetrack/redirect)]] si loogu talagalay kuwa kale, sida ku dhex jirta [[artefact]] iyo [[artifact]], si dhammaan noocyada loo isticmaali karo raadinta iyo isku xirka. *Erayada ku kala duwan noocyada luqadda, ama leh macnayaal kala duwan, waxaa lagu [[Gloss (annotation)#In linguistics|u xaqiijin karaa faahfaahinta (gloss)]] si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga ama jahawareerka, tusaale ahaan, {{xt|qaybta dambe ee baabuurta (trunk ama boot)&nbsp;...}}. *Isticmaal eray ama weedh si caadi ah loo fahmo iyada oo ka wanaagsan mid leh macno kale sababtoo ah kala duwanaanshaha gobollada (halkii {{!xt|alternate}}, isticmaal {{xt|alternative}} ama {{xt|alternating}}, sida habboon), marka laga reebo xaaladaha tignoolajiyada ama cilmiga halka beddelkaas uu noqon lahaa mid aan habboonayn ({{xt|alternate leaves}}; {{xt|alternate law}}). *Marka ay jiraan wax ka badan hal nooc oo higaad ah oo ka dhex jira heerka caadiga ah ee luqadda, nooca ugu caansan ee hadda la isticmaalo waa in caadi ahaan ka wanaagsanaado, marka laga reebo halka higaada yar ay leedahay isticmaal gaar ah oo xaalad xeel-dheer ah, tusaale ahaan, ''connexion'' ku dhex jirta [[Connexionalism|Methodist connexionalism]]. ===Xiriirka gobolka ama qaranka ee xoogga leh ee mawduuca=== {{Shortcut|MOS:TIES}} Maqaal ku saabsan mawduuc leh xiriir xooggan oo u socda waddan ama gobol]] gaar ah waa inuu isticmaalaa heerka luqadda rasmiga ah (ee ma aha colloquial/afka wadada) ee gobolkaas ama qarankaas. Tusaale ahaan: Mawduucyada leh xiriir xooggan oo u socda [[Commonwealth of Nations]], ama waddamo badan oo Commonwealth ah ama dhulalkii hore ee British-ka, isticmaal higaada British-ka. ===Dhowrida nooca jira=== {{Shortcut|MOS:RETAIN}} Marka nooc gaar ah [[#Consistency within articles|isticmaalkiisa joogtada ah]] lagu dhisay maqaal, sii wad iyada oo aan la helin is-afgarad ka dhan ah. Kaliya xaaladaha gaarka ah (sida marka mawduuc uu leeyahay [[#Strong national ties to a topic|xiriir gobol ama qaran oo xooggan]], ama beddelku wuxuu yareeyaa is-dhaafsiga) ayaa ay jirtaa sabab shaqaynaysa oo loo beddelo ka mid ah dookha la aqbali karo oo loo beddelo mid kale. {{va|FPSR|FMC|text=Marka aan la dhisin nooc gaar ah oo wada-hadalku uusan xallin arrinta, isticmaal nooca ka muuqda nooca ugu horreeyay ee ka dambeeya [[Wikipedia:Stub|qabyada (stub)]] oo soo bandhigay nooc la aqoonsan karo. Waxa ka baxsan tan waa [[#Retain quote variety|ha beddelin nooca luqadda ee ku dhex jira xigasho]].}} Nooca lagu dhisay maqaal gaar ah waxaa lagu qoraa iyadoo lagu dhex darayo [[:Category:Use English templates|tampaallada Use X English]] ee habboon bogga maqaalka. Tampaallada [[:Category:Varieties of English templates|nooca luqadda ee habboon]] sidoo kale waxaa lagu dhejin karaa bogga wada-hadalka ee maqaalka. Maqaal waa inuusan noqon mid la tifaftiro ama magaca loo beddelo kaliya si looga beddelo hal nooc oo luqad ah oo loo beddelo mid kale. Tampaalka {{tlxs|uw-engvar}} waxaa lagu dhejin karaa bogga wada-hadalka tifaftiraha si loogu sharraxo tan. ==Xarfo-waweynaynta== Cinwaannada maqaallada Wikipedia iyo cinwaannada qaybaha waxay isticmaalaan habka weedha, ma aha habka cinwaanka; iyo {{section link||Section headings}}. Xaraf-weynaynta alaabta liiska ku jirta, eeg {{section link||Bulleted and numbered lists}}. Points-ka kale ee ku saabsan xaraf-weynaynta waxaa si kooban loogu dhex muujiyay hoos. Macluumaadka fulan waxaa lagu heli karaa [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters]]. Qodobka ugu muhiimsan ayaa ah in Wikipedia aysan xaraf-weynaynayn eray ilaa uu si joogto ah xaraf-weyn ugu yahay badankooda [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|ilaha lagu kalsoonaan karo]] ee madax-bannaan. ===Xaraf-weynaynta ''The''=== Caadi ahaan, ha xaraf-weynayn erayga ''the'' dhexda jumlada ma aha { Reebanaanta caadiga ah waxaa ku jira magacyada u gaarka ah ee qaarkood iyo badankooda cinwaannada hawlaha abuurka ah ({{xt|Tolkien wrote ''The Lord of the Rings''}}{{snd}}laakiin ogaada in ''the'' aysan noqon karin qayb ka mid ah cinwaanka ee lagu qoro, t.s., Waxaa jira tixgelinno gaar ah oo loo sameeyo magacyada kooxaha muusigga , magacyada hay'adaha, magac u yaallada, summadaha ganacsiga. ===<span id="Capitalization-Titles"></span>Cinwaannada hawlaha=== {{main|WP:Manual of Style/Titles of works}} Cinwaannada luqadda Ingiriisiga ee qoraallada (buugaagta iyo hawlaha kale ee qoraalka, noocyada iyo hawlaha kale ee codka, filimada iyo hawlaha kale ee muuqaalka ah, sawirrada iyo hawlaha kale ee fanka, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxaa loo bixiyaa habka {{em|[[title case]]}}, halka eray kasta loo siiyo xaraf-weyn bilowga marka laga reebo erayada qaarkood oo yar oo muhiim ah (sida lagu sharraxay {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters|Composition titles}}). Erayada ugu horreeya iyo kuwa ugu dambeeya ee cinwaan luqad Ingiriisi ah mar walba waa kuwo xaraf-weyn leh. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|''An Eye for an Eye''}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|''Worth the Fighting For''}} Xaraf-weynaynta cinwaannada aan Ingiriisiga ahayn waa ay kala duwan tahay, xataa waqti ka waqti isla luqadda dhexdeeda; caadi ahaan, dhowr qaabka asalka ah ee hawlaha cusub, oo raac isticmaalka ka muuqda ilaha lagu kalsoonaan karo ee luqadda Ingiriisiga ee hadda{{efn|name=recent}} ee hawlaha taariikhiga ah. Marka lagu qoro alfabeta Laatiinka, badankooda waxyaabahaani waa inay sidoo kale ku jiraan farta janjeerta ([[#Italics|italics]]), ama lagu duubo [[#Names and titles|calaamadaha oraahda (quotation marks)]]. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|{{lang|fr|Les Liaisons dangereuses}}}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"{{lang|de|italics=no|Hymnus an den heiligen Geist}}"}} ===Tayooyinka iyo xilalka dadka=== *'''Isticmaalka guud''', isticmaal xaraf yar erayada sida ''president'' (madaxweyne), ''king'' (boqor), iyo ''emperor'' (imbiraadoor) ({{xt|De Gaulle was a French president}}; {{xt|Louis XVI was a French king}}; {{xt|Three prime ministers attended the conference}}). *'''Toos ka hor magaca dadka''', erayadaas waxay ka start-garoobayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|President Obama}}, ma aha {{!xt|president Obama}}). Magacyada heerka ah ama caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo ee doorka ama xilka waxaa loo meeleeyaa sida magacyada u gaarka ah ({{xt|David Cameron was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom}}; {{xt|Hirohito was Emperor of Japan}}; {{xt|Louis XVI was King of France}}). Qaababka boqortooyada waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|Her Majesty}}; {{xt|His Highness}}); reebanaantu waxay ku dabaqmi kartaa xilal gaar ah. ===Diimaha, ilaahyada, falsafadaha, iyo caqiidooyinka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Religions, deities, philosophies, doctrines, and their adherents}} {{see|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Religion}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles#Religious texts}} *'''Diimaha, kooxaha, iyo kaniisadaha''' iyo taageerayaashooda (foomka magaca ama tilmaamaha) waxay ka start-garoobayaan xaraf-weyn. Caadi ahaan, "the" ma aha xaraf-weyn ka hor magacyadaas ({{xt|the Unitarians}}, ma aha {{!xt|The Unitarians}}). *'''[[Religious text|Qoraallada diinta]]''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn, laakiin badanaa ma aha farta janjeerta ({{xt|the Bhagavad Gita}}, {{xt|the Quran}}, {{xt|the Talmud}}, {{xt|the Granth Sahib}}, {{xt|the Bible}}). Ha u qorin xaraf-weyn "the" marka aad u isticmaalayso foomkan. Tilmaamaha qaarkood oo ka soo baxa waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn heshiis ahaan, qaarkoodna ma qaataan ({{xt|biblical}}, laakiin {{xt|Quranic}}); haddii aad u baahato hubaal, eeg qaamuuska. *'''[[Honorific|Tayooyinka iyo magacyada sharafta]] ee ilaahyada''', ku dhex jira magacyada u gaarka ah iyo tayooyinka, waxay ka start-garoobayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|God}}, {{xt|Allah}}, {{xt|the Lord}}, {{xt|the Supreme Being}}, {{xt|the Great Spirit}}, {{xt|the Horned One}}, {{xt|Bhagavan}}). Ha u qorin xaraf-weyn "the" xaaladahaas ama marka aad tixraacayso dadka waaweyn ee diinta ama shakhsiyaadka khayalka ah/asraarta ah ({{xt|the Prophet}}, {{xt|the Messiah}}, {{xt|the Virgin}}). Magacyada guud ee ilaahyada iyo shakhsiyaadka diinta ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|many gods}}; {{xt|the god Woden}}; {{xt|saints and prophets}}). *'''Magac-u-yaallada shakhsiyaadka cibaadada ama Ilaah''' ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn, xataa haddii xaraf-weyn lagu qoro qoraallada diinta ({{xt|God and his will}}). *'''Qaybaha waaweyn ee mukhluuqaadka khayalka ah (mythical/legendary)''' waxay ka start-garoobayaan xarfo yar ({{xt|elf}}, {{xt|fairy}}, {{xt|nymph}}, {{xt|unicorn}}, {{xt|angel}}), inkastoo hawlaha khayalka ah (fantasy), sida buugaagta [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] iyo ciyaaraha fiidiyowga qaarkood, xarfaha waaweyn ee bilowga ah marmar loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo in mukhluuqaadku ay samaynayaan dhaqan ama irsi dhex jira [[fictional universe|caalamka khayalka ah]]. U qor xaraf-weyn magacyada ama tayooyinka mukhluuqaadka gaarka ah ({{xt|the Minotaur}}, {{xt|Pegasus}}) iyo kooxaha oo magacooda iyo xubnahoodu ay yihiin kuwo go'an ({{xt|the Magi, or the Three Wise Men}}, {{xt|the Furies}}). Tixraacyada guud ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|these priests}}; {{xt|several wise men}}; {{xt|cherub-like}}). *'''Matalaadaha ama dhacdooyinka ruuxiga ah iyo kuwa diinta''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn kaliya marka la tixraacayo dhacdooyin gaar ah ama waqtiyo gaar ah ({{xt|the Great Flood}} iyo {{xt|the Exodus}}; laakiin {{xt|annual flooding}} iyo {{xt|an exodus of refugees}}). *'''Falsafadaha, aragtiyaha, dhaqdhaqaaqyada, iyo caqiidooyinka''' waxay isticmaalaan xarfo yar ilaa magacu ka soo baxo magac u gaar ah ({{xt|capitalism versus Marxism}}) ama uusan noqon magac u gaar ah ({{xt|republican}}, oo ah dhismaha fikirka siyaasadda; {{xt|Republican}}, oo ah xisbi siyaasadeed). Isticmaal xarfo yar mawduucyada caqiidooyinka ama fikirka diinta ee heerka caadiga ah (oo ka soo contrasts-garoobaya dhacdooyinka gaarka ah), xataa haddii xaraf-weyn lagu qoro taageerayaasha diinta qaarkood ({{xt|virgin birth}}, {{xt|original sin}}, {{xt|transubstantiation}}). *'''[[Platonic idealism|Platonic]] ama fikradaha sare (transcendent ideals)''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn xaaladda caqiidada falsafadda ({{xt|Truth}}, {{xt|the Good}}); marka loo isticmaalo si dhumuc leh, waxay ku dhex jiraan xarfo yar ({{xt|Superman represents American ideals of truth and justice}}). Isticmaal xarfo waaweyn marka fanka lagu personify-gareeyo fikradaha ({{xt|the guidebook mentioned statues of Justice and Liberty}}). *{{va|Eponyms|EPONYM|EPONYMS|text='''[[Eponym|Eponym-s (erayada ka soo baxay magacyada dadka)]]''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn ([[Edwardian era|{{xt|Edwardian}}]], [[De Morgan's laws|{{xt|De Morgan's laws}}]], [[Alice in Wonderland syndrome|{{xt|Alice in Wonderland syndrome}}]], [[Plaster of Paris|{{xt|plaster of Paris}}]], [[Platonic idealism|{{xt|Platonic idealism}}]], [[Draconian constitution|{{xt|Draconian constitution of Athens}}]]), marka laga reebo isticmaalka sanfada ama maahmaahda ah oo ka baxsan xaaladda asalka ah oo caadi ahaan xarfo yar ku dhex jira ilaha tixraaca ([[Platonic relationship|{{xt|a platonic relationship}}]]; {{xt|complained of draconian workplace policies}}).{{efn|name=eponyms|1=Waxaa jira waxyaabo yar oo dheeraad ah oo ka baxsan xaraf-weynaynta eponyms-ka, halka eraygu leeyahay xeer xooggan oo ah xarfo yar, t.s., lagu doorbido foomkaas badankooda qaamuustada waaweyn ee luqadda Ingiriisiga. Tusaale ahaan, {{xt|parkinsonian}} wuxuu sharraxaa bukaan muujinaya astaamaha [[Parkinson's disease|{{xt|Parkinson's disease}}]]. Dhexdeeda carabiga/higgaada isticmaalka erayada [[Linguistic latinisation|{{xt|latinize}}]], [[Romanisation|{{xt|romanize}}]], iyo [[Anglicization|{{xt|anglicize}}]] [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Anglo- and similar prefixes|waxay sii kordhayaan xarfo yar]], iyo [[Italic type|{{xt|italic[s]}}]] ku dhex jirta farta mar walba waa xarfo yar.}} Weedha dhan oo uu eponym ku yahay tilmaame [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Religions, deities, philosophies, doctrines, and their adherents|ma aha xaraf-weyn]] marka laga reebo marka weedha dhitadeedu tahay magac u gaar ah (t.s., [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles|cinwaanka hawl la daabacay]]: [[The China Syndrome|{{xt|''The China Syndrome''}}]]).}} ===Astaamaha kalandarka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Calendar items}} *'''Bilsashada (bilo), maalmaha toddobaadka, iyo fasaxyada''' waxay ka start-garoobayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|June}}, {{xt|Monday}}; {{xt|the Fourth of July}} wuxuu tixraacaa kaliya Maalinta Xorriyadda Mareykanka{{snd}}haddii kale {{xt|July 4}} ama {{xt|4 July}}). *'''Xilliyada''' waxay ku dhex jiraan xarfo yar ({{xt|her last summer}}; {{xt|the winter solstice}}; {{xt|spring fever}}), marka laga reebo marka lagu personify-gareeyo fanka ama magacyada u gaarka ah ee waqtiyada ama dhacdooyinka ({{xt|Old Man Winter}}; {{xt|competed on the Spring Circuit}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="People, animals, plants, and other organisms"></span>Dadka, xayawaanka, dhirta, iyo noolaha kale=== {{Shortcut|MOS:LIFE}} {{Hatnote|Wixii faahfaahsan ee ku saabsan xaraf-weynaynta, eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters|Animals, plants, and other organisms}}; ee farta janjeerta, {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting|Italic type}}. Eeg sidoo kale {{section link|Wikipedia:Lead section|Organisms}} ee ku saabsan maareynta jumlada ugu horreysa. Eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (fauna)]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora)]] ee ku saabsan hagaha cinwaannada maqaallada.}} Marka la isticmaalayo '''[[Taxonomy (biology)|magacyada taksonomiga ("sayniska")]]''', u qor xaraf-weyn oo janjeer (italics) genus-ka: {{xt|''Berberis''}}, {{xt|''Erithacus''}}. (Supergenus iyo subgenus, marka ay ku dabaqmaan, loo maareeyo foomkaas oo kale.) Janjeeri laakiin ha u qorin xaraf-weyn heerarka taksonomiga ee species-ka iyo ka hooseeya: {{xt|''Berberis darwinii''}}, {{xt|''Erithacus rubecula superbus''}}, {{xt|''Acacia coriacea'' subsp. ''sericophylla''}}; wax ka baxsan ma jiraan oo lagu sameeyay magacyada u gaarka ah oo samaynaya qayb ka mid ah magacyada sayniska. Taxa-ga sare (order, family, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn Laatiinka ({{xt|Carnivora}}, {{xt|Felidae}}) laakiin ma qaataan udhigmaadka Ingiriisiga ({{xt|carnivorans}}, {{xt|felids}}); ma aha janjeer labada foomba, marka laga reebo fayrasyada, halka dhammaan magacyada lagu aqbalay guddiga [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|ICTV]] ay yihiin janjeer ({{xt|''Retroviridae''}}). {{Shortcut|MOS:CULTIVAR}}{{Anchor|Cultivar}}Magacyada '''[[Cultivar]]''' iyo '''[[cultivar group]]''' ee dhirta ma aha janjeer, oo waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn (ku dhex jirta erayga ''Group'' ee magaca ku dhex jira); magacyada cultivar waxay ka muuqdaan xigashooyinka keliyaalka ah (single quotes) ({{xt|''Malus domestica'' 'Red Delicious'}}), halka cultivar groups aysan qaadanin ({{xt|''Cynara cardunculus'' Scolymus Group}}). '''Ingiriisi [[Common name|magacyada afka caadiga ah ("common")]]''' waxaa loo bixiyaa xarfo yar qoraalka maqaalka ([[Plains zebra|{{xt|plains zebra}}]]<!-- animal species -->, [[Mountain maple|{{xt|mountain&nbsp;maple}}]]<!-- plant species -->, iyo [[Southwestern red-tailed hawk|{{xt|southwestern red-tailed hawk}}]]<!-- bird subspecies -->) iyo habka weedha (sentence case) bilowga jumlada iyo meelaha kale oo xarafka ugu horreeya ee erayga ugu horreeya uu yahay xaraf-weyn.{{efn|name=Sentence case}} Waxay sidoo kale qaataan xarfo waaweyn halka ay ku jiraan magacyo u gaar ah: [[Przewalski's horse|{{xt|Przewalski's&nbsp;horse}}]]<!-- eponym -->, [[California condor|{{xt|California&nbsp;condor}}]]<!-- typical geonym -->, iyo [[Fair-maid-of-France|{{xt|fair-maid-of-France}}]]<!-- unusual but important illustrative case -->. Kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa species iyo subspecies, sida tusaalooyinka hore, iyo sidoo kale magacyada guud ee kooxaha ama noocyada noolaha: [[Bird of prey|{{xt|bird&nbsp;of&nbsp;prey}}]]<!-- cross-order ecological niche -->, [[Oak|{{xt|oak}}]]<!-- plant family -->, [[Great apes|{{xt|great&nbsp;apes}}]]<!-- animal family -->, [[Bryde's whales|{{xt|Bryde's&nbsp;whales}}]]<!-- species group -->, [[Livestock guardian dog|{{xt|livestock&nbsp;guardian&nbsp;dog}}]]<!-- domestic type -->, [[Poodle|{{xt|poodle}}]]<!-- domestic breed group but not a breed -->, [[Van cat|{{xt|Van&nbsp;cat}}]]<!-- domestic geographic landrace -->, [[Wolfdog|{{xt|wolfdog}}]]<!-- hybrid/crossbreed/mongrel not recognized as a standardized breed -->. Marka magaca caadiga ah uu la mid yahay takson saynis ah, ha u qorin xaraf-weyn ama janjeer, marka laga reebo halka la tixraacayo noolaha dhanka taksonomiga: {{xt|A lynx is any of the four medium-sized wild cat species within the genus ''Lynx''.}} Magacyada caadiga ah ee aan Ingiriisiga ahayn, marka ay la xiriiraan in lagu daro, waxaa loo maareeyay sida erayada kale ee aan Ingiriisiga ahayn: janjeer sidaas, oo xaraf-weyn kaliya haddii shuruudaha luqadda hooyo ay u baahan yihiin. Magacyada aan Ingiriisiga ahayn oo noqday kuwo la qabsaday Ingiriisiga waxaa loo maareeyay sida Ingiriisiga ([[Ayahuasca|{{xt|ayahuasca}}]], [[Okapi|{{xt|okapi}}]]). {{Shortcut|MOS:BREED}}{{Anchor|Breed}}'''[[Standardized breeds|Dhalada la halbeeyay (Standardized breeds)]]''' waa inay caadi ahaan dhowraan xaraf-weynaynta loo isticmaalay halbeegga dhalada.{{efn|name=Standardized breeds|1=Hagaha dhalada lagu daray [[Diff2/881140543|RfC on capitalization of the names of standardized breeds|December 2018 RfC]]. "Dhalada la halbeeyay" wuxuu waayay macno toos ah oo caddaynaya, laakiin wuxuu ku dhex jiraa dhala kasta oo ku dhex jira [[breed standard]] ama [[studbook]] ee kooxda taranta/mataanaha. Kooxaha kale ee xayawaanka guri-joogga ah ma aha dhala la halbeeyay: noocyada taariikhda hore, kooxaha dhalada, xayawaanka duurjoogtoobay (feral), landraces, iyo [[crossbreed|dhalada la isku dhalay]] ama [[Hybrid (biology)|isandho]] oo aan kooxaha waaweyn aqoonsan sida dhala gaar ah. Kuwo badan caadi ahaan ma aha [[Wikipedia:Notability|muhiim (notable)]].}} Tusaalooyinka: [[German Shepherd|{{xt|German Shepherd}}]], [[Russian White goat|{{xt|Russian White goat}}]], [[Berlin Short-faced Tumbler|{{xt|Berlin Short-faced Tumbler}}]]. Sida cultivar-ka dhirta, kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa haddii magacu yahay magac u gaar ah ama kale, oo ka soo contrasts-garoobaya sida magacyada caadiga ah ee noolaha loo qoro. Laakiin, ka baxsan cultivar-ka, dhalada waligeed ma lagu dhex daro xigashooyinka keliyaalka ah (single quotes), oo magacyadoodu waligeed ma aha qayb ka mid ah magac saynis ah. Erayga noolaha ee lagu daray dhamaadka si looga fogaado jahawareerka ("cat", "hound", "horse", "swine", iyo wixii la mid ah) waa inuusan noqon xaraf-weyn, ilaa uu yahay qayb ka mid ah magaca dhalada oo si joogto ah lagu muujiyo foomkaas halbeegga dhalada (xaaladaha dhifka ah waxaa ku jira [[Norwegian Forest Cat|{{xt|Norwegian Forest Cat}}]] iyo [[American Quarter Horse|{{xt|American Quarter Horse}}]]). Samee [[Wikipedia:Redirect|sidetrack/redirects]] ka soo baxay xaraf-weynaynta kale iyo foomamka higaada ee cinwaannada maqaalka, iyo magacyada kale, t.s., [[Adélie Penguin]], [[Adelie penguin]], [[Adelie Penguin]] iyo ''[[Pygoscelis adeliae]]'' dhammaan waa inay sidetrack u sameeyaan [[Adélie penguin]]. ===Samooyinka iyo walxaha hawada sare=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Celestial bodies}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (astronomical objects)}} Erayada ''sun'' (sol/qorrax), ''earth'' (dhul), ''moon'' (dayax), iyo ''solar system'' (bahda qorraxda) ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn isticmaalka guud ({{xt|The sun was over the mountain top}}; {{xt|The tribal people thought of the whole earth as their home}}). Waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn marka walaxda lagu personify-gareeyo fanka/suugaanta ({{xt|Sol Invictus ('Unconquered Sun') was the Roman sun god}}) ama marka loo isticmaalo sida magac walax gaar ah xaaladda sayniska ama falagga ({{xt|The Moon orbits the Earth}}; laakiin {{xt|Io is a moon of Jupiter}}). Magacyada meereyaasha, dayaxyada, asteroids-ka, comets-ka, xiddigaha, constellations-ka, iyo galaxies-ka waa magacyo u gaar ah, oo sidaas darteed xaraf-weyn ah ({{xt|The planet Mars is in the constellation Gemini, near the star Pollux}}). Xarafka ugu horreeya ee eray kasta oo ku dhex jira magacaas waa xaraf-weyn ({{xt|Alpha Centauri}} ma aha {{!xt|Alpha centauri}}; {{xt|Milky Way}}, ma aha {{!xt|Milky way}}). Erayada sida ''comet'' iyo ''galaxy'' waa inay noqdaan xaraf-weyn marka ay samaynayaan qayb ka mid ah magac u gaar ah, laakiin ma aha marka loo isticmaalo sida eray guud ({{xt|Halley's Comet is the most famous of the comets}}; {{xt|the Andromeda Galaxy is a spiral galaxy}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Compass"></span>Pointers-ka kombaas-ka (Jihooyinka)=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Compass points}} Ha xaraf-weynayn '''jihooyinka''' sida ''north'' (woqooyi) ama foomamka la xiriira ({{xt|We took the northern road}}) marka laga reebo marka ay yihiin qaybo ka mid ah magacyada u gaarka ah ({{xt|Great North Road}}, {{xt|Great Western Drive}}, {{xt|South Pole}}). U qor xaraf-weyn '''magacyada gobollada''' haddii ay gaareen heerka magaca u gaarka ah, ku dhex jira magacyada caadiga ah ee heshiiska ({{xt|Southern California}}; {{xt|the Western Desert}}), iyo erayada ka soo baxa ee dadka (t.s., ''Southerner'' oo ah mid ka soo jeeda [[Southern United States]]). Ha xaraf-weynayn magacyada sharraxaadda leh ee gobollada oo aan gaarin heerka magacyada u gaarka ah, sida {{xt|southern Poland}}. Jihooyinka isku-dhafka ah waxaa lagu dhex jiri karaa ama aan lagu dhex jiri karin dhex-xariijin (hyphen), iyada oo ku xiran [[#National varieties of English|nooca Ingiriisiga ee loo qaatay]] maqaalka. {{xt|Southeast Asia}} iyo {{xt|northwest}} waxay ka caansan yihiin Ingiriisiga Mareykanka; laakiin {{xt|South-East Asia}} iyo {{xt|north-west}} waxay ka caansan yihiin Ingiriisiga British-ka. Xaaladaha sida {{xt|north–south dialogue}} iyo {{xt|east–west orientation}}, isticmaal en dash; eeg {{section link||Other uses for en dashes}}. ===<span id="Institutions"></span>Magacyada u gaarka ah ka soo contrasts-garoobaya erayada guud=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Institutions|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Capitalization of The{{!}}Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Capitalization of ''The''}} U qor xaraf-weyn magacyada hay'adaha ama doorka gaarka ah ({{xt|the founding of the University of Delhi}}; {{xt|the history of Stanford University}}) laakiin ma aha erayada guud ee hay'adaha ({{xt|the high school is near the university}}). Ha xaraf-weynayn ''the'' bilowga magaca hay'adda, iyada oo aan loo eegin qaabka loo doorbido ee hay'adda. Waxaa jira reebanaanno dhif ah, marka la hoggaaminayo ''The'' oo lagu muujiyay ''T'' ku dhex jira acronym-ka kooxda: {{xt|The International Cat Association (TICA)}}. U maaree qaybaha siyaasadda ama juqraafiga foomkan oo kale: {{xt|The city has a population of 55,000}}; {{xt|The two towns merged to become the City of Smithville}}. Ha u sameynin sida qaabka wargaysyada maxalliga ah oo tixraacaya degmada/magaalada sida ''the City'' ama ''The City'', marka laga reebo City of London [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#City of London|xaaladaha qaarkood]]. Hagahaani wuxuu sii kordhayaa wax-soosaarka hay'adaha, shirkadaha, iyo kooxaha kale. Tusaale ahaan, magaca dhan ee sharciga sida {{xt|Online Safety Act 2023}} wuxuu noqon doonaa xaraf-weyn, laakiin tixraacyada ka dambeeya ee {{xt|the act}} ma noqon doonaan kuwo xaraf-weyn ah. ==<span class="anchor" id="Acronyms and abbreviations"></span><span class="anchor" id="Acronyms"></span><span class="anchor" id="Initialisms"></span><span class="anchor" id="Shortenings"></span>Gaabinta== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Initials}} Gaabinta waa foomamka gaaban ee erayada ama foomamka. Raadinta saxda ah, waxay ku kala duwan yihiin [[Contraction (grammar)|contractions]], oo isticmaala [[apostrophe]] (t.s., ''won't'', eeg {{Section link||Contractions}}), iyo [[initialism]]s. Initialism waxaa lagu samaynayaa ka mid ah ama dhammaan xarfaha bilowga ah ee erayada ku dhex jira foom. Ka hooseeya, tixraacyada gaabinta waa in loo qaadaa inay ku dhex jiraan acronyms, iyo term-ka ''acronym'' waa inuu sidoo cuali ahaan ku dabaqmaa initialisms. ===U qor matoorada ugu horreeya si dhan=== {{Shortcut|MOS:1STOCC|MOS:1STABBR}} Marka gaabinta loo isticmaali doono maqaal, soo bandhig iyadoo la isticmaalayo foomka dhan, iyo gaabinta ku dhex jirta parentheses: {{Block indent|{{xt|an early local area network (LAN) developed by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC){{nbsp}}... DEC's later LAN products were{{nbsp}}...}}}} Ha isticmaalin xarfo waaweyn foomka dhan kaliya sababtoo ah xarfaha waaweyn waxaa loo isticmaalay gaabinta: {{!xt|an early Local Area Network (LAN)}}. Marka laga reebo xaaladaha gaarka ah, gaabinta caadiga ah (sida {{xt|PhD}}, {{xt|DNA}}, ama {{xt|USSR}}) looma baahna in lagu fido xataa isticmaalka ugu horreeya. ===Foomamka plural-ka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:GREENGROCER}} U samee plural [[acronyms]] iyadoo lagu darayo ''-s'' ama ''-es'': {{xt|Three CD-ROMs and two BIOSes were released}}. Ha isticmaalin ''[[greengrocer's apostrophe]]'' si aad u samayso plurals: {{!xt|Three CD-ROM's and two BIOS's were released}}. ===<span class="anchor" id="Periods (full stops) and spaces"></span><span class="anchor" id="Full stops and spaces"></span><span class="anchor" id="op.cit."></span>Punctuation iyo spacing=== {{Shortcut|MOS:PS}} Gaabintu waxay ku dhabayn kartaa ama aan ku dhabayn karin full point (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-garaysay ''period'' ama ''full stop''). Qaab joogto ah waa in lagu dhasheeyaa ku dhex jirta maqaal. Isticmaalka North American caadi ahaan waa in lagu dhabeeyo dhammaan gaabinta period ({{xt|Dr. Smith of 42&nbsp;Drummond St.}}) laakiin isticmaalka caadiga ah ee British iyo Australian, ma jiro period loo isticmaalo haddii gaabinta (contraction) ay ku dhabayso xarafka ugu dambeya ee foomka aan la gaabin ({{xt|Dr Smith of 42&nbsp;Drummond St}}) ilaa is-dhaafsi uu keeni karo. Kani waa sidoo cuali ahaan isticmaalka caadiga ah ee qoraalka scientific-ka ah. Iyadoo aan loo eegin punctuation, erayada lagu gaabay ka badan hal xaraf waa lagu dhex jiraa space ({{xt|op.&nbsp;cit.}} ma aha {{!xt|op.cit.}} ama {{!xt|opcit}}). Waxaa jira waxyaabo ka baxsan oo yar: {{xt|PhD}} {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg sare)}} "Philosophiae Doctor"; {{xt|BVetMed}} "Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine". Xaaladaha badankooda, Wikipedia ma isticmaalto punctuation-ka oo kale ku dhex jirta acronyms iyo initialisms: {{xt|GDP}}, ma aha {{!xt|G.D.P.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="US"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S."></span><span class="anchor" id="USA"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S.A."></span>US iyo U.S.<!-- When renaming this section title, rename the full link at [[Wikipedia:Consistency]] -->=== {{Shortcut|MOS:US|MOS:U.S.|MOS:USA|MOS:U.S.A.}} {{redirect|MOS:US|the use of the word "us"|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#First-person pronouns}} {{xt|US}} waa gaabinta caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo ee {{xt|United States}}, inkastoo {{xtn|U.S.}} – oo leh periods iyo aan lahayn space – ay tahay mid caadi ah daabacadaha North American, ku dhex jirta wargaysyada news-ka. Hagayaasha qaabka American qaarkood, ku dhex jiro ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style]]'' (tan iyo 2010), waxay baabi'iyeen {{!xt|U.S.}} waxayna soo sheegeen {{xt|US}}. Sababaha [[#Opportunities for commonality|wadaagga]], isticmaal {{xt|US}} default ahaan marka aad gaabinayso, laakiin [[#Retaining existing styles|sii wad]] {{xtn|U.S.}} maqaallada American ama Canadian English oo ay horey u dhisantay, ilaa ay jirto sabab wanaagsan oo loo beddelo. Sababtoo ah isticmaalka periods ee gaabinta iyo acronyms wuxuu noqon doonaa mid joogto ah ku dhex jira maqaal kasta, mar walba isticmaal {{xt|US}} maqaal leh gaabinta waddammada kale. Gaabinta dheeraad ah oo lagu dhex jiro initials-ka waddanka ({{xt|USN}}, {{xt|USAF}}), waligeed ha isticmaalin periods. Marka United States lagu xuso hal ama ka badan waddammada kale ku dhex jirta jumlad oo kale, {{xt|US}} (ama {{xtn|U.S.}}) wuxuu noqon karaa mid aad u informal ah, gaar ahaan xusidda ugu horreysa ama sida noun halkii adjective ({{xt|France and the United States}}, ma aha {{!xt|France and the US}}). Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|U.&nbsp;S.}} oo leh space ama {{!xt|U.S.&nbsp;of&nbsp;A.}} oo taariikh hore ah, marka laga reebo marka aad xigasho sameynayso. Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|U.S.A.}} ama {{!xt|USA}} marka laga reebo ku dhex jirta xigasho, sida qayb ka mid ah magac sax ah ({{xt|Team USA}}), ama isticmaalka tignoolajiyada iyo rasmiga ah ee qaarkood (t.s., [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3]], [[FIFA country codes|FIFA]], iyo [[IOC country codes]]). ===Circa=== {{for|examples|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Uncertain, incomplete, or approximate dates}} Si loo muujiyo ''si xaddidan'', isticmaalka {{tl|circa}}, oo muuqda sida {{xt|{{circa}}}}, waxaa ka wanaagsan {{!xt|circa}}, {{!xt|c.}}, {{!xt|ca.}}, ama {{!xt|approx.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="unwarranted abbreviations"></span>Ka fogao isticmaalka aan la xaqijin=== {{Hatnote|See also: {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|Units of measurement}} for when to abbreviate units of measurement.}} Ka fogao gaabinta marka ay jahwareerin karaan akhristaha, baabi'in karaan socodka, ama ka muuqan karaan informal. Tusaale ahaan: *Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|approx.}} ee {{xt|approximate(ly)}} marka laga reebo infobox ama table (xaaladaas isticmaal {{tlx|abbr|approx.|approximately}} xusidda ugu horreysa: {{xt|{{abbr|approx.|approximately}}}}). *Ha isticmaalin legalism-ka {{!xt|Holmes J}} ee {{xt|[[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.|Justice Holmes]]}}. <!-- this might be better in [[WP:JARGON]] --> ===Ha samaynin=== Ka fogao sameynta [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#Neologisms|gaabinta cusub]], gaar ahaan acronyms. Tusaale ahaan, {{xtn|World Union of Billiards}} waa wanaagsan yahay sida {{em|turjumaad}} ee {{xt|[[Union Mondiale de Billard]]}}, laakiin ma aha iyada ama yareynta {{!xt|WUB}} oo loo isticmaalay kooxda ama tixraacyada gaarka ah; isticmaal magaca asalka ah iyo gaabintiisa rasmiga ah, {{xt|UMB}}. Haddii ay noqoto mid lagama maarmaan ah in lagu gaabiyo space yar, sida [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables#Captions and headers|column header ee table-ka]], isticmaal gaabinta si baaxad leh loo aqoonsan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, ee {{xt|New Zealand gross national product}}, isticmaal {{xt|NZ}} iyo {{xt|GNP}}, oo leh isqu xir haddii term-ka aan horey loogu qorin maqaalka: {{xt|NZ&nbsp;[[Measures of national income and output|GNP]]}}. Ha samaynin initialisms sida {{!xt|NZGNP}}. ===HTML tags iyo moodallada=== Mid ka mid ah {{tag|abbr|o}} ama {{tlx|abbr}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa gaabinta iyo acronyms: {{tag|abbr|params=title="World Health Organization"|content=WHO|wrap=yes}} ama {{tlx|abbr|WHO|World Health Organization}} waxay samayn doonaan {{abbr|WHO|World Health Organization}}; [[mouseover|soreynta]] qoraalka muuqda waxay keentaa [[tooltip]] ee foomka dheer inuu soo muuqdo. ===Ampersand=== {{Shortcut|MOS:AMP|MOS:&}} {{redirects|WP:&|the use of "and" in titles|Wikipedia:Article titles#Titles containing "and"}} Qoraalka caadiga ah iyo madaxyada, isticmaal ''and'' halkii [[ampersand]] (''&''): {{xt|January 1&nbsp;and&nbsp;2}}, ma aha {{!xt|January 1&nbsp;&&nbsp;2}}. Laakiin sii wad ampersand marka uu yahay qayb shaqaynaysa oo qaabka magac sax ah, mawduuca shaqaalaha, ama trademark, sida ku dhex jirta ''[[Up & Down (Horace Parlan album)|Up&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Down]]'' ama [[AT&T]]. Meelaha kale, ampersands waxaa loo isticmaali karaa joogteyn iyo dookh halka space uu aad u xaddidan yahay (t.s., tables iyo infoboxes). Xigashooyinka [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Typographic conformity|waxaa lagu beddeli karaa si dhibco leh]], gaar ahaan joogteynta halka noocyada kala duwan lagu xigto, maadaama noocyada cusub ee qoraallada hore ay si joogto ah u beddealaan ampersands ''and'' (sida ay u beddealaan [[glyph]]s kale oo aan la isticmaalin, [[Typographic ligature|ligatures]], iyo gaabinta). Isticmaalka kale oo loo ilaysay laakiin aan loo baahnayn waa tixraacyada gaaban ee shaqaalaha leeh qoraa badan, t.s.: {{xt|<nowiki><ref>Lubbers & Scheepers (2002); Van Hiel & Mervielde (2002); Swyngedouw & Giles (2007); Van Hiel (2012).</ref></nowiki>}}. ==Italics== {{Shortcut|MOS:IT|MOS:ITAL}} {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Italic type}} ===<span id="Do not use capitals for emphasis"></span>Emphasis=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Emphasis}} Italics waxaa loo isticmaalaa emphasis, halkii [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Boldface|boldface]] ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#All caps and small caps|capitals]]. Laakiin isticmaalka badan wuxuu yareeyaa shaqadiisa: tixgeli dib-u-qorista halkii. Isticmaal {{tag|em}} ama {{tlx|em|...}} ee emphasis. Kani wuxuu u sahlayaa [[Help:User style|user style sheets]] in lagu maareeyo emphasis foom gaar ah, wuxuuna taageeraa reusers-ka iyo turjumaada.{{refn|{{cite web |last1=Ishida |first1=Richard |title=Using b and i elements |quote=the content of a <code>b</code> element may not always be bold, and that of an <code>i</code> element may not always be italic. |url=https://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-b-and-i-tags |website=W3C Internationalization |publisher=[[World Wide Web Consortium]] |date=2015 |access-date=1 September 2016}} }} *Sax: <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>The meerkat is <em>not</em> actually a cat.</nowiki>}}</code> *Sax: <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>The meerkat is {{em|not}} actually a cat.</nowiki>}}</code> ===<span id="Italics-Titles"></span>Mawduucyada=== {{shortcut|MOS:NOITALIC}} {{/titles hatnote include|where=MOS#I-T}} Isticmaal italics mawduucyada shaqaalaha (sida buugaagta, filimada, taxanaha TV-ga, bandhigga la magacaabay, video games-ka, albums-ka muusigga, iyo fanka). Mawduucyada maqaallada, chapters-ka, noocyada, episodes-ka, storylines-ka, papars-ka raadinta iyo shaqaalaha kale ee gaaban waxay qaataan calaamadaha xigmadda double-ka ah. Italics ma loo isticmaalo shaqaalaha diinta ee waaweyn ({{xt|the Bible}}, {{xt|the Quran}}, {{xt|the Talmud}}). Kuwa badan oo mawduucyadaani waa inay sidoo kale ku dhex jirin [[#Titles of works|title case]]. ===Erayada sida erayada=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Words as words}} {{for|the policy when a word or phrase itself may be an encyclopedic subject|Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#When a word or phrase may be an encyclopedic subject}} Isticmaal italics marka aad {{em|xusayso}} eray ama xaraf {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Use–mention distinction]])}} ama foomka erayada ilaa hal jumlad ({{xt|the term ''panning'' is derived from ''panorama''}}; {{xt|the most common letter in English is ''e''}}). Marka jumlad dhan la xuso, calaamadaha xigmadda double-ka ah waxaa loo isticmaali karaa halkii, iyadoo leh joogteyn ({{xt|The preposition in ''She sat on the chair'' is ''on''}}; ama {{xt|The preposition in "She sat on the chair" is "on"}}). Calaamadaha xigmadda waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa maaddada gaaban si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga, sida marka italics horey loo isticmaalay si xooggan bogga ee sabab kale (t.s., ee erayada iyo foomamka badan ee aan English-ka ahayn). {{em|Xusidda}} (si looga wada-hadlo grammar, wording, punctuation, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxay ku kala duwan tahay {{em|xigashoda}} (halka wax caadi ahaan lagu muujiyo ka magaca tixraaca la xigtay). Xigashoda waxaa lagu sameeyaa calaamadaha xigmadda, waligeed ma aha italics, ama labadaba waqti oo kale {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Quotations}} si aad u ogaato xeel-dheeraan).}} Isticmaalka la xiriira ee italics waa marka la soo bandhigayo ama lagu kala saarayo terms: {{xt|The ''natural numbers'' are the integers greater than 0.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign words"></span> Erayada aan English-ka ahayn=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Non-English terms}} Italics waxaa lagu muujiyay foomamka aan English-ka ahayn iyo erayada aan English-ka ahayn ee gaarka ah oo aan caadi ahaan loo isticmaalin English-ka maalin kasta. Laakiin, magacyada saxda ah (sida magacyada meelaha) ee luqadaha kale caadi ahaan ma aha italics, ama terms-ka ku dhex jira scripts-ka aan Latin-ka ahayn. Moodalka {{tlx|lang}} iyo noocyadiisa waxay taageeraan dhammaan [[ISO 639]] koodhadhka luqadaha, iyagoo sax ah u aqoonsanaya luqadda iyo si otomaatig ah u italics-garaynaya. Fadlan isticmaal moodalladan halkii aad manwal ahaan italics ugu sameyn lahayd maaddada aan English-ka ahayn. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link|WP:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Other languages}} si aad u ogaato macluumaad dheeraad ah.)}} ===Magacyada scientific-ka ah=== Isticmaal italics magacyada scientific-ka ah ee dhirta, dhabaha, iyo [[Kingdom (biology)|dhammaan organisms-ka kale]] marka laga reebo viruses heerka [[genus]] iyo ka hooseeya (italics-garo {{xt|''Panthera leo''}} iyo {{xt|''Retroviridae''}}, laakiin ma aha {{xt|Felidae}}). Sign-ka hybrid ma aha italics ({{xt|''Rosa''&nbsp;×&nbsp;''damascena''}}), ama "connecting term" loo baahan yahay ku dhex jirta [[Trinomial nomenclature#In botany|magacyada botanical-ka ee saddexda qaybood ah]] ({{xt|''Rosa gallica'' subsp. ''officinalis''}}). ===<span id="Italics and quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka ku dhex jira italics=== {{shortcut|MOS:ITALQUOTE|}}{{See also|#Quotations}} <section begin="Quotations in italics body"/>Ha u lagin xigashooyinka italics. [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation marks|Calaamadaha xigmadda]] (ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Block quotations|block quoting]]) kaliya waa kuwo ku filan oo foomamka saxda ah si loogu muujiyo xigashooyinka. Italics waa in loo isticmaalo kaliya haddii maaddada la xigtay ay haddii kale u baahan lahayd italics.<section end="Quotations in italics body"/> ([[#Italics within quotations|Eeg ka hooseeya]].) ===Italics ku dhex jira xigashooyinka=== <section begin="Italics within quotations body"/>Isticmaal italics ku dhex jira xigashooyinka si aad u soo saarto emphasis oo ku dhex jirta maaddada tixraaca ama si aad u muujiso isticmaalka erayada aan English-ka ahayn. Emphasis waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu sameyo {{tlx|em}}. Haddii aysan caddayn in tixraacu horey u lagu daray italics (ama qaab kale) ee emphasis, ama si loo muujiyo marka emphasis aan loo isticmaalin qoraalka asalka ah laakiin dambe lagu daray tifaftirka, ku dar xusuus-qoraalka tifaftirka {{xt|[emphasis in original]}} ama {{xt|[emphasis added]}}, sida ay u kala horreeyaan, ka dambaysta xigashoda. * Tusaale ahaan: {{xt|"Now cracks a noble heart. Good night sweet prince: And {{em|flights of angels}} sing thee to thy rest." [emphasis in original].}}<section end="Italics within quotations body"/> ===Atharta ku dhex jirta punctuation-ka dhow=== {{Shortcut|MOS:ITALPUNCT}} Italics-garo kaliya elements-ka jumlada oo uu saameeyay emphasis-ku. Ha italics-garayn punctuation-ka ku dhex jira dhowga. *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|What are we to make of {{em|that?}}}} (Su'aashu waxay ku dabaqmaysaa jumlada dhan, ma aha kaliya emphasis-ka ''that'', markaas waa inaysan noqon italics.) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|What are we to make of {{em|that}}?}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Four of Patrick White's most famous novels are ''A Fringe of Leaves'', ''The Aunt's Story'', ''Voss'', and ''The Tree of Man''.}} (Commas, period, iyo erayga ''and'' ma aha italics.) ==Xigashooyinka== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTE}}{{See|Wikipedia:Do not include the full text of lengthy primary sources}} {{Redirects here|MOS:QUOTE|the section on quotation characters|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation characters|the essay|Wikipedia:Quotations}} [[Wikipedia:Non-free content#Guideline examples|Xigashooyinka gaaban ee qoraalka la dhowray]] waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loogu muujiyo dhibic, loo dhiibo xaalad, ama loo atribuigo dhibic fikir ama aragti. Inkastoo xigashooyinku ay yihiin qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah Wikipedia, isticmaalka badan ee iyaga ka mid ah ma aha mid ku habboon qaabka qoraalka encyclopedic-ka ah oo wuxuu noqon karaa [[Wikipedia:Copyrights|baabi'inta copyright-ka]], markaas badankooda mawduuca waa inuu ku dhex jiraa erayada tifaftiraha laakiis. Tixgeli dib-u-qorista xigashooyinka si ay u noqdaan qoraal toos ah oo gaaban marka ay habboon tahay (iyadoo la ogaaday in [[Wikipedia:Close paraphrasing|dib-u-qorista dhow]] ay sii baabi'in karto copyright-ka). [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Quotations|Ha u lagin xigashooyinka italics]] ilaa maaddadu ay italics ugu noqoto sabab kale laakiis. Per [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|siyaasada verifiability-ga]], xigashooyinka tooska ah {{em|waa in}} ay la socdaan [[WP:INCITE|inline citation]] oo ka soo baxday [[WP:RS|tixraac lagu aamini karo]] oo taageeraya maaddada. Kani waa mid gaar ah oo muhiim ah maqaallada ku saabsan ama ku dhex jira maaddada ku saabsan [[WP:BLP|dadka nool ama dhowaan dhintay]] (BLPs). ===<span class="anchor" id="Principle of minimal change"></span><span class="anchor" id="Minimal change"></span><span class="anchor" id="PMC"></span><span class="anchor" id="PLC"></span><span class="anchor" id="MINIMALCHANGE"></span><span class="anchor" id="MINCHANGE"></span><span class="anchor" id="LEASTCHANGE"></span>Qoraalka asalka ah=== {{Shortcut|MOS:PMC|MOS:SIC}} {{Redirect|WP:PMC|closure of requested moves by page movers|Wikipedia:Requested moves/Closing instructions#Closure by a page mover}} {{Redirect|WP:PLC|inclusion guidelines for organizations|Wikipedia:Notability (organizations and companies)|the handling of the abbreviation "plc" in article titles|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (companies)}}Xigashooyinka waa inay noqdaan kuwo [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiably]] loo atribuigoy, iyo qoraalka qoraalka la xigtay waa inuu noqdo mid si dhab ah loo soo saaro. Kani waxaa loo tixraacaa sida {{em|maamulka beddelka yar}}. Halka ay jirto sabab wanaagsan oo loo beddelo qoraalka, ku dar square bracket qoraalka la beddelay; tusaale ahaan, {{!xt|"Ocyrhoe told him his fate"}} waxaa loo xigtay karaa sida {{xt|"Ocyrhoe told [her father] his fate"}}. <!-- IF EDITING THE FOLLOWING SENTENCE, PLEASE UPDATE THE DOCUMENTATION AT [[Template:Sic/doc]] ACCORDINGLY --> Makhaadhaa yar ee spelling-ka iyo typographic-ka waa in si toos ah loo hagaajiyo (tusaale ahaan, hagaaji {{!xt|basicly}} loo beddelo {{xt|basically}}). Haddii ay jirto makhaadhaa muhiim ah asalka ku dhex jirta, raac iyada oo leh {{tlx|sic}} (soo saaraya {{sic}}{{hsp}}) si loogu muujiyo in makhaadhaahu aysan ahayn mid ay sameysay Wikipedia; tusaale ahaan, {{xt|"his interview with the Dolly Llama {{sic}}"}}. Marka lagu dabaqo qoraal oo isku xir leh, syntax-ka moodalka waxaa loo hagaajin karaa {{tlx|sic|2=nolink=y}} (soo saaraya {{sic|nolink=y}} qoraalka isku xirka leh ee ka soo baxa; tusaale ahaan ku dhex jirta isku xirka: [[Template:Sic|{{sic|nolink=y}} template]]).{{efn|name="sicwarning"|{{tl|Sic}} ma aha in loo isticmaalo dhexda {{tag|ref}} tags, ama ku dhex jirta [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation templates]] sida [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]] iyo [[Help:Citation Style 2|Citation Style 2]], sababtoo ah wuxuu ku dhex jiraa markup oo baabi'in doona [[COinS]] metadata ee ay soo saaraan; eeg [[Wikipedia:COinS]].<!-- Per [[Template:Sic]] there is a {{COinS safe|n}} warning that it "should not be used in citation templates such as Citation Style 1 and Citation Style 2, because it includes markup that will pollute the COinS metadata they produce; see Wikipedia:COinS." -->}} Sababaha saxda ah iyo indexing-ka, mawduucyada tixraacyada ee loo tixraacay ma aha in loo hagaajiyo spelling-ka, laakiin hagaajinta yar ee typographic-ka ah (sida beddelka [[MOS:CURLY|curly quotes]] loo beddelo straight) waxaa lagu sameyn karaa si toos ah. Inline citations ee ku dhex jira qoraalka la xigtay, oo loo tixraaco aan loo isticmaalin maqaalka Wikipedia, waa in si toos ah loo baabi'iyo. Isticmaal [[#Ellipses|ellipses]] si aad u muujiso ka-tagista qoraalka la xigtay. Ka-tagista la xaqijiyay waxaa ku jira erayada aan loo baahnayn, aan la xiriirin, ama parenthetical-ka ah, iyo yaraynta yar ({{!xt|umm}} iyo {{!xt|hmm}}), laakiin ha ka tagin qoraal halka aad sameyso ay baabi'in doonto xaaladda muhiimka ah ama beddeli doonto macnaha qoraalka. Vulgarities iyo obscenities waa in lagu muujiyo si sax ah sida ay ka muuqdaan tixraaca la xigtay; Wikipedians ma aha in waligeed [[Wikipedia:Offensive material#How to treat offensive material in articles|baabi'iyaan erayada]] ({{!xt|G-d d--n it!}}), laakiin haddii qoraalka la xigtay {{em|laikiisu}} uu foomkan u sameyo, copy-garo qoraalka verbatim oo isticmaal {{tlx|sic}} si aad u muujiso in qoraalka loo xigtay sida ka muuqata tixraaca. Xigashooyinka tooska ah, sii wad spelling-ka dialectal iyo archaic-ka ah, ku dhex jirta capitalization-ka (laakiin ma aha glyphs iyo ligatures archaic-ka ah, sida lagu sharraxay ka hooseeya ku dhex jirta {{slink||Typographic conformity}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Quotation point of view"></span>Aragtida=== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTEPOV}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Attributing and specifying biased statements|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Expressions of doubt}} Xigashoda waa in loo isticmaalo, iyadoo la atribuigo, si loo soo bandhigo aragtiyada emotive ee aan lagu muujin karin poxa Wikipedia laikiis, laakiin waligeed ma aha si loo soo bandhigo heerarka culture sida kaliya aragtiyada: *La accepts karo: {{xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film "unforgettable".}} *Aan la accepts karin: {{!xt|The site is considered "sacred" by the religion's scriptures.}} Aragtiyada gaaban ee aan aad uga emotive ahayn caadi ahaan waxaa lagu soo sheegi karaa iyadoo la atribuigo halkii xigashoda tooska ah. Isticmaalka calaamadaha xigmadda ee terms-ka sharraxaadda leh ee gaaban wuxuu [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Expressions of doubt|muujin karaa wax is-dhaafsi ah]] oo ku saabsan maaddada la xigtay; sarcasm ama [[weasel words]], sida ''supposedly'' ama ''so-called'', waxaa lagu muujin karaa. *La accepts karo: {{xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film interesting.}} *Aan loo baahnayn oo muujin kara is-dhaafsi: {{!xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film "interesting".}} *Waa in la xigto: {{xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film "interesting but heart-wrenching".}} ===Typographic conformity=== {{Shortcut|MOS:CONFORM}} {{redirect|MOS:CONFORM|consistency within articles|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Consistency within articles}} Xigashodu ma aha [[wikt:facsimile|facsimile]] oo, xaaladaha badankooda, ma aha shuruud in qaabka asalka ah lagu dhowro. Qaabka iyo elements-ka kale ee typographic-ka ah ee qoraalka la xigtay{{efn|"Qoraalka la xigtay" ee typographic conformity iyo sababaha kale ee badan wuxuu ku dhex jiraa mawduucyada shaqaalaha, magacyada kooxaha, iyo foomamka kale oo, asalkiisa, la xigtay. Tusaale: waxyaabaha sida "Mexican-American War" waxaa si joogto ah loo hagaajiyaa loo beddelo "Mexican–American War" Wikipedia-ha, ku dhex jirta mawduucyada tixraacyada loo tixraacay, ku dhex jirta qoraalka maqaalka, tixraacyada xusuus-qoraalka, ama meelaha kale ee bogga. Kani ma leeyahay athar raadinta shaqaalaha aan tixraacnay, maadaama dhammaan raadinta waaweyn ay baabi'iyaan calaamadaha punctuation-ka.}} waa in lagu dhasheeyo heshiisyada Wikipedia-ha English-ka oo aan lahayn xusuus-qoraal, iyadoo la xaqijiyay in sameynta kani aysan beddeli doonin ama baabi'in doonin macnaha ama inta qoraalka. Kani waa beddelka oo aan samaynayn kala duwanaansho marka qoraalka loo akhrriyo si toos ah; tusaale ahaan: *Normalize dashes iyo hyphens: eeg {{Section link||Dashes}}. Isticmaal qaabka loo doortay maqaalka: unspaced [[em dash]] ama spaced [[en dash]]. *Beddel apostrophes iyo calaamadaha xigmadda loo beddelo qaabka Wikipedia: **Kuwani waa inay noqdaan toos, ma aha curly ama slanted. Eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}}. **Marka aad xigtayso xigasho iyada laikiis ku dhex jirta xigasho, beddel dhexda isticmaalka double iyo single quotes ee xigasho kasta. Eeg {{section link||For a quotation within a quotation}} si aad u ogaato xeel-dheeraan. *Marka aad xigtayso qoraal ka soo baxay luqadaha aan English-ka ahayn, punctuation-ka ka baxsan waa inuu raaco [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation marks|Manual of Style ee calaamadaha xigmadda English-ka]]. Haddii ay jiraan xigashooyinka ku dhex jira, raac shuruudaha punctuation-ka saxda ah ee luqaddaas. Haddii ay jiraan qaabab badan oo luqad ah, midka loo isticmaalay Wikipedia-ha luqaddaas waa ka wanaagsan yahay ilaa punctuation-ka laikiisu uu yahay ku dhex jiro wada-hadal. *:{{xt|The cynical response "{{lang|fr|italic=unset|L'auteur aurait dû demander&nbsp;: «&nbsp;à quoi sert-il d'écrire ceci&nbsp;?&nbsp;» mais ne l'a pas fait}}" was all he wrote.}} *Baabi'i spaces ka hor punctuation-ka sida periods iyo colons. *Caadi ahaan sii wad bold iyo italics {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Italics}})}}, laakiin badankooda qaabka kale waa in loo beddelo qoraal toos ah. {{!xt|{{Underline|Underlining}}}}, {{!xt|spac&nbsp;ing}} ku dhex jirta erayada, {{!xt|1=co<span style="color:Goldenrod;">lor</span>s}}, {{!xt|ALL CAPS}}, {{Smallcaps|{{!xt|small caps}}}}, iyo wixii la mid ah caadi ahaan waa in loo normalize-garayo qoraal toos ah. Haddii ay {{em|caddaynaysay}} muujinayso emphasis, isticmaal italic {{em|emphasis}} ({{tlx|em}}) ama, foomka dhexdiisa oo horey italics ah, boldface (leh {{tlx|strong}}). Mawduucyada buugaagta, maqaallada, gabayada, iyo wixii la mid ah, isticmaal italics ama calaamadaha xigmadda raacaya [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles|hagaha mawduucyada]]. Italics waxaa sidoo kale lagu dari karaa si loogu muujiyo [[#Non-English terms|terms-ka aan English-ka ahayn]] (leh moodalka {{tlx|lang}}), ee [[#Animals, plants, and other organisms|magaca scientific-ka ah ee organism-ka]], iyo si loogu muujiyo isticmaalka [[#Words as words|words-as-words]]. *Fiid gaabinta (aan horey loo isticmaalin mawduuca ka hor xigashoda) sida beddelka square-bracketed, ama ku sharrax iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|abbr}}. *Normalize glyphs iyo ligatures archaic-ka ah ee English-ka ee aan loo baahnayn macnaha (marka laga reebo magacyada saxda ah iyo luqadaha halka ligatures ay yihiin heer, per {{section link||Ampersand}} iyo {{Section link||Ligatures}}). Tusaalooyinka waxaa ku jira ''[[æ]]''→''ae'', ''[[œ]]''→''oe'', ''[[Long s|ſ]]''→''s'', iyo ''[[Thorn (letter)#Abbreviations|þ<sup>e</sup>]]''→''the''. {{crossref|pw=y|Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles#Typographic conformity}} si aad u ogaato waxyaabaha gaarka ah ee loo tixgeliyo normalization-ka typography-ka ee mawduucyada shaqaalaha.}} {{Shortcut|MOS:RETAINQUOTEVARIETY}} {{vanchor|Retain quote variety|text= Laakiin, noocyada qaranka ma aha in loo beddelo, maadaama kuwani ay ku dhex jiri karaan beddelka vocabulary-ka. Tusaale ahaan, xigasho ka soo baxday tixraac British ah waa in ay sii wadato spelling-ka British-ka, xataa maqaal oo haddii kale isticmaala spelling-ka American-ka. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Consistency within articles}}.)}}}} Nambarada sidoo kale caadi ahaan [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Quotations, titles, etc.|ma aha in loo re-format-gareeyo]]. Xigashoda tooska ah ma aha in loo isticmaalo si loo dhowro qaabka loo doorbido ee publisher ka baxsan (gaar ahaan marka maaddadu ay haddii kale noqon lahayd aan la beddelin), maadaama kani wuxuu leeyahay athar ee [[Scare quotes|scare-quoting]]: *{{em|La accepts karo}}: {{xt|The animal is listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.}} *{{em|Aan la accepts karin}}: {{!xt|The animal is listed as "Endangered" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.}} Italics waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loogu muujiyo isticmaalka gaar ah sida [[term of art]] (xaaladda "[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Words as words|words as words]]"), gaar ahaan marka ay tahay mid aan la dhasheyn ama ma aha in loo dib-u-qoro ka magaca aan aheyin expert: *{{em|La accepts karo}}: {{xt|The animal is listed as ''critically endangered'' on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.}} Marka aad xigtayso jumlad dhan, caadi ahaan waxaa lagu taliyaa in erayga ugu horreeya uu sii wado xaraf weyn. Laakiin, haddii qoraalka la xigtay lagu ammaan goyay jumlada dhow (tusaale ahaan, leh hordhac sida "{{var|X}} said that"), xarafka weyn ee asalka ah waxaa loo beddeli karaa xaraf yar. *{{xt|LaVesque's report stated: "The equipment was selected for its low price. This is the primary reason for criticism of the program."}} *{{xt|LaVesque's report said that "the equipment was selected for its low price".}} *{{xt|The program was criticized primarily because "the equipment was selected for its low price", according to LaVesque.}} Caadi ahaan looma baahna in la xuso beddelka capitalization-ka. Laakiin, si loo helo saxnaan dheeraad ah, xarafka la beddelay waxaa lagu lagi karaa ku dhex jira square brackets: {{nobr|"The" → "[t]he".}} *{{xt|The program was criticized primarily because {{nobr|"[t]he}} equipment was selected for its low price", according to LaVesque.}} ===Attribution=== Akhristahu waa inuu awoodaa inuu go'aamiyo tixraaca xigasho kasta, ugu yaraan ka magaca footnote. Tixraacu waa in lagu magacaabo {{em|qoraalka maqaalka}} haddii xigashodu ay tahay aragti {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|Attributing and specifying biased statements}})}}. Marka aad atribuigo-garayso xigasho, ka fogao [[Wikipedia:Words to avoid#Synonyms for said|sharraxaaddeeda foomka biased-ka ah]]. ===Xigashooyinka ku dhex jira xigashooyinka=== Eeg {{section link||For a quotation within a quotation}}. ===Isku xirka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:LINKQUOTE|MOS:LWQ}} Noqo mid dhibco leh marka aad isku xirayso ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka; isku xir kaliya bartilmaameedyada u dhigma macnaha caddaynaya ee loo intended-gareeyay qoraaga xigashoda. Halka ay suurtogal tahay, isku xir qoraalka ka baxsan xigashoda halkii – mid ka hor ama dhowaan ka dambeeya. (Haddii aad xigtayso [[hypertext]], ku dar xusuus-qoraal tifaftirka, {{xt|[link in original]}} ama {{xt|[link added]}}, sida habboon, si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga ku saabsan in isku xirka uu sameeyay qoraaga asalka ah.) ===<span class="anchor" id="Block quotations"></span><span class="anchor" id="Block quotes"></span>Block quotations=== {{Shortcut|MOS:BQ|MOS:BLOCKQUOTE}} U format-garee xigashoda dheer (ka badan 40 eray ama poynti yar oo xarfo ah, ama ka kooban ka badan hal paragraph, iyadoo aan loo eegin dheerka) sida [[block quotation]], iyadoo la isticmaalayo moodalka {{tlx|blockquote}}. Qoraalka lagu muujiyay block quotations iyo quote boxes (eeg ka hooseeya) waa inuusan laikiisu noqon mid lagu duubay calaamadaha xigmadda (ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda waaweyn, "decorative"-style). Block quotations iyo quote boxes oo isticmaalaya luga background ah sidoo kale ma lagu hagal-garayo. Isticmaal {{tnull|blockquote}} iyo markup-ka la midka ah kaliya xigashooyinka dhabta ah; [[#Indentation|indentation-ka sababaha kale]] waxaa loo sameeyay foom kale. Waa heshiis in lagu hor maro block quotation jumlad hordhac ah (ama qayb jumlad ah) oo lagu daro citation-ka tixraaca xarkaas. Alternativamente, moodalka {{tnull|blockquote}} wuxuu bixiyaa parameters ee attribution iyo citation oo ka muuqan doona ka hooseeya xigashoda. {{crossref|pw=y|(Ee isticmaalka dashes leh attributions, eeg {{section link||Other uses for em dashes}}.)}} Qaabkan attribution-ka ee ka hooseeya xigashoda waxaa loo intended-gareeyay xigashooyinka caanka ah oo ma aha caadi maqaallada sababtoo ah wuxuu ku oki lahaa tone aan habboonayn. Xigasho aan lahayn tixraac loo tixraacay waa in lagu calaamadeeyo {{tlx|quote without source}}, ama la baabi'iyo. Maadaama line breaks iyo indentation caadi ahaan lagu baabi'iyo ku dhex jirta {{tnull|blockquote}} ama {{tag|blockquote|o}}, isticmaal {{xtag|poem}} ama {{tlx|poem quote}} gabayada, lyrics, iyo maaddada la midka ah. Maaddadaas waxaa sidoo cuali ahaan loo xigtay karaa inline, leh line breaks oo lagu muujiyay <code><nowiki>{{nbsp}}/</nowiki></code>, iyo paragraph ama stanza breaks oo lagu muujiyay <code><nowiki>{{nbsp}}//</nowiki></code>. Tusaale ahaan: {{xt|"And, as in uffish thought he stood,{{nbsp}}/ The Jabberwock, with eyes of flame,{{nbsp}}/ Came whiffling through the tulgey wood,{{nbsp}}/ And burbled as it came!{{nbsp}}// One, two! One, two! And through and through{{nbsp}}/ The vorpal blade went snicker-snack!"}} {{Shortcut|MOS:BOXQUOTE|MOS:PQ|MOS:PULLQUOTE}} {{va|Pull quotes|Pull quote|Pull quotations|nocquote|text={{tlx|Quote box}} waa alternative ee inline quote ama block quote. Quote boxes waxaa lagu muujiyaa foom gaar ah (la mid ah sawirrada) oo waxay ugu wanaagsan yihiin xigashooyinka muhiimka ah ama sanado ah. Waxay samayn karaan [[WP:POV|point of view]] ama [[WP:UNDUE|undue weight]] arrimo, sababtoo ah xigashooyinka ma lagu lagayo xaaladda ama ma lagu ammaan goyo qoraalka maqaalka. Sidaas darteed, waa in loo isticmaalo si dhibco leh.}} [[Pull quote]]s ma aha kuwo ka mid ah maqaallada Wikipedia. Kuwani waa [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not news|news iyo magazine style]] oo ku saabsan "pulling" maaddada horey ku dhex jirtay maqaalka si loo dib-u-isticmaalo xigashooyinka decorative-ka ah ee soo jiidata attention-ka. Qaabkan unencyclopedic-ka ah waa foom ka mid ah [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Editorializing|editorializing]], wuxuuna soo saaraa [[Wikipedia:Writing better articles#Provide context for the reader|out-of-context]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Due and undue weight|undue emphasis]], oo wuxuu [[Wikipedia:No original research|keeni karaa akhristaha go'aanno]] aan lagu taageerin maaddada. Xigashoda badan ee qoraalka la dhowray (haddii ay u format-gareeyay sida blockquote ama kale, oo xataa haddii lagu credited-gareeyay tixraaciisa) waa la xannibay. Eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Quotations#Copyrighted material and fair use}}. ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign-language quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka aan English-ka ahayn=== {{Shortcut|MOS:FOREIGNQUOTE|}} Xigashooyinka ka soo baxday tixraacyada aan English-ka ahayn waa inay ka muuqdaan turjumaad loo beddelay English, ugu wanaagsan mid cusub{{efn|name=recent}}. Xigashooyinka ah turjumaada waa in si toos ah loo kala saaro kuwa aan ahayn. Muuji tixraaca asalka ah ee turjumaada (haddii uu yahay mid la heley karo, oo aan markii ugu horreysay lagu daabacin ku dhex jirta Wikipedia), iyo luqadda asalka ah (haddii aysan caddayn xaaladda). Haddii qoraalka asalka ah ee aan la turjumin uu yahay mid la heley karo, bixi tixraac iyada ama ku dar iyada, sida habboon. Marka tifaftireyaasha laikiisu ay turjumaan qoraalka loo beddelo English,{{efn|[[Wikipedia:No original research#Translations and transcriptions|Turjumaada laikiisu ma u baahna tixraac marka uu sameeyo tifaftire]]; laakiin xigashooyinka loo isticmaalay ku dhex jirta [[WP:REF|tixraacyada]], [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Quoting|turjumaada ka soo baxday tixraacyada lagu aamini karo waa ka wanaagsan yihiin]], ama [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Citing|tixraacyada luqadda English-ka ee ka wanaagsan]] .}} daryeel waa in mar walba loo qaado si lagu dhex jiro qoraalka asalka ah, {{em|[[MOS:FOREIGNITALIC|ku dhex jira italics]]}} ([[MOS:BADITALICS|marka laga reebo dhismaha scripts-ka aan Latin-ka ahayn]], oo ugu wanaagsan lagu sameyo moodallada {{tlx|lang}} ama {{tlx|langx}}, oo labaduba italics-gareynaya sida habboon oo bixinaya luqadda metadata); iyo si loo isticmaalo erayada dhabta ah iyo (haddii ay suurtogal tahay) erayada caadiga ah ee English-ka ku dhex jira turjumaada. Ilaa aad ka si dhab ah uga ogaato competency-gaaga aad wax ku turjumayso, eeg [[Wikipedia:Translation]] si aad u hesho taageero. ==Punctuation== {{Shortcut|MOS:PUNCT}} {{For|a brief guide to how some punctuation marks are used in Wikipedia for special purposes, e.g., [[Help:List#List basics|description lists]]|Help:Punctuation}} ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign characters that resemble apostrophes"></span>Apostrophes=== {{Shortcut|MOS:'|MOS:APOSTROPHE}} *Isticmaal [[straight apostrophe]]s ({{big|{{mxt|'}}}}), ma aha [[curly apostrophe]]s ({{big|{{!mxt|’}}}}). Ha isticmaalin accent marks ama [[backtick]]s ({{big|{{!mxt|`}}}}) sida apostrophes. *Moodallada sida {{tlx|`}} iyo {{tlx|`s}} waxay leeyihiin taageero marka apostrophe (ama single quote) ka muuqdo bilowga ama dhamaadka qoraalka ku dhex jira italics ama bold, sababtoo ah italics iyo bold laikiisu waxaa lagu muujiyaa noocyada single quotes. **Marka apostrophe raaco qoraalka italics-ka ah, {{tlx|'}} ama {{tlx|'s}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si looga fogaado xarafka ugu dambeeya ee qoraalka dhanka midig ah inuu isku xiro apostrophe-ka. Tusaale: {{xt|the ''Iliad''{{'s}} themes}} (markup: {{nobreak|<code><nowiki>the ''Iliad''{{'s}} themes</nowiki></code>}}). *Xarfaha u okiya apostrophes iyo curly quotes, sida [[{{okina}}okina]] ({{mxt|{{okina}}}}{{snd}}la dhex geliyo iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|okina}}), [[Saltillo (linguistics)|saltillo]] ({{mxt|{{saltillo}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|saltillo}}), Hebrew [[ayin]] ama Arabic ʿayn ({{mxt|{{ayin}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|ayin}}), iyo Arabic [[hamza]] ({{mxt|{{hamza}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|hamza}}), waa in lagu muujiyo moodalladaas ama xarfaha laikiis ee [[Unicode]]. (Basic Arabic transliteration, oo isticmaala ASCII apostrophe, waxaa ka wanaagsan xaaladaha badankooda ka magaca [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Arabic]]; xarfaha kale kani waxaa loo isticmaalaa kaliya transliteration-ka saxda ah.) **Moodallada ma loo isticmaali karo mawduucyada maqaalka; isticmaal xarafka Unicode-ka ee u dhigma toos. Per {{Section link|Wikipedia:Article titles#Special characters}}, sidoo kale samee redirection ka soo baxay foomka ASCII-ka ah si loogu taageero raadinta. Foomamka aan lahayn xarfaha apostrophe-ka oo kale marna waxaa ka wanaagsan ka magaca {{Section link|Wikipedia:Article titles# Use commonly recognizable names}} (t.s. [[Hawaii]] laakiin ma aha [[Keali{{okina}}i Reichel]]). *:{{crossref|pw=y|Sidoo kale eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles|Orthography, spelling and formatting}}}} *Ee [[Wade–Giles]] romanizations ee Mandarin Chinese, isticmaal {{tlx|wg-apos}}. *Luqadaha leh [[ejective consonants]] iyo wixii la mid ah, isticmaal {{tlx|hamza}}. *Ee Cyrillic [[soft sign]], marka lagu muujiyo dhammaan, isticmaal {{tlx|softsign}} ama {{tlx|hamza}}. *Ee isticmaalka possessive apostrophe-ka, eeg {{section link||Possessives}}. *Ee xeel-dheeraanta isticmaalka apostrophe-ka (possessive, elision, formation ee plurals qaarkood, arrimo luqadaha aan English-ka ahayn), eeg maqaalka [[Apostrophe]]. ===Calaamadaha xigmadda=== {{Shortcut|MOS:"|MOS:QUOTEMARKS|}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotations}} Maaddada ka hooseysa, term-ka ''quotation'' wuxuu ku dhex jiraa isticmaalka caadiga ah ee calaamadaha xigmadda sida mawduucyada noocyada, chapters-ka, episodes-ka, iyo wixii la mid ah. Calaamadaha xigmadda sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaalaa xaaladaha kale, sida [[#Animals, plants, and other organisms|magacyada cultivar]]. ====Calaamadaha xigmadda xarfaha==== {{Shortcut|MOS:CQ|MOS:CURLY|MOS:STRAIGHT}} *Isticmaal {{xt|{{big|<b>"</b>}}straight{{big|<b>"</b>}}}} calaamadaha xigmadda, ma aha {{!xt|{{big|<b>“</b>}}curly{{big|<b>”</b>}}}} kuwo. (Ee [[single quotes]]: {{xt|{{big|<b>'</b>}}straight{{big|<b>'</b>}}}}, ma aha {{!xt|{{big|<b>‘</b>}}curly{{big|<b>’</b>}}}}.) *Ha isticmaalin accent marks, backticks ({{!xt|{{big|'''`'''}}text{{big|'''´'''}}}}), low–high ({{!xt|„&nbsp;“}}), corner brackets ({{!xt|「&nbsp;」}}), [[guillemet]]s ({{!xt|«&nbsp;»}}), ama [[Chinese punctuation#Book title marks|title marks]] ({{!xt|《&nbsp;》}}) sida calaamadaha xigmadda (marka laga reebo marka marks-kaas ay yihiin {{em|internal}} ee qoraalka aan English-ka ahayn ee la xigtay{{snd}}eeg {{slink||Typographic conformity}}). Symbols-ka {{!xt|′}} iyo {{!xt|″}} ee ka muuqda edit window dropdowns waa "[[prime (symbol)|prime]]" iyo "double prime" sida ay u kala horreeyaan: kuwani waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loogu muujiyo [[Minute and second of arc|units of angular measurement]], oo ma aha sida apostrophes ama quote marks. *Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo apostrophes ee maaddada la import-gareeyay [[#Typographic conformity|waa in loo beddelo]] haddii ay noqoto lagama maarmaan si loo raaco sare. ====<span id="Double or single quotation marks"></span><span id="Single quotation marks"></span>Double ama single==== {{Shortcut|MOS:SINGLE|MOS:DOUBLE|}} *Badankooda xigashooyinku waxay qaataan calaamadaha xigmadda double-ka ah ({{xt|Welles said: "It was a terrible situation."}}),{{efn|1=Double quotation marks waxaa ka wanaagsan single sababtoo ah waxay si toos ah uga kala duwan yihiin apostrophes: *{{!xt|She wrote that 'Cleanthes' differs from the others', but neither opinion may represent Hume's'}} (wuxuu yareeyaa akhristaha). *{{xt|She wrote that "Cleanthes' differs from the others', but neither opinion may represent Hume's"}} (caddayn badan). }} marka laga reebo xigashooyinka ku dhex jira (eeg ka hooseeya). *Plant cultivars waxay qaataan calaamadaha xigmadda single-ka ah ({{xt|''Malus domestica'' 'Golden Delicious'}}; eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora)]]). *[[Gloss (annotation)#In linguistics|Glosses]] oo turjumaya ama definining-garaynaya terms aan la dhasheyn (marka la isticmaalayo [[MOS:WORDSASWORDS|words as words]]) waxay qaataan single quotes; glosses-ka gaaban ma u baahna comma ka hor definition-ka ({{xt|''Cossack'' originates from [[Cuman language|Cuman]] {{lang|qwm|proto=yes|qazaq}} 'freebooter'; ''republic'' comes from Latin {{lang|la|res publica}}, loosely meaning 'public affair'.}}). Moodalka {{tl|Gloss}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa tan; t.s. <code>{{tlp|lang|es|casa}} {{tlf|gloss|house}}</code> wuxuu soo saaraa: {{lang|es|casa}} {{gloss|house}}. Ee turjumaada tooska ah, moodalka {{tl|Literal translation}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa; wuxuu dhex gelyaa {{xt|lit.}} ka hor gloss-ka. ====Ee xigasho ku dhex jirta xigasho==== {{Shortcut|MOS:QWQ|}} Isticmaal single quotes: *{{xt|Darwin wrote in his introduction that "the maxim 'de minimis lex non curat' does not apply to science".}} Ee dhismaha dheeraad ah, beddel dhexda single iyo double quotes: *{{xt|He said, "That book asserts, 'Confucius said "Everything has beauty, but not everyone sees it.{{" ' "}}}} Ee quote marks ee uusocodka tooska ah, ku dar space yar iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{nowrap|{{tl|" '}}}}, {{nowrap|{{tl|' "}}}}, ama (sida tusaale ahaan halkan loo dhiibay) {{nowrap|{{tl|" ' "}}}}: *{{xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!{{' "}}}} Markup: <code>He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!{{tl|' "}}</code> *{{!xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!'"}} (jamming garaynta waxyaabaha waxay u okisaa si xun fonts badankooda) *{{!xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!'{{nbsp}}"}} (space caadi ah wuxuu leeyahay inta badan) ====<span id="Quotation marks in article openings"></span>Bilowga maqaalka==== {{Shortcut|MOS:BOLDQUOTE}} Qoraalka bold-ka ah oo caadi ahaan ka muuqda bilowga maqaalka: *Calaamad kasta oo xigmadda ah oo qayb ka mid ah mawduuca waa in ay noqoto bold sida qaybta hartay ee mawduuca. **Ka soo baxay ''[["A" Is for Alibi]]'': {{xt|'''''"A" Is for Alibi''''' is a mystery novel&nbsp;...}} *Calaamadaha xigmadda ee {{em|aan}} qayb ka mid ah mawduuca ma aha in ay noqdaan bold. **Ka soo baxay [[Jabberwocky]]: {{xt|"'''Jabberwocky'''" is a nonsense poem&nbsp;...}} **Ka soo baxay [[Babe Ruth]]: {{xt|'''George Herman''' "'''Babe'''" '''Ruth''' was an American baseball player&nbsp;...}} {{crossref|pw=y|(Sidoo kale eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography|Nicknames}}.)}} ====Punctuation ka hor xigashooyinka==== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTEPUNCT}} Haddii dhisma aan la xigtay laakiin kale oo u dhigma uu shaqayn lahaa grammatically aan lahayn comma, isticmaalka comma ka hor xigasho oo lagu ammaan goyay jumlad waa dookh: *{{xt|The report stated "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} ([[wikt:cf.|Cf.]] aan la xigtay {{xt|The report stated there was a 45% reduction in transmission rate.}}) *{{xt|The report stated, "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} Qaabka aan lahayn comma ka sanado badan waxaa loo isticmaalaa xigashooyinka qaybta ah: *{{xt|The report observed "a 45% reduction in transmission rate".}} Comma waxaa loo baahan yahay marka ay ka muuqan lahayd dhismaha oo kale haddii maaddada aan ayan ahayn xigasho: *{{xt|In Margaret Mead's view, "we must recognize the whole gamut of human potentialities" to enrich our culture.}} Ha dhex gelin comma haddii ay is-dhaafsi keeni karto ama beddeli karto macnaha: *{{xt|Caitlyn Jenner expressed concerns about children "who are coming to terms with being true to who they are".}} (Xigasho sax ah oo ka soo baxday foomka ku saabsan {{em|carruurta qaarkood}}{{snd}}gaar ahaan carruurtaas "who are coming to terms{{nbsp}}...") *{{!xt|Caitlyn Jenner expressed concerns about children, "who are coming to terms with being true to who they are".}} (Beddelaa macnaha si loogu muujiyo Jenner in ay muujinaysay concern ku saabsan {{em|dhammaan}} carruurta, inta la dhiibay in carruurtu, guud ahaan, "are coming to terms{{nbsp}}...") Waxay ka caddayn tahay in loo isticmaalo colon si loo soo bandhigo xigasho haddii ay samaynayso jumlad dhan, iyo kani waa in mar walba loo sameyo xigashooyinka jumlado badan leeh: *{{xt|The report stated: "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} *{{xt|In a letter to his son, Albert Einstein wrote: "Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance you must keep moving."}} Punctuation dheeraad ah ma aha mid lagama maarmaan ah ee tooska ah [[#Words as words|words-as-words]] xaaladda: *{{xt|The message was unintelligible except for the fragments "help soon" and "how much longer before".}} ====<span class="anchor" id="Quotation marks-Titles"></span><span id="Quotation marks with names and titles"></span>Magacyada iyo mawduucyada==== {{/titles hatnote include|where=MOS#P-QM-N&T}} Calaamadaha xigmadda waa in loo isticmaalo magacyada iyo mawduucyada soo socda: {{columns-list|colwidth=27em| *Maqaallada iyo chapters-ka (buugaagta iyo periodicals waa italics) *Sheekooyinka gaaban (buugaagta iyo periodicals waa italics) *Qaybaha muusigga (pieces waa italics) *Strips-ka gaarka ah ee comics iyo webcomics (comics waa italics) *Gabayada (gabayada dheer ama epic waa italics) *Noocyada (albums, song cycles, operas, operettas, iyo oratorios waa italics) *Episodes-ka gaarka ah ee taxanaha TV-ga iyo radio-ga iyo [[Serial (radio and television)|serials]] (mawduuca taxanaha waa italics){{efn|1="Mawduuca taxanaha waa italics" wuxuu isticmaalayaa ''taxanaha'' si loogu macneeyo show-ga dhan. Season (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay ''series'' ee British English-ka) leh mawduuciisa laikiis wuxuu isticmaalaa calaamadaha xigmadda mawduucaas, sida sub-work.}} }} {{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The Beatles wrote "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" for their album ''Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band''.}} Ha isticmaalin calaamadaha xigmadda ama italics ee qoraallada hore, concert tours, meelaha, cibaadooyinka, myths, iyo epics. (Kuwa badan, laakiin ma aha dhammaan, oo ka mid ah waxyaabahaani [[#Titles of works|waa inay sidoo kale ku dhex jirin title case]].) ====<span class="anchor" id="LP"></span><span class="anchor" id="LQ"></span><span class="anchor" id="TQ"></span><span class="anchor" id="logical quotes"></span><span id="Punctuation inside or outside quotation marks"></span>Punctuation ku dhex jirta ama ka baxsan==== {{Shortcut|MOS:LQ|MOS:LOGICAL|MOS:INOROUT}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Logical quotation on Wikipedia|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Effect on nearby punctuation}}<!-- Another kind of punctuation "in or out". EDITORS PLEASE NOTE: Changes to this section may escalate into heated dispute. Please consider raising any proposed changes for discussion and consensus-building on the talk page before editing. --> Isticmaal qaabka [[logical quotation]] dhammaan maqaallada, iyadoo aan loo eegin nooca English-ka oo lagu qoray. Ku dar punctuation-ka dhamaadka ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda kaliya haddii uu ka muuqday maaddada asalka ah, oo haddii kale u lag ka dambaysta calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. Qaybta badankeeda, kani wuxuu macneynayaa u treats-garaynta periods iyo commas foomkaas oo kale sida question marks: sii wad ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda haddii ay ku dabaqmaan kaliya maaddada la xigtay iyo ka baxsan haddii ay ku dabaqmaan jumlada dhan. Tusaalooyinka waxaa loo dhiibay ka hooseeya. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Did Darla say, "Here I am"?}} (question mark wuxuu ku dabaqmaa jumlada dhan) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|Did Darla say, "Here I am?"}} (aan sax ahayn in lagu dabaqo question mark xigashoda) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Darla said, "Where am I?"}} (question mark wuxuu ku dabaqmaa maaddada la xigtay kaliya) Haddii xigashodu ay tahay eray gaar ah ama qayb jumlad ah, u lag punctuation-ka dhamaadka ka baxsan calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. Marka aad xigtayso jumlad dhan, dhamaadka oo u dhigma dhamaadka jumlada ku dhex jirta, u lag punctuation-ka dhamaadka ku dhex jira calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. *{{xt|Miller wanted, he said, "to create something timeless".}} *{{xt|Miller said: "I wanted to create something timeless."}} Haddii jumlada la xigtay ay raacdo [[clause]] oo waa in uu ka horreeyo comma, ka tag [[full stop]] (period), iyo ha u beddelin comma {{em|ku dhex jirta}} xigashoda.{{efn|Kani waa foomka ugu muhiimsan oo uu logical quotation ku kala duwan yahay isticmaalka punctuation-ka wargaysyada British-ka, halka publishers badan ay u ilayeeyaan beddelkaas maaddada la xigtay, oo ka aghas ah saxnaanta dhismaha logical punctuation-ka.}} Terminal punctuation kale, sida question marks ama exclamation marks, waxaa lagu dhowri karaa. *{{xt|Livingston then said, "It is done", and turned to the people.}} *{{xt|Livingston then exclaimed, "It is done!", and turned to the people.}} Haddii jumlada la xigtay ay raacdo clause oo aqoonsanaya speaker-ka, isticmaal comma ka baxsan calaamadda xigmadda halkii full stop ku dhex jira, laakiin sii wad terminal punctuation kasta oo kale, sida question mark. *{{xt|"There is no strife, no prejudice, no national conflict in outer space as yet", said Kennedy.}} *{{xt|By asking "Who are you?", she prompts John to tell his story.}} Ha raacin erayada ama qaybaha la xigtay commas ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda, marka laga reebo halka xigasho dheer lagu baabi'iyay iyo comma uu yahay qayb ka mid ah xigashoda dhan. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change, opening the way to confidence and courage", said Turner.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change," said Turner, "opening the way to confidence and courage."}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change, opening the way", said Turner, "to confidence and courage."}} *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|"I began to change, opening the way," said Turner, "to confidence and courage."}} ==== Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo isqu xirka ka baxsan ==== Isqu xirka ka baxsan ee u socda mawduucyada maqaallada waa in ay leeyihiin mawduuca ku dhex jira quotes ku dhex jira isqu xirka. Moodallada tixraaca ee [[Help:Citation Style 1|CS1]] iyo [[Help:Citation Style 2|CS2]] waxay sameynayaan tan si otomaatig ah, iyo tixraacyada aan moodalka lahayn waa inay sameeyaan foomkan oo kale. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|{{cite news |last1=Kiefer |first1=Francine |title=Clinton: The Early Years |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |date=May 29, 1998 |ref=none}}}} (Isticmaalka {{tl|cite news}}) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt| Kiefer, Francine (May 29, 1998). [https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html "Clinton: The Early Years"]. ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''.}} (Aan moodal lahayn) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt| Kiefer, Francine (May 29, 1998). "[https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html Clinton: The Early Years]". ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''.}} (Aan moodal lahayn) ==== Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo isqu xirka ku dhex jira ==== Isqu xirka ku dhex jira (wikilinks) oo ay la socdaan calaamadaha xigmadda caadi ahaan waa inay leeyihiin quotes ka baxsan isqu xirka. Kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa mawduucyada shaqaalaha ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda (noocyada, episodes-ka, iyo wixii la mid ah) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Play it, Sam. Play "[[As Time Goes By (song)|As Time Goes By]]".}} (Isticmaalka <code><nowiki>"[[ ]]"</nowiki></code>.) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|Play it, Sam. Play [[As Time Goes By (song)|"As Time Goes By"]].}} (Isticmaalka <code><nowiki>[[" "]]</nowiki></code>.) Laakiin, calaamadaha xigmadda waxaa loo baahan yahay ku dhex jira wikilinks marka calaamadda xigmadda ay tahay qayb ka mid ah isqu xirka, ama halka qoraalka isqu xirka leh ee muuqda uu ku dhex jiro calaamadaha xigmadda oo muujinaya slang, nicknames, magacyada caadiga ah, ama isticmaalka la midka ah. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The term ''soccer'' comes from [[Oxford "-er"|Oxford {{nowrap|"-er"}}]] slang, which was prevalent at the [[University of Oxford]] in England from about 1875...}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|A Cockney accent [[Rhoticity in English|drops the "r"]] after a vowel.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The [[Dynamo Sports Club|Proletarian Sports Society "Dynamo"]] was established in Moscow in 1923.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|President Suharto's [[New Order (Indonesia)|"New Order"]] administration received US support for its economic policies.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Japan's [[Lost Decades|"Lost Decades"]] began in 1991.}} ===Brackets iyo parentheses=== {{Shortcut|MOS:()|MOS:BRACKETS}} {{Redirect|MOS:PAREN|use of parentheses (round brackets) in article titles|WP:Article titles#Parenthetical disambiguation|deprecated inline parenthetical citations|WP:Citing sources#Parenthetical referencing}} Qaybtan waxay ku dabaqmaysaa labadaba round brackets {{xt|(&nbsp;)}}, sidoo cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay [[Bracket|parentheses]], iyo square brackets {{xt|[&nbsp;]}}. Haddii jumlad ay ku dhex jirto foom bracketed ah, u lag punctuation-ka jumlada ka baxsan brackets-ka {{xt|(sida halkan loo muujiyay).}} Laakiin, halka hal ama ka badan jumlado ay ku dhex jiraan brackets-ka dhan, u lag punctuation-kooda ku dhex jira brackets-ka. Waa inuusan jirin space dhow dhanka ku dhex jira ee bracket-ka. Bracket-ka oo starts-garoogaya caadi ahaan waa inuu ka horreeyo space. Kani ma noqon karo xaaladda haddii uu ka horreeyo calaamad xigmadda oo starts-garoogaysa, bracket kale oo starts-garoogaya, ama qayb ka mid ah eray: *{{xt|He rose to address the meeting: "(Ahem)&nbsp;... Ladies and gentlemen, welcome!"}} *{{xt|Only the royal characters in the play ([Prince] Hamlet and his family) habitually speak in blank verse.}} *{{xt|We journeyed on the Inter[continental].}} *{{xt|Most people are right-handed. (Some people are left-handed, but that does not make right-handed people "better" than left-handed people.)}} Waa inuu jiro space ka dambeeya bracket-ka xiritaanka, marka laga reebo halka punctuation mark uu raaco (inkastoo spaced dash uu sii wadi doono space ka dambeeya bracket-ka xiritaanka) iyo xaaladaha aan caadiga ahayn ee la midka ah kuwa lagu tirtiray bracket-ka starts-garoogaya. Ka fogao kooxaha dhow ee brackets-ka. Mid ka mid ah u lag foomamka parenthetical-ka ah ku dhex jirta hal koox oo lagu kala saaray semicolons, ama dib-u-qor: *{{em|Ka fogao}}: {{!xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919) (also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader.}} *{{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: {{xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919; also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader.}} *{{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: {{xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader. He was also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv.}} Square brackets waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loogu muujiyo beddelka tifaftirka iyo dhex-gelinta ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka, inkastoo kani waligeed ma aha inuu beddelo macnaha loo intended-gareeyay. Waxay u adeegaan saddex sababood oo waaweyn: *Si loo caddayo: {{xt|She attended [secondary] school}}, halka kani uu ahaa macnaha loo intended-gareeyay, laakiin nooca school-ka uusan ahayn mid lagu dhiibay jumlada asalka ah. *Si loo yareeyo dheerka xigashoda: {{xt|X contains Y, and under certain circumstances, X may contain Z as well}} waxaa loo yareeyn karaa {{xt|X contains Y [and sometimes Z]}}. Marka ellipsis ({{xt|...}}) loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo maaddada ka baxday xigashoda tooska ah, caadi ahaan ma aha in lagu duubo bracket. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Ellipses}} si aad u ogaato xaaladda gaarka ah.)}} *Si loo sameyo grammar-ka inuu shaqeeyo: Tixraacaya foomka dadka {{xt|"I hate to do laundry"}}, ein wuxuu sax ah ugu qori karaa {{xt|She "hate[s] to do laundry"}}. Haddii jumlad ay ku dhex jirta maaddo subsidiary ah oo lagu duubay square ama round brackets, waa in ay sii wadato terminal punctuation {{em|ka dambaysa}} brackets-kaas, iyadoo aan loo eegin punctuation kasta oo ku dhex jira brackets-ka. {{Block indent|{{xt|She refused all requests (except for basics such as food, medicine, etc.).}}}} Laakiin, haddii jumlada dhan ay ku dhex jirta brackets-ka, punctuation-ka xiritaanka wuxuu ku dhex jiraa brackets-ka. {{xt|(This sentence is an example.)}} ====Brackets iyo isqu xirka==== Square brackets ku dhex jira isqu xirka waa inay noqdaan kuwo [[Escape character|escaped]] ah: {| class="wikitable" | He said, "<code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[[John Doe|John &amp;#91;Doe&amp;#93;]]</nowiki>}}</code> answered." || He said, "[[John Doe|John &#91;Doe&#93;]] answered." |- | He said, "<code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[[John Doe|John {{bracket|Doe}}]]</nowiki>}}</code> answered." || He said, "[[John Doe|John {{bracket|Doe}}]] answered." |- | <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[https://example.com On the first day &amp;#91;etc.&amp;#93;]</nowiki>}}</code> || [https://example.com On the first day &#91;etc.&#93;] |- | <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[https://example.com On the first day {{bracket|etc.}}]</nowiki>}}</code> || [https://example.com On the first day {{bracket|etc.}}] |} Markup-ka {{xtag|nowiki}} sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaali karaa: {{tag|nowiki|content=[Doe]}} ama {{tag|nowiki|content=[etc.]}}. Haddii URL laikiisu uu ku dhex jiro square brackets, wikitext-ku waa inuu isticmaalo foomka [[URL encoding|URL-encoded]] ah <code><nowiki>https://</nowiki>example.com/foo.php?query={{bxt|%5B}}xxx{{bxt|%5D}}yyy</code>, halkii&nbsp;...<code>query={{!bxt|&#91;}}xxx{{!bxt|&#93;}}yyy</code>. Kani wuxuu ka fogaan doonaa baabi'inta isqu xirka ka dambaysa <code>xxx</code>. ====Angle brackets==== :''Ee guillemets («&nbsp;»), eeg {{section link|#Quotation characters}}'' Angle brackets (⟨&nbsp;⟩) waxaa loo isticmaalaa mawduucyada tignoolajiyada ee kala duwan, sida physics-ka ee [[bra–ket notation]] iyo [[Expectation value (quantum mechanics)|expectation value]] (t.s. {{xt|⟨''φ''{{!}}''ψ''⟩}}), mathematics-ka ee [[presentation of a group]], iyo linguistics-ka si loogu muujiyo [[grapheme]]s (t.s. {{xt|the digraph ⟨sh⟩}}). Ha isticmaalin less-than iyo greater-than signs (<&nbsp;>) sida angle brackets (t.s. {{!xt|<''φ''{{!}}''ψ''>}}, {{!xt|the digraph <sh>}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipses"></span><span class="anchor" id="..."></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis style"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis function and implementation"></span>Ellipses=== {{Shortcut|MOS:...|MOS:ELLIPSIS|}} Isticmaal ''[[ellipsis]]'' haddii maaddadu ay ka baxday xigashoda, ilaa square brackets loo isticmaalo si loo [[Gloss (annotation)|gloss]] xigashoda. *Ee prose iyo non-LaTeX mathematics formulae, ellipses waxaa lagu qoraa iyadoo la isticmaalayo saddex unspaced dots ({{xt|<code>...</code>}}); ha isticmaalin xarafka precomposed ellipsis-ka ah ({{!xt|<code>…</code>}})<!-- Possibly we should explain the precomposed character in terms of its code point or something --> ama saddex dots oo lagu kala saaray spaces {{nobr|({{!xt|<code>. . .</code>}})}} *Caadi ahaan, isticmaal non-breaking space ka hor ellipsis iyo space caadi ah ka dambaystiisa: {{nobr|{{xt|Alpha, Bravo,{{tl|nbsp}}... Zulu}}}} *Haddii ellipsis uu raaco <code>.&nbsp;?&nbsp;!&nbsp;:&nbsp;;&nbsp;,&nbsp;)&nbsp;]&nbsp;}</code> ama calaamad xigmadda oo xiritaanka ah (single ama double), ka tag space-ka ka dambaysa. U lag terminal punctuation ku dhex jira quote-ka kaliya haddii uu yahay mid muhiim ah qoraalka, sida caadi ahaan ah xaaladda exclamation marks iyo question marks laakiin dhifka ah periods: *: {{xt|Jones wrote: "These stories amaze me. The facts suffer so frightfully{{tlf|nbsp}}...".}} *: {{xt|"But what of the other cities? London, Paris{{tlf|nbsp}}...?"}} * Haddii ellipsis uu toos u raaco calaamad xigmadda oo starts-garoogaysa, kaliya isticmaal non-breaking space ka dambaystiisa: *: {{xt|He continued to pursue Smith ("...{{tlf|nbsp}}to the ends of the earth", he had sworn) until his own death.}} *{{Visible anchor|text=Si loo kala saaro ellipsis oo muujinaya qoraalka ka baxay iyo mid ka mid ah quote-ka, waxaad ku duubi kartaa kan kowaad square brackets: {{xt|She retorted: "How do I feel? How do you {{em|think}} I&nbsp;... This is too much!&nbsp;[...] Take me home!"}}|With square brackets}} *{{Visible anchor|text=Marka ellipsis loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo pause ama suspense ee speech-ka, sii wad punctuation-ka asalka ah: {{xt|Virginia's startled reply was "Could he&nbsp;...? No, I can't believe it!"}}. Marka loo isticmaalo ku dhex jira eray aan dhammaystirnayn, ma jiro space loo isticmaalo dhexda erayga qaybtiisa iyo ellipsis-ka: {{xt|The garbled transmission ended with "We are stranded near San L...o", interpreted as either San Leandro or San Lorenzo.}}|Pause or suspension of speech}} *In LaTeX-formatted mathematics formulae, isticmaal LaTeX markup-ka saxda ah ee lowered dots (<code>\dots</code>, <math>\dots</math>) ama xarfaha precomposed-ka ah oo leeh dots meelaha kale (sida centered ama diagonal, ⋯, ⋰, ama ⋱) ===<span class="anchor" id="fewer commas"></span>Commas=== {{Shortcut|MOS:,|MOS:COMMA}} Pair ka mid ah [[comma]]s wuxuu bracket-garayn karaa [[appositive]], [[relative clause]], ama [[parenthetical phrase]] (sida brackets ama dashes, inkastoo leh interruption dheeraad ah ee jumlada). Tusaale ahaan: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|John Smith, Janet Cooper's son, is a well-known playwright.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Janet Cooper's son John Smith is a well-known playwright.}} (marka Janet ay leedahay sons badan) {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Janet Cooper's son, John Smith, is a well-known playwright.}} (marka Janet ay leedahay kaliya hal son) {{!}}} }} Mar walba isticmaal {{em|pair}} ka mid ah commas ee tan, ilaa punctuation mark kale uu qaado meesha comma-ka labaad: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Blunt comments came from the newest member, John Smith.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|The newest member, John Smith{{snd}}a retired teacher{{snd}}was blunt.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|The newest member, John Smith was blunt.}}<!-- There's actually a way to parse this such that it would be acceptable in some styles, but WP articles don't use such styles. --> {{!}}} }} Ha u ilayn punctuation-ka kale inuu kaaga baabi'iyo u baahnaanta comma, gaar ahaan marka comma uu collided-garayyo bracket ama parenthesis: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Burke and Wills, fed by locals (on beans, fish, and ''ngardu''), survived for a few months.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Burke and Wills, fed by locals (on beans, fish, and ''ngardu'') survived for a few months.}} {{!}}} }} {{Shortcut|MOS:GEOCOMMA}} {{vanchor|Geographical references|text=In geographical references oo ku dhex jiraan heerarka badan ee subordinate divisions (t.s. city, state/province, country), comma wuxuu kala saaraa element kasta wuxuuna raacaa element-ka ugu dambeeya ilaa uu raaco terminal punctuation ama parenthesis-ka xiritaanka. Element-ka ugu dambeeya waxaa loo treats-garaysay sida [[Wikipedia:Basic copyediting#Parenthetical comma|parenthetical]].}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|He traveled through North Carolina before staying in Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the night.}}<!-- About a 10-hour drive if he started in Virginia Beach and passed through Winston-Salem. --> {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|He traveled through North Carolina before staying in Chattanooga, Tennessee for the night.}} {{!}}} }} Sidoo kale ku dar commas marka geographical element-ka loo isticmaalo sida disambiguator: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Hantratty received a PhD from the University of California, Irvine, in 1977.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Hantratty received a PhD from the University of California, Irvine in 1977.}} {{!}}} }} Ku dar comma labaad sidoo kale marka dhismaha leh comma [[Grammatical modifier|modifies-garayyo]] noun ama compound noun: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Keith Wilson won the 2024 Portland, Oregon, mayoral election.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Keith Wilson won the 2024 Portland, Oregon mayoral election.}} {{!}}} }} {{shortcut|MOS:DATECOMMA}} {{vanchor|Date commas|text=[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Dates, months, and years|Dates]] ku dhex jira month–day–year format waxay u baahan yihiin comma ka dambaysa day-ka, iyo sidoo kale ka dambaysa year-ka, ilaa ay raacdo punctuation kale. Element-ka ugu dambeeya waxaa loo treats-garaysay sida [[Wikipedia:Basic copyediting#Parenthetical comma|parenthetical]].}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|He set October 1, 2011, as the deadline for Patterson to meet his demands.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|He set October 1, 2011 as the deadline for Patterson to meet his demands.}} {{!}}} }} {{shortcut|MOS:QUOTECOMMA}} {{vanchor|Quotation commas|text= U lag calaamadaha xigmadda iyadoo la raacayo {{Section link||Punctuation inside or outside}}. Kani waxaa loo intended-gareeyay "logical quotation".}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Sax:}} {{!}} {{xt|She said, "The weather changes too often", and made other complaints.}} {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}} {{!xt|She said, "The weather changes too often," and made other complaints.}} {{!}}} }} Comma waxaa lagu dhex jiri karaa ka hor xigasho oo lagu ammaan goyay jumlad {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}})}}. ====<span class="anchor" id="Serial comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Oxford comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Oxford commas"></span><span class="anchor" id="Harvard comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Harvard commas"></span>Serial commas==== {{Shortcut|MOS:SERIAL|MOS:OXFORD||}} {{Redirect|MOS:OXFORD|Oxford spelling|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling#British English with "-ize" (Oxford spelling)}} A [[serial comma]] (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay ''Oxford comma'' ama ''Harvard comma'') waa comma loo isticmaalo toos ka hor conjunction (''and'', ''or'', ''nor'') ku dhex jirta liiska saddex ama ka badan items. {{Block indent|{{xt|ham, chips, and eggs}}{{spnd}}serial comma}} {{Block indent|{{xt|ham, chips and eggs}}{{spnd}}aan lahayn serial comma}} Tifaftireyaasha waxay isticmaali karaan mid ka mid ah heshiiska ilaa maqaal kasta uu yahay joogto ah ku dhex jirta. Serial commas waxay ka taageeraan badan marka qoraalka maqaalku uu yahay dhibco leh, sida liiska oo leh multi-word items (gaar ahaan haddii mid uu ku dhex jiro laikiis "''and''{{-"}}) ama nooc ka mid ah terms aan la dhasheyn oo laga yaabo. Laakiin, waxaa jira xaalado halka ka-tagista ama ku-darida serial comma ay keento is-dhaafsi: {{Block indent|{{!xt|The author thanked her friends, Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley}}{{spnd}}oo tirtiri kara mid ka mid ah afar ama ka badan dad ah (friends-ka iyo labada dad ee la magacaabay) ama laba dad ah (O'Connor iyo Marley, oo ah friends-ka).}} {{Block indent|{{!xt|The author thanked a friend, Sinéad O'Connor, and Bob Marley}}{{spnd}}oo tirtiri kara mid ka mid ah laba dad ah (O'Connor, oo ah friend-ka, iyo Marley) ama saddex dad ah (kan kowaad oo ah friend-ka, kan labaad O'Connor, iyo kan saddexaad Marley).}} Xaaladahaas is-dhaafsiga ah, cadday mid ka mid ah afar foom: *Ku dar ama baabi'i serial comma-ka. *Isticmaal jumlado gaar ah, bullet lists, ama beddelka dhismaha kale si loo caddayo. *Recast-garee jumlada ("friends" xaaladda): **Si loo tirtiro laba dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked her friends Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley.}} ***Caddayn badan: {{xt|The author thanked two friends: Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley.}} **Si loo tirtiro dad badan: **: {{xt|The author thanked Sinéad O'Connor, Bob Marley and her friends}} ama **: {{xt|The author thanked Sinéad O'Connor, Bob Marley, and her friends}}. ***Laakiin ma aha: {{!xt|The author thanked Bob Marley, Sinéad O'Connor[,] and her friends}}{{spnd}}soo bandhigaa is-dhaafsi ku saabsan ''her''. *Recast-garee jumlada ("friend" xaaladda): **Si loo tirtiro laba dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked Bob Marley and her friend Sinéad O'Connor.}} ***Ama noqo mid gaar ah marka ay suurtogal tahay: {{xt|The author thanked her childhood friend Sinéad O'Connor and her mentor, Bob Marley.}} **Si loo tirtiro saddex dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked Bob Marley, Sinéad O'Connor, and a friend.}} ***Caddaynta leh gender-specific terms sida ''mother'' waxay noqon kartaa dhibco leh; {{!xt|The author thanked her mother, Kim Thayil, and Sinéad O'Connor}} ma aha caddayn sababtoo ah akhristayaasha ma ogaankaraan [[Kim Thayil]] in uu yahay male oo ma noqon doono dadka oo kale sida mother-ka. ***Caddayn badan: {{xt|The author thanked Kim Thayil, Sinéad O'Connor, and her own mother}} ama {{xt|The author thanked her mother and musicians Kim Thayil and Sinéad O'Connor}}. ===Colons=== {{Shortcut|MOS:COLON}} {{For|the wikitext link formatting|Help:Colon trick}} A [[Colon (punctuation)|colon]] ({{xt|:}}) wuxuu soo bandhigaa wax muujinaya, sharraxaya, ama modifies-garaynaya waxa soo maray, ama ah liiska items oo dhowaan la soo bandhigay. Items-ka ku dhex jira liiskaas waxaa lagu kala saari karaa commas, ama haddii ay yihiin kuwo dhibco badan leh oo laga yaabo in ay laikiisu ku dhex jiraan commas, items-ka waa in lagu kala saaro semicolons ama lagu aaggaado bulleted list. {{Block indent|{{xt|We visited several tourist attractions: the Leaning Tower of Pisa, which I thought could fall at any moment; the Bridge of Sighs; the supposed birthplace of Petrarch, or at least the first known house in which he lived; and so many more.}}}} Colon waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa si loo soo bandhigo [[Quotation marks in English#Quotations and speech|direct speech]] oo lagu duubay calaamadaha xigmadda. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}}.)}} Marka colon loo isticmaalo sida separator ku dhex jira mawduuca maqaalka, madaxa qaybta, ama item liiska ah, tifaftireyaasha waxay dooran karaan in ay xaraf weyn ugu qoraan waxa raaca, iyadoo loo tixgelinayo [[#Retaining existing styles|isticmaalka jira]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Article titles#Consistency|joogteynta leh maqaallada la xiriira]]. Marka laga reebo isticmaalka tignoolajiyada ({{xt|a 3:1 ratio}}), ma jiro jumlad waa in ay ku dhex jirtay colons badan, ma jiro space waa in uu ka horreeyo colon, iyo space (laakiin waligeed ma aha hyphen ama dash) waa in uu raaco colon-ka. ===Semicolons=== {{Shortcut|MOS:;|MOS:SEMICOLON|}} {{for|usage in marking up description (definition) lists|Help:List#Description lists}} A [[semicolon]] ({{xt|;}}) marna waa alternative ee full stop (period), iyadoo u sahlaysa maaddada la xiriirta in lagu dhowro jumlada oo kale; waxay muujisaa kala saarisa la go'aamiyay ee jumlada marka loo eego comma. Haddii semicolon-ku uu kala saaro clauses, caadi ahaan clause kasta waa in uu noqdo mid gaar ah (macneheedu waa in uu taaggaanshaan karo laikiisu sida jumlad). Xaaladaha badankooda, kaliya comma ama kaliya semicolon wuxuu noqon doonaa sax ku dhex jira jumlad gaar ah. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Sax:}} | {{xt|Though he had been here before, I did not recognize him.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} | {{!xt|Though he had been here before; I did not recognize him.}} |} Sare, "Though he had been here before" ma taaggaanshaan karo laikiisu sida jumlad, oo sidaas darteed ma aha independent clause. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Sax:}} | {{xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit; bananas are classified as alkaline.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} | {{!xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit, bananas are classified as alkaline.}} |} Isticmaalkan aan saxda ahayn ee comma ee dhexda laba independent clauses waxaa loo intended-gareeyay [[comma splice]]; laakiin, xaaladaha qaarkood, comma waxaa loo isticmaali karaa halka semicolon wuxuu oki lahaa in loo baahan yahay: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | {{em|La accepts-garaysay}}: || {{xt|"Life is short, art is long."}} (laba clauses oo gaaban ku dhex jira [[aphorism]]; eeg ''[[Ars longa, vita brevis]]'') |- | {{em|La accepts-garaysay}}: || {{xt|"I have studied it, you have not."}} (soo sheegida wada-hadal gaaban, sida jawaabtan ee [[Isaac Newton|Newton]]) |} Jumlad waxay ku dhex jiri kartaa semicolons badan, gaar ahaan marka clauses-ku ay yihiin kuwo parallel ee dhismaha iyo macnaha; semicolons badan oo aan la xiriirin caadi ahaan waa calaamado ah in jumlada loo kala saaro jumlado gaaban ama foom kale loo dib-u-qoro. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Unwieldy}}: | {{!xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit; bananas are classified as alkaline; pears are close to neutral; these distinctions are rarely discussed.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: | {{xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit, bananas are alkaline, and pears are close to neutral; these distinctions are rarely discussed.}} |} Semicolons waxaa loo isticmaalaa ku-darida commas si loo kala saaro items ku dhex jira liiska, marka commas laikiisu ay keeni karaan jahwareer. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Jahwareer:}} | {{!xt|Sales offices are located in Boston, Massachusetts, San Francisco, California, Singapore, and Millbank, London, England.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Caddayn:}} | {{xt|Sales offices are located in Boston, Massachusetts; San Francisco, California; Singapore; and Millbank, London, England.}} |} ====Semicolon ka hor "however"==== {{Shortcut|MOS:HOWEVER}} {{Redirect|MOS:HOWEVER|its usage in editorialization|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Editorializing}} Macnaha jumlad ay ku dhex jirta trailing clause oo ku starts-garoogaysa erayga ''however'' wuxuu ku xiran yahay punctuation-ka ka horreeya eraygaas. Makhaadhaa caadi ah waa isticmaalka punctuation-ka aan saxda ahayn, iyadoo beddelaysa macnaha mid aan loo intended-gareeyn. Marka erayga ''however'' uu yahay adverb macneheedu yahay "nevertheless", waa in uu ka horreeyo semicolon oo uu raaco comma. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people; however, they tried.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people; nevertheless, they tried.}} |} Marka erayga ''however'' uu yahay conjunction macneheedu yahay "in whatever manner", ama "regardless of how", wuxuu ka horreyn karaa comma laakiin ma aha semicolon, oo waa inuusan raacin punctuation. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people, however they tried.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people, regardless of how they tried.}} |} Xaaladda kowaad, clause-ka oo ku starts-garoogaya "however" ma loo beddeli karo clause-ka kowaad; xaaladda labaad kani waxaa lagu sameyn karaa aan lahayn beddelka macnaha: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|However they tried, it was obvious they could not convert these people.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|Regardless of how they tried, it was obvious they could not convert these people.}} |} Haddii labada clauses aan loo beddeli karin, semicolon waxaa loo baahan yahay. Jumlad ama clause waxay sidoo kale ku dhex jiri kartaa erayga ''however'' dhexda, haddii uu yahay adverb macneheedu yahay "although" oo lagu lagi karay bilowga laakiin aan ku starts-garoogayn clause cusub dhexda jumlada. Isticmaalkan, erayga waxaa lagu duubi karaa dhexda commas. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|He did not know, however, that the venue had been changed at the last minute.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|However, he did not know that the venue had been changed at the last minute.}} |} ===Hyphens=== {{Shortcut|MOS:-|MOS:HYPHEN}} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Globe Toters-A Birla Preschool,Indore (cropped).jpg | image2 = Peuters_in_het_tehuis_zitten_met_zijn_allen_op_de_po,_Bestanddeelnr_252-0385.jpg | image3 = Graduates 2014 IMG 2779 (14083168633).jpg | caption1 = Four-year-old children | caption2 = Four year-old children | caption3 = Four-year old children }} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Haring 03.jpg | image2 = Great white Dyer island 2010-07.jpg | caption1 = A man {{nobr|eating fish}} | caption2 = A man-eating fish }} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Catalina_Island_Rescue_DVIDS1091019.jpg | image2 = Kintín al ataque (5189220934).jpg | caption1 = Officials help {{nobr|dog-bite victim}}. | caption2 = Officials help {{nobr|dog bite victim}}. }} [[File:Carry-On Aircraft.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|A sign {{shy|exhibiting over-eager hy|phen|a|tion}}: the second hyphen is fine, but the first is spurious.]] [[Hyphen]]s ({{xt|-}}) waxay muujiyaan conjunction. Waxaa jira saddex isticmaalka waaweyn: # In hyphenated magacyada dadka ({{xt|John Lennard-Jones}}, {{xt|Omar al-Bashir}}). # Si loogu isku xiro [[prefixes]] iyo [[suffixes]] oo leh terms-kooda waaweyn dhismaha qaarkood, [[#En dash across open compounds|ilbaa compounds-ka laikiisu ay ku dhex jiraan space ama hyphen]]: {{xt|quasi-scientific}}, {{xt|ultra-nationalistic}}, {{xt|London-based}}, {{xt|community-led}}. #*Hyphen waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loo kala saaro dhexda [[homograph]]s ({{xt|[[wikt:re-sign|re-sign]]}} macneheedu waa ''sign again'', laakiin {{xt|[[wikt:resign|resign]]}} macneheedu waa ''relinquish ownership'' ama ''leave a job''). #*Waxaa jira trend caddaynaya oo lagu ammaan goyo labada elements dhammaan noocyada English-ka ({{xt|subsection}}, {{xt|nonlinear}}). Hyphenation-ku wuxuu caddayaa marka xarfaha la keenay contact ay yihiin kuwo oo kale ({{xt|non-negotiable}}, {{xt|sub-basement}}) ama ay yihiin vowels ({{xt|pre-industrial}}), ama halka eray uu yahay mid aan caadi ahayn ({{xt|co-proposed}}, {{xt|re-target}}) ama laga yaabo in loo akhrriyo si aan sax ahayn ({{xt|sub-era}}, ma aha {{!xt|subera}}). Erayada qaarkood oo noocan ah si oo kale waa kuwo caadi ah aan lahayn hyphen-ka (t.s., {{xt|cooperation}} waxaa si joogto ah loo dhasheeyay ka badan {{xtg|co-operation}} ee English-ka cusub). Ka dhiiri erayada beddelaya macnahooda aan lahayn hyphen-ka, t.s. {{xt|re-creation}} (create again) iyo {{xt|recreation}} (amusement).{{efn|name=recent}} # {{va|Hyphens in compound modifiers|text=Si loogu isku xiro terms-ka la xiriira ee ku dhex jira [[compound modifier]]s}}:{{Efn|1=Gaar ahaan compound [[attributive adjective|attributives]], oo ah modifiers ee noun oo ka muuqda ku dhex jira [[noun phrase]]. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link|English compound#Hyphenated compound modifiers}}.)}}}} #*Hyphens waxay taageeri karaan fududaynta akhrrinta (waa inay noqdaan kuwo {{xt|ease-of-reading}} taageera) oo waxay gaar ahaan u wanaagsan yihiin noun phrases-ka dheer: {{xt|gas-phase reaction dynamics}}. Laakiin waligeed ha dhex gelin hyphen magac sax ah ({{xt|Middle Eastern cuisine}}, ma aha {{!xt|Middle-Eastern cuisine}}). #*Hyphen wuxuu taageeri karaa disambiguator-ka (qaarkood {{xt|short-story writers}} waa kuwo dheer; {{xt|a government-monitoring program}} waa program oo monitor-garaynaya xukuumadda, inta {{xt|a government monitoring program}} uu yahay program xukuumadda oo monitor-garaynaya). #*Compounds oo ah hyphenated marka loo isticmaalo {{em|[[Attributive adjective|attributively]]}} (adjectives ka hor nouns-ka ay qualified-garaynayaan: {{xt|a light-blue handbag}}, {{xt|a 34-year-old woman}}) ama {{em|[[substantive]]ly}} (sida noun: {{xt|she is a 34-year-old}}) caadi ahaan ma aha hyphenated marka loo isticmaalo {{em|[[Predicative expression|predicatively]]}} (foomka sharraxaadda leh oo lagu kala saaray noun-ka: {{xt|the handbag was light blue}}, {{xt|the woman is 34 years old}}). Halka uu ka jiri lahaa baabi'inta caddaynta laakiis, hyphen waxaa loo isticmaali karaa foomka predicative-ka ah sidoo kale ({{xt|hand-fed turkeys}}, {{xt|the turkeys were hand-fed}}). Attributive hyphenation-ka dhibco leh marna waxaa looga fogaan karaa dib-u-qorid fudud: {{xt|Hawaiian-native species}} → {{xt|native Hawaiian species}}. #*Ka fogao isticmaalka hyphen ka dambaysa heerka ''{{nowrap|-ly}}'' adverb ({{xt|a newly available home}}, {{xt|a wholly owned subsidiary}}) ilaa ay tahay qayb ka mid ah compound dheeraad ah ({{xt|a slowly-but-surely strategy}}). Xaaladaha dhifka ah, hyphen wuxuu ka wanaajin karaa caddaynta haddii alternative-ka dib loo qoray uu yahay dhibco leh, laakiin dib-u-qoriddu caadi ahaan waa ka wanaagsan tahay: {{!xt|The idea was clearly stated enough}} waxaa lagu disambiguator-gareyn karaa sida {{xt|The idea clearly was stated often enough}} ama {{xt|The idea was ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} 1mnlmosvak28lt26yjnkbhgnmm0ljbr 310793 310792 2026-10-24T10:24:26Z Isma4l 41797 /* Tayooyinka iyo xilalka dadka */ 310793 wikitext text/x-wiki {{MoS guideline|WP:MOS<!-- DO NOT add more shortcuts. None are as short and popular as this one. -->}} '''Haddaha Qaabka''' ('''MoS''' ama '''MOS''') waa [[haddaha qaabka]] ee dhammaan [[Wikipedia:Waa maxay maqaal?|maqaallada]] [[Wikipedia:Soomaali|Wikipedia-ha Soomaaliga]].{{efn|Isku xirka [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility|waxyaabaha la xiriira oo la heli karo]] waxay ku dabaqmaan dhammaan mashruuca, oo ma aha oo kaliya maqaallada.}} Boggan koowaad waxaa taageera [[:Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style|boggag yar oo xeel-dheer]], oo halkan la isku gudbin karo oo lagu tirtiray [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents]]. Haddii ay ka dhalato is-diido, boggani wuxuu leeyahay ka-horreyn.{{efn|name="CONLEVEL"|Kani waa arrin siyaasadeed oo ku saabsan {{section link|Wikipedia:Consensus|Level of consensus}}: "Is-afgaradka ka dhex jira koox xaddidan oo tifaftireyaal ah, hal meel iyo hal maalin, ma baabi'in karo [[Wikipedia:Community consensus|is-afgaradka samaynta]] ee baaxadda weyn. Tusaale ahaan, ilaa ay ka dhaadhiciyaan bulshada balaadhan in aysan sax ahayn, kaqeybgalayaasha WikiProject ma go'aamin karaan in siyaasada ama hagaha Wikipedia uusan ku dabaqmin maqaallada ku dhex jira baaxadeeda." Iyo: "Wikipedia waxay leedahay heer sare oo kaqeybgal iyo is-afgarad ee beddelka siyaasadaha iyo hagayaasha marka loo eego noocyada kale ee boggaga." Boggaga ka hooseeya waxaa ku jira [[:Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style|boggaga MoS-ka ee xeel-dheeraanta]], [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Guide#Advice pages|qoraallada qaabka]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style|Haddaha Qaabka ee Fudud]].}} {{vanchor|Clarity|text=Tifaftireyaal waa inay u qoraan maqaallada iyagoo isticmaalaya luqad toos ah, gaaban, oo fudud in la fahmo. Tifaftireyaal waa inay u dhisaan maqaallada qaabeyn joogto ah oo u sahlanaata akhristaha.}} {{va|Stability|text=Haddii ka badan hal qaab ama foom lagu aamini karo MoS-ka, mid waa in loo isticmaalo madal kasta oo ku dhex jirta maqaalka oo [[#Retaining existing styles|aan la beddelin]] sabab wanaagsan la'aanteed. [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|Tifaftirka dagaalka]] ee ku saabsan doorashooyinka qaabka ma aha mid la accepts karo.{{efn|name="ew"|Arrrimahaani waxaa lagu xalliyay go'aannada [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|Guddiga Garsoorka]] ee [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk#Optional styles|2005]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan#Preferred styles|2006]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Date delinking#Optional styles|2009]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Infoboxes#Use of infoboxes|2015]].}} Qoraal cusub oo lagu daro boggan waa inuu toos u xalliyo arrin qaab oo si joogto ah u soo noqnoqota.}} {{TOC limit|3}} ==Dhonsashada qaababka jira== {{Shortcut|MOS:VAR|MOS:STYLEVAR|MOS:STYLERET}} {{Redirect|MOS:VAR|retention of an article's established national English variety|#National varieties of English|a list of more specific related rules|WP:VARS}} Marna, MOS-ku wuxuu bixiyaa ka badan hal qaab oo la accepts karo ama ma bixiyo hagal gaar ah. Marka ka badan hal qaab la accepts karo, al-fajar ma aha mid habboon in tifaftiraha Wikipedia uu ka beddelo hal qaab oo uu u beddelo mid kale ilaa ay jirto sabab muhiim ah oo beddelka ah.{{efn|name="ArbCom"|Astaanta bilowga ee qoraalkan, eeg go'aannada [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|ArbCom]] ee [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk#Principles|Juun 2005]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/jguk 2#Principles|Nofembar 2005]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan#Principles|2006]].}} [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|Tifaftirka dagaalka]] ee ku saabsan qaabka,{{efn|name="ew"}} ama u adeegsiga qaab dookh ah si [[Wikipedia:Bot policy#Assisted editing guidelines|bot-oo kale ah]] is-afgarad ka hor la'aantiis,{{efn|name="bot-like"|Eeg [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Magioladitis 2#High-speed editing|Go'aanka ArbCom ee 2017]], iyo {{section link|Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser#Rules of use}}; tifaftirka bot-ka oo kale ah oo sii socda inkastoo ay jiraan diidmo ama oo keena makhaadhaa wuxuu keeni karaa [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|xannibaad]] iyo baabi'inta xuquuqaha ku saabsan qalabka semi-automated-ka ah.}} waa [[Wikipedia:Disruptive editing|dhibco ka dhan ah]] oo waligeed ma aha mid la accepts karo. Beddelka aan la xaqijin ee kaaga taagan hal qaab oo la accepts karo, [[#Consistency within articles|oo si joogto ah loo adeegsaday]] ee ku dhex jira maqaal oo loo beddelo qaab kale waa la [[Wikipedia:Reverting|celin karaa]]. Doono [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Opportunities for commonality|fursadaha wadaagga]] si looga fogaado murannada qaabka. Haddii aad rammayso in qaab kale uu ka habboon yahay maqaal gaar ah, doono [[Wikipedia:Consensus|is-afgarad]] iyadoo ku saabsan tan lagula discuss-garaynayo bogga wada-hadalka maqaalka ama{{snd}}haddii ay keento arrin guud ama ku saabsan MoS-ka lakiisa{{snd}}at [[Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style]]. Haddii wada-hadalku uusan keenin is-afgarad beddelka ah, sii wad isticmaalka qaabka horey loo dhisay ee maqaalka. Haddii wada-hadalku uu ku guuldareysto inuu gaaro wax is-afgarad ah oo ku saabsan midka laba ama ka badan qaab oo tartamaya oo la isticmaalayo, markaas dib u noqo qaabkii loo isticmaalay nooca ugu horreeyay ee ka dambeeya [[Wikipedia:Stub|qabyada]] maqaalka oo uu ka muuqday mid ka mid ah qaababka ku dabaqmaya. (Mawqifkan dib-u-noqoshada ah ma siiyo [[WP:UNCHALLENGED|darajo aan la tartami karin]] qaabkaas gaarka ah inta lagu jiro wada-hadalka is-afgaradka, mana siiyo tifaftiraha soo impose-garaysay qaabkaas ugu horreeyay [[Wikipedia:Ownership of content|wax ka badan]] wada-hadalka.) ==<span class="anchor" id="Article titles, headings, and sections"></span>Mawduucyada maqaalka, qaybaha, iyo madaxda== {{Shortcut|MOS:AT}} ===Mawduucyada maqaalka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Article titles}} {{for|titles which coincide with a work's title|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles of works}} Mawduucu waa inuu noqdo magac la aqoonsan karo ama sifaynta mawduuca, [[Wikipedia:Common sense|isagoo maareynaya]] shuruudaha ah inuu yahay mid asalka ah, si ku filan oo sax ah, gaaban, oo joogto ah oo la mid ah maqaallada la xiriira. Hagaha qaabaynta eeg qaybta {{section link|Wikipedia:Article titles|Article title format}}, isagoo xusaya kuwa soo socda: *U qor herga labaad ee xarafka ugu horreeya (marka laga reebo xaaladaha dhifka ah, sida {{xt|eBay}}), laakiin haddii kale raac [[sentence case]]{{efn|name=Sentence case|1=Wikipedia waxay u isticmaashaa [[sentence case]] jumlado, [[Wikipedia:Article titles|mawduucyada maqaalka]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout|mawduucyada qaybaha]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables|madaxda taarikada]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images|qoraallada sawirka]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists|qoraallada liiska]] (xaaladaha badankooda), iyo qoraallada ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Infobox|infoboxes]] iyo moodallada la midka ah, iyo waxyaabo kale. Wax kasta oo MoS ah oo ku saabsan bilowga jumlad waxay ku dabaqmaan waxyaabaha isticmaalaya sentence case.<!-- Please keep this footnote synced with the version at the MOS:CAPS page. -->}} ({{xt|Funding of UNESCO projects}}), ma aha title case ({{!xt|Funding of UNESCO Projects}}), marka laga reebo halka title case loo isticmaali lahaa qoraalka caadiga ah. Eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (capitalization)]]. *Si aad u qorto farta italic-ka ah, ku dar {{tlx|italic title}} meel dhow sare ee maqaalka. Si aad farta italic-ka ah ugu qorto kaliya qayb ka mid ah mawduuca, ku dar xadka <code>|string=</code> ee qoraalka gaarka ah ee lagu qorayo farta italic-ka ah. Isticmaalka farta italic-ka ah waa inuu u dhigmaa {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting|Italic type}}. *Ha isticmaalin [[Article (grammar)|maqaallada]] (''a'', ''an'', ama ''the'') sida xarafka ugu horreeya ({{xt|Economy of the Second Empire}}, ma aha {{!xt|The economy of the Second Empire}}), ilaa ay tahay qayb aan la kala saari karin oo magaca ka mid ah ({{xt|The Hague}}) ama mawduuca shaqa (''{{xt|A Clockwork Orange}}'', ''{{xt|The Simpsons}}''). *Caadi ahaan isticmaal [[noun]]s ama [[noun phrase]]s: {{xt|Early life}}, ma aha {{!xt|In early life}}.{{Efn|1=Erayada sida {{xt|In early life}} waa kuwo la accepts karo (inkastoo aan loo baahnayn) sida madaxda qaybaha. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa si joogto ah sida qayb ka mid ah mawduucyada maqaalka oo dheeraad ah sida [[Piracy in the Caribbean|{{xt|Piracy in the Caribbean}}]], indhaheeda marka dhismaha gaaban ({{xtn|Caribbean piracy}}) uu leeyahay arrimo is-dhaafsi ah.}} *Xarafka ugu dambeeya waa inuusan noqon calaamad ilaahiyad ilaa uu yahay qayb aan la kala saari karin oo magaca ka mid ah ({{xt|[[Saint-Louis-du-Ha! Ha!]]}}, {{xt|''[[Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?]]''}}) ama gaabinta ({{xt|[[Inverness City F.C.]]}}), ama marka xiritaanka bracket-ka wareegga ama calaamadda xigmadda loo baahan yahay ({{xt|[[John Palmer (1814 schooner)|''John Palmer'' (1814 schooner)]]}}). *Markasta oo calaamadaha xigmadda ama noocyada apostrophe-ka oo kale ay ka muuqdaan ({{xt|[[Geʽez]]}}), ku dar [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirection]] mawduuc caddaynaya oo isticmaalaya apostrophes ({{xt|[[Ge'ez]]}}).{{efn|name=curlyq|1=Calaamadaha xigmadda tooska ah iyo apostrophes waa kuwo fudud in loo qorto si lagu aamini karo madallada badankooda, markaas kani wuxuu u sahlayaa bartilmaameedka redirection-ka oo fudud. Xigmadda curdanka ah iyo apostrophes sidaas darteed waa kuwo si weyn looga tagay Wikipedia-ha English-ka. Eeg sidoo kale [[MOS:CURLY]] iyo [[MOS:']].}} Labadaba ha ka sareeyaan iyo kuwo [[Wikipedia:Article titles]], qeybta kale ee MoS-ka, gaar ahaan {{section link||Punctuation}}, waxay ku dabaqmaan sidoo kale mawduuca. ===Agaasimaha qaybta=== {{Shortcut|MOS:SO}} {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout}} Mawduuca maqaalka waa inuu ku starts-garo [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section|qaybta hordhaca ah<!-- Do not add the word "lede" here. See footnotes at WP:LEAD for details. -->]]{{snd}}gaabinta kooban ee maqaalka{{snd}}oo aan waligeed loo kala saarin qaybo {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section]])}}. Qaybta hartay ee maqaalka waxaa caadi ahaan loo kala saaraa [[Help:Section|qaybo]]. [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes|Infoboxes]], sawirrada, iyo mawduucyada kale ee la xiriira qaybta hordhaca ah waa inay noqdaan kuwo dhanka midig ah. Calaamadaha qaarkood oo heerka ah [[Help:Template|moodallada]] iyo [[Help:Wikitext|wikitext]] oo aan ahayn qaybo waxay ka sarreeyaan inta ugu dambaysa maqaalka, ka hor mawduuca qaybta hordhaca ah, iyo uusocodka soo socda: *[[Wikipedia:Short description|Gaaban sharrax leh]], oo leh moodalka {{tlx|Short description}} *[[Wikipedia:Hatnote|Hatnote-ka disambiguation]], waqtiga badankiisa oo leh moodalka {{tlx|Hatnote}} {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg sidoo kale {{section link|Wikipedia:Hatnote#Hatnote templates}})}} *Moodallada aan lahayn soo-saarka oo muujinaya foomka taariikhda dhisay ee maqaalka iyo nooca luqadda English-ka, haddii ay jiraan (t.s., {{tlx|Use dmy dates}}, {{tlx|Use Canadian English}}) *Moodallada dayactirka ee Banner-ka ah, [[Wikipedia:Template index/Disputes|Dispute]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Template index/Cleanup|Moodallada Cleanup]] ee arrimaha maqaalka oo dhan oo la calaamadeeyay (haddii kale loo isticmaalo sare ee qayb gaar ah, ka dambeeya hatnote kasta oo qayb ah sida {{tlx|main}}) *[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes|Infobox]], oo ah dookh (marka laga reebo xaaladaha gaarka ah sida {{tlx|Taxobox}} iyo {{tlx|Chembox}}, ama nooc ka mid ah, maqaallada ku dabaqmaya); caadi ahaan sidoo kale waxaa ku jira sawirka ugu horreeya *Sawirka hordhaca ah, marka infobox aan la isticmaalin, ama sawir dheeraad ah loo baahan yahay qaybta hordhaca ah (haddii hordhacu u yahay mid aad u dheer, sawir labaad waxaa lagu lagi karaa dhexda qoraalka hordhaca ah) Nooca skin-ka ee [[Vector 2022]], [[Wikipedia:Table of contents|tusmada maqaalka]] waa mid ka mid ah oo ka baxsan mawduuca maqaalka. Noocyada skin-ka hore qaarkood, tusmada la mari karo waxay ka muuqataa si otomaatig ah ka dambaysa hordhaca haddii maqaalku leeyahay ugu yaraan afar madax oo qaybo ah. Haddii mawduuca qayb uu ku jiraa si xeel-dheer oo dheeraad ah maqaal gaar ah {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Summary style]])}}, ku dar {{tlx|main|{{var|Article name}}}} ama {{tlx|further|{{var|Article name}}}} isla markiiba ka hooseeya madaxa qaybta. Sida lagu sharraxay si xeel-dheer {{slink|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout|Standard appendices and footers}}, noocyo dhowr ah oo maaddooyinka ah (badankoodu waa dookh) waxay ka muuqan karaan ka dambaysa qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee maqaalka, uusocodka soo socda: *Buugaagta ama shaqaalaha kale ee lagu abuuray mawduuca maqaalka, ka hooseeya madaxa qaybta "Works", "Publications", "Discography", "Filmography", iyo wixii la mid ah sida habboon (ka fogao "Bibliography", oo loo khaldami karo xigashooyinka tixraaca) *Isku xirka hoose ee maqaallada la xiriira ee Wikipedia-ha English-ka, oo leh madaxa qaybta "See also" *Xusuus-qoraallada iyo tixraacyada, oo leh madaxa qaybta "Notes" ama "References" (caadi ahaan ka dambeeya), ama qayb gaar ah oo loogu talagalay mid kasta uusocodkan {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]])}}; ka fogao "Bibliography", oo loo khaldami karo shaqaalaha mawduuca *Buugaagta la xiriira, maqaallada, ama shaqaalaha kale ee aan loo isticmaalin sida tixraacyada; isticmaal madaxa qaybta "Further reading"; noqo mid si sare ah loo doortay, maadaama [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a directory|Wikipedia aysan ahayn buugga tixraaca]] *Websaydhada la xiriira [[Wikipedia:External links|iyo kuwo habboon]] ee aan loo isticmaalin sida tixraacyada oo aan ka muuqan appendices-ka hore, isticmaalka madaxa "External links", oo loo sameyn karo qayb ka hooseysa "Further reading" (ama isku xirkaas waxaa toos lagu ammaan goyn karaa liiska "Further reading" halkii); [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Links to sister projects|moodallada isku xirka ee mawduucyada mashruuca walaalka ah]] sidoo cuali ahaan waxay ka sarreeyaan qaybtan marka ay jirto (haddii kale qaybta ugu dambaysa ee bogga) *Waxyaabaha ugu dambeeya ee soo socda waligeed ma qaataan madaxyada qaybaha: **Isku xirka hoose oo lagu aaggaaday [[Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates#Navigation_templates|boxes-ka navigation-ka]] **Metadata ee [[Wikipedia:Authority control|Authority control]], haddii loo baahdo, isticmaalka {{tlx|Authority control}} (wuxuu kala saaraa isticmaalka magaca laba mawduuc, ama magacyo badan oo loogu talagalay hal mawduuc) **[[Wikipedia:Categorization|Qeeybaha]], oo waa inay noqdaan maaddada ugu dambaysa ee koodha maqaalka haddii aysan jirin moodallada stub-ka **[[Wikipedia:Stub sorting|Moodallada stub-ka]], haddii loo baahdo, oo waa inay raacaan qeeybaha [[Wikipedia:Stand-alone lists|Maqaallada liiska ah ee gaarka ah]] waxay leeyihiin waxyaabo dheeraad ah oo agaasimaha ah. ===<span class="anchor" id="Section management"></span>Madaxyada qaybaha=== {{Shortcut|MOS:HEAD|MOS:HEADINGS}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Headings|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Order of article elements|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Section headings}} [[Help:Section|Madaxyada qaybaha]] waa inay caadi ahaan raacaan hagaha [[#Article titles|mawduucyada maqaalka]] ee sare oo ay ku muuqdaan [[sentence case]] ({{xt|Funding of UNESCO projects in developing countries}}), ma aha [[title case]] ({{!xt|Funding of UNESCO Projects in Developing Countries}}).{{efn|name=Sentence case}} {{shortcut|MOS:BLANKLINE}} {{vanchor|Blank line|text=Dhammaan madaxyada waa inay ku dhex jiraan xarkooda gaarka ah, oo ay ka horreyso presely hal xar oo eber ah, oo ay raacdo mid ka mid ah hal xar ama aan lahayn xar eber ah.}} {{vanchor|Section headings (necessary point 6)|text=Ha u isticmaalin si xun [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists#Description (definition, association) lists|liiska sharraxaadda]] markup ("<code>;</code>") si aad u abuurto [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Pseudo-headings|pseudo-headings]].}} {{va|SECTIONSTYLE|Section headings (styling best practice)|Section headings (main styling reason)|text=Sida arrin qaab oo joogto ah, madaxyada qaybuhu waa inaynaan:}} {{Shortcut|MOS:SECTIONSTYLE|MOS:NOBACKREF}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 1)|text=si turjumaad ah dib ugu tixraacin mawduuca maqaalka, t.s., {{xt|Early life}}, ma aha {{!xt|Smith's early life}} ama {{!xt|His early life}}}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 2)|text=tixraacin madax heer sare ah, ilaa aad sameyso ay tahay mid gaaban ama caddayn badan}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 3)|text=noqon kuwo la nambareeyay ama xarfo leh sida outline}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 4)|text=noqon kuwo loo sameeyay sida su'aal, t.s., {{xt|Languages}}, ma aha {{!xt|What languages are spoken?}}}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 5)|text=isticmaalin luga ama farta aan caadiga ahayn oo keeni kara [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Headings|arrimaha lagu heli karo]]}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 6)|text=noqon kuwo lagu duubay [[Help:Wikitext|markup]], sida bold iyo italics, oo baabi'in kara muujintooda oo keeni kara arrimo kale oo lagu heli karo}} ====Wikimarkup==== {{shortcut|MOS:NOSECTIONLINKS|MOS:HEADINGLINKS}} {{va|Section headings (technical best practice)|text=Sababo tignoolajiyada ah, madaxyada qaybuhu waa inay}} {{va|Section headings (necessary point 1)|text=noqdaan kuwo gaar ah oo ku dhex jira maqaal (si [[Template:Section link|isqu xirka qaybta]] uu u shaqeeyo)}} oo waa inaynaan ku dhex jirin: *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 2)|text=[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking#Principles|isqu xirka]], xataa haddii kaliya qayb ka mid ah madaxa la isku xiray}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 5)|text=xigashooyinka ama xusuus-qoraallada}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 4)|text=<code><[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics#Typesetting of mathematical formulae|math]]></code> markup}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 3)|text=sawirrada ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Icons#Encyclopedic purpose|icons-ka]]}} {{va|Section headings (main technical reason)|text=Xaddidaadahani waa kuwo lagu khasbay si looga fogaado tignoolajiyada dhibco leh oo ma aha kuwo la baabi'in karo is-afgaradka maxalliga ah ama hagayaasha aan ku habboonayn.}} {{short|MOS:TEMPLATE}} {{va|Section headings (necessary point 7)|text=Wadaagga moodalka}} waa in sidoo kale caadi ahaan looga fogaadaa madaxyada qaybaha, sababtoo ah waxay keenaan koodha asalka ah ee baaqida moodalka inuu ka muuqdo isqu xirka lagu daray gaabinta tifaftirka; gujinta isqu xirkaas ka muuqda taariikhda bogga ma keeni doonto qaybta loo baahan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, [[WP:ANCHORSUBST|marka lagu darayo isqu xirka anchor madaxyada, mar walba beddel moodalka gudaha madaxa]]: {{block indent|1={{plainlist| * {{y}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== {{subst:anchor|Anchor name}} Section title ==</nowiki>}}</code> * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== {{anchor|Anchor name}} Section title ==</nowiki>}}</code> }} }} {{shortcut|MOS:SECTIONCOMMENT}} {{va|SECTIONCOMMENT|Section comment|text=[[#Invisible comments|Xusuus-qoraallada la qariyay]] oo tixraacaya madaxa qayb ama qayb oo dhan waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu lago xar ka hooseysa madaxa. Waxaa sidoo cuali ahaan lagu lagi karaa ku dhex jira xarkooda oo kale sida madaxa, laakiin xaaladaas waa inay noqdaan kuwo {{em|gudaha}} <code>==&nbsp;==</code> markup:{{efn|1=Xusuus-qoraal ka baxsan <code><nowiki>==&nbsp;==</nowiki></code> laakiin ku dhex jira xarkooda oo kale wuxuu keeni karaa isqu xirka tifaftirka qaybta inuu ku guuldareysto inuu ka muuqdo dhammaan; ee browsers-ka kale, wuxuu ka muuqan karaa, laakiin isticmaalkiisu wuxuu keeni doonaa madaxa qaybta inuusan si otomaatig ah lagu darin gaabinta tifaftirka.}}}} {{block indent|1={{plainlist| * {{y}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== Implications ==</nowiki><br /><nowiki><!--This comment is placed correctly.--></nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{mby}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== Implications<!--This comment works fine.--> ==</nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{mby}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== <!--This comment works fine.-->Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== Implications == <!--This comment causes problems.--> </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{tracked|T381786}}{{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki><!--This comment causes problems.</nowiki><br><nowiki>-->== Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki><!--The space after this comment breaks the heading completely.--> == Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} }} }} ====<span class="anchor" id="SECTIONANCHOR"></span><span class="anchor" id="Section anchor"></span>Anchors==== {{short|MOS:SECTIONANCHOR}} <section begin="heading links" />Ka hor inta aanad beddelin madax, tixgeli in aad baabi'inayso isqu xirka jira oo ku dhex jira.<section end="heading links" /> Haddii ay jiraan [[Help:Link#To a section|isqu xirka badan oo u socda mawduuca hore]],{{efn|name="many links"|1=Si aad u ogaato inta isqu xirka ee u socda mawduuca qaybta hore iyo maqaallada leeh iyaga, waxaad sameyn kartaa <span class=plainlinks>[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=all%3A+linksto%3A%22ARTICLE%22+insource%3A%2F%5B%5B%7C%5DARTICLE%5C%23OLDSECTION%2F+&title=Special:Search&profile=all&fulltext=1 raadinta sare ee]</span>, iyadoo la beddelayo {{smallcaps|article}} magaca maqaalka, iyo {{smallcaps|oldsection}} mawduuca qaybta hore. Raadintaas sare ma raadiso [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirections-ka]], markaas sidoo kale eeg bogga maqaalka ee [[Special:WhatLinksHere]] ee redirections-ka u socda mawduuca qaybta hore. Haddii ay jiraan kaliya nambarka yar ee isqu xirka ee u socda mawduuca qaybta hore, waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu cusbooneysiiyo manwal ahaan.}} abuur [[Help:Anchor|anchor]] oo leh mawduucaas si loo xaqijiyo in kuwani ay sii shaqeeyaan. Sidoo kale, marka lagu isqu xirayo qayb, ka tag xusuus-qoraal aan la arki karin madaxa qaybta bartilmaameedka, iyadoo lagu magacaabayo maqaallada isqu xirka leeh, si haddii madaxa dambe loo beddelo kani si fudud loo hagaajin karo, ama kale anchor kale loo abuurayo haddii ay jiraan kuwo badan.{{efn|name="many links"}} Tusaale ahaan: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == {{subst:Anchor|Consequences}} Implications == <!-- "Richard Dawkins" and "Daniel Dennett" link here. --> </syntaxhighlight> oo lagu kaydin doono maqaalka sida: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == <span class="anchor" id="Consequences"></span> Implications == <!-- "Richard Dawkins" and "Daniel Dennett" link here. --> </syntaxhighlight> Faa'iidada isticmaalka {{tlxs|Anchor}}, ama kaliya la dhex gelinayo {{tag|span|o|link=yes}} tags-ka toos, waa in marka tifaftirka loo sameeyo qaybta mustaqbalka, anchor-ku ma lagu dhex jiri doono taariikhda bogga sida qayb ka mid ah magaca qaybta. Marka kaliya {{tlx|Anchor}} loo isticmaalo toos, akhlaaqdaas aan loo baahnayn {{em|waa ay}} dhacdaa, markaas waa in mar walba [[WP:ANCHORSUBST|loo beddelo anchors madaxyada qaybaha]]. Marka la dhex gelinayo span toos, {{em|ha}} gaabin iyadoo la isticmaalayo tag-ka self-closing, sida ku dhex jirta: <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== <span id="Consequences"</nowiki>{{highlight round|/|bc=var(--background-color-destructive-subtle, lightred);}}> Implications <nowiki>==</nowiki>}}</code> In HTML5 foomkaas XML-style waa mid shaqaynaya kaliya tags-ka qaarkood, sida {{nowrap |<code>&lt;br/></code>}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T134423 |title=T134423 Deprecate nonstandard behavior of self-closed HTML tags in wikitext. |website=phabricator.wikimedia.org |access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref> Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking|Avoiding broken section links}} si aad u ogaato wada-hadal dheeraad ah. ====Mawduuca oo kale madaxa==== Hagaha sare ee madaxyada qaybaha, gaar ahaan sentence case, turjumaad, sawirrada iyo su'aalaha, sidoo kale wuxuu ku dabaqmaa [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables#Captions and headers|madaxyada taarikada]] (iyo noocyada taarikada iyo xarrada). Laakiin, madaxyada taarikada waxay ku dhex jiri karaan xigashooyinka oo waxay ku starts-garo karaan, ama noqon karaan, nambara. Unka madaxyada bogga, madaxyada taarikada ma samayn karaan si otomaatig ah anchors-ka isqu xirka. Ka baxsan sentence case ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Glossaries|glossaries]], talada madaxa sidoo kale waxay ku dabaqmaysaa ''term'' qoraallada ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists#DLIST|description lists]]. Haddii la isticmaalayo [[Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Glossaries#Template-structured|template-structured glossaries]], terms-ku si otomaatig ah waxay leeyihiin anchors-ka isqu xirka, laakiin ma leeyihiin kale. Xigashooyinka mawduuca description-list waxay ku dhex jiraan {{tl|term}} ama {{tl|defn}} element, sida loo baahan yahay. ==Noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga== {{Shortcut|MOS:ENGVAR}} Noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga (tusaale ahaan, kala duwanaanshaha erayada ama naxwaha ee gobollada ka jira) waxay bixiyaan macluumaad ku saabsan kala duwanaanshaas. Dhammaan noocyada gobollada ama noocyada heerka ee Af-Soomaaliga waa kuwo la aqbali karo oo siman Wikipedia-da Soomaaliga, iyada oo la isticmaalayo uslub rasmi ah oo maqaallada u gaar ah ([[Register (sociolinguistics)|weeraral rami ah]] ama astaanta luqadda). Qaabka taariikhda ee maqaalka ({{xt|{{#time: F j, Y}}}} ama {{xt|{{#time: j F Y}}}}) wuxuu sidoo kale la xiriiraa noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga {{snd}}eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|Strong national ties to a topic|Retaining existing format}}. === <span class="anchor" id="Internal consistency"></span>Joogteynta ku dhex jirta maqaallada<!-- When renaming this section title, rename the full link at [[Wikipedia:Consistency]] --> === {{Shortcut|MOS:ARTCON|MOS:CONSISTENT}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Variation in citation methods|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Retaining existing format}} Xeerarka nooc gaar ah oo Af-Soomaali caadifad ah waa in loo raaco si joogto ah ku dhex jirta maqaalka gaarka ah. Waxyaabaha ka baxsan waxaa ku jira: *'''Xigashooyinka''' iyo '''cinwaannada buugaagta ama hawlaha''' (sida buugaagta, filimada, iyo muusigga) waa in loo qoraa sida ay ka muuqdaan ilaha tixraaca. Laakiin, waxaa jira xaalado qaarkood oo leexanaya mabda'an si loo dhowro heerka qaab-qoraalka ee alifbeetada encyclopedia-ha dhan. {{crossref|Eeg {{section link||Typographic conformity}}.}} *'''Magacyada u gaarka ah''' waxay isticmaalaan qoraalka mawduuca ama lahaanshaha u gaarka ah, tusaale ahaan, {{xt|United States Department of Defense}} iyo {{xt|Australian Defence Force}}; {{xt|International Labour Organization}}<!--This example is here because it uses -our and -ization at the same time; it is Oxford spelling.-->. *Maqaallada ku saabsan mawduucyada la xiriira kimistariga, foomka heerka caalamiga ah ee higaada {{xt|aluminium}}, {{xt|sulfur}}, {{xt|caesium}} (iyo erayada ka soo baxa) waa in loo isticmaalo iyadoo aan loo eegin nooca luqadda ee looga adeegsado maqaalka. {{crossref|Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (chemistry)|Element names}}.}} ===Fursadaha wadaagga ama isku-duubnida=== {{shortcut|MOS:COMMONALITY}} Si loogu talagalay encyclopedia caalamiga ah, isticmaalka erayada wadaagga ah ee dhammaan noocyada Af-Soomaaliga waa mid ka wanaagsan. *Isticmaal erayada si caalami ah loo aqbalay halkii kuwa aan aad loo fidin, gaar ahaan cinwaannada. Tusaale ahaan, [[Glasses|{{xt|muraayado}}]] ayaa ka wanaagsan noocyada gobollada ee gaarka ah; [[Ten million|{{xt|toban milyan}}]] ayaa ka wanaagsan [[crore|{{!xt|hal crore}}]]. *Haddii kala duwanaansho higaadeed uu ka muuqdo cinwaan, samee bogga [[Wikipedia:Redirect|reer-itusaale (sidetrack/redirect)]] si loogu talagalay kuwa kale, sida ku dhex jirta [[artefact]] iyo [[artifact]], si dhammaan noocyada loo isticmaali karo raadinta iyo isku xirka. *Erayada ku kala duwan noocyada luqadda, ama leh macnayaal kala duwan, waxaa lagu [[Gloss (annotation)#In linguistics|u xaqiijin karaa faahfaahinta (gloss)]] si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga ama jahawareerka, tusaale ahaan, {{xt|qaybta dambe ee baabuurta (trunk ama boot)&nbsp;...}}. *Isticmaal eray ama weedh si caadi ah loo fahmo iyada oo ka wanaagsan mid leh macno kale sababtoo ah kala duwanaanshaha gobollada (halkii {{!xt|alternate}}, isticmaal {{xt|alternative}} ama {{xt|alternating}}, sida habboon), marka laga reebo xaaladaha tignoolajiyada ama cilmiga halka beddelkaas uu noqon lahaa mid aan habboonayn ({{xt|alternate leaves}}; {{xt|alternate law}}). *Marka ay jiraan wax ka badan hal nooc oo higaad ah oo ka dhex jira heerka caadiga ah ee luqadda, nooca ugu caansan ee hadda la isticmaalo waa in caadi ahaan ka wanaagsanaado, marka laga reebo halka higaada yar ay leedahay isticmaal gaar ah oo xaalad xeel-dheer ah, tusaale ahaan, ''connexion'' ku dhex jirta [[Connexionalism|Methodist connexionalism]]. ===Xiriirka gobolka ama qaranka ee xoogga leh ee mawduuca=== {{Shortcut|MOS:TIES}} Maqaal ku saabsan mawduuc leh xiriir xooggan oo u socda waddan ama gobol]] gaar ah waa inuu isticmaalaa heerka luqadda rasmiga ah (ee ma aha colloquial/afka wadada) ee gobolkaas ama qarankaas. Tusaale ahaan: Mawduucyada leh xiriir xooggan oo u socda [[Commonwealth of Nations]], ama waddamo badan oo Commonwealth ah ama dhulalkii hore ee British-ka, isticmaal higaada British-ka. ===Dhowrida nooca jira=== {{Shortcut|MOS:RETAIN}} Marka nooc gaar ah [[#Consistency within articles|isticmaalkiisa joogtada ah]] lagu dhisay maqaal, sii wad iyada oo aan la helin is-afgarad ka dhan ah. Kaliya xaaladaha gaarka ah (sida marka mawduuc uu leeyahay [[#Strong national ties to a topic|xiriir gobol ama qaran oo xooggan]], ama beddelku wuxuu yareeyaa is-dhaafsiga) ayaa ay jirtaa sabab shaqaynaysa oo loo beddelo ka mid ah dookha la aqbali karo oo loo beddelo mid kale. {{va|FPSR|FMC|text=Marka aan la dhisin nooc gaar ah oo wada-hadalku uusan xallin arrinta, isticmaal nooca ka muuqda nooca ugu horreeyay ee ka dambeeya [[Wikipedia:Stub|qabyada (stub)]] oo soo bandhigay nooc la aqoonsan karo. Waxa ka baxsan tan waa [[#Retain quote variety|ha beddelin nooca luqadda ee ku dhex jira xigasho]].}} Nooca lagu dhisay maqaal gaar ah waxaa lagu qoraa iyadoo lagu dhex darayo [[:Category:Use English templates|tampaallada Use X English]] ee habboon bogga maqaalka. Tampaallada [[:Category:Varieties of English templates|nooca luqadda ee habboon]] sidoo kale waxaa lagu dhejin karaa bogga wada-hadalka ee maqaalka. Maqaal waa inuusan noqon mid la tifaftiro ama magaca loo beddelo kaliya si looga beddelo hal nooc oo luqad ah oo loo beddelo mid kale. Tampaalka {{tlxs|uw-engvar}} waxaa lagu dhejin karaa bogga wada-hadalka tifaftiraha si loogu sharraxo tan. ==Xarfo-waweynaynta== Cinwaannada maqaallada Wikipedia iyo cinwaannada qaybaha waxay isticmaalaan habka weedha, ma aha habka cinwaanka; iyo {{section link||Section headings}}. Xaraf-weynaynta alaabta liiska ku jirta, eeg {{section link||Bulleted and numbered lists}}. Points-ka kale ee ku saabsan xaraf-weynaynta waxaa si kooban loogu dhex muujiyay hoos. Macluumaadka fulan waxaa lagu heli karaa [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters]]. Qodobka ugu muhiimsan ayaa ah in Wikipedia aysan xaraf-weynaynayn eray ilaa uu si joogto ah xaraf-weyn ugu yahay badankooda [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|ilaha lagu kalsoonaan karo]] ee madax-bannaan. ===Xaraf-weynaynta ''The''=== Caadi ahaan, ha xaraf-weynayn erayga ''the'' dhexda jumlada ma aha { Reebanaanta caadiga ah waxaa ku jira magacyada u gaarka ah ee qaarkood iyo badankooda cinwaannada hawlaha abuurka ah ({{xt|Tolkien wrote ''The Lord of the Rings''}}{{snd}}laakiin ogaada in ''the'' aysan noqon karin qayb ka mid ah cinwaanka ee lagu qoro, t.s., Waxaa jira tixgelinno gaar ah oo loo sameeyo magacyada kooxaha muusigga , magacyada hay'adaha, magac u yaallada, summadaha ganacsiga. ===<span id="Capitalization-Titles"></span>Cinwaannada hawlaha=== {{main|WP:Manual of Style/Titles of works}} Cinwaannada luqadda Ingiriisiga ee qoraallada (buugaagta iyo hawlaha kale ee qoraalka, noocyada iyo hawlaha kale ee codka, filimada iyo hawlaha kale ee muuqaalka ah, sawirrada iyo hawlaha kale ee fanka, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxaa loo bixiyaa habka {{em|[[title case]]}}, halka eray kasta loo siiyo xaraf-weyn bilowga marka laga reebo erayada qaarkood oo yar oo muhiim ah (sida lagu sharraxay {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters|Composition titles}}). Erayada ugu horreeya iyo kuwa ugu dambeeya ee cinwaan luqad Ingiriisi ah mar walba waa kuwo xaraf-weyn leh. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|''An Eye for an Eye''}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|''Worth the Fighting For''}} Xaraf-weynaynta cinwaannada aan Ingiriisiga ahayn waa ay kala duwan tahay, xataa waqti ka waqti isla luqadda dhexdeeda; caadi ahaan, dhowr qaabka asalka ah ee hawlaha cusub, oo raac isticmaalka ka muuqda ilaha lagu kalsoonaan karo ee luqadda Ingiriisiga ee hadda{{efn|name=recent}} ee hawlaha taariikhiga ah. Marka lagu qoro alfabeta Laatiinka, badankooda waxyaabahaani waa inay sidoo kale ku jiraan farta janjeerta ([[#Italics|italics]]), ama lagu duubo [[#Names and titles|calaamadaha oraahda (quotation marks)]]. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|{{lang|fr|Les Liaisons dangereuses}}}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"{{lang|de|italics=no|Hymnus an den heiligen Geist}}"}} ===Tayooyinka iyo xilalka dadka=== *'''Isticmaalka guud''', isticmaal xaraf yar erayada sida ''madaxweyne'' , ''boqor', iyo ''imbiraadoor'' ({{xt|De Gaulle wuxuu ahaa madaxweyne Faransiis ah}}; {{xt|Louis XVI wuxuu ahaa boqor Faransiis ah}}; {{xt|Saddex ra'iisul wasaare ayaa ka soo qayb galay shirka}}). *'''Toos ka hor magaca dadka''', erayadaas waxay ka bilaabanayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|Madaxweyne Obama}}, ma aha {{!xt|madaxweyne Obama}}). Magacyada heerka caadiga ah ama caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo ee xilka ama doorka waxaa loo maareeyaa sida magacyada u gaarka ah ({{xt|David Cameron wuxuu ahaa Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Biritain}}; {{xt|Hirohito wuxuu ahaa Imbiraadoorkii Jabaan}}; {{xt|Louis XVI wuxuu ahaa Boqorkii Faransiiska}}). Titoolinka ama doorka boqortooyada waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|Her Majesty}}; {{xt|His Highness}}); reebanaantu waxay ku dabaqmi kartaa xilal gaar ah. ===Diimaha, ilaahyada, falsafadaha, iyo caqiidooyinka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Religions, deities, philosophies, doctrines, and their adherents}} {{see|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Religion}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles#Religious texts}} *'''Diimaha, kooxaha, iyo kaniisadaha''' iyo taageerayaashooda (foomka magaca ama tilmaamaha) waxay ka start-garoobayaan xaraf-weyn. Caadi ahaan, "the" ma aha xaraf-weyn ka hor magacyadaas ({{xt|the Unitarians}}, ma aha {{!xt|The Unitarians}}). *'''[[Religious text|Qoraallada diinta]]''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn, laakiin badanaa ma aha farta janjeerta ({{xt|the Bhagavad Gita}}, {{xt|the Quran}}, {{xt|the Talmud}}, {{xt|the Granth Sahib}}, {{xt|the Bible}}). Ha u qorin xaraf-weyn "the" marka aad u isticmaalayso foomkan. Tilmaamaha qaarkood oo ka soo baxa waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn heshiis ahaan, qaarkoodna ma qaataan ({{xt|biblical}}, laakiin {{xt|Quranic}}); haddii aad u baahato hubaal, eeg qaamuuska. *'''[[Honorific|Tayooyinka iyo magacyada sharafta]] ee ilaahyada''', ku dhex jira magacyada u gaarka ah iyo tayooyinka, waxay ka start-garoobayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|God}}, {{xt|Allah}}, {{xt|the Lord}}, {{xt|the Supreme Being}}, {{xt|the Great Spirit}}, {{xt|the Horned One}}, {{xt|Bhagavan}}). Ha u qorin xaraf-weyn "the" xaaladahaas ama marka aad tixraacayso dadka waaweyn ee diinta ama shakhsiyaadka khayalka ah/asraarta ah ({{xt|the Prophet}}, {{xt|the Messiah}}, {{xt|the Virgin}}). Magacyada guud ee ilaahyada iyo shakhsiyaadka diinta ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|many gods}}; {{xt|the god Woden}}; {{xt|saints and prophets}}). *'''Magac-u-yaallada shakhsiyaadka cibaadada ama Ilaah''' ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn, xataa haddii xaraf-weyn lagu qoro qoraallada diinta ({{xt|God and his will}}). *'''Qaybaha waaweyn ee mukhluuqaadka khayalka ah (mythical/legendary)''' waxay ka start-garoobayaan xarfo yar ({{xt|elf}}, {{xt|fairy}}, {{xt|nymph}}, {{xt|unicorn}}, {{xt|angel}}), inkastoo hawlaha khayalka ah (fantasy), sida buugaagta [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] iyo ciyaaraha fiidiyowga qaarkood, xarfaha waaweyn ee bilowga ah marmar loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo in mukhluuqaadku ay samaynayaan dhaqan ama irsi dhex jira [[fictional universe|caalamka khayalka ah]]. U qor xaraf-weyn magacyada ama tayooyinka mukhluuqaadka gaarka ah ({{xt|the Minotaur}}, {{xt|Pegasus}}) iyo kooxaha oo magacooda iyo xubnahoodu ay yihiin kuwo go'an ({{xt|the Magi, or the Three Wise Men}}, {{xt|the Furies}}). Tixraacyada guud ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|these priests}}; {{xt|several wise men}}; {{xt|cherub-like}}). *'''Matalaadaha ama dhacdooyinka ruuxiga ah iyo kuwa diinta''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn kaliya marka la tixraacayo dhacdooyin gaar ah ama waqtiyo gaar ah ({{xt|the Great Flood}} iyo {{xt|the Exodus}}; laakiin {{xt|annual flooding}} iyo {{xt|an exodus of refugees}}). *'''Falsafadaha, aragtiyaha, dhaqdhaqaaqyada, iyo caqiidooyinka''' waxay isticmaalaan xarfo yar ilaa magacu ka soo baxo magac u gaar ah ({{xt|capitalism versus Marxism}}) ama uusan noqon magac u gaar ah ({{xt|republican}}, oo ah dhismaha fikirka siyaasadda; {{xt|Republican}}, oo ah xisbi siyaasadeed). Isticmaal xarfo yar mawduucyada caqiidooyinka ama fikirka diinta ee heerka caadiga ah (oo ka soo contrasts-garoobaya dhacdooyinka gaarka ah), xataa haddii xaraf-weyn lagu qoro taageerayaasha diinta qaarkood ({{xt|virgin birth}}, {{xt|original sin}}, {{xt|transubstantiation}}). *'''[[Platonic idealism|Platonic]] ama fikradaha sare (transcendent ideals)''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn xaaladda caqiidada falsafadda ({{xt|Truth}}, {{xt|the Good}}); marka loo isticmaalo si dhumuc leh, waxay ku dhex jiraan xarfo yar ({{xt|Superman represents American ideals of truth and justice}}). Isticmaal xarfo waaweyn marka fanka lagu personify-gareeyo fikradaha ({{xt|the guidebook mentioned statues of Justice and Liberty}}). *{{va|Eponyms|EPONYM|EPONYMS|text='''[[Eponym|Eponym-s (erayada ka soo baxay magacyada dadka)]]''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn ([[Edwardian era|{{xt|Edwardian}}]], [[De Morgan's laws|{{xt|De Morgan's laws}}]], [[Alice in Wonderland syndrome|{{xt|Alice in Wonderland syndrome}}]], [[Plaster of Paris|{{xt|plaster of Paris}}]], [[Platonic idealism|{{xt|Platonic idealism}}]], [[Draconian constitution|{{xt|Draconian constitution of Athens}}]]), marka laga reebo isticmaalka sanfada ama maahmaahda ah oo ka baxsan xaaladda asalka ah oo caadi ahaan xarfo yar ku dhex jira ilaha tixraaca ([[Platonic relationship|{{xt|a platonic relationship}}]]; {{xt|complained of draconian workplace policies}}).{{efn|name=eponyms|1=Waxaa jira waxyaabo yar oo dheeraad ah oo ka baxsan xaraf-weynaynta eponyms-ka, halka eraygu leeyahay xeer xooggan oo ah xarfo yar, t.s., lagu doorbido foomkaas badankooda qaamuustada waaweyn ee luqadda Ingiriisiga. Tusaale ahaan, {{xt|parkinsonian}} wuxuu sharraxaa bukaan muujinaya astaamaha [[Parkinson's disease|{{xt|Parkinson's disease}}]]. Dhexdeeda carabiga/higgaada isticmaalka erayada [[Linguistic latinisation|{{xt|latinize}}]], [[Romanisation|{{xt|romanize}}]], iyo [[Anglicization|{{xt|anglicize}}]] [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Anglo- and similar prefixes|waxay sii kordhayaan xarfo yar]], iyo [[Italic type|{{xt|italic[s]}}]] ku dhex jirta farta mar walba waa xarfo yar.}} Weedha dhan oo uu eponym ku yahay tilmaame [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Religions, deities, philosophies, doctrines, and their adherents|ma aha xaraf-weyn]] marka laga reebo marka weedha dhitadeedu tahay magac u gaar ah (t.s., [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles|cinwaanka hawl la daabacay]]: [[The China Syndrome|{{xt|''The China Syndrome''}}]]).}} ===Astaamaha kalandarka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Calendar items}} *'''Bilsashada (bilo), maalmaha toddobaadka, iyo fasaxyada''' waxay ka start-garoobayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|June}}, {{xt|Monday}}; {{xt|the Fourth of July}} wuxuu tixraacaa kaliya Maalinta Xorriyadda Mareykanka{{snd}}haddii kale {{xt|July 4}} ama {{xt|4 July}}). *'''Xilliyada''' waxay ku dhex jiraan xarfo yar ({{xt|her last summer}}; {{xt|the winter solstice}}; {{xt|spring fever}}), marka laga reebo marka lagu personify-gareeyo fanka ama magacyada u gaarka ah ee waqtiyada ama dhacdooyinka ({{xt|Old Man Winter}}; {{xt|competed on the Spring Circuit}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="People, animals, plants, and other organisms"></span>Dadka, xayawaanka, dhirta, iyo noolaha kale=== {{Shortcut|MOS:LIFE}} {{Hatnote|Wixii faahfaahsan ee ku saabsan xaraf-weynaynta, eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters|Animals, plants, and other organisms}}; ee farta janjeerta, {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting|Italic type}}. Eeg sidoo kale {{section link|Wikipedia:Lead section|Organisms}} ee ku saabsan maareynta jumlada ugu horreysa. Eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (fauna)]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora)]] ee ku saabsan hagaha cinwaannada maqaallada.}} Marka la isticmaalayo '''[[Taxonomy (biology)|magacyada taksonomiga ("sayniska")]]''', u qor xaraf-weyn oo janjeer (italics) genus-ka: {{xt|''Berberis''}}, {{xt|''Erithacus''}}. (Supergenus iyo subgenus, marka ay ku dabaqmaan, loo maareeyo foomkaas oo kale.) Janjeeri laakiin ha u qorin xaraf-weyn heerarka taksonomiga ee species-ka iyo ka hooseeya: {{xt|''Berberis darwinii''}}, {{xt|''Erithacus rubecula superbus''}}, {{xt|''Acacia coriacea'' subsp. ''sericophylla''}}; wax ka baxsan ma jiraan oo lagu sameeyay magacyada u gaarka ah oo samaynaya qayb ka mid ah magacyada sayniska. Taxa-ga sare (order, family, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn Laatiinka ({{xt|Carnivora}}, {{xt|Felidae}}) laakiin ma qaataan udhigmaadka Ingiriisiga ({{xt|carnivorans}}, {{xt|felids}}); ma aha janjeer labada foomba, marka laga reebo fayrasyada, halka dhammaan magacyada lagu aqbalay guddiga [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|ICTV]] ay yihiin janjeer ({{xt|''Retroviridae''}}). {{Shortcut|MOS:CULTIVAR}}{{Anchor|Cultivar}}Magacyada '''[[Cultivar]]''' iyo '''[[cultivar group]]''' ee dhirta ma aha janjeer, oo waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn (ku dhex jirta erayga ''Group'' ee magaca ku dhex jira); magacyada cultivar waxay ka muuqdaan xigashooyinka keliyaalka ah (single quotes) ({{xt|''Malus domestica'' 'Red Delicious'}}), halka cultivar groups aysan qaadanin ({{xt|''Cynara cardunculus'' Scolymus Group}}). '''Ingiriisi [[Common name|magacyada afka caadiga ah ("common")]]''' waxaa loo bixiyaa xarfo yar qoraalka maqaalka ([[Plains zebra|{{xt|plains zebra}}]]<!-- animal species -->, [[Mountain maple|{{xt|mountain&nbsp;maple}}]]<!-- plant species -->, iyo [[Southwestern red-tailed hawk|{{xt|southwestern red-tailed hawk}}]]<!-- bird subspecies -->) iyo habka weedha (sentence case) bilowga jumlada iyo meelaha kale oo xarafka ugu horreeya ee erayga ugu horreeya uu yahay xaraf-weyn.{{efn|name=Sentence case}} Waxay sidoo kale qaataan xarfo waaweyn halka ay ku jiraan magacyo u gaar ah: [[Przewalski's horse|{{xt|Przewalski's&nbsp;horse}}]]<!-- eponym -->, [[California condor|{{xt|California&nbsp;condor}}]]<!-- typical geonym -->, iyo [[Fair-maid-of-France|{{xt|fair-maid-of-France}}]]<!-- unusual but important illustrative case -->. Kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa species iyo subspecies, sida tusaalooyinka hore, iyo sidoo kale magacyada guud ee kooxaha ama noocyada noolaha: [[Bird of prey|{{xt|bird&nbsp;of&nbsp;prey}}]]<!-- cross-order ecological niche -->, [[Oak|{{xt|oak}}]]<!-- plant family -->, [[Great apes|{{xt|great&nbsp;apes}}]]<!-- animal family -->, [[Bryde's whales|{{xt|Bryde's&nbsp;whales}}]]<!-- species group -->, [[Livestock guardian dog|{{xt|livestock&nbsp;guardian&nbsp;dog}}]]<!-- domestic type -->, [[Poodle|{{xt|poodle}}]]<!-- domestic breed group but not a breed -->, [[Van cat|{{xt|Van&nbsp;cat}}]]<!-- domestic geographic landrace -->, [[Wolfdog|{{xt|wolfdog}}]]<!-- hybrid/crossbreed/mongrel not recognized as a standardized breed -->. Marka magaca caadiga ah uu la mid yahay takson saynis ah, ha u qorin xaraf-weyn ama janjeer, marka laga reebo halka la tixraacayo noolaha dhanka taksonomiga: {{xt|A lynx is any of the four medium-sized wild cat species within the genus ''Lynx''.}} Magacyada caadiga ah ee aan Ingiriisiga ahayn, marka ay la xiriiraan in lagu daro, waxaa loo maareeyay sida erayada kale ee aan Ingiriisiga ahayn: janjeer sidaas, oo xaraf-weyn kaliya haddii shuruudaha luqadda hooyo ay u baahan yihiin. Magacyada aan Ingiriisiga ahayn oo noqday kuwo la qabsaday Ingiriisiga waxaa loo maareeyay sida Ingiriisiga ([[Ayahuasca|{{xt|ayahuasca}}]], [[Okapi|{{xt|okapi}}]]). {{Shortcut|MOS:BREED}}{{Anchor|Breed}}'''[[Standardized breeds|Dhalada la halbeeyay (Standardized breeds)]]''' waa inay caadi ahaan dhowraan xaraf-weynaynta loo isticmaalay halbeegga dhalada.{{efn|name=Standardized breeds|1=Hagaha dhalada lagu daray [[Diff2/881140543|RfC on capitalization of the names of standardized breeds|December 2018 RfC]]. "Dhalada la halbeeyay" wuxuu waayay macno toos ah oo caddaynaya, laakiin wuxuu ku dhex jiraa dhala kasta oo ku dhex jira [[breed standard]] ama [[studbook]] ee kooxda taranta/mataanaha. Kooxaha kale ee xayawaanka guri-joogga ah ma aha dhala la halbeeyay: noocyada taariikhda hore, kooxaha dhalada, xayawaanka duurjoogtoobay (feral), landraces, iyo [[crossbreed|dhalada la isku dhalay]] ama [[Hybrid (biology)|isandho]] oo aan kooxaha waaweyn aqoonsan sida dhala gaar ah. Kuwo badan caadi ahaan ma aha [[Wikipedia:Notability|muhiim (notable)]].}} Tusaalooyinka: [[German Shepherd|{{xt|German Shepherd}}]], [[Russian White goat|{{xt|Russian White goat}}]], [[Berlin Short-faced Tumbler|{{xt|Berlin Short-faced Tumbler}}]]. Sida cultivar-ka dhirta, kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa haddii magacu yahay magac u gaar ah ama kale, oo ka soo contrasts-garoobaya sida magacyada caadiga ah ee noolaha loo qoro. Laakiin, ka baxsan cultivar-ka, dhalada waligeed ma lagu dhex daro xigashooyinka keliyaalka ah (single quotes), oo magacyadoodu waligeed ma aha qayb ka mid ah magac saynis ah. Erayga noolaha ee lagu daray dhamaadka si looga fogaado jahawareerka ("cat", "hound", "horse", "swine", iyo wixii la mid ah) waa inuusan noqon xaraf-weyn, ilaa uu yahay qayb ka mid ah magaca dhalada oo si joogto ah lagu muujiyo foomkaas halbeegga dhalada (xaaladaha dhifka ah waxaa ku jira [[Norwegian Forest Cat|{{xt|Norwegian Forest Cat}}]] iyo [[American Quarter Horse|{{xt|American Quarter Horse}}]]). Samee [[Wikipedia:Redirect|sidetrack/redirects]] ka soo baxay xaraf-weynaynta kale iyo foomamka higaada ee cinwaannada maqaalka, iyo magacyada kale, t.s., [[Adélie Penguin]], [[Adelie penguin]], [[Adelie Penguin]] iyo ''[[Pygoscelis adeliae]]'' dhammaan waa inay sidetrack u sameeyaan [[Adélie penguin]]. ===Samooyinka iyo walxaha hawada sare=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Celestial bodies}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (astronomical objects)}} Erayada ''sun'' (sol/qorrax), ''earth'' (dhul), ''moon'' (dayax), iyo ''solar system'' (bahda qorraxda) ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn isticmaalka guud ({{xt|The sun was over the mountain top}}; {{xt|The tribal people thought of the whole earth as their home}}). Waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn marka walaxda lagu personify-gareeyo fanka/suugaanta ({{xt|Sol Invictus ('Unconquered Sun') was the Roman sun god}}) ama marka loo isticmaalo sida magac walax gaar ah xaaladda sayniska ama falagga ({{xt|The Moon orbits the Earth}}; laakiin {{xt|Io is a moon of Jupiter}}). Magacyada meereyaasha, dayaxyada, asteroids-ka, comets-ka, xiddigaha, constellations-ka, iyo galaxies-ka waa magacyo u gaar ah, oo sidaas darteed xaraf-weyn ah ({{xt|The planet Mars is in the constellation Gemini, near the star Pollux}}). Xarafka ugu horreeya ee eray kasta oo ku dhex jira magacaas waa xaraf-weyn ({{xt|Alpha Centauri}} ma aha {{!xt|Alpha centauri}}; {{xt|Milky Way}}, ma aha {{!xt|Milky way}}). Erayada sida ''comet'' iyo ''galaxy'' waa inay noqdaan xaraf-weyn marka ay samaynayaan qayb ka mid ah magac u gaar ah, laakiin ma aha marka loo isticmaalo sida eray guud ({{xt|Halley's Comet is the most famous of the comets}}; {{xt|the Andromeda Galaxy is a spiral galaxy}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Compass"></span>Pointers-ka kombaas-ka (Jihooyinka)=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Compass points}} Ha xaraf-weynayn '''jihooyinka''' sida ''north'' (woqooyi) ama foomamka la xiriira ({{xt|We took the northern road}}) marka laga reebo marka ay yihiin qaybo ka mid ah magacyada u gaarka ah ({{xt|Great North Road}}, {{xt|Great Western Drive}}, {{xt|South Pole}}). U qor xaraf-weyn '''magacyada gobollada''' haddii ay gaareen heerka magaca u gaarka ah, ku dhex jira magacyada caadiga ah ee heshiiska ({{xt|Southern California}}; {{xt|the Western Desert}}), iyo erayada ka soo baxa ee dadka (t.s., ''Southerner'' oo ah mid ka soo jeeda [[Southern United States]]). Ha xaraf-weynayn magacyada sharraxaadda leh ee gobollada oo aan gaarin heerka magacyada u gaarka ah, sida {{xt|southern Poland}}. Jihooyinka isku-dhafka ah waxaa lagu dhex jiri karaa ama aan lagu dhex jiri karin dhex-xariijin (hyphen), iyada oo ku xiran [[#National varieties of English|nooca Ingiriisiga ee loo qaatay]] maqaalka. {{xt|Southeast Asia}} iyo {{xt|northwest}} waxay ka caansan yihiin Ingiriisiga Mareykanka; laakiin {{xt|South-East Asia}} iyo {{xt|north-west}} waxay ka caansan yihiin Ingiriisiga British-ka. Xaaladaha sida {{xt|north–south dialogue}} iyo {{xt|east–west orientation}}, isticmaal en dash; eeg {{section link||Other uses for en dashes}}. ===<span id="Institutions"></span>Magacyada u gaarka ah ka soo contrasts-garoobaya erayada guud=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Institutions|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Capitalization of The{{!}}Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Capitalization of ''The''}} U qor xaraf-weyn magacyada hay'adaha ama doorka gaarka ah ({{xt|the founding of the University of Delhi}}; {{xt|the history of Stanford University}}) laakiin ma aha erayada guud ee hay'adaha ({{xt|the high school is near the university}}). Ha xaraf-weynayn ''the'' bilowga magaca hay'adda, iyada oo aan loo eegin qaabka loo doorbido ee hay'adda. Waxaa jira reebanaanno dhif ah, marka la hoggaaminayo ''The'' oo lagu muujiyay ''T'' ku dhex jira acronym-ka kooxda: {{xt|The International Cat Association (TICA)}}. U maaree qaybaha siyaasadda ama juqraafiga foomkan oo kale: {{xt|The city has a population of 55,000}}; {{xt|The two towns merged to become the City of Smithville}}. Ha u sameynin sida qaabka wargaysyada maxalliga ah oo tixraacaya degmada/magaalada sida ''the City'' ama ''The City'', marka laga reebo City of London [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#City of London|xaaladaha qaarkood]]. Hagahaani wuxuu sii kordhayaa wax-soosaarka hay'adaha, shirkadaha, iyo kooxaha kale. Tusaale ahaan, magaca dhan ee sharciga sida {{xt|Online Safety Act 2023}} wuxuu noqon doonaa xaraf-weyn, laakiin tixraacyada ka dambeeya ee {{xt|the act}} ma noqon doonaan kuwo xaraf-weyn ah. ==<span class="anchor" id="Acronyms and abbreviations"></span><span class="anchor" id="Acronyms"></span><span class="anchor" id="Initialisms"></span><span class="anchor" id="Shortenings"></span>Gaabinta== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Initials}} Gaabinta waa foomamka gaaban ee erayada ama foomamka. Raadinta saxda ah, waxay ku kala duwan yihiin [[Contraction (grammar)|contractions]], oo isticmaala [[apostrophe]] (t.s., ''won't'', eeg {{Section link||Contractions}}), iyo [[initialism]]s. Initialism waxaa lagu samaynayaa ka mid ah ama dhammaan xarfaha bilowga ah ee erayada ku dhex jira foom. Ka hooseeya, tixraacyada gaabinta waa in loo qaadaa inay ku dhex jiraan acronyms, iyo term-ka ''acronym'' waa inuu sidoo cuali ahaan ku dabaqmaa initialisms. ===U qor matoorada ugu horreeya si dhan=== {{Shortcut|MOS:1STOCC|MOS:1STABBR}} Marka gaabinta loo isticmaali doono maqaal, soo bandhig iyadoo la isticmaalayo foomka dhan, iyo gaabinta ku dhex jirta parentheses: {{Block indent|{{xt|an early local area network (LAN) developed by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC){{nbsp}}... DEC's later LAN products were{{nbsp}}...}}}} Ha isticmaalin xarfo waaweyn foomka dhan kaliya sababtoo ah xarfaha waaweyn waxaa loo isticmaalay gaabinta: {{!xt|an early Local Area Network (LAN)}}. Marka laga reebo xaaladaha gaarka ah, gaabinta caadiga ah (sida {{xt|PhD}}, {{xt|DNA}}, ama {{xt|USSR}}) looma baahna in lagu fido xataa isticmaalka ugu horreeya. ===Foomamka plural-ka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:GREENGROCER}} U samee plural [[acronyms]] iyadoo lagu darayo ''-s'' ama ''-es'': {{xt|Three CD-ROMs and two BIOSes were released}}. Ha isticmaalin ''[[greengrocer's apostrophe]]'' si aad u samayso plurals: {{!xt|Three CD-ROM's and two BIOS's were released}}. ===<span class="anchor" id="Periods (full stops) and spaces"></span><span class="anchor" id="Full stops and spaces"></span><span class="anchor" id="op.cit."></span>Punctuation iyo spacing=== {{Shortcut|MOS:PS}} Gaabintu waxay ku dhabayn kartaa ama aan ku dhabayn karin full point (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-garaysay ''period'' ama ''full stop''). Qaab joogto ah waa in lagu dhasheeyaa ku dhex jirta maqaal. Isticmaalka North American caadi ahaan waa in lagu dhabeeyo dhammaan gaabinta period ({{xt|Dr. Smith of 42&nbsp;Drummond St.}}) laakiin isticmaalka caadiga ah ee British iyo Australian, ma jiro period loo isticmaalo haddii gaabinta (contraction) ay ku dhabayso xarafka ugu dambeya ee foomka aan la gaabin ({{xt|Dr Smith of 42&nbsp;Drummond St}}) ilaa is-dhaafsi uu keeni karo. Kani waa sidoo cuali ahaan isticmaalka caadiga ah ee qoraalka scientific-ka ah. Iyadoo aan loo eegin punctuation, erayada lagu gaabay ka badan hal xaraf waa lagu dhex jiraa space ({{xt|op.&nbsp;cit.}} ma aha {{!xt|op.cit.}} ama {{!xt|opcit}}). Waxaa jira waxyaabo ka baxsan oo yar: {{xt|PhD}} {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg sare)}} "Philosophiae Doctor"; {{xt|BVetMed}} "Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine". Xaaladaha badankooda, Wikipedia ma isticmaalto punctuation-ka oo kale ku dhex jirta acronyms iyo initialisms: {{xt|GDP}}, ma aha {{!xt|G.D.P.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="US"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S."></span><span class="anchor" id="USA"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S.A."></span>US iyo U.S.<!-- When renaming this section title, rename the full link at [[Wikipedia:Consistency]] -->=== {{Shortcut|MOS:US|MOS:U.S.|MOS:USA|MOS:U.S.A.}} {{redirect|MOS:US|the use of the word "us"|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#First-person pronouns}} {{xt|US}} waa gaabinta caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo ee {{xt|United States}}, inkastoo {{xtn|U.S.}} – oo leh periods iyo aan lahayn space – ay tahay mid caadi ah daabacadaha North American, ku dhex jirta wargaysyada news-ka. Hagayaasha qaabka American qaarkood, ku dhex jiro ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style]]'' (tan iyo 2010), waxay baabi'iyeen {{!xt|U.S.}} waxayna soo sheegeen {{xt|US}}. Sababaha [[#Opportunities for commonality|wadaagga]], isticmaal {{xt|US}} default ahaan marka aad gaabinayso, laakiin [[#Retaining existing styles|sii wad]] {{xtn|U.S.}} maqaallada American ama Canadian English oo ay horey u dhisantay, ilaa ay jirto sabab wanaagsan oo loo beddelo. Sababtoo ah isticmaalka periods ee gaabinta iyo acronyms wuxuu noqon doonaa mid joogto ah ku dhex jira maqaal kasta, mar walba isticmaal {{xt|US}} maqaal leh gaabinta waddammada kale. Gaabinta dheeraad ah oo lagu dhex jiro initials-ka waddanka ({{xt|USN}}, {{xt|USAF}}), waligeed ha isticmaalin periods. Marka United States lagu xuso hal ama ka badan waddammada kale ku dhex jirta jumlad oo kale, {{xt|US}} (ama {{xtn|U.S.}}) wuxuu noqon karaa mid aad u informal ah, gaar ahaan xusidda ugu horreysa ama sida noun halkii adjective ({{xt|France and the United States}}, ma aha {{!xt|France and the US}}). Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|U.&nbsp;S.}} oo leh space ama {{!xt|U.S.&nbsp;of&nbsp;A.}} oo taariikh hore ah, marka laga reebo marka aad xigasho sameynayso. Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|U.S.A.}} ama {{!xt|USA}} marka laga reebo ku dhex jirta xigasho, sida qayb ka mid ah magac sax ah ({{xt|Team USA}}), ama isticmaalka tignoolajiyada iyo rasmiga ah ee qaarkood (t.s., [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3]], [[FIFA country codes|FIFA]], iyo [[IOC country codes]]). ===Circa=== {{for|examples|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Uncertain, incomplete, or approximate dates}} Si loo muujiyo ''si xaddidan'', isticmaalka {{tl|circa}}, oo muuqda sida {{xt|{{circa}}}}, waxaa ka wanaagsan {{!xt|circa}}, {{!xt|c.}}, {{!xt|ca.}}, ama {{!xt|approx.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="unwarranted abbreviations"></span>Ka fogao isticmaalka aan la xaqijin=== {{Hatnote|See also: {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|Units of measurement}} for when to abbreviate units of measurement.}} Ka fogao gaabinta marka ay jahwareerin karaan akhristaha, baabi'in karaan socodka, ama ka muuqan karaan informal. Tusaale ahaan: *Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|approx.}} ee {{xt|approximate(ly)}} marka laga reebo infobox ama table (xaaladaas isticmaal {{tlx|abbr|approx.|approximately}} xusidda ugu horreysa: {{xt|{{abbr|approx.|approximately}}}}). *Ha isticmaalin legalism-ka {{!xt|Holmes J}} ee {{xt|[[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.|Justice Holmes]]}}. <!-- this might be better in [[WP:JARGON]] --> ===Ha samaynin=== Ka fogao sameynta [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#Neologisms|gaabinta cusub]], gaar ahaan acronyms. Tusaale ahaan, {{xtn|World Union of Billiards}} waa wanaagsan yahay sida {{em|turjumaad}} ee {{xt|[[Union Mondiale de Billard]]}}, laakiin ma aha iyada ama yareynta {{!xt|WUB}} oo loo isticmaalay kooxda ama tixraacyada gaarka ah; isticmaal magaca asalka ah iyo gaabintiisa rasmiga ah, {{xt|UMB}}. Haddii ay noqoto mid lagama maarmaan ah in lagu gaabiyo space yar, sida [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables#Captions and headers|column header ee table-ka]], isticmaal gaabinta si baaxad leh loo aqoonsan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, ee {{xt|New Zealand gross national product}}, isticmaal {{xt|NZ}} iyo {{xt|GNP}}, oo leh isqu xir haddii term-ka aan horey loogu qorin maqaalka: {{xt|NZ&nbsp;[[Measures of national income and output|GNP]]}}. Ha samaynin initialisms sida {{!xt|NZGNP}}. ===HTML tags iyo moodallada=== Mid ka mid ah {{tag|abbr|o}} ama {{tlx|abbr}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa gaabinta iyo acronyms: {{tag|abbr|params=title="World Health Organization"|content=WHO|wrap=yes}} ama {{tlx|abbr|WHO|World Health Organization}} waxay samayn doonaan {{abbr|WHO|World Health Organization}}; [[mouseover|soreynta]] qoraalka muuqda waxay keentaa [[tooltip]] ee foomka dheer inuu soo muuqdo. ===Ampersand=== {{Shortcut|MOS:AMP|MOS:&}} {{redirects|WP:&|the use of "and" in titles|Wikipedia:Article titles#Titles containing "and"}} Qoraalka caadiga ah iyo madaxyada, isticmaal ''and'' halkii [[ampersand]] (''&''): {{xt|January 1&nbsp;and&nbsp;2}}, ma aha {{!xt|January 1&nbsp;&&nbsp;2}}. Laakiin sii wad ampersand marka uu yahay qayb shaqaynaysa oo qaabka magac sax ah, mawduuca shaqaalaha, ama trademark, sida ku dhex jirta ''[[Up & Down (Horace Parlan album)|Up&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Down]]'' ama [[AT&T]]. Meelaha kale, ampersands waxaa loo isticmaali karaa joogteyn iyo dookh halka space uu aad u xaddidan yahay (t.s., tables iyo infoboxes). Xigashooyinka [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Typographic conformity|waxaa lagu beddeli karaa si dhibco leh]], gaar ahaan joogteynta halka noocyada kala duwan lagu xigto, maadaama noocyada cusub ee qoraallada hore ay si joogto ah u beddealaan ampersands ''and'' (sida ay u beddealaan [[glyph]]s kale oo aan la isticmaalin, [[Typographic ligature|ligatures]], iyo gaabinta). Isticmaalka kale oo loo ilaysay laakiin aan loo baahnayn waa tixraacyada gaaban ee shaqaalaha leeh qoraa badan, t.s.: {{xt|<nowiki><ref>Lubbers & Scheepers (2002); Van Hiel & Mervielde (2002); Swyngedouw & Giles (2007); Van Hiel (2012).</ref></nowiki>}}. ==Italics== {{Shortcut|MOS:IT|MOS:ITAL}} {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Italic type}} ===<span id="Do not use capitals for emphasis"></span>Emphasis=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Emphasis}} Italics waxaa loo isticmaalaa emphasis, halkii [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Boldface|boldface]] ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#All caps and small caps|capitals]]. Laakiin isticmaalka badan wuxuu yareeyaa shaqadiisa: tixgeli dib-u-qorista halkii. Isticmaal {{tag|em}} ama {{tlx|em|...}} ee emphasis. Kani wuxuu u sahlayaa [[Help:User style|user style sheets]] in lagu maareeyo emphasis foom gaar ah, wuxuuna taageeraa reusers-ka iyo turjumaada.{{refn|{{cite web |last1=Ishida |first1=Richard |title=Using b and i elements |quote=the content of a <code>b</code> element may not always be bold, and that of an <code>i</code> element may not always be italic. |url=https://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-b-and-i-tags |website=W3C Internationalization |publisher=[[World Wide Web Consortium]] |date=2015 |access-date=1 September 2016}} }} *Sax: <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>The meerkat is <em>not</em> actually a cat.</nowiki>}}</code> *Sax: <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>The meerkat is {{em|not}} actually a cat.</nowiki>}}</code> ===<span id="Italics-Titles"></span>Mawduucyada=== {{shortcut|MOS:NOITALIC}} {{/titles hatnote include|where=MOS#I-T}} Isticmaal italics mawduucyada shaqaalaha (sida buugaagta, filimada, taxanaha TV-ga, bandhigga la magacaabay, video games-ka, albums-ka muusigga, iyo fanka). Mawduucyada maqaallada, chapters-ka, noocyada, episodes-ka, storylines-ka, papars-ka raadinta iyo shaqaalaha kale ee gaaban waxay qaataan calaamadaha xigmadda double-ka ah. Italics ma loo isticmaalo shaqaalaha diinta ee waaweyn ({{xt|the Bible}}, {{xt|the Quran}}, {{xt|the Talmud}}). Kuwa badan oo mawduucyadaani waa inay sidoo kale ku dhex jirin [[#Titles of works|title case]]. ===Erayada sida erayada=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Words as words}} {{for|the policy when a word or phrase itself may be an encyclopedic subject|Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#When a word or phrase may be an encyclopedic subject}} Isticmaal italics marka aad {{em|xusayso}} eray ama xaraf {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Use–mention distinction]])}} ama foomka erayada ilaa hal jumlad ({{xt|the term ''panning'' is derived from ''panorama''}}; {{xt|the most common letter in English is ''e''}}). Marka jumlad dhan la xuso, calaamadaha xigmadda double-ka ah waxaa loo isticmaali karaa halkii, iyadoo leh joogteyn ({{xt|The preposition in ''She sat on the chair'' is ''on''}}; ama {{xt|The preposition in "She sat on the chair" is "on"}}). Calaamadaha xigmadda waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa maaddada gaaban si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga, sida marka italics horey loo isticmaalay si xooggan bogga ee sabab kale (t.s., ee erayada iyo foomamka badan ee aan English-ka ahayn). {{em|Xusidda}} (si looga wada-hadlo grammar, wording, punctuation, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxay ku kala duwan tahay {{em|xigashoda}} (halka wax caadi ahaan lagu muujiyo ka magaca tixraaca la xigtay). Xigashoda waxaa lagu sameeyaa calaamadaha xigmadda, waligeed ma aha italics, ama labadaba waqti oo kale {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Quotations}} si aad u ogaato xeel-dheeraan).}} Isticmaalka la xiriira ee italics waa marka la soo bandhigayo ama lagu kala saarayo terms: {{xt|The ''natural numbers'' are the integers greater than 0.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign words"></span> Erayada aan English-ka ahayn=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Non-English terms}} Italics waxaa lagu muujiyay foomamka aan English-ka ahayn iyo erayada aan English-ka ahayn ee gaarka ah oo aan caadi ahaan loo isticmaalin English-ka maalin kasta. Laakiin, magacyada saxda ah (sida magacyada meelaha) ee luqadaha kale caadi ahaan ma aha italics, ama terms-ka ku dhex jira scripts-ka aan Latin-ka ahayn. Moodalka {{tlx|lang}} iyo noocyadiisa waxay taageeraan dhammaan [[ISO 639]] koodhadhka luqadaha, iyagoo sax ah u aqoonsanaya luqadda iyo si otomaatig ah u italics-garaynaya. Fadlan isticmaal moodalladan halkii aad manwal ahaan italics ugu sameyn lahayd maaddada aan English-ka ahayn. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link|WP:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Other languages}} si aad u ogaato macluumaad dheeraad ah.)}} ===Magacyada scientific-ka ah=== Isticmaal italics magacyada scientific-ka ah ee dhirta, dhabaha, iyo [[Kingdom (biology)|dhammaan organisms-ka kale]] marka laga reebo viruses heerka [[genus]] iyo ka hooseeya (italics-garo {{xt|''Panthera leo''}} iyo {{xt|''Retroviridae''}}, laakiin ma aha {{xt|Felidae}}). Sign-ka hybrid ma aha italics ({{xt|''Rosa''&nbsp;×&nbsp;''damascena''}}), ama "connecting term" loo baahan yahay ku dhex jirta [[Trinomial nomenclature#In botany|magacyada botanical-ka ee saddexda qaybood ah]] ({{xt|''Rosa gallica'' subsp. ''officinalis''}}). ===<span id="Italics and quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka ku dhex jira italics=== {{shortcut|MOS:ITALQUOTE|}}{{See also|#Quotations}} <section begin="Quotations in italics body"/>Ha u lagin xigashooyinka italics. [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation marks|Calaamadaha xigmadda]] (ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Block quotations|block quoting]]) kaliya waa kuwo ku filan oo foomamka saxda ah si loogu muujiyo xigashooyinka. Italics waa in loo isticmaalo kaliya haddii maaddada la xigtay ay haddii kale u baahan lahayd italics.<section end="Quotations in italics body"/> ([[#Italics within quotations|Eeg ka hooseeya]].) ===Italics ku dhex jira xigashooyinka=== <section begin="Italics within quotations body"/>Isticmaal italics ku dhex jira xigashooyinka si aad u soo saarto emphasis oo ku dhex jirta maaddada tixraaca ama si aad u muujiso isticmaalka erayada aan English-ka ahayn. Emphasis waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu sameyo {{tlx|em}}. Haddii aysan caddayn in tixraacu horey u lagu daray italics (ama qaab kale) ee emphasis, ama si loo muujiyo marka emphasis aan loo isticmaalin qoraalka asalka ah laakiin dambe lagu daray tifaftirka, ku dar xusuus-qoraalka tifaftirka {{xt|[emphasis in original]}} ama {{xt|[emphasis added]}}, sida ay u kala horreeyaan, ka dambaysta xigashoda. * Tusaale ahaan: {{xt|"Now cracks a noble heart. Good night sweet prince: And {{em|flights of angels}} sing thee to thy rest." [emphasis in original].}}<section end="Italics within quotations body"/> ===Atharta ku dhex jirta punctuation-ka dhow=== {{Shortcut|MOS:ITALPUNCT}} Italics-garo kaliya elements-ka jumlada oo uu saameeyay emphasis-ku. Ha italics-garayn punctuation-ka ku dhex jira dhowga. *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|What are we to make of {{em|that?}}}} (Su'aashu waxay ku dabaqmaysaa jumlada dhan, ma aha kaliya emphasis-ka ''that'', markaas waa inaysan noqon italics.) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|What are we to make of {{em|that}}?}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Four of Patrick White's most famous novels are ''A Fringe of Leaves'', ''The Aunt's Story'', ''Voss'', and ''The Tree of Man''.}} (Commas, period, iyo erayga ''and'' ma aha italics.) ==Xigashooyinka== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTE}}{{See|Wikipedia:Do not include the full text of lengthy primary sources}} {{Redirects here|MOS:QUOTE|the section on quotation characters|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation characters|the essay|Wikipedia:Quotations}} [[Wikipedia:Non-free content#Guideline examples|Xigashooyinka gaaban ee qoraalka la dhowray]] waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loogu muujiyo dhibic, loo dhiibo xaalad, ama loo atribuigo dhibic fikir ama aragti. Inkastoo xigashooyinku ay yihiin qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah Wikipedia, isticmaalka badan ee iyaga ka mid ah ma aha mid ku habboon qaabka qoraalka encyclopedic-ka ah oo wuxuu noqon karaa [[Wikipedia:Copyrights|baabi'inta copyright-ka]], markaas badankooda mawduuca waa inuu ku dhex jiraa erayada tifaftiraha laakiis. Tixgeli dib-u-qorista xigashooyinka si ay u noqdaan qoraal toos ah oo gaaban marka ay habboon tahay (iyadoo la ogaaday in [[Wikipedia:Close paraphrasing|dib-u-qorista dhow]] ay sii baabi'in karto copyright-ka). [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Quotations|Ha u lagin xigashooyinka italics]] ilaa maaddadu ay italics ugu noqoto sabab kale laakiis. Per [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|siyaasada verifiability-ga]], xigashooyinka tooska ah {{em|waa in}} ay la socdaan [[WP:INCITE|inline citation]] oo ka soo baxday [[WP:RS|tixraac lagu aamini karo]] oo taageeraya maaddada. Kani waa mid gaar ah oo muhiim ah maqaallada ku saabsan ama ku dhex jira maaddada ku saabsan [[WP:BLP|dadka nool ama dhowaan dhintay]] (BLPs). ===<span class="anchor" id="Principle of minimal change"></span><span class="anchor" id="Minimal change"></span><span class="anchor" id="PMC"></span><span class="anchor" id="PLC"></span><span class="anchor" id="MINIMALCHANGE"></span><span class="anchor" id="MINCHANGE"></span><span class="anchor" id="LEASTCHANGE"></span>Qoraalka asalka ah=== {{Shortcut|MOS:PMC|MOS:SIC}} {{Redirect|WP:PMC|closure of requested moves by page movers|Wikipedia:Requested moves/Closing instructions#Closure by a page mover}} {{Redirect|WP:PLC|inclusion guidelines for organizations|Wikipedia:Notability (organizations and companies)|the handling of the abbreviation "plc" in article titles|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (companies)}}Xigashooyinka waa inay noqdaan kuwo [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiably]] loo atribuigoy, iyo qoraalka qoraalka la xigtay waa inuu noqdo mid si dhab ah loo soo saaro. Kani waxaa loo tixraacaa sida {{em|maamulka beddelka yar}}. Halka ay jirto sabab wanaagsan oo loo beddelo qoraalka, ku dar square bracket qoraalka la beddelay; tusaale ahaan, {{!xt|"Ocyrhoe told him his fate"}} waxaa loo xigtay karaa sida {{xt|"Ocyrhoe told [her father] his fate"}}. <!-- IF EDITING THE FOLLOWING SENTENCE, PLEASE UPDATE THE DOCUMENTATION AT [[Template:Sic/doc]] ACCORDINGLY --> Makhaadhaa yar ee spelling-ka iyo typographic-ka waa in si toos ah loo hagaajiyo (tusaale ahaan, hagaaji {{!xt|basicly}} loo beddelo {{xt|basically}}). Haddii ay jirto makhaadhaa muhiim ah asalka ku dhex jirta, raac iyada oo leh {{tlx|sic}} (soo saaraya {{sic}}{{hsp}}) si loogu muujiyo in makhaadhaahu aysan ahayn mid ay sameysay Wikipedia; tusaale ahaan, {{xt|"his interview with the Dolly Llama {{sic}}"}}. Marka lagu dabaqo qoraal oo isku xir leh, syntax-ka moodalka waxaa loo hagaajin karaa {{tlx|sic|2=nolink=y}} (soo saaraya {{sic|nolink=y}} qoraalka isku xirka leh ee ka soo baxa; tusaale ahaan ku dhex jirta isku xirka: [[Template:Sic|{{sic|nolink=y}} template]]).{{efn|name="sicwarning"|{{tl|Sic}} ma aha in loo isticmaalo dhexda {{tag|ref}} tags, ama ku dhex jirta [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation templates]] sida [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]] iyo [[Help:Citation Style 2|Citation Style 2]], sababtoo ah wuxuu ku dhex jiraa markup oo baabi'in doona [[COinS]] metadata ee ay soo saaraan; eeg [[Wikipedia:COinS]].<!-- Per [[Template:Sic]] there is a {{COinS safe|n}} warning that it "should not be used in citation templates such as Citation Style 1 and Citation Style 2, because it includes markup that will pollute the COinS metadata they produce; see Wikipedia:COinS." -->}} Sababaha saxda ah iyo indexing-ka, mawduucyada tixraacyada ee loo tixraacay ma aha in loo hagaajiyo spelling-ka, laakiin hagaajinta yar ee typographic-ka ah (sida beddelka [[MOS:CURLY|curly quotes]] loo beddelo straight) waxaa lagu sameyn karaa si toos ah. Inline citations ee ku dhex jira qoraalka la xigtay, oo loo tixraaco aan loo isticmaalin maqaalka Wikipedia, waa in si toos ah loo baabi'iyo. Isticmaal [[#Ellipses|ellipses]] si aad u muujiso ka-tagista qoraalka la xigtay. Ka-tagista la xaqijiyay waxaa ku jira erayada aan loo baahnayn, aan la xiriirin, ama parenthetical-ka ah, iyo yaraynta yar ({{!xt|umm}} iyo {{!xt|hmm}}), laakiin ha ka tagin qoraal halka aad sameyso ay baabi'in doonto xaaladda muhiimka ah ama beddeli doonto macnaha qoraalka. Vulgarities iyo obscenities waa in lagu muujiyo si sax ah sida ay ka muuqdaan tixraaca la xigtay; Wikipedians ma aha in waligeed [[Wikipedia:Offensive material#How to treat offensive material in articles|baabi'iyaan erayada]] ({{!xt|G-d d--n it!}}), laakiin haddii qoraalka la xigtay {{em|laikiisu}} uu foomkan u sameyo, copy-garo qoraalka verbatim oo isticmaal {{tlx|sic}} si aad u muujiso in qoraalka loo xigtay sida ka muuqata tixraaca. Xigashooyinka tooska ah, sii wad spelling-ka dialectal iyo archaic-ka ah, ku dhex jirta capitalization-ka (laakiin ma aha glyphs iyo ligatures archaic-ka ah, sida lagu sharraxay ka hooseeya ku dhex jirta {{slink||Typographic conformity}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Quotation point of view"></span>Aragtida=== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTEPOV}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Attributing and specifying biased statements|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Expressions of doubt}} Xigashoda waa in loo isticmaalo, iyadoo la atribuigo, si loo soo bandhigo aragtiyada emotive ee aan lagu muujin karin poxa Wikipedia laikiis, laakiin waligeed ma aha si loo soo bandhigo heerarka culture sida kaliya aragtiyada: *La accepts karo: {{xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film "unforgettable".}} *Aan la accepts karin: {{!xt|The site is considered "sacred" by the religion's scriptures.}} Aragtiyada gaaban ee aan aad uga emotive ahayn caadi ahaan waxaa lagu soo sheegi karaa iyadoo la atribuigo halkii xigashoda tooska ah. Isticmaalka calaamadaha xigmadda ee terms-ka sharraxaadda leh ee gaaban wuxuu [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Expressions of doubt|muujin karaa wax is-dhaafsi ah]] oo ku saabsan maaddada la xigtay; sarcasm ama [[weasel words]], sida ''supposedly'' ama ''so-called'', waxaa lagu muujin karaa. *La accepts karo: {{xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film interesting.}} *Aan loo baahnayn oo muujin kara is-dhaafsi: {{!xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film "interesting".}} *Waa in la xigto: {{xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film "interesting but heart-wrenching".}} ===Typographic conformity=== {{Shortcut|MOS:CONFORM}} {{redirect|MOS:CONFORM|consistency within articles|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Consistency within articles}} Xigashodu ma aha [[wikt:facsimile|facsimile]] oo, xaaladaha badankooda, ma aha shuruud in qaabka asalka ah lagu dhowro. Qaabka iyo elements-ka kale ee typographic-ka ah ee qoraalka la xigtay{{efn|"Qoraalka la xigtay" ee typographic conformity iyo sababaha kale ee badan wuxuu ku dhex jiraa mawduucyada shaqaalaha, magacyada kooxaha, iyo foomamka kale oo, asalkiisa, la xigtay. Tusaale: waxyaabaha sida "Mexican-American War" waxaa si joogto ah loo hagaajiyaa loo beddelo "Mexican–American War" Wikipedia-ha, ku dhex jirta mawduucyada tixraacyada loo tixraacay, ku dhex jirta qoraalka maqaalka, tixraacyada xusuus-qoraalka, ama meelaha kale ee bogga. Kani ma leeyahay athar raadinta shaqaalaha aan tixraacnay, maadaama dhammaan raadinta waaweyn ay baabi'iyaan calaamadaha punctuation-ka.}} waa in lagu dhasheeyo heshiisyada Wikipedia-ha English-ka oo aan lahayn xusuus-qoraal, iyadoo la xaqijiyay in sameynta kani aysan beddeli doonin ama baabi'in doonin macnaha ama inta qoraalka. Kani waa beddelka oo aan samaynayn kala duwanaansho marka qoraalka loo akhrriyo si toos ah; tusaale ahaan: *Normalize dashes iyo hyphens: eeg {{Section link||Dashes}}. Isticmaal qaabka loo doortay maqaalka: unspaced [[em dash]] ama spaced [[en dash]]. *Beddel apostrophes iyo calaamadaha xigmadda loo beddelo qaabka Wikipedia: **Kuwani waa inay noqdaan toos, ma aha curly ama slanted. Eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}}. **Marka aad xigtayso xigasho iyada laikiis ku dhex jirta xigasho, beddel dhexda isticmaalka double iyo single quotes ee xigasho kasta. Eeg {{section link||For a quotation within a quotation}} si aad u ogaato xeel-dheeraan. *Marka aad xigtayso qoraal ka soo baxay luqadaha aan English-ka ahayn, punctuation-ka ka baxsan waa inuu raaco [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation marks|Manual of Style ee calaamadaha xigmadda English-ka]]. Haddii ay jiraan xigashooyinka ku dhex jira, raac shuruudaha punctuation-ka saxda ah ee luqaddaas. Haddii ay jiraan qaabab badan oo luqad ah, midka loo isticmaalay Wikipedia-ha luqaddaas waa ka wanaagsan yahay ilaa punctuation-ka laikiisu uu yahay ku dhex jiro wada-hadal. *:{{xt|The cynical response "{{lang|fr|italic=unset|L'auteur aurait dû demander&nbsp;: «&nbsp;à quoi sert-il d'écrire ceci&nbsp;?&nbsp;» mais ne l'a pas fait}}" was all he wrote.}} *Baabi'i spaces ka hor punctuation-ka sida periods iyo colons. *Caadi ahaan sii wad bold iyo italics {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Italics}})}}, laakiin badankooda qaabka kale waa in loo beddelo qoraal toos ah. {{!xt|{{Underline|Underlining}}}}, {{!xt|spac&nbsp;ing}} ku dhex jirta erayada, {{!xt|1=co<span style="color:Goldenrod;">lor</span>s}}, {{!xt|ALL CAPS}}, {{Smallcaps|{{!xt|small caps}}}}, iyo wixii la mid ah caadi ahaan waa in loo normalize-garayo qoraal toos ah. Haddii ay {{em|caddaynaysay}} muujinayso emphasis, isticmaal italic {{em|emphasis}} ({{tlx|em}}) ama, foomka dhexdiisa oo horey italics ah, boldface (leh {{tlx|strong}}). Mawduucyada buugaagta, maqaallada, gabayada, iyo wixii la mid ah, isticmaal italics ama calaamadaha xigmadda raacaya [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles|hagaha mawduucyada]]. Italics waxaa sidoo kale lagu dari karaa si loogu muujiyo [[#Non-English terms|terms-ka aan English-ka ahayn]] (leh moodalka {{tlx|lang}}), ee [[#Animals, plants, and other organisms|magaca scientific-ka ah ee organism-ka]], iyo si loogu muujiyo isticmaalka [[#Words as words|words-as-words]]. *Fiid gaabinta (aan horey loo isticmaalin mawduuca ka hor xigashoda) sida beddelka square-bracketed, ama ku sharrax iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|abbr}}. *Normalize glyphs iyo ligatures archaic-ka ah ee English-ka ee aan loo baahnayn macnaha (marka laga reebo magacyada saxda ah iyo luqadaha halka ligatures ay yihiin heer, per {{section link||Ampersand}} iyo {{Section link||Ligatures}}). Tusaalooyinka waxaa ku jira ''[[æ]]''→''ae'', ''[[œ]]''→''oe'', ''[[Long s|ſ]]''→''s'', iyo ''[[Thorn (letter)#Abbreviations|þ<sup>e</sup>]]''→''the''. {{crossref|pw=y|Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles#Typographic conformity}} si aad u ogaato waxyaabaha gaarka ah ee loo tixgeliyo normalization-ka typography-ka ee mawduucyada shaqaalaha.}} {{Shortcut|MOS:RETAINQUOTEVARIETY}} {{vanchor|Retain quote variety|text= Laakiin, noocyada qaranka ma aha in loo beddelo, maadaama kuwani ay ku dhex jiri karaan beddelka vocabulary-ka. Tusaale ahaan, xigasho ka soo baxday tixraac British ah waa in ay sii wadato spelling-ka British-ka, xataa maqaal oo haddii kale isticmaala spelling-ka American-ka. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Consistency within articles}}.)}}}} Nambarada sidoo kale caadi ahaan [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Quotations, titles, etc.|ma aha in loo re-format-gareeyo]]. Xigashoda tooska ah ma aha in loo isticmaalo si loo dhowro qaabka loo doorbido ee publisher ka baxsan (gaar ahaan marka maaddadu ay haddii kale noqon lahayd aan la beddelin), maadaama kani wuxuu leeyahay athar ee [[Scare quotes|scare-quoting]]: *{{em|La accepts karo}}: {{xt|The animal is listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.}} *{{em|Aan la accepts karin}}: {{!xt|The animal is listed as "Endangered" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.}} Italics waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loogu muujiyo isticmaalka gaar ah sida [[term of art]] (xaaladda "[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Words as words|words as words]]"), gaar ahaan marka ay tahay mid aan la dhasheyn ama ma aha in loo dib-u-qoro ka magaca aan aheyin expert: *{{em|La accepts karo}}: {{xt|The animal is listed as ''critically endangered'' on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.}} Marka aad xigtayso jumlad dhan, caadi ahaan waxaa lagu taliyaa in erayga ugu horreeya uu sii wado xaraf weyn. Laakiin, haddii qoraalka la xigtay lagu ammaan goyay jumlada dhow (tusaale ahaan, leh hordhac sida "{{var|X}} said that"), xarafka weyn ee asalka ah waxaa loo beddeli karaa xaraf yar. *{{xt|LaVesque's report stated: "The equipment was selected for its low price. This is the primary reason for criticism of the program."}} *{{xt|LaVesque's report said that "the equipment was selected for its low price".}} *{{xt|The program was criticized primarily because "the equipment was selected for its low price", according to LaVesque.}} Caadi ahaan looma baahna in la xuso beddelka capitalization-ka. Laakiin, si loo helo saxnaan dheeraad ah, xarafka la beddelay waxaa lagu lagi karaa ku dhex jira square brackets: {{nobr|"The" → "[t]he".}} *{{xt|The program was criticized primarily because {{nobr|"[t]he}} equipment was selected for its low price", according to LaVesque.}} ===Attribution=== Akhristahu waa inuu awoodaa inuu go'aamiyo tixraaca xigasho kasta, ugu yaraan ka magaca footnote. Tixraacu waa in lagu magacaabo {{em|qoraalka maqaalka}} haddii xigashodu ay tahay aragti {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|Attributing and specifying biased statements}})}}. Marka aad atribuigo-garayso xigasho, ka fogao [[Wikipedia:Words to avoid#Synonyms for said|sharraxaaddeeda foomka biased-ka ah]]. ===Xigashooyinka ku dhex jira xigashooyinka=== Eeg {{section link||For a quotation within a quotation}}. ===Isku xirka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:LINKQUOTE|MOS:LWQ}} Noqo mid dhibco leh marka aad isku xirayso ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka; isku xir kaliya bartilmaameedyada u dhigma macnaha caddaynaya ee loo intended-gareeyay qoraaga xigashoda. Halka ay suurtogal tahay, isku xir qoraalka ka baxsan xigashoda halkii – mid ka hor ama dhowaan ka dambeeya. (Haddii aad xigtayso [[hypertext]], ku dar xusuus-qoraal tifaftirka, {{xt|[link in original]}} ama {{xt|[link added]}}, sida habboon, si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga ku saabsan in isku xirka uu sameeyay qoraaga asalka ah.) ===<span class="anchor" id="Block quotations"></span><span class="anchor" id="Block quotes"></span>Block quotations=== {{Shortcut|MOS:BQ|MOS:BLOCKQUOTE}} U format-garee xigashoda dheer (ka badan 40 eray ama poynti yar oo xarfo ah, ama ka kooban ka badan hal paragraph, iyadoo aan loo eegin dheerka) sida [[block quotation]], iyadoo la isticmaalayo moodalka {{tlx|blockquote}}. Qoraalka lagu muujiyay block quotations iyo quote boxes (eeg ka hooseeya) waa inuusan laikiisu noqon mid lagu duubay calaamadaha xigmadda (ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda waaweyn, "decorative"-style). Block quotations iyo quote boxes oo isticmaalaya luga background ah sidoo kale ma lagu hagal-garayo. Isticmaal {{tnull|blockquote}} iyo markup-ka la midka ah kaliya xigashooyinka dhabta ah; [[#Indentation|indentation-ka sababaha kale]] waxaa loo sameeyay foom kale. Waa heshiis in lagu hor maro block quotation jumlad hordhac ah (ama qayb jumlad ah) oo lagu daro citation-ka tixraaca xarkaas. Alternativamente, moodalka {{tnull|blockquote}} wuxuu bixiyaa parameters ee attribution iyo citation oo ka muuqan doona ka hooseeya xigashoda. {{crossref|pw=y|(Ee isticmaalka dashes leh attributions, eeg {{section link||Other uses for em dashes}}.)}} Qaabkan attribution-ka ee ka hooseeya xigashoda waxaa loo intended-gareeyay xigashooyinka caanka ah oo ma aha caadi maqaallada sababtoo ah wuxuu ku oki lahaa tone aan habboonayn. Xigasho aan lahayn tixraac loo tixraacay waa in lagu calaamadeeyo {{tlx|quote without source}}, ama la baabi'iyo. Maadaama line breaks iyo indentation caadi ahaan lagu baabi'iyo ku dhex jirta {{tnull|blockquote}} ama {{tag|blockquote|o}}, isticmaal {{xtag|poem}} ama {{tlx|poem quote}} gabayada, lyrics, iyo maaddada la midka ah. Maaddadaas waxaa sidoo cuali ahaan loo xigtay karaa inline, leh line breaks oo lagu muujiyay <code><nowiki>{{nbsp}}/</nowiki></code>, iyo paragraph ama stanza breaks oo lagu muujiyay <code><nowiki>{{nbsp}}//</nowiki></code>. Tusaale ahaan: {{xt|"And, as in uffish thought he stood,{{nbsp}}/ The Jabberwock, with eyes of flame,{{nbsp}}/ Came whiffling through the tulgey wood,{{nbsp}}/ And burbled as it came!{{nbsp}}// One, two! One, two! And through and through{{nbsp}}/ The vorpal blade went snicker-snack!"}} {{Shortcut|MOS:BOXQUOTE|MOS:PQ|MOS:PULLQUOTE}} {{va|Pull quotes|Pull quote|Pull quotations|nocquote|text={{tlx|Quote box}} waa alternative ee inline quote ama block quote. Quote boxes waxaa lagu muujiyaa foom gaar ah (la mid ah sawirrada) oo waxay ugu wanaagsan yihiin xigashooyinka muhiimka ah ama sanado ah. Waxay samayn karaan [[WP:POV|point of view]] ama [[WP:UNDUE|undue weight]] arrimo, sababtoo ah xigashooyinka ma lagu lagayo xaaladda ama ma lagu ammaan goyo qoraalka maqaalka. Sidaas darteed, waa in loo isticmaalo si dhibco leh.}} [[Pull quote]]s ma aha kuwo ka mid ah maqaallada Wikipedia. Kuwani waa [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not news|news iyo magazine style]] oo ku saabsan "pulling" maaddada horey ku dhex jirtay maqaalka si loo dib-u-isticmaalo xigashooyinka decorative-ka ah ee soo jiidata attention-ka. Qaabkan unencyclopedic-ka ah waa foom ka mid ah [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Editorializing|editorializing]], wuxuuna soo saaraa [[Wikipedia:Writing better articles#Provide context for the reader|out-of-context]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Due and undue weight|undue emphasis]], oo wuxuu [[Wikipedia:No original research|keeni karaa akhristaha go'aanno]] aan lagu taageerin maaddada. Xigashoda badan ee qoraalka la dhowray (haddii ay u format-gareeyay sida blockquote ama kale, oo xataa haddii lagu credited-gareeyay tixraaciisa) waa la xannibay. Eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Quotations#Copyrighted material and fair use}}. ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign-language quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka aan English-ka ahayn=== {{Shortcut|MOS:FOREIGNQUOTE|}} Xigashooyinka ka soo baxday tixraacyada aan English-ka ahayn waa inay ka muuqdaan turjumaad loo beddelay English, ugu wanaagsan mid cusub{{efn|name=recent}}. Xigashooyinka ah turjumaada waa in si toos ah loo kala saaro kuwa aan ahayn. Muuji tixraaca asalka ah ee turjumaada (haddii uu yahay mid la heley karo, oo aan markii ugu horreysay lagu daabacin ku dhex jirta Wikipedia), iyo luqadda asalka ah (haddii aysan caddayn xaaladda). Haddii qoraalka asalka ah ee aan la turjumin uu yahay mid la heley karo, bixi tixraac iyada ama ku dar iyada, sida habboon. Marka tifaftireyaasha laikiisu ay turjumaan qoraalka loo beddelo English,{{efn|[[Wikipedia:No original research#Translations and transcriptions|Turjumaada laikiisu ma u baahna tixraac marka uu sameeyo tifaftire]]; laakiin xigashooyinka loo isticmaalay ku dhex jirta [[WP:REF|tixraacyada]], [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Quoting|turjumaada ka soo baxday tixraacyada lagu aamini karo waa ka wanaagsan yihiin]], ama [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Citing|tixraacyada luqadda English-ka ee ka wanaagsan]] .}} daryeel waa in mar walba loo qaado si lagu dhex jiro qoraalka asalka ah, {{em|[[MOS:FOREIGNITALIC|ku dhex jira italics]]}} ([[MOS:BADITALICS|marka laga reebo dhismaha scripts-ka aan Latin-ka ahayn]], oo ugu wanaagsan lagu sameyo moodallada {{tlx|lang}} ama {{tlx|langx}}, oo labaduba italics-gareynaya sida habboon oo bixinaya luqadda metadata); iyo si loo isticmaalo erayada dhabta ah iyo (haddii ay suurtogal tahay) erayada caadiga ah ee English-ka ku dhex jira turjumaada. Ilaa aad ka si dhab ah uga ogaato competency-gaaga aad wax ku turjumayso, eeg [[Wikipedia:Translation]] si aad u hesho taageero. ==Punctuation== {{Shortcut|MOS:PUNCT}} {{For|a brief guide to how some punctuation marks are used in Wikipedia for special purposes, e.g., [[Help:List#List basics|description lists]]|Help:Punctuation}} ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign characters that resemble apostrophes"></span>Apostrophes=== {{Shortcut|MOS:'|MOS:APOSTROPHE}} *Isticmaal [[straight apostrophe]]s ({{big|{{mxt|'}}}}), ma aha [[curly apostrophe]]s ({{big|{{!mxt|’}}}}). Ha isticmaalin accent marks ama [[backtick]]s ({{big|{{!mxt|`}}}}) sida apostrophes. *Moodallada sida {{tlx|`}} iyo {{tlx|`s}} waxay leeyihiin taageero marka apostrophe (ama single quote) ka muuqdo bilowga ama dhamaadka qoraalka ku dhex jira italics ama bold, sababtoo ah italics iyo bold laikiisu waxaa lagu muujiyaa noocyada single quotes. **Marka apostrophe raaco qoraalka italics-ka ah, {{tlx|'}} ama {{tlx|'s}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si looga fogaado xarafka ugu dambeeya ee qoraalka dhanka midig ah inuu isku xiro apostrophe-ka. Tusaale: {{xt|the ''Iliad''{{'s}} themes}} (markup: {{nobreak|<code><nowiki>the ''Iliad''{{'s}} themes</nowiki></code>}}). *Xarfaha u okiya apostrophes iyo curly quotes, sida [[{{okina}}okina]] ({{mxt|{{okina}}}}{{snd}}la dhex geliyo iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|okina}}), [[Saltillo (linguistics)|saltillo]] ({{mxt|{{saltillo}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|saltillo}}), Hebrew [[ayin]] ama Arabic ʿayn ({{mxt|{{ayin}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|ayin}}), iyo Arabic [[hamza]] ({{mxt|{{hamza}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|hamza}}), waa in lagu muujiyo moodalladaas ama xarfaha laikiis ee [[Unicode]]. (Basic Arabic transliteration, oo isticmaala ASCII apostrophe, waxaa ka wanaagsan xaaladaha badankooda ka magaca [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Arabic]]; xarfaha kale kani waxaa loo isticmaalaa kaliya transliteration-ka saxda ah.) **Moodallada ma loo isticmaali karo mawduucyada maqaalka; isticmaal xarafka Unicode-ka ee u dhigma toos. Per {{Section link|Wikipedia:Article titles#Special characters}}, sidoo kale samee redirection ka soo baxay foomka ASCII-ka ah si loogu taageero raadinta. Foomamka aan lahayn xarfaha apostrophe-ka oo kale marna waxaa ka wanaagsan ka magaca {{Section link|Wikipedia:Article titles# Use commonly recognizable names}} (t.s. [[Hawaii]] laakiin ma aha [[Keali{{okina}}i Reichel]]). *:{{crossref|pw=y|Sidoo kale eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles|Orthography, spelling and formatting}}}} *Ee [[Wade–Giles]] romanizations ee Mandarin Chinese, isticmaal {{tlx|wg-apos}}. *Luqadaha leh [[ejective consonants]] iyo wixii la mid ah, isticmaal {{tlx|hamza}}. *Ee Cyrillic [[soft sign]], marka lagu muujiyo dhammaan, isticmaal {{tlx|softsign}} ama {{tlx|hamza}}. *Ee isticmaalka possessive apostrophe-ka, eeg {{section link||Possessives}}. *Ee xeel-dheeraanta isticmaalka apostrophe-ka (possessive, elision, formation ee plurals qaarkood, arrimo luqadaha aan English-ka ahayn), eeg maqaalka [[Apostrophe]]. ===Calaamadaha xigmadda=== {{Shortcut|MOS:"|MOS:QUOTEMARKS|}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotations}} Maaddada ka hooseysa, term-ka ''quotation'' wuxuu ku dhex jiraa isticmaalka caadiga ah ee calaamadaha xigmadda sida mawduucyada noocyada, chapters-ka, episodes-ka, iyo wixii la mid ah. Calaamadaha xigmadda sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaalaa xaaladaha kale, sida [[#Animals, plants, and other organisms|magacyada cultivar]]. ====Calaamadaha xigmadda xarfaha==== {{Shortcut|MOS:CQ|MOS:CURLY|MOS:STRAIGHT}} *Isticmaal {{xt|{{big|<b>"</b>}}straight{{big|<b>"</b>}}}} calaamadaha xigmadda, ma aha {{!xt|{{big|<b>“</b>}}curly{{big|<b>”</b>}}}} kuwo. (Ee [[single quotes]]: {{xt|{{big|<b>'</b>}}straight{{big|<b>'</b>}}}}, ma aha {{!xt|{{big|<b>‘</b>}}curly{{big|<b>’</b>}}}}.) *Ha isticmaalin accent marks, backticks ({{!xt|{{big|'''`'''}}text{{big|'''´'''}}}}), low–high ({{!xt|„&nbsp;“}}), corner brackets ({{!xt|「&nbsp;」}}), [[guillemet]]s ({{!xt|«&nbsp;»}}), ama [[Chinese punctuation#Book title marks|title marks]] ({{!xt|《&nbsp;》}}) sida calaamadaha xigmadda (marka laga reebo marka marks-kaas ay yihiin {{em|internal}} ee qoraalka aan English-ka ahayn ee la xigtay{{snd}}eeg {{slink||Typographic conformity}}). Symbols-ka {{!xt|′}} iyo {{!xt|″}} ee ka muuqda edit window dropdowns waa "[[prime (symbol)|prime]]" iyo "double prime" sida ay u kala horreeyaan: kuwani waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loogu muujiyo [[Minute and second of arc|units of angular measurement]], oo ma aha sida apostrophes ama quote marks. *Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo apostrophes ee maaddada la import-gareeyay [[#Typographic conformity|waa in loo beddelo]] haddii ay noqoto lagama maarmaan si loo raaco sare. ====<span id="Double or single quotation marks"></span><span id="Single quotation marks"></span>Double ama single==== {{Shortcut|MOS:SINGLE|MOS:DOUBLE|}} *Badankooda xigashooyinku waxay qaataan calaamadaha xigmadda double-ka ah ({{xt|Welles said: "It was a terrible situation."}}),{{efn|1=Double quotation marks waxaa ka wanaagsan single sababtoo ah waxay si toos ah uga kala duwan yihiin apostrophes: *{{!xt|She wrote that 'Cleanthes' differs from the others', but neither opinion may represent Hume's'}} (wuxuu yareeyaa akhristaha). *{{xt|She wrote that "Cleanthes' differs from the others', but neither opinion may represent Hume's"}} (caddayn badan). }} marka laga reebo xigashooyinka ku dhex jira (eeg ka hooseeya). *Plant cultivars waxay qaataan calaamadaha xigmadda single-ka ah ({{xt|''Malus domestica'' 'Golden Delicious'}}; eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora)]]). *[[Gloss (annotation)#In linguistics|Glosses]] oo turjumaya ama definining-garaynaya terms aan la dhasheyn (marka la isticmaalayo [[MOS:WORDSASWORDS|words as words]]) waxay qaataan single quotes; glosses-ka gaaban ma u baahna comma ka hor definition-ka ({{xt|''Cossack'' originates from [[Cuman language|Cuman]] {{lang|qwm|proto=yes|qazaq}} 'freebooter'; ''republic'' comes from Latin {{lang|la|res publica}}, loosely meaning 'public affair'.}}). Moodalka {{tl|Gloss}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa tan; t.s. <code>{{tlp|lang|es|casa}} {{tlf|gloss|house}}</code> wuxuu soo saaraa: {{lang|es|casa}} {{gloss|house}}. Ee turjumaada tooska ah, moodalka {{tl|Literal translation}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa; wuxuu dhex gelyaa {{xt|lit.}} ka hor gloss-ka. ====Ee xigasho ku dhex jirta xigasho==== {{Shortcut|MOS:QWQ|}} Isticmaal single quotes: *{{xt|Darwin wrote in his introduction that "the maxim 'de minimis lex non curat' does not apply to science".}} Ee dhismaha dheeraad ah, beddel dhexda single iyo double quotes: *{{xt|He said, "That book asserts, 'Confucius said "Everything has beauty, but not everyone sees it.{{" ' "}}}} Ee quote marks ee uusocodka tooska ah, ku dar space yar iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{nowrap|{{tl|" '}}}}, {{nowrap|{{tl|' "}}}}, ama (sida tusaale ahaan halkan loo dhiibay) {{nowrap|{{tl|" ' "}}}}: *{{xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!{{' "}}}} Markup: <code>He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!{{tl|' "}}</code> *{{!xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!'"}} (jamming garaynta waxyaabaha waxay u okisaa si xun fonts badankooda) *{{!xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!'{{nbsp}}"}} (space caadi ah wuxuu leeyahay inta badan) ====<span id="Quotation marks in article openings"></span>Bilowga maqaalka==== {{Shortcut|MOS:BOLDQUOTE}} Qoraalka bold-ka ah oo caadi ahaan ka muuqda bilowga maqaalka: *Calaamad kasta oo xigmadda ah oo qayb ka mid ah mawduuca waa in ay noqoto bold sida qaybta hartay ee mawduuca. **Ka soo baxay ''[["A" Is for Alibi]]'': {{xt|'''''"A" Is for Alibi''''' is a mystery novel&nbsp;...}} *Calaamadaha xigmadda ee {{em|aan}} qayb ka mid ah mawduuca ma aha in ay noqdaan bold. **Ka soo baxay [[Jabberwocky]]: {{xt|"'''Jabberwocky'''" is a nonsense poem&nbsp;...}} **Ka soo baxay [[Babe Ruth]]: {{xt|'''George Herman''' "'''Babe'''" '''Ruth''' was an American baseball player&nbsp;...}} {{crossref|pw=y|(Sidoo kale eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography|Nicknames}}.)}} ====Punctuation ka hor xigashooyinka==== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTEPUNCT}} Haddii dhisma aan la xigtay laakiin kale oo u dhigma uu shaqayn lahaa grammatically aan lahayn comma, isticmaalka comma ka hor xigasho oo lagu ammaan goyay jumlad waa dookh: *{{xt|The report stated "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} ([[wikt:cf.|Cf.]] aan la xigtay {{xt|The report stated there was a 45% reduction in transmission rate.}}) *{{xt|The report stated, "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} Qaabka aan lahayn comma ka sanado badan waxaa loo isticmaalaa xigashooyinka qaybta ah: *{{xt|The report observed "a 45% reduction in transmission rate".}} Comma waxaa loo baahan yahay marka ay ka muuqan lahayd dhismaha oo kale haddii maaddada aan ayan ahayn xigasho: *{{xt|In Margaret Mead's view, "we must recognize the whole gamut of human potentialities" to enrich our culture.}} Ha dhex gelin comma haddii ay is-dhaafsi keeni karto ama beddeli karto macnaha: *{{xt|Caitlyn Jenner expressed concerns about children "who are coming to terms with being true to who they are".}} (Xigasho sax ah oo ka soo baxday foomka ku saabsan {{em|carruurta qaarkood}}{{snd}}gaar ahaan carruurtaas "who are coming to terms{{nbsp}}...") *{{!xt|Caitlyn Jenner expressed concerns about children, "who are coming to terms with being true to who they are".}} (Beddelaa macnaha si loogu muujiyo Jenner in ay muujinaysay concern ku saabsan {{em|dhammaan}} carruurta, inta la dhiibay in carruurtu, guud ahaan, "are coming to terms{{nbsp}}...") Waxay ka caddayn tahay in loo isticmaalo colon si loo soo bandhigo xigasho haddii ay samaynayso jumlad dhan, iyo kani waa in mar walba loo sameyo xigashooyinka jumlado badan leeh: *{{xt|The report stated: "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} *{{xt|In a letter to his son, Albert Einstein wrote: "Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance you must keep moving."}} Punctuation dheeraad ah ma aha mid lagama maarmaan ah ee tooska ah [[#Words as words|words-as-words]] xaaladda: *{{xt|The message was unintelligible except for the fragments "help soon" and "how much longer before".}} ====<span class="anchor" id="Quotation marks-Titles"></span><span id="Quotation marks with names and titles"></span>Magacyada iyo mawduucyada==== {{/titles hatnote include|where=MOS#P-QM-N&T}} Calaamadaha xigmadda waa in loo isticmaalo magacyada iyo mawduucyada soo socda: {{columns-list|colwidth=27em| *Maqaallada iyo chapters-ka (buugaagta iyo periodicals waa italics) *Sheekooyinka gaaban (buugaagta iyo periodicals waa italics) *Qaybaha muusigga (pieces waa italics) *Strips-ka gaarka ah ee comics iyo webcomics (comics waa italics) *Gabayada (gabayada dheer ama epic waa italics) *Noocyada (albums, song cycles, operas, operettas, iyo oratorios waa italics) *Episodes-ka gaarka ah ee taxanaha TV-ga iyo radio-ga iyo [[Serial (radio and television)|serials]] (mawduuca taxanaha waa italics){{efn|1="Mawduuca taxanaha waa italics" wuxuu isticmaalayaa ''taxanaha'' si loogu macneeyo show-ga dhan. Season (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay ''series'' ee British English-ka) leh mawduuciisa laikiis wuxuu isticmaalaa calaamadaha xigmadda mawduucaas, sida sub-work.}} }} {{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The Beatles wrote "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" for their album ''Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band''.}} Ha isticmaalin calaamadaha xigmadda ama italics ee qoraallada hore, concert tours, meelaha, cibaadooyinka, myths, iyo epics. (Kuwa badan, laakiin ma aha dhammaan, oo ka mid ah waxyaabahaani [[#Titles of works|waa inay sidoo kale ku dhex jirin title case]].) ====<span class="anchor" id="LP"></span><span class="anchor" id="LQ"></span><span class="anchor" id="TQ"></span><span class="anchor" id="logical quotes"></span><span id="Punctuation inside or outside quotation marks"></span>Punctuation ku dhex jirta ama ka baxsan==== {{Shortcut|MOS:LQ|MOS:LOGICAL|MOS:INOROUT}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Logical quotation on Wikipedia|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Effect on nearby punctuation}}<!-- Another kind of punctuation "in or out". EDITORS PLEASE NOTE: Changes to this section may escalate into heated dispute. Please consider raising any proposed changes for discussion and consensus-building on the talk page before editing. --> Isticmaal qaabka [[logical quotation]] dhammaan maqaallada, iyadoo aan loo eegin nooca English-ka oo lagu qoray. Ku dar punctuation-ka dhamaadka ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda kaliya haddii uu ka muuqday maaddada asalka ah, oo haddii kale u lag ka dambaysta calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. Qaybta badankeeda, kani wuxuu macneynayaa u treats-garaynta periods iyo commas foomkaas oo kale sida question marks: sii wad ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda haddii ay ku dabaqmaan kaliya maaddada la xigtay iyo ka baxsan haddii ay ku dabaqmaan jumlada dhan. Tusaalooyinka waxaa loo dhiibay ka hooseeya. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Did Darla say, "Here I am"?}} (question mark wuxuu ku dabaqmaa jumlada dhan) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|Did Darla say, "Here I am?"}} (aan sax ahayn in lagu dabaqo question mark xigashoda) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Darla said, "Where am I?"}} (question mark wuxuu ku dabaqmaa maaddada la xigtay kaliya) Haddii xigashodu ay tahay eray gaar ah ama qayb jumlad ah, u lag punctuation-ka dhamaadka ka baxsan calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. Marka aad xigtayso jumlad dhan, dhamaadka oo u dhigma dhamaadka jumlada ku dhex jirta, u lag punctuation-ka dhamaadka ku dhex jira calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. *{{xt|Miller wanted, he said, "to create something timeless".}} *{{xt|Miller said: "I wanted to create something timeless."}} Haddii jumlada la xigtay ay raacdo [[clause]] oo waa in uu ka horreeyo comma, ka tag [[full stop]] (period), iyo ha u beddelin comma {{em|ku dhex jirta}} xigashoda.{{efn|Kani waa foomka ugu muhiimsan oo uu logical quotation ku kala duwan yahay isticmaalka punctuation-ka wargaysyada British-ka, halka publishers badan ay u ilayeeyaan beddelkaas maaddada la xigtay, oo ka aghas ah saxnaanta dhismaha logical punctuation-ka.}} Terminal punctuation kale, sida question marks ama exclamation marks, waxaa lagu dhowri karaa. *{{xt|Livingston then said, "It is done", and turned to the people.}} *{{xt|Livingston then exclaimed, "It is done!", and turned to the people.}} Haddii jumlada la xigtay ay raacdo clause oo aqoonsanaya speaker-ka, isticmaal comma ka baxsan calaamadda xigmadda halkii full stop ku dhex jira, laakiin sii wad terminal punctuation kasta oo kale, sida question mark. *{{xt|"There is no strife, no prejudice, no national conflict in outer space as yet", said Kennedy.}} *{{xt|By asking "Who are you?", she prompts John to tell his story.}} Ha raacin erayada ama qaybaha la xigtay commas ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda, marka laga reebo halka xigasho dheer lagu baabi'iyay iyo comma uu yahay qayb ka mid ah xigashoda dhan. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change, opening the way to confidence and courage", said Turner.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change," said Turner, "opening the way to confidence and courage."}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change, opening the way", said Turner, "to confidence and courage."}} *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|"I began to change, opening the way," said Turner, "to confidence and courage."}} ==== Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo isqu xirka ka baxsan ==== Isqu xirka ka baxsan ee u socda mawduucyada maqaallada waa in ay leeyihiin mawduuca ku dhex jira quotes ku dhex jira isqu xirka. Moodallada tixraaca ee [[Help:Citation Style 1|CS1]] iyo [[Help:Citation Style 2|CS2]] waxay sameynayaan tan si otomaatig ah, iyo tixraacyada aan moodalka lahayn waa inay sameeyaan foomkan oo kale. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|{{cite news |last1=Kiefer |first1=Francine |title=Clinton: The Early Years |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |date=May 29, 1998 |ref=none}}}} (Isticmaalka {{tl|cite news}}) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt| Kiefer, Francine (May 29, 1998). [https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html "Clinton: The Early Years"]. ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''.}} (Aan moodal lahayn) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt| Kiefer, Francine (May 29, 1998). "[https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html Clinton: The Early Years]". ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''.}} (Aan moodal lahayn) ==== Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo isqu xirka ku dhex jira ==== Isqu xirka ku dhex jira (wikilinks) oo ay la socdaan calaamadaha xigmadda caadi ahaan waa inay leeyihiin quotes ka baxsan isqu xirka. Kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa mawduucyada shaqaalaha ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda (noocyada, episodes-ka, iyo wixii la mid ah) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Play it, Sam. Play "[[As Time Goes By (song)|As Time Goes By]]".}} (Isticmaalka <code><nowiki>"[[ ]]"</nowiki></code>.) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|Play it, Sam. Play [[As Time Goes By (song)|"As Time Goes By"]].}} (Isticmaalka <code><nowiki>[[" "]]</nowiki></code>.) Laakiin, calaamadaha xigmadda waxaa loo baahan yahay ku dhex jira wikilinks marka calaamadda xigmadda ay tahay qayb ka mid ah isqu xirka, ama halka qoraalka isqu xirka leh ee muuqda uu ku dhex jiro calaamadaha xigmadda oo muujinaya slang, nicknames, magacyada caadiga ah, ama isticmaalka la midka ah. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The term ''soccer'' comes from [[Oxford "-er"|Oxford {{nowrap|"-er"}}]] slang, which was prevalent at the [[University of Oxford]] in England from about 1875...}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|A Cockney accent [[Rhoticity in English|drops the "r"]] after a vowel.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The [[Dynamo Sports Club|Proletarian Sports Society "Dynamo"]] was established in Moscow in 1923.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|President Suharto's [[New Order (Indonesia)|"New Order"]] administration received US support for its economic policies.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Japan's [[Lost Decades|"Lost Decades"]] began in 1991.}} ===Brackets iyo parentheses=== {{Shortcut|MOS:()|MOS:BRACKETS}} {{Redirect|MOS:PAREN|use of parentheses (round brackets) in article titles|WP:Article titles#Parenthetical disambiguation|deprecated inline parenthetical citations|WP:Citing sources#Parenthetical referencing}} Qaybtan waxay ku dabaqmaysaa labadaba round brackets {{xt|(&nbsp;)}}, sidoo cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay [[Bracket|parentheses]], iyo square brackets {{xt|[&nbsp;]}}. Haddii jumlad ay ku dhex jirto foom bracketed ah, u lag punctuation-ka jumlada ka baxsan brackets-ka {{xt|(sida halkan loo muujiyay).}} Laakiin, halka hal ama ka badan jumlado ay ku dhex jiraan brackets-ka dhan, u lag punctuation-kooda ku dhex jira brackets-ka. Waa inuusan jirin space dhow dhanka ku dhex jira ee bracket-ka. Bracket-ka oo starts-garoogaya caadi ahaan waa inuu ka horreeyo space. Kani ma noqon karo xaaladda haddii uu ka horreeyo calaamad xigmadda oo starts-garoogaysa, bracket kale oo starts-garoogaya, ama qayb ka mid ah eray: *{{xt|He rose to address the meeting: "(Ahem)&nbsp;... Ladies and gentlemen, welcome!"}} *{{xt|Only the royal characters in the play ([Prince] Hamlet and his family) habitually speak in blank verse.}} *{{xt|We journeyed on the Inter[continental].}} *{{xt|Most people are right-handed. (Some people are left-handed, but that does not make right-handed people "better" than left-handed people.)}} Waa inuu jiro space ka dambeeya bracket-ka xiritaanka, marka laga reebo halka punctuation mark uu raaco (inkastoo spaced dash uu sii wadi doono space ka dambeeya bracket-ka xiritaanka) iyo xaaladaha aan caadiga ahayn ee la midka ah kuwa lagu tirtiray bracket-ka starts-garoogaya. Ka fogao kooxaha dhow ee brackets-ka. Mid ka mid ah u lag foomamka parenthetical-ka ah ku dhex jirta hal koox oo lagu kala saaray semicolons, ama dib-u-qor: *{{em|Ka fogao}}: {{!xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919) (also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader.}} *{{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: {{xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919; also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader.}} *{{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: {{xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader. He was also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv.}} Square brackets waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loogu muujiyo beddelka tifaftirka iyo dhex-gelinta ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka, inkastoo kani waligeed ma aha inuu beddelo macnaha loo intended-gareeyay. Waxay u adeegaan saddex sababood oo waaweyn: *Si loo caddayo: {{xt|She attended [secondary] school}}, halka kani uu ahaa macnaha loo intended-gareeyay, laakiin nooca school-ka uusan ahayn mid lagu dhiibay jumlada asalka ah. *Si loo yareeyo dheerka xigashoda: {{xt|X contains Y, and under certain circumstances, X may contain Z as well}} waxaa loo yareeyn karaa {{xt|X contains Y [and sometimes Z]}}. Marka ellipsis ({{xt|...}}) loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo maaddada ka baxday xigashoda tooska ah, caadi ahaan ma aha in lagu duubo bracket. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Ellipses}} si aad u ogaato xaaladda gaarka ah.)}} *Si loo sameyo grammar-ka inuu shaqeeyo: Tixraacaya foomka dadka {{xt|"I hate to do laundry"}}, ein wuxuu sax ah ugu qori karaa {{xt|She "hate[s] to do laundry"}}. Haddii jumlad ay ku dhex jirta maaddo subsidiary ah oo lagu duubay square ama round brackets, waa in ay sii wadato terminal punctuation {{em|ka dambaysa}} brackets-kaas, iyadoo aan loo eegin punctuation kasta oo ku dhex jira brackets-ka. {{Block indent|{{xt|She refused all requests (except for basics such as food, medicine, etc.).}}}} Laakiin, haddii jumlada dhan ay ku dhex jirta brackets-ka, punctuation-ka xiritaanka wuxuu ku dhex jiraa brackets-ka. {{xt|(This sentence is an example.)}} ====Brackets iyo isqu xirka==== Square brackets ku dhex jira isqu xirka waa inay noqdaan kuwo [[Escape character|escaped]] ah: {| class="wikitable" | He said, "<code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[[John Doe|John &amp;#91;Doe&amp;#93;]]</nowiki>}}</code> answered." || He said, "[[John Doe|John &#91;Doe&#93;]] answered." |- | He said, "<code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[[John Doe|John {{bracket|Doe}}]]</nowiki>}}</code> answered." || He said, "[[John Doe|John {{bracket|Doe}}]] answered." |- | <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[https://example.com On the first day &amp;#91;etc.&amp;#93;]</nowiki>}}</code> || [https://example.com On the first day &#91;etc.&#93;] |- | <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[https://example.com On the first day {{bracket|etc.}}]</nowiki>}}</code> || [https://example.com On the first day {{bracket|etc.}}] |} Markup-ka {{xtag|nowiki}} sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaali karaa: {{tag|nowiki|content=[Doe]}} ama {{tag|nowiki|content=[etc.]}}. Haddii URL laikiisu uu ku dhex jiro square brackets, wikitext-ku waa inuu isticmaalo foomka [[URL encoding|URL-encoded]] ah <code><nowiki>https://</nowiki>example.com/foo.php?query={{bxt|%5B}}xxx{{bxt|%5D}}yyy</code>, halkii&nbsp;...<code>query={{!bxt|&#91;}}xxx{{!bxt|&#93;}}yyy</code>. Kani wuxuu ka fogaan doonaa baabi'inta isqu xirka ka dambaysa <code>xxx</code>. ====Angle brackets==== :''Ee guillemets («&nbsp;»), eeg {{section link|#Quotation characters}}'' Angle brackets (⟨&nbsp;⟩) waxaa loo isticmaalaa mawduucyada tignoolajiyada ee kala duwan, sida physics-ka ee [[bra–ket notation]] iyo [[Expectation value (quantum mechanics)|expectation value]] (t.s. {{xt|⟨''φ''{{!}}''ψ''⟩}}), mathematics-ka ee [[presentation of a group]], iyo linguistics-ka si loogu muujiyo [[grapheme]]s (t.s. {{xt|the digraph ⟨sh⟩}}). Ha isticmaalin less-than iyo greater-than signs (<&nbsp;>) sida angle brackets (t.s. {{!xt|<''φ''{{!}}''ψ''>}}, {{!xt|the digraph <sh>}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipses"></span><span class="anchor" id="..."></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis style"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis function and implementation"></span>Ellipses=== {{Shortcut|MOS:...|MOS:ELLIPSIS|}} Isticmaal ''[[ellipsis]]'' haddii maaddadu ay ka baxday xigashoda, ilaa square brackets loo isticmaalo si loo [[Gloss (annotation)|gloss]] xigashoda. *Ee prose iyo non-LaTeX mathematics formulae, ellipses waxaa lagu qoraa iyadoo la isticmaalayo saddex unspaced dots ({{xt|<code>...</code>}}); ha isticmaalin xarafka precomposed ellipsis-ka ah ({{!xt|<code>…</code>}})<!-- Possibly we should explain the precomposed character in terms of its code point or something --> ama saddex dots oo lagu kala saaray spaces {{nobr|({{!xt|<code>. . .</code>}})}} *Caadi ahaan, isticmaal non-breaking space ka hor ellipsis iyo space caadi ah ka dambaystiisa: {{nobr|{{xt|Alpha, Bravo,{{tl|nbsp}}... Zulu}}}} *Haddii ellipsis uu raaco <code>.&nbsp;?&nbsp;!&nbsp;:&nbsp;;&nbsp;,&nbsp;)&nbsp;]&nbsp;}</code> ama calaamad xigmadda oo xiritaanka ah (single ama double), ka tag space-ka ka dambaysa. U lag terminal punctuation ku dhex jira quote-ka kaliya haddii uu yahay mid muhiim ah qoraalka, sida caadi ahaan ah xaaladda exclamation marks iyo question marks laakiin dhifka ah periods: *: {{xt|Jones wrote: "These stories amaze me. The facts suffer so frightfully{{tlf|nbsp}}...".}} *: {{xt|"But what of the other cities? London, Paris{{tlf|nbsp}}...?"}} * Haddii ellipsis uu toos u raaco calaamad xigmadda oo starts-garoogaysa, kaliya isticmaal non-breaking space ka dambaystiisa: *: {{xt|He continued to pursue Smith ("...{{tlf|nbsp}}to the ends of the earth", he had sworn) until his own death.}} *{{Visible anchor|text=Si loo kala saaro ellipsis oo muujinaya qoraalka ka baxay iyo mid ka mid ah quote-ka, waxaad ku duubi kartaa kan kowaad square brackets: {{xt|She retorted: "How do I feel? How do you {{em|think}} I&nbsp;... This is too much!&nbsp;[...] Take me home!"}}|With square brackets}} *{{Visible anchor|text=Marka ellipsis loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo pause ama suspense ee speech-ka, sii wad punctuation-ka asalka ah: {{xt|Virginia's startled reply was "Could he&nbsp;...? No, I can't believe it!"}}. Marka loo isticmaalo ku dhex jira eray aan dhammaystirnayn, ma jiro space loo isticmaalo dhexda erayga qaybtiisa iyo ellipsis-ka: {{xt|The garbled transmission ended with "We are stranded near San L...o", interpreted as either San Leandro or San Lorenzo.}}|Pause or suspension of speech}} *In LaTeX-formatted mathematics formulae, isticmaal LaTeX markup-ka saxda ah ee lowered dots (<code>\dots</code>, <math>\dots</math>) ama xarfaha precomposed-ka ah oo leeh dots meelaha kale (sida centered ama diagonal, ⋯, ⋰, ama ⋱) ===<span class="anchor" id="fewer commas"></span>Commas=== {{Shortcut|MOS:,|MOS:COMMA}} Pair ka mid ah [[comma]]s wuxuu bracket-garayn karaa [[appositive]], [[relative clause]], ama [[parenthetical phrase]] (sida brackets ama dashes, inkastoo leh interruption dheeraad ah ee jumlada). Tusaale ahaan: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|John Smith, Janet Cooper's son, is a well-known playwright.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Janet Cooper's son John Smith is a well-known playwright.}} (marka Janet ay leedahay sons badan) {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Janet Cooper's son, John Smith, is a well-known playwright.}} (marka Janet ay leedahay kaliya hal son) {{!}}} }} Mar walba isticmaal {{em|pair}} ka mid ah commas ee tan, ilaa punctuation mark kale uu qaado meesha comma-ka labaad: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Blunt comments came from the newest member, John Smith.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|The newest member, John Smith{{snd}}a retired teacher{{snd}}was blunt.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|The newest member, John Smith was blunt.}}<!-- There's actually a way to parse this such that it would be acceptable in some styles, but WP articles don't use such styles. --> {{!}}} }} Ha u ilayn punctuation-ka kale inuu kaaga baabi'iyo u baahnaanta comma, gaar ahaan marka comma uu collided-garayyo bracket ama parenthesis: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Burke and Wills, fed by locals (on beans, fish, and ''ngardu''), survived for a few months.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Burke and Wills, fed by locals (on beans, fish, and ''ngardu'') survived for a few months.}} {{!}}} }} {{Shortcut|MOS:GEOCOMMA}} {{vanchor|Geographical references|text=In geographical references oo ku dhex jiraan heerarka badan ee subordinate divisions (t.s. city, state/province, country), comma wuxuu kala saaraa element kasta wuxuuna raacaa element-ka ugu dambeeya ilaa uu raaco terminal punctuation ama parenthesis-ka xiritaanka. Element-ka ugu dambeeya waxaa loo treats-garaysay sida [[Wikipedia:Basic copyediting#Parenthetical comma|parenthetical]].}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|He traveled through North Carolina before staying in Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the night.}}<!-- About a 10-hour drive if he started in Virginia Beach and passed through Winston-Salem. --> {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|He traveled through North Carolina before staying in Chattanooga, Tennessee for the night.}} {{!}}} }} Sidoo kale ku dar commas marka geographical element-ka loo isticmaalo sida disambiguator: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Hantratty received a PhD from the University of California, Irvine, in 1977.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Hantratty received a PhD from the University of California, Irvine in 1977.}} {{!}}} }} Ku dar comma labaad sidoo kale marka dhismaha leh comma [[Grammatical modifier|modifies-garayyo]] noun ama compound noun: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Keith Wilson won the 2024 Portland, Oregon, mayoral election.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Keith Wilson won the 2024 Portland, Oregon mayoral election.}} {{!}}} }} {{shortcut|MOS:DATECOMMA}} {{vanchor|Date commas|text=[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Dates, months, and years|Dates]] ku dhex jira month–day–year format waxay u baahan yihiin comma ka dambaysa day-ka, iyo sidoo kale ka dambaysa year-ka, ilaa ay raacdo punctuation kale. Element-ka ugu dambeeya waxaa loo treats-garaysay sida [[Wikipedia:Basic copyediting#Parenthetical comma|parenthetical]].}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|He set October 1, 2011, as the deadline for Patterson to meet his demands.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|He set October 1, 2011 as the deadline for Patterson to meet his demands.}} {{!}}} }} {{shortcut|MOS:QUOTECOMMA}} {{vanchor|Quotation commas|text= U lag calaamadaha xigmadda iyadoo la raacayo {{Section link||Punctuation inside or outside}}. Kani waxaa loo intended-gareeyay "logical quotation".}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Sax:}} {{!}} {{xt|She said, "The weather changes too often", and made other complaints.}} {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}} {{!xt|She said, "The weather changes too often," and made other complaints.}} {{!}}} }} Comma waxaa lagu dhex jiri karaa ka hor xigasho oo lagu ammaan goyay jumlad {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}})}}. ====<span class="anchor" id="Serial comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Oxford comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Oxford commas"></span><span class="anchor" id="Harvard comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Harvard commas"></span>Serial commas==== {{Shortcut|MOS:SERIAL|MOS:OXFORD||}} {{Redirect|MOS:OXFORD|Oxford spelling|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling#British English with "-ize" (Oxford spelling)}} A [[serial comma]] (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay ''Oxford comma'' ama ''Harvard comma'') waa comma loo isticmaalo toos ka hor conjunction (''and'', ''or'', ''nor'') ku dhex jirta liiska saddex ama ka badan items. {{Block indent|{{xt|ham, chips, and eggs}}{{spnd}}serial comma}} {{Block indent|{{xt|ham, chips and eggs}}{{spnd}}aan lahayn serial comma}} Tifaftireyaasha waxay isticmaali karaan mid ka mid ah heshiiska ilaa maqaal kasta uu yahay joogto ah ku dhex jirta. Serial commas waxay ka taageeraan badan marka qoraalka maqaalku uu yahay dhibco leh, sida liiska oo leh multi-word items (gaar ahaan haddii mid uu ku dhex jiro laikiis "''and''{{-"}}) ama nooc ka mid ah terms aan la dhasheyn oo laga yaabo. Laakiin, waxaa jira xaalado halka ka-tagista ama ku-darida serial comma ay keento is-dhaafsi: {{Block indent|{{!xt|The author thanked her friends, Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley}}{{spnd}}oo tirtiri kara mid ka mid ah afar ama ka badan dad ah (friends-ka iyo labada dad ee la magacaabay) ama laba dad ah (O'Connor iyo Marley, oo ah friends-ka).}} {{Block indent|{{!xt|The author thanked a friend, Sinéad O'Connor, and Bob Marley}}{{spnd}}oo tirtiri kara mid ka mid ah laba dad ah (O'Connor, oo ah friend-ka, iyo Marley) ama saddex dad ah (kan kowaad oo ah friend-ka, kan labaad O'Connor, iyo kan saddexaad Marley).}} Xaaladahaas is-dhaafsiga ah, cadday mid ka mid ah afar foom: *Ku dar ama baabi'i serial comma-ka. *Isticmaal jumlado gaar ah, bullet lists, ama beddelka dhismaha kale si loo caddayo. *Recast-garee jumlada ("friends" xaaladda): **Si loo tirtiro laba dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked her friends Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley.}} ***Caddayn badan: {{xt|The author thanked two friends: Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley.}} **Si loo tirtiro dad badan: **: {{xt|The author thanked Sinéad O'Connor, Bob Marley and her friends}} ama **: {{xt|The author thanked Sinéad O'Connor, Bob Marley, and her friends}}. ***Laakiin ma aha: {{!xt|The author thanked Bob Marley, Sinéad O'Connor[,] and her friends}}{{spnd}}soo bandhigaa is-dhaafsi ku saabsan ''her''. *Recast-garee jumlada ("friend" xaaladda): **Si loo tirtiro laba dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked Bob Marley and her friend Sinéad O'Connor.}} ***Ama noqo mid gaar ah marka ay suurtogal tahay: {{xt|The author thanked her childhood friend Sinéad O'Connor and her mentor, Bob Marley.}} **Si loo tirtiro saddex dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked Bob Marley, Sinéad O'Connor, and a friend.}} ***Caddaynta leh gender-specific terms sida ''mother'' waxay noqon kartaa dhibco leh; {{!xt|The author thanked her mother, Kim Thayil, and Sinéad O'Connor}} ma aha caddayn sababtoo ah akhristayaasha ma ogaankaraan [[Kim Thayil]] in uu yahay male oo ma noqon doono dadka oo kale sida mother-ka. ***Caddayn badan: {{xt|The author thanked Kim Thayil, Sinéad O'Connor, and her own mother}} ama {{xt|The author thanked her mother and musicians Kim Thayil and Sinéad O'Connor}}. ===Colons=== {{Shortcut|MOS:COLON}} {{For|the wikitext link formatting|Help:Colon trick}} A [[Colon (punctuation)|colon]] ({{xt|:}}) wuxuu soo bandhigaa wax muujinaya, sharraxaya, ama modifies-garaynaya waxa soo maray, ama ah liiska items oo dhowaan la soo bandhigay. Items-ka ku dhex jira liiskaas waxaa lagu kala saari karaa commas, ama haddii ay yihiin kuwo dhibco badan leh oo laga yaabo in ay laikiisu ku dhex jiraan commas, items-ka waa in lagu kala saaro semicolons ama lagu aaggaado bulleted list. {{Block indent|{{xt|We visited several tourist attractions: the Leaning Tower of Pisa, which I thought could fall at any moment; the Bridge of Sighs; the supposed birthplace of Petrarch, or at least the first known house in which he lived; and so many more.}}}} Colon waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa si loo soo bandhigo [[Quotation marks in English#Quotations and speech|direct speech]] oo lagu duubay calaamadaha xigmadda. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}}.)}} Marka colon loo isticmaalo sida separator ku dhex jira mawduuca maqaalka, madaxa qaybta, ama item liiska ah, tifaftireyaasha waxay dooran karaan in ay xaraf weyn ugu qoraan waxa raaca, iyadoo loo tixgelinayo [[#Retaining existing styles|isticmaalka jira]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Article titles#Consistency|joogteynta leh maqaallada la xiriira]]. Marka laga reebo isticmaalka tignoolajiyada ({{xt|a 3:1 ratio}}), ma jiro jumlad waa in ay ku dhex jirtay colons badan, ma jiro space waa in uu ka horreeyo colon, iyo space (laakiin waligeed ma aha hyphen ama dash) waa in uu raaco colon-ka. ===Semicolons=== {{Shortcut|MOS:;|MOS:SEMICOLON|}} {{for|usage in marking up description (definition) lists|Help:List#Description lists}} A [[semicolon]] ({{xt|;}}) marna waa alternative ee full stop (period), iyadoo u sahlaysa maaddada la xiriirta in lagu dhowro jumlada oo kale; waxay muujisaa kala saarisa la go'aamiyay ee jumlada marka loo eego comma. Haddii semicolon-ku uu kala saaro clauses, caadi ahaan clause kasta waa in uu noqdo mid gaar ah (macneheedu waa in uu taaggaanshaan karo laikiisu sida jumlad). Xaaladaha badankooda, kaliya comma ama kaliya semicolon wuxuu noqon doonaa sax ku dhex jira jumlad gaar ah. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Sax:}} | {{xt|Though he had been here before, I did not recognize him.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} | {{!xt|Though he had been here before; I did not recognize him.}} |} Sare, "Though he had been here before" ma taaggaanshaan karo laikiisu sida jumlad, oo sidaas darteed ma aha independent clause. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Sax:}} | {{xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit; bananas are classified as alkaline.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} | {{!xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit, bananas are classified as alkaline.}} |} Isticmaalkan aan saxda ahayn ee comma ee dhexda laba independent clauses waxaa loo intended-gareeyay [[comma splice]]; laakiin, xaaladaha qaarkood, comma waxaa loo isticmaali karaa halka semicolon wuxuu oki lahaa in loo baahan yahay: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | {{em|La accepts-garaysay}}: || {{xt|"Life is short, art is long."}} (laba clauses oo gaaban ku dhex jira [[aphorism]]; eeg ''[[Ars longa, vita brevis]]'') |- | {{em|La accepts-garaysay}}: || {{xt|"I have studied it, you have not."}} (soo sheegida wada-hadal gaaban, sida jawaabtan ee [[Isaac Newton|Newton]]) |} Jumlad waxay ku dhex jiri kartaa semicolons badan, gaar ahaan marka clauses-ku ay yihiin kuwo parallel ee dhismaha iyo macnaha; semicolons badan oo aan la xiriirin caadi ahaan waa calaamado ah in jumlada loo kala saaro jumlado gaaban ama foom kale loo dib-u-qoro. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Unwieldy}}: | {{!xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit; bananas are classified as alkaline; pears are close to neutral; these distinctions are rarely discussed.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: | {{xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit, bananas are alkaline, and pears are close to neutral; these distinctions are rarely discussed.}} |} Semicolons waxaa loo isticmaalaa ku-darida commas si loo kala saaro items ku dhex jira liiska, marka commas laikiisu ay keeni karaan jahwareer. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Jahwareer:}} | {{!xt|Sales offices are located in Boston, Massachusetts, San Francisco, California, Singapore, and Millbank, London, England.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Caddayn:}} | {{xt|Sales offices are located in Boston, Massachusetts; San Francisco, California; Singapore; and Millbank, London, England.}} |} ====Semicolon ka hor "however"==== {{Shortcut|MOS:HOWEVER}} {{Redirect|MOS:HOWEVER|its usage in editorialization|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Editorializing}} Macnaha jumlad ay ku dhex jirta trailing clause oo ku starts-garoogaysa erayga ''however'' wuxuu ku xiran yahay punctuation-ka ka horreeya eraygaas. Makhaadhaa caadi ah waa isticmaalka punctuation-ka aan saxda ahayn, iyadoo beddelaysa macnaha mid aan loo intended-gareeyn. Marka erayga ''however'' uu yahay adverb macneheedu yahay "nevertheless", waa in uu ka horreeyo semicolon oo uu raaco comma. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people; however, they tried.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people; nevertheless, they tried.}} |} Marka erayga ''however'' uu yahay conjunction macneheedu yahay "in whatever manner", ama "regardless of how", wuxuu ka horreyn karaa comma laakiin ma aha semicolon, oo waa inuusan raacin punctuation. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people, however they tried.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people, regardless of how they tried.}} |} Xaaladda kowaad, clause-ka oo ku starts-garoogaya "however" ma loo beddeli karo clause-ka kowaad; xaaladda labaad kani waxaa lagu sameyn karaa aan lahayn beddelka macnaha: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|However they tried, it was obvious they could not convert these people.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|Regardless of how they tried, it was obvious they could not convert these people.}} |} Haddii labada clauses aan loo beddeli karin, semicolon waxaa loo baahan yahay. Jumlad ama clause waxay sidoo kale ku dhex jiri kartaa erayga ''however'' dhexda, haddii uu yahay adverb macneheedu yahay "although" oo lagu lagi karay bilowga laakiin aan ku starts-garoogayn clause cusub dhexda jumlada. Isticmaalkan, erayga waxaa lagu duubi karaa dhexda commas. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|He did not know, however, that the venue had been changed at the last minute.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|However, he did not know that the venue had been changed at the last minute.}} |} ===Hyphens=== {{Shortcut|MOS:-|MOS:HYPHEN}} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Globe Toters-A Birla Preschool,Indore (cropped).jpg | image2 = Peuters_in_het_tehuis_zitten_met_zijn_allen_op_de_po,_Bestanddeelnr_252-0385.jpg | image3 = Graduates 2014 IMG 2779 (14083168633).jpg | caption1 = Four-year-old children | caption2 = Four year-old children | caption3 = Four-year old children }} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Haring 03.jpg | image2 = Great white Dyer island 2010-07.jpg | caption1 = A man {{nobr|eating fish}} | caption2 = A man-eating fish }} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Catalina_Island_Rescue_DVIDS1091019.jpg | image2 = Kintín al ataque (5189220934).jpg | caption1 = Officials help {{nobr|dog-bite victim}}. | caption2 = Officials help {{nobr|dog bite victim}}. }} [[File:Carry-On Aircraft.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|A sign {{shy|exhibiting over-eager hy|phen|a|tion}}: the second hyphen is fine, but the first is spurious.]] [[Hyphen]]s ({{xt|-}}) waxay muujiyaan conjunction. Waxaa jira saddex isticmaalka waaweyn: # In hyphenated magacyada dadka ({{xt|John Lennard-Jones}}, {{xt|Omar al-Bashir}}). # Si loogu isku xiro [[prefixes]] iyo [[suffixes]] oo leh terms-kooda waaweyn dhismaha qaarkood, [[#En dash across open compounds|ilbaa compounds-ka laikiisu ay ku dhex jiraan space ama hyphen]]: {{xt|quasi-scientific}}, {{xt|ultra-nationalistic}}, {{xt|London-based}}, {{xt|community-led}}. #*Hyphen waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loo kala saaro dhexda [[homograph]]s ({{xt|[[wikt:re-sign|re-sign]]}} macneheedu waa ''sign again'', laakiin {{xt|[[wikt:resign|resign]]}} macneheedu waa ''relinquish ownership'' ama ''leave a job''). #*Waxaa jira trend caddaynaya oo lagu ammaan goyo labada elements dhammaan noocyada English-ka ({{xt|subsection}}, {{xt|nonlinear}}). Hyphenation-ku wuxuu caddayaa marka xarfaha la keenay contact ay yihiin kuwo oo kale ({{xt|non-negotiable}}, {{xt|sub-basement}}) ama ay yihiin vowels ({{xt|pre-industrial}}), ama halka eray uu yahay mid aan caadi ahayn ({{xt|co-proposed}}, {{xt|re-target}}) ama laga yaabo in loo akhrriyo si aan sax ahayn ({{xt|sub-era}}, ma aha {{!xt|subera}}). Erayada qaarkood oo noocan ah si oo kale waa kuwo caadi ah aan lahayn hyphen-ka (t.s., {{xt|cooperation}} waxaa si joogto ah loo dhasheeyay ka badan {{xtg|co-operation}} ee English-ka cusub). Ka dhiiri erayada beddelaya macnahooda aan lahayn hyphen-ka, t.s. {{xt|re-creation}} (create again) iyo {{xt|recreation}} (amusement).{{efn|name=recent}} # {{va|Hyphens in compound modifiers|text=Si loogu isku xiro terms-ka la xiriira ee ku dhex jira [[compound modifier]]s}}:{{Efn|1=Gaar ahaan compound [[attributive adjective|attributives]], oo ah modifiers ee noun oo ka muuqda ku dhex jira [[noun phrase]]. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link|English compound#Hyphenated compound modifiers}}.)}}}} #*Hyphens waxay taageeri karaan fududaynta akhrrinta (waa inay noqdaan kuwo {{xt|ease-of-reading}} taageera) oo waxay gaar ahaan u wanaagsan yihiin noun phrases-ka dheer: {{xt|gas-phase reaction dynamics}}. Laakiin waligeed ha dhex gelin hyphen magac sax ah ({{xt|Middle Eastern cuisine}}, ma aha {{!xt|Middle-Eastern cuisine}}). #*Hyphen wuxuu taageeri karaa disambiguator-ka (qaarkood {{xt|short-story writers}} waa kuwo dheer; {{xt|a government-monitoring program}} waa program oo monitor-garaynaya xukuumadda, inta {{xt|a government monitoring program}} uu yahay program xukuumadda oo monitor-garaynaya). #*Compounds oo ah hyphenated marka loo isticmaalo {{em|[[Attributive adjective|attributively]]}} (adjectives ka hor nouns-ka ay qualified-garaynayaan: {{xt|a light-blue handbag}}, {{xt|a 34-year-old woman}}) ama {{em|[[substantive]]ly}} (sida noun: {{xt|she is a 34-year-old}}) caadi ahaan ma aha hyphenated marka loo isticmaalo {{em|[[Predicative expression|predicatively]]}} (foomka sharraxaadda leh oo lagu kala saaray noun-ka: {{xt|the handbag was light blue}}, {{xt|the woman is 34 years old}}). Halka uu ka jiri lahaa baabi'inta caddaynta laakiis, hyphen waxaa loo isticmaali karaa foomka predicative-ka ah sidoo kale ({{xt|hand-fed turkeys}}, {{xt|the turkeys were hand-fed}}). Attributive hyphenation-ka dhibco leh marna waxaa looga fogaan karaa dib-u-qorid fudud: {{xt|Hawaiian-native species}} → {{xt|native Hawaiian species}}. #*Ka fogao isticmaalka hyphen ka dambaysa heerka ''{{nowrap|-ly}}'' adverb ({{xt|a newly available home}}, {{xt|a wholly owned subsidiary}}) ilaa ay tahay qayb ka mid ah compound dheeraad ah ({{xt|a slowly-but-surely strategy}}). Xaaladaha dhifka ah, hyphen wuxuu ka wanaajin karaa caddaynta haddii alternative-ka dib loo qoray uu yahay dhibco leh, laakiin dib-u-qoriddu caadi ahaan waa ka wanaagsan tahay: {{!xt|The idea was clearly stated enough}} waxaa lagu disambiguator-gareyn karaa sida {{xt|The idea clearly was stated often enough}} ama {{xt|The idea was ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} epj8znyk2fnmmcbn37abwqyyt1noybq 310794 310793 2026-10-24T10:25:17Z Isma4l 41797 /* Diimaha, ilaahyada, falsafadaha, iyo caqiidooyinka */ 310794 wikitext text/x-wiki {{MoS guideline|WP:MOS<!-- DO NOT add more shortcuts. None are as short and popular as this one. -->}} '''Haddaha Qaabka''' ('''MoS''' ama '''MOS''') waa [[haddaha qaabka]] ee dhammaan [[Wikipedia:Waa maxay maqaal?|maqaallada]] [[Wikipedia:Soomaali|Wikipedia-ha Soomaaliga]].{{efn|Isku xirka [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility|waxyaabaha la xiriira oo la heli karo]] waxay ku dabaqmaan dhammaan mashruuca, oo ma aha oo kaliya maqaallada.}} Boggan koowaad waxaa taageera [[:Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style|boggag yar oo xeel-dheer]], oo halkan la isku gudbin karo oo lagu tirtiray [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents]]. Haddii ay ka dhalato is-diido, boggani wuxuu leeyahay ka-horreyn.{{efn|name="CONLEVEL"|Kani waa arrin siyaasadeed oo ku saabsan {{section link|Wikipedia:Consensus|Level of consensus}}: "Is-afgaradka ka dhex jira koox xaddidan oo tifaftireyaal ah, hal meel iyo hal maalin, ma baabi'in karo [[Wikipedia:Community consensus|is-afgaradka samaynta]] ee baaxadda weyn. Tusaale ahaan, ilaa ay ka dhaadhiciyaan bulshada balaadhan in aysan sax ahayn, kaqeybgalayaasha WikiProject ma go'aamin karaan in siyaasada ama hagaha Wikipedia uusan ku dabaqmin maqaallada ku dhex jira baaxadeeda." Iyo: "Wikipedia waxay leedahay heer sare oo kaqeybgal iyo is-afgarad ee beddelka siyaasadaha iyo hagayaasha marka loo eego noocyada kale ee boggaga." Boggaga ka hooseeya waxaa ku jira [[:Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style|boggaga MoS-ka ee xeel-dheeraanta]], [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Guide#Advice pages|qoraallada qaabka]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style|Haddaha Qaabka ee Fudud]].}} {{vanchor|Clarity|text=Tifaftireyaal waa inay u qoraan maqaallada iyagoo isticmaalaya luqad toos ah, gaaban, oo fudud in la fahmo. Tifaftireyaal waa inay u dhisaan maqaallada qaabeyn joogto ah oo u sahlanaata akhristaha.}} {{va|Stability|text=Haddii ka badan hal qaab ama foom lagu aamini karo MoS-ka, mid waa in loo isticmaalo madal kasta oo ku dhex jirta maqaalka oo [[#Retaining existing styles|aan la beddelin]] sabab wanaagsan la'aanteed. [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|Tifaftirka dagaalka]] ee ku saabsan doorashooyinka qaabka ma aha mid la accepts karo.{{efn|name="ew"|Arrrimahaani waxaa lagu xalliyay go'aannada [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|Guddiga Garsoorka]] ee [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk#Optional styles|2005]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan#Preferred styles|2006]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Date delinking#Optional styles|2009]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Infoboxes#Use of infoboxes|2015]].}} Qoraal cusub oo lagu daro boggan waa inuu toos u xalliyo arrin qaab oo si joogto ah u soo noqnoqota.}} {{TOC limit|3}} ==Dhonsashada qaababka jira== {{Shortcut|MOS:VAR|MOS:STYLEVAR|MOS:STYLERET}} {{Redirect|MOS:VAR|retention of an article's established national English variety|#National varieties of English|a list of more specific related rules|WP:VARS}} Marna, MOS-ku wuxuu bixiyaa ka badan hal qaab oo la accepts karo ama ma bixiyo hagal gaar ah. Marka ka badan hal qaab la accepts karo, al-fajar ma aha mid habboon in tifaftiraha Wikipedia uu ka beddelo hal qaab oo uu u beddelo mid kale ilaa ay jirto sabab muhiim ah oo beddelka ah.{{efn|name="ArbCom"|Astaanta bilowga ee qoraalkan, eeg go'aannada [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|ArbCom]] ee [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk#Principles|Juun 2005]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/jguk 2#Principles|Nofembar 2005]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan#Principles|2006]].}} [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|Tifaftirka dagaalka]] ee ku saabsan qaabka,{{efn|name="ew"}} ama u adeegsiga qaab dookh ah si [[Wikipedia:Bot policy#Assisted editing guidelines|bot-oo kale ah]] is-afgarad ka hor la'aantiis,{{efn|name="bot-like"|Eeg [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Magioladitis 2#High-speed editing|Go'aanka ArbCom ee 2017]], iyo {{section link|Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser#Rules of use}}; tifaftirka bot-ka oo kale ah oo sii socda inkastoo ay jiraan diidmo ama oo keena makhaadhaa wuxuu keeni karaa [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|xannibaad]] iyo baabi'inta xuquuqaha ku saabsan qalabka semi-automated-ka ah.}} waa [[Wikipedia:Disruptive editing|dhibco ka dhan ah]] oo waligeed ma aha mid la accepts karo. Beddelka aan la xaqijin ee kaaga taagan hal qaab oo la accepts karo, [[#Consistency within articles|oo si joogto ah loo adeegsaday]] ee ku dhex jira maqaal oo loo beddelo qaab kale waa la [[Wikipedia:Reverting|celin karaa]]. Doono [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Opportunities for commonality|fursadaha wadaagga]] si looga fogaado murannada qaabka. Haddii aad rammayso in qaab kale uu ka habboon yahay maqaal gaar ah, doono [[Wikipedia:Consensus|is-afgarad]] iyadoo ku saabsan tan lagula discuss-garaynayo bogga wada-hadalka maqaalka ama{{snd}}haddii ay keento arrin guud ama ku saabsan MoS-ka lakiisa{{snd}}at [[Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style]]. Haddii wada-hadalku uusan keenin is-afgarad beddelka ah, sii wad isticmaalka qaabka horey loo dhisay ee maqaalka. Haddii wada-hadalku uu ku guuldareysto inuu gaaro wax is-afgarad ah oo ku saabsan midka laba ama ka badan qaab oo tartamaya oo la isticmaalayo, markaas dib u noqo qaabkii loo isticmaalay nooca ugu horreeyay ee ka dambeeya [[Wikipedia:Stub|qabyada]] maqaalka oo uu ka muuqday mid ka mid ah qaababka ku dabaqmaya. (Mawqifkan dib-u-noqoshada ah ma siiyo [[WP:UNCHALLENGED|darajo aan la tartami karin]] qaabkaas gaarka ah inta lagu jiro wada-hadalka is-afgaradka, mana siiyo tifaftiraha soo impose-garaysay qaabkaas ugu horreeyay [[Wikipedia:Ownership of content|wax ka badan]] wada-hadalka.) ==<span class="anchor" id="Article titles, headings, and sections"></span>Mawduucyada maqaalka, qaybaha, iyo madaxda== {{Shortcut|MOS:AT}} ===Mawduucyada maqaalka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Article titles}} {{for|titles which coincide with a work's title|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles of works}} Mawduucu waa inuu noqdo magac la aqoonsan karo ama sifaynta mawduuca, [[Wikipedia:Common sense|isagoo maareynaya]] shuruudaha ah inuu yahay mid asalka ah, si ku filan oo sax ah, gaaban, oo joogto ah oo la mid ah maqaallada la xiriira. Hagaha qaabaynta eeg qaybta {{section link|Wikipedia:Article titles|Article title format}}, isagoo xusaya kuwa soo socda: *U qor herga labaad ee xarafka ugu horreeya (marka laga reebo xaaladaha dhifka ah, sida {{xt|eBay}}), laakiin haddii kale raac [[sentence case]]{{efn|name=Sentence case|1=Wikipedia waxay u isticmaashaa [[sentence case]] jumlado, [[Wikipedia:Article titles|mawduucyada maqaalka]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout|mawduucyada qaybaha]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables|madaxda taarikada]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images|qoraallada sawirka]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists|qoraallada liiska]] (xaaladaha badankooda), iyo qoraallada ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Infobox|infoboxes]] iyo moodallada la midka ah, iyo waxyaabo kale. Wax kasta oo MoS ah oo ku saabsan bilowga jumlad waxay ku dabaqmaan waxyaabaha isticmaalaya sentence case.<!-- Please keep this footnote synced with the version at the MOS:CAPS page. -->}} ({{xt|Funding of UNESCO projects}}), ma aha title case ({{!xt|Funding of UNESCO Projects}}), marka laga reebo halka title case loo isticmaali lahaa qoraalka caadiga ah. Eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (capitalization)]]. *Si aad u qorto farta italic-ka ah, ku dar {{tlx|italic title}} meel dhow sare ee maqaalka. Si aad farta italic-ka ah ugu qorto kaliya qayb ka mid ah mawduuca, ku dar xadka <code>|string=</code> ee qoraalka gaarka ah ee lagu qorayo farta italic-ka ah. Isticmaalka farta italic-ka ah waa inuu u dhigmaa {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting|Italic type}}. *Ha isticmaalin [[Article (grammar)|maqaallada]] (''a'', ''an'', ama ''the'') sida xarafka ugu horreeya ({{xt|Economy of the Second Empire}}, ma aha {{!xt|The economy of the Second Empire}}), ilaa ay tahay qayb aan la kala saari karin oo magaca ka mid ah ({{xt|The Hague}}) ama mawduuca shaqa (''{{xt|A Clockwork Orange}}'', ''{{xt|The Simpsons}}''). *Caadi ahaan isticmaal [[noun]]s ama [[noun phrase]]s: {{xt|Early life}}, ma aha {{!xt|In early life}}.{{Efn|1=Erayada sida {{xt|In early life}} waa kuwo la accepts karo (inkastoo aan loo baahnayn) sida madaxda qaybaha. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa si joogto ah sida qayb ka mid ah mawduucyada maqaalka oo dheeraad ah sida [[Piracy in the Caribbean|{{xt|Piracy in the Caribbean}}]], indhaheeda marka dhismaha gaaban ({{xtn|Caribbean piracy}}) uu leeyahay arrimo is-dhaafsi ah.}} *Xarafka ugu dambeeya waa inuusan noqon calaamad ilaahiyad ilaa uu yahay qayb aan la kala saari karin oo magaca ka mid ah ({{xt|[[Saint-Louis-du-Ha! Ha!]]}}, {{xt|''[[Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?]]''}}) ama gaabinta ({{xt|[[Inverness City F.C.]]}}), ama marka xiritaanka bracket-ka wareegga ama calaamadda xigmadda loo baahan yahay ({{xt|[[John Palmer (1814 schooner)|''John Palmer'' (1814 schooner)]]}}). *Markasta oo calaamadaha xigmadda ama noocyada apostrophe-ka oo kale ay ka muuqdaan ({{xt|[[Geʽez]]}}), ku dar [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirection]] mawduuc caddaynaya oo isticmaalaya apostrophes ({{xt|[[Ge'ez]]}}).{{efn|name=curlyq|1=Calaamadaha xigmadda tooska ah iyo apostrophes waa kuwo fudud in loo qorto si lagu aamini karo madallada badankooda, markaas kani wuxuu u sahlayaa bartilmaameedka redirection-ka oo fudud. Xigmadda curdanka ah iyo apostrophes sidaas darteed waa kuwo si weyn looga tagay Wikipedia-ha English-ka. Eeg sidoo kale [[MOS:CURLY]] iyo [[MOS:']].}} Labadaba ha ka sareeyaan iyo kuwo [[Wikipedia:Article titles]], qeybta kale ee MoS-ka, gaar ahaan {{section link||Punctuation}}, waxay ku dabaqmaan sidoo kale mawduuca. ===Agaasimaha qaybta=== {{Shortcut|MOS:SO}} {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout}} Mawduuca maqaalka waa inuu ku starts-garo [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section|qaybta hordhaca ah<!-- Do not add the word "lede" here. See footnotes at WP:LEAD for details. -->]]{{snd}}gaabinta kooban ee maqaalka{{snd}}oo aan waligeed loo kala saarin qaybo {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section]])}}. Qaybta hartay ee maqaalka waxaa caadi ahaan loo kala saaraa [[Help:Section|qaybo]]. [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes|Infoboxes]], sawirrada, iyo mawduucyada kale ee la xiriira qaybta hordhaca ah waa inay noqdaan kuwo dhanka midig ah. Calaamadaha qaarkood oo heerka ah [[Help:Template|moodallada]] iyo [[Help:Wikitext|wikitext]] oo aan ahayn qaybo waxay ka sarreeyaan inta ugu dambaysa maqaalka, ka hor mawduuca qaybta hordhaca ah, iyo uusocodka soo socda: *[[Wikipedia:Short description|Gaaban sharrax leh]], oo leh moodalka {{tlx|Short description}} *[[Wikipedia:Hatnote|Hatnote-ka disambiguation]], waqtiga badankiisa oo leh moodalka {{tlx|Hatnote}} {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg sidoo kale {{section link|Wikipedia:Hatnote#Hatnote templates}})}} *Moodallada aan lahayn soo-saarka oo muujinaya foomka taariikhda dhisay ee maqaalka iyo nooca luqadda English-ka, haddii ay jiraan (t.s., {{tlx|Use dmy dates}}, {{tlx|Use Canadian English}}) *Moodallada dayactirka ee Banner-ka ah, [[Wikipedia:Template index/Disputes|Dispute]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Template index/Cleanup|Moodallada Cleanup]] ee arrimaha maqaalka oo dhan oo la calaamadeeyay (haddii kale loo isticmaalo sare ee qayb gaar ah, ka dambeeya hatnote kasta oo qayb ah sida {{tlx|main}}) *[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes|Infobox]], oo ah dookh (marka laga reebo xaaladaha gaarka ah sida {{tlx|Taxobox}} iyo {{tlx|Chembox}}, ama nooc ka mid ah, maqaallada ku dabaqmaya); caadi ahaan sidoo kale waxaa ku jira sawirka ugu horreeya *Sawirka hordhaca ah, marka infobox aan la isticmaalin, ama sawir dheeraad ah loo baahan yahay qaybta hordhaca ah (haddii hordhacu u yahay mid aad u dheer, sawir labaad waxaa lagu lagi karaa dhexda qoraalka hordhaca ah) Nooca skin-ka ee [[Vector 2022]], [[Wikipedia:Table of contents|tusmada maqaalka]] waa mid ka mid ah oo ka baxsan mawduuca maqaalka. Noocyada skin-ka hore qaarkood, tusmada la mari karo waxay ka muuqataa si otomaatig ah ka dambaysa hordhaca haddii maqaalku leeyahay ugu yaraan afar madax oo qaybo ah. Haddii mawduuca qayb uu ku jiraa si xeel-dheer oo dheeraad ah maqaal gaar ah {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Summary style]])}}, ku dar {{tlx|main|{{var|Article name}}}} ama {{tlx|further|{{var|Article name}}}} isla markiiba ka hooseeya madaxa qaybta. Sida lagu sharraxay si xeel-dheer {{slink|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout|Standard appendices and footers}}, noocyo dhowr ah oo maaddooyinka ah (badankoodu waa dookh) waxay ka muuqan karaan ka dambaysa qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee maqaalka, uusocodka soo socda: *Buugaagta ama shaqaalaha kale ee lagu abuuray mawduuca maqaalka, ka hooseeya madaxa qaybta "Works", "Publications", "Discography", "Filmography", iyo wixii la mid ah sida habboon (ka fogao "Bibliography", oo loo khaldami karo xigashooyinka tixraaca) *Isku xirka hoose ee maqaallada la xiriira ee Wikipedia-ha English-ka, oo leh madaxa qaybta "See also" *Xusuus-qoraallada iyo tixraacyada, oo leh madaxa qaybta "Notes" ama "References" (caadi ahaan ka dambeeya), ama qayb gaar ah oo loogu talagalay mid kasta uusocodkan {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]])}}; ka fogao "Bibliography", oo loo khaldami karo shaqaalaha mawduuca *Buugaagta la xiriira, maqaallada, ama shaqaalaha kale ee aan loo isticmaalin sida tixraacyada; isticmaal madaxa qaybta "Further reading"; noqo mid si sare ah loo doortay, maadaama [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a directory|Wikipedia aysan ahayn buugga tixraaca]] *Websaydhada la xiriira [[Wikipedia:External links|iyo kuwo habboon]] ee aan loo isticmaalin sida tixraacyada oo aan ka muuqan appendices-ka hore, isticmaalka madaxa "External links", oo loo sameyn karo qayb ka hooseysa "Further reading" (ama isku xirkaas waxaa toos lagu ammaan goyn karaa liiska "Further reading" halkii); [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Links to sister projects|moodallada isku xirka ee mawduucyada mashruuca walaalka ah]] sidoo cuali ahaan waxay ka sarreeyaan qaybtan marka ay jirto (haddii kale qaybta ugu dambaysa ee bogga) *Waxyaabaha ugu dambeeya ee soo socda waligeed ma qaataan madaxyada qaybaha: **Isku xirka hoose oo lagu aaggaaday [[Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates#Navigation_templates|boxes-ka navigation-ka]] **Metadata ee [[Wikipedia:Authority control|Authority control]], haddii loo baahdo, isticmaalka {{tlx|Authority control}} (wuxuu kala saaraa isticmaalka magaca laba mawduuc, ama magacyo badan oo loogu talagalay hal mawduuc) **[[Wikipedia:Categorization|Qeeybaha]], oo waa inay noqdaan maaddada ugu dambaysa ee koodha maqaalka haddii aysan jirin moodallada stub-ka **[[Wikipedia:Stub sorting|Moodallada stub-ka]], haddii loo baahdo, oo waa inay raacaan qeeybaha [[Wikipedia:Stand-alone lists|Maqaallada liiska ah ee gaarka ah]] waxay leeyihiin waxyaabo dheeraad ah oo agaasimaha ah. ===<span class="anchor" id="Section management"></span>Madaxyada qaybaha=== {{Shortcut|MOS:HEAD|MOS:HEADINGS}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Headings|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Order of article elements|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Section headings}} [[Help:Section|Madaxyada qaybaha]] waa inay caadi ahaan raacaan hagaha [[#Article titles|mawduucyada maqaalka]] ee sare oo ay ku muuqdaan [[sentence case]] ({{xt|Funding of UNESCO projects in developing countries}}), ma aha [[title case]] ({{!xt|Funding of UNESCO Projects in Developing Countries}}).{{efn|name=Sentence case}} {{shortcut|MOS:BLANKLINE}} {{vanchor|Blank line|text=Dhammaan madaxyada waa inay ku dhex jiraan xarkooda gaarka ah, oo ay ka horreyso presely hal xar oo eber ah, oo ay raacdo mid ka mid ah hal xar ama aan lahayn xar eber ah.}} {{vanchor|Section headings (necessary point 6)|text=Ha u isticmaalin si xun [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists#Description (definition, association) lists|liiska sharraxaadda]] markup ("<code>;</code>") si aad u abuurto [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Pseudo-headings|pseudo-headings]].}} {{va|SECTIONSTYLE|Section headings (styling best practice)|Section headings (main styling reason)|text=Sida arrin qaab oo joogto ah, madaxyada qaybuhu waa inaynaan:}} {{Shortcut|MOS:SECTIONSTYLE|MOS:NOBACKREF}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 1)|text=si turjumaad ah dib ugu tixraacin mawduuca maqaalka, t.s., {{xt|Early life}}, ma aha {{!xt|Smith's early life}} ama {{!xt|His early life}}}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 2)|text=tixraacin madax heer sare ah, ilaa aad sameyso ay tahay mid gaaban ama caddayn badan}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 3)|text=noqon kuwo la nambareeyay ama xarfo leh sida outline}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 4)|text=noqon kuwo loo sameeyay sida su'aal, t.s., {{xt|Languages}}, ma aha {{!xt|What languages are spoken?}}}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 5)|text=isticmaalin luga ama farta aan caadiga ahayn oo keeni kara [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Headings|arrimaha lagu heli karo]]}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 6)|text=noqon kuwo lagu duubay [[Help:Wikitext|markup]], sida bold iyo italics, oo baabi'in kara muujintooda oo keeni kara arrimo kale oo lagu heli karo}} ====Wikimarkup==== {{shortcut|MOS:NOSECTIONLINKS|MOS:HEADINGLINKS}} {{va|Section headings (technical best practice)|text=Sababo tignoolajiyada ah, madaxyada qaybuhu waa inay}} {{va|Section headings (necessary point 1)|text=noqdaan kuwo gaar ah oo ku dhex jira maqaal (si [[Template:Section link|isqu xirka qaybta]] uu u shaqeeyo)}} oo waa inaynaan ku dhex jirin: *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 2)|text=[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking#Principles|isqu xirka]], xataa haddii kaliya qayb ka mid ah madaxa la isku xiray}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 5)|text=xigashooyinka ama xusuus-qoraallada}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 4)|text=<code><[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics#Typesetting of mathematical formulae|math]]></code> markup}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 3)|text=sawirrada ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Icons#Encyclopedic purpose|icons-ka]]}} {{va|Section headings (main technical reason)|text=Xaddidaadahani waa kuwo lagu khasbay si looga fogaado tignoolajiyada dhibco leh oo ma aha kuwo la baabi'in karo is-afgaradka maxalliga ah ama hagayaasha aan ku habboonayn.}} {{short|MOS:TEMPLATE}} {{va|Section headings (necessary point 7)|text=Wadaagga moodalka}} waa in sidoo kale caadi ahaan looga fogaadaa madaxyada qaybaha, sababtoo ah waxay keenaan koodha asalka ah ee baaqida moodalka inuu ka muuqdo isqu xirka lagu daray gaabinta tifaftirka; gujinta isqu xirkaas ka muuqda taariikhda bogga ma keeni doonto qaybta loo baahan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, [[WP:ANCHORSUBST|marka lagu darayo isqu xirka anchor madaxyada, mar walba beddel moodalka gudaha madaxa]]: {{block indent|1={{plainlist| * {{y}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== {{subst:anchor|Anchor name}} Section title ==</nowiki>}}</code> * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== {{anchor|Anchor name}} Section title ==</nowiki>}}</code> }} }} {{shortcut|MOS:SECTIONCOMMENT}} {{va|SECTIONCOMMENT|Section comment|text=[[#Invisible comments|Xusuus-qoraallada la qariyay]] oo tixraacaya madaxa qayb ama qayb oo dhan waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu lago xar ka hooseysa madaxa. Waxaa sidoo cuali ahaan lagu lagi karaa ku dhex jira xarkooda oo kale sida madaxa, laakiin xaaladaas waa inay noqdaan kuwo {{em|gudaha}} <code>==&nbsp;==</code> markup:{{efn|1=Xusuus-qoraal ka baxsan <code><nowiki>==&nbsp;==</nowiki></code> laakiin ku dhex jira xarkooda oo kale wuxuu keeni karaa isqu xirka tifaftirka qaybta inuu ku guuldareysto inuu ka muuqdo dhammaan; ee browsers-ka kale, wuxuu ka muuqan karaa, laakiin isticmaalkiisu wuxuu keeni doonaa madaxa qaybta inuusan si otomaatig ah lagu darin gaabinta tifaftirka.}}}} {{block indent|1={{plainlist| * {{y}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== Implications ==</nowiki><br /><nowiki><!--This comment is placed correctly.--></nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{mby}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== Implications<!--This comment works fine.--> ==</nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{mby}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== <!--This comment works fine.-->Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== Implications == <!--This comment causes problems.--> </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{tracked|T381786}}{{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki><!--This comment causes problems.</nowiki><br><nowiki>-->== Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki><!--The space after this comment breaks the heading completely.--> == Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} }} }} ====<span class="anchor" id="SECTIONANCHOR"></span><span class="anchor" id="Section anchor"></span>Anchors==== {{short|MOS:SECTIONANCHOR}} <section begin="heading links" />Ka hor inta aanad beddelin madax, tixgeli in aad baabi'inayso isqu xirka jira oo ku dhex jira.<section end="heading links" /> Haddii ay jiraan [[Help:Link#To a section|isqu xirka badan oo u socda mawduuca hore]],{{efn|name="many links"|1=Si aad u ogaato inta isqu xirka ee u socda mawduuca qaybta hore iyo maqaallada leeh iyaga, waxaad sameyn kartaa <span class=plainlinks>[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=all%3A+linksto%3A%22ARTICLE%22+insource%3A%2F%5B%5B%7C%5DARTICLE%5C%23OLDSECTION%2F+&title=Special:Search&profile=all&fulltext=1 raadinta sare ee]</span>, iyadoo la beddelayo {{smallcaps|article}} magaca maqaalka, iyo {{smallcaps|oldsection}} mawduuca qaybta hore. Raadintaas sare ma raadiso [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirections-ka]], markaas sidoo kale eeg bogga maqaalka ee [[Special:WhatLinksHere]] ee redirections-ka u socda mawduuca qaybta hore. Haddii ay jiraan kaliya nambarka yar ee isqu xirka ee u socda mawduuca qaybta hore, waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu cusbooneysiiyo manwal ahaan.}} abuur [[Help:Anchor|anchor]] oo leh mawduucaas si loo xaqijiyo in kuwani ay sii shaqeeyaan. Sidoo kale, marka lagu isqu xirayo qayb, ka tag xusuus-qoraal aan la arki karin madaxa qaybta bartilmaameedka, iyadoo lagu magacaabayo maqaallada isqu xirka leeh, si haddii madaxa dambe loo beddelo kani si fudud loo hagaajin karo, ama kale anchor kale loo abuurayo haddii ay jiraan kuwo badan.{{efn|name="many links"}} Tusaale ahaan: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == {{subst:Anchor|Consequences}} Implications == <!-- "Richard Dawkins" and "Daniel Dennett" link here. --> </syntaxhighlight> oo lagu kaydin doono maqaalka sida: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == <span class="anchor" id="Consequences"></span> Implications == <!-- "Richard Dawkins" and "Daniel Dennett" link here. --> </syntaxhighlight> Faa'iidada isticmaalka {{tlxs|Anchor}}, ama kaliya la dhex gelinayo {{tag|span|o|link=yes}} tags-ka toos, waa in marka tifaftirka loo sameeyo qaybta mustaqbalka, anchor-ku ma lagu dhex jiri doono taariikhda bogga sida qayb ka mid ah magaca qaybta. Marka kaliya {{tlx|Anchor}} loo isticmaalo toos, akhlaaqdaas aan loo baahnayn {{em|waa ay}} dhacdaa, markaas waa in mar walba [[WP:ANCHORSUBST|loo beddelo anchors madaxyada qaybaha]]. Marka la dhex gelinayo span toos, {{em|ha}} gaabin iyadoo la isticmaalayo tag-ka self-closing, sida ku dhex jirta: <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== <span id="Consequences"</nowiki>{{highlight round|/|bc=var(--background-color-destructive-subtle, lightred);}}> Implications <nowiki>==</nowiki>}}</code> In HTML5 foomkaas XML-style waa mid shaqaynaya kaliya tags-ka qaarkood, sida {{nowrap |<code>&lt;br/></code>}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T134423 |title=T134423 Deprecate nonstandard behavior of self-closed HTML tags in wikitext. |website=phabricator.wikimedia.org |access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref> Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking|Avoiding broken section links}} si aad u ogaato wada-hadal dheeraad ah. ====Mawduuca oo kale madaxa==== Hagaha sare ee madaxyada qaybaha, gaar ahaan sentence case, turjumaad, sawirrada iyo su'aalaha, sidoo kale wuxuu ku dabaqmaa [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables#Captions and headers|madaxyada taarikada]] (iyo noocyada taarikada iyo xarrada). Laakiin, madaxyada taarikada waxay ku dhex jiri karaan xigashooyinka oo waxay ku starts-garo karaan, ama noqon karaan, nambara. Unka madaxyada bogga, madaxyada taarikada ma samayn karaan si otomaatig ah anchors-ka isqu xirka. Ka baxsan sentence case ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Glossaries|glossaries]], talada madaxa sidoo kale waxay ku dabaqmaysaa ''term'' qoraallada ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists#DLIST|description lists]]. Haddii la isticmaalayo [[Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Glossaries#Template-structured|template-structured glossaries]], terms-ku si otomaatig ah waxay leeyihiin anchors-ka isqu xirka, laakiin ma leeyihiin kale. Xigashooyinka mawduuca description-list waxay ku dhex jiraan {{tl|term}} ama {{tl|defn}} element, sida loo baahan yahay. ==Noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga== {{Shortcut|MOS:ENGVAR}} Noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga (tusaale ahaan, kala duwanaanshaha erayada ama naxwaha ee gobollada ka jira) waxay bixiyaan macluumaad ku saabsan kala duwanaanshaas. Dhammaan noocyada gobollada ama noocyada heerka ee Af-Soomaaliga waa kuwo la aqbali karo oo siman Wikipedia-da Soomaaliga, iyada oo la isticmaalayo uslub rasmi ah oo maqaallada u gaar ah ([[Register (sociolinguistics)|weeraral rami ah]] ama astaanta luqadda). Qaabka taariikhda ee maqaalka ({{xt|{{#time: F j, Y}}}} ama {{xt|{{#time: j F Y}}}}) wuxuu sidoo kale la xiriiraa noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga {{snd}}eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|Strong national ties to a topic|Retaining existing format}}. === <span class="anchor" id="Internal consistency"></span>Joogteynta ku dhex jirta maqaallada<!-- When renaming this section title, rename the full link at [[Wikipedia:Consistency]] --> === {{Shortcut|MOS:ARTCON|MOS:CONSISTENT}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Variation in citation methods|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Retaining existing format}} Xeerarka nooc gaar ah oo Af-Soomaali caadifad ah waa in loo raaco si joogto ah ku dhex jirta maqaalka gaarka ah. Waxyaabaha ka baxsan waxaa ku jira: *'''Xigashooyinka''' iyo '''cinwaannada buugaagta ama hawlaha''' (sida buugaagta, filimada, iyo muusigga) waa in loo qoraa sida ay ka muuqdaan ilaha tixraaca. Laakiin, waxaa jira xaalado qaarkood oo leexanaya mabda'an si loo dhowro heerka qaab-qoraalka ee alifbeetada encyclopedia-ha dhan. {{crossref|Eeg {{section link||Typographic conformity}}.}} *'''Magacyada u gaarka ah''' waxay isticmaalaan qoraalka mawduuca ama lahaanshaha u gaarka ah, tusaale ahaan, {{xt|United States Department of Defense}} iyo {{xt|Australian Defence Force}}; {{xt|International Labour Organization}}<!--This example is here because it uses -our and -ization at the same time; it is Oxford spelling.-->. *Maqaallada ku saabsan mawduucyada la xiriira kimistariga, foomka heerka caalamiga ah ee higaada {{xt|aluminium}}, {{xt|sulfur}}, {{xt|caesium}} (iyo erayada ka soo baxa) waa in loo isticmaalo iyadoo aan loo eegin nooca luqadda ee looga adeegsado maqaalka. {{crossref|Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (chemistry)|Element names}}.}} ===Fursadaha wadaagga ama isku-duubnida=== {{shortcut|MOS:COMMONALITY}} Si loogu talagalay encyclopedia caalamiga ah, isticmaalka erayada wadaagga ah ee dhammaan noocyada Af-Soomaaliga waa mid ka wanaagsan. *Isticmaal erayada si caalami ah loo aqbalay halkii kuwa aan aad loo fidin, gaar ahaan cinwaannada. Tusaale ahaan, [[Glasses|{{xt|muraayado}}]] ayaa ka wanaagsan noocyada gobollada ee gaarka ah; [[Ten million|{{xt|toban milyan}}]] ayaa ka wanaagsan [[crore|{{!xt|hal crore}}]]. *Haddii kala duwanaansho higaadeed uu ka muuqdo cinwaan, samee bogga [[Wikipedia:Redirect|reer-itusaale (sidetrack/redirect)]] si loogu talagalay kuwa kale, sida ku dhex jirta [[artefact]] iyo [[artifact]], si dhammaan noocyada loo isticmaali karo raadinta iyo isku xirka. *Erayada ku kala duwan noocyada luqadda, ama leh macnayaal kala duwan, waxaa lagu [[Gloss (annotation)#In linguistics|u xaqiijin karaa faahfaahinta (gloss)]] si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga ama jahawareerka, tusaale ahaan, {{xt|qaybta dambe ee baabuurta (trunk ama boot)&nbsp;...}}. *Isticmaal eray ama weedh si caadi ah loo fahmo iyada oo ka wanaagsan mid leh macno kale sababtoo ah kala duwanaanshaha gobollada (halkii {{!xt|alternate}}, isticmaal {{xt|alternative}} ama {{xt|alternating}}, sida habboon), marka laga reebo xaaladaha tignoolajiyada ama cilmiga halka beddelkaas uu noqon lahaa mid aan habboonayn ({{xt|alternate leaves}}; {{xt|alternate law}}). *Marka ay jiraan wax ka badan hal nooc oo higaad ah oo ka dhex jira heerka caadiga ah ee luqadda, nooca ugu caansan ee hadda la isticmaalo waa in caadi ahaan ka wanaagsanaado, marka laga reebo halka higaada yar ay leedahay isticmaal gaar ah oo xaalad xeel-dheer ah, tusaale ahaan, ''connexion'' ku dhex jirta [[Connexionalism|Methodist connexionalism]]. ===Xiriirka gobolka ama qaranka ee xoogga leh ee mawduuca=== {{Shortcut|MOS:TIES}} Maqaal ku saabsan mawduuc leh xiriir xooggan oo u socda waddan ama gobol]] gaar ah waa inuu isticmaalaa heerka luqadda rasmiga ah (ee ma aha colloquial/afka wadada) ee gobolkaas ama qarankaas. Tusaale ahaan: Mawduucyada leh xiriir xooggan oo u socda [[Commonwealth of Nations]], ama waddamo badan oo Commonwealth ah ama dhulalkii hore ee British-ka, isticmaal higaada British-ka. ===Dhowrida nooca jira=== {{Shortcut|MOS:RETAIN}} Marka nooc gaar ah [[#Consistency within articles|isticmaalkiisa joogtada ah]] lagu dhisay maqaal, sii wad iyada oo aan la helin is-afgarad ka dhan ah. Kaliya xaaladaha gaarka ah (sida marka mawduuc uu leeyahay [[#Strong national ties to a topic|xiriir gobol ama qaran oo xooggan]], ama beddelku wuxuu yareeyaa is-dhaafsiga) ayaa ay jirtaa sabab shaqaynaysa oo loo beddelo ka mid ah dookha la aqbali karo oo loo beddelo mid kale. {{va|FPSR|FMC|text=Marka aan la dhisin nooc gaar ah oo wada-hadalku uusan xallin arrinta, isticmaal nooca ka muuqda nooca ugu horreeyay ee ka dambeeya [[Wikipedia:Stub|qabyada (stub)]] oo soo bandhigay nooc la aqoonsan karo. Waxa ka baxsan tan waa [[#Retain quote variety|ha beddelin nooca luqadda ee ku dhex jira xigasho]].}} Nooca lagu dhisay maqaal gaar ah waxaa lagu qoraa iyadoo lagu dhex darayo [[:Category:Use English templates|tampaallada Use X English]] ee habboon bogga maqaalka. Tampaallada [[:Category:Varieties of English templates|nooca luqadda ee habboon]] sidoo kale waxaa lagu dhejin karaa bogga wada-hadalka ee maqaalka. Maqaal waa inuusan noqon mid la tifaftiro ama magaca loo beddelo kaliya si looga beddelo hal nooc oo luqad ah oo loo beddelo mid kale. Tampaalka {{tlxs|uw-engvar}} waxaa lagu dhejin karaa bogga wada-hadalka tifaftiraha si loogu sharraxo tan. ==Xarfo-waweynaynta== Cinwaannada maqaallada Wikipedia iyo cinwaannada qaybaha waxay isticmaalaan habka weedha, ma aha habka cinwaanka; iyo {{section link||Section headings}}. Xaraf-weynaynta alaabta liiska ku jirta, eeg {{section link||Bulleted and numbered lists}}. Points-ka kale ee ku saabsan xaraf-weynaynta waxaa si kooban loogu dhex muujiyay hoos. Macluumaadka fulan waxaa lagu heli karaa [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters]]. Qodobka ugu muhiimsan ayaa ah in Wikipedia aysan xaraf-weynaynayn eray ilaa uu si joogto ah xaraf-weyn ugu yahay badankooda [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|ilaha lagu kalsoonaan karo]] ee madax-bannaan. ===Xaraf-weynaynta ''The''=== Caadi ahaan, ha xaraf-weynayn erayga ''the'' dhexda jumlada ma aha { Reebanaanta caadiga ah waxaa ku jira magacyada u gaarka ah ee qaarkood iyo badankooda cinwaannada hawlaha abuurka ah ({{xt|Tolkien wrote ''The Lord of the Rings''}}{{snd}}laakiin ogaada in ''the'' aysan noqon karin qayb ka mid ah cinwaanka ee lagu qoro, t.s., Waxaa jira tixgelinno gaar ah oo loo sameeyo magacyada kooxaha muusigga , magacyada hay'adaha, magac u yaallada, summadaha ganacsiga. ===<span id="Capitalization-Titles"></span>Cinwaannada hawlaha=== {{main|WP:Manual of Style/Titles of works}} Cinwaannada luqadda Ingiriisiga ee qoraallada (buugaagta iyo hawlaha kale ee qoraalka, noocyada iyo hawlaha kale ee codka, filimada iyo hawlaha kale ee muuqaalka ah, sawirrada iyo hawlaha kale ee fanka, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxaa loo bixiyaa habka {{em|[[title case]]}}, halka eray kasta loo siiyo xaraf-weyn bilowga marka laga reebo erayada qaarkood oo yar oo muhiim ah (sida lagu sharraxay {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters|Composition titles}}). Erayada ugu horreeya iyo kuwa ugu dambeeya ee cinwaan luqad Ingiriisi ah mar walba waa kuwo xaraf-weyn leh. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|''An Eye for an Eye''}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|''Worth the Fighting For''}} Xaraf-weynaynta cinwaannada aan Ingiriisiga ahayn waa ay kala duwan tahay, xataa waqti ka waqti isla luqadda dhexdeeda; caadi ahaan, dhowr qaabka asalka ah ee hawlaha cusub, oo raac isticmaalka ka muuqda ilaha lagu kalsoonaan karo ee luqadda Ingiriisiga ee hadda{{efn|name=recent}} ee hawlaha taariikhiga ah. Marka lagu qoro alfabeta Laatiinka, badankooda waxyaabahaani waa inay sidoo kale ku jiraan farta janjeerta ([[#Italics|italics]]), ama lagu duubo [[#Names and titles|calaamadaha oraahda (quotation marks)]]. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|{{lang|fr|Les Liaisons dangereuses}}}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"{{lang|de|italics=no|Hymnus an den heiligen Geist}}"}} ===Tayooyinka iyo xilalka dadka=== *'''Isticmaalka guud''', isticmaal xaraf yar erayada sida ''madaxweyne'' , ''boqor', iyo ''imbiraadoor'' ({{xt|De Gaulle wuxuu ahaa madaxweyne Faransiis ah}}; {{xt|Louis XVI wuxuu ahaa boqor Faransiis ah}}; {{xt|Saddex ra'iisul wasaare ayaa ka soo qayb galay shirka}}). *'''Toos ka hor magaca dadka''', erayadaas waxay ka bilaabanayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|Madaxweyne Obama}}, ma aha {{!xt|madaxweyne Obama}}). Magacyada heerka caadiga ah ama caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo ee xilka ama doorka waxaa loo maareeyaa sida magacyada u gaarka ah ({{xt|David Cameron wuxuu ahaa Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Biritain}}; {{xt|Hirohito wuxuu ahaa Imbiraadoorkii Jabaan}}; {{xt|Louis XVI wuxuu ahaa Boqorkii Faransiiska}}). Titoolinka ama doorka boqortooyada waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|Her Majesty}}; {{xt|His Highness}}); reebanaantu waxay ku dabaqmi kartaa xilal gaar ah. ===Diimaha, ilaahyada, falsafadaha, iyo caqiidooyinka=== *'''Diimaha, kooxaha, iyo kaniisadaha''' iyo taageerayaashooda (foomka magaca ama tilmaamaha) waxay ka start-garoobayaan xaraf-weyn. Caadi ahaan, "the" ma aha xaraf-weyn ka hor magacyadaas ({{xt|the Unitarians}}, ma aha {{!xt|The Unitarians}}). *'''Qoraallada diinta]]''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn, laakiin badanaa ma aha farta janjeerta ({{xt|the Bhagavad Gita}}, {{xt|the Quran}}, {{xt|the Talmud}}, {{xt|the Granth Sahib}}, {{xt|the Bible}}). Ha u qorin xaraf-weyn "the" marka aad u isticmaalayso foomkan. Tilmaamaha qaarkood oo ka soo baxa waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn heshiis ahaan, qaarkoodna ma qaataan ({{xt|biblical}}, laakiin {{xt|Quranic}}); haddii aad u baahato hubaal, eeg qaamuuska. *'''[[Honorific|Tayooyinka iyo magacyada sharafta]] ee ilaahyada''', ku dhex jira magacyada u gaarka ah iyo tayooyinka, waxay ka start-garoobayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|God}}, {{xt|Allah}}, {{xt|the Lord}}, {{xt|the Supreme Being}}, {{xt|the Great Spirit}}, {{xt|the Horned One}}, {{xt|Bhagavan}}). Ha u qorin xaraf-weyn "the" xaaladahaas ama marka aad tixraacayso dadka waaweyn ee diinta ama shakhsiyaadka khayalka ah/asraarta ah ({{xt|the Prophet}}, {{xt|the Messiah}}, {{xt|the Virgin}}). Magacyada guud ee ilaahyada iyo shakhsiyaadka diinta ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|many gods}}; {{xt|the god Woden}}; {{xt|saints and prophets}}). *'''Magac-u-yaallada shakhsiyaadka cibaadada ama Ilaah''' ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn, xataa haddii xaraf-weyn lagu qoro qoraallada diinta ({{xt|God and his will}}). *'''Qaybaha waaweyn ee mukhluuqaadka khayalka ah (mythical/legendary)''' waxay ka start-garoobayaan xarfo yar ({{xt|elf}}, {{xt|fairy}}, {{xt|nymph}}, {{xt|unicorn}}, {{xt|angel}}), inkastoo hawlaha khayalka ah (fantasy), sida buugaagta [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] iyo ciyaaraha fiidiyowga qaarkood, xarfaha waaweyn ee bilowga ah marmar loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo in mukhluuqaadku ay samaynayaan dhaqan ama irsi dhex jira [[fictional universe|caalamka khayalka ah]]. U qor xaraf-weyn magacyada ama tayooyinka mukhluuqaadka gaarka ah ({{xt|the Minotaur}}, {{xt|Pegasus}}) iyo kooxaha oo magacooda iyo xubnahoodu ay yihiin kuwo go'an ({{xt|the Magi, or the Three Wise Men}}, {{xt|the Furies}}). Tixraacyada guud ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|these priests}}; {{xt|several wise men}}; {{xt|cherub-like}}). *'''Matalaadaha ama dhacdooyinka ruuxiga ah iyo kuwa diinta''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn kaliya marka la tixraacayo dhacdooyin gaar ah ama waqtiyo gaar ah ({{xt|the Great Flood}} iyo {{xt|the Exodus}}; laakiin {{xt|annual flooding}} iyo {{xt|an exodus of refugees}}). *'''Falsafadaha, aragtiyaha, dhaqdhaqaaqyada, iyo caqiidooyinka''' waxay isticmaalaan xarfo yar ilaa magacu ka soo baxo magac u gaar ah ({{xt|capitalism versus Marxism}}) ama uusan noqon magac u gaar ah ({{xt|republican}}, oo ah dhismaha fikirka siyaasadda; {{xt|Republican}}, oo ah xisbi siyaasadeed). Isticmaal xarfo yar mawduucyada caqiidooyinka ama fikirka diinta ee heerka caadiga ah (oo ka soo contrasts-garoobaya dhacdooyinka gaarka ah), xataa haddii xaraf-weyn lagu qoro taageerayaasha diinta qaarkood ({{xt|virgin birth}}, {{xt|original sin}}, {{xt|transubstantiation}}). *'''[[Platonic idealism|Platonic]] ama fikradaha sare (transcendent ideals)''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn xaaladda caqiidada falsafadda ({{xt|Truth}}, {{xt|the Good}}); marka loo isticmaalo si dhumuc leh, waxay ku dhex jiraan xarfo yar ({{xt|Superman represents American ideals of truth and justice}}). Isticmaal xarfo waaweyn marka fanka lagu personify-gareeyo fikradaha ({{xt|the guidebook mentioned statues of Justice and Liberty}}). *{{va|Eponyms|EPONYM|EPONYMS|text='''[[Eponym|Eponym-s (erayada ka soo baxay magacyada dadka)]]''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn ([[Edwardian era|{{xt|Edwardian}}]], [[De Morgan's laws|{{xt|De Morgan's laws}}]], [[Alice in Wonderland syndrome|{{xt|Alice in Wonderland syndrome}}]], [[Plaster of Paris|{{xt|plaster of Paris}}]], [[Platonic idealism|{{xt|Platonic idealism}}]], [[Draconian constitution|{{xt|Draconian constitution of Athens}}]]), marka laga reebo isticmaalka sanfada ama maahmaahda ah oo ka baxsan xaaladda asalka ah oo caadi ahaan xarfo yar ku dhex jira ilaha tixraaca ([[Platonic relationship|{{xt|a platonic relationship}}]]; {{xt|complained of draconian workplace policies}}).{{efn|name=eponyms|1=Waxaa jira waxyaabo yar oo dheeraad ah oo ka baxsan xaraf-weynaynta eponyms-ka, halka eraygu leeyahay xeer xooggan oo ah xarfo yar, t.s., lagu doorbido foomkaas badankooda qaamuustada waaweyn ee luqadda Ingiriisiga. Tusaale ahaan, {{xt|parkinsonian}} wuxuu sharraxaa bukaan muujinaya astaamaha [[Parkinson's disease|{{xt|Parkinson's disease}}]]. Dhexdeeda carabiga/higgaada isticmaalka erayada [[Linguistic latinisation|{{xt|latinize}}]], [[Romanisation|{{xt|romanize}}]], iyo [[Anglicization|{{xt|anglicize}}]] [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Anglo- and similar prefixes|waxay sii kordhayaan xarfo yar]], iyo [[Italic type|{{xt|italic[s]}}]] ku dhex jirta farta mar walba waa xarfo yar.}} Weedha dhan oo uu eponym ku yahay tilmaame [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Religions, deities, philosophies, doctrines, and their adherents|ma aha xaraf-weyn]] marka laga reebo marka weedha dhitadeedu tahay magac u gaar ah (t.s., [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles|cinwaanka hawl la daabacay]]: [[The China Syndrome|{{xt|''The China Syndrome''}}]]).}} ===Astaamaha kalandarka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Calendar items}} *'''Bilsashada (bilo), maalmaha toddobaadka, iyo fasaxyada''' waxay ka start-garoobayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|June}}, {{xt|Monday}}; {{xt|the Fourth of July}} wuxuu tixraacaa kaliya Maalinta Xorriyadda Mareykanka{{snd}}haddii kale {{xt|July 4}} ama {{xt|4 July}}). *'''Xilliyada''' waxay ku dhex jiraan xarfo yar ({{xt|her last summer}}; {{xt|the winter solstice}}; {{xt|spring fever}}), marka laga reebo marka lagu personify-gareeyo fanka ama magacyada u gaarka ah ee waqtiyada ama dhacdooyinka ({{xt|Old Man Winter}}; {{xt|competed on the Spring Circuit}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="People, animals, plants, and other organisms"></span>Dadka, xayawaanka, dhirta, iyo noolaha kale=== {{Shortcut|MOS:LIFE}} {{Hatnote|Wixii faahfaahsan ee ku saabsan xaraf-weynaynta, eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters|Animals, plants, and other organisms}}; ee farta janjeerta, {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting|Italic type}}. Eeg sidoo kale {{section link|Wikipedia:Lead section|Organisms}} ee ku saabsan maareynta jumlada ugu horreysa. Eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (fauna)]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora)]] ee ku saabsan hagaha cinwaannada maqaallada.}} Marka la isticmaalayo '''[[Taxonomy (biology)|magacyada taksonomiga ("sayniska")]]''', u qor xaraf-weyn oo janjeer (italics) genus-ka: {{xt|''Berberis''}}, {{xt|''Erithacus''}}. (Supergenus iyo subgenus, marka ay ku dabaqmaan, loo maareeyo foomkaas oo kale.) Janjeeri laakiin ha u qorin xaraf-weyn heerarka taksonomiga ee species-ka iyo ka hooseeya: {{xt|''Berberis darwinii''}}, {{xt|''Erithacus rubecula superbus''}}, {{xt|''Acacia coriacea'' subsp. ''sericophylla''}}; wax ka baxsan ma jiraan oo lagu sameeyay magacyada u gaarka ah oo samaynaya qayb ka mid ah magacyada sayniska. Taxa-ga sare (order, family, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn Laatiinka ({{xt|Carnivora}}, {{xt|Felidae}}) laakiin ma qaataan udhigmaadka Ingiriisiga ({{xt|carnivorans}}, {{xt|felids}}); ma aha janjeer labada foomba, marka laga reebo fayrasyada, halka dhammaan magacyada lagu aqbalay guddiga [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|ICTV]] ay yihiin janjeer ({{xt|''Retroviridae''}}). {{Shortcut|MOS:CULTIVAR}}{{Anchor|Cultivar}}Magacyada '''[[Cultivar]]''' iyo '''[[cultivar group]]''' ee dhirta ma aha janjeer, oo waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn (ku dhex jirta erayga ''Group'' ee magaca ku dhex jira); magacyada cultivar waxay ka muuqdaan xigashooyinka keliyaalka ah (single quotes) ({{xt|''Malus domestica'' 'Red Delicious'}}), halka cultivar groups aysan qaadanin ({{xt|''Cynara cardunculus'' Scolymus Group}}). '''Ingiriisi [[Common name|magacyada afka caadiga ah ("common")]]''' waxaa loo bixiyaa xarfo yar qoraalka maqaalka ([[Plains zebra|{{xt|plains zebra}}]]<!-- animal species -->, [[Mountain maple|{{xt|mountain&nbsp;maple}}]]<!-- plant species -->, iyo [[Southwestern red-tailed hawk|{{xt|southwestern red-tailed hawk}}]]<!-- bird subspecies -->) iyo habka weedha (sentence case) bilowga jumlada iyo meelaha kale oo xarafka ugu horreeya ee erayga ugu horreeya uu yahay xaraf-weyn.{{efn|name=Sentence case}} Waxay sidoo kale qaataan xarfo waaweyn halka ay ku jiraan magacyo u gaar ah: [[Przewalski's horse|{{xt|Przewalski's&nbsp;horse}}]]<!-- eponym -->, [[California condor|{{xt|California&nbsp;condor}}]]<!-- typical geonym -->, iyo [[Fair-maid-of-France|{{xt|fair-maid-of-France}}]]<!-- unusual but important illustrative case -->. Kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa species iyo subspecies, sida tusaalooyinka hore, iyo sidoo kale magacyada guud ee kooxaha ama noocyada noolaha: [[Bird of prey|{{xt|bird&nbsp;of&nbsp;prey}}]]<!-- cross-order ecological niche -->, [[Oak|{{xt|oak}}]]<!-- plant family -->, [[Great apes|{{xt|great&nbsp;apes}}]]<!-- animal family -->, [[Bryde's whales|{{xt|Bryde's&nbsp;whales}}]]<!-- species group -->, [[Livestock guardian dog|{{xt|livestock&nbsp;guardian&nbsp;dog}}]]<!-- domestic type -->, [[Poodle|{{xt|poodle}}]]<!-- domestic breed group but not a breed -->, [[Van cat|{{xt|Van&nbsp;cat}}]]<!-- domestic geographic landrace -->, [[Wolfdog|{{xt|wolfdog}}]]<!-- hybrid/crossbreed/mongrel not recognized as a standardized breed -->. Marka magaca caadiga ah uu la mid yahay takson saynis ah, ha u qorin xaraf-weyn ama janjeer, marka laga reebo halka la tixraacayo noolaha dhanka taksonomiga: {{xt|A lynx is any of the four medium-sized wild cat species within the genus ''Lynx''.}} Magacyada caadiga ah ee aan Ingiriisiga ahayn, marka ay la xiriiraan in lagu daro, waxaa loo maareeyay sida erayada kale ee aan Ingiriisiga ahayn: janjeer sidaas, oo xaraf-weyn kaliya haddii shuruudaha luqadda hooyo ay u baahan yihiin. Magacyada aan Ingiriisiga ahayn oo noqday kuwo la qabsaday Ingiriisiga waxaa loo maareeyay sida Ingiriisiga ([[Ayahuasca|{{xt|ayahuasca}}]], [[Okapi|{{xt|okapi}}]]). {{Shortcut|MOS:BREED}}{{Anchor|Breed}}'''[[Standardized breeds|Dhalada la halbeeyay (Standardized breeds)]]''' waa inay caadi ahaan dhowraan xaraf-weynaynta loo isticmaalay halbeegga dhalada.{{efn|name=Standardized breeds|1=Hagaha dhalada lagu daray [[Diff2/881140543|RfC on capitalization of the names of standardized breeds|December 2018 RfC]]. "Dhalada la halbeeyay" wuxuu waayay macno toos ah oo caddaynaya, laakiin wuxuu ku dhex jiraa dhala kasta oo ku dhex jira [[breed standard]] ama [[studbook]] ee kooxda taranta/mataanaha. Kooxaha kale ee xayawaanka guri-joogga ah ma aha dhala la halbeeyay: noocyada taariikhda hore, kooxaha dhalada, xayawaanka duurjoogtoobay (feral), landraces, iyo [[crossbreed|dhalada la isku dhalay]] ama [[Hybrid (biology)|isandho]] oo aan kooxaha waaweyn aqoonsan sida dhala gaar ah. Kuwo badan caadi ahaan ma aha [[Wikipedia:Notability|muhiim (notable)]].}} Tusaalooyinka: [[German Shepherd|{{xt|German Shepherd}}]], [[Russian White goat|{{xt|Russian White goat}}]], [[Berlin Short-faced Tumbler|{{xt|Berlin Short-faced Tumbler}}]]. Sida cultivar-ka dhirta, kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa haddii magacu yahay magac u gaar ah ama kale, oo ka soo contrasts-garoobaya sida magacyada caadiga ah ee noolaha loo qoro. Laakiin, ka baxsan cultivar-ka, dhalada waligeed ma lagu dhex daro xigashooyinka keliyaalka ah (single quotes), oo magacyadoodu waligeed ma aha qayb ka mid ah magac saynis ah. Erayga noolaha ee lagu daray dhamaadka si looga fogaado jahawareerka ("cat", "hound", "horse", "swine", iyo wixii la mid ah) waa inuusan noqon xaraf-weyn, ilaa uu yahay qayb ka mid ah magaca dhalada oo si joogto ah lagu muujiyo foomkaas halbeegga dhalada (xaaladaha dhifka ah waxaa ku jira [[Norwegian Forest Cat|{{xt|Norwegian Forest Cat}}]] iyo [[American Quarter Horse|{{xt|American Quarter Horse}}]]). Samee [[Wikipedia:Redirect|sidetrack/redirects]] ka soo baxay xaraf-weynaynta kale iyo foomamka higaada ee cinwaannada maqaalka, iyo magacyada kale, t.s., [[Adélie Penguin]], [[Adelie penguin]], [[Adelie Penguin]] iyo ''[[Pygoscelis adeliae]]'' dhammaan waa inay sidetrack u sameeyaan [[Adélie penguin]]. ===Samooyinka iyo walxaha hawada sare=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Celestial bodies}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (astronomical objects)}} Erayada ''sun'' (sol/qorrax), ''earth'' (dhul), ''moon'' (dayax), iyo ''solar system'' (bahda qorraxda) ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn isticmaalka guud ({{xt|The sun was over the mountain top}}; {{xt|The tribal people thought of the whole earth as their home}}). Waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn marka walaxda lagu personify-gareeyo fanka/suugaanta ({{xt|Sol Invictus ('Unconquered Sun') was the Roman sun god}}) ama marka loo isticmaalo sida magac walax gaar ah xaaladda sayniska ama falagga ({{xt|The Moon orbits the Earth}}; laakiin {{xt|Io is a moon of Jupiter}}). Magacyada meereyaasha, dayaxyada, asteroids-ka, comets-ka, xiddigaha, constellations-ka, iyo galaxies-ka waa magacyo u gaar ah, oo sidaas darteed xaraf-weyn ah ({{xt|The planet Mars is in the constellation Gemini, near the star Pollux}}). Xarafka ugu horreeya ee eray kasta oo ku dhex jira magacaas waa xaraf-weyn ({{xt|Alpha Centauri}} ma aha {{!xt|Alpha centauri}}; {{xt|Milky Way}}, ma aha {{!xt|Milky way}}). Erayada sida ''comet'' iyo ''galaxy'' waa inay noqdaan xaraf-weyn marka ay samaynayaan qayb ka mid ah magac u gaar ah, laakiin ma aha marka loo isticmaalo sida eray guud ({{xt|Halley's Comet is the most famous of the comets}}; {{xt|the Andromeda Galaxy is a spiral galaxy}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Compass"></span>Pointers-ka kombaas-ka (Jihooyinka)=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Compass points}} Ha xaraf-weynayn '''jihooyinka''' sida ''north'' (woqooyi) ama foomamka la xiriira ({{xt|We took the northern road}}) marka laga reebo marka ay yihiin qaybo ka mid ah magacyada u gaarka ah ({{xt|Great North Road}}, {{xt|Great Western Drive}}, {{xt|South Pole}}). U qor xaraf-weyn '''magacyada gobollada''' haddii ay gaareen heerka magaca u gaarka ah, ku dhex jira magacyada caadiga ah ee heshiiska ({{xt|Southern California}}; {{xt|the Western Desert}}), iyo erayada ka soo baxa ee dadka (t.s., ''Southerner'' oo ah mid ka soo jeeda [[Southern United States]]). Ha xaraf-weynayn magacyada sharraxaadda leh ee gobollada oo aan gaarin heerka magacyada u gaarka ah, sida {{xt|southern Poland}}. Jihooyinka isku-dhafka ah waxaa lagu dhex jiri karaa ama aan lagu dhex jiri karin dhex-xariijin (hyphen), iyada oo ku xiran [[#National varieties of English|nooca Ingiriisiga ee loo qaatay]] maqaalka. {{xt|Southeast Asia}} iyo {{xt|northwest}} waxay ka caansan yihiin Ingiriisiga Mareykanka; laakiin {{xt|South-East Asia}} iyo {{xt|north-west}} waxay ka caansan yihiin Ingiriisiga British-ka. Xaaladaha sida {{xt|north–south dialogue}} iyo {{xt|east–west orientation}}, isticmaal en dash; eeg {{section link||Other uses for en dashes}}. ===<span id="Institutions"></span>Magacyada u gaarka ah ka soo contrasts-garoobaya erayada guud=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Institutions|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Capitalization of The{{!}}Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Capitalization of ''The''}} U qor xaraf-weyn magacyada hay'adaha ama doorka gaarka ah ({{xt|the founding of the University of Delhi}}; {{xt|the history of Stanford University}}) laakiin ma aha erayada guud ee hay'adaha ({{xt|the high school is near the university}}). Ha xaraf-weynayn ''the'' bilowga magaca hay'adda, iyada oo aan loo eegin qaabka loo doorbido ee hay'adda. Waxaa jira reebanaanno dhif ah, marka la hoggaaminayo ''The'' oo lagu muujiyay ''T'' ku dhex jira acronym-ka kooxda: {{xt|The International Cat Association (TICA)}}. U maaree qaybaha siyaasadda ama juqraafiga foomkan oo kale: {{xt|The city has a population of 55,000}}; {{xt|The two towns merged to become the City of Smithville}}. Ha u sameynin sida qaabka wargaysyada maxalliga ah oo tixraacaya degmada/magaalada sida ''the City'' ama ''The City'', marka laga reebo City of London [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#City of London|xaaladaha qaarkood]]. Hagahaani wuxuu sii kordhayaa wax-soosaarka hay'adaha, shirkadaha, iyo kooxaha kale. Tusaale ahaan, magaca dhan ee sharciga sida {{xt|Online Safety Act 2023}} wuxuu noqon doonaa xaraf-weyn, laakiin tixraacyada ka dambeeya ee {{xt|the act}} ma noqon doonaan kuwo xaraf-weyn ah. ==<span class="anchor" id="Acronyms and abbreviations"></span><span class="anchor" id="Acronyms"></span><span class="anchor" id="Initialisms"></span><span class="anchor" id="Shortenings"></span>Gaabinta== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Initials}} Gaabinta waa foomamka gaaban ee erayada ama foomamka. Raadinta saxda ah, waxay ku kala duwan yihiin [[Contraction (grammar)|contractions]], oo isticmaala [[apostrophe]] (t.s., ''won't'', eeg {{Section link||Contractions}}), iyo [[initialism]]s. Initialism waxaa lagu samaynayaa ka mid ah ama dhammaan xarfaha bilowga ah ee erayada ku dhex jira foom. Ka hooseeya, tixraacyada gaabinta waa in loo qaadaa inay ku dhex jiraan acronyms, iyo term-ka ''acronym'' waa inuu sidoo cuali ahaan ku dabaqmaa initialisms. ===U qor matoorada ugu horreeya si dhan=== {{Shortcut|MOS:1STOCC|MOS:1STABBR}} Marka gaabinta loo isticmaali doono maqaal, soo bandhig iyadoo la isticmaalayo foomka dhan, iyo gaabinta ku dhex jirta parentheses: {{Block indent|{{xt|an early local area network (LAN) developed by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC){{nbsp}}... DEC's later LAN products were{{nbsp}}...}}}} Ha isticmaalin xarfo waaweyn foomka dhan kaliya sababtoo ah xarfaha waaweyn waxaa loo isticmaalay gaabinta: {{!xt|an early Local Area Network (LAN)}}. Marka laga reebo xaaladaha gaarka ah, gaabinta caadiga ah (sida {{xt|PhD}}, {{xt|DNA}}, ama {{xt|USSR}}) looma baahna in lagu fido xataa isticmaalka ugu horreeya. ===Foomamka plural-ka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:GREENGROCER}} U samee plural [[acronyms]] iyadoo lagu darayo ''-s'' ama ''-es'': {{xt|Three CD-ROMs and two BIOSes were released}}. Ha isticmaalin ''[[greengrocer's apostrophe]]'' si aad u samayso plurals: {{!xt|Three CD-ROM's and two BIOS's were released}}. ===<span class="anchor" id="Periods (full stops) and spaces"></span><span class="anchor" id="Full stops and spaces"></span><span class="anchor" id="op.cit."></span>Punctuation iyo spacing=== {{Shortcut|MOS:PS}} Gaabintu waxay ku dhabayn kartaa ama aan ku dhabayn karin full point (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-garaysay ''period'' ama ''full stop''). Qaab joogto ah waa in lagu dhasheeyaa ku dhex jirta maqaal. Isticmaalka North American caadi ahaan waa in lagu dhabeeyo dhammaan gaabinta period ({{xt|Dr. Smith of 42&nbsp;Drummond St.}}) laakiin isticmaalka caadiga ah ee British iyo Australian, ma jiro period loo isticmaalo haddii gaabinta (contraction) ay ku dhabayso xarafka ugu dambeya ee foomka aan la gaabin ({{xt|Dr Smith of 42&nbsp;Drummond St}}) ilaa is-dhaafsi uu keeni karo. Kani waa sidoo cuali ahaan isticmaalka caadiga ah ee qoraalka scientific-ka ah. Iyadoo aan loo eegin punctuation, erayada lagu gaabay ka badan hal xaraf waa lagu dhex jiraa space ({{xt|op.&nbsp;cit.}} ma aha {{!xt|op.cit.}} ama {{!xt|opcit}}). Waxaa jira waxyaabo ka baxsan oo yar: {{xt|PhD}} {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg sare)}} "Philosophiae Doctor"; {{xt|BVetMed}} "Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine". Xaaladaha badankooda, Wikipedia ma isticmaalto punctuation-ka oo kale ku dhex jirta acronyms iyo initialisms: {{xt|GDP}}, ma aha {{!xt|G.D.P.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="US"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S."></span><span class="anchor" id="USA"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S.A."></span>US iyo U.S.<!-- When renaming this section title, rename the full link at [[Wikipedia:Consistency]] -->=== {{Shortcut|MOS:US|MOS:U.S.|MOS:USA|MOS:U.S.A.}} {{redirect|MOS:US|the use of the word "us"|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#First-person pronouns}} {{xt|US}} waa gaabinta caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo ee {{xt|United States}}, inkastoo {{xtn|U.S.}} – oo leh periods iyo aan lahayn space – ay tahay mid caadi ah daabacadaha North American, ku dhex jirta wargaysyada news-ka. Hagayaasha qaabka American qaarkood, ku dhex jiro ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style]]'' (tan iyo 2010), waxay baabi'iyeen {{!xt|U.S.}} waxayna soo sheegeen {{xt|US}}. Sababaha [[#Opportunities for commonality|wadaagga]], isticmaal {{xt|US}} default ahaan marka aad gaabinayso, laakiin [[#Retaining existing styles|sii wad]] {{xtn|U.S.}} maqaallada American ama Canadian English oo ay horey u dhisantay, ilaa ay jirto sabab wanaagsan oo loo beddelo. Sababtoo ah isticmaalka periods ee gaabinta iyo acronyms wuxuu noqon doonaa mid joogto ah ku dhex jira maqaal kasta, mar walba isticmaal {{xt|US}} maqaal leh gaabinta waddammada kale. Gaabinta dheeraad ah oo lagu dhex jiro initials-ka waddanka ({{xt|USN}}, {{xt|USAF}}), waligeed ha isticmaalin periods. Marka United States lagu xuso hal ama ka badan waddammada kale ku dhex jirta jumlad oo kale, {{xt|US}} (ama {{xtn|U.S.}}) wuxuu noqon karaa mid aad u informal ah, gaar ahaan xusidda ugu horreysa ama sida noun halkii adjective ({{xt|France and the United States}}, ma aha {{!xt|France and the US}}). Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|U.&nbsp;S.}} oo leh space ama {{!xt|U.S.&nbsp;of&nbsp;A.}} oo taariikh hore ah, marka laga reebo marka aad xigasho sameynayso. Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|U.S.A.}} ama {{!xt|USA}} marka laga reebo ku dhex jirta xigasho, sida qayb ka mid ah magac sax ah ({{xt|Team USA}}), ama isticmaalka tignoolajiyada iyo rasmiga ah ee qaarkood (t.s., [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3]], [[FIFA country codes|FIFA]], iyo [[IOC country codes]]). ===Circa=== {{for|examples|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Uncertain, incomplete, or approximate dates}} Si loo muujiyo ''si xaddidan'', isticmaalka {{tl|circa}}, oo muuqda sida {{xt|{{circa}}}}, waxaa ka wanaagsan {{!xt|circa}}, {{!xt|c.}}, {{!xt|ca.}}, ama {{!xt|approx.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="unwarranted abbreviations"></span>Ka fogao isticmaalka aan la xaqijin=== {{Hatnote|See also: {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|Units of measurement}} for when to abbreviate units of measurement.}} Ka fogao gaabinta marka ay jahwareerin karaan akhristaha, baabi'in karaan socodka, ama ka muuqan karaan informal. Tusaale ahaan: *Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|approx.}} ee {{xt|approximate(ly)}} marka laga reebo infobox ama table (xaaladaas isticmaal {{tlx|abbr|approx.|approximately}} xusidda ugu horreysa: {{xt|{{abbr|approx.|approximately}}}}). *Ha isticmaalin legalism-ka {{!xt|Holmes J}} ee {{xt|[[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.|Justice Holmes]]}}. <!-- this might be better in [[WP:JARGON]] --> ===Ha samaynin=== Ka fogao sameynta [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#Neologisms|gaabinta cusub]], gaar ahaan acronyms. Tusaale ahaan, {{xtn|World Union of Billiards}} waa wanaagsan yahay sida {{em|turjumaad}} ee {{xt|[[Union Mondiale de Billard]]}}, laakiin ma aha iyada ama yareynta {{!xt|WUB}} oo loo isticmaalay kooxda ama tixraacyada gaarka ah; isticmaal magaca asalka ah iyo gaabintiisa rasmiga ah, {{xt|UMB}}. Haddii ay noqoto mid lagama maarmaan ah in lagu gaabiyo space yar, sida [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables#Captions and headers|column header ee table-ka]], isticmaal gaabinta si baaxad leh loo aqoonsan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, ee {{xt|New Zealand gross national product}}, isticmaal {{xt|NZ}} iyo {{xt|GNP}}, oo leh isqu xir haddii term-ka aan horey loogu qorin maqaalka: {{xt|NZ&nbsp;[[Measures of national income and output|GNP]]}}. Ha samaynin initialisms sida {{!xt|NZGNP}}. ===HTML tags iyo moodallada=== Mid ka mid ah {{tag|abbr|o}} ama {{tlx|abbr}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa gaabinta iyo acronyms: {{tag|abbr|params=title="World Health Organization"|content=WHO|wrap=yes}} ama {{tlx|abbr|WHO|World Health Organization}} waxay samayn doonaan {{abbr|WHO|World Health Organization}}; [[mouseover|soreynta]] qoraalka muuqda waxay keentaa [[tooltip]] ee foomka dheer inuu soo muuqdo. ===Ampersand=== {{Shortcut|MOS:AMP|MOS:&}} {{redirects|WP:&|the use of "and" in titles|Wikipedia:Article titles#Titles containing "and"}} Qoraalka caadiga ah iyo madaxyada, isticmaal ''and'' halkii [[ampersand]] (''&''): {{xt|January 1&nbsp;and&nbsp;2}}, ma aha {{!xt|January 1&nbsp;&&nbsp;2}}. Laakiin sii wad ampersand marka uu yahay qayb shaqaynaysa oo qaabka magac sax ah, mawduuca shaqaalaha, ama trademark, sida ku dhex jirta ''[[Up & Down (Horace Parlan album)|Up&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Down]]'' ama [[AT&T]]. Meelaha kale, ampersands waxaa loo isticmaali karaa joogteyn iyo dookh halka space uu aad u xaddidan yahay (t.s., tables iyo infoboxes). Xigashooyinka [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Typographic conformity|waxaa lagu beddeli karaa si dhibco leh]], gaar ahaan joogteynta halka noocyada kala duwan lagu xigto, maadaama noocyada cusub ee qoraallada hore ay si joogto ah u beddealaan ampersands ''and'' (sida ay u beddealaan [[glyph]]s kale oo aan la isticmaalin, [[Typographic ligature|ligatures]], iyo gaabinta). Isticmaalka kale oo loo ilaysay laakiin aan loo baahnayn waa tixraacyada gaaban ee shaqaalaha leeh qoraa badan, t.s.: {{xt|<nowiki><ref>Lubbers & Scheepers (2002); Van Hiel & Mervielde (2002); Swyngedouw & Giles (2007); Van Hiel (2012).</ref></nowiki>}}. ==Italics== {{Shortcut|MOS:IT|MOS:ITAL}} {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Italic type}} ===<span id="Do not use capitals for emphasis"></span>Emphasis=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Emphasis}} Italics waxaa loo isticmaalaa emphasis, halkii [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Boldface|boldface]] ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#All caps and small caps|capitals]]. Laakiin isticmaalka badan wuxuu yareeyaa shaqadiisa: tixgeli dib-u-qorista halkii. Isticmaal {{tag|em}} ama {{tlx|em|...}} ee emphasis. Kani wuxuu u sahlayaa [[Help:User style|user style sheets]] in lagu maareeyo emphasis foom gaar ah, wuxuuna taageeraa reusers-ka iyo turjumaada.{{refn|{{cite web |last1=Ishida |first1=Richard |title=Using b and i elements |quote=the content of a <code>b</code> element may not always be bold, and that of an <code>i</code> element may not always be italic. |url=https://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-b-and-i-tags |website=W3C Internationalization |publisher=[[World Wide Web Consortium]] |date=2015 |access-date=1 September 2016}} }} *Sax: <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>The meerkat is <em>not</em> actually a cat.</nowiki>}}</code> *Sax: <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>The meerkat is {{em|not}} actually a cat.</nowiki>}}</code> ===<span id="Italics-Titles"></span>Mawduucyada=== {{shortcut|MOS:NOITALIC}} {{/titles hatnote include|where=MOS#I-T}} Isticmaal italics mawduucyada shaqaalaha (sida buugaagta, filimada, taxanaha TV-ga, bandhigga la magacaabay, video games-ka, albums-ka muusigga, iyo fanka). Mawduucyada maqaallada, chapters-ka, noocyada, episodes-ka, storylines-ka, papars-ka raadinta iyo shaqaalaha kale ee gaaban waxay qaataan calaamadaha xigmadda double-ka ah. Italics ma loo isticmaalo shaqaalaha diinta ee waaweyn ({{xt|the Bible}}, {{xt|the Quran}}, {{xt|the Talmud}}). Kuwa badan oo mawduucyadaani waa inay sidoo kale ku dhex jirin [[#Titles of works|title case]]. ===Erayada sida erayada=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Words as words}} {{for|the policy when a word or phrase itself may be an encyclopedic subject|Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#When a word or phrase may be an encyclopedic subject}} Isticmaal italics marka aad {{em|xusayso}} eray ama xaraf {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Use–mention distinction]])}} ama foomka erayada ilaa hal jumlad ({{xt|the term ''panning'' is derived from ''panorama''}}; {{xt|the most common letter in English is ''e''}}). Marka jumlad dhan la xuso, calaamadaha xigmadda double-ka ah waxaa loo isticmaali karaa halkii, iyadoo leh joogteyn ({{xt|The preposition in ''She sat on the chair'' is ''on''}}; ama {{xt|The preposition in "She sat on the chair" is "on"}}). Calaamadaha xigmadda waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa maaddada gaaban si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga, sida marka italics horey loo isticmaalay si xooggan bogga ee sabab kale (t.s., ee erayada iyo foomamka badan ee aan English-ka ahayn). {{em|Xusidda}} (si looga wada-hadlo grammar, wording, punctuation, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxay ku kala duwan tahay {{em|xigashoda}} (halka wax caadi ahaan lagu muujiyo ka magaca tixraaca la xigtay). Xigashoda waxaa lagu sameeyaa calaamadaha xigmadda, waligeed ma aha italics, ama labadaba waqti oo kale {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Quotations}} si aad u ogaato xeel-dheeraan).}} Isticmaalka la xiriira ee italics waa marka la soo bandhigayo ama lagu kala saarayo terms: {{xt|The ''natural numbers'' are the integers greater than 0.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign words"></span> Erayada aan English-ka ahayn=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Non-English terms}} Italics waxaa lagu muujiyay foomamka aan English-ka ahayn iyo erayada aan English-ka ahayn ee gaarka ah oo aan caadi ahaan loo isticmaalin English-ka maalin kasta. Laakiin, magacyada saxda ah (sida magacyada meelaha) ee luqadaha kale caadi ahaan ma aha italics, ama terms-ka ku dhex jira scripts-ka aan Latin-ka ahayn. Moodalka {{tlx|lang}} iyo noocyadiisa waxay taageeraan dhammaan [[ISO 639]] koodhadhka luqadaha, iyagoo sax ah u aqoonsanaya luqadda iyo si otomaatig ah u italics-garaynaya. Fadlan isticmaal moodalladan halkii aad manwal ahaan italics ugu sameyn lahayd maaddada aan English-ka ahayn. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link|WP:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Other languages}} si aad u ogaato macluumaad dheeraad ah.)}} ===Magacyada scientific-ka ah=== Isticmaal italics magacyada scientific-ka ah ee dhirta, dhabaha, iyo [[Kingdom (biology)|dhammaan organisms-ka kale]] marka laga reebo viruses heerka [[genus]] iyo ka hooseeya (italics-garo {{xt|''Panthera leo''}} iyo {{xt|''Retroviridae''}}, laakiin ma aha {{xt|Felidae}}). Sign-ka hybrid ma aha italics ({{xt|''Rosa''&nbsp;×&nbsp;''damascena''}}), ama "connecting term" loo baahan yahay ku dhex jirta [[Trinomial nomenclature#In botany|magacyada botanical-ka ee saddexda qaybood ah]] ({{xt|''Rosa gallica'' subsp. ''officinalis''}}). ===<span id="Italics and quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka ku dhex jira italics=== {{shortcut|MOS:ITALQUOTE|}}{{See also|#Quotations}} <section begin="Quotations in italics body"/>Ha u lagin xigashooyinka italics. [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation marks|Calaamadaha xigmadda]] (ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Block quotations|block quoting]]) kaliya waa kuwo ku filan oo foomamka saxda ah si loogu muujiyo xigashooyinka. Italics waa in loo isticmaalo kaliya haddii maaddada la xigtay ay haddii kale u baahan lahayd italics.<section end="Quotations in italics body"/> ([[#Italics within quotations|Eeg ka hooseeya]].) ===Italics ku dhex jira xigashooyinka=== <section begin="Italics within quotations body"/>Isticmaal italics ku dhex jira xigashooyinka si aad u soo saarto emphasis oo ku dhex jirta maaddada tixraaca ama si aad u muujiso isticmaalka erayada aan English-ka ahayn. Emphasis waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu sameyo {{tlx|em}}. Haddii aysan caddayn in tixraacu horey u lagu daray italics (ama qaab kale) ee emphasis, ama si loo muujiyo marka emphasis aan loo isticmaalin qoraalka asalka ah laakiin dambe lagu daray tifaftirka, ku dar xusuus-qoraalka tifaftirka {{xt|[emphasis in original]}} ama {{xt|[emphasis added]}}, sida ay u kala horreeyaan, ka dambaysta xigashoda. * Tusaale ahaan: {{xt|"Now cracks a noble heart. Good night sweet prince: And {{em|flights of angels}} sing thee to thy rest." [emphasis in original].}}<section end="Italics within quotations body"/> ===Atharta ku dhex jirta punctuation-ka dhow=== {{Shortcut|MOS:ITALPUNCT}} Italics-garo kaliya elements-ka jumlada oo uu saameeyay emphasis-ku. Ha italics-garayn punctuation-ka ku dhex jira dhowga. *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|What are we to make of {{em|that?}}}} (Su'aashu waxay ku dabaqmaysaa jumlada dhan, ma aha kaliya emphasis-ka ''that'', markaas waa inaysan noqon italics.) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|What are we to make of {{em|that}}?}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Four of Patrick White's most famous novels are ''A Fringe of Leaves'', ''The Aunt's Story'', ''Voss'', and ''The Tree of Man''.}} (Commas, period, iyo erayga ''and'' ma aha italics.) ==Xigashooyinka== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTE}}{{See|Wikipedia:Do not include the full text of lengthy primary sources}} {{Redirects here|MOS:QUOTE|the section on quotation characters|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation characters|the essay|Wikipedia:Quotations}} [[Wikipedia:Non-free content#Guideline examples|Xigashooyinka gaaban ee qoraalka la dhowray]] waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loogu muujiyo dhibic, loo dhiibo xaalad, ama loo atribuigo dhibic fikir ama aragti. Inkastoo xigashooyinku ay yihiin qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah Wikipedia, isticmaalka badan ee iyaga ka mid ah ma aha mid ku habboon qaabka qoraalka encyclopedic-ka ah oo wuxuu noqon karaa [[Wikipedia:Copyrights|baabi'inta copyright-ka]], markaas badankooda mawduuca waa inuu ku dhex jiraa erayada tifaftiraha laakiis. Tixgeli dib-u-qorista xigashooyinka si ay u noqdaan qoraal toos ah oo gaaban marka ay habboon tahay (iyadoo la ogaaday in [[Wikipedia:Close paraphrasing|dib-u-qorista dhow]] ay sii baabi'in karto copyright-ka). [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Quotations|Ha u lagin xigashooyinka italics]] ilaa maaddadu ay italics ugu noqoto sabab kale laakiis. Per [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|siyaasada verifiability-ga]], xigashooyinka tooska ah {{em|waa in}} ay la socdaan [[WP:INCITE|inline citation]] oo ka soo baxday [[WP:RS|tixraac lagu aamini karo]] oo taageeraya maaddada. Kani waa mid gaar ah oo muhiim ah maqaallada ku saabsan ama ku dhex jira maaddada ku saabsan [[WP:BLP|dadka nool ama dhowaan dhintay]] (BLPs). ===<span class="anchor" id="Principle of minimal change"></span><span class="anchor" id="Minimal change"></span><span class="anchor" id="PMC"></span><span class="anchor" id="PLC"></span><span class="anchor" id="MINIMALCHANGE"></span><span class="anchor" id="MINCHANGE"></span><span class="anchor" id="LEASTCHANGE"></span>Qoraalka asalka ah=== {{Shortcut|MOS:PMC|MOS:SIC}} {{Redirect|WP:PMC|closure of requested moves by page movers|Wikipedia:Requested moves/Closing instructions#Closure by a page mover}} {{Redirect|WP:PLC|inclusion guidelines for organizations|Wikipedia:Notability (organizations and companies)|the handling of the abbreviation "plc" in article titles|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (companies)}}Xigashooyinka waa inay noqdaan kuwo [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiably]] loo atribuigoy, iyo qoraalka qoraalka la xigtay waa inuu noqdo mid si dhab ah loo soo saaro. Kani waxaa loo tixraacaa sida {{em|maamulka beddelka yar}}. Halka ay jirto sabab wanaagsan oo loo beddelo qoraalka, ku dar square bracket qoraalka la beddelay; tusaale ahaan, {{!xt|"Ocyrhoe told him his fate"}} waxaa loo xigtay karaa sida {{xt|"Ocyrhoe told [her father] his fate"}}. <!-- IF EDITING THE FOLLOWING SENTENCE, PLEASE UPDATE THE DOCUMENTATION AT [[Template:Sic/doc]] ACCORDINGLY --> Makhaadhaa yar ee spelling-ka iyo typographic-ka waa in si toos ah loo hagaajiyo (tusaale ahaan, hagaaji {{!xt|basicly}} loo beddelo {{xt|basically}}). Haddii ay jirto makhaadhaa muhiim ah asalka ku dhex jirta, raac iyada oo leh {{tlx|sic}} (soo saaraya {{sic}}{{hsp}}) si loogu muujiyo in makhaadhaahu aysan ahayn mid ay sameysay Wikipedia; tusaale ahaan, {{xt|"his interview with the Dolly Llama {{sic}}"}}. Marka lagu dabaqo qoraal oo isku xir leh, syntax-ka moodalka waxaa loo hagaajin karaa {{tlx|sic|2=nolink=y}} (soo saaraya {{sic|nolink=y}} qoraalka isku xirka leh ee ka soo baxa; tusaale ahaan ku dhex jirta isku xirka: [[Template:Sic|{{sic|nolink=y}} template]]).{{efn|name="sicwarning"|{{tl|Sic}} ma aha in loo isticmaalo dhexda {{tag|ref}} tags, ama ku dhex jirta [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation templates]] sida [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]] iyo [[Help:Citation Style 2|Citation Style 2]], sababtoo ah wuxuu ku dhex jiraa markup oo baabi'in doona [[COinS]] metadata ee ay soo saaraan; eeg [[Wikipedia:COinS]].<!-- Per [[Template:Sic]] there is a {{COinS safe|n}} warning that it "should not be used in citation templates such as Citation Style 1 and Citation Style 2, because it includes markup that will pollute the COinS metadata they produce; see Wikipedia:COinS." -->}} Sababaha saxda ah iyo indexing-ka, mawduucyada tixraacyada ee loo tixraacay ma aha in loo hagaajiyo spelling-ka, laakiin hagaajinta yar ee typographic-ka ah (sida beddelka [[MOS:CURLY|curly quotes]] loo beddelo straight) waxaa lagu sameyn karaa si toos ah. Inline citations ee ku dhex jira qoraalka la xigtay, oo loo tixraaco aan loo isticmaalin maqaalka Wikipedia, waa in si toos ah loo baabi'iyo. Isticmaal [[#Ellipses|ellipses]] si aad u muujiso ka-tagista qoraalka la xigtay. Ka-tagista la xaqijiyay waxaa ku jira erayada aan loo baahnayn, aan la xiriirin, ama parenthetical-ka ah, iyo yaraynta yar ({{!xt|umm}} iyo {{!xt|hmm}}), laakiin ha ka tagin qoraal halka aad sameyso ay baabi'in doonto xaaladda muhiimka ah ama beddeli doonto macnaha qoraalka. Vulgarities iyo obscenities waa in lagu muujiyo si sax ah sida ay ka muuqdaan tixraaca la xigtay; Wikipedians ma aha in waligeed [[Wikipedia:Offensive material#How to treat offensive material in articles|baabi'iyaan erayada]] ({{!xt|G-d d--n it!}}), laakiin haddii qoraalka la xigtay {{em|laikiisu}} uu foomkan u sameyo, copy-garo qoraalka verbatim oo isticmaal {{tlx|sic}} si aad u muujiso in qoraalka loo xigtay sida ka muuqata tixraaca. Xigashooyinka tooska ah, sii wad spelling-ka dialectal iyo archaic-ka ah, ku dhex jirta capitalization-ka (laakiin ma aha glyphs iyo ligatures archaic-ka ah, sida lagu sharraxay ka hooseeya ku dhex jirta {{slink||Typographic conformity}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Quotation point of view"></span>Aragtida=== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTEPOV}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Attributing and specifying biased statements|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Expressions of doubt}} Xigashoda waa in loo isticmaalo, iyadoo la atribuigo, si loo soo bandhigo aragtiyada emotive ee aan lagu muujin karin poxa Wikipedia laikiis, laakiin waligeed ma aha si loo soo bandhigo heerarka culture sida kaliya aragtiyada: *La accepts karo: {{xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film "unforgettable".}} *Aan la accepts karin: {{!xt|The site is considered "sacred" by the religion's scriptures.}} Aragtiyada gaaban ee aan aad uga emotive ahayn caadi ahaan waxaa lagu soo sheegi karaa iyadoo la atribuigo halkii xigashoda tooska ah. Isticmaalka calaamadaha xigmadda ee terms-ka sharraxaadda leh ee gaaban wuxuu [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Expressions of doubt|muujin karaa wax is-dhaafsi ah]] oo ku saabsan maaddada la xigtay; sarcasm ama [[weasel words]], sida ''supposedly'' ama ''so-called'', waxaa lagu muujin karaa. *La accepts karo: {{xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film interesting.}} *Aan loo baahnayn oo muujin kara is-dhaafsi: {{!xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film "interesting".}} *Waa in la xigto: {{xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film "interesting but heart-wrenching".}} ===Typographic conformity=== {{Shortcut|MOS:CONFORM}} {{redirect|MOS:CONFORM|consistency within articles|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Consistency within articles}} Xigashodu ma aha [[wikt:facsimile|facsimile]] oo, xaaladaha badankooda, ma aha shuruud in qaabka asalka ah lagu dhowro. Qaabka iyo elements-ka kale ee typographic-ka ah ee qoraalka la xigtay{{efn|"Qoraalka la xigtay" ee typographic conformity iyo sababaha kale ee badan wuxuu ku dhex jiraa mawduucyada shaqaalaha, magacyada kooxaha, iyo foomamka kale oo, asalkiisa, la xigtay. Tusaale: waxyaabaha sida "Mexican-American War" waxaa si joogto ah loo hagaajiyaa loo beddelo "Mexican–American War" Wikipedia-ha, ku dhex jirta mawduucyada tixraacyada loo tixraacay, ku dhex jirta qoraalka maqaalka, tixraacyada xusuus-qoraalka, ama meelaha kale ee bogga. Kani ma leeyahay athar raadinta shaqaalaha aan tixraacnay, maadaama dhammaan raadinta waaweyn ay baabi'iyaan calaamadaha punctuation-ka.}} waa in lagu dhasheeyo heshiisyada Wikipedia-ha English-ka oo aan lahayn xusuus-qoraal, iyadoo la xaqijiyay in sameynta kani aysan beddeli doonin ama baabi'in doonin macnaha ama inta qoraalka. Kani waa beddelka oo aan samaynayn kala duwanaansho marka qoraalka loo akhrriyo si toos ah; tusaale ahaan: *Normalize dashes iyo hyphens: eeg {{Section link||Dashes}}. Isticmaal qaabka loo doortay maqaalka: unspaced [[em dash]] ama spaced [[en dash]]. *Beddel apostrophes iyo calaamadaha xigmadda loo beddelo qaabka Wikipedia: **Kuwani waa inay noqdaan toos, ma aha curly ama slanted. Eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}}. **Marka aad xigtayso xigasho iyada laikiis ku dhex jirta xigasho, beddel dhexda isticmaalka double iyo single quotes ee xigasho kasta. Eeg {{section link||For a quotation within a quotation}} si aad u ogaato xeel-dheeraan. *Marka aad xigtayso qoraal ka soo baxay luqadaha aan English-ka ahayn, punctuation-ka ka baxsan waa inuu raaco [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation marks|Manual of Style ee calaamadaha xigmadda English-ka]]. Haddii ay jiraan xigashooyinka ku dhex jira, raac shuruudaha punctuation-ka saxda ah ee luqaddaas. Haddii ay jiraan qaabab badan oo luqad ah, midka loo isticmaalay Wikipedia-ha luqaddaas waa ka wanaagsan yahay ilaa punctuation-ka laikiisu uu yahay ku dhex jiro wada-hadal. *:{{xt|The cynical response "{{lang|fr|italic=unset|L'auteur aurait dû demander&nbsp;: «&nbsp;à quoi sert-il d'écrire ceci&nbsp;?&nbsp;» mais ne l'a pas fait}}" was all he wrote.}} *Baabi'i spaces ka hor punctuation-ka sida periods iyo colons. *Caadi ahaan sii wad bold iyo italics {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Italics}})}}, laakiin badankooda qaabka kale waa in loo beddelo qoraal toos ah. {{!xt|{{Underline|Underlining}}}}, {{!xt|spac&nbsp;ing}} ku dhex jirta erayada, {{!xt|1=co<span style="color:Goldenrod;">lor</span>s}}, {{!xt|ALL CAPS}}, {{Smallcaps|{{!xt|small caps}}}}, iyo wixii la mid ah caadi ahaan waa in loo normalize-garayo qoraal toos ah. Haddii ay {{em|caddaynaysay}} muujinayso emphasis, isticmaal italic {{em|emphasis}} ({{tlx|em}}) ama, foomka dhexdiisa oo horey italics ah, boldface (leh {{tlx|strong}}). Mawduucyada buugaagta, maqaallada, gabayada, iyo wixii la mid ah, isticmaal italics ama calaamadaha xigmadda raacaya [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles|hagaha mawduucyada]]. Italics waxaa sidoo kale lagu dari karaa si loogu muujiyo [[#Non-English terms|terms-ka aan English-ka ahayn]] (leh moodalka {{tlx|lang}}), ee [[#Animals, plants, and other organisms|magaca scientific-ka ah ee organism-ka]], iyo si loogu muujiyo isticmaalka [[#Words as words|words-as-words]]. *Fiid gaabinta (aan horey loo isticmaalin mawduuca ka hor xigashoda) sida beddelka square-bracketed, ama ku sharrax iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|abbr}}. *Normalize glyphs iyo ligatures archaic-ka ah ee English-ka ee aan loo baahnayn macnaha (marka laga reebo magacyada saxda ah iyo luqadaha halka ligatures ay yihiin heer, per {{section link||Ampersand}} iyo {{Section link||Ligatures}}). Tusaalooyinka waxaa ku jira ''[[æ]]''→''ae'', ''[[œ]]''→''oe'', ''[[Long s|ſ]]''→''s'', iyo ''[[Thorn (letter)#Abbreviations|þ<sup>e</sup>]]''→''the''. {{crossref|pw=y|Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles#Typographic conformity}} si aad u ogaato waxyaabaha gaarka ah ee loo tixgeliyo normalization-ka typography-ka ee mawduucyada shaqaalaha.}} {{Shortcut|MOS:RETAINQUOTEVARIETY}} {{vanchor|Retain quote variety|text= Laakiin, noocyada qaranka ma aha in loo beddelo, maadaama kuwani ay ku dhex jiri karaan beddelka vocabulary-ka. Tusaale ahaan, xigasho ka soo baxday tixraac British ah waa in ay sii wadato spelling-ka British-ka, xataa maqaal oo haddii kale isticmaala spelling-ka American-ka. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Consistency within articles}}.)}}}} Nambarada sidoo kale caadi ahaan [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Quotations, titles, etc.|ma aha in loo re-format-gareeyo]]. Xigashoda tooska ah ma aha in loo isticmaalo si loo dhowro qaabka loo doorbido ee publisher ka baxsan (gaar ahaan marka maaddadu ay haddii kale noqon lahayd aan la beddelin), maadaama kani wuxuu leeyahay athar ee [[Scare quotes|scare-quoting]]: *{{em|La accepts karo}}: {{xt|The animal is listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.}} *{{em|Aan la accepts karin}}: {{!xt|The animal is listed as "Endangered" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.}} Italics waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loogu muujiyo isticmaalka gaar ah sida [[term of art]] (xaaladda "[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Words as words|words as words]]"), gaar ahaan marka ay tahay mid aan la dhasheyn ama ma aha in loo dib-u-qoro ka magaca aan aheyin expert: *{{em|La accepts karo}}: {{xt|The animal is listed as ''critically endangered'' on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.}} Marka aad xigtayso jumlad dhan, caadi ahaan waxaa lagu taliyaa in erayga ugu horreeya uu sii wado xaraf weyn. Laakiin, haddii qoraalka la xigtay lagu ammaan goyay jumlada dhow (tusaale ahaan, leh hordhac sida "{{var|X}} said that"), xarafka weyn ee asalka ah waxaa loo beddeli karaa xaraf yar. *{{xt|LaVesque's report stated: "The equipment was selected for its low price. This is the primary reason for criticism of the program."}} *{{xt|LaVesque's report said that "the equipment was selected for its low price".}} *{{xt|The program was criticized primarily because "the equipment was selected for its low price", according to LaVesque.}} Caadi ahaan looma baahna in la xuso beddelka capitalization-ka. Laakiin, si loo helo saxnaan dheeraad ah, xarafka la beddelay waxaa lagu lagi karaa ku dhex jira square brackets: {{nobr|"The" → "[t]he".}} *{{xt|The program was criticized primarily because {{nobr|"[t]he}} equipment was selected for its low price", according to LaVesque.}} ===Attribution=== Akhristahu waa inuu awoodaa inuu go'aamiyo tixraaca xigasho kasta, ugu yaraan ka magaca footnote. Tixraacu waa in lagu magacaabo {{em|qoraalka maqaalka}} haddii xigashodu ay tahay aragti {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|Attributing and specifying biased statements}})}}. Marka aad atribuigo-garayso xigasho, ka fogao [[Wikipedia:Words to avoid#Synonyms for said|sharraxaaddeeda foomka biased-ka ah]]. ===Xigashooyinka ku dhex jira xigashooyinka=== Eeg {{section link||For a quotation within a quotation}}. ===Isku xirka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:LINKQUOTE|MOS:LWQ}} Noqo mid dhibco leh marka aad isku xirayso ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka; isku xir kaliya bartilmaameedyada u dhigma macnaha caddaynaya ee loo intended-gareeyay qoraaga xigashoda. Halka ay suurtogal tahay, isku xir qoraalka ka baxsan xigashoda halkii – mid ka hor ama dhowaan ka dambeeya. (Haddii aad xigtayso [[hypertext]], ku dar xusuus-qoraal tifaftirka, {{xt|[link in original]}} ama {{xt|[link added]}}, sida habboon, si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga ku saabsan in isku xirka uu sameeyay qoraaga asalka ah.) ===<span class="anchor" id="Block quotations"></span><span class="anchor" id="Block quotes"></span>Block quotations=== {{Shortcut|MOS:BQ|MOS:BLOCKQUOTE}} U format-garee xigashoda dheer (ka badan 40 eray ama poynti yar oo xarfo ah, ama ka kooban ka badan hal paragraph, iyadoo aan loo eegin dheerka) sida [[block quotation]], iyadoo la isticmaalayo moodalka {{tlx|blockquote}}. Qoraalka lagu muujiyay block quotations iyo quote boxes (eeg ka hooseeya) waa inuusan laikiisu noqon mid lagu duubay calaamadaha xigmadda (ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda waaweyn, "decorative"-style). Block quotations iyo quote boxes oo isticmaalaya luga background ah sidoo kale ma lagu hagal-garayo. Isticmaal {{tnull|blockquote}} iyo markup-ka la midka ah kaliya xigashooyinka dhabta ah; [[#Indentation|indentation-ka sababaha kale]] waxaa loo sameeyay foom kale. Waa heshiis in lagu hor maro block quotation jumlad hordhac ah (ama qayb jumlad ah) oo lagu daro citation-ka tixraaca xarkaas. Alternativamente, moodalka {{tnull|blockquote}} wuxuu bixiyaa parameters ee attribution iyo citation oo ka muuqan doona ka hooseeya xigashoda. {{crossref|pw=y|(Ee isticmaalka dashes leh attributions, eeg {{section link||Other uses for em dashes}}.)}} Qaabkan attribution-ka ee ka hooseeya xigashoda waxaa loo intended-gareeyay xigashooyinka caanka ah oo ma aha caadi maqaallada sababtoo ah wuxuu ku oki lahaa tone aan habboonayn. Xigasho aan lahayn tixraac loo tixraacay waa in lagu calaamadeeyo {{tlx|quote without source}}, ama la baabi'iyo. Maadaama line breaks iyo indentation caadi ahaan lagu baabi'iyo ku dhex jirta {{tnull|blockquote}} ama {{tag|blockquote|o}}, isticmaal {{xtag|poem}} ama {{tlx|poem quote}} gabayada, lyrics, iyo maaddada la midka ah. Maaddadaas waxaa sidoo cuali ahaan loo xigtay karaa inline, leh line breaks oo lagu muujiyay <code><nowiki>{{nbsp}}/</nowiki></code>, iyo paragraph ama stanza breaks oo lagu muujiyay <code><nowiki>{{nbsp}}//</nowiki></code>. Tusaale ahaan: {{xt|"And, as in uffish thought he stood,{{nbsp}}/ The Jabberwock, with eyes of flame,{{nbsp}}/ Came whiffling through the tulgey wood,{{nbsp}}/ And burbled as it came!{{nbsp}}// One, two! One, two! And through and through{{nbsp}}/ The vorpal blade went snicker-snack!"}} {{Shortcut|MOS:BOXQUOTE|MOS:PQ|MOS:PULLQUOTE}} {{va|Pull quotes|Pull quote|Pull quotations|nocquote|text={{tlx|Quote box}} waa alternative ee inline quote ama block quote. Quote boxes waxaa lagu muujiyaa foom gaar ah (la mid ah sawirrada) oo waxay ugu wanaagsan yihiin xigashooyinka muhiimka ah ama sanado ah. Waxay samayn karaan [[WP:POV|point of view]] ama [[WP:UNDUE|undue weight]] arrimo, sababtoo ah xigashooyinka ma lagu lagayo xaaladda ama ma lagu ammaan goyo qoraalka maqaalka. Sidaas darteed, waa in loo isticmaalo si dhibco leh.}} [[Pull quote]]s ma aha kuwo ka mid ah maqaallada Wikipedia. Kuwani waa [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not news|news iyo magazine style]] oo ku saabsan "pulling" maaddada horey ku dhex jirtay maqaalka si loo dib-u-isticmaalo xigashooyinka decorative-ka ah ee soo jiidata attention-ka. Qaabkan unencyclopedic-ka ah waa foom ka mid ah [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Editorializing|editorializing]], wuxuuna soo saaraa [[Wikipedia:Writing better articles#Provide context for the reader|out-of-context]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Due and undue weight|undue emphasis]], oo wuxuu [[Wikipedia:No original research|keeni karaa akhristaha go'aanno]] aan lagu taageerin maaddada. Xigashoda badan ee qoraalka la dhowray (haddii ay u format-gareeyay sida blockquote ama kale, oo xataa haddii lagu credited-gareeyay tixraaciisa) waa la xannibay. Eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Quotations#Copyrighted material and fair use}}. ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign-language quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka aan English-ka ahayn=== {{Shortcut|MOS:FOREIGNQUOTE|}} Xigashooyinka ka soo baxday tixraacyada aan English-ka ahayn waa inay ka muuqdaan turjumaad loo beddelay English, ugu wanaagsan mid cusub{{efn|name=recent}}. Xigashooyinka ah turjumaada waa in si toos ah loo kala saaro kuwa aan ahayn. Muuji tixraaca asalka ah ee turjumaada (haddii uu yahay mid la heley karo, oo aan markii ugu horreysay lagu daabacin ku dhex jirta Wikipedia), iyo luqadda asalka ah (haddii aysan caddayn xaaladda). Haddii qoraalka asalka ah ee aan la turjumin uu yahay mid la heley karo, bixi tixraac iyada ama ku dar iyada, sida habboon. Marka tifaftireyaasha laikiisu ay turjumaan qoraalka loo beddelo English,{{efn|[[Wikipedia:No original research#Translations and transcriptions|Turjumaada laikiisu ma u baahna tixraac marka uu sameeyo tifaftire]]; laakiin xigashooyinka loo isticmaalay ku dhex jirta [[WP:REF|tixraacyada]], [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Quoting|turjumaada ka soo baxday tixraacyada lagu aamini karo waa ka wanaagsan yihiin]], ama [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Citing|tixraacyada luqadda English-ka ee ka wanaagsan]] .}} daryeel waa in mar walba loo qaado si lagu dhex jiro qoraalka asalka ah, {{em|[[MOS:FOREIGNITALIC|ku dhex jira italics]]}} ([[MOS:BADITALICS|marka laga reebo dhismaha scripts-ka aan Latin-ka ahayn]], oo ugu wanaagsan lagu sameyo moodallada {{tlx|lang}} ama {{tlx|langx}}, oo labaduba italics-gareynaya sida habboon oo bixinaya luqadda metadata); iyo si loo isticmaalo erayada dhabta ah iyo (haddii ay suurtogal tahay) erayada caadiga ah ee English-ka ku dhex jira turjumaada. Ilaa aad ka si dhab ah uga ogaato competency-gaaga aad wax ku turjumayso, eeg [[Wikipedia:Translation]] si aad u hesho taageero. ==Punctuation== {{Shortcut|MOS:PUNCT}} {{For|a brief guide to how some punctuation marks are used in Wikipedia for special purposes, e.g., [[Help:List#List basics|description lists]]|Help:Punctuation}} ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign characters that resemble apostrophes"></span>Apostrophes=== {{Shortcut|MOS:'|MOS:APOSTROPHE}} *Isticmaal [[straight apostrophe]]s ({{big|{{mxt|'}}}}), ma aha [[curly apostrophe]]s ({{big|{{!mxt|’}}}}). Ha isticmaalin accent marks ama [[backtick]]s ({{big|{{!mxt|`}}}}) sida apostrophes. *Moodallada sida {{tlx|`}} iyo {{tlx|`s}} waxay leeyihiin taageero marka apostrophe (ama single quote) ka muuqdo bilowga ama dhamaadka qoraalka ku dhex jira italics ama bold, sababtoo ah italics iyo bold laikiisu waxaa lagu muujiyaa noocyada single quotes. **Marka apostrophe raaco qoraalka italics-ka ah, {{tlx|'}} ama {{tlx|'s}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si looga fogaado xarafka ugu dambeeya ee qoraalka dhanka midig ah inuu isku xiro apostrophe-ka. Tusaale: {{xt|the ''Iliad''{{'s}} themes}} (markup: {{nobreak|<code><nowiki>the ''Iliad''{{'s}} themes</nowiki></code>}}). *Xarfaha u okiya apostrophes iyo curly quotes, sida [[{{okina}}okina]] ({{mxt|{{okina}}}}{{snd}}la dhex geliyo iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|okina}}), [[Saltillo (linguistics)|saltillo]] ({{mxt|{{saltillo}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|saltillo}}), Hebrew [[ayin]] ama Arabic ʿayn ({{mxt|{{ayin}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|ayin}}), iyo Arabic [[hamza]] ({{mxt|{{hamza}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|hamza}}), waa in lagu muujiyo moodalladaas ama xarfaha laikiis ee [[Unicode]]. (Basic Arabic transliteration, oo isticmaala ASCII apostrophe, waxaa ka wanaagsan xaaladaha badankooda ka magaca [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Arabic]]; xarfaha kale kani waxaa loo isticmaalaa kaliya transliteration-ka saxda ah.) **Moodallada ma loo isticmaali karo mawduucyada maqaalka; isticmaal xarafka Unicode-ka ee u dhigma toos. Per {{Section link|Wikipedia:Article titles#Special characters}}, sidoo kale samee redirection ka soo baxay foomka ASCII-ka ah si loogu taageero raadinta. Foomamka aan lahayn xarfaha apostrophe-ka oo kale marna waxaa ka wanaagsan ka magaca {{Section link|Wikipedia:Article titles# Use commonly recognizable names}} (t.s. [[Hawaii]] laakiin ma aha [[Keali{{okina}}i Reichel]]). *:{{crossref|pw=y|Sidoo kale eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles|Orthography, spelling and formatting}}}} *Ee [[Wade–Giles]] romanizations ee Mandarin Chinese, isticmaal {{tlx|wg-apos}}. *Luqadaha leh [[ejective consonants]] iyo wixii la mid ah, isticmaal {{tlx|hamza}}. *Ee Cyrillic [[soft sign]], marka lagu muujiyo dhammaan, isticmaal {{tlx|softsign}} ama {{tlx|hamza}}. *Ee isticmaalka possessive apostrophe-ka, eeg {{section link||Possessives}}. *Ee xeel-dheeraanta isticmaalka apostrophe-ka (possessive, elision, formation ee plurals qaarkood, arrimo luqadaha aan English-ka ahayn), eeg maqaalka [[Apostrophe]]. ===Calaamadaha xigmadda=== {{Shortcut|MOS:"|MOS:QUOTEMARKS|}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotations}} Maaddada ka hooseysa, term-ka ''quotation'' wuxuu ku dhex jiraa isticmaalka caadiga ah ee calaamadaha xigmadda sida mawduucyada noocyada, chapters-ka, episodes-ka, iyo wixii la mid ah. Calaamadaha xigmadda sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaalaa xaaladaha kale, sida [[#Animals, plants, and other organisms|magacyada cultivar]]. ====Calaamadaha xigmadda xarfaha==== {{Shortcut|MOS:CQ|MOS:CURLY|MOS:STRAIGHT}} *Isticmaal {{xt|{{big|<b>"</b>}}straight{{big|<b>"</b>}}}} calaamadaha xigmadda, ma aha {{!xt|{{big|<b>“</b>}}curly{{big|<b>”</b>}}}} kuwo. (Ee [[single quotes]]: {{xt|{{big|<b>'</b>}}straight{{big|<b>'</b>}}}}, ma aha {{!xt|{{big|<b>‘</b>}}curly{{big|<b>’</b>}}}}.) *Ha isticmaalin accent marks, backticks ({{!xt|{{big|'''`'''}}text{{big|'''´'''}}}}), low–high ({{!xt|„&nbsp;“}}), corner brackets ({{!xt|「&nbsp;」}}), [[guillemet]]s ({{!xt|«&nbsp;»}}), ama [[Chinese punctuation#Book title marks|title marks]] ({{!xt|《&nbsp;》}}) sida calaamadaha xigmadda (marka laga reebo marka marks-kaas ay yihiin {{em|internal}} ee qoraalka aan English-ka ahayn ee la xigtay{{snd}}eeg {{slink||Typographic conformity}}). Symbols-ka {{!xt|′}} iyo {{!xt|″}} ee ka muuqda edit window dropdowns waa "[[prime (symbol)|prime]]" iyo "double prime" sida ay u kala horreeyaan: kuwani waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loogu muujiyo [[Minute and second of arc|units of angular measurement]], oo ma aha sida apostrophes ama quote marks. *Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo apostrophes ee maaddada la import-gareeyay [[#Typographic conformity|waa in loo beddelo]] haddii ay noqoto lagama maarmaan si loo raaco sare. ====<span id="Double or single quotation marks"></span><span id="Single quotation marks"></span>Double ama single==== {{Shortcut|MOS:SINGLE|MOS:DOUBLE|}} *Badankooda xigashooyinku waxay qaataan calaamadaha xigmadda double-ka ah ({{xt|Welles said: "It was a terrible situation."}}),{{efn|1=Double quotation marks waxaa ka wanaagsan single sababtoo ah waxay si toos ah uga kala duwan yihiin apostrophes: *{{!xt|She wrote that 'Cleanthes' differs from the others', but neither opinion may represent Hume's'}} (wuxuu yareeyaa akhristaha). *{{xt|She wrote that "Cleanthes' differs from the others', but neither opinion may represent Hume's"}} (caddayn badan). }} marka laga reebo xigashooyinka ku dhex jira (eeg ka hooseeya). *Plant cultivars waxay qaataan calaamadaha xigmadda single-ka ah ({{xt|''Malus domestica'' 'Golden Delicious'}}; eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora)]]). *[[Gloss (annotation)#In linguistics|Glosses]] oo turjumaya ama definining-garaynaya terms aan la dhasheyn (marka la isticmaalayo [[MOS:WORDSASWORDS|words as words]]) waxay qaataan single quotes; glosses-ka gaaban ma u baahna comma ka hor definition-ka ({{xt|''Cossack'' originates from [[Cuman language|Cuman]] {{lang|qwm|proto=yes|qazaq}} 'freebooter'; ''republic'' comes from Latin {{lang|la|res publica}}, loosely meaning 'public affair'.}}). Moodalka {{tl|Gloss}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa tan; t.s. <code>{{tlp|lang|es|casa}} {{tlf|gloss|house}}</code> wuxuu soo saaraa: {{lang|es|casa}} {{gloss|house}}. Ee turjumaada tooska ah, moodalka {{tl|Literal translation}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa; wuxuu dhex gelyaa {{xt|lit.}} ka hor gloss-ka. ====Ee xigasho ku dhex jirta xigasho==== {{Shortcut|MOS:QWQ|}} Isticmaal single quotes: *{{xt|Darwin wrote in his introduction that "the maxim 'de minimis lex non curat' does not apply to science".}} Ee dhismaha dheeraad ah, beddel dhexda single iyo double quotes: *{{xt|He said, "That book asserts, 'Confucius said "Everything has beauty, but not everyone sees it.{{" ' "}}}} Ee quote marks ee uusocodka tooska ah, ku dar space yar iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{nowrap|{{tl|" '}}}}, {{nowrap|{{tl|' "}}}}, ama (sida tusaale ahaan halkan loo dhiibay) {{nowrap|{{tl|" ' "}}}}: *{{xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!{{' "}}}} Markup: <code>He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!{{tl|' "}}</code> *{{!xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!'"}} (jamming garaynta waxyaabaha waxay u okisaa si xun fonts badankooda) *{{!xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!'{{nbsp}}"}} (space caadi ah wuxuu leeyahay inta badan) ====<span id="Quotation marks in article openings"></span>Bilowga maqaalka==== {{Shortcut|MOS:BOLDQUOTE}} Qoraalka bold-ka ah oo caadi ahaan ka muuqda bilowga maqaalka: *Calaamad kasta oo xigmadda ah oo qayb ka mid ah mawduuca waa in ay noqoto bold sida qaybta hartay ee mawduuca. **Ka soo baxay ''[["A" Is for Alibi]]'': {{xt|'''''"A" Is for Alibi''''' is a mystery novel&nbsp;...}} *Calaamadaha xigmadda ee {{em|aan}} qayb ka mid ah mawduuca ma aha in ay noqdaan bold. **Ka soo baxay [[Jabberwocky]]: {{xt|"'''Jabberwocky'''" is a nonsense poem&nbsp;...}} **Ka soo baxay [[Babe Ruth]]: {{xt|'''George Herman''' "'''Babe'''" '''Ruth''' was an American baseball player&nbsp;...}} {{crossref|pw=y|(Sidoo kale eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography|Nicknames}}.)}} ====Punctuation ka hor xigashooyinka==== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTEPUNCT}} Haddii dhisma aan la xigtay laakiin kale oo u dhigma uu shaqayn lahaa grammatically aan lahayn comma, isticmaalka comma ka hor xigasho oo lagu ammaan goyay jumlad waa dookh: *{{xt|The report stated "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} ([[wikt:cf.|Cf.]] aan la xigtay {{xt|The report stated there was a 45% reduction in transmission rate.}}) *{{xt|The report stated, "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} Qaabka aan lahayn comma ka sanado badan waxaa loo isticmaalaa xigashooyinka qaybta ah: *{{xt|The report observed "a 45% reduction in transmission rate".}} Comma waxaa loo baahan yahay marka ay ka muuqan lahayd dhismaha oo kale haddii maaddada aan ayan ahayn xigasho: *{{xt|In Margaret Mead's view, "we must recognize the whole gamut of human potentialities" to enrich our culture.}} Ha dhex gelin comma haddii ay is-dhaafsi keeni karto ama beddeli karto macnaha: *{{xt|Caitlyn Jenner expressed concerns about children "who are coming to terms with being true to who they are".}} (Xigasho sax ah oo ka soo baxday foomka ku saabsan {{em|carruurta qaarkood}}{{snd}}gaar ahaan carruurtaas "who are coming to terms{{nbsp}}...") *{{!xt|Caitlyn Jenner expressed concerns about children, "who are coming to terms with being true to who they are".}} (Beddelaa macnaha si loogu muujiyo Jenner in ay muujinaysay concern ku saabsan {{em|dhammaan}} carruurta, inta la dhiibay in carruurtu, guud ahaan, "are coming to terms{{nbsp}}...") Waxay ka caddayn tahay in loo isticmaalo colon si loo soo bandhigo xigasho haddii ay samaynayso jumlad dhan, iyo kani waa in mar walba loo sameyo xigashooyinka jumlado badan leeh: *{{xt|The report stated: "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} *{{xt|In a letter to his son, Albert Einstein wrote: "Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance you must keep moving."}} Punctuation dheeraad ah ma aha mid lagama maarmaan ah ee tooska ah [[#Words as words|words-as-words]] xaaladda: *{{xt|The message was unintelligible except for the fragments "help soon" and "how much longer before".}} ====<span class="anchor" id="Quotation marks-Titles"></span><span id="Quotation marks with names and titles"></span>Magacyada iyo mawduucyada==== {{/titles hatnote include|where=MOS#P-QM-N&T}} Calaamadaha xigmadda waa in loo isticmaalo magacyada iyo mawduucyada soo socda: {{columns-list|colwidth=27em| *Maqaallada iyo chapters-ka (buugaagta iyo periodicals waa italics) *Sheekooyinka gaaban (buugaagta iyo periodicals waa italics) *Qaybaha muusigga (pieces waa italics) *Strips-ka gaarka ah ee comics iyo webcomics (comics waa italics) *Gabayada (gabayada dheer ama epic waa italics) *Noocyada (albums, song cycles, operas, operettas, iyo oratorios waa italics) *Episodes-ka gaarka ah ee taxanaha TV-ga iyo radio-ga iyo [[Serial (radio and television)|serials]] (mawduuca taxanaha waa italics){{efn|1="Mawduuca taxanaha waa italics" wuxuu isticmaalayaa ''taxanaha'' si loogu macneeyo show-ga dhan. Season (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay ''series'' ee British English-ka) leh mawduuciisa laikiis wuxuu isticmaalaa calaamadaha xigmadda mawduucaas, sida sub-work.}} }} {{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The Beatles wrote "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" for their album ''Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band''.}} Ha isticmaalin calaamadaha xigmadda ama italics ee qoraallada hore, concert tours, meelaha, cibaadooyinka, myths, iyo epics. (Kuwa badan, laakiin ma aha dhammaan, oo ka mid ah waxyaabahaani [[#Titles of works|waa inay sidoo kale ku dhex jirin title case]].) ====<span class="anchor" id="LP"></span><span class="anchor" id="LQ"></span><span class="anchor" id="TQ"></span><span class="anchor" id="logical quotes"></span><span id="Punctuation inside or outside quotation marks"></span>Punctuation ku dhex jirta ama ka baxsan==== {{Shortcut|MOS:LQ|MOS:LOGICAL|MOS:INOROUT}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Logical quotation on Wikipedia|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Effect on nearby punctuation}}<!-- Another kind of punctuation "in or out". EDITORS PLEASE NOTE: Changes to this section may escalate into heated dispute. Please consider raising any proposed changes for discussion and consensus-building on the talk page before editing. --> Isticmaal qaabka [[logical quotation]] dhammaan maqaallada, iyadoo aan loo eegin nooca English-ka oo lagu qoray. Ku dar punctuation-ka dhamaadka ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda kaliya haddii uu ka muuqday maaddada asalka ah, oo haddii kale u lag ka dambaysta calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. Qaybta badankeeda, kani wuxuu macneynayaa u treats-garaynta periods iyo commas foomkaas oo kale sida question marks: sii wad ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda haddii ay ku dabaqmaan kaliya maaddada la xigtay iyo ka baxsan haddii ay ku dabaqmaan jumlada dhan. Tusaalooyinka waxaa loo dhiibay ka hooseeya. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Did Darla say, "Here I am"?}} (question mark wuxuu ku dabaqmaa jumlada dhan) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|Did Darla say, "Here I am?"}} (aan sax ahayn in lagu dabaqo question mark xigashoda) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Darla said, "Where am I?"}} (question mark wuxuu ku dabaqmaa maaddada la xigtay kaliya) Haddii xigashodu ay tahay eray gaar ah ama qayb jumlad ah, u lag punctuation-ka dhamaadka ka baxsan calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. Marka aad xigtayso jumlad dhan, dhamaadka oo u dhigma dhamaadka jumlada ku dhex jirta, u lag punctuation-ka dhamaadka ku dhex jira calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. *{{xt|Miller wanted, he said, "to create something timeless".}} *{{xt|Miller said: "I wanted to create something timeless."}} Haddii jumlada la xigtay ay raacdo [[clause]] oo waa in uu ka horreeyo comma, ka tag [[full stop]] (period), iyo ha u beddelin comma {{em|ku dhex jirta}} xigashoda.{{efn|Kani waa foomka ugu muhiimsan oo uu logical quotation ku kala duwan yahay isticmaalka punctuation-ka wargaysyada British-ka, halka publishers badan ay u ilayeeyaan beddelkaas maaddada la xigtay, oo ka aghas ah saxnaanta dhismaha logical punctuation-ka.}} Terminal punctuation kale, sida question marks ama exclamation marks, waxaa lagu dhowri karaa. *{{xt|Livingston then said, "It is done", and turned to the people.}} *{{xt|Livingston then exclaimed, "It is done!", and turned to the people.}} Haddii jumlada la xigtay ay raacdo clause oo aqoonsanaya speaker-ka, isticmaal comma ka baxsan calaamadda xigmadda halkii full stop ku dhex jira, laakiin sii wad terminal punctuation kasta oo kale, sida question mark. *{{xt|"There is no strife, no prejudice, no national conflict in outer space as yet", said Kennedy.}} *{{xt|By asking "Who are you?", she prompts John to tell his story.}} Ha raacin erayada ama qaybaha la xigtay commas ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda, marka laga reebo halka xigasho dheer lagu baabi'iyay iyo comma uu yahay qayb ka mid ah xigashoda dhan. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change, opening the way to confidence and courage", said Turner.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change," said Turner, "opening the way to confidence and courage."}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change, opening the way", said Turner, "to confidence and courage."}} *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|"I began to change, opening the way," said Turner, "to confidence and courage."}} ==== Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo isqu xirka ka baxsan ==== Isqu xirka ka baxsan ee u socda mawduucyada maqaallada waa in ay leeyihiin mawduuca ku dhex jira quotes ku dhex jira isqu xirka. Moodallada tixraaca ee [[Help:Citation Style 1|CS1]] iyo [[Help:Citation Style 2|CS2]] waxay sameynayaan tan si otomaatig ah, iyo tixraacyada aan moodalka lahayn waa inay sameeyaan foomkan oo kale. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|{{cite news |last1=Kiefer |first1=Francine |title=Clinton: The Early Years |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |date=May 29, 1998 |ref=none}}}} (Isticmaalka {{tl|cite news}}) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt| Kiefer, Francine (May 29, 1998). [https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html "Clinton: The Early Years"]. ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''.}} (Aan moodal lahayn) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt| Kiefer, Francine (May 29, 1998). "[https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html Clinton: The Early Years]". ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''.}} (Aan moodal lahayn) ==== Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo isqu xirka ku dhex jira ==== Isqu xirka ku dhex jira (wikilinks) oo ay la socdaan calaamadaha xigmadda caadi ahaan waa inay leeyihiin quotes ka baxsan isqu xirka. Kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa mawduucyada shaqaalaha ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda (noocyada, episodes-ka, iyo wixii la mid ah) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Play it, Sam. Play "[[As Time Goes By (song)|As Time Goes By]]".}} (Isticmaalka <code><nowiki>"[[ ]]"</nowiki></code>.) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|Play it, Sam. Play [[As Time Goes By (song)|"As Time Goes By"]].}} (Isticmaalka <code><nowiki>[[" "]]</nowiki></code>.) Laakiin, calaamadaha xigmadda waxaa loo baahan yahay ku dhex jira wikilinks marka calaamadda xigmadda ay tahay qayb ka mid ah isqu xirka, ama halka qoraalka isqu xirka leh ee muuqda uu ku dhex jiro calaamadaha xigmadda oo muujinaya slang, nicknames, magacyada caadiga ah, ama isticmaalka la midka ah. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The term ''soccer'' comes from [[Oxford "-er"|Oxford {{nowrap|"-er"}}]] slang, which was prevalent at the [[University of Oxford]] in England from about 1875...}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|A Cockney accent [[Rhoticity in English|drops the "r"]] after a vowel.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The [[Dynamo Sports Club|Proletarian Sports Society "Dynamo"]] was established in Moscow in 1923.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|President Suharto's [[New Order (Indonesia)|"New Order"]] administration received US support for its economic policies.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Japan's [[Lost Decades|"Lost Decades"]] began in 1991.}} ===Brackets iyo parentheses=== {{Shortcut|MOS:()|MOS:BRACKETS}} {{Redirect|MOS:PAREN|use of parentheses (round brackets) in article titles|WP:Article titles#Parenthetical disambiguation|deprecated inline parenthetical citations|WP:Citing sources#Parenthetical referencing}} Qaybtan waxay ku dabaqmaysaa labadaba round brackets {{xt|(&nbsp;)}}, sidoo cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay [[Bracket|parentheses]], iyo square brackets {{xt|[&nbsp;]}}. Haddii jumlad ay ku dhex jirto foom bracketed ah, u lag punctuation-ka jumlada ka baxsan brackets-ka {{xt|(sida halkan loo muujiyay).}} Laakiin, halka hal ama ka badan jumlado ay ku dhex jiraan brackets-ka dhan, u lag punctuation-kooda ku dhex jira brackets-ka. Waa inuusan jirin space dhow dhanka ku dhex jira ee bracket-ka. Bracket-ka oo starts-garoogaya caadi ahaan waa inuu ka horreeyo space. Kani ma noqon karo xaaladda haddii uu ka horreeyo calaamad xigmadda oo starts-garoogaysa, bracket kale oo starts-garoogaya, ama qayb ka mid ah eray: *{{xt|He rose to address the meeting: "(Ahem)&nbsp;... Ladies and gentlemen, welcome!"}} *{{xt|Only the royal characters in the play ([Prince] Hamlet and his family) habitually speak in blank verse.}} *{{xt|We journeyed on the Inter[continental].}} *{{xt|Most people are right-handed. (Some people are left-handed, but that does not make right-handed people "better" than left-handed people.)}} Waa inuu jiro space ka dambeeya bracket-ka xiritaanka, marka laga reebo halka punctuation mark uu raaco (inkastoo spaced dash uu sii wadi doono space ka dambeeya bracket-ka xiritaanka) iyo xaaladaha aan caadiga ahayn ee la midka ah kuwa lagu tirtiray bracket-ka starts-garoogaya. Ka fogao kooxaha dhow ee brackets-ka. Mid ka mid ah u lag foomamka parenthetical-ka ah ku dhex jirta hal koox oo lagu kala saaray semicolons, ama dib-u-qor: *{{em|Ka fogao}}: {{!xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919) (also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader.}} *{{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: {{xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919; also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader.}} *{{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: {{xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader. He was also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv.}} Square brackets waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loogu muujiyo beddelka tifaftirka iyo dhex-gelinta ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka, inkastoo kani waligeed ma aha inuu beddelo macnaha loo intended-gareeyay. Waxay u adeegaan saddex sababood oo waaweyn: *Si loo caddayo: {{xt|She attended [secondary] school}}, halka kani uu ahaa macnaha loo intended-gareeyay, laakiin nooca school-ka uusan ahayn mid lagu dhiibay jumlada asalka ah. *Si loo yareeyo dheerka xigashoda: {{xt|X contains Y, and under certain circumstances, X may contain Z as well}} waxaa loo yareeyn karaa {{xt|X contains Y [and sometimes Z]}}. Marka ellipsis ({{xt|...}}) loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo maaddada ka baxday xigashoda tooska ah, caadi ahaan ma aha in lagu duubo bracket. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Ellipses}} si aad u ogaato xaaladda gaarka ah.)}} *Si loo sameyo grammar-ka inuu shaqeeyo: Tixraacaya foomka dadka {{xt|"I hate to do laundry"}}, ein wuxuu sax ah ugu qori karaa {{xt|She "hate[s] to do laundry"}}. Haddii jumlad ay ku dhex jirta maaddo subsidiary ah oo lagu duubay square ama round brackets, waa in ay sii wadato terminal punctuation {{em|ka dambaysa}} brackets-kaas, iyadoo aan loo eegin punctuation kasta oo ku dhex jira brackets-ka. {{Block indent|{{xt|She refused all requests (except for basics such as food, medicine, etc.).}}}} Laakiin, haddii jumlada dhan ay ku dhex jirta brackets-ka, punctuation-ka xiritaanka wuxuu ku dhex jiraa brackets-ka. {{xt|(This sentence is an example.)}} ====Brackets iyo isqu xirka==== Square brackets ku dhex jira isqu xirka waa inay noqdaan kuwo [[Escape character|escaped]] ah: {| class="wikitable" | He said, "<code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[[John Doe|John &amp;#91;Doe&amp;#93;]]</nowiki>}}</code> answered." || He said, "[[John Doe|John &#91;Doe&#93;]] answered." |- | He said, "<code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[[John Doe|John {{bracket|Doe}}]]</nowiki>}}</code> answered." || He said, "[[John Doe|John {{bracket|Doe}}]] answered." |- | <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[https://example.com On the first day &amp;#91;etc.&amp;#93;]</nowiki>}}</code> || [https://example.com On the first day &#91;etc.&#93;] |- | <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[https://example.com On the first day {{bracket|etc.}}]</nowiki>}}</code> || [https://example.com On the first day {{bracket|etc.}}] |} Markup-ka {{xtag|nowiki}} sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaali karaa: {{tag|nowiki|content=[Doe]}} ama {{tag|nowiki|content=[etc.]}}. Haddii URL laikiisu uu ku dhex jiro square brackets, wikitext-ku waa inuu isticmaalo foomka [[URL encoding|URL-encoded]] ah <code><nowiki>https://</nowiki>example.com/foo.php?query={{bxt|%5B}}xxx{{bxt|%5D}}yyy</code>, halkii&nbsp;...<code>query={{!bxt|&#91;}}xxx{{!bxt|&#93;}}yyy</code>. Kani wuxuu ka fogaan doonaa baabi'inta isqu xirka ka dambaysa <code>xxx</code>. ====Angle brackets==== :''Ee guillemets («&nbsp;»), eeg {{section link|#Quotation characters}}'' Angle brackets (⟨&nbsp;⟩) waxaa loo isticmaalaa mawduucyada tignoolajiyada ee kala duwan, sida physics-ka ee [[bra–ket notation]] iyo [[Expectation value (quantum mechanics)|expectation value]] (t.s. {{xt|⟨''φ''{{!}}''ψ''⟩}}), mathematics-ka ee [[presentation of a group]], iyo linguistics-ka si loogu muujiyo [[grapheme]]s (t.s. {{xt|the digraph ⟨sh⟩}}). Ha isticmaalin less-than iyo greater-than signs (<&nbsp;>) sida angle brackets (t.s. {{!xt|<''φ''{{!}}''ψ''>}}, {{!xt|the digraph <sh>}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipses"></span><span class="anchor" id="..."></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis style"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis function and implementation"></span>Ellipses=== {{Shortcut|MOS:...|MOS:ELLIPSIS|}} Isticmaal ''[[ellipsis]]'' haddii maaddadu ay ka baxday xigashoda, ilaa square brackets loo isticmaalo si loo [[Gloss (annotation)|gloss]] xigashoda. *Ee prose iyo non-LaTeX mathematics formulae, ellipses waxaa lagu qoraa iyadoo la isticmaalayo saddex unspaced dots ({{xt|<code>...</code>}}); ha isticmaalin xarafka precomposed ellipsis-ka ah ({{!xt|<code>…</code>}})<!-- Possibly we should explain the precomposed character in terms of its code point or something --> ama saddex dots oo lagu kala saaray spaces {{nobr|({{!xt|<code>. . .</code>}})}} *Caadi ahaan, isticmaal non-breaking space ka hor ellipsis iyo space caadi ah ka dambaystiisa: {{nobr|{{xt|Alpha, Bravo,{{tl|nbsp}}... Zulu}}}} *Haddii ellipsis uu raaco <code>.&nbsp;?&nbsp;!&nbsp;:&nbsp;;&nbsp;,&nbsp;)&nbsp;]&nbsp;}</code> ama calaamad xigmadda oo xiritaanka ah (single ama double), ka tag space-ka ka dambaysa. U lag terminal punctuation ku dhex jira quote-ka kaliya haddii uu yahay mid muhiim ah qoraalka, sida caadi ahaan ah xaaladda exclamation marks iyo question marks laakiin dhifka ah periods: *: {{xt|Jones wrote: "These stories amaze me. The facts suffer so frightfully{{tlf|nbsp}}...".}} *: {{xt|"But what of the other cities? London, Paris{{tlf|nbsp}}...?"}} * Haddii ellipsis uu toos u raaco calaamad xigmadda oo starts-garoogaysa, kaliya isticmaal non-breaking space ka dambaystiisa: *: {{xt|He continued to pursue Smith ("...{{tlf|nbsp}}to the ends of the earth", he had sworn) until his own death.}} *{{Visible anchor|text=Si loo kala saaro ellipsis oo muujinaya qoraalka ka baxay iyo mid ka mid ah quote-ka, waxaad ku duubi kartaa kan kowaad square brackets: {{xt|She retorted: "How do I feel? How do you {{em|think}} I&nbsp;... This is too much!&nbsp;[...] Take me home!"}}|With square brackets}} *{{Visible anchor|text=Marka ellipsis loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo pause ama suspense ee speech-ka, sii wad punctuation-ka asalka ah: {{xt|Virginia's startled reply was "Could he&nbsp;...? No, I can't believe it!"}}. Marka loo isticmaalo ku dhex jira eray aan dhammaystirnayn, ma jiro space loo isticmaalo dhexda erayga qaybtiisa iyo ellipsis-ka: {{xt|The garbled transmission ended with "We are stranded near San L...o", interpreted as either San Leandro or San Lorenzo.}}|Pause or suspension of speech}} *In LaTeX-formatted mathematics formulae, isticmaal LaTeX markup-ka saxda ah ee lowered dots (<code>\dots</code>, <math>\dots</math>) ama xarfaha precomposed-ka ah oo leeh dots meelaha kale (sida centered ama diagonal, ⋯, ⋰, ama ⋱) ===<span class="anchor" id="fewer commas"></span>Commas=== {{Shortcut|MOS:,|MOS:COMMA}} Pair ka mid ah [[comma]]s wuxuu bracket-garayn karaa [[appositive]], [[relative clause]], ama [[parenthetical phrase]] (sida brackets ama dashes, inkastoo leh interruption dheeraad ah ee jumlada). Tusaale ahaan: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|John Smith, Janet Cooper's son, is a well-known playwright.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Janet Cooper's son John Smith is a well-known playwright.}} (marka Janet ay leedahay sons badan) {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Janet Cooper's son, John Smith, is a well-known playwright.}} (marka Janet ay leedahay kaliya hal son) {{!}}} }} Mar walba isticmaal {{em|pair}} ka mid ah commas ee tan, ilaa punctuation mark kale uu qaado meesha comma-ka labaad: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Blunt comments came from the newest member, John Smith.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|The newest member, John Smith{{snd}}a retired teacher{{snd}}was blunt.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|The newest member, John Smith was blunt.}}<!-- There's actually a way to parse this such that it would be acceptable in some styles, but WP articles don't use such styles. --> {{!}}} }} Ha u ilayn punctuation-ka kale inuu kaaga baabi'iyo u baahnaanta comma, gaar ahaan marka comma uu collided-garayyo bracket ama parenthesis: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Burke and Wills, fed by locals (on beans, fish, and ''ngardu''), survived for a few months.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Burke and Wills, fed by locals (on beans, fish, and ''ngardu'') survived for a few months.}} {{!}}} }} {{Shortcut|MOS:GEOCOMMA}} {{vanchor|Geographical references|text=In geographical references oo ku dhex jiraan heerarka badan ee subordinate divisions (t.s. city, state/province, country), comma wuxuu kala saaraa element kasta wuxuuna raacaa element-ka ugu dambeeya ilaa uu raaco terminal punctuation ama parenthesis-ka xiritaanka. Element-ka ugu dambeeya waxaa loo treats-garaysay sida [[Wikipedia:Basic copyediting#Parenthetical comma|parenthetical]].}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|He traveled through North Carolina before staying in Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the night.}}<!-- About a 10-hour drive if he started in Virginia Beach and passed through Winston-Salem. --> {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|He traveled through North Carolina before staying in Chattanooga, Tennessee for the night.}} {{!}}} }} Sidoo kale ku dar commas marka geographical element-ka loo isticmaalo sida disambiguator: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Hantratty received a PhD from the University of California, Irvine, in 1977.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Hantratty received a PhD from the University of California, Irvine in 1977.}} {{!}}} }} Ku dar comma labaad sidoo kale marka dhismaha leh comma [[Grammatical modifier|modifies-garayyo]] noun ama compound noun: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Keith Wilson won the 2024 Portland, Oregon, mayoral election.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Keith Wilson won the 2024 Portland, Oregon mayoral election.}} {{!}}} }} {{shortcut|MOS:DATECOMMA}} {{vanchor|Date commas|text=[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Dates, months, and years|Dates]] ku dhex jira month–day–year format waxay u baahan yihiin comma ka dambaysa day-ka, iyo sidoo kale ka dambaysa year-ka, ilaa ay raacdo punctuation kale. Element-ka ugu dambeeya waxaa loo treats-garaysay sida [[Wikipedia:Basic copyediting#Parenthetical comma|parenthetical]].}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|He set October 1, 2011, as the deadline for Patterson to meet his demands.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|He set October 1, 2011 as the deadline for Patterson to meet his demands.}} {{!}}} }} {{shortcut|MOS:QUOTECOMMA}} {{vanchor|Quotation commas|text= U lag calaamadaha xigmadda iyadoo la raacayo {{Section link||Punctuation inside or outside}}. Kani waxaa loo intended-gareeyay "logical quotation".}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Sax:}} {{!}} {{xt|She said, "The weather changes too often", and made other complaints.}} {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}} {{!xt|She said, "The weather changes too often," and made other complaints.}} {{!}}} }} Comma waxaa lagu dhex jiri karaa ka hor xigasho oo lagu ammaan goyay jumlad {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}})}}. ====<span class="anchor" id="Serial comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Oxford comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Oxford commas"></span><span class="anchor" id="Harvard comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Harvard commas"></span>Serial commas==== {{Shortcut|MOS:SERIAL|MOS:OXFORD||}} {{Redirect|MOS:OXFORD|Oxford spelling|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling#British English with "-ize" (Oxford spelling)}} A [[serial comma]] (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay ''Oxford comma'' ama ''Harvard comma'') waa comma loo isticmaalo toos ka hor conjunction (''and'', ''or'', ''nor'') ku dhex jirta liiska saddex ama ka badan items. {{Block indent|{{xt|ham, chips, and eggs}}{{spnd}}serial comma}} {{Block indent|{{xt|ham, chips and eggs}}{{spnd}}aan lahayn serial comma}} Tifaftireyaasha waxay isticmaali karaan mid ka mid ah heshiiska ilaa maqaal kasta uu yahay joogto ah ku dhex jirta. Serial commas waxay ka taageeraan badan marka qoraalka maqaalku uu yahay dhibco leh, sida liiska oo leh multi-word items (gaar ahaan haddii mid uu ku dhex jiro laikiis "''and''{{-"}}) ama nooc ka mid ah terms aan la dhasheyn oo laga yaabo. Laakiin, waxaa jira xaalado halka ka-tagista ama ku-darida serial comma ay keento is-dhaafsi: {{Block indent|{{!xt|The author thanked her friends, Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley}}{{spnd}}oo tirtiri kara mid ka mid ah afar ama ka badan dad ah (friends-ka iyo labada dad ee la magacaabay) ama laba dad ah (O'Connor iyo Marley, oo ah friends-ka).}} {{Block indent|{{!xt|The author thanked a friend, Sinéad O'Connor, and Bob Marley}}{{spnd}}oo tirtiri kara mid ka mid ah laba dad ah (O'Connor, oo ah friend-ka, iyo Marley) ama saddex dad ah (kan kowaad oo ah friend-ka, kan labaad O'Connor, iyo kan saddexaad Marley).}} Xaaladahaas is-dhaafsiga ah, cadday mid ka mid ah afar foom: *Ku dar ama baabi'i serial comma-ka. *Isticmaal jumlado gaar ah, bullet lists, ama beddelka dhismaha kale si loo caddayo. *Recast-garee jumlada ("friends" xaaladda): **Si loo tirtiro laba dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked her friends Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley.}} ***Caddayn badan: {{xt|The author thanked two friends: Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley.}} **Si loo tirtiro dad badan: **: {{xt|The author thanked Sinéad O'Connor, Bob Marley and her friends}} ama **: {{xt|The author thanked Sinéad O'Connor, Bob Marley, and her friends}}. ***Laakiin ma aha: {{!xt|The author thanked Bob Marley, Sinéad O'Connor[,] and her friends}}{{spnd}}soo bandhigaa is-dhaafsi ku saabsan ''her''. *Recast-garee jumlada ("friend" xaaladda): **Si loo tirtiro laba dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked Bob Marley and her friend Sinéad O'Connor.}} ***Ama noqo mid gaar ah marka ay suurtogal tahay: {{xt|The author thanked her childhood friend Sinéad O'Connor and her mentor, Bob Marley.}} **Si loo tirtiro saddex dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked Bob Marley, Sinéad O'Connor, and a friend.}} ***Caddaynta leh gender-specific terms sida ''mother'' waxay noqon kartaa dhibco leh; {{!xt|The author thanked her mother, Kim Thayil, and Sinéad O'Connor}} ma aha caddayn sababtoo ah akhristayaasha ma ogaankaraan [[Kim Thayil]] in uu yahay male oo ma noqon doono dadka oo kale sida mother-ka. ***Caddayn badan: {{xt|The author thanked Kim Thayil, Sinéad O'Connor, and her own mother}} ama {{xt|The author thanked her mother and musicians Kim Thayil and Sinéad O'Connor}}. ===Colons=== {{Shortcut|MOS:COLON}} {{For|the wikitext link formatting|Help:Colon trick}} A [[Colon (punctuation)|colon]] ({{xt|:}}) wuxuu soo bandhigaa wax muujinaya, sharraxaya, ama modifies-garaynaya waxa soo maray, ama ah liiska items oo dhowaan la soo bandhigay. Items-ka ku dhex jira liiskaas waxaa lagu kala saari karaa commas, ama haddii ay yihiin kuwo dhibco badan leh oo laga yaabo in ay laikiisu ku dhex jiraan commas, items-ka waa in lagu kala saaro semicolons ama lagu aaggaado bulleted list. {{Block indent|{{xt|We visited several tourist attractions: the Leaning Tower of Pisa, which I thought could fall at any moment; the Bridge of Sighs; the supposed birthplace of Petrarch, or at least the first known house in which he lived; and so many more.}}}} Colon waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa si loo soo bandhigo [[Quotation marks in English#Quotations and speech|direct speech]] oo lagu duubay calaamadaha xigmadda. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}}.)}} Marka colon loo isticmaalo sida separator ku dhex jira mawduuca maqaalka, madaxa qaybta, ama item liiska ah, tifaftireyaasha waxay dooran karaan in ay xaraf weyn ugu qoraan waxa raaca, iyadoo loo tixgelinayo [[#Retaining existing styles|isticmaalka jira]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Article titles#Consistency|joogteynta leh maqaallada la xiriira]]. Marka laga reebo isticmaalka tignoolajiyada ({{xt|a 3:1 ratio}}), ma jiro jumlad waa in ay ku dhex jirtay colons badan, ma jiro space waa in uu ka horreeyo colon, iyo space (laakiin waligeed ma aha hyphen ama dash) waa in uu raaco colon-ka. ===Semicolons=== {{Shortcut|MOS:;|MOS:SEMICOLON|}} {{for|usage in marking up description (definition) lists|Help:List#Description lists}} A [[semicolon]] ({{xt|;}}) marna waa alternative ee full stop (period), iyadoo u sahlaysa maaddada la xiriirta in lagu dhowro jumlada oo kale; waxay muujisaa kala saarisa la go'aamiyay ee jumlada marka loo eego comma. Haddii semicolon-ku uu kala saaro clauses, caadi ahaan clause kasta waa in uu noqdo mid gaar ah (macneheedu waa in uu taaggaanshaan karo laikiisu sida jumlad). Xaaladaha badankooda, kaliya comma ama kaliya semicolon wuxuu noqon doonaa sax ku dhex jira jumlad gaar ah. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Sax:}} | {{xt|Though he had been here before, I did not recognize him.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} | {{!xt|Though he had been here before; I did not recognize him.}} |} Sare, "Though he had been here before" ma taaggaanshaan karo laikiisu sida jumlad, oo sidaas darteed ma aha independent clause. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Sax:}} | {{xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit; bananas are classified as alkaline.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} | {{!xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit, bananas are classified as alkaline.}} |} Isticmaalkan aan saxda ahayn ee comma ee dhexda laba independent clauses waxaa loo intended-gareeyay [[comma splice]]; laakiin, xaaladaha qaarkood, comma waxaa loo isticmaali karaa halka semicolon wuxuu oki lahaa in loo baahan yahay: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | {{em|La accepts-garaysay}}: || {{xt|"Life is short, art is long."}} (laba clauses oo gaaban ku dhex jira [[aphorism]]; eeg ''[[Ars longa, vita brevis]]'') |- | {{em|La accepts-garaysay}}: || {{xt|"I have studied it, you have not."}} (soo sheegida wada-hadal gaaban, sida jawaabtan ee [[Isaac Newton|Newton]]) |} Jumlad waxay ku dhex jiri kartaa semicolons badan, gaar ahaan marka clauses-ku ay yihiin kuwo parallel ee dhismaha iyo macnaha; semicolons badan oo aan la xiriirin caadi ahaan waa calaamado ah in jumlada loo kala saaro jumlado gaaban ama foom kale loo dib-u-qoro. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Unwieldy}}: | {{!xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit; bananas are classified as alkaline; pears are close to neutral; these distinctions are rarely discussed.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: | {{xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit, bananas are alkaline, and pears are close to neutral; these distinctions are rarely discussed.}} |} Semicolons waxaa loo isticmaalaa ku-darida commas si loo kala saaro items ku dhex jira liiska, marka commas laikiisu ay keeni karaan jahwareer. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Jahwareer:}} | {{!xt|Sales offices are located in Boston, Massachusetts, San Francisco, California, Singapore, and Millbank, London, England.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Caddayn:}} | {{xt|Sales offices are located in Boston, Massachusetts; San Francisco, California; Singapore; and Millbank, London, England.}} |} ====Semicolon ka hor "however"==== {{Shortcut|MOS:HOWEVER}} {{Redirect|MOS:HOWEVER|its usage in editorialization|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Editorializing}} Macnaha jumlad ay ku dhex jirta trailing clause oo ku starts-garoogaysa erayga ''however'' wuxuu ku xiran yahay punctuation-ka ka horreeya eraygaas. Makhaadhaa caadi ah waa isticmaalka punctuation-ka aan saxda ahayn, iyadoo beddelaysa macnaha mid aan loo intended-gareeyn. Marka erayga ''however'' uu yahay adverb macneheedu yahay "nevertheless", waa in uu ka horreeyo semicolon oo uu raaco comma. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people; however, they tried.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people; nevertheless, they tried.}} |} Marka erayga ''however'' uu yahay conjunction macneheedu yahay "in whatever manner", ama "regardless of how", wuxuu ka horreyn karaa comma laakiin ma aha semicolon, oo waa inuusan raacin punctuation. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people, however they tried.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people, regardless of how they tried.}} |} Xaaladda kowaad, clause-ka oo ku starts-garoogaya "however" ma loo beddeli karo clause-ka kowaad; xaaladda labaad kani waxaa lagu sameyn karaa aan lahayn beddelka macnaha: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|However they tried, it was obvious they could not convert these people.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|Regardless of how they tried, it was obvious they could not convert these people.}} |} Haddii labada clauses aan loo beddeli karin, semicolon waxaa loo baahan yahay. Jumlad ama clause waxay sidoo kale ku dhex jiri kartaa erayga ''however'' dhexda, haddii uu yahay adverb macneheedu yahay "although" oo lagu lagi karay bilowga laakiin aan ku starts-garoogayn clause cusub dhexda jumlada. Isticmaalkan, erayga waxaa lagu duubi karaa dhexda commas. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|He did not know, however, that the venue had been changed at the last minute.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|However, he did not know that the venue had been changed at the last minute.}} |} ===Hyphens=== {{Shortcut|MOS:-|MOS:HYPHEN}} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Globe Toters-A Birla Preschool,Indore (cropped).jpg | image2 = Peuters_in_het_tehuis_zitten_met_zijn_allen_op_de_po,_Bestanddeelnr_252-0385.jpg | image3 = Graduates 2014 IMG 2779 (14083168633).jpg | caption1 = Four-year-old children | caption2 = Four year-old children | caption3 = Four-year old children }} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Haring 03.jpg | image2 = Great white Dyer island 2010-07.jpg | caption1 = A man {{nobr|eating fish}} | caption2 = A man-eating fish }} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Catalina_Island_Rescue_DVIDS1091019.jpg | image2 = Kintín al ataque (5189220934).jpg | caption1 = Officials help {{nobr|dog-bite victim}}. | caption2 = Officials help {{nobr|dog bite victim}}. }} [[File:Carry-On Aircraft.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|A sign {{shy|exhibiting over-eager hy|phen|a|tion}}: the second hyphen is fine, but the first is spurious.]] [[Hyphen]]s ({{xt|-}}) waxay muujiyaan conjunction. Waxaa jira saddex isticmaalka waaweyn: # In hyphenated magacyada dadka ({{xt|John Lennard-Jones}}, {{xt|Omar al-Bashir}}). # Si loogu isku xiro [[prefixes]] iyo [[suffixes]] oo leh terms-kooda waaweyn dhismaha qaarkood, [[#En dash across open compounds|ilbaa compounds-ka laikiisu ay ku dhex jiraan space ama hyphen]]: {{xt|quasi-scientific}}, {{xt|ultra-nationalistic}}, {{xt|London-based}}, {{xt|community-led}}. #*Hyphen waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loo kala saaro dhexda [[homograph]]s ({{xt|[[wikt:re-sign|re-sign]]}} macneheedu waa ''sign again'', laakiin {{xt|[[wikt:resign|resign]]}} macneheedu waa ''relinquish ownership'' ama ''leave a job''). #*Waxaa jira trend caddaynaya oo lagu ammaan goyo labada elements dhammaan noocyada English-ka ({{xt|subsection}}, {{xt|nonlinear}}). Hyphenation-ku wuxuu caddayaa marka xarfaha la keenay contact ay yihiin kuwo oo kale ({{xt|non-negotiable}}, {{xt|sub-basement}}) ama ay yihiin vowels ({{xt|pre-industrial}}), ama halka eray uu yahay mid aan caadi ahayn ({{xt|co-proposed}}, {{xt|re-target}}) ama laga yaabo in loo akhrriyo si aan sax ahayn ({{xt|sub-era}}, ma aha {{!xt|subera}}). Erayada qaarkood oo noocan ah si oo kale waa kuwo caadi ah aan lahayn hyphen-ka (t.s., {{xt|cooperation}} waxaa si joogto ah loo dhasheeyay ka badan {{xtg|co-operation}} ee English-ka cusub). Ka dhiiri erayada beddelaya macnahooda aan lahayn hyphen-ka, t.s. {{xt|re-creation}} (create again) iyo {{xt|recreation}} (amusement).{{efn|name=recent}} # {{va|Hyphens in compound modifiers|text=Si loogu isku xiro terms-ka la xiriira ee ku dhex jira [[compound modifier]]s}}:{{Efn|1=Gaar ahaan compound [[attributive adjective|attributives]], oo ah modifiers ee noun oo ka muuqda ku dhex jira [[noun phrase]]. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link|English compound#Hyphenated compound modifiers}}.)}}}} #*Hyphens waxay taageeri karaan fududaynta akhrrinta (waa inay noqdaan kuwo {{xt|ease-of-reading}} taageera) oo waxay gaar ahaan u wanaagsan yihiin noun phrases-ka dheer: {{xt|gas-phase reaction dynamics}}. Laakiin waligeed ha dhex gelin hyphen magac sax ah ({{xt|Middle Eastern cuisine}}, ma aha {{!xt|Middle-Eastern cuisine}}). #*Hyphen wuxuu taageeri karaa disambiguator-ka (qaarkood {{xt|short-story writers}} waa kuwo dheer; {{xt|a government-monitoring program}} waa program oo monitor-garaynaya xukuumadda, inta {{xt|a government monitoring program}} uu yahay program xukuumadda oo monitor-garaynaya). #*Compounds oo ah hyphenated marka loo isticmaalo {{em|[[Attributive adjective|attributively]]}} (adjectives ka hor nouns-ka ay qualified-garaynayaan: {{xt|a light-blue handbag}}, {{xt|a 34-year-old woman}}) ama {{em|[[substantive]]ly}} (sida noun: {{xt|she is a 34-year-old}}) caadi ahaan ma aha hyphenated marka loo isticmaalo {{em|[[Predicative expression|predicatively]]}} (foomka sharraxaadda leh oo lagu kala saaray noun-ka: {{xt|the handbag was light blue}}, {{xt|the woman is 34 years old}}). Halka uu ka jiri lahaa baabi'inta caddaynta laakiis, hyphen waxaa loo isticmaali karaa foomka predicative-ka ah sidoo kale ({{xt|hand-fed turkeys}}, {{xt|the turkeys were hand-fed}}). Attributive hyphenation-ka dhibco leh marna waxaa looga fogaan karaa dib-u-qorid fudud: {{xt|Hawaiian-native species}} → {{xt|native Hawaiian species}}. #*Ka fogao isticmaalka hyphen ka dambaysa heerka ''{{nowrap|-ly}}'' adverb ({{xt|a newly available home}}, {{xt|a wholly owned subsidiary}}) ilaa ay tahay qayb ka mid ah compound dheeraad ah ({{xt|a slowly-but-surely strategy}}). Xaaladaha dhifka ah, hyphen wuxuu ka wanaajin karaa caddaynta haddii alternative-ka dib loo qoray uu yahay dhibco leh, laakiin dib-u-qoriddu caadi ahaan waa ka wanaagsan tahay: {{!xt|The idea was clearly stated enough}} waxaa lagu disambiguator-gareyn karaa sida {{xt|The idea clearly was stated often enough}} ama {{xt|The idea was ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} sobpvvtsi2wq6gpztxz8rh6g1h8etzk 310795 310794 2026-10-24T10:26:14Z Isma4l 41797 310795 wikitext text/x-wiki {{MoS guideline|WP:MOS<!-- DO NOT add more shortcuts. None are as short and popular as this one. -->}} '''Haddaha Qaabka''' ('''MoS''' ama '''MOS''') waa [[haddaha qaabka]] ee dhammaan [[Wikipedia:Waa maxay maqaal?|maqaallada]] [[Wikipedia:Soomaali|Wikipedia-ha Soomaaliga]].{{efn|Isku xirka [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility|waxyaabaha la xiriira oo la heli karo]] waxay ku dabaqmaan dhammaan mashruuca, oo ma aha oo kaliya maqaallada.}} Boggan koowaad waxaa taageera [[:Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style|boggag yar oo xeel-dheer]], oo halkan la isku gudbin karo oo lagu tirtiray [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents]]. Haddii ay ka dhalato is-diido, boggani wuxuu leeyahay ka-horreyn.{{efn|name="CONLEVEL"|Kani waa arrin siyaasadeed oo ku saabsan {{section link|Wikipedia:Consensus|Level of consensus}}: "Is-afgaradka ka dhex jira koox xaddidan oo tifaftireyaal ah, hal meel iyo hal maalin, ma baabi'in karo [[Wikipedia:Community consensus|is-afgaradka samaynta]] ee baaxadda weyn. Tusaale ahaan, ilaa ay ka dhaadhiciyaan bulshada balaadhan in aysan sax ahayn, kaqeybgalayaasha WikiProject ma go'aamin karaan in siyaasada ama hagaha Wikipedia uusan ku dabaqmin maqaallada ku dhex jira baaxadeeda." Iyo: "Wikipedia waxay leedahay heer sare oo kaqeybgal iyo is-afgarad ee beddelka siyaasadaha iyo hagayaasha marka loo eego noocyada kale ee boggaga." Boggaga ka hooseeya waxaa ku jira [[:Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style|boggaga MoS-ka ee xeel-dheeraanta]], [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Guide#Advice pages|qoraallada qaabka]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style|Haddaha Qaabka ee Fudud]].}} {{vanchor|Clarity|text=Tifaftireyaal waa inay u qoraan maqaallada iyagoo isticmaalaya luqad toos ah, gaaban, oo fudud in la fahmo. Tifaftireyaal waa inay u dhisaan maqaallada qaabeyn joogto ah oo u sahlanaata akhristaha.}} {{va|Stability|text=Haddii ka badan hal qaab ama foom lagu aamini karo MoS-ka, mid waa in loo isticmaalo madal kasta oo ku dhex jirta maqaalka oo [[#Retaining existing styles|aan la beddelin]] sabab wanaagsan la'aanteed. [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|Tifaftirka dagaalka]] ee ku saabsan doorashooyinka qaabka ma aha mid la accepts karo.{{efn|name="ew"|Arrrimahaani waxaa lagu xalliyay go'aannada [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|Guddiga Garsoorka]] ee [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk#Optional styles|2005]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan#Preferred styles|2006]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Date delinking#Optional styles|2009]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Infoboxes#Use of infoboxes|2015]].}} Qoraal cusub oo lagu daro boggan waa inuu toos u xalliyo arrin qaab oo si joogto ah u soo noqnoqota.}} {{TOC limit|3}} ==Dhonsashada qaababka jira== {{Shortcut|MOS:VAR|MOS:STYLEVAR|MOS:STYLERET}} {{Redirect|MOS:VAR|retention of an article's established national English variety|#National varieties of English|a list of more specific related rules|WP:VARS}} Marna, MOS-ku wuxuu bixiyaa ka badan hal qaab oo la accepts karo ama ma bixiyo hagal gaar ah. Marka ka badan hal qaab la accepts karo, al-fajar ma aha mid habboon in tifaftiraha Wikipedia uu ka beddelo hal qaab oo uu u beddelo mid kale ilaa ay jirto sabab muhiim ah oo beddelka ah.{{efn|name="ArbCom"|Astaanta bilowga ee qoraalkan, eeg go'aannada [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|ArbCom]] ee [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk#Principles|Juun 2005]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/jguk 2#Principles|Nofembar 2005]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan#Principles|2006]].}} [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|Tifaftirka dagaalka]] ee ku saabsan qaabka,{{efn|name="ew"}} ama u adeegsiga qaab dookh ah si [[Wikipedia:Bot policy#Assisted editing guidelines|bot-oo kale ah]] is-afgarad ka hor la'aantiis,{{efn|name="bot-like"|Eeg [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Magioladitis 2#High-speed editing|Go'aanka ArbCom ee 2017]], iyo {{section link|Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser#Rules of use}}; tifaftirka bot-ka oo kale ah oo sii socda inkastoo ay jiraan diidmo ama oo keena makhaadhaa wuxuu keeni karaa [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|xannibaad]] iyo baabi'inta xuquuqaha ku saabsan qalabka semi-automated-ka ah.}} waa [[Wikipedia:Disruptive editing|dhibco ka dhan ah]] oo waligeed ma aha mid la accepts karo. Beddelka aan la xaqijin ee kaaga taagan hal qaab oo la accepts karo, [[#Consistency within articles|oo si joogto ah loo adeegsaday]] ee ku dhex jira maqaal oo loo beddelo qaab kale waa la [[Wikipedia:Reverting|celin karaa]]. Doono [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Opportunities for commonality|fursadaha wadaagga]] si looga fogaado murannada qaabka. Haddii aad rammayso in qaab kale uu ka habboon yahay maqaal gaar ah, doono [[Wikipedia:Consensus|is-afgarad]] iyadoo ku saabsan tan lagula discuss-garaynayo bogga wada-hadalka maqaalka ama{{snd}}haddii ay keento arrin guud ama ku saabsan MoS-ka lakiisa{{snd}}at [[Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style]]. Haddii wada-hadalku uusan keenin is-afgarad beddelka ah, sii wad isticmaalka qaabka horey loo dhisay ee maqaalka. Haddii wada-hadalku uu ku guuldareysto inuu gaaro wax is-afgarad ah oo ku saabsan midka laba ama ka badan qaab oo tartamaya oo la isticmaalayo, markaas dib u noqo qaabkii loo isticmaalay nooca ugu horreeyay ee ka dambeeya [[Wikipedia:Stub|qabyada]] maqaalka oo uu ka muuqday mid ka mid ah qaababka ku dabaqmaya. (Mawqifkan dib-u-noqoshada ah ma siiyo [[WP:UNCHALLENGED|darajo aan la tartami karin]] qaabkaas gaarka ah inta lagu jiro wada-hadalka is-afgaradka, mana siiyo tifaftiraha soo impose-garaysay qaabkaas ugu horreeyay [[Wikipedia:Ownership of content|wax ka badan]] wada-hadalka.) ==<span class="anchor" id="Article titles, headings, and sections"></span>Mawduucyada maqaalka, qaybaha, iyo madaxda== {{Shortcut|MOS:AT}} ===Mawduucyada maqaalka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Article titles}} {{for|titles which coincide with a work's title|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles of works}} Mawduucu waa inuu noqdo magac la aqoonsan karo ama sifaynta mawduuca, [[Wikipedia:Common sense|isagoo maareynaya]] shuruudaha ah inuu yahay mid asalka ah, si ku filan oo sax ah, gaaban, oo joogto ah oo la mid ah maqaallada la xiriira. Hagaha qaabaynta eeg qaybta {{section link|Wikipedia:Article titles|Article title format}}, isagoo xusaya kuwa soo socda: *U qor herga labaad ee xarafka ugu horreeya (marka laga reebo xaaladaha dhifka ah, sida {{xt|eBay}}), laakiin haddii kale raac [[sentence case]]{{efn|name=Sentence case|1=Wikipedia waxay u isticmaashaa [[sentence case]] jumlado, [[Wikipedia:Article titles|mawduucyada maqaalka]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout|mawduucyada qaybaha]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables|madaxda taarikada]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images|qoraallada sawirka]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists|qoraallada liiska]] (xaaladaha badankooda), iyo qoraallada ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Infobox|infoboxes]] iyo moodallada la midka ah, iyo waxyaabo kale. Wax kasta oo MoS ah oo ku saabsan bilowga jumlad waxay ku dabaqmaan waxyaabaha isticmaalaya sentence case.<!-- Please keep this footnote synced with the version at the MOS:CAPS page. -->}} ({{xt|Funding of UNESCO projects}}), ma aha title case ({{!xt|Funding of UNESCO Projects}}), marka laga reebo halka title case loo isticmaali lahaa qoraalka caadiga ah. Eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (capitalization)]]. *Si aad u qorto farta italic-ka ah, ku dar {{tlx|italic title}} meel dhow sare ee maqaalka. Si aad farta italic-ka ah ugu qorto kaliya qayb ka mid ah mawduuca, ku dar xadka <code>|string=</code> ee qoraalka gaarka ah ee lagu qorayo farta italic-ka ah. Isticmaalka farta italic-ka ah waa inuu u dhigmaa {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting|Italic type}}. *Ha isticmaalin [[Article (grammar)|maqaallada]] (''a'', ''an'', ama ''the'') sida xarafka ugu horreeya ({{xt|Economy of the Second Empire}}, ma aha {{!xt|The economy of the Second Empire}}), ilaa ay tahay qayb aan la kala saari karin oo magaca ka mid ah ({{xt|The Hague}}) ama mawduuca shaqa (''{{xt|A Clockwork Orange}}'', ''{{xt|The Simpsons}}''). *Caadi ahaan isticmaal [[noun]]s ama [[noun phrase]]s: {{xt|Early life}}, ma aha {{!xt|In early life}}.{{Efn|1=Erayada sida {{xt|In early life}} waa kuwo la accepts karo (inkastoo aan loo baahnayn) sida madaxda qaybaha. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa si joogto ah sida qayb ka mid ah mawduucyada maqaalka oo dheeraad ah sida [[Piracy in the Caribbean|{{xt|Piracy in the Caribbean}}]], indhaheeda marka dhismaha gaaban ({{xtn|Caribbean piracy}}) uu leeyahay arrimo is-dhaafsi ah.}} *Xarafka ugu dambeeya waa inuusan noqon calaamad ilaahiyad ilaa uu yahay qayb aan la kala saari karin oo magaca ka mid ah ({{xt|[[Saint-Louis-du-Ha! Ha!]]}}, {{xt|''[[Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?]]''}}) ama gaabinta ({{xt|[[Inverness City F.C.]]}}), ama marka xiritaanka bracket-ka wareegga ama calaamadda xigmadda loo baahan yahay ({{xt|[[John Palmer (1814 schooner)|''John Palmer'' (1814 schooner)]]}}). *Markasta oo calaamadaha xigmadda ama noocyada apostrophe-ka oo kale ay ka muuqdaan ({{xt|[[Geʽez]]}}), ku dar [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirection]] mawduuc caddaynaya oo isticmaalaya apostrophes ({{xt|[[Ge'ez]]}}).{{efn|name=curlyq|1=Calaamadaha xigmadda tooska ah iyo apostrophes waa kuwo fudud in loo qorto si lagu aamini karo madallada badankooda, markaas kani wuxuu u sahlayaa bartilmaameedka redirection-ka oo fudud. Xigmadda curdanka ah iyo apostrophes sidaas darteed waa kuwo si weyn looga tagay Wikipedia-ha English-ka. Eeg sidoo kale [[MOS:CURLY]] iyo [[MOS:']].}} Labadaba ha ka sareeyaan iyo kuwo [[Wikipedia:Article titles]], qeybta kale ee MoS-ka, gaar ahaan {{section link||Punctuation}}, waxay ku dabaqmaan sidoo kale mawduuca. ===Agaasimaha qaybta=== {{Shortcut|MOS:SO}} {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout}} Mawduuca maqaalka waa inuu ku starts-garo [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section|qaybta hordhaca ah<!-- Do not add the word "lede" here. See footnotes at WP:LEAD for details. -->]]{{snd}}gaabinta kooban ee maqaalka{{snd}}oo aan waligeed loo kala saarin qaybo {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section]])}}. Qaybta hartay ee maqaalka waxaa caadi ahaan loo kala saaraa [[Help:Section|qaybo]]. [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes|Infoboxes]], sawirrada, iyo mawduucyada kale ee la xiriira qaybta hordhaca ah waa inay noqdaan kuwo dhanka midig ah. Calaamadaha qaarkood oo heerka ah [[Help:Template|moodallada]] iyo [[Help:Wikitext|wikitext]] oo aan ahayn qaybo waxay ka sarreeyaan inta ugu dambaysa maqaalka, ka hor mawduuca qaybta hordhaca ah, iyo uusocodka soo socda: *[[Wikipedia:Short description|Gaaban sharrax leh]], oo leh moodalka {{tlx|Short description}} *[[Wikipedia:Hatnote|Hatnote-ka disambiguation]], waqtiga badankiisa oo leh moodalka {{tlx|Hatnote}} {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg sidoo kale {{section link|Wikipedia:Hatnote#Hatnote templates}})}} *Moodallada aan lahayn soo-saarka oo muujinaya foomka taariikhda dhisay ee maqaalka iyo nooca luqadda English-ka, haddii ay jiraan (t.s., {{tlx|Use dmy dates}}, {{tlx|Use Canadian English}}) *Moodallada dayactirka ee Banner-ka ah, [[Wikipedia:Template index/Disputes|Dispute]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Template index/Cleanup|Moodallada Cleanup]] ee arrimaha maqaalka oo dhan oo la calaamadeeyay (haddii kale loo isticmaalo sare ee qayb gaar ah, ka dambeeya hatnote kasta oo qayb ah sida {{tlx|main}}) *[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes|Infobox]], oo ah dookh (marka laga reebo xaaladaha gaarka ah sida {{tlx|Taxobox}} iyo {{tlx|Chembox}}, ama nooc ka mid ah, maqaallada ku dabaqmaya); caadi ahaan sidoo kale waxaa ku jira sawirka ugu horreeya *Sawirka hordhaca ah, marka infobox aan la isticmaalin, ama sawir dheeraad ah loo baahan yahay qaybta hordhaca ah (haddii hordhacu u yahay mid aad u dheer, sawir labaad waxaa lagu lagi karaa dhexda qoraalka hordhaca ah) Nooca skin-ka ee [[Vector 2022]], [[Wikipedia:Table of contents|tusmada maqaalka]] waa mid ka mid ah oo ka baxsan mawduuca maqaalka. Noocyada skin-ka hore qaarkood, tusmada la mari karo waxay ka muuqataa si otomaatig ah ka dambaysa hordhaca haddii maqaalku leeyahay ugu yaraan afar madax oo qaybo ah. Haddii mawduuca qayb uu ku jiraa si xeel-dheer oo dheeraad ah maqaal gaar ah {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Summary style]])}}, ku dar {{tlx|main|{{var|Article name}}}} ama {{tlx|further|{{var|Article name}}}} isla markiiba ka hooseeya madaxa qaybta. Sida lagu sharraxay si xeel-dheer {{slink|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout|Standard appendices and footers}}, noocyo dhowr ah oo maaddooyinka ah (badankoodu waa dookh) waxay ka muuqan karaan ka dambaysa qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee maqaalka, uusocodka soo socda: *Buugaagta ama shaqaalaha kale ee lagu abuuray mawduuca maqaalka, ka hooseeya madaxa qaybta "Works", "Publications", "Discography", "Filmography", iyo wixii la mid ah sida habboon (ka fogao "Bibliography", oo loo khaldami karo xigashooyinka tixraaca) *Isku xirka hoose ee maqaallada la xiriira ee Wikipedia-ha English-ka, oo leh madaxa qaybta "See also" *Xusuus-qoraallada iyo tixraacyada, oo leh madaxa qaybta "Notes" ama "References" (caadi ahaan ka dambeeya), ama qayb gaar ah oo loogu talagalay mid kasta uusocodkan {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]])}}; ka fogao "Bibliography", oo loo khaldami karo shaqaalaha mawduuca *Buugaagta la xiriira, maqaallada, ama shaqaalaha kale ee aan loo isticmaalin sida tixraacyada; isticmaal madaxa qaybta "Further reading"; noqo mid si sare ah loo doortay, maadaama [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a directory|Wikipedia aysan ahayn buugga tixraaca]] *Websaydhada la xiriira [[Wikipedia:External links|iyo kuwo habboon]] ee aan loo isticmaalin sida tixraacyada oo aan ka muuqan appendices-ka hore, isticmaalka madaxa "External links", oo loo sameyn karo qayb ka hooseysa "Further reading" (ama isku xirkaas waxaa toos lagu ammaan goyn karaa liiska "Further reading" halkii); [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Links to sister projects|moodallada isku xirka ee mawduucyada mashruuca walaalka ah]] sidoo cuali ahaan waxay ka sarreeyaan qaybtan marka ay jirto (haddii kale qaybta ugu dambaysa ee bogga) *Waxyaabaha ugu dambeeya ee soo socda waligeed ma qaataan madaxyada qaybaha: **Isku xirka hoose oo lagu aaggaaday [[Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates#Navigation_templates|boxes-ka navigation-ka]] **Metadata ee [[Wikipedia:Authority control|Authority control]], haddii loo baahdo, isticmaalka {{tlx|Authority control}} (wuxuu kala saaraa isticmaalka magaca laba mawduuc, ama magacyo badan oo loogu talagalay hal mawduuc) **[[Wikipedia:Categorization|Qeeybaha]], oo waa inay noqdaan maaddada ugu dambaysa ee koodha maqaalka haddii aysan jirin moodallada stub-ka **[[Wikipedia:Stub sorting|Moodallada stub-ka]], haddii loo baahdo, oo waa inay raacaan qeeybaha [[Wikipedia:Stand-alone lists|Maqaallada liiska ah ee gaarka ah]] waxay leeyihiin waxyaabo dheeraad ah oo agaasimaha ah. ===<span class="anchor" id="Section management"></span>Madaxyada qaybaha=== {{Shortcut|MOS:HEAD|MOS:HEADINGS}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Headings|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Order of article elements|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Section headings}} [[Help:Section|Madaxyada qaybaha]] waa inay caadi ahaan raacaan hagaha [[#Article titles|mawduucyada maqaalka]] ee sare oo ay ku muuqdaan [[sentence case]] ({{xt|Funding of UNESCO projects in developing countries}}), ma aha [[title case]] ({{!xt|Funding of UNESCO Projects in Developing Countries}}).{{efn|name=Sentence case}} {{shortcut|MOS:BLANKLINE}} {{vanchor|Blank line|text=Dhammaan madaxyada waa inay ku dhex jiraan xarkooda gaarka ah, oo ay ka horreyso presely hal xar oo eber ah, oo ay raacdo mid ka mid ah hal xar ama aan lahayn xar eber ah.}} {{vanchor|Section headings (necessary point 6)|text=Ha u isticmaalin si xun [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists#Description (definition, association) lists|liiska sharraxaadda]] markup ("<code>;</code>") si aad u abuurto [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Pseudo-headings|pseudo-headings]].}} {{va|SECTIONSTYLE|Section headings (styling best practice)|Section headings (main styling reason)|text=Sida arrin qaab oo joogto ah, madaxyada qaybuhu waa inaynaan:}} {{Shortcut|MOS:SECTIONSTYLE|MOS:NOBACKREF}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 1)|text=si turjumaad ah dib ugu tixraacin mawduuca maqaalka, t.s., {{xt|Early life}}, ma aha {{!xt|Smith's early life}} ama {{!xt|His early life}}}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 2)|text=tixraacin madax heer sare ah, ilaa aad sameyso ay tahay mid gaaban ama caddayn badan}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 3)|text=noqon kuwo la nambareeyay ama xarfo leh sida outline}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 4)|text=noqon kuwo loo sameeyay sida su'aal, t.s., {{xt|Languages}}, ma aha {{!xt|What languages are spoken?}}}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 5)|text=isticmaalin luga ama farta aan caadiga ahayn oo keeni kara [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Headings|arrimaha lagu heli karo]]}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 6)|text=noqon kuwo lagu duubay [[Help:Wikitext|markup]], sida bold iyo italics, oo baabi'in kara muujintooda oo keeni kara arrimo kale oo lagu heli karo}} ====Wikimarkup==== {{shortcut|MOS:NOSECTIONLINKS|MOS:HEADINGLINKS}} {{va|Section headings (technical best practice)|text=Sababo tignoolajiyada ah, madaxyada qaybuhu waa inay}} {{va|Section headings (necessary point 1)|text=noqdaan kuwo gaar ah oo ku dhex jira maqaal (si [[Template:Section link|isqu xirka qaybta]] uu u shaqeeyo)}} oo waa inaynaan ku dhex jirin: *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 2)|text=[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking#Principles|isqu xirka]], xataa haddii kaliya qayb ka mid ah madaxa la isku xiray}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 5)|text=xigashooyinka ama xusuus-qoraallada}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 4)|text=<code><[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics#Typesetting of mathematical formulae|math]]></code> markup}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 3)|text=sawirrada ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Icons#Encyclopedic purpose|icons-ka]]}} {{va|Section headings (main technical reason)|text=Xaddidaadahani waa kuwo lagu khasbay si looga fogaado tignoolajiyada dhibco leh oo ma aha kuwo la baabi'in karo is-afgaradka maxalliga ah ama hagayaasha aan ku habboonayn.}} {{short|MOS:TEMPLATE}} {{va|Section headings (necessary point 7)|text=Wadaagga moodalka}} waa in sidoo kale caadi ahaan looga fogaadaa madaxyada qaybaha, sababtoo ah waxay keenaan koodha asalka ah ee baaqida moodalka inuu ka muuqdo isqu xirka lagu daray gaabinta tifaftirka; gujinta isqu xirkaas ka muuqda taariikhda bogga ma keeni doonto qaybta loo baahan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, [[WP:ANCHORSUBST|marka lagu darayo isqu xirka anchor madaxyada, mar walba beddel moodalka gudaha madaxa]]: {{block indent|1={{plainlist| * {{y}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== {{subst:anchor|Anchor name}} Section title ==</nowiki>}}</code> * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== {{anchor|Anchor name}} Section title ==</nowiki>}}</code> }} }} {{shortcut|MOS:SECTIONCOMMENT}} {{va|SECTIONCOMMENT|Section comment|text=[[#Invisible comments|Xusuus-qoraallada la qariyay]] oo tixraacaya madaxa qayb ama qayb oo dhan waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu lago xar ka hooseysa madaxa. Waxaa sidoo cuali ahaan lagu lagi karaa ku dhex jira xarkooda oo kale sida madaxa, laakiin xaaladaas waa inay noqdaan kuwo {{em|gudaha}} <code>==&nbsp;==</code> markup:{{efn|1=Xusuus-qoraal ka baxsan <code><nowiki>==&nbsp;==</nowiki></code> laakiin ku dhex jira xarkooda oo kale wuxuu keeni karaa isqu xirka tifaftirka qaybta inuu ku guuldareysto inuu ka muuqdo dhammaan; ee browsers-ka kale, wuxuu ka muuqan karaa, laakiin isticmaalkiisu wuxuu keeni doonaa madaxa qaybta inuusan si otomaatig ah lagu darin gaabinta tifaftirka.}}}} {{block indent|1={{plainlist| * {{y}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== Implications ==</nowiki><br /><nowiki><!--This comment is placed correctly.--></nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{mby}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== Implications<!--This comment works fine.--> ==</nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{mby}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== <!--This comment works fine.-->Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== Implications == <!--This comment causes problems.--> </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{tracked|T381786}}{{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki><!--This comment causes problems.</nowiki><br><nowiki>-->== Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki><!--The space after this comment breaks the heading completely.--> == Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} }} }} ====<span class="anchor" id="SECTIONANCHOR"></span><span class="anchor" id="Section anchor"></span>Anchors==== {{short|MOS:SECTIONANCHOR}} <section begin="heading links" />Ka hor inta aanad beddelin madax, tixgeli in aad baabi'inayso isqu xirka jira oo ku dhex jira.<section end="heading links" /> Haddii ay jiraan [[Help:Link#To a section|isqu xirka badan oo u socda mawduuca hore]],{{efn|name="many links"|1=Si aad u ogaato inta isqu xirka ee u socda mawduuca qaybta hore iyo maqaallada leeh iyaga, waxaad sameyn kartaa <span class=plainlinks>[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=all%3A+linksto%3A%22ARTICLE%22+insource%3A%2F%5B%5B%7C%5DARTICLE%5C%23OLDSECTION%2F+&title=Special:Search&profile=all&fulltext=1 raadinta sare ee]</span>, iyadoo la beddelayo {{smallcaps|article}} magaca maqaalka, iyo {{smallcaps|oldsection}} mawduuca qaybta hore. Raadintaas sare ma raadiso [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirections-ka]], markaas sidoo kale eeg bogga maqaalka ee [[Special:WhatLinksHere]] ee redirections-ka u socda mawduuca qaybta hore. Haddii ay jiraan kaliya nambarka yar ee isqu xirka ee u socda mawduuca qaybta hore, waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu cusbooneysiiyo manwal ahaan.}} abuur [[Help:Anchor|anchor]] oo leh mawduucaas si loo xaqijiyo in kuwani ay sii shaqeeyaan. Sidoo kale, marka lagu isqu xirayo qayb, ka tag xusuus-qoraal aan la arki karin madaxa qaybta bartilmaameedka, iyadoo lagu magacaabayo maqaallada isqu xirka leeh, si haddii madaxa dambe loo beddelo kani si fudud loo hagaajin karo, ama kale anchor kale loo abuurayo haddii ay jiraan kuwo badan.{{efn|name="many links"}} Tusaale ahaan: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == {{subst:Anchor|Consequences}} Implications == <!-- "Richard Dawkins" and "Daniel Dennett" link here. --> </syntaxhighlight> oo lagu kaydin doono maqaalka sida: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == <span class="anchor" id="Consequences"></span> Implications == <!-- "Richard Dawkins" and "Daniel Dennett" link here. --> </syntaxhighlight> Faa'iidada isticmaalka {{tlxs|Anchor}}, ama kaliya la dhex gelinayo {{tag|span|o|link=yes}} tags-ka toos, waa in marka tifaftirka loo sameeyo qaybta mustaqbalka, anchor-ku ma lagu dhex jiri doono taariikhda bogga sida qayb ka mid ah magaca qaybta. Marka kaliya {{tlx|Anchor}} loo isticmaalo toos, akhlaaqdaas aan loo baahnayn {{em|waa ay}} dhacdaa, markaas waa in mar walba [[WP:ANCHORSUBST|loo beddelo anchors madaxyada qaybaha]]. Marka la dhex gelinayo span toos, {{em|ha}} gaabin iyadoo la isticmaalayo tag-ka self-closing, sida ku dhex jirta: <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== <span id="Consequences"</nowiki>{{highlight round|/|bc=var(--background-color-destructive-subtle, lightred);}}> Implications <nowiki>==</nowiki>}}</code> In HTML5 foomkaas XML-style waa mid shaqaynaya kaliya tags-ka qaarkood, sida {{nowrap |<code>&lt;br/></code>}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T134423 |title=T134423 Deprecate nonstandard behavior of self-closed HTML tags in wikitext. |website=phabricator.wikimedia.org |access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref> Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking|Avoiding broken section links}} si aad u ogaato wada-hadal dheeraad ah. ====Mawduuca oo kale madaxa==== Hagaha sare ee madaxyada qaybaha, gaar ahaan sentence case, turjumaad, sawirrada iyo su'aalaha, sidoo kale wuxuu ku dabaqmaa [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables#Captions and headers|madaxyada taarikada]] (iyo noocyada taarikada iyo xarrada). Laakiin, madaxyada taarikada waxay ku dhex jiri karaan xigashooyinka oo waxay ku starts-garo karaan, ama noqon karaan, nambara. Unka madaxyada bogga, madaxyada taarikada ma samayn karaan si otomaatig ah anchors-ka isqu xirka. Ka baxsan sentence case ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Glossaries|glossaries]], talada madaxa sidoo kale waxay ku dabaqmaysaa ''term'' qoraallada ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists#DLIST|description lists]]. Haddii la isticmaalayo [[Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Glossaries#Template-structured|template-structured glossaries]], terms-ku si otomaatig ah waxay leeyihiin anchors-ka isqu xirka, laakiin ma leeyihiin kale. Xigashooyinka mawduuca description-list waxay ku dhex jiraan {{tl|term}} ama {{tl|defn}} element, sida loo baahan yahay. ==Noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga== {{Shortcut|MOS:ENGVAR}} Noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga (tusaale ahaan, kala duwanaanshaha erayada ama naxwaha ee gobollada ka jira) waxay bixiyaan macluumaad ku saabsan kala duwanaanshaas. Dhammaan noocyada gobollada ama noocyada heerka ee Af-Soomaaliga waa kuwo la aqbali karo oo siman Wikipedia-da Soomaaliga, iyada oo la isticmaalayo uslub rasmi ah oo maqaallada u gaar ah ([[Register (sociolinguistics)|weeraral rami ah]] ama astaanta luqadda). Qaabka taariikhda ee maqaalka ({{xt|{{#time: F j, Y}}}} ama {{xt|{{#time: j F Y}}}}) wuxuu sidoo kale la xiriiraa noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga {{snd}}eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|Strong national ties to a topic|Retaining existing format}}. === <span class="anchor" id="Internal consistency"></span>Joogteynta ku dhex jirta maqaallada<!-- When renaming this section title, rename the full link at [[Wikipedia:Consistency]] --> === {{Shortcut|MOS:ARTCON|MOS:CONSISTENT}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Variation in citation methods|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Retaining existing format}} Xeerarka nooc gaar ah oo Af-Soomaali caadifad ah waa in loo raaco si joogto ah ku dhex jirta maqaalka gaarka ah. Waxyaabaha ka baxsan waxaa ku jira: *'''Xigashooyinka''' iyo '''cinwaannada buugaagta ama hawlaha''' (sida buugaagta, filimada, iyo muusigga) waa in loo qoraa sida ay ka muuqdaan ilaha tixraaca. Laakiin, waxaa jira xaalado qaarkood oo leexanaya mabda'an si loo dhowro heerka qaab-qoraalka ee alifbeetada encyclopedia-ha dhan. {{crossref|Eeg {{section link||Typographic conformity}}.}} *'''Magacyada u gaarka ah''' waxay isticmaalaan qoraalka mawduuca ama lahaanshaha u gaarka ah, tusaale ahaan, {{xt|United States Department of Defense}} iyo {{xt|Australian Defence Force}}; {{xt|International Labour Organization}}<!--This example is here because it uses -our and -ization at the same time; it is Oxford spelling.-->. *Maqaallada ku saabsan mawduucyada la xiriira kimistariga, foomka heerka caalamiga ah ee higaada {{xt|aluminium}}, {{xt|sulfur}}, {{xt|caesium}} (iyo erayada ka soo baxa) waa in loo isticmaalo iyadoo aan loo eegin nooca luqadda ee looga adeegsado maqaalka. {{crossref|Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (chemistry)|Element names}}.}} ===Fursadaha wadaagga ama isku-duubnida=== {{shortcut|MOS:COMMONALITY}} Si loogu talagalay encyclopedia caalamiga ah, isticmaalka erayada wadaagga ah ee dhammaan noocyada Af-Soomaaliga waa mid ka wanaagsan. *Isticmaal erayada si caalami ah loo aqbalay halkii kuwa aan aad loo fidin, gaar ahaan cinwaannada. Tusaale ahaan, [[Glasses|{{xt|muraayado}}]] ayaa ka wanaagsan noocyada gobollada ee gaarka ah; [[Ten million|{{xt|toban milyan}}]] ayaa ka wanaagsan [[crore|{{!xt|hal crore}}]]. *Haddii kala duwanaansho higaadeed uu ka muuqdo cinwaan, samee bogga [[Wikipedia:Redirect|reer-itusaale (sidetrack/redirect)]] si loogu talagalay kuwa kale, sida ku dhex jirta [[artefact]] iyo [[artifact]], si dhammaan noocyada loo isticmaali karo raadinta iyo isku xirka. *Erayada ku kala duwan noocyada luqadda, ama leh macnayaal kala duwan, waxaa lagu [[Gloss (annotation)#In linguistics|u xaqiijin karaa faahfaahinta (gloss)]] si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga ama jahawareerka, tusaale ahaan, {{xt|qaybta dambe ee baabuurta (trunk ama boot)&nbsp;...}}. *Isticmaal eray ama weedh si caadi ah loo fahmo iyada oo ka wanaagsan mid leh macno kale sababtoo ah kala duwanaanshaha gobollada (halkii {{!xt|alternate}}, isticmaal {{xt|alternative}} ama {{xt|alternating}}, sida habboon), marka laga reebo xaaladaha tignoolajiyada ama cilmiga halka beddelkaas uu noqon lahaa mid aan habboonayn ({{xt|alternate leaves}}; {{xt|alternate law}}). *Marka ay jiraan wax ka badan hal nooc oo higaad ah oo ka dhex jira heerka caadiga ah ee luqadda, nooca ugu caansan ee hadda la isticmaalo waa in caadi ahaan ka wanaagsanaado, marka laga reebo halka higaada yar ay leedahay isticmaal gaar ah oo xaalad xeel-dheer ah, tusaale ahaan, ''connexion'' ku dhex jirta [[Connexionalism|Methodist connexionalism]]. ===Xiriirka gobolka ama qaranka ee xoogga leh ee mawduuca=== {{Shortcut|MOS:TIES}} Maqaal ku saabsan mawduuc leh xiriir xooggan oo u socda waddan ama gobol]] gaar ah waa inuu isticmaalaa heerka luqadda rasmiga ah (ee ma aha colloquial/afka wadada) ee gobolkaas ama qarankaas. Tusaale ahaan: Mawduucyada leh xiriir xooggan oo u socda [[Commonwealth of Nations]], ama waddamo badan oo Commonwealth ah ama dhulalkii hore ee British-ka, isticmaal higaada British-ka. ===Dhowrida nooca jira=== {{Shortcut|MOS:RETAIN}} Marka nooc gaar ah [[#Consistency within articles|isticmaalkiisa joogtada ah]] lagu dhisay maqaal, sii wad iyada oo aan la helin is-afgarad ka dhan ah. Kaliya xaaladaha gaarka ah (sida marka mawduuc uu leeyahay [[#Strong national ties to a topic|xiriir gobol ama qaran oo xooggan]], ama beddelku wuxuu yareeyaa is-dhaafsiga) ayaa ay jirtaa sabab shaqaynaysa oo loo beddelo ka mid ah dookha la aqbali karo oo loo beddelo mid kale. {{va|FPSR|FMC|text=Marka aan la dhisin nooc gaar ah oo wada-hadalku uusan xallin arrinta, isticmaal nooca ka muuqda nooca ugu horreeyay ee ka dambeeya [[Wikipedia:Stub|qabyada (stub)]] oo soo bandhigay nooc la aqoonsan karo. Waxa ka baxsan tan waa [[#Retain quote variety|ha beddelin nooca luqadda ee ku dhex jira xigasho]].}} Nooca lagu dhisay maqaal gaar ah waxaa lagu qoraa iyadoo lagu dhex darayo [[:Category:Use English templates|tampaallada Use X English]] ee habboon bogga maqaalka. Tampaallada [[:Category:Varieties of English templates|nooca luqadda ee habboon]] sidoo kale waxaa lagu dhejin karaa bogga wada-hadalka ee maqaalka. Maqaal waa inuusan noqon mid la tifaftiro ama magaca loo beddelo kaliya si looga beddelo hal nooc oo luqad ah oo loo beddelo mid kale. Tampaalka {{tlxs|uw-engvar}} waxaa lagu dhejin karaa bogga wada-hadalka tifaftiraha si loogu sharraxo tan. ==Xarfo-waweynaynta== Cinwaannada maqaallada Wikipedia iyo cinwaannada qaybaha waxay isticmaalaan habka weedha, ma aha habka cinwaanka; iyo {{section link||Section headings}}. Xaraf-weynaynta alaabta liiska ku jirta, eeg {{section link||Bulleted and numbered lists}}. Points-ka kale ee ku saabsan xaraf-weynaynta waxaa si kooban loogu dhex muujiyay hoos. Macluumaadka fulan waxaa lagu heli karaa [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters]]. Qodobka ugu muhiimsan ayaa ah in Wikipedia aysan xaraf-weynaynayn eray ilaa uu si joogto ah xaraf-weyn ugu yahay badankooda [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|ilaha lagu kalsoonaan karo]] ee madax-bannaan. ===Xaraf-weynaynta ''The''=== Caadi ahaan, ha xaraf-weynayn erayga ''the'' dhexda jumlada ma aha { Reebanaanta caadiga ah waxaa ku jira magacyada u gaarka ah ee qaarkood iyo badankooda cinwaannada hawlaha abuurka ah ({{xt|Tolkien wrote ''The Lord of the Rings''}}{{snd}}laakiin ogaada in ''the'' aysan noqon karin qayb ka mid ah cinwaanka ee lagu qoro, t.s., Waxaa jira tixgelinno gaar ah oo loo sameeyo magacyada kooxaha muusigga , magacyada hay'adaha, magac u yaallada, summadaha ganacsiga. ===<span id="Capitalization-Titles"></span>Cinwaannada hawlaha=== {{main|WP:Manual of Style/Titles of works}} Cinwaannada luqadda Ingiriisiga ee qoraallada (buugaagta iyo hawlaha kale ee qoraalka, noocyada iyo hawlaha kale ee codka, filimada iyo hawlaha kale ee muuqaalka ah, sawirrada iyo hawlaha kale ee fanka, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxaa loo bixiyaa habka {{em|[[title case]]}}, halka eray kasta loo siiyo xaraf-weyn bilowga marka laga reebo erayada qaarkood oo yar oo muhiim ah (sida lagu sharraxay {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters|Composition titles}}). Erayada ugu horreeya iyo kuwa ugu dambeeya ee cinwaan luqad Ingiriisi ah mar walba waa kuwo xaraf-weyn leh. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|''An Eye for an Eye''}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|''Worth the Fighting For''}} Xaraf-weynaynta cinwaannada aan Ingiriisiga ahayn waa ay kala duwan tahay, xataa waqti ka waqti isla luqadda dhexdeeda; caadi ahaan, dhowr qaabka asalka ah ee hawlaha cusub, oo raac isticmaalka ka muuqda ilaha lagu kalsoonaan karo ee luqadda Ingiriisiga ee hadda{{efn|name=recent}} ee hawlaha taariikhiga ah. Marka lagu qoro alfabeta Laatiinka, badankooda waxyaabahaani waa inay sidoo kale ku jiraan farta janjeerta ([[#Italics|italics]]), ama lagu duubo [[#Names and titles|calaamadaha oraahda (quotation marks)]]. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|{{lang|fr|Les Liaisons dangereuses}}}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"{{lang|de|italics=no|Hymnus an den heiligen Geist}}"}} ===Tayooyinka iyo xilalka dadka=== *'''Isticmaalka guud''', isticmaal xaraf yar erayada sida ''madaxweyne'' , ''boqor', iyo ''imbiraadoor'' ({{xt|De Gaulle wuxuu ahaa madaxweyne Faransiis ah}}; {{xt|Louis XVI wuxuu ahaa boqor Faransiis ah}}; {{xt|Saddex ra'iisul wasaare ayaa ka soo qayb galay shirka}}). *'''Toos ka hor magaca dadka''', erayadaas waxay ka bilaabanayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|Madaxweyne Obama}}, ma aha {{!xt|madaxweyne Obama}}). Magacyada heerka caadiga ah ama caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo ee xilka ama doorka waxaa loo maareeyaa sida magacyada u gaarka ah ({{xt|David Cameron wuxuu ahaa Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Biritain}}; {{xt|Hirohito wuxuu ahaa Imbiraadoorkii Jabaan}}; {{xt|Louis XVI wuxuu ahaa Boqorkii Faransiiska}}). Titoolinka ama doorka boqortooyada waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|Her Majesty}}; {{xt|His Highness}}); reebanaantu waxay ku dabaqmi kartaa xilal gaar ah. ===Diimaha, ilaahyada, falsafadaha, iyo caqiidooyinka=== *'''Diimaha, kooxaha, iyo kaniisadaha''' iyo taageerayaashooda (foomka magaca ama tilmaamaha) waxay ka start-garoobayaan xaraf-weyn. Caadi ahaan, "the" ma aha xaraf-weyn ka hor magacyadaas ({{xt|the Unitarians}}, ma aha {{!xt|The Unitarians}}). *'''Qoraallada diinta]]''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn, laakiin badanaa ma aha farta janjeerta ({{xt|the Bhagavad Gita}}, {{xt|the Quran}}, {{xt|the Talmud}}, {{xt|the Granth Sahib}}, {{xt|the Bible}}). Ha u qorin xaraf-weyn "the" marka aad u isticmaalayso foomkan. Tilmaamaha qaarkood oo ka soo baxa waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn heshiis ahaan, qaarkoodna ma qaataan ({{xt|biblical}}, laakiin {{xt|Quranic}}); haddii aad u baahato hubaal, eeg qaamuuska. *'''[[Honorific|Tayooyinka iyo magacyada sharafta]] ee ilaahyada''', ku dhex jira magacyada u gaarka ah iyo tayooyinka, waxay ka start-garoobayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|God}}, {{xt|Allah}}, {{xt|the Lord}}, {{xt|the Supreme Being}}, {{xt|the Great Spirit}}, {{xt|the Horned One}}, {{xt|Bhagavan}}). Ha u qorin xaraf-weyn "the" xaaladahaas ama marka aad tixraacayso dadka waaweyn ee diinta ama shakhsiyaadka khayalka ah/asraarta ah ({{xt|the Prophet}}, {{xt|the Messiah}}, {{xt|the Virgin}}). Magacyada guud ee ilaahyada iyo shakhsiyaadka diinta ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|many gods}}; {{xt|the god Woden}}; {{xt|saints and prophets}}). *'''Magac-u-yaallada shakhsiyaadka cibaadada ama Ilaah''' ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn, xataa haddii xaraf-weyn lagu qoro qoraallada diinta ({{xt|God and his will}}). *'''Qaybaha waaweyn ee mukhluuqaadka khayalka ah (mythical/legendary)''' waxay ka start-garoobayaan xarfo yar ({{xt|elf}}, {{xt|fairy}}, {{xt|nymph}}, {{xt|unicorn}}, {{xt|angel}}), inkastoo hawlaha khayalka ah (fantasy), sida buugaagta [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] iyo ciyaaraha fiidiyowga qaarkood, xarfaha waaweyn ee bilowga ah marmar loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo in mukhluuqaadku ay samaynayaan dhaqan ama irsi dhex jira [[fictional universe|caalamka khayalka ah]]. U qor xaraf-weyn magacyada ama tayooyinka mukhluuqaadka gaarka ah ({{xt|the Minotaur}}, {{xt|Pegasus}}) iyo kooxaha oo magacooda iyo xubnahoodu ay yihiin kuwo go'an ({{xt|the Magi, or the Three Wise Men}}, {{xt|the Furies}}). Tixraacyada guud ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|these priests}}; {{xt|several wise men}}; {{xt|cherub-like}}). *'''Matalaadaha ama dhacdooyinka ruuxiga ah iyo kuwa diinta''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn kaliya marka la tixraacayo dhacdooyin gaar ah ama waqtiyo gaar ah ({{xt|the Great Flood}} iyo {{xt|the Exodus}}; laakiin {{xt|annual flooding}} iyo {{xt|an exodus of refugees}}). *'''Falsafadaha, aragtiyaha, dhaqdhaqaaqyada, iyo caqiidooyinka''' waxay isticmaalaan xarfo yar ilaa magacu ka soo baxo magac u gaar ah ({{xt|capitalism versus Marxism}}) ama uusan noqon magac u gaar ah ({{xt|republican}}, oo ah dhismaha fikirka siyaasadda; {{xt|Republican}}, oo ah xisbi siyaasadeed). Isticmaal xarfo yar mawduucyada caqiidooyinka ama fikirka diinta ee heerka caadiga ah (oo ka soo contrasts-garoobaya dhacdooyinka gaarka ah), xataa haddii xaraf-weyn lagu qoro taageerayaasha diinta qaarkood ({{xt|virgin birth}}, {{xt|original sin}}, {{xt|transubstantiation}}). *'''[[Platonic idealism|Platonic]] ama fikradaha sare (transcendent ideals)''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn xaaladda caqiidada falsafadda ({{xt|Truth}}, {{xt|the Good}}); marka loo isticmaalo si dhumuc leh, waxay ku dhex jiraan xarfo yar ({{xt|Superman represents American ideals of truth and justice}}). Isticmaal xarfo waaweyn marka fanka lagu personify-gareeyo fikradaha ({{xt|the guidebook mentioned statues of Justice and Liberty}}). *{{va|Eponyms|EPONYM|EPONYMS|text='''[[Eponym|Eponym-s (erayada ka soo baxay magacyada dadka)]]''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn ([[Edwardian era|{{xt|Edwardian}}]], [[De Morgan's laws|{{xt|De Morgan's laws}}]], [[Alice in Wonderland syndrome|{{xt|Alice in Wonderland syndrome}}]], [[Plaster of Paris|{{xt|plaster of Paris}}]], [[Platonic idealism|{{xt|Platonic idealism}}]], [[Draconian constitution|{{xt|Draconian constitution of Athens}}]]), marka laga reebo isticmaalka sanfada ama maahmaahda ah oo ka baxsan xaaladda asalka ah oo caadi ahaan xarfo yar ku dhex jira ilaha tixraaca ([[Platonic relationship|{{xt|a platonic relationship}}]]; {{xt|complained of draconian workplace policies}}).{{efn|name=eponyms|1=Waxaa jira waxyaabo yar oo dheeraad ah oo ka baxsan xaraf-weynaynta eponyms-ka, halka eraygu leeyahay xeer xooggan oo ah xarfo yar, t.s., lagu doorbido foomkaas badankooda qaamuustada waaweyn ee luqadda Ingiriisiga. Tusaale ahaan, {{xt|parkinsonian}} wuxuu sharraxaa bukaan muujinaya astaamaha [[Parkinson's disease|{{xt|Parkinson's disease}}]]. Dhexdeeda carabiga/higgaada isticmaalka erayada [[Linguistic latinisation|{{xt|latinize}}]], [[Romanisation|{{xt|romanize}}]], iyo [[Anglicization|{{xt|anglicize}}]] [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Anglo- and similar prefixes|waxay sii kordhayaan xarfo yar]], iyo [[Italic type|{{xt|italic[s]}}]] ku dhex jirta farta mar walba waa xarfo yar.}} Weedha dhan oo uu eponym ku yahay tilmaame [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Religions, deities, philosophies, doctrines, and their adherents|ma aha xaraf-weyn]] marka laga reebo marka weedha dhitadeedu tahay magac u gaar ah (t.s., [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles|cinwaanka hawl la daabacay]]: [[The China Syndrome|{{xt|''The China Syndrome''}}]]).}} ===Astaamaha kalandarka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Calendar items}} *'''Bilsashada (bilo), maalmaha toddobaadka, iyo fasaxyada''' waxay ka start-garoobayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|June}}, {{xt|Monday}}; {{xt|the Fourth of July}} wuxuu tixraacaa kaliya Maalinta Xorriyadda Mareykanka{{snd}}haddii kale {{xt|July 4}} ama {{xt|4 July}}). *'''Xilliyada''' waxay ku dhex jiraan xarfo yar ({{xt|her last summer}}; {{xt|the winter solstice}}; {{xt|spring fever}}), marka laga reebo marka lagu personify-gareeyo fanka ama magacyada u gaarka ah ee waqtiyada ama dhacdooyinka ({{xt|Old Man Winter}}; {{xt|competed on the Spring Circuit}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="People, animals, plants, and other organisms"></span>Dadka, xayawaanka, dhirta, iyo noolaha kale=== {{Shortcut|MOS:LIFE}} {{Hatnote|Wixii faahfaahsan ee ku saabsan xaraf-weynaynta, eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters|Animals, plants, and other organisms}}; ee farta janjeerta, {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting|Italic type}}. Eeg sidoo kale {{section link|Wikipedia:Lead section|Organisms}} ee ku saabsan maareynta jumlada ugu horreysa. Eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (fauna)]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora)]] ee ku saabsan hagaha cinwaannada maqaallada.}} Marka la isticmaalayo '''[[Taxonomy (biology)|magacyada taksonomiga ("sayniska")]]''', u qor xaraf-weyn iyo farta janjeerta (italics) genus-ka: {{xt|''Berberis''}}, {{xt|''Erithacus''}}. (Supergenus iyo subgenus, marka ay ku dabaqmaan, waxaa loo maareeyaa sidaas oo kale.) Janjeeri laakiin ha u qorin xaraf-weyn heerarka taksonomiga ee species-ka (noocyada) iyo ka hooseeya: {{xt|''Berberis darwinii''}}, {{xt|''Erithacus rubecula superbus''}}, {{xt|''Acacia coriacea'' subsp. ''sericophylla''}}; ma jiraan reebanaanno loo sameeyay magacyada u gaarka ah oo qayb ka ah magacyada sayniska. Taxa-ga sare (order, family, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn Laatiinka ({{xt|Carnivora}}, {{xt|Felidae}}) laakiin ma qaataan udhigmaadka Ingiriisiga ({{xt|carnivorans}}, {{xt|felids}}); ma aha janjeer labada foomba, marka laga reebo fayrasyada, halka dhammaan magacyada lagu aqbalay guddiga [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|ICTV]] ay yihiin janjeer ({{xt|''Retroviridae''}}). {{Shortcut|MOS:CULTIVAR}}{{Anchor|Cultivar}}Magacyada '''[[Cultivar]]''' iyo '''[[cultivar group]]''' ee dhirta ma aha janjeer, waxayna qaataan xarfo waaweyn (harraan erayga ''Group'' ee magaca ku dhex jira); magacyada cultivar waxay ka muuqdaan xigashooyinka keliyaalka ah (single quotes) ({{xt|''Malus domestica'' 'Red Delicious'}}), halka cultivar groups aysan qaadanin ({{xt|''Cynara cardunculus'' Scolymus Group}}). '''Ingiriisiga [[Common name|magacyada afka caadiga ah ("common")]]''' waxaa loo bixiyaa xarfo yar qoraalka maqaalka dhexdiisa ([[Plains zebra|{{xt|plains zebra}}]]<!-- animal species -->, [[Mountain maple|{{xt|mountain&nbsp;maple}}]]<!-- plant species -->, iyo [[Southwestern red-tailed hawk|{{xt|southwestern red-tailed hawk}}]]<!-- bird subspecies -->) iyo habka weedha (sentence case) bilowga jumlada iyo meelaha kale oo xarafka ugu horreeya ee erayga ugu horreeya uu yahay xaraf-weyn.{{efn|name=Sentence case}} Waxay sidoo kale qaataan xarfo waaweyn halka ay ku jiraan magacyo u gaar ah: [[Przewalski's horse|{{xt|Przewalski's&nbsp;horse}}]]<!-- eponym -->, [[California condor|{{xt|California&nbsp;condor}}]]<!-- typical geonym -->, iyo [[Fair-maid-of-France|{{xt|fair-maid-of-France}}]]<!-- unusual but important illustrative case -->. Kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa noocyada (species) iyo nooc-hoosaadyada (subspecies), sida tusaalooyinka hore, iyo sidoo kale magacyada guud ee kooxaha ama noocyada noolaha: [[Bird of prey|{{xt|bird&nbsp;of&nbsp;prey}}]]<!-- cross-order ecological niche -->, [[Oak|{{xt|oak}}]]<!-- plant family -->, [[Great apes|{{xt|great&nbsp;apes}}]]<!-- animal family -->, [[Bryde's whales|{{xt|Bryde's&nbsp;whales}}]]<!-- species group -->, [[Livestock guardian dog|{{xt|livestock&nbsp;guardian&nbsp;dog}}]]<!-- domestic type -->, [[Poodle|{{xt|poodle}}]]<!-- domestic breed group but not a breed -->, [[Van cat|{{xt|Van&nbsp;cat}}]]<!-- domestic geographic landrace -->, [[Wolfdog|{{xt|wolfdog}}]]<!-- hybrid/crossbreed/mongrel not recognized as a standardized breed -->. Marka magaca caadiga ah uu la mid yahay takson saynis ah, ha u qorin xaraf-weyn ama janjeer, marka laga reebo halka la tixraacayo noolaha dhanka taksonomiga: {{xt|A lynx is any of the four medium-sized wild cat species within the genus ''Lynx''.}} Magacyada caadiga ah ee aan Ingiriisiga ahayn, marka ay habboon tahay in lagu daro, waxaa loo maareeyaa sida erayada kale ee aan Ingiriisiga ahayn: janjeer sidaas ah, oo xaraf-weyn kaliya haddii shuruudaha luqadda hooyo ay u baahan yihiin. Magacyada aan Ingiriisiga ahayn ee noqday kuwo la qabsaday Ingiriisiga waxaa loo maareeyaa sida Ingiriisiga ([[Ayahuasca|{{xt|ayahuasca}}]], [[Okapi|{{xt|okapi}}]]). {{Shortcut|MOS:BREED}}{{Anchor|Breed}}'''[[Standardized breeds|Dhalada la halbeeyay (Standardized breeds)]]''' waa inay caadi ahaan dhowraan xaraf-weynaynta loo isticmaalay halbeegga dhalada.{{efn|name=Standardized breeds|1=Hagaha dhalada waxaa lagu daray [[Diff2/881140543|RfC on capitalization of the names of standardized breeds|December 2018 RfC]]. "Dhalada la halbeeyay" wuxuu waayay macno toos ah oo caddaynaya, laakiin wuxuu ku dhex jiraa dhala kasta oo ku dhex jira [[breed standard]] ama [[studbook]] ee kooxda taranta/mataanaha. Kooxaha kale ee xayawaanka guri-joogga ah ma aha dhala la halbeeyay: noocyada taariikhda hore, kooxaha dhalada, xayawaanka duurjoogtoobay (feral), landraces, iyo [[crossbreed|dhalada la isku dhalay]] ama [[Hybrid (biology)|isandho]] oo aan kooxaha waaweyn aqoonsan sida dhala gaar ah. Kuwo badan caadi ahaan ma aha [[Wikipedia:Notability|muhiim (notable)]].}} Tusaalooyinka: [[German Shepherd|{{xt|German Shepherd}}]], [[Russian White goat|{{xt|Russian White goat}}]], [[Berlin Short-faced Tumbler|{{xt|Berlin Short-faced Tumbler}}]]. Sida cultivar-ka dhirta, kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa haddii magacu yahay magac u gaar ah ama kale, oo ka soo horjeeda sida magacyada caadiga ah ee noolaha loo qoro. Laakiin, ka baxsan cultivar-ka, dhalada waligeed lagu ma dhex daro xigashooyinka keliyaalka ah (single quotes), oo magacyadoodu waligeed ma aha qayb ka mid ah magac saynis ah. Erayga noolaha ee lagu daray dhammaadka si looga fogaado jahawareerka ("cat", "hound", "horse", "swine", iyo wixii la mid ah) waa inuusan noqon xaraf-weyn, ilaa uu yahay qayb ka mid ah magaca dhalada oo si joogto ah lagu muujiyo foomkaas halbeegga dhalada (xaaladaha dhifka ah waxaa ku jira [[Norwegian Forest Cat|{{xt|Norwegian Forest Cat}}]] iyo [[American Quarter Horse|{{xt|American Quarter Horse}}]]). Samee [[Wikipedia:Redirect|xiriiriyeyaasha dib-u-luqadda (redirects)]] ka soo baxay xaraf-weynaynta kale iyo foomamka higaada ee cinwaannada maqaalka, iyo magacyada kale, t.s., [[Adélie Penguin]], [[Adelie penguin]], [[Adelie Penguin]] iyo ''[[Pygoscelis adeliae]]'' dhammaan waa inay dib-u-luqad u sameeyaan [[Adélie penguin]]. ===Samooyinka iyo walxaha hawada sare=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Celestial bodies}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (astronomical objects)}} Erayada ''sun'' (sol/qorrax), ''earth'' (dhul), ''moon'' (dayax), iyo ''solar system'' (bahda qorraxda) ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn isticmaalka guud ({{xt|The sun was over the mountain top}}; {{xt|The tribal people thought of the whole earth as their home}}). Waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn marka walaxda lagu personify-gareeyo fanka/suugaanta ({{xt|Sol Invictus ('Unconquered Sun') was the Roman sun god}}) ama marka loo isticmaalo sida magac walax gaar ah xaaladda sayniska ama falagga ({{xt|The Moon orbits the Earth}}; laakiin {{xt|Io is a moon of Jupiter}}). Magacyada meereyaasha, dayaxyada, asteroids-ka, comets-ka, xiddigaha, constellations-ka, iyo galaxies-ka waa magacyo u gaar ah, oo sidaas darteed xaraf-weyn ah ({{xt|The planet Mars is in the constellation Gemini, near the star Pollux}}). Xarafka ugu horreeya ee eray kasta oo ku dhex jira magacaas waa xaraf-weyn ({{xt|Alpha Centauri}} ma aha {{!xt|Alpha centauri}}; {{xt|Milky Way}}, ma aha {{!xt|Milky way}}). Erayada sida ''comet'' iyo ''galaxy'' waa inay noqdaan xaraf-weyn marka ay samaynayaan qayb ka mid ah magac u gaar ah, laakiin ma aha marka loo isticmaalo sida eray guud ({{xt|Halley's Comet is the most famous of the comets}}; {{xt|the Andromeda Galaxy is a spiral galaxy}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Compass"></span>Pointers-ka kombaas-ka (Jihooyinka)=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Compass points}} Ha xaraf-weynayn '''jihooyinka''' sida ''north'' (woqooyi) ama foomamka la xiriira ({{xt|We took the northern road}}) marka laga reebo marka ay yihiin qaybo ka mid ah magacyada u gaarka ah ({{xt|Great North Road}}, {{xt|Great Western Drive}}, {{xt|South Pole}}). U qor xaraf-weyn '''magacyada gobollada''' haddii ay gaareen heerka magaca u gaarka ah, ku dhex jira magacyada caadiga ah ee heshiiska ({{xt|Southern California}}; {{xt|the Western Desert}}), iyo erayada ka soo baxa ee dadka (t.s., ''Southerner'' oo ah mid ka soo jeeda [[Southern United States]]). Ha xaraf-weynayn magacyada sharraxaadda leh ee gobollada oo aan gaarin heerka magacyada u gaarka ah, sida {{xt|southern Poland}}. Jihooyinka isku-dhafka ah waxaa lagu dhex jiri karaa ama aan lagu dhex jiri karin dhex-xariijin (hyphen), iyada oo ku xiran [[#National varieties of English|nooca Ingiriisiga ee loo qaatay]] maqaalka. {{xt|Southeast Asia}} iyo {{xt|northwest}} waxay ka caansan yihiin Ingiriisiga Mareykanka; laakiin {{xt|South-East Asia}} iyo {{xt|north-west}} waxay ka caansan yihiin Ingiriisiga British-ka. Xaaladaha sida {{xt|north–south dialogue}} iyo {{xt|east–west orientation}}, isticmaal en dash; eeg {{section link||Other uses for en dashes}}. ===<span id="Institutions"></span>Magacyada u gaarka ah ka soo contrasts-garoobaya erayada guud=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Institutions|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Capitalization of The{{!}}Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Capitalization of ''The''}} U qor xaraf-weyn magacyada hay'adaha ama doorka gaarka ah ({{xt|the founding of the University of Delhi}}; {{xt|the history of Stanford University}}) laakiin ma aha erayada guud ee hay'adaha ({{xt|the high school is near the university}}). Ha xaraf-weynayn ''the'' bilowga magaca hay'adda, iyada oo aan loo eegin qaabka loo doorbido ee hay'adda. Waxaa jira reebanaanno dhif ah, marka la hoggaaminayo ''The'' oo lagu muujiyay ''T'' ku dhex jira acronym-ka kooxda: {{xt|The International Cat Association (TICA)}}. U maaree qaybaha siyaasadda ama juqraafiga foomkan oo kale: {{xt|The city has a population of 55,000}}; {{xt|The two towns merged to become the City of Smithville}}. Ha u sameynin sida qaabka wargaysyada maxalliga ah oo tixraacaya degmada/magaalada sida ''the City'' ama ''The City'', marka laga reebo City of London [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#City of London|xaaladaha qaarkood]]. Hagahaani wuxuu sii kordhayaa wax-soosaarka hay'adaha, shirkadaha, iyo kooxaha kale. Tusaale ahaan, magaca dhan ee sharciga sida {{xt|Online Safety Act 2023}} wuxuu noqon doonaa xaraf-weyn, laakiin tixraacyada ka dambeeya ee {{xt|the act}} ma noqon doonaan kuwo xaraf-weyn ah. ==<span class="anchor" id="Acronyms and abbreviations"></span><span class="anchor" id="Acronyms"></span><span class="anchor" id="Initialisms"></span><span class="anchor" id="Shortenings"></span>Gaabinta== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Initials}} Gaabinta waa foomamka gaaban ee erayada ama foomamka. Raadinta saxda ah, waxay ku kala duwan yihiin [[Contraction (grammar)|contractions]], oo isticmaala [[apostrophe]] (t.s., ''won't'', eeg {{Section link||Contractions}}), iyo [[initialism]]s. Initialism waxaa lagu samaynayaa ka mid ah ama dhammaan xarfaha bilowga ah ee erayada ku dhex jira foom. Ka hooseeya, tixraacyada gaabinta waa in loo qaadaa inay ku dhex jiraan acronyms, iyo term-ka ''acronym'' waa inuu sidoo cuali ahaan ku dabaqmaa initialisms. ===U qor matoorada ugu horreeya si dhan=== {{Shortcut|MOS:1STOCC|MOS:1STABBR}} Marka gaabinta loo isticmaali doono maqaal, soo bandhig iyadoo la isticmaalayo foomka dhan, iyo gaabinta ku dhex jirta parentheses: {{Block indent|{{xt|an early local area network (LAN) developed by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC){{nbsp}}... DEC's later LAN products were{{nbsp}}...}}}} Ha isticmaalin xarfo waaweyn foomka dhan kaliya sababtoo ah xarfaha waaweyn waxaa loo isticmaalay gaabinta: {{!xt|an early Local Area Network (LAN)}}. Marka laga reebo xaaladaha gaarka ah, gaabinta caadiga ah (sida {{xt|PhD}}, {{xt|DNA}}, ama {{xt|USSR}}) looma baahna in lagu fido xataa isticmaalka ugu horreeya. ===Foomamka plural-ka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:GREENGROCER}} U samee plural [[acronyms]] iyadoo lagu darayo ''-s'' ama ''-es'': {{xt|Three CD-ROMs and two BIOSes were released}}. Ha isticmaalin ''[[greengrocer's apostrophe]]'' si aad u samayso plurals: {{!xt|Three CD-ROM's and two BIOS's were released}}. ===<span class="anchor" id="Periods (full stops) and spaces"></span><span class="anchor" id="Full stops and spaces"></span><span class="anchor" id="op.cit."></span>Punctuation iyo spacing=== {{Shortcut|MOS:PS}} Gaabintu waxay ku dhabayn kartaa ama aan ku dhabayn karin full point (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-garaysay ''period'' ama ''full stop''). Qaab joogto ah waa in lagu dhasheeyaa ku dhex jirta maqaal. Isticmaalka North American caadi ahaan waa in lagu dhabeeyo dhammaan gaabinta period ({{xt|Dr. Smith of 42&nbsp;Drummond St.}}) laakiin isticmaalka caadiga ah ee British iyo Australian, ma jiro period loo isticmaalo haddii gaabinta (contraction) ay ku dhabayso xarafka ugu dambeya ee foomka aan la gaabin ({{xt|Dr Smith of 42&nbsp;Drummond St}}) ilaa is-dhaafsi uu keeni karo. Kani waa sidoo cuali ahaan isticmaalka caadiga ah ee qoraalka scientific-ka ah. Iyadoo aan loo eegin punctuation, erayada lagu gaabay ka badan hal xaraf waa lagu dhex jiraa space ({{xt|op.&nbsp;cit.}} ma aha {{!xt|op.cit.}} ama {{!xt|opcit}}). Waxaa jira waxyaabo ka baxsan oo yar: {{xt|PhD}} {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg sare)}} "Philosophiae Doctor"; {{xt|BVetMed}} "Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine". Xaaladaha badankooda, Wikipedia ma isticmaalto punctuation-ka oo kale ku dhex jirta acronyms iyo initialisms: {{xt|GDP}}, ma aha {{!xt|G.D.P.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="US"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S."></span><span class="anchor" id="USA"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S.A."></span>US iyo U.S.<!-- When renaming this section title, rename the full link at [[Wikipedia:Consistency]] -->=== {{Shortcut|MOS:US|MOS:U.S.|MOS:USA|MOS:U.S.A.}} {{redirect|MOS:US|the use of the word "us"|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#First-person pronouns}} {{xt|US}} waa gaabinta caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo ee {{xt|United States}}, inkastoo {{xtn|U.S.}} – oo leh periods iyo aan lahayn space – ay tahay mid caadi ah daabacadaha North American, ku dhex jirta wargaysyada news-ka. Hagayaasha qaabka American qaarkood, ku dhex jiro ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style]]'' (tan iyo 2010), waxay baabi'iyeen {{!xt|U.S.}} waxayna soo sheegeen {{xt|US}}. Sababaha [[#Opportunities for commonality|wadaagga]], isticmaal {{xt|US}} default ahaan marka aad gaabinayso, laakiin [[#Retaining existing styles|sii wad]] {{xtn|U.S.}} maqaallada American ama Canadian English oo ay horey u dhisantay, ilaa ay jirto sabab wanaagsan oo loo beddelo. Sababtoo ah isticmaalka periods ee gaabinta iyo acronyms wuxuu noqon doonaa mid joogto ah ku dhex jira maqaal kasta, mar walba isticmaal {{xt|US}} maqaal leh gaabinta waddammada kale. Gaabinta dheeraad ah oo lagu dhex jiro initials-ka waddanka ({{xt|USN}}, {{xt|USAF}}), waligeed ha isticmaalin periods. Marka United States lagu xuso hal ama ka badan waddammada kale ku dhex jirta jumlad oo kale, {{xt|US}} (ama {{xtn|U.S.}}) wuxuu noqon karaa mid aad u informal ah, gaar ahaan xusidda ugu horreysa ama sida noun halkii adjective ({{xt|France and the United States}}, ma aha {{!xt|France and the US}}). Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|U.&nbsp;S.}} oo leh space ama {{!xt|U.S.&nbsp;of&nbsp;A.}} oo taariikh hore ah, marka laga reebo marka aad xigasho sameynayso. Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|U.S.A.}} ama {{!xt|USA}} marka laga reebo ku dhex jirta xigasho, sida qayb ka mid ah magac sax ah ({{xt|Team USA}}), ama isticmaalka tignoolajiyada iyo rasmiga ah ee qaarkood (t.s., [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3]], [[FIFA country codes|FIFA]], iyo [[IOC country codes]]). ===Circa=== {{for|examples|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Uncertain, incomplete, or approximate dates}} Si loo muujiyo ''si xaddidan'', isticmaalka {{tl|circa}}, oo muuqda sida {{xt|{{circa}}}}, waxaa ka wanaagsan {{!xt|circa}}, {{!xt|c.}}, {{!xt|ca.}}, ama {{!xt|approx.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="unwarranted abbreviations"></span>Ka fogao isticmaalka aan la xaqijin=== {{Hatnote|See also: {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|Units of measurement}} for when to abbreviate units of measurement.}} Ka fogao gaabinta marka ay jahwareerin karaan akhristaha, baabi'in karaan socodka, ama ka muuqan karaan informal. Tusaale ahaan: *Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|approx.}} ee {{xt|approximate(ly)}} marka laga reebo infobox ama table (xaaladaas isticmaal {{tlx|abbr|approx.|approximately}} xusidda ugu horreysa: {{xt|{{abbr|approx.|approximately}}}}). *Ha isticmaalin legalism-ka {{!xt|Holmes J}} ee {{xt|[[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.|Justice Holmes]]}}. <!-- this might be better in [[WP:JARGON]] --> ===Ha samaynin=== Ka fogao sameynta [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#Neologisms|gaabinta cusub]], gaar ahaan acronyms. Tusaale ahaan, {{xtn|World Union of Billiards}} waa wanaagsan yahay sida {{em|turjumaad}} ee {{xt|[[Union Mondiale de Billard]]}}, laakiin ma aha iyada ama yareynta {{!xt|WUB}} oo loo isticmaalay kooxda ama tixraacyada gaarka ah; isticmaal magaca asalka ah iyo gaabintiisa rasmiga ah, {{xt|UMB}}. Haddii ay noqoto mid lagama maarmaan ah in lagu gaabiyo space yar, sida [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables#Captions and headers|column header ee table-ka]], isticmaal gaabinta si baaxad leh loo aqoonsan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, ee {{xt|New Zealand gross national product}}, isticmaal {{xt|NZ}} iyo {{xt|GNP}}, oo leh isqu xir haddii term-ka aan horey loogu qorin maqaalka: {{xt|NZ&nbsp;[[Measures of national income and output|GNP]]}}. Ha samaynin initialisms sida {{!xt|NZGNP}}. ===HTML tags iyo moodallada=== Mid ka mid ah {{tag|abbr|o}} ama {{tlx|abbr}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa gaabinta iyo acronyms: {{tag|abbr|params=title="World Health Organization"|content=WHO|wrap=yes}} ama {{tlx|abbr|WHO|World Health Organization}} waxay samayn doonaan {{abbr|WHO|World Health Organization}}; [[mouseover|soreynta]] qoraalka muuqda waxay keentaa [[tooltip]] ee foomka dheer inuu soo muuqdo. ===Ampersand=== {{Shortcut|MOS:AMP|MOS:&}} {{redirects|WP:&|the use of "and" in titles|Wikipedia:Article titles#Titles containing "and"}} Qoraalka caadiga ah iyo madaxyada, isticmaal ''and'' halkii [[ampersand]] (''&''): {{xt|January 1&nbsp;and&nbsp;2}}, ma aha {{!xt|January 1&nbsp;&&nbsp;2}}. Laakiin sii wad ampersand marka uu yahay qayb shaqaynaysa oo qaabka magac sax ah, mawduuca shaqaalaha, ama trademark, sida ku dhex jirta ''[[Up & Down (Horace Parlan album)|Up&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Down]]'' ama [[AT&T]]. Meelaha kale, ampersands waxaa loo isticmaali karaa joogteyn iyo dookh halka space uu aad u xaddidan yahay (t.s., tables iyo infoboxes). Xigashooyinka [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Typographic conformity|waxaa lagu beddeli karaa si dhibco leh]], gaar ahaan joogteynta halka noocyada kala duwan lagu xigto, maadaama noocyada cusub ee qoraallada hore ay si joogto ah u beddealaan ampersands ''and'' (sida ay u beddealaan [[glyph]]s kale oo aan la isticmaalin, [[Typographic ligature|ligatures]], iyo gaabinta). Isticmaalka kale oo loo ilaysay laakiin aan loo baahnayn waa tixraacyada gaaban ee shaqaalaha leeh qoraa badan, t.s.: {{xt|<nowiki><ref>Lubbers & Scheepers (2002); Van Hiel & Mervielde (2002); Swyngedouw & Giles (2007); Van Hiel (2012).</ref></nowiki>}}. ==Italics== {{Shortcut|MOS:IT|MOS:ITAL}} {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Italic type}} ===<span id="Do not use capitals for emphasis"></span>Emphasis=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Emphasis}} Italics waxaa loo isticmaalaa emphasis, halkii [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Boldface|boldface]] ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#All caps and small caps|capitals]]. Laakiin isticmaalka badan wuxuu yareeyaa shaqadiisa: tixgeli dib-u-qorista halkii. Isticmaal {{tag|em}} ama {{tlx|em|...}} ee emphasis. Kani wuxuu u sahlayaa [[Help:User style|user style sheets]] in lagu maareeyo emphasis foom gaar ah, wuxuuna taageeraa reusers-ka iyo turjumaada.{{refn|{{cite web |last1=Ishida |first1=Richard |title=Using b and i elements |quote=the content of a <code>b</code> element may not always be bold, and that of an <code>i</code> element may not always be italic. |url=https://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-b-and-i-tags |website=W3C Internationalization |publisher=[[World Wide Web Consortium]] |date=2015 |access-date=1 September 2016}} }} *Sax: <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>The meerkat is <em>not</em> actually a cat.</nowiki>}}</code> *Sax: <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>The meerkat is {{em|not}} actually a cat.</nowiki>}}</code> ===<span id="Italics-Titles"></span>Mawduucyada=== {{shortcut|MOS:NOITALIC}} {{/titles hatnote include|where=MOS#I-T}} Isticmaal italics mawduucyada shaqaalaha (sida buugaagta, filimada, taxanaha TV-ga, bandhigga la magacaabay, video games-ka, albums-ka muusigga, iyo fanka). Mawduucyada maqaallada, chapters-ka, noocyada, episodes-ka, storylines-ka, papars-ka raadinta iyo shaqaalaha kale ee gaaban waxay qaataan calaamadaha xigmadda double-ka ah. Italics ma loo isticmaalo shaqaalaha diinta ee waaweyn ({{xt|the Bible}}, {{xt|the Quran}}, {{xt|the Talmud}}). Kuwa badan oo mawduucyadaani waa inay sidoo kale ku dhex jirin [[#Titles of works|title case]]. ===Erayada sida erayada=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Words as words}} {{for|the policy when a word or phrase itself may be an encyclopedic subject|Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#When a word or phrase may be an encyclopedic subject}} Isticmaal italics marka aad {{em|xusayso}} eray ama xaraf {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Use–mention distinction]])}} ama foomka erayada ilaa hal jumlad ({{xt|the term ''panning'' is derived from ''panorama''}}; {{xt|the most common letter in English is ''e''}}). Marka jumlad dhan la xuso, calaamadaha xigmadda double-ka ah waxaa loo isticmaali karaa halkii, iyadoo leh joogteyn ({{xt|The preposition in ''She sat on the chair'' is ''on''}}; ama {{xt|The preposition in "She sat on the chair" is "on"}}). Calaamadaha xigmadda waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa maaddada gaaban si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga, sida marka italics horey loo isticmaalay si xooggan bogga ee sabab kale (t.s., ee erayada iyo foomamka badan ee aan English-ka ahayn). {{em|Xusidda}} (si looga wada-hadlo grammar, wording, punctuation, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxay ku kala duwan tahay {{em|xigashoda}} (halka wax caadi ahaan lagu muujiyo ka magaca tixraaca la xigtay). Xigashoda waxaa lagu sameeyaa calaamadaha xigmadda, waligeed ma aha italics, ama labadaba waqti oo kale {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Quotations}} si aad u ogaato xeel-dheeraan).}} Isticmaalka la xiriira ee italics waa marka la soo bandhigayo ama lagu kala saarayo terms: {{xt|The ''natural numbers'' are the integers greater than 0.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign words"></span> Erayada aan English-ka ahayn=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Non-English terms}} Italics waxaa lagu muujiyay foomamka aan English-ka ahayn iyo erayada aan English-ka ahayn ee gaarka ah oo aan caadi ahaan loo isticmaalin English-ka maalin kasta. Laakiin, magacyada saxda ah (sida magacyada meelaha) ee luqadaha kale caadi ahaan ma aha italics, ama terms-ka ku dhex jira scripts-ka aan Latin-ka ahayn. Moodalka {{tlx|lang}} iyo noocyadiisa waxay taageeraan dhammaan [[ISO 639]] koodhadhka luqadaha, iyagoo sax ah u aqoonsanaya luqadda iyo si otomaatig ah u italics-garaynaya. Fadlan isticmaal moodalladan halkii aad manwal ahaan italics ugu sameyn lahayd maaddada aan English-ka ahayn. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link|WP:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Other languages}} si aad u ogaato macluumaad dheeraad ah.)}} ===Magacyada scientific-ka ah=== Isticmaal italics magacyada scientific-ka ah ee dhirta, dhabaha, iyo [[Kingdom (biology)|dhammaan organisms-ka kale]] marka laga reebo viruses heerka [[genus]] iyo ka hooseeya (italics-garo {{xt|''Panthera leo''}} iyo {{xt|''Retroviridae''}}, laakiin ma aha {{xt|Felidae}}). Sign-ka hybrid ma aha italics ({{xt|''Rosa''&nbsp;×&nbsp;''damascena''}}), ama "connecting term" loo baahan yahay ku dhex jirta [[Trinomial nomenclature#In botany|magacyada botanical-ka ee saddexda qaybood ah]] ({{xt|''Rosa gallica'' subsp. ''officinalis''}}). ===<span id="Italics and quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka ku dhex jira italics=== {{shortcut|MOS:ITALQUOTE|}}{{See also|#Quotations}} <section begin="Quotations in italics body"/>Ha u lagin xigashooyinka italics. [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation marks|Calaamadaha xigmadda]] (ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Block quotations|block quoting]]) kaliya waa kuwo ku filan oo foomamka saxda ah si loogu muujiyo xigashooyinka. Italics waa in loo isticmaalo kaliya haddii maaddada la xigtay ay haddii kale u baahan lahayd italics.<section end="Quotations in italics body"/> ([[#Italics within quotations|Eeg ka hooseeya]].) ===Italics ku dhex jira xigashooyinka=== <section begin="Italics within quotations body"/>Isticmaal italics ku dhex jira xigashooyinka si aad u soo saarto emphasis oo ku dhex jirta maaddada tixraaca ama si aad u muujiso isticmaalka erayada aan English-ka ahayn. Emphasis waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu sameyo {{tlx|em}}. Haddii aysan caddayn in tixraacu horey u lagu daray italics (ama qaab kale) ee emphasis, ama si loo muujiyo marka emphasis aan loo isticmaalin qoraalka asalka ah laakiin dambe lagu daray tifaftirka, ku dar xusuus-qoraalka tifaftirka {{xt|[emphasis in original]}} ama {{xt|[emphasis added]}}, sida ay u kala horreeyaan, ka dambaysta xigashoda. * Tusaale ahaan: {{xt|"Now cracks a noble heart. Good night sweet prince: And {{em|flights of angels}} sing thee to thy rest." [emphasis in original].}}<section end="Italics within quotations body"/> ===Atharta ku dhex jirta punctuation-ka dhow=== {{Shortcut|MOS:ITALPUNCT}} Italics-garo kaliya elements-ka jumlada oo uu saameeyay emphasis-ku. Ha italics-garayn punctuation-ka ku dhex jira dhowga. *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|What are we to make of {{em|that?}}}} (Su'aashu waxay ku dabaqmaysaa jumlada dhan, ma aha kaliya emphasis-ka ''that'', markaas waa inaysan noqon italics.) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|What are we to make of {{em|that}}?}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Four of Patrick White's most famous novels are ''A Fringe of Leaves'', ''The Aunt's Story'', ''Voss'', and ''The Tree of Man''.}} (Commas, period, iyo erayga ''and'' ma aha italics.) ==Xigashooyinka== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTE}}{{See|Wikipedia:Do not include the full text of lengthy primary sources}} {{Redirects here|MOS:QUOTE|the section on quotation characters|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation characters|the essay|Wikipedia:Quotations}} [[Wikipedia:Non-free content#Guideline examples|Xigashooyinka gaaban ee qoraalka la dhowray]] waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loogu muujiyo dhibic, loo dhiibo xaalad, ama loo atribuigo dhibic fikir ama aragti. Inkastoo xigashooyinku ay yihiin qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah Wikipedia, isticmaalka badan ee iyaga ka mid ah ma aha mid ku habboon qaabka qoraalka encyclopedic-ka ah oo wuxuu noqon karaa [[Wikipedia:Copyrights|baabi'inta copyright-ka]], markaas badankooda mawduuca waa inuu ku dhex jiraa erayada tifaftiraha laakiis. Tixgeli dib-u-qorista xigashooyinka si ay u noqdaan qoraal toos ah oo gaaban marka ay habboon tahay (iyadoo la ogaaday in [[Wikipedia:Close paraphrasing|dib-u-qorista dhow]] ay sii baabi'in karto copyright-ka). [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Quotations|Ha u lagin xigashooyinka italics]] ilaa maaddadu ay italics ugu noqoto sabab kale laakiis. Per [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|siyaasada verifiability-ga]], xigashooyinka tooska ah {{em|waa in}} ay la socdaan [[WP:INCITE|inline citation]] oo ka soo baxday [[WP:RS|tixraac lagu aamini karo]] oo taageeraya maaddada. Kani waa mid gaar ah oo muhiim ah maqaallada ku saabsan ama ku dhex jira maaddada ku saabsan [[WP:BLP|dadka nool ama dhowaan dhintay]] (BLPs). ===<span class="anchor" id="Principle of minimal change"></span><span class="anchor" id="Minimal change"></span><span class="anchor" id="PMC"></span><span class="anchor" id="PLC"></span><span class="anchor" id="MINIMALCHANGE"></span><span class="anchor" id="MINCHANGE"></span><span class="anchor" id="LEASTCHANGE"></span>Qoraalka asalka ah=== {{Shortcut|MOS:PMC|MOS:SIC}} {{Redirect|WP:PMC|closure of requested moves by page movers|Wikipedia:Requested moves/Closing instructions#Closure by a page mover}} {{Redirect|WP:PLC|inclusion guidelines for organizations|Wikipedia:Notability (organizations and companies)|the handling of the abbreviation "plc" in article titles|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (companies)}}Xigashooyinka waa inay noqdaan kuwo [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiably]] loo atribuigoy, iyo qoraalka qoraalka la xigtay waa inuu noqdo mid si dhab ah loo soo saaro. Kani waxaa loo tixraacaa sida {{em|maamulka beddelka yar}}. Halka ay jirto sabab wanaagsan oo loo beddelo qoraalka, ku dar square bracket qoraalka la beddelay; tusaale ahaan, {{!xt|"Ocyrhoe told him his fate"}} waxaa loo xigtay karaa sida {{xt|"Ocyrhoe told [her father] his fate"}}. <!-- IF EDITING THE FOLLOWING SENTENCE, PLEASE UPDATE THE DOCUMENTATION AT [[Template:Sic/doc]] ACCORDINGLY --> Makhaadhaa yar ee spelling-ka iyo typographic-ka waa in si toos ah loo hagaajiyo (tusaale ahaan, hagaaji {{!xt|basicly}} loo beddelo {{xt|basically}}). Haddii ay jirto makhaadhaa muhiim ah asalka ku dhex jirta, raac iyada oo leh {{tlx|sic}} (soo saaraya {{sic}}{{hsp}}) si loogu muujiyo in makhaadhaahu aysan ahayn mid ay sameysay Wikipedia; tusaale ahaan, {{xt|"his interview with the Dolly Llama {{sic}}"}}. Marka lagu dabaqo qoraal oo isku xir leh, syntax-ka moodalka waxaa loo hagaajin karaa {{tlx|sic|2=nolink=y}} (soo saaraya {{sic|nolink=y}} qoraalka isku xirka leh ee ka soo baxa; tusaale ahaan ku dhex jirta isku xirka: [[Template:Sic|{{sic|nolink=y}} template]]).{{efn|name="sicwarning"|{{tl|Sic}} ma aha in loo isticmaalo dhexda {{tag|ref}} tags, ama ku dhex jirta [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation templates]] sida [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]] iyo [[Help:Citation Style 2|Citation Style 2]], sababtoo ah wuxuu ku dhex jiraa markup oo baabi'in doona [[COinS]] metadata ee ay soo saaraan; eeg [[Wikipedia:COinS]].<!-- Per [[Template:Sic]] there is a {{COinS safe|n}} warning that it "should not be used in citation templates such as Citation Style 1 and Citation Style 2, because it includes markup that will pollute the COinS metadata they produce; see Wikipedia:COinS." -->}} Sababaha saxda ah iyo indexing-ka, mawduucyada tixraacyada ee loo tixraacay ma aha in loo hagaajiyo spelling-ka, laakiin hagaajinta yar ee typographic-ka ah (sida beddelka [[MOS:CURLY|curly quotes]] loo beddelo straight) waxaa lagu sameyn karaa si toos ah. Inline citations ee ku dhex jira qoraalka la xigtay, oo loo tixraaco aan loo isticmaalin maqaalka Wikipedia, waa in si toos ah loo baabi'iyo. Isticmaal [[#Ellipses|ellipses]] si aad u muujiso ka-tagista qoraalka la xigtay. Ka-tagista la xaqijiyay waxaa ku jira erayada aan loo baahnayn, aan la xiriirin, ama parenthetical-ka ah, iyo yaraynta yar ({{!xt|umm}} iyo {{!xt|hmm}}), laakiin ha ka tagin qoraal halka aad sameyso ay baabi'in doonto xaaladda muhiimka ah ama beddeli doonto macnaha qoraalka. Vulgarities iyo obscenities waa in lagu muujiyo si sax ah sida ay ka muuqdaan tixraaca la xigtay; Wikipedians ma aha in waligeed [[Wikipedia:Offensive material#How to treat offensive material in articles|baabi'iyaan erayada]] ({{!xt|G-d d--n it!}}), laakiin haddii qoraalka la xigtay {{em|laikiisu}} uu foomkan u sameyo, copy-garo qoraalka verbatim oo isticmaal {{tlx|sic}} si aad u muujiso in qoraalka loo xigtay sida ka muuqata tixraaca. Xigashooyinka tooska ah, sii wad spelling-ka dialectal iyo archaic-ka ah, ku dhex jirta capitalization-ka (laakiin ma aha glyphs iyo ligatures archaic-ka ah, sida lagu sharraxay ka hooseeya ku dhex jirta {{slink||Typographic conformity}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Quotation point of view"></span>Aragtida=== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTEPOV}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Attributing and specifying biased statements|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Expressions of doubt}} Xigashoda waa in loo isticmaalo, iyadoo la atribuigo, si loo soo bandhigo aragtiyada emotive ee aan lagu muujin karin poxa Wikipedia laikiis, laakiin waligeed ma aha si loo soo bandhigo heerarka culture sida kaliya aragtiyada: *La accepts karo: {{xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film "unforgettable".}} *Aan la accepts karin: {{!xt|The site is considered "sacred" by the religion's scriptures.}} Aragtiyada gaaban ee aan aad uga emotive ahayn caadi ahaan waxaa lagu soo sheegi karaa iyadoo la atribuigo halkii xigashoda tooska ah. Isticmaalka calaamadaha xigmadda ee terms-ka sharraxaadda leh ee gaaban wuxuu [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Expressions of doubt|muujin karaa wax is-dhaafsi ah]] oo ku saabsan maaddada la xigtay; sarcasm ama [[weasel words]], sida ''supposedly'' ama ''so-called'', waxaa lagu muujin karaa. *La accepts karo: {{xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film interesting.}} *Aan loo baahnayn oo muujin kara is-dhaafsi: {{!xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film "interesting".}} *Waa in la xigto: {{xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film "interesting but heart-wrenching".}} ===Typographic conformity=== {{Shortcut|MOS:CONFORM}} {{redirect|MOS:CONFORM|consistency within articles|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Consistency within articles}} Xigashodu ma aha [[wikt:facsimile|facsimile]] oo, xaaladaha badankooda, ma aha shuruud in qaabka asalka ah lagu dhowro. Qaabka iyo elements-ka kale ee typographic-ka ah ee qoraalka la xigtay{{efn|"Qoraalka la xigtay" ee typographic conformity iyo sababaha kale ee badan wuxuu ku dhex jiraa mawduucyada shaqaalaha, magacyada kooxaha, iyo foomamka kale oo, asalkiisa, la xigtay. Tusaale: waxyaabaha sida "Mexican-American War" waxaa si joogto ah loo hagaajiyaa loo beddelo "Mexican–American War" Wikipedia-ha, ku dhex jirta mawduucyada tixraacyada loo tixraacay, ku dhex jirta qoraalka maqaalka, tixraacyada xusuus-qoraalka, ama meelaha kale ee bogga. Kani ma leeyahay athar raadinta shaqaalaha aan tixraacnay, maadaama dhammaan raadinta waaweyn ay baabi'iyaan calaamadaha punctuation-ka.}} waa in lagu dhasheeyo heshiisyada Wikipedia-ha English-ka oo aan lahayn xusuus-qoraal, iyadoo la xaqijiyay in sameynta kani aysan beddeli doonin ama baabi'in doonin macnaha ama inta qoraalka. Kani waa beddelka oo aan samaynayn kala duwanaansho marka qoraalka loo akhrriyo si toos ah; tusaale ahaan: *Normalize dashes iyo hyphens: eeg {{Section link||Dashes}}. Isticmaal qaabka loo doortay maqaalka: unspaced [[em dash]] ama spaced [[en dash]]. *Beddel apostrophes iyo calaamadaha xigmadda loo beddelo qaabka Wikipedia: **Kuwani waa inay noqdaan toos, ma aha curly ama slanted. Eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}}. **Marka aad xigtayso xigasho iyada laikiis ku dhex jirta xigasho, beddel dhexda isticmaalka double iyo single quotes ee xigasho kasta. Eeg {{section link||For a quotation within a quotation}} si aad u ogaato xeel-dheeraan. *Marka aad xigtayso qoraal ka soo baxay luqadaha aan English-ka ahayn, punctuation-ka ka baxsan waa inuu raaco [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation marks|Manual of Style ee calaamadaha xigmadda English-ka]]. Haddii ay jiraan xigashooyinka ku dhex jira, raac shuruudaha punctuation-ka saxda ah ee luqaddaas. Haddii ay jiraan qaabab badan oo luqad ah, midka loo isticmaalay Wikipedia-ha luqaddaas waa ka wanaagsan yahay ilaa punctuation-ka laikiisu uu yahay ku dhex jiro wada-hadal. *:{{xt|The cynical response "{{lang|fr|italic=unset|L'auteur aurait dû demander&nbsp;: «&nbsp;à quoi sert-il d'écrire ceci&nbsp;?&nbsp;» mais ne l'a pas fait}}" was all he wrote.}} *Baabi'i spaces ka hor punctuation-ka sida periods iyo colons. *Caadi ahaan sii wad bold iyo italics {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Italics}})}}, laakiin badankooda qaabka kale waa in loo beddelo qoraal toos ah. {{!xt|{{Underline|Underlining}}}}, {{!xt|spac&nbsp;ing}} ku dhex jirta erayada, {{!xt|1=co<span style="color:Goldenrod;">lor</span>s}}, {{!xt|ALL CAPS}}, {{Smallcaps|{{!xt|small caps}}}}, iyo wixii la mid ah caadi ahaan waa in loo normalize-garayo qoraal toos ah. Haddii ay {{em|caddaynaysay}} muujinayso emphasis, isticmaal italic {{em|emphasis}} ({{tlx|em}}) ama, foomka dhexdiisa oo horey italics ah, boldface (leh {{tlx|strong}}). Mawduucyada buugaagta, maqaallada, gabayada, iyo wixii la mid ah, isticmaal italics ama calaamadaha xigmadda raacaya [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles|hagaha mawduucyada]]. Italics waxaa sidoo kale lagu dari karaa si loogu muujiyo [[#Non-English terms|terms-ka aan English-ka ahayn]] (leh moodalka {{tlx|lang}}), ee [[#Animals, plants, and other organisms|magaca scientific-ka ah ee organism-ka]], iyo si loogu muujiyo isticmaalka [[#Words as words|words-as-words]]. *Fiid gaabinta (aan horey loo isticmaalin mawduuca ka hor xigashoda) sida beddelka square-bracketed, ama ku sharrax iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|abbr}}. *Normalize glyphs iyo ligatures archaic-ka ah ee English-ka ee aan loo baahnayn macnaha (marka laga reebo magacyada saxda ah iyo luqadaha halka ligatures ay yihiin heer, per {{section link||Ampersand}} iyo {{Section link||Ligatures}}). Tusaalooyinka waxaa ku jira ''[[æ]]''→''ae'', ''[[œ]]''→''oe'', ''[[Long s|ſ]]''→''s'', iyo ''[[Thorn (letter)#Abbreviations|þ<sup>e</sup>]]''→''the''. {{crossref|pw=y|Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles#Typographic conformity}} si aad u ogaato waxyaabaha gaarka ah ee loo tixgeliyo normalization-ka typography-ka ee mawduucyada shaqaalaha.}} {{Shortcut|MOS:RETAINQUOTEVARIETY}} {{vanchor|Retain quote variety|text= Laakiin, noocyada qaranka ma aha in loo beddelo, maadaama kuwani ay ku dhex jiri karaan beddelka vocabulary-ka. Tusaale ahaan, xigasho ka soo baxday tixraac British ah waa in ay sii wadato spelling-ka British-ka, xataa maqaal oo haddii kale isticmaala spelling-ka American-ka. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Consistency within articles}}.)}}}} Nambarada sidoo kale caadi ahaan [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Quotations, titles, etc.|ma aha in loo re-format-gareeyo]]. Xigashoda tooska ah ma aha in loo isticmaalo si loo dhowro qaabka loo doorbido ee publisher ka baxsan (gaar ahaan marka maaddadu ay haddii kale noqon lahayd aan la beddelin), maadaama kani wuxuu leeyahay athar ee [[Scare quotes|scare-quoting]]: *{{em|La accepts karo}}: {{xt|The animal is listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.}} *{{em|Aan la accepts karin}}: {{!xt|The animal is listed as "Endangered" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.}} Italics waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loogu muujiyo isticmaalka gaar ah sida [[term of art]] (xaaladda "[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Words as words|words as words]]"), gaar ahaan marka ay tahay mid aan la dhasheyn ama ma aha in loo dib-u-qoro ka magaca aan aheyin expert: *{{em|La accepts karo}}: {{xt|The animal is listed as ''critically endangered'' on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.}} Marka aad xigtayso jumlad dhan, caadi ahaan waxaa lagu taliyaa in erayga ugu horreeya uu sii wado xaraf weyn. Laakiin, haddii qoraalka la xigtay lagu ammaan goyay jumlada dhow (tusaale ahaan, leh hordhac sida "{{var|X}} said that"), xarafka weyn ee asalka ah waxaa loo beddeli karaa xaraf yar. *{{xt|LaVesque's report stated: "The equipment was selected for its low price. This is the primary reason for criticism of the program."}} *{{xt|LaVesque's report said that "the equipment was selected for its low price".}} *{{xt|The program was criticized primarily because "the equipment was selected for its low price", according to LaVesque.}} Caadi ahaan looma baahna in la xuso beddelka capitalization-ka. Laakiin, si loo helo saxnaan dheeraad ah, xarafka la beddelay waxaa lagu lagi karaa ku dhex jira square brackets: {{nobr|"The" → "[t]he".}} *{{xt|The program was criticized primarily because {{nobr|"[t]he}} equipment was selected for its low price", according to LaVesque.}} ===Attribution=== Akhristahu waa inuu awoodaa inuu go'aamiyo tixraaca xigasho kasta, ugu yaraan ka magaca footnote. Tixraacu waa in lagu magacaabo {{em|qoraalka maqaalka}} haddii xigashodu ay tahay aragti {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|Attributing and specifying biased statements}})}}. Marka aad atribuigo-garayso xigasho, ka fogao [[Wikipedia:Words to avoid#Synonyms for said|sharraxaaddeeda foomka biased-ka ah]]. ===Xigashooyinka ku dhex jira xigashooyinka=== Eeg {{section link||For a quotation within a quotation}}. ===Isku xirka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:LINKQUOTE|MOS:LWQ}} Noqo mid dhibco leh marka aad isku xirayso ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka; isku xir kaliya bartilmaameedyada u dhigma macnaha caddaynaya ee loo intended-gareeyay qoraaga xigashoda. Halka ay suurtogal tahay, isku xir qoraalka ka baxsan xigashoda halkii – mid ka hor ama dhowaan ka dambeeya. (Haddii aad xigtayso [[hypertext]], ku dar xusuus-qoraal tifaftirka, {{xt|[link in original]}} ama {{xt|[link added]}}, sida habboon, si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga ku saabsan in isku xirka uu sameeyay qoraaga asalka ah.) ===<span class="anchor" id="Block quotations"></span><span class="anchor" id="Block quotes"></span>Block quotations=== {{Shortcut|MOS:BQ|MOS:BLOCKQUOTE}} U format-garee xigashoda dheer (ka badan 40 eray ama poynti yar oo xarfo ah, ama ka kooban ka badan hal paragraph, iyadoo aan loo eegin dheerka) sida [[block quotation]], iyadoo la isticmaalayo moodalka {{tlx|blockquote}}. Qoraalka lagu muujiyay block quotations iyo quote boxes (eeg ka hooseeya) waa inuusan laikiisu noqon mid lagu duubay calaamadaha xigmadda (ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda waaweyn, "decorative"-style). Block quotations iyo quote boxes oo isticmaalaya luga background ah sidoo kale ma lagu hagal-garayo. Isticmaal {{tnull|blockquote}} iyo markup-ka la midka ah kaliya xigashooyinka dhabta ah; [[#Indentation|indentation-ka sababaha kale]] waxaa loo sameeyay foom kale. Waa heshiis in lagu hor maro block quotation jumlad hordhac ah (ama qayb jumlad ah) oo lagu daro citation-ka tixraaca xarkaas. Alternativamente, moodalka {{tnull|blockquote}} wuxuu bixiyaa parameters ee attribution iyo citation oo ka muuqan doona ka hooseeya xigashoda. {{crossref|pw=y|(Ee isticmaalka dashes leh attributions, eeg {{section link||Other uses for em dashes}}.)}} Qaabkan attribution-ka ee ka hooseeya xigashoda waxaa loo intended-gareeyay xigashooyinka caanka ah oo ma aha caadi maqaallada sababtoo ah wuxuu ku oki lahaa tone aan habboonayn. Xigasho aan lahayn tixraac loo tixraacay waa in lagu calaamadeeyo {{tlx|quote without source}}, ama la baabi'iyo. Maadaama line breaks iyo indentation caadi ahaan lagu baabi'iyo ku dhex jirta {{tnull|blockquote}} ama {{tag|blockquote|o}}, isticmaal {{xtag|poem}} ama {{tlx|poem quote}} gabayada, lyrics, iyo maaddada la midka ah. Maaddadaas waxaa sidoo cuali ahaan loo xigtay karaa inline, leh line breaks oo lagu muujiyay <code><nowiki>{{nbsp}}/</nowiki></code>, iyo paragraph ama stanza breaks oo lagu muujiyay <code><nowiki>{{nbsp}}//</nowiki></code>. Tusaale ahaan: {{xt|"And, as in uffish thought he stood,{{nbsp}}/ The Jabberwock, with eyes of flame,{{nbsp}}/ Came whiffling through the tulgey wood,{{nbsp}}/ And burbled as it came!{{nbsp}}// One, two! One, two! And through and through{{nbsp}}/ The vorpal blade went snicker-snack!"}} {{Shortcut|MOS:BOXQUOTE|MOS:PQ|MOS:PULLQUOTE}} {{va|Pull quotes|Pull quote|Pull quotations|nocquote|text={{tlx|Quote box}} waa alternative ee inline quote ama block quote. Quote boxes waxaa lagu muujiyaa foom gaar ah (la mid ah sawirrada) oo waxay ugu wanaagsan yihiin xigashooyinka muhiimka ah ama sanado ah. Waxay samayn karaan [[WP:POV|point of view]] ama [[WP:UNDUE|undue weight]] arrimo, sababtoo ah xigashooyinka ma lagu lagayo xaaladda ama ma lagu ammaan goyo qoraalka maqaalka. Sidaas darteed, waa in loo isticmaalo si dhibco leh.}} [[Pull quote]]s ma aha kuwo ka mid ah maqaallada Wikipedia. Kuwani waa [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not news|news iyo magazine style]] oo ku saabsan "pulling" maaddada horey ku dhex jirtay maqaalka si loo dib-u-isticmaalo xigashooyinka decorative-ka ah ee soo jiidata attention-ka. Qaabkan unencyclopedic-ka ah waa foom ka mid ah [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Editorializing|editorializing]], wuxuuna soo saaraa [[Wikipedia:Writing better articles#Provide context for the reader|out-of-context]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Due and undue weight|undue emphasis]], oo wuxuu [[Wikipedia:No original research|keeni karaa akhristaha go'aanno]] aan lagu taageerin maaddada. Xigashoda badan ee qoraalka la dhowray (haddii ay u format-gareeyay sida blockquote ama kale, oo xataa haddii lagu credited-gareeyay tixraaciisa) waa la xannibay. Eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Quotations#Copyrighted material and fair use}}. ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign-language quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka aan English-ka ahayn=== {{Shortcut|MOS:FOREIGNQUOTE|}} Xigashooyinka ka soo baxday tixraacyada aan English-ka ahayn waa inay ka muuqdaan turjumaad loo beddelay English, ugu wanaagsan mid cusub{{efn|name=recent}}. Xigashooyinka ah turjumaada waa in si toos ah loo kala saaro kuwa aan ahayn. Muuji tixraaca asalka ah ee turjumaada (haddii uu yahay mid la heley karo, oo aan markii ugu horreysay lagu daabacin ku dhex jirta Wikipedia), iyo luqadda asalka ah (haddii aysan caddayn xaaladda). Haddii qoraalka asalka ah ee aan la turjumin uu yahay mid la heley karo, bixi tixraac iyada ama ku dar iyada, sida habboon. Marka tifaftireyaasha laikiisu ay turjumaan qoraalka loo beddelo English,{{efn|[[Wikipedia:No original research#Translations and transcriptions|Turjumaada laikiisu ma u baahna tixraac marka uu sameeyo tifaftire]]; laakiin xigashooyinka loo isticmaalay ku dhex jirta [[WP:REF|tixraacyada]], [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Quoting|turjumaada ka soo baxday tixraacyada lagu aamini karo waa ka wanaagsan yihiin]], ama [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Citing|tixraacyada luqadda English-ka ee ka wanaagsan]] .}} daryeel waa in mar walba loo qaado si lagu dhex jiro qoraalka asalka ah, {{em|[[MOS:FOREIGNITALIC|ku dhex jira italics]]}} ([[MOS:BADITALICS|marka laga reebo dhismaha scripts-ka aan Latin-ka ahayn]], oo ugu wanaagsan lagu sameyo moodallada {{tlx|lang}} ama {{tlx|langx}}, oo labaduba italics-gareynaya sida habboon oo bixinaya luqadda metadata); iyo si loo isticmaalo erayada dhabta ah iyo (haddii ay suurtogal tahay) erayada caadiga ah ee English-ka ku dhex jira turjumaada. Ilaa aad ka si dhab ah uga ogaato competency-gaaga aad wax ku turjumayso, eeg [[Wikipedia:Translation]] si aad u hesho taageero. ==Punctuation== {{Shortcut|MOS:PUNCT}} {{For|a brief guide to how some punctuation marks are used in Wikipedia for special purposes, e.g., [[Help:List#List basics|description lists]]|Help:Punctuation}} ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign characters that resemble apostrophes"></span>Apostrophes=== {{Shortcut|MOS:'|MOS:APOSTROPHE}} *Isticmaal [[straight apostrophe]]s ({{big|{{mxt|'}}}}), ma aha [[curly apostrophe]]s ({{big|{{!mxt|’}}}}). Ha isticmaalin accent marks ama [[backtick]]s ({{big|{{!mxt|`}}}}) sida apostrophes. *Moodallada sida {{tlx|`}} iyo {{tlx|`s}} waxay leeyihiin taageero marka apostrophe (ama single quote) ka muuqdo bilowga ama dhamaadka qoraalka ku dhex jira italics ama bold, sababtoo ah italics iyo bold laikiisu waxaa lagu muujiyaa noocyada single quotes. **Marka apostrophe raaco qoraalka italics-ka ah, {{tlx|'}} ama {{tlx|'s}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si looga fogaado xarafka ugu dambeeya ee qoraalka dhanka midig ah inuu isku xiro apostrophe-ka. Tusaale: {{xt|the ''Iliad''{{'s}} themes}} (markup: {{nobreak|<code><nowiki>the ''Iliad''{{'s}} themes</nowiki></code>}}). *Xarfaha u okiya apostrophes iyo curly quotes, sida [[{{okina}}okina]] ({{mxt|{{okina}}}}{{snd}}la dhex geliyo iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|okina}}), [[Saltillo (linguistics)|saltillo]] ({{mxt|{{saltillo}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|saltillo}}), Hebrew [[ayin]] ama Arabic ʿayn ({{mxt|{{ayin}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|ayin}}), iyo Arabic [[hamza]] ({{mxt|{{hamza}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|hamza}}), waa in lagu muujiyo moodalladaas ama xarfaha laikiis ee [[Unicode]]. (Basic Arabic transliteration, oo isticmaala ASCII apostrophe, waxaa ka wanaagsan xaaladaha badankooda ka magaca [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Arabic]]; xarfaha kale kani waxaa loo isticmaalaa kaliya transliteration-ka saxda ah.) **Moodallada ma loo isticmaali karo mawduucyada maqaalka; isticmaal xarafka Unicode-ka ee u dhigma toos. Per {{Section link|Wikipedia:Article titles#Special characters}}, sidoo kale samee redirection ka soo baxay foomka ASCII-ka ah si loogu taageero raadinta. Foomamka aan lahayn xarfaha apostrophe-ka oo kale marna waxaa ka wanaagsan ka magaca {{Section link|Wikipedia:Article titles# Use commonly recognizable names}} (t.s. [[Hawaii]] laakiin ma aha [[Keali{{okina}}i Reichel]]). *:{{crossref|pw=y|Sidoo kale eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles|Orthography, spelling and formatting}}}} *Ee [[Wade–Giles]] romanizations ee Mandarin Chinese, isticmaal {{tlx|wg-apos}}. *Luqadaha leh [[ejective consonants]] iyo wixii la mid ah, isticmaal {{tlx|hamza}}. *Ee Cyrillic [[soft sign]], marka lagu muujiyo dhammaan, isticmaal {{tlx|softsign}} ama {{tlx|hamza}}. *Ee isticmaalka possessive apostrophe-ka, eeg {{section link||Possessives}}. *Ee xeel-dheeraanta isticmaalka apostrophe-ka (possessive, elision, formation ee plurals qaarkood, arrimo luqadaha aan English-ka ahayn), eeg maqaalka [[Apostrophe]]. ===Calaamadaha xigmadda=== {{Shortcut|MOS:"|MOS:QUOTEMARKS|}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotations}} Maaddada ka hooseysa, term-ka ''quotation'' wuxuu ku dhex jiraa isticmaalka caadiga ah ee calaamadaha xigmadda sida mawduucyada noocyada, chapters-ka, episodes-ka, iyo wixii la mid ah. Calaamadaha xigmadda sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaalaa xaaladaha kale, sida [[#Animals, plants, and other organisms|magacyada cultivar]]. ====Calaamadaha xigmadda xarfaha==== {{Shortcut|MOS:CQ|MOS:CURLY|MOS:STRAIGHT}} *Isticmaal {{xt|{{big|<b>"</b>}}straight{{big|<b>"</b>}}}} calaamadaha xigmadda, ma aha {{!xt|{{big|<b>“</b>}}curly{{big|<b>”</b>}}}} kuwo. (Ee [[single quotes]]: {{xt|{{big|<b>'</b>}}straight{{big|<b>'</b>}}}}, ma aha {{!xt|{{big|<b>‘</b>}}curly{{big|<b>’</b>}}}}.) *Ha isticmaalin accent marks, backticks ({{!xt|{{big|'''`'''}}text{{big|'''´'''}}}}), low–high ({{!xt|„&nbsp;“}}), corner brackets ({{!xt|「&nbsp;」}}), [[guillemet]]s ({{!xt|«&nbsp;»}}), ama [[Chinese punctuation#Book title marks|title marks]] ({{!xt|《&nbsp;》}}) sida calaamadaha xigmadda (marka laga reebo marka marks-kaas ay yihiin {{em|internal}} ee qoraalka aan English-ka ahayn ee la xigtay{{snd}}eeg {{slink||Typographic conformity}}). Symbols-ka {{!xt|′}} iyo {{!xt|″}} ee ka muuqda edit window dropdowns waa "[[prime (symbol)|prime]]" iyo "double prime" sida ay u kala horreeyaan: kuwani waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loogu muujiyo [[Minute and second of arc|units of angular measurement]], oo ma aha sida apostrophes ama quote marks. *Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo apostrophes ee maaddada la import-gareeyay [[#Typographic conformity|waa in loo beddelo]] haddii ay noqoto lagama maarmaan si loo raaco sare. ====<span id="Double or single quotation marks"></span><span id="Single quotation marks"></span>Double ama single==== {{Shortcut|MOS:SINGLE|MOS:DOUBLE|}} *Badankooda xigashooyinku waxay qaataan calaamadaha xigmadda double-ka ah ({{xt|Welles said: "It was a terrible situation."}}),{{efn|1=Double quotation marks waxaa ka wanaagsan single sababtoo ah waxay si toos ah uga kala duwan yihiin apostrophes: *{{!xt|She wrote that 'Cleanthes' differs from the others', but neither opinion may represent Hume's'}} (wuxuu yareeyaa akhristaha). *{{xt|She wrote that "Cleanthes' differs from the others', but neither opinion may represent Hume's"}} (caddayn badan). }} marka laga reebo xigashooyinka ku dhex jira (eeg ka hooseeya). *Plant cultivars waxay qaataan calaamadaha xigmadda single-ka ah ({{xt|''Malus domestica'' 'Golden Delicious'}}; eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora)]]). *[[Gloss (annotation)#In linguistics|Glosses]] oo turjumaya ama definining-garaynaya terms aan la dhasheyn (marka la isticmaalayo [[MOS:WORDSASWORDS|words as words]]) waxay qaataan single quotes; glosses-ka gaaban ma u baahna comma ka hor definition-ka ({{xt|''Cossack'' originates from [[Cuman language|Cuman]] {{lang|qwm|proto=yes|qazaq}} 'freebooter'; ''republic'' comes from Latin {{lang|la|res publica}}, loosely meaning 'public affair'.}}). Moodalka {{tl|Gloss}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa tan; t.s. <code>{{tlp|lang|es|casa}} {{tlf|gloss|house}}</code> wuxuu soo saaraa: {{lang|es|casa}} {{gloss|house}}. Ee turjumaada tooska ah, moodalka {{tl|Literal translation}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa; wuxuu dhex gelyaa {{xt|lit.}} ka hor gloss-ka. ====Ee xigasho ku dhex jirta xigasho==== {{Shortcut|MOS:QWQ|}} Isticmaal single quotes: *{{xt|Darwin wrote in his introduction that "the maxim 'de minimis lex non curat' does not apply to science".}} Ee dhismaha dheeraad ah, beddel dhexda single iyo double quotes: *{{xt|He said, "That book asserts, 'Confucius said "Everything has beauty, but not everyone sees it.{{" ' "}}}} Ee quote marks ee uusocodka tooska ah, ku dar space yar iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{nowrap|{{tl|" '}}}}, {{nowrap|{{tl|' "}}}}, ama (sida tusaale ahaan halkan loo dhiibay) {{nowrap|{{tl|" ' "}}}}: *{{xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!{{' "}}}} Markup: <code>He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!{{tl|' "}}</code> *{{!xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!'"}} (jamming garaynta waxyaabaha waxay u okisaa si xun fonts badankooda) *{{!xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!'{{nbsp}}"}} (space caadi ah wuxuu leeyahay inta badan) ====<span id="Quotation marks in article openings"></span>Bilowga maqaalka==== {{Shortcut|MOS:BOLDQUOTE}} Qoraalka bold-ka ah oo caadi ahaan ka muuqda bilowga maqaalka: *Calaamad kasta oo xigmadda ah oo qayb ka mid ah mawduuca waa in ay noqoto bold sida qaybta hartay ee mawduuca. **Ka soo baxay ''[["A" Is for Alibi]]'': {{xt|'''''"A" Is for Alibi''''' is a mystery novel&nbsp;...}} *Calaamadaha xigmadda ee {{em|aan}} qayb ka mid ah mawduuca ma aha in ay noqdaan bold. **Ka soo baxay [[Jabberwocky]]: {{xt|"'''Jabberwocky'''" is a nonsense poem&nbsp;...}} **Ka soo baxay [[Babe Ruth]]: {{xt|'''George Herman''' "'''Babe'''" '''Ruth''' was an American baseball player&nbsp;...}} {{crossref|pw=y|(Sidoo kale eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography|Nicknames}}.)}} ====Punctuation ka hor xigashooyinka==== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTEPUNCT}} Haddii dhisma aan la xigtay laakiin kale oo u dhigma uu shaqayn lahaa grammatically aan lahayn comma, isticmaalka comma ka hor xigasho oo lagu ammaan goyay jumlad waa dookh: *{{xt|The report stated "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} ([[wikt:cf.|Cf.]] aan la xigtay {{xt|The report stated there was a 45% reduction in transmission rate.}}) *{{xt|The report stated, "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} Qaabka aan lahayn comma ka sanado badan waxaa loo isticmaalaa xigashooyinka qaybta ah: *{{xt|The report observed "a 45% reduction in transmission rate".}} Comma waxaa loo baahan yahay marka ay ka muuqan lahayd dhismaha oo kale haddii maaddada aan ayan ahayn xigasho: *{{xt|In Margaret Mead's view, "we must recognize the whole gamut of human potentialities" to enrich our culture.}} Ha dhex gelin comma haddii ay is-dhaafsi keeni karto ama beddeli karto macnaha: *{{xt|Caitlyn Jenner expressed concerns about children "who are coming to terms with being true to who they are".}} (Xigasho sax ah oo ka soo baxday foomka ku saabsan {{em|carruurta qaarkood}}{{snd}}gaar ahaan carruurtaas "who are coming to terms{{nbsp}}...") *{{!xt|Caitlyn Jenner expressed concerns about children, "who are coming to terms with being true to who they are".}} (Beddelaa macnaha si loogu muujiyo Jenner in ay muujinaysay concern ku saabsan {{em|dhammaan}} carruurta, inta la dhiibay in carruurtu, guud ahaan, "are coming to terms{{nbsp}}...") Waxay ka caddayn tahay in loo isticmaalo colon si loo soo bandhigo xigasho haddii ay samaynayso jumlad dhan, iyo kani waa in mar walba loo sameyo xigashooyinka jumlado badan leeh: *{{xt|The report stated: "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} *{{xt|In a letter to his son, Albert Einstein wrote: "Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance you must keep moving."}} Punctuation dheeraad ah ma aha mid lagama maarmaan ah ee tooska ah [[#Words as words|words-as-words]] xaaladda: *{{xt|The message was unintelligible except for the fragments "help soon" and "how much longer before".}} ====<span class="anchor" id="Quotation marks-Titles"></span><span id="Quotation marks with names and titles"></span>Magacyada iyo mawduucyada==== {{/titles hatnote include|where=MOS#P-QM-N&T}} Calaamadaha xigmadda waa in loo isticmaalo magacyada iyo mawduucyada soo socda: {{columns-list|colwidth=27em| *Maqaallada iyo chapters-ka (buugaagta iyo periodicals waa italics) *Sheekooyinka gaaban (buugaagta iyo periodicals waa italics) *Qaybaha muusigga (pieces waa italics) *Strips-ka gaarka ah ee comics iyo webcomics (comics waa italics) *Gabayada (gabayada dheer ama epic waa italics) *Noocyada (albums, song cycles, operas, operettas, iyo oratorios waa italics) *Episodes-ka gaarka ah ee taxanaha TV-ga iyo radio-ga iyo [[Serial (radio and television)|serials]] (mawduuca taxanaha waa italics){{efn|1="Mawduuca taxanaha waa italics" wuxuu isticmaalayaa ''taxanaha'' si loogu macneeyo show-ga dhan. Season (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay ''series'' ee British English-ka) leh mawduuciisa laikiis wuxuu isticmaalaa calaamadaha xigmadda mawduucaas, sida sub-work.}} }} {{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The Beatles wrote "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" for their album ''Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band''.}} Ha isticmaalin calaamadaha xigmadda ama italics ee qoraallada hore, concert tours, meelaha, cibaadooyinka, myths, iyo epics. (Kuwa badan, laakiin ma aha dhammaan, oo ka mid ah waxyaabahaani [[#Titles of works|waa inay sidoo kale ku dhex jirin title case]].) ====<span class="anchor" id="LP"></span><span class="anchor" id="LQ"></span><span class="anchor" id="TQ"></span><span class="anchor" id="logical quotes"></span><span id="Punctuation inside or outside quotation marks"></span>Punctuation ku dhex jirta ama ka baxsan==== {{Shortcut|MOS:LQ|MOS:LOGICAL|MOS:INOROUT}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Logical quotation on Wikipedia|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Effect on nearby punctuation}}<!-- Another kind of punctuation "in or out". EDITORS PLEASE NOTE: Changes to this section may escalate into heated dispute. Please consider raising any proposed changes for discussion and consensus-building on the talk page before editing. --> Isticmaal qaabka [[logical quotation]] dhammaan maqaallada, iyadoo aan loo eegin nooca English-ka oo lagu qoray. Ku dar punctuation-ka dhamaadka ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda kaliya haddii uu ka muuqday maaddada asalka ah, oo haddii kale u lag ka dambaysta calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. Qaybta badankeeda, kani wuxuu macneynayaa u treats-garaynta periods iyo commas foomkaas oo kale sida question marks: sii wad ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda haddii ay ku dabaqmaan kaliya maaddada la xigtay iyo ka baxsan haddii ay ku dabaqmaan jumlada dhan. Tusaalooyinka waxaa loo dhiibay ka hooseeya. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Did Darla say, "Here I am"?}} (question mark wuxuu ku dabaqmaa jumlada dhan) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|Did Darla say, "Here I am?"}} (aan sax ahayn in lagu dabaqo question mark xigashoda) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Darla said, "Where am I?"}} (question mark wuxuu ku dabaqmaa maaddada la xigtay kaliya) Haddii xigashodu ay tahay eray gaar ah ama qayb jumlad ah, u lag punctuation-ka dhamaadka ka baxsan calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. Marka aad xigtayso jumlad dhan, dhamaadka oo u dhigma dhamaadka jumlada ku dhex jirta, u lag punctuation-ka dhamaadka ku dhex jira calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. *{{xt|Miller wanted, he said, "to create something timeless".}} *{{xt|Miller said: "I wanted to create something timeless."}} Haddii jumlada la xigtay ay raacdo [[clause]] oo waa in uu ka horreeyo comma, ka tag [[full stop]] (period), iyo ha u beddelin comma {{em|ku dhex jirta}} xigashoda.{{efn|Kani waa foomka ugu muhiimsan oo uu logical quotation ku kala duwan yahay isticmaalka punctuation-ka wargaysyada British-ka, halka publishers badan ay u ilayeeyaan beddelkaas maaddada la xigtay, oo ka aghas ah saxnaanta dhismaha logical punctuation-ka.}} Terminal punctuation kale, sida question marks ama exclamation marks, waxaa lagu dhowri karaa. *{{xt|Livingston then said, "It is done", and turned to the people.}} *{{xt|Livingston then exclaimed, "It is done!", and turned to the people.}} Haddii jumlada la xigtay ay raacdo clause oo aqoonsanaya speaker-ka, isticmaal comma ka baxsan calaamadda xigmadda halkii full stop ku dhex jira, laakiin sii wad terminal punctuation kasta oo kale, sida question mark. *{{xt|"There is no strife, no prejudice, no national conflict in outer space as yet", said Kennedy.}} *{{xt|By asking "Who are you?", she prompts John to tell his story.}} Ha raacin erayada ama qaybaha la xigtay commas ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda, marka laga reebo halka xigasho dheer lagu baabi'iyay iyo comma uu yahay qayb ka mid ah xigashoda dhan. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change, opening the way to confidence and courage", said Turner.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change," said Turner, "opening the way to confidence and courage."}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change, opening the way", said Turner, "to confidence and courage."}} *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|"I began to change, opening the way," said Turner, "to confidence and courage."}} ==== Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo isqu xirka ka baxsan ==== Isqu xirka ka baxsan ee u socda mawduucyada maqaallada waa in ay leeyihiin mawduuca ku dhex jira quotes ku dhex jira isqu xirka. Moodallada tixraaca ee [[Help:Citation Style 1|CS1]] iyo [[Help:Citation Style 2|CS2]] waxay sameynayaan tan si otomaatig ah, iyo tixraacyada aan moodalka lahayn waa inay sameeyaan foomkan oo kale. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|{{cite news |last1=Kiefer |first1=Francine |title=Clinton: The Early Years |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |date=May 29, 1998 |ref=none}}}} (Isticmaalka {{tl|cite news}}) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt| Kiefer, Francine (May 29, 1998). [https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html "Clinton: The Early Years"]. ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''.}} (Aan moodal lahayn) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt| Kiefer, Francine (May 29, 1998). "[https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html Clinton: The Early Years]". ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''.}} (Aan moodal lahayn) ==== Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo isqu xirka ku dhex jira ==== Isqu xirka ku dhex jira (wikilinks) oo ay la socdaan calaamadaha xigmadda caadi ahaan waa inay leeyihiin quotes ka baxsan isqu xirka. Kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa mawduucyada shaqaalaha ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda (noocyada, episodes-ka, iyo wixii la mid ah) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Play it, Sam. Play "[[As Time Goes By (song)|As Time Goes By]]".}} (Isticmaalka <code><nowiki>"[[ ]]"</nowiki></code>.) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|Play it, Sam. Play [[As Time Goes By (song)|"As Time Goes By"]].}} (Isticmaalka <code><nowiki>[[" "]]</nowiki></code>.) Laakiin, calaamadaha xigmadda waxaa loo baahan yahay ku dhex jira wikilinks marka calaamadda xigmadda ay tahay qayb ka mid ah isqu xirka, ama halka qoraalka isqu xirka leh ee muuqda uu ku dhex jiro calaamadaha xigmadda oo muujinaya slang, nicknames, magacyada caadiga ah, ama isticmaalka la midka ah. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The term ''soccer'' comes from [[Oxford "-er"|Oxford {{nowrap|"-er"}}]] slang, which was prevalent at the [[University of Oxford]] in England from about 1875...}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|A Cockney accent [[Rhoticity in English|drops the "r"]] after a vowel.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The [[Dynamo Sports Club|Proletarian Sports Society "Dynamo"]] was established in Moscow in 1923.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|President Suharto's [[New Order (Indonesia)|"New Order"]] administration received US support for its economic policies.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Japan's [[Lost Decades|"Lost Decades"]] began in 1991.}} ===Brackets iyo parentheses=== {{Shortcut|MOS:()|MOS:BRACKETS}} {{Redirect|MOS:PAREN|use of parentheses (round brackets) in article titles|WP:Article titles#Parenthetical disambiguation|deprecated inline parenthetical citations|WP:Citing sources#Parenthetical referencing}} Qaybtan waxay ku dabaqmaysaa labadaba round brackets {{xt|(&nbsp;)}}, sidoo cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay [[Bracket|parentheses]], iyo square brackets {{xt|[&nbsp;]}}. Haddii jumlad ay ku dhex jirto foom bracketed ah, u lag punctuation-ka jumlada ka baxsan brackets-ka {{xt|(sida halkan loo muujiyay).}} Laakiin, halka hal ama ka badan jumlado ay ku dhex jiraan brackets-ka dhan, u lag punctuation-kooda ku dhex jira brackets-ka. Waa inuusan jirin space dhow dhanka ku dhex jira ee bracket-ka. Bracket-ka oo starts-garoogaya caadi ahaan waa inuu ka horreeyo space. Kani ma noqon karo xaaladda haddii uu ka horreeyo calaamad xigmadda oo starts-garoogaysa, bracket kale oo starts-garoogaya, ama qayb ka mid ah eray: *{{xt|He rose to address the meeting: "(Ahem)&nbsp;... Ladies and gentlemen, welcome!"}} *{{xt|Only the royal characters in the play ([Prince] Hamlet and his family) habitually speak in blank verse.}} *{{xt|We journeyed on the Inter[continental].}} *{{xt|Most people are right-handed. (Some people are left-handed, but that does not make right-handed people "better" than left-handed people.)}} Waa inuu jiro space ka dambeeya bracket-ka xiritaanka, marka laga reebo halka punctuation mark uu raaco (inkastoo spaced dash uu sii wadi doono space ka dambeeya bracket-ka xiritaanka) iyo xaaladaha aan caadiga ahayn ee la midka ah kuwa lagu tirtiray bracket-ka starts-garoogaya. Ka fogao kooxaha dhow ee brackets-ka. Mid ka mid ah u lag foomamka parenthetical-ka ah ku dhex jirta hal koox oo lagu kala saaray semicolons, ama dib-u-qor: *{{em|Ka fogao}}: {{!xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919) (also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader.}} *{{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: {{xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919; also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader.}} *{{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: {{xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader. He was also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv.}} Square brackets waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loogu muujiyo beddelka tifaftirka iyo dhex-gelinta ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka, inkastoo kani waligeed ma aha inuu beddelo macnaha loo intended-gareeyay. Waxay u adeegaan saddex sababood oo waaweyn: *Si loo caddayo: {{xt|She attended [secondary] school}}, halka kani uu ahaa macnaha loo intended-gareeyay, laakiin nooca school-ka uusan ahayn mid lagu dhiibay jumlada asalka ah. *Si loo yareeyo dheerka xigashoda: {{xt|X contains Y, and under certain circumstances, X may contain Z as well}} waxaa loo yareeyn karaa {{xt|X contains Y [and sometimes Z]}}. Marka ellipsis ({{xt|...}}) loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo maaddada ka baxday xigashoda tooska ah, caadi ahaan ma aha in lagu duubo bracket. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Ellipses}} si aad u ogaato xaaladda gaarka ah.)}} *Si loo sameyo grammar-ka inuu shaqeeyo: Tixraacaya foomka dadka {{xt|"I hate to do laundry"}}, ein wuxuu sax ah ugu qori karaa {{xt|She "hate[s] to do laundry"}}. Haddii jumlad ay ku dhex jirta maaddo subsidiary ah oo lagu duubay square ama round brackets, waa in ay sii wadato terminal punctuation {{em|ka dambaysa}} brackets-kaas, iyadoo aan loo eegin punctuation kasta oo ku dhex jira brackets-ka. {{Block indent|{{xt|She refused all requests (except for basics such as food, medicine, etc.).}}}} Laakiin, haddii jumlada dhan ay ku dhex jirta brackets-ka, punctuation-ka xiritaanka wuxuu ku dhex jiraa brackets-ka. {{xt|(This sentence is an example.)}} ====Brackets iyo isqu xirka==== Square brackets ku dhex jira isqu xirka waa inay noqdaan kuwo [[Escape character|escaped]] ah: {| class="wikitable" | He said, "<code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[[John Doe|John &amp;#91;Doe&amp;#93;]]</nowiki>}}</code> answered." || He said, "[[John Doe|John &#91;Doe&#93;]] answered." |- | He said, "<code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[[John Doe|John {{bracket|Doe}}]]</nowiki>}}</code> answered." || He said, "[[John Doe|John {{bracket|Doe}}]] answered." |- | <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[https://example.com On the first day &amp;#91;etc.&amp;#93;]</nowiki>}}</code> || [https://example.com On the first day &#91;etc.&#93;] |- | <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[https://example.com On the first day {{bracket|etc.}}]</nowiki>}}</code> || [https://example.com On the first day {{bracket|etc.}}] |} Markup-ka {{xtag|nowiki}} sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaali karaa: {{tag|nowiki|content=[Doe]}} ama {{tag|nowiki|content=[etc.]}}. Haddii URL laikiisu uu ku dhex jiro square brackets, wikitext-ku waa inuu isticmaalo foomka [[URL encoding|URL-encoded]] ah <code><nowiki>https://</nowiki>example.com/foo.php?query={{bxt|%5B}}xxx{{bxt|%5D}}yyy</code>, halkii&nbsp;...<code>query={{!bxt|&#91;}}xxx{{!bxt|&#93;}}yyy</code>. Kani wuxuu ka fogaan doonaa baabi'inta isqu xirka ka dambaysa <code>xxx</code>. ====Angle brackets==== :''Ee guillemets («&nbsp;»), eeg {{section link|#Quotation characters}}'' Angle brackets (⟨&nbsp;⟩) waxaa loo isticmaalaa mawduucyada tignoolajiyada ee kala duwan, sida physics-ka ee [[bra–ket notation]] iyo [[Expectation value (quantum mechanics)|expectation value]] (t.s. {{xt|⟨''φ''{{!}}''ψ''⟩}}), mathematics-ka ee [[presentation of a group]], iyo linguistics-ka si loogu muujiyo [[grapheme]]s (t.s. {{xt|the digraph ⟨sh⟩}}). Ha isticmaalin less-than iyo greater-than signs (<&nbsp;>) sida angle brackets (t.s. {{!xt|<''φ''{{!}}''ψ''>}}, {{!xt|the digraph <sh>}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipses"></span><span class="anchor" id="..."></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis style"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis function and implementation"></span>Ellipses=== {{Shortcut|MOS:...|MOS:ELLIPSIS|}} Isticmaal ''[[ellipsis]]'' haddii maaddadu ay ka baxday xigashoda, ilaa square brackets loo isticmaalo si loo [[Gloss (annotation)|gloss]] xigashoda. *Ee prose iyo non-LaTeX mathematics formulae, ellipses waxaa lagu qoraa iyadoo la isticmaalayo saddex unspaced dots ({{xt|<code>...</code>}}); ha isticmaalin xarafka precomposed ellipsis-ka ah ({{!xt|<code>…</code>}})<!-- Possibly we should explain the precomposed character in terms of its code point or something --> ama saddex dots oo lagu kala saaray spaces {{nobr|({{!xt|<code>. . .</code>}})}} *Caadi ahaan, isticmaal non-breaking space ka hor ellipsis iyo space caadi ah ka dambaystiisa: {{nobr|{{xt|Alpha, Bravo,{{tl|nbsp}}... Zulu}}}} *Haddii ellipsis uu raaco <code>.&nbsp;?&nbsp;!&nbsp;:&nbsp;;&nbsp;,&nbsp;)&nbsp;]&nbsp;}</code> ama calaamad xigmadda oo xiritaanka ah (single ama double), ka tag space-ka ka dambaysa. U lag terminal punctuation ku dhex jira quote-ka kaliya haddii uu yahay mid muhiim ah qoraalka, sida caadi ahaan ah xaaladda exclamation marks iyo question marks laakiin dhifka ah periods: *: {{xt|Jones wrote: "These stories amaze me. The facts suffer so frightfully{{tlf|nbsp}}...".}} *: {{xt|"But what of the other cities? London, Paris{{tlf|nbsp}}...?"}} * Haddii ellipsis uu toos u raaco calaamad xigmadda oo starts-garoogaysa, kaliya isticmaal non-breaking space ka dambaystiisa: *: {{xt|He continued to pursue Smith ("...{{tlf|nbsp}}to the ends of the earth", he had sworn) until his own death.}} *{{Visible anchor|text=Si loo kala saaro ellipsis oo muujinaya qoraalka ka baxay iyo mid ka mid ah quote-ka, waxaad ku duubi kartaa kan kowaad square brackets: {{xt|She retorted: "How do I feel? How do you {{em|think}} I&nbsp;... This is too much!&nbsp;[...] Take me home!"}}|With square brackets}} *{{Visible anchor|text=Marka ellipsis loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo pause ama suspense ee speech-ka, sii wad punctuation-ka asalka ah: {{xt|Virginia's startled reply was "Could he&nbsp;...? No, I can't believe it!"}}. Marka loo isticmaalo ku dhex jira eray aan dhammaystirnayn, ma jiro space loo isticmaalo dhexda erayga qaybtiisa iyo ellipsis-ka: {{xt|The garbled transmission ended with "We are stranded near San L...o", interpreted as either San Leandro or San Lorenzo.}}|Pause or suspension of speech}} *In LaTeX-formatted mathematics formulae, isticmaal LaTeX markup-ka saxda ah ee lowered dots (<code>\dots</code>, <math>\dots</math>) ama xarfaha precomposed-ka ah oo leeh dots meelaha kale (sida centered ama diagonal, ⋯, ⋰, ama ⋱) ===<span class="anchor" id="fewer commas"></span>Commas=== {{Shortcut|MOS:,|MOS:COMMA}} Pair ka mid ah [[comma]]s wuxuu bracket-garayn karaa [[appositive]], [[relative clause]], ama [[parenthetical phrase]] (sida brackets ama dashes, inkastoo leh interruption dheeraad ah ee jumlada). Tusaale ahaan: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|John Smith, Janet Cooper's son, is a well-known playwright.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Janet Cooper's son John Smith is a well-known playwright.}} (marka Janet ay leedahay sons badan) {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Janet Cooper's son, John Smith, is a well-known playwright.}} (marka Janet ay leedahay kaliya hal son) {{!}}} }} Mar walba isticmaal {{em|pair}} ka mid ah commas ee tan, ilaa punctuation mark kale uu qaado meesha comma-ka labaad: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Blunt comments came from the newest member, John Smith.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|The newest member, John Smith{{snd}}a retired teacher{{snd}}was blunt.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|The newest member, John Smith was blunt.}}<!-- There's actually a way to parse this such that it would be acceptable in some styles, but WP articles don't use such styles. --> {{!}}} }} Ha u ilayn punctuation-ka kale inuu kaaga baabi'iyo u baahnaanta comma, gaar ahaan marka comma uu collided-garayyo bracket ama parenthesis: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Burke and Wills, fed by locals (on beans, fish, and ''ngardu''), survived for a few months.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Burke and Wills, fed by locals (on beans, fish, and ''ngardu'') survived for a few months.}} {{!}}} }} {{Shortcut|MOS:GEOCOMMA}} {{vanchor|Geographical references|text=In geographical references oo ku dhex jiraan heerarka badan ee subordinate divisions (t.s. city, state/province, country), comma wuxuu kala saaraa element kasta wuxuuna raacaa element-ka ugu dambeeya ilaa uu raaco terminal punctuation ama parenthesis-ka xiritaanka. Element-ka ugu dambeeya waxaa loo treats-garaysay sida [[Wikipedia:Basic copyediting#Parenthetical comma|parenthetical]].}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|He traveled through North Carolina before staying in Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the night.}}<!-- About a 10-hour drive if he started in Virginia Beach and passed through Winston-Salem. --> {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|He traveled through North Carolina before staying in Chattanooga, Tennessee for the night.}} {{!}}} }} Sidoo kale ku dar commas marka geographical element-ka loo isticmaalo sida disambiguator: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Hantratty received a PhD from the University of California, Irvine, in 1977.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Hantratty received a PhD from the University of California, Irvine in 1977.}} {{!}}} }} Ku dar comma labaad sidoo kale marka dhismaha leh comma [[Grammatical modifier|modifies-garayyo]] noun ama compound noun: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Keith Wilson won the 2024 Portland, Oregon, mayoral election.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Keith Wilson won the 2024 Portland, Oregon mayoral election.}} {{!}}} }} {{shortcut|MOS:DATECOMMA}} {{vanchor|Date commas|text=[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Dates, months, and years|Dates]] ku dhex jira month–day–year format waxay u baahan yihiin comma ka dambaysa day-ka, iyo sidoo kale ka dambaysa year-ka, ilaa ay raacdo punctuation kale. Element-ka ugu dambeeya waxaa loo treats-garaysay sida [[Wikipedia:Basic copyediting#Parenthetical comma|parenthetical]].}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|He set October 1, 2011, as the deadline for Patterson to meet his demands.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|He set October 1, 2011 as the deadline for Patterson to meet his demands.}} {{!}}} }} {{shortcut|MOS:QUOTECOMMA}} {{vanchor|Quotation commas|text= U lag calaamadaha xigmadda iyadoo la raacayo {{Section link||Punctuation inside or outside}}. Kani waxaa loo intended-gareeyay "logical quotation".}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Sax:}} {{!}} {{xt|She said, "The weather changes too often", and made other complaints.}} {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}} {{!xt|She said, "The weather changes too often," and made other complaints.}} {{!}}} }} Comma waxaa lagu dhex jiri karaa ka hor xigasho oo lagu ammaan goyay jumlad {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}})}}. ====<span class="anchor" id="Serial comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Oxford comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Oxford commas"></span><span class="anchor" id="Harvard comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Harvard commas"></span>Serial commas==== {{Shortcut|MOS:SERIAL|MOS:OXFORD||}} {{Redirect|MOS:OXFORD|Oxford spelling|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling#British English with "-ize" (Oxford spelling)}} A [[serial comma]] (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay ''Oxford comma'' ama ''Harvard comma'') waa comma loo isticmaalo toos ka hor conjunction (''and'', ''or'', ''nor'') ku dhex jirta liiska saddex ama ka badan items. {{Block indent|{{xt|ham, chips, and eggs}}{{spnd}}serial comma}} {{Block indent|{{xt|ham, chips and eggs}}{{spnd}}aan lahayn serial comma}} Tifaftireyaasha waxay isticmaali karaan mid ka mid ah heshiiska ilaa maqaal kasta uu yahay joogto ah ku dhex jirta. Serial commas waxay ka taageeraan badan marka qoraalka maqaalku uu yahay dhibco leh, sida liiska oo leh multi-word items (gaar ahaan haddii mid uu ku dhex jiro laikiis "''and''{{-"}}) ama nooc ka mid ah terms aan la dhasheyn oo laga yaabo. Laakiin, waxaa jira xaalado halka ka-tagista ama ku-darida serial comma ay keento is-dhaafsi: {{Block indent|{{!xt|The author thanked her friends, Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley}}{{spnd}}oo tirtiri kara mid ka mid ah afar ama ka badan dad ah (friends-ka iyo labada dad ee la magacaabay) ama laba dad ah (O'Connor iyo Marley, oo ah friends-ka).}} {{Block indent|{{!xt|The author thanked a friend, Sinéad O'Connor, and Bob Marley}}{{spnd}}oo tirtiri kara mid ka mid ah laba dad ah (O'Connor, oo ah friend-ka, iyo Marley) ama saddex dad ah (kan kowaad oo ah friend-ka, kan labaad O'Connor, iyo kan saddexaad Marley).}} Xaaladahaas is-dhaafsiga ah, cadday mid ka mid ah afar foom: *Ku dar ama baabi'i serial comma-ka. *Isticmaal jumlado gaar ah, bullet lists, ama beddelka dhismaha kale si loo caddayo. *Recast-garee jumlada ("friends" xaaladda): **Si loo tirtiro laba dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked her friends Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley.}} ***Caddayn badan: {{xt|The author thanked two friends: Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley.}} **Si loo tirtiro dad badan: **: {{xt|The author thanked Sinéad O'Connor, Bob Marley and her friends}} ama **: {{xt|The author thanked Sinéad O'Connor, Bob Marley, and her friends}}. ***Laakiin ma aha: {{!xt|The author thanked Bob Marley, Sinéad O'Connor[,] and her friends}}{{spnd}}soo bandhigaa is-dhaafsi ku saabsan ''her''. *Recast-garee jumlada ("friend" xaaladda): **Si loo tirtiro laba dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked Bob Marley and her friend Sinéad O'Connor.}} ***Ama noqo mid gaar ah marka ay suurtogal tahay: {{xt|The author thanked her childhood friend Sinéad O'Connor and her mentor, Bob Marley.}} **Si loo tirtiro saddex dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked Bob Marley, Sinéad O'Connor, and a friend.}} ***Caddaynta leh gender-specific terms sida ''mother'' waxay noqon kartaa dhibco leh; {{!xt|The author thanked her mother, Kim Thayil, and Sinéad O'Connor}} ma aha caddayn sababtoo ah akhristayaasha ma ogaankaraan [[Kim Thayil]] in uu yahay male oo ma noqon doono dadka oo kale sida mother-ka. ***Caddayn badan: {{xt|The author thanked Kim Thayil, Sinéad O'Connor, and her own mother}} ama {{xt|The author thanked her mother and musicians Kim Thayil and Sinéad O'Connor}}. ===Colons=== {{Shortcut|MOS:COLON}} {{For|the wikitext link formatting|Help:Colon trick}} A [[Colon (punctuation)|colon]] ({{xt|:}}) wuxuu soo bandhigaa wax muujinaya, sharraxaya, ama modifies-garaynaya waxa soo maray, ama ah liiska items oo dhowaan la soo bandhigay. Items-ka ku dhex jira liiskaas waxaa lagu kala saari karaa commas, ama haddii ay yihiin kuwo dhibco badan leh oo laga yaabo in ay laikiisu ku dhex jiraan commas, items-ka waa in lagu kala saaro semicolons ama lagu aaggaado bulleted list. {{Block indent|{{xt|We visited several tourist attractions: the Leaning Tower of Pisa, which I thought could fall at any moment; the Bridge of Sighs; the supposed birthplace of Petrarch, or at least the first known house in which he lived; and so many more.}}}} Colon waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa si loo soo bandhigo [[Quotation marks in English#Quotations and speech|direct speech]] oo lagu duubay calaamadaha xigmadda. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}}.)}} Marka colon loo isticmaalo sida separator ku dhex jira mawduuca maqaalka, madaxa qaybta, ama item liiska ah, tifaftireyaasha waxay dooran karaan in ay xaraf weyn ugu qoraan waxa raaca, iyadoo loo tixgelinayo [[#Retaining existing styles|isticmaalka jira]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Article titles#Consistency|joogteynta leh maqaallada la xiriira]]. Marka laga reebo isticmaalka tignoolajiyada ({{xt|a 3:1 ratio}}), ma jiro jumlad waa in ay ku dhex jirtay colons badan, ma jiro space waa in uu ka horreeyo colon, iyo space (laakiin waligeed ma aha hyphen ama dash) waa in uu raaco colon-ka. ===Semicolons=== {{Shortcut|MOS:;|MOS:SEMICOLON|}} {{for|usage in marking up description (definition) lists|Help:List#Description lists}} A [[semicolon]] ({{xt|;}}) marna waa alternative ee full stop (period), iyadoo u sahlaysa maaddada la xiriirta in lagu dhowro jumlada oo kale; waxay muujisaa kala saarisa la go'aamiyay ee jumlada marka loo eego comma. Haddii semicolon-ku uu kala saaro clauses, caadi ahaan clause kasta waa in uu noqdo mid gaar ah (macneheedu waa in uu taaggaanshaan karo laikiisu sida jumlad). Xaaladaha badankooda, kaliya comma ama kaliya semicolon wuxuu noqon doonaa sax ku dhex jira jumlad gaar ah. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Sax:}} | {{xt|Though he had been here before, I did not recognize him.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} | {{!xt|Though he had been here before; I did not recognize him.}} |} Sare, "Though he had been here before" ma taaggaanshaan karo laikiisu sida jumlad, oo sidaas darteed ma aha independent clause. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Sax:}} | {{xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit; bananas are classified as alkaline.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} | {{!xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit, bananas are classified as alkaline.}} |} Isticmaalkan aan saxda ahayn ee comma ee dhexda laba independent clauses waxaa loo intended-gareeyay [[comma splice]]; laakiin, xaaladaha qaarkood, comma waxaa loo isticmaali karaa halka semicolon wuxuu oki lahaa in loo baahan yahay: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | {{em|La accepts-garaysay}}: || {{xt|"Life is short, art is long."}} (laba clauses oo gaaban ku dhex jira [[aphorism]]; eeg ''[[Ars longa, vita brevis]]'') |- | {{em|La accepts-garaysay}}: || {{xt|"I have studied it, you have not."}} (soo sheegida wada-hadal gaaban, sida jawaabtan ee [[Isaac Newton|Newton]]) |} Jumlad waxay ku dhex jiri kartaa semicolons badan, gaar ahaan marka clauses-ku ay yihiin kuwo parallel ee dhismaha iyo macnaha; semicolons badan oo aan la xiriirin caadi ahaan waa calaamado ah in jumlada loo kala saaro jumlado gaaban ama foom kale loo dib-u-qoro. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Unwieldy}}: | {{!xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit; bananas are classified as alkaline; pears are close to neutral; these distinctions are rarely discussed.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: | {{xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit, bananas are alkaline, and pears are close to neutral; these distinctions are rarely discussed.}} |} Semicolons waxaa loo isticmaalaa ku-darida commas si loo kala saaro items ku dhex jira liiska, marka commas laikiisu ay keeni karaan jahwareer. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Jahwareer:}} | {{!xt|Sales offices are located in Boston, Massachusetts, San Francisco, California, Singapore, and Millbank, London, England.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Caddayn:}} | {{xt|Sales offices are located in Boston, Massachusetts; San Francisco, California; Singapore; and Millbank, London, England.}} |} ====Semicolon ka hor "however"==== {{Shortcut|MOS:HOWEVER}} {{Redirect|MOS:HOWEVER|its usage in editorialization|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Editorializing}} Macnaha jumlad ay ku dhex jirta trailing clause oo ku starts-garoogaysa erayga ''however'' wuxuu ku xiran yahay punctuation-ka ka horreeya eraygaas. Makhaadhaa caadi ah waa isticmaalka punctuation-ka aan saxda ahayn, iyadoo beddelaysa macnaha mid aan loo intended-gareeyn. Marka erayga ''however'' uu yahay adverb macneheedu yahay "nevertheless", waa in uu ka horreeyo semicolon oo uu raaco comma. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people; however, they tried.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people; nevertheless, they tried.}} |} Marka erayga ''however'' uu yahay conjunction macneheedu yahay "in whatever manner", ama "regardless of how", wuxuu ka horreyn karaa comma laakiin ma aha semicolon, oo waa inuusan raacin punctuation. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people, however they tried.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people, regardless of how they tried.}} |} Xaaladda kowaad, clause-ka oo ku starts-garoogaya "however" ma loo beddeli karo clause-ka kowaad; xaaladda labaad kani waxaa lagu sameyn karaa aan lahayn beddelka macnaha: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|However they tried, it was obvious they could not convert these people.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|Regardless of how they tried, it was obvious they could not convert these people.}} |} Haddii labada clauses aan loo beddeli karin, semicolon waxaa loo baahan yahay. Jumlad ama clause waxay sidoo kale ku dhex jiri kartaa erayga ''however'' dhexda, haddii uu yahay adverb macneheedu yahay "although" oo lagu lagi karay bilowga laakiin aan ku starts-garoogayn clause cusub dhexda jumlada. Isticmaalkan, erayga waxaa lagu duubi karaa dhexda commas. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|He did not know, however, that the venue had been changed at the last minute.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|However, he did not know that the venue had been changed at the last minute.}} |} ===Hyphens=== {{Shortcut|MOS:-|MOS:HYPHEN}} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Globe Toters-A Birla Preschool,Indore (cropped).jpg | image2 = Peuters_in_het_tehuis_zitten_met_zijn_allen_op_de_po,_Bestanddeelnr_252-0385.jpg | image3 = Graduates 2014 IMG 2779 (14083168633).jpg | caption1 = Four-year-old children | caption2 = Four year-old children | caption3 = Four-year old children }} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Haring 03.jpg | image2 = Great white Dyer island 2010-07.jpg | caption1 = A man {{nobr|eating fish}} | caption2 = A man-eating fish }} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Catalina_Island_Rescue_DVIDS1091019.jpg | image2 = Kintín al ataque (5189220934).jpg | caption1 = Officials help {{nobr|dog-bite victim}}. | caption2 = Officials help {{nobr|dog bite victim}}. }} [[File:Carry-On Aircraft.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|A sign {{shy|exhibiting over-eager hy|phen|a|tion}}: the second hyphen is fine, but the first is spurious.]] [[Hyphen]]s ({{xt|-}}) waxay muujiyaan conjunction. Waxaa jira saddex isticmaalka waaweyn: # In hyphenated magacyada dadka ({{xt|John Lennard-Jones}}, {{xt|Omar al-Bashir}}). # Si loogu isku xiro [[prefixes]] iyo [[suffixes]] oo leh terms-kooda waaweyn dhismaha qaarkood, [[#En dash across open compounds|ilbaa compounds-ka laikiisu ay ku dhex jiraan space ama hyphen]]: {{xt|quasi-scientific}}, {{xt|ultra-nationalistic}}, {{xt|London-based}}, {{xt|community-led}}. #*Hyphen waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loo kala saaro dhexda [[homograph]]s ({{xt|[[wikt:re-sign|re-sign]]}} macneheedu waa ''sign again'', laakiin {{xt|[[wikt:resign|resign]]}} macneheedu waa ''relinquish ownership'' ama ''leave a job''). #*Waxaa jira trend caddaynaya oo lagu ammaan goyo labada elements dhammaan noocyada English-ka ({{xt|subsection}}, {{xt|nonlinear}}). Hyphenation-ku wuxuu caddayaa marka xarfaha la keenay contact ay yihiin kuwo oo kale ({{xt|non-negotiable}}, {{xt|sub-basement}}) ama ay yihiin vowels ({{xt|pre-industrial}}), ama halka eray uu yahay mid aan caadi ahayn ({{xt|co-proposed}}, {{xt|re-target}}) ama laga yaabo in loo akhrriyo si aan sax ahayn ({{xt|sub-era}}, ma aha {{!xt|subera}}). Erayada qaarkood oo noocan ah si oo kale waa kuwo caadi ah aan lahayn hyphen-ka (t.s., {{xt|cooperation}} waxaa si joogto ah loo dhasheeyay ka badan {{xtg|co-operation}} ee English-ka cusub). Ka dhiiri erayada beddelaya macnahooda aan lahayn hyphen-ka, t.s. {{xt|re-creation}} (create again) iyo {{xt|recreation}} (amusement).{{efn|name=recent}} # {{va|Hyphens in compound modifiers|text=Si loogu isku xiro terms-ka la xiriira ee ku dhex jira [[compound modifier]]s}}:{{Efn|1=Gaar ahaan compound [[attributive adjective|attributives]], oo ah modifiers ee noun oo ka muuqda ku dhex jira [[noun phrase]]. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link|English compound#Hyphenated compound modifiers}}.)}}}} #*Hyphens waxay taageeri karaan fududaynta akhrrinta (waa inay noqdaan kuwo {{xt|ease-of-reading}} taageera) oo waxay gaar ahaan u wanaagsan yihiin noun phrases-ka dheer: {{xt|gas-phase reaction dynamics}}. Laakiin waligeed ha dhex gelin hyphen magac sax ah ({{xt|Middle Eastern cuisine}}, ma aha {{!xt|Middle-Eastern cuisine}}). #*Hyphen wuxuu taageeri karaa disambiguator-ka (qaarkood {{xt|short-story writers}} waa kuwo dheer; {{xt|a government-monitoring program}} waa program oo monitor-garaynaya xukuumadda, inta {{xt|a government monitoring program}} uu yahay program xukuumadda oo monitor-garaynaya). #*Compounds oo ah hyphenated marka loo isticmaalo {{em|[[Attributive adjective|attributively]]}} (adjectives ka hor nouns-ka ay qualified-garaynayaan: {{xt|a light-blue handbag}}, {{xt|a 34-year-old woman}}) ama {{em|[[substantive]]ly}} (sida noun: {{xt|she is a 34-year-old}}) caadi ahaan ma aha hyphenated marka loo isticmaalo {{em|[[Predicative expression|predicatively]]}} (foomka sharraxaadda leh oo lagu kala saaray noun-ka: {{xt|the handbag was light blue}}, {{xt|the woman is 34 years old}}). Halka uu ka jiri lahaa baabi'inta caddaynta laakiis, hyphen waxaa loo isticmaali karaa foomka predicative-ka ah sidoo kale ({{xt|hand-fed turkeys}}, {{xt|the turkeys were hand-fed}}). Attributive hyphenation-ka dhibco leh marna waxaa looga fogaan karaa dib-u-qorid fudud: {{xt|Hawaiian-native species}} → {{xt|native Hawaiian species}}. #*Ka fogao isticmaalka hyphen ka dambaysa heerka ''{{nowrap|-ly}}'' adverb ({{xt|a newly available home}}, {{xt|a wholly owned subsidiary}}) ilaa ay tahay qayb ka mid ah compound dheeraad ah ({{xt|a slowly-but-surely strategy}}). Xaaladaha dhifka ah, hyphen wuxuu ka wanaajin karaa caddaynta haddii alternative-ka dib loo qoray uu yahay dhibco leh, laakiin dib-u-qoriddu caadi ahaan waa ka wanaagsan tahay: {{!xt|The idea was clearly stated enough}} waxaa lagu disambiguator-gareyn karaa sida {{xt|The idea clearly was stated often enough}} ama {{xt|The idea was ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} 7874vniu56pcebx04p4yns86gdd4xes 310796 310795 2026-10-24T10:26:37Z Isma4l 41797 /* Dadka, xayawaanka, dhirta, iyo noolaha kale */ 310796 wikitext text/x-wiki {{MoS guideline|WP:MOS<!-- DO NOT add more shortcuts. None are as short and popular as this one. -->}} '''Haddaha Qaabka''' ('''MoS''' ama '''MOS''') waa [[haddaha qaabka]] ee dhammaan [[Wikipedia:Waa maxay maqaal?|maqaallada]] [[Wikipedia:Soomaali|Wikipedia-ha Soomaaliga]].{{efn|Isku xirka [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility|waxyaabaha la xiriira oo la heli karo]] waxay ku dabaqmaan dhammaan mashruuca, oo ma aha oo kaliya maqaallada.}} Boggan koowaad waxaa taageera [[:Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style|boggag yar oo xeel-dheer]], oo halkan la isku gudbin karo oo lagu tirtiray [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents]]. Haddii ay ka dhalato is-diido, boggani wuxuu leeyahay ka-horreyn.{{efn|name="CONLEVEL"|Kani waa arrin siyaasadeed oo ku saabsan {{section link|Wikipedia:Consensus|Level of consensus}}: "Is-afgaradka ka dhex jira koox xaddidan oo tifaftireyaal ah, hal meel iyo hal maalin, ma baabi'in karo [[Wikipedia:Community consensus|is-afgaradka samaynta]] ee baaxadda weyn. Tusaale ahaan, ilaa ay ka dhaadhiciyaan bulshada balaadhan in aysan sax ahayn, kaqeybgalayaasha WikiProject ma go'aamin karaan in siyaasada ama hagaha Wikipedia uusan ku dabaqmin maqaallada ku dhex jira baaxadeeda." Iyo: "Wikipedia waxay leedahay heer sare oo kaqeybgal iyo is-afgarad ee beddelka siyaasadaha iyo hagayaasha marka loo eego noocyada kale ee boggaga." Boggaga ka hooseeya waxaa ku jira [[:Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style|boggaga MoS-ka ee xeel-dheeraanta]], [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Guide#Advice pages|qoraallada qaabka]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style|Haddaha Qaabka ee Fudud]].}} {{vanchor|Clarity|text=Tifaftireyaal waa inay u qoraan maqaallada iyagoo isticmaalaya luqad toos ah, gaaban, oo fudud in la fahmo. Tifaftireyaal waa inay u dhisaan maqaallada qaabeyn joogto ah oo u sahlanaata akhristaha.}} {{va|Stability|text=Haddii ka badan hal qaab ama foom lagu aamini karo MoS-ka, mid waa in loo isticmaalo madal kasta oo ku dhex jirta maqaalka oo [[#Retaining existing styles|aan la beddelin]] sabab wanaagsan la'aanteed. [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|Tifaftirka dagaalka]] ee ku saabsan doorashooyinka qaabka ma aha mid la accepts karo.{{efn|name="ew"|Arrrimahaani waxaa lagu xalliyay go'aannada [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|Guddiga Garsoorka]] ee [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk#Optional styles|2005]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan#Preferred styles|2006]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Date delinking#Optional styles|2009]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Infoboxes#Use of infoboxes|2015]].}} Qoraal cusub oo lagu daro boggan waa inuu toos u xalliyo arrin qaab oo si joogto ah u soo noqnoqota.}} {{TOC limit|3}} ==Dhonsashada qaababka jira== {{Shortcut|MOS:VAR|MOS:STYLEVAR|MOS:STYLERET}} {{Redirect|MOS:VAR|retention of an article's established national English variety|#National varieties of English|a list of more specific related rules|WP:VARS}} Marna, MOS-ku wuxuu bixiyaa ka badan hal qaab oo la accepts karo ama ma bixiyo hagal gaar ah. Marka ka badan hal qaab la accepts karo, al-fajar ma aha mid habboon in tifaftiraha Wikipedia uu ka beddelo hal qaab oo uu u beddelo mid kale ilaa ay jirto sabab muhiim ah oo beddelka ah.{{efn|name="ArbCom"|Astaanta bilowga ee qoraalkan, eeg go'aannada [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|ArbCom]] ee [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk#Principles|Juun 2005]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/jguk 2#Principles|Nofembar 2005]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan#Principles|2006]].}} [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|Tifaftirka dagaalka]] ee ku saabsan qaabka,{{efn|name="ew"}} ama u adeegsiga qaab dookh ah si [[Wikipedia:Bot policy#Assisted editing guidelines|bot-oo kale ah]] is-afgarad ka hor la'aantiis,{{efn|name="bot-like"|Eeg [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Magioladitis 2#High-speed editing|Go'aanka ArbCom ee 2017]], iyo {{section link|Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser#Rules of use}}; tifaftirka bot-ka oo kale ah oo sii socda inkastoo ay jiraan diidmo ama oo keena makhaadhaa wuxuu keeni karaa [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|xannibaad]] iyo baabi'inta xuquuqaha ku saabsan qalabka semi-automated-ka ah.}} waa [[Wikipedia:Disruptive editing|dhibco ka dhan ah]] oo waligeed ma aha mid la accepts karo. Beddelka aan la xaqijin ee kaaga taagan hal qaab oo la accepts karo, [[#Consistency within articles|oo si joogto ah loo adeegsaday]] ee ku dhex jira maqaal oo loo beddelo qaab kale waa la [[Wikipedia:Reverting|celin karaa]]. Doono [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Opportunities for commonality|fursadaha wadaagga]] si looga fogaado murannada qaabka. Haddii aad rammayso in qaab kale uu ka habboon yahay maqaal gaar ah, doono [[Wikipedia:Consensus|is-afgarad]] iyadoo ku saabsan tan lagula discuss-garaynayo bogga wada-hadalka maqaalka ama{{snd}}haddii ay keento arrin guud ama ku saabsan MoS-ka lakiisa{{snd}}at [[Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style]]. Haddii wada-hadalku uusan keenin is-afgarad beddelka ah, sii wad isticmaalka qaabka horey loo dhisay ee maqaalka. Haddii wada-hadalku uu ku guuldareysto inuu gaaro wax is-afgarad ah oo ku saabsan midka laba ama ka badan qaab oo tartamaya oo la isticmaalayo, markaas dib u noqo qaabkii loo isticmaalay nooca ugu horreeyay ee ka dambeeya [[Wikipedia:Stub|qabyada]] maqaalka oo uu ka muuqday mid ka mid ah qaababka ku dabaqmaya. (Mawqifkan dib-u-noqoshada ah ma siiyo [[WP:UNCHALLENGED|darajo aan la tartami karin]] qaabkaas gaarka ah inta lagu jiro wada-hadalka is-afgaradka, mana siiyo tifaftiraha soo impose-garaysay qaabkaas ugu horreeyay [[Wikipedia:Ownership of content|wax ka badan]] wada-hadalka.) ==<span class="anchor" id="Article titles, headings, and sections"></span>Mawduucyada maqaalka, qaybaha, iyo madaxda== {{Shortcut|MOS:AT}} ===Mawduucyada maqaalka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Article titles}} {{for|titles which coincide with a work's title|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles of works}} Mawduucu waa inuu noqdo magac la aqoonsan karo ama sifaynta mawduuca, [[Wikipedia:Common sense|isagoo maareynaya]] shuruudaha ah inuu yahay mid asalka ah, si ku filan oo sax ah, gaaban, oo joogto ah oo la mid ah maqaallada la xiriira. Hagaha qaabaynta eeg qaybta {{section link|Wikipedia:Article titles|Article title format}}, isagoo xusaya kuwa soo socda: *U qor herga labaad ee xarafka ugu horreeya (marka laga reebo xaaladaha dhifka ah, sida {{xt|eBay}}), laakiin haddii kale raac [[sentence case]]{{efn|name=Sentence case|1=Wikipedia waxay u isticmaashaa [[sentence case]] jumlado, [[Wikipedia:Article titles|mawduucyada maqaalka]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout|mawduucyada qaybaha]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables|madaxda taarikada]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images|qoraallada sawirka]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists|qoraallada liiska]] (xaaladaha badankooda), iyo qoraallada ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Infobox|infoboxes]] iyo moodallada la midka ah, iyo waxyaabo kale. Wax kasta oo MoS ah oo ku saabsan bilowga jumlad waxay ku dabaqmaan waxyaabaha isticmaalaya sentence case.<!-- Please keep this footnote synced with the version at the MOS:CAPS page. -->}} ({{xt|Funding of UNESCO projects}}), ma aha title case ({{!xt|Funding of UNESCO Projects}}), marka laga reebo halka title case loo isticmaali lahaa qoraalka caadiga ah. Eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (capitalization)]]. *Si aad u qorto farta italic-ka ah, ku dar {{tlx|italic title}} meel dhow sare ee maqaalka. Si aad farta italic-ka ah ugu qorto kaliya qayb ka mid ah mawduuca, ku dar xadka <code>|string=</code> ee qoraalka gaarka ah ee lagu qorayo farta italic-ka ah. Isticmaalka farta italic-ka ah waa inuu u dhigmaa {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting|Italic type}}. *Ha isticmaalin [[Article (grammar)|maqaallada]] (''a'', ''an'', ama ''the'') sida xarafka ugu horreeya ({{xt|Economy of the Second Empire}}, ma aha {{!xt|The economy of the Second Empire}}), ilaa ay tahay qayb aan la kala saari karin oo magaca ka mid ah ({{xt|The Hague}}) ama mawduuca shaqa (''{{xt|A Clockwork Orange}}'', ''{{xt|The Simpsons}}''). *Caadi ahaan isticmaal [[noun]]s ama [[noun phrase]]s: {{xt|Early life}}, ma aha {{!xt|In early life}}.{{Efn|1=Erayada sida {{xt|In early life}} waa kuwo la accepts karo (inkastoo aan loo baahnayn) sida madaxda qaybaha. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa si joogto ah sida qayb ka mid ah mawduucyada maqaalka oo dheeraad ah sida [[Piracy in the Caribbean|{{xt|Piracy in the Caribbean}}]], indhaheeda marka dhismaha gaaban ({{xtn|Caribbean piracy}}) uu leeyahay arrimo is-dhaafsi ah.}} *Xarafka ugu dambeeya waa inuusan noqon calaamad ilaahiyad ilaa uu yahay qayb aan la kala saari karin oo magaca ka mid ah ({{xt|[[Saint-Louis-du-Ha! Ha!]]}}, {{xt|''[[Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?]]''}}) ama gaabinta ({{xt|[[Inverness City F.C.]]}}), ama marka xiritaanka bracket-ka wareegga ama calaamadda xigmadda loo baahan yahay ({{xt|[[John Palmer (1814 schooner)|''John Palmer'' (1814 schooner)]]}}). *Markasta oo calaamadaha xigmadda ama noocyada apostrophe-ka oo kale ay ka muuqdaan ({{xt|[[Geʽez]]}}), ku dar [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirection]] mawduuc caddaynaya oo isticmaalaya apostrophes ({{xt|[[Ge'ez]]}}).{{efn|name=curlyq|1=Calaamadaha xigmadda tooska ah iyo apostrophes waa kuwo fudud in loo qorto si lagu aamini karo madallada badankooda, markaas kani wuxuu u sahlayaa bartilmaameedka redirection-ka oo fudud. Xigmadda curdanka ah iyo apostrophes sidaas darteed waa kuwo si weyn looga tagay Wikipedia-ha English-ka. Eeg sidoo kale [[MOS:CURLY]] iyo [[MOS:']].}} Labadaba ha ka sareeyaan iyo kuwo [[Wikipedia:Article titles]], qeybta kale ee MoS-ka, gaar ahaan {{section link||Punctuation}}, waxay ku dabaqmaan sidoo kale mawduuca. ===Agaasimaha qaybta=== {{Shortcut|MOS:SO}} {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout}} Mawduuca maqaalka waa inuu ku starts-garo [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section|qaybta hordhaca ah<!-- Do not add the word "lede" here. See footnotes at WP:LEAD for details. -->]]{{snd}}gaabinta kooban ee maqaalka{{snd}}oo aan waligeed loo kala saarin qaybo {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section]])}}. Qaybta hartay ee maqaalka waxaa caadi ahaan loo kala saaraa [[Help:Section|qaybo]]. [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes|Infoboxes]], sawirrada, iyo mawduucyada kale ee la xiriira qaybta hordhaca ah waa inay noqdaan kuwo dhanka midig ah. Calaamadaha qaarkood oo heerka ah [[Help:Template|moodallada]] iyo [[Help:Wikitext|wikitext]] oo aan ahayn qaybo waxay ka sarreeyaan inta ugu dambaysa maqaalka, ka hor mawduuca qaybta hordhaca ah, iyo uusocodka soo socda: *[[Wikipedia:Short description|Gaaban sharrax leh]], oo leh moodalka {{tlx|Short description}} *[[Wikipedia:Hatnote|Hatnote-ka disambiguation]], waqtiga badankiisa oo leh moodalka {{tlx|Hatnote}} {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg sidoo kale {{section link|Wikipedia:Hatnote#Hatnote templates}})}} *Moodallada aan lahayn soo-saarka oo muujinaya foomka taariikhda dhisay ee maqaalka iyo nooca luqadda English-ka, haddii ay jiraan (t.s., {{tlx|Use dmy dates}}, {{tlx|Use Canadian English}}) *Moodallada dayactirka ee Banner-ka ah, [[Wikipedia:Template index/Disputes|Dispute]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Template index/Cleanup|Moodallada Cleanup]] ee arrimaha maqaalka oo dhan oo la calaamadeeyay (haddii kale loo isticmaalo sare ee qayb gaar ah, ka dambeeya hatnote kasta oo qayb ah sida {{tlx|main}}) *[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes|Infobox]], oo ah dookh (marka laga reebo xaaladaha gaarka ah sida {{tlx|Taxobox}} iyo {{tlx|Chembox}}, ama nooc ka mid ah, maqaallada ku dabaqmaya); caadi ahaan sidoo kale waxaa ku jira sawirka ugu horreeya *Sawirka hordhaca ah, marka infobox aan la isticmaalin, ama sawir dheeraad ah loo baahan yahay qaybta hordhaca ah (haddii hordhacu u yahay mid aad u dheer, sawir labaad waxaa lagu lagi karaa dhexda qoraalka hordhaca ah) Nooca skin-ka ee [[Vector 2022]], [[Wikipedia:Table of contents|tusmada maqaalka]] waa mid ka mid ah oo ka baxsan mawduuca maqaalka. Noocyada skin-ka hore qaarkood, tusmada la mari karo waxay ka muuqataa si otomaatig ah ka dambaysa hordhaca haddii maqaalku leeyahay ugu yaraan afar madax oo qaybo ah. Haddii mawduuca qayb uu ku jiraa si xeel-dheer oo dheeraad ah maqaal gaar ah {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Summary style]])}}, ku dar {{tlx|main|{{var|Article name}}}} ama {{tlx|further|{{var|Article name}}}} isla markiiba ka hooseeya madaxa qaybta. Sida lagu sharraxay si xeel-dheer {{slink|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout|Standard appendices and footers}}, noocyo dhowr ah oo maaddooyinka ah (badankoodu waa dookh) waxay ka muuqan karaan ka dambaysa qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee maqaalka, uusocodka soo socda: *Buugaagta ama shaqaalaha kale ee lagu abuuray mawduuca maqaalka, ka hooseeya madaxa qaybta "Works", "Publications", "Discography", "Filmography", iyo wixii la mid ah sida habboon (ka fogao "Bibliography", oo loo khaldami karo xigashooyinka tixraaca) *Isku xirka hoose ee maqaallada la xiriira ee Wikipedia-ha English-ka, oo leh madaxa qaybta "See also" *Xusuus-qoraallada iyo tixraacyada, oo leh madaxa qaybta "Notes" ama "References" (caadi ahaan ka dambeeya), ama qayb gaar ah oo loogu talagalay mid kasta uusocodkan {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]])}}; ka fogao "Bibliography", oo loo khaldami karo shaqaalaha mawduuca *Buugaagta la xiriira, maqaallada, ama shaqaalaha kale ee aan loo isticmaalin sida tixraacyada; isticmaal madaxa qaybta "Further reading"; noqo mid si sare ah loo doortay, maadaama [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a directory|Wikipedia aysan ahayn buugga tixraaca]] *Websaydhada la xiriira [[Wikipedia:External links|iyo kuwo habboon]] ee aan loo isticmaalin sida tixraacyada oo aan ka muuqan appendices-ka hore, isticmaalka madaxa "External links", oo loo sameyn karo qayb ka hooseysa "Further reading" (ama isku xirkaas waxaa toos lagu ammaan goyn karaa liiska "Further reading" halkii); [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Links to sister projects|moodallada isku xirka ee mawduucyada mashruuca walaalka ah]] sidoo cuali ahaan waxay ka sarreeyaan qaybtan marka ay jirto (haddii kale qaybta ugu dambaysa ee bogga) *Waxyaabaha ugu dambeeya ee soo socda waligeed ma qaataan madaxyada qaybaha: **Isku xirka hoose oo lagu aaggaaday [[Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates#Navigation_templates|boxes-ka navigation-ka]] **Metadata ee [[Wikipedia:Authority control|Authority control]], haddii loo baahdo, isticmaalka {{tlx|Authority control}} (wuxuu kala saaraa isticmaalka magaca laba mawduuc, ama magacyo badan oo loogu talagalay hal mawduuc) **[[Wikipedia:Categorization|Qeeybaha]], oo waa inay noqdaan maaddada ugu dambaysa ee koodha maqaalka haddii aysan jirin moodallada stub-ka **[[Wikipedia:Stub sorting|Moodallada stub-ka]], haddii loo baahdo, oo waa inay raacaan qeeybaha [[Wikipedia:Stand-alone lists|Maqaallada liiska ah ee gaarka ah]] waxay leeyihiin waxyaabo dheeraad ah oo agaasimaha ah. ===<span class="anchor" id="Section management"></span>Madaxyada qaybaha=== {{Shortcut|MOS:HEAD|MOS:HEADINGS}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Headings|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Order of article elements|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Section headings}} [[Help:Section|Madaxyada qaybaha]] waa inay caadi ahaan raacaan hagaha [[#Article titles|mawduucyada maqaalka]] ee sare oo ay ku muuqdaan [[sentence case]] ({{xt|Funding of UNESCO projects in developing countries}}), ma aha [[title case]] ({{!xt|Funding of UNESCO Projects in Developing Countries}}).{{efn|name=Sentence case}} {{shortcut|MOS:BLANKLINE}} {{vanchor|Blank line|text=Dhammaan madaxyada waa inay ku dhex jiraan xarkooda gaarka ah, oo ay ka horreyso presely hal xar oo eber ah, oo ay raacdo mid ka mid ah hal xar ama aan lahayn xar eber ah.}} {{vanchor|Section headings (necessary point 6)|text=Ha u isticmaalin si xun [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists#Description (definition, association) lists|liiska sharraxaadda]] markup ("<code>;</code>") si aad u abuurto [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Pseudo-headings|pseudo-headings]].}} {{va|SECTIONSTYLE|Section headings (styling best practice)|Section headings (main styling reason)|text=Sida arrin qaab oo joogto ah, madaxyada qaybuhu waa inaynaan:}} {{Shortcut|MOS:SECTIONSTYLE|MOS:NOBACKREF}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 1)|text=si turjumaad ah dib ugu tixraacin mawduuca maqaalka, t.s., {{xt|Early life}}, ma aha {{!xt|Smith's early life}} ama {{!xt|His early life}}}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 2)|text=tixraacin madax heer sare ah, ilaa aad sameyso ay tahay mid gaaban ama caddayn badan}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 3)|text=noqon kuwo la nambareeyay ama xarfo leh sida outline}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 4)|text=noqon kuwo loo sameeyay sida su'aal, t.s., {{xt|Languages}}, ma aha {{!xt|What languages are spoken?}}}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 5)|text=isticmaalin luga ama farta aan caadiga ahayn oo keeni kara [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Headings|arrimaha lagu heli karo]]}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 6)|text=noqon kuwo lagu duubay [[Help:Wikitext|markup]], sida bold iyo italics, oo baabi'in kara muujintooda oo keeni kara arrimo kale oo lagu heli karo}} ====Wikimarkup==== {{shortcut|MOS:NOSECTIONLINKS|MOS:HEADINGLINKS}} {{va|Section headings (technical best practice)|text=Sababo tignoolajiyada ah, madaxyada qaybuhu waa inay}} {{va|Section headings (necessary point 1)|text=noqdaan kuwo gaar ah oo ku dhex jira maqaal (si [[Template:Section link|isqu xirka qaybta]] uu u shaqeeyo)}} oo waa inaynaan ku dhex jirin: *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 2)|text=[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking#Principles|isqu xirka]], xataa haddii kaliya qayb ka mid ah madaxa la isku xiray}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 5)|text=xigashooyinka ama xusuus-qoraallada}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 4)|text=<code><[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics#Typesetting of mathematical formulae|math]]></code> markup}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 3)|text=sawirrada ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Icons#Encyclopedic purpose|icons-ka]]}} {{va|Section headings (main technical reason)|text=Xaddidaadahani waa kuwo lagu khasbay si looga fogaado tignoolajiyada dhibco leh oo ma aha kuwo la baabi'in karo is-afgaradka maxalliga ah ama hagayaasha aan ku habboonayn.}} {{short|MOS:TEMPLATE}} {{va|Section headings (necessary point 7)|text=Wadaagga moodalka}} waa in sidoo kale caadi ahaan looga fogaadaa madaxyada qaybaha, sababtoo ah waxay keenaan koodha asalka ah ee baaqida moodalka inuu ka muuqdo isqu xirka lagu daray gaabinta tifaftirka; gujinta isqu xirkaas ka muuqda taariikhda bogga ma keeni doonto qaybta loo baahan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, [[WP:ANCHORSUBST|marka lagu darayo isqu xirka anchor madaxyada, mar walba beddel moodalka gudaha madaxa]]: {{block indent|1={{plainlist| * {{y}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== {{subst:anchor|Anchor name}} Section title ==</nowiki>}}</code> * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== {{anchor|Anchor name}} Section title ==</nowiki>}}</code> }} }} {{shortcut|MOS:SECTIONCOMMENT}} {{va|SECTIONCOMMENT|Section comment|text=[[#Invisible comments|Xusuus-qoraallada la qariyay]] oo tixraacaya madaxa qayb ama qayb oo dhan waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu lago xar ka hooseysa madaxa. Waxaa sidoo cuali ahaan lagu lagi karaa ku dhex jira xarkooda oo kale sida madaxa, laakiin xaaladaas waa inay noqdaan kuwo {{em|gudaha}} <code>==&nbsp;==</code> markup:{{efn|1=Xusuus-qoraal ka baxsan <code><nowiki>==&nbsp;==</nowiki></code> laakiin ku dhex jira xarkooda oo kale wuxuu keeni karaa isqu xirka tifaftirka qaybta inuu ku guuldareysto inuu ka muuqdo dhammaan; ee browsers-ka kale, wuxuu ka muuqan karaa, laakiin isticmaalkiisu wuxuu keeni doonaa madaxa qaybta inuusan si otomaatig ah lagu darin gaabinta tifaftirka.}}}} {{block indent|1={{plainlist| * {{y}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== Implications ==</nowiki><br /><nowiki><!--This comment is placed correctly.--></nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{mby}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== Implications<!--This comment works fine.--> ==</nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{mby}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== <!--This comment works fine.-->Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== Implications == <!--This comment causes problems.--> </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{tracked|T381786}}{{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki><!--This comment causes problems.</nowiki><br><nowiki>-->== Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki><!--The space after this comment breaks the heading completely.--> == Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} }} }} ====<span class="anchor" id="SECTIONANCHOR"></span><span class="anchor" id="Section anchor"></span>Anchors==== {{short|MOS:SECTIONANCHOR}} <section begin="heading links" />Ka hor inta aanad beddelin madax, tixgeli in aad baabi'inayso isqu xirka jira oo ku dhex jira.<section end="heading links" /> Haddii ay jiraan [[Help:Link#To a section|isqu xirka badan oo u socda mawduuca hore]],{{efn|name="many links"|1=Si aad u ogaato inta isqu xirka ee u socda mawduuca qaybta hore iyo maqaallada leeh iyaga, waxaad sameyn kartaa <span class=plainlinks>[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=all%3A+linksto%3A%22ARTICLE%22+insource%3A%2F%5B%5B%7C%5DARTICLE%5C%23OLDSECTION%2F+&title=Special:Search&profile=all&fulltext=1 raadinta sare ee]</span>, iyadoo la beddelayo {{smallcaps|article}} magaca maqaalka, iyo {{smallcaps|oldsection}} mawduuca qaybta hore. Raadintaas sare ma raadiso [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirections-ka]], markaas sidoo kale eeg bogga maqaalka ee [[Special:WhatLinksHere]] ee redirections-ka u socda mawduuca qaybta hore. Haddii ay jiraan kaliya nambarka yar ee isqu xirka ee u socda mawduuca qaybta hore, waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu cusbooneysiiyo manwal ahaan.}} abuur [[Help:Anchor|anchor]] oo leh mawduucaas si loo xaqijiyo in kuwani ay sii shaqeeyaan. Sidoo kale, marka lagu isqu xirayo qayb, ka tag xusuus-qoraal aan la arki karin madaxa qaybta bartilmaameedka, iyadoo lagu magacaabayo maqaallada isqu xirka leeh, si haddii madaxa dambe loo beddelo kani si fudud loo hagaajin karo, ama kale anchor kale loo abuurayo haddii ay jiraan kuwo badan.{{efn|name="many links"}} Tusaale ahaan: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == {{subst:Anchor|Consequences}} Implications == <!-- "Richard Dawkins" and "Daniel Dennett" link here. --> </syntaxhighlight> oo lagu kaydin doono maqaalka sida: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == <span class="anchor" id="Consequences"></span> Implications == <!-- "Richard Dawkins" and "Daniel Dennett" link here. --> </syntaxhighlight> Faa'iidada isticmaalka {{tlxs|Anchor}}, ama kaliya la dhex gelinayo {{tag|span|o|link=yes}} tags-ka toos, waa in marka tifaftirka loo sameeyo qaybta mustaqbalka, anchor-ku ma lagu dhex jiri doono taariikhda bogga sida qayb ka mid ah magaca qaybta. Marka kaliya {{tlx|Anchor}} loo isticmaalo toos, akhlaaqdaas aan loo baahnayn {{em|waa ay}} dhacdaa, markaas waa in mar walba [[WP:ANCHORSUBST|loo beddelo anchors madaxyada qaybaha]]. Marka la dhex gelinayo span toos, {{em|ha}} gaabin iyadoo la isticmaalayo tag-ka self-closing, sida ku dhex jirta: <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== <span id="Consequences"</nowiki>{{highlight round|/|bc=var(--background-color-destructive-subtle, lightred);}}> Implications <nowiki>==</nowiki>}}</code> In HTML5 foomkaas XML-style waa mid shaqaynaya kaliya tags-ka qaarkood, sida {{nowrap |<code>&lt;br/></code>}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T134423 |title=T134423 Deprecate nonstandard behavior of self-closed HTML tags in wikitext. |website=phabricator.wikimedia.org |access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref> Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking|Avoiding broken section links}} si aad u ogaato wada-hadal dheeraad ah. ====Mawduuca oo kale madaxa==== Hagaha sare ee madaxyada qaybaha, gaar ahaan sentence case, turjumaad, sawirrada iyo su'aalaha, sidoo kale wuxuu ku dabaqmaa [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables#Captions and headers|madaxyada taarikada]] (iyo noocyada taarikada iyo xarrada). Laakiin, madaxyada taarikada waxay ku dhex jiri karaan xigashooyinka oo waxay ku starts-garo karaan, ama noqon karaan, nambara. Unka madaxyada bogga, madaxyada taarikada ma samayn karaan si otomaatig ah anchors-ka isqu xirka. Ka baxsan sentence case ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Glossaries|glossaries]], talada madaxa sidoo kale waxay ku dabaqmaysaa ''term'' qoraallada ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists#DLIST|description lists]]. Haddii la isticmaalayo [[Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Glossaries#Template-structured|template-structured glossaries]], terms-ku si otomaatig ah waxay leeyihiin anchors-ka isqu xirka, laakiin ma leeyihiin kale. Xigashooyinka mawduuca description-list waxay ku dhex jiraan {{tl|term}} ama {{tl|defn}} element, sida loo baahan yahay. ==Noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga== {{Shortcut|MOS:ENGVAR}} Noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga (tusaale ahaan, kala duwanaanshaha erayada ama naxwaha ee gobollada ka jira) waxay bixiyaan macluumaad ku saabsan kala duwanaanshaas. Dhammaan noocyada gobollada ama noocyada heerka ee Af-Soomaaliga waa kuwo la aqbali karo oo siman Wikipedia-da Soomaaliga, iyada oo la isticmaalayo uslub rasmi ah oo maqaallada u gaar ah ([[Register (sociolinguistics)|weeraral rami ah]] ama astaanta luqadda). Qaabka taariikhda ee maqaalka ({{xt|{{#time: F j, Y}}}} ama {{xt|{{#time: j F Y}}}}) wuxuu sidoo kale la xiriiraa noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga {{snd}}eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|Strong national ties to a topic|Retaining existing format}}. === <span class="anchor" id="Internal consistency"></span>Joogteynta ku dhex jirta maqaallada<!-- When renaming this section title, rename the full link at [[Wikipedia:Consistency]] --> === {{Shortcut|MOS:ARTCON|MOS:CONSISTENT}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Variation in citation methods|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Retaining existing format}} Xeerarka nooc gaar ah oo Af-Soomaali caadifad ah waa in loo raaco si joogto ah ku dhex jirta maqaalka gaarka ah. Waxyaabaha ka baxsan waxaa ku jira: *'''Xigashooyinka''' iyo '''cinwaannada buugaagta ama hawlaha''' (sida buugaagta, filimada, iyo muusigga) waa in loo qoraa sida ay ka muuqdaan ilaha tixraaca. Laakiin, waxaa jira xaalado qaarkood oo leexanaya mabda'an si loo dhowro heerka qaab-qoraalka ee alifbeetada encyclopedia-ha dhan. {{crossref|Eeg {{section link||Typographic conformity}}.}} *'''Magacyada u gaarka ah''' waxay isticmaalaan qoraalka mawduuca ama lahaanshaha u gaarka ah, tusaale ahaan, {{xt|United States Department of Defense}} iyo {{xt|Australian Defence Force}}; {{xt|International Labour Organization}}<!--This example is here because it uses -our and -ization at the same time; it is Oxford spelling.-->. *Maqaallada ku saabsan mawduucyada la xiriira kimistariga, foomka heerka caalamiga ah ee higaada {{xt|aluminium}}, {{xt|sulfur}}, {{xt|caesium}} (iyo erayada ka soo baxa) waa in loo isticmaalo iyadoo aan loo eegin nooca luqadda ee looga adeegsado maqaalka. {{crossref|Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (chemistry)|Element names}}.}} ===Fursadaha wadaagga ama isku-duubnida=== {{shortcut|MOS:COMMONALITY}} Si loogu talagalay encyclopedia caalamiga ah, isticmaalka erayada wadaagga ah ee dhammaan noocyada Af-Soomaaliga waa mid ka wanaagsan. *Isticmaal erayada si caalami ah loo aqbalay halkii kuwa aan aad loo fidin, gaar ahaan cinwaannada. Tusaale ahaan, [[Glasses|{{xt|muraayado}}]] ayaa ka wanaagsan noocyada gobollada ee gaarka ah; [[Ten million|{{xt|toban milyan}}]] ayaa ka wanaagsan [[crore|{{!xt|hal crore}}]]. *Haddii kala duwanaansho higaadeed uu ka muuqdo cinwaan, samee bogga [[Wikipedia:Redirect|reer-itusaale (sidetrack/redirect)]] si loogu talagalay kuwa kale, sida ku dhex jirta [[artefact]] iyo [[artifact]], si dhammaan noocyada loo isticmaali karo raadinta iyo isku xirka. *Erayada ku kala duwan noocyada luqadda, ama leh macnayaal kala duwan, waxaa lagu [[Gloss (annotation)#In linguistics|u xaqiijin karaa faahfaahinta (gloss)]] si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga ama jahawareerka, tusaale ahaan, {{xt|qaybta dambe ee baabuurta (trunk ama boot)&nbsp;...}}. *Isticmaal eray ama weedh si caadi ah loo fahmo iyada oo ka wanaagsan mid leh macno kale sababtoo ah kala duwanaanshaha gobollada (halkii {{!xt|alternate}}, isticmaal {{xt|alternative}} ama {{xt|alternating}}, sida habboon), marka laga reebo xaaladaha tignoolajiyada ama cilmiga halka beddelkaas uu noqon lahaa mid aan habboonayn ({{xt|alternate leaves}}; {{xt|alternate law}}). *Marka ay jiraan wax ka badan hal nooc oo higaad ah oo ka dhex jira heerka caadiga ah ee luqadda, nooca ugu caansan ee hadda la isticmaalo waa in caadi ahaan ka wanaagsanaado, marka laga reebo halka higaada yar ay leedahay isticmaal gaar ah oo xaalad xeel-dheer ah, tusaale ahaan, ''connexion'' ku dhex jirta [[Connexionalism|Methodist connexionalism]]. ===Xiriirka gobolka ama qaranka ee xoogga leh ee mawduuca=== {{Shortcut|MOS:TIES}} Maqaal ku saabsan mawduuc leh xiriir xooggan oo u socda waddan ama gobol]] gaar ah waa inuu isticmaalaa heerka luqadda rasmiga ah (ee ma aha colloquial/afka wadada) ee gobolkaas ama qarankaas. Tusaale ahaan: Mawduucyada leh xiriir xooggan oo u socda [[Commonwealth of Nations]], ama waddamo badan oo Commonwealth ah ama dhulalkii hore ee British-ka, isticmaal higaada British-ka. ===Dhowrida nooca jira=== {{Shortcut|MOS:RETAIN}} Marka nooc gaar ah [[#Consistency within articles|isticmaalkiisa joogtada ah]] lagu dhisay maqaal, sii wad iyada oo aan la helin is-afgarad ka dhan ah. Kaliya xaaladaha gaarka ah (sida marka mawduuc uu leeyahay [[#Strong national ties to a topic|xiriir gobol ama qaran oo xooggan]], ama beddelku wuxuu yareeyaa is-dhaafsiga) ayaa ay jirtaa sabab shaqaynaysa oo loo beddelo ka mid ah dookha la aqbali karo oo loo beddelo mid kale. {{va|FPSR|FMC|text=Marka aan la dhisin nooc gaar ah oo wada-hadalku uusan xallin arrinta, isticmaal nooca ka muuqda nooca ugu horreeyay ee ka dambeeya [[Wikipedia:Stub|qabyada (stub)]] oo soo bandhigay nooc la aqoonsan karo. Waxa ka baxsan tan waa [[#Retain quote variety|ha beddelin nooca luqadda ee ku dhex jira xigasho]].}} Nooca lagu dhisay maqaal gaar ah waxaa lagu qoraa iyadoo lagu dhex darayo [[:Category:Use English templates|tampaallada Use X English]] ee habboon bogga maqaalka. Tampaallada [[:Category:Varieties of English templates|nooca luqadda ee habboon]] sidoo kale waxaa lagu dhejin karaa bogga wada-hadalka ee maqaalka. Maqaal waa inuusan noqon mid la tifaftiro ama magaca loo beddelo kaliya si looga beddelo hal nooc oo luqad ah oo loo beddelo mid kale. Tampaalka {{tlxs|uw-engvar}} waxaa lagu dhejin karaa bogga wada-hadalka tifaftiraha si loogu sharraxo tan. ==Xarfo-waweynaynta== Cinwaannada maqaallada Wikipedia iyo cinwaannada qaybaha waxay isticmaalaan habka weedha, ma aha habka cinwaanka; iyo {{section link||Section headings}}. Xaraf-weynaynta alaabta liiska ku jirta, eeg {{section link||Bulleted and numbered lists}}. Points-ka kale ee ku saabsan xaraf-weynaynta waxaa si kooban loogu dhex muujiyay hoos. Macluumaadka fulan waxaa lagu heli karaa [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters]]. Qodobka ugu muhiimsan ayaa ah in Wikipedia aysan xaraf-weynaynayn eray ilaa uu si joogto ah xaraf-weyn ugu yahay badankooda [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|ilaha lagu kalsoonaan karo]] ee madax-bannaan. ===Xaraf-weynaynta ''The''=== Caadi ahaan, ha xaraf-weynayn erayga ''the'' dhexda jumlada ma aha { Reebanaanta caadiga ah waxaa ku jira magacyada u gaarka ah ee qaarkood iyo badankooda cinwaannada hawlaha abuurka ah ({{xt|Tolkien wrote ''The Lord of the Rings''}}{{snd}}laakiin ogaada in ''the'' aysan noqon karin qayb ka mid ah cinwaanka ee lagu qoro, t.s., Waxaa jira tixgelinno gaar ah oo loo sameeyo magacyada kooxaha muusigga , magacyada hay'adaha, magac u yaallada, summadaha ganacsiga. ===<span id="Capitalization-Titles"></span>Cinwaannada hawlaha=== {{main|WP:Manual of Style/Titles of works}} Cinwaannada luqadda Ingiriisiga ee qoraallada (buugaagta iyo hawlaha kale ee qoraalka, noocyada iyo hawlaha kale ee codka, filimada iyo hawlaha kale ee muuqaalka ah, sawirrada iyo hawlaha kale ee fanka, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxaa loo bixiyaa habka {{em|[[title case]]}}, halka eray kasta loo siiyo xaraf-weyn bilowga marka laga reebo erayada qaarkood oo yar oo muhiim ah (sida lagu sharraxay {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters|Composition titles}}). Erayada ugu horreeya iyo kuwa ugu dambeeya ee cinwaan luqad Ingiriisi ah mar walba waa kuwo xaraf-weyn leh. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|''An Eye for an Eye''}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|''Worth the Fighting For''}} Xaraf-weynaynta cinwaannada aan Ingiriisiga ahayn waa ay kala duwan tahay, xataa waqti ka waqti isla luqadda dhexdeeda; caadi ahaan, dhowr qaabka asalka ah ee hawlaha cusub, oo raac isticmaalka ka muuqda ilaha lagu kalsoonaan karo ee luqadda Ingiriisiga ee hadda{{efn|name=recent}} ee hawlaha taariikhiga ah. Marka lagu qoro alfabeta Laatiinka, badankooda waxyaabahaani waa inay sidoo kale ku jiraan farta janjeerta ([[#Italics|italics]]), ama lagu duubo [[#Names and titles|calaamadaha oraahda (quotation marks)]]. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|{{lang|fr|Les Liaisons dangereuses}}}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"{{lang|de|italics=no|Hymnus an den heiligen Geist}}"}} ===Tayooyinka iyo xilalka dadka=== *'''Isticmaalka guud''', isticmaal xaraf yar erayada sida ''madaxweyne'' , ''boqor', iyo ''imbiraadoor'' ({{xt|De Gaulle wuxuu ahaa madaxweyne Faransiis ah}}; {{xt|Louis XVI wuxuu ahaa boqor Faransiis ah}}; {{xt|Saddex ra'iisul wasaare ayaa ka soo qayb galay shirka}}). *'''Toos ka hor magaca dadka''', erayadaas waxay ka bilaabanayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|Madaxweyne Obama}}, ma aha {{!xt|madaxweyne Obama}}). Magacyada heerka caadiga ah ama caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo ee xilka ama doorka waxaa loo maareeyaa sida magacyada u gaarka ah ({{xt|David Cameron wuxuu ahaa Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Biritain}}; {{xt|Hirohito wuxuu ahaa Imbiraadoorkii Jabaan}}; {{xt|Louis XVI wuxuu ahaa Boqorkii Faransiiska}}). Titoolinka ama doorka boqortooyada waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|Her Majesty}}; {{xt|His Highness}}); reebanaantu waxay ku dabaqmi kartaa xilal gaar ah. ===Diimaha, ilaahyada, falsafadaha, iyo caqiidooyinka=== *'''Diimaha, kooxaha, iyo kaniisadaha''' iyo taageerayaashooda (foomka magaca ama tilmaamaha) waxay ka start-garoobayaan xaraf-weyn. Caadi ahaan, "the" ma aha xaraf-weyn ka hor magacyadaas ({{xt|the Unitarians}}, ma aha {{!xt|The Unitarians}}). *'''Qoraallada diinta]]''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn, laakiin badanaa ma aha farta janjeerta ({{xt|the Bhagavad Gita}}, {{xt|the Quran}}, {{xt|the Talmud}}, {{xt|the Granth Sahib}}, {{xt|the Bible}}). Ha u qorin xaraf-weyn "the" marka aad u isticmaalayso foomkan. Tilmaamaha qaarkood oo ka soo baxa waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn heshiis ahaan, qaarkoodna ma qaataan ({{xt|biblical}}, laakiin {{xt|Quranic}}); haddii aad u baahato hubaal, eeg qaamuuska. *'''[[Honorific|Tayooyinka iyo magacyada sharafta]] ee ilaahyada''', ku dhex jira magacyada u gaarka ah iyo tayooyinka, waxay ka start-garoobayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|God}}, {{xt|Allah}}, {{xt|the Lord}}, {{xt|the Supreme Being}}, {{xt|the Great Spirit}}, {{xt|the Horned One}}, {{xt|Bhagavan}}). Ha u qorin xaraf-weyn "the" xaaladahaas ama marka aad tixraacayso dadka waaweyn ee diinta ama shakhsiyaadka khayalka ah/asraarta ah ({{xt|the Prophet}}, {{xt|the Messiah}}, {{xt|the Virgin}}). Magacyada guud ee ilaahyada iyo shakhsiyaadka diinta ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|many gods}}; {{xt|the god Woden}}; {{xt|saints and prophets}}). *'''Magac-u-yaallada shakhsiyaadka cibaadada ama Ilaah''' ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn, xataa haddii xaraf-weyn lagu qoro qoraallada diinta ({{xt|God and his will}}). *'''Qaybaha waaweyn ee mukhluuqaadka khayalka ah (mythical/legendary)''' waxay ka start-garoobayaan xarfo yar ({{xt|elf}}, {{xt|fairy}}, {{xt|nymph}}, {{xt|unicorn}}, {{xt|angel}}), inkastoo hawlaha khayalka ah (fantasy), sida buugaagta [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] iyo ciyaaraha fiidiyowga qaarkood, xarfaha waaweyn ee bilowga ah marmar loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo in mukhluuqaadku ay samaynayaan dhaqan ama irsi dhex jira [[fictional universe|caalamka khayalka ah]]. U qor xaraf-weyn magacyada ama tayooyinka mukhluuqaadka gaarka ah ({{xt|the Minotaur}}, {{xt|Pegasus}}) iyo kooxaha oo magacooda iyo xubnahoodu ay yihiin kuwo go'an ({{xt|the Magi, or the Three Wise Men}}, {{xt|the Furies}}). Tixraacyada guud ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|these priests}}; {{xt|several wise men}}; {{xt|cherub-like}}). *'''Matalaadaha ama dhacdooyinka ruuxiga ah iyo kuwa diinta''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn kaliya marka la tixraacayo dhacdooyin gaar ah ama waqtiyo gaar ah ({{xt|the Great Flood}} iyo {{xt|the Exodus}}; laakiin {{xt|annual flooding}} iyo {{xt|an exodus of refugees}}). *'''Falsafadaha, aragtiyaha, dhaqdhaqaaqyada, iyo caqiidooyinka''' waxay isticmaalaan xarfo yar ilaa magacu ka soo baxo magac u gaar ah ({{xt|capitalism versus Marxism}}) ama uusan noqon magac u gaar ah ({{xt|republican}}, oo ah dhismaha fikirka siyaasadda; {{xt|Republican}}, oo ah xisbi siyaasadeed). Isticmaal xarfo yar mawduucyada caqiidooyinka ama fikirka diinta ee heerka caadiga ah (oo ka soo contrasts-garoobaya dhacdooyinka gaarka ah), xataa haddii xaraf-weyn lagu qoro taageerayaasha diinta qaarkood ({{xt|virgin birth}}, {{xt|original sin}}, {{xt|transubstantiation}}). *'''[[Platonic idealism|Platonic]] ama fikradaha sare (transcendent ideals)''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn xaaladda caqiidada falsafadda ({{xt|Truth}}, {{xt|the Good}}); marka loo isticmaalo si dhumuc leh, waxay ku dhex jiraan xarfo yar ({{xt|Superman represents American ideals of truth and justice}}). Isticmaal xarfo waaweyn marka fanka lagu personify-gareeyo fikradaha ({{xt|the guidebook mentioned statues of Justice and Liberty}}). *{{va|Eponyms|EPONYM|EPONYMS|text='''[[Eponym|Eponym-s (erayada ka soo baxay magacyada dadka)]]''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn ([[Edwardian era|{{xt|Edwardian}}]], [[De Morgan's laws|{{xt|De Morgan's laws}}]], [[Alice in Wonderland syndrome|{{xt|Alice in Wonderland syndrome}}]], [[Plaster of Paris|{{xt|plaster of Paris}}]], [[Platonic idealism|{{xt|Platonic idealism}}]], [[Draconian constitution|{{xt|Draconian constitution of Athens}}]]), marka laga reebo isticmaalka sanfada ama maahmaahda ah oo ka baxsan xaaladda asalka ah oo caadi ahaan xarfo yar ku dhex jira ilaha tixraaca ([[Platonic relationship|{{xt|a platonic relationship}}]]; {{xt|complained of draconian workplace policies}}).{{efn|name=eponyms|1=Waxaa jira waxyaabo yar oo dheeraad ah oo ka baxsan xaraf-weynaynta eponyms-ka, halka eraygu leeyahay xeer xooggan oo ah xarfo yar, t.s., lagu doorbido foomkaas badankooda qaamuustada waaweyn ee luqadda Ingiriisiga. Tusaale ahaan, {{xt|parkinsonian}} wuxuu sharraxaa bukaan muujinaya astaamaha [[Parkinson's disease|{{xt|Parkinson's disease}}]]. Dhexdeeda carabiga/higgaada isticmaalka erayada [[Linguistic latinisation|{{xt|latinize}}]], [[Romanisation|{{xt|romanize}}]], iyo [[Anglicization|{{xt|anglicize}}]] [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Anglo- and similar prefixes|waxay sii kordhayaan xarfo yar]], iyo [[Italic type|{{xt|italic[s]}}]] ku dhex jirta farta mar walba waa xarfo yar.}} Weedha dhan oo uu eponym ku yahay tilmaame [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Religions, deities, philosophies, doctrines, and their adherents|ma aha xaraf-weyn]] marka laga reebo marka weedha dhitadeedu tahay magac u gaar ah (t.s., [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles|cinwaanka hawl la daabacay]]: [[The China Syndrome|{{xt|''The China Syndrome''}}]]).}} ===Astaamaha kalandarka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Calendar items}} *'''Bilsashada (bilo), maalmaha toddobaadka, iyo fasaxyada''' waxay ka start-garoobayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|June}}, {{xt|Monday}}; {{xt|the Fourth of July}} wuxuu tixraacaa kaliya Maalinta Xorriyadda Mareykanka{{snd}}haddii kale {{xt|July 4}} ama {{xt|4 July}}). *'''Xilliyada''' waxay ku dhex jiraan xarfo yar ({{xt|her last summer}}; {{xt|the winter solstice}}; {{xt|spring fever}}), marka laga reebo marka lagu personify-gareeyo fanka ama magacyada u gaarka ah ee waqtiyada ama dhacdooyinka ({{xt|Old Man Winter}}; {{xt|competed on the Spring Circuit}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="People, animals, plants, and other organisms"></span>Dadka, xayawaanka, dhirta, iyo noolaha kale=== {{Shortcut|MOS:LIFE}} ee farta janjeerta, {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting|Italic type}}. Eeg sidoo kale {{section link|Wikipedia:Lead section|Organisms}} ee ku saabsan maareynta jumlada ugu horreysa. Eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (fauna)]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora)]] ee ku saabsan hagaha cinwaannada maqaallada.}} Marka la isticmaalayo '''[[Taxonomy (biology)|magacyada taksonomiga ("sayniska")]]''', u qor xaraf-weyn iyo farta janjeerta (italics) genus-ka: {{xt|''Berberis''}}, {{xt|''Erithacus''}}. (Supergenus iyo subgenus, marka ay ku dabaqmaan, waxaa loo maareeyaa sidaas oo kale.) Janjeeri laakiin ha u qorin xaraf-weyn heerarka taksonomiga ee species-ka (noocyada) iyo ka hooseeya: {{xt|''Berberis darwinii''}}, {{xt|''Erithacus rubecula superbus''}}, {{xt|''Acacia coriacea'' subsp. ''sericophylla''}}; ma jiraan reebanaanno loo sameeyay magacyada u gaarka ah oo qayb ka ah magacyada sayniska. Taxa-ga sare (order, family, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn Laatiinka ({{xt|Carnivora}}, {{xt|Felidae}}) laakiin ma qaataan udhigmaadka Ingiriisiga ({{xt|carnivorans}}, {{xt|felids}}); ma aha janjeer labada foomba, marka laga reebo fayrasyada, halka dhammaan magacyada lagu aqbalay guddiga [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|ICTV]] ay yihiin janjeer ({{xt|''Retroviridae''}}). {{Shortcut|MOS:CULTIVAR}}{{Anchor|Cultivar}}Magacyada '''[[Cultivar]]''' iyo '''[[cultivar group]]''' ee dhirta ma aha janjeer, waxayna qaataan xarfo waaweyn (harraan erayga ''Group'' ee magaca ku dhex jira); magacyada cultivar waxay ka muuqdaan xigashooyinka keliyaalka ah (single quotes) ({{xt|''Malus domestica'' 'Red Delicious'}}), halka cultivar groups aysan qaadanin ({{xt|''Cynara cardunculus'' Scolymus Group}}). '''Ingiriisiga [[Common name|magacyada afka caadiga ah ("common")]]''' waxaa loo bixiyaa xarfo yar qoraalka maqaalka dhexdiisa ([[Plains zebra|{{xt|plains zebra}}]]<!-- animal species -->, [[Mountain maple|{{xt|mountain&nbsp;maple}}]]<!-- plant species -->, iyo [[Southwestern red-tailed hawk|{{xt|southwestern red-tailed hawk}}]]<!-- bird subspecies -->) iyo habka weedha (sentence case) bilowga jumlada iyo meelaha kale oo xarafka ugu horreeya ee erayga ugu horreeya uu yahay xaraf-weyn.{{efn|name=Sentence case}} Waxay sidoo kale qaataan xarfo waaweyn halka ay ku jiraan magacyo u gaar ah: [[Przewalski's horse|{{xt|Przewalski's&nbsp;horse}}]]<!-- eponym -->, [[California condor|{{xt|California&nbsp;condor}}]]<!-- typical geonym -->, iyo [[Fair-maid-of-France|{{xt|fair-maid-of-France}}]]<!-- unusual but important illustrative case -->. Kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa noocyada (species) iyo nooc-hoosaadyada (subspecies), sida tusaalooyinka hore, iyo sidoo kale magacyada guud ee kooxaha ama noocyada noolaha: [[Bird of prey|{{xt|bird&nbsp;of&nbsp;prey}}]]<!-- cross-order ecological niche -->, [[Oak|{{xt|oak}}]]<!-- plant family -->, [[Great apes|{{xt|great&nbsp;apes}}]]<!-- animal family -->, [[Bryde's whales|{{xt|Bryde's&nbsp;whales}}]]<!-- species group -->, [[Livestock guardian dog|{{xt|livestock&nbsp;guardian&nbsp;dog}}]]<!-- domestic type -->, [[Poodle|{{xt|poodle}}]]<!-- domestic breed group but not a breed -->, [[Van cat|{{xt|Van&nbsp;cat}}]]<!-- domestic geographic landrace -->, [[Wolfdog|{{xt|wolfdog}}]]<!-- hybrid/crossbreed/mongrel not recognized as a standardized breed -->. Marka magaca caadiga ah uu la mid yahay takson saynis ah, ha u qorin xaraf-weyn ama janjeer, marka laga reebo halka la tixraacayo noolaha dhanka taksonomiga: {{xt|A lynx is any of the four medium-sized wild cat species within the genus ''Lynx''.}} Magacyada caadiga ah ee aan Ingiriisiga ahayn, marka ay habboon tahay in lagu daro, waxaa loo maareeyaa sida erayada kale ee aan Ingiriisiga ahayn: janjeer sidaas ah, oo xaraf-weyn kaliya haddii shuruudaha luqadda hooyo ay u baahan yihiin. Magacyada aan Ingiriisiga ahayn ee noqday kuwo la qabsaday Ingiriisiga waxaa loo maareeyaa sida Ingiriisiga ([[Ayahuasca|{{xt|ayahuasca}}]], [[Okapi|{{xt|okapi}}]]). {{Shortcut|MOS:BREED}}{{Anchor|Breed}}'''[[Standardized breeds|Dhalada la halbeeyay (Standardized breeds)]]''' waa inay caadi ahaan dhowraan xaraf-weynaynta loo isticmaalay halbeegga dhalada.{{efn|name=Standardized breeds|1=Hagaha dhalada waxaa lagu daray [[Diff2/881140543|RfC on capitalization of the names of standardized breeds|December 2018 RfC]]. "Dhalada la halbeeyay" wuxuu waayay macno toos ah oo caddaynaya, laakiin wuxuu ku dhex jiraa dhala kasta oo ku dhex jira [[breed standard]] ama [[studbook]] ee kooxda taranta/mataanaha. Kooxaha kale ee xayawaanka guri-joogga ah ma aha dhala la halbeeyay: noocyada taariikhda hore, kooxaha dhalada, xayawaanka duurjoogtoobay (feral), landraces, iyo [[crossbreed|dhalada la isku dhalay]] ama [[Hybrid (biology)|isandho]] oo aan kooxaha waaweyn aqoonsan sida dhala gaar ah. Kuwo badan caadi ahaan ma aha [[Wikipedia:Notability|muhiim (notable)]].}} Tusaalooyinka: [[German Shepherd|{{xt|German Shepherd}}]], [[Russian White goat|{{xt|Russian White goat}}]], [[Berlin Short-faced Tumbler|{{xt|Berlin Short-faced Tumbler}}]]. Sida cultivar-ka dhirta, kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa haddii magacu yahay magac u gaar ah ama kale, oo ka soo horjeeda sida magacyada caadiga ah ee noolaha loo qoro. Laakiin, ka baxsan cultivar-ka, dhalada waligeed lagu ma dhex daro xigashooyinka keliyaalka ah (single quotes), oo magacyadoodu waligeed ma aha qayb ka mid ah magac saynis ah. Erayga noolaha ee lagu daray dhammaadka si looga fogaado jahawareerka ("cat", "hound", "horse", "swine", iyo wixii la mid ah) waa inuusan noqon xaraf-weyn, ilaa uu yahay qayb ka mid ah magaca dhalada oo si joogto ah lagu muujiyo foomkaas halbeegga dhalada (xaaladaha dhifka ah waxaa ku jira [[Norwegian Forest Cat|{{xt|Norwegian Forest Cat}}]] iyo [[American Quarter Horse|{{xt|American Quarter Horse}}]]). Samee [[Wikipedia:Redirect|xiriiriyeyaasha dib-u-luqadda (redirects)]] ka soo baxay xaraf-weynaynta kale iyo foomamka higaada ee cinwaannada maqaalka, iyo magacyada kale, t.s., [[Adélie Penguin]], [[Adelie penguin]], [[Adelie Penguin]] iyo ''[[Pygoscelis adeliae]]'' dhammaan waa inay dib-u-luqad u sameeyaan [[Adélie penguin]]. ===Samooyinka iyo walxaha hawada sare=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Celestial bodies}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (astronomical objects)}} Erayada ''sun'' (sol/qorrax), ''earth'' (dhul), ''moon'' (dayax), iyo ''solar system'' (bahda qorraxda) ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn isticmaalka guud ({{xt|The sun was over the mountain top}}; {{xt|The tribal people thought of the whole earth as their home}}). Waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn marka walaxda lagu personify-gareeyo fanka/suugaanta ({{xt|Sol Invictus ('Unconquered Sun') was the Roman sun god}}) ama marka loo isticmaalo sida magac walax gaar ah xaaladda sayniska ama falagga ({{xt|The Moon orbits the Earth}}; laakiin {{xt|Io is a moon of Jupiter}}). Magacyada meereyaasha, dayaxyada, asteroids-ka, comets-ka, xiddigaha, constellations-ka, iyo galaxies-ka waa magacyo u gaar ah, oo sidaas darteed xaraf-weyn ah ({{xt|The planet Mars is in the constellation Gemini, near the star Pollux}}). Xarafka ugu horreeya ee eray kasta oo ku dhex jira magacaas waa xaraf-weyn ({{xt|Alpha Centauri}} ma aha {{!xt|Alpha centauri}}; {{xt|Milky Way}}, ma aha {{!xt|Milky way}}). Erayada sida ''comet'' iyo ''galaxy'' waa inay noqdaan xaraf-weyn marka ay samaynayaan qayb ka mid ah magac u gaar ah, laakiin ma aha marka loo isticmaalo sida eray guud ({{xt|Halley's Comet is the most famous of the comets}}; {{xt|the Andromeda Galaxy is a spiral galaxy}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Compass"></span>Pointers-ka kombaas-ka (Jihooyinka)=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Compass points}} Ha xaraf-weynayn '''jihooyinka''' sida ''north'' (woqooyi) ama foomamka la xiriira ({{xt|We took the northern road}}) marka laga reebo marka ay yihiin qaybo ka mid ah magacyada u gaarka ah ({{xt|Great North Road}}, {{xt|Great Western Drive}}, {{xt|South Pole}}). U qor xaraf-weyn '''magacyada gobollada''' haddii ay gaareen heerka magaca u gaarka ah, ku dhex jira magacyada caadiga ah ee heshiiska ({{xt|Southern California}}; {{xt|the Western Desert}}), iyo erayada ka soo baxa ee dadka (t.s., ''Southerner'' oo ah mid ka soo jeeda [[Southern United States]]). Ha xaraf-weynayn magacyada sharraxaadda leh ee gobollada oo aan gaarin heerka magacyada u gaarka ah, sida {{xt|southern Poland}}. Jihooyinka isku-dhafka ah waxaa lagu dhex jiri karaa ama aan lagu dhex jiri karin dhex-xariijin (hyphen), iyada oo ku xiran [[#National varieties of English|nooca Ingiriisiga ee loo qaatay]] maqaalka. {{xt|Southeast Asia}} iyo {{xt|northwest}} waxay ka caansan yihiin Ingiriisiga Mareykanka; laakiin {{xt|South-East Asia}} iyo {{xt|north-west}} waxay ka caansan yihiin Ingiriisiga British-ka. Xaaladaha sida {{xt|north–south dialogue}} iyo {{xt|east–west orientation}}, isticmaal en dash; eeg {{section link||Other uses for en dashes}}. ===<span id="Institutions"></span>Magacyada u gaarka ah ka soo contrasts-garoobaya erayada guud=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Institutions|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Capitalization of The{{!}}Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Capitalization of ''The''}} U qor xaraf-weyn magacyada hay'adaha ama doorka gaarka ah ({{xt|the founding of the University of Delhi}}; {{xt|the history of Stanford University}}) laakiin ma aha erayada guud ee hay'adaha ({{xt|the high school is near the university}}). Ha xaraf-weynayn ''the'' bilowga magaca hay'adda, iyada oo aan loo eegin qaabka loo doorbido ee hay'adda. Waxaa jira reebanaanno dhif ah, marka la hoggaaminayo ''The'' oo lagu muujiyay ''T'' ku dhex jira acronym-ka kooxda: {{xt|The International Cat Association (TICA)}}. U maaree qaybaha siyaasadda ama juqraafiga foomkan oo kale: {{xt|The city has a population of 55,000}}; {{xt|The two towns merged to become the City of Smithville}}. Ha u sameynin sida qaabka wargaysyada maxalliga ah oo tixraacaya degmada/magaalada sida ''the City'' ama ''The City'', marka laga reebo City of London [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#City of London|xaaladaha qaarkood]]. Hagahaani wuxuu sii kordhayaa wax-soosaarka hay'adaha, shirkadaha, iyo kooxaha kale. Tusaale ahaan, magaca dhan ee sharciga sida {{xt|Online Safety Act 2023}} wuxuu noqon doonaa xaraf-weyn, laakiin tixraacyada ka dambeeya ee {{xt|the act}} ma noqon doonaan kuwo xaraf-weyn ah. ==<span class="anchor" id="Acronyms and abbreviations"></span><span class="anchor" id="Acronyms"></span><span class="anchor" id="Initialisms"></span><span class="anchor" id="Shortenings"></span>Gaabinta== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Initials}} Gaabinta waa foomamka gaaban ee erayada ama foomamka. Raadinta saxda ah, waxay ku kala duwan yihiin [[Contraction (grammar)|contractions]], oo isticmaala [[apostrophe]] (t.s., ''won't'', eeg {{Section link||Contractions}}), iyo [[initialism]]s. Initialism waxaa lagu samaynayaa ka mid ah ama dhammaan xarfaha bilowga ah ee erayada ku dhex jira foom. Ka hooseeya, tixraacyada gaabinta waa in loo qaadaa inay ku dhex jiraan acronyms, iyo term-ka ''acronym'' waa inuu sidoo cuali ahaan ku dabaqmaa initialisms. ===U qor matoorada ugu horreeya si dhan=== {{Shortcut|MOS:1STOCC|MOS:1STABBR}} Marka gaabinta loo isticmaali doono maqaal, soo bandhig iyadoo la isticmaalayo foomka dhan, iyo gaabinta ku dhex jirta parentheses: {{Block indent|{{xt|an early local area network (LAN) developed by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC){{nbsp}}... DEC's later LAN products were{{nbsp}}...}}}} Ha isticmaalin xarfo waaweyn foomka dhan kaliya sababtoo ah xarfaha waaweyn waxaa loo isticmaalay gaabinta: {{!xt|an early Local Area Network (LAN)}}. Marka laga reebo xaaladaha gaarka ah, gaabinta caadiga ah (sida {{xt|PhD}}, {{xt|DNA}}, ama {{xt|USSR}}) looma baahna in lagu fido xataa isticmaalka ugu horreeya. ===Foomamka plural-ka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:GREENGROCER}} U samee plural [[acronyms]] iyadoo lagu darayo ''-s'' ama ''-es'': {{xt|Three CD-ROMs and two BIOSes were released}}. Ha isticmaalin ''[[greengrocer's apostrophe]]'' si aad u samayso plurals: {{!xt|Three CD-ROM's and two BIOS's were released}}. ===<span class="anchor" id="Periods (full stops) and spaces"></span><span class="anchor" id="Full stops and spaces"></span><span class="anchor" id="op.cit."></span>Punctuation iyo spacing=== {{Shortcut|MOS:PS}} Gaabintu waxay ku dhabayn kartaa ama aan ku dhabayn karin full point (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-garaysay ''period'' ama ''full stop''). Qaab joogto ah waa in lagu dhasheeyaa ku dhex jirta maqaal. Isticmaalka North American caadi ahaan waa in lagu dhabeeyo dhammaan gaabinta period ({{xt|Dr. Smith of 42&nbsp;Drummond St.}}) laakiin isticmaalka caadiga ah ee British iyo Australian, ma jiro period loo isticmaalo haddii gaabinta (contraction) ay ku dhabayso xarafka ugu dambeya ee foomka aan la gaabin ({{xt|Dr Smith of 42&nbsp;Drummond St}}) ilaa is-dhaafsi uu keeni karo. Kani waa sidoo cuali ahaan isticmaalka caadiga ah ee qoraalka scientific-ka ah. Iyadoo aan loo eegin punctuation, erayada lagu gaabay ka badan hal xaraf waa lagu dhex jiraa space ({{xt|op.&nbsp;cit.}} ma aha {{!xt|op.cit.}} ama {{!xt|opcit}}). Waxaa jira waxyaabo ka baxsan oo yar: {{xt|PhD}} {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg sare)}} "Philosophiae Doctor"; {{xt|BVetMed}} "Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine". Xaaladaha badankooda, Wikipedia ma isticmaalto punctuation-ka oo kale ku dhex jirta acronyms iyo initialisms: {{xt|GDP}}, ma aha {{!xt|G.D.P.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="US"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S."></span><span class="anchor" id="USA"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S.A."></span>US iyo U.S.<!-- When renaming this section title, rename the full link at [[Wikipedia:Consistency]] -->=== {{Shortcut|MOS:US|MOS:U.S.|MOS:USA|MOS:U.S.A.}} {{redirect|MOS:US|the use of the word "us"|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#First-person pronouns}} {{xt|US}} waa gaabinta caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo ee {{xt|United States}}, inkastoo {{xtn|U.S.}} – oo leh periods iyo aan lahayn space – ay tahay mid caadi ah daabacadaha North American, ku dhex jirta wargaysyada news-ka. Hagayaasha qaabka American qaarkood, ku dhex jiro ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style]]'' (tan iyo 2010), waxay baabi'iyeen {{!xt|U.S.}} waxayna soo sheegeen {{xt|US}}. Sababaha [[#Opportunities for commonality|wadaagga]], isticmaal {{xt|US}} default ahaan marka aad gaabinayso, laakiin [[#Retaining existing styles|sii wad]] {{xtn|U.S.}} maqaallada American ama Canadian English oo ay horey u dhisantay, ilaa ay jirto sabab wanaagsan oo loo beddelo. Sababtoo ah isticmaalka periods ee gaabinta iyo acronyms wuxuu noqon doonaa mid joogto ah ku dhex jira maqaal kasta, mar walba isticmaal {{xt|US}} maqaal leh gaabinta waddammada kale. Gaabinta dheeraad ah oo lagu dhex jiro initials-ka waddanka ({{xt|USN}}, {{xt|USAF}}), waligeed ha isticmaalin periods. Marka United States lagu xuso hal ama ka badan waddammada kale ku dhex jirta jumlad oo kale, {{xt|US}} (ama {{xtn|U.S.}}) wuxuu noqon karaa mid aad u informal ah, gaar ahaan xusidda ugu horreysa ama sida noun halkii adjective ({{xt|France and the United States}}, ma aha {{!xt|France and the US}}). Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|U.&nbsp;S.}} oo leh space ama {{!xt|U.S.&nbsp;of&nbsp;A.}} oo taariikh hore ah, marka laga reebo marka aad xigasho sameynayso. Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|U.S.A.}} ama {{!xt|USA}} marka laga reebo ku dhex jirta xigasho, sida qayb ka mid ah magac sax ah ({{xt|Team USA}}), ama isticmaalka tignoolajiyada iyo rasmiga ah ee qaarkood (t.s., [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3]], [[FIFA country codes|FIFA]], iyo [[IOC country codes]]). ===Circa=== {{for|examples|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Uncertain, incomplete, or approximate dates}} Si loo muujiyo ''si xaddidan'', isticmaalka {{tl|circa}}, oo muuqda sida {{xt|{{circa}}}}, waxaa ka wanaagsan {{!xt|circa}}, {{!xt|c.}}, {{!xt|ca.}}, ama {{!xt|approx.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="unwarranted abbreviations"></span>Ka fogao isticmaalka aan la xaqijin=== {{Hatnote|See also: {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|Units of measurement}} for when to abbreviate units of measurement.}} Ka fogao gaabinta marka ay jahwareerin karaan akhristaha, baabi'in karaan socodka, ama ka muuqan karaan informal. Tusaale ahaan: *Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|approx.}} ee {{xt|approximate(ly)}} marka laga reebo infobox ama table (xaaladaas isticmaal {{tlx|abbr|approx.|approximately}} xusidda ugu horreysa: {{xt|{{abbr|approx.|approximately}}}}). *Ha isticmaalin legalism-ka {{!xt|Holmes J}} ee {{xt|[[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.|Justice Holmes]]}}. <!-- this might be better in [[WP:JARGON]] --> ===Ha samaynin=== Ka fogao sameynta [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#Neologisms|gaabinta cusub]], gaar ahaan acronyms. Tusaale ahaan, {{xtn|World Union of Billiards}} waa wanaagsan yahay sida {{em|turjumaad}} ee {{xt|[[Union Mondiale de Billard]]}}, laakiin ma aha iyada ama yareynta {{!xt|WUB}} oo loo isticmaalay kooxda ama tixraacyada gaarka ah; isticmaal magaca asalka ah iyo gaabintiisa rasmiga ah, {{xt|UMB}}. Haddii ay noqoto mid lagama maarmaan ah in lagu gaabiyo space yar, sida [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables#Captions and headers|column header ee table-ka]], isticmaal gaabinta si baaxad leh loo aqoonsan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, ee {{xt|New Zealand gross national product}}, isticmaal {{xt|NZ}} iyo {{xt|GNP}}, oo leh isqu xir haddii term-ka aan horey loogu qorin maqaalka: {{xt|NZ&nbsp;[[Measures of national income and output|GNP]]}}. Ha samaynin initialisms sida {{!xt|NZGNP}}. ===HTML tags iyo moodallada=== Mid ka mid ah {{tag|abbr|o}} ama {{tlx|abbr}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa gaabinta iyo acronyms: {{tag|abbr|params=title="World Health Organization"|content=WHO|wrap=yes}} ama {{tlx|abbr|WHO|World Health Organization}} waxay samayn doonaan {{abbr|WHO|World Health Organization}}; [[mouseover|soreynta]] qoraalka muuqda waxay keentaa [[tooltip]] ee foomka dheer inuu soo muuqdo. ===Ampersand=== {{Shortcut|MOS:AMP|MOS:&}} {{redirects|WP:&|the use of "and" in titles|Wikipedia:Article titles#Titles containing "and"}} Qoraalka caadiga ah iyo madaxyada, isticmaal ''and'' halkii [[ampersand]] (''&''): {{xt|January 1&nbsp;and&nbsp;2}}, ma aha {{!xt|January 1&nbsp;&&nbsp;2}}. Laakiin sii wad ampersand marka uu yahay qayb shaqaynaysa oo qaabka magac sax ah, mawduuca shaqaalaha, ama trademark, sida ku dhex jirta ''[[Up & Down (Horace Parlan album)|Up&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Down]]'' ama [[AT&T]]. Meelaha kale, ampersands waxaa loo isticmaali karaa joogteyn iyo dookh halka space uu aad u xaddidan yahay (t.s., tables iyo infoboxes). Xigashooyinka [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Typographic conformity|waxaa lagu beddeli karaa si dhibco leh]], gaar ahaan joogteynta halka noocyada kala duwan lagu xigto, maadaama noocyada cusub ee qoraallada hore ay si joogto ah u beddealaan ampersands ''and'' (sida ay u beddealaan [[glyph]]s kale oo aan la isticmaalin, [[Typographic ligature|ligatures]], iyo gaabinta). Isticmaalka kale oo loo ilaysay laakiin aan loo baahnayn waa tixraacyada gaaban ee shaqaalaha leeh qoraa badan, t.s.: {{xt|<nowiki><ref>Lubbers & Scheepers (2002); Van Hiel & Mervielde (2002); Swyngedouw & Giles (2007); Van Hiel (2012).</ref></nowiki>}}. ==Italics== {{Shortcut|MOS:IT|MOS:ITAL}} {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Italic type}} ===<span id="Do not use capitals for emphasis"></span>Emphasis=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Emphasis}} Italics waxaa loo isticmaalaa emphasis, halkii [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Boldface|boldface]] ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#All caps and small caps|capitals]]. Laakiin isticmaalka badan wuxuu yareeyaa shaqadiisa: tixgeli dib-u-qorista halkii. Isticmaal {{tag|em}} ama {{tlx|em|...}} ee emphasis. Kani wuxuu u sahlayaa [[Help:User style|user style sheets]] in lagu maareeyo emphasis foom gaar ah, wuxuuna taageeraa reusers-ka iyo turjumaada.{{refn|{{cite web |last1=Ishida |first1=Richard |title=Using b and i elements |quote=the content of a <code>b</code> element may not always be bold, and that of an <code>i</code> element may not always be italic. |url=https://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-b-and-i-tags |website=W3C Internationalization |publisher=[[World Wide Web Consortium]] |date=2015 |access-date=1 September 2016}} }} *Sax: <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>The meerkat is <em>not</em> actually a cat.</nowiki>}}</code> *Sax: <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>The meerkat is {{em|not}} actually a cat.</nowiki>}}</code> ===<span id="Italics-Titles"></span>Mawduucyada=== {{shortcut|MOS:NOITALIC}} {{/titles hatnote include|where=MOS#I-T}} Isticmaal italics mawduucyada shaqaalaha (sida buugaagta, filimada, taxanaha TV-ga, bandhigga la magacaabay, video games-ka, albums-ka muusigga, iyo fanka). Mawduucyada maqaallada, chapters-ka, noocyada, episodes-ka, storylines-ka, papars-ka raadinta iyo shaqaalaha kale ee gaaban waxay qaataan calaamadaha xigmadda double-ka ah. Italics ma loo isticmaalo shaqaalaha diinta ee waaweyn ({{xt|the Bible}}, {{xt|the Quran}}, {{xt|the Talmud}}). Kuwa badan oo mawduucyadaani waa inay sidoo kale ku dhex jirin [[#Titles of works|title case]]. ===Erayada sida erayada=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Words as words}} {{for|the policy when a word or phrase itself may be an encyclopedic subject|Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#When a word or phrase may be an encyclopedic subject}} Isticmaal italics marka aad {{em|xusayso}} eray ama xaraf {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Use–mention distinction]])}} ama foomka erayada ilaa hal jumlad ({{xt|the term ''panning'' is derived from ''panorama''}}; {{xt|the most common letter in English is ''e''}}). Marka jumlad dhan la xuso, calaamadaha xigmadda double-ka ah waxaa loo isticmaali karaa halkii, iyadoo leh joogteyn ({{xt|The preposition in ''She sat on the chair'' is ''on''}}; ama {{xt|The preposition in "She sat on the chair" is "on"}}). Calaamadaha xigmadda waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa maaddada gaaban si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga, sida marka italics horey loo isticmaalay si xooggan bogga ee sabab kale (t.s., ee erayada iyo foomamka badan ee aan English-ka ahayn). {{em|Xusidda}} (si looga wada-hadlo grammar, wording, punctuation, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxay ku kala duwan tahay {{em|xigashoda}} (halka wax caadi ahaan lagu muujiyo ka magaca tixraaca la xigtay). Xigashoda waxaa lagu sameeyaa calaamadaha xigmadda, waligeed ma aha italics, ama labadaba waqti oo kale {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Quotations}} si aad u ogaato xeel-dheeraan).}} Isticmaalka la xiriira ee italics waa marka la soo bandhigayo ama lagu kala saarayo terms: {{xt|The ''natural numbers'' are the integers greater than 0.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign words"></span> Erayada aan English-ka ahayn=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Non-English terms}} Italics waxaa lagu muujiyay foomamka aan English-ka ahayn iyo erayada aan English-ka ahayn ee gaarka ah oo aan caadi ahaan loo isticmaalin English-ka maalin kasta. Laakiin, magacyada saxda ah (sida magacyada meelaha) ee luqadaha kale caadi ahaan ma aha italics, ama terms-ka ku dhex jira scripts-ka aan Latin-ka ahayn. Moodalka {{tlx|lang}} iyo noocyadiisa waxay taageeraan dhammaan [[ISO 639]] koodhadhka luqadaha, iyagoo sax ah u aqoonsanaya luqadda iyo si otomaatig ah u italics-garaynaya. Fadlan isticmaal moodalladan halkii aad manwal ahaan italics ugu sameyn lahayd maaddada aan English-ka ahayn. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link|WP:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Other languages}} si aad u ogaato macluumaad dheeraad ah.)}} ===Magacyada scientific-ka ah=== Isticmaal italics magacyada scientific-ka ah ee dhirta, dhabaha, iyo [[Kingdom (biology)|dhammaan organisms-ka kale]] marka laga reebo viruses heerka [[genus]] iyo ka hooseeya (italics-garo {{xt|''Panthera leo''}} iyo {{xt|''Retroviridae''}}, laakiin ma aha {{xt|Felidae}}). Sign-ka hybrid ma aha italics ({{xt|''Rosa''&nbsp;×&nbsp;''damascena''}}), ama "connecting term" loo baahan yahay ku dhex jirta [[Trinomial nomenclature#In botany|magacyada botanical-ka ee saddexda qaybood ah]] ({{xt|''Rosa gallica'' subsp. ''officinalis''}}). ===<span id="Italics and quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka ku dhex jira italics=== {{shortcut|MOS:ITALQUOTE|}}{{See also|#Quotations}} <section begin="Quotations in italics body"/>Ha u lagin xigashooyinka italics. [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation marks|Calaamadaha xigmadda]] (ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Block quotations|block quoting]]) kaliya waa kuwo ku filan oo foomamka saxda ah si loogu muujiyo xigashooyinka. Italics waa in loo isticmaalo kaliya haddii maaddada la xigtay ay haddii kale u baahan lahayd italics.<section end="Quotations in italics body"/> ([[#Italics within quotations|Eeg ka hooseeya]].) ===Italics ku dhex jira xigashooyinka=== <section begin="Italics within quotations body"/>Isticmaal italics ku dhex jira xigashooyinka si aad u soo saarto emphasis oo ku dhex jirta maaddada tixraaca ama si aad u muujiso isticmaalka erayada aan English-ka ahayn. Emphasis waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu sameyo {{tlx|em}}. Haddii aysan caddayn in tixraacu horey u lagu daray italics (ama qaab kale) ee emphasis, ama si loo muujiyo marka emphasis aan loo isticmaalin qoraalka asalka ah laakiin dambe lagu daray tifaftirka, ku dar xusuus-qoraalka tifaftirka {{xt|[emphasis in original]}} ama {{xt|[emphasis added]}}, sida ay u kala horreeyaan, ka dambaysta xigashoda. * Tusaale ahaan: {{xt|"Now cracks a noble heart. Good night sweet prince: And {{em|flights of angels}} sing thee to thy rest." [emphasis in original].}}<section end="Italics within quotations body"/> ===Atharta ku dhex jirta punctuation-ka dhow=== {{Shortcut|MOS:ITALPUNCT}} Italics-garo kaliya elements-ka jumlada oo uu saameeyay emphasis-ku. Ha italics-garayn punctuation-ka ku dhex jira dhowga. *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|What are we to make of {{em|that?}}}} (Su'aashu waxay ku dabaqmaysaa jumlada dhan, ma aha kaliya emphasis-ka ''that'', markaas waa inaysan noqon italics.) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|What are we to make of {{em|that}}?}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Four of Patrick White's most famous novels are ''A Fringe of Leaves'', ''The Aunt's Story'', ''Voss'', and ''The Tree of Man''.}} (Commas, period, iyo erayga ''and'' ma aha italics.) ==Xigashooyinka== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTE}}{{See|Wikipedia:Do not include the full text of lengthy primary sources}} {{Redirects here|MOS:QUOTE|the section on quotation characters|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation characters|the essay|Wikipedia:Quotations}} [[Wikipedia:Non-free content#Guideline examples|Xigashooyinka gaaban ee qoraalka la dhowray]] waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loogu muujiyo dhibic, loo dhiibo xaalad, ama loo atribuigo dhibic fikir ama aragti. Inkastoo xigashooyinku ay yihiin qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah Wikipedia, isticmaalka badan ee iyaga ka mid ah ma aha mid ku habboon qaabka qoraalka encyclopedic-ka ah oo wuxuu noqon karaa [[Wikipedia:Copyrights|baabi'inta copyright-ka]], markaas badankooda mawduuca waa inuu ku dhex jiraa erayada tifaftiraha laakiis. Tixgeli dib-u-qorista xigashooyinka si ay u noqdaan qoraal toos ah oo gaaban marka ay habboon tahay (iyadoo la ogaaday in [[Wikipedia:Close paraphrasing|dib-u-qorista dhow]] ay sii baabi'in karto copyright-ka). [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Quotations|Ha u lagin xigashooyinka italics]] ilaa maaddadu ay italics ugu noqoto sabab kale laakiis. Per [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|siyaasada verifiability-ga]], xigashooyinka tooska ah {{em|waa in}} ay la socdaan [[WP:INCITE|inline citation]] oo ka soo baxday [[WP:RS|tixraac lagu aamini karo]] oo taageeraya maaddada. Kani waa mid gaar ah oo muhiim ah maqaallada ku saabsan ama ku dhex jira maaddada ku saabsan [[WP:BLP|dadka nool ama dhowaan dhintay]] (BLPs). ===<span class="anchor" id="Principle of minimal change"></span><span class="anchor" id="Minimal change"></span><span class="anchor" id="PMC"></span><span class="anchor" id="PLC"></span><span class="anchor" id="MINIMALCHANGE"></span><span class="anchor" id="MINCHANGE"></span><span class="anchor" id="LEASTCHANGE"></span>Qoraalka asalka ah=== {{Shortcut|MOS:PMC|MOS:SIC}} {{Redirect|WP:PMC|closure of requested moves by page movers|Wikipedia:Requested moves/Closing instructions#Closure by a page mover}} {{Redirect|WP:PLC|inclusion guidelines for organizations|Wikipedia:Notability (organizations and companies)|the handling of the abbreviation "plc" in article titles|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (companies)}}Xigashooyinka waa inay noqdaan kuwo [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiably]] loo atribuigoy, iyo qoraalka qoraalka la xigtay waa inuu noqdo mid si dhab ah loo soo saaro. Kani waxaa loo tixraacaa sida {{em|maamulka beddelka yar}}. Halka ay jirto sabab wanaagsan oo loo beddelo qoraalka, ku dar square bracket qoraalka la beddelay; tusaale ahaan, {{!xt|"Ocyrhoe told him his fate"}} waxaa loo xigtay karaa sida {{xt|"Ocyrhoe told [her father] his fate"}}. <!-- IF EDITING THE FOLLOWING SENTENCE, PLEASE UPDATE THE DOCUMENTATION AT [[Template:Sic/doc]] ACCORDINGLY --> Makhaadhaa yar ee spelling-ka iyo typographic-ka waa in si toos ah loo hagaajiyo (tusaale ahaan, hagaaji {{!xt|basicly}} loo beddelo {{xt|basically}}). Haddii ay jirto makhaadhaa muhiim ah asalka ku dhex jirta, raac iyada oo leh {{tlx|sic}} (soo saaraya {{sic}}{{hsp}}) si loogu muujiyo in makhaadhaahu aysan ahayn mid ay sameysay Wikipedia; tusaale ahaan, {{xt|"his interview with the Dolly Llama {{sic}}"}}. Marka lagu dabaqo qoraal oo isku xir leh, syntax-ka moodalka waxaa loo hagaajin karaa {{tlx|sic|2=nolink=y}} (soo saaraya {{sic|nolink=y}} qoraalka isku xirka leh ee ka soo baxa; tusaale ahaan ku dhex jirta isku xirka: [[Template:Sic|{{sic|nolink=y}} template]]).{{efn|name="sicwarning"|{{tl|Sic}} ma aha in loo isticmaalo dhexda {{tag|ref}} tags, ama ku dhex jirta [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation templates]] sida [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]] iyo [[Help:Citation Style 2|Citation Style 2]], sababtoo ah wuxuu ku dhex jiraa markup oo baabi'in doona [[COinS]] metadata ee ay soo saaraan; eeg [[Wikipedia:COinS]].<!-- Per [[Template:Sic]] there is a {{COinS safe|n}} warning that it "should not be used in citation templates such as Citation Style 1 and Citation Style 2, because it includes markup that will pollute the COinS metadata they produce; see Wikipedia:COinS." -->}} Sababaha saxda ah iyo indexing-ka, mawduucyada tixraacyada ee loo tixraacay ma aha in loo hagaajiyo spelling-ka, laakiin hagaajinta yar ee typographic-ka ah (sida beddelka [[MOS:CURLY|curly quotes]] loo beddelo straight) waxaa lagu sameyn karaa si toos ah. Inline citations ee ku dhex jira qoraalka la xigtay, oo loo tixraaco aan loo isticmaalin maqaalka Wikipedia, waa in si toos ah loo baabi'iyo. Isticmaal [[#Ellipses|ellipses]] si aad u muujiso ka-tagista qoraalka la xigtay. Ka-tagista la xaqijiyay waxaa ku jira erayada aan loo baahnayn, aan la xiriirin, ama parenthetical-ka ah, iyo yaraynta yar ({{!xt|umm}} iyo {{!xt|hmm}}), laakiin ha ka tagin qoraal halka aad sameyso ay baabi'in doonto xaaladda muhiimka ah ama beddeli doonto macnaha qoraalka. Vulgarities iyo obscenities waa in lagu muujiyo si sax ah sida ay ka muuqdaan tixraaca la xigtay; Wikipedians ma aha in waligeed [[Wikipedia:Offensive material#How to treat offensive material in articles|baabi'iyaan erayada]] ({{!xt|G-d d--n it!}}), laakiin haddii qoraalka la xigtay {{em|laikiisu}} uu foomkan u sameyo, copy-garo qoraalka verbatim oo isticmaal {{tlx|sic}} si aad u muujiso in qoraalka loo xigtay sida ka muuqata tixraaca. Xigashooyinka tooska ah, sii wad spelling-ka dialectal iyo archaic-ka ah, ku dhex jirta capitalization-ka (laakiin ma aha glyphs iyo ligatures archaic-ka ah, sida lagu sharraxay ka hooseeya ku dhex jirta {{slink||Typographic conformity}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Quotation point of view"></span>Aragtida=== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTEPOV}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Attributing and specifying biased statements|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Expressions of doubt}} Xigashoda waa in loo isticmaalo, iyadoo la atribuigo, si loo soo bandhigo aragtiyada emotive ee aan lagu muujin karin poxa Wikipedia laikiis, laakiin waligeed ma aha si loo soo bandhigo heerarka culture sida kaliya aragtiyada: *La accepts karo: {{xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film "unforgettable".}} *Aan la accepts karin: {{!xt|The site is considered "sacred" by the religion's scriptures.}} Aragtiyada gaaban ee aan aad uga emotive ahayn caadi ahaan waxaa lagu soo sheegi karaa iyadoo la atribuigo halkii xigashoda tooska ah. Isticmaalka calaamadaha xigmadda ee terms-ka sharraxaadda leh ee gaaban wuxuu [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Expressions of doubt|muujin karaa wax is-dhaafsi ah]] oo ku saabsan maaddada la xigtay; sarcasm ama [[weasel words]], sida ''supposedly'' ama ''so-called'', waxaa lagu muujin karaa. *La accepts karo: {{xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film interesting.}} *Aan loo baahnayn oo muujin kara is-dhaafsi: {{!xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film "interesting".}} *Waa in la xigto: {{xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film "interesting but heart-wrenching".}} ===Typographic conformity=== {{Shortcut|MOS:CONFORM}} {{redirect|MOS:CONFORM|consistency within articles|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Consistency within articles}} Xigashodu ma aha [[wikt:facsimile|facsimile]] oo, xaaladaha badankooda, ma aha shuruud in qaabka asalka ah lagu dhowro. Qaabka iyo elements-ka kale ee typographic-ka ah ee qoraalka la xigtay{{efn|"Qoraalka la xigtay" ee typographic conformity iyo sababaha kale ee badan wuxuu ku dhex jiraa mawduucyada shaqaalaha, magacyada kooxaha, iyo foomamka kale oo, asalkiisa, la xigtay. Tusaale: waxyaabaha sida "Mexican-American War" waxaa si joogto ah loo hagaajiyaa loo beddelo "Mexican–American War" Wikipedia-ha, ku dhex jirta mawduucyada tixraacyada loo tixraacay, ku dhex jirta qoraalka maqaalka, tixraacyada xusuus-qoraalka, ama meelaha kale ee bogga. Kani ma leeyahay athar raadinta shaqaalaha aan tixraacnay, maadaama dhammaan raadinta waaweyn ay baabi'iyaan calaamadaha punctuation-ka.}} waa in lagu dhasheeyo heshiisyada Wikipedia-ha English-ka oo aan lahayn xusuus-qoraal, iyadoo la xaqijiyay in sameynta kani aysan beddeli doonin ama baabi'in doonin macnaha ama inta qoraalka. Kani waa beddelka oo aan samaynayn kala duwanaansho marka qoraalka loo akhrriyo si toos ah; tusaale ahaan: *Normalize dashes iyo hyphens: eeg {{Section link||Dashes}}. Isticmaal qaabka loo doortay maqaalka: unspaced [[em dash]] ama spaced [[en dash]]. *Beddel apostrophes iyo calaamadaha xigmadda loo beddelo qaabka Wikipedia: **Kuwani waa inay noqdaan toos, ma aha curly ama slanted. Eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}}. **Marka aad xigtayso xigasho iyada laikiis ku dhex jirta xigasho, beddel dhexda isticmaalka double iyo single quotes ee xigasho kasta. Eeg {{section link||For a quotation within a quotation}} si aad u ogaato xeel-dheeraan. *Marka aad xigtayso qoraal ka soo baxay luqadaha aan English-ka ahayn, punctuation-ka ka baxsan waa inuu raaco [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation marks|Manual of Style ee calaamadaha xigmadda English-ka]]. Haddii ay jiraan xigashooyinka ku dhex jira, raac shuruudaha punctuation-ka saxda ah ee luqaddaas. Haddii ay jiraan qaabab badan oo luqad ah, midka loo isticmaalay Wikipedia-ha luqaddaas waa ka wanaagsan yahay ilaa punctuation-ka laikiisu uu yahay ku dhex jiro wada-hadal. *:{{xt|The cynical response "{{lang|fr|italic=unset|L'auteur aurait dû demander&nbsp;: «&nbsp;à quoi sert-il d'écrire ceci&nbsp;?&nbsp;» mais ne l'a pas fait}}" was all he wrote.}} *Baabi'i spaces ka hor punctuation-ka sida periods iyo colons. *Caadi ahaan sii wad bold iyo italics {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Italics}})}}, laakiin badankooda qaabka kale waa in loo beddelo qoraal toos ah. {{!xt|{{Underline|Underlining}}}}, {{!xt|spac&nbsp;ing}} ku dhex jirta erayada, {{!xt|1=co<span style="color:Goldenrod;">lor</span>s}}, {{!xt|ALL CAPS}}, {{Smallcaps|{{!xt|small caps}}}}, iyo wixii la mid ah caadi ahaan waa in loo normalize-garayo qoraal toos ah. Haddii ay {{em|caddaynaysay}} muujinayso emphasis, isticmaal italic {{em|emphasis}} ({{tlx|em}}) ama, foomka dhexdiisa oo horey italics ah, boldface (leh {{tlx|strong}}). Mawduucyada buugaagta, maqaallada, gabayada, iyo wixii la mid ah, isticmaal italics ama calaamadaha xigmadda raacaya [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles|hagaha mawduucyada]]. Italics waxaa sidoo kale lagu dari karaa si loogu muujiyo [[#Non-English terms|terms-ka aan English-ka ahayn]] (leh moodalka {{tlx|lang}}), ee [[#Animals, plants, and other organisms|magaca scientific-ka ah ee organism-ka]], iyo si loogu muujiyo isticmaalka [[#Words as words|words-as-words]]. *Fiid gaabinta (aan horey loo isticmaalin mawduuca ka hor xigashoda) sida beddelka square-bracketed, ama ku sharrax iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|abbr}}. *Normalize glyphs iyo ligatures archaic-ka ah ee English-ka ee aan loo baahnayn macnaha (marka laga reebo magacyada saxda ah iyo luqadaha halka ligatures ay yihiin heer, per {{section link||Ampersand}} iyo {{Section link||Ligatures}}). Tusaalooyinka waxaa ku jira ''[[æ]]''→''ae'', ''[[œ]]''→''oe'', ''[[Long s|ſ]]''→''s'', iyo ''[[Thorn (letter)#Abbreviations|þ<sup>e</sup>]]''→''the''. {{crossref|pw=y|Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles#Typographic conformity}} si aad u ogaato waxyaabaha gaarka ah ee loo tixgeliyo normalization-ka typography-ka ee mawduucyada shaqaalaha.}} {{Shortcut|MOS:RETAINQUOTEVARIETY}} {{vanchor|Retain quote variety|text= Laakiin, noocyada qaranka ma aha in loo beddelo, maadaama kuwani ay ku dhex jiri karaan beddelka vocabulary-ka. Tusaale ahaan, xigasho ka soo baxday tixraac British ah waa in ay sii wadato spelling-ka British-ka, xataa maqaal oo haddii kale isticmaala spelling-ka American-ka. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Consistency within articles}}.)}}}} Nambarada sidoo kale caadi ahaan [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Quotations, titles, etc.|ma aha in loo re-format-gareeyo]]. Xigashoda tooska ah ma aha in loo isticmaalo si loo dhowro qaabka loo doorbido ee publisher ka baxsan (gaar ahaan marka maaddadu ay haddii kale noqon lahayd aan la beddelin), maadaama kani wuxuu leeyahay athar ee [[Scare quotes|scare-quoting]]: *{{em|La accepts karo}}: {{xt|The animal is listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.}} *{{em|Aan la accepts karin}}: {{!xt|The animal is listed as "Endangered" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.}} Italics waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loogu muujiyo isticmaalka gaar ah sida [[term of art]] (xaaladda "[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Words as words|words as words]]"), gaar ahaan marka ay tahay mid aan la dhasheyn ama ma aha in loo dib-u-qoro ka magaca aan aheyin expert: *{{em|La accepts karo}}: {{xt|The animal is listed as ''critically endangered'' on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.}} Marka aad xigtayso jumlad dhan, caadi ahaan waxaa lagu taliyaa in erayga ugu horreeya uu sii wado xaraf weyn. Laakiin, haddii qoraalka la xigtay lagu ammaan goyay jumlada dhow (tusaale ahaan, leh hordhac sida "{{var|X}} said that"), xarafka weyn ee asalka ah waxaa loo beddeli karaa xaraf yar. *{{xt|LaVesque's report stated: "The equipment was selected for its low price. This is the primary reason for criticism of the program."}} *{{xt|LaVesque's report said that "the equipment was selected for its low price".}} *{{xt|The program was criticized primarily because "the equipment was selected for its low price", according to LaVesque.}} Caadi ahaan looma baahna in la xuso beddelka capitalization-ka. Laakiin, si loo helo saxnaan dheeraad ah, xarafka la beddelay waxaa lagu lagi karaa ku dhex jira square brackets: {{nobr|"The" → "[t]he".}} *{{xt|The program was criticized primarily because {{nobr|"[t]he}} equipment was selected for its low price", according to LaVesque.}} ===Attribution=== Akhristahu waa inuu awoodaa inuu go'aamiyo tixraaca xigasho kasta, ugu yaraan ka magaca footnote. Tixraacu waa in lagu magacaabo {{em|qoraalka maqaalka}} haddii xigashodu ay tahay aragti {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|Attributing and specifying biased statements}})}}. Marka aad atribuigo-garayso xigasho, ka fogao [[Wikipedia:Words to avoid#Synonyms for said|sharraxaaddeeda foomka biased-ka ah]]. ===Xigashooyinka ku dhex jira xigashooyinka=== Eeg {{section link||For a quotation within a quotation}}. ===Isku xirka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:LINKQUOTE|MOS:LWQ}} Noqo mid dhibco leh marka aad isku xirayso ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka; isku xir kaliya bartilmaameedyada u dhigma macnaha caddaynaya ee loo intended-gareeyay qoraaga xigashoda. Halka ay suurtogal tahay, isku xir qoraalka ka baxsan xigashoda halkii – mid ka hor ama dhowaan ka dambeeya. (Haddii aad xigtayso [[hypertext]], ku dar xusuus-qoraal tifaftirka, {{xt|[link in original]}} ama {{xt|[link added]}}, sida habboon, si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga ku saabsan in isku xirka uu sameeyay qoraaga asalka ah.) ===<span class="anchor" id="Block quotations"></span><span class="anchor" id="Block quotes"></span>Block quotations=== {{Shortcut|MOS:BQ|MOS:BLOCKQUOTE}} U format-garee xigashoda dheer (ka badan 40 eray ama poynti yar oo xarfo ah, ama ka kooban ka badan hal paragraph, iyadoo aan loo eegin dheerka) sida [[block quotation]], iyadoo la isticmaalayo moodalka {{tlx|blockquote}}. Qoraalka lagu muujiyay block quotations iyo quote boxes (eeg ka hooseeya) waa inuusan laikiisu noqon mid lagu duubay calaamadaha xigmadda (ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda waaweyn, "decorative"-style). Block quotations iyo quote boxes oo isticmaalaya luga background ah sidoo kale ma lagu hagal-garayo. Isticmaal {{tnull|blockquote}} iyo markup-ka la midka ah kaliya xigashooyinka dhabta ah; [[#Indentation|indentation-ka sababaha kale]] waxaa loo sameeyay foom kale. Waa heshiis in lagu hor maro block quotation jumlad hordhac ah (ama qayb jumlad ah) oo lagu daro citation-ka tixraaca xarkaas. Alternativamente, moodalka {{tnull|blockquote}} wuxuu bixiyaa parameters ee attribution iyo citation oo ka muuqan doona ka hooseeya xigashoda. {{crossref|pw=y|(Ee isticmaalka dashes leh attributions, eeg {{section link||Other uses for em dashes}}.)}} Qaabkan attribution-ka ee ka hooseeya xigashoda waxaa loo intended-gareeyay xigashooyinka caanka ah oo ma aha caadi maqaallada sababtoo ah wuxuu ku oki lahaa tone aan habboonayn. Xigasho aan lahayn tixraac loo tixraacay waa in lagu calaamadeeyo {{tlx|quote without source}}, ama la baabi'iyo. Maadaama line breaks iyo indentation caadi ahaan lagu baabi'iyo ku dhex jirta {{tnull|blockquote}} ama {{tag|blockquote|o}}, isticmaal {{xtag|poem}} ama {{tlx|poem quote}} gabayada, lyrics, iyo maaddada la midka ah. Maaddadaas waxaa sidoo cuali ahaan loo xigtay karaa inline, leh line breaks oo lagu muujiyay <code><nowiki>{{nbsp}}/</nowiki></code>, iyo paragraph ama stanza breaks oo lagu muujiyay <code><nowiki>{{nbsp}}//</nowiki></code>. Tusaale ahaan: {{xt|"And, as in uffish thought he stood,{{nbsp}}/ The Jabberwock, with eyes of flame,{{nbsp}}/ Came whiffling through the tulgey wood,{{nbsp}}/ And burbled as it came!{{nbsp}}// One, two! One, two! And through and through{{nbsp}}/ The vorpal blade went snicker-snack!"}} {{Shortcut|MOS:BOXQUOTE|MOS:PQ|MOS:PULLQUOTE}} {{va|Pull quotes|Pull quote|Pull quotations|nocquote|text={{tlx|Quote box}} waa alternative ee inline quote ama block quote. Quote boxes waxaa lagu muujiyaa foom gaar ah (la mid ah sawirrada) oo waxay ugu wanaagsan yihiin xigashooyinka muhiimka ah ama sanado ah. Waxay samayn karaan [[WP:POV|point of view]] ama [[WP:UNDUE|undue weight]] arrimo, sababtoo ah xigashooyinka ma lagu lagayo xaaladda ama ma lagu ammaan goyo qoraalka maqaalka. Sidaas darteed, waa in loo isticmaalo si dhibco leh.}} [[Pull quote]]s ma aha kuwo ka mid ah maqaallada Wikipedia. Kuwani waa [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not news|news iyo magazine style]] oo ku saabsan "pulling" maaddada horey ku dhex jirtay maqaalka si loo dib-u-isticmaalo xigashooyinka decorative-ka ah ee soo jiidata attention-ka. Qaabkan unencyclopedic-ka ah waa foom ka mid ah [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Editorializing|editorializing]], wuxuuna soo saaraa [[Wikipedia:Writing better articles#Provide context for the reader|out-of-context]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Due and undue weight|undue emphasis]], oo wuxuu [[Wikipedia:No original research|keeni karaa akhristaha go'aanno]] aan lagu taageerin maaddada. Xigashoda badan ee qoraalka la dhowray (haddii ay u format-gareeyay sida blockquote ama kale, oo xataa haddii lagu credited-gareeyay tixraaciisa) waa la xannibay. Eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Quotations#Copyrighted material and fair use}}. ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign-language quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka aan English-ka ahayn=== {{Shortcut|MOS:FOREIGNQUOTE|}} Xigashooyinka ka soo baxday tixraacyada aan English-ka ahayn waa inay ka muuqdaan turjumaad loo beddelay English, ugu wanaagsan mid cusub{{efn|name=recent}}. Xigashooyinka ah turjumaada waa in si toos ah loo kala saaro kuwa aan ahayn. Muuji tixraaca asalka ah ee turjumaada (haddii uu yahay mid la heley karo, oo aan markii ugu horreysay lagu daabacin ku dhex jirta Wikipedia), iyo luqadda asalka ah (haddii aysan caddayn xaaladda). Haddii qoraalka asalka ah ee aan la turjumin uu yahay mid la heley karo, bixi tixraac iyada ama ku dar iyada, sida habboon. Marka tifaftireyaasha laikiisu ay turjumaan qoraalka loo beddelo English,{{efn|[[Wikipedia:No original research#Translations and transcriptions|Turjumaada laikiisu ma u baahna tixraac marka uu sameeyo tifaftire]]; laakiin xigashooyinka loo isticmaalay ku dhex jirta [[WP:REF|tixraacyada]], [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Quoting|turjumaada ka soo baxday tixraacyada lagu aamini karo waa ka wanaagsan yihiin]], ama [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Citing|tixraacyada luqadda English-ka ee ka wanaagsan]] .}} daryeel waa in mar walba loo qaado si lagu dhex jiro qoraalka asalka ah, {{em|[[MOS:FOREIGNITALIC|ku dhex jira italics]]}} ([[MOS:BADITALICS|marka laga reebo dhismaha scripts-ka aan Latin-ka ahayn]], oo ugu wanaagsan lagu sameyo moodallada {{tlx|lang}} ama {{tlx|langx}}, oo labaduba italics-gareynaya sida habboon oo bixinaya luqadda metadata); iyo si loo isticmaalo erayada dhabta ah iyo (haddii ay suurtogal tahay) erayada caadiga ah ee English-ka ku dhex jira turjumaada. Ilaa aad ka si dhab ah uga ogaato competency-gaaga aad wax ku turjumayso, eeg [[Wikipedia:Translation]] si aad u hesho taageero. ==Punctuation== {{Shortcut|MOS:PUNCT}} {{For|a brief guide to how some punctuation marks are used in Wikipedia for special purposes, e.g., [[Help:List#List basics|description lists]]|Help:Punctuation}} ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign characters that resemble apostrophes"></span>Apostrophes=== {{Shortcut|MOS:'|MOS:APOSTROPHE}} *Isticmaal [[straight apostrophe]]s ({{big|{{mxt|'}}}}), ma aha [[curly apostrophe]]s ({{big|{{!mxt|’}}}}). Ha isticmaalin accent marks ama [[backtick]]s ({{big|{{!mxt|`}}}}) sida apostrophes. *Moodallada sida {{tlx|`}} iyo {{tlx|`s}} waxay leeyihiin taageero marka apostrophe (ama single quote) ka muuqdo bilowga ama dhamaadka qoraalka ku dhex jira italics ama bold, sababtoo ah italics iyo bold laikiisu waxaa lagu muujiyaa noocyada single quotes. **Marka apostrophe raaco qoraalka italics-ka ah, {{tlx|'}} ama {{tlx|'s}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si looga fogaado xarafka ugu dambeeya ee qoraalka dhanka midig ah inuu isku xiro apostrophe-ka. Tusaale: {{xt|the ''Iliad''{{'s}} themes}} (markup: {{nobreak|<code><nowiki>the ''Iliad''{{'s}} themes</nowiki></code>}}). *Xarfaha u okiya apostrophes iyo curly quotes, sida [[{{okina}}okina]] ({{mxt|{{okina}}}}{{snd}}la dhex geliyo iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|okina}}), [[Saltillo (linguistics)|saltillo]] ({{mxt|{{saltillo}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|saltillo}}), Hebrew [[ayin]] ama Arabic ʿayn ({{mxt|{{ayin}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|ayin}}), iyo Arabic [[hamza]] ({{mxt|{{hamza}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|hamza}}), waa in lagu muujiyo moodalladaas ama xarfaha laikiis ee [[Unicode]]. (Basic Arabic transliteration, oo isticmaala ASCII apostrophe, waxaa ka wanaagsan xaaladaha badankooda ka magaca [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Arabic]]; xarfaha kale kani waxaa loo isticmaalaa kaliya transliteration-ka saxda ah.) **Moodallada ma loo isticmaali karo mawduucyada maqaalka; isticmaal xarafka Unicode-ka ee u dhigma toos. Per {{Section link|Wikipedia:Article titles#Special characters}}, sidoo kale samee redirection ka soo baxay foomka ASCII-ka ah si loogu taageero raadinta. Foomamka aan lahayn xarfaha apostrophe-ka oo kale marna waxaa ka wanaagsan ka magaca {{Section link|Wikipedia:Article titles# Use commonly recognizable names}} (t.s. [[Hawaii]] laakiin ma aha [[Keali{{okina}}i Reichel]]). *:{{crossref|pw=y|Sidoo kale eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles|Orthography, spelling and formatting}}}} *Ee [[Wade–Giles]] romanizations ee Mandarin Chinese, isticmaal {{tlx|wg-apos}}. *Luqadaha leh [[ejective consonants]] iyo wixii la mid ah, isticmaal {{tlx|hamza}}. *Ee Cyrillic [[soft sign]], marka lagu muujiyo dhammaan, isticmaal {{tlx|softsign}} ama {{tlx|hamza}}. *Ee isticmaalka possessive apostrophe-ka, eeg {{section link||Possessives}}. *Ee xeel-dheeraanta isticmaalka apostrophe-ka (possessive, elision, formation ee plurals qaarkood, arrimo luqadaha aan English-ka ahayn), eeg maqaalka [[Apostrophe]]. ===Calaamadaha xigmadda=== {{Shortcut|MOS:"|MOS:QUOTEMARKS|}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotations}} Maaddada ka hooseysa, term-ka ''quotation'' wuxuu ku dhex jiraa isticmaalka caadiga ah ee calaamadaha xigmadda sida mawduucyada noocyada, chapters-ka, episodes-ka, iyo wixii la mid ah. Calaamadaha xigmadda sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaalaa xaaladaha kale, sida [[#Animals, plants, and other organisms|magacyada cultivar]]. ====Calaamadaha xigmadda xarfaha==== {{Shortcut|MOS:CQ|MOS:CURLY|MOS:STRAIGHT}} *Isticmaal {{xt|{{big|<b>"</b>}}straight{{big|<b>"</b>}}}} calaamadaha xigmadda, ma aha {{!xt|{{big|<b>“</b>}}curly{{big|<b>”</b>}}}} kuwo. (Ee [[single quotes]]: {{xt|{{big|<b>'</b>}}straight{{big|<b>'</b>}}}}, ma aha {{!xt|{{big|<b>‘</b>}}curly{{big|<b>’</b>}}}}.) *Ha isticmaalin accent marks, backticks ({{!xt|{{big|'''`'''}}text{{big|'''´'''}}}}), low–high ({{!xt|„&nbsp;“}}), corner brackets ({{!xt|「&nbsp;」}}), [[guillemet]]s ({{!xt|«&nbsp;»}}), ama [[Chinese punctuation#Book title marks|title marks]] ({{!xt|《&nbsp;》}}) sida calaamadaha xigmadda (marka laga reebo marka marks-kaas ay yihiin {{em|internal}} ee qoraalka aan English-ka ahayn ee la xigtay{{snd}}eeg {{slink||Typographic conformity}}). Symbols-ka {{!xt|′}} iyo {{!xt|″}} ee ka muuqda edit window dropdowns waa "[[prime (symbol)|prime]]" iyo "double prime" sida ay u kala horreeyaan: kuwani waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loogu muujiyo [[Minute and second of arc|units of angular measurement]], oo ma aha sida apostrophes ama quote marks. *Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo apostrophes ee maaddada la import-gareeyay [[#Typographic conformity|waa in loo beddelo]] haddii ay noqoto lagama maarmaan si loo raaco sare. ====<span id="Double or single quotation marks"></span><span id="Single quotation marks"></span>Double ama single==== {{Shortcut|MOS:SINGLE|MOS:DOUBLE|}} *Badankooda xigashooyinku waxay qaataan calaamadaha xigmadda double-ka ah ({{xt|Welles said: "It was a terrible situation."}}),{{efn|1=Double quotation marks waxaa ka wanaagsan single sababtoo ah waxay si toos ah uga kala duwan yihiin apostrophes: *{{!xt|She wrote that 'Cleanthes' differs from the others', but neither opinion may represent Hume's'}} (wuxuu yareeyaa akhristaha). *{{xt|She wrote that "Cleanthes' differs from the others', but neither opinion may represent Hume's"}} (caddayn badan). }} marka laga reebo xigashooyinka ku dhex jira (eeg ka hooseeya). *Plant cultivars waxay qaataan calaamadaha xigmadda single-ka ah ({{xt|''Malus domestica'' 'Golden Delicious'}}; eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora)]]). *[[Gloss (annotation)#In linguistics|Glosses]] oo turjumaya ama definining-garaynaya terms aan la dhasheyn (marka la isticmaalayo [[MOS:WORDSASWORDS|words as words]]) waxay qaataan single quotes; glosses-ka gaaban ma u baahna comma ka hor definition-ka ({{xt|''Cossack'' originates from [[Cuman language|Cuman]] {{lang|qwm|proto=yes|qazaq}} 'freebooter'; ''republic'' comes from Latin {{lang|la|res publica}}, loosely meaning 'public affair'.}}). Moodalka {{tl|Gloss}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa tan; t.s. <code>{{tlp|lang|es|casa}} {{tlf|gloss|house}}</code> wuxuu soo saaraa: {{lang|es|casa}} {{gloss|house}}. Ee turjumaada tooska ah, moodalka {{tl|Literal translation}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa; wuxuu dhex gelyaa {{xt|lit.}} ka hor gloss-ka. ====Ee xigasho ku dhex jirta xigasho==== {{Shortcut|MOS:QWQ|}} Isticmaal single quotes: *{{xt|Darwin wrote in his introduction that "the maxim 'de minimis lex non curat' does not apply to science".}} Ee dhismaha dheeraad ah, beddel dhexda single iyo double quotes: *{{xt|He said, "That book asserts, 'Confucius said "Everything has beauty, but not everyone sees it.{{" ' "}}}} Ee quote marks ee uusocodka tooska ah, ku dar space yar iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{nowrap|{{tl|" '}}}}, {{nowrap|{{tl|' "}}}}, ama (sida tusaale ahaan halkan loo dhiibay) {{nowrap|{{tl|" ' "}}}}: *{{xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!{{' "}}}} Markup: <code>He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!{{tl|' "}}</code> *{{!xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!'"}} (jamming garaynta waxyaabaha waxay u okisaa si xun fonts badankooda) *{{!xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!'{{nbsp}}"}} (space caadi ah wuxuu leeyahay inta badan) ====<span id="Quotation marks in article openings"></span>Bilowga maqaalka==== {{Shortcut|MOS:BOLDQUOTE}} Qoraalka bold-ka ah oo caadi ahaan ka muuqda bilowga maqaalka: *Calaamad kasta oo xigmadda ah oo qayb ka mid ah mawduuca waa in ay noqoto bold sida qaybta hartay ee mawduuca. **Ka soo baxay ''[["A" Is for Alibi]]'': {{xt|'''''"A" Is for Alibi''''' is a mystery novel&nbsp;...}} *Calaamadaha xigmadda ee {{em|aan}} qayb ka mid ah mawduuca ma aha in ay noqdaan bold. **Ka soo baxay [[Jabberwocky]]: {{xt|"'''Jabberwocky'''" is a nonsense poem&nbsp;...}} **Ka soo baxay [[Babe Ruth]]: {{xt|'''George Herman''' "'''Babe'''" '''Ruth''' was an American baseball player&nbsp;...}} {{crossref|pw=y|(Sidoo kale eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography|Nicknames}}.)}} ====Punctuation ka hor xigashooyinka==== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTEPUNCT}} Haddii dhisma aan la xigtay laakiin kale oo u dhigma uu shaqayn lahaa grammatically aan lahayn comma, isticmaalka comma ka hor xigasho oo lagu ammaan goyay jumlad waa dookh: *{{xt|The report stated "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} ([[wikt:cf.|Cf.]] aan la xigtay {{xt|The report stated there was a 45% reduction in transmission rate.}}) *{{xt|The report stated, "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} Qaabka aan lahayn comma ka sanado badan waxaa loo isticmaalaa xigashooyinka qaybta ah: *{{xt|The report observed "a 45% reduction in transmission rate".}} Comma waxaa loo baahan yahay marka ay ka muuqan lahayd dhismaha oo kale haddii maaddada aan ayan ahayn xigasho: *{{xt|In Margaret Mead's view, "we must recognize the whole gamut of human potentialities" to enrich our culture.}} Ha dhex gelin comma haddii ay is-dhaafsi keeni karto ama beddeli karto macnaha: *{{xt|Caitlyn Jenner expressed concerns about children "who are coming to terms with being true to who they are".}} (Xigasho sax ah oo ka soo baxday foomka ku saabsan {{em|carruurta qaarkood}}{{snd}}gaar ahaan carruurtaas "who are coming to terms{{nbsp}}...") *{{!xt|Caitlyn Jenner expressed concerns about children, "who are coming to terms with being true to who they are".}} (Beddelaa macnaha si loogu muujiyo Jenner in ay muujinaysay concern ku saabsan {{em|dhammaan}} carruurta, inta la dhiibay in carruurtu, guud ahaan, "are coming to terms{{nbsp}}...") Waxay ka caddayn tahay in loo isticmaalo colon si loo soo bandhigo xigasho haddii ay samaynayso jumlad dhan, iyo kani waa in mar walba loo sameyo xigashooyinka jumlado badan leeh: *{{xt|The report stated: "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} *{{xt|In a letter to his son, Albert Einstein wrote: "Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance you must keep moving."}} Punctuation dheeraad ah ma aha mid lagama maarmaan ah ee tooska ah [[#Words as words|words-as-words]] xaaladda: *{{xt|The message was unintelligible except for the fragments "help soon" and "how much longer before".}} ====<span class="anchor" id="Quotation marks-Titles"></span><span id="Quotation marks with names and titles"></span>Magacyada iyo mawduucyada==== {{/titles hatnote include|where=MOS#P-QM-N&T}} Calaamadaha xigmadda waa in loo isticmaalo magacyada iyo mawduucyada soo socda: {{columns-list|colwidth=27em| *Maqaallada iyo chapters-ka (buugaagta iyo periodicals waa italics) *Sheekooyinka gaaban (buugaagta iyo periodicals waa italics) *Qaybaha muusigga (pieces waa italics) *Strips-ka gaarka ah ee comics iyo webcomics (comics waa italics) *Gabayada (gabayada dheer ama epic waa italics) *Noocyada (albums, song cycles, operas, operettas, iyo oratorios waa italics) *Episodes-ka gaarka ah ee taxanaha TV-ga iyo radio-ga iyo [[Serial (radio and television)|serials]] (mawduuca taxanaha waa italics){{efn|1="Mawduuca taxanaha waa italics" wuxuu isticmaalayaa ''taxanaha'' si loogu macneeyo show-ga dhan. Season (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay ''series'' ee British English-ka) leh mawduuciisa laikiis wuxuu isticmaalaa calaamadaha xigmadda mawduucaas, sida sub-work.}} }} {{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The Beatles wrote "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" for their album ''Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band''.}} Ha isticmaalin calaamadaha xigmadda ama italics ee qoraallada hore, concert tours, meelaha, cibaadooyinka, myths, iyo epics. (Kuwa badan, laakiin ma aha dhammaan, oo ka mid ah waxyaabahaani [[#Titles of works|waa inay sidoo kale ku dhex jirin title case]].) ====<span class="anchor" id="LP"></span><span class="anchor" id="LQ"></span><span class="anchor" id="TQ"></span><span class="anchor" id="logical quotes"></span><span id="Punctuation inside or outside quotation marks"></span>Punctuation ku dhex jirta ama ka baxsan==== {{Shortcut|MOS:LQ|MOS:LOGICAL|MOS:INOROUT}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Logical quotation on Wikipedia|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Effect on nearby punctuation}}<!-- Another kind of punctuation "in or out". EDITORS PLEASE NOTE: Changes to this section may escalate into heated dispute. Please consider raising any proposed changes for discussion and consensus-building on the talk page before editing. --> Isticmaal qaabka [[logical quotation]] dhammaan maqaallada, iyadoo aan loo eegin nooca English-ka oo lagu qoray. Ku dar punctuation-ka dhamaadka ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda kaliya haddii uu ka muuqday maaddada asalka ah, oo haddii kale u lag ka dambaysta calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. Qaybta badankeeda, kani wuxuu macneynayaa u treats-garaynta periods iyo commas foomkaas oo kale sida question marks: sii wad ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda haddii ay ku dabaqmaan kaliya maaddada la xigtay iyo ka baxsan haddii ay ku dabaqmaan jumlada dhan. Tusaalooyinka waxaa loo dhiibay ka hooseeya. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Did Darla say, "Here I am"?}} (question mark wuxuu ku dabaqmaa jumlada dhan) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|Did Darla say, "Here I am?"}} (aan sax ahayn in lagu dabaqo question mark xigashoda) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Darla said, "Where am I?"}} (question mark wuxuu ku dabaqmaa maaddada la xigtay kaliya) Haddii xigashodu ay tahay eray gaar ah ama qayb jumlad ah, u lag punctuation-ka dhamaadka ka baxsan calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. Marka aad xigtayso jumlad dhan, dhamaadka oo u dhigma dhamaadka jumlada ku dhex jirta, u lag punctuation-ka dhamaadka ku dhex jira calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. *{{xt|Miller wanted, he said, "to create something timeless".}} *{{xt|Miller said: "I wanted to create something timeless."}} Haddii jumlada la xigtay ay raacdo [[clause]] oo waa in uu ka horreeyo comma, ka tag [[full stop]] (period), iyo ha u beddelin comma {{em|ku dhex jirta}} xigashoda.{{efn|Kani waa foomka ugu muhiimsan oo uu logical quotation ku kala duwan yahay isticmaalka punctuation-ka wargaysyada British-ka, halka publishers badan ay u ilayeeyaan beddelkaas maaddada la xigtay, oo ka aghas ah saxnaanta dhismaha logical punctuation-ka.}} Terminal punctuation kale, sida question marks ama exclamation marks, waxaa lagu dhowri karaa. *{{xt|Livingston then said, "It is done", and turned to the people.}} *{{xt|Livingston then exclaimed, "It is done!", and turned to the people.}} Haddii jumlada la xigtay ay raacdo clause oo aqoonsanaya speaker-ka, isticmaal comma ka baxsan calaamadda xigmadda halkii full stop ku dhex jira, laakiin sii wad terminal punctuation kasta oo kale, sida question mark. *{{xt|"There is no strife, no prejudice, no national conflict in outer space as yet", said Kennedy.}} *{{xt|By asking "Who are you?", she prompts John to tell his story.}} Ha raacin erayada ama qaybaha la xigtay commas ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda, marka laga reebo halka xigasho dheer lagu baabi'iyay iyo comma uu yahay qayb ka mid ah xigashoda dhan. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change, opening the way to confidence and courage", said Turner.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change," said Turner, "opening the way to confidence and courage."}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change, opening the way", said Turner, "to confidence and courage."}} *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|"I began to change, opening the way," said Turner, "to confidence and courage."}} ==== Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo isqu xirka ka baxsan ==== Isqu xirka ka baxsan ee u socda mawduucyada maqaallada waa in ay leeyihiin mawduuca ku dhex jira quotes ku dhex jira isqu xirka. Moodallada tixraaca ee [[Help:Citation Style 1|CS1]] iyo [[Help:Citation Style 2|CS2]] waxay sameynayaan tan si otomaatig ah, iyo tixraacyada aan moodalka lahayn waa inay sameeyaan foomkan oo kale. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|{{cite news |last1=Kiefer |first1=Francine |title=Clinton: The Early Years |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |date=May 29, 1998 |ref=none}}}} (Isticmaalka {{tl|cite news}}) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt| Kiefer, Francine (May 29, 1998). [https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html "Clinton: The Early Years"]. ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''.}} (Aan moodal lahayn) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt| Kiefer, Francine (May 29, 1998). "[https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html Clinton: The Early Years]". ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''.}} (Aan moodal lahayn) ==== Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo isqu xirka ku dhex jira ==== Isqu xirka ku dhex jira (wikilinks) oo ay la socdaan calaamadaha xigmadda caadi ahaan waa inay leeyihiin quotes ka baxsan isqu xirka. Kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa mawduucyada shaqaalaha ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda (noocyada, episodes-ka, iyo wixii la mid ah) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Play it, Sam. Play "[[As Time Goes By (song)|As Time Goes By]]".}} (Isticmaalka <code><nowiki>"[[ ]]"</nowiki></code>.) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|Play it, Sam. Play [[As Time Goes By (song)|"As Time Goes By"]].}} (Isticmaalka <code><nowiki>[[" "]]</nowiki></code>.) Laakiin, calaamadaha xigmadda waxaa loo baahan yahay ku dhex jira wikilinks marka calaamadda xigmadda ay tahay qayb ka mid ah isqu xirka, ama halka qoraalka isqu xirka leh ee muuqda uu ku dhex jiro calaamadaha xigmadda oo muujinaya slang, nicknames, magacyada caadiga ah, ama isticmaalka la midka ah. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The term ''soccer'' comes from [[Oxford "-er"|Oxford {{nowrap|"-er"}}]] slang, which was prevalent at the [[University of Oxford]] in England from about 1875...}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|A Cockney accent [[Rhoticity in English|drops the "r"]] after a vowel.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The [[Dynamo Sports Club|Proletarian Sports Society "Dynamo"]] was established in Moscow in 1923.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|President Suharto's [[New Order (Indonesia)|"New Order"]] administration received US support for its economic policies.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Japan's [[Lost Decades|"Lost Decades"]] began in 1991.}} ===Brackets iyo parentheses=== {{Shortcut|MOS:()|MOS:BRACKETS}} {{Redirect|MOS:PAREN|use of parentheses (round brackets) in article titles|WP:Article titles#Parenthetical disambiguation|deprecated inline parenthetical citations|WP:Citing sources#Parenthetical referencing}} Qaybtan waxay ku dabaqmaysaa labadaba round brackets {{xt|(&nbsp;)}}, sidoo cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay [[Bracket|parentheses]], iyo square brackets {{xt|[&nbsp;]}}. Haddii jumlad ay ku dhex jirto foom bracketed ah, u lag punctuation-ka jumlada ka baxsan brackets-ka {{xt|(sida halkan loo muujiyay).}} Laakiin, halka hal ama ka badan jumlado ay ku dhex jiraan brackets-ka dhan, u lag punctuation-kooda ku dhex jira brackets-ka. Waa inuusan jirin space dhow dhanka ku dhex jira ee bracket-ka. Bracket-ka oo starts-garoogaya caadi ahaan waa inuu ka horreeyo space. Kani ma noqon karo xaaladda haddii uu ka horreeyo calaamad xigmadda oo starts-garoogaysa, bracket kale oo starts-garoogaya, ama qayb ka mid ah eray: *{{xt|He rose to address the meeting: "(Ahem)&nbsp;... Ladies and gentlemen, welcome!"}} *{{xt|Only the royal characters in the play ([Prince] Hamlet and his family) habitually speak in blank verse.}} *{{xt|We journeyed on the Inter[continental].}} *{{xt|Most people are right-handed. (Some people are left-handed, but that does not make right-handed people "better" than left-handed people.)}} Waa inuu jiro space ka dambeeya bracket-ka xiritaanka, marka laga reebo halka punctuation mark uu raaco (inkastoo spaced dash uu sii wadi doono space ka dambeeya bracket-ka xiritaanka) iyo xaaladaha aan caadiga ahayn ee la midka ah kuwa lagu tirtiray bracket-ka starts-garoogaya. Ka fogao kooxaha dhow ee brackets-ka. Mid ka mid ah u lag foomamka parenthetical-ka ah ku dhex jirta hal koox oo lagu kala saaray semicolons, ama dib-u-qor: *{{em|Ka fogao}}: {{!xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919) (also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader.}} *{{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: {{xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919; also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader.}} *{{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: {{xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader. He was also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv.}} Square brackets waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loogu muujiyo beddelka tifaftirka iyo dhex-gelinta ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka, inkastoo kani waligeed ma aha inuu beddelo macnaha loo intended-gareeyay. Waxay u adeegaan saddex sababood oo waaweyn: *Si loo caddayo: {{xt|She attended [secondary] school}}, halka kani uu ahaa macnaha loo intended-gareeyay, laakiin nooca school-ka uusan ahayn mid lagu dhiibay jumlada asalka ah. *Si loo yareeyo dheerka xigashoda: {{xt|X contains Y, and under certain circumstances, X may contain Z as well}} waxaa loo yareeyn karaa {{xt|X contains Y [and sometimes Z]}}. Marka ellipsis ({{xt|...}}) loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo maaddada ka baxday xigashoda tooska ah, caadi ahaan ma aha in lagu duubo bracket. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Ellipses}} si aad u ogaato xaaladda gaarka ah.)}} *Si loo sameyo grammar-ka inuu shaqeeyo: Tixraacaya foomka dadka {{xt|"I hate to do laundry"}}, ein wuxuu sax ah ugu qori karaa {{xt|She "hate[s] to do laundry"}}. Haddii jumlad ay ku dhex jirta maaddo subsidiary ah oo lagu duubay square ama round brackets, waa in ay sii wadato terminal punctuation {{em|ka dambaysa}} brackets-kaas, iyadoo aan loo eegin punctuation kasta oo ku dhex jira brackets-ka. {{Block indent|{{xt|She refused all requests (except for basics such as food, medicine, etc.).}}}} Laakiin, haddii jumlada dhan ay ku dhex jirta brackets-ka, punctuation-ka xiritaanka wuxuu ku dhex jiraa brackets-ka. {{xt|(This sentence is an example.)}} ====Brackets iyo isqu xirka==== Square brackets ku dhex jira isqu xirka waa inay noqdaan kuwo [[Escape character|escaped]] ah: {| class="wikitable" | He said, "<code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[[John Doe|John &amp;#91;Doe&amp;#93;]]</nowiki>}}</code> answered." || He said, "[[John Doe|John &#91;Doe&#93;]] answered." |- | He said, "<code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[[John Doe|John {{bracket|Doe}}]]</nowiki>}}</code> answered." || He said, "[[John Doe|John {{bracket|Doe}}]] answered." |- | <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[https://example.com On the first day &amp;#91;etc.&amp;#93;]</nowiki>}}</code> || [https://example.com On the first day &#91;etc.&#93;] |- | <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[https://example.com On the first day {{bracket|etc.}}]</nowiki>}}</code> || [https://example.com On the first day {{bracket|etc.}}] |} Markup-ka {{xtag|nowiki}} sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaali karaa: {{tag|nowiki|content=[Doe]}} ama {{tag|nowiki|content=[etc.]}}. Haddii URL laikiisu uu ku dhex jiro square brackets, wikitext-ku waa inuu isticmaalo foomka [[URL encoding|URL-encoded]] ah <code><nowiki>https://</nowiki>example.com/foo.php?query={{bxt|%5B}}xxx{{bxt|%5D}}yyy</code>, halkii&nbsp;...<code>query={{!bxt|&#91;}}xxx{{!bxt|&#93;}}yyy</code>. Kani wuxuu ka fogaan doonaa baabi'inta isqu xirka ka dambaysa <code>xxx</code>. ====Angle brackets==== :''Ee guillemets («&nbsp;»), eeg {{section link|#Quotation characters}}'' Angle brackets (⟨&nbsp;⟩) waxaa loo isticmaalaa mawduucyada tignoolajiyada ee kala duwan, sida physics-ka ee [[bra–ket notation]] iyo [[Expectation value (quantum mechanics)|expectation value]] (t.s. {{xt|⟨''φ''{{!}}''ψ''⟩}}), mathematics-ka ee [[presentation of a group]], iyo linguistics-ka si loogu muujiyo [[grapheme]]s (t.s. {{xt|the digraph ⟨sh⟩}}). Ha isticmaalin less-than iyo greater-than signs (<&nbsp;>) sida angle brackets (t.s. {{!xt|<''φ''{{!}}''ψ''>}}, {{!xt|the digraph <sh>}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipses"></span><span class="anchor" id="..."></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis style"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis function and implementation"></span>Ellipses=== {{Shortcut|MOS:...|MOS:ELLIPSIS|}} Isticmaal ''[[ellipsis]]'' haddii maaddadu ay ka baxday xigashoda, ilaa square brackets loo isticmaalo si loo [[Gloss (annotation)|gloss]] xigashoda. *Ee prose iyo non-LaTeX mathematics formulae, ellipses waxaa lagu qoraa iyadoo la isticmaalayo saddex unspaced dots ({{xt|<code>...</code>}}); ha isticmaalin xarafka precomposed ellipsis-ka ah ({{!xt|<code>…</code>}})<!-- Possibly we should explain the precomposed character in terms of its code point or something --> ama saddex dots oo lagu kala saaray spaces {{nobr|({{!xt|<code>. . .</code>}})}} *Caadi ahaan, isticmaal non-breaking space ka hor ellipsis iyo space caadi ah ka dambaystiisa: {{nobr|{{xt|Alpha, Bravo,{{tl|nbsp}}... Zulu}}}} *Haddii ellipsis uu raaco <code>.&nbsp;?&nbsp;!&nbsp;:&nbsp;;&nbsp;,&nbsp;)&nbsp;]&nbsp;}</code> ama calaamad xigmadda oo xiritaanka ah (single ama double), ka tag space-ka ka dambaysa. U lag terminal punctuation ku dhex jira quote-ka kaliya haddii uu yahay mid muhiim ah qoraalka, sida caadi ahaan ah xaaladda exclamation marks iyo question marks laakiin dhifka ah periods: *: {{xt|Jones wrote: "These stories amaze me. The facts suffer so frightfully{{tlf|nbsp}}...".}} *: {{xt|"But what of the other cities? London, Paris{{tlf|nbsp}}...?"}} * Haddii ellipsis uu toos u raaco calaamad xigmadda oo starts-garoogaysa, kaliya isticmaal non-breaking space ka dambaystiisa: *: {{xt|He continued to pursue Smith ("...{{tlf|nbsp}}to the ends of the earth", he had sworn) until his own death.}} *{{Visible anchor|text=Si loo kala saaro ellipsis oo muujinaya qoraalka ka baxay iyo mid ka mid ah quote-ka, waxaad ku duubi kartaa kan kowaad square brackets: {{xt|She retorted: "How do I feel? How do you {{em|think}} I&nbsp;... This is too much!&nbsp;[...] Take me home!"}}|With square brackets}} *{{Visible anchor|text=Marka ellipsis loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo pause ama suspense ee speech-ka, sii wad punctuation-ka asalka ah: {{xt|Virginia's startled reply was "Could he&nbsp;...? No, I can't believe it!"}}. Marka loo isticmaalo ku dhex jira eray aan dhammaystirnayn, ma jiro space loo isticmaalo dhexda erayga qaybtiisa iyo ellipsis-ka: {{xt|The garbled transmission ended with "We are stranded near San L...o", interpreted as either San Leandro or San Lorenzo.}}|Pause or suspension of speech}} *In LaTeX-formatted mathematics formulae, isticmaal LaTeX markup-ka saxda ah ee lowered dots (<code>\dots</code>, <math>\dots</math>) ama xarfaha precomposed-ka ah oo leeh dots meelaha kale (sida centered ama diagonal, ⋯, ⋰, ama ⋱) ===<span class="anchor" id="fewer commas"></span>Commas=== {{Shortcut|MOS:,|MOS:COMMA}} Pair ka mid ah [[comma]]s wuxuu bracket-garayn karaa [[appositive]], [[relative clause]], ama [[parenthetical phrase]] (sida brackets ama dashes, inkastoo leh interruption dheeraad ah ee jumlada). Tusaale ahaan: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|John Smith, Janet Cooper's son, is a well-known playwright.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Janet Cooper's son John Smith is a well-known playwright.}} (marka Janet ay leedahay sons badan) {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Janet Cooper's son, John Smith, is a well-known playwright.}} (marka Janet ay leedahay kaliya hal son) {{!}}} }} Mar walba isticmaal {{em|pair}} ka mid ah commas ee tan, ilaa punctuation mark kale uu qaado meesha comma-ka labaad: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Blunt comments came from the newest member, John Smith.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|The newest member, John Smith{{snd}}a retired teacher{{snd}}was blunt.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|The newest member, John Smith was blunt.}}<!-- There's actually a way to parse this such that it would be acceptable in some styles, but WP articles don't use such styles. --> {{!}}} }} Ha u ilayn punctuation-ka kale inuu kaaga baabi'iyo u baahnaanta comma, gaar ahaan marka comma uu collided-garayyo bracket ama parenthesis: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Burke and Wills, fed by locals (on beans, fish, and ''ngardu''), survived for a few months.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Burke and Wills, fed by locals (on beans, fish, and ''ngardu'') survived for a few months.}} {{!}}} }} {{Shortcut|MOS:GEOCOMMA}} {{vanchor|Geographical references|text=In geographical references oo ku dhex jiraan heerarka badan ee subordinate divisions (t.s. city, state/province, country), comma wuxuu kala saaraa element kasta wuxuuna raacaa element-ka ugu dambeeya ilaa uu raaco terminal punctuation ama parenthesis-ka xiritaanka. Element-ka ugu dambeeya waxaa loo treats-garaysay sida [[Wikipedia:Basic copyediting#Parenthetical comma|parenthetical]].}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|He traveled through North Carolina before staying in Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the night.}}<!-- About a 10-hour drive if he started in Virginia Beach and passed through Winston-Salem. --> {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|He traveled through North Carolina before staying in Chattanooga, Tennessee for the night.}} {{!}}} }} Sidoo kale ku dar commas marka geographical element-ka loo isticmaalo sida disambiguator: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Hantratty received a PhD from the University of California, Irvine, in 1977.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Hantratty received a PhD from the University of California, Irvine in 1977.}} {{!}}} }} Ku dar comma labaad sidoo kale marka dhismaha leh comma [[Grammatical modifier|modifies-garayyo]] noun ama compound noun: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Keith Wilson won the 2024 Portland, Oregon, mayoral election.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Keith Wilson won the 2024 Portland, Oregon mayoral election.}} {{!}}} }} {{shortcut|MOS:DATECOMMA}} {{vanchor|Date commas|text=[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Dates, months, and years|Dates]] ku dhex jira month–day–year format waxay u baahan yihiin comma ka dambaysa day-ka, iyo sidoo kale ka dambaysa year-ka, ilaa ay raacdo punctuation kale. Element-ka ugu dambeeya waxaa loo treats-garaysay sida [[Wikipedia:Basic copyediting#Parenthetical comma|parenthetical]].}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|He set October 1, 2011, as the deadline for Patterson to meet his demands.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|He set October 1, 2011 as the deadline for Patterson to meet his demands.}} {{!}}} }} {{shortcut|MOS:QUOTECOMMA}} {{vanchor|Quotation commas|text= U lag calaamadaha xigmadda iyadoo la raacayo {{Section link||Punctuation inside or outside}}. Kani waxaa loo intended-gareeyay "logical quotation".}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Sax:}} {{!}} {{xt|She said, "The weather changes too often", and made other complaints.}} {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}} {{!xt|She said, "The weather changes too often," and made other complaints.}} {{!}}} }} Comma waxaa lagu dhex jiri karaa ka hor xigasho oo lagu ammaan goyay jumlad {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}})}}. ====<span class="anchor" id="Serial comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Oxford comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Oxford commas"></span><span class="anchor" id="Harvard comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Harvard commas"></span>Serial commas==== {{Shortcut|MOS:SERIAL|MOS:OXFORD||}} {{Redirect|MOS:OXFORD|Oxford spelling|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling#British English with "-ize" (Oxford spelling)}} A [[serial comma]] (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay ''Oxford comma'' ama ''Harvard comma'') waa comma loo isticmaalo toos ka hor conjunction (''and'', ''or'', ''nor'') ku dhex jirta liiska saddex ama ka badan items. {{Block indent|{{xt|ham, chips, and eggs}}{{spnd}}serial comma}} {{Block indent|{{xt|ham, chips and eggs}}{{spnd}}aan lahayn serial comma}} Tifaftireyaasha waxay isticmaali karaan mid ka mid ah heshiiska ilaa maqaal kasta uu yahay joogto ah ku dhex jirta. Serial commas waxay ka taageeraan badan marka qoraalka maqaalku uu yahay dhibco leh, sida liiska oo leh multi-word items (gaar ahaan haddii mid uu ku dhex jiro laikiis "''and''{{-"}}) ama nooc ka mid ah terms aan la dhasheyn oo laga yaabo. Laakiin, waxaa jira xaalado halka ka-tagista ama ku-darida serial comma ay keento is-dhaafsi: {{Block indent|{{!xt|The author thanked her friends, Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley}}{{spnd}}oo tirtiri kara mid ka mid ah afar ama ka badan dad ah (friends-ka iyo labada dad ee la magacaabay) ama laba dad ah (O'Connor iyo Marley, oo ah friends-ka).}} {{Block indent|{{!xt|The author thanked a friend, Sinéad O'Connor, and Bob Marley}}{{spnd}}oo tirtiri kara mid ka mid ah laba dad ah (O'Connor, oo ah friend-ka, iyo Marley) ama saddex dad ah (kan kowaad oo ah friend-ka, kan labaad O'Connor, iyo kan saddexaad Marley).}} Xaaladahaas is-dhaafsiga ah, cadday mid ka mid ah afar foom: *Ku dar ama baabi'i serial comma-ka. *Isticmaal jumlado gaar ah, bullet lists, ama beddelka dhismaha kale si loo caddayo. *Recast-garee jumlada ("friends" xaaladda): **Si loo tirtiro laba dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked her friends Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley.}} ***Caddayn badan: {{xt|The author thanked two friends: Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley.}} **Si loo tirtiro dad badan: **: {{xt|The author thanked Sinéad O'Connor, Bob Marley and her friends}} ama **: {{xt|The author thanked Sinéad O'Connor, Bob Marley, and her friends}}. ***Laakiin ma aha: {{!xt|The author thanked Bob Marley, Sinéad O'Connor[,] and her friends}}{{spnd}}soo bandhigaa is-dhaafsi ku saabsan ''her''. *Recast-garee jumlada ("friend" xaaladda): **Si loo tirtiro laba dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked Bob Marley and her friend Sinéad O'Connor.}} ***Ama noqo mid gaar ah marka ay suurtogal tahay: {{xt|The author thanked her childhood friend Sinéad O'Connor and her mentor, Bob Marley.}} **Si loo tirtiro saddex dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked Bob Marley, Sinéad O'Connor, and a friend.}} ***Caddaynta leh gender-specific terms sida ''mother'' waxay noqon kartaa dhibco leh; {{!xt|The author thanked her mother, Kim Thayil, and Sinéad O'Connor}} ma aha caddayn sababtoo ah akhristayaasha ma ogaankaraan [[Kim Thayil]] in uu yahay male oo ma noqon doono dadka oo kale sida mother-ka. ***Caddayn badan: {{xt|The author thanked Kim Thayil, Sinéad O'Connor, and her own mother}} ama {{xt|The author thanked her mother and musicians Kim Thayil and Sinéad O'Connor}}. ===Colons=== {{Shortcut|MOS:COLON}} {{For|the wikitext link formatting|Help:Colon trick}} A [[Colon (punctuation)|colon]] ({{xt|:}}) wuxuu soo bandhigaa wax muujinaya, sharraxaya, ama modifies-garaynaya waxa soo maray, ama ah liiska items oo dhowaan la soo bandhigay. Items-ka ku dhex jira liiskaas waxaa lagu kala saari karaa commas, ama haddii ay yihiin kuwo dhibco badan leh oo laga yaabo in ay laikiisu ku dhex jiraan commas, items-ka waa in lagu kala saaro semicolons ama lagu aaggaado bulleted list. {{Block indent|{{xt|We visited several tourist attractions: the Leaning Tower of Pisa, which I thought could fall at any moment; the Bridge of Sighs; the supposed birthplace of Petrarch, or at least the first known house in which he lived; and so many more.}}}} Colon waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa si loo soo bandhigo [[Quotation marks in English#Quotations and speech|direct speech]] oo lagu duubay calaamadaha xigmadda. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}}.)}} Marka colon loo isticmaalo sida separator ku dhex jira mawduuca maqaalka, madaxa qaybta, ama item liiska ah, tifaftireyaasha waxay dooran karaan in ay xaraf weyn ugu qoraan waxa raaca, iyadoo loo tixgelinayo [[#Retaining existing styles|isticmaalka jira]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Article titles#Consistency|joogteynta leh maqaallada la xiriira]]. Marka laga reebo isticmaalka tignoolajiyada ({{xt|a 3:1 ratio}}), ma jiro jumlad waa in ay ku dhex jirtay colons badan, ma jiro space waa in uu ka horreeyo colon, iyo space (laakiin waligeed ma aha hyphen ama dash) waa in uu raaco colon-ka. ===Semicolons=== {{Shortcut|MOS:;|MOS:SEMICOLON|}} {{for|usage in marking up description (definition) lists|Help:List#Description lists}} A [[semicolon]] ({{xt|;}}) marna waa alternative ee full stop (period), iyadoo u sahlaysa maaddada la xiriirta in lagu dhowro jumlada oo kale; waxay muujisaa kala saarisa la go'aamiyay ee jumlada marka loo eego comma. Haddii semicolon-ku uu kala saaro clauses, caadi ahaan clause kasta waa in uu noqdo mid gaar ah (macneheedu waa in uu taaggaanshaan karo laikiisu sida jumlad). Xaaladaha badankooda, kaliya comma ama kaliya semicolon wuxuu noqon doonaa sax ku dhex jira jumlad gaar ah. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Sax:}} | {{xt|Though he had been here before, I did not recognize him.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} | {{!xt|Though he had been here before; I did not recognize him.}} |} Sare, "Though he had been here before" ma taaggaanshaan karo laikiisu sida jumlad, oo sidaas darteed ma aha independent clause. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Sax:}} | {{xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit; bananas are classified as alkaline.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} | {{!xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit, bananas are classified as alkaline.}} |} Isticmaalkan aan saxda ahayn ee comma ee dhexda laba independent clauses waxaa loo intended-gareeyay [[comma splice]]; laakiin, xaaladaha qaarkood, comma waxaa loo isticmaali karaa halka semicolon wuxuu oki lahaa in loo baahan yahay: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | {{em|La accepts-garaysay}}: || {{xt|"Life is short, art is long."}} (laba clauses oo gaaban ku dhex jira [[aphorism]]; eeg ''[[Ars longa, vita brevis]]'') |- | {{em|La accepts-garaysay}}: || {{xt|"I have studied it, you have not."}} (soo sheegida wada-hadal gaaban, sida jawaabtan ee [[Isaac Newton|Newton]]) |} Jumlad waxay ku dhex jiri kartaa semicolons badan, gaar ahaan marka clauses-ku ay yihiin kuwo parallel ee dhismaha iyo macnaha; semicolons badan oo aan la xiriirin caadi ahaan waa calaamado ah in jumlada loo kala saaro jumlado gaaban ama foom kale loo dib-u-qoro. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Unwieldy}}: | {{!xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit; bananas are classified as alkaline; pears are close to neutral; these distinctions are rarely discussed.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: | {{xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit, bananas are alkaline, and pears are close to neutral; these distinctions are rarely discussed.}} |} Semicolons waxaa loo isticmaalaa ku-darida commas si loo kala saaro items ku dhex jira liiska, marka commas laikiisu ay keeni karaan jahwareer. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Jahwareer:}} | {{!xt|Sales offices are located in Boston, Massachusetts, San Francisco, California, Singapore, and Millbank, London, England.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Caddayn:}} | {{xt|Sales offices are located in Boston, Massachusetts; San Francisco, California; Singapore; and Millbank, London, England.}} |} ====Semicolon ka hor "however"==== {{Shortcut|MOS:HOWEVER}} {{Redirect|MOS:HOWEVER|its usage in editorialization|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Editorializing}} Macnaha jumlad ay ku dhex jirta trailing clause oo ku starts-garoogaysa erayga ''however'' wuxuu ku xiran yahay punctuation-ka ka horreeya eraygaas. Makhaadhaa caadi ah waa isticmaalka punctuation-ka aan saxda ahayn, iyadoo beddelaysa macnaha mid aan loo intended-gareeyn. Marka erayga ''however'' uu yahay adverb macneheedu yahay "nevertheless", waa in uu ka horreeyo semicolon oo uu raaco comma. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people; however, they tried.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people; nevertheless, they tried.}} |} Marka erayga ''however'' uu yahay conjunction macneheedu yahay "in whatever manner", ama "regardless of how", wuxuu ka horreyn karaa comma laakiin ma aha semicolon, oo waa inuusan raacin punctuation. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people, however they tried.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people, regardless of how they tried.}} |} Xaaladda kowaad, clause-ka oo ku starts-garoogaya "however" ma loo beddeli karo clause-ka kowaad; xaaladda labaad kani waxaa lagu sameyn karaa aan lahayn beddelka macnaha: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|However they tried, it was obvious they could not convert these people.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|Regardless of how they tried, it was obvious they could not convert these people.}} |} Haddii labada clauses aan loo beddeli karin, semicolon waxaa loo baahan yahay. Jumlad ama clause waxay sidoo kale ku dhex jiri kartaa erayga ''however'' dhexda, haddii uu yahay adverb macneheedu yahay "although" oo lagu lagi karay bilowga laakiin aan ku starts-garoogayn clause cusub dhexda jumlada. Isticmaalkan, erayga waxaa lagu duubi karaa dhexda commas. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|He did not know, however, that the venue had been changed at the last minute.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|However, he did not know that the venue had been changed at the last minute.}} |} ===Hyphens=== {{Shortcut|MOS:-|MOS:HYPHEN}} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Globe Toters-A Birla Preschool,Indore (cropped).jpg | image2 = Peuters_in_het_tehuis_zitten_met_zijn_allen_op_de_po,_Bestanddeelnr_252-0385.jpg | image3 = Graduates 2014 IMG 2779 (14083168633).jpg | caption1 = Four-year-old children | caption2 = Four year-old children | caption3 = Four-year old children }} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Haring 03.jpg | image2 = Great white Dyer island 2010-07.jpg | caption1 = A man {{nobr|eating fish}} | caption2 = A man-eating fish }} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Catalina_Island_Rescue_DVIDS1091019.jpg | image2 = Kintín al ataque (5189220934).jpg | caption1 = Officials help {{nobr|dog-bite victim}}. | caption2 = Officials help {{nobr|dog bite victim}}. }} [[File:Carry-On Aircraft.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|A sign {{shy|exhibiting over-eager hy|phen|a|tion}}: the second hyphen is fine, but the first is spurious.]] [[Hyphen]]s ({{xt|-}}) waxay muujiyaan conjunction. Waxaa jira saddex isticmaalka waaweyn: # In hyphenated magacyada dadka ({{xt|John Lennard-Jones}}, {{xt|Omar al-Bashir}}). # Si loogu isku xiro [[prefixes]] iyo [[suffixes]] oo leh terms-kooda waaweyn dhismaha qaarkood, [[#En dash across open compounds|ilbaa compounds-ka laikiisu ay ku dhex jiraan space ama hyphen]]: {{xt|quasi-scientific}}, {{xt|ultra-nationalistic}}, {{xt|London-based}}, {{xt|community-led}}. #*Hyphen waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loo kala saaro dhexda [[homograph]]s ({{xt|[[wikt:re-sign|re-sign]]}} macneheedu waa ''sign again'', laakiin {{xt|[[wikt:resign|resign]]}} macneheedu waa ''relinquish ownership'' ama ''leave a job''). #*Waxaa jira trend caddaynaya oo lagu ammaan goyo labada elements dhammaan noocyada English-ka ({{xt|subsection}}, {{xt|nonlinear}}). Hyphenation-ku wuxuu caddayaa marka xarfaha la keenay contact ay yihiin kuwo oo kale ({{xt|non-negotiable}}, {{xt|sub-basement}}) ama ay yihiin vowels ({{xt|pre-industrial}}), ama halka eray uu yahay mid aan caadi ahayn ({{xt|co-proposed}}, {{xt|re-target}}) ama laga yaabo in loo akhrriyo si aan sax ahayn ({{xt|sub-era}}, ma aha {{!xt|subera}}). Erayada qaarkood oo noocan ah si oo kale waa kuwo caadi ah aan lahayn hyphen-ka (t.s., {{xt|cooperation}} waxaa si joogto ah loo dhasheeyay ka badan {{xtg|co-operation}} ee English-ka cusub). Ka dhiiri erayada beddelaya macnahooda aan lahayn hyphen-ka, t.s. {{xt|re-creation}} (create again) iyo {{xt|recreation}} (amusement).{{efn|name=recent}} # {{va|Hyphens in compound modifiers|text=Si loogu isku xiro terms-ka la xiriira ee ku dhex jira [[compound modifier]]s}}:{{Efn|1=Gaar ahaan compound [[attributive adjective|attributives]], oo ah modifiers ee noun oo ka muuqda ku dhex jira [[noun phrase]]. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link|English compound#Hyphenated compound modifiers}}.)}}}} #*Hyphens waxay taageeri karaan fududaynta akhrrinta (waa inay noqdaan kuwo {{xt|ease-of-reading}} taageera) oo waxay gaar ahaan u wanaagsan yihiin noun phrases-ka dheer: {{xt|gas-phase reaction dynamics}}. Laakiin waligeed ha dhex gelin hyphen magac sax ah ({{xt|Middle Eastern cuisine}}, ma aha {{!xt|Middle-Eastern cuisine}}). #*Hyphen wuxuu taageeri karaa disambiguator-ka (qaarkood {{xt|short-story writers}} waa kuwo dheer; {{xt|a government-monitoring program}} waa program oo monitor-garaynaya xukuumadda, inta {{xt|a government monitoring program}} uu yahay program xukuumadda oo monitor-garaynaya). #*Compounds oo ah hyphenated marka loo isticmaalo {{em|[[Attributive adjective|attributively]]}} (adjectives ka hor nouns-ka ay qualified-garaynayaan: {{xt|a light-blue handbag}}, {{xt|a 34-year-old woman}}) ama {{em|[[substantive]]ly}} (sida noun: {{xt|she is a 34-year-old}}) caadi ahaan ma aha hyphenated marka loo isticmaalo {{em|[[Predicative expression|predicatively]]}} (foomka sharraxaadda leh oo lagu kala saaray noun-ka: {{xt|the handbag was light blue}}, {{xt|the woman is 34 years old}}). Halka uu ka jiri lahaa baabi'inta caddaynta laakiis, hyphen waxaa loo isticmaali karaa foomka predicative-ka ah sidoo kale ({{xt|hand-fed turkeys}}, {{xt|the turkeys were hand-fed}}). Attributive hyphenation-ka dhibco leh marna waxaa looga fogaan karaa dib-u-qorid fudud: {{xt|Hawaiian-native species}} → {{xt|native Hawaiian species}}. #*Ka fogao isticmaalka hyphen ka dambaysa heerka ''{{nowrap|-ly}}'' adverb ({{xt|a newly available home}}, {{xt|a wholly owned subsidiary}}) ilaa ay tahay qayb ka mid ah compound dheeraad ah ({{xt|a slowly-but-surely strategy}}). Xaaladaha dhifka ah, hyphen wuxuu ka wanaajin karaa caddaynta haddii alternative-ka dib loo qoray uu yahay dhibco leh, laakiin dib-u-qoriddu caadi ahaan waa ka wanaagsan tahay: {{!xt|The idea was clearly stated enough}} waxaa lagu disambiguator-gareyn karaa sida {{xt|The idea clearly was stated often enough}} ama {{xt|The idea was ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} hfg4r96qrh23i3ijgfdz4ljvzhd0oi4 310797 310796 2026-10-24T10:27:30Z Isma4l 41797 310797 wikitext text/x-wiki {{MoS guideline|WP:MOS<!-- DO NOT add more shortcuts. None are as short and popular as this one. -->}} '''Haddaha Qaabka''' ('''MoS''' ama '''MOS''') waa [[haddaha qaabka]] ee dhammaan [[Wikipedia:Waa maxay maqaal?|maqaallada]] [[Wikipedia:Soomaali|Wikipedia-ha Soomaaliga]].{{efn|Isku xirka [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility|waxyaabaha la xiriira oo la heli karo]] waxay ku dabaqmaan dhammaan mashruuca, oo ma aha oo kaliya maqaallada.}} Boggan koowaad waxaa taageera [[:Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style|boggag yar oo xeel-dheer]], oo halkan la isku gudbin karo oo lagu tirtiray [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents]]. Haddii ay ka dhalato is-diido, boggani wuxuu leeyahay ka-horreyn.{{efn|name="CONLEVEL"|Kani waa arrin siyaasadeed oo ku saabsan {{section link|Wikipedia:Consensus|Level of consensus}}: "Is-afgaradka ka dhex jira koox xaddidan oo tifaftireyaal ah, hal meel iyo hal maalin, ma baabi'in karo [[Wikipedia:Community consensus|is-afgaradka samaynta]] ee baaxadda weyn. Tusaale ahaan, ilaa ay ka dhaadhiciyaan bulshada balaadhan in aysan sax ahayn, kaqeybgalayaasha WikiProject ma go'aamin karaan in siyaasada ama hagaha Wikipedia uusan ku dabaqmin maqaallada ku dhex jira baaxadeeda." Iyo: "Wikipedia waxay leedahay heer sare oo kaqeybgal iyo is-afgarad ee beddelka siyaasadaha iyo hagayaasha marka loo eego noocyada kale ee boggaga." Boggaga ka hooseeya waxaa ku jira [[:Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style|boggaga MoS-ka ee xeel-dheeraanta]], [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Guide#Advice pages|qoraallada qaabka]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style|Haddaha Qaabka ee Fudud]].}} {{vanchor|Clarity|text=Tifaftireyaal waa inay u qoraan maqaallada iyagoo isticmaalaya luqad toos ah, gaaban, oo fudud in la fahmo. Tifaftireyaal waa inay u dhisaan maqaallada qaabeyn joogto ah oo u sahlanaata akhristaha.}} {{va|Stability|text=Haddii ka badan hal qaab ama foom lagu aamini karo MoS-ka, mid waa in loo isticmaalo madal kasta oo ku dhex jirta maqaalka oo [[#Retaining existing styles|aan la beddelin]] sabab wanaagsan la'aanteed. [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|Tifaftirka dagaalka]] ee ku saabsan doorashooyinka qaabka ma aha mid la accepts karo.{{efn|name="ew"|Arrrimahaani waxaa lagu xalliyay go'aannada [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|Guddiga Garsoorka]] ee [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk#Optional styles|2005]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan#Preferred styles|2006]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Date delinking#Optional styles|2009]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Infoboxes#Use of infoboxes|2015]].}} Qoraal cusub oo lagu daro boggan waa inuu toos u xalliyo arrin qaab oo si joogto ah u soo noqnoqota.}} {{TOC limit|3}} ==Dhonsashada qaababka jira== {{Shortcut|MOS:VAR|MOS:STYLEVAR|MOS:STYLERET}} {{Redirect|MOS:VAR|retention of an article's established national English variety|#National varieties of English|a list of more specific related rules|WP:VARS}} Marna, MOS-ku wuxuu bixiyaa ka badan hal qaab oo la accepts karo ama ma bixiyo hagal gaar ah. Marka ka badan hal qaab la accepts karo, al-fajar ma aha mid habboon in tifaftiraha Wikipedia uu ka beddelo hal qaab oo uu u beddelo mid kale ilaa ay jirto sabab muhiim ah oo beddelka ah.{{efn|name="ArbCom"|Astaanta bilowga ee qoraalkan, eeg go'aannada [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|ArbCom]] ee [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk#Principles|Juun 2005]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/jguk 2#Principles|Nofembar 2005]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan#Principles|2006]].}} [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|Tifaftirka dagaalka]] ee ku saabsan qaabka,{{efn|name="ew"}} ama u adeegsiga qaab dookh ah si [[Wikipedia:Bot policy#Assisted editing guidelines|bot-oo kale ah]] is-afgarad ka hor la'aantiis,{{efn|name="bot-like"|Eeg [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Magioladitis 2#High-speed editing|Go'aanka ArbCom ee 2017]], iyo {{section link|Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser#Rules of use}}; tifaftirka bot-ka oo kale ah oo sii socda inkastoo ay jiraan diidmo ama oo keena makhaadhaa wuxuu keeni karaa [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|xannibaad]] iyo baabi'inta xuquuqaha ku saabsan qalabka semi-automated-ka ah.}} waa [[Wikipedia:Disruptive editing|dhibco ka dhan ah]] oo waligeed ma aha mid la accepts karo. Beddelka aan la xaqijin ee kaaga taagan hal qaab oo la accepts karo, [[#Consistency within articles|oo si joogto ah loo adeegsaday]] ee ku dhex jira maqaal oo loo beddelo qaab kale waa la [[Wikipedia:Reverting|celin karaa]]. Doono [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Opportunities for commonality|fursadaha wadaagga]] si looga fogaado murannada qaabka. Haddii aad rammayso in qaab kale uu ka habboon yahay maqaal gaar ah, doono [[Wikipedia:Consensus|is-afgarad]] iyadoo ku saabsan tan lagula discuss-garaynayo bogga wada-hadalka maqaalka ama{{snd}}haddii ay keento arrin guud ama ku saabsan MoS-ka lakiisa{{snd}}at [[Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style]]. Haddii wada-hadalku uusan keenin is-afgarad beddelka ah, sii wad isticmaalka qaabka horey loo dhisay ee maqaalka. Haddii wada-hadalku uu ku guuldareysto inuu gaaro wax is-afgarad ah oo ku saabsan midka laba ama ka badan qaab oo tartamaya oo la isticmaalayo, markaas dib u noqo qaabkii loo isticmaalay nooca ugu horreeyay ee ka dambeeya [[Wikipedia:Stub|qabyada]] maqaalka oo uu ka muuqday mid ka mid ah qaababka ku dabaqmaya. (Mawqifkan dib-u-noqoshada ah ma siiyo [[WP:UNCHALLENGED|darajo aan la tartami karin]] qaabkaas gaarka ah inta lagu jiro wada-hadalka is-afgaradka, mana siiyo tifaftiraha soo impose-garaysay qaabkaas ugu horreeyay [[Wikipedia:Ownership of content|wax ka badan]] wada-hadalka.) ==<span class="anchor" id="Article titles, headings, and sections"></span>Mawduucyada maqaalka, qaybaha, iyo madaxda== {{Shortcut|MOS:AT}} ===Mawduucyada maqaalka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Article titles}} {{for|titles which coincide with a work's title|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles of works}} Mawduucu waa inuu noqdo magac la aqoonsan karo ama sifaynta mawduuca, [[Wikipedia:Common sense|isagoo maareynaya]] shuruudaha ah inuu yahay mid asalka ah, si ku filan oo sax ah, gaaban, oo joogto ah oo la mid ah maqaallada la xiriira. Hagaha qaabaynta eeg qaybta {{section link|Wikipedia:Article titles|Article title format}}, isagoo xusaya kuwa soo socda: *U qor herga labaad ee xarafka ugu horreeya (marka laga reebo xaaladaha dhifka ah, sida {{xt|eBay}}), laakiin haddii kale raac [[sentence case]]{{efn|name=Sentence case|1=Wikipedia waxay u isticmaashaa [[sentence case]] jumlado, [[Wikipedia:Article titles|mawduucyada maqaalka]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout|mawduucyada qaybaha]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables|madaxda taarikada]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images|qoraallada sawirka]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists|qoraallada liiska]] (xaaladaha badankooda), iyo qoraallada ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Infobox|infoboxes]] iyo moodallada la midka ah, iyo waxyaabo kale. Wax kasta oo MoS ah oo ku saabsan bilowga jumlad waxay ku dabaqmaan waxyaabaha isticmaalaya sentence case.<!-- Please keep this footnote synced with the version at the MOS:CAPS page. -->}} ({{xt|Funding of UNESCO projects}}), ma aha title case ({{!xt|Funding of UNESCO Projects}}), marka laga reebo halka title case loo isticmaali lahaa qoraalka caadiga ah. Eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (capitalization)]]. *Si aad u qorto farta italic-ka ah, ku dar {{tlx|italic title}} meel dhow sare ee maqaalka. Si aad farta italic-ka ah ugu qorto kaliya qayb ka mid ah mawduuca, ku dar xadka <code>|string=</code> ee qoraalka gaarka ah ee lagu qorayo farta italic-ka ah. Isticmaalka farta italic-ka ah waa inuu u dhigmaa {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting|Italic type}}. *Ha isticmaalin [[Article (grammar)|maqaallada]] (''a'', ''an'', ama ''the'') sida xarafka ugu horreeya ({{xt|Economy of the Second Empire}}, ma aha {{!xt|The economy of the Second Empire}}), ilaa ay tahay qayb aan la kala saari karin oo magaca ka mid ah ({{xt|The Hague}}) ama mawduuca shaqa (''{{xt|A Clockwork Orange}}'', ''{{xt|The Simpsons}}''). *Caadi ahaan isticmaal [[noun]]s ama [[noun phrase]]s: {{xt|Early life}}, ma aha {{!xt|In early life}}.{{Efn|1=Erayada sida {{xt|In early life}} waa kuwo la accepts karo (inkastoo aan loo baahnayn) sida madaxda qaybaha. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa si joogto ah sida qayb ka mid ah mawduucyada maqaalka oo dheeraad ah sida [[Piracy in the Caribbean|{{xt|Piracy in the Caribbean}}]], indhaheeda marka dhismaha gaaban ({{xtn|Caribbean piracy}}) uu leeyahay arrimo is-dhaafsi ah.}} *Xarafka ugu dambeeya waa inuusan noqon calaamad ilaahiyad ilaa uu yahay qayb aan la kala saari karin oo magaca ka mid ah ({{xt|[[Saint-Louis-du-Ha! Ha!]]}}, {{xt|''[[Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?]]''}}) ama gaabinta ({{xt|[[Inverness City F.C.]]}}), ama marka xiritaanka bracket-ka wareegga ama calaamadda xigmadda loo baahan yahay ({{xt|[[John Palmer (1814 schooner)|''John Palmer'' (1814 schooner)]]}}). *Markasta oo calaamadaha xigmadda ama noocyada apostrophe-ka oo kale ay ka muuqdaan ({{xt|[[Geʽez]]}}), ku dar [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirection]] mawduuc caddaynaya oo isticmaalaya apostrophes ({{xt|[[Ge'ez]]}}).{{efn|name=curlyq|1=Calaamadaha xigmadda tooska ah iyo apostrophes waa kuwo fudud in loo qorto si lagu aamini karo madallada badankooda, markaas kani wuxuu u sahlayaa bartilmaameedka redirection-ka oo fudud. Xigmadda curdanka ah iyo apostrophes sidaas darteed waa kuwo si weyn looga tagay Wikipedia-ha English-ka. Eeg sidoo kale [[MOS:CURLY]] iyo [[MOS:']].}} Labadaba ha ka sareeyaan iyo kuwo [[Wikipedia:Article titles]], qeybta kale ee MoS-ka, gaar ahaan {{section link||Punctuation}}, waxay ku dabaqmaan sidoo kale mawduuca. ===Agaasimaha qaybta=== {{Shortcut|MOS:SO}} {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout}} Mawduuca maqaalka waa inuu ku starts-garo [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section|qaybta hordhaca ah<!-- Do not add the word "lede" here. See footnotes at WP:LEAD for details. -->]]{{snd}}gaabinta kooban ee maqaalka{{snd}}oo aan waligeed loo kala saarin qaybo {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section]])}}. Qaybta hartay ee maqaalka waxaa caadi ahaan loo kala saaraa [[Help:Section|qaybo]]. [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes|Infoboxes]], sawirrada, iyo mawduucyada kale ee la xiriira qaybta hordhaca ah waa inay noqdaan kuwo dhanka midig ah. Calaamadaha qaarkood oo heerka ah [[Help:Template|moodallada]] iyo [[Help:Wikitext|wikitext]] oo aan ahayn qaybo waxay ka sarreeyaan inta ugu dambaysa maqaalka, ka hor mawduuca qaybta hordhaca ah, iyo uusocodka soo socda: *[[Wikipedia:Short description|Gaaban sharrax leh]], oo leh moodalka {{tlx|Short description}} *[[Wikipedia:Hatnote|Hatnote-ka disambiguation]], waqtiga badankiisa oo leh moodalka {{tlx|Hatnote}} {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg sidoo kale {{section link|Wikipedia:Hatnote#Hatnote templates}})}} *Moodallada aan lahayn soo-saarka oo muujinaya foomka taariikhda dhisay ee maqaalka iyo nooca luqadda English-ka, haddii ay jiraan (t.s., {{tlx|Use dmy dates}}, {{tlx|Use Canadian English}}) *Moodallada dayactirka ee Banner-ka ah, [[Wikipedia:Template index/Disputes|Dispute]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Template index/Cleanup|Moodallada Cleanup]] ee arrimaha maqaalka oo dhan oo la calaamadeeyay (haddii kale loo isticmaalo sare ee qayb gaar ah, ka dambeeya hatnote kasta oo qayb ah sida {{tlx|main}}) *[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes|Infobox]], oo ah dookh (marka laga reebo xaaladaha gaarka ah sida {{tlx|Taxobox}} iyo {{tlx|Chembox}}, ama nooc ka mid ah, maqaallada ku dabaqmaya); caadi ahaan sidoo kale waxaa ku jira sawirka ugu horreeya *Sawirka hordhaca ah, marka infobox aan la isticmaalin, ama sawir dheeraad ah loo baahan yahay qaybta hordhaca ah (haddii hordhacu u yahay mid aad u dheer, sawir labaad waxaa lagu lagi karaa dhexda qoraalka hordhaca ah) Nooca skin-ka ee [[Vector 2022]], [[Wikipedia:Table of contents|tusmada maqaalka]] waa mid ka mid ah oo ka baxsan mawduuca maqaalka. Noocyada skin-ka hore qaarkood, tusmada la mari karo waxay ka muuqataa si otomaatig ah ka dambaysa hordhaca haddii maqaalku leeyahay ugu yaraan afar madax oo qaybo ah. Haddii mawduuca qayb uu ku jiraa si xeel-dheer oo dheeraad ah maqaal gaar ah {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Summary style]])}}, ku dar {{tlx|main|{{var|Article name}}}} ama {{tlx|further|{{var|Article name}}}} isla markiiba ka hooseeya madaxa qaybta. Sida lagu sharraxay si xeel-dheer {{slink|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout|Standard appendices and footers}}, noocyo dhowr ah oo maaddooyinka ah (badankoodu waa dookh) waxay ka muuqan karaan ka dambaysa qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee maqaalka, uusocodka soo socda: *Buugaagta ama shaqaalaha kale ee lagu abuuray mawduuca maqaalka, ka hooseeya madaxa qaybta "Works", "Publications", "Discography", "Filmography", iyo wixii la mid ah sida habboon (ka fogao "Bibliography", oo loo khaldami karo xigashooyinka tixraaca) *Isku xirka hoose ee maqaallada la xiriira ee Wikipedia-ha English-ka, oo leh madaxa qaybta "See also" *Xusuus-qoraallada iyo tixraacyada, oo leh madaxa qaybta "Notes" ama "References" (caadi ahaan ka dambeeya), ama qayb gaar ah oo loogu talagalay mid kasta uusocodkan {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]])}}; ka fogao "Bibliography", oo loo khaldami karo shaqaalaha mawduuca *Buugaagta la xiriira, maqaallada, ama shaqaalaha kale ee aan loo isticmaalin sida tixraacyada; isticmaal madaxa qaybta "Further reading"; noqo mid si sare ah loo doortay, maadaama [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a directory|Wikipedia aysan ahayn buugga tixraaca]] *Websaydhada la xiriira [[Wikipedia:External links|iyo kuwo habboon]] ee aan loo isticmaalin sida tixraacyada oo aan ka muuqan appendices-ka hore, isticmaalka madaxa "External links", oo loo sameyn karo qayb ka hooseysa "Further reading" (ama isku xirkaas waxaa toos lagu ammaan goyn karaa liiska "Further reading" halkii); [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Links to sister projects|moodallada isku xirka ee mawduucyada mashruuca walaalka ah]] sidoo cuali ahaan waxay ka sarreeyaan qaybtan marka ay jirto (haddii kale qaybta ugu dambaysa ee bogga) *Waxyaabaha ugu dambeeya ee soo socda waligeed ma qaataan madaxyada qaybaha: **Isku xirka hoose oo lagu aaggaaday [[Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates#Navigation_templates|boxes-ka navigation-ka]] **Metadata ee [[Wikipedia:Authority control|Authority control]], haddii loo baahdo, isticmaalka {{tlx|Authority control}} (wuxuu kala saaraa isticmaalka magaca laba mawduuc, ama magacyo badan oo loogu talagalay hal mawduuc) **[[Wikipedia:Categorization|Qeeybaha]], oo waa inay noqdaan maaddada ugu dambaysa ee koodha maqaalka haddii aysan jirin moodallada stub-ka **[[Wikipedia:Stub sorting|Moodallada stub-ka]], haddii loo baahdo, oo waa inay raacaan qeeybaha [[Wikipedia:Stand-alone lists|Maqaallada liiska ah ee gaarka ah]] waxay leeyihiin waxyaabo dheeraad ah oo agaasimaha ah. ===<span class="anchor" id="Section management"></span>Madaxyada qaybaha=== {{Shortcut|MOS:HEAD|MOS:HEADINGS}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Headings|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Order of article elements|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Section headings}} [[Help:Section|Madaxyada qaybaha]] waa inay caadi ahaan raacaan hagaha [[#Article titles|mawduucyada maqaalka]] ee sare oo ay ku muuqdaan [[sentence case]] ({{xt|Funding of UNESCO projects in developing countries}}), ma aha [[title case]] ({{!xt|Funding of UNESCO Projects in Developing Countries}}).{{efn|name=Sentence case}} {{shortcut|MOS:BLANKLINE}} {{vanchor|Blank line|text=Dhammaan madaxyada waa inay ku dhex jiraan xarkooda gaarka ah, oo ay ka horreyso presely hal xar oo eber ah, oo ay raacdo mid ka mid ah hal xar ama aan lahayn xar eber ah.}} {{vanchor|Section headings (necessary point 6)|text=Ha u isticmaalin si xun [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists#Description (definition, association) lists|liiska sharraxaadda]] markup ("<code>;</code>") si aad u abuurto [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Pseudo-headings|pseudo-headings]].}} {{va|SECTIONSTYLE|Section headings (styling best practice)|Section headings (main styling reason)|text=Sida arrin qaab oo joogto ah, madaxyada qaybuhu waa inaynaan:}} {{Shortcut|MOS:SECTIONSTYLE|MOS:NOBACKREF}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 1)|text=si turjumaad ah dib ugu tixraacin mawduuca maqaalka, t.s., {{xt|Early life}}, ma aha {{!xt|Smith's early life}} ama {{!xt|His early life}}}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 2)|text=tixraacin madax heer sare ah, ilaa aad sameyso ay tahay mid gaaban ama caddayn badan}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 3)|text=noqon kuwo la nambareeyay ama xarfo leh sida outline}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 4)|text=noqon kuwo loo sameeyay sida su'aal, t.s., {{xt|Languages}}, ma aha {{!xt|What languages are spoken?}}}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 5)|text=isticmaalin luga ama farta aan caadiga ahayn oo keeni kara [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Headings|arrimaha lagu heli karo]]}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 6)|text=noqon kuwo lagu duubay [[Help:Wikitext|markup]], sida bold iyo italics, oo baabi'in kara muujintooda oo keeni kara arrimo kale oo lagu heli karo}} ====Wikimarkup==== {{shortcut|MOS:NOSECTIONLINKS|MOS:HEADINGLINKS}} {{va|Section headings (technical best practice)|text=Sababo tignoolajiyada ah, madaxyada qaybuhu waa inay}} {{va|Section headings (necessary point 1)|text=noqdaan kuwo gaar ah oo ku dhex jira maqaal (si [[Template:Section link|isqu xirka qaybta]] uu u shaqeeyo)}} oo waa inaynaan ku dhex jirin: *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 2)|text=[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking#Principles|isqu xirka]], xataa haddii kaliya qayb ka mid ah madaxa la isku xiray}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 5)|text=xigashooyinka ama xusuus-qoraallada}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 4)|text=<code><[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics#Typesetting of mathematical formulae|math]]></code> markup}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 3)|text=sawirrada ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Icons#Encyclopedic purpose|icons-ka]]}} {{va|Section headings (main technical reason)|text=Xaddidaadahani waa kuwo lagu khasbay si looga fogaado tignoolajiyada dhibco leh oo ma aha kuwo la baabi'in karo is-afgaradka maxalliga ah ama hagayaasha aan ku habboonayn.}} {{short|MOS:TEMPLATE}} {{va|Section headings (necessary point 7)|text=Wadaagga moodalka}} waa in sidoo kale caadi ahaan looga fogaadaa madaxyada qaybaha, sababtoo ah waxay keenaan koodha asalka ah ee baaqida moodalka inuu ka muuqdo isqu xirka lagu daray gaabinta tifaftirka; gujinta isqu xirkaas ka muuqda taariikhda bogga ma keeni doonto qaybta loo baahan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, [[WP:ANCHORSUBST|marka lagu darayo isqu xirka anchor madaxyada, mar walba beddel moodalka gudaha madaxa]]: {{block indent|1={{plainlist| * {{y}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== {{subst:anchor|Anchor name}} Section title ==</nowiki>}}</code> * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== {{anchor|Anchor name}} Section title ==</nowiki>}}</code> }} }} {{shortcut|MOS:SECTIONCOMMENT}} {{va|SECTIONCOMMENT|Section comment|text=[[#Invisible comments|Xusuus-qoraallada la qariyay]] oo tixraacaya madaxa qayb ama qayb oo dhan waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu lago xar ka hooseysa madaxa. Waxaa sidoo cuali ahaan lagu lagi karaa ku dhex jira xarkooda oo kale sida madaxa, laakiin xaaladaas waa inay noqdaan kuwo {{em|gudaha}} <code>==&nbsp;==</code> markup:{{efn|1=Xusuus-qoraal ka baxsan <code><nowiki>==&nbsp;==</nowiki></code> laakiin ku dhex jira xarkooda oo kale wuxuu keeni karaa isqu xirka tifaftirka qaybta inuu ku guuldareysto inuu ka muuqdo dhammaan; ee browsers-ka kale, wuxuu ka muuqan karaa, laakiin isticmaalkiisu wuxuu keeni doonaa madaxa qaybta inuusan si otomaatig ah lagu darin gaabinta tifaftirka.}}}} {{block indent|1={{plainlist| * {{y}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== Implications ==</nowiki><br /><nowiki><!--This comment is placed correctly.--></nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{mby}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== Implications<!--This comment works fine.--> ==</nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{mby}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== <!--This comment works fine.-->Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== Implications == <!--This comment causes problems.--> </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{tracked|T381786}}{{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki><!--This comment causes problems.</nowiki><br><nowiki>-->== Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki><!--The space after this comment breaks the heading completely.--> == Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} }} }} ====<span class="anchor" id="SECTIONANCHOR"></span><span class="anchor" id="Section anchor"></span>Anchors==== {{short|MOS:SECTIONANCHOR}} <section begin="heading links" />Ka hor inta aanad beddelin madax, tixgeli in aad baabi'inayso isqu xirka jira oo ku dhex jira.<section end="heading links" /> Haddii ay jiraan [[Help:Link#To a section|isqu xirka badan oo u socda mawduuca hore]],{{efn|name="many links"|1=Si aad u ogaato inta isqu xirka ee u socda mawduuca qaybta hore iyo maqaallada leeh iyaga, waxaad sameyn kartaa <span class=plainlinks>[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=all%3A+linksto%3A%22ARTICLE%22+insource%3A%2F%5B%5B%7C%5DARTICLE%5C%23OLDSECTION%2F+&title=Special:Search&profile=all&fulltext=1 raadinta sare ee]</span>, iyadoo la beddelayo {{smallcaps|article}} magaca maqaalka, iyo {{smallcaps|oldsection}} mawduuca qaybta hore. Raadintaas sare ma raadiso [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirections-ka]], markaas sidoo kale eeg bogga maqaalka ee [[Special:WhatLinksHere]] ee redirections-ka u socda mawduuca qaybta hore. Haddii ay jiraan kaliya nambarka yar ee isqu xirka ee u socda mawduuca qaybta hore, waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu cusbooneysiiyo manwal ahaan.}} abuur [[Help:Anchor|anchor]] oo leh mawduucaas si loo xaqijiyo in kuwani ay sii shaqeeyaan. Sidoo kale, marka lagu isqu xirayo qayb, ka tag xusuus-qoraal aan la arki karin madaxa qaybta bartilmaameedka, iyadoo lagu magacaabayo maqaallada isqu xirka leeh, si haddii madaxa dambe loo beddelo kani si fudud loo hagaajin karo, ama kale anchor kale loo abuurayo haddii ay jiraan kuwo badan.{{efn|name="many links"}} Tusaale ahaan: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == {{subst:Anchor|Consequences}} Implications == <!-- "Richard Dawkins" and "Daniel Dennett" link here. --> </syntaxhighlight> oo lagu kaydin doono maqaalka sida: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == <span class="anchor" id="Consequences"></span> Implications == <!-- "Richard Dawkins" and "Daniel Dennett" link here. --> </syntaxhighlight> Faa'iidada isticmaalka {{tlxs|Anchor}}, ama kaliya la dhex gelinayo {{tag|span|o|link=yes}} tags-ka toos, waa in marka tifaftirka loo sameeyo qaybta mustaqbalka, anchor-ku ma lagu dhex jiri doono taariikhda bogga sida qayb ka mid ah magaca qaybta. Marka kaliya {{tlx|Anchor}} loo isticmaalo toos, akhlaaqdaas aan loo baahnayn {{em|waa ay}} dhacdaa, markaas waa in mar walba [[WP:ANCHORSUBST|loo beddelo anchors madaxyada qaybaha]]. Marka la dhex gelinayo span toos, {{em|ha}} gaabin iyadoo la isticmaalayo tag-ka self-closing, sida ku dhex jirta: <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== <span id="Consequences"</nowiki>{{highlight round|/|bc=var(--background-color-destructive-subtle, lightred);}}> Implications <nowiki>==</nowiki>}}</code> In HTML5 foomkaas XML-style waa mid shaqaynaya kaliya tags-ka qaarkood, sida {{nowrap |<code>&lt;br/></code>}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T134423 |title=T134423 Deprecate nonstandard behavior of self-closed HTML tags in wikitext. |website=phabricator.wikimedia.org |access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref> Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking|Avoiding broken section links}} si aad u ogaato wada-hadal dheeraad ah. ====Mawduuca oo kale madaxa==== Hagaha sare ee madaxyada qaybaha, gaar ahaan sentence case, turjumaad, sawirrada iyo su'aalaha, sidoo kale wuxuu ku dabaqmaa [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables#Captions and headers|madaxyada taarikada]] (iyo noocyada taarikada iyo xarrada). Laakiin, madaxyada taarikada waxay ku dhex jiri karaan xigashooyinka oo waxay ku starts-garo karaan, ama noqon karaan, nambara. Unka madaxyada bogga, madaxyada taarikada ma samayn karaan si otomaatig ah anchors-ka isqu xirka. Ka baxsan sentence case ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Glossaries|glossaries]], talada madaxa sidoo kale waxay ku dabaqmaysaa ''term'' qoraallada ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists#DLIST|description lists]]. Haddii la isticmaalayo [[Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Glossaries#Template-structured|template-structured glossaries]], terms-ku si otomaatig ah waxay leeyihiin anchors-ka isqu xirka, laakiin ma leeyihiin kale. Xigashooyinka mawduuca description-list waxay ku dhex jiraan {{tl|term}} ama {{tl|defn}} element, sida loo baahan yahay. ==Noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga== {{Shortcut|MOS:ENGVAR}} Noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga (tusaale ahaan, kala duwanaanshaha erayada ama naxwaha ee gobollada ka jira) waxay bixiyaan macluumaad ku saabsan kala duwanaanshaas. Dhammaan noocyada gobollada ama noocyada heerka ee Af-Soomaaliga waa kuwo la aqbali karo oo siman Wikipedia-da Soomaaliga, iyada oo la isticmaalayo uslub rasmi ah oo maqaallada u gaar ah ([[Register (sociolinguistics)|weeraral rami ah]] ama astaanta luqadda). Qaabka taariikhda ee maqaalka ({{xt|{{#time: F j, Y}}}} ama {{xt|{{#time: j F Y}}}}) wuxuu sidoo kale la xiriiraa noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga {{snd}}eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|Strong national ties to a topic|Retaining existing format}}. === <span class="anchor" id="Internal consistency"></span>Joogteynta ku dhex jirta maqaallada<!-- When renaming this section title, rename the full link at [[Wikipedia:Consistency]] --> === {{Shortcut|MOS:ARTCON|MOS:CONSISTENT}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Variation in citation methods|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Retaining existing format}} Xeerarka nooc gaar ah oo Af-Soomaali caadifad ah waa in loo raaco si joogto ah ku dhex jirta maqaalka gaarka ah. Waxyaabaha ka baxsan waxaa ku jira: *'''Xigashooyinka''' iyo '''cinwaannada buugaagta ama hawlaha''' (sida buugaagta, filimada, iyo muusigga) waa in loo qoraa sida ay ka muuqdaan ilaha tixraaca. Laakiin, waxaa jira xaalado qaarkood oo leexanaya mabda'an si loo dhowro heerka qaab-qoraalka ee alifbeetada encyclopedia-ha dhan. {{crossref|Eeg {{section link||Typographic conformity}}.}} *'''Magacyada u gaarka ah''' waxay isticmaalaan qoraalka mawduuca ama lahaanshaha u gaarka ah, tusaale ahaan, {{xt|United States Department of Defense}} iyo {{xt|Australian Defence Force}}; {{xt|International Labour Organization}}<!--This example is here because it uses -our and -ization at the same time; it is Oxford spelling.-->. *Maqaallada ku saabsan mawduucyada la xiriira kimistariga, foomka heerka caalamiga ah ee higaada {{xt|aluminium}}, {{xt|sulfur}}, {{xt|caesium}} (iyo erayada ka soo baxa) waa in loo isticmaalo iyadoo aan loo eegin nooca luqadda ee looga adeegsado maqaalka. {{crossref|Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (chemistry)|Element names}}.}} ===Fursadaha wadaagga ama isku-duubnida=== {{shortcut|MOS:COMMONALITY}} Si loogu talagalay encyclopedia caalamiga ah, isticmaalka erayada wadaagga ah ee dhammaan noocyada Af-Soomaaliga waa mid ka wanaagsan. *Isticmaal erayada si caalami ah loo aqbalay halkii kuwa aan aad loo fidin, gaar ahaan cinwaannada. Tusaale ahaan, [[Glasses|{{xt|muraayado}}]] ayaa ka wanaagsan noocyada gobollada ee gaarka ah; [[Ten million|{{xt|toban milyan}}]] ayaa ka wanaagsan [[crore|{{!xt|hal crore}}]]. *Haddii kala duwanaansho higaadeed uu ka muuqdo cinwaan, samee bogga [[Wikipedia:Redirect|reer-itusaale (sidetrack/redirect)]] si loogu talagalay kuwa kale, sida ku dhex jirta [[artefact]] iyo [[artifact]], si dhammaan noocyada loo isticmaali karo raadinta iyo isku xirka. *Erayada ku kala duwan noocyada luqadda, ama leh macnayaal kala duwan, waxaa lagu [[Gloss (annotation)#In linguistics|u xaqiijin karaa faahfaahinta (gloss)]] si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga ama jahawareerka, tusaale ahaan, {{xt|qaybta dambe ee baabuurta (trunk ama boot)&nbsp;...}}. *Isticmaal eray ama weedh si caadi ah loo fahmo iyada oo ka wanaagsan mid leh macno kale sababtoo ah kala duwanaanshaha gobollada (halkii {{!xt|alternate}}, isticmaal {{xt|alternative}} ama {{xt|alternating}}, sida habboon), marka laga reebo xaaladaha tignoolajiyada ama cilmiga halka beddelkaas uu noqon lahaa mid aan habboonayn ({{xt|alternate leaves}}; {{xt|alternate law}}). *Marka ay jiraan wax ka badan hal nooc oo higaad ah oo ka dhex jira heerka caadiga ah ee luqadda, nooca ugu caansan ee hadda la isticmaalo waa in caadi ahaan ka wanaagsanaado, marka laga reebo halka higaada yar ay leedahay isticmaal gaar ah oo xaalad xeel-dheer ah, tusaale ahaan, ''connexion'' ku dhex jirta [[Connexionalism|Methodist connexionalism]]. ===Xiriirka gobolka ama qaranka ee xoogga leh ee mawduuca=== {{Shortcut|MOS:TIES}} Maqaal ku saabsan mawduuc leh xiriir xooggan oo u socda waddan ama gobol]] gaar ah waa inuu isticmaalaa heerka luqadda rasmiga ah (ee ma aha colloquial/afka wadada) ee gobolkaas ama qarankaas. Tusaale ahaan: Mawduucyada leh xiriir xooggan oo u socda [[Commonwealth of Nations]], ama waddamo badan oo Commonwealth ah ama dhulalkii hore ee British-ka, isticmaal higaada British-ka. ===Dhowrida nooca jira=== {{Shortcut|MOS:RETAIN}} Marka nooc gaar ah [[#Consistency within articles|isticmaalkiisa joogtada ah]] lagu dhisay maqaal, sii wad iyada oo aan la helin is-afgarad ka dhan ah. Kaliya xaaladaha gaarka ah (sida marka mawduuc uu leeyahay [[#Strong national ties to a topic|xiriir gobol ama qaran oo xooggan]], ama beddelku wuxuu yareeyaa is-dhaafsiga) ayaa ay jirtaa sabab shaqaynaysa oo loo beddelo ka mid ah dookha la aqbali karo oo loo beddelo mid kale. {{va|FPSR|FMC|text=Marka aan la dhisin nooc gaar ah oo wada-hadalku uusan xallin arrinta, isticmaal nooca ka muuqda nooca ugu horreeyay ee ka dambeeya [[Wikipedia:Stub|qabyada (stub)]] oo soo bandhigay nooc la aqoonsan karo. Waxa ka baxsan tan waa [[#Retain quote variety|ha beddelin nooca luqadda ee ku dhex jira xigasho]].}} Nooca lagu dhisay maqaal gaar ah waxaa lagu qoraa iyadoo lagu dhex darayo [[:Category:Use English templates|tampaallada Use X English]] ee habboon bogga maqaalka. Tampaallada [[:Category:Varieties of English templates|nooca luqadda ee habboon]] sidoo kale waxaa lagu dhejin karaa bogga wada-hadalka ee maqaalka. Maqaal waa inuusan noqon mid la tifaftiro ama magaca loo beddelo kaliya si looga beddelo hal nooc oo luqad ah oo loo beddelo mid kale. Tampaalka {{tlxs|uw-engvar}} waxaa lagu dhejin karaa bogga wada-hadalka tifaftiraha si loogu sharraxo tan. ==Xarfo-waweynaynta== Cinwaannada maqaallada Wikipedia iyo cinwaannada qaybaha waxay isticmaalaan habka weedha, ma aha habka cinwaanka; iyo {{section link||Section headings}}. Xaraf-weynaynta alaabta liiska ku jirta, eeg {{section link||Bulleted and numbered lists}}. Points-ka kale ee ku saabsan xaraf-weynaynta waxaa si kooban loogu dhex muujiyay hoos. Macluumaadka fulan waxaa lagu heli karaa [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters]]. Qodobka ugu muhiimsan ayaa ah in Wikipedia aysan xaraf-weynaynayn eray ilaa uu si joogto ah xaraf-weyn ugu yahay badankooda [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|ilaha lagu kalsoonaan karo]] ee madax-bannaan. ===Xaraf-weynaynta ''The''=== Caadi ahaan, ha xaraf-weynayn erayga ''the'' dhexda jumlada ma aha { Reebanaanta caadiga ah waxaa ku jira magacyada u gaarka ah ee qaarkood iyo badankooda cinwaannada hawlaha abuurka ah ({{xt|Tolkien wrote ''The Lord of the Rings''}}{{snd}}laakiin ogaada in ''the'' aysan noqon karin qayb ka mid ah cinwaanka ee lagu qoro, t.s., Waxaa jira tixgelinno gaar ah oo loo sameeyo magacyada kooxaha muusigga , magacyada hay'adaha, magac u yaallada, summadaha ganacsiga. ===<span id="Capitalization-Titles"></span>Cinwaannada hawlaha=== {{main|WP:Manual of Style/Titles of works}} Cinwaannada luqadda Ingiriisiga ee qoraallada (buugaagta iyo hawlaha kale ee qoraalka, noocyada iyo hawlaha kale ee codka, filimada iyo hawlaha kale ee muuqaalka ah, sawirrada iyo hawlaha kale ee fanka, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxaa loo bixiyaa habka {{em|[[title case]]}}, halka eray kasta loo siiyo xaraf-weyn bilowga marka laga reebo erayada qaarkood oo yar oo muhiim ah (sida lagu sharraxay {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters|Composition titles}}). Erayada ugu horreeya iyo kuwa ugu dambeeya ee cinwaan luqad Ingiriisi ah mar walba waa kuwo xaraf-weyn leh. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|''An Eye for an Eye''}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|''Worth the Fighting For''}} Xaraf-weynaynta cinwaannada aan Ingiriisiga ahayn waa ay kala duwan tahay, xataa waqti ka waqti isla luqadda dhexdeeda; caadi ahaan, dhowr qaabka asalka ah ee hawlaha cusub, oo raac isticmaalka ka muuqda ilaha lagu kalsoonaan karo ee luqadda Ingiriisiga ee hadda{{efn|name=recent}} ee hawlaha taariikhiga ah. Marka lagu qoro alfabeta Laatiinka, badankooda waxyaabahaani waa inay sidoo kale ku jiraan farta janjeerta ([[#Italics|italics]]), ama lagu duubo [[#Names and titles|calaamadaha oraahda (quotation marks)]]. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|{{lang|fr|Les Liaisons dangereuses}}}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"{{lang|de|italics=no|Hymnus an den heiligen Geist}}"}} ===Tayooyinka iyo xilalka dadka=== *'''Isticmaalka guud''', isticmaal xaraf yar erayada sida ''madaxweyne'' , ''boqor', iyo ''imbiraadoor'' ({{xt|De Gaulle wuxuu ahaa madaxweyne Faransiis ah}}; {{xt|Louis XVI wuxuu ahaa boqor Faransiis ah}}; {{xt|Saddex ra'iisul wasaare ayaa ka soo qayb galay shirka}}). *'''Toos ka hor magaca dadka''', erayadaas waxay ka bilaabanayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|Madaxweyne Obama}}, ma aha {{!xt|madaxweyne Obama}}). Magacyada heerka caadiga ah ama caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo ee xilka ama doorka waxaa loo maareeyaa sida magacyada u gaarka ah ({{xt|David Cameron wuxuu ahaa Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Biritain}}; {{xt|Hirohito wuxuu ahaa Imbiraadoorkii Jabaan}}; {{xt|Louis XVI wuxuu ahaa Boqorkii Faransiiska}}). Titoolinka ama doorka boqortooyada waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|Her Majesty}}; {{xt|His Highness}}); reebanaantu waxay ku dabaqmi kartaa xilal gaar ah. ===Diimaha, ilaahyada, falsafadaha, iyo caqiidooyinka=== *'''Diimaha, kooxaha, iyo kaniisadaha''' iyo taageerayaashooda (foomka magaca ama tilmaamaha) waxay ka start-garoobayaan xaraf-weyn. Caadi ahaan, "the" ma aha xaraf-weyn ka hor magacyadaas ({{xt|the Unitarians}}, ma aha {{!xt|The Unitarians}}). *'''Qoraallada diinta]]''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn, laakiin badanaa ma aha farta janjeerta ({{xt|the Bhagavad Gita}}, {{xt|the Quran}}, {{xt|the Talmud}}, {{xt|the Granth Sahib}}, {{xt|the Bible}}). Ha u qorin xaraf-weyn "the" marka aad u isticmaalayso foomkan. Tilmaamaha qaarkood oo ka soo baxa waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn heshiis ahaan, qaarkoodna ma qaataan ({{xt|biblical}}, laakiin {{xt|Quranic}}); haddii aad u baahato hubaal, eeg qaamuuska. *'''[[Honorific|Tayooyinka iyo magacyada sharafta]] ee ilaahyada''', ku dhex jira magacyada u gaarka ah iyo tayooyinka, waxay ka start-garoobayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|God}}, {{xt|Allah}}, {{xt|the Lord}}, {{xt|the Supreme Being}}, {{xt|the Great Spirit}}, {{xt|the Horned One}}, {{xt|Bhagavan}}). Ha u qorin xaraf-weyn "the" xaaladahaas ama marka aad tixraacayso dadka waaweyn ee diinta ama shakhsiyaadka khayalka ah/asraarta ah ({{xt|the Prophet}}, {{xt|the Messiah}}, {{xt|the Virgin}}). Magacyada guud ee ilaahyada iyo shakhsiyaadka diinta ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|many gods}}; {{xt|the god Woden}}; {{xt|saints and prophets}}). *'''Magac-u-yaallada shakhsiyaadka cibaadada ama Ilaah''' ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn, xataa haddii xaraf-weyn lagu qoro qoraallada diinta ({{xt|God and his will}}). *'''Qaybaha waaweyn ee mukhluuqaadka khayalka ah (mythical/legendary)''' waxay ka start-garoobayaan xarfo yar ({{xt|elf}}, {{xt|fairy}}, {{xt|nymph}}, {{xt|unicorn}}, {{xt|angel}}), inkastoo hawlaha khayalka ah (fantasy), sida buugaagta [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] iyo ciyaaraha fiidiyowga qaarkood, xarfaha waaweyn ee bilowga ah marmar loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo in mukhluuqaadku ay samaynayaan dhaqan ama irsi dhex jira [[fictional universe|caalamka khayalka ah]]. U qor xaraf-weyn magacyada ama tayooyinka mukhluuqaadka gaarka ah ({{xt|the Minotaur}}, {{xt|Pegasus}}) iyo kooxaha oo magacooda iyo xubnahoodu ay yihiin kuwo go'an ({{xt|the Magi, or the Three Wise Men}}, {{xt|the Furies}}). Tixraacyada guud ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|these priests}}; {{xt|several wise men}}; {{xt|cherub-like}}). *'''Matalaadaha ama dhacdooyinka ruuxiga ah iyo kuwa diinta''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn kaliya marka la tixraacayo dhacdooyin gaar ah ama waqtiyo gaar ah ({{xt|the Great Flood}} iyo {{xt|the Exodus}}; laakiin {{xt|annual flooding}} iyo {{xt|an exodus of refugees}}). *'''Falsafadaha, aragtiyaha, dhaqdhaqaaqyada, iyo caqiidooyinka''' waxay isticmaalaan xarfo yar ilaa magacu ka soo baxo magac u gaar ah ({{xt|capitalism versus Marxism}}) ama uusan noqon magac u gaar ah ({{xt|republican}}, oo ah dhismaha fikirka siyaasadda; {{xt|Republican}}, oo ah xisbi siyaasadeed). Isticmaal xarfo yar mawduucyada caqiidooyinka ama fikirka diinta ee heerka caadiga ah (oo ka soo contrasts-garoobaya dhacdooyinka gaarka ah), xataa haddii xaraf-weyn lagu qoro taageerayaasha diinta qaarkood ({{xt|virgin birth}}, {{xt|original sin}}, {{xt|transubstantiation}}). *'''[[Platonic idealism|Platonic]] ama fikradaha sare (transcendent ideals)''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn xaaladda caqiidada falsafadda ({{xt|Truth}}, {{xt|the Good}}); marka loo isticmaalo si dhumuc leh, waxay ku dhex jiraan xarfo yar ({{xt|Superman represents American ideals of truth and justice}}). Isticmaal xarfo waaweyn marka fanka lagu personify-gareeyo fikradaha ({{xt|the guidebook mentioned statues of Justice and Liberty}}). *{{va|Eponyms|EPONYM|EPONYMS|text='''[[Eponym|Eponym-s (erayada ka soo baxay magacyada dadka)]]''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn ([[Edwardian era|{{xt|Edwardian}}]], [[De Morgan's laws|{{xt|De Morgan's laws}}]], [[Alice in Wonderland syndrome|{{xt|Alice in Wonderland syndrome}}]], [[Plaster of Paris|{{xt|plaster of Paris}}]], [[Platonic idealism|{{xt|Platonic idealism}}]], [[Draconian constitution|{{xt|Draconian constitution of Athens}}]]), marka laga reebo isticmaalka sanfada ama maahmaahda ah oo ka baxsan xaaladda asalka ah oo caadi ahaan xarfo yar ku dhex jira ilaha tixraaca ([[Platonic relationship|{{xt|a platonic relationship}}]]; {{xt|complained of draconian workplace policies}}).{{efn|name=eponyms|1=Waxaa jira waxyaabo yar oo dheeraad ah oo ka baxsan xaraf-weynaynta eponyms-ka, halka eraygu leeyahay xeer xooggan oo ah xarfo yar, t.s., lagu doorbido foomkaas badankooda qaamuustada waaweyn ee luqadda Ingiriisiga. Tusaale ahaan, {{xt|parkinsonian}} wuxuu sharraxaa bukaan muujinaya astaamaha [[Parkinson's disease|{{xt|Parkinson's disease}}]]. Dhexdeeda carabiga/higgaada isticmaalka erayada [[Linguistic latinisation|{{xt|latinize}}]], [[Romanisation|{{xt|romanize}}]], iyo [[Anglicization|{{xt|anglicize}}]] [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Anglo- and similar prefixes|waxay sii kordhayaan xarfo yar]], iyo [[Italic type|{{xt|italic[s]}}]] ku dhex jirta farta mar walba waa xarfo yar.}} Weedha dhan oo uu eponym ku yahay tilmaame [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Religions, deities, philosophies, doctrines, and their adherents|ma aha xaraf-weyn]] marka laga reebo marka weedha dhitadeedu tahay magac u gaar ah (t.s., [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles|cinwaanka hawl la daabacay]]: [[The China Syndrome|{{xt|''The China Syndrome''}}]]).}} ===Astaamaha kalandarka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Calendar items}} *'''Bilsashada (bilo), maalmaha toddobaadka, iyo fasaxyada''' waxay ka start-garoobayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|June}}, {{xt|Monday}}; {{xt|the Fourth of July}} wuxuu tixraacaa kaliya Maalinta Xorriyadda Mareykanka{{snd}}haddii kale {{xt|July 4}} ama {{xt|4 July}}). *'''Xilliyada''' waxay ku dhex jiraan xarfo yar ({{xt|her last summer}}; {{xt|the winter solstice}}; {{xt|spring fever}}), marka laga reebo marka lagu personify-gareeyo fanka ama magacyada u gaarka ah ee waqtiyada ama dhacdooyinka ({{xt|Old Man Winter}}; {{xt|competed on the Spring Circuit}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="People, animals, plants, and other organisms"></span>Dadka, xayawaanka, dhirta, iyo noolaha kale=== {{Shortcut|MOS:LIFE}} ee farta janjeerta, {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting|Italic type}}. Eeg sidoo kale {{section link|Wikipedia:Lead section|Organisms}} ee ku saabsan maareynta jumlada ugu horreysa. Eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (fauna)]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora)]] ee ku saabsan hagaha cinwaannada maqaallada.}} Marka la isticmaalayo '''[[Taxonomy (biology)|magacyada taksonomiga ("sayniska")]]''', u qor xaraf-weyn iyo farta janjeerta (italics) genus-ka: {{xt|''Berberis''}}, {{xt|''Erithacus''}}. (Supergenus iyo subgenus, marka ay ku dabaqmaan, waxaa loo maareeyaa sidaas oo kale.) Janjeeri laakiin ha u qorin xaraf-weyn heerarka taksonomiga ee species-ka (noocyada) iyo ka hooseeya: {{xt|''Berberis darwinii''}}, {{xt|''Erithacus rubecula superbus''}}, {{xt|''Acacia coriacea'' subsp. ''sericophylla''}}; ma jiraan reebanaanno loo sameeyay magacyada u gaarka ah oo qayb ka ah magacyada sayniska. Taxa-ga sare (order, family, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn Laatiinka ({{xt|Carnivora}}, {{xt|Felidae}}) laakiin ma qaataan udhigmaadka Ingiriisiga ({{xt|carnivorans}}, {{xt|felids}}); ma aha janjeer labada foomba, marka laga reebo fayrasyada, halka dhammaan magacyada lagu aqbalay guddiga [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|ICTV]] ay yihiin janjeer ({{xt|''Retroviridae''}}). {{Shortcut|MOS:CULTIVAR}}{{Anchor|Cultivar}}Magacyada '''[[Cultivar]]''' iyo '''[[cultivar group]]''' ee dhirta ma aha janjeer, waxayna qaataan xarfo waaweyn (harraan erayga ''Group'' ee magaca ku dhex jira); magacyada cultivar waxay ka muuqdaan xigashooyinka keliyaalka ah (single quotes) ({{xt|''Malus domestica'' 'Red Delicious'}}), halka cultivar groups aysan qaadanin ({{xt|''Cynara cardunculus'' Scolymus Group}}). '''Ingiriisiga [[Common name|magacyada afka caadiga ah ("common")]]''' waxaa loo bixiyaa xarfo yar qoraalka maqaalka dhexdiisa ([[Plains zebra|{{xt|plains zebra}}]]<!-- animal species -->, [[Mountain maple|{{xt|mountain&nbsp;maple}}]]<!-- plant species -->, iyo [[Southwestern red-tailed hawk|{{xt|southwestern red-tailed hawk}}]]<!-- bird subspecies -->) iyo habka weedha (sentence case) bilowga jumlada iyo meelaha kale oo xarafka ugu horreeya ee erayga ugu horreeya uu yahay xaraf-weyn.{{efn|name=Sentence case}} Waxay sidoo kale qaataan xarfo waaweyn halka ay ku jiraan magacyo u gaar ah: [[Przewalski's horse|{{xt|Przewalski's&nbsp;horse}}]]<!-- eponym -->, [[California condor|{{xt|California&nbsp;condor}}]]<!-- typical geonym -->, iyo [[Fair-maid-of-France|{{xt|fair-maid-of-France}}]]<!-- unusual but important illustrative case -->. Kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa noocyada (species) iyo nooc-hoosaadyada (subspecies), sida tusaalooyinka hore, iyo sidoo kale magacyada guud ee kooxaha ama noocyada noolaha: [[Bird of prey|{{xt|bird&nbsp;of&nbsp;prey}}]]<!-- cross-order ecological niche -->, [[Oak|{{xt|oak}}]]<!-- plant family -->, [[Great apes|{{xt|great&nbsp;apes}}]]<!-- animal family -->, [[Bryde's whales|{{xt|Bryde's&nbsp;whales}}]]<!-- species group -->, [[Livestock guardian dog|{{xt|livestock&nbsp;guardian&nbsp;dog}}]]<!-- domestic type -->, [[Poodle|{{xt|poodle}}]]<!-- domestic breed group but not a breed -->, [[Van cat|{{xt|Van&nbsp;cat}}]]<!-- domestic geographic landrace -->, [[Wolfdog|{{xt|wolfdog}}]]<!-- hybrid/crossbreed/mongrel not recognized as a standardized breed -->. Marka magaca caadiga ah uu la mid yahay takson saynis ah, ha u qorin xaraf-weyn ama janjeer, marka laga reebo halka la tixraacayo noolaha dhanka taksonomiga: {{xt|A lynx is any of the four medium-sized wild cat species within the genus ''Lynx''.}} Magacyada caadiga ah ee aan Ingiriisiga ahayn, marka ay habboon tahay in lagu daro, waxaa loo maareeyaa sida erayada kale ee aan Ingiriisiga ahayn: janjeer sidaas ah, oo xaraf-weyn kaliya haddii shuruudaha luqadda hooyo ay u baahan yihiin. Magacyada aan Ingiriisiga ahayn ee noqday kuwo la qabsaday Ingiriisiga waxaa loo maareeyaa sida Ingiriisiga ([[Ayahuasca|{{xt|ayahuasca}}]], [[Okapi|{{xt|okapi}}]]). {{Shortcut|MOS:BREED}}{{Anchor|Breed}}'''[[Standardized breeds|Dhalada la halbeeyay (Standardized breeds)]]''' waa inay caadi ahaan dhowraan xaraf-weynaynta loo isticmaalay halbeegga dhalada.{{efn|name=Standardized breeds|1=Hagaha dhalada waxaa lagu daray [[Diff2/881140543|RfC on capitalization of the names of standardized breeds|December 2018 RfC]]. "Dhalada la halbeeyay" wuxuu waayay macno toos ah oo caddaynaya, laakiin wuxuu ku dhex jiraa dhala kasta oo ku dhex jira [[breed standard]] ama [[studbook]] ee kooxda taranta/mataanaha. Kooxaha kale ee xayawaanka guri-joogga ah ma aha dhala la halbeeyay: noocyada taariikhda hore, kooxaha dhalada, xayawaanka duurjoogtoobay (feral), landraces, iyo [[crossbreed|dhalada la isku dhalay]] ama [[Hybrid (biology)|isandho]] oo aan kooxaha waaweyn aqoonsan sida dhala gaar ah. Kuwo badan caadi ahaan ma aha [[Wikipedia:Notability|muhiim (notable)]].}} Tusaalooyinka: [[German Shepherd|{{xt|German Shepherd}}]], [[Russian White goat|{{xt|Russian White goat}}]], [[Berlin Short-faced Tumbler|{{xt|Berlin Short-faced Tumbler}}]]. Sida cultivar-ka dhirta, kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa haddii magacu yahay magac u gaar ah ama kale, oo ka soo horjeeda sida magacyada caadiga ah ee noolaha loo qoro. Laakiin, ka baxsan cultivar-ka, dhalada waligeed lagu ma dhex daro xigashooyinka keliyaalka ah (single quotes), oo magacyadoodu waligeed ma aha qayb ka mid ah magac saynis ah. Erayga noolaha ee lagu daray dhammaadka si looga fogaado jahawareerka ("cat", "hound", "horse", "swine", iyo wixii la mid ah) waa inuusan noqon xaraf-weyn, ilaa uu yahay qayb ka mid ah magaca dhalada oo si joogto ah lagu muujiyo foomkaas halbeegga dhalada (xaaladaha dhifka ah waxaa ku jira [[Norwegian Forest Cat|{{xt|Norwegian Forest Cat}}]] iyo [[American Quarter Horse|{{xt|American Quarter Horse}}]]). Samee [[Wikipedia:Redirect|xiriiriyeyaasha dib-u-luqadda (redirects)]] ka soo baxay xaraf-weynaynta kale iyo foomamka higaada ee cinwaannada maqaalka, iyo magacyada kale, t.s., [[Adélie Penguin]], [[Adelie penguin]], [[Adelie Penguin]] iyo ''[[Pygoscelis adeliae]]'' dhammaan waa inay dib-u-luqad u sameeyaan [[Adélie penguin]]. ===Samooyinka iyo walxaha hawada sare=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Celestial bodies}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (astronomical objects)}} Erayada ''sun'' (sol/qorrax), ''earth'' (dhul), ''moon'' (dayax), iyo ''solar system'' (bahda qorraxda) ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn isticmaalka guud ({{xt|The sun was over the mountain top}}; {{xt|The tribal people thought of the whole earth as their home}}). Waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn marka walaxda lagu personify-gareeyo fanka/suugaanta ({{xt|Sol Invictus ('Unconquered Sun') was the Roman sun god}}) ama marka loo isticmaalo sida magac walax gaar ah xaaladda sayniska ama falagga ({{xt|The Moon orbits the Earth}}; laakiin {{xt|Io is a moon of Jupiter}}). Magacyada meereyaasha, dayaxyada, asteroids-ka, comets-ka, xiddigaha, constellations-ka, iyo galaxies-ka waa magacyo u gaar ah, oo sidaas darteed xaraf-weyn ah ({{xt|The planet Mars is in the constellation Gemini, near the star Pollux}}). Xarafka ugu horreeya ee eray kasta oo ku dhex jira magacaas waa xaraf-weyn ({{xt|Alpha Centauri}} ma aha {{!xt|Alpha centauri}}; {{xt|Milky Way}}, ma aha {{!xt|Milky way}}). Erayada sida ''comet'' iyo ''galaxy'' waa inay noqdaan xaraf-weyn marka ay samaynayaan qayb ka mid ah magac u gaar ah, laakiin ma aha marka loo isticmaalo sida eray guud ({{xt|Halley's Comet is the most famous of the comets}}; {{xt|the Andromeda Galaxy is a spiral galaxy}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Compass"></span>Pointers-ka kombaas-ka (Jihooyinka)=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Compass points}} Ha xaraf-weynayn '''jihooyinka''' sida ''north'' (woqooyi) ama foomamka la xiriira ({{xt|We took the northern road}}) marka laga reebo marka ay yihiin qaybo ka mid ah magacyada u gaarka ah ({{xt|Great North Road}}, {{xt|Great Western Drive}}, {{xt|South Pole}}). U qor xaraf-weyn '''magacyada gobollada''' haddii ay gaareen heerka magaca u gaarka ah, ku dhex jira magacyada caadiga ah ee heshiiska ({{xt|Southern California}}; {{xt|the Western Desert}}), iyo erayada ka soo baxa ee dadka (t.s., ''Southerner'' oo ah mid ka soo jeeda [[Southern United States]]). Ha xaraf-weynayn magacyada sharraxaadda leh ee gobollada oo aan gaarin heerka magacyada u gaarka ah, sida {{xt|southern Poland}}. Jihooyinka isku-dhafka ah waxaa lagu dhex jiri karaa ama aan lagu dhex jiri karin dhex-xariijin (hyphen), iyada oo ku xiran [[#National varieties of English|nooca Ingiriisiga ee loo qaatay]] maqaalka. {{xt|Southeast Asia}} iyo {{xt|northwest}} waxay ka caansan yihiin Ingiriisiga Mareykanka; laakiin {{xt|South-East Asia}} iyo {{xt|north-west}} waxay ka caansan yihiin Ingiriisiga British-ka. Xaaladaha sida {{xt|north–south dialogue}} iyo {{xt|east–west orientation}}, isticmaal en dash; eeg {{section link||Other uses for en dashes}}. ===<span id="Institutions"></span>Magacyada u gaarka ah ka soo contrasts-garoobaya erayada guud=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Institutions|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Capitalization of The{{!}}Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Capitalization of ''The''}} U qor xaraf-weyn magacyada hay'adaha ama doorka gaarka ah ({{xt|the founding of the University of Delhi}}; {{xt|the history of Stanford University}}) laakiin ma aha erayada guud ee hay'adaha ({{xt|the high school is near the university}}). Ha xaraf-weynayn ''the'' bilowga magaca hay'adda, iyada oo aan loo eegin qaabka loo doorbido ee hay'adda. Waxaa jira reebanaanno dhif ah, marka la hoggaaminayo ''The'' oo lagu muujiyay ''T'' ku dhex jira acronym-ka kooxda: {{xt|The International Cat Association (TICA)}}. U maaree qaybaha siyaasadda ama juqraafiga foomkan oo kale: {{xt|The city has a population of 55,000}}; {{xt|The two towns merged to become the City of Smithville}}. Ha u sameynin sida qaabka wargaysyada maxalliga ah oo tixraacaya degmada/magaalada sida ''the City'' ama ''The City'', marka laga reebo City of London [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#City of London|xaaladaha qaarkood]]. Hagahaani wuxuu sii kordhayaa wax-soosaarka hay'adaha, shirkadaha, iyo kooxaha kale. Tusaale ahaan, magaca dhan ee sharciga sida {{xt|Online Safety Act 2023}} wuxuu noqon doonaa xaraf-weyn, laakiin tixraacyada ka dambeeya ee {{xt|the act}} ma noqon doonaan kuwo xaraf-weyn ah. ==<span class="anchor" id="Acronyms and abbreviations"></span><span class="anchor" id="Acronyms"></span><span class="anchor" id="Initialisms"></span><span class="anchor" id="Shortenings"></span>Gaabinta== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Initials}} Gaabinta waa foomamka gaaban ee erayada ama foomamka. Raadinta saxda ah, waxay ku kala duwan yihiin [[Contraction (grammar)|contractions]], oo isticmaala [[apostrophe]] (t.s., ''won't'', eeg {{Section link||Contractions}}), iyo [[initialism]]s. Initialism waxaa lagu samaynayaa ka mid ah ama dhammaan xarfaha bilowga ah ee erayada ku dhex jira foom. Ka hooseeya, tixraacyada gaabinta waa in loo qaadaa inay ku dhex jiraan acronyms, iyo term-ka ''acronym'' waa inuu sidoo cuali ahaan ku dabaqmaa initialisms. ===Qor marka ay markii ugu horreysay muuqato iyadoo dhammaystiran=== {{Shortcut|MOS:1STOCC|MOS:1STABBR}} Marka gaabinta loo isticmaalayo maqaalka dhexdiisa, hordhac uga dhig iyadoo la isticmaalayo weedha dhammaystiran, gaabintana lagu dhex darayo ngo'aanka (parentheses): {{Block indent|{{xt|shabakadda gobolka ee maxalliga ah (LAN) oo ay samaysay Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC){{nbsp}}... DEC badeecadihii dambe ee LAN waxay aheyd{{nbsp}}...}}}} Ha u isticmaalin xarfo waaweyn foomka dhammaystiran kaliya sababtoo ah xarfo waaweyn ayaa loo isticmaalay gaabinta: {{!xt|Shabakadda Gobolka ee Maxalliga ah (LAN)}}. Marka laga reebo xaaladaha gaarka ah, gaabinta caadiga ah (sida {{xt|PhD}}, {{xt|DNA}}, ama {{xt|USSR}}) looma baahna in la kala bixiyo ama la dhamaystiro xataa marka ay tahay markii ugu horreysay ee la isticmaalo. ===Foomamka plural-ka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:GREENGROCER}} U samee plural [[acronyms]] iyadoo lagu darayo ''-s'' ama ''-es'': {{xt|Three CD-ROMs and two BIOSes were released}}. Ha isticmaalin ''[[greengrocer's apostrophe]]'' si aad u samayso plurals: {{!xt|Three CD-ROM's and two BIOS's were released}}. ===<span class="anchor" id="Periods (full stops) and spaces"></span><span class="anchor" id="Full stops and spaces"></span><span class="anchor" id="op.cit."></span>Punctuation iyo spacing=== {{Shortcut|MOS:PS}} Gaabintu waxay ku dhabayn kartaa ama aan ku dhabayn karin full point (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-garaysay ''period'' ama ''full stop''). Qaab joogto ah waa in lagu dhasheeyaa ku dhex jirta maqaal. Isticmaalka North American caadi ahaan waa in lagu dhabeeyo dhammaan gaabinta period ({{xt|Dr. Smith of 42&nbsp;Drummond St.}}) laakiin isticmaalka caadiga ah ee British iyo Australian, ma jiro period loo isticmaalo haddii gaabinta (contraction) ay ku dhabayso xarafka ugu dambeya ee foomka aan la gaabin ({{xt|Dr Smith of 42&nbsp;Drummond St}}) ilaa is-dhaafsi uu keeni karo. Kani waa sidoo cuali ahaan isticmaalka caadiga ah ee qoraalka scientific-ka ah. Iyadoo aan loo eegin punctuation, erayada lagu gaabay ka badan hal xaraf waa lagu dhex jiraa space ({{xt|op.&nbsp;cit.}} ma aha {{!xt|op.cit.}} ama {{!xt|opcit}}). Waxaa jira waxyaabo ka baxsan oo yar: {{xt|PhD}} {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg sare)}} "Philosophiae Doctor"; {{xt|BVetMed}} "Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine". Xaaladaha badankooda, Wikipedia ma isticmaalto punctuation-ka oo kale ku dhex jirta acronyms iyo initialisms: {{xt|GDP}}, ma aha {{!xt|G.D.P.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="US"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S."></span><span class="anchor" id="USA"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S.A."></span>US iyo U.S.<!-- When renaming this section title, rename the full link at [[Wikipedia:Consistency]] -->=== {{Shortcut|MOS:US|MOS:U.S.|MOS:USA|MOS:U.S.A.}} {{redirect|MOS:US|the use of the word "us"|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#First-person pronouns}} {{xt|US}} waa gaabinta caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo ee {{xt|United States}}, inkastoo {{xtn|U.S.}} – oo leh periods iyo aan lahayn space – ay tahay mid caadi ah daabacadaha North American, ku dhex jirta wargaysyada news-ka. Hagayaasha qaabka American qaarkood, ku dhex jiro ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style]]'' (tan iyo 2010), waxay baabi'iyeen {{!xt|U.S.}} waxayna soo sheegeen {{xt|US}}. Sababaha [[#Opportunities for commonality|wadaagga]], isticmaal {{xt|US}} default ahaan marka aad gaabinayso, laakiin [[#Retaining existing styles|sii wad]] {{xtn|U.S.}} maqaallada American ama Canadian English oo ay horey u dhisantay, ilaa ay jirto sabab wanaagsan oo loo beddelo. Sababtoo ah isticmaalka periods ee gaabinta iyo acronyms wuxuu noqon doonaa mid joogto ah ku dhex jira maqaal kasta, mar walba isticmaal {{xt|US}} maqaal leh gaabinta waddammada kale. Gaabinta dheeraad ah oo lagu dhex jiro initials-ka waddanka ({{xt|USN}}, {{xt|USAF}}), waligeed ha isticmaalin periods. Marka United States lagu xuso hal ama ka badan waddammada kale ku dhex jirta jumlad oo kale, {{xt|US}} (ama {{xtn|U.S.}}) wuxuu noqon karaa mid aad u informal ah, gaar ahaan xusidda ugu horreysa ama sida noun halkii adjective ({{xt|France and the United States}}, ma aha {{!xt|France and the US}}). Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|U.&nbsp;S.}} oo leh space ama {{!xt|U.S.&nbsp;of&nbsp;A.}} oo taariikh hore ah, marka laga reebo marka aad xigasho sameynayso. Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|U.S.A.}} ama {{!xt|USA}} marka laga reebo ku dhex jirta xigasho, sida qayb ka mid ah magac sax ah ({{xt|Team USA}}), ama isticmaalka tignoolajiyada iyo rasmiga ah ee qaarkood (t.s., [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3]], [[FIFA country codes|FIFA]], iyo [[IOC country codes]]). ===Circa=== {{for|examples|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Uncertain, incomplete, or approximate dates}} Si loo muujiyo ''si xaddidan'', isticmaalka {{tl|circa}}, oo muuqda sida {{xt|{{circa}}}}, waxaa ka wanaagsan {{!xt|circa}}, {{!xt|c.}}, {{!xt|ca.}}, ama {{!xt|approx.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="unwarranted abbreviations"></span>Ka fogao isticmaalka aan la xaqijin=== {{Hatnote|See also: {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|Units of measurement}} for when to abbreviate units of measurement.}} Ka fogao gaabinta marka ay jahwareerin karaan akhristaha, baabi'in karaan socodka, ama ka muuqan karaan informal. Tusaale ahaan: *Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|approx.}} ee {{xt|approximate(ly)}} marka laga reebo infobox ama table (xaaladaas isticmaal {{tlx|abbr|approx.|approximately}} xusidda ugu horreysa: {{xt|{{abbr|approx.|approximately}}}}). *Ha isticmaalin legalism-ka {{!xt|Holmes J}} ee {{xt|[[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.|Justice Holmes]]}}. <!-- this might be better in [[WP:JARGON]] --> ===Ha samaynin=== Ka fogao sameynta [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#Neologisms|gaabinta cusub]], gaar ahaan acronyms. Tusaale ahaan, {{xtn|World Union of Billiards}} waa wanaagsan yahay sida {{em|turjumaad}} ee {{xt|[[Union Mondiale de Billard]]}}, laakiin ma aha iyada ama yareynta {{!xt|WUB}} oo loo isticmaalay kooxda ama tixraacyada gaarka ah; isticmaal magaca asalka ah iyo gaabintiisa rasmiga ah, {{xt|UMB}}. Haddii ay noqoto mid lagama maarmaan ah in lagu gaabiyo space yar, sida [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables#Captions and headers|column header ee table-ka]], isticmaal gaabinta si baaxad leh loo aqoonsan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, ee {{xt|New Zealand gross national product}}, isticmaal {{xt|NZ}} iyo {{xt|GNP}}, oo leh isqu xir haddii term-ka aan horey loogu qorin maqaalka: {{xt|NZ&nbsp;[[Measures of national income and output|GNP]]}}. Ha samaynin initialisms sida {{!xt|NZGNP}}. ===HTML tags iyo moodallada=== Mid ka mid ah {{tag|abbr|o}} ama {{tlx|abbr}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa gaabinta iyo acronyms: {{tag|abbr|params=title="World Health Organization"|content=WHO|wrap=yes}} ama {{tlx|abbr|WHO|World Health Organization}} waxay samayn doonaan {{abbr|WHO|World Health Organization}}; [[mouseover|soreynta]] qoraalka muuqda waxay keentaa [[tooltip]] ee foomka dheer inuu soo muuqdo. ===Ampersand=== {{Shortcut|MOS:AMP|MOS:&}} {{redirects|WP:&|the use of "and" in titles|Wikipedia:Article titles#Titles containing "and"}} Qoraalka caadiga ah iyo madaxyada, isticmaal ''and'' halkii [[ampersand]] (''&''): {{xt|January 1&nbsp;and&nbsp;2}}, ma aha {{!xt|January 1&nbsp;&&nbsp;2}}. Laakiin sii wad ampersand marka uu yahay qayb shaqaynaysa oo qaabka magac sax ah, mawduuca shaqaalaha, ama trademark, sida ku dhex jirta ''[[Up & Down (Horace Parlan album)|Up&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Down]]'' ama [[AT&T]]. Meelaha kale, ampersands waxaa loo isticmaali karaa joogteyn iyo dookh halka space uu aad u xaddidan yahay (t.s., tables iyo infoboxes). Xigashooyinka [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Typographic conformity|waxaa lagu beddeli karaa si dhibco leh]], gaar ahaan joogteynta halka noocyada kala duwan lagu xigto, maadaama noocyada cusub ee qoraallada hore ay si joogto ah u beddealaan ampersands ''and'' (sida ay u beddealaan [[glyph]]s kale oo aan la isticmaalin, [[Typographic ligature|ligatures]], iyo gaabinta). Isticmaalka kale oo loo ilaysay laakiin aan loo baahnayn waa tixraacyada gaaban ee shaqaalaha leeh qoraa badan, t.s.: {{xt|<nowiki><ref>Lubbers & Scheepers (2002); Van Hiel & Mervielde (2002); Swyngedouw & Giles (2007); Van Hiel (2012).</ref></nowiki>}}. ==Italics== {{Shortcut|MOS:IT|MOS:ITAL}} {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Italic type}} ===<span id="Do not use capitals for emphasis"></span>Emphasis=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Emphasis}} Italics waxaa loo isticmaalaa emphasis, halkii [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Boldface|boldface]] ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#All caps and small caps|capitals]]. Laakiin isticmaalka badan wuxuu yareeyaa shaqadiisa: tixgeli dib-u-qorista halkii. Isticmaal {{tag|em}} ama {{tlx|em|...}} ee emphasis. Kani wuxuu u sahlayaa [[Help:User style|user style sheets]] in lagu maareeyo emphasis foom gaar ah, wuxuuna taageeraa reusers-ka iyo turjumaada.{{refn|{{cite web |last1=Ishida |first1=Richard |title=Using b and i elements |quote=the content of a <code>b</code> element may not always be bold, and that of an <code>i</code> element may not always be italic. |url=https://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-b-and-i-tags |website=W3C Internationalization |publisher=[[World Wide Web Consortium]] |date=2015 |access-date=1 September 2016}} }} *Sax: <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>The meerkat is <em>not</em> actually a cat.</nowiki>}}</code> *Sax: <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>The meerkat is {{em|not}} actually a cat.</nowiki>}}</code> ===<span id="Italics-Titles"></span>Mawduucyada=== {{shortcut|MOS:NOITALIC}} {{/titles hatnote include|where=MOS#I-T}} Isticmaal italics mawduucyada shaqaalaha (sida buugaagta, filimada, taxanaha TV-ga, bandhigga la magacaabay, video games-ka, albums-ka muusigga, iyo fanka). Mawduucyada maqaallada, chapters-ka, noocyada, episodes-ka, storylines-ka, papars-ka raadinta iyo shaqaalaha kale ee gaaban waxay qaataan calaamadaha xigmadda double-ka ah. Italics ma loo isticmaalo shaqaalaha diinta ee waaweyn ({{xt|the Bible}}, {{xt|the Quran}}, {{xt|the Talmud}}). Kuwa badan oo mawduucyadaani waa inay sidoo kale ku dhex jirin [[#Titles of works|title case]]. ===Erayada sida erayada=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Words as words}} {{for|the policy when a word or phrase itself may be an encyclopedic subject|Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#When a word or phrase may be an encyclopedic subject}} Isticmaal italics marka aad {{em|xusayso}} eray ama xaraf {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Use–mention distinction]])}} ama foomka erayada ilaa hal jumlad ({{xt|the term ''panning'' is derived from ''panorama''}}; {{xt|the most common letter in English is ''e''}}). Marka jumlad dhan la xuso, calaamadaha xigmadda double-ka ah waxaa loo isticmaali karaa halkii, iyadoo leh joogteyn ({{xt|The preposition in ''She sat on the chair'' is ''on''}}; ama {{xt|The preposition in "She sat on the chair" is "on"}}). Calaamadaha xigmadda waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa maaddada gaaban si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga, sida marka italics horey loo isticmaalay si xooggan bogga ee sabab kale (t.s., ee erayada iyo foomamka badan ee aan English-ka ahayn). {{em|Xusidda}} (si looga wada-hadlo grammar, wording, punctuation, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxay ku kala duwan tahay {{em|xigashoda}} (halka wax caadi ahaan lagu muujiyo ka magaca tixraaca la xigtay). Xigashoda waxaa lagu sameeyaa calaamadaha xigmadda, waligeed ma aha italics, ama labadaba waqti oo kale {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Quotations}} si aad u ogaato xeel-dheeraan).}} Isticmaalka la xiriira ee italics waa marka la soo bandhigayo ama lagu kala saarayo terms: {{xt|The ''natural numbers'' are the integers greater than 0.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign words"></span> Erayada aan English-ka ahayn=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Non-English terms}} Italics waxaa lagu muujiyay foomamka aan English-ka ahayn iyo erayada aan English-ka ahayn ee gaarka ah oo aan caadi ahaan loo isticmaalin English-ka maalin kasta. Laakiin, magacyada saxda ah (sida magacyada meelaha) ee luqadaha kale caadi ahaan ma aha italics, ama terms-ka ku dhex jira scripts-ka aan Latin-ka ahayn. Moodalka {{tlx|lang}} iyo noocyadiisa waxay taageeraan dhammaan [[ISO 639]] koodhadhka luqadaha, iyagoo sax ah u aqoonsanaya luqadda iyo si otomaatig ah u italics-garaynaya. Fadlan isticmaal moodalladan halkii aad manwal ahaan italics ugu sameyn lahayd maaddada aan English-ka ahayn. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link|WP:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Other languages}} si aad u ogaato macluumaad dheeraad ah.)}} ===Magacyada scientific-ka ah=== Isticmaal italics magacyada scientific-ka ah ee dhirta, dhabaha, iyo [[Kingdom (biology)|dhammaan organisms-ka kale]] marka laga reebo viruses heerka [[genus]] iyo ka hooseeya (italics-garo {{xt|''Panthera leo''}} iyo {{xt|''Retroviridae''}}, laakiin ma aha {{xt|Felidae}}). Sign-ka hybrid ma aha italics ({{xt|''Rosa''&nbsp;×&nbsp;''damascena''}}), ama "connecting term" loo baahan yahay ku dhex jirta [[Trinomial nomenclature#In botany|magacyada botanical-ka ee saddexda qaybood ah]] ({{xt|''Rosa gallica'' subsp. ''officinalis''}}). ===<span id="Italics and quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka ku dhex jira italics=== {{shortcut|MOS:ITALQUOTE|}}{{See also|#Quotations}} <section begin="Quotations in italics body"/>Ha u lagin xigashooyinka italics. [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation marks|Calaamadaha xigmadda]] (ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Block quotations|block quoting]]) kaliya waa kuwo ku filan oo foomamka saxda ah si loogu muujiyo xigashooyinka. Italics waa in loo isticmaalo kaliya haddii maaddada la xigtay ay haddii kale u baahan lahayd italics.<section end="Quotations in italics body"/> ([[#Italics within quotations|Eeg ka hooseeya]].) ===Italics ku dhex jira xigashooyinka=== <section begin="Italics within quotations body"/>Isticmaal italics ku dhex jira xigashooyinka si aad u soo saarto emphasis oo ku dhex jirta maaddada tixraaca ama si aad u muujiso isticmaalka erayada aan English-ka ahayn. Emphasis waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu sameyo {{tlx|em}}. Haddii aysan caddayn in tixraacu horey u lagu daray italics (ama qaab kale) ee emphasis, ama si loo muujiyo marka emphasis aan loo isticmaalin qoraalka asalka ah laakiin dambe lagu daray tifaftirka, ku dar xusuus-qoraalka tifaftirka {{xt|[emphasis in original]}} ama {{xt|[emphasis added]}}, sida ay u kala horreeyaan, ka dambaysta xigashoda. * Tusaale ahaan: {{xt|"Now cracks a noble heart. Good night sweet prince: And {{em|flights of angels}} sing thee to thy rest." [emphasis in original].}}<section end="Italics within quotations body"/> ===Atharta ku dhex jirta punctuation-ka dhow=== {{Shortcut|MOS:ITALPUNCT}} Italics-garo kaliya elements-ka jumlada oo uu saameeyay emphasis-ku. Ha italics-garayn punctuation-ka ku dhex jira dhowga. *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|What are we to make of {{em|that?}}}} (Su'aashu waxay ku dabaqmaysaa jumlada dhan, ma aha kaliya emphasis-ka ''that'', markaas waa inaysan noqon italics.) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|What are we to make of {{em|that}}?}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Four of Patrick White's most famous novels are ''A Fringe of Leaves'', ''The Aunt's Story'', ''Voss'', and ''The Tree of Man''.}} (Commas, period, iyo erayga ''and'' ma aha italics.) ==Xigashooyinka== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTE}}{{See|Wikipedia:Do not include the full text of lengthy primary sources}} {{Redirects here|MOS:QUOTE|the section on quotation characters|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation characters|the essay|Wikipedia:Quotations}} [[Wikipedia:Non-free content#Guideline examples|Xigashooyinka gaaban ee qoraalka la dhowray]] waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loogu muujiyo dhibic, loo dhiibo xaalad, ama loo atribuigo dhibic fikir ama aragti. Inkastoo xigashooyinku ay yihiin qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah Wikipedia, isticmaalka badan ee iyaga ka mid ah ma aha mid ku habboon qaabka qoraalka encyclopedic-ka ah oo wuxuu noqon karaa [[Wikipedia:Copyrights|baabi'inta copyright-ka]], markaas badankooda mawduuca waa inuu ku dhex jiraa erayada tifaftiraha laakiis. Tixgeli dib-u-qorista xigashooyinka si ay u noqdaan qoraal toos ah oo gaaban marka ay habboon tahay (iyadoo la ogaaday in [[Wikipedia:Close paraphrasing|dib-u-qorista dhow]] ay sii baabi'in karto copyright-ka). [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Quotations|Ha u lagin xigashooyinka italics]] ilaa maaddadu ay italics ugu noqoto sabab kale laakiis. Per [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|siyaasada verifiability-ga]], xigashooyinka tooska ah {{em|waa in}} ay la socdaan [[WP:INCITE|inline citation]] oo ka soo baxday [[WP:RS|tixraac lagu aamini karo]] oo taageeraya maaddada. Kani waa mid gaar ah oo muhiim ah maqaallada ku saabsan ama ku dhex jira maaddada ku saabsan [[WP:BLP|dadka nool ama dhowaan dhintay]] (BLPs). ===<span class="anchor" id="Principle of minimal change"></span><span class="anchor" id="Minimal change"></span><span class="anchor" id="PMC"></span><span class="anchor" id="PLC"></span><span class="anchor" id="MINIMALCHANGE"></span><span class="anchor" id="MINCHANGE"></span><span class="anchor" id="LEASTCHANGE"></span>Qoraalka asalka ah=== {{Shortcut|MOS:PMC|MOS:SIC}} {{Redirect|WP:PMC|closure of requested moves by page movers|Wikipedia:Requested moves/Closing instructions#Closure by a page mover}} {{Redirect|WP:PLC|inclusion guidelines for organizations|Wikipedia:Notability (organizations and companies)|the handling of the abbreviation "plc" in article titles|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (companies)}}Xigashooyinka waa inay noqdaan kuwo [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiably]] loo atribuigoy, iyo qoraalka qoraalka la xigtay waa inuu noqdo mid si dhab ah loo soo saaro. Kani waxaa loo tixraacaa sida {{em|maamulka beddelka yar}}. Halka ay jirto sabab wanaagsan oo loo beddelo qoraalka, ku dar square bracket qoraalka la beddelay; tusaale ahaan, {{!xt|"Ocyrhoe told him his fate"}} waxaa loo xigtay karaa sida {{xt|"Ocyrhoe told [her father] his fate"}}. <!-- IF EDITING THE FOLLOWING SENTENCE, PLEASE UPDATE THE DOCUMENTATION AT [[Template:Sic/doc]] ACCORDINGLY --> Makhaadhaa yar ee spelling-ka iyo typographic-ka waa in si toos ah loo hagaajiyo (tusaale ahaan, hagaaji {{!xt|basicly}} loo beddelo {{xt|basically}}). Haddii ay jirto makhaadhaa muhiim ah asalka ku dhex jirta, raac iyada oo leh {{tlx|sic}} (soo saaraya {{sic}}{{hsp}}) si loogu muujiyo in makhaadhaahu aysan ahayn mid ay sameysay Wikipedia; tusaale ahaan, {{xt|"his interview with the Dolly Llama {{sic}}"}}. Marka lagu dabaqo qoraal oo isku xir leh, syntax-ka moodalka waxaa loo hagaajin karaa {{tlx|sic|2=nolink=y}} (soo saaraya {{sic|nolink=y}} qoraalka isku xirka leh ee ka soo baxa; tusaale ahaan ku dhex jirta isku xirka: [[Template:Sic|{{sic|nolink=y}} template]]).{{efn|name="sicwarning"|{{tl|Sic}} ma aha in loo isticmaalo dhexda {{tag|ref}} tags, ama ku dhex jirta [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation templates]] sida [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]] iyo [[Help:Citation Style 2|Citation Style 2]], sababtoo ah wuxuu ku dhex jiraa markup oo baabi'in doona [[COinS]] metadata ee ay soo saaraan; eeg [[Wikipedia:COinS]].<!-- Per [[Template:Sic]] there is a {{COinS safe|n}} warning that it "should not be used in citation templates such as Citation Style 1 and Citation Style 2, because it includes markup that will pollute the COinS metadata they produce; see Wikipedia:COinS." -->}} Sababaha saxda ah iyo indexing-ka, mawduucyada tixraacyada ee loo tixraacay ma aha in loo hagaajiyo spelling-ka, laakiin hagaajinta yar ee typographic-ka ah (sida beddelka [[MOS:CURLY|curly quotes]] loo beddelo straight) waxaa lagu sameyn karaa si toos ah. Inline citations ee ku dhex jira qoraalka la xigtay, oo loo tixraaco aan loo isticmaalin maqaalka Wikipedia, waa in si toos ah loo baabi'iyo. Isticmaal [[#Ellipses|ellipses]] si aad u muujiso ka-tagista qoraalka la xigtay. Ka-tagista la xaqijiyay waxaa ku jira erayada aan loo baahnayn, aan la xiriirin, ama parenthetical-ka ah, iyo yaraynta yar ({{!xt|umm}} iyo {{!xt|hmm}}), laakiin ha ka tagin qoraal halka aad sameyso ay baabi'in doonto xaaladda muhiimka ah ama beddeli doonto macnaha qoraalka. Vulgarities iyo obscenities waa in lagu muujiyo si sax ah sida ay ka muuqdaan tixraaca la xigtay; Wikipedians ma aha in waligeed [[Wikipedia:Offensive material#How to treat offensive material in articles|baabi'iyaan erayada]] ({{!xt|G-d d--n it!}}), laakiin haddii qoraalka la xigtay {{em|laikiisu}} uu foomkan u sameyo, copy-garo qoraalka verbatim oo isticmaal {{tlx|sic}} si aad u muujiso in qoraalka loo xigtay sida ka muuqata tixraaca. Xigashooyinka tooska ah, sii wad spelling-ka dialectal iyo archaic-ka ah, ku dhex jirta capitalization-ka (laakiin ma aha glyphs iyo ligatures archaic-ka ah, sida lagu sharraxay ka hooseeya ku dhex jirta {{slink||Typographic conformity}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Quotation point of view"></span>Aragtida=== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTEPOV}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Attributing and specifying biased statements|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Expressions of doubt}} Xigashoda waa in loo isticmaalo, iyadoo la atribuigo, si loo soo bandhigo aragtiyada emotive ee aan lagu muujin karin poxa Wikipedia laikiis, laakiin waligeed ma aha si loo soo bandhigo heerarka culture sida kaliya aragtiyada: *La accepts karo: {{xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film "unforgettable".}} *Aan la accepts karin: {{!xt|The site is considered "sacred" by the religion's scriptures.}} Aragtiyada gaaban ee aan aad uga emotive ahayn caadi ahaan waxaa lagu soo sheegi karaa iyadoo la atribuigo halkii xigashoda tooska ah. Isticmaalka calaamadaha xigmadda ee terms-ka sharraxaadda leh ee gaaban wuxuu [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Expressions of doubt|muujin karaa wax is-dhaafsi ah]] oo ku saabsan maaddada la xigtay; sarcasm ama [[weasel words]], sida ''supposedly'' ama ''so-called'', waxaa lagu muujin karaa. *La accepts karo: {{xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film interesting.}} *Aan loo baahnayn oo muujin kara is-dhaafsi: {{!xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film "interesting".}} *Waa in la xigto: {{xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film "interesting but heart-wrenching".}} ===Typographic conformity=== {{Shortcut|MOS:CONFORM}} {{redirect|MOS:CONFORM|consistency within articles|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Consistency within articles}} Xigashodu ma aha [[wikt:facsimile|facsimile]] oo, xaaladaha badankooda, ma aha shuruud in qaabka asalka ah lagu dhowro. Qaabka iyo elements-ka kale ee typographic-ka ah ee qoraalka la xigtay{{efn|"Qoraalka la xigtay" ee typographic conformity iyo sababaha kale ee badan wuxuu ku dhex jiraa mawduucyada shaqaalaha, magacyada kooxaha, iyo foomamka kale oo, asalkiisa, la xigtay. Tusaale: waxyaabaha sida "Mexican-American War" waxaa si joogto ah loo hagaajiyaa loo beddelo "Mexican–American War" Wikipedia-ha, ku dhex jirta mawduucyada tixraacyada loo tixraacay, ku dhex jirta qoraalka maqaalka, tixraacyada xusuus-qoraalka, ama meelaha kale ee bogga. Kani ma leeyahay athar raadinta shaqaalaha aan tixraacnay, maadaama dhammaan raadinta waaweyn ay baabi'iyaan calaamadaha punctuation-ka.}} waa in lagu dhasheeyo heshiisyada Wikipedia-ha English-ka oo aan lahayn xusuus-qoraal, iyadoo la xaqijiyay in sameynta kani aysan beddeli doonin ama baabi'in doonin macnaha ama inta qoraalka. Kani waa beddelka oo aan samaynayn kala duwanaansho marka qoraalka loo akhrriyo si toos ah; tusaale ahaan: *Normalize dashes iyo hyphens: eeg {{Section link||Dashes}}. Isticmaal qaabka loo doortay maqaalka: unspaced [[em dash]] ama spaced [[en dash]]. *Beddel apostrophes iyo calaamadaha xigmadda loo beddelo qaabka Wikipedia: **Kuwani waa inay noqdaan toos, ma aha curly ama slanted. Eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}}. **Marka aad xigtayso xigasho iyada laikiis ku dhex jirta xigasho, beddel dhexda isticmaalka double iyo single quotes ee xigasho kasta. Eeg {{section link||For a quotation within a quotation}} si aad u ogaato xeel-dheeraan. *Marka aad xigtayso qoraal ka soo baxay luqadaha aan English-ka ahayn, punctuation-ka ka baxsan waa inuu raaco [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation marks|Manual of Style ee calaamadaha xigmadda English-ka]]. Haddii ay jiraan xigashooyinka ku dhex jira, raac shuruudaha punctuation-ka saxda ah ee luqaddaas. Haddii ay jiraan qaabab badan oo luqad ah, midka loo isticmaalay Wikipedia-ha luqaddaas waa ka wanaagsan yahay ilaa punctuation-ka laikiisu uu yahay ku dhex jiro wada-hadal. *:{{xt|The cynical response "{{lang|fr|italic=unset|L'auteur aurait dû demander&nbsp;: «&nbsp;à quoi sert-il d'écrire ceci&nbsp;?&nbsp;» mais ne l'a pas fait}}" was all he wrote.}} *Baabi'i spaces ka hor punctuation-ka sida periods iyo colons. *Caadi ahaan sii wad bold iyo italics {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Italics}})}}, laakiin badankooda qaabka kale waa in loo beddelo qoraal toos ah. {{!xt|{{Underline|Underlining}}}}, {{!xt|spac&nbsp;ing}} ku dhex jirta erayada, {{!xt|1=co<span style="color:Goldenrod;">lor</span>s}}, {{!xt|ALL CAPS}}, {{Smallcaps|{{!xt|small caps}}}}, iyo wixii la mid ah caadi ahaan waa in loo normalize-garayo qoraal toos ah. Haddii ay {{em|caddaynaysay}} muujinayso emphasis, isticmaal italic {{em|emphasis}} ({{tlx|em}}) ama, foomka dhexdiisa oo horey italics ah, boldface (leh {{tlx|strong}}). Mawduucyada buugaagta, maqaallada, gabayada, iyo wixii la mid ah, isticmaal italics ama calaamadaha xigmadda raacaya [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles|hagaha mawduucyada]]. Italics waxaa sidoo kale lagu dari karaa si loogu muujiyo [[#Non-English terms|terms-ka aan English-ka ahayn]] (leh moodalka {{tlx|lang}}), ee [[#Animals, plants, and other organisms|magaca scientific-ka ah ee organism-ka]], iyo si loogu muujiyo isticmaalka [[#Words as words|words-as-words]]. *Fiid gaabinta (aan horey loo isticmaalin mawduuca ka hor xigashoda) sida beddelka square-bracketed, ama ku sharrax iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|abbr}}. *Normalize glyphs iyo ligatures archaic-ka ah ee English-ka ee aan loo baahnayn macnaha (marka laga reebo magacyada saxda ah iyo luqadaha halka ligatures ay yihiin heer, per {{section link||Ampersand}} iyo {{Section link||Ligatures}}). Tusaalooyinka waxaa ku jira ''[[æ]]''→''ae'', ''[[œ]]''→''oe'', ''[[Long s|ſ]]''→''s'', iyo ''[[Thorn (letter)#Abbreviations|þ<sup>e</sup>]]''→''the''. {{crossref|pw=y|Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles#Typographic conformity}} si aad u ogaato waxyaabaha gaarka ah ee loo tixgeliyo normalization-ka typography-ka ee mawduucyada shaqaalaha.}} {{Shortcut|MOS:RETAINQUOTEVARIETY}} {{vanchor|Retain quote variety|text= Laakiin, noocyada qaranka ma aha in loo beddelo, maadaama kuwani ay ku dhex jiri karaan beddelka vocabulary-ka. Tusaale ahaan, xigasho ka soo baxday tixraac British ah waa in ay sii wadato spelling-ka British-ka, xataa maqaal oo haddii kale isticmaala spelling-ka American-ka. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Consistency within articles}}.)}}}} Nambarada sidoo kale caadi ahaan [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Quotations, titles, etc.|ma aha in loo re-format-gareeyo]]. Xigashoda tooska ah ma aha in loo isticmaalo si loo dhowro qaabka loo doorbido ee publisher ka baxsan (gaar ahaan marka maaddadu ay haddii kale noqon lahayd aan la beddelin), maadaama kani wuxuu leeyahay athar ee [[Scare quotes|scare-quoting]]: *{{em|La accepts karo}}: {{xt|The animal is listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.}} *{{em|Aan la accepts karin}}: {{!xt|The animal is listed as "Endangered" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.}} Italics waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loogu muujiyo isticmaalka gaar ah sida [[term of art]] (xaaladda "[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Words as words|words as words]]"), gaar ahaan marka ay tahay mid aan la dhasheyn ama ma aha in loo dib-u-qoro ka magaca aan aheyin expert: *{{em|La accepts karo}}: {{xt|The animal is listed as ''critically endangered'' on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.}} Marka aad xigtayso jumlad dhan, caadi ahaan waxaa lagu taliyaa in erayga ugu horreeya uu sii wado xaraf weyn. Laakiin, haddii qoraalka la xigtay lagu ammaan goyay jumlada dhow (tusaale ahaan, leh hordhac sida "{{var|X}} said that"), xarafka weyn ee asalka ah waxaa loo beddeli karaa xaraf yar. *{{xt|LaVesque's report stated: "The equipment was selected for its low price. This is the primary reason for criticism of the program."}} *{{xt|LaVesque's report said that "the equipment was selected for its low price".}} *{{xt|The program was criticized primarily because "the equipment was selected for its low price", according to LaVesque.}} Caadi ahaan looma baahna in la xuso beddelka capitalization-ka. Laakiin, si loo helo saxnaan dheeraad ah, xarafka la beddelay waxaa lagu lagi karaa ku dhex jira square brackets: {{nobr|"The" → "[t]he".}} *{{xt|The program was criticized primarily because {{nobr|"[t]he}} equipment was selected for its low price", according to LaVesque.}} ===Attribution=== Akhristahu waa inuu awoodaa inuu go'aamiyo tixraaca xigasho kasta, ugu yaraan ka magaca footnote. Tixraacu waa in lagu magacaabo {{em|qoraalka maqaalka}} haddii xigashodu ay tahay aragti {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|Attributing and specifying biased statements}})}}. Marka aad atribuigo-garayso xigasho, ka fogao [[Wikipedia:Words to avoid#Synonyms for said|sharraxaaddeeda foomka biased-ka ah]]. ===Xigashooyinka ku dhex jira xigashooyinka=== Eeg {{section link||For a quotation within a quotation}}. ===Isku xirka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:LINKQUOTE|MOS:LWQ}} Noqo mid dhibco leh marka aad isku xirayso ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka; isku xir kaliya bartilmaameedyada u dhigma macnaha caddaynaya ee loo intended-gareeyay qoraaga xigashoda. Halka ay suurtogal tahay, isku xir qoraalka ka baxsan xigashoda halkii – mid ka hor ama dhowaan ka dambeeya. (Haddii aad xigtayso [[hypertext]], ku dar xusuus-qoraal tifaftirka, {{xt|[link in original]}} ama {{xt|[link added]}}, sida habboon, si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga ku saabsan in isku xirka uu sameeyay qoraaga asalka ah.) ===<span class="anchor" id="Block quotations"></span><span class="anchor" id="Block quotes"></span>Block quotations=== {{Shortcut|MOS:BQ|MOS:BLOCKQUOTE}} U format-garee xigashoda dheer (ka badan 40 eray ama poynti yar oo xarfo ah, ama ka kooban ka badan hal paragraph, iyadoo aan loo eegin dheerka) sida [[block quotation]], iyadoo la isticmaalayo moodalka {{tlx|blockquote}}. Qoraalka lagu muujiyay block quotations iyo quote boxes (eeg ka hooseeya) waa inuusan laikiisu noqon mid lagu duubay calaamadaha xigmadda (ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda waaweyn, "decorative"-style). Block quotations iyo quote boxes oo isticmaalaya luga background ah sidoo kale ma lagu hagal-garayo. Isticmaal {{tnull|blockquote}} iyo markup-ka la midka ah kaliya xigashooyinka dhabta ah; [[#Indentation|indentation-ka sababaha kale]] waxaa loo sameeyay foom kale. Waa heshiis in lagu hor maro block quotation jumlad hordhac ah (ama qayb jumlad ah) oo lagu daro citation-ka tixraaca xarkaas. Alternativamente, moodalka {{tnull|blockquote}} wuxuu bixiyaa parameters ee attribution iyo citation oo ka muuqan doona ka hooseeya xigashoda. {{crossref|pw=y|(Ee isticmaalka dashes leh attributions, eeg {{section link||Other uses for em dashes}}.)}} Qaabkan attribution-ka ee ka hooseeya xigashoda waxaa loo intended-gareeyay xigashooyinka caanka ah oo ma aha caadi maqaallada sababtoo ah wuxuu ku oki lahaa tone aan habboonayn. Xigasho aan lahayn tixraac loo tixraacay waa in lagu calaamadeeyo {{tlx|quote without source}}, ama la baabi'iyo. Maadaama line breaks iyo indentation caadi ahaan lagu baabi'iyo ku dhex jirta {{tnull|blockquote}} ama {{tag|blockquote|o}}, isticmaal {{xtag|poem}} ama {{tlx|poem quote}} gabayada, lyrics, iyo maaddada la midka ah. Maaddadaas waxaa sidoo cuali ahaan loo xigtay karaa inline, leh line breaks oo lagu muujiyay <code><nowiki>{{nbsp}}/</nowiki></code>, iyo paragraph ama stanza breaks oo lagu muujiyay <code><nowiki>{{nbsp}}//</nowiki></code>. Tusaale ahaan: {{xt|"And, as in uffish thought he stood,{{nbsp}}/ The Jabberwock, with eyes of flame,{{nbsp}}/ Came whiffling through the tulgey wood,{{nbsp}}/ And burbled as it came!{{nbsp}}// One, two! One, two! And through and through{{nbsp}}/ The vorpal blade went snicker-snack!"}} {{Shortcut|MOS:BOXQUOTE|MOS:PQ|MOS:PULLQUOTE}} {{va|Pull quotes|Pull quote|Pull quotations|nocquote|text={{tlx|Quote box}} waa alternative ee inline quote ama block quote. Quote boxes waxaa lagu muujiyaa foom gaar ah (la mid ah sawirrada) oo waxay ugu wanaagsan yihiin xigashooyinka muhiimka ah ama sanado ah. Waxay samayn karaan [[WP:POV|point of view]] ama [[WP:UNDUE|undue weight]] arrimo, sababtoo ah xigashooyinka ma lagu lagayo xaaladda ama ma lagu ammaan goyo qoraalka maqaalka. Sidaas darteed, waa in loo isticmaalo si dhibco leh.}} [[Pull quote]]s ma aha kuwo ka mid ah maqaallada Wikipedia. Kuwani waa [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not news|news iyo magazine style]] oo ku saabsan "pulling" maaddada horey ku dhex jirtay maqaalka si loo dib-u-isticmaalo xigashooyinka decorative-ka ah ee soo jiidata attention-ka. Qaabkan unencyclopedic-ka ah waa foom ka mid ah [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Editorializing|editorializing]], wuxuuna soo saaraa [[Wikipedia:Writing better articles#Provide context for the reader|out-of-context]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Due and undue weight|undue emphasis]], oo wuxuu [[Wikipedia:No original research|keeni karaa akhristaha go'aanno]] aan lagu taageerin maaddada. Xigashoda badan ee qoraalka la dhowray (haddii ay u format-gareeyay sida blockquote ama kale, oo xataa haddii lagu credited-gareeyay tixraaciisa) waa la xannibay. Eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Quotations#Copyrighted material and fair use}}. ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign-language quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka aan English-ka ahayn=== {{Shortcut|MOS:FOREIGNQUOTE|}} Xigashooyinka ka soo baxday tixraacyada aan English-ka ahayn waa inay ka muuqdaan turjumaad loo beddelay English, ugu wanaagsan mid cusub{{efn|name=recent}}. Xigashooyinka ah turjumaada waa in si toos ah loo kala saaro kuwa aan ahayn. Muuji tixraaca asalka ah ee turjumaada (haddii uu yahay mid la heley karo, oo aan markii ugu horreysay lagu daabacin ku dhex jirta Wikipedia), iyo luqadda asalka ah (haddii aysan caddayn xaaladda). Haddii qoraalka asalka ah ee aan la turjumin uu yahay mid la heley karo, bixi tixraac iyada ama ku dar iyada, sida habboon. Marka tifaftireyaasha laikiisu ay turjumaan qoraalka loo beddelo English,{{efn|[[Wikipedia:No original research#Translations and transcriptions|Turjumaada laikiisu ma u baahna tixraac marka uu sameeyo tifaftire]]; laakiin xigashooyinka loo isticmaalay ku dhex jirta [[WP:REF|tixraacyada]], [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Quoting|turjumaada ka soo baxday tixraacyada lagu aamini karo waa ka wanaagsan yihiin]], ama [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Citing|tixraacyada luqadda English-ka ee ka wanaagsan]] .}} daryeel waa in mar walba loo qaado si lagu dhex jiro qoraalka asalka ah, {{em|[[MOS:FOREIGNITALIC|ku dhex jira italics]]}} ([[MOS:BADITALICS|marka laga reebo dhismaha scripts-ka aan Latin-ka ahayn]], oo ugu wanaagsan lagu sameyo moodallada {{tlx|lang}} ama {{tlx|langx}}, oo labaduba italics-gareynaya sida habboon oo bixinaya luqadda metadata); iyo si loo isticmaalo erayada dhabta ah iyo (haddii ay suurtogal tahay) erayada caadiga ah ee English-ka ku dhex jira turjumaada. Ilaa aad ka si dhab ah uga ogaato competency-gaaga aad wax ku turjumayso, eeg [[Wikipedia:Translation]] si aad u hesho taageero. ==Punctuation== {{Shortcut|MOS:PUNCT}} {{For|a brief guide to how some punctuation marks are used in Wikipedia for special purposes, e.g., [[Help:List#List basics|description lists]]|Help:Punctuation}} ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign characters that resemble apostrophes"></span>Apostrophes=== {{Shortcut|MOS:'|MOS:APOSTROPHE}} *Isticmaal [[straight apostrophe]]s ({{big|{{mxt|'}}}}), ma aha [[curly apostrophe]]s ({{big|{{!mxt|’}}}}). Ha isticmaalin accent marks ama [[backtick]]s ({{big|{{!mxt|`}}}}) sida apostrophes. *Moodallada sida {{tlx|`}} iyo {{tlx|`s}} waxay leeyihiin taageero marka apostrophe (ama single quote) ka muuqdo bilowga ama dhamaadka qoraalka ku dhex jira italics ama bold, sababtoo ah italics iyo bold laikiisu waxaa lagu muujiyaa noocyada single quotes. **Marka apostrophe raaco qoraalka italics-ka ah, {{tlx|'}} ama {{tlx|'s}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si looga fogaado xarafka ugu dambeeya ee qoraalka dhanka midig ah inuu isku xiro apostrophe-ka. Tusaale: {{xt|the ''Iliad''{{'s}} themes}} (markup: {{nobreak|<code><nowiki>the ''Iliad''{{'s}} themes</nowiki></code>}}). *Xarfaha u okiya apostrophes iyo curly quotes, sida [[{{okina}}okina]] ({{mxt|{{okina}}}}{{snd}}la dhex geliyo iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|okina}}), [[Saltillo (linguistics)|saltillo]] ({{mxt|{{saltillo}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|saltillo}}), Hebrew [[ayin]] ama Arabic ʿayn ({{mxt|{{ayin}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|ayin}}), iyo Arabic [[hamza]] ({{mxt|{{hamza}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|hamza}}), waa in lagu muujiyo moodalladaas ama xarfaha laikiis ee [[Unicode]]. (Basic Arabic transliteration, oo isticmaala ASCII apostrophe, waxaa ka wanaagsan xaaladaha badankooda ka magaca [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Arabic]]; xarfaha kale kani waxaa loo isticmaalaa kaliya transliteration-ka saxda ah.) **Moodallada ma loo isticmaali karo mawduucyada maqaalka; isticmaal xarafka Unicode-ka ee u dhigma toos. Per {{Section link|Wikipedia:Article titles#Special characters}}, sidoo kale samee redirection ka soo baxay foomka ASCII-ka ah si loogu taageero raadinta. Foomamka aan lahayn xarfaha apostrophe-ka oo kale marna waxaa ka wanaagsan ka magaca {{Section link|Wikipedia:Article titles# Use commonly recognizable names}} (t.s. [[Hawaii]] laakiin ma aha [[Keali{{okina}}i Reichel]]). *:{{crossref|pw=y|Sidoo kale eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles|Orthography, spelling and formatting}}}} *Ee [[Wade–Giles]] romanizations ee Mandarin Chinese, isticmaal {{tlx|wg-apos}}. *Luqadaha leh [[ejective consonants]] iyo wixii la mid ah, isticmaal {{tlx|hamza}}. *Ee Cyrillic [[soft sign]], marka lagu muujiyo dhammaan, isticmaal {{tlx|softsign}} ama {{tlx|hamza}}. *Ee isticmaalka possessive apostrophe-ka, eeg {{section link||Possessives}}. *Ee xeel-dheeraanta isticmaalka apostrophe-ka (possessive, elision, formation ee plurals qaarkood, arrimo luqadaha aan English-ka ahayn), eeg maqaalka [[Apostrophe]]. ===Calaamadaha xigmadda=== {{Shortcut|MOS:"|MOS:QUOTEMARKS|}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotations}} Maaddada ka hooseysa, term-ka ''quotation'' wuxuu ku dhex jiraa isticmaalka caadiga ah ee calaamadaha xigmadda sida mawduucyada noocyada, chapters-ka, episodes-ka, iyo wixii la mid ah. Calaamadaha xigmadda sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaalaa xaaladaha kale, sida [[#Animals, plants, and other organisms|magacyada cultivar]]. ====Calaamadaha xigmadda xarfaha==== {{Shortcut|MOS:CQ|MOS:CURLY|MOS:STRAIGHT}} *Isticmaal {{xt|{{big|<b>"</b>}}straight{{big|<b>"</b>}}}} calaamadaha xigmadda, ma aha {{!xt|{{big|<b>“</b>}}curly{{big|<b>”</b>}}}} kuwo. (Ee [[single quotes]]: {{xt|{{big|<b>'</b>}}straight{{big|<b>'</b>}}}}, ma aha {{!xt|{{big|<b>‘</b>}}curly{{big|<b>’</b>}}}}.) *Ha isticmaalin accent marks, backticks ({{!xt|{{big|'''`'''}}text{{big|'''´'''}}}}), low–high ({{!xt|„&nbsp;“}}), corner brackets ({{!xt|「&nbsp;」}}), [[guillemet]]s ({{!xt|«&nbsp;»}}), ama [[Chinese punctuation#Book title marks|title marks]] ({{!xt|《&nbsp;》}}) sida calaamadaha xigmadda (marka laga reebo marka marks-kaas ay yihiin {{em|internal}} ee qoraalka aan English-ka ahayn ee la xigtay{{snd}}eeg {{slink||Typographic conformity}}). Symbols-ka {{!xt|′}} iyo {{!xt|″}} ee ka muuqda edit window dropdowns waa "[[prime (symbol)|prime]]" iyo "double prime" sida ay u kala horreeyaan: kuwani waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loogu muujiyo [[Minute and second of arc|units of angular measurement]], oo ma aha sida apostrophes ama quote marks. *Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo apostrophes ee maaddada la import-gareeyay [[#Typographic conformity|waa in loo beddelo]] haddii ay noqoto lagama maarmaan si loo raaco sare. ====<span id="Double or single quotation marks"></span><span id="Single quotation marks"></span>Double ama single==== {{Shortcut|MOS:SINGLE|MOS:DOUBLE|}} *Badankooda xigashooyinku waxay qaataan calaamadaha xigmadda double-ka ah ({{xt|Welles said: "It was a terrible situation."}}),{{efn|1=Double quotation marks waxaa ka wanaagsan single sababtoo ah waxay si toos ah uga kala duwan yihiin apostrophes: *{{!xt|She wrote that 'Cleanthes' differs from the others', but neither opinion may represent Hume's'}} (wuxuu yareeyaa akhristaha). *{{xt|She wrote that "Cleanthes' differs from the others', but neither opinion may represent Hume's"}} (caddayn badan). }} marka laga reebo xigashooyinka ku dhex jira (eeg ka hooseeya). *Plant cultivars waxay qaataan calaamadaha xigmadda single-ka ah ({{xt|''Malus domestica'' 'Golden Delicious'}}; eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora)]]). *[[Gloss (annotation)#In linguistics|Glosses]] oo turjumaya ama definining-garaynaya terms aan la dhasheyn (marka la isticmaalayo [[MOS:WORDSASWORDS|words as words]]) waxay qaataan single quotes; glosses-ka gaaban ma u baahna comma ka hor definition-ka ({{xt|''Cossack'' originates from [[Cuman language|Cuman]] {{lang|qwm|proto=yes|qazaq}} 'freebooter'; ''republic'' comes from Latin {{lang|la|res publica}}, loosely meaning 'public affair'.}}). Moodalka {{tl|Gloss}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa tan; t.s. <code>{{tlp|lang|es|casa}} {{tlf|gloss|house}}</code> wuxuu soo saaraa: {{lang|es|casa}} {{gloss|house}}. Ee turjumaada tooska ah, moodalka {{tl|Literal translation}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa; wuxuu dhex gelyaa {{xt|lit.}} ka hor gloss-ka. ====Ee xigasho ku dhex jirta xigasho==== {{Shortcut|MOS:QWQ|}} Isticmaal single quotes: *{{xt|Darwin wrote in his introduction that "the maxim 'de minimis lex non curat' does not apply to science".}} Ee dhismaha dheeraad ah, beddel dhexda single iyo double quotes: *{{xt|He said, "That book asserts, 'Confucius said "Everything has beauty, but not everyone sees it.{{" ' "}}}} Ee quote marks ee uusocodka tooska ah, ku dar space yar iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{nowrap|{{tl|" '}}}}, {{nowrap|{{tl|' "}}}}, ama (sida tusaale ahaan halkan loo dhiibay) {{nowrap|{{tl|" ' "}}}}: *{{xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!{{' "}}}} Markup: <code>He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!{{tl|' "}}</code> *{{!xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!'"}} (jamming garaynta waxyaabaha waxay u okisaa si xun fonts badankooda) *{{!xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!'{{nbsp}}"}} (space caadi ah wuxuu leeyahay inta badan) ====<span id="Quotation marks in article openings"></span>Bilowga maqaalka==== {{Shortcut|MOS:BOLDQUOTE}} Qoraalka bold-ka ah oo caadi ahaan ka muuqda bilowga maqaalka: *Calaamad kasta oo xigmadda ah oo qayb ka mid ah mawduuca waa in ay noqoto bold sida qaybta hartay ee mawduuca. **Ka soo baxay ''[["A" Is for Alibi]]'': {{xt|'''''"A" Is for Alibi''''' is a mystery novel&nbsp;...}} *Calaamadaha xigmadda ee {{em|aan}} qayb ka mid ah mawduuca ma aha in ay noqdaan bold. **Ka soo baxay [[Jabberwocky]]: {{xt|"'''Jabberwocky'''" is a nonsense poem&nbsp;...}} **Ka soo baxay [[Babe Ruth]]: {{xt|'''George Herman''' "'''Babe'''" '''Ruth''' was an American baseball player&nbsp;...}} {{crossref|pw=y|(Sidoo kale eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography|Nicknames}}.)}} ====Punctuation ka hor xigashooyinka==== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTEPUNCT}} Haddii dhisma aan la xigtay laakiin kale oo u dhigma uu shaqayn lahaa grammatically aan lahayn comma, isticmaalka comma ka hor xigasho oo lagu ammaan goyay jumlad waa dookh: *{{xt|The report stated "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} ([[wikt:cf.|Cf.]] aan la xigtay {{xt|The report stated there was a 45% reduction in transmission rate.}}) *{{xt|The report stated, "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} Qaabka aan lahayn comma ka sanado badan waxaa loo isticmaalaa xigashooyinka qaybta ah: *{{xt|The report observed "a 45% reduction in transmission rate".}} Comma waxaa loo baahan yahay marka ay ka muuqan lahayd dhismaha oo kale haddii maaddada aan ayan ahayn xigasho: *{{xt|In Margaret Mead's view, "we must recognize the whole gamut of human potentialities" to enrich our culture.}} Ha dhex gelin comma haddii ay is-dhaafsi keeni karto ama beddeli karto macnaha: *{{xt|Caitlyn Jenner expressed concerns about children "who are coming to terms with being true to who they are".}} (Xigasho sax ah oo ka soo baxday foomka ku saabsan {{em|carruurta qaarkood}}{{snd}}gaar ahaan carruurtaas "who are coming to terms{{nbsp}}...") *{{!xt|Caitlyn Jenner expressed concerns about children, "who are coming to terms with being true to who they are".}} (Beddelaa macnaha si loogu muujiyo Jenner in ay muujinaysay concern ku saabsan {{em|dhammaan}} carruurta, inta la dhiibay in carruurtu, guud ahaan, "are coming to terms{{nbsp}}...") Waxay ka caddayn tahay in loo isticmaalo colon si loo soo bandhigo xigasho haddii ay samaynayso jumlad dhan, iyo kani waa in mar walba loo sameyo xigashooyinka jumlado badan leeh: *{{xt|The report stated: "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} *{{xt|In a letter to his son, Albert Einstein wrote: "Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance you must keep moving."}} Punctuation dheeraad ah ma aha mid lagama maarmaan ah ee tooska ah [[#Words as words|words-as-words]] xaaladda: *{{xt|The message was unintelligible except for the fragments "help soon" and "how much longer before".}} ====<span class="anchor" id="Quotation marks-Titles"></span><span id="Quotation marks with names and titles"></span>Magacyada iyo mawduucyada==== {{/titles hatnote include|where=MOS#P-QM-N&T}} Calaamadaha xigmadda waa in loo isticmaalo magacyada iyo mawduucyada soo socda: {{columns-list|colwidth=27em| *Maqaallada iyo chapters-ka (buugaagta iyo periodicals waa italics) *Sheekooyinka gaaban (buugaagta iyo periodicals waa italics) *Qaybaha muusigga (pieces waa italics) *Strips-ka gaarka ah ee comics iyo webcomics (comics waa italics) *Gabayada (gabayada dheer ama epic waa italics) *Noocyada (albums, song cycles, operas, operettas, iyo oratorios waa italics) *Episodes-ka gaarka ah ee taxanaha TV-ga iyo radio-ga iyo [[Serial (radio and television)|serials]] (mawduuca taxanaha waa italics){{efn|1="Mawduuca taxanaha waa italics" wuxuu isticmaalayaa ''taxanaha'' si loogu macneeyo show-ga dhan. Season (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay ''series'' ee British English-ka) leh mawduuciisa laikiis wuxuu isticmaalaa calaamadaha xigmadda mawduucaas, sida sub-work.}} }} {{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The Beatles wrote "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" for their album ''Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band''.}} Ha isticmaalin calaamadaha xigmadda ama italics ee qoraallada hore, concert tours, meelaha, cibaadooyinka, myths, iyo epics. (Kuwa badan, laakiin ma aha dhammaan, oo ka mid ah waxyaabahaani [[#Titles of works|waa inay sidoo kale ku dhex jirin title case]].) ====<span class="anchor" id="LP"></span><span class="anchor" id="LQ"></span><span class="anchor" id="TQ"></span><span class="anchor" id="logical quotes"></span><span id="Punctuation inside or outside quotation marks"></span>Punctuation ku dhex jirta ama ka baxsan==== {{Shortcut|MOS:LQ|MOS:LOGICAL|MOS:INOROUT}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Logical quotation on Wikipedia|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Effect on nearby punctuation}}<!-- Another kind of punctuation "in or out". EDITORS PLEASE NOTE: Changes to this section may escalate into heated dispute. Please consider raising any proposed changes for discussion and consensus-building on the talk page before editing. --> Isticmaal qaabka [[logical quotation]] dhammaan maqaallada, iyadoo aan loo eegin nooca English-ka oo lagu qoray. Ku dar punctuation-ka dhamaadka ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda kaliya haddii uu ka muuqday maaddada asalka ah, oo haddii kale u lag ka dambaysta calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. Qaybta badankeeda, kani wuxuu macneynayaa u treats-garaynta periods iyo commas foomkaas oo kale sida question marks: sii wad ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda haddii ay ku dabaqmaan kaliya maaddada la xigtay iyo ka baxsan haddii ay ku dabaqmaan jumlada dhan. Tusaalooyinka waxaa loo dhiibay ka hooseeya. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Did Darla say, "Here I am"?}} (question mark wuxuu ku dabaqmaa jumlada dhan) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|Did Darla say, "Here I am?"}} (aan sax ahayn in lagu dabaqo question mark xigashoda) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Darla said, "Where am I?"}} (question mark wuxuu ku dabaqmaa maaddada la xigtay kaliya) Haddii xigashodu ay tahay eray gaar ah ama qayb jumlad ah, u lag punctuation-ka dhamaadka ka baxsan calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. Marka aad xigtayso jumlad dhan, dhamaadka oo u dhigma dhamaadka jumlada ku dhex jirta, u lag punctuation-ka dhamaadka ku dhex jira calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. *{{xt|Miller wanted, he said, "to create something timeless".}} *{{xt|Miller said: "I wanted to create something timeless."}} Haddii jumlada la xigtay ay raacdo [[clause]] oo waa in uu ka horreeyo comma, ka tag [[full stop]] (period), iyo ha u beddelin comma {{em|ku dhex jirta}} xigashoda.{{efn|Kani waa foomka ugu muhiimsan oo uu logical quotation ku kala duwan yahay isticmaalka punctuation-ka wargaysyada British-ka, halka publishers badan ay u ilayeeyaan beddelkaas maaddada la xigtay, oo ka aghas ah saxnaanta dhismaha logical punctuation-ka.}} Terminal punctuation kale, sida question marks ama exclamation marks, waxaa lagu dhowri karaa. *{{xt|Livingston then said, "It is done", and turned to the people.}} *{{xt|Livingston then exclaimed, "It is done!", and turned to the people.}} Haddii jumlada la xigtay ay raacdo clause oo aqoonsanaya speaker-ka, isticmaal comma ka baxsan calaamadda xigmadda halkii full stop ku dhex jira, laakiin sii wad terminal punctuation kasta oo kale, sida question mark. *{{xt|"There is no strife, no prejudice, no national conflict in outer space as yet", said Kennedy.}} *{{xt|By asking "Who are you?", she prompts John to tell his story.}} Ha raacin erayada ama qaybaha la xigtay commas ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda, marka laga reebo halka xigasho dheer lagu baabi'iyay iyo comma uu yahay qayb ka mid ah xigashoda dhan. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change, opening the way to confidence and courage", said Turner.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change," said Turner, "opening the way to confidence and courage."}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change, opening the way", said Turner, "to confidence and courage."}} *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|"I began to change, opening the way," said Turner, "to confidence and courage."}} ==== Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo isqu xirka ka baxsan ==== Isqu xirka ka baxsan ee u socda mawduucyada maqaallada waa in ay leeyihiin mawduuca ku dhex jira quotes ku dhex jira isqu xirka. Moodallada tixraaca ee [[Help:Citation Style 1|CS1]] iyo [[Help:Citation Style 2|CS2]] waxay sameynayaan tan si otomaatig ah, iyo tixraacyada aan moodalka lahayn waa inay sameeyaan foomkan oo kale. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|{{cite news |last1=Kiefer |first1=Francine |title=Clinton: The Early Years |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |date=May 29, 1998 |ref=none}}}} (Isticmaalka {{tl|cite news}}) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt| Kiefer, Francine (May 29, 1998). [https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html "Clinton: The Early Years"]. ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''.}} (Aan moodal lahayn) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt| Kiefer, Francine (May 29, 1998). "[https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html Clinton: The Early Years]". ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''.}} (Aan moodal lahayn) ==== Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo isqu xirka ku dhex jira ==== Isqu xirka ku dhex jira (wikilinks) oo ay la socdaan calaamadaha xigmadda caadi ahaan waa inay leeyihiin quotes ka baxsan isqu xirka. Kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa mawduucyada shaqaalaha ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda (noocyada, episodes-ka, iyo wixii la mid ah) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Play it, Sam. Play "[[As Time Goes By (song)|As Time Goes By]]".}} (Isticmaalka <code><nowiki>"[[ ]]"</nowiki></code>.) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|Play it, Sam. Play [[As Time Goes By (song)|"As Time Goes By"]].}} (Isticmaalka <code><nowiki>[[" "]]</nowiki></code>.) Laakiin, calaamadaha xigmadda waxaa loo baahan yahay ku dhex jira wikilinks marka calaamadda xigmadda ay tahay qayb ka mid ah isqu xirka, ama halka qoraalka isqu xirka leh ee muuqda uu ku dhex jiro calaamadaha xigmadda oo muujinaya slang, nicknames, magacyada caadiga ah, ama isticmaalka la midka ah. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The term ''soccer'' comes from [[Oxford "-er"|Oxford {{nowrap|"-er"}}]] slang, which was prevalent at the [[University of Oxford]] in England from about 1875...}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|A Cockney accent [[Rhoticity in English|drops the "r"]] after a vowel.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The [[Dynamo Sports Club|Proletarian Sports Society "Dynamo"]] was established in Moscow in 1923.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|President Suharto's [[New Order (Indonesia)|"New Order"]] administration received US support for its economic policies.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Japan's [[Lost Decades|"Lost Decades"]] began in 1991.}} ===Brackets iyo parentheses=== {{Shortcut|MOS:()|MOS:BRACKETS}} {{Redirect|MOS:PAREN|use of parentheses (round brackets) in article titles|WP:Article titles#Parenthetical disambiguation|deprecated inline parenthetical citations|WP:Citing sources#Parenthetical referencing}} Qaybtan waxay ku dabaqmaysaa labadaba round brackets {{xt|(&nbsp;)}}, sidoo cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay [[Bracket|parentheses]], iyo square brackets {{xt|[&nbsp;]}}. Haddii jumlad ay ku dhex jirto foom bracketed ah, u lag punctuation-ka jumlada ka baxsan brackets-ka {{xt|(sida halkan loo muujiyay).}} Laakiin, halka hal ama ka badan jumlado ay ku dhex jiraan brackets-ka dhan, u lag punctuation-kooda ku dhex jira brackets-ka. Waa inuusan jirin space dhow dhanka ku dhex jira ee bracket-ka. Bracket-ka oo starts-garoogaya caadi ahaan waa inuu ka horreeyo space. Kani ma noqon karo xaaladda haddii uu ka horreeyo calaamad xigmadda oo starts-garoogaysa, bracket kale oo starts-garoogaya, ama qayb ka mid ah eray: *{{xt|He rose to address the meeting: "(Ahem)&nbsp;... Ladies and gentlemen, welcome!"}} *{{xt|Only the royal characters in the play ([Prince] Hamlet and his family) habitually speak in blank verse.}} *{{xt|We journeyed on the Inter[continental].}} *{{xt|Most people are right-handed. (Some people are left-handed, but that does not make right-handed people "better" than left-handed people.)}} Waa inuu jiro space ka dambeeya bracket-ka xiritaanka, marka laga reebo halka punctuation mark uu raaco (inkastoo spaced dash uu sii wadi doono space ka dambeeya bracket-ka xiritaanka) iyo xaaladaha aan caadiga ahayn ee la midka ah kuwa lagu tirtiray bracket-ka starts-garoogaya. Ka fogao kooxaha dhow ee brackets-ka. Mid ka mid ah u lag foomamka parenthetical-ka ah ku dhex jirta hal koox oo lagu kala saaray semicolons, ama dib-u-qor: *{{em|Ka fogao}}: {{!xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919) (also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader.}} *{{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: {{xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919; also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader.}} *{{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: {{xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader. He was also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv.}} Square brackets waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loogu muujiyo beddelka tifaftirka iyo dhex-gelinta ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka, inkastoo kani waligeed ma aha inuu beddelo macnaha loo intended-gareeyay. Waxay u adeegaan saddex sababood oo waaweyn: *Si loo caddayo: {{xt|She attended [secondary] school}}, halka kani uu ahaa macnaha loo intended-gareeyay, laakiin nooca school-ka uusan ahayn mid lagu dhiibay jumlada asalka ah. *Si loo yareeyo dheerka xigashoda: {{xt|X contains Y, and under certain circumstances, X may contain Z as well}} waxaa loo yareeyn karaa {{xt|X contains Y [and sometimes Z]}}. Marka ellipsis ({{xt|...}}) loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo maaddada ka baxday xigashoda tooska ah, caadi ahaan ma aha in lagu duubo bracket. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Ellipses}} si aad u ogaato xaaladda gaarka ah.)}} *Si loo sameyo grammar-ka inuu shaqeeyo: Tixraacaya foomka dadka {{xt|"I hate to do laundry"}}, ein wuxuu sax ah ugu qori karaa {{xt|She "hate[s] to do laundry"}}. Haddii jumlad ay ku dhex jirta maaddo subsidiary ah oo lagu duubay square ama round brackets, waa in ay sii wadato terminal punctuation {{em|ka dambaysa}} brackets-kaas, iyadoo aan loo eegin punctuation kasta oo ku dhex jira brackets-ka. {{Block indent|{{xt|She refused all requests (except for basics such as food, medicine, etc.).}}}} Laakiin, haddii jumlada dhan ay ku dhex jirta brackets-ka, punctuation-ka xiritaanka wuxuu ku dhex jiraa brackets-ka. {{xt|(This sentence is an example.)}} ====Brackets iyo isqu xirka==== Square brackets ku dhex jira isqu xirka waa inay noqdaan kuwo [[Escape character|escaped]] ah: {| class="wikitable" | He said, "<code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[[John Doe|John &amp;#91;Doe&amp;#93;]]</nowiki>}}</code> answered." || He said, "[[John Doe|John &#91;Doe&#93;]] answered." |- | He said, "<code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[[John Doe|John {{bracket|Doe}}]]</nowiki>}}</code> answered." || He said, "[[John Doe|John {{bracket|Doe}}]] answered." |- | <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[https://example.com On the first day &amp;#91;etc.&amp;#93;]</nowiki>}}</code> || [https://example.com On the first day &#91;etc.&#93;] |- | <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[https://example.com On the first day {{bracket|etc.}}]</nowiki>}}</code> || [https://example.com On the first day {{bracket|etc.}}] |} Markup-ka {{xtag|nowiki}} sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaali karaa: {{tag|nowiki|content=[Doe]}} ama {{tag|nowiki|content=[etc.]}}. Haddii URL laikiisu uu ku dhex jiro square brackets, wikitext-ku waa inuu isticmaalo foomka [[URL encoding|URL-encoded]] ah <code><nowiki>https://</nowiki>example.com/foo.php?query={{bxt|%5B}}xxx{{bxt|%5D}}yyy</code>, halkii&nbsp;...<code>query={{!bxt|&#91;}}xxx{{!bxt|&#93;}}yyy</code>. Kani wuxuu ka fogaan doonaa baabi'inta isqu xirka ka dambaysa <code>xxx</code>. ====Angle brackets==== :''Ee guillemets («&nbsp;»), eeg {{section link|#Quotation characters}}'' Angle brackets (⟨&nbsp;⟩) waxaa loo isticmaalaa mawduucyada tignoolajiyada ee kala duwan, sida physics-ka ee [[bra–ket notation]] iyo [[Expectation value (quantum mechanics)|expectation value]] (t.s. {{xt|⟨''φ''{{!}}''ψ''⟩}}), mathematics-ka ee [[presentation of a group]], iyo linguistics-ka si loogu muujiyo [[grapheme]]s (t.s. {{xt|the digraph ⟨sh⟩}}). Ha isticmaalin less-than iyo greater-than signs (<&nbsp;>) sida angle brackets (t.s. {{!xt|<''φ''{{!}}''ψ''>}}, {{!xt|the digraph <sh>}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipses"></span><span class="anchor" id="..."></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis style"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis function and implementation"></span>Ellipses=== {{Shortcut|MOS:...|MOS:ELLIPSIS|}} Isticmaal ''[[ellipsis]]'' haddii maaddadu ay ka baxday xigashoda, ilaa square brackets loo isticmaalo si loo [[Gloss (annotation)|gloss]] xigashoda. *Ee prose iyo non-LaTeX mathematics formulae, ellipses waxaa lagu qoraa iyadoo la isticmaalayo saddex unspaced dots ({{xt|<code>...</code>}}); ha isticmaalin xarafka precomposed ellipsis-ka ah ({{!xt|<code>…</code>}})<!-- Possibly we should explain the precomposed character in terms of its code point or something --> ama saddex dots oo lagu kala saaray spaces {{nobr|({{!xt|<code>. . .</code>}})}} *Caadi ahaan, isticmaal non-breaking space ka hor ellipsis iyo space caadi ah ka dambaystiisa: {{nobr|{{xt|Alpha, Bravo,{{tl|nbsp}}... Zulu}}}} *Haddii ellipsis uu raaco <code>.&nbsp;?&nbsp;!&nbsp;:&nbsp;;&nbsp;,&nbsp;)&nbsp;]&nbsp;}</code> ama calaamad xigmadda oo xiritaanka ah (single ama double), ka tag space-ka ka dambaysa. U lag terminal punctuation ku dhex jira quote-ka kaliya haddii uu yahay mid muhiim ah qoraalka, sida caadi ahaan ah xaaladda exclamation marks iyo question marks laakiin dhifka ah periods: *: {{xt|Jones wrote: "These stories amaze me. The facts suffer so frightfully{{tlf|nbsp}}...".}} *: {{xt|"But what of the other cities? London, Paris{{tlf|nbsp}}...?"}} * Haddii ellipsis uu toos u raaco calaamad xigmadda oo starts-garoogaysa, kaliya isticmaal non-breaking space ka dambaystiisa: *: {{xt|He continued to pursue Smith ("...{{tlf|nbsp}}to the ends of the earth", he had sworn) until his own death.}} *{{Visible anchor|text=Si loo kala saaro ellipsis oo muujinaya qoraalka ka baxay iyo mid ka mid ah quote-ka, waxaad ku duubi kartaa kan kowaad square brackets: {{xt|She retorted: "How do I feel? How do you {{em|think}} I&nbsp;... This is too much!&nbsp;[...] Take me home!"}}|With square brackets}} *{{Visible anchor|text=Marka ellipsis loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo pause ama suspense ee speech-ka, sii wad punctuation-ka asalka ah: {{xt|Virginia's startled reply was "Could he&nbsp;...? No, I can't believe it!"}}. Marka loo isticmaalo ku dhex jira eray aan dhammaystirnayn, ma jiro space loo isticmaalo dhexda erayga qaybtiisa iyo ellipsis-ka: {{xt|The garbled transmission ended with "We are stranded near San L...o", interpreted as either San Leandro or San Lorenzo.}}|Pause or suspension of speech}} *In LaTeX-formatted mathematics formulae, isticmaal LaTeX markup-ka saxda ah ee lowered dots (<code>\dots</code>, <math>\dots</math>) ama xarfaha precomposed-ka ah oo leeh dots meelaha kale (sida centered ama diagonal, ⋯, ⋰, ama ⋱) ===<span class="anchor" id="fewer commas"></span>Commas=== {{Shortcut|MOS:,|MOS:COMMA}} Pair ka mid ah [[comma]]s wuxuu bracket-garayn karaa [[appositive]], [[relative clause]], ama [[parenthetical phrase]] (sida brackets ama dashes, inkastoo leh interruption dheeraad ah ee jumlada). Tusaale ahaan: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|John Smith, Janet Cooper's son, is a well-known playwright.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Janet Cooper's son John Smith is a well-known playwright.}} (marka Janet ay leedahay sons badan) {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Janet Cooper's son, John Smith, is a well-known playwright.}} (marka Janet ay leedahay kaliya hal son) {{!}}} }} Mar walba isticmaal {{em|pair}} ka mid ah commas ee tan, ilaa punctuation mark kale uu qaado meesha comma-ka labaad: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Blunt comments came from the newest member, John Smith.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|The newest member, John Smith{{snd}}a retired teacher{{snd}}was blunt.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|The newest member, John Smith was blunt.}}<!-- There's actually a way to parse this such that it would be acceptable in some styles, but WP articles don't use such styles. --> {{!}}} }} Ha u ilayn punctuation-ka kale inuu kaaga baabi'iyo u baahnaanta comma, gaar ahaan marka comma uu collided-garayyo bracket ama parenthesis: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Burke and Wills, fed by locals (on beans, fish, and ''ngardu''), survived for a few months.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Burke and Wills, fed by locals (on beans, fish, and ''ngardu'') survived for a few months.}} {{!}}} }} {{Shortcut|MOS:GEOCOMMA}} {{vanchor|Geographical references|text=In geographical references oo ku dhex jiraan heerarka badan ee subordinate divisions (t.s. city, state/province, country), comma wuxuu kala saaraa element kasta wuxuuna raacaa element-ka ugu dambeeya ilaa uu raaco terminal punctuation ama parenthesis-ka xiritaanka. Element-ka ugu dambeeya waxaa loo treats-garaysay sida [[Wikipedia:Basic copyediting#Parenthetical comma|parenthetical]].}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|He traveled through North Carolina before staying in Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the night.}}<!-- About a 10-hour drive if he started in Virginia Beach and passed through Winston-Salem. --> {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|He traveled through North Carolina before staying in Chattanooga, Tennessee for the night.}} {{!}}} }} Sidoo kale ku dar commas marka geographical element-ka loo isticmaalo sida disambiguator: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Hantratty received a PhD from the University of California, Irvine, in 1977.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Hantratty received a PhD from the University of California, Irvine in 1977.}} {{!}}} }} Ku dar comma labaad sidoo kale marka dhismaha leh comma [[Grammatical modifier|modifies-garayyo]] noun ama compound noun: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Keith Wilson won the 2024 Portland, Oregon, mayoral election.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Keith Wilson won the 2024 Portland, Oregon mayoral election.}} {{!}}} }} {{shortcut|MOS:DATECOMMA}} {{vanchor|Date commas|text=[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Dates, months, and years|Dates]] ku dhex jira month–day–year format waxay u baahan yihiin comma ka dambaysa day-ka, iyo sidoo kale ka dambaysa year-ka, ilaa ay raacdo punctuation kale. Element-ka ugu dambeeya waxaa loo treats-garaysay sida [[Wikipedia:Basic copyediting#Parenthetical comma|parenthetical]].}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|He set October 1, 2011, as the deadline for Patterson to meet his demands.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|He set October 1, 2011 as the deadline for Patterson to meet his demands.}} {{!}}} }} {{shortcut|MOS:QUOTECOMMA}} {{vanchor|Quotation commas|text= U lag calaamadaha xigmadda iyadoo la raacayo {{Section link||Punctuation inside or outside}}. Kani waxaa loo intended-gareeyay "logical quotation".}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Sax:}} {{!}} {{xt|She said, "The weather changes too often", and made other complaints.}} {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}} {{!xt|She said, "The weather changes too often," and made other complaints.}} {{!}}} }} Comma waxaa lagu dhex jiri karaa ka hor xigasho oo lagu ammaan goyay jumlad {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}})}}. ====<span class="anchor" id="Serial comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Oxford comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Oxford commas"></span><span class="anchor" id="Harvard comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Harvard commas"></span>Serial commas==== {{Shortcut|MOS:SERIAL|MOS:OXFORD||}} {{Redirect|MOS:OXFORD|Oxford spelling|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling#British English with "-ize" (Oxford spelling)}} A [[serial comma]] (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay ''Oxford comma'' ama ''Harvard comma'') waa comma loo isticmaalo toos ka hor conjunction (''and'', ''or'', ''nor'') ku dhex jirta liiska saddex ama ka badan items. {{Block indent|{{xt|ham, chips, and eggs}}{{spnd}}serial comma}} {{Block indent|{{xt|ham, chips and eggs}}{{spnd}}aan lahayn serial comma}} Tifaftireyaasha waxay isticmaali karaan mid ka mid ah heshiiska ilaa maqaal kasta uu yahay joogto ah ku dhex jirta. Serial commas waxay ka taageeraan badan marka qoraalka maqaalku uu yahay dhibco leh, sida liiska oo leh multi-word items (gaar ahaan haddii mid uu ku dhex jiro laikiis "''and''{{-"}}) ama nooc ka mid ah terms aan la dhasheyn oo laga yaabo. Laakiin, waxaa jira xaalado halka ka-tagista ama ku-darida serial comma ay keento is-dhaafsi: {{Block indent|{{!xt|The author thanked her friends, Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley}}{{spnd}}oo tirtiri kara mid ka mid ah afar ama ka badan dad ah (friends-ka iyo labada dad ee la magacaabay) ama laba dad ah (O'Connor iyo Marley, oo ah friends-ka).}} {{Block indent|{{!xt|The author thanked a friend, Sinéad O'Connor, and Bob Marley}}{{spnd}}oo tirtiri kara mid ka mid ah laba dad ah (O'Connor, oo ah friend-ka, iyo Marley) ama saddex dad ah (kan kowaad oo ah friend-ka, kan labaad O'Connor, iyo kan saddexaad Marley).}} Xaaladahaas is-dhaafsiga ah, cadday mid ka mid ah afar foom: *Ku dar ama baabi'i serial comma-ka. *Isticmaal jumlado gaar ah, bullet lists, ama beddelka dhismaha kale si loo caddayo. *Recast-garee jumlada ("friends" xaaladda): **Si loo tirtiro laba dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked her friends Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley.}} ***Caddayn badan: {{xt|The author thanked two friends: Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley.}} **Si loo tirtiro dad badan: **: {{xt|The author thanked Sinéad O'Connor, Bob Marley and her friends}} ama **: {{xt|The author thanked Sinéad O'Connor, Bob Marley, and her friends}}. ***Laakiin ma aha: {{!xt|The author thanked Bob Marley, Sinéad O'Connor[,] and her friends}}{{spnd}}soo bandhigaa is-dhaafsi ku saabsan ''her''. *Recast-garee jumlada ("friend" xaaladda): **Si loo tirtiro laba dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked Bob Marley and her friend Sinéad O'Connor.}} ***Ama noqo mid gaar ah marka ay suurtogal tahay: {{xt|The author thanked her childhood friend Sinéad O'Connor and her mentor, Bob Marley.}} **Si loo tirtiro saddex dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked Bob Marley, Sinéad O'Connor, and a friend.}} ***Caddaynta leh gender-specific terms sida ''mother'' waxay noqon kartaa dhibco leh; {{!xt|The author thanked her mother, Kim Thayil, and Sinéad O'Connor}} ma aha caddayn sababtoo ah akhristayaasha ma ogaankaraan [[Kim Thayil]] in uu yahay male oo ma noqon doono dadka oo kale sida mother-ka. ***Caddayn badan: {{xt|The author thanked Kim Thayil, Sinéad O'Connor, and her own mother}} ama {{xt|The author thanked her mother and musicians Kim Thayil and Sinéad O'Connor}}. ===Colons=== {{Shortcut|MOS:COLON}} {{For|the wikitext link formatting|Help:Colon trick}} A [[Colon (punctuation)|colon]] ({{xt|:}}) wuxuu soo bandhigaa wax muujinaya, sharraxaya, ama modifies-garaynaya waxa soo maray, ama ah liiska items oo dhowaan la soo bandhigay. Items-ka ku dhex jira liiskaas waxaa lagu kala saari karaa commas, ama haddii ay yihiin kuwo dhibco badan leh oo laga yaabo in ay laikiisu ku dhex jiraan commas, items-ka waa in lagu kala saaro semicolons ama lagu aaggaado bulleted list. {{Block indent|{{xt|We visited several tourist attractions: the Leaning Tower of Pisa, which I thought could fall at any moment; the Bridge of Sighs; the supposed birthplace of Petrarch, or at least the first known house in which he lived; and so many more.}}}} Colon waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa si loo soo bandhigo [[Quotation marks in English#Quotations and speech|direct speech]] oo lagu duubay calaamadaha xigmadda. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}}.)}} Marka colon loo isticmaalo sida separator ku dhex jira mawduuca maqaalka, madaxa qaybta, ama item liiska ah, tifaftireyaasha waxay dooran karaan in ay xaraf weyn ugu qoraan waxa raaca, iyadoo loo tixgelinayo [[#Retaining existing styles|isticmaalka jira]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Article titles#Consistency|joogteynta leh maqaallada la xiriira]]. Marka laga reebo isticmaalka tignoolajiyada ({{xt|a 3:1 ratio}}), ma jiro jumlad waa in ay ku dhex jirtay colons badan, ma jiro space waa in uu ka horreeyo colon, iyo space (laakiin waligeed ma aha hyphen ama dash) waa in uu raaco colon-ka. ===Semicolons=== {{Shortcut|MOS:;|MOS:SEMICOLON|}} {{for|usage in marking up description (definition) lists|Help:List#Description lists}} A [[semicolon]] ({{xt|;}}) marna waa alternative ee full stop (period), iyadoo u sahlaysa maaddada la xiriirta in lagu dhowro jumlada oo kale; waxay muujisaa kala saarisa la go'aamiyay ee jumlada marka loo eego comma. Haddii semicolon-ku uu kala saaro clauses, caadi ahaan clause kasta waa in uu noqdo mid gaar ah (macneheedu waa in uu taaggaanshaan karo laikiisu sida jumlad). Xaaladaha badankooda, kaliya comma ama kaliya semicolon wuxuu noqon doonaa sax ku dhex jira jumlad gaar ah. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Sax:}} | {{xt|Though he had been here before, I did not recognize him.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} | {{!xt|Though he had been here before; I did not recognize him.}} |} Sare, "Though he had been here before" ma taaggaanshaan karo laikiisu sida jumlad, oo sidaas darteed ma aha independent clause. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Sax:}} | {{xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit; bananas are classified as alkaline.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} | {{!xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit, bananas are classified as alkaline.}} |} Isticmaalkan aan saxda ahayn ee comma ee dhexda laba independent clauses waxaa loo intended-gareeyay [[comma splice]]; laakiin, xaaladaha qaarkood, comma waxaa loo isticmaali karaa halka semicolon wuxuu oki lahaa in loo baahan yahay: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | {{em|La accepts-garaysay}}: || {{xt|"Life is short, art is long."}} (laba clauses oo gaaban ku dhex jira [[aphorism]]; eeg ''[[Ars longa, vita brevis]]'') |- | {{em|La accepts-garaysay}}: || {{xt|"I have studied it, you have not."}} (soo sheegida wada-hadal gaaban, sida jawaabtan ee [[Isaac Newton|Newton]]) |} Jumlad waxay ku dhex jiri kartaa semicolons badan, gaar ahaan marka clauses-ku ay yihiin kuwo parallel ee dhismaha iyo macnaha; semicolons badan oo aan la xiriirin caadi ahaan waa calaamado ah in jumlada loo kala saaro jumlado gaaban ama foom kale loo dib-u-qoro. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Unwieldy}}: | {{!xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit; bananas are classified as alkaline; pears are close to neutral; these distinctions are rarely discussed.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: | {{xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit, bananas are alkaline, and pears are close to neutral; these distinctions are rarely discussed.}} |} Semicolons waxaa loo isticmaalaa ku-darida commas si loo kala saaro items ku dhex jira liiska, marka commas laikiisu ay keeni karaan jahwareer. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Jahwareer:}} | {{!xt|Sales offices are located in Boston, Massachusetts, San Francisco, California, Singapore, and Millbank, London, England.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Caddayn:}} | {{xt|Sales offices are located in Boston, Massachusetts; San Francisco, California; Singapore; and Millbank, London, England.}} |} ====Semicolon ka hor "however"==== {{Shortcut|MOS:HOWEVER}} {{Redirect|MOS:HOWEVER|its usage in editorialization|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Editorializing}} Macnaha jumlad ay ku dhex jirta trailing clause oo ku starts-garoogaysa erayga ''however'' wuxuu ku xiran yahay punctuation-ka ka horreeya eraygaas. Makhaadhaa caadi ah waa isticmaalka punctuation-ka aan saxda ahayn, iyadoo beddelaysa macnaha mid aan loo intended-gareeyn. Marka erayga ''however'' uu yahay adverb macneheedu yahay "nevertheless", waa in uu ka horreeyo semicolon oo uu raaco comma. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people; however, they tried.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people; nevertheless, they tried.}} |} Marka erayga ''however'' uu yahay conjunction macneheedu yahay "in whatever manner", ama "regardless of how", wuxuu ka horreyn karaa comma laakiin ma aha semicolon, oo waa inuusan raacin punctuation. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people, however they tried.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people, regardless of how they tried.}} |} Xaaladda kowaad, clause-ka oo ku starts-garoogaya "however" ma loo beddeli karo clause-ka kowaad; xaaladda labaad kani waxaa lagu sameyn karaa aan lahayn beddelka macnaha: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|However they tried, it was obvious they could not convert these people.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|Regardless of how they tried, it was obvious they could not convert these people.}} |} Haddii labada clauses aan loo beddeli karin, semicolon waxaa loo baahan yahay. Jumlad ama clause waxay sidoo kale ku dhex jiri kartaa erayga ''however'' dhexda, haddii uu yahay adverb macneheedu yahay "although" oo lagu lagi karay bilowga laakiin aan ku starts-garoogayn clause cusub dhexda jumlada. Isticmaalkan, erayga waxaa lagu duubi karaa dhexda commas. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|He did not know, however, that the venue had been changed at the last minute.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|However, he did not know that the venue had been changed at the last minute.}} |} ===Hyphens=== {{Shortcut|MOS:-|MOS:HYPHEN}} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Globe Toters-A Birla Preschool,Indore (cropped).jpg | image2 = Peuters_in_het_tehuis_zitten_met_zijn_allen_op_de_po,_Bestanddeelnr_252-0385.jpg | image3 = Graduates 2014 IMG 2779 (14083168633).jpg | caption1 = Four-year-old children | caption2 = Four year-old children | caption3 = Four-year old children }} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Haring 03.jpg | image2 = Great white Dyer island 2010-07.jpg | caption1 = A man {{nobr|eating fish}} | caption2 = A man-eating fish }} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Catalina_Island_Rescue_DVIDS1091019.jpg | image2 = Kintín al ataque (5189220934).jpg | caption1 = Officials help {{nobr|dog-bite victim}}. | caption2 = Officials help {{nobr|dog bite victim}}. }} [[File:Carry-On Aircraft.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|A sign {{shy|exhibiting over-eager hy|phen|a|tion}}: the second hyphen is fine, but the first is spurious.]] [[Hyphen]]s ({{xt|-}}) waxay muujiyaan conjunction. Waxaa jira saddex isticmaalka waaweyn: # In hyphenated magacyada dadka ({{xt|John Lennard-Jones}}, {{xt|Omar al-Bashir}}). # Si loogu isku xiro [[prefixes]] iyo [[suffixes]] oo leh terms-kooda waaweyn dhismaha qaarkood, [[#En dash across open compounds|ilbaa compounds-ka laikiisu ay ku dhex jiraan space ama hyphen]]: {{xt|quasi-scientific}}, {{xt|ultra-nationalistic}}, {{xt|London-based}}, {{xt|community-led}}. #*Hyphen waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loo kala saaro dhexda [[homograph]]s ({{xt|[[wikt:re-sign|re-sign]]}} macneheedu waa ''sign again'', laakiin {{xt|[[wikt:resign|resign]]}} macneheedu waa ''relinquish ownership'' ama ''leave a job''). #*Waxaa jira trend caddaynaya oo lagu ammaan goyo labada elements dhammaan noocyada English-ka ({{xt|subsection}}, {{xt|nonlinear}}). Hyphenation-ku wuxuu caddayaa marka xarfaha la keenay contact ay yihiin kuwo oo kale ({{xt|non-negotiable}}, {{xt|sub-basement}}) ama ay yihiin vowels ({{xt|pre-industrial}}), ama halka eray uu yahay mid aan caadi ahayn ({{xt|co-proposed}}, {{xt|re-target}}) ama laga yaabo in loo akhrriyo si aan sax ahayn ({{xt|sub-era}}, ma aha {{!xt|subera}}). Erayada qaarkood oo noocan ah si oo kale waa kuwo caadi ah aan lahayn hyphen-ka (t.s., {{xt|cooperation}} waxaa si joogto ah loo dhasheeyay ka badan {{xtg|co-operation}} ee English-ka cusub). Ka dhiiri erayada beddelaya macnahooda aan lahayn hyphen-ka, t.s. {{xt|re-creation}} (create again) iyo {{xt|recreation}} (amusement).{{efn|name=recent}} # {{va|Hyphens in compound modifiers|text=Si loogu isku xiro terms-ka la xiriira ee ku dhex jira [[compound modifier]]s}}:{{Efn|1=Gaar ahaan compound [[attributive adjective|attributives]], oo ah modifiers ee noun oo ka muuqda ku dhex jira [[noun phrase]]. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link|English compound#Hyphenated compound modifiers}}.)}}}} #*Hyphens waxay taageeri karaan fududaynta akhrrinta (waa inay noqdaan kuwo {{xt|ease-of-reading}} taageera) oo waxay gaar ahaan u wanaagsan yihiin noun phrases-ka dheer: {{xt|gas-phase reaction dynamics}}. Laakiin waligeed ha dhex gelin hyphen magac sax ah ({{xt|Middle Eastern cuisine}}, ma aha {{!xt|Middle-Eastern cuisine}}). #*Hyphen wuxuu taageeri karaa disambiguator-ka (qaarkood {{xt|short-story writers}} waa kuwo dheer; {{xt|a government-monitoring program}} waa program oo monitor-garaynaya xukuumadda, inta {{xt|a government monitoring program}} uu yahay program xukuumadda oo monitor-garaynaya). #*Compounds oo ah hyphenated marka loo isticmaalo {{em|[[Attributive adjective|attributively]]}} (adjectives ka hor nouns-ka ay qualified-garaynayaan: {{xt|a light-blue handbag}}, {{xt|a 34-year-old woman}}) ama {{em|[[substantive]]ly}} (sida noun: {{xt|she is a 34-year-old}}) caadi ahaan ma aha hyphenated marka loo isticmaalo {{em|[[Predicative expression|predicatively]]}} (foomka sharraxaadda leh oo lagu kala saaray noun-ka: {{xt|the handbag was light blue}}, {{xt|the woman is 34 years old}}). Halka uu ka jiri lahaa baabi'inta caddaynta laakiis, hyphen waxaa loo isticmaali karaa foomka predicative-ka ah sidoo kale ({{xt|hand-fed turkeys}}, {{xt|the turkeys were hand-fed}}). Attributive hyphenation-ka dhibco leh marna waxaa looga fogaan karaa dib-u-qorid fudud: {{xt|Hawaiian-native species}} → {{xt|native Hawaiian species}}. #*Ka fogao isticmaalka hyphen ka dambaysa heerka ''{{nowrap|-ly}}'' adverb ({{xt|a newly available home}}, {{xt|a wholly owned subsidiary}}) ilaa ay tahay qayb ka mid ah compound dheeraad ah ({{xt|a slowly-but-surely strategy}}). Xaaladaha dhifka ah, hyphen wuxuu ka wanaajin karaa caddaynta haddii alternative-ka dib loo qoray uu yahay dhibco leh, laakiin dib-u-qoriddu caadi ahaan waa ka wanaagsan tahay: {{!xt|The idea was clearly stated enough}} waxaa lagu disambiguator-gareyn karaa sida {{xt|The idea clearly was stated often enough}} ama {{xt|The idea was ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} 7vado7x2vgyum12j0dv7j83j3cxtj24 310798 310797 2026-10-24T10:30:44Z Isma4l 41797 /* Farta Janjeerta */ 310798 wikitext text/x-wiki {{MoS guideline|WP:MOS<!-- DO NOT add more shortcuts. None are as short and popular as this one. -->}} '''Haddaha Qaabka''' ('''MoS''' ama '''MOS''') waa [[haddaha qaabka]] ee dhammaan [[Wikipedia:Waa maxay maqaal?|maqaallada]] [[Wikipedia:Soomaali|Wikipedia-ha Soomaaliga]].{{efn|Isku xirka [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility|waxyaabaha la xiriira oo la heli karo]] waxay ku dabaqmaan dhammaan mashruuca, oo ma aha oo kaliya maqaallada.}} Boggan koowaad waxaa taageera [[:Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style|boggag yar oo xeel-dheer]], oo halkan la isku gudbin karo oo lagu tirtiray [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents]]. Haddii ay ka dhalato is-diido, boggani wuxuu leeyahay ka-horreyn.{{efn|name="CONLEVEL"|Kani waa arrin siyaasadeed oo ku saabsan {{section link|Wikipedia:Consensus|Level of consensus}}: "Is-afgaradka ka dhex jira koox xaddidan oo tifaftireyaal ah, hal meel iyo hal maalin, ma baabi'in karo [[Wikipedia:Community consensus|is-afgaradka samaynta]] ee baaxadda weyn. Tusaale ahaan, ilaa ay ka dhaadhiciyaan bulshada balaadhan in aysan sax ahayn, kaqeybgalayaasha WikiProject ma go'aamin karaan in siyaasada ama hagaha Wikipedia uusan ku dabaqmin maqaallada ku dhex jira baaxadeeda." Iyo: "Wikipedia waxay leedahay heer sare oo kaqeybgal iyo is-afgarad ee beddelka siyaasadaha iyo hagayaasha marka loo eego noocyada kale ee boggaga." Boggaga ka hooseeya waxaa ku jira [[:Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style|boggaga MoS-ka ee xeel-dheeraanta]], [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Guide#Advice pages|qoraallada qaabka]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style|Haddaha Qaabka ee Fudud]].}} {{vanchor|Clarity|text=Tifaftireyaal waa inay u qoraan maqaallada iyagoo isticmaalaya luqad toos ah, gaaban, oo fudud in la fahmo. Tifaftireyaal waa inay u dhisaan maqaallada qaabeyn joogto ah oo u sahlanaata akhristaha.}} {{va|Stability|text=Haddii ka badan hal qaab ama foom lagu aamini karo MoS-ka, mid waa in loo isticmaalo madal kasta oo ku dhex jirta maqaalka oo [[#Retaining existing styles|aan la beddelin]] sabab wanaagsan la'aanteed. [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|Tifaftirka dagaalka]] ee ku saabsan doorashooyinka qaabka ma aha mid la accepts karo.{{efn|name="ew"|Arrrimahaani waxaa lagu xalliyay go'aannada [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|Guddiga Garsoorka]] ee [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk#Optional styles|2005]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan#Preferred styles|2006]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Date delinking#Optional styles|2009]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Infoboxes#Use of infoboxes|2015]].}} Qoraal cusub oo lagu daro boggan waa inuu toos u xalliyo arrin qaab oo si joogto ah u soo noqnoqota.}} {{TOC limit|3}} ==Dhonsashada qaababka jira== {{Shortcut|MOS:VAR|MOS:STYLEVAR|MOS:STYLERET}} {{Redirect|MOS:VAR|retention of an article's established national English variety|#National varieties of English|a list of more specific related rules|WP:VARS}} Marna, MOS-ku wuxuu bixiyaa ka badan hal qaab oo la accepts karo ama ma bixiyo hagal gaar ah. Marka ka badan hal qaab la accepts karo, al-fajar ma aha mid habboon in tifaftiraha Wikipedia uu ka beddelo hal qaab oo uu u beddelo mid kale ilaa ay jirto sabab muhiim ah oo beddelka ah.{{efn|name="ArbCom"|Astaanta bilowga ee qoraalkan, eeg go'aannada [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|ArbCom]] ee [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk#Principles|Juun 2005]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/jguk 2#Principles|Nofembar 2005]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan#Principles|2006]].}} [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|Tifaftirka dagaalka]] ee ku saabsan qaabka,{{efn|name="ew"}} ama u adeegsiga qaab dookh ah si [[Wikipedia:Bot policy#Assisted editing guidelines|bot-oo kale ah]] is-afgarad ka hor la'aantiis,{{efn|name="bot-like"|Eeg [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Magioladitis 2#High-speed editing|Go'aanka ArbCom ee 2017]], iyo {{section link|Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser#Rules of use}}; tifaftirka bot-ka oo kale ah oo sii socda inkastoo ay jiraan diidmo ama oo keena makhaadhaa wuxuu keeni karaa [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|xannibaad]] iyo baabi'inta xuquuqaha ku saabsan qalabka semi-automated-ka ah.}} waa [[Wikipedia:Disruptive editing|dhibco ka dhan ah]] oo waligeed ma aha mid la accepts karo. Beddelka aan la xaqijin ee kaaga taagan hal qaab oo la accepts karo, [[#Consistency within articles|oo si joogto ah loo adeegsaday]] ee ku dhex jira maqaal oo loo beddelo qaab kale waa la [[Wikipedia:Reverting|celin karaa]]. Doono [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Opportunities for commonality|fursadaha wadaagga]] si looga fogaado murannada qaabka. Haddii aad rammayso in qaab kale uu ka habboon yahay maqaal gaar ah, doono [[Wikipedia:Consensus|is-afgarad]] iyadoo ku saabsan tan lagula discuss-garaynayo bogga wada-hadalka maqaalka ama{{snd}}haddii ay keento arrin guud ama ku saabsan MoS-ka lakiisa{{snd}}at [[Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style]]. Haddii wada-hadalku uusan keenin is-afgarad beddelka ah, sii wad isticmaalka qaabka horey loo dhisay ee maqaalka. Haddii wada-hadalku uu ku guuldareysto inuu gaaro wax is-afgarad ah oo ku saabsan midka laba ama ka badan qaab oo tartamaya oo la isticmaalayo, markaas dib u noqo qaabkii loo isticmaalay nooca ugu horreeyay ee ka dambeeya [[Wikipedia:Stub|qabyada]] maqaalka oo uu ka muuqday mid ka mid ah qaababka ku dabaqmaya. (Mawqifkan dib-u-noqoshada ah ma siiyo [[WP:UNCHALLENGED|darajo aan la tartami karin]] qaabkaas gaarka ah inta lagu jiro wada-hadalka is-afgaradka, mana siiyo tifaftiraha soo impose-garaysay qaabkaas ugu horreeyay [[Wikipedia:Ownership of content|wax ka badan]] wada-hadalka.) ==<span class="anchor" id="Article titles, headings, and sections"></span>Mawduucyada maqaalka, qaybaha, iyo madaxda== {{Shortcut|MOS:AT}} ===Mawduucyada maqaalka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Article titles}} {{for|titles which coincide with a work's title|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles of works}} Mawduucu waa inuu noqdo magac la aqoonsan karo ama sifaynta mawduuca, [[Wikipedia:Common sense|isagoo maareynaya]] shuruudaha ah inuu yahay mid asalka ah, si ku filan oo sax ah, gaaban, oo joogto ah oo la mid ah maqaallada la xiriira. Hagaha qaabaynta eeg qaybta {{section link|Wikipedia:Article titles|Article title format}}, isagoo xusaya kuwa soo socda: *U qor herga labaad ee xarafka ugu horreeya (marka laga reebo xaaladaha dhifka ah, sida {{xt|eBay}}), laakiin haddii kale raac [[sentence case]]{{efn|name=Sentence case|1=Wikipedia waxay u isticmaashaa [[sentence case]] jumlado, [[Wikipedia:Article titles|mawduucyada maqaalka]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout|mawduucyada qaybaha]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables|madaxda taarikada]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images|qoraallada sawirka]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists|qoraallada liiska]] (xaaladaha badankooda), iyo qoraallada ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Infobox|infoboxes]] iyo moodallada la midka ah, iyo waxyaabo kale. Wax kasta oo MoS ah oo ku saabsan bilowga jumlad waxay ku dabaqmaan waxyaabaha isticmaalaya sentence case.<!-- Please keep this footnote synced with the version at the MOS:CAPS page. -->}} ({{xt|Funding of UNESCO projects}}), ma aha title case ({{!xt|Funding of UNESCO Projects}}), marka laga reebo halka title case loo isticmaali lahaa qoraalka caadiga ah. Eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (capitalization)]]. *Si aad u qorto farta italic-ka ah, ku dar {{tlx|italic title}} meel dhow sare ee maqaalka. Si aad farta italic-ka ah ugu qorto kaliya qayb ka mid ah mawduuca, ku dar xadka <code>|string=</code> ee qoraalka gaarka ah ee lagu qorayo farta italic-ka ah. Isticmaalka farta italic-ka ah waa inuu u dhigmaa {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting|Italic type}}. *Ha isticmaalin [[Article (grammar)|maqaallada]] (''a'', ''an'', ama ''the'') sida xarafka ugu horreeya ({{xt|Economy of the Second Empire}}, ma aha {{!xt|The economy of the Second Empire}}), ilaa ay tahay qayb aan la kala saari karin oo magaca ka mid ah ({{xt|The Hague}}) ama mawduuca shaqa (''{{xt|A Clockwork Orange}}'', ''{{xt|The Simpsons}}''). *Caadi ahaan isticmaal [[noun]]s ama [[noun phrase]]s: {{xt|Early life}}, ma aha {{!xt|In early life}}.{{Efn|1=Erayada sida {{xt|In early life}} waa kuwo la accepts karo (inkastoo aan loo baahnayn) sida madaxda qaybaha. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa si joogto ah sida qayb ka mid ah mawduucyada maqaalka oo dheeraad ah sida [[Piracy in the Caribbean|{{xt|Piracy in the Caribbean}}]], indhaheeda marka dhismaha gaaban ({{xtn|Caribbean piracy}}) uu leeyahay arrimo is-dhaafsi ah.}} *Xarafka ugu dambeeya waa inuusan noqon calaamad ilaahiyad ilaa uu yahay qayb aan la kala saari karin oo magaca ka mid ah ({{xt|[[Saint-Louis-du-Ha! Ha!]]}}, {{xt|''[[Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?]]''}}) ama gaabinta ({{xt|[[Inverness City F.C.]]}}), ama marka xiritaanka bracket-ka wareegga ama calaamadda xigmadda loo baahan yahay ({{xt|[[John Palmer (1814 schooner)|''John Palmer'' (1814 schooner)]]}}). *Markasta oo calaamadaha xigmadda ama noocyada apostrophe-ka oo kale ay ka muuqdaan ({{xt|[[Geʽez]]}}), ku dar [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirection]] mawduuc caddaynaya oo isticmaalaya apostrophes ({{xt|[[Ge'ez]]}}).{{efn|name=curlyq|1=Calaamadaha xigmadda tooska ah iyo apostrophes waa kuwo fudud in loo qorto si lagu aamini karo madallada badankooda, markaas kani wuxuu u sahlayaa bartilmaameedka redirection-ka oo fudud. Xigmadda curdanka ah iyo apostrophes sidaas darteed waa kuwo si weyn looga tagay Wikipedia-ha English-ka. Eeg sidoo kale [[MOS:CURLY]] iyo [[MOS:']].}} Labadaba ha ka sareeyaan iyo kuwo [[Wikipedia:Article titles]], qeybta kale ee MoS-ka, gaar ahaan {{section link||Punctuation}}, waxay ku dabaqmaan sidoo kale mawduuca. ===Agaasimaha qaybta=== {{Shortcut|MOS:SO}} {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout}} Mawduuca maqaalka waa inuu ku starts-garo [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section|qaybta hordhaca ah<!-- Do not add the word "lede" here. See footnotes at WP:LEAD for details. -->]]{{snd}}gaabinta kooban ee maqaalka{{snd}}oo aan waligeed loo kala saarin qaybo {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section]])}}. Qaybta hartay ee maqaalka waxaa caadi ahaan loo kala saaraa [[Help:Section|qaybo]]. [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes|Infoboxes]], sawirrada, iyo mawduucyada kale ee la xiriira qaybta hordhaca ah waa inay noqdaan kuwo dhanka midig ah. Calaamadaha qaarkood oo heerka ah [[Help:Template|moodallada]] iyo [[Help:Wikitext|wikitext]] oo aan ahayn qaybo waxay ka sarreeyaan inta ugu dambaysa maqaalka, ka hor mawduuca qaybta hordhaca ah, iyo uusocodka soo socda: *[[Wikipedia:Short description|Gaaban sharrax leh]], oo leh moodalka {{tlx|Short description}} *[[Wikipedia:Hatnote|Hatnote-ka disambiguation]], waqtiga badankiisa oo leh moodalka {{tlx|Hatnote}} {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg sidoo kale {{section link|Wikipedia:Hatnote#Hatnote templates}})}} *Moodallada aan lahayn soo-saarka oo muujinaya foomka taariikhda dhisay ee maqaalka iyo nooca luqadda English-ka, haddii ay jiraan (t.s., {{tlx|Use dmy dates}}, {{tlx|Use Canadian English}}) *Moodallada dayactirka ee Banner-ka ah, [[Wikipedia:Template index/Disputes|Dispute]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Template index/Cleanup|Moodallada Cleanup]] ee arrimaha maqaalka oo dhan oo la calaamadeeyay (haddii kale loo isticmaalo sare ee qayb gaar ah, ka dambeeya hatnote kasta oo qayb ah sida {{tlx|main}}) *[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes|Infobox]], oo ah dookh (marka laga reebo xaaladaha gaarka ah sida {{tlx|Taxobox}} iyo {{tlx|Chembox}}, ama nooc ka mid ah, maqaallada ku dabaqmaya); caadi ahaan sidoo kale waxaa ku jira sawirka ugu horreeya *Sawirka hordhaca ah, marka infobox aan la isticmaalin, ama sawir dheeraad ah loo baahan yahay qaybta hordhaca ah (haddii hordhacu u yahay mid aad u dheer, sawir labaad waxaa lagu lagi karaa dhexda qoraalka hordhaca ah) Nooca skin-ka ee [[Vector 2022]], [[Wikipedia:Table of contents|tusmada maqaalka]] waa mid ka mid ah oo ka baxsan mawduuca maqaalka. Noocyada skin-ka hore qaarkood, tusmada la mari karo waxay ka muuqataa si otomaatig ah ka dambaysa hordhaca haddii maqaalku leeyahay ugu yaraan afar madax oo qaybo ah. Haddii mawduuca qayb uu ku jiraa si xeel-dheer oo dheeraad ah maqaal gaar ah {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Summary style]])}}, ku dar {{tlx|main|{{var|Article name}}}} ama {{tlx|further|{{var|Article name}}}} isla markiiba ka hooseeya madaxa qaybta. Sida lagu sharraxay si xeel-dheer {{slink|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout|Standard appendices and footers}}, noocyo dhowr ah oo maaddooyinka ah (badankoodu waa dookh) waxay ka muuqan karaan ka dambaysa qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee maqaalka, uusocodka soo socda: *Buugaagta ama shaqaalaha kale ee lagu abuuray mawduuca maqaalka, ka hooseeya madaxa qaybta "Works", "Publications", "Discography", "Filmography", iyo wixii la mid ah sida habboon (ka fogao "Bibliography", oo loo khaldami karo xigashooyinka tixraaca) *Isku xirka hoose ee maqaallada la xiriira ee Wikipedia-ha English-ka, oo leh madaxa qaybta "See also" *Xusuus-qoraallada iyo tixraacyada, oo leh madaxa qaybta "Notes" ama "References" (caadi ahaan ka dambeeya), ama qayb gaar ah oo loogu talagalay mid kasta uusocodkan {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]])}}; ka fogao "Bibliography", oo loo khaldami karo shaqaalaha mawduuca *Buugaagta la xiriira, maqaallada, ama shaqaalaha kale ee aan loo isticmaalin sida tixraacyada; isticmaal madaxa qaybta "Further reading"; noqo mid si sare ah loo doortay, maadaama [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a directory|Wikipedia aysan ahayn buugga tixraaca]] *Websaydhada la xiriira [[Wikipedia:External links|iyo kuwo habboon]] ee aan loo isticmaalin sida tixraacyada oo aan ka muuqan appendices-ka hore, isticmaalka madaxa "External links", oo loo sameyn karo qayb ka hooseysa "Further reading" (ama isku xirkaas waxaa toos lagu ammaan goyn karaa liiska "Further reading" halkii); [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Links to sister projects|moodallada isku xirka ee mawduucyada mashruuca walaalka ah]] sidoo cuali ahaan waxay ka sarreeyaan qaybtan marka ay jirto (haddii kale qaybta ugu dambaysa ee bogga) *Waxyaabaha ugu dambeeya ee soo socda waligeed ma qaataan madaxyada qaybaha: **Isku xirka hoose oo lagu aaggaaday [[Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates#Navigation_templates|boxes-ka navigation-ka]] **Metadata ee [[Wikipedia:Authority control|Authority control]], haddii loo baahdo, isticmaalka {{tlx|Authority control}} (wuxuu kala saaraa isticmaalka magaca laba mawduuc, ama magacyo badan oo loogu talagalay hal mawduuc) **[[Wikipedia:Categorization|Qeeybaha]], oo waa inay noqdaan maaddada ugu dambaysa ee koodha maqaalka haddii aysan jirin moodallada stub-ka **[[Wikipedia:Stub sorting|Moodallada stub-ka]], haddii loo baahdo, oo waa inay raacaan qeeybaha [[Wikipedia:Stand-alone lists|Maqaallada liiska ah ee gaarka ah]] waxay leeyihiin waxyaabo dheeraad ah oo agaasimaha ah. ===<span class="anchor" id="Section management"></span>Madaxyada qaybaha=== {{Shortcut|MOS:HEAD|MOS:HEADINGS}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Headings|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Order of article elements|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Section headings}} [[Help:Section|Madaxyada qaybaha]] waa inay caadi ahaan raacaan hagaha [[#Article titles|mawduucyada maqaalka]] ee sare oo ay ku muuqdaan [[sentence case]] ({{xt|Funding of UNESCO projects in developing countries}}), ma aha [[title case]] ({{!xt|Funding of UNESCO Projects in Developing Countries}}).{{efn|name=Sentence case}} {{shortcut|MOS:BLANKLINE}} {{vanchor|Blank line|text=Dhammaan madaxyada waa inay ku dhex jiraan xarkooda gaarka ah, oo ay ka horreyso presely hal xar oo eber ah, oo ay raacdo mid ka mid ah hal xar ama aan lahayn xar eber ah.}} {{vanchor|Section headings (necessary point 6)|text=Ha u isticmaalin si xun [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists#Description (definition, association) lists|liiska sharraxaadda]] markup ("<code>;</code>") si aad u abuurto [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Pseudo-headings|pseudo-headings]].}} {{va|SECTIONSTYLE|Section headings (styling best practice)|Section headings (main styling reason)|text=Sida arrin qaab oo joogto ah, madaxyada qaybuhu waa inaynaan:}} {{Shortcut|MOS:SECTIONSTYLE|MOS:NOBACKREF}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 1)|text=si turjumaad ah dib ugu tixraacin mawduuca maqaalka, t.s., {{xt|Early life}}, ma aha {{!xt|Smith's early life}} ama {{!xt|His early life}}}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 2)|text=tixraacin madax heer sare ah, ilaa aad sameyso ay tahay mid gaaban ama caddayn badan}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 3)|text=noqon kuwo la nambareeyay ama xarfo leh sida outline}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 4)|text=noqon kuwo loo sameeyay sida su'aal, t.s., {{xt|Languages}}, ma aha {{!xt|What languages are spoken?}}}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 5)|text=isticmaalin luga ama farta aan caadiga ahayn oo keeni kara [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Headings|arrimaha lagu heli karo]]}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 6)|text=noqon kuwo lagu duubay [[Help:Wikitext|markup]], sida bold iyo italics, oo baabi'in kara muujintooda oo keeni kara arrimo kale oo lagu heli karo}} ====Wikimarkup==== {{shortcut|MOS:NOSECTIONLINKS|MOS:HEADINGLINKS}} {{va|Section headings (technical best practice)|text=Sababo tignoolajiyada ah, madaxyada qaybuhu waa inay}} {{va|Section headings (necessary point 1)|text=noqdaan kuwo gaar ah oo ku dhex jira maqaal (si [[Template:Section link|isqu xirka qaybta]] uu u shaqeeyo)}} oo waa inaynaan ku dhex jirin: *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 2)|text=[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking#Principles|isqu xirka]], xataa haddii kaliya qayb ka mid ah madaxa la isku xiray}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 5)|text=xigashooyinka ama xusuus-qoraallada}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 4)|text=<code><[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics#Typesetting of mathematical formulae|math]]></code> markup}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 3)|text=sawirrada ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Icons#Encyclopedic purpose|icons-ka]]}} {{va|Section headings (main technical reason)|text=Xaddidaadahani waa kuwo lagu khasbay si looga fogaado tignoolajiyada dhibco leh oo ma aha kuwo la baabi'in karo is-afgaradka maxalliga ah ama hagayaasha aan ku habboonayn.}} {{short|MOS:TEMPLATE}} {{va|Section headings (necessary point 7)|text=Wadaagga moodalka}} waa in sidoo kale caadi ahaan looga fogaadaa madaxyada qaybaha, sababtoo ah waxay keenaan koodha asalka ah ee baaqida moodalka inuu ka muuqdo isqu xirka lagu daray gaabinta tifaftirka; gujinta isqu xirkaas ka muuqda taariikhda bogga ma keeni doonto qaybta loo baahan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, [[WP:ANCHORSUBST|marka lagu darayo isqu xirka anchor madaxyada, mar walba beddel moodalka gudaha madaxa]]: {{block indent|1={{plainlist| * {{y}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== {{subst:anchor|Anchor name}} Section title ==</nowiki>}}</code> * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== {{anchor|Anchor name}} Section title ==</nowiki>}}</code> }} }} {{shortcut|MOS:SECTIONCOMMENT}} {{va|SECTIONCOMMENT|Section comment|text=[[#Invisible comments|Xusuus-qoraallada la qariyay]] oo tixraacaya madaxa qayb ama qayb oo dhan waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu lago xar ka hooseysa madaxa. Waxaa sidoo cuali ahaan lagu lagi karaa ku dhex jira xarkooda oo kale sida madaxa, laakiin xaaladaas waa inay noqdaan kuwo {{em|gudaha}} <code>==&nbsp;==</code> markup:{{efn|1=Xusuus-qoraal ka baxsan <code><nowiki>==&nbsp;==</nowiki></code> laakiin ku dhex jira xarkooda oo kale wuxuu keeni karaa isqu xirka tifaftirka qaybta inuu ku guuldareysto inuu ka muuqdo dhammaan; ee browsers-ka kale, wuxuu ka muuqan karaa, laakiin isticmaalkiisu wuxuu keeni doonaa madaxa qaybta inuusan si otomaatig ah lagu darin gaabinta tifaftirka.}}}} {{block indent|1={{plainlist| * {{y}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== Implications ==</nowiki><br /><nowiki><!--This comment is placed correctly.--></nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{mby}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== Implications<!--This comment works fine.--> ==</nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{mby}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== <!--This comment works fine.-->Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== Implications == <!--This comment causes problems.--> </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{tracked|T381786}}{{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki><!--This comment causes problems.</nowiki><br><nowiki>-->== Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki><!--The space after this comment breaks the heading completely.--> == Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} }} }} ====<span class="anchor" id="SECTIONANCHOR"></span><span class="anchor" id="Section anchor"></span>Anchors==== {{short|MOS:SECTIONANCHOR}} <section begin="heading links" />Ka hor inta aanad beddelin madax, tixgeli in aad baabi'inayso isqu xirka jira oo ku dhex jira.<section end="heading links" /> Haddii ay jiraan [[Help:Link#To a section|isqu xirka badan oo u socda mawduuca hore]],{{efn|name="many links"|1=Si aad u ogaato inta isqu xirka ee u socda mawduuca qaybta hore iyo maqaallada leeh iyaga, waxaad sameyn kartaa <span class=plainlinks>[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=all%3A+linksto%3A%22ARTICLE%22+insource%3A%2F%5B%5B%7C%5DARTICLE%5C%23OLDSECTION%2F+&title=Special:Search&profile=all&fulltext=1 raadinta sare ee]</span>, iyadoo la beddelayo {{smallcaps|article}} magaca maqaalka, iyo {{smallcaps|oldsection}} mawduuca qaybta hore. Raadintaas sare ma raadiso [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirections-ka]], markaas sidoo kale eeg bogga maqaalka ee [[Special:WhatLinksHere]] ee redirections-ka u socda mawduuca qaybta hore. Haddii ay jiraan kaliya nambarka yar ee isqu xirka ee u socda mawduuca qaybta hore, waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu cusbooneysiiyo manwal ahaan.}} abuur [[Help:Anchor|anchor]] oo leh mawduucaas si loo xaqijiyo in kuwani ay sii shaqeeyaan. Sidoo kale, marka lagu isqu xirayo qayb, ka tag xusuus-qoraal aan la arki karin madaxa qaybta bartilmaameedka, iyadoo lagu magacaabayo maqaallada isqu xirka leeh, si haddii madaxa dambe loo beddelo kani si fudud loo hagaajin karo, ama kale anchor kale loo abuurayo haddii ay jiraan kuwo badan.{{efn|name="many links"}} Tusaale ahaan: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == {{subst:Anchor|Consequences}} Implications == <!-- "Richard Dawkins" and "Daniel Dennett" link here. --> </syntaxhighlight> oo lagu kaydin doono maqaalka sida: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == <span class="anchor" id="Consequences"></span> Implications == <!-- "Richard Dawkins" and "Daniel Dennett" link here. --> </syntaxhighlight> Faa'iidada isticmaalka {{tlxs|Anchor}}, ama kaliya la dhex gelinayo {{tag|span|o|link=yes}} tags-ka toos, waa in marka tifaftirka loo sameeyo qaybta mustaqbalka, anchor-ku ma lagu dhex jiri doono taariikhda bogga sida qayb ka mid ah magaca qaybta. Marka kaliya {{tlx|Anchor}} loo isticmaalo toos, akhlaaqdaas aan loo baahnayn {{em|waa ay}} dhacdaa, markaas waa in mar walba [[WP:ANCHORSUBST|loo beddelo anchors madaxyada qaybaha]]. Marka la dhex gelinayo span toos, {{em|ha}} gaabin iyadoo la isticmaalayo tag-ka self-closing, sida ku dhex jirta: <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== <span id="Consequences"</nowiki>{{highlight round|/|bc=var(--background-color-destructive-subtle, lightred);}}> Implications <nowiki>==</nowiki>}}</code> In HTML5 foomkaas XML-style waa mid shaqaynaya kaliya tags-ka qaarkood, sida {{nowrap |<code>&lt;br/></code>}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T134423 |title=T134423 Deprecate nonstandard behavior of self-closed HTML tags in wikitext. |website=phabricator.wikimedia.org |access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref> Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking|Avoiding broken section links}} si aad u ogaato wada-hadal dheeraad ah. ====Mawduuca oo kale madaxa==== Hagaha sare ee madaxyada qaybaha, gaar ahaan sentence case, turjumaad, sawirrada iyo su'aalaha, sidoo kale wuxuu ku dabaqmaa [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables#Captions and headers|madaxyada taarikada]] (iyo noocyada taarikada iyo xarrada). Laakiin, madaxyada taarikada waxay ku dhex jiri karaan xigashooyinka oo waxay ku starts-garo karaan, ama noqon karaan, nambara. Unka madaxyada bogga, madaxyada taarikada ma samayn karaan si otomaatig ah anchors-ka isqu xirka. Ka baxsan sentence case ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Glossaries|glossaries]], talada madaxa sidoo kale waxay ku dabaqmaysaa ''term'' qoraallada ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists#DLIST|description lists]]. Haddii la isticmaalayo [[Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Glossaries#Template-structured|template-structured glossaries]], terms-ku si otomaatig ah waxay leeyihiin anchors-ka isqu xirka, laakiin ma leeyihiin kale. Xigashooyinka mawduuca description-list waxay ku dhex jiraan {{tl|term}} ama {{tl|defn}} element, sida loo baahan yahay. ==Noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga== {{Shortcut|MOS:ENGVAR}} Noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga (tusaale ahaan, kala duwanaanshaha erayada ama naxwaha ee gobollada ka jira) waxay bixiyaan macluumaad ku saabsan kala duwanaanshaas. Dhammaan noocyada gobollada ama noocyada heerka ee Af-Soomaaliga waa kuwo la aqbali karo oo siman Wikipedia-da Soomaaliga, iyada oo la isticmaalayo uslub rasmi ah oo maqaallada u gaar ah ([[Register (sociolinguistics)|weeraral rami ah]] ama astaanta luqadda). Qaabka taariikhda ee maqaalka ({{xt|{{#time: F j, Y}}}} ama {{xt|{{#time: j F Y}}}}) wuxuu sidoo kale la xiriiraa noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga {{snd}}eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|Strong national ties to a topic|Retaining existing format}}. === <span class="anchor" id="Internal consistency"></span>Joogteynta ku dhex jirta maqaallada<!-- When renaming this section title, rename the full link at [[Wikipedia:Consistency]] --> === {{Shortcut|MOS:ARTCON|MOS:CONSISTENT}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Variation in citation methods|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Retaining existing format}} Xeerarka nooc gaar ah oo Af-Soomaali caadifad ah waa in loo raaco si joogto ah ku dhex jirta maqaalka gaarka ah. Waxyaabaha ka baxsan waxaa ku jira: *'''Xigashooyinka''' iyo '''cinwaannada buugaagta ama hawlaha''' (sida buugaagta, filimada, iyo muusigga) waa in loo qoraa sida ay ka muuqdaan ilaha tixraaca. Laakiin, waxaa jira xaalado qaarkood oo leexanaya mabda'an si loo dhowro heerka qaab-qoraalka ee alifbeetada encyclopedia-ha dhan. {{crossref|Eeg {{section link||Typographic conformity}}.}} *'''Magacyada u gaarka ah''' waxay isticmaalaan qoraalka mawduuca ama lahaanshaha u gaarka ah, tusaale ahaan, {{xt|United States Department of Defense}} iyo {{xt|Australian Defence Force}}; {{xt|International Labour Organization}}<!--This example is here because it uses -our and -ization at the same time; it is Oxford spelling.-->. *Maqaallada ku saabsan mawduucyada la xiriira kimistariga, foomka heerka caalamiga ah ee higaada {{xt|aluminium}}, {{xt|sulfur}}, {{xt|caesium}} (iyo erayada ka soo baxa) waa in loo isticmaalo iyadoo aan loo eegin nooca luqadda ee looga adeegsado maqaalka. {{crossref|Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (chemistry)|Element names}}.}} ===Fursadaha wadaagga ama isku-duubnida=== {{shortcut|MOS:COMMONALITY}} Si loogu talagalay encyclopedia caalamiga ah, isticmaalka erayada wadaagga ah ee dhammaan noocyada Af-Soomaaliga waa mid ka wanaagsan. *Isticmaal erayada si caalami ah loo aqbalay halkii kuwa aan aad loo fidin, gaar ahaan cinwaannada. Tusaale ahaan, [[Glasses|{{xt|muraayado}}]] ayaa ka wanaagsan noocyada gobollada ee gaarka ah; [[Ten million|{{xt|toban milyan}}]] ayaa ka wanaagsan [[crore|{{!xt|hal crore}}]]. *Haddii kala duwanaansho higaadeed uu ka muuqdo cinwaan, samee bogga [[Wikipedia:Redirect|reer-itusaale (sidetrack/redirect)]] si loogu talagalay kuwa kale, sida ku dhex jirta [[artefact]] iyo [[artifact]], si dhammaan noocyada loo isticmaali karo raadinta iyo isku xirka. *Erayada ku kala duwan noocyada luqadda, ama leh macnayaal kala duwan, waxaa lagu [[Gloss (annotation)#In linguistics|u xaqiijin karaa faahfaahinta (gloss)]] si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga ama jahawareerka, tusaale ahaan, {{xt|qaybta dambe ee baabuurta (trunk ama boot)&nbsp;...}}. *Isticmaal eray ama weedh si caadi ah loo fahmo iyada oo ka wanaagsan mid leh macno kale sababtoo ah kala duwanaanshaha gobollada (halkii {{!xt|alternate}}, isticmaal {{xt|alternative}} ama {{xt|alternating}}, sida habboon), marka laga reebo xaaladaha tignoolajiyada ama cilmiga halka beddelkaas uu noqon lahaa mid aan habboonayn ({{xt|alternate leaves}}; {{xt|alternate law}}). *Marka ay jiraan wax ka badan hal nooc oo higaad ah oo ka dhex jira heerka caadiga ah ee luqadda, nooca ugu caansan ee hadda la isticmaalo waa in caadi ahaan ka wanaagsanaado, marka laga reebo halka higaada yar ay leedahay isticmaal gaar ah oo xaalad xeel-dheer ah, tusaale ahaan, ''connexion'' ku dhex jirta [[Connexionalism|Methodist connexionalism]]. ===Xiriirka gobolka ama qaranka ee xoogga leh ee mawduuca=== {{Shortcut|MOS:TIES}} Maqaal ku saabsan mawduuc leh xiriir xooggan oo u socda waddan ama gobol]] gaar ah waa inuu isticmaalaa heerka luqadda rasmiga ah (ee ma aha colloquial/afka wadada) ee gobolkaas ama qarankaas. Tusaale ahaan: Mawduucyada leh xiriir xooggan oo u socda [[Commonwealth of Nations]], ama waddamo badan oo Commonwealth ah ama dhulalkii hore ee British-ka, isticmaal higaada British-ka. ===Dhowrida nooca jira=== {{Shortcut|MOS:RETAIN}} Marka nooc gaar ah [[#Consistency within articles|isticmaalkiisa joogtada ah]] lagu dhisay maqaal, sii wad iyada oo aan la helin is-afgarad ka dhan ah. Kaliya xaaladaha gaarka ah (sida marka mawduuc uu leeyahay [[#Strong national ties to a topic|xiriir gobol ama qaran oo xooggan]], ama beddelku wuxuu yareeyaa is-dhaafsiga) ayaa ay jirtaa sabab shaqaynaysa oo loo beddelo ka mid ah dookha la aqbali karo oo loo beddelo mid kale. {{va|FPSR|FMC|text=Marka aan la dhisin nooc gaar ah oo wada-hadalku uusan xallin arrinta, isticmaal nooca ka muuqda nooca ugu horreeyay ee ka dambeeya [[Wikipedia:Stub|qabyada (stub)]] oo soo bandhigay nooc la aqoonsan karo. Waxa ka baxsan tan waa [[#Retain quote variety|ha beddelin nooca luqadda ee ku dhex jira xigasho]].}} Nooca lagu dhisay maqaal gaar ah waxaa lagu qoraa iyadoo lagu dhex darayo [[:Category:Use English templates|tampaallada Use X English]] ee habboon bogga maqaalka. Tampaallada [[:Category:Varieties of English templates|nooca luqadda ee habboon]] sidoo kale waxaa lagu dhejin karaa bogga wada-hadalka ee maqaalka. Maqaal waa inuusan noqon mid la tifaftiro ama magaca loo beddelo kaliya si looga beddelo hal nooc oo luqad ah oo loo beddelo mid kale. Tampaalka {{tlxs|uw-engvar}} waxaa lagu dhejin karaa bogga wada-hadalka tifaftiraha si loogu sharraxo tan. ==Xarfo-waweynaynta== Cinwaannada maqaallada Wikipedia iyo cinwaannada qaybaha waxay isticmaalaan habka weedha, ma aha habka cinwaanka; iyo {{section link||Section headings}}. Xaraf-weynaynta alaabta liiska ku jirta, eeg {{section link||Bulleted and numbered lists}}. Points-ka kale ee ku saabsan xaraf-weynaynta waxaa si kooban loogu dhex muujiyay hoos. Macluumaadka fulan waxaa lagu heli karaa [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters]]. Qodobka ugu muhiimsan ayaa ah in Wikipedia aysan xaraf-weynaynayn eray ilaa uu si joogto ah xaraf-weyn ugu yahay badankooda [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|ilaha lagu kalsoonaan karo]] ee madax-bannaan. ===Xaraf-weynaynta ''The''=== Caadi ahaan, ha xaraf-weynayn erayga ''the'' dhexda jumlada ma aha { Reebanaanta caadiga ah waxaa ku jira magacyada u gaarka ah ee qaarkood iyo badankooda cinwaannada hawlaha abuurka ah ({{xt|Tolkien wrote ''The Lord of the Rings''}}{{snd}}laakiin ogaada in ''the'' aysan noqon karin qayb ka mid ah cinwaanka ee lagu qoro, t.s., Waxaa jira tixgelinno gaar ah oo loo sameeyo magacyada kooxaha muusigga , magacyada hay'adaha, magac u yaallada, summadaha ganacsiga. ===<span id="Capitalization-Titles"></span>Cinwaannada hawlaha=== {{main|WP:Manual of Style/Titles of works}} Cinwaannada luqadda Ingiriisiga ee qoraallada (buugaagta iyo hawlaha kale ee qoraalka, noocyada iyo hawlaha kale ee codka, filimada iyo hawlaha kale ee muuqaalka ah, sawirrada iyo hawlaha kale ee fanka, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxaa loo bixiyaa habka {{em|[[title case]]}}, halka eray kasta loo siiyo xaraf-weyn bilowga marka laga reebo erayada qaarkood oo yar oo muhiim ah (sida lagu sharraxay {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters|Composition titles}}). Erayada ugu horreeya iyo kuwa ugu dambeeya ee cinwaan luqad Ingiriisi ah mar walba waa kuwo xaraf-weyn leh. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|''An Eye for an Eye''}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|''Worth the Fighting For''}} Xaraf-weynaynta cinwaannada aan Ingiriisiga ahayn waa ay kala duwan tahay, xataa waqti ka waqti isla luqadda dhexdeeda; caadi ahaan, dhowr qaabka asalka ah ee hawlaha cusub, oo raac isticmaalka ka muuqda ilaha lagu kalsoonaan karo ee luqadda Ingiriisiga ee hadda{{efn|name=recent}} ee hawlaha taariikhiga ah. Marka lagu qoro alfabeta Laatiinka, badankooda waxyaabahaani waa inay sidoo kale ku jiraan farta janjeerta ([[#Italics|italics]]), ama lagu duubo [[#Names and titles|calaamadaha oraahda (quotation marks)]]. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|{{lang|fr|Les Liaisons dangereuses}}}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"{{lang|de|italics=no|Hymnus an den heiligen Geist}}"}} ===Tayooyinka iyo xilalka dadka=== *'''Isticmaalka guud''', isticmaal xaraf yar erayada sida ''madaxweyne'' , ''boqor', iyo ''imbiraadoor'' ({{xt|De Gaulle wuxuu ahaa madaxweyne Faransiis ah}}; {{xt|Louis XVI wuxuu ahaa boqor Faransiis ah}}; {{xt|Saddex ra'iisul wasaare ayaa ka soo qayb galay shirka}}). *'''Toos ka hor magaca dadka''', erayadaas waxay ka bilaabanayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|Madaxweyne Obama}}, ma aha {{!xt|madaxweyne Obama}}). Magacyada heerka caadiga ah ama caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo ee xilka ama doorka waxaa loo maareeyaa sida magacyada u gaarka ah ({{xt|David Cameron wuxuu ahaa Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Biritain}}; {{xt|Hirohito wuxuu ahaa Imbiraadoorkii Jabaan}}; {{xt|Louis XVI wuxuu ahaa Boqorkii Faransiiska}}). Titoolinka ama doorka boqortooyada waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|Her Majesty}}; {{xt|His Highness}}); reebanaantu waxay ku dabaqmi kartaa xilal gaar ah. ===Diimaha, ilaahyada, falsafadaha, iyo caqiidooyinka=== *'''Diimaha, kooxaha, iyo kaniisadaha''' iyo taageerayaashooda (foomka magaca ama tilmaamaha) waxay ka start-garoobayaan xaraf-weyn. Caadi ahaan, "the" ma aha xaraf-weyn ka hor magacyadaas ({{xt|the Unitarians}}, ma aha {{!xt|The Unitarians}}). *'''Qoraallada diinta]]''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn, laakiin badanaa ma aha farta janjeerta ({{xt|the Bhagavad Gita}}, {{xt|the Quran}}, {{xt|the Talmud}}, {{xt|the Granth Sahib}}, {{xt|the Bible}}). Ha u qorin xaraf-weyn "the" marka aad u isticmaalayso foomkan. Tilmaamaha qaarkood oo ka soo baxa waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn heshiis ahaan, qaarkoodna ma qaataan ({{xt|biblical}}, laakiin {{xt|Quranic}}); haddii aad u baahato hubaal, eeg qaamuuska. *'''[[Honorific|Tayooyinka iyo magacyada sharafta]] ee ilaahyada''', ku dhex jira magacyada u gaarka ah iyo tayooyinka, waxay ka start-garoobayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|God}}, {{xt|Allah}}, {{xt|the Lord}}, {{xt|the Supreme Being}}, {{xt|the Great Spirit}}, {{xt|the Horned One}}, {{xt|Bhagavan}}). Ha u qorin xaraf-weyn "the" xaaladahaas ama marka aad tixraacayso dadka waaweyn ee diinta ama shakhsiyaadka khayalka ah/asraarta ah ({{xt|the Prophet}}, {{xt|the Messiah}}, {{xt|the Virgin}}). Magacyada guud ee ilaahyada iyo shakhsiyaadka diinta ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|many gods}}; {{xt|the god Woden}}; {{xt|saints and prophets}}). *'''Magac-u-yaallada shakhsiyaadka cibaadada ama Ilaah''' ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn, xataa haddii xaraf-weyn lagu qoro qoraallada diinta ({{xt|God and his will}}). *'''Qaybaha waaweyn ee mukhluuqaadka khayalka ah (mythical/legendary)''' waxay ka start-garoobayaan xarfo yar ({{xt|elf}}, {{xt|fairy}}, {{xt|nymph}}, {{xt|unicorn}}, {{xt|angel}}), inkastoo hawlaha khayalka ah (fantasy), sida buugaagta [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] iyo ciyaaraha fiidiyowga qaarkood, xarfaha waaweyn ee bilowga ah marmar loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo in mukhluuqaadku ay samaynayaan dhaqan ama irsi dhex jira [[fictional universe|caalamka khayalka ah]]. U qor xaraf-weyn magacyada ama tayooyinka mukhluuqaadka gaarka ah ({{xt|the Minotaur}}, {{xt|Pegasus}}) iyo kooxaha oo magacooda iyo xubnahoodu ay yihiin kuwo go'an ({{xt|the Magi, or the Three Wise Men}}, {{xt|the Furies}}). Tixraacyada guud ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|these priests}}; {{xt|several wise men}}; {{xt|cherub-like}}). *'''Matalaadaha ama dhacdooyinka ruuxiga ah iyo kuwa diinta''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn kaliya marka la tixraacayo dhacdooyin gaar ah ama waqtiyo gaar ah ({{xt|the Great Flood}} iyo {{xt|the Exodus}}; laakiin {{xt|annual flooding}} iyo {{xt|an exodus of refugees}}). *'''Falsafadaha, aragtiyaha, dhaqdhaqaaqyada, iyo caqiidooyinka''' waxay isticmaalaan xarfo yar ilaa magacu ka soo baxo magac u gaar ah ({{xt|capitalism versus Marxism}}) ama uusan noqon magac u gaar ah ({{xt|republican}}, oo ah dhismaha fikirka siyaasadda; {{xt|Republican}}, oo ah xisbi siyaasadeed). Isticmaal xarfo yar mawduucyada caqiidooyinka ama fikirka diinta ee heerka caadiga ah (oo ka soo contrasts-garoobaya dhacdooyinka gaarka ah), xataa haddii xaraf-weyn lagu qoro taageerayaasha diinta qaarkood ({{xt|virgin birth}}, {{xt|original sin}}, {{xt|transubstantiation}}). *'''[[Platonic idealism|Platonic]] ama fikradaha sare (transcendent ideals)''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn xaaladda caqiidada falsafadda ({{xt|Truth}}, {{xt|the Good}}); marka loo isticmaalo si dhumuc leh, waxay ku dhex jiraan xarfo yar ({{xt|Superman represents American ideals of truth and justice}}). Isticmaal xarfo waaweyn marka fanka lagu personify-gareeyo fikradaha ({{xt|the guidebook mentioned statues of Justice and Liberty}}). *{{va|Eponyms|EPONYM|EPONYMS|text='''[[Eponym|Eponym-s (erayada ka soo baxay magacyada dadka)]]''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn ([[Edwardian era|{{xt|Edwardian}}]], [[De Morgan's laws|{{xt|De Morgan's laws}}]], [[Alice in Wonderland syndrome|{{xt|Alice in Wonderland syndrome}}]], [[Plaster of Paris|{{xt|plaster of Paris}}]], [[Platonic idealism|{{xt|Platonic idealism}}]], [[Draconian constitution|{{xt|Draconian constitution of Athens}}]]), marka laga reebo isticmaalka sanfada ama maahmaahda ah oo ka baxsan xaaladda asalka ah oo caadi ahaan xarfo yar ku dhex jira ilaha tixraaca ([[Platonic relationship|{{xt|a platonic relationship}}]]; {{xt|complained of draconian workplace policies}}).{{efn|name=eponyms|1=Waxaa jira waxyaabo yar oo dheeraad ah oo ka baxsan xaraf-weynaynta eponyms-ka, halka eraygu leeyahay xeer xooggan oo ah xarfo yar, t.s., lagu doorbido foomkaas badankooda qaamuustada waaweyn ee luqadda Ingiriisiga. Tusaale ahaan, {{xt|parkinsonian}} wuxuu sharraxaa bukaan muujinaya astaamaha [[Parkinson's disease|{{xt|Parkinson's disease}}]]. Dhexdeeda carabiga/higgaada isticmaalka erayada [[Linguistic latinisation|{{xt|latinize}}]], [[Romanisation|{{xt|romanize}}]], iyo [[Anglicization|{{xt|anglicize}}]] [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Anglo- and similar prefixes|waxay sii kordhayaan xarfo yar]], iyo [[Italic type|{{xt|italic[s]}}]] ku dhex jirta farta mar walba waa xarfo yar.}} Weedha dhan oo uu eponym ku yahay tilmaame [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Religions, deities, philosophies, doctrines, and their adherents|ma aha xaraf-weyn]] marka laga reebo marka weedha dhitadeedu tahay magac u gaar ah (t.s., [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles|cinwaanka hawl la daabacay]]: [[The China Syndrome|{{xt|''The China Syndrome''}}]]).}} ===Astaamaha kalandarka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Calendar items}} *'''Bilsashada (bilo), maalmaha toddobaadka, iyo fasaxyada''' waxay ka start-garoobayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|June}}, {{xt|Monday}}; {{xt|the Fourth of July}} wuxuu tixraacaa kaliya Maalinta Xorriyadda Mareykanka{{snd}}haddii kale {{xt|July 4}} ama {{xt|4 July}}). *'''Xilliyada''' waxay ku dhex jiraan xarfo yar ({{xt|her last summer}}; {{xt|the winter solstice}}; {{xt|spring fever}}), marka laga reebo marka lagu personify-gareeyo fanka ama magacyada u gaarka ah ee waqtiyada ama dhacdooyinka ({{xt|Old Man Winter}}; {{xt|competed on the Spring Circuit}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="People, animals, plants, and other organisms"></span>Dadka, xayawaanka, dhirta, iyo noolaha kale=== {{Shortcut|MOS:LIFE}} ee farta janjeerta, {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting|Italic type}}. Eeg sidoo kale {{section link|Wikipedia:Lead section|Organisms}} ee ku saabsan maareynta jumlada ugu horreysa. Eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (fauna)]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora)]] ee ku saabsan hagaha cinwaannada maqaallada.}} Marka la isticmaalayo '''[[Taxonomy (biology)|magacyada taksonomiga ("sayniska")]]''', u qor xaraf-weyn iyo farta janjeerta (italics) genus-ka: {{xt|''Berberis''}}, {{xt|''Erithacus''}}. (Supergenus iyo subgenus, marka ay ku dabaqmaan, waxaa loo maareeyaa sidaas oo kale.) Janjeeri laakiin ha u qorin xaraf-weyn heerarka taksonomiga ee species-ka (noocyada) iyo ka hooseeya: {{xt|''Berberis darwinii''}}, {{xt|''Erithacus rubecula superbus''}}, {{xt|''Acacia coriacea'' subsp. ''sericophylla''}}; ma jiraan reebanaanno loo sameeyay magacyada u gaarka ah oo qayb ka ah magacyada sayniska. Taxa-ga sare (order, family, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn Laatiinka ({{xt|Carnivora}}, {{xt|Felidae}}) laakiin ma qaataan udhigmaadka Ingiriisiga ({{xt|carnivorans}}, {{xt|felids}}); ma aha janjeer labada foomba, marka laga reebo fayrasyada, halka dhammaan magacyada lagu aqbalay guddiga [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|ICTV]] ay yihiin janjeer ({{xt|''Retroviridae''}}). {{Shortcut|MOS:CULTIVAR}}{{Anchor|Cultivar}}Magacyada '''[[Cultivar]]''' iyo '''[[cultivar group]]''' ee dhirta ma aha janjeer, waxayna qaataan xarfo waaweyn (harraan erayga ''Group'' ee magaca ku dhex jira); magacyada cultivar waxay ka muuqdaan xigashooyinka keliyaalka ah (single quotes) ({{xt|''Malus domestica'' 'Red Delicious'}}), halka cultivar groups aysan qaadanin ({{xt|''Cynara cardunculus'' Scolymus Group}}). '''Ingiriisiga [[Common name|magacyada afka caadiga ah ("common")]]''' waxaa loo bixiyaa xarfo yar qoraalka maqaalka dhexdiisa ([[Plains zebra|{{xt|plains zebra}}]]<!-- animal species -->, [[Mountain maple|{{xt|mountain&nbsp;maple}}]]<!-- plant species -->, iyo [[Southwestern red-tailed hawk|{{xt|southwestern red-tailed hawk}}]]<!-- bird subspecies -->) iyo habka weedha (sentence case) bilowga jumlada iyo meelaha kale oo xarafka ugu horreeya ee erayga ugu horreeya uu yahay xaraf-weyn.{{efn|name=Sentence case}} Waxay sidoo kale qaataan xarfo waaweyn halka ay ku jiraan magacyo u gaar ah: [[Przewalski's horse|{{xt|Przewalski's&nbsp;horse}}]]<!-- eponym -->, [[California condor|{{xt|California&nbsp;condor}}]]<!-- typical geonym -->, iyo [[Fair-maid-of-France|{{xt|fair-maid-of-France}}]]<!-- unusual but important illustrative case -->. Kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa noocyada (species) iyo nooc-hoosaadyada (subspecies), sida tusaalooyinka hore, iyo sidoo kale magacyada guud ee kooxaha ama noocyada noolaha: [[Bird of prey|{{xt|bird&nbsp;of&nbsp;prey}}]]<!-- cross-order ecological niche -->, [[Oak|{{xt|oak}}]]<!-- plant family -->, [[Great apes|{{xt|great&nbsp;apes}}]]<!-- animal family -->, [[Bryde's whales|{{xt|Bryde's&nbsp;whales}}]]<!-- species group -->, [[Livestock guardian dog|{{xt|livestock&nbsp;guardian&nbsp;dog}}]]<!-- domestic type -->, [[Poodle|{{xt|poodle}}]]<!-- domestic breed group but not a breed -->, [[Van cat|{{xt|Van&nbsp;cat}}]]<!-- domestic geographic landrace -->, [[Wolfdog|{{xt|wolfdog}}]]<!-- hybrid/crossbreed/mongrel not recognized as a standardized breed -->. Marka magaca caadiga ah uu la mid yahay takson saynis ah, ha u qorin xaraf-weyn ama janjeer, marka laga reebo halka la tixraacayo noolaha dhanka taksonomiga: {{xt|A lynx is any of the four medium-sized wild cat species within the genus ''Lynx''.}} Magacyada caadiga ah ee aan Ingiriisiga ahayn, marka ay habboon tahay in lagu daro, waxaa loo maareeyaa sida erayada kale ee aan Ingiriisiga ahayn: janjeer sidaas ah, oo xaraf-weyn kaliya haddii shuruudaha luqadda hooyo ay u baahan yihiin. Magacyada aan Ingiriisiga ahayn ee noqday kuwo la qabsaday Ingiriisiga waxaa loo maareeyaa sida Ingiriisiga ([[Ayahuasca|{{xt|ayahuasca}}]], [[Okapi|{{xt|okapi}}]]). {{Shortcut|MOS:BREED}}{{Anchor|Breed}}'''[[Standardized breeds|Dhalada la halbeeyay (Standardized breeds)]]''' waa inay caadi ahaan dhowraan xaraf-weynaynta loo isticmaalay halbeegga dhalada.{{efn|name=Standardized breeds|1=Hagaha dhalada waxaa lagu daray [[Diff2/881140543|RfC on capitalization of the names of standardized breeds|December 2018 RfC]]. "Dhalada la halbeeyay" wuxuu waayay macno toos ah oo caddaynaya, laakiin wuxuu ku dhex jiraa dhala kasta oo ku dhex jira [[breed standard]] ama [[studbook]] ee kooxda taranta/mataanaha. Kooxaha kale ee xayawaanka guri-joogga ah ma aha dhala la halbeeyay: noocyada taariikhda hore, kooxaha dhalada, xayawaanka duurjoogtoobay (feral), landraces, iyo [[crossbreed|dhalada la isku dhalay]] ama [[Hybrid (biology)|isandho]] oo aan kooxaha waaweyn aqoonsan sida dhala gaar ah. Kuwo badan caadi ahaan ma aha [[Wikipedia:Notability|muhiim (notable)]].}} Tusaalooyinka: [[German Shepherd|{{xt|German Shepherd}}]], [[Russian White goat|{{xt|Russian White goat}}]], [[Berlin Short-faced Tumbler|{{xt|Berlin Short-faced Tumbler}}]]. Sida cultivar-ka dhirta, kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa haddii magacu yahay magac u gaar ah ama kale, oo ka soo horjeeda sida magacyada caadiga ah ee noolaha loo qoro. Laakiin, ka baxsan cultivar-ka, dhalada waligeed lagu ma dhex daro xigashooyinka keliyaalka ah (single quotes), oo magacyadoodu waligeed ma aha qayb ka mid ah magac saynis ah. Erayga noolaha ee lagu daray dhammaadka si looga fogaado jahawareerka ("cat", "hound", "horse", "swine", iyo wixii la mid ah) waa inuusan noqon xaraf-weyn, ilaa uu yahay qayb ka mid ah magaca dhalada oo si joogto ah lagu muujiyo foomkaas halbeegga dhalada (xaaladaha dhifka ah waxaa ku jira [[Norwegian Forest Cat|{{xt|Norwegian Forest Cat}}]] iyo [[American Quarter Horse|{{xt|American Quarter Horse}}]]). Samee [[Wikipedia:Redirect|xiriiriyeyaasha dib-u-luqadda (redirects)]] ka soo baxay xaraf-weynaynta kale iyo foomamka higaada ee cinwaannada maqaalka, iyo magacyada kale, t.s., [[Adélie Penguin]], [[Adelie penguin]], [[Adelie Penguin]] iyo ''[[Pygoscelis adeliae]]'' dhammaan waa inay dib-u-luqad u sameeyaan [[Adélie penguin]]. ===Samooyinka iyo walxaha hawada sare=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Celestial bodies}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (astronomical objects)}} Erayada ''sun'' (sol/qorrax), ''earth'' (dhul), ''moon'' (dayax), iyo ''solar system'' (bahda qorraxda) ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn isticmaalka guud ({{xt|The sun was over the mountain top}}; {{xt|The tribal people thought of the whole earth as their home}}). Waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn marka walaxda lagu personify-gareeyo fanka/suugaanta ({{xt|Sol Invictus ('Unconquered Sun') was the Roman sun god}}) ama marka loo isticmaalo sida magac walax gaar ah xaaladda sayniska ama falagga ({{xt|The Moon orbits the Earth}}; laakiin {{xt|Io is a moon of Jupiter}}). Magacyada meereyaasha, dayaxyada, asteroids-ka, comets-ka, xiddigaha, constellations-ka, iyo galaxies-ka waa magacyo u gaar ah, oo sidaas darteed xaraf-weyn ah ({{xt|The planet Mars is in the constellation Gemini, near the star Pollux}}). Xarafka ugu horreeya ee eray kasta oo ku dhex jira magacaas waa xaraf-weyn ({{xt|Alpha Centauri}} ma aha {{!xt|Alpha centauri}}; {{xt|Milky Way}}, ma aha {{!xt|Milky way}}). Erayada sida ''comet'' iyo ''galaxy'' waa inay noqdaan xaraf-weyn marka ay samaynayaan qayb ka mid ah magac u gaar ah, laakiin ma aha marka loo isticmaalo sida eray guud ({{xt|Halley's Comet is the most famous of the comets}}; {{xt|the Andromeda Galaxy is a spiral galaxy}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Compass"></span>Pointers-ka kombaas-ka (Jihooyinka)=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Compass points}} Ha xaraf-weynayn '''jihooyinka''' sida ''north'' (woqooyi) ama foomamka la xiriira ({{xt|We took the northern road}}) marka laga reebo marka ay yihiin qaybo ka mid ah magacyada u gaarka ah ({{xt|Great North Road}}, {{xt|Great Western Drive}}, {{xt|South Pole}}). U qor xaraf-weyn '''magacyada gobollada''' haddii ay gaareen heerka magaca u gaarka ah, ku dhex jira magacyada caadiga ah ee heshiiska ({{xt|Southern California}}; {{xt|the Western Desert}}), iyo erayada ka soo baxa ee dadka (t.s., ''Southerner'' oo ah mid ka soo jeeda [[Southern United States]]). Ha xaraf-weynayn magacyada sharraxaadda leh ee gobollada oo aan gaarin heerka magacyada u gaarka ah, sida {{xt|southern Poland}}. Jihooyinka isku-dhafka ah waxaa lagu dhex jiri karaa ama aan lagu dhex jiri karin dhex-xariijin (hyphen), iyada oo ku xiran [[#National varieties of English|nooca Ingiriisiga ee loo qaatay]] maqaalka. {{xt|Southeast Asia}} iyo {{xt|northwest}} waxay ka caansan yihiin Ingiriisiga Mareykanka; laakiin {{xt|South-East Asia}} iyo {{xt|north-west}} waxay ka caansan yihiin Ingiriisiga British-ka. Xaaladaha sida {{xt|north–south dialogue}} iyo {{xt|east–west orientation}}, isticmaal en dash; eeg {{section link||Other uses for en dashes}}. ===<span id="Institutions"></span>Magacyada u gaarka ah ka soo contrasts-garoobaya erayada guud=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Institutions|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Capitalization of The{{!}}Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Capitalization of ''The''}} U qor xaraf-weyn magacyada hay'adaha ama doorka gaarka ah ({{xt|the founding of the University of Delhi}}; {{xt|the history of Stanford University}}) laakiin ma aha erayada guud ee hay'adaha ({{xt|the high school is near the university}}). Ha xaraf-weynayn ''the'' bilowga magaca hay'adda, iyada oo aan loo eegin qaabka loo doorbido ee hay'adda. Waxaa jira reebanaanno dhif ah, marka la hoggaaminayo ''The'' oo lagu muujiyay ''T'' ku dhex jira acronym-ka kooxda: {{xt|The International Cat Association (TICA)}}. U maaree qaybaha siyaasadda ama juqraafiga foomkan oo kale: {{xt|The city has a population of 55,000}}; {{xt|The two towns merged to become the City of Smithville}}. Ha u sameynin sida qaabka wargaysyada maxalliga ah oo tixraacaya degmada/magaalada sida ''the City'' ama ''The City'', marka laga reebo City of London [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#City of London|xaaladaha qaarkood]]. Hagahaani wuxuu sii kordhayaa wax-soosaarka hay'adaha, shirkadaha, iyo kooxaha kale. Tusaale ahaan, magaca dhan ee sharciga sida {{xt|Online Safety Act 2023}} wuxuu noqon doonaa xaraf-weyn, laakiin tixraacyada ka dambeeya ee {{xt|the act}} ma noqon doonaan kuwo xaraf-weyn ah. ==<span class="anchor" id="Acronyms and abbreviations"></span><span class="anchor" id="Acronyms"></span><span class="anchor" id="Initialisms"></span><span class="anchor" id="Shortenings"></span>Gaabinta== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Initials}} Gaabinta waa foomamka gaaban ee erayada ama foomamka. Raadinta saxda ah, waxay ku kala duwan yihiin [[Contraction (grammar)|contractions]], oo isticmaala [[apostrophe]] (t.s., ''won't'', eeg {{Section link||Contractions}}), iyo [[initialism]]s. Initialism waxaa lagu samaynayaa ka mid ah ama dhammaan xarfaha bilowga ah ee erayada ku dhex jira foom. Ka hooseeya, tixraacyada gaabinta waa in loo qaadaa inay ku dhex jiraan acronyms, iyo term-ka ''acronym'' waa inuu sidoo cuali ahaan ku dabaqmaa initialisms. ===Qor marka ay markii ugu horreysay muuqato iyadoo dhammaystiran=== {{Shortcut|MOS:1STOCC|MOS:1STABBR}} Marka gaabinta loo isticmaalayo maqaalka dhexdiisa, hordhac uga dhig iyadoo la isticmaalayo weedha dhammaystiran, gaabintana lagu dhex darayo ngo'aanka (parentheses): {{Block indent|{{xt|shabakadda gobolka ee maxalliga ah (LAN) oo ay samaysay Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC){{nbsp}}... DEC badeecadihii dambe ee LAN waxay aheyd{{nbsp}}...}}}} Ha u isticmaalin xarfo waaweyn foomka dhammaystiran kaliya sababtoo ah xarfo waaweyn ayaa loo isticmaalay gaabinta: {{!xt|Shabakadda Gobolka ee Maxalliga ah (LAN)}}. Marka laga reebo xaaladaha gaarka ah, gaabinta caadiga ah (sida {{xt|PhD}}, {{xt|DNA}}, ama {{xt|USSR}}) looma baahna in la kala bixiyo ama la dhamaystiro xataa marka ay tahay markii ugu horreysay ee la isticmaalo. ===Foomamka plural-ka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:GREENGROCER}} U samee plural [[acronyms]] iyadoo lagu darayo ''-s'' ama ''-es'': {{xt|Three CD-ROMs and two BIOSes were released}}. Ha isticmaalin ''[[greengrocer's apostrophe]]'' si aad u samayso plurals: {{!xt|Three CD-ROM's and two BIOS's were released}}. ===<span class="anchor" id="Periods (full stops) and spaces"></span><span class="anchor" id="Full stops and spaces"></span><span class="anchor" id="op.cit."></span>Punctuation iyo spacing=== {{Shortcut|MOS:PS}} Gaabintu waxay ku dhabayn kartaa ama aan ku dhabayn karin full point (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-garaysay ''period'' ama ''full stop''). Qaab joogto ah waa in lagu dhasheeyaa ku dhex jirta maqaal. Isticmaalka North American caadi ahaan waa in lagu dhabeeyo dhammaan gaabinta period ({{xt|Dr. Smith of 42&nbsp;Drummond St.}}) laakiin isticmaalka caadiga ah ee British iyo Australian, ma jiro period loo isticmaalo haddii gaabinta (contraction) ay ku dhabayso xarafka ugu dambeya ee foomka aan la gaabin ({{xt|Dr Smith of 42&nbsp;Drummond St}}) ilaa is-dhaafsi uu keeni karo. Kani waa sidoo cuali ahaan isticmaalka caadiga ah ee qoraalka scientific-ka ah. Iyadoo aan loo eegin punctuation, erayada lagu gaabay ka badan hal xaraf waa lagu dhex jiraa space ({{xt|op.&nbsp;cit.}} ma aha {{!xt|op.cit.}} ama {{!xt|opcit}}). Waxaa jira waxyaabo ka baxsan oo yar: {{xt|PhD}} {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg sare)}} "Philosophiae Doctor"; {{xt|BVetMed}} "Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine". Xaaladaha badankooda, Wikipedia ma isticmaalto punctuation-ka oo kale ku dhex jirta acronyms iyo initialisms: {{xt|GDP}}, ma aha {{!xt|G.D.P.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="US"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S."></span><span class="anchor" id="USA"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S.A."></span>US iyo U.S.<!-- When renaming this section title, rename the full link at [[Wikipedia:Consistency]] -->=== {{Shortcut|MOS:US|MOS:U.S.|MOS:USA|MOS:U.S.A.}} {{redirect|MOS:US|the use of the word "us"|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#First-person pronouns}} {{xt|US}} waa gaabinta caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo ee {{xt|United States}}, inkastoo {{xtn|U.S.}} – oo leh periods iyo aan lahayn space – ay tahay mid caadi ah daabacadaha North American, ku dhex jirta wargaysyada news-ka. Hagayaasha qaabka American qaarkood, ku dhex jiro ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style]]'' (tan iyo 2010), waxay baabi'iyeen {{!xt|U.S.}} waxayna soo sheegeen {{xt|US}}. Sababaha [[#Opportunities for commonality|wadaagga]], isticmaal {{xt|US}} default ahaan marka aad gaabinayso, laakiin [[#Retaining existing styles|sii wad]] {{xtn|U.S.}} maqaallada American ama Canadian English oo ay horey u dhisantay, ilaa ay jirto sabab wanaagsan oo loo beddelo. Sababtoo ah isticmaalka periods ee gaabinta iyo acronyms wuxuu noqon doonaa mid joogto ah ku dhex jira maqaal kasta, mar walba isticmaal {{xt|US}} maqaal leh gaabinta waddammada kale. Gaabinta dheeraad ah oo lagu dhex jiro initials-ka waddanka ({{xt|USN}}, {{xt|USAF}}), waligeed ha isticmaalin periods. Marka United States lagu xuso hal ama ka badan waddammada kale ku dhex jirta jumlad oo kale, {{xt|US}} (ama {{xtn|U.S.}}) wuxuu noqon karaa mid aad u informal ah, gaar ahaan xusidda ugu horreysa ama sida noun halkii adjective ({{xt|France and the United States}}, ma aha {{!xt|France and the US}}). Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|U.&nbsp;S.}} oo leh space ama {{!xt|U.S.&nbsp;of&nbsp;A.}} oo taariikh hore ah, marka laga reebo marka aad xigasho sameynayso. Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|U.S.A.}} ama {{!xt|USA}} marka laga reebo ku dhex jirta xigasho, sida qayb ka mid ah magac sax ah ({{xt|Team USA}}), ama isticmaalka tignoolajiyada iyo rasmiga ah ee qaarkood (t.s., [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3]], [[FIFA country codes|FIFA]], iyo [[IOC country codes]]). ===Circa=== {{for|examples|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Uncertain, incomplete, or approximate dates}} Si loo muujiyo ''si xaddidan'', isticmaalka {{tl|circa}}, oo muuqda sida {{xt|{{circa}}}}, waxaa ka wanaagsan {{!xt|circa}}, {{!xt|c.}}, {{!xt|ca.}}, ama {{!xt|approx.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="unwarranted abbreviations"></span>Ka fogao isticmaalka aan la xaqijin=== {{Hatnote|See also: {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|Units of measurement}} for when to abbreviate units of measurement.}} Ka fogao gaabinta marka ay jahwareerin karaan akhristaha, baabi'in karaan socodka, ama ka muuqan karaan informal. Tusaale ahaan: *Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|approx.}} ee {{xt|approximate(ly)}} marka laga reebo infobox ama table (xaaladaas isticmaal {{tlx|abbr|approx.|approximately}} xusidda ugu horreysa: {{xt|{{abbr|approx.|approximately}}}}). *Ha isticmaalin legalism-ka {{!xt|Holmes J}} ee {{xt|[[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.|Justice Holmes]]}}. <!-- this might be better in [[WP:JARGON]] --> ===Ha samaynin=== Ka fogao sameynta [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#Neologisms|gaabinta cusub]], gaar ahaan acronyms. Tusaale ahaan, {{xtn|World Union of Billiards}} waa wanaagsan yahay sida {{em|turjumaad}} ee {{xt|[[Union Mondiale de Billard]]}}, laakiin ma aha iyada ama yareynta {{!xt|WUB}} oo loo isticmaalay kooxda ama tixraacyada gaarka ah; isticmaal magaca asalka ah iyo gaabintiisa rasmiga ah, {{xt|UMB}}. Haddii ay noqoto mid lagama maarmaan ah in lagu gaabiyo space yar, sida [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables#Captions and headers|column header ee table-ka]], isticmaal gaabinta si baaxad leh loo aqoonsan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, ee {{xt|New Zealand gross national product}}, isticmaal {{xt|NZ}} iyo {{xt|GNP}}, oo leh isqu xir haddii term-ka aan horey loogu qorin maqaalka: {{xt|NZ&nbsp;[[Measures of national income and output|GNP]]}}. Ha samaynin initialisms sida {{!xt|NZGNP}}. ===HTML tags iyo moodallada=== Mid ka mid ah {{tag|abbr|o}} ama {{tlx|abbr}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa gaabinta iyo acronyms: {{tag|abbr|params=title="World Health Organization"|content=WHO|wrap=yes}} ama {{tlx|abbr|WHO|World Health Organization}} waxay samayn doonaan {{abbr|WHO|World Health Organization}}; [[mouseover|soreynta]] qoraalka muuqda waxay keentaa [[tooltip]] ee foomka dheer inuu soo muuqdo. ===Ampersand=== {{Shortcut|MOS:AMP|MOS:&}} {{redirects|WP:&|the use of "and" in titles|Wikipedia:Article titles#Titles containing "and"}} Qoraalka caadiga ah iyo madaxyada, isticmaal ''and'' halkii [[ampersand]] (''&''): {{xt|January 1&nbsp;and&nbsp;2}}, ma aha {{!xt|January 1&nbsp;&&nbsp;2}}. Laakiin sii wad ampersand marka uu yahay qayb shaqaynaysa oo qaabka magac sax ah, mawduuca shaqaalaha, ama trademark, sida ku dhex jirta ''[[Up & Down (Horace Parlan album)|Up&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Down]]'' ama [[AT&T]]. Meelaha kale, ampersands waxaa loo isticmaali karaa joogteyn iyo dookh halka space uu aad u xaddidan yahay (t.s., tables iyo infoboxes). Xigashooyinka [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Typographic conformity|waxaa lagu beddeli karaa si dhibco leh]], gaar ahaan joogteynta halka noocyada kala duwan lagu xigto, maadaama noocyada cusub ee qoraallada hore ay si joogto ah u beddealaan ampersands ''and'' (sida ay u beddealaan [[glyph]]s kale oo aan la isticmaalin, [[Typographic ligature|ligatures]], iyo gaabinta). Isticmaalka kale oo loo ilaysay laakiin aan loo baahnayn waa tixraacyada gaaban ee shaqaalaha leeh qoraa badan, t.s.: {{xt|<nowiki><ref>Lubbers & Scheepers (2002); Van Hiel & Mervielde (2002); Swyngedouw & Giles (2007); Van Hiel (2012).</ref></nowiki>}}. ==Farta Janjeerta== {{Shortcut|MOS:IT|MOS:ITAL}} ===<span id="Do not use capitals for emphasis"></span>Adkeynta=== Farta janjeerta waxaa loo isticmaalaa adkeyn, halkii loo isticmaali lahaa [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Boldface|farta buuran]] ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#All caps and small caps|xarfo waaweyn]]. Laakiin isticmaalka badan wuxuu yareeyaa shaqadiisa: tixgeli dib-u-qorista jumlada halkii aad farta janjeerta badsan lahayd. Isticmaal {{tag|em}} ama {{tlx|em|...}} si aad adkeyn u sameeyso. Kani wuxuu u sahlayaa [[Help:User style|waraaqaha qaabka isticmaalaha]] in loo maareeyo adkeynta qaab gaar ah, wuxuuna caawiyaa dadka dib-u-isticmaala ama turjumayaasha.{{refn|{{cite web |last1=Ishida |first1=Richard |title=Using b and i elements |quote=the content of a <code>b</code> element may not always be bold, and that of an <code>i</code> element may not always be italic. |url=https://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-b-and-i-tags |website=W3C Internationalization |publisher=[[World Wide Web Consortium]] |date=2015 |access-date=1 September 2016}} }} *Sax: <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>The meerkat is <em>not</em> actually a cat.</nowiki>}}</code> *Sax: <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>The meerkat is {{em|not}} actually a cat.</nowiki>}}</code> ===<span id="Italics-Titles"></span>Cinwaannada=== {{shortcut|MOS:NOITALIC}} {{/titles hatnote include|where=MOS#I-T}} Isticmaal farta janjeerta cinwaannada hawlaha waaweyn (sida buugaagta, filimada, taxanaha telefishanka, bandhigyada la magacaabay, ciyaaraha fiidiyowga, albamyada muusigga, iyo fanka). Cinwaannada maqaallada, cutubyada, noocyada muusigga, dhacdooyinka, sheekooyinka, qoraallada cilmi-baarista, iyo hawlaha kale ee gaaban waxay qaataan calaamadaha oraahda ee laba-laabka ah (" "). Farta janjeerta looma isticmaalo qoraallada diinta ee waaweyn ({{xt|the Bible}}, {{xt|the Quran}}, {{xt|the Talmud}}). Kuwa badan oo cinwaannadan ka mid ah waa inay sidoo kale raacaan [[#Titles of works|habka xaraf-weynaynta cinwaannada]]. ===Erayada loo isticmaalay eray ahaan=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Words as words}} {{for|the policy when a word or phrase itself may be an encyclopedic subject|Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#When a word or phrase may be an encyclopedic subject}} Isticmaal farta janjeerta marka aad {{em|xusayso}} eray ama xaraf {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Use–mention distinction]])}} ama weedh ilaa hal jumlad ah ({{xt|teramka ''panning'' wuxuu ka yimid ''panorama''}}; {{xt|xarafka ugu caansan Ingiriisiga waa ''e''}}). Marka jumlad dhan la xuso, calaamadaha oraahda ee laba-laabka ah ayaa loo isticmaali karaa halkii, iyadoo la dhowrayo joogteynta ({{xt|Prepasiishanka ku jira ''She sat on the chair'' waa ''on''}}; ama {{xt|Prepasiishanka ku jira "She sat on the chair" waa "on"}}). Calaamadaha oraahda waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa qoraallada gaaban si looga fogaado jahawareerka, sida marka farta janjeerta horey loogu isticmaalay bogga sabab kale awgeed (t.s., erayada iyo weedha badan ee aan Ingiriisiga ahayn). {{em|Xusidda}} (si looga wada-hadlo naxwaha, xulashada erayada, ama calaamadaha hakadka) waxay ka duwan tahay {{em|xigashada}} (halka wax caadi ahaan lagu muujiyo magaca ilaha la xigtay). Xigashada waxaa lagu sameeyaa calaamadaha oraahda, waligeedna looma isticmaalo farta janjeerta ama labadaba hal mar {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Quotations}} si aad u ogaato faahfaahinta).}} Isticmaalka kale ee la xiriira farta janjeerta waa marka la soo bandhigayo ama lagu kala saarayo erayada ama fikradaha: {{xt|Fikradaha ''natural numbers'' waa tirada idil ee ka weyn 0.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign words"></span> Erayada aan Ingiriisiga ahayn=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Non-English terms}} Farta janjeerta waxaa loo isticmaalaa weedha aan Ingiriisiga ahayn iyo erayada aan Ingiriisiga ahayn ee kelida ah ee aan caadi ahaan loo isticmaalin Ingiriisiga maalin kasta. Laakiin, magacyada u gaarka ah (sida magacyada meelaha) ee luqadaha kale caadi ahaan ma qaataan farta janjeerta, sidoo kale erayada ku jira farta aan Laatiinka ahayn. Tampaalka {{tlx|lang}} iyo foomamkiisa waxay taageeraan dhammaan [[ISO 639]] koodhadhka luqadaha, iyagoo sax ah u aqoonsanaya luqadda si otomaatig ahna u janjeerinaya farta. Fadlan isticmaal tampaalladan halkii aad gacanta u janjeerin lahayd qoraalka aan Ingiriisiga ahayn. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link|WP:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Other languages}} si aad u ogaato macluumaad dheeraad ah.)}} ===Magacyada sayniska=== Isticmaal farta janjeerta magacyada sayniska ee dhirta, xayawaanka, iyo [[Kingdom (biology)|dhammaan noolaha kale]] marka laga reebo fayrasyada heerka [[genus]] iyo ka hooseeya (janjeeri {{xt|''Panthera leo''}} iyo {{xt|''Retroviridae''}}, laakiin ha janjeerin {{xt|Felidae}}). Calaamadda isku-dhafka ma qaadato farta janjeerta ({{xt|''Rosa''&nbsp;×&nbsp;''damascena''}}), sidoo kale "erayga xiriiriya" ee loo baahan yahay [[Trinomial nomenclature#In botany|magacyada dhirta ee saddexda qaybood ah]] ma janjeero ({{xt|''Rosa gallica'' subsp. ''officinalis''}}). ===<span id="Italics and quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka ku dhex jira farta janjeerta=== {{shortcut|MOS:ITALQUOTE|}}{{See also|#Quotations}} <section begin="Quotations in italics body"/>Ha u qorin xigashooyinka farta janjeerta. [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation marks|Calaamadaha oraahda]] (ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Block quotations|xigashooyinka waaweyn]]) kaliya ayaa ku filan oo ah qaabka saxda ah ee loogu muujiyo xigashooyinka. Farta janjeerta waa in loo isticmaalo kaliya haddii qoraalka la xigtay uu ka mid yahay waxyaabo marka horeba u baahanaa farta janjeerta.<section end="Quotations in italics body"/> ([[#Italics within quotations|Eeg hoos]]). ===Farta janjeerta ee ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka=== <section begin="Italics within quotations body"/>Isticmaal farta janjeerta ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka si aad u soo saarto adkeynta ku jirtay qoraalka asalka ah ama si aad u muujiso isticmaalka erayada aan Ingiriisiga ahayn. Adkeynta waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu sameeyo {{tlx|em}}. Haddii aysan caddayn in ilaha asalka ahi ay horey u lahaayeen farta janjeerta (ama qaab kale) oo adkeyn ah, ama si loo muujiyo marka adkeynta aan loo isticmaalin qoraalkii asalka ahaa laakiin dambe lagu daray tifaftirka, ku dar xusuus-qoraalka tifaftirka {{xt|[adkeyntu waa asalka]}} ama {{xt|[adkeynta waa la daray]}}, sida ay u kala horreeyaan, ka dambaysta xigashada. * Tusaale ahaan: {{xt|"Now cracks a noble heart. Good night sweet prince: And {{em|flights of angels}} sing thee to thee rest." [adkeyntu waa asalka].}}<section end="Italics within quotations body"/> ===Saamaynta ay ku leedahay calaamadaha hakadka ee dhow=== {{Shortcut|MOS:ITALPUNCT}} Janjeeri kaliya qaybaha jumlada oo ay saameysay adkeyntu. Ha janjeerin calaamadaha hakadka ee dhow. *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|What are we to make of {{em|that?}}}} (Calaamadda su'aashu waxay ku dabaqmeysaa jumlada dhan, ma aha kaliya erayga la adkeeyay ee ''that'', markaas waa inaysan janjeerin.) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|What are we to make of {{em|that}}?}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Four of Patrick White's most famous novels are ''A Fringe of Leaves'', ''The Aunt's Story'', ''Voss'', and ''The Tree of Man''.}} (Calaamadaha hakadka ee ku dhow, nooca cunsurrada, iyo erayga ''and'' ma janjeeraan.) ==Xigashooyinka== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTE}}{{See|Wikipedia:Do not include the full text of lengthy primary sources}} {{Redirects here|MOS:QUOTE|the section on quotation characters|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation characters|the essay|Wikipedia:Quotations}} [[Wikipedia:Non-free content#Guideline examples|Xigashooyinka gaaban ee qoraalka la dhowray]] waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loogu muujiyo dhibic, loo dhiibo xaalad, ama loo atribuigo dhibic fikir ama aragti. Inkastoo xigashooyinku ay yihiin qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah Wikipedia, isticmaalka badan ee iyaga ka mid ah ma aha mid ku habboon qaabka qoraalka encyclopedic-ka ah oo wuxuu noqon karaa [[Wikipedia:Copyrights|baabi'inta copyright-ka]], markaas badankooda mawduuca waa inuu ku dhex jiraa erayada tifaftiraha laakiis. Tixgeli dib-u-qorista xigashooyinka si ay u noqdaan qoraal toos ah oo gaaban marka ay habboon tahay (iyadoo la ogaaday in [[Wikipedia:Close paraphrasing|dib-u-qorista dhow]] ay sii baabi'in karto copyright-ka). [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Quotations|Ha u lagin xigashooyinka italics]] ilaa maaddadu ay italics ugu noqoto sabab kale laakiis. Per [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|siyaasada verifiability-ga]], xigashooyinka tooska ah {{em|waa in}} ay la socdaan [[WP:INCITE|inline citation]] oo ka soo baxday [[WP:RS|tixraac lagu aamini karo]] oo taageeraya maaddada. Kani waa mid gaar ah oo muhiim ah maqaallada ku saabsan ama ku dhex jira maaddada ku saabsan [[WP:BLP|dadka nool ama dhowaan dhintay]] (BLPs). ===<span class="anchor" id="Principle of minimal change"></span><span class="anchor" id="Minimal change"></span><span class="anchor" id="PMC"></span><span class="anchor" id="PLC"></span><span class="anchor" id="MINIMALCHANGE"></span><span class="anchor" id="MINCHANGE"></span><span class="anchor" id="LEASTCHANGE"></span>Qoraalka asalka ah=== {{Shortcut|MOS:PMC|MOS:SIC}} {{Redirect|WP:PMC|closure of requested moves by page movers|Wikipedia:Requested moves/Closing instructions#Closure by a page mover}} {{Redirect|WP:PLC|inclusion guidelines for organizations|Wikipedia:Notability (organizations and companies)|the handling of the abbreviation "plc" in article titles|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (companies)}}Xigashooyinka waa inay noqdaan kuwo [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiably]] loo atribuigoy, iyo qoraalka qoraalka la xigtay waa inuu noqdo mid si dhab ah loo soo saaro. Kani waxaa loo tixraacaa sida {{em|maamulka beddelka yar}}. Halka ay jirto sabab wanaagsan oo loo beddelo qoraalka, ku dar square bracket qoraalka la beddelay; tusaale ahaan, {{!xt|"Ocyrhoe told him his fate"}} waxaa loo xigtay karaa sida {{xt|"Ocyrhoe told [her father] his fate"}}. <!-- IF EDITING THE FOLLOWING SENTENCE, PLEASE UPDATE THE DOCUMENTATION AT [[Template:Sic/doc]] ACCORDINGLY --> Makhaadhaa yar ee spelling-ka iyo typographic-ka waa in si toos ah loo hagaajiyo (tusaale ahaan, hagaaji {{!xt|basicly}} loo beddelo {{xt|basically}}). Haddii ay jirto makhaadhaa muhiim ah asalka ku dhex jirta, raac iyada oo leh {{tlx|sic}} (soo saaraya {{sic}}{{hsp}}) si loogu muujiyo in makhaadhaahu aysan ahayn mid ay sameysay Wikipedia; tusaale ahaan, {{xt|"his interview with the Dolly Llama {{sic}}"}}. Marka lagu dabaqo qoraal oo isku xir leh, syntax-ka moodalka waxaa loo hagaajin karaa {{tlx|sic|2=nolink=y}} (soo saaraya {{sic|nolink=y}} qoraalka isku xirka leh ee ka soo baxa; tusaale ahaan ku dhex jirta isku xirka: [[Template:Sic|{{sic|nolink=y}} template]]).{{efn|name="sicwarning"|{{tl|Sic}} ma aha in loo isticmaalo dhexda {{tag|ref}} tags, ama ku dhex jirta [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation templates]] sida [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]] iyo [[Help:Citation Style 2|Citation Style 2]], sababtoo ah wuxuu ku dhex jiraa markup oo baabi'in doona [[COinS]] metadata ee ay soo saaraan; eeg [[Wikipedia:COinS]].<!-- Per [[Template:Sic]] there is a {{COinS safe|n}} warning that it "should not be used in citation templates such as Citation Style 1 and Citation Style 2, because it includes markup that will pollute the COinS metadata they produce; see Wikipedia:COinS." -->}} Sababaha saxda ah iyo indexing-ka, mawduucyada tixraacyada ee loo tixraacay ma aha in loo hagaajiyo spelling-ka, laakiin hagaajinta yar ee typographic-ka ah (sida beddelka [[MOS:CURLY|curly quotes]] loo beddelo straight) waxaa lagu sameyn karaa si toos ah. Inline citations ee ku dhex jira qoraalka la xigtay, oo loo tixraaco aan loo isticmaalin maqaalka Wikipedia, waa in si toos ah loo baabi'iyo. Isticmaal [[#Ellipses|ellipses]] si aad u muujiso ka-tagista qoraalka la xigtay. Ka-tagista la xaqijiyay waxaa ku jira erayada aan loo baahnayn, aan la xiriirin, ama parenthetical-ka ah, iyo yaraynta yar ({{!xt|umm}} iyo {{!xt|hmm}}), laakiin ha ka tagin qoraal halka aad sameyso ay baabi'in doonto xaaladda muhiimka ah ama beddeli doonto macnaha qoraalka. Vulgarities iyo obscenities waa in lagu muujiyo si sax ah sida ay ka muuqdaan tixraaca la xigtay; Wikipedians ma aha in waligeed [[Wikipedia:Offensive material#How to treat offensive material in articles|baabi'iyaan erayada]] ({{!xt|G-d d--n it!}}), laakiin haddii qoraalka la xigtay {{em|laikiisu}} uu foomkan u sameyo, copy-garo qoraalka verbatim oo isticmaal {{tlx|sic}} si aad u muujiso in qoraalka loo xigtay sida ka muuqata tixraaca. Xigashooyinka tooska ah, sii wad spelling-ka dialectal iyo archaic-ka ah, ku dhex jirta capitalization-ka (laakiin ma aha glyphs iyo ligatures archaic-ka ah, sida lagu sharraxay ka hooseeya ku dhex jirta {{slink||Typographic conformity}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Quotation point of view"></span>Aragtida=== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTEPOV}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Attributing and specifying biased statements|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Expressions of doubt}} Xigashoda waa in loo isticmaalo, iyadoo la atribuigo, si loo soo bandhigo aragtiyada emotive ee aan lagu muujin karin poxa Wikipedia laikiis, laakiin waligeed ma aha si loo soo bandhigo heerarka culture sida kaliya aragtiyada: *La accepts karo: {{xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film "unforgettable".}} *Aan la accepts karin: {{!xt|The site is considered "sacred" by the religion's scriptures.}} Aragtiyada gaaban ee aan aad uga emotive ahayn caadi ahaan waxaa lagu soo sheegi karaa iyadoo la atribuigo halkii xigashoda tooska ah. Isticmaalka calaamadaha xigmadda ee terms-ka sharraxaadda leh ee gaaban wuxuu [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Expressions of doubt|muujin karaa wax is-dhaafsi ah]] oo ku saabsan maaddada la xigtay; sarcasm ama [[weasel words]], sida ''supposedly'' ama ''so-called'', waxaa lagu muujin karaa. *La accepts karo: {{xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film interesting.}} *Aan loo baahnayn oo muujin kara is-dhaafsi: {{!xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film "interesting".}} *Waa in la xigto: {{xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film "interesting but heart-wrenching".}} ===Typographic conformity=== {{Shortcut|MOS:CONFORM}} {{redirect|MOS:CONFORM|consistency within articles|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Consistency within articles}} Xigashodu ma aha [[wikt:facsimile|facsimile]] oo, xaaladaha badankooda, ma aha shuruud in qaabka asalka ah lagu dhowro. Qaabka iyo elements-ka kale ee typographic-ka ah ee qoraalka la xigtay{{efn|"Qoraalka la xigtay" ee typographic conformity iyo sababaha kale ee badan wuxuu ku dhex jiraa mawduucyada shaqaalaha, magacyada kooxaha, iyo foomamka kale oo, asalkiisa, la xigtay. Tusaale: waxyaabaha sida "Mexican-American War" waxaa si joogto ah loo hagaajiyaa loo beddelo "Mexican–American War" Wikipedia-ha, ku dhex jirta mawduucyada tixraacyada loo tixraacay, ku dhex jirta qoraalka maqaalka, tixraacyada xusuus-qoraalka, ama meelaha kale ee bogga. Kani ma leeyahay athar raadinta shaqaalaha aan tixraacnay, maadaama dhammaan raadinta waaweyn ay baabi'iyaan calaamadaha punctuation-ka.}} waa in lagu dhasheeyo heshiisyada Wikipedia-ha English-ka oo aan lahayn xusuus-qoraal, iyadoo la xaqijiyay in sameynta kani aysan beddeli doonin ama baabi'in doonin macnaha ama inta qoraalka. Kani waa beddelka oo aan samaynayn kala duwanaansho marka qoraalka loo akhrriyo si toos ah; tusaale ahaan: *Normalize dashes iyo hyphens: eeg {{Section link||Dashes}}. Isticmaal qaabka loo doortay maqaalka: unspaced [[em dash]] ama spaced [[en dash]]. *Beddel apostrophes iyo calaamadaha xigmadda loo beddelo qaabka Wikipedia: **Kuwani waa inay noqdaan toos, ma aha curly ama slanted. Eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}}. **Marka aad xigtayso xigasho iyada laikiis ku dhex jirta xigasho, beddel dhexda isticmaalka double iyo single quotes ee xigasho kasta. Eeg {{section link||For a quotation within a quotation}} si aad u ogaato xeel-dheeraan. *Marka aad xigtayso qoraal ka soo baxay luqadaha aan English-ka ahayn, punctuation-ka ka baxsan waa inuu raaco [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation marks|Manual of Style ee calaamadaha xigmadda English-ka]]. Haddii ay jiraan xigashooyinka ku dhex jira, raac shuruudaha punctuation-ka saxda ah ee luqaddaas. Haddii ay jiraan qaabab badan oo luqad ah, midka loo isticmaalay Wikipedia-ha luqaddaas waa ka wanaagsan yahay ilaa punctuation-ka laikiisu uu yahay ku dhex jiro wada-hadal. *:{{xt|The cynical response "{{lang|fr|italic=unset|L'auteur aurait dû demander&nbsp;: «&nbsp;à quoi sert-il d'écrire ceci&nbsp;?&nbsp;» mais ne l'a pas fait}}" was all he wrote.}} *Baabi'i spaces ka hor punctuation-ka sida periods iyo colons. *Caadi ahaan sii wad bold iyo italics {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Italics}})}}, laakiin badankooda qaabka kale waa in loo beddelo qoraal toos ah. {{!xt|{{Underline|Underlining}}}}, {{!xt|spac&nbsp;ing}} ku dhex jirta erayada, {{!xt|1=co<span style="color:Goldenrod;">lor</span>s}}, {{!xt|ALL CAPS}}, {{Smallcaps|{{!xt|small caps}}}}, iyo wixii la mid ah caadi ahaan waa in loo normalize-garayo qoraal toos ah. Haddii ay {{em|caddaynaysay}} muujinayso emphasis, isticmaal italic {{em|emphasis}} ({{tlx|em}}) ama, foomka dhexdiisa oo horey italics ah, boldface (leh {{tlx|strong}}). Mawduucyada buugaagta, maqaallada, gabayada, iyo wixii la mid ah, isticmaal italics ama calaamadaha xigmadda raacaya [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles|hagaha mawduucyada]]. Italics waxaa sidoo kale lagu dari karaa si loogu muujiyo [[#Non-English terms|terms-ka aan English-ka ahayn]] (leh moodalka {{tlx|lang}}), ee [[#Animals, plants, and other organisms|magaca scientific-ka ah ee organism-ka]], iyo si loogu muujiyo isticmaalka [[#Words as words|words-as-words]]. *Fiid gaabinta (aan horey loo isticmaalin mawduuca ka hor xigashoda) sida beddelka square-bracketed, ama ku sharrax iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|abbr}}. *Normalize glyphs iyo ligatures archaic-ka ah ee English-ka ee aan loo baahnayn macnaha (marka laga reebo magacyada saxda ah iyo luqadaha halka ligatures ay yihiin heer, per {{section link||Ampersand}} iyo {{Section link||Ligatures}}). Tusaalooyinka waxaa ku jira ''[[æ]]''→''ae'', ''[[œ]]''→''oe'', ''[[Long s|ſ]]''→''s'', iyo ''[[Thorn (letter)#Abbreviations|þ<sup>e</sup>]]''→''the''. {{crossref|pw=y|Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles#Typographic conformity}} si aad u ogaato waxyaabaha gaarka ah ee loo tixgeliyo normalization-ka typography-ka ee mawduucyada shaqaalaha.}} {{Shortcut|MOS:RETAINQUOTEVARIETY}} {{vanchor|Retain quote variety|text= Laakiin, noocyada qaranka ma aha in loo beddelo, maadaama kuwani ay ku dhex jiri karaan beddelka vocabulary-ka. Tusaale ahaan, xigasho ka soo baxday tixraac British ah waa in ay sii wadato spelling-ka British-ka, xataa maqaal oo haddii kale isticmaala spelling-ka American-ka. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Consistency within articles}}.)}}}} Nambarada sidoo kale caadi ahaan [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Quotations, titles, etc.|ma aha in loo re-format-gareeyo]]. Xigashoda tooska ah ma aha in loo isticmaalo si loo dhowro qaabka loo doorbido ee publisher ka baxsan (gaar ahaan marka maaddadu ay haddii kale noqon lahayd aan la beddelin), maadaama kani wuxuu leeyahay athar ee [[Scare quotes|scare-quoting]]: *{{em|La accepts karo}}: {{xt|The animal is listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.}} *{{em|Aan la accepts karin}}: {{!xt|The animal is listed as "Endangered" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.}} Italics waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loogu muujiyo isticmaalka gaar ah sida [[term of art]] (xaaladda "[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Words as words|words as words]]"), gaar ahaan marka ay tahay mid aan la dhasheyn ama ma aha in loo dib-u-qoro ka magaca aan aheyin expert: *{{em|La accepts karo}}: {{xt|The animal is listed as ''critically endangered'' on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.}} Marka aad xigtayso jumlad dhan, caadi ahaan waxaa lagu taliyaa in erayga ugu horreeya uu sii wado xaraf weyn. Laakiin, haddii qoraalka la xigtay lagu ammaan goyay jumlada dhow (tusaale ahaan, leh hordhac sida "{{var|X}} said that"), xarafka weyn ee asalka ah waxaa loo beddeli karaa xaraf yar. *{{xt|LaVesque's report stated: "The equipment was selected for its low price. This is the primary reason for criticism of the program."}} *{{xt|LaVesque's report said that "the equipment was selected for its low price".}} *{{xt|The program was criticized primarily because "the equipment was selected for its low price", according to LaVesque.}} Caadi ahaan looma baahna in la xuso beddelka capitalization-ka. Laakiin, si loo helo saxnaan dheeraad ah, xarafka la beddelay waxaa lagu lagi karaa ku dhex jira square brackets: {{nobr|"The" → "[t]he".}} *{{xt|The program was criticized primarily because {{nobr|"[t]he}} equipment was selected for its low price", according to LaVesque.}} ===Attribution=== Akhristahu waa inuu awoodaa inuu go'aamiyo tixraaca xigasho kasta, ugu yaraan ka magaca footnote. Tixraacu waa in lagu magacaabo {{em|qoraalka maqaalka}} haddii xigashodu ay tahay aragti {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|Attributing and specifying biased statements}})}}. Marka aad atribuigo-garayso xigasho, ka fogao [[Wikipedia:Words to avoid#Synonyms for said|sharraxaaddeeda foomka biased-ka ah]]. ===Xigashooyinka ku dhex jira xigashooyinka=== Eeg {{section link||For a quotation within a quotation}}. ===Isku xirka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:LINKQUOTE|MOS:LWQ}} Noqo mid dhibco leh marka aad isku xirayso ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka; isku xir kaliya bartilmaameedyada u dhigma macnaha caddaynaya ee loo intended-gareeyay qoraaga xigashoda. Halka ay suurtogal tahay, isku xir qoraalka ka baxsan xigashoda halkii – mid ka hor ama dhowaan ka dambeeya. (Haddii aad xigtayso [[hypertext]], ku dar xusuus-qoraal tifaftirka, {{xt|[link in original]}} ama {{xt|[link added]}}, sida habboon, si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga ku saabsan in isku xirka uu sameeyay qoraaga asalka ah.) ===<span class="anchor" id="Block quotations"></span><span class="anchor" id="Block quotes"></span>Block quotations=== {{Shortcut|MOS:BQ|MOS:BLOCKQUOTE}} U format-garee xigashoda dheer (ka badan 40 eray ama poynti yar oo xarfo ah, ama ka kooban ka badan hal paragraph, iyadoo aan loo eegin dheerka) sida [[block quotation]], iyadoo la isticmaalayo moodalka {{tlx|blockquote}}. Qoraalka lagu muujiyay block quotations iyo quote boxes (eeg ka hooseeya) waa inuusan laikiisu noqon mid lagu duubay calaamadaha xigmadda (ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda waaweyn, "decorative"-style). Block quotations iyo quote boxes oo isticmaalaya luga background ah sidoo kale ma lagu hagal-garayo. Isticmaal {{tnull|blockquote}} iyo markup-ka la midka ah kaliya xigashooyinka dhabta ah; [[#Indentation|indentation-ka sababaha kale]] waxaa loo sameeyay foom kale. Waa heshiis in lagu hor maro block quotation jumlad hordhac ah (ama qayb jumlad ah) oo lagu daro citation-ka tixraaca xarkaas. Alternativamente, moodalka {{tnull|blockquote}} wuxuu bixiyaa parameters ee attribution iyo citation oo ka muuqan doona ka hooseeya xigashoda. {{crossref|pw=y|(Ee isticmaalka dashes leh attributions, eeg {{section link||Other uses for em dashes}}.)}} Qaabkan attribution-ka ee ka hooseeya xigashoda waxaa loo intended-gareeyay xigashooyinka caanka ah oo ma aha caadi maqaallada sababtoo ah wuxuu ku oki lahaa tone aan habboonayn. Xigasho aan lahayn tixraac loo tixraacay waa in lagu calaamadeeyo {{tlx|quote without source}}, ama la baabi'iyo. Maadaama line breaks iyo indentation caadi ahaan lagu baabi'iyo ku dhex jirta {{tnull|blockquote}} ama {{tag|blockquote|o}}, isticmaal {{xtag|poem}} ama {{tlx|poem quote}} gabayada, lyrics, iyo maaddada la midka ah. Maaddadaas waxaa sidoo cuali ahaan loo xigtay karaa inline, leh line breaks oo lagu muujiyay <code><nowiki>{{nbsp}}/</nowiki></code>, iyo paragraph ama stanza breaks oo lagu muujiyay <code><nowiki>{{nbsp}}//</nowiki></code>. Tusaale ahaan: {{xt|"And, as in uffish thought he stood,{{nbsp}}/ The Jabberwock, with eyes of flame,{{nbsp}}/ Came whiffling through the tulgey wood,{{nbsp}}/ And burbled as it came!{{nbsp}}// One, two! One, two! And through and through{{nbsp}}/ The vorpal blade went snicker-snack!"}} {{Shortcut|MOS:BOXQUOTE|MOS:PQ|MOS:PULLQUOTE}} {{va|Pull quotes|Pull quote|Pull quotations|nocquote|text={{tlx|Quote box}} waa alternative ee inline quote ama block quote. Quote boxes waxaa lagu muujiyaa foom gaar ah (la mid ah sawirrada) oo waxay ugu wanaagsan yihiin xigashooyinka muhiimka ah ama sanado ah. Waxay samayn karaan [[WP:POV|point of view]] ama [[WP:UNDUE|undue weight]] arrimo, sababtoo ah xigashooyinka ma lagu lagayo xaaladda ama ma lagu ammaan goyo qoraalka maqaalka. Sidaas darteed, waa in loo isticmaalo si dhibco leh.}} [[Pull quote]]s ma aha kuwo ka mid ah maqaallada Wikipedia. Kuwani waa [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not news|news iyo magazine style]] oo ku saabsan "pulling" maaddada horey ku dhex jirtay maqaalka si loo dib-u-isticmaalo xigashooyinka decorative-ka ah ee soo jiidata attention-ka. Qaabkan unencyclopedic-ka ah waa foom ka mid ah [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Editorializing|editorializing]], wuxuuna soo saaraa [[Wikipedia:Writing better articles#Provide context for the reader|out-of-context]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Due and undue weight|undue emphasis]], oo wuxuu [[Wikipedia:No original research|keeni karaa akhristaha go'aanno]] aan lagu taageerin maaddada. Xigashoda badan ee qoraalka la dhowray (haddii ay u format-gareeyay sida blockquote ama kale, oo xataa haddii lagu credited-gareeyay tixraaciisa) waa la xannibay. Eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Quotations#Copyrighted material and fair use}}. ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign-language quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka aan English-ka ahayn=== {{Shortcut|MOS:FOREIGNQUOTE|}} Xigashooyinka ka soo baxday tixraacyada aan English-ka ahayn waa inay ka muuqdaan turjumaad loo beddelay English, ugu wanaagsan mid cusub{{efn|name=recent}}. Xigashooyinka ah turjumaada waa in si toos ah loo kala saaro kuwa aan ahayn. Muuji tixraaca asalka ah ee turjumaada (haddii uu yahay mid la heley karo, oo aan markii ugu horreysay lagu daabacin ku dhex jirta Wikipedia), iyo luqadda asalka ah (haddii aysan caddayn xaaladda). Haddii qoraalka asalka ah ee aan la turjumin uu yahay mid la heley karo, bixi tixraac iyada ama ku dar iyada, sida habboon. Marka tifaftireyaasha laikiisu ay turjumaan qoraalka loo beddelo English,{{efn|[[Wikipedia:No original research#Translations and transcriptions|Turjumaada laikiisu ma u baahna tixraac marka uu sameeyo tifaftire]]; laakiin xigashooyinka loo isticmaalay ku dhex jirta [[WP:REF|tixraacyada]], [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Quoting|turjumaada ka soo baxday tixraacyada lagu aamini karo waa ka wanaagsan yihiin]], ama [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Citing|tixraacyada luqadda English-ka ee ka wanaagsan]] .}} daryeel waa in mar walba loo qaado si lagu dhex jiro qoraalka asalka ah, {{em|[[MOS:FOREIGNITALIC|ku dhex jira italics]]}} ([[MOS:BADITALICS|marka laga reebo dhismaha scripts-ka aan Latin-ka ahayn]], oo ugu wanaagsan lagu sameyo moodallada {{tlx|lang}} ama {{tlx|langx}}, oo labaduba italics-gareynaya sida habboon oo bixinaya luqadda metadata); iyo si loo isticmaalo erayada dhabta ah iyo (haddii ay suurtogal tahay) erayada caadiga ah ee English-ka ku dhex jira turjumaada. Ilaa aad ka si dhab ah uga ogaato competency-gaaga aad wax ku turjumayso, eeg [[Wikipedia:Translation]] si aad u hesho taageero. ==Punctuation== {{Shortcut|MOS:PUNCT}} {{For|a brief guide to how some punctuation marks are used in Wikipedia for special purposes, e.g., [[Help:List#List basics|description lists]]|Help:Punctuation}} ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign characters that resemble apostrophes"></span>Apostrophes=== {{Shortcut|MOS:'|MOS:APOSTROPHE}} *Isticmaal [[straight apostrophe]]s ({{big|{{mxt|'}}}}), ma aha [[curly apostrophe]]s ({{big|{{!mxt|’}}}}). Ha isticmaalin accent marks ama [[backtick]]s ({{big|{{!mxt|`}}}}) sida apostrophes. *Moodallada sida {{tlx|`}} iyo {{tlx|`s}} waxay leeyihiin taageero marka apostrophe (ama single quote) ka muuqdo bilowga ama dhamaadka qoraalka ku dhex jira italics ama bold, sababtoo ah italics iyo bold laikiisu waxaa lagu muujiyaa noocyada single quotes. **Marka apostrophe raaco qoraalka italics-ka ah, {{tlx|'}} ama {{tlx|'s}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si looga fogaado xarafka ugu dambeeya ee qoraalka dhanka midig ah inuu isku xiro apostrophe-ka. Tusaale: {{xt|the ''Iliad''{{'s}} themes}} (markup: {{nobreak|<code><nowiki>the ''Iliad''{{'s}} themes</nowiki></code>}}). *Xarfaha u okiya apostrophes iyo curly quotes, sida [[{{okina}}okina]] ({{mxt|{{okina}}}}{{snd}}la dhex geliyo iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|okina}}), [[Saltillo (linguistics)|saltillo]] ({{mxt|{{saltillo}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|saltillo}}), Hebrew [[ayin]] ama Arabic ʿayn ({{mxt|{{ayin}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|ayin}}), iyo Arabic [[hamza]] ({{mxt|{{hamza}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|hamza}}), waa in lagu muujiyo moodalladaas ama xarfaha laikiis ee [[Unicode]]. (Basic Arabic transliteration, oo isticmaala ASCII apostrophe, waxaa ka wanaagsan xaaladaha badankooda ka magaca [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Arabic]]; xarfaha kale kani waxaa loo isticmaalaa kaliya transliteration-ka saxda ah.) **Moodallada ma loo isticmaali karo mawduucyada maqaalka; isticmaal xarafka Unicode-ka ee u dhigma toos. Per {{Section link|Wikipedia:Article titles#Special characters}}, sidoo kale samee redirection ka soo baxay foomka ASCII-ka ah si loogu taageero raadinta. Foomamka aan lahayn xarfaha apostrophe-ka oo kale marna waxaa ka wanaagsan ka magaca {{Section link|Wikipedia:Article titles# Use commonly recognizable names}} (t.s. [[Hawaii]] laakiin ma aha [[Keali{{okina}}i Reichel]]). *:{{crossref|pw=y|Sidoo kale eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles|Orthography, spelling and formatting}}}} *Ee [[Wade–Giles]] romanizations ee Mandarin Chinese, isticmaal {{tlx|wg-apos}}. *Luqadaha leh [[ejective consonants]] iyo wixii la mid ah, isticmaal {{tlx|hamza}}. *Ee Cyrillic [[soft sign]], marka lagu muujiyo dhammaan, isticmaal {{tlx|softsign}} ama {{tlx|hamza}}. *Ee isticmaalka possessive apostrophe-ka, eeg {{section link||Possessives}}. *Ee xeel-dheeraanta isticmaalka apostrophe-ka (possessive, elision, formation ee plurals qaarkood, arrimo luqadaha aan English-ka ahayn), eeg maqaalka [[Apostrophe]]. ===Calaamadaha xigmadda=== {{Shortcut|MOS:"|MOS:QUOTEMARKS|}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotations}} Maaddada ka hooseysa, term-ka ''quotation'' wuxuu ku dhex jiraa isticmaalka caadiga ah ee calaamadaha xigmadda sida mawduucyada noocyada, chapters-ka, episodes-ka, iyo wixii la mid ah. Calaamadaha xigmadda sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaalaa xaaladaha kale, sida [[#Animals, plants, and other organisms|magacyada cultivar]]. ====Calaamadaha xigmadda xarfaha==== {{Shortcut|MOS:CQ|MOS:CURLY|MOS:STRAIGHT}} *Isticmaal {{xt|{{big|<b>"</b>}}straight{{big|<b>"</b>}}}} calaamadaha xigmadda, ma aha {{!xt|{{big|<b>“</b>}}curly{{big|<b>”</b>}}}} kuwo. (Ee [[single quotes]]: {{xt|{{big|<b>'</b>}}straight{{big|<b>'</b>}}}}, ma aha {{!xt|{{big|<b>‘</b>}}curly{{big|<b>’</b>}}}}.) *Ha isticmaalin accent marks, backticks ({{!xt|{{big|'''`'''}}text{{big|'''´'''}}}}), low–high ({{!xt|„&nbsp;“}}), corner brackets ({{!xt|「&nbsp;」}}), [[guillemet]]s ({{!xt|«&nbsp;»}}), ama [[Chinese punctuation#Book title marks|title marks]] ({{!xt|《&nbsp;》}}) sida calaamadaha xigmadda (marka laga reebo marka marks-kaas ay yihiin {{em|internal}} ee qoraalka aan English-ka ahayn ee la xigtay{{snd}}eeg {{slink||Typographic conformity}}). Symbols-ka {{!xt|′}} iyo {{!xt|″}} ee ka muuqda edit window dropdowns waa "[[prime (symbol)|prime]]" iyo "double prime" sida ay u kala horreeyaan: kuwani waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loogu muujiyo [[Minute and second of arc|units of angular measurement]], oo ma aha sida apostrophes ama quote marks. *Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo apostrophes ee maaddada la import-gareeyay [[#Typographic conformity|waa in loo beddelo]] haddii ay noqoto lagama maarmaan si loo raaco sare. ====<span id="Double or single quotation marks"></span><span id="Single quotation marks"></span>Double ama single==== {{Shortcut|MOS:SINGLE|MOS:DOUBLE|}} *Badankooda xigashooyinku waxay qaataan calaamadaha xigmadda double-ka ah ({{xt|Welles said: "It was a terrible situation."}}),{{efn|1=Double quotation marks waxaa ka wanaagsan single sababtoo ah waxay si toos ah uga kala duwan yihiin apostrophes: *{{!xt|She wrote that 'Cleanthes' differs from the others', but neither opinion may represent Hume's'}} (wuxuu yareeyaa akhristaha). *{{xt|She wrote that "Cleanthes' differs from the others', but neither opinion may represent Hume's"}} (caddayn badan). }} marka laga reebo xigashooyinka ku dhex jira (eeg ka hooseeya). *Plant cultivars waxay qaataan calaamadaha xigmadda single-ka ah ({{xt|''Malus domestica'' 'Golden Delicious'}}; eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora)]]). *[[Gloss (annotation)#In linguistics|Glosses]] oo turjumaya ama definining-garaynaya terms aan la dhasheyn (marka la isticmaalayo [[MOS:WORDSASWORDS|words as words]]) waxay qaataan single quotes; glosses-ka gaaban ma u baahna comma ka hor definition-ka ({{xt|''Cossack'' originates from [[Cuman language|Cuman]] {{lang|qwm|proto=yes|qazaq}} 'freebooter'; ''republic'' comes from Latin {{lang|la|res publica}}, loosely meaning 'public affair'.}}). Moodalka {{tl|Gloss}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa tan; t.s. <code>{{tlp|lang|es|casa}} {{tlf|gloss|house}}</code> wuxuu soo saaraa: {{lang|es|casa}} {{gloss|house}}. Ee turjumaada tooska ah, moodalka {{tl|Literal translation}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa; wuxuu dhex gelyaa {{xt|lit.}} ka hor gloss-ka. ====Ee xigasho ku dhex jirta xigasho==== {{Shortcut|MOS:QWQ|}} Isticmaal single quotes: *{{xt|Darwin wrote in his introduction that "the maxim 'de minimis lex non curat' does not apply to science".}} Ee dhismaha dheeraad ah, beddel dhexda single iyo double quotes: *{{xt|He said, "That book asserts, 'Confucius said "Everything has beauty, but not everyone sees it.{{" ' "}}}} Ee quote marks ee uusocodka tooska ah, ku dar space yar iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{nowrap|{{tl|" '}}}}, {{nowrap|{{tl|' "}}}}, ama (sida tusaale ahaan halkan loo dhiibay) {{nowrap|{{tl|" ' "}}}}: *{{xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!{{' "}}}} Markup: <code>He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!{{tl|' "}}</code> *{{!xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!'"}} (jamming garaynta waxyaabaha waxay u okisaa si xun fonts badankooda) *{{!xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!'{{nbsp}}"}} (space caadi ah wuxuu leeyahay inta badan) ====<span id="Quotation marks in article openings"></span>Bilowga maqaalka==== {{Shortcut|MOS:BOLDQUOTE}} Qoraalka bold-ka ah oo caadi ahaan ka muuqda bilowga maqaalka: *Calaamad kasta oo xigmadda ah oo qayb ka mid ah mawduuca waa in ay noqoto bold sida qaybta hartay ee mawduuca. **Ka soo baxay ''[["A" Is for Alibi]]'': {{xt|'''''"A" Is for Alibi''''' is a mystery novel&nbsp;...}} *Calaamadaha xigmadda ee {{em|aan}} qayb ka mid ah mawduuca ma aha in ay noqdaan bold. **Ka soo baxay [[Jabberwocky]]: {{xt|"'''Jabberwocky'''" is a nonsense poem&nbsp;...}} **Ka soo baxay [[Babe Ruth]]: {{xt|'''George Herman''' "'''Babe'''" '''Ruth''' was an American baseball player&nbsp;...}} {{crossref|pw=y|(Sidoo kale eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography|Nicknames}}.)}} ====Punctuation ka hor xigashooyinka==== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTEPUNCT}} Haddii dhisma aan la xigtay laakiin kale oo u dhigma uu shaqayn lahaa grammatically aan lahayn comma, isticmaalka comma ka hor xigasho oo lagu ammaan goyay jumlad waa dookh: *{{xt|The report stated "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} ([[wikt:cf.|Cf.]] aan la xigtay {{xt|The report stated there was a 45% reduction in transmission rate.}}) *{{xt|The report stated, "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} Qaabka aan lahayn comma ka sanado badan waxaa loo isticmaalaa xigashooyinka qaybta ah: *{{xt|The report observed "a 45% reduction in transmission rate".}} Comma waxaa loo baahan yahay marka ay ka muuqan lahayd dhismaha oo kale haddii maaddada aan ayan ahayn xigasho: *{{xt|In Margaret Mead's view, "we must recognize the whole gamut of human potentialities" to enrich our culture.}} Ha dhex gelin comma haddii ay is-dhaafsi keeni karto ama beddeli karto macnaha: *{{xt|Caitlyn Jenner expressed concerns about children "who are coming to terms with being true to who they are".}} (Xigasho sax ah oo ka soo baxday foomka ku saabsan {{em|carruurta qaarkood}}{{snd}}gaar ahaan carruurtaas "who are coming to terms{{nbsp}}...") *{{!xt|Caitlyn Jenner expressed concerns about children, "who are coming to terms with being true to who they are".}} (Beddelaa macnaha si loogu muujiyo Jenner in ay muujinaysay concern ku saabsan {{em|dhammaan}} carruurta, inta la dhiibay in carruurtu, guud ahaan, "are coming to terms{{nbsp}}...") Waxay ka caddayn tahay in loo isticmaalo colon si loo soo bandhigo xigasho haddii ay samaynayso jumlad dhan, iyo kani waa in mar walba loo sameyo xigashooyinka jumlado badan leeh: *{{xt|The report stated: "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} *{{xt|In a letter to his son, Albert Einstein wrote: "Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance you must keep moving."}} Punctuation dheeraad ah ma aha mid lagama maarmaan ah ee tooska ah [[#Words as words|words-as-words]] xaaladda: *{{xt|The message was unintelligible except for the fragments "help soon" and "how much longer before".}} ====<span class="anchor" id="Quotation marks-Titles"></span><span id="Quotation marks with names and titles"></span>Magacyada iyo mawduucyada==== {{/titles hatnote include|where=MOS#P-QM-N&T}} Calaamadaha xigmadda waa in loo isticmaalo magacyada iyo mawduucyada soo socda: {{columns-list|colwidth=27em| *Maqaallada iyo chapters-ka (buugaagta iyo periodicals waa italics) *Sheekooyinka gaaban (buugaagta iyo periodicals waa italics) *Qaybaha muusigga (pieces waa italics) *Strips-ka gaarka ah ee comics iyo webcomics (comics waa italics) *Gabayada (gabayada dheer ama epic waa italics) *Noocyada (albums, song cycles, operas, operettas, iyo oratorios waa italics) *Episodes-ka gaarka ah ee taxanaha TV-ga iyo radio-ga iyo [[Serial (radio and television)|serials]] (mawduuca taxanaha waa italics){{efn|1="Mawduuca taxanaha waa italics" wuxuu isticmaalayaa ''taxanaha'' si loogu macneeyo show-ga dhan. Season (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay ''series'' ee British English-ka) leh mawduuciisa laikiis wuxuu isticmaalaa calaamadaha xigmadda mawduucaas, sida sub-work.}} }} {{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The Beatles wrote "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" for their album ''Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band''.}} Ha isticmaalin calaamadaha xigmadda ama italics ee qoraallada hore, concert tours, meelaha, cibaadooyinka, myths, iyo epics. (Kuwa badan, laakiin ma aha dhammaan, oo ka mid ah waxyaabahaani [[#Titles of works|waa inay sidoo kale ku dhex jirin title case]].) ====<span class="anchor" id="LP"></span><span class="anchor" id="LQ"></span><span class="anchor" id="TQ"></span><span class="anchor" id="logical quotes"></span><span id="Punctuation inside or outside quotation marks"></span>Punctuation ku dhex jirta ama ka baxsan==== {{Shortcut|MOS:LQ|MOS:LOGICAL|MOS:INOROUT}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Logical quotation on Wikipedia|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Effect on nearby punctuation}}<!-- Another kind of punctuation "in or out". EDITORS PLEASE NOTE: Changes to this section may escalate into heated dispute. Please consider raising any proposed changes for discussion and consensus-building on the talk page before editing. --> Isticmaal qaabka [[logical quotation]] dhammaan maqaallada, iyadoo aan loo eegin nooca English-ka oo lagu qoray. Ku dar punctuation-ka dhamaadka ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda kaliya haddii uu ka muuqday maaddada asalka ah, oo haddii kale u lag ka dambaysta calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. Qaybta badankeeda, kani wuxuu macneynayaa u treats-garaynta periods iyo commas foomkaas oo kale sida question marks: sii wad ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda haddii ay ku dabaqmaan kaliya maaddada la xigtay iyo ka baxsan haddii ay ku dabaqmaan jumlada dhan. Tusaalooyinka waxaa loo dhiibay ka hooseeya. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Did Darla say, "Here I am"?}} (question mark wuxuu ku dabaqmaa jumlada dhan) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|Did Darla say, "Here I am?"}} (aan sax ahayn in lagu dabaqo question mark xigashoda) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Darla said, "Where am I?"}} (question mark wuxuu ku dabaqmaa maaddada la xigtay kaliya) Haddii xigashodu ay tahay eray gaar ah ama qayb jumlad ah, u lag punctuation-ka dhamaadka ka baxsan calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. Marka aad xigtayso jumlad dhan, dhamaadka oo u dhigma dhamaadka jumlada ku dhex jirta, u lag punctuation-ka dhamaadka ku dhex jira calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. *{{xt|Miller wanted, he said, "to create something timeless".}} *{{xt|Miller said: "I wanted to create something timeless."}} Haddii jumlada la xigtay ay raacdo [[clause]] oo waa in uu ka horreeyo comma, ka tag [[full stop]] (period), iyo ha u beddelin comma {{em|ku dhex jirta}} xigashoda.{{efn|Kani waa foomka ugu muhiimsan oo uu logical quotation ku kala duwan yahay isticmaalka punctuation-ka wargaysyada British-ka, halka publishers badan ay u ilayeeyaan beddelkaas maaddada la xigtay, oo ka aghas ah saxnaanta dhismaha logical punctuation-ka.}} Terminal punctuation kale, sida question marks ama exclamation marks, waxaa lagu dhowri karaa. *{{xt|Livingston then said, "It is done", and turned to the people.}} *{{xt|Livingston then exclaimed, "It is done!", and turned to the people.}} Haddii jumlada la xigtay ay raacdo clause oo aqoonsanaya speaker-ka, isticmaal comma ka baxsan calaamadda xigmadda halkii full stop ku dhex jira, laakiin sii wad terminal punctuation kasta oo kale, sida question mark. *{{xt|"There is no strife, no prejudice, no national conflict in outer space as yet", said Kennedy.}} *{{xt|By asking "Who are you?", she prompts John to tell his story.}} Ha raacin erayada ama qaybaha la xigtay commas ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda, marka laga reebo halka xigasho dheer lagu baabi'iyay iyo comma uu yahay qayb ka mid ah xigashoda dhan. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change, opening the way to confidence and courage", said Turner.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change," said Turner, "opening the way to confidence and courage."}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change, opening the way", said Turner, "to confidence and courage."}} *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|"I began to change, opening the way," said Turner, "to confidence and courage."}} ==== Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo isqu xirka ka baxsan ==== Isqu xirka ka baxsan ee u socda mawduucyada maqaallada waa in ay leeyihiin mawduuca ku dhex jira quotes ku dhex jira isqu xirka. Moodallada tixraaca ee [[Help:Citation Style 1|CS1]] iyo [[Help:Citation Style 2|CS2]] waxay sameynayaan tan si otomaatig ah, iyo tixraacyada aan moodalka lahayn waa inay sameeyaan foomkan oo kale. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|{{cite news |last1=Kiefer |first1=Francine |title=Clinton: The Early Years |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |date=May 29, 1998 |ref=none}}}} (Isticmaalka {{tl|cite news}}) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt| Kiefer, Francine (May 29, 1998). [https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html "Clinton: The Early Years"]. ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''.}} (Aan moodal lahayn) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt| Kiefer, Francine (May 29, 1998). "[https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html Clinton: The Early Years]". ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''.}} (Aan moodal lahayn) ==== Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo isqu xirka ku dhex jira ==== Isqu xirka ku dhex jira (wikilinks) oo ay la socdaan calaamadaha xigmadda caadi ahaan waa inay leeyihiin quotes ka baxsan isqu xirka. Kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa mawduucyada shaqaalaha ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda (noocyada, episodes-ka, iyo wixii la mid ah) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Play it, Sam. Play "[[As Time Goes By (song)|As Time Goes By]]".}} (Isticmaalka <code><nowiki>"[[ ]]"</nowiki></code>.) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|Play it, Sam. Play [[As Time Goes By (song)|"As Time Goes By"]].}} (Isticmaalka <code><nowiki>[[" "]]</nowiki></code>.) Laakiin, calaamadaha xigmadda waxaa loo baahan yahay ku dhex jira wikilinks marka calaamadda xigmadda ay tahay qayb ka mid ah isqu xirka, ama halka qoraalka isqu xirka leh ee muuqda uu ku dhex jiro calaamadaha xigmadda oo muujinaya slang, nicknames, magacyada caadiga ah, ama isticmaalka la midka ah. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The term ''soccer'' comes from [[Oxford "-er"|Oxford {{nowrap|"-er"}}]] slang, which was prevalent at the [[University of Oxford]] in England from about 1875...}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|A Cockney accent [[Rhoticity in English|drops the "r"]] after a vowel.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The [[Dynamo Sports Club|Proletarian Sports Society "Dynamo"]] was established in Moscow in 1923.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|President Suharto's [[New Order (Indonesia)|"New Order"]] administration received US support for its economic policies.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Japan's [[Lost Decades|"Lost Decades"]] began in 1991.}} ===Brackets iyo parentheses=== {{Shortcut|MOS:()|MOS:BRACKETS}} {{Redirect|MOS:PAREN|use of parentheses (round brackets) in article titles|WP:Article titles#Parenthetical disambiguation|deprecated inline parenthetical citations|WP:Citing sources#Parenthetical referencing}} Qaybtan waxay ku dabaqmaysaa labadaba round brackets {{xt|(&nbsp;)}}, sidoo cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay [[Bracket|parentheses]], iyo square brackets {{xt|[&nbsp;]}}. Haddii jumlad ay ku dhex jirto foom bracketed ah, u lag punctuation-ka jumlada ka baxsan brackets-ka {{xt|(sida halkan loo muujiyay).}} Laakiin, halka hal ama ka badan jumlado ay ku dhex jiraan brackets-ka dhan, u lag punctuation-kooda ku dhex jira brackets-ka. Waa inuusan jirin space dhow dhanka ku dhex jira ee bracket-ka. Bracket-ka oo starts-garoogaya caadi ahaan waa inuu ka horreeyo space. Kani ma noqon karo xaaladda haddii uu ka horreeyo calaamad xigmadda oo starts-garoogaysa, bracket kale oo starts-garoogaya, ama qayb ka mid ah eray: *{{xt|He rose to address the meeting: "(Ahem)&nbsp;... Ladies and gentlemen, welcome!"}} *{{xt|Only the royal characters in the play ([Prince] Hamlet and his family) habitually speak in blank verse.}} *{{xt|We journeyed on the Inter[continental].}} *{{xt|Most people are right-handed. (Some people are left-handed, but that does not make right-handed people "better" than left-handed people.)}} Waa inuu jiro space ka dambeeya bracket-ka xiritaanka, marka laga reebo halka punctuation mark uu raaco (inkastoo spaced dash uu sii wadi doono space ka dambeeya bracket-ka xiritaanka) iyo xaaladaha aan caadiga ahayn ee la midka ah kuwa lagu tirtiray bracket-ka starts-garoogaya. Ka fogao kooxaha dhow ee brackets-ka. Mid ka mid ah u lag foomamka parenthetical-ka ah ku dhex jirta hal koox oo lagu kala saaray semicolons, ama dib-u-qor: *{{em|Ka fogao}}: {{!xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919) (also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader.}} *{{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: {{xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919; also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader.}} *{{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: {{xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader. He was also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv.}} Square brackets waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loogu muujiyo beddelka tifaftirka iyo dhex-gelinta ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka, inkastoo kani waligeed ma aha inuu beddelo macnaha loo intended-gareeyay. Waxay u adeegaan saddex sababood oo waaweyn: *Si loo caddayo: {{xt|She attended [secondary] school}}, halka kani uu ahaa macnaha loo intended-gareeyay, laakiin nooca school-ka uusan ahayn mid lagu dhiibay jumlada asalka ah. *Si loo yareeyo dheerka xigashoda: {{xt|X contains Y, and under certain circumstances, X may contain Z as well}} waxaa loo yareeyn karaa {{xt|X contains Y [and sometimes Z]}}. Marka ellipsis ({{xt|...}}) loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo maaddada ka baxday xigashoda tooska ah, caadi ahaan ma aha in lagu duubo bracket. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Ellipses}} si aad u ogaato xaaladda gaarka ah.)}} *Si loo sameyo grammar-ka inuu shaqeeyo: Tixraacaya foomka dadka {{xt|"I hate to do laundry"}}, ein wuxuu sax ah ugu qori karaa {{xt|She "hate[s] to do laundry"}}. Haddii jumlad ay ku dhex jirta maaddo subsidiary ah oo lagu duubay square ama round brackets, waa in ay sii wadato terminal punctuation {{em|ka dambaysa}} brackets-kaas, iyadoo aan loo eegin punctuation kasta oo ku dhex jira brackets-ka. {{Block indent|{{xt|She refused all requests (except for basics such as food, medicine, etc.).}}}} Laakiin, haddii jumlada dhan ay ku dhex jirta brackets-ka, punctuation-ka xiritaanka wuxuu ku dhex jiraa brackets-ka. {{xt|(This sentence is an example.)}} ====Brackets iyo isqu xirka==== Square brackets ku dhex jira isqu xirka waa inay noqdaan kuwo [[Escape character|escaped]] ah: {| class="wikitable" | He said, "<code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[[John Doe|John &amp;#91;Doe&amp;#93;]]</nowiki>}}</code> answered." || He said, "[[John Doe|John &#91;Doe&#93;]] answered." |- | He said, "<code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[[John Doe|John {{bracket|Doe}}]]</nowiki>}}</code> answered." || He said, "[[John Doe|John {{bracket|Doe}}]] answered." |- | <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[https://example.com On the first day &amp;#91;etc.&amp;#93;]</nowiki>}}</code> || [https://example.com On the first day &#91;etc.&#93;] |- | <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[https://example.com On the first day {{bracket|etc.}}]</nowiki>}}</code> || [https://example.com On the first day {{bracket|etc.}}] |} Markup-ka {{xtag|nowiki}} sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaali karaa: {{tag|nowiki|content=[Doe]}} ama {{tag|nowiki|content=[etc.]}}. Haddii URL laikiisu uu ku dhex jiro square brackets, wikitext-ku waa inuu isticmaalo foomka [[URL encoding|URL-encoded]] ah <code><nowiki>https://</nowiki>example.com/foo.php?query={{bxt|%5B}}xxx{{bxt|%5D}}yyy</code>, halkii&nbsp;...<code>query={{!bxt|&#91;}}xxx{{!bxt|&#93;}}yyy</code>. Kani wuxuu ka fogaan doonaa baabi'inta isqu xirka ka dambaysa <code>xxx</code>. ====Angle brackets==== :''Ee guillemets («&nbsp;»), eeg {{section link|#Quotation characters}}'' Angle brackets (⟨&nbsp;⟩) waxaa loo isticmaalaa mawduucyada tignoolajiyada ee kala duwan, sida physics-ka ee [[bra–ket notation]] iyo [[Expectation value (quantum mechanics)|expectation value]] (t.s. {{xt|⟨''φ''{{!}}''ψ''⟩}}), mathematics-ka ee [[presentation of a group]], iyo linguistics-ka si loogu muujiyo [[grapheme]]s (t.s. {{xt|the digraph ⟨sh⟩}}). Ha isticmaalin less-than iyo greater-than signs (<&nbsp;>) sida angle brackets (t.s. {{!xt|<''φ''{{!}}''ψ''>}}, {{!xt|the digraph <sh>}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipses"></span><span class="anchor" id="..."></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis style"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis function and implementation"></span>Ellipses=== {{Shortcut|MOS:...|MOS:ELLIPSIS|}} Isticmaal ''[[ellipsis]]'' haddii maaddadu ay ka baxday xigashoda, ilaa square brackets loo isticmaalo si loo [[Gloss (annotation)|gloss]] xigashoda. *Ee prose iyo non-LaTeX mathematics formulae, ellipses waxaa lagu qoraa iyadoo la isticmaalayo saddex unspaced dots ({{xt|<code>...</code>}}); ha isticmaalin xarafka precomposed ellipsis-ka ah ({{!xt|<code>…</code>}})<!-- Possibly we should explain the precomposed character in terms of its code point or something --> ama saddex dots oo lagu kala saaray spaces {{nobr|({{!xt|<code>. . .</code>}})}} *Caadi ahaan, isticmaal non-breaking space ka hor ellipsis iyo space caadi ah ka dambaystiisa: {{nobr|{{xt|Alpha, Bravo,{{tl|nbsp}}... Zulu}}}} *Haddii ellipsis uu raaco <code>.&nbsp;?&nbsp;!&nbsp;:&nbsp;;&nbsp;,&nbsp;)&nbsp;]&nbsp;}</code> ama calaamad xigmadda oo xiritaanka ah (single ama double), ka tag space-ka ka dambaysa. U lag terminal punctuation ku dhex jira quote-ka kaliya haddii uu yahay mid muhiim ah qoraalka, sida caadi ahaan ah xaaladda exclamation marks iyo question marks laakiin dhifka ah periods: *: {{xt|Jones wrote: "These stories amaze me. The facts suffer so frightfully{{tlf|nbsp}}...".}} *: {{xt|"But what of the other cities? London, Paris{{tlf|nbsp}}...?"}} * Haddii ellipsis uu toos u raaco calaamad xigmadda oo starts-garoogaysa, kaliya isticmaal non-breaking space ka dambaystiisa: *: {{xt|He continued to pursue Smith ("...{{tlf|nbsp}}to the ends of the earth", he had sworn) until his own death.}} *{{Visible anchor|text=Si loo kala saaro ellipsis oo muujinaya qoraalka ka baxay iyo mid ka mid ah quote-ka, waxaad ku duubi kartaa kan kowaad square brackets: {{xt|She retorted: "How do I feel? How do you {{em|think}} I&nbsp;... This is too much!&nbsp;[...] Take me home!"}}|With square brackets}} *{{Visible anchor|text=Marka ellipsis loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo pause ama suspense ee speech-ka, sii wad punctuation-ka asalka ah: {{xt|Virginia's startled reply was "Could he&nbsp;...? No, I can't believe it!"}}. Marka loo isticmaalo ku dhex jira eray aan dhammaystirnayn, ma jiro space loo isticmaalo dhexda erayga qaybtiisa iyo ellipsis-ka: {{xt|The garbled transmission ended with "We are stranded near San L...o", interpreted as either San Leandro or San Lorenzo.}}|Pause or suspension of speech}} *In LaTeX-formatted mathematics formulae, isticmaal LaTeX markup-ka saxda ah ee lowered dots (<code>\dots</code>, <math>\dots</math>) ama xarfaha precomposed-ka ah oo leeh dots meelaha kale (sida centered ama diagonal, ⋯, ⋰, ama ⋱) ===<span class="anchor" id="fewer commas"></span>Commas=== {{Shortcut|MOS:,|MOS:COMMA}} Pair ka mid ah [[comma]]s wuxuu bracket-garayn karaa [[appositive]], [[relative clause]], ama [[parenthetical phrase]] (sida brackets ama dashes, inkastoo leh interruption dheeraad ah ee jumlada). Tusaale ahaan: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|John Smith, Janet Cooper's son, is a well-known playwright.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Janet Cooper's son John Smith is a well-known playwright.}} (marka Janet ay leedahay sons badan) {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Janet Cooper's son, John Smith, is a well-known playwright.}} (marka Janet ay leedahay kaliya hal son) {{!}}} }} Mar walba isticmaal {{em|pair}} ka mid ah commas ee tan, ilaa punctuation mark kale uu qaado meesha comma-ka labaad: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Blunt comments came from the newest member, John Smith.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|The newest member, John Smith{{snd}}a retired teacher{{snd}}was blunt.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|The newest member, John Smith was blunt.}}<!-- There's actually a way to parse this such that it would be acceptable in some styles, but WP articles don't use such styles. --> {{!}}} }} Ha u ilayn punctuation-ka kale inuu kaaga baabi'iyo u baahnaanta comma, gaar ahaan marka comma uu collided-garayyo bracket ama parenthesis: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Burke and Wills, fed by locals (on beans, fish, and ''ngardu''), survived for a few months.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Burke and Wills, fed by locals (on beans, fish, and ''ngardu'') survived for a few months.}} {{!}}} }} {{Shortcut|MOS:GEOCOMMA}} {{vanchor|Geographical references|text=In geographical references oo ku dhex jiraan heerarka badan ee subordinate divisions (t.s. city, state/province, country), comma wuxuu kala saaraa element kasta wuxuuna raacaa element-ka ugu dambeeya ilaa uu raaco terminal punctuation ama parenthesis-ka xiritaanka. Element-ka ugu dambeeya waxaa loo treats-garaysay sida [[Wikipedia:Basic copyediting#Parenthetical comma|parenthetical]].}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|He traveled through North Carolina before staying in Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the night.}}<!-- About a 10-hour drive if he started in Virginia Beach and passed through Winston-Salem. --> {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|He traveled through North Carolina before staying in Chattanooga, Tennessee for the night.}} {{!}}} }} Sidoo kale ku dar commas marka geographical element-ka loo isticmaalo sida disambiguator: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Hantratty received a PhD from the University of California, Irvine, in 1977.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Hantratty received a PhD from the University of California, Irvine in 1977.}} {{!}}} }} Ku dar comma labaad sidoo kale marka dhismaha leh comma [[Grammatical modifier|modifies-garayyo]] noun ama compound noun: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Keith Wilson won the 2024 Portland, Oregon, mayoral election.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Keith Wilson won the 2024 Portland, Oregon mayoral election.}} {{!}}} }} {{shortcut|MOS:DATECOMMA}} {{vanchor|Date commas|text=[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Dates, months, and years|Dates]] ku dhex jira month–day–year format waxay u baahan yihiin comma ka dambaysa day-ka, iyo sidoo kale ka dambaysa year-ka, ilaa ay raacdo punctuation kale. Element-ka ugu dambeeya waxaa loo treats-garaysay sida [[Wikipedia:Basic copyediting#Parenthetical comma|parenthetical]].}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|He set October 1, 2011, as the deadline for Patterson to meet his demands.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|He set October 1, 2011 as the deadline for Patterson to meet his demands.}} {{!}}} }} {{shortcut|MOS:QUOTECOMMA}} {{vanchor|Quotation commas|text= U lag calaamadaha xigmadda iyadoo la raacayo {{Section link||Punctuation inside or outside}}. Kani waxaa loo intended-gareeyay "logical quotation".}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Sax:}} {{!}} {{xt|She said, "The weather changes too often", and made other complaints.}} {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}} {{!xt|She said, "The weather changes too often," and made other complaints.}} {{!}}} }} Comma waxaa lagu dhex jiri karaa ka hor xigasho oo lagu ammaan goyay jumlad {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}})}}. ====<span class="anchor" id="Serial comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Oxford comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Oxford commas"></span><span class="anchor" id="Harvard comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Harvard commas"></span>Serial commas==== {{Shortcut|MOS:SERIAL|MOS:OXFORD||}} {{Redirect|MOS:OXFORD|Oxford spelling|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling#British English with "-ize" (Oxford spelling)}} A [[serial comma]] (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay ''Oxford comma'' ama ''Harvard comma'') waa comma loo isticmaalo toos ka hor conjunction (''and'', ''or'', ''nor'') ku dhex jirta liiska saddex ama ka badan items. {{Block indent|{{xt|ham, chips, and eggs}}{{spnd}}serial comma}} {{Block indent|{{xt|ham, chips and eggs}}{{spnd}}aan lahayn serial comma}} Tifaftireyaasha waxay isticmaali karaan mid ka mid ah heshiiska ilaa maqaal kasta uu yahay joogto ah ku dhex jirta. Serial commas waxay ka taageeraan badan marka qoraalka maqaalku uu yahay dhibco leh, sida liiska oo leh multi-word items (gaar ahaan haddii mid uu ku dhex jiro laikiis "''and''{{-"}}) ama nooc ka mid ah terms aan la dhasheyn oo laga yaabo. Laakiin, waxaa jira xaalado halka ka-tagista ama ku-darida serial comma ay keento is-dhaafsi: {{Block indent|{{!xt|The author thanked her friends, Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley}}{{spnd}}oo tirtiri kara mid ka mid ah afar ama ka badan dad ah (friends-ka iyo labada dad ee la magacaabay) ama laba dad ah (O'Connor iyo Marley, oo ah friends-ka).}} {{Block indent|{{!xt|The author thanked a friend, Sinéad O'Connor, and Bob Marley}}{{spnd}}oo tirtiri kara mid ka mid ah laba dad ah (O'Connor, oo ah friend-ka, iyo Marley) ama saddex dad ah (kan kowaad oo ah friend-ka, kan labaad O'Connor, iyo kan saddexaad Marley).}} Xaaladahaas is-dhaafsiga ah, cadday mid ka mid ah afar foom: *Ku dar ama baabi'i serial comma-ka. *Isticmaal jumlado gaar ah, bullet lists, ama beddelka dhismaha kale si loo caddayo. *Recast-garee jumlada ("friends" xaaladda): **Si loo tirtiro laba dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked her friends Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley.}} ***Caddayn badan: {{xt|The author thanked two friends: Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley.}} **Si loo tirtiro dad badan: **: {{xt|The author thanked Sinéad O'Connor, Bob Marley and her friends}} ama **: {{xt|The author thanked Sinéad O'Connor, Bob Marley, and her friends}}. ***Laakiin ma aha: {{!xt|The author thanked Bob Marley, Sinéad O'Connor[,] and her friends}}{{spnd}}soo bandhigaa is-dhaafsi ku saabsan ''her''. *Recast-garee jumlada ("friend" xaaladda): **Si loo tirtiro laba dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked Bob Marley and her friend Sinéad O'Connor.}} ***Ama noqo mid gaar ah marka ay suurtogal tahay: {{xt|The author thanked her childhood friend Sinéad O'Connor and her mentor, Bob Marley.}} **Si loo tirtiro saddex dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked Bob Marley, Sinéad O'Connor, and a friend.}} ***Caddaynta leh gender-specific terms sida ''mother'' waxay noqon kartaa dhibco leh; {{!xt|The author thanked her mother, Kim Thayil, and Sinéad O'Connor}} ma aha caddayn sababtoo ah akhristayaasha ma ogaankaraan [[Kim Thayil]] in uu yahay male oo ma noqon doono dadka oo kale sida mother-ka. ***Caddayn badan: {{xt|The author thanked Kim Thayil, Sinéad O'Connor, and her own mother}} ama {{xt|The author thanked her mother and musicians Kim Thayil and Sinéad O'Connor}}. ===Colons=== {{Shortcut|MOS:COLON}} {{For|the wikitext link formatting|Help:Colon trick}} A [[Colon (punctuation)|colon]] ({{xt|:}}) wuxuu soo bandhigaa wax muujinaya, sharraxaya, ama modifies-garaynaya waxa soo maray, ama ah liiska items oo dhowaan la soo bandhigay. Items-ka ku dhex jira liiskaas waxaa lagu kala saari karaa commas, ama haddii ay yihiin kuwo dhibco badan leh oo laga yaabo in ay laikiisu ku dhex jiraan commas, items-ka waa in lagu kala saaro semicolons ama lagu aaggaado bulleted list. {{Block indent|{{xt|We visited several tourist attractions: the Leaning Tower of Pisa, which I thought could fall at any moment; the Bridge of Sighs; the supposed birthplace of Petrarch, or at least the first known house in which he lived; and so many more.}}}} Colon waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa si loo soo bandhigo [[Quotation marks in English#Quotations and speech|direct speech]] oo lagu duubay calaamadaha xigmadda. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}}.)}} Marka colon loo isticmaalo sida separator ku dhex jira mawduuca maqaalka, madaxa qaybta, ama item liiska ah, tifaftireyaasha waxay dooran karaan in ay xaraf weyn ugu qoraan waxa raaca, iyadoo loo tixgelinayo [[#Retaining existing styles|isticmaalka jira]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Article titles#Consistency|joogteynta leh maqaallada la xiriira]]. Marka laga reebo isticmaalka tignoolajiyada ({{xt|a 3:1 ratio}}), ma jiro jumlad waa in ay ku dhex jirtay colons badan, ma jiro space waa in uu ka horreeyo colon, iyo space (laakiin waligeed ma aha hyphen ama dash) waa in uu raaco colon-ka. ===Semicolons=== {{Shortcut|MOS:;|MOS:SEMICOLON|}} {{for|usage in marking up description (definition) lists|Help:List#Description lists}} A [[semicolon]] ({{xt|;}}) marna waa alternative ee full stop (period), iyadoo u sahlaysa maaddada la xiriirta in lagu dhowro jumlada oo kale; waxay muujisaa kala saarisa la go'aamiyay ee jumlada marka loo eego comma. Haddii semicolon-ku uu kala saaro clauses, caadi ahaan clause kasta waa in uu noqdo mid gaar ah (macneheedu waa in uu taaggaanshaan karo laikiisu sida jumlad). Xaaladaha badankooda, kaliya comma ama kaliya semicolon wuxuu noqon doonaa sax ku dhex jira jumlad gaar ah. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Sax:}} | {{xt|Though he had been here before, I did not recognize him.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} | {{!xt|Though he had been here before; I did not recognize him.}} |} Sare, "Though he had been here before" ma taaggaanshaan karo laikiisu sida jumlad, oo sidaas darteed ma aha independent clause. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Sax:}} | {{xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit; bananas are classified as alkaline.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} | {{!xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit, bananas are classified as alkaline.}} |} Isticmaalkan aan saxda ahayn ee comma ee dhexda laba independent clauses waxaa loo intended-gareeyay [[comma splice]]; laakiin, xaaladaha qaarkood, comma waxaa loo isticmaali karaa halka semicolon wuxuu oki lahaa in loo baahan yahay: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | {{em|La accepts-garaysay}}: || {{xt|"Life is short, art is long."}} (laba clauses oo gaaban ku dhex jira [[aphorism]]; eeg ''[[Ars longa, vita brevis]]'') |- | {{em|La accepts-garaysay}}: || {{xt|"I have studied it, you have not."}} (soo sheegida wada-hadal gaaban, sida jawaabtan ee [[Isaac Newton|Newton]]) |} Jumlad waxay ku dhex jiri kartaa semicolons badan, gaar ahaan marka clauses-ku ay yihiin kuwo parallel ee dhismaha iyo macnaha; semicolons badan oo aan la xiriirin caadi ahaan waa calaamado ah in jumlada loo kala saaro jumlado gaaban ama foom kale loo dib-u-qoro. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Unwieldy}}: | {{!xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit; bananas are classified as alkaline; pears are close to neutral; these distinctions are rarely discussed.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: | {{xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit, bananas are alkaline, and pears are close to neutral; these distinctions are rarely discussed.}} |} Semicolons waxaa loo isticmaalaa ku-darida commas si loo kala saaro items ku dhex jira liiska, marka commas laikiisu ay keeni karaan jahwareer. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Jahwareer:}} | {{!xt|Sales offices are located in Boston, Massachusetts, San Francisco, California, Singapore, and Millbank, London, England.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Caddayn:}} | {{xt|Sales offices are located in Boston, Massachusetts; San Francisco, California; Singapore; and Millbank, London, England.}} |} ====Semicolon ka hor "however"==== {{Shortcut|MOS:HOWEVER}} {{Redirect|MOS:HOWEVER|its usage in editorialization|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Editorializing}} Macnaha jumlad ay ku dhex jirta trailing clause oo ku starts-garoogaysa erayga ''however'' wuxuu ku xiran yahay punctuation-ka ka horreeya eraygaas. Makhaadhaa caadi ah waa isticmaalka punctuation-ka aan saxda ahayn, iyadoo beddelaysa macnaha mid aan loo intended-gareeyn. Marka erayga ''however'' uu yahay adverb macneheedu yahay "nevertheless", waa in uu ka horreeyo semicolon oo uu raaco comma. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people; however, they tried.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people; nevertheless, they tried.}} |} Marka erayga ''however'' uu yahay conjunction macneheedu yahay "in whatever manner", ama "regardless of how", wuxuu ka horreyn karaa comma laakiin ma aha semicolon, oo waa inuusan raacin punctuation. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people, however they tried.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people, regardless of how they tried.}} |} Xaaladda kowaad, clause-ka oo ku starts-garoogaya "however" ma loo beddeli karo clause-ka kowaad; xaaladda labaad kani waxaa lagu sameyn karaa aan lahayn beddelka macnaha: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|However they tried, it was obvious they could not convert these people.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|Regardless of how they tried, it was obvious they could not convert these people.}} |} Haddii labada clauses aan loo beddeli karin, semicolon waxaa loo baahan yahay. Jumlad ama clause waxay sidoo kale ku dhex jiri kartaa erayga ''however'' dhexda, haddii uu yahay adverb macneheedu yahay "although" oo lagu lagi karay bilowga laakiin aan ku starts-garoogayn clause cusub dhexda jumlada. Isticmaalkan, erayga waxaa lagu duubi karaa dhexda commas. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|He did not know, however, that the venue had been changed at the last minute.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|However, he did not know that the venue had been changed at the last minute.}} |} ===Hyphens=== {{Shortcut|MOS:-|MOS:HYPHEN}} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Globe Toters-A Birla Preschool,Indore (cropped).jpg | image2 = Peuters_in_het_tehuis_zitten_met_zijn_allen_op_de_po,_Bestanddeelnr_252-0385.jpg | image3 = Graduates 2014 IMG 2779 (14083168633).jpg | caption1 = Four-year-old children | caption2 = Four year-old children | caption3 = Four-year old children }} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Haring 03.jpg | image2 = Great white Dyer island 2010-07.jpg | caption1 = A man {{nobr|eating fish}} | caption2 = A man-eating fish }} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Catalina_Island_Rescue_DVIDS1091019.jpg | image2 = Kintín al ataque (5189220934).jpg | caption1 = Officials help {{nobr|dog-bite victim}}. | caption2 = Officials help {{nobr|dog bite victim}}. }} [[File:Carry-On Aircraft.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|A sign {{shy|exhibiting over-eager hy|phen|a|tion}}: the second hyphen is fine, but the first is spurious.]] [[Hyphen]]s ({{xt|-}}) waxay muujiyaan conjunction. Waxaa jira saddex isticmaalka waaweyn: # In hyphenated magacyada dadka ({{xt|John Lennard-Jones}}, {{xt|Omar al-Bashir}}). # Si loogu isku xiro [[prefixes]] iyo [[suffixes]] oo leh terms-kooda waaweyn dhismaha qaarkood, [[#En dash across open compounds|ilbaa compounds-ka laikiisu ay ku dhex jiraan space ama hyphen]]: {{xt|quasi-scientific}}, {{xt|ultra-nationalistic}}, {{xt|London-based}}, {{xt|community-led}}. #*Hyphen waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loo kala saaro dhexda [[homograph]]s ({{xt|[[wikt:re-sign|re-sign]]}} macneheedu waa ''sign again'', laakiin {{xt|[[wikt:resign|resign]]}} macneheedu waa ''relinquish ownership'' ama ''leave a job''). #*Waxaa jira trend caddaynaya oo lagu ammaan goyo labada elements dhammaan noocyada English-ka ({{xt|subsection}}, {{xt|nonlinear}}). Hyphenation-ku wuxuu caddayaa marka xarfaha la keenay contact ay yihiin kuwo oo kale ({{xt|non-negotiable}}, {{xt|sub-basement}}) ama ay yihiin vowels ({{xt|pre-industrial}}), ama halka eray uu yahay mid aan caadi ahayn ({{xt|co-proposed}}, {{xt|re-target}}) ama laga yaabo in loo akhrriyo si aan sax ahayn ({{xt|sub-era}}, ma aha {{!xt|subera}}). Erayada qaarkood oo noocan ah si oo kale waa kuwo caadi ah aan lahayn hyphen-ka (t.s., {{xt|cooperation}} waxaa si joogto ah loo dhasheeyay ka badan {{xtg|co-operation}} ee English-ka cusub). Ka dhiiri erayada beddelaya macnahooda aan lahayn hyphen-ka, t.s. {{xt|re-creation}} (create again) iyo {{xt|recreation}} (amusement).{{efn|name=recent}} # {{va|Hyphens in compound modifiers|text=Si loogu isku xiro terms-ka la xiriira ee ku dhex jira [[compound modifier]]s}}:{{Efn|1=Gaar ahaan compound [[attributive adjective|attributives]], oo ah modifiers ee noun oo ka muuqda ku dhex jira [[noun phrase]]. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link|English compound#Hyphenated compound modifiers}}.)}}}} #*Hyphens waxay taageeri karaan fududaynta akhrrinta (waa inay noqdaan kuwo {{xt|ease-of-reading}} taageera) oo waxay gaar ahaan u wanaagsan yihiin noun phrases-ka dheer: {{xt|gas-phase reaction dynamics}}. Laakiin waligeed ha dhex gelin hyphen magac sax ah ({{xt|Middle Eastern cuisine}}, ma aha {{!xt|Middle-Eastern cuisine}}). #*Hyphen wuxuu taageeri karaa disambiguator-ka (qaarkood {{xt|short-story writers}} waa kuwo dheer; {{xt|a government-monitoring program}} waa program oo monitor-garaynaya xukuumadda, inta {{xt|a government monitoring program}} uu yahay program xukuumadda oo monitor-garaynaya). #*Compounds oo ah hyphenated marka loo isticmaalo {{em|[[Attributive adjective|attributively]]}} (adjectives ka hor nouns-ka ay qualified-garaynayaan: {{xt|a light-blue handbag}}, {{xt|a 34-year-old woman}}) ama {{em|[[substantive]]ly}} (sida noun: {{xt|she is a 34-year-old}}) caadi ahaan ma aha hyphenated marka loo isticmaalo {{em|[[Predicative expression|predicatively]]}} (foomka sharraxaadda leh oo lagu kala saaray noun-ka: {{xt|the handbag was light blue}}, {{xt|the woman is 34 years old}}). Halka uu ka jiri lahaa baabi'inta caddaynta laakiis, hyphen waxaa loo isticmaali karaa foomka predicative-ka ah sidoo kale ({{xt|hand-fed turkeys}}, {{xt|the turkeys were hand-fed}}). Attributive hyphenation-ka dhibco leh marna waxaa looga fogaan karaa dib-u-qorid fudud: {{xt|Hawaiian-native species}} → {{xt|native Hawaiian species}}. #*Ka fogao isticmaalka hyphen ka dambaysa heerka ''{{nowrap|-ly}}'' adverb ({{xt|a newly available home}}, {{xt|a wholly owned subsidiary}}) ilaa ay tahay qayb ka mid ah compound dheeraad ah ({{xt|a slowly-but-surely strategy}}). Xaaladaha dhifka ah, hyphen wuxuu ka wanaajin karaa caddaynta haddii alternative-ka dib loo qoray uu yahay dhibco leh, laakiin dib-u-qoriddu caadi ahaan waa ka wanaagsan tahay: {{!xt|The idea was clearly stated enough}} waxaa lagu disambiguator-gareyn karaa sida {{xt|The idea clearly was stated often enough}} ama {{xt|The idea was ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} alud8v0ud6nksl88ex9xhdt501cpj5j 310799 310798 2026-10-24T10:32:07Z Isma4l 41797 /* Erayada aan Soomaaliga ahayn */ 310799 wikitext text/x-wiki {{MoS guideline|WP:MOS<!-- DO NOT add more shortcuts. None are as short and popular as this one. -->}} '''Haddaha Qaabka''' ('''MoS''' ama '''MOS''') waa [[haddaha qaabka]] ee dhammaan [[Wikipedia:Waa maxay maqaal?|maqaallada]] [[Wikipedia:Soomaali|Wikipedia-ha Soomaaliga]].{{efn|Isku xirka [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility|waxyaabaha la xiriira oo la heli karo]] waxay ku dabaqmaan dhammaan mashruuca, oo ma aha oo kaliya maqaallada.}} Boggan koowaad waxaa taageera [[:Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style|boggag yar oo xeel-dheer]], oo halkan la isku gudbin karo oo lagu tirtiray [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents]]. Haddii ay ka dhalato is-diido, boggani wuxuu leeyahay ka-horreyn.{{efn|name="CONLEVEL"|Kani waa arrin siyaasadeed oo ku saabsan {{section link|Wikipedia:Consensus|Level of consensus}}: "Is-afgaradka ka dhex jira koox xaddidan oo tifaftireyaal ah, hal meel iyo hal maalin, ma baabi'in karo [[Wikipedia:Community consensus|is-afgaradka samaynta]] ee baaxadda weyn. Tusaale ahaan, ilaa ay ka dhaadhiciyaan bulshada balaadhan in aysan sax ahayn, kaqeybgalayaasha WikiProject ma go'aamin karaan in siyaasada ama hagaha Wikipedia uusan ku dabaqmin maqaallada ku dhex jira baaxadeeda." Iyo: "Wikipedia waxay leedahay heer sare oo kaqeybgal iyo is-afgarad ee beddelka siyaasadaha iyo hagayaasha marka loo eego noocyada kale ee boggaga." Boggaga ka hooseeya waxaa ku jira [[:Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style|boggaga MoS-ka ee xeel-dheeraanta]], [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Guide#Advice pages|qoraallada qaabka]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style|Haddaha Qaabka ee Fudud]].}} {{vanchor|Clarity|text=Tifaftireyaal waa inay u qoraan maqaallada iyagoo isticmaalaya luqad toos ah, gaaban, oo fudud in la fahmo. Tifaftireyaal waa inay u dhisaan maqaallada qaabeyn joogto ah oo u sahlanaata akhristaha.}} {{va|Stability|text=Haddii ka badan hal qaab ama foom lagu aamini karo MoS-ka, mid waa in loo isticmaalo madal kasta oo ku dhex jirta maqaalka oo [[#Retaining existing styles|aan la beddelin]] sabab wanaagsan la'aanteed. [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|Tifaftirka dagaalka]] ee ku saabsan doorashooyinka qaabka ma aha mid la accepts karo.{{efn|name="ew"|Arrrimahaani waxaa lagu xalliyay go'aannada [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|Guddiga Garsoorka]] ee [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk#Optional styles|2005]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan#Preferred styles|2006]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Date delinking#Optional styles|2009]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Infoboxes#Use of infoboxes|2015]].}} Qoraal cusub oo lagu daro boggan waa inuu toos u xalliyo arrin qaab oo si joogto ah u soo noqnoqota.}} {{TOC limit|3}} ==Dhonsashada qaababka jira== {{Shortcut|MOS:VAR|MOS:STYLEVAR|MOS:STYLERET}} {{Redirect|MOS:VAR|retention of an article's established national English variety|#National varieties of English|a list of more specific related rules|WP:VARS}} Marna, MOS-ku wuxuu bixiyaa ka badan hal qaab oo la accepts karo ama ma bixiyo hagal gaar ah. Marka ka badan hal qaab la accepts karo, al-fajar ma aha mid habboon in tifaftiraha Wikipedia uu ka beddelo hal qaab oo uu u beddelo mid kale ilaa ay jirto sabab muhiim ah oo beddelka ah.{{efn|name="ArbCom"|Astaanta bilowga ee qoraalkan, eeg go'aannada [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|ArbCom]] ee [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk#Principles|Juun 2005]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/jguk 2#Principles|Nofembar 2005]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan#Principles|2006]].}} [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|Tifaftirka dagaalka]] ee ku saabsan qaabka,{{efn|name="ew"}} ama u adeegsiga qaab dookh ah si [[Wikipedia:Bot policy#Assisted editing guidelines|bot-oo kale ah]] is-afgarad ka hor la'aantiis,{{efn|name="bot-like"|Eeg [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Magioladitis 2#High-speed editing|Go'aanka ArbCom ee 2017]], iyo {{section link|Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser#Rules of use}}; tifaftirka bot-ka oo kale ah oo sii socda inkastoo ay jiraan diidmo ama oo keena makhaadhaa wuxuu keeni karaa [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|xannibaad]] iyo baabi'inta xuquuqaha ku saabsan qalabka semi-automated-ka ah.}} waa [[Wikipedia:Disruptive editing|dhibco ka dhan ah]] oo waligeed ma aha mid la accepts karo. Beddelka aan la xaqijin ee kaaga taagan hal qaab oo la accepts karo, [[#Consistency within articles|oo si joogto ah loo adeegsaday]] ee ku dhex jira maqaal oo loo beddelo qaab kale waa la [[Wikipedia:Reverting|celin karaa]]. Doono [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Opportunities for commonality|fursadaha wadaagga]] si looga fogaado murannada qaabka. Haddii aad rammayso in qaab kale uu ka habboon yahay maqaal gaar ah, doono [[Wikipedia:Consensus|is-afgarad]] iyadoo ku saabsan tan lagula discuss-garaynayo bogga wada-hadalka maqaalka ama{{snd}}haddii ay keento arrin guud ama ku saabsan MoS-ka lakiisa{{snd}}at [[Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style]]. Haddii wada-hadalku uusan keenin is-afgarad beddelka ah, sii wad isticmaalka qaabka horey loo dhisay ee maqaalka. Haddii wada-hadalku uu ku guuldareysto inuu gaaro wax is-afgarad ah oo ku saabsan midka laba ama ka badan qaab oo tartamaya oo la isticmaalayo, markaas dib u noqo qaabkii loo isticmaalay nooca ugu horreeyay ee ka dambeeya [[Wikipedia:Stub|qabyada]] maqaalka oo uu ka muuqday mid ka mid ah qaababka ku dabaqmaya. (Mawqifkan dib-u-noqoshada ah ma siiyo [[WP:UNCHALLENGED|darajo aan la tartami karin]] qaabkaas gaarka ah inta lagu jiro wada-hadalka is-afgaradka, mana siiyo tifaftiraha soo impose-garaysay qaabkaas ugu horreeyay [[Wikipedia:Ownership of content|wax ka badan]] wada-hadalka.) ==<span class="anchor" id="Article titles, headings, and sections"></span>Mawduucyada maqaalka, qaybaha, iyo madaxda== {{Shortcut|MOS:AT}} ===Mawduucyada maqaalka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Article titles}} {{for|titles which coincide with a work's title|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles of works}} Mawduucu waa inuu noqdo magac la aqoonsan karo ama sifaynta mawduuca, [[Wikipedia:Common sense|isagoo maareynaya]] shuruudaha ah inuu yahay mid asalka ah, si ku filan oo sax ah, gaaban, oo joogto ah oo la mid ah maqaallada la xiriira. Hagaha qaabaynta eeg qaybta {{section link|Wikipedia:Article titles|Article title format}}, isagoo xusaya kuwa soo socda: *U qor herga labaad ee xarafka ugu horreeya (marka laga reebo xaaladaha dhifka ah, sida {{xt|eBay}}), laakiin haddii kale raac [[sentence case]]{{efn|name=Sentence case|1=Wikipedia waxay u isticmaashaa [[sentence case]] jumlado, [[Wikipedia:Article titles|mawduucyada maqaalka]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout|mawduucyada qaybaha]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables|madaxda taarikada]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images|qoraallada sawirka]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists|qoraallada liiska]] (xaaladaha badankooda), iyo qoraallada ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Infobox|infoboxes]] iyo moodallada la midka ah, iyo waxyaabo kale. Wax kasta oo MoS ah oo ku saabsan bilowga jumlad waxay ku dabaqmaan waxyaabaha isticmaalaya sentence case.<!-- Please keep this footnote synced with the version at the MOS:CAPS page. -->}} ({{xt|Funding of UNESCO projects}}), ma aha title case ({{!xt|Funding of UNESCO Projects}}), marka laga reebo halka title case loo isticmaali lahaa qoraalka caadiga ah. Eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (capitalization)]]. *Si aad u qorto farta italic-ka ah, ku dar {{tlx|italic title}} meel dhow sare ee maqaalka. Si aad farta italic-ka ah ugu qorto kaliya qayb ka mid ah mawduuca, ku dar xadka <code>|string=</code> ee qoraalka gaarka ah ee lagu qorayo farta italic-ka ah. Isticmaalka farta italic-ka ah waa inuu u dhigmaa {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting|Italic type}}. *Ha isticmaalin [[Article (grammar)|maqaallada]] (''a'', ''an'', ama ''the'') sida xarafka ugu horreeya ({{xt|Economy of the Second Empire}}, ma aha {{!xt|The economy of the Second Empire}}), ilaa ay tahay qayb aan la kala saari karin oo magaca ka mid ah ({{xt|The Hague}}) ama mawduuca shaqa (''{{xt|A Clockwork Orange}}'', ''{{xt|The Simpsons}}''). *Caadi ahaan isticmaal [[noun]]s ama [[noun phrase]]s: {{xt|Early life}}, ma aha {{!xt|In early life}}.{{Efn|1=Erayada sida {{xt|In early life}} waa kuwo la accepts karo (inkastoo aan loo baahnayn) sida madaxda qaybaha. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa si joogto ah sida qayb ka mid ah mawduucyada maqaalka oo dheeraad ah sida [[Piracy in the Caribbean|{{xt|Piracy in the Caribbean}}]], indhaheeda marka dhismaha gaaban ({{xtn|Caribbean piracy}}) uu leeyahay arrimo is-dhaafsi ah.}} *Xarafka ugu dambeeya waa inuusan noqon calaamad ilaahiyad ilaa uu yahay qayb aan la kala saari karin oo magaca ka mid ah ({{xt|[[Saint-Louis-du-Ha! Ha!]]}}, {{xt|''[[Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?]]''}}) ama gaabinta ({{xt|[[Inverness City F.C.]]}}), ama marka xiritaanka bracket-ka wareegga ama calaamadda xigmadda loo baahan yahay ({{xt|[[John Palmer (1814 schooner)|''John Palmer'' (1814 schooner)]]}}). *Markasta oo calaamadaha xigmadda ama noocyada apostrophe-ka oo kale ay ka muuqdaan ({{xt|[[Geʽez]]}}), ku dar [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirection]] mawduuc caddaynaya oo isticmaalaya apostrophes ({{xt|[[Ge'ez]]}}).{{efn|name=curlyq|1=Calaamadaha xigmadda tooska ah iyo apostrophes waa kuwo fudud in loo qorto si lagu aamini karo madallada badankooda, markaas kani wuxuu u sahlayaa bartilmaameedka redirection-ka oo fudud. Xigmadda curdanka ah iyo apostrophes sidaas darteed waa kuwo si weyn looga tagay Wikipedia-ha English-ka. Eeg sidoo kale [[MOS:CURLY]] iyo [[MOS:']].}} Labadaba ha ka sareeyaan iyo kuwo [[Wikipedia:Article titles]], qeybta kale ee MoS-ka, gaar ahaan {{section link||Punctuation}}, waxay ku dabaqmaan sidoo kale mawduuca. ===Agaasimaha qaybta=== {{Shortcut|MOS:SO}} {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout}} Mawduuca maqaalka waa inuu ku starts-garo [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section|qaybta hordhaca ah<!-- Do not add the word "lede" here. See footnotes at WP:LEAD for details. -->]]{{snd}}gaabinta kooban ee maqaalka{{snd}}oo aan waligeed loo kala saarin qaybo {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section]])}}. Qaybta hartay ee maqaalka waxaa caadi ahaan loo kala saaraa [[Help:Section|qaybo]]. [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes|Infoboxes]], sawirrada, iyo mawduucyada kale ee la xiriira qaybta hordhaca ah waa inay noqdaan kuwo dhanka midig ah. Calaamadaha qaarkood oo heerka ah [[Help:Template|moodallada]] iyo [[Help:Wikitext|wikitext]] oo aan ahayn qaybo waxay ka sarreeyaan inta ugu dambaysa maqaalka, ka hor mawduuca qaybta hordhaca ah, iyo uusocodka soo socda: *[[Wikipedia:Short description|Gaaban sharrax leh]], oo leh moodalka {{tlx|Short description}} *[[Wikipedia:Hatnote|Hatnote-ka disambiguation]], waqtiga badankiisa oo leh moodalka {{tlx|Hatnote}} {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg sidoo kale {{section link|Wikipedia:Hatnote#Hatnote templates}})}} *Moodallada aan lahayn soo-saarka oo muujinaya foomka taariikhda dhisay ee maqaalka iyo nooca luqadda English-ka, haddii ay jiraan (t.s., {{tlx|Use dmy dates}}, {{tlx|Use Canadian English}}) *Moodallada dayactirka ee Banner-ka ah, [[Wikipedia:Template index/Disputes|Dispute]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Template index/Cleanup|Moodallada Cleanup]] ee arrimaha maqaalka oo dhan oo la calaamadeeyay (haddii kale loo isticmaalo sare ee qayb gaar ah, ka dambeeya hatnote kasta oo qayb ah sida {{tlx|main}}) *[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes|Infobox]], oo ah dookh (marka laga reebo xaaladaha gaarka ah sida {{tlx|Taxobox}} iyo {{tlx|Chembox}}, ama nooc ka mid ah, maqaallada ku dabaqmaya); caadi ahaan sidoo kale waxaa ku jira sawirka ugu horreeya *Sawirka hordhaca ah, marka infobox aan la isticmaalin, ama sawir dheeraad ah loo baahan yahay qaybta hordhaca ah (haddii hordhacu u yahay mid aad u dheer, sawir labaad waxaa lagu lagi karaa dhexda qoraalka hordhaca ah) Nooca skin-ka ee [[Vector 2022]], [[Wikipedia:Table of contents|tusmada maqaalka]] waa mid ka mid ah oo ka baxsan mawduuca maqaalka. Noocyada skin-ka hore qaarkood, tusmada la mari karo waxay ka muuqataa si otomaatig ah ka dambaysa hordhaca haddii maqaalku leeyahay ugu yaraan afar madax oo qaybo ah. Haddii mawduuca qayb uu ku jiraa si xeel-dheer oo dheeraad ah maqaal gaar ah {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Summary style]])}}, ku dar {{tlx|main|{{var|Article name}}}} ama {{tlx|further|{{var|Article name}}}} isla markiiba ka hooseeya madaxa qaybta. Sida lagu sharraxay si xeel-dheer {{slink|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout|Standard appendices and footers}}, noocyo dhowr ah oo maaddooyinka ah (badankoodu waa dookh) waxay ka muuqan karaan ka dambaysa qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee maqaalka, uusocodka soo socda: *Buugaagta ama shaqaalaha kale ee lagu abuuray mawduuca maqaalka, ka hooseeya madaxa qaybta "Works", "Publications", "Discography", "Filmography", iyo wixii la mid ah sida habboon (ka fogao "Bibliography", oo loo khaldami karo xigashooyinka tixraaca) *Isku xirka hoose ee maqaallada la xiriira ee Wikipedia-ha English-ka, oo leh madaxa qaybta "See also" *Xusuus-qoraallada iyo tixraacyada, oo leh madaxa qaybta "Notes" ama "References" (caadi ahaan ka dambeeya), ama qayb gaar ah oo loogu talagalay mid kasta uusocodkan {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]])}}; ka fogao "Bibliography", oo loo khaldami karo shaqaalaha mawduuca *Buugaagta la xiriira, maqaallada, ama shaqaalaha kale ee aan loo isticmaalin sida tixraacyada; isticmaal madaxa qaybta "Further reading"; noqo mid si sare ah loo doortay, maadaama [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a directory|Wikipedia aysan ahayn buugga tixraaca]] *Websaydhada la xiriira [[Wikipedia:External links|iyo kuwo habboon]] ee aan loo isticmaalin sida tixraacyada oo aan ka muuqan appendices-ka hore, isticmaalka madaxa "External links", oo loo sameyn karo qayb ka hooseysa "Further reading" (ama isku xirkaas waxaa toos lagu ammaan goyn karaa liiska "Further reading" halkii); [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Links to sister projects|moodallada isku xirka ee mawduucyada mashruuca walaalka ah]] sidoo cuali ahaan waxay ka sarreeyaan qaybtan marka ay jirto (haddii kale qaybta ugu dambaysa ee bogga) *Waxyaabaha ugu dambeeya ee soo socda waligeed ma qaataan madaxyada qaybaha: **Isku xirka hoose oo lagu aaggaaday [[Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates#Navigation_templates|boxes-ka navigation-ka]] **Metadata ee [[Wikipedia:Authority control|Authority control]], haddii loo baahdo, isticmaalka {{tlx|Authority control}} (wuxuu kala saaraa isticmaalka magaca laba mawduuc, ama magacyo badan oo loogu talagalay hal mawduuc) **[[Wikipedia:Categorization|Qeeybaha]], oo waa inay noqdaan maaddada ugu dambaysa ee koodha maqaalka haddii aysan jirin moodallada stub-ka **[[Wikipedia:Stub sorting|Moodallada stub-ka]], haddii loo baahdo, oo waa inay raacaan qeeybaha [[Wikipedia:Stand-alone lists|Maqaallada liiska ah ee gaarka ah]] waxay leeyihiin waxyaabo dheeraad ah oo agaasimaha ah. ===<span class="anchor" id="Section management"></span>Madaxyada qaybaha=== {{Shortcut|MOS:HEAD|MOS:HEADINGS}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Headings|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Order of article elements|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Section headings}} [[Help:Section|Madaxyada qaybaha]] waa inay caadi ahaan raacaan hagaha [[#Article titles|mawduucyada maqaalka]] ee sare oo ay ku muuqdaan [[sentence case]] ({{xt|Funding of UNESCO projects in developing countries}}), ma aha [[title case]] ({{!xt|Funding of UNESCO Projects in Developing Countries}}).{{efn|name=Sentence case}} {{shortcut|MOS:BLANKLINE}} {{vanchor|Blank line|text=Dhammaan madaxyada waa inay ku dhex jiraan xarkooda gaarka ah, oo ay ka horreyso presely hal xar oo eber ah, oo ay raacdo mid ka mid ah hal xar ama aan lahayn xar eber ah.}} {{vanchor|Section headings (necessary point 6)|text=Ha u isticmaalin si xun [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists#Description (definition, association) lists|liiska sharraxaadda]] markup ("<code>;</code>") si aad u abuurto [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Pseudo-headings|pseudo-headings]].}} {{va|SECTIONSTYLE|Section headings (styling best practice)|Section headings (main styling reason)|text=Sida arrin qaab oo joogto ah, madaxyada qaybuhu waa inaynaan:}} {{Shortcut|MOS:SECTIONSTYLE|MOS:NOBACKREF}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 1)|text=si turjumaad ah dib ugu tixraacin mawduuca maqaalka, t.s., {{xt|Early life}}, ma aha {{!xt|Smith's early life}} ama {{!xt|His early life}}}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 2)|text=tixraacin madax heer sare ah, ilaa aad sameyso ay tahay mid gaaban ama caddayn badan}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 3)|text=noqon kuwo la nambareeyay ama xarfo leh sida outline}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 4)|text=noqon kuwo loo sameeyay sida su'aal, t.s., {{xt|Languages}}, ma aha {{!xt|What languages are spoken?}}}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 5)|text=isticmaalin luga ama farta aan caadiga ahayn oo keeni kara [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Headings|arrimaha lagu heli karo]]}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 6)|text=noqon kuwo lagu duubay [[Help:Wikitext|markup]], sida bold iyo italics, oo baabi'in kara muujintooda oo keeni kara arrimo kale oo lagu heli karo}} ====Wikimarkup==== {{shortcut|MOS:NOSECTIONLINKS|MOS:HEADINGLINKS}} {{va|Section headings (technical best practice)|text=Sababo tignoolajiyada ah, madaxyada qaybuhu waa inay}} {{va|Section headings (necessary point 1)|text=noqdaan kuwo gaar ah oo ku dhex jira maqaal (si [[Template:Section link|isqu xirka qaybta]] uu u shaqeeyo)}} oo waa inaynaan ku dhex jirin: *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 2)|text=[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking#Principles|isqu xirka]], xataa haddii kaliya qayb ka mid ah madaxa la isku xiray}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 5)|text=xigashooyinka ama xusuus-qoraallada}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 4)|text=<code><[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics#Typesetting of mathematical formulae|math]]></code> markup}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 3)|text=sawirrada ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Icons#Encyclopedic purpose|icons-ka]]}} {{va|Section headings (main technical reason)|text=Xaddidaadahani waa kuwo lagu khasbay si looga fogaado tignoolajiyada dhibco leh oo ma aha kuwo la baabi'in karo is-afgaradka maxalliga ah ama hagayaasha aan ku habboonayn.}} {{short|MOS:TEMPLATE}} {{va|Section headings (necessary point 7)|text=Wadaagga moodalka}} waa in sidoo kale caadi ahaan looga fogaadaa madaxyada qaybaha, sababtoo ah waxay keenaan koodha asalka ah ee baaqida moodalka inuu ka muuqdo isqu xirka lagu daray gaabinta tifaftirka; gujinta isqu xirkaas ka muuqda taariikhda bogga ma keeni doonto qaybta loo baahan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, [[WP:ANCHORSUBST|marka lagu darayo isqu xirka anchor madaxyada, mar walba beddel moodalka gudaha madaxa]]: {{block indent|1={{plainlist| * {{y}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== {{subst:anchor|Anchor name}} Section title ==</nowiki>}}</code> * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== {{anchor|Anchor name}} Section title ==</nowiki>}}</code> }} }} {{shortcut|MOS:SECTIONCOMMENT}} {{va|SECTIONCOMMENT|Section comment|text=[[#Invisible comments|Xusuus-qoraallada la qariyay]] oo tixraacaya madaxa qayb ama qayb oo dhan waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu lago xar ka hooseysa madaxa. Waxaa sidoo cuali ahaan lagu lagi karaa ku dhex jira xarkooda oo kale sida madaxa, laakiin xaaladaas waa inay noqdaan kuwo {{em|gudaha}} <code>==&nbsp;==</code> markup:{{efn|1=Xusuus-qoraal ka baxsan <code><nowiki>==&nbsp;==</nowiki></code> laakiin ku dhex jira xarkooda oo kale wuxuu keeni karaa isqu xirka tifaftirka qaybta inuu ku guuldareysto inuu ka muuqdo dhammaan; ee browsers-ka kale, wuxuu ka muuqan karaa, laakiin isticmaalkiisu wuxuu keeni doonaa madaxa qaybta inuusan si otomaatig ah lagu darin gaabinta tifaftirka.}}}} {{block indent|1={{plainlist| * {{y}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== Implications ==</nowiki><br /><nowiki><!--This comment is placed correctly.--></nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{mby}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== Implications<!--This comment works fine.--> ==</nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{mby}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== <!--This comment works fine.-->Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== Implications == <!--This comment causes problems.--> </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{tracked|T381786}}{{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki><!--This comment causes problems.</nowiki><br><nowiki>-->== Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki><!--The space after this comment breaks the heading completely.--> == Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} }} }} ====<span class="anchor" id="SECTIONANCHOR"></span><span class="anchor" id="Section anchor"></span>Anchors==== {{short|MOS:SECTIONANCHOR}} <section begin="heading links" />Ka hor inta aanad beddelin madax, tixgeli in aad baabi'inayso isqu xirka jira oo ku dhex jira.<section end="heading links" /> Haddii ay jiraan [[Help:Link#To a section|isqu xirka badan oo u socda mawduuca hore]],{{efn|name="many links"|1=Si aad u ogaato inta isqu xirka ee u socda mawduuca qaybta hore iyo maqaallada leeh iyaga, waxaad sameyn kartaa <span class=plainlinks>[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=all%3A+linksto%3A%22ARTICLE%22+insource%3A%2F%5B%5B%7C%5DARTICLE%5C%23OLDSECTION%2F+&title=Special:Search&profile=all&fulltext=1 raadinta sare ee]</span>, iyadoo la beddelayo {{smallcaps|article}} magaca maqaalka, iyo {{smallcaps|oldsection}} mawduuca qaybta hore. Raadintaas sare ma raadiso [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirections-ka]], markaas sidoo kale eeg bogga maqaalka ee [[Special:WhatLinksHere]] ee redirections-ka u socda mawduuca qaybta hore. Haddii ay jiraan kaliya nambarka yar ee isqu xirka ee u socda mawduuca qaybta hore, waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu cusbooneysiiyo manwal ahaan.}} abuur [[Help:Anchor|anchor]] oo leh mawduucaas si loo xaqijiyo in kuwani ay sii shaqeeyaan. Sidoo kale, marka lagu isqu xirayo qayb, ka tag xusuus-qoraal aan la arki karin madaxa qaybta bartilmaameedka, iyadoo lagu magacaabayo maqaallada isqu xirka leeh, si haddii madaxa dambe loo beddelo kani si fudud loo hagaajin karo, ama kale anchor kale loo abuurayo haddii ay jiraan kuwo badan.{{efn|name="many links"}} Tusaale ahaan: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == {{subst:Anchor|Consequences}} Implications == <!-- "Richard Dawkins" and "Daniel Dennett" link here. --> </syntaxhighlight> oo lagu kaydin doono maqaalka sida: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == <span class="anchor" id="Consequences"></span> Implications == <!-- "Richard Dawkins" and "Daniel Dennett" link here. --> </syntaxhighlight> Faa'iidada isticmaalka {{tlxs|Anchor}}, ama kaliya la dhex gelinayo {{tag|span|o|link=yes}} tags-ka toos, waa in marka tifaftirka loo sameeyo qaybta mustaqbalka, anchor-ku ma lagu dhex jiri doono taariikhda bogga sida qayb ka mid ah magaca qaybta. Marka kaliya {{tlx|Anchor}} loo isticmaalo toos, akhlaaqdaas aan loo baahnayn {{em|waa ay}} dhacdaa, markaas waa in mar walba [[WP:ANCHORSUBST|loo beddelo anchors madaxyada qaybaha]]. Marka la dhex gelinayo span toos, {{em|ha}} gaabin iyadoo la isticmaalayo tag-ka self-closing, sida ku dhex jirta: <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== <span id="Consequences"</nowiki>{{highlight round|/|bc=var(--background-color-destructive-subtle, lightred);}}> Implications <nowiki>==</nowiki>}}</code> In HTML5 foomkaas XML-style waa mid shaqaynaya kaliya tags-ka qaarkood, sida {{nowrap |<code>&lt;br/></code>}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T134423 |title=T134423 Deprecate nonstandard behavior of self-closed HTML tags in wikitext. |website=phabricator.wikimedia.org |access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref> Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking|Avoiding broken section links}} si aad u ogaato wada-hadal dheeraad ah. ====Mawduuca oo kale madaxa==== Hagaha sare ee madaxyada qaybaha, gaar ahaan sentence case, turjumaad, sawirrada iyo su'aalaha, sidoo kale wuxuu ku dabaqmaa [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables#Captions and headers|madaxyada taarikada]] (iyo noocyada taarikada iyo xarrada). Laakiin, madaxyada taarikada waxay ku dhex jiri karaan xigashooyinka oo waxay ku starts-garo karaan, ama noqon karaan, nambara. Unka madaxyada bogga, madaxyada taarikada ma samayn karaan si otomaatig ah anchors-ka isqu xirka. Ka baxsan sentence case ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Glossaries|glossaries]], talada madaxa sidoo kale waxay ku dabaqmaysaa ''term'' qoraallada ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists#DLIST|description lists]]. Haddii la isticmaalayo [[Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Glossaries#Template-structured|template-structured glossaries]], terms-ku si otomaatig ah waxay leeyihiin anchors-ka isqu xirka, laakiin ma leeyihiin kale. Xigashooyinka mawduuca description-list waxay ku dhex jiraan {{tl|term}} ama {{tl|defn}} element, sida loo baahan yahay. ==Noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga== {{Shortcut|MOS:ENGVAR}} Noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga (tusaale ahaan, kala duwanaanshaha erayada ama naxwaha ee gobollada ka jira) waxay bixiyaan macluumaad ku saabsan kala duwanaanshaas. Dhammaan noocyada gobollada ama noocyada heerka ee Af-Soomaaliga waa kuwo la aqbali karo oo siman Wikipedia-da Soomaaliga, iyada oo la isticmaalayo uslub rasmi ah oo maqaallada u gaar ah ([[Register (sociolinguistics)|weeraral rami ah]] ama astaanta luqadda). Qaabka taariikhda ee maqaalka ({{xt|{{#time: F j, Y}}}} ama {{xt|{{#time: j F Y}}}}) wuxuu sidoo kale la xiriiraa noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga {{snd}}eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|Strong national ties to a topic|Retaining existing format}}. === <span class="anchor" id="Internal consistency"></span>Joogteynta ku dhex jirta maqaallada<!-- When renaming this section title, rename the full link at [[Wikipedia:Consistency]] --> === {{Shortcut|MOS:ARTCON|MOS:CONSISTENT}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Variation in citation methods|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Retaining existing format}} Xeerarka nooc gaar ah oo Af-Soomaali caadifad ah waa in loo raaco si joogto ah ku dhex jirta maqaalka gaarka ah. Waxyaabaha ka baxsan waxaa ku jira: *'''Xigashooyinka''' iyo '''cinwaannada buugaagta ama hawlaha''' (sida buugaagta, filimada, iyo muusigga) waa in loo qoraa sida ay ka muuqdaan ilaha tixraaca. Laakiin, waxaa jira xaalado qaarkood oo leexanaya mabda'an si loo dhowro heerka qaab-qoraalka ee alifbeetada encyclopedia-ha dhan. {{crossref|Eeg {{section link||Typographic conformity}}.}} *'''Magacyada u gaarka ah''' waxay isticmaalaan qoraalka mawduuca ama lahaanshaha u gaarka ah, tusaale ahaan, {{xt|United States Department of Defense}} iyo {{xt|Australian Defence Force}}; {{xt|International Labour Organization}}<!--This example is here because it uses -our and -ization at the same time; it is Oxford spelling.-->. *Maqaallada ku saabsan mawduucyada la xiriira kimistariga, foomka heerka caalamiga ah ee higaada {{xt|aluminium}}, {{xt|sulfur}}, {{xt|caesium}} (iyo erayada ka soo baxa) waa in loo isticmaalo iyadoo aan loo eegin nooca luqadda ee looga adeegsado maqaalka. {{crossref|Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (chemistry)|Element names}}.}} ===Fursadaha wadaagga ama isku-duubnida=== {{shortcut|MOS:COMMONALITY}} Si loogu talagalay encyclopedia caalamiga ah, isticmaalka erayada wadaagga ah ee dhammaan noocyada Af-Soomaaliga waa mid ka wanaagsan. *Isticmaal erayada si caalami ah loo aqbalay halkii kuwa aan aad loo fidin, gaar ahaan cinwaannada. Tusaale ahaan, [[Glasses|{{xt|muraayado}}]] ayaa ka wanaagsan noocyada gobollada ee gaarka ah; [[Ten million|{{xt|toban milyan}}]] ayaa ka wanaagsan [[crore|{{!xt|hal crore}}]]. *Haddii kala duwanaansho higaadeed uu ka muuqdo cinwaan, samee bogga [[Wikipedia:Redirect|reer-itusaale (sidetrack/redirect)]] si loogu talagalay kuwa kale, sida ku dhex jirta [[artefact]] iyo [[artifact]], si dhammaan noocyada loo isticmaali karo raadinta iyo isku xirka. *Erayada ku kala duwan noocyada luqadda, ama leh macnayaal kala duwan, waxaa lagu [[Gloss (annotation)#In linguistics|u xaqiijin karaa faahfaahinta (gloss)]] si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga ama jahawareerka, tusaale ahaan, {{xt|qaybta dambe ee baabuurta (trunk ama boot)&nbsp;...}}. *Isticmaal eray ama weedh si caadi ah loo fahmo iyada oo ka wanaagsan mid leh macno kale sababtoo ah kala duwanaanshaha gobollada (halkii {{!xt|alternate}}, isticmaal {{xt|alternative}} ama {{xt|alternating}}, sida habboon), marka laga reebo xaaladaha tignoolajiyada ama cilmiga halka beddelkaas uu noqon lahaa mid aan habboonayn ({{xt|alternate leaves}}; {{xt|alternate law}}). *Marka ay jiraan wax ka badan hal nooc oo higaad ah oo ka dhex jira heerka caadiga ah ee luqadda, nooca ugu caansan ee hadda la isticmaalo waa in caadi ahaan ka wanaagsanaado, marka laga reebo halka higaada yar ay leedahay isticmaal gaar ah oo xaalad xeel-dheer ah, tusaale ahaan, ''connexion'' ku dhex jirta [[Connexionalism|Methodist connexionalism]]. ===Xiriirka gobolka ama qaranka ee xoogga leh ee mawduuca=== {{Shortcut|MOS:TIES}} Maqaal ku saabsan mawduuc leh xiriir xooggan oo u socda waddan ama gobol]] gaar ah waa inuu isticmaalaa heerka luqadda rasmiga ah (ee ma aha colloquial/afka wadada) ee gobolkaas ama qarankaas. Tusaale ahaan: Mawduucyada leh xiriir xooggan oo u socda [[Commonwealth of Nations]], ama waddamo badan oo Commonwealth ah ama dhulalkii hore ee British-ka, isticmaal higaada British-ka. ===Dhowrida nooca jira=== {{Shortcut|MOS:RETAIN}} Marka nooc gaar ah [[#Consistency within articles|isticmaalkiisa joogtada ah]] lagu dhisay maqaal, sii wad iyada oo aan la helin is-afgarad ka dhan ah. Kaliya xaaladaha gaarka ah (sida marka mawduuc uu leeyahay [[#Strong national ties to a topic|xiriir gobol ama qaran oo xooggan]], ama beddelku wuxuu yareeyaa is-dhaafsiga) ayaa ay jirtaa sabab shaqaynaysa oo loo beddelo ka mid ah dookha la aqbali karo oo loo beddelo mid kale. {{va|FPSR|FMC|text=Marka aan la dhisin nooc gaar ah oo wada-hadalku uusan xallin arrinta, isticmaal nooca ka muuqda nooca ugu horreeyay ee ka dambeeya [[Wikipedia:Stub|qabyada (stub)]] oo soo bandhigay nooc la aqoonsan karo. Waxa ka baxsan tan waa [[#Retain quote variety|ha beddelin nooca luqadda ee ku dhex jira xigasho]].}} Nooca lagu dhisay maqaal gaar ah waxaa lagu qoraa iyadoo lagu dhex darayo [[:Category:Use English templates|tampaallada Use X English]] ee habboon bogga maqaalka. Tampaallada [[:Category:Varieties of English templates|nooca luqadda ee habboon]] sidoo kale waxaa lagu dhejin karaa bogga wada-hadalka ee maqaalka. Maqaal waa inuusan noqon mid la tifaftiro ama magaca loo beddelo kaliya si looga beddelo hal nooc oo luqad ah oo loo beddelo mid kale. Tampaalka {{tlxs|uw-engvar}} waxaa lagu dhejin karaa bogga wada-hadalka tifaftiraha si loogu sharraxo tan. ==Xarfo-waweynaynta== Cinwaannada maqaallada Wikipedia iyo cinwaannada qaybaha waxay isticmaalaan habka weedha, ma aha habka cinwaanka; iyo {{section link||Section headings}}. Xaraf-weynaynta alaabta liiska ku jirta, eeg {{section link||Bulleted and numbered lists}}. Points-ka kale ee ku saabsan xaraf-weynaynta waxaa si kooban loogu dhex muujiyay hoos. Macluumaadka fulan waxaa lagu heli karaa [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters]]. Qodobka ugu muhiimsan ayaa ah in Wikipedia aysan xaraf-weynaynayn eray ilaa uu si joogto ah xaraf-weyn ugu yahay badankooda [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|ilaha lagu kalsoonaan karo]] ee madax-bannaan. ===Xaraf-weynaynta ''The''=== Caadi ahaan, ha xaraf-weynayn erayga ''the'' dhexda jumlada ma aha { Reebanaanta caadiga ah waxaa ku jira magacyada u gaarka ah ee qaarkood iyo badankooda cinwaannada hawlaha abuurka ah ({{xt|Tolkien wrote ''The Lord of the Rings''}}{{snd}}laakiin ogaada in ''the'' aysan noqon karin qayb ka mid ah cinwaanka ee lagu qoro, t.s., Waxaa jira tixgelinno gaar ah oo loo sameeyo magacyada kooxaha muusigga , magacyada hay'adaha, magac u yaallada, summadaha ganacsiga. ===<span id="Capitalization-Titles"></span>Cinwaannada hawlaha=== {{main|WP:Manual of Style/Titles of works}} Cinwaannada luqadda Ingiriisiga ee qoraallada (buugaagta iyo hawlaha kale ee qoraalka, noocyada iyo hawlaha kale ee codka, filimada iyo hawlaha kale ee muuqaalka ah, sawirrada iyo hawlaha kale ee fanka, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxaa loo bixiyaa habka {{em|[[title case]]}}, halka eray kasta loo siiyo xaraf-weyn bilowga marka laga reebo erayada qaarkood oo yar oo muhiim ah (sida lagu sharraxay {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters|Composition titles}}). Erayada ugu horreeya iyo kuwa ugu dambeeya ee cinwaan luqad Ingiriisi ah mar walba waa kuwo xaraf-weyn leh. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|''An Eye for an Eye''}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|''Worth the Fighting For''}} Xaraf-weynaynta cinwaannada aan Ingiriisiga ahayn waa ay kala duwan tahay, xataa waqti ka waqti isla luqadda dhexdeeda; caadi ahaan, dhowr qaabka asalka ah ee hawlaha cusub, oo raac isticmaalka ka muuqda ilaha lagu kalsoonaan karo ee luqadda Ingiriisiga ee hadda{{efn|name=recent}} ee hawlaha taariikhiga ah. Marka lagu qoro alfabeta Laatiinka, badankooda waxyaabahaani waa inay sidoo kale ku jiraan farta janjeerta ([[#Italics|italics]]), ama lagu duubo [[#Names and titles|calaamadaha oraahda (quotation marks)]]. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|{{lang|fr|Les Liaisons dangereuses}}}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"{{lang|de|italics=no|Hymnus an den heiligen Geist}}"}} ===Tayooyinka iyo xilalka dadka=== *'''Isticmaalka guud''', isticmaal xaraf yar erayada sida ''madaxweyne'' , ''boqor', iyo ''imbiraadoor'' ({{xt|De Gaulle wuxuu ahaa madaxweyne Faransiis ah}}; {{xt|Louis XVI wuxuu ahaa boqor Faransiis ah}}; {{xt|Saddex ra'iisul wasaare ayaa ka soo qayb galay shirka}}). *'''Toos ka hor magaca dadka''', erayadaas waxay ka bilaabanayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|Madaxweyne Obama}}, ma aha {{!xt|madaxweyne Obama}}). Magacyada heerka caadiga ah ama caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo ee xilka ama doorka waxaa loo maareeyaa sida magacyada u gaarka ah ({{xt|David Cameron wuxuu ahaa Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Biritain}}; {{xt|Hirohito wuxuu ahaa Imbiraadoorkii Jabaan}}; {{xt|Louis XVI wuxuu ahaa Boqorkii Faransiiska}}). Titoolinka ama doorka boqortooyada waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|Her Majesty}}; {{xt|His Highness}}); reebanaantu waxay ku dabaqmi kartaa xilal gaar ah. ===Diimaha, ilaahyada, falsafadaha, iyo caqiidooyinka=== *'''Diimaha, kooxaha, iyo kaniisadaha''' iyo taageerayaashooda (foomka magaca ama tilmaamaha) waxay ka start-garoobayaan xaraf-weyn. Caadi ahaan, "the" ma aha xaraf-weyn ka hor magacyadaas ({{xt|the Unitarians}}, ma aha {{!xt|The Unitarians}}). *'''Qoraallada diinta]]''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn, laakiin badanaa ma aha farta janjeerta ({{xt|the Bhagavad Gita}}, {{xt|the Quran}}, {{xt|the Talmud}}, {{xt|the Granth Sahib}}, {{xt|the Bible}}). Ha u qorin xaraf-weyn "the" marka aad u isticmaalayso foomkan. Tilmaamaha qaarkood oo ka soo baxa waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn heshiis ahaan, qaarkoodna ma qaataan ({{xt|biblical}}, laakiin {{xt|Quranic}}); haddii aad u baahato hubaal, eeg qaamuuska. *'''[[Honorific|Tayooyinka iyo magacyada sharafta]] ee ilaahyada''', ku dhex jira magacyada u gaarka ah iyo tayooyinka, waxay ka start-garoobayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|God}}, {{xt|Allah}}, {{xt|the Lord}}, {{xt|the Supreme Being}}, {{xt|the Great Spirit}}, {{xt|the Horned One}}, {{xt|Bhagavan}}). Ha u qorin xaraf-weyn "the" xaaladahaas ama marka aad tixraacayso dadka waaweyn ee diinta ama shakhsiyaadka khayalka ah/asraarta ah ({{xt|the Prophet}}, {{xt|the Messiah}}, {{xt|the Virgin}}). Magacyada guud ee ilaahyada iyo shakhsiyaadka diinta ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|many gods}}; {{xt|the god Woden}}; {{xt|saints and prophets}}). *'''Magac-u-yaallada shakhsiyaadka cibaadada ama Ilaah''' ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn, xataa haddii xaraf-weyn lagu qoro qoraallada diinta ({{xt|God and his will}}). *'''Qaybaha waaweyn ee mukhluuqaadka khayalka ah (mythical/legendary)''' waxay ka start-garoobayaan xarfo yar ({{xt|elf}}, {{xt|fairy}}, {{xt|nymph}}, {{xt|unicorn}}, {{xt|angel}}), inkastoo hawlaha khayalka ah (fantasy), sida buugaagta [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] iyo ciyaaraha fiidiyowga qaarkood, xarfaha waaweyn ee bilowga ah marmar loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo in mukhluuqaadku ay samaynayaan dhaqan ama irsi dhex jira [[fictional universe|caalamka khayalka ah]]. U qor xaraf-weyn magacyada ama tayooyinka mukhluuqaadka gaarka ah ({{xt|the Minotaur}}, {{xt|Pegasus}}) iyo kooxaha oo magacooda iyo xubnahoodu ay yihiin kuwo go'an ({{xt|the Magi, or the Three Wise Men}}, {{xt|the Furies}}). Tixraacyada guud ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|these priests}}; {{xt|several wise men}}; {{xt|cherub-like}}). *'''Matalaadaha ama dhacdooyinka ruuxiga ah iyo kuwa diinta''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn kaliya marka la tixraacayo dhacdooyin gaar ah ama waqtiyo gaar ah ({{xt|the Great Flood}} iyo {{xt|the Exodus}}; laakiin {{xt|annual flooding}} iyo {{xt|an exodus of refugees}}). *'''Falsafadaha, aragtiyaha, dhaqdhaqaaqyada, iyo caqiidooyinka''' waxay isticmaalaan xarfo yar ilaa magacu ka soo baxo magac u gaar ah ({{xt|capitalism versus Marxism}}) ama uusan noqon magac u gaar ah ({{xt|republican}}, oo ah dhismaha fikirka siyaasadda; {{xt|Republican}}, oo ah xisbi siyaasadeed). Isticmaal xarfo yar mawduucyada caqiidooyinka ama fikirka diinta ee heerka caadiga ah (oo ka soo contrasts-garoobaya dhacdooyinka gaarka ah), xataa haddii xaraf-weyn lagu qoro taageerayaasha diinta qaarkood ({{xt|virgin birth}}, {{xt|original sin}}, {{xt|transubstantiation}}). *'''[[Platonic idealism|Platonic]] ama fikradaha sare (transcendent ideals)''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn xaaladda caqiidada falsafadda ({{xt|Truth}}, {{xt|the Good}}); marka loo isticmaalo si dhumuc leh, waxay ku dhex jiraan xarfo yar ({{xt|Superman represents American ideals of truth and justice}}). Isticmaal xarfo waaweyn marka fanka lagu personify-gareeyo fikradaha ({{xt|the guidebook mentioned statues of Justice and Liberty}}). *{{va|Eponyms|EPONYM|EPONYMS|text='''[[Eponym|Eponym-s (erayada ka soo baxay magacyada dadka)]]''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn ([[Edwardian era|{{xt|Edwardian}}]], [[De Morgan's laws|{{xt|De Morgan's laws}}]], [[Alice in Wonderland syndrome|{{xt|Alice in Wonderland syndrome}}]], [[Plaster of Paris|{{xt|plaster of Paris}}]], [[Platonic idealism|{{xt|Platonic idealism}}]], [[Draconian constitution|{{xt|Draconian constitution of Athens}}]]), marka laga reebo isticmaalka sanfada ama maahmaahda ah oo ka baxsan xaaladda asalka ah oo caadi ahaan xarfo yar ku dhex jira ilaha tixraaca ([[Platonic relationship|{{xt|a platonic relationship}}]]; {{xt|complained of draconian workplace policies}}).{{efn|name=eponyms|1=Waxaa jira waxyaabo yar oo dheeraad ah oo ka baxsan xaraf-weynaynta eponyms-ka, halka eraygu leeyahay xeer xooggan oo ah xarfo yar, t.s., lagu doorbido foomkaas badankooda qaamuustada waaweyn ee luqadda Ingiriisiga. Tusaale ahaan, {{xt|parkinsonian}} wuxuu sharraxaa bukaan muujinaya astaamaha [[Parkinson's disease|{{xt|Parkinson's disease}}]]. Dhexdeeda carabiga/higgaada isticmaalka erayada [[Linguistic latinisation|{{xt|latinize}}]], [[Romanisation|{{xt|romanize}}]], iyo [[Anglicization|{{xt|anglicize}}]] [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Anglo- and similar prefixes|waxay sii kordhayaan xarfo yar]], iyo [[Italic type|{{xt|italic[s]}}]] ku dhex jirta farta mar walba waa xarfo yar.}} Weedha dhan oo uu eponym ku yahay tilmaame [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Religions, deities, philosophies, doctrines, and their adherents|ma aha xaraf-weyn]] marka laga reebo marka weedha dhitadeedu tahay magac u gaar ah (t.s., [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles|cinwaanka hawl la daabacay]]: [[The China Syndrome|{{xt|''The China Syndrome''}}]]).}} ===Astaamaha kalandarka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Calendar items}} *'''Bilsashada (bilo), maalmaha toddobaadka, iyo fasaxyada''' waxay ka start-garoobayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|June}}, {{xt|Monday}}; {{xt|the Fourth of July}} wuxuu tixraacaa kaliya Maalinta Xorriyadda Mareykanka{{snd}}haddii kale {{xt|July 4}} ama {{xt|4 July}}). *'''Xilliyada''' waxay ku dhex jiraan xarfo yar ({{xt|her last summer}}; {{xt|the winter solstice}}; {{xt|spring fever}}), marka laga reebo marka lagu personify-gareeyo fanka ama magacyada u gaarka ah ee waqtiyada ama dhacdooyinka ({{xt|Old Man Winter}}; {{xt|competed on the Spring Circuit}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="People, animals, plants, and other organisms"></span>Dadka, xayawaanka, dhirta, iyo noolaha kale=== {{Shortcut|MOS:LIFE}} ee farta janjeerta, {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting|Italic type}}. Eeg sidoo kale {{section link|Wikipedia:Lead section|Organisms}} ee ku saabsan maareynta jumlada ugu horreysa. Eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (fauna)]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora)]] ee ku saabsan hagaha cinwaannada maqaallada.}} Marka la isticmaalayo '''[[Taxonomy (biology)|magacyada taksonomiga ("sayniska")]]''', u qor xaraf-weyn iyo farta janjeerta (italics) genus-ka: {{xt|''Berberis''}}, {{xt|''Erithacus''}}. (Supergenus iyo subgenus, marka ay ku dabaqmaan, waxaa loo maareeyaa sidaas oo kale.) Janjeeri laakiin ha u qorin xaraf-weyn heerarka taksonomiga ee species-ka (noocyada) iyo ka hooseeya: {{xt|''Berberis darwinii''}}, {{xt|''Erithacus rubecula superbus''}}, {{xt|''Acacia coriacea'' subsp. ''sericophylla''}}; ma jiraan reebanaanno loo sameeyay magacyada u gaarka ah oo qayb ka ah magacyada sayniska. Taxa-ga sare (order, family, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn Laatiinka ({{xt|Carnivora}}, {{xt|Felidae}}) laakiin ma qaataan udhigmaadka Ingiriisiga ({{xt|carnivorans}}, {{xt|felids}}); ma aha janjeer labada foomba, marka laga reebo fayrasyada, halka dhammaan magacyada lagu aqbalay guddiga [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|ICTV]] ay yihiin janjeer ({{xt|''Retroviridae''}}). {{Shortcut|MOS:CULTIVAR}}{{Anchor|Cultivar}}Magacyada '''[[Cultivar]]''' iyo '''[[cultivar group]]''' ee dhirta ma aha janjeer, waxayna qaataan xarfo waaweyn (harraan erayga ''Group'' ee magaca ku dhex jira); magacyada cultivar waxay ka muuqdaan xigashooyinka keliyaalka ah (single quotes) ({{xt|''Malus domestica'' 'Red Delicious'}}), halka cultivar groups aysan qaadanin ({{xt|''Cynara cardunculus'' Scolymus Group}}). '''Ingiriisiga [[Common name|magacyada afka caadiga ah ("common")]]''' waxaa loo bixiyaa xarfo yar qoraalka maqaalka dhexdiisa ([[Plains zebra|{{xt|plains zebra}}]]<!-- animal species -->, [[Mountain maple|{{xt|mountain&nbsp;maple}}]]<!-- plant species -->, iyo [[Southwestern red-tailed hawk|{{xt|southwestern red-tailed hawk}}]]<!-- bird subspecies -->) iyo habka weedha (sentence case) bilowga jumlada iyo meelaha kale oo xarafka ugu horreeya ee erayga ugu horreeya uu yahay xaraf-weyn.{{efn|name=Sentence case}} Waxay sidoo kale qaataan xarfo waaweyn halka ay ku jiraan magacyo u gaar ah: [[Przewalski's horse|{{xt|Przewalski's&nbsp;horse}}]]<!-- eponym -->, [[California condor|{{xt|California&nbsp;condor}}]]<!-- typical geonym -->, iyo [[Fair-maid-of-France|{{xt|fair-maid-of-France}}]]<!-- unusual but important illustrative case -->. Kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa noocyada (species) iyo nooc-hoosaadyada (subspecies), sida tusaalooyinka hore, iyo sidoo kale magacyada guud ee kooxaha ama noocyada noolaha: [[Bird of prey|{{xt|bird&nbsp;of&nbsp;prey}}]]<!-- cross-order ecological niche -->, [[Oak|{{xt|oak}}]]<!-- plant family -->, [[Great apes|{{xt|great&nbsp;apes}}]]<!-- animal family -->, [[Bryde's whales|{{xt|Bryde's&nbsp;whales}}]]<!-- species group -->, [[Livestock guardian dog|{{xt|livestock&nbsp;guardian&nbsp;dog}}]]<!-- domestic type -->, [[Poodle|{{xt|poodle}}]]<!-- domestic breed group but not a breed -->, [[Van cat|{{xt|Van&nbsp;cat}}]]<!-- domestic geographic landrace -->, [[Wolfdog|{{xt|wolfdog}}]]<!-- hybrid/crossbreed/mongrel not recognized as a standardized breed -->. Marka magaca caadiga ah uu la mid yahay takson saynis ah, ha u qorin xaraf-weyn ama janjeer, marka laga reebo halka la tixraacayo noolaha dhanka taksonomiga: {{xt|A lynx is any of the four medium-sized wild cat species within the genus ''Lynx''.}} Magacyada caadiga ah ee aan Ingiriisiga ahayn, marka ay habboon tahay in lagu daro, waxaa loo maareeyaa sida erayada kale ee aan Ingiriisiga ahayn: janjeer sidaas ah, oo xaraf-weyn kaliya haddii shuruudaha luqadda hooyo ay u baahan yihiin. Magacyada aan Ingiriisiga ahayn ee noqday kuwo la qabsaday Ingiriisiga waxaa loo maareeyaa sida Ingiriisiga ([[Ayahuasca|{{xt|ayahuasca}}]], [[Okapi|{{xt|okapi}}]]). {{Shortcut|MOS:BREED}}{{Anchor|Breed}}'''[[Standardized breeds|Dhalada la halbeeyay (Standardized breeds)]]''' waa inay caadi ahaan dhowraan xaraf-weynaynta loo isticmaalay halbeegga dhalada.{{efn|name=Standardized breeds|1=Hagaha dhalada waxaa lagu daray [[Diff2/881140543|RfC on capitalization of the names of standardized breeds|December 2018 RfC]]. "Dhalada la halbeeyay" wuxuu waayay macno toos ah oo caddaynaya, laakiin wuxuu ku dhex jiraa dhala kasta oo ku dhex jira [[breed standard]] ama [[studbook]] ee kooxda taranta/mataanaha. Kooxaha kale ee xayawaanka guri-joogga ah ma aha dhala la halbeeyay: noocyada taariikhda hore, kooxaha dhalada, xayawaanka duurjoogtoobay (feral), landraces, iyo [[crossbreed|dhalada la isku dhalay]] ama [[Hybrid (biology)|isandho]] oo aan kooxaha waaweyn aqoonsan sida dhala gaar ah. Kuwo badan caadi ahaan ma aha [[Wikipedia:Notability|muhiim (notable)]].}} Tusaalooyinka: [[German Shepherd|{{xt|German Shepherd}}]], [[Russian White goat|{{xt|Russian White goat}}]], [[Berlin Short-faced Tumbler|{{xt|Berlin Short-faced Tumbler}}]]. Sida cultivar-ka dhirta, kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa haddii magacu yahay magac u gaar ah ama kale, oo ka soo horjeeda sida magacyada caadiga ah ee noolaha loo qoro. Laakiin, ka baxsan cultivar-ka, dhalada waligeed lagu ma dhex daro xigashooyinka keliyaalka ah (single quotes), oo magacyadoodu waligeed ma aha qayb ka mid ah magac saynis ah. Erayga noolaha ee lagu daray dhammaadka si looga fogaado jahawareerka ("cat", "hound", "horse", "swine", iyo wixii la mid ah) waa inuusan noqon xaraf-weyn, ilaa uu yahay qayb ka mid ah magaca dhalada oo si joogto ah lagu muujiyo foomkaas halbeegga dhalada (xaaladaha dhifka ah waxaa ku jira [[Norwegian Forest Cat|{{xt|Norwegian Forest Cat}}]] iyo [[American Quarter Horse|{{xt|American Quarter Horse}}]]). Samee [[Wikipedia:Redirect|xiriiriyeyaasha dib-u-luqadda (redirects)]] ka soo baxay xaraf-weynaynta kale iyo foomamka higaada ee cinwaannada maqaalka, iyo magacyada kale, t.s., [[Adélie Penguin]], [[Adelie penguin]], [[Adelie Penguin]] iyo ''[[Pygoscelis adeliae]]'' dhammaan waa inay dib-u-luqad u sameeyaan [[Adélie penguin]]. ===Samooyinka iyo walxaha hawada sare=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Celestial bodies}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (astronomical objects)}} Erayada ''sun'' (sol/qorrax), ''earth'' (dhul), ''moon'' (dayax), iyo ''solar system'' (bahda qorraxda) ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn isticmaalka guud ({{xt|The sun was over the mountain top}}; {{xt|The tribal people thought of the whole earth as their home}}). Waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn marka walaxda lagu personify-gareeyo fanka/suugaanta ({{xt|Sol Invictus ('Unconquered Sun') was the Roman sun god}}) ama marka loo isticmaalo sida magac walax gaar ah xaaladda sayniska ama falagga ({{xt|The Moon orbits the Earth}}; laakiin {{xt|Io is a moon of Jupiter}}). Magacyada meereyaasha, dayaxyada, asteroids-ka, comets-ka, xiddigaha, constellations-ka, iyo galaxies-ka waa magacyo u gaar ah, oo sidaas darteed xaraf-weyn ah ({{xt|The planet Mars is in the constellation Gemini, near the star Pollux}}). Xarafka ugu horreeya ee eray kasta oo ku dhex jira magacaas waa xaraf-weyn ({{xt|Alpha Centauri}} ma aha {{!xt|Alpha centauri}}; {{xt|Milky Way}}, ma aha {{!xt|Milky way}}). Erayada sida ''comet'' iyo ''galaxy'' waa inay noqdaan xaraf-weyn marka ay samaynayaan qayb ka mid ah magac u gaar ah, laakiin ma aha marka loo isticmaalo sida eray guud ({{xt|Halley's Comet is the most famous of the comets}}; {{xt|the Andromeda Galaxy is a spiral galaxy}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Compass"></span>Pointers-ka kombaas-ka (Jihooyinka)=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Compass points}} Ha xaraf-weynayn '''jihooyinka''' sida ''north'' (woqooyi) ama foomamka la xiriira ({{xt|We took the northern road}}) marka laga reebo marka ay yihiin qaybo ka mid ah magacyada u gaarka ah ({{xt|Great North Road}}, {{xt|Great Western Drive}}, {{xt|South Pole}}). U qor xaraf-weyn '''magacyada gobollada''' haddii ay gaareen heerka magaca u gaarka ah, ku dhex jira magacyada caadiga ah ee heshiiska ({{xt|Southern California}}; {{xt|the Western Desert}}), iyo erayada ka soo baxa ee dadka (t.s., ''Southerner'' oo ah mid ka soo jeeda [[Southern United States]]). Ha xaraf-weynayn magacyada sharraxaadda leh ee gobollada oo aan gaarin heerka magacyada u gaarka ah, sida {{xt|southern Poland}}. Jihooyinka isku-dhafka ah waxaa lagu dhex jiri karaa ama aan lagu dhex jiri karin dhex-xariijin (hyphen), iyada oo ku xiran [[#National varieties of English|nooca Ingiriisiga ee loo qaatay]] maqaalka. {{xt|Southeast Asia}} iyo {{xt|northwest}} waxay ka caansan yihiin Ingiriisiga Mareykanka; laakiin {{xt|South-East Asia}} iyo {{xt|north-west}} waxay ka caansan yihiin Ingiriisiga British-ka. Xaaladaha sida {{xt|north–south dialogue}} iyo {{xt|east–west orientation}}, isticmaal en dash; eeg {{section link||Other uses for en dashes}}. ===<span id="Institutions"></span>Magacyada u gaarka ah ka soo contrasts-garoobaya erayada guud=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Institutions|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Capitalization of The{{!}}Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Capitalization of ''The''}} U qor xaraf-weyn magacyada hay'adaha ama doorka gaarka ah ({{xt|the founding of the University of Delhi}}; {{xt|the history of Stanford University}}) laakiin ma aha erayada guud ee hay'adaha ({{xt|the high school is near the university}}). Ha xaraf-weynayn ''the'' bilowga magaca hay'adda, iyada oo aan loo eegin qaabka loo doorbido ee hay'adda. Waxaa jira reebanaanno dhif ah, marka la hoggaaminayo ''The'' oo lagu muujiyay ''T'' ku dhex jira acronym-ka kooxda: {{xt|The International Cat Association (TICA)}}. U maaree qaybaha siyaasadda ama juqraafiga foomkan oo kale: {{xt|The city has a population of 55,000}}; {{xt|The two towns merged to become the City of Smithville}}. Ha u sameynin sida qaabka wargaysyada maxalliga ah oo tixraacaya degmada/magaalada sida ''the City'' ama ''The City'', marka laga reebo City of London [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#City of London|xaaladaha qaarkood]]. Hagahaani wuxuu sii kordhayaa wax-soosaarka hay'adaha, shirkadaha, iyo kooxaha kale. Tusaale ahaan, magaca dhan ee sharciga sida {{xt|Online Safety Act 2023}} wuxuu noqon doonaa xaraf-weyn, laakiin tixraacyada ka dambeeya ee {{xt|the act}} ma noqon doonaan kuwo xaraf-weyn ah. ==<span class="anchor" id="Acronyms and abbreviations"></span><span class="anchor" id="Acronyms"></span><span class="anchor" id="Initialisms"></span><span class="anchor" id="Shortenings"></span>Gaabinta== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Initials}} Gaabinta waa foomamka gaaban ee erayada ama foomamka. Raadinta saxda ah, waxay ku kala duwan yihiin [[Contraction (grammar)|contractions]], oo isticmaala [[apostrophe]] (t.s., ''won't'', eeg {{Section link||Contractions}}), iyo [[initialism]]s. Initialism waxaa lagu samaynayaa ka mid ah ama dhammaan xarfaha bilowga ah ee erayada ku dhex jira foom. Ka hooseeya, tixraacyada gaabinta waa in loo qaadaa inay ku dhex jiraan acronyms, iyo term-ka ''acronym'' waa inuu sidoo cuali ahaan ku dabaqmaa initialisms. ===Qor marka ay markii ugu horreysay muuqato iyadoo dhammaystiran=== {{Shortcut|MOS:1STOCC|MOS:1STABBR}} Marka gaabinta loo isticmaalayo maqaalka dhexdiisa, hordhac uga dhig iyadoo la isticmaalayo weedha dhammaystiran, gaabintana lagu dhex darayo ngo'aanka (parentheses): {{Block indent|{{xt|shabakadda gobolka ee maxalliga ah (LAN) oo ay samaysay Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC){{nbsp}}... DEC badeecadihii dambe ee LAN waxay aheyd{{nbsp}}...}}}} Ha u isticmaalin xarfo waaweyn foomka dhammaystiran kaliya sababtoo ah xarfo waaweyn ayaa loo isticmaalay gaabinta: {{!xt|Shabakadda Gobolka ee Maxalliga ah (LAN)}}. Marka laga reebo xaaladaha gaarka ah, gaabinta caadiga ah (sida {{xt|PhD}}, {{xt|DNA}}, ama {{xt|USSR}}) looma baahna in la kala bixiyo ama la dhamaystiro xataa marka ay tahay markii ugu horreysay ee la isticmaalo. ===Foomamka plural-ka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:GREENGROCER}} U samee plural [[acronyms]] iyadoo lagu darayo ''-s'' ama ''-es'': {{xt|Three CD-ROMs and two BIOSes were released}}. Ha isticmaalin ''[[greengrocer's apostrophe]]'' si aad u samayso plurals: {{!xt|Three CD-ROM's and two BIOS's were released}}. ===<span class="anchor" id="Periods (full stops) and spaces"></span><span class="anchor" id="Full stops and spaces"></span><span class="anchor" id="op.cit."></span>Punctuation iyo spacing=== {{Shortcut|MOS:PS}} Gaabintu waxay ku dhabayn kartaa ama aan ku dhabayn karin full point (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-garaysay ''period'' ama ''full stop''). Qaab joogto ah waa in lagu dhasheeyaa ku dhex jirta maqaal. Isticmaalka North American caadi ahaan waa in lagu dhabeeyo dhammaan gaabinta period ({{xt|Dr. Smith of 42&nbsp;Drummond St.}}) laakiin isticmaalka caadiga ah ee British iyo Australian, ma jiro period loo isticmaalo haddii gaabinta (contraction) ay ku dhabayso xarafka ugu dambeya ee foomka aan la gaabin ({{xt|Dr Smith of 42&nbsp;Drummond St}}) ilaa is-dhaafsi uu keeni karo. Kani waa sidoo cuali ahaan isticmaalka caadiga ah ee qoraalka scientific-ka ah. Iyadoo aan loo eegin punctuation, erayada lagu gaabay ka badan hal xaraf waa lagu dhex jiraa space ({{xt|op.&nbsp;cit.}} ma aha {{!xt|op.cit.}} ama {{!xt|opcit}}). Waxaa jira waxyaabo ka baxsan oo yar: {{xt|PhD}} {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg sare)}} "Philosophiae Doctor"; {{xt|BVetMed}} "Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine". Xaaladaha badankooda, Wikipedia ma isticmaalto punctuation-ka oo kale ku dhex jirta acronyms iyo initialisms: {{xt|GDP}}, ma aha {{!xt|G.D.P.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="US"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S."></span><span class="anchor" id="USA"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S.A."></span>US iyo U.S.<!-- When renaming this section title, rename the full link at [[Wikipedia:Consistency]] -->=== {{Shortcut|MOS:US|MOS:U.S.|MOS:USA|MOS:U.S.A.}} {{redirect|MOS:US|the use of the word "us"|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#First-person pronouns}} {{xt|US}} waa gaabinta caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo ee {{xt|United States}}, inkastoo {{xtn|U.S.}} – oo leh periods iyo aan lahayn space – ay tahay mid caadi ah daabacadaha North American, ku dhex jirta wargaysyada news-ka. Hagayaasha qaabka American qaarkood, ku dhex jiro ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style]]'' (tan iyo 2010), waxay baabi'iyeen {{!xt|U.S.}} waxayna soo sheegeen {{xt|US}}. Sababaha [[#Opportunities for commonality|wadaagga]], isticmaal {{xt|US}} default ahaan marka aad gaabinayso, laakiin [[#Retaining existing styles|sii wad]] {{xtn|U.S.}} maqaallada American ama Canadian English oo ay horey u dhisantay, ilaa ay jirto sabab wanaagsan oo loo beddelo. Sababtoo ah isticmaalka periods ee gaabinta iyo acronyms wuxuu noqon doonaa mid joogto ah ku dhex jira maqaal kasta, mar walba isticmaal {{xt|US}} maqaal leh gaabinta waddammada kale. Gaabinta dheeraad ah oo lagu dhex jiro initials-ka waddanka ({{xt|USN}}, {{xt|USAF}}), waligeed ha isticmaalin periods. Marka United States lagu xuso hal ama ka badan waddammada kale ku dhex jirta jumlad oo kale, {{xt|US}} (ama {{xtn|U.S.}}) wuxuu noqon karaa mid aad u informal ah, gaar ahaan xusidda ugu horreysa ama sida noun halkii adjective ({{xt|France and the United States}}, ma aha {{!xt|France and the US}}). Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|U.&nbsp;S.}} oo leh space ama {{!xt|U.S.&nbsp;of&nbsp;A.}} oo taariikh hore ah, marka laga reebo marka aad xigasho sameynayso. Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|U.S.A.}} ama {{!xt|USA}} marka laga reebo ku dhex jirta xigasho, sida qayb ka mid ah magac sax ah ({{xt|Team USA}}), ama isticmaalka tignoolajiyada iyo rasmiga ah ee qaarkood (t.s., [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3]], [[FIFA country codes|FIFA]], iyo [[IOC country codes]]). ===Circa=== {{for|examples|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Uncertain, incomplete, or approximate dates}} Si loo muujiyo ''si xaddidan'', isticmaalka {{tl|circa}}, oo muuqda sida {{xt|{{circa}}}}, waxaa ka wanaagsan {{!xt|circa}}, {{!xt|c.}}, {{!xt|ca.}}, ama {{!xt|approx.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="unwarranted abbreviations"></span>Ka fogao isticmaalka aan la xaqijin=== {{Hatnote|See also: {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|Units of measurement}} for when to abbreviate units of measurement.}} Ka fogao gaabinta marka ay jahwareerin karaan akhristaha, baabi'in karaan socodka, ama ka muuqan karaan informal. Tusaale ahaan: *Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|approx.}} ee {{xt|approximate(ly)}} marka laga reebo infobox ama table (xaaladaas isticmaal {{tlx|abbr|approx.|approximately}} xusidda ugu horreysa: {{xt|{{abbr|approx.|approximately}}}}). *Ha isticmaalin legalism-ka {{!xt|Holmes J}} ee {{xt|[[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.|Justice Holmes]]}}. <!-- this might be better in [[WP:JARGON]] --> ===Ha samaynin=== Ka fogao sameynta [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#Neologisms|gaabinta cusub]], gaar ahaan acronyms. Tusaale ahaan, {{xtn|World Union of Billiards}} waa wanaagsan yahay sida {{em|turjumaad}} ee {{xt|[[Union Mondiale de Billard]]}}, laakiin ma aha iyada ama yareynta {{!xt|WUB}} oo loo isticmaalay kooxda ama tixraacyada gaarka ah; isticmaal magaca asalka ah iyo gaabintiisa rasmiga ah, {{xt|UMB}}. Haddii ay noqoto mid lagama maarmaan ah in lagu gaabiyo space yar, sida [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables#Captions and headers|column header ee table-ka]], isticmaal gaabinta si baaxad leh loo aqoonsan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, ee {{xt|New Zealand gross national product}}, isticmaal {{xt|NZ}} iyo {{xt|GNP}}, oo leh isqu xir haddii term-ka aan horey loogu qorin maqaalka: {{xt|NZ&nbsp;[[Measures of national income and output|GNP]]}}. Ha samaynin initialisms sida {{!xt|NZGNP}}. ===HTML tags iyo moodallada=== Mid ka mid ah {{tag|abbr|o}} ama {{tlx|abbr}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa gaabinta iyo acronyms: {{tag|abbr|params=title="World Health Organization"|content=WHO|wrap=yes}} ama {{tlx|abbr|WHO|World Health Organization}} waxay samayn doonaan {{abbr|WHO|World Health Organization}}; [[mouseover|soreynta]] qoraalka muuqda waxay keentaa [[tooltip]] ee foomka dheer inuu soo muuqdo. ===Ampersand=== {{Shortcut|MOS:AMP|MOS:&}} {{redirects|WP:&|the use of "and" in titles|Wikipedia:Article titles#Titles containing "and"}} Qoraalka caadiga ah iyo madaxyada, isticmaal ''and'' halkii [[ampersand]] (''&''): {{xt|January 1&nbsp;and&nbsp;2}}, ma aha {{!xt|January 1&nbsp;&&nbsp;2}}. Laakiin sii wad ampersand marka uu yahay qayb shaqaynaysa oo qaabka magac sax ah, mawduuca shaqaalaha, ama trademark, sida ku dhex jirta ''[[Up & Down (Horace Parlan album)|Up&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Down]]'' ama [[AT&T]]. Meelaha kale, ampersands waxaa loo isticmaali karaa joogteyn iyo dookh halka space uu aad u xaddidan yahay (t.s., tables iyo infoboxes). Xigashooyinka [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Typographic conformity|waxaa lagu beddeli karaa si dhibco leh]], gaar ahaan joogteynta halka noocyada kala duwan lagu xigto, maadaama noocyada cusub ee qoraallada hore ay si joogto ah u beddealaan ampersands ''and'' (sida ay u beddealaan [[glyph]]s kale oo aan la isticmaalin, [[Typographic ligature|ligatures]], iyo gaabinta). Isticmaalka kale oo loo ilaysay laakiin aan loo baahnayn waa tixraacyada gaaban ee shaqaalaha leeh qoraa badan, t.s.: {{xt|<nowiki><ref>Lubbers & Scheepers (2002); Van Hiel & Mervielde (2002); Swyngedouw & Giles (2007); Van Hiel (2012).</ref></nowiki>}}. ==Farta Janjeerta== {{Shortcut|MOS:IT|MOS:ITAL}} ===<span id="Do not use capitals for emphasis"></span>Adkeynta=== Farta janjeerta waxaa loo isticmaalaa adkeyn, halkii loo isticmaali lahaa [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Boldface|farta buuran]] ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#All caps and small caps|xarfo waaweyn]]. Laakiin isticmaalka badan wuxuu yareeyaa shaqadiisa: tixgeli dib-u-qorista jumlada halkii aad farta janjeerta badsan lahayd. Isticmaal {{tag|em}} ama {{tlx|em|...}} si aad adkeyn u sameeyso. Kani wuxuu u sahlayaa [[Help:User style|waraaqaha qaabka isticmaalaha]] in loo maareeyo adkeynta qaab gaar ah, wuxuuna caawiyaa dadka dib-u-isticmaala ama turjumayaasha.{{refn|{{cite web |last1=Ishida |first1=Richard |title=Using b and i elements |quote=the content of a <code>b</code> element may not always be bold, and that of an <code>i</code> element may not always be italic. |url=https://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-b-and-i-tags |website=W3C Internationalization |publisher=[[World Wide Web Consortium]] |date=2015 |access-date=1 September 2016}} }} *Sax: <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>The meerkat is <em>not</em> actually a cat.</nowiki>}}</code> *Sax: <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>The meerkat is {{em|not}} actually a cat.</nowiki>}}</code> ===<span id="Italics-Titles"></span>Cinwaannada=== {{shortcut|MOS:NOITALIC}} {{/titles hatnote include|where=MOS#I-T}} Isticmaal farta janjeerta cinwaannada hawlaha waaweyn (sida buugaagta, filimada, taxanaha telefishanka, bandhigyada la magacaabay, ciyaaraha fiidiyowga, albamyada muusigga, iyo fanka). Cinwaannada maqaallada, cutubyada, noocyada muusigga, dhacdooyinka, sheekooyinka, qoraallada cilmi-baarista, iyo hawlaha kale ee gaaban waxay qaataan calaamadaha oraahda ee laba-laabka ah (" "). Farta janjeerta looma isticmaalo qoraallada diinta ee waaweyn ({{xt|the Bible}}, {{xt|the Quran}}, {{xt|the Talmud}}). Kuwa badan oo cinwaannadan ka mid ah waa inay sidoo kale raacaan [[#Titles of works|habka xaraf-weynaynta cinwaannada]]. ===Erayada loo isticmaalay eray ahaan=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Words as words}} {{for|the policy when a word or phrase itself may be an encyclopedic subject|Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#When a word or phrase may be an encyclopedic subject}} Isticmaal farta janjeerta marka aad {{em|xusayso}} eray ama xaraf {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Use–mention distinction]])}} ama weedh ilaa hal jumlad ah ({{xt|teramka ''panning'' wuxuu ka yimid ''panorama''}}; {{xt|xarafka ugu caansan Ingiriisiga waa ''e''}}). Marka jumlad dhan la xuso, calaamadaha oraahda ee laba-laabka ah ayaa loo isticmaali karaa halkii, iyadoo la dhowrayo joogteynta ({{xt|Prepasiishanka ku jira ''She sat on the chair'' waa ''on''}}; ama {{xt|Prepasiishanka ku jira "She sat on the chair" waa "on"}}). Calaamadaha oraahda waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa qoraallada gaaban si looga fogaado jahawareerka, sida marka farta janjeerta horey loogu isticmaalay bogga sabab kale awgeed (t.s., erayada iyo weedha badan ee aan Ingiriisiga ahayn). {{em|Xusidda}} (si looga wada-hadlo naxwaha, xulashada erayada, ama calaamadaha hakadka) waxay ka duwan tahay {{em|xigashada}} (halka wax caadi ahaan lagu muujiyo magaca ilaha la xigtay). Xigashada waxaa lagu sameeyaa calaamadaha oraahda, waligeedna looma isticmaalo farta janjeerta ama labadaba hal mar {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Quotations}} si aad u ogaato faahfaahinta).}} Isticmaalka kale ee la xiriira farta janjeerta waa marka la soo bandhigayo ama lagu kala saarayo erayada ama fikradaha: {{xt|Fikradaha ''natural numbers'' waa tirada idil ee ka weyn 0.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign words"></span>Erayada aan Soomaaliga ahayn=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Non-English terms}} Farta janjeerta waxaa loo isticmaalaa weedha aan Soomaaliga ahayn iyo erayada kelida ah ee ajnabiga ah ee aan caadi ahaan loo isticmaalin Af-Soomaaliga maalin kasta. Laakiin, magacyada u gaarka ah (sida magacyada meelaha) ee luqadaha kale caadi ahaan ma qaataan farta janjeerta, sidoo kale erayada ku jira farta aan Laatiinka ahayn. Qaab-dhismeedka {{tlx|lang}} iyo noocyadiisu waxay taageeraan dhammaan [[ISO 639]] koodhadhka luqadaha, iyagoo sax u aqoonsanaya luqadda si otomaatig ahna u janjeerinaya farta. Fadlan isticmaal qaab-dhismeedyadan halkii aad gacanta u janjeerin lahayd qoraalka aan Soomaaliga ahayn. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link|WP:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Other languages}} si aad u ogaato macluumaad dheeraad ah.)}} ===Magacyada sayniska=== Isticmaal farta janjeerta magacyada sayniska ee dhirta, xayawaanka, iyo [[Kingdom (biology)|dhammaan noolaha kale]] marka laga reebo fayrasyada heerka [[genus]] iyo ka hooseeya (janjeeri {{xt|''Panthera leo''}} iyo {{xt|''Retroviridae''}}, laakiin ha janjeerin {{xt|Felidae}}). Calaamadda isku-dhafka ma qaadato farta janjeerta ({{xt|''Rosa''&nbsp;×&nbsp;''damascena''}}), sidoo kale "erayga xiriiriya" ee loo baahan yahay [[Trinomial nomenclature#In botany|magacyada dhirta ee saddexda qaybood ah]] ma janjeero ({{xt|''Rosa gallica'' subsp. ''officinalis''}}). ===<span id="Italics and quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka ku dhex jira farta janjeerta=== {{shortcut|MOS:ITALQUOTE|}}{{See also|#Quotations}} <section begin="Quotations in italics body"/>Ha u qorin xigashooyinka farta janjeerta. [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation marks|Calaamadaha oraahda]] (ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Block quotations|xigashooyinka waaweyn]]) kaliya ayaa ku filan oo ah qaabka saxda ah ee loogu muujiyo xigashooyinka. Farta janjeerta waa in loo isticmaalo kaliya haddii qoraalka la xigtay uu ka mid yahay waxyaabo marka horeba u baahanaa farta janjeerta.<section end="Quotations in italics body"/> ([[#Italics within quotations|Eeg hoos]]). ===Farta janjeerta ee ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka=== <section begin="Italics within quotations body"/>Isticmaal farta janjeerta ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka si aad u soo saarto adkeynta ku jirtay qoraalka asalka ah ama si aad u muujiso isticmaalka erayada aan Ingiriisiga ahayn. Adkeynta waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu sameeyo {{tlx|em}}. Haddii aysan caddayn in ilaha asalka ahi ay horey u lahaayeen farta janjeerta (ama qaab kale) oo adkeyn ah, ama si loo muujiyo marka adkeynta aan loo isticmaalin qoraalkii asalka ahaa laakiin dambe lagu daray tifaftirka, ku dar xusuus-qoraalka tifaftirka {{xt|[adkeyntu waa asalka]}} ama {{xt|[adkeynta waa la daray]}}, sida ay u kala horreeyaan, ka dambaysta xigashada. * Tusaale ahaan: {{xt|"Now cracks a noble heart. Good night sweet prince: And {{em|flights of angels}} sing thee to thee rest." [adkeyntu waa asalka].}}<section end="Italics within quotations body"/> ===Saamaynta ay ku leedahay calaamadaha hakadka ee dhow=== {{Shortcut|MOS:ITALPUNCT}} Janjeeri kaliya qaybaha jumlada oo ay saameysay adkeyntu. Ha janjeerin calaamadaha hakadka ee dhow. *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|What are we to make of {{em|that?}}}} (Calaamadda su'aashu waxay ku dabaqmeysaa jumlada dhan, ma aha kaliya erayga la adkeeyay ee ''that'', markaas waa inaysan janjeerin.) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|What are we to make of {{em|that}}?}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Four of Patrick White's most famous novels are ''A Fringe of Leaves'', ''The Aunt's Story'', ''Voss'', and ''The Tree of Man''.}} (Calaamadaha hakadka ee ku dhow, nooca cunsurrada, iyo erayga ''and'' ma janjeeraan.) ==Xigashooyinka== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTE}}{{See|Wikipedia:Do not include the full text of lengthy primary sources}} {{Redirects here|MOS:QUOTE|the section on quotation characters|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation characters|the essay|Wikipedia:Quotations}} [[Wikipedia:Non-free content#Guideline examples|Xigashooyinka gaaban ee qoraalka la dhowray]] waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loogu muujiyo dhibic, loo dhiibo xaalad, ama loo atribuigo dhibic fikir ama aragti. Inkastoo xigashooyinku ay yihiin qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah Wikipedia, isticmaalka badan ee iyaga ka mid ah ma aha mid ku habboon qaabka qoraalka encyclopedic-ka ah oo wuxuu noqon karaa [[Wikipedia:Copyrights|baabi'inta copyright-ka]], markaas badankooda mawduuca waa inuu ku dhex jiraa erayada tifaftiraha laakiis. Tixgeli dib-u-qorista xigashooyinka si ay u noqdaan qoraal toos ah oo gaaban marka ay habboon tahay (iyadoo la ogaaday in [[Wikipedia:Close paraphrasing|dib-u-qorista dhow]] ay sii baabi'in karto copyright-ka). [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Quotations|Ha u lagin xigashooyinka italics]] ilaa maaddadu ay italics ugu noqoto sabab kale laakiis. Per [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|siyaasada verifiability-ga]], xigashooyinka tooska ah {{em|waa in}} ay la socdaan [[WP:INCITE|inline citation]] oo ka soo baxday [[WP:RS|tixraac lagu aamini karo]] oo taageeraya maaddada. Kani waa mid gaar ah oo muhiim ah maqaallada ku saabsan ama ku dhex jira maaddada ku saabsan [[WP:BLP|dadka nool ama dhowaan dhintay]] (BLPs). ===<span class="anchor" id="Principle of minimal change"></span><span class="anchor" id="Minimal change"></span><span class="anchor" id="PMC"></span><span class="anchor" id="PLC"></span><span class="anchor" id="MINIMALCHANGE"></span><span class="anchor" id="MINCHANGE"></span><span class="anchor" id="LEASTCHANGE"></span>Qoraalka asalka ah=== {{Shortcut|MOS:PMC|MOS:SIC}} {{Redirect|WP:PMC|closure of requested moves by page movers|Wikipedia:Requested moves/Closing instructions#Closure by a page mover}} {{Redirect|WP:PLC|inclusion guidelines for organizations|Wikipedia:Notability (organizations and companies)|the handling of the abbreviation "plc" in article titles|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (companies)}}Xigashooyinka waa inay noqdaan kuwo [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiably]] loo atribuigoy, iyo qoraalka qoraalka la xigtay waa inuu noqdo mid si dhab ah loo soo saaro. Kani waxaa loo tixraacaa sida {{em|maamulka beddelka yar}}. Halka ay jirto sabab wanaagsan oo loo beddelo qoraalka, ku dar square bracket qoraalka la beddelay; tusaale ahaan, {{!xt|"Ocyrhoe told him his fate"}} waxaa loo xigtay karaa sida {{xt|"Ocyrhoe told [her father] his fate"}}. <!-- IF EDITING THE FOLLOWING SENTENCE, PLEASE UPDATE THE DOCUMENTATION AT [[Template:Sic/doc]] ACCORDINGLY --> Makhaadhaa yar ee spelling-ka iyo typographic-ka waa in si toos ah loo hagaajiyo (tusaale ahaan, hagaaji {{!xt|basicly}} loo beddelo {{xt|basically}}). Haddii ay jirto makhaadhaa muhiim ah asalka ku dhex jirta, raac iyada oo leh {{tlx|sic}} (soo saaraya {{sic}}{{hsp}}) si loogu muujiyo in makhaadhaahu aysan ahayn mid ay sameysay Wikipedia; tusaale ahaan, {{xt|"his interview with the Dolly Llama {{sic}}"}}. Marka lagu dabaqo qoraal oo isku xir leh, syntax-ka moodalka waxaa loo hagaajin karaa {{tlx|sic|2=nolink=y}} (soo saaraya {{sic|nolink=y}} qoraalka isku xirka leh ee ka soo baxa; tusaale ahaan ku dhex jirta isku xirka: [[Template:Sic|{{sic|nolink=y}} template]]).{{efn|name="sicwarning"|{{tl|Sic}} ma aha in loo isticmaalo dhexda {{tag|ref}} tags, ama ku dhex jirta [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation templates]] sida [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]] iyo [[Help:Citation Style 2|Citation Style 2]], sababtoo ah wuxuu ku dhex jiraa markup oo baabi'in doona [[COinS]] metadata ee ay soo saaraan; eeg [[Wikipedia:COinS]].<!-- Per [[Template:Sic]] there is a {{COinS safe|n}} warning that it "should not be used in citation templates such as Citation Style 1 and Citation Style 2, because it includes markup that will pollute the COinS metadata they produce; see Wikipedia:COinS." -->}} Sababaha saxda ah iyo indexing-ka, mawduucyada tixraacyada ee loo tixraacay ma aha in loo hagaajiyo spelling-ka, laakiin hagaajinta yar ee typographic-ka ah (sida beddelka [[MOS:CURLY|curly quotes]] loo beddelo straight) waxaa lagu sameyn karaa si toos ah. Inline citations ee ku dhex jira qoraalka la xigtay, oo loo tixraaco aan loo isticmaalin maqaalka Wikipedia, waa in si toos ah loo baabi'iyo. Isticmaal [[#Ellipses|ellipses]] si aad u muujiso ka-tagista qoraalka la xigtay. Ka-tagista la xaqijiyay waxaa ku jira erayada aan loo baahnayn, aan la xiriirin, ama parenthetical-ka ah, iyo yaraynta yar ({{!xt|umm}} iyo {{!xt|hmm}}), laakiin ha ka tagin qoraal halka aad sameyso ay baabi'in doonto xaaladda muhiimka ah ama beddeli doonto macnaha qoraalka. Vulgarities iyo obscenities waa in lagu muujiyo si sax ah sida ay ka muuqdaan tixraaca la xigtay; Wikipedians ma aha in waligeed [[Wikipedia:Offensive material#How to treat offensive material in articles|baabi'iyaan erayada]] ({{!xt|G-d d--n it!}}), laakiin haddii qoraalka la xigtay {{em|laikiisu}} uu foomkan u sameyo, copy-garo qoraalka verbatim oo isticmaal {{tlx|sic}} si aad u muujiso in qoraalka loo xigtay sida ka muuqata tixraaca. Xigashooyinka tooska ah, sii wad spelling-ka dialectal iyo archaic-ka ah, ku dhex jirta capitalization-ka (laakiin ma aha glyphs iyo ligatures archaic-ka ah, sida lagu sharraxay ka hooseeya ku dhex jirta {{slink||Typographic conformity}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Quotation point of view"></span>Aragtida=== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTEPOV}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Attributing and specifying biased statements|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Expressions of doubt}} Xigashoda waa in loo isticmaalo, iyadoo la atribuigo, si loo soo bandhigo aragtiyada emotive ee aan lagu muujin karin poxa Wikipedia laikiis, laakiin waligeed ma aha si loo soo bandhigo heerarka culture sida kaliya aragtiyada: *La accepts karo: {{xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film "unforgettable".}} *Aan la accepts karin: {{!xt|The site is considered "sacred" by the religion's scriptures.}} Aragtiyada gaaban ee aan aad uga emotive ahayn caadi ahaan waxaa lagu soo sheegi karaa iyadoo la atribuigo halkii xigashoda tooska ah. Isticmaalka calaamadaha xigmadda ee terms-ka sharraxaadda leh ee gaaban wuxuu [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Expressions of doubt|muujin karaa wax is-dhaafsi ah]] oo ku saabsan maaddada la xigtay; sarcasm ama [[weasel words]], sida ''supposedly'' ama ''so-called'', waxaa lagu muujin karaa. *La accepts karo: {{xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film interesting.}} *Aan loo baahnayn oo muujin kara is-dhaafsi: {{!xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film "interesting".}} *Waa in la xigto: {{xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film "interesting but heart-wrenching".}} ===Typographic conformity=== {{Shortcut|MOS:CONFORM}} {{redirect|MOS:CONFORM|consistency within articles|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Consistency within articles}} Xigashodu ma aha [[wikt:facsimile|facsimile]] oo, xaaladaha badankooda, ma aha shuruud in qaabka asalka ah lagu dhowro. Qaabka iyo elements-ka kale ee typographic-ka ah ee qoraalka la xigtay{{efn|"Qoraalka la xigtay" ee typographic conformity iyo sababaha kale ee badan wuxuu ku dhex jiraa mawduucyada shaqaalaha, magacyada kooxaha, iyo foomamka kale oo, asalkiisa, la xigtay. Tusaale: waxyaabaha sida "Mexican-American War" waxaa si joogto ah loo hagaajiyaa loo beddelo "Mexican–American War" Wikipedia-ha, ku dhex jirta mawduucyada tixraacyada loo tixraacay, ku dhex jirta qoraalka maqaalka, tixraacyada xusuus-qoraalka, ama meelaha kale ee bogga. Kani ma leeyahay athar raadinta shaqaalaha aan tixraacnay, maadaama dhammaan raadinta waaweyn ay baabi'iyaan calaamadaha punctuation-ka.}} waa in lagu dhasheeyo heshiisyada Wikipedia-ha English-ka oo aan lahayn xusuus-qoraal, iyadoo la xaqijiyay in sameynta kani aysan beddeli doonin ama baabi'in doonin macnaha ama inta qoraalka. Kani waa beddelka oo aan samaynayn kala duwanaansho marka qoraalka loo akhrriyo si toos ah; tusaale ahaan: *Normalize dashes iyo hyphens: eeg {{Section link||Dashes}}. Isticmaal qaabka loo doortay maqaalka: unspaced [[em dash]] ama spaced [[en dash]]. *Beddel apostrophes iyo calaamadaha xigmadda loo beddelo qaabka Wikipedia: **Kuwani waa inay noqdaan toos, ma aha curly ama slanted. Eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}}. **Marka aad xigtayso xigasho iyada laikiis ku dhex jirta xigasho, beddel dhexda isticmaalka double iyo single quotes ee xigasho kasta. Eeg {{section link||For a quotation within a quotation}} si aad u ogaato xeel-dheeraan. *Marka aad xigtayso qoraal ka soo baxay luqadaha aan English-ka ahayn, punctuation-ka ka baxsan waa inuu raaco [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation marks|Manual of Style ee calaamadaha xigmadda English-ka]]. Haddii ay jiraan xigashooyinka ku dhex jira, raac shuruudaha punctuation-ka saxda ah ee luqaddaas. Haddii ay jiraan qaabab badan oo luqad ah, midka loo isticmaalay Wikipedia-ha luqaddaas waa ka wanaagsan yahay ilaa punctuation-ka laikiisu uu yahay ku dhex jiro wada-hadal. *:{{xt|The cynical response "{{lang|fr|italic=unset|L'auteur aurait dû demander&nbsp;: «&nbsp;à quoi sert-il d'écrire ceci&nbsp;?&nbsp;» mais ne l'a pas fait}}" was all he wrote.}} *Baabi'i spaces ka hor punctuation-ka sida periods iyo colons. *Caadi ahaan sii wad bold iyo italics {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Italics}})}}, laakiin badankooda qaabka kale waa in loo beddelo qoraal toos ah. {{!xt|{{Underline|Underlining}}}}, {{!xt|spac&nbsp;ing}} ku dhex jirta erayada, {{!xt|1=co<span style="color:Goldenrod;">lor</span>s}}, {{!xt|ALL CAPS}}, {{Smallcaps|{{!xt|small caps}}}}, iyo wixii la mid ah caadi ahaan waa in loo normalize-garayo qoraal toos ah. Haddii ay {{em|caddaynaysay}} muujinayso emphasis, isticmaal italic {{em|emphasis}} ({{tlx|em}}) ama, foomka dhexdiisa oo horey italics ah, boldface (leh {{tlx|strong}}). Mawduucyada buugaagta, maqaallada, gabayada, iyo wixii la mid ah, isticmaal italics ama calaamadaha xigmadda raacaya [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles|hagaha mawduucyada]]. Italics waxaa sidoo kale lagu dari karaa si loogu muujiyo [[#Non-English terms|terms-ka aan English-ka ahayn]] (leh moodalka {{tlx|lang}}), ee [[#Animals, plants, and other organisms|magaca scientific-ka ah ee organism-ka]], iyo si loogu muujiyo isticmaalka [[#Words as words|words-as-words]]. *Fiid gaabinta (aan horey loo isticmaalin mawduuca ka hor xigashoda) sida beddelka square-bracketed, ama ku sharrax iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|abbr}}. *Normalize glyphs iyo ligatures archaic-ka ah ee English-ka ee aan loo baahnayn macnaha (marka laga reebo magacyada saxda ah iyo luqadaha halka ligatures ay yihiin heer, per {{section link||Ampersand}} iyo {{Section link||Ligatures}}). Tusaalooyinka waxaa ku jira ''[[æ]]''→''ae'', ''[[œ]]''→''oe'', ''[[Long s|ſ]]''→''s'', iyo ''[[Thorn (letter)#Abbreviations|þ<sup>e</sup>]]''→''the''. {{crossref|pw=y|Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles#Typographic conformity}} si aad u ogaato waxyaabaha gaarka ah ee loo tixgeliyo normalization-ka typography-ka ee mawduucyada shaqaalaha.}} {{Shortcut|MOS:RETAINQUOTEVARIETY}} {{vanchor|Retain quote variety|text= Laakiin, noocyada qaranka ma aha in loo beddelo, maadaama kuwani ay ku dhex jiri karaan beddelka vocabulary-ka. Tusaale ahaan, xigasho ka soo baxday tixraac British ah waa in ay sii wadato spelling-ka British-ka, xataa maqaal oo haddii kale isticmaala spelling-ka American-ka. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Consistency within articles}}.)}}}} Nambarada sidoo kale caadi ahaan [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Quotations, titles, etc.|ma aha in loo re-format-gareeyo]]. Xigashoda tooska ah ma aha in loo isticmaalo si loo dhowro qaabka loo doorbido ee publisher ka baxsan (gaar ahaan marka maaddadu ay haddii kale noqon lahayd aan la beddelin), maadaama kani wuxuu leeyahay athar ee [[Scare quotes|scare-quoting]]: *{{em|La accepts karo}}: {{xt|The animal is listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.}} *{{em|Aan la accepts karin}}: {{!xt|The animal is listed as "Endangered" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.}} Italics waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loogu muujiyo isticmaalka gaar ah sida [[term of art]] (xaaladda "[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Words as words|words as words]]"), gaar ahaan marka ay tahay mid aan la dhasheyn ama ma aha in loo dib-u-qoro ka magaca aan aheyin expert: *{{em|La accepts karo}}: {{xt|The animal is listed as ''critically endangered'' on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.}} Marka aad xigtayso jumlad dhan, caadi ahaan waxaa lagu taliyaa in erayga ugu horreeya uu sii wado xaraf weyn. Laakiin, haddii qoraalka la xigtay lagu ammaan goyay jumlada dhow (tusaale ahaan, leh hordhac sida "{{var|X}} said that"), xarafka weyn ee asalka ah waxaa loo beddeli karaa xaraf yar. *{{xt|LaVesque's report stated: "The equipment was selected for its low price. This is the primary reason for criticism of the program."}} *{{xt|LaVesque's report said that "the equipment was selected for its low price".}} *{{xt|The program was criticized primarily because "the equipment was selected for its low price", according to LaVesque.}} Caadi ahaan looma baahna in la xuso beddelka capitalization-ka. Laakiin, si loo helo saxnaan dheeraad ah, xarafka la beddelay waxaa lagu lagi karaa ku dhex jira square brackets: {{nobr|"The" → "[t]he".}} *{{xt|The program was criticized primarily because {{nobr|"[t]he}} equipment was selected for its low price", according to LaVesque.}} ===Attribution=== Akhristahu waa inuu awoodaa inuu go'aamiyo tixraaca xigasho kasta, ugu yaraan ka magaca footnote. Tixraacu waa in lagu magacaabo {{em|qoraalka maqaalka}} haddii xigashodu ay tahay aragti {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|Attributing and specifying biased statements}})}}. Marka aad atribuigo-garayso xigasho, ka fogao [[Wikipedia:Words to avoid#Synonyms for said|sharraxaaddeeda foomka biased-ka ah]]. ===Xigashooyinka ku dhex jira xigashooyinka=== Eeg {{section link||For a quotation within a quotation}}. ===Isku xirka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:LINKQUOTE|MOS:LWQ}} Noqo mid dhibco leh marka aad isku xirayso ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka; isku xir kaliya bartilmaameedyada u dhigma macnaha caddaynaya ee loo intended-gareeyay qoraaga xigashoda. Halka ay suurtogal tahay, isku xir qoraalka ka baxsan xigashoda halkii – mid ka hor ama dhowaan ka dambeeya. (Haddii aad xigtayso [[hypertext]], ku dar xusuus-qoraal tifaftirka, {{xt|[link in original]}} ama {{xt|[link added]}}, sida habboon, si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga ku saabsan in isku xirka uu sameeyay qoraaga asalka ah.) ===<span class="anchor" id="Block quotations"></span><span class="anchor" id="Block quotes"></span>Block quotations=== {{Shortcut|MOS:BQ|MOS:BLOCKQUOTE}} U format-garee xigashoda dheer (ka badan 40 eray ama poynti yar oo xarfo ah, ama ka kooban ka badan hal paragraph, iyadoo aan loo eegin dheerka) sida [[block quotation]], iyadoo la isticmaalayo moodalka {{tlx|blockquote}}. Qoraalka lagu muujiyay block quotations iyo quote boxes (eeg ka hooseeya) waa inuusan laikiisu noqon mid lagu duubay calaamadaha xigmadda (ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda waaweyn, "decorative"-style). Block quotations iyo quote boxes oo isticmaalaya luga background ah sidoo kale ma lagu hagal-garayo. Isticmaal {{tnull|blockquote}} iyo markup-ka la midka ah kaliya xigashooyinka dhabta ah; [[#Indentation|indentation-ka sababaha kale]] waxaa loo sameeyay foom kale. Waa heshiis in lagu hor maro block quotation jumlad hordhac ah (ama qayb jumlad ah) oo lagu daro citation-ka tixraaca xarkaas. Alternativamente, moodalka {{tnull|blockquote}} wuxuu bixiyaa parameters ee attribution iyo citation oo ka muuqan doona ka hooseeya xigashoda. {{crossref|pw=y|(Ee isticmaalka dashes leh attributions, eeg {{section link||Other uses for em dashes}}.)}} Qaabkan attribution-ka ee ka hooseeya xigashoda waxaa loo intended-gareeyay xigashooyinka caanka ah oo ma aha caadi maqaallada sababtoo ah wuxuu ku oki lahaa tone aan habboonayn. Xigasho aan lahayn tixraac loo tixraacay waa in lagu calaamadeeyo {{tlx|quote without source}}, ama la baabi'iyo. Maadaama line breaks iyo indentation caadi ahaan lagu baabi'iyo ku dhex jirta {{tnull|blockquote}} ama {{tag|blockquote|o}}, isticmaal {{xtag|poem}} ama {{tlx|poem quote}} gabayada, lyrics, iyo maaddada la midka ah. Maaddadaas waxaa sidoo cuali ahaan loo xigtay karaa inline, leh line breaks oo lagu muujiyay <code><nowiki>{{nbsp}}/</nowiki></code>, iyo paragraph ama stanza breaks oo lagu muujiyay <code><nowiki>{{nbsp}}//</nowiki></code>. Tusaale ahaan: {{xt|"And, as in uffish thought he stood,{{nbsp}}/ The Jabberwock, with eyes of flame,{{nbsp}}/ Came whiffling through the tulgey wood,{{nbsp}}/ And burbled as it came!{{nbsp}}// One, two! One, two! And through and through{{nbsp}}/ The vorpal blade went snicker-snack!"}} {{Shortcut|MOS:BOXQUOTE|MOS:PQ|MOS:PULLQUOTE}} {{va|Pull quotes|Pull quote|Pull quotations|nocquote|text={{tlx|Quote box}} waa alternative ee inline quote ama block quote. Quote boxes waxaa lagu muujiyaa foom gaar ah (la mid ah sawirrada) oo waxay ugu wanaagsan yihiin xigashooyinka muhiimka ah ama sanado ah. Waxay samayn karaan [[WP:POV|point of view]] ama [[WP:UNDUE|undue weight]] arrimo, sababtoo ah xigashooyinka ma lagu lagayo xaaladda ama ma lagu ammaan goyo qoraalka maqaalka. Sidaas darteed, waa in loo isticmaalo si dhibco leh.}} [[Pull quote]]s ma aha kuwo ka mid ah maqaallada Wikipedia. Kuwani waa [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not news|news iyo magazine style]] oo ku saabsan "pulling" maaddada horey ku dhex jirtay maqaalka si loo dib-u-isticmaalo xigashooyinka decorative-ka ah ee soo jiidata attention-ka. Qaabkan unencyclopedic-ka ah waa foom ka mid ah [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Editorializing|editorializing]], wuxuuna soo saaraa [[Wikipedia:Writing better articles#Provide context for the reader|out-of-context]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Due and undue weight|undue emphasis]], oo wuxuu [[Wikipedia:No original research|keeni karaa akhristaha go'aanno]] aan lagu taageerin maaddada. Xigashoda badan ee qoraalka la dhowray (haddii ay u format-gareeyay sida blockquote ama kale, oo xataa haddii lagu credited-gareeyay tixraaciisa) waa la xannibay. Eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Quotations#Copyrighted material and fair use}}. ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign-language quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka aan English-ka ahayn=== {{Shortcut|MOS:FOREIGNQUOTE|}} Xigashooyinka ka soo baxday tixraacyada aan English-ka ahayn waa inay ka muuqdaan turjumaad loo beddelay English, ugu wanaagsan mid cusub{{efn|name=recent}}. Xigashooyinka ah turjumaada waa in si toos ah loo kala saaro kuwa aan ahayn. Muuji tixraaca asalka ah ee turjumaada (haddii uu yahay mid la heley karo, oo aan markii ugu horreysay lagu daabacin ku dhex jirta Wikipedia), iyo luqadda asalka ah (haddii aysan caddayn xaaladda). Haddii qoraalka asalka ah ee aan la turjumin uu yahay mid la heley karo, bixi tixraac iyada ama ku dar iyada, sida habboon. Marka tifaftireyaasha laikiisu ay turjumaan qoraalka loo beddelo English,{{efn|[[Wikipedia:No original research#Translations and transcriptions|Turjumaada laikiisu ma u baahna tixraac marka uu sameeyo tifaftire]]; laakiin xigashooyinka loo isticmaalay ku dhex jirta [[WP:REF|tixraacyada]], [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Quoting|turjumaada ka soo baxday tixraacyada lagu aamini karo waa ka wanaagsan yihiin]], ama [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Citing|tixraacyada luqadda English-ka ee ka wanaagsan]] .}} daryeel waa in mar walba loo qaado si lagu dhex jiro qoraalka asalka ah, {{em|[[MOS:FOREIGNITALIC|ku dhex jira italics]]}} ([[MOS:BADITALICS|marka laga reebo dhismaha scripts-ka aan Latin-ka ahayn]], oo ugu wanaagsan lagu sameyo moodallada {{tlx|lang}} ama {{tlx|langx}}, oo labaduba italics-gareynaya sida habboon oo bixinaya luqadda metadata); iyo si loo isticmaalo erayada dhabta ah iyo (haddii ay suurtogal tahay) erayada caadiga ah ee English-ka ku dhex jira turjumaada. Ilaa aad ka si dhab ah uga ogaato competency-gaaga aad wax ku turjumayso, eeg [[Wikipedia:Translation]] si aad u hesho taageero. ==Punctuation== {{Shortcut|MOS:PUNCT}} {{For|a brief guide to how some punctuation marks are used in Wikipedia for special purposes, e.g., [[Help:List#List basics|description lists]]|Help:Punctuation}} ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign characters that resemble apostrophes"></span>Apostrophes=== {{Shortcut|MOS:'|MOS:APOSTROPHE}} *Isticmaal [[straight apostrophe]]s ({{big|{{mxt|'}}}}), ma aha [[curly apostrophe]]s ({{big|{{!mxt|’}}}}). Ha isticmaalin accent marks ama [[backtick]]s ({{big|{{!mxt|`}}}}) sida apostrophes. *Moodallada sida {{tlx|`}} iyo {{tlx|`s}} waxay leeyihiin taageero marka apostrophe (ama single quote) ka muuqdo bilowga ama dhamaadka qoraalka ku dhex jira italics ama bold, sababtoo ah italics iyo bold laikiisu waxaa lagu muujiyaa noocyada single quotes. **Marka apostrophe raaco qoraalka italics-ka ah, {{tlx|'}} ama {{tlx|'s}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si looga fogaado xarafka ugu dambeeya ee qoraalka dhanka midig ah inuu isku xiro apostrophe-ka. Tusaale: {{xt|the ''Iliad''{{'s}} themes}} (markup: {{nobreak|<code><nowiki>the ''Iliad''{{'s}} themes</nowiki></code>}}). *Xarfaha u okiya apostrophes iyo curly quotes, sida [[{{okina}}okina]] ({{mxt|{{okina}}}}{{snd}}la dhex geliyo iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|okina}}), [[Saltillo (linguistics)|saltillo]] ({{mxt|{{saltillo}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|saltillo}}), Hebrew [[ayin]] ama Arabic ʿayn ({{mxt|{{ayin}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|ayin}}), iyo Arabic [[hamza]] ({{mxt|{{hamza}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|hamza}}), waa in lagu muujiyo moodalladaas ama xarfaha laikiis ee [[Unicode]]. (Basic Arabic transliteration, oo isticmaala ASCII apostrophe, waxaa ka wanaagsan xaaladaha badankooda ka magaca [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Arabic]]; xarfaha kale kani waxaa loo isticmaalaa kaliya transliteration-ka saxda ah.) **Moodallada ma loo isticmaali karo mawduucyada maqaalka; isticmaal xarafka Unicode-ka ee u dhigma toos. Per {{Section link|Wikipedia:Article titles#Special characters}}, sidoo kale samee redirection ka soo baxay foomka ASCII-ka ah si loogu taageero raadinta. Foomamka aan lahayn xarfaha apostrophe-ka oo kale marna waxaa ka wanaagsan ka magaca {{Section link|Wikipedia:Article titles# Use commonly recognizable names}} (t.s. [[Hawaii]] laakiin ma aha [[Keali{{okina}}i Reichel]]). *:{{crossref|pw=y|Sidoo kale eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles|Orthography, spelling and formatting}}}} *Ee [[Wade–Giles]] romanizations ee Mandarin Chinese, isticmaal {{tlx|wg-apos}}. *Luqadaha leh [[ejective consonants]] iyo wixii la mid ah, isticmaal {{tlx|hamza}}. *Ee Cyrillic [[soft sign]], marka lagu muujiyo dhammaan, isticmaal {{tlx|softsign}} ama {{tlx|hamza}}. *Ee isticmaalka possessive apostrophe-ka, eeg {{section link||Possessives}}. *Ee xeel-dheeraanta isticmaalka apostrophe-ka (possessive, elision, formation ee plurals qaarkood, arrimo luqadaha aan English-ka ahayn), eeg maqaalka [[Apostrophe]]. ===Calaamadaha xigmadda=== {{Shortcut|MOS:"|MOS:QUOTEMARKS|}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotations}} Maaddada ka hooseysa, term-ka ''quotation'' wuxuu ku dhex jiraa isticmaalka caadiga ah ee calaamadaha xigmadda sida mawduucyada noocyada, chapters-ka, episodes-ka, iyo wixii la mid ah. Calaamadaha xigmadda sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaalaa xaaladaha kale, sida [[#Animals, plants, and other organisms|magacyada cultivar]]. ====Calaamadaha xigmadda xarfaha==== {{Shortcut|MOS:CQ|MOS:CURLY|MOS:STRAIGHT}} *Isticmaal {{xt|{{big|<b>"</b>}}straight{{big|<b>"</b>}}}} calaamadaha xigmadda, ma aha {{!xt|{{big|<b>“</b>}}curly{{big|<b>”</b>}}}} kuwo. (Ee [[single quotes]]: {{xt|{{big|<b>'</b>}}straight{{big|<b>'</b>}}}}, ma aha {{!xt|{{big|<b>‘</b>}}curly{{big|<b>’</b>}}}}.) *Ha isticmaalin accent marks, backticks ({{!xt|{{big|'''`'''}}text{{big|'''´'''}}}}), low–high ({{!xt|„&nbsp;“}}), corner brackets ({{!xt|「&nbsp;」}}), [[guillemet]]s ({{!xt|«&nbsp;»}}), ama [[Chinese punctuation#Book title marks|title marks]] ({{!xt|《&nbsp;》}}) sida calaamadaha xigmadda (marka laga reebo marka marks-kaas ay yihiin {{em|internal}} ee qoraalka aan English-ka ahayn ee la xigtay{{snd}}eeg {{slink||Typographic conformity}}). Symbols-ka {{!xt|′}} iyo {{!xt|″}} ee ka muuqda edit window dropdowns waa "[[prime (symbol)|prime]]" iyo "double prime" sida ay u kala horreeyaan: kuwani waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loogu muujiyo [[Minute and second of arc|units of angular measurement]], oo ma aha sida apostrophes ama quote marks. *Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo apostrophes ee maaddada la import-gareeyay [[#Typographic conformity|waa in loo beddelo]] haddii ay noqoto lagama maarmaan si loo raaco sare. ====<span id="Double or single quotation marks"></span><span id="Single quotation marks"></span>Double ama single==== {{Shortcut|MOS:SINGLE|MOS:DOUBLE|}} *Badankooda xigashooyinku waxay qaataan calaamadaha xigmadda double-ka ah ({{xt|Welles said: "It was a terrible situation."}}),{{efn|1=Double quotation marks waxaa ka wanaagsan single sababtoo ah waxay si toos ah uga kala duwan yihiin apostrophes: *{{!xt|She wrote that 'Cleanthes' differs from the others', but neither opinion may represent Hume's'}} (wuxuu yareeyaa akhristaha). *{{xt|She wrote that "Cleanthes' differs from the others', but neither opinion may represent Hume's"}} (caddayn badan). }} marka laga reebo xigashooyinka ku dhex jira (eeg ka hooseeya). *Plant cultivars waxay qaataan calaamadaha xigmadda single-ka ah ({{xt|''Malus domestica'' 'Golden Delicious'}}; eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora)]]). *[[Gloss (annotation)#In linguistics|Glosses]] oo turjumaya ama definining-garaynaya terms aan la dhasheyn (marka la isticmaalayo [[MOS:WORDSASWORDS|words as words]]) waxay qaataan single quotes; glosses-ka gaaban ma u baahna comma ka hor definition-ka ({{xt|''Cossack'' originates from [[Cuman language|Cuman]] {{lang|qwm|proto=yes|qazaq}} 'freebooter'; ''republic'' comes from Latin {{lang|la|res publica}}, loosely meaning 'public affair'.}}). Moodalka {{tl|Gloss}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa tan; t.s. <code>{{tlp|lang|es|casa}} {{tlf|gloss|house}}</code> wuxuu soo saaraa: {{lang|es|casa}} {{gloss|house}}. Ee turjumaada tooska ah, moodalka {{tl|Literal translation}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa; wuxuu dhex gelyaa {{xt|lit.}} ka hor gloss-ka. ====Ee xigasho ku dhex jirta xigasho==== {{Shortcut|MOS:QWQ|}} Isticmaal single quotes: *{{xt|Darwin wrote in his introduction that "the maxim 'de minimis lex non curat' does not apply to science".}} Ee dhismaha dheeraad ah, beddel dhexda single iyo double quotes: *{{xt|He said, "That book asserts, 'Confucius said "Everything has beauty, but not everyone sees it.{{" ' "}}}} Ee quote marks ee uusocodka tooska ah, ku dar space yar iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{nowrap|{{tl|" '}}}}, {{nowrap|{{tl|' "}}}}, ama (sida tusaale ahaan halkan loo dhiibay) {{nowrap|{{tl|" ' "}}}}: *{{xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!{{' "}}}} Markup: <code>He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!{{tl|' "}}</code> *{{!xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!'"}} (jamming garaynta waxyaabaha waxay u okisaa si xun fonts badankooda) *{{!xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!'{{nbsp}}"}} (space caadi ah wuxuu leeyahay inta badan) ====<span id="Quotation marks in article openings"></span>Bilowga maqaalka==== {{Shortcut|MOS:BOLDQUOTE}} Qoraalka bold-ka ah oo caadi ahaan ka muuqda bilowga maqaalka: *Calaamad kasta oo xigmadda ah oo qayb ka mid ah mawduuca waa in ay noqoto bold sida qaybta hartay ee mawduuca. **Ka soo baxay ''[["A" Is for Alibi]]'': {{xt|'''''"A" Is for Alibi''''' is a mystery novel&nbsp;...}} *Calaamadaha xigmadda ee {{em|aan}} qayb ka mid ah mawduuca ma aha in ay noqdaan bold. **Ka soo baxay [[Jabberwocky]]: {{xt|"'''Jabberwocky'''" is a nonsense poem&nbsp;...}} **Ka soo baxay [[Babe Ruth]]: {{xt|'''George Herman''' "'''Babe'''" '''Ruth''' was an American baseball player&nbsp;...}} {{crossref|pw=y|(Sidoo kale eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography|Nicknames}}.)}} ====Punctuation ka hor xigashooyinka==== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTEPUNCT}} Haddii dhisma aan la xigtay laakiin kale oo u dhigma uu shaqayn lahaa grammatically aan lahayn comma, isticmaalka comma ka hor xigasho oo lagu ammaan goyay jumlad waa dookh: *{{xt|The report stated "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} ([[wikt:cf.|Cf.]] aan la xigtay {{xt|The report stated there was a 45% reduction in transmission rate.}}) *{{xt|The report stated, "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} Qaabka aan lahayn comma ka sanado badan waxaa loo isticmaalaa xigashooyinka qaybta ah: *{{xt|The report observed "a 45% reduction in transmission rate".}} Comma waxaa loo baahan yahay marka ay ka muuqan lahayd dhismaha oo kale haddii maaddada aan ayan ahayn xigasho: *{{xt|In Margaret Mead's view, "we must recognize the whole gamut of human potentialities" to enrich our culture.}} Ha dhex gelin comma haddii ay is-dhaafsi keeni karto ama beddeli karto macnaha: *{{xt|Caitlyn Jenner expressed concerns about children "who are coming to terms with being true to who they are".}} (Xigasho sax ah oo ka soo baxday foomka ku saabsan {{em|carruurta qaarkood}}{{snd}}gaar ahaan carruurtaas "who are coming to terms{{nbsp}}...") *{{!xt|Caitlyn Jenner expressed concerns about children, "who are coming to terms with being true to who they are".}} (Beddelaa macnaha si loogu muujiyo Jenner in ay muujinaysay concern ku saabsan {{em|dhammaan}} carruurta, inta la dhiibay in carruurtu, guud ahaan, "are coming to terms{{nbsp}}...") Waxay ka caddayn tahay in loo isticmaalo colon si loo soo bandhigo xigasho haddii ay samaynayso jumlad dhan, iyo kani waa in mar walba loo sameyo xigashooyinka jumlado badan leeh: *{{xt|The report stated: "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} *{{xt|In a letter to his son, Albert Einstein wrote: "Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance you must keep moving."}} Punctuation dheeraad ah ma aha mid lagama maarmaan ah ee tooska ah [[#Words as words|words-as-words]] xaaladda: *{{xt|The message was unintelligible except for the fragments "help soon" and "how much longer before".}} ====<span class="anchor" id="Quotation marks-Titles"></span><span id="Quotation marks with names and titles"></span>Magacyada iyo mawduucyada==== {{/titles hatnote include|where=MOS#P-QM-N&T}} Calaamadaha xigmadda waa in loo isticmaalo magacyada iyo mawduucyada soo socda: {{columns-list|colwidth=27em| *Maqaallada iyo chapters-ka (buugaagta iyo periodicals waa italics) *Sheekooyinka gaaban (buugaagta iyo periodicals waa italics) *Qaybaha muusigga (pieces waa italics) *Strips-ka gaarka ah ee comics iyo webcomics (comics waa italics) *Gabayada (gabayada dheer ama epic waa italics) *Noocyada (albums, song cycles, operas, operettas, iyo oratorios waa italics) *Episodes-ka gaarka ah ee taxanaha TV-ga iyo radio-ga iyo [[Serial (radio and television)|serials]] (mawduuca taxanaha waa italics){{efn|1="Mawduuca taxanaha waa italics" wuxuu isticmaalayaa ''taxanaha'' si loogu macneeyo show-ga dhan. Season (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay ''series'' ee British English-ka) leh mawduuciisa laikiis wuxuu isticmaalaa calaamadaha xigmadda mawduucaas, sida sub-work.}} }} {{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The Beatles wrote "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" for their album ''Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band''.}} Ha isticmaalin calaamadaha xigmadda ama italics ee qoraallada hore, concert tours, meelaha, cibaadooyinka, myths, iyo epics. (Kuwa badan, laakiin ma aha dhammaan, oo ka mid ah waxyaabahaani [[#Titles of works|waa inay sidoo kale ku dhex jirin title case]].) ====<span class="anchor" id="LP"></span><span class="anchor" id="LQ"></span><span class="anchor" id="TQ"></span><span class="anchor" id="logical quotes"></span><span id="Punctuation inside or outside quotation marks"></span>Punctuation ku dhex jirta ama ka baxsan==== {{Shortcut|MOS:LQ|MOS:LOGICAL|MOS:INOROUT}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Logical quotation on Wikipedia|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Effect on nearby punctuation}}<!-- Another kind of punctuation "in or out". EDITORS PLEASE NOTE: Changes to this section may escalate into heated dispute. Please consider raising any proposed changes for discussion and consensus-building on the talk page before editing. --> Isticmaal qaabka [[logical quotation]] dhammaan maqaallada, iyadoo aan loo eegin nooca English-ka oo lagu qoray. Ku dar punctuation-ka dhamaadka ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda kaliya haddii uu ka muuqday maaddada asalka ah, oo haddii kale u lag ka dambaysta calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. Qaybta badankeeda, kani wuxuu macneynayaa u treats-garaynta periods iyo commas foomkaas oo kale sida question marks: sii wad ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda haddii ay ku dabaqmaan kaliya maaddada la xigtay iyo ka baxsan haddii ay ku dabaqmaan jumlada dhan. Tusaalooyinka waxaa loo dhiibay ka hooseeya. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Did Darla say, "Here I am"?}} (question mark wuxuu ku dabaqmaa jumlada dhan) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|Did Darla say, "Here I am?"}} (aan sax ahayn in lagu dabaqo question mark xigashoda) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Darla said, "Where am I?"}} (question mark wuxuu ku dabaqmaa maaddada la xigtay kaliya) Haddii xigashodu ay tahay eray gaar ah ama qayb jumlad ah, u lag punctuation-ka dhamaadka ka baxsan calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. Marka aad xigtayso jumlad dhan, dhamaadka oo u dhigma dhamaadka jumlada ku dhex jirta, u lag punctuation-ka dhamaadka ku dhex jira calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. *{{xt|Miller wanted, he said, "to create something timeless".}} *{{xt|Miller said: "I wanted to create something timeless."}} Haddii jumlada la xigtay ay raacdo [[clause]] oo waa in uu ka horreeyo comma, ka tag [[full stop]] (period), iyo ha u beddelin comma {{em|ku dhex jirta}} xigashoda.{{efn|Kani waa foomka ugu muhiimsan oo uu logical quotation ku kala duwan yahay isticmaalka punctuation-ka wargaysyada British-ka, halka publishers badan ay u ilayeeyaan beddelkaas maaddada la xigtay, oo ka aghas ah saxnaanta dhismaha logical punctuation-ka.}} Terminal punctuation kale, sida question marks ama exclamation marks, waxaa lagu dhowri karaa. *{{xt|Livingston then said, "It is done", and turned to the people.}} *{{xt|Livingston then exclaimed, "It is done!", and turned to the people.}} Haddii jumlada la xigtay ay raacdo clause oo aqoonsanaya speaker-ka, isticmaal comma ka baxsan calaamadda xigmadda halkii full stop ku dhex jira, laakiin sii wad terminal punctuation kasta oo kale, sida question mark. *{{xt|"There is no strife, no prejudice, no national conflict in outer space as yet", said Kennedy.}} *{{xt|By asking "Who are you?", she prompts John to tell his story.}} Ha raacin erayada ama qaybaha la xigtay commas ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda, marka laga reebo halka xigasho dheer lagu baabi'iyay iyo comma uu yahay qayb ka mid ah xigashoda dhan. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change, opening the way to confidence and courage", said Turner.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change," said Turner, "opening the way to confidence and courage."}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change, opening the way", said Turner, "to confidence and courage."}} *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|"I began to change, opening the way," said Turner, "to confidence and courage."}} ==== Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo isqu xirka ka baxsan ==== Isqu xirka ka baxsan ee u socda mawduucyada maqaallada waa in ay leeyihiin mawduuca ku dhex jira quotes ku dhex jira isqu xirka. Moodallada tixraaca ee [[Help:Citation Style 1|CS1]] iyo [[Help:Citation Style 2|CS2]] waxay sameynayaan tan si otomaatig ah, iyo tixraacyada aan moodalka lahayn waa inay sameeyaan foomkan oo kale. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|{{cite news |last1=Kiefer |first1=Francine |title=Clinton: The Early Years |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |date=May 29, 1998 |ref=none}}}} (Isticmaalka {{tl|cite news}}) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt| Kiefer, Francine (May 29, 1998). [https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html "Clinton: The Early Years"]. ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''.}} (Aan moodal lahayn) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt| Kiefer, Francine (May 29, 1998). "[https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html Clinton: The Early Years]". ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''.}} (Aan moodal lahayn) ==== Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo isqu xirka ku dhex jira ==== Isqu xirka ku dhex jira (wikilinks) oo ay la socdaan calaamadaha xigmadda caadi ahaan waa inay leeyihiin quotes ka baxsan isqu xirka. Kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa mawduucyada shaqaalaha ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda (noocyada, episodes-ka, iyo wixii la mid ah) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Play it, Sam. Play "[[As Time Goes By (song)|As Time Goes By]]".}} (Isticmaalka <code><nowiki>"[[ ]]"</nowiki></code>.) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|Play it, Sam. Play [[As Time Goes By (song)|"As Time Goes By"]].}} (Isticmaalka <code><nowiki>[[" "]]</nowiki></code>.) Laakiin, calaamadaha xigmadda waxaa loo baahan yahay ku dhex jira wikilinks marka calaamadda xigmadda ay tahay qayb ka mid ah isqu xirka, ama halka qoraalka isqu xirka leh ee muuqda uu ku dhex jiro calaamadaha xigmadda oo muujinaya slang, nicknames, magacyada caadiga ah, ama isticmaalka la midka ah. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The term ''soccer'' comes from [[Oxford "-er"|Oxford {{nowrap|"-er"}}]] slang, which was prevalent at the [[University of Oxford]] in England from about 1875...}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|A Cockney accent [[Rhoticity in English|drops the "r"]] after a vowel.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The [[Dynamo Sports Club|Proletarian Sports Society "Dynamo"]] was established in Moscow in 1923.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|President Suharto's [[New Order (Indonesia)|"New Order"]] administration received US support for its economic policies.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Japan's [[Lost Decades|"Lost Decades"]] began in 1991.}} ===Brackets iyo parentheses=== {{Shortcut|MOS:()|MOS:BRACKETS}} {{Redirect|MOS:PAREN|use of parentheses (round brackets) in article titles|WP:Article titles#Parenthetical disambiguation|deprecated inline parenthetical citations|WP:Citing sources#Parenthetical referencing}} Qaybtan waxay ku dabaqmaysaa labadaba round brackets {{xt|(&nbsp;)}}, sidoo cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay [[Bracket|parentheses]], iyo square brackets {{xt|[&nbsp;]}}. Haddii jumlad ay ku dhex jirto foom bracketed ah, u lag punctuation-ka jumlada ka baxsan brackets-ka {{xt|(sida halkan loo muujiyay).}} Laakiin, halka hal ama ka badan jumlado ay ku dhex jiraan brackets-ka dhan, u lag punctuation-kooda ku dhex jira brackets-ka. Waa inuusan jirin space dhow dhanka ku dhex jira ee bracket-ka. Bracket-ka oo starts-garoogaya caadi ahaan waa inuu ka horreeyo space. Kani ma noqon karo xaaladda haddii uu ka horreeyo calaamad xigmadda oo starts-garoogaysa, bracket kale oo starts-garoogaya, ama qayb ka mid ah eray: *{{xt|He rose to address the meeting: "(Ahem)&nbsp;... Ladies and gentlemen, welcome!"}} *{{xt|Only the royal characters in the play ([Prince] Hamlet and his family) habitually speak in blank verse.}} *{{xt|We journeyed on the Inter[continental].}} *{{xt|Most people are right-handed. (Some people are left-handed, but that does not make right-handed people "better" than left-handed people.)}} Waa inuu jiro space ka dambeeya bracket-ka xiritaanka, marka laga reebo halka punctuation mark uu raaco (inkastoo spaced dash uu sii wadi doono space ka dambeeya bracket-ka xiritaanka) iyo xaaladaha aan caadiga ahayn ee la midka ah kuwa lagu tirtiray bracket-ka starts-garoogaya. Ka fogao kooxaha dhow ee brackets-ka. Mid ka mid ah u lag foomamka parenthetical-ka ah ku dhex jirta hal koox oo lagu kala saaray semicolons, ama dib-u-qor: *{{em|Ka fogao}}: {{!xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919) (also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader.}} *{{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: {{xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919; also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader.}} *{{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: {{xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader. He was also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv.}} Square brackets waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loogu muujiyo beddelka tifaftirka iyo dhex-gelinta ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka, inkastoo kani waligeed ma aha inuu beddelo macnaha loo intended-gareeyay. Waxay u adeegaan saddex sababood oo waaweyn: *Si loo caddayo: {{xt|She attended [secondary] school}}, halka kani uu ahaa macnaha loo intended-gareeyay, laakiin nooca school-ka uusan ahayn mid lagu dhiibay jumlada asalka ah. *Si loo yareeyo dheerka xigashoda: {{xt|X contains Y, and under certain circumstances, X may contain Z as well}} waxaa loo yareeyn karaa {{xt|X contains Y [and sometimes Z]}}. Marka ellipsis ({{xt|...}}) loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo maaddada ka baxday xigashoda tooska ah, caadi ahaan ma aha in lagu duubo bracket. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Ellipses}} si aad u ogaato xaaladda gaarka ah.)}} *Si loo sameyo grammar-ka inuu shaqeeyo: Tixraacaya foomka dadka {{xt|"I hate to do laundry"}}, ein wuxuu sax ah ugu qori karaa {{xt|She "hate[s] to do laundry"}}. Haddii jumlad ay ku dhex jirta maaddo subsidiary ah oo lagu duubay square ama round brackets, waa in ay sii wadato terminal punctuation {{em|ka dambaysa}} brackets-kaas, iyadoo aan loo eegin punctuation kasta oo ku dhex jira brackets-ka. {{Block indent|{{xt|She refused all requests (except for basics such as food, medicine, etc.).}}}} Laakiin, haddii jumlada dhan ay ku dhex jirta brackets-ka, punctuation-ka xiritaanka wuxuu ku dhex jiraa brackets-ka. {{xt|(This sentence is an example.)}} ====Brackets iyo isqu xirka==== Square brackets ku dhex jira isqu xirka waa inay noqdaan kuwo [[Escape character|escaped]] ah: {| class="wikitable" | He said, "<code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[[John Doe|John &amp;#91;Doe&amp;#93;]]</nowiki>}}</code> answered." || He said, "[[John Doe|John &#91;Doe&#93;]] answered." |- | He said, "<code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[[John Doe|John {{bracket|Doe}}]]</nowiki>}}</code> answered." || He said, "[[John Doe|John {{bracket|Doe}}]] answered." |- | <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[https://example.com On the first day &amp;#91;etc.&amp;#93;]</nowiki>}}</code> || [https://example.com On the first day &#91;etc.&#93;] |- | <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[https://example.com On the first day {{bracket|etc.}}]</nowiki>}}</code> || [https://example.com On the first day {{bracket|etc.}}] |} Markup-ka {{xtag|nowiki}} sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaali karaa: {{tag|nowiki|content=[Doe]}} ama {{tag|nowiki|content=[etc.]}}. Haddii URL laikiisu uu ku dhex jiro square brackets, wikitext-ku waa inuu isticmaalo foomka [[URL encoding|URL-encoded]] ah <code><nowiki>https://</nowiki>example.com/foo.php?query={{bxt|%5B}}xxx{{bxt|%5D}}yyy</code>, halkii&nbsp;...<code>query={{!bxt|&#91;}}xxx{{!bxt|&#93;}}yyy</code>. Kani wuxuu ka fogaan doonaa baabi'inta isqu xirka ka dambaysa <code>xxx</code>. ====Angle brackets==== :''Ee guillemets («&nbsp;»), eeg {{section link|#Quotation characters}}'' Angle brackets (⟨&nbsp;⟩) waxaa loo isticmaalaa mawduucyada tignoolajiyada ee kala duwan, sida physics-ka ee [[bra–ket notation]] iyo [[Expectation value (quantum mechanics)|expectation value]] (t.s. {{xt|⟨''φ''{{!}}''ψ''⟩}}), mathematics-ka ee [[presentation of a group]], iyo linguistics-ka si loogu muujiyo [[grapheme]]s (t.s. {{xt|the digraph ⟨sh⟩}}). Ha isticmaalin less-than iyo greater-than signs (<&nbsp;>) sida angle brackets (t.s. {{!xt|<''φ''{{!}}''ψ''>}}, {{!xt|the digraph <sh>}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipses"></span><span class="anchor" id="..."></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis style"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis function and implementation"></span>Ellipses=== {{Shortcut|MOS:...|MOS:ELLIPSIS|}} Isticmaal ''[[ellipsis]]'' haddii maaddadu ay ka baxday xigashoda, ilaa square brackets loo isticmaalo si loo [[Gloss (annotation)|gloss]] xigashoda. *Ee prose iyo non-LaTeX mathematics formulae, ellipses waxaa lagu qoraa iyadoo la isticmaalayo saddex unspaced dots ({{xt|<code>...</code>}}); ha isticmaalin xarafka precomposed ellipsis-ka ah ({{!xt|<code>…</code>}})<!-- Possibly we should explain the precomposed character in terms of its code point or something --> ama saddex dots oo lagu kala saaray spaces {{nobr|({{!xt|<code>. . .</code>}})}} *Caadi ahaan, isticmaal non-breaking space ka hor ellipsis iyo space caadi ah ka dambaystiisa: {{nobr|{{xt|Alpha, Bravo,{{tl|nbsp}}... Zulu}}}} *Haddii ellipsis uu raaco <code>.&nbsp;?&nbsp;!&nbsp;:&nbsp;;&nbsp;,&nbsp;)&nbsp;]&nbsp;}</code> ama calaamad xigmadda oo xiritaanka ah (single ama double), ka tag space-ka ka dambaysa. U lag terminal punctuation ku dhex jira quote-ka kaliya haddii uu yahay mid muhiim ah qoraalka, sida caadi ahaan ah xaaladda exclamation marks iyo question marks laakiin dhifka ah periods: *: {{xt|Jones wrote: "These stories amaze me. The facts suffer so frightfully{{tlf|nbsp}}...".}} *: {{xt|"But what of the other cities? London, Paris{{tlf|nbsp}}...?"}} * Haddii ellipsis uu toos u raaco calaamad xigmadda oo starts-garoogaysa, kaliya isticmaal non-breaking space ka dambaystiisa: *: {{xt|He continued to pursue Smith ("...{{tlf|nbsp}}to the ends of the earth", he had sworn) until his own death.}} *{{Visible anchor|text=Si loo kala saaro ellipsis oo muujinaya qoraalka ka baxay iyo mid ka mid ah quote-ka, waxaad ku duubi kartaa kan kowaad square brackets: {{xt|She retorted: "How do I feel? How do you {{em|think}} I&nbsp;... This is too much!&nbsp;[...] Take me home!"}}|With square brackets}} *{{Visible anchor|text=Marka ellipsis loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo pause ama suspense ee speech-ka, sii wad punctuation-ka asalka ah: {{xt|Virginia's startled reply was "Could he&nbsp;...? No, I can't believe it!"}}. Marka loo isticmaalo ku dhex jira eray aan dhammaystirnayn, ma jiro space loo isticmaalo dhexda erayga qaybtiisa iyo ellipsis-ka: {{xt|The garbled transmission ended with "We are stranded near San L...o", interpreted as either San Leandro or San Lorenzo.}}|Pause or suspension of speech}} *In LaTeX-formatted mathematics formulae, isticmaal LaTeX markup-ka saxda ah ee lowered dots (<code>\dots</code>, <math>\dots</math>) ama xarfaha precomposed-ka ah oo leeh dots meelaha kale (sida centered ama diagonal, ⋯, ⋰, ama ⋱) ===<span class="anchor" id="fewer commas"></span>Commas=== {{Shortcut|MOS:,|MOS:COMMA}} Pair ka mid ah [[comma]]s wuxuu bracket-garayn karaa [[appositive]], [[relative clause]], ama [[parenthetical phrase]] (sida brackets ama dashes, inkastoo leh interruption dheeraad ah ee jumlada). Tusaale ahaan: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|John Smith, Janet Cooper's son, is a well-known playwright.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Janet Cooper's son John Smith is a well-known playwright.}} (marka Janet ay leedahay sons badan) {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Janet Cooper's son, John Smith, is a well-known playwright.}} (marka Janet ay leedahay kaliya hal son) {{!}}} }} Mar walba isticmaal {{em|pair}} ka mid ah commas ee tan, ilaa punctuation mark kale uu qaado meesha comma-ka labaad: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Blunt comments came from the newest member, John Smith.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|The newest member, John Smith{{snd}}a retired teacher{{snd}}was blunt.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|The newest member, John Smith was blunt.}}<!-- There's actually a way to parse this such that it would be acceptable in some styles, but WP articles don't use such styles. --> {{!}}} }} Ha u ilayn punctuation-ka kale inuu kaaga baabi'iyo u baahnaanta comma, gaar ahaan marka comma uu collided-garayyo bracket ama parenthesis: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Burke and Wills, fed by locals (on beans, fish, and ''ngardu''), survived for a few months.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Burke and Wills, fed by locals (on beans, fish, and ''ngardu'') survived for a few months.}} {{!}}} }} {{Shortcut|MOS:GEOCOMMA}} {{vanchor|Geographical references|text=In geographical references oo ku dhex jiraan heerarka badan ee subordinate divisions (t.s. city, state/province, country), comma wuxuu kala saaraa element kasta wuxuuna raacaa element-ka ugu dambeeya ilaa uu raaco terminal punctuation ama parenthesis-ka xiritaanka. Element-ka ugu dambeeya waxaa loo treats-garaysay sida [[Wikipedia:Basic copyediting#Parenthetical comma|parenthetical]].}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|He traveled through North Carolina before staying in Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the night.}}<!-- About a 10-hour drive if he started in Virginia Beach and passed through Winston-Salem. --> {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|He traveled through North Carolina before staying in Chattanooga, Tennessee for the night.}} {{!}}} }} Sidoo kale ku dar commas marka geographical element-ka loo isticmaalo sida disambiguator: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Hantratty received a PhD from the University of California, Irvine, in 1977.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Hantratty received a PhD from the University of California, Irvine in 1977.}} {{!}}} }} Ku dar comma labaad sidoo kale marka dhismaha leh comma [[Grammatical modifier|modifies-garayyo]] noun ama compound noun: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Keith Wilson won the 2024 Portland, Oregon, mayoral election.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Keith Wilson won the 2024 Portland, Oregon mayoral election.}} {{!}}} }} {{shortcut|MOS:DATECOMMA}} {{vanchor|Date commas|text=[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Dates, months, and years|Dates]] ku dhex jira month–day–year format waxay u baahan yihiin comma ka dambaysa day-ka, iyo sidoo kale ka dambaysa year-ka, ilaa ay raacdo punctuation kale. Element-ka ugu dambeeya waxaa loo treats-garaysay sida [[Wikipedia:Basic copyediting#Parenthetical comma|parenthetical]].}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|He set October 1, 2011, as the deadline for Patterson to meet his demands.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|He set October 1, 2011 as the deadline for Patterson to meet his demands.}} {{!}}} }} {{shortcut|MOS:QUOTECOMMA}} {{vanchor|Quotation commas|text= U lag calaamadaha xigmadda iyadoo la raacayo {{Section link||Punctuation inside or outside}}. Kani waxaa loo intended-gareeyay "logical quotation".}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Sax:}} {{!}} {{xt|She said, "The weather changes too often", and made other complaints.}} {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}} {{!xt|She said, "The weather changes too often," and made other complaints.}} {{!}}} }} Comma waxaa lagu dhex jiri karaa ka hor xigasho oo lagu ammaan goyay jumlad {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}})}}. ====<span class="anchor" id="Serial comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Oxford comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Oxford commas"></span><span class="anchor" id="Harvard comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Harvard commas"></span>Serial commas==== {{Shortcut|MOS:SERIAL|MOS:OXFORD||}} {{Redirect|MOS:OXFORD|Oxford spelling|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling#British English with "-ize" (Oxford spelling)}} A [[serial comma]] (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay ''Oxford comma'' ama ''Harvard comma'') waa comma loo isticmaalo toos ka hor conjunction (''and'', ''or'', ''nor'') ku dhex jirta liiska saddex ama ka badan items. {{Block indent|{{xt|ham, chips, and eggs}}{{spnd}}serial comma}} {{Block indent|{{xt|ham, chips and eggs}}{{spnd}}aan lahayn serial comma}} Tifaftireyaasha waxay isticmaali karaan mid ka mid ah heshiiska ilaa maqaal kasta uu yahay joogto ah ku dhex jirta. Serial commas waxay ka taageeraan badan marka qoraalka maqaalku uu yahay dhibco leh, sida liiska oo leh multi-word items (gaar ahaan haddii mid uu ku dhex jiro laikiis "''and''{{-"}}) ama nooc ka mid ah terms aan la dhasheyn oo laga yaabo. Laakiin, waxaa jira xaalado halka ka-tagista ama ku-darida serial comma ay keento is-dhaafsi: {{Block indent|{{!xt|The author thanked her friends, Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley}}{{spnd}}oo tirtiri kara mid ka mid ah afar ama ka badan dad ah (friends-ka iyo labada dad ee la magacaabay) ama laba dad ah (O'Connor iyo Marley, oo ah friends-ka).}} {{Block indent|{{!xt|The author thanked a friend, Sinéad O'Connor, and Bob Marley}}{{spnd}}oo tirtiri kara mid ka mid ah laba dad ah (O'Connor, oo ah friend-ka, iyo Marley) ama saddex dad ah (kan kowaad oo ah friend-ka, kan labaad O'Connor, iyo kan saddexaad Marley).}} Xaaladahaas is-dhaafsiga ah, cadday mid ka mid ah afar foom: *Ku dar ama baabi'i serial comma-ka. *Isticmaal jumlado gaar ah, bullet lists, ama beddelka dhismaha kale si loo caddayo. *Recast-garee jumlada ("friends" xaaladda): **Si loo tirtiro laba dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked her friends Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley.}} ***Caddayn badan: {{xt|The author thanked two friends: Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley.}} **Si loo tirtiro dad badan: **: {{xt|The author thanked Sinéad O'Connor, Bob Marley and her friends}} ama **: {{xt|The author thanked Sinéad O'Connor, Bob Marley, and her friends}}. ***Laakiin ma aha: {{!xt|The author thanked Bob Marley, Sinéad O'Connor[,] and her friends}}{{spnd}}soo bandhigaa is-dhaafsi ku saabsan ''her''. *Recast-garee jumlada ("friend" xaaladda): **Si loo tirtiro laba dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked Bob Marley and her friend Sinéad O'Connor.}} ***Ama noqo mid gaar ah marka ay suurtogal tahay: {{xt|The author thanked her childhood friend Sinéad O'Connor and her mentor, Bob Marley.}} **Si loo tirtiro saddex dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked Bob Marley, Sinéad O'Connor, and a friend.}} ***Caddaynta leh gender-specific terms sida ''mother'' waxay noqon kartaa dhibco leh; {{!xt|The author thanked her mother, Kim Thayil, and Sinéad O'Connor}} ma aha caddayn sababtoo ah akhristayaasha ma ogaankaraan [[Kim Thayil]] in uu yahay male oo ma noqon doono dadka oo kale sida mother-ka. ***Caddayn badan: {{xt|The author thanked Kim Thayil, Sinéad O'Connor, and her own mother}} ama {{xt|The author thanked her mother and musicians Kim Thayil and Sinéad O'Connor}}. ===Colons=== {{Shortcut|MOS:COLON}} {{For|the wikitext link formatting|Help:Colon trick}} A [[Colon (punctuation)|colon]] ({{xt|:}}) wuxuu soo bandhigaa wax muujinaya, sharraxaya, ama modifies-garaynaya waxa soo maray, ama ah liiska items oo dhowaan la soo bandhigay. Items-ka ku dhex jira liiskaas waxaa lagu kala saari karaa commas, ama haddii ay yihiin kuwo dhibco badan leh oo laga yaabo in ay laikiisu ku dhex jiraan commas, items-ka waa in lagu kala saaro semicolons ama lagu aaggaado bulleted list. {{Block indent|{{xt|We visited several tourist attractions: the Leaning Tower of Pisa, which I thought could fall at any moment; the Bridge of Sighs; the supposed birthplace of Petrarch, or at least the first known house in which he lived; and so many more.}}}} Colon waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa si loo soo bandhigo [[Quotation marks in English#Quotations and speech|direct speech]] oo lagu duubay calaamadaha xigmadda. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}}.)}} Marka colon loo isticmaalo sida separator ku dhex jira mawduuca maqaalka, madaxa qaybta, ama item liiska ah, tifaftireyaasha waxay dooran karaan in ay xaraf weyn ugu qoraan waxa raaca, iyadoo loo tixgelinayo [[#Retaining existing styles|isticmaalka jira]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Article titles#Consistency|joogteynta leh maqaallada la xiriira]]. Marka laga reebo isticmaalka tignoolajiyada ({{xt|a 3:1 ratio}}), ma jiro jumlad waa in ay ku dhex jirtay colons badan, ma jiro space waa in uu ka horreeyo colon, iyo space (laakiin waligeed ma aha hyphen ama dash) waa in uu raaco colon-ka. ===Semicolons=== {{Shortcut|MOS:;|MOS:SEMICOLON|}} {{for|usage in marking up description (definition) lists|Help:List#Description lists}} A [[semicolon]] ({{xt|;}}) marna waa alternative ee full stop (period), iyadoo u sahlaysa maaddada la xiriirta in lagu dhowro jumlada oo kale; waxay muujisaa kala saarisa la go'aamiyay ee jumlada marka loo eego comma. Haddii semicolon-ku uu kala saaro clauses, caadi ahaan clause kasta waa in uu noqdo mid gaar ah (macneheedu waa in uu taaggaanshaan karo laikiisu sida jumlad). Xaaladaha badankooda, kaliya comma ama kaliya semicolon wuxuu noqon doonaa sax ku dhex jira jumlad gaar ah. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Sax:}} | {{xt|Though he had been here before, I did not recognize him.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} | {{!xt|Though he had been here before; I did not recognize him.}} |} Sare, "Though he had been here before" ma taaggaanshaan karo laikiisu sida jumlad, oo sidaas darteed ma aha independent clause. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Sax:}} | {{xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit; bananas are classified as alkaline.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} | {{!xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit, bananas are classified as alkaline.}} |} Isticmaalkan aan saxda ahayn ee comma ee dhexda laba independent clauses waxaa loo intended-gareeyay [[comma splice]]; laakiin, xaaladaha qaarkood, comma waxaa loo isticmaali karaa halka semicolon wuxuu oki lahaa in loo baahan yahay: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | {{em|La accepts-garaysay}}: || {{xt|"Life is short, art is long."}} (laba clauses oo gaaban ku dhex jira [[aphorism]]; eeg ''[[Ars longa, vita brevis]]'') |- | {{em|La accepts-garaysay}}: || {{xt|"I have studied it, you have not."}} (soo sheegida wada-hadal gaaban, sida jawaabtan ee [[Isaac Newton|Newton]]) |} Jumlad waxay ku dhex jiri kartaa semicolons badan, gaar ahaan marka clauses-ku ay yihiin kuwo parallel ee dhismaha iyo macnaha; semicolons badan oo aan la xiriirin caadi ahaan waa calaamado ah in jumlada loo kala saaro jumlado gaaban ama foom kale loo dib-u-qoro. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Unwieldy}}: | {{!xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit; bananas are classified as alkaline; pears are close to neutral; these distinctions are rarely discussed.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: | {{xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit, bananas are alkaline, and pears are close to neutral; these distinctions are rarely discussed.}} |} Semicolons waxaa loo isticmaalaa ku-darida commas si loo kala saaro items ku dhex jira liiska, marka commas laikiisu ay keeni karaan jahwareer. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Jahwareer:}} | {{!xt|Sales offices are located in Boston, Massachusetts, San Francisco, California, Singapore, and Millbank, London, England.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Caddayn:}} | {{xt|Sales offices are located in Boston, Massachusetts; San Francisco, California; Singapore; and Millbank, London, England.}} |} ====Semicolon ka hor "however"==== {{Shortcut|MOS:HOWEVER}} {{Redirect|MOS:HOWEVER|its usage in editorialization|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Editorializing}} Macnaha jumlad ay ku dhex jirta trailing clause oo ku starts-garoogaysa erayga ''however'' wuxuu ku xiran yahay punctuation-ka ka horreeya eraygaas. Makhaadhaa caadi ah waa isticmaalka punctuation-ka aan saxda ahayn, iyadoo beddelaysa macnaha mid aan loo intended-gareeyn. Marka erayga ''however'' uu yahay adverb macneheedu yahay "nevertheless", waa in uu ka horreeyo semicolon oo uu raaco comma. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people; however, they tried.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people; nevertheless, they tried.}} |} Marka erayga ''however'' uu yahay conjunction macneheedu yahay "in whatever manner", ama "regardless of how", wuxuu ka horreyn karaa comma laakiin ma aha semicolon, oo waa inuusan raacin punctuation. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people, however they tried.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people, regardless of how they tried.}} |} Xaaladda kowaad, clause-ka oo ku starts-garoogaya "however" ma loo beddeli karo clause-ka kowaad; xaaladda labaad kani waxaa lagu sameyn karaa aan lahayn beddelka macnaha: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|However they tried, it was obvious they could not convert these people.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|Regardless of how they tried, it was obvious they could not convert these people.}} |} Haddii labada clauses aan loo beddeli karin, semicolon waxaa loo baahan yahay. Jumlad ama clause waxay sidoo kale ku dhex jiri kartaa erayga ''however'' dhexda, haddii uu yahay adverb macneheedu yahay "although" oo lagu lagi karay bilowga laakiin aan ku starts-garoogayn clause cusub dhexda jumlada. Isticmaalkan, erayga waxaa lagu duubi karaa dhexda commas. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|He did not know, however, that the venue had been changed at the last minute.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|However, he did not know that the venue had been changed at the last minute.}} |} ===Hyphens=== {{Shortcut|MOS:-|MOS:HYPHEN}} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Globe Toters-A Birla Preschool,Indore (cropped).jpg | image2 = Peuters_in_het_tehuis_zitten_met_zijn_allen_op_de_po,_Bestanddeelnr_252-0385.jpg | image3 = Graduates 2014 IMG 2779 (14083168633).jpg | caption1 = Four-year-old children | caption2 = Four year-old children | caption3 = Four-year old children }} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Haring 03.jpg | image2 = Great white Dyer island 2010-07.jpg | caption1 = A man {{nobr|eating fish}} | caption2 = A man-eating fish }} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Catalina_Island_Rescue_DVIDS1091019.jpg | image2 = Kintín al ataque (5189220934).jpg | caption1 = Officials help {{nobr|dog-bite victim}}. | caption2 = Officials help {{nobr|dog bite victim}}. }} [[File:Carry-On Aircraft.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|A sign {{shy|exhibiting over-eager hy|phen|a|tion}}: the second hyphen is fine, but the first is spurious.]] [[Hyphen]]s ({{xt|-}}) waxay muujiyaan conjunction. Waxaa jira saddex isticmaalka waaweyn: # In hyphenated magacyada dadka ({{xt|John Lennard-Jones}}, {{xt|Omar al-Bashir}}). # Si loogu isku xiro [[prefixes]] iyo [[suffixes]] oo leh terms-kooda waaweyn dhismaha qaarkood, [[#En dash across open compounds|ilbaa compounds-ka laikiisu ay ku dhex jiraan space ama hyphen]]: {{xt|quasi-scientific}}, {{xt|ultra-nationalistic}}, {{xt|London-based}}, {{xt|community-led}}. #*Hyphen waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loo kala saaro dhexda [[homograph]]s ({{xt|[[wikt:re-sign|re-sign]]}} macneheedu waa ''sign again'', laakiin {{xt|[[wikt:resign|resign]]}} macneheedu waa ''relinquish ownership'' ama ''leave a job''). #*Waxaa jira trend caddaynaya oo lagu ammaan goyo labada elements dhammaan noocyada English-ka ({{xt|subsection}}, {{xt|nonlinear}}). Hyphenation-ku wuxuu caddayaa marka xarfaha la keenay contact ay yihiin kuwo oo kale ({{xt|non-negotiable}}, {{xt|sub-basement}}) ama ay yihiin vowels ({{xt|pre-industrial}}), ama halka eray uu yahay mid aan caadi ahayn ({{xt|co-proposed}}, {{xt|re-target}}) ama laga yaabo in loo akhrriyo si aan sax ahayn ({{xt|sub-era}}, ma aha {{!xt|subera}}). Erayada qaarkood oo noocan ah si oo kale waa kuwo caadi ah aan lahayn hyphen-ka (t.s., {{xt|cooperation}} waxaa si joogto ah loo dhasheeyay ka badan {{xtg|co-operation}} ee English-ka cusub). Ka dhiiri erayada beddelaya macnahooda aan lahayn hyphen-ka, t.s. {{xt|re-creation}} (create again) iyo {{xt|recreation}} (amusement).{{efn|name=recent}} # {{va|Hyphens in compound modifiers|text=Si loogu isku xiro terms-ka la xiriira ee ku dhex jira [[compound modifier]]s}}:{{Efn|1=Gaar ahaan compound [[attributive adjective|attributives]], oo ah modifiers ee noun oo ka muuqda ku dhex jira [[noun phrase]]. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link|English compound#Hyphenated compound modifiers}}.)}}}} #*Hyphens waxay taageeri karaan fududaynta akhrrinta (waa inay noqdaan kuwo {{xt|ease-of-reading}} taageera) oo waxay gaar ahaan u wanaagsan yihiin noun phrases-ka dheer: {{xt|gas-phase reaction dynamics}}. Laakiin waligeed ha dhex gelin hyphen magac sax ah ({{xt|Middle Eastern cuisine}}, ma aha {{!xt|Middle-Eastern cuisine}}). #*Hyphen wuxuu taageeri karaa disambiguator-ka (qaarkood {{xt|short-story writers}} waa kuwo dheer; {{xt|a government-monitoring program}} waa program oo monitor-garaynaya xukuumadda, inta {{xt|a government monitoring program}} uu yahay program xukuumadda oo monitor-garaynaya). #*Compounds oo ah hyphenated marka loo isticmaalo {{em|[[Attributive adjective|attributively]]}} (adjectives ka hor nouns-ka ay qualified-garaynayaan: {{xt|a light-blue handbag}}, {{xt|a 34-year-old woman}}) ama {{em|[[substantive]]ly}} (sida noun: {{xt|she is a 34-year-old}}) caadi ahaan ma aha hyphenated marka loo isticmaalo {{em|[[Predicative expression|predicatively]]}} (foomka sharraxaadda leh oo lagu kala saaray noun-ka: {{xt|the handbag was light blue}}, {{xt|the woman is 34 years old}}). Halka uu ka jiri lahaa baabi'inta caddaynta laakiis, hyphen waxaa loo isticmaali karaa foomka predicative-ka ah sidoo kale ({{xt|hand-fed turkeys}}, {{xt|the turkeys were hand-fed}}). Attributive hyphenation-ka dhibco leh marna waxaa looga fogaan karaa dib-u-qorid fudud: {{xt|Hawaiian-native species}} → {{xt|native Hawaiian species}}. #*Ka fogao isticmaalka hyphen ka dambaysa heerka ''{{nowrap|-ly}}'' adverb ({{xt|a newly available home}}, {{xt|a wholly owned subsidiary}}) ilaa ay tahay qayb ka mid ah compound dheeraad ah ({{xt|a slowly-but-surely strategy}}). Xaaladaha dhifka ah, hyphen wuxuu ka wanaajin karaa caddaynta haddii alternative-ka dib loo qoray uu yahay dhibco leh, laakiin dib-u-qoriddu caadi ahaan waa ka wanaagsan tahay: {{!xt|The idea was clearly stated enough}} waxaa lagu disambiguator-gareyn karaa sida {{xt|The idea clearly was stated often enough}} ama {{xt|The idea was ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} 37gzizsjr476qihk0evjxgxrewj47ia 310800 310799 2026-10-24T10:33:27Z Isma4l 41797 310800 wikitext text/x-wiki {{MoS guideline|WP:MOS<!-- DO NOT add more shortcuts. None are as short and popular as this one. -->}} '''Haddaha Qaabka''' ('''MoS''' ama '''MOS''') waa [[haddaha qaabka]] ee dhammaan [[Wikipedia:Waa maxay maqaal?|maqaallada]] [[Wikipedia:Soomaali|Wikipedia-ha Soomaaliga]].{{efn|Isku xirka [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility|waxyaabaha la xiriira oo la heli karo]] waxay ku dabaqmaan dhammaan mashruuca, oo ma aha oo kaliya maqaallada.}} Boggan koowaad waxaa taageera [[:Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style|boggag yar oo xeel-dheer]], oo halkan la isku gudbin karo oo lagu tirtiray [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents]]. Haddii ay ka dhalato is-diido, boggani wuxuu leeyahay ka-horreyn.{{efn|name="CONLEVEL"|Kani waa arrin siyaasadeed oo ku saabsan {{section link|Wikipedia:Consensus|Level of consensus}}: "Is-afgaradka ka dhex jira koox xaddidan oo tifaftireyaal ah, hal meel iyo hal maalin, ma baabi'in karo [[Wikipedia:Community consensus|is-afgaradka samaynta]] ee baaxadda weyn. Tusaale ahaan, ilaa ay ka dhaadhiciyaan bulshada balaadhan in aysan sax ahayn, kaqeybgalayaasha WikiProject ma go'aamin karaan in siyaasada ama hagaha Wikipedia uusan ku dabaqmin maqaallada ku dhex jira baaxadeeda." Iyo: "Wikipedia waxay leedahay heer sare oo kaqeybgal iyo is-afgarad ee beddelka siyaasadaha iyo hagayaasha marka loo eego noocyada kale ee boggaga." Boggaga ka hooseeya waxaa ku jira [[:Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style|boggaga MoS-ka ee xeel-dheeraanta]], [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Guide#Advice pages|qoraallada qaabka]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style|Haddaha Qaabka ee Fudud]].}} {{vanchor|Clarity|text=Tifaftireyaal waa inay u qoraan maqaallada iyagoo isticmaalaya luqad toos ah, gaaban, oo fudud in la fahmo. Tifaftireyaal waa inay u dhisaan maqaallada qaabeyn joogto ah oo u sahlanaata akhristaha.}} {{va|Stability|text=Haddii ka badan hal qaab ama foom lagu aamini karo MoS-ka, mid waa in loo isticmaalo madal kasta oo ku dhex jirta maqaalka oo [[#Retaining existing styles|aan la beddelin]] sabab wanaagsan la'aanteed. [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|Tifaftirka dagaalka]] ee ku saabsan doorashooyinka qaabka ma aha mid la accepts karo.{{efn|name="ew"|Arrrimahaani waxaa lagu xalliyay go'aannada [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|Guddiga Garsoorka]] ee [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk#Optional styles|2005]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan#Preferred styles|2006]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Date delinking#Optional styles|2009]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Infoboxes#Use of infoboxes|2015]].}} Qoraal cusub oo lagu daro boggan waa inuu toos u xalliyo arrin qaab oo si joogto ah u soo noqnoqota.}} {{TOC limit|3}} ==Dhonsashada qaababka jira== {{Shortcut|MOS:VAR|MOS:STYLEVAR|MOS:STYLERET}} {{Redirect|MOS:VAR|retention of an article's established national English variety|#National varieties of English|a list of more specific related rules|WP:VARS}} Marna, MOS-ku wuxuu bixiyaa ka badan hal qaab oo la accepts karo ama ma bixiyo hagal gaar ah. Marka ka badan hal qaab la accepts karo, al-fajar ma aha mid habboon in tifaftiraha Wikipedia uu ka beddelo hal qaab oo uu u beddelo mid kale ilaa ay jirto sabab muhiim ah oo beddelka ah.{{efn|name="ArbCom"|Astaanta bilowga ee qoraalkan, eeg go'aannada [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|ArbCom]] ee [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk#Principles|Juun 2005]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/jguk 2#Principles|Nofembar 2005]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan#Principles|2006]].}} [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|Tifaftirka dagaalka]] ee ku saabsan qaabka,{{efn|name="ew"}} ama u adeegsiga qaab dookh ah si [[Wikipedia:Bot policy#Assisted editing guidelines|bot-oo kale ah]] is-afgarad ka hor la'aantiis,{{efn|name="bot-like"|Eeg [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Magioladitis 2#High-speed editing|Go'aanka ArbCom ee 2017]], iyo {{section link|Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser#Rules of use}}; tifaftirka bot-ka oo kale ah oo sii socda inkastoo ay jiraan diidmo ama oo keena makhaadhaa wuxuu keeni karaa [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|xannibaad]] iyo baabi'inta xuquuqaha ku saabsan qalabka semi-automated-ka ah.}} waa [[Wikipedia:Disruptive editing|dhibco ka dhan ah]] oo waligeed ma aha mid la accepts karo. Beddelka aan la xaqijin ee kaaga taagan hal qaab oo la accepts karo, [[#Consistency within articles|oo si joogto ah loo adeegsaday]] ee ku dhex jira maqaal oo loo beddelo qaab kale waa la [[Wikipedia:Reverting|celin karaa]]. Doono [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Opportunities for commonality|fursadaha wadaagga]] si looga fogaado murannada qaabka. Haddii aad rammayso in qaab kale uu ka habboon yahay maqaal gaar ah, doono [[Wikipedia:Consensus|is-afgarad]] iyadoo ku saabsan tan lagula discuss-garaynayo bogga wada-hadalka maqaalka ama{{snd}}haddii ay keento arrin guud ama ku saabsan MoS-ka lakiisa{{snd}}at [[Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style]]. Haddii wada-hadalku uusan keenin is-afgarad beddelka ah, sii wad isticmaalka qaabka horey loo dhisay ee maqaalka. Haddii wada-hadalku uu ku guuldareysto inuu gaaro wax is-afgarad ah oo ku saabsan midka laba ama ka badan qaab oo tartamaya oo la isticmaalayo, markaas dib u noqo qaabkii loo isticmaalay nooca ugu horreeyay ee ka dambeeya [[Wikipedia:Stub|qabyada]] maqaalka oo uu ka muuqday mid ka mid ah qaababka ku dabaqmaya. (Mawqifkan dib-u-noqoshada ah ma siiyo [[WP:UNCHALLENGED|darajo aan la tartami karin]] qaabkaas gaarka ah inta lagu jiro wada-hadalka is-afgaradka, mana siiyo tifaftiraha soo impose-garaysay qaabkaas ugu horreeyay [[Wikipedia:Ownership of content|wax ka badan]] wada-hadalka.) ==<span class="anchor" id="Article titles, headings, and sections"></span>Mawduucyada maqaalka, qaybaha, iyo madaxda== {{Shortcut|MOS:AT}} ===Mawduucyada maqaalka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Article titles}} {{for|titles which coincide with a work's title|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles of works}} Mawduucu waa inuu noqdo magac la aqoonsan karo ama sifaynta mawduuca, [[Wikipedia:Common sense|isagoo maareynaya]] shuruudaha ah inuu yahay mid asalka ah, si ku filan oo sax ah, gaaban, oo joogto ah oo la mid ah maqaallada la xiriira. Hagaha qaabaynta eeg qaybta {{section link|Wikipedia:Article titles|Article title format}}, isagoo xusaya kuwa soo socda: *U qor herga labaad ee xarafka ugu horreeya (marka laga reebo xaaladaha dhifka ah, sida {{xt|eBay}}), laakiin haddii kale raac [[sentence case]]{{efn|name=Sentence case|1=Wikipedia waxay u isticmaashaa [[sentence case]] jumlado, [[Wikipedia:Article titles|mawduucyada maqaalka]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout|mawduucyada qaybaha]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables|madaxda taarikada]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images|qoraallada sawirka]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists|qoraallada liiska]] (xaaladaha badankooda), iyo qoraallada ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Infobox|infoboxes]] iyo moodallada la midka ah, iyo waxyaabo kale. Wax kasta oo MoS ah oo ku saabsan bilowga jumlad waxay ku dabaqmaan waxyaabaha isticmaalaya sentence case.<!-- Please keep this footnote synced with the version at the MOS:CAPS page. -->}} ({{xt|Funding of UNESCO projects}}), ma aha title case ({{!xt|Funding of UNESCO Projects}}), marka laga reebo halka title case loo isticmaali lahaa qoraalka caadiga ah. Eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (capitalization)]]. *Si aad u qorto farta italic-ka ah, ku dar {{tlx|italic title}} meel dhow sare ee maqaalka. Si aad farta italic-ka ah ugu qorto kaliya qayb ka mid ah mawduuca, ku dar xadka <code>|string=</code> ee qoraalka gaarka ah ee lagu qorayo farta italic-ka ah. Isticmaalka farta italic-ka ah waa inuu u dhigmaa {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting|Italic type}}. *Ha isticmaalin [[Article (grammar)|maqaallada]] (''a'', ''an'', ama ''the'') sida xarafka ugu horreeya ({{xt|Economy of the Second Empire}}, ma aha {{!xt|The economy of the Second Empire}}), ilaa ay tahay qayb aan la kala saari karin oo magaca ka mid ah ({{xt|The Hague}}) ama mawduuca shaqa (''{{xt|A Clockwork Orange}}'', ''{{xt|The Simpsons}}''). *Caadi ahaan isticmaal [[noun]]s ama [[noun phrase]]s: {{xt|Early life}}, ma aha {{!xt|In early life}}.{{Efn|1=Erayada sida {{xt|In early life}} waa kuwo la accepts karo (inkastoo aan loo baahnayn) sida madaxda qaybaha. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa si joogto ah sida qayb ka mid ah mawduucyada maqaalka oo dheeraad ah sida [[Piracy in the Caribbean|{{xt|Piracy in the Caribbean}}]], indhaheeda marka dhismaha gaaban ({{xtn|Caribbean piracy}}) uu leeyahay arrimo is-dhaafsi ah.}} *Xarafka ugu dambeeya waa inuusan noqon calaamad ilaahiyad ilaa uu yahay qayb aan la kala saari karin oo magaca ka mid ah ({{xt|[[Saint-Louis-du-Ha! Ha!]]}}, {{xt|''[[Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?]]''}}) ama gaabinta ({{xt|[[Inverness City F.C.]]}}), ama marka xiritaanka bracket-ka wareegga ama calaamadda xigmadda loo baahan yahay ({{xt|[[John Palmer (1814 schooner)|''John Palmer'' (1814 schooner)]]}}). *Markasta oo calaamadaha xigmadda ama noocyada apostrophe-ka oo kale ay ka muuqdaan ({{xt|[[Geʽez]]}}), ku dar [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirection]] mawduuc caddaynaya oo isticmaalaya apostrophes ({{xt|[[Ge'ez]]}}).{{efn|name=curlyq|1=Calaamadaha xigmadda tooska ah iyo apostrophes waa kuwo fudud in loo qorto si lagu aamini karo madallada badankooda, markaas kani wuxuu u sahlayaa bartilmaameedka redirection-ka oo fudud. Xigmadda curdanka ah iyo apostrophes sidaas darteed waa kuwo si weyn looga tagay Wikipedia-ha English-ka. Eeg sidoo kale [[MOS:CURLY]] iyo [[MOS:']].}} Labadaba ha ka sareeyaan iyo kuwo [[Wikipedia:Article titles]], qeybta kale ee MoS-ka, gaar ahaan {{section link||Punctuation}}, waxay ku dabaqmaan sidoo kale mawduuca. ===Agaasimaha qaybta=== {{Shortcut|MOS:SO}} {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout}} Mawduuca maqaalka waa inuu ku starts-garo [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section|qaybta hordhaca ah<!-- Do not add the word "lede" here. See footnotes at WP:LEAD for details. -->]]{{snd}}gaabinta kooban ee maqaalka{{snd}}oo aan waligeed loo kala saarin qaybo {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section]])}}. Qaybta hartay ee maqaalka waxaa caadi ahaan loo kala saaraa [[Help:Section|qaybo]]. [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes|Infoboxes]], sawirrada, iyo mawduucyada kale ee la xiriira qaybta hordhaca ah waa inay noqdaan kuwo dhanka midig ah. Calaamadaha qaarkood oo heerka ah [[Help:Template|moodallada]] iyo [[Help:Wikitext|wikitext]] oo aan ahayn qaybo waxay ka sarreeyaan inta ugu dambaysa maqaalka, ka hor mawduuca qaybta hordhaca ah, iyo uusocodka soo socda: *[[Wikipedia:Short description|Gaaban sharrax leh]], oo leh moodalka {{tlx|Short description}} *[[Wikipedia:Hatnote|Hatnote-ka disambiguation]], waqtiga badankiisa oo leh moodalka {{tlx|Hatnote}} {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg sidoo kale {{section link|Wikipedia:Hatnote#Hatnote templates}})}} *Moodallada aan lahayn soo-saarka oo muujinaya foomka taariikhda dhisay ee maqaalka iyo nooca luqadda English-ka, haddii ay jiraan (t.s., {{tlx|Use dmy dates}}, {{tlx|Use Canadian English}}) *Moodallada dayactirka ee Banner-ka ah, [[Wikipedia:Template index/Disputes|Dispute]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Template index/Cleanup|Moodallada Cleanup]] ee arrimaha maqaalka oo dhan oo la calaamadeeyay (haddii kale loo isticmaalo sare ee qayb gaar ah, ka dambeeya hatnote kasta oo qayb ah sida {{tlx|main}}) *[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes|Infobox]], oo ah dookh (marka laga reebo xaaladaha gaarka ah sida {{tlx|Taxobox}} iyo {{tlx|Chembox}}, ama nooc ka mid ah, maqaallada ku dabaqmaya); caadi ahaan sidoo kale waxaa ku jira sawirka ugu horreeya *Sawirka hordhaca ah, marka infobox aan la isticmaalin, ama sawir dheeraad ah loo baahan yahay qaybta hordhaca ah (haddii hordhacu u yahay mid aad u dheer, sawir labaad waxaa lagu lagi karaa dhexda qoraalka hordhaca ah) Nooca skin-ka ee [[Vector 2022]], [[Wikipedia:Table of contents|tusmada maqaalka]] waa mid ka mid ah oo ka baxsan mawduuca maqaalka. Noocyada skin-ka hore qaarkood, tusmada la mari karo waxay ka muuqataa si otomaatig ah ka dambaysa hordhaca haddii maqaalku leeyahay ugu yaraan afar madax oo qaybo ah. Haddii mawduuca qayb uu ku jiraa si xeel-dheer oo dheeraad ah maqaal gaar ah {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Summary style]])}}, ku dar {{tlx|main|{{var|Article name}}}} ama {{tlx|further|{{var|Article name}}}} isla markiiba ka hooseeya madaxa qaybta. Sida lagu sharraxay si xeel-dheer {{slink|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout|Standard appendices and footers}}, noocyo dhowr ah oo maaddooyinka ah (badankoodu waa dookh) waxay ka muuqan karaan ka dambaysa qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee maqaalka, uusocodka soo socda: *Buugaagta ama shaqaalaha kale ee lagu abuuray mawduuca maqaalka, ka hooseeya madaxa qaybta "Works", "Publications", "Discography", "Filmography", iyo wixii la mid ah sida habboon (ka fogao "Bibliography", oo loo khaldami karo xigashooyinka tixraaca) *Isku xirka hoose ee maqaallada la xiriira ee Wikipedia-ha English-ka, oo leh madaxa qaybta "See also" *Xusuus-qoraallada iyo tixraacyada, oo leh madaxa qaybta "Notes" ama "References" (caadi ahaan ka dambeeya), ama qayb gaar ah oo loogu talagalay mid kasta uusocodkan {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]])}}; ka fogao "Bibliography", oo loo khaldami karo shaqaalaha mawduuca *Buugaagta la xiriira, maqaallada, ama shaqaalaha kale ee aan loo isticmaalin sida tixraacyada; isticmaal madaxa qaybta "Further reading"; noqo mid si sare ah loo doortay, maadaama [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a directory|Wikipedia aysan ahayn buugga tixraaca]] *Websaydhada la xiriira [[Wikipedia:External links|iyo kuwo habboon]] ee aan loo isticmaalin sida tixraacyada oo aan ka muuqan appendices-ka hore, isticmaalka madaxa "External links", oo loo sameyn karo qayb ka hooseysa "Further reading" (ama isku xirkaas waxaa toos lagu ammaan goyn karaa liiska "Further reading" halkii); [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Links to sister projects|moodallada isku xirka ee mawduucyada mashruuca walaalka ah]] sidoo cuali ahaan waxay ka sarreeyaan qaybtan marka ay jirto (haddii kale qaybta ugu dambaysa ee bogga) *Waxyaabaha ugu dambeeya ee soo socda waligeed ma qaataan madaxyada qaybaha: **Isku xirka hoose oo lagu aaggaaday [[Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates#Navigation_templates|boxes-ka navigation-ka]] **Metadata ee [[Wikipedia:Authority control|Authority control]], haddii loo baahdo, isticmaalka {{tlx|Authority control}} (wuxuu kala saaraa isticmaalka magaca laba mawduuc, ama magacyo badan oo loogu talagalay hal mawduuc) **[[Wikipedia:Categorization|Qeeybaha]], oo waa inay noqdaan maaddada ugu dambaysa ee koodha maqaalka haddii aysan jirin moodallada stub-ka **[[Wikipedia:Stub sorting|Moodallada stub-ka]], haddii loo baahdo, oo waa inay raacaan qeeybaha [[Wikipedia:Stand-alone lists|Maqaallada liiska ah ee gaarka ah]] waxay leeyihiin waxyaabo dheeraad ah oo agaasimaha ah. ===<span class="anchor" id="Section management"></span>Madaxyada qaybaha=== {{Shortcut|MOS:HEAD|MOS:HEADINGS}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Headings|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Order of article elements|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Section headings}} [[Help:Section|Madaxyada qaybaha]] waa inay caadi ahaan raacaan hagaha [[#Article titles|mawduucyada maqaalka]] ee sare oo ay ku muuqdaan [[sentence case]] ({{xt|Funding of UNESCO projects in developing countries}}), ma aha [[title case]] ({{!xt|Funding of UNESCO Projects in Developing Countries}}).{{efn|name=Sentence case}} {{shortcut|MOS:BLANKLINE}} {{vanchor|Blank line|text=Dhammaan madaxyada waa inay ku dhex jiraan xarkooda gaarka ah, oo ay ka horreyso presely hal xar oo eber ah, oo ay raacdo mid ka mid ah hal xar ama aan lahayn xar eber ah.}} {{vanchor|Section headings (necessary point 6)|text=Ha u isticmaalin si xun [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists#Description (definition, association) lists|liiska sharraxaadda]] markup ("<code>;</code>") si aad u abuurto [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Pseudo-headings|pseudo-headings]].}} {{va|SECTIONSTYLE|Section headings (styling best practice)|Section headings (main styling reason)|text=Sida arrin qaab oo joogto ah, madaxyada qaybuhu waa inaynaan:}} {{Shortcut|MOS:SECTIONSTYLE|MOS:NOBACKREF}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 1)|text=si turjumaad ah dib ugu tixraacin mawduuca maqaalka, t.s., {{xt|Early life}}, ma aha {{!xt|Smith's early life}} ama {{!xt|His early life}}}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 2)|text=tixraacin madax heer sare ah, ilaa aad sameyso ay tahay mid gaaban ama caddayn badan}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 3)|text=noqon kuwo la nambareeyay ama xarfo leh sida outline}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 4)|text=noqon kuwo loo sameeyay sida su'aal, t.s., {{xt|Languages}}, ma aha {{!xt|What languages are spoken?}}}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 5)|text=isticmaalin luga ama farta aan caadiga ahayn oo keeni kara [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Headings|arrimaha lagu heli karo]]}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 6)|text=noqon kuwo lagu duubay [[Help:Wikitext|markup]], sida bold iyo italics, oo baabi'in kara muujintooda oo keeni kara arrimo kale oo lagu heli karo}} ====Wikimarkup==== {{shortcut|MOS:NOSECTIONLINKS|MOS:HEADINGLINKS}} {{va|Section headings (technical best practice)|text=Sababo tignoolajiyada ah, madaxyada qaybuhu waa inay}} {{va|Section headings (necessary point 1)|text=noqdaan kuwo gaar ah oo ku dhex jira maqaal (si [[Template:Section link|isqu xirka qaybta]] uu u shaqeeyo)}} oo waa inaynaan ku dhex jirin: *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 2)|text=[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking#Principles|isqu xirka]], xataa haddii kaliya qayb ka mid ah madaxa la isku xiray}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 5)|text=xigashooyinka ama xusuus-qoraallada}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 4)|text=<code><[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics#Typesetting of mathematical formulae|math]]></code> markup}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 3)|text=sawirrada ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Icons#Encyclopedic purpose|icons-ka]]}} {{va|Section headings (main technical reason)|text=Xaddidaadahani waa kuwo lagu khasbay si looga fogaado tignoolajiyada dhibco leh oo ma aha kuwo la baabi'in karo is-afgaradka maxalliga ah ama hagayaasha aan ku habboonayn.}} {{short|MOS:TEMPLATE}} {{va|Section headings (necessary point 7)|text=Wadaagga moodalka}} waa in sidoo kale caadi ahaan looga fogaadaa madaxyada qaybaha, sababtoo ah waxay keenaan koodha asalka ah ee baaqida moodalka inuu ka muuqdo isqu xirka lagu daray gaabinta tifaftirka; gujinta isqu xirkaas ka muuqda taariikhda bogga ma keeni doonto qaybta loo baahan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, [[WP:ANCHORSUBST|marka lagu darayo isqu xirka anchor madaxyada, mar walba beddel moodalka gudaha madaxa]]: {{block indent|1={{plainlist| * {{y}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== {{subst:anchor|Anchor name}} Section title ==</nowiki>}}</code> * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== {{anchor|Anchor name}} Section title ==</nowiki>}}</code> }} }} {{shortcut|MOS:SECTIONCOMMENT}} {{va|SECTIONCOMMENT|Section comment|text=[[#Invisible comments|Xusuus-qoraallada la qariyay]] oo tixraacaya madaxa qayb ama qayb oo dhan waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu lago xar ka hooseysa madaxa. Waxaa sidoo cuali ahaan lagu lagi karaa ku dhex jira xarkooda oo kale sida madaxa, laakiin xaaladaas waa inay noqdaan kuwo {{em|gudaha}} <code>==&nbsp;==</code> markup:{{efn|1=Xusuus-qoraal ka baxsan <code><nowiki>==&nbsp;==</nowiki></code> laakiin ku dhex jira xarkooda oo kale wuxuu keeni karaa isqu xirka tifaftirka qaybta inuu ku guuldareysto inuu ka muuqdo dhammaan; ee browsers-ka kale, wuxuu ka muuqan karaa, laakiin isticmaalkiisu wuxuu keeni doonaa madaxa qaybta inuusan si otomaatig ah lagu darin gaabinta tifaftirka.}}}} {{block indent|1={{plainlist| * {{y}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== Implications ==</nowiki><br /><nowiki><!--This comment is placed correctly.--></nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{mby}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== Implications<!--This comment works fine.--> ==</nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{mby}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== <!--This comment works fine.-->Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== Implications == <!--This comment causes problems.--> </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{tracked|T381786}}{{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki><!--This comment causes problems.</nowiki><br><nowiki>-->== Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki><!--The space after this comment breaks the heading completely.--> == Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} }} }} ====<span class="anchor" id="SECTIONANCHOR"></span><span class="anchor" id="Section anchor"></span>Anchors==== {{short|MOS:SECTIONANCHOR}} <section begin="heading links" />Ka hor inta aanad beddelin madax, tixgeli in aad baabi'inayso isqu xirka jira oo ku dhex jira.<section end="heading links" /> Haddii ay jiraan [[Help:Link#To a section|isqu xirka badan oo u socda mawduuca hore]],{{efn|name="many links"|1=Si aad u ogaato inta isqu xirka ee u socda mawduuca qaybta hore iyo maqaallada leeh iyaga, waxaad sameyn kartaa <span class=plainlinks>[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=all%3A+linksto%3A%22ARTICLE%22+insource%3A%2F%5B%5B%7C%5DARTICLE%5C%23OLDSECTION%2F+&title=Special:Search&profile=all&fulltext=1 raadinta sare ee]</span>, iyadoo la beddelayo {{smallcaps|article}} magaca maqaalka, iyo {{smallcaps|oldsection}} mawduuca qaybta hore. Raadintaas sare ma raadiso [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirections-ka]], markaas sidoo kale eeg bogga maqaalka ee [[Special:WhatLinksHere]] ee redirections-ka u socda mawduuca qaybta hore. Haddii ay jiraan kaliya nambarka yar ee isqu xirka ee u socda mawduuca qaybta hore, waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu cusbooneysiiyo manwal ahaan.}} abuur [[Help:Anchor|anchor]] oo leh mawduucaas si loo xaqijiyo in kuwani ay sii shaqeeyaan. Sidoo kale, marka lagu isqu xirayo qayb, ka tag xusuus-qoraal aan la arki karin madaxa qaybta bartilmaameedka, iyadoo lagu magacaabayo maqaallada isqu xirka leeh, si haddii madaxa dambe loo beddelo kani si fudud loo hagaajin karo, ama kale anchor kale loo abuurayo haddii ay jiraan kuwo badan.{{efn|name="many links"}} Tusaale ahaan: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == {{subst:Anchor|Consequences}} Implications == <!-- "Richard Dawkins" and "Daniel Dennett" link here. --> </syntaxhighlight> oo lagu kaydin doono maqaalka sida: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == <span class="anchor" id="Consequences"></span> Implications == <!-- "Richard Dawkins" and "Daniel Dennett" link here. --> </syntaxhighlight> Faa'iidada isticmaalka {{tlxs|Anchor}}, ama kaliya la dhex gelinayo {{tag|span|o|link=yes}} tags-ka toos, waa in marka tifaftirka loo sameeyo qaybta mustaqbalka, anchor-ku ma lagu dhex jiri doono taariikhda bogga sida qayb ka mid ah magaca qaybta. Marka kaliya {{tlx|Anchor}} loo isticmaalo toos, akhlaaqdaas aan loo baahnayn {{em|waa ay}} dhacdaa, markaas waa in mar walba [[WP:ANCHORSUBST|loo beddelo anchors madaxyada qaybaha]]. Marka la dhex gelinayo span toos, {{em|ha}} gaabin iyadoo la isticmaalayo tag-ka self-closing, sida ku dhex jirta: <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== <span id="Consequences"</nowiki>{{highlight round|/|bc=var(--background-color-destructive-subtle, lightred);}}> Implications <nowiki>==</nowiki>}}</code> In HTML5 foomkaas XML-style waa mid shaqaynaya kaliya tags-ka qaarkood, sida {{nowrap |<code>&lt;br/></code>}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T134423 |title=T134423 Deprecate nonstandard behavior of self-closed HTML tags in wikitext. |website=phabricator.wikimedia.org |access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref> Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking|Avoiding broken section links}} si aad u ogaato wada-hadal dheeraad ah. ====Mawduuca oo kale madaxa==== Hagaha sare ee madaxyada qaybaha, gaar ahaan sentence case, turjumaad, sawirrada iyo su'aalaha, sidoo kale wuxuu ku dabaqmaa [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables#Captions and headers|madaxyada taarikada]] (iyo noocyada taarikada iyo xarrada). Laakiin, madaxyada taarikada waxay ku dhex jiri karaan xigashooyinka oo waxay ku starts-garo karaan, ama noqon karaan, nambara. Unka madaxyada bogga, madaxyada taarikada ma samayn karaan si otomaatig ah anchors-ka isqu xirka. Ka baxsan sentence case ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Glossaries|glossaries]], talada madaxa sidoo kale waxay ku dabaqmaysaa ''term'' qoraallada ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists#DLIST|description lists]]. Haddii la isticmaalayo [[Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Glossaries#Template-structured|template-structured glossaries]], terms-ku si otomaatig ah waxay leeyihiin anchors-ka isqu xirka, laakiin ma leeyihiin kale. Xigashooyinka mawduuca description-list waxay ku dhex jiraan {{tl|term}} ama {{tl|defn}} element, sida loo baahan yahay. ==Noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga== {{Shortcut|MOS:ENGVAR}} Noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga (tusaale ahaan, kala duwanaanshaha erayada ama naxwaha ee gobollada ka jira) waxay bixiyaan macluumaad ku saabsan kala duwanaanshaas. Dhammaan noocyada gobollada ama noocyada heerka ee Af-Soomaaliga waa kuwo la aqbali karo oo siman Wikipedia-da Soomaaliga, iyada oo la isticmaalayo uslub rasmi ah oo maqaallada u gaar ah ([[Register (sociolinguistics)|weeraral rami ah]] ama astaanta luqadda). Qaabka taariikhda ee maqaalka ({{xt|{{#time: F j, Y}}}} ama {{xt|{{#time: j F Y}}}}) wuxuu sidoo kale la xiriiraa noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga {{snd}}eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|Strong national ties to a topic|Retaining existing format}}. === <span class="anchor" id="Internal consistency"></span>Joogteynta ku dhex jirta maqaallada<!-- When renaming this section title, rename the full link at [[Wikipedia:Consistency]] --> === {{Shortcut|MOS:ARTCON|MOS:CONSISTENT}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Variation in citation methods|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Retaining existing format}} Xeerarka nooc gaar ah oo Af-Soomaali caadifad ah waa in loo raaco si joogto ah ku dhex jirta maqaalka gaarka ah. Waxyaabaha ka baxsan waxaa ku jira: *'''Xigashooyinka''' iyo '''cinwaannada buugaagta ama hawlaha''' (sida buugaagta, filimada, iyo muusigga) waa in loo qoraa sida ay ka muuqdaan ilaha tixraaca. Laakiin, waxaa jira xaalado qaarkood oo leexanaya mabda'an si loo dhowro heerka qaab-qoraalka ee alifbeetada encyclopedia-ha dhan. {{crossref|Eeg {{section link||Typographic conformity}}.}} *'''Magacyada u gaarka ah''' waxay isticmaalaan qoraalka mawduuca ama lahaanshaha u gaarka ah, tusaale ahaan, {{xt|United States Department of Defense}} iyo {{xt|Australian Defence Force}}; {{xt|International Labour Organization}}<!--This example is here because it uses -our and -ization at the same time; it is Oxford spelling.-->. *Maqaallada ku saabsan mawduucyada la xiriira kimistariga, foomka heerka caalamiga ah ee higaada {{xt|aluminium}}, {{xt|sulfur}}, {{xt|caesium}} (iyo erayada ka soo baxa) waa in loo isticmaalo iyadoo aan loo eegin nooca luqadda ee looga adeegsado maqaalka. {{crossref|Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (chemistry)|Element names}}.}} ===Fursadaha wadaagga ama isku-duubnida=== {{shortcut|MOS:COMMONALITY}} Si loogu talagalay encyclopedia caalamiga ah, isticmaalka erayada wadaagga ah ee dhammaan noocyada Af-Soomaaliga waa mid ka wanaagsan. *Isticmaal erayada si caalami ah loo aqbalay halkii kuwa aan aad loo fidin, gaar ahaan cinwaannada. Tusaale ahaan, [[Glasses|{{xt|muraayado}}]] ayaa ka wanaagsan noocyada gobollada ee gaarka ah; [[Ten million|{{xt|toban milyan}}]] ayaa ka wanaagsan [[crore|{{!xt|hal crore}}]]. *Haddii kala duwanaansho higaadeed uu ka muuqdo cinwaan, samee bogga [[Wikipedia:Redirect|reer-itusaale (sidetrack/redirect)]] si loogu talagalay kuwa kale, sida ku dhex jirta [[artefact]] iyo [[artifact]], si dhammaan noocyada loo isticmaali karo raadinta iyo isku xirka. *Erayada ku kala duwan noocyada luqadda, ama leh macnayaal kala duwan, waxaa lagu [[Gloss (annotation)#In linguistics|u xaqiijin karaa faahfaahinta (gloss)]] si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga ama jahawareerka, tusaale ahaan, {{xt|qaybta dambe ee baabuurta (trunk ama boot)&nbsp;...}}. *Isticmaal eray ama weedh si caadi ah loo fahmo iyada oo ka wanaagsan mid leh macno kale sababtoo ah kala duwanaanshaha gobollada (halkii {{!xt|alternate}}, isticmaal {{xt|alternative}} ama {{xt|alternating}}, sida habboon), marka laga reebo xaaladaha tignoolajiyada ama cilmiga halka beddelkaas uu noqon lahaa mid aan habboonayn ({{xt|alternate leaves}}; {{xt|alternate law}}). *Marka ay jiraan wax ka badan hal nooc oo higaad ah oo ka dhex jira heerka caadiga ah ee luqadda, nooca ugu caansan ee hadda la isticmaalo waa in caadi ahaan ka wanaagsanaado, marka laga reebo halka higaada yar ay leedahay isticmaal gaar ah oo xaalad xeel-dheer ah, tusaale ahaan, ''connexion'' ku dhex jirta [[Connexionalism|Methodist connexionalism]]. ===Xiriirka gobolka ama qaranka ee xoogga leh ee mawduuca=== {{Shortcut|MOS:TIES}} Maqaal ku saabsan mawduuc leh xiriir xooggan oo u socda waddan ama gobol]] gaar ah waa inuu isticmaalaa heerka luqadda rasmiga ah (ee ma aha colloquial/afka wadada) ee gobolkaas ama qarankaas. Tusaale ahaan: Mawduucyada leh xiriir xooggan oo u socda [[Commonwealth of Nations]], ama waddamo badan oo Commonwealth ah ama dhulalkii hore ee British-ka, isticmaal higaada British-ka. ===Dhowrida nooca jira=== {{Shortcut|MOS:RETAIN}} Marka nooc gaar ah [[#Consistency within articles|isticmaalkiisa joogtada ah]] lagu dhisay maqaal, sii wad iyada oo aan la helin is-afgarad ka dhan ah. Kaliya xaaladaha gaarka ah (sida marka mawduuc uu leeyahay [[#Strong national ties to a topic|xiriir gobol ama qaran oo xooggan]], ama beddelku wuxuu yareeyaa is-dhaafsiga) ayaa ay jirtaa sabab shaqaynaysa oo loo beddelo ka mid ah dookha la aqbali karo oo loo beddelo mid kale. {{va|FPSR|FMC|text=Marka aan la dhisin nooc gaar ah oo wada-hadalku uusan xallin arrinta, isticmaal nooca ka muuqda nooca ugu horreeyay ee ka dambeeya [[Wikipedia:Stub|qabyada (stub)]] oo soo bandhigay nooc la aqoonsan karo. Waxa ka baxsan tan waa [[#Retain quote variety|ha beddelin nooca luqadda ee ku dhex jira xigasho]].}} Nooca lagu dhisay maqaal gaar ah waxaa lagu qoraa iyadoo lagu dhex darayo [[:Category:Use English templates|tampaallada Use X English]] ee habboon bogga maqaalka. Tampaallada [[:Category:Varieties of English templates|nooca luqadda ee habboon]] sidoo kale waxaa lagu dhejin karaa bogga wada-hadalka ee maqaalka. Maqaal waa inuusan noqon mid la tifaftiro ama magaca loo beddelo kaliya si looga beddelo hal nooc oo luqad ah oo loo beddelo mid kale. Tampaalka {{tlxs|uw-engvar}} waxaa lagu dhejin karaa bogga wada-hadalka tifaftiraha si loogu sharraxo tan. ==Xarfo-waweynaynta== Cinwaannada maqaallada Wikipedia iyo cinwaannada qaybaha waxay isticmaalaan habka weedha, ma aha habka cinwaanka; iyo {{section link||Section headings}}. Xaraf-weynaynta alaabta liiska ku jirta, eeg {{section link||Bulleted and numbered lists}}. Points-ka kale ee ku saabsan xaraf-weynaynta waxaa si kooban loogu dhex muujiyay hoos. Macluumaadka fulan waxaa lagu heli karaa [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters]]. Qodobka ugu muhiimsan ayaa ah in Wikipedia aysan xaraf-weynaynayn eray ilaa uu si joogto ah xaraf-weyn ugu yahay badankooda [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|ilaha lagu kalsoonaan karo]] ee madax-bannaan. ===Xaraf-weynaynta ''The''=== Caadi ahaan, ha xaraf-weynayn erayga ''the'' dhexda jumlada ma aha { Reebanaanta caadiga ah waxaa ku jira magacyada u gaarka ah ee qaarkood iyo badankooda cinwaannada hawlaha abuurka ah ({{xt|Tolkien wrote ''The Lord of the Rings''}}{{snd}}laakiin ogaada in ''the'' aysan noqon karin qayb ka mid ah cinwaanka ee lagu qoro, t.s., Waxaa jira tixgelinno gaar ah oo loo sameeyo magacyada kooxaha muusigga , magacyada hay'adaha, magac u yaallada, summadaha ganacsiga. ===<span id="Capitalization-Titles"></span>Cinwaannada hawlaha=== {{main|WP:Manual of Style/Titles of works}} Cinwaannada luqadda Ingiriisiga ee qoraallada (buugaagta iyo hawlaha kale ee qoraalka, noocyada iyo hawlaha kale ee codka, filimada iyo hawlaha kale ee muuqaalka ah, sawirrada iyo hawlaha kale ee fanka, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxaa loo bixiyaa habka {{em|[[title case]]}}, halka eray kasta loo siiyo xaraf-weyn bilowga marka laga reebo erayada qaarkood oo yar oo muhiim ah (sida lagu sharraxay {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters|Composition titles}}). Erayada ugu horreeya iyo kuwa ugu dambeeya ee cinwaan luqad Ingiriisi ah mar walba waa kuwo xaraf-weyn leh. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|''An Eye for an Eye''}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|''Worth the Fighting For''}} Xaraf-weynaynta cinwaannada aan Ingiriisiga ahayn waa ay kala duwan tahay, xataa waqti ka waqti isla luqadda dhexdeeda; caadi ahaan, dhowr qaabka asalka ah ee hawlaha cusub, oo raac isticmaalka ka muuqda ilaha lagu kalsoonaan karo ee luqadda Ingiriisiga ee hadda{{efn|name=recent}} ee hawlaha taariikhiga ah. Marka lagu qoro alfabeta Laatiinka, badankooda waxyaabahaani waa inay sidoo kale ku jiraan farta janjeerta ([[#Italics|italics]]), ama lagu duubo [[#Names and titles|calaamadaha oraahda (quotation marks)]]. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|{{lang|fr|Les Liaisons dangereuses}}}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"{{lang|de|italics=no|Hymnus an den heiligen Geist}}"}} ===Tayooyinka iyo xilalka dadka=== *'''Isticmaalka guud''', isticmaal xaraf yar erayada sida ''madaxweyne'' , ''boqor', iyo ''imbiraadoor'' ({{xt|De Gaulle wuxuu ahaa madaxweyne Faransiis ah}}; {{xt|Louis XVI wuxuu ahaa boqor Faransiis ah}}; {{xt|Saddex ra'iisul wasaare ayaa ka soo qayb galay shirka}}). *'''Toos ka hor magaca dadka''', erayadaas waxay ka bilaabanayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|Madaxweyne Obama}}, ma aha {{!xt|madaxweyne Obama}}). Magacyada heerka caadiga ah ama caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo ee xilka ama doorka waxaa loo maareeyaa sida magacyada u gaarka ah ({{xt|David Cameron wuxuu ahaa Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Biritain}}; {{xt|Hirohito wuxuu ahaa Imbiraadoorkii Jabaan}}; {{xt|Louis XVI wuxuu ahaa Boqorkii Faransiiska}}). Titoolinka ama doorka boqortooyada waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|Her Majesty}}; {{xt|His Highness}}); reebanaantu waxay ku dabaqmi kartaa xilal gaar ah. ===Diimaha, ilaahyada, falsafadaha, iyo caqiidooyinka=== *'''Diimaha, kooxaha, iyo kaniisadaha''' iyo taageerayaashooda (foomka magaca ama tilmaamaha) waxay ka start-garoobayaan xaraf-weyn. Caadi ahaan, "the" ma aha xaraf-weyn ka hor magacyadaas ({{xt|the Unitarians}}, ma aha {{!xt|The Unitarians}}). *'''Qoraallada diinta]]''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn, laakiin badanaa ma aha farta janjeerta ({{xt|the Bhagavad Gita}}, {{xt|the Quran}}, {{xt|the Talmud}}, {{xt|the Granth Sahib}}, {{xt|the Bible}}). Ha u qorin xaraf-weyn "the" marka aad u isticmaalayso foomkan. Tilmaamaha qaarkood oo ka soo baxa waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn heshiis ahaan, qaarkoodna ma qaataan ({{xt|biblical}}, laakiin {{xt|Quranic}}); haddii aad u baahato hubaal, eeg qaamuuska. *'''[[Honorific|Tayooyinka iyo magacyada sharafta]] ee ilaahyada''', ku dhex jira magacyada u gaarka ah iyo tayooyinka, waxay ka start-garoobayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|God}}, {{xt|Allah}}, {{xt|the Lord}}, {{xt|the Supreme Being}}, {{xt|the Great Spirit}}, {{xt|the Horned One}}, {{xt|Bhagavan}}). Ha u qorin xaraf-weyn "the" xaaladahaas ama marka aad tixraacayso dadka waaweyn ee diinta ama shakhsiyaadka khayalka ah/asraarta ah ({{xt|the Prophet}}, {{xt|the Messiah}}, {{xt|the Virgin}}). Magacyada guud ee ilaahyada iyo shakhsiyaadka diinta ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|many gods}}; {{xt|the god Woden}}; {{xt|saints and prophets}}). *'''Magac-u-yaallada shakhsiyaadka cibaadada ama Ilaah''' ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn, xataa haddii xaraf-weyn lagu qoro qoraallada diinta ({{xt|God and his will}}). *'''Qaybaha waaweyn ee mukhluuqaadka khayalka ah (mythical/legendary)''' waxay ka start-garoobayaan xarfo yar ({{xt|elf}}, {{xt|fairy}}, {{xt|nymph}}, {{xt|unicorn}}, {{xt|angel}}), inkastoo hawlaha khayalka ah (fantasy), sida buugaagta [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] iyo ciyaaraha fiidiyowga qaarkood, xarfaha waaweyn ee bilowga ah marmar loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo in mukhluuqaadku ay samaynayaan dhaqan ama irsi dhex jira [[fictional universe|caalamka khayalka ah]]. U qor xaraf-weyn magacyada ama tayooyinka mukhluuqaadka gaarka ah ({{xt|the Minotaur}}, {{xt|Pegasus}}) iyo kooxaha oo magacooda iyo xubnahoodu ay yihiin kuwo go'an ({{xt|the Magi, or the Three Wise Men}}, {{xt|the Furies}}). Tixraacyada guud ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|these priests}}; {{xt|several wise men}}; {{xt|cherub-like}}). *'''Matalaadaha ama dhacdooyinka ruuxiga ah iyo kuwa diinta''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn kaliya marka la tixraacayo dhacdooyin gaar ah ama waqtiyo gaar ah ({{xt|the Great Flood}} iyo {{xt|the Exodus}}; laakiin {{xt|annual flooding}} iyo {{xt|an exodus of refugees}}). *'''Falsafadaha, aragtiyaha, dhaqdhaqaaqyada, iyo caqiidooyinka''' waxay isticmaalaan xarfo yar ilaa magacu ka soo baxo magac u gaar ah ({{xt|capitalism versus Marxism}}) ama uusan noqon magac u gaar ah ({{xt|republican}}, oo ah dhismaha fikirka siyaasadda; {{xt|Republican}}, oo ah xisbi siyaasadeed). Isticmaal xarfo yar mawduucyada caqiidooyinka ama fikirka diinta ee heerka caadiga ah (oo ka soo contrasts-garoobaya dhacdooyinka gaarka ah), xataa haddii xaraf-weyn lagu qoro taageerayaasha diinta qaarkood ({{xt|virgin birth}}, {{xt|original sin}}, {{xt|transubstantiation}}). *'''[[Platonic idealism|Platonic]] ama fikradaha sare (transcendent ideals)''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn xaaladda caqiidada falsafadda ({{xt|Truth}}, {{xt|the Good}}); marka loo isticmaalo si dhumuc leh, waxay ku dhex jiraan xarfo yar ({{xt|Superman represents American ideals of truth and justice}}). Isticmaal xarfo waaweyn marka fanka lagu personify-gareeyo fikradaha ({{xt|the guidebook mentioned statues of Justice and Liberty}}). *{{va|Eponyms|EPONYM|EPONYMS|text='''[[Eponym|Eponym-s (erayada ka soo baxay magacyada dadka)]]''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn ([[Edwardian era|{{xt|Edwardian}}]], [[De Morgan's laws|{{xt|De Morgan's laws}}]], [[Alice in Wonderland syndrome|{{xt|Alice in Wonderland syndrome}}]], [[Plaster of Paris|{{xt|plaster of Paris}}]], [[Platonic idealism|{{xt|Platonic idealism}}]], [[Draconian constitution|{{xt|Draconian constitution of Athens}}]]), marka laga reebo isticmaalka sanfada ama maahmaahda ah oo ka baxsan xaaladda asalka ah oo caadi ahaan xarfo yar ku dhex jira ilaha tixraaca ([[Platonic relationship|{{xt|a platonic relationship}}]]; {{xt|complained of draconian workplace policies}}).{{efn|name=eponyms|1=Waxaa jira waxyaabo yar oo dheeraad ah oo ka baxsan xaraf-weynaynta eponyms-ka, halka eraygu leeyahay xeer xooggan oo ah xarfo yar, t.s., lagu doorbido foomkaas badankooda qaamuustada waaweyn ee luqadda Ingiriisiga. Tusaale ahaan, {{xt|parkinsonian}} wuxuu sharraxaa bukaan muujinaya astaamaha [[Parkinson's disease|{{xt|Parkinson's disease}}]]. Dhexdeeda carabiga/higgaada isticmaalka erayada [[Linguistic latinisation|{{xt|latinize}}]], [[Romanisation|{{xt|romanize}}]], iyo [[Anglicization|{{xt|anglicize}}]] [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Anglo- and similar prefixes|waxay sii kordhayaan xarfo yar]], iyo [[Italic type|{{xt|italic[s]}}]] ku dhex jirta farta mar walba waa xarfo yar.}} Weedha dhan oo uu eponym ku yahay tilmaame [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Religions, deities, philosophies, doctrines, and their adherents|ma aha xaraf-weyn]] marka laga reebo marka weedha dhitadeedu tahay magac u gaar ah (t.s., [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles|cinwaanka hawl la daabacay]]: [[The China Syndrome|{{xt|''The China Syndrome''}}]]).}} ===Astaamaha kalandarka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Calendar items}} *'''Bilsashada (bilo), maalmaha toddobaadka, iyo fasaxyada''' waxay ka start-garoobayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|June}}, {{xt|Monday}}; {{xt|the Fourth of July}} wuxuu tixraacaa kaliya Maalinta Xorriyadda Mareykanka{{snd}}haddii kale {{xt|July 4}} ama {{xt|4 July}}). *'''Xilliyada''' waxay ku dhex jiraan xarfo yar ({{xt|her last summer}}; {{xt|the winter solstice}}; {{xt|spring fever}}), marka laga reebo marka lagu personify-gareeyo fanka ama magacyada u gaarka ah ee waqtiyada ama dhacdooyinka ({{xt|Old Man Winter}}; {{xt|competed on the Spring Circuit}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="People, animals, plants, and other organisms"></span>Dadka, xayawaanka, dhirta, iyo noolaha kale=== {{Shortcut|MOS:LIFE}} ee farta janjeerta, {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting|Italic type}}. Eeg sidoo kale {{section link|Wikipedia:Lead section|Organisms}} ee ku saabsan maareynta jumlada ugu horreysa. Eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (fauna)]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora)]] ee ku saabsan hagaha cinwaannada maqaallada.}} Marka la isticmaalayo '''[[Taxonomy (biology)|magacyada taksonomiga ("sayniska")]]''', u qor xaraf-weyn iyo farta janjeerta (italics) genus-ka: {{xt|''Berberis''}}, {{xt|''Erithacus''}}. (Supergenus iyo subgenus, marka ay ku dabaqmaan, waxaa loo maareeyaa sidaas oo kale.) Janjeeri laakiin ha u qorin xaraf-weyn heerarka taksonomiga ee species-ka (noocyada) iyo ka hooseeya: {{xt|''Berberis darwinii''}}, {{xt|''Erithacus rubecula superbus''}}, {{xt|''Acacia coriacea'' subsp. ''sericophylla''}}; ma jiraan reebanaanno loo sameeyay magacyada u gaarka ah oo qayb ka ah magacyada sayniska. Taxa-ga sare (order, family, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn Laatiinka ({{xt|Carnivora}}, {{xt|Felidae}}) laakiin ma qaataan udhigmaadka Ingiriisiga ({{xt|carnivorans}}, {{xt|felids}}); ma aha janjeer labada foomba, marka laga reebo fayrasyada, halka dhammaan magacyada lagu aqbalay guddiga [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|ICTV]] ay yihiin janjeer ({{xt|''Retroviridae''}}). {{Shortcut|MOS:CULTIVAR}}{{Anchor|Cultivar}}Magacyada '''[[Cultivar]]''' iyo '''[[cultivar group]]''' ee dhirta ma aha janjeer, waxayna qaataan xarfo waaweyn (harraan erayga ''Group'' ee magaca ku dhex jira); magacyada cultivar waxay ka muuqdaan xigashooyinka keliyaalka ah (single quotes) ({{xt|''Malus domestica'' 'Red Delicious'}}), halka cultivar groups aysan qaadanin ({{xt|''Cynara cardunculus'' Scolymus Group}}). '''Ingiriisiga [[Common name|magacyada afka caadiga ah ("common")]]''' waxaa loo bixiyaa xarfo yar qoraalka maqaalka dhexdiisa ([[Plains zebra|{{xt|plains zebra}}]]<!-- animal species -->, [[Mountain maple|{{xt|mountain&nbsp;maple}}]]<!-- plant species -->, iyo [[Southwestern red-tailed hawk|{{xt|southwestern red-tailed hawk}}]]<!-- bird subspecies -->) iyo habka weedha (sentence case) bilowga jumlada iyo meelaha kale oo xarafka ugu horreeya ee erayga ugu horreeya uu yahay xaraf-weyn.{{efn|name=Sentence case}} Waxay sidoo kale qaataan xarfo waaweyn halka ay ku jiraan magacyo u gaar ah: [[Przewalski's horse|{{xt|Przewalski's&nbsp;horse}}]]<!-- eponym -->, [[California condor|{{xt|California&nbsp;condor}}]]<!-- typical geonym -->, iyo [[Fair-maid-of-France|{{xt|fair-maid-of-France}}]]<!-- unusual but important illustrative case -->. Kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa noocyada (species) iyo nooc-hoosaadyada (subspecies), sida tusaalooyinka hore, iyo sidoo kale magacyada guud ee kooxaha ama noocyada noolaha: [[Bird of prey|{{xt|bird&nbsp;of&nbsp;prey}}]]<!-- cross-order ecological niche -->, [[Oak|{{xt|oak}}]]<!-- plant family -->, [[Great apes|{{xt|great&nbsp;apes}}]]<!-- animal family -->, [[Bryde's whales|{{xt|Bryde's&nbsp;whales}}]]<!-- species group -->, [[Livestock guardian dog|{{xt|livestock&nbsp;guardian&nbsp;dog}}]]<!-- domestic type -->, [[Poodle|{{xt|poodle}}]]<!-- domestic breed group but not a breed -->, [[Van cat|{{xt|Van&nbsp;cat}}]]<!-- domestic geographic landrace -->, [[Wolfdog|{{xt|wolfdog}}]]<!-- hybrid/crossbreed/mongrel not recognized as a standardized breed -->. Marka magaca caadiga ah uu la mid yahay takson saynis ah, ha u qorin xaraf-weyn ama janjeer, marka laga reebo halka la tixraacayo noolaha dhanka taksonomiga: {{xt|A lynx is any of the four medium-sized wild cat species within the genus ''Lynx''.}} Magacyada caadiga ah ee aan Ingiriisiga ahayn, marka ay habboon tahay in lagu daro, waxaa loo maareeyaa sida erayada kale ee aan Ingiriisiga ahayn: janjeer sidaas ah, oo xaraf-weyn kaliya haddii shuruudaha luqadda hooyo ay u baahan yihiin. Magacyada aan Ingiriisiga ahayn ee noqday kuwo la qabsaday Ingiriisiga waxaa loo maareeyaa sida Ingiriisiga ([[Ayahuasca|{{xt|ayahuasca}}]], [[Okapi|{{xt|okapi}}]]). {{Shortcut|MOS:BREED}}{{Anchor|Breed}}'''[[Standardized breeds|Dhalada la halbeeyay (Standardized breeds)]]''' waa inay caadi ahaan dhowraan xaraf-weynaynta loo isticmaalay halbeegga dhalada.{{efn|name=Standardized breeds|1=Hagaha dhalada waxaa lagu daray [[Diff2/881140543|RfC on capitalization of the names of standardized breeds|December 2018 RfC]]. "Dhalada la halbeeyay" wuxuu waayay macno toos ah oo caddaynaya, laakiin wuxuu ku dhex jiraa dhala kasta oo ku dhex jira [[breed standard]] ama [[studbook]] ee kooxda taranta/mataanaha. Kooxaha kale ee xayawaanka guri-joogga ah ma aha dhala la halbeeyay: noocyada taariikhda hore, kooxaha dhalada, xayawaanka duurjoogtoobay (feral), landraces, iyo [[crossbreed|dhalada la isku dhalay]] ama [[Hybrid (biology)|isandho]] oo aan kooxaha waaweyn aqoonsan sida dhala gaar ah. Kuwo badan caadi ahaan ma aha [[Wikipedia:Notability|muhiim (notable)]].}} Tusaalooyinka: [[German Shepherd|{{xt|German Shepherd}}]], [[Russian White goat|{{xt|Russian White goat}}]], [[Berlin Short-faced Tumbler|{{xt|Berlin Short-faced Tumbler}}]]. Sida cultivar-ka dhirta, kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa haddii magacu yahay magac u gaar ah ama kale, oo ka soo horjeeda sida magacyada caadiga ah ee noolaha loo qoro. Laakiin, ka baxsan cultivar-ka, dhalada waligeed lagu ma dhex daro xigashooyinka keliyaalka ah (single quotes), oo magacyadoodu waligeed ma aha qayb ka mid ah magac saynis ah. Erayga noolaha ee lagu daray dhammaadka si looga fogaado jahawareerka ("cat", "hound", "horse", "swine", iyo wixii la mid ah) waa inuusan noqon xaraf-weyn, ilaa uu yahay qayb ka mid ah magaca dhalada oo si joogto ah lagu muujiyo foomkaas halbeegga dhalada (xaaladaha dhifka ah waxaa ku jira [[Norwegian Forest Cat|{{xt|Norwegian Forest Cat}}]] iyo [[American Quarter Horse|{{xt|American Quarter Horse}}]]). Samee [[Wikipedia:Redirect|xiriiriyeyaasha dib-u-luqadda (redirects)]] ka soo baxay xaraf-weynaynta kale iyo foomamka higaada ee cinwaannada maqaalka, iyo magacyada kale, t.s., [[Adélie Penguin]], [[Adelie penguin]], [[Adelie Penguin]] iyo ''[[Pygoscelis adeliae]]'' dhammaan waa inay dib-u-luqad u sameeyaan [[Adélie penguin]]. ===Samooyinka iyo walxaha hawada sare=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Celestial bodies}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (astronomical objects)}} Erayada ''sun'' (sol/qorrax), ''earth'' (dhul), ''moon'' (dayax), iyo ''solar system'' (bahda qorraxda) ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn isticmaalka guud ({{xt|The sun was over the mountain top}}; {{xt|The tribal people thought of the whole earth as their home}}). Waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn marka walaxda lagu personify-gareeyo fanka/suugaanta ({{xt|Sol Invictus ('Unconquered Sun') was the Roman sun god}}) ama marka loo isticmaalo sida magac walax gaar ah xaaladda sayniska ama falagga ({{xt|The Moon orbits the Earth}}; laakiin {{xt|Io is a moon of Jupiter}}). Magacyada meereyaasha, dayaxyada, asteroids-ka, comets-ka, xiddigaha, constellations-ka, iyo galaxies-ka waa magacyo u gaar ah, oo sidaas darteed xaraf-weyn ah ({{xt|The planet Mars is in the constellation Gemini, near the star Pollux}}). Xarafka ugu horreeya ee eray kasta oo ku dhex jira magacaas waa xaraf-weyn ({{xt|Alpha Centauri}} ma aha {{!xt|Alpha centauri}}; {{xt|Milky Way}}, ma aha {{!xt|Milky way}}). Erayada sida ''comet'' iyo ''galaxy'' waa inay noqdaan xaraf-weyn marka ay samaynayaan qayb ka mid ah magac u gaar ah, laakiin ma aha marka loo isticmaalo sida eray guud ({{xt|Halley's Comet is the most famous of the comets}}; {{xt|the Andromeda Galaxy is a spiral galaxy}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Compass"></span>Pointers-ka kombaas-ka (Jihooyinka)=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Compass points}} Ha xaraf-weynayn '''jihooyinka''' sida ''north'' (woqooyi) ama foomamka la xiriira ({{xt|We took the northern road}}) marka laga reebo marka ay yihiin qaybo ka mid ah magacyada u gaarka ah ({{xt|Great North Road}}, {{xt|Great Western Drive}}, {{xt|South Pole}}). U qor xaraf-weyn '''magacyada gobollada''' haddii ay gaareen heerka magaca u gaarka ah, ku dhex jira magacyada caadiga ah ee heshiiska ({{xt|Southern California}}; {{xt|the Western Desert}}), iyo erayada ka soo baxa ee dadka (t.s., ''Southerner'' oo ah mid ka soo jeeda [[Southern United States]]). Ha xaraf-weynayn magacyada sharraxaadda leh ee gobollada oo aan gaarin heerka magacyada u gaarka ah, sida {{xt|southern Poland}}. Jihooyinka isku-dhafka ah waxaa lagu dhex jiri karaa ama aan lagu dhex jiri karin dhex-xariijin (hyphen), iyada oo ku xiran [[#National varieties of English|nooca Ingiriisiga ee loo qaatay]] maqaalka. {{xt|Southeast Asia}} iyo {{xt|northwest}} waxay ka caansan yihiin Ingiriisiga Mareykanka; laakiin {{xt|South-East Asia}} iyo {{xt|north-west}} waxay ka caansan yihiin Ingiriisiga British-ka. Xaaladaha sida {{xt|north–south dialogue}} iyo {{xt|east–west orientation}}, isticmaal en dash; eeg {{section link||Other uses for en dashes}}. ===<span id="Institutions"></span>Magacyada u gaarka ah ka soo contrasts-garoobaya erayada guud=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Institutions|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Capitalization of The{{!}}Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Capitalization of ''The''}} U qor xaraf-weyn magacyada hay'adaha ama doorka gaarka ah ({{xt|the founding of the University of Delhi}}; {{xt|the history of Stanford University}}) laakiin ma aha erayada guud ee hay'adaha ({{xt|the high school is near the university}}). Ha xaraf-weynayn ''the'' bilowga magaca hay'adda, iyada oo aan loo eegin qaabka loo doorbido ee hay'adda. Waxaa jira reebanaanno dhif ah, marka la hoggaaminayo ''The'' oo lagu muujiyay ''T'' ku dhex jira acronym-ka kooxda: {{xt|The International Cat Association (TICA)}}. U maaree qaybaha siyaasadda ama juqraafiga foomkan oo kale: {{xt|The city has a population of 55,000}}; {{xt|The two towns merged to become the City of Smithville}}. Ha u sameynin sida qaabka wargaysyada maxalliga ah oo tixraacaya degmada/magaalada sida ''the City'' ama ''The City'', marka laga reebo City of London [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#City of London|xaaladaha qaarkood]]. Hagahaani wuxuu sii kordhayaa wax-soosaarka hay'adaha, shirkadaha, iyo kooxaha kale. Tusaale ahaan, magaca dhan ee sharciga sida {{xt|Online Safety Act 2023}} wuxuu noqon doonaa xaraf-weyn, laakiin tixraacyada ka dambeeya ee {{xt|the act}} ma noqon doonaan kuwo xaraf-weyn ah. ==<span class="anchor" id="Acronyms and abbreviations"></span><span class="anchor" id="Acronyms"></span><span class="anchor" id="Initialisms"></span><span class="anchor" id="Shortenings"></span>Gaabinta== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Initials}} Gaabinta waa foomamka gaaban ee erayada ama foomamka. Raadinta saxda ah, waxay ku kala duwan yihiin [[Contraction (grammar)|contractions]], oo isticmaala [[apostrophe]] (t.s., ''won't'', eeg {{Section link||Contractions}}), iyo [[initialism]]s. Initialism waxaa lagu samaynayaa ka mid ah ama dhammaan xarfaha bilowga ah ee erayada ku dhex jira foom. Ka hooseeya, tixraacyada gaabinta waa in loo qaadaa inay ku dhex jiraan acronyms, iyo term-ka ''acronym'' waa inuu sidoo cuali ahaan ku dabaqmaa initialisms. ===Qor marka ay markii ugu horreysay muuqato iyadoo dhammaystiran=== {{Shortcut|MOS:1STOCC|MOS:1STABBR}} Marka gaabinta loo isticmaalayo maqaalka dhexdiisa, hordhac uga dhig iyadoo la isticmaalayo weedha dhammaystiran, gaabintana lagu dhex darayo ngo'aanka (parentheses): {{Block indent|{{xt|shabakadda gobolka ee maxalliga ah (LAN) oo ay samaysay Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC){{nbsp}}... DEC badeecadihii dambe ee LAN waxay aheyd{{nbsp}}...}}}} Ha u isticmaalin xarfo waaweyn foomka dhammaystiran kaliya sababtoo ah xarfo waaweyn ayaa loo isticmaalay gaabinta: {{!xt|Shabakadda Gobolka ee Maxalliga ah (LAN)}}. Marka laga reebo xaaladaha gaarka ah, gaabinta caadiga ah (sida {{xt|PhD}}, {{xt|DNA}}, ama {{xt|USSR}}) looma baahna in la kala bixiyo ama la dhamaystiro xataa marka ay tahay markii ugu horreysay ee la isticmaalo. ===Foomamka plural-ka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:GREENGROCER}} U samee plural [[acronyms]] iyadoo lagu darayo ''-s'' ama ''-es'': {{xt|Three CD-ROMs and two BIOSes were released}}. Ha isticmaalin ''[[greengrocer's apostrophe]]'' si aad u samayso plurals: {{!xt|Three CD-ROM's and two BIOS's were released}}. ===<span class="anchor" id="Periods (full stops) and spaces"></span><span class="anchor" id="Full stops and spaces"></span><span class="anchor" id="op.cit."></span>Punctuation iyo spacing=== {{Shortcut|MOS:PS}} Gaabintu waxay ku dhabayn kartaa ama aan ku dhabayn karin full point (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-garaysay ''period'' ama ''full stop''). Qaab joogto ah waa in lagu dhasheeyaa ku dhex jirta maqaal. Isticmaalka North American caadi ahaan waa in lagu dhabeeyo dhammaan gaabinta period ({{xt|Dr. Smith of 42&nbsp;Drummond St.}}) laakiin isticmaalka caadiga ah ee British iyo Australian, ma jiro period loo isticmaalo haddii gaabinta (contraction) ay ku dhabayso xarafka ugu dambeya ee foomka aan la gaabin ({{xt|Dr Smith of 42&nbsp;Drummond St}}) ilaa is-dhaafsi uu keeni karo. Kani waa sidoo cuali ahaan isticmaalka caadiga ah ee qoraalka scientific-ka ah. Iyadoo aan loo eegin punctuation, erayada lagu gaabay ka badan hal xaraf waa lagu dhex jiraa space ({{xt|op.&nbsp;cit.}} ma aha {{!xt|op.cit.}} ama {{!xt|opcit}}). Waxaa jira waxyaabo ka baxsan oo yar: {{xt|PhD}} {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg sare)}} "Philosophiae Doctor"; {{xt|BVetMed}} "Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine". Xaaladaha badankooda, Wikipedia ma isticmaalto punctuation-ka oo kale ku dhex jirta acronyms iyo initialisms: {{xt|GDP}}, ma aha {{!xt|G.D.P.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="US"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S."></span><span class="anchor" id="USA"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S.A."></span>US iyo U.S.<!-- When renaming this section title, rename the full link at [[Wikipedia:Consistency]] -->=== {{Shortcut|MOS:US|MOS:U.S.|MOS:USA|MOS:U.S.A.}} {{redirect|MOS:US|the use of the word "us"|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#First-person pronouns}} {{xt|US}} waa gaabinta caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo ee {{xt|United States}}, inkastoo {{xtn|U.S.}} – oo leh periods iyo aan lahayn space – ay tahay mid caadi ah daabacadaha North American, ku dhex jirta wargaysyada news-ka. Hagayaasha qaabka American qaarkood, ku dhex jiro ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style]]'' (tan iyo 2010), waxay baabi'iyeen {{!xt|U.S.}} waxayna soo sheegeen {{xt|US}}. Sababaha [[#Opportunities for commonality|wadaagga]], isticmaal {{xt|US}} default ahaan marka aad gaabinayso, laakiin [[#Retaining existing styles|sii wad]] {{xtn|U.S.}} maqaallada American ama Canadian English oo ay horey u dhisantay, ilaa ay jirto sabab wanaagsan oo loo beddelo. Sababtoo ah isticmaalka periods ee gaabinta iyo acronyms wuxuu noqon doonaa mid joogto ah ku dhex jira maqaal kasta, mar walba isticmaal {{xt|US}} maqaal leh gaabinta waddammada kale. Gaabinta dheeraad ah oo lagu dhex jiro initials-ka waddanka ({{xt|USN}}, {{xt|USAF}}), waligeed ha isticmaalin periods. Marka United States lagu xuso hal ama ka badan waddammada kale ku dhex jirta jumlad oo kale, {{xt|US}} (ama {{xtn|U.S.}}) wuxuu noqon karaa mid aad u informal ah, gaar ahaan xusidda ugu horreysa ama sida noun halkii adjective ({{xt|France and the United States}}, ma aha {{!xt|France and the US}}). Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|U.&nbsp;S.}} oo leh space ama {{!xt|U.S.&nbsp;of&nbsp;A.}} oo taariikh hore ah, marka laga reebo marka aad xigasho sameynayso. Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|U.S.A.}} ama {{!xt|USA}} marka laga reebo ku dhex jirta xigasho, sida qayb ka mid ah magac sax ah ({{xt|Team USA}}), ama isticmaalka tignoolajiyada iyo rasmiga ah ee qaarkood (t.s., [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3]], [[FIFA country codes|FIFA]], iyo [[IOC country codes]]). ===Circa=== {{for|examples|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Uncertain, incomplete, or approximate dates}} Si loo muujiyo ''si xaddidan'', isticmaalka {{tl|circa}}, oo muuqda sida {{xt|{{circa}}}}, waxaa ka wanaagsan {{!xt|circa}}, {{!xt|c.}}, {{!xt|ca.}}, ama {{!xt|approx.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="unwarranted abbreviations"></span>Ka fogao isticmaalka aan la xaqijin=== {{Hatnote|See also: {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|Units of measurement}} for when to abbreviate units of measurement.}} Ka fogao gaabinta marka ay jahwareerin karaan akhristaha, baabi'in karaan socodka, ama ka muuqan karaan informal. Tusaale ahaan: *Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|approx.}} ee {{xt|approximate(ly)}} marka laga reebo infobox ama table (xaaladaas isticmaal {{tlx|abbr|approx.|approximately}} xusidda ugu horreysa: {{xt|{{abbr|approx.|approximately}}}}). *Ha isticmaalin legalism-ka {{!xt|Holmes J}} ee {{xt|[[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.|Justice Holmes]]}}. <!-- this might be better in [[WP:JARGON]] --> ===Ha samaynin=== Ka fogao sameynta [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#Neologisms|gaabinta cusub]], gaar ahaan acronyms. Tusaale ahaan, {{xtn|World Union of Billiards}} waa wanaagsan yahay sida {{em|turjumaad}} ee {{xt|[[Union Mondiale de Billard]]}}, laakiin ma aha iyada ama yareynta {{!xt|WUB}} oo loo isticmaalay kooxda ama tixraacyada gaarka ah; isticmaal magaca asalka ah iyo gaabintiisa rasmiga ah, {{xt|UMB}}. Haddii ay noqoto mid lagama maarmaan ah in lagu gaabiyo space yar, sida [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables#Captions and headers|column header ee table-ka]], isticmaal gaabinta si baaxad leh loo aqoonsan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, ee {{xt|New Zealand gross national product}}, isticmaal {{xt|NZ}} iyo {{xt|GNP}}, oo leh isqu xir haddii term-ka aan horey loogu qorin maqaalka: {{xt|NZ&nbsp;[[Measures of national income and output|GNP]]}}. Ha samaynin initialisms sida {{!xt|NZGNP}}. ===HTML tags iyo moodallada=== Mid ka mid ah {{tag|abbr|o}} ama {{tlx|abbr}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa gaabinta iyo acronyms: {{tag|abbr|params=title="World Health Organization"|content=WHO|wrap=yes}} ama {{tlx|abbr|WHO|World Health Organization}} waxay samayn doonaan {{abbr|WHO|World Health Organization}}; [[mouseover|soreynta]] qoraalka muuqda waxay keentaa [[tooltip]] ee foomka dheer inuu soo muuqdo. ===Ampersand=== {{Shortcut|MOS:AMP|MOS:&}} {{redirects|WP:&|the use of "and" in titles|Wikipedia:Article titles#Titles containing "and"}} Qoraalka caadiga ah iyo madaxyada, isticmaal ''and'' halkii [[ampersand]] (''&''): {{xt|January 1&nbsp;and&nbsp;2}}, ma aha {{!xt|January 1&nbsp;&&nbsp;2}}. Laakiin sii wad ampersand marka uu yahay qayb shaqaynaysa oo qaabka magac sax ah, mawduuca shaqaalaha, ama trademark, sida ku dhex jirta ''[[Up & Down (Horace Parlan album)|Up&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Down]]'' ama [[AT&T]]. Meelaha kale, ampersands waxaa loo isticmaali karaa joogteyn iyo dookh halka space uu aad u xaddidan yahay (t.s., tables iyo infoboxes). Xigashooyinka [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Typographic conformity|waxaa lagu beddeli karaa si dhibco leh]], gaar ahaan joogteynta halka noocyada kala duwan lagu xigto, maadaama noocyada cusub ee qoraallada hore ay si joogto ah u beddealaan ampersands ''and'' (sida ay u beddealaan [[glyph]]s kale oo aan la isticmaalin, [[Typographic ligature|ligatures]], iyo gaabinta). Isticmaalka kale oo loo ilaysay laakiin aan loo baahnayn waa tixraacyada gaaban ee shaqaalaha leeh qoraa badan, t.s.: {{xt|<nowiki><ref>Lubbers & Scheepers (2002); Van Hiel & Mervielde (2002); Swyngedouw & Giles (2007); Van Hiel (2012).</ref></nowiki>}}. ==Farta Janjeerta== {{Shortcut|MOS:IT|MOS:ITAL}} ===<span id="Do not use capitals for emphasis"></span>Adkeynta=== Farta janjeerta waxaa loo isticmaalaa adkeyn, halkii loo isticmaali lahaa [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Boldface|farta buuran]] ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#All caps and small caps|xarfo waaweyn]]. Laakiin isticmaalka badan wuxuu yareeyaa shaqadiisa: tixgeli dib-u-qorista jumlada halkii aad farta janjeerta badsan lahayd. Isticmaal {{tag|em}} ama {{tlx|em|...}} si aad adkeyn u sameeyso. Kani wuxuu u sahlayaa [[Help:User style|waraaqaha qaabka isticmaalaha]] in loo maareeyo adkeynta qaab gaar ah, wuxuuna caawiyaa dadka dib-u-isticmaala ama turjumayaasha.{{refn|{{cite web |last1=Ishida |first1=Richard |title=Using b and i elements |quote=the content of a <code>b</code> element may not always be bold, and that of an <code>i</code> element may not always be italic. |url=https://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-b-and-i-tags |website=W3C Internationalization |publisher=[[World Wide Web Consortium]] |date=2015 |access-date=1 September 2016}} }} *Sax: <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>The meerkat is <em>not</em> actually a cat.</nowiki>}}</code> *Sax: <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>The meerkat is {{em|not}} actually a cat.</nowiki>}}</code> ===<span id="Italics-Titles"></span>Cinwaannada=== {{shortcut|MOS:NOITALIC}} {{/titles hatnote include|where=MOS#I-T}} Isticmaal farta janjeerta cinwaannada hawlaha waaweyn (sida buugaagta, filimada, taxanaha telefishanka, bandhigyada la magacaabay, ciyaaraha fiidiyowga, albamyada muusigga, iyo fanka). Cinwaannada maqaallada, cutubyada, noocyada muusigga, dhacdooyinka, sheekooyinka, qoraallada cilmi-baarista, iyo hawlaha kale ee gaaban waxay qaataan calaamadaha oraahda ee laba-laabka ah (" "). Farta janjeerta looma isticmaalo qoraallada diinta ee waaweyn ({{xt|the Bible}}, {{xt|the Quran}}, {{xt|the Talmud}}). Kuwa badan oo cinwaannadan ka mid ah waa inay sidoo kale raacaan [[#Titles of works|habka xaraf-weynaynta cinwaannada]]. ===Erayada loo isticmaalay eray ahaan=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Words as words}} {{for|the policy when a word or phrase itself may be an encyclopedic subject|Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#When a word or phrase may be an encyclopedic subject}} Isticmaal farta janjeerta marka aad {{em|xusayso}} eray ama xaraf {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Use–mention distinction]])}} ama weedh ilaa hal jumlad ah ({{xt|teramka ''panning'' wuxuu ka yimid ''panorama''}}; {{xt|xarafka ugu caansan Af-Soomaaliga waa ''a''}}). Marka jumlad dhan la xuso, calaamadaha oraahda ee laba-laabka ah ayaa loo isticmaali karaa halkii, iyadoo la dhowrayo joogteynta ({{xt|Erayga xiriiriya ee ku jira ''Waxay fadhisatay kursiga'' waa ''kursiga''}}; ama {{xt|Erayga xiriiriya ee ku jira "Waxay fadhisatay kursiga" waa "kursiga"}}). Calaamadaha oraahda waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa qoraallada gaaban si looga fogaado jahawareerka, sida marka farta janjeerta horey loogu isticmaalay bogga sabab kale awgeed (t.s., erayada iyo weedha badan ee aan Soomaaliga ahayn). {{em|Xusidda}} (si looga wada-hadlo naxwaha, xulashada erayada, ama calaamadaha hakadka) waxay ka duwan tahay {{em|xigashada}} (halka wax caadi ahaan lagu muujiyo magaca ilaha la xigtay). Xigashada waxaa lagu sameeyaa calaamadaha oraahda, waligeedna looma isticmaalo farta janjeerta ama labadaba hal mar {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Quotations}} si aad u ogaato faahfaahinta).}} Isticmaalka kale ee la xiriira farta janjeerta waa marka la soo bandhigayo ama lagu kala saarayo erayada ama fikradaha: {{xt|Fikradaha ''tirasagaashanka'' waa tirada idil ee ka weyn 0.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign words"></span>Erayada aan Soomaaliga ahayn=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Non-English terms}} Farta janjeerta waxaa loo isticmaalaa weedha aan Soomaaliga ahayn iyo erayada kelida ah ee ajnabiga ah ee aan caadi ahaan loo isticmaalin Af-Soomaaliga maalin kasta. Laakiin, magacyada u gaarka ah (sida magacyada meelaha) ee luqadaha kale caadi ahaan ma qaataan farta janjeerta, sidoo kale erayada ku jira farta aan Laatiinka ahayn. Qaab-dhismeedka {{tlx|lang}} iyo noocyadiisu waxay taageeraan dhammaan [[ISO 639]] koodhadhka luqadaha, iyagoo sax u aqoonsanaya luqadda si otomaatig ahna u janjeerinaya farta. Fadlan isticmaal qaab-dhismeedyadan halkii aad gacanta u janjeerin lahayd qoraalka aan Soomaaliga ahayn. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link|WP:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Other languages}} si aad u ogaato macluumaad dheeraad ah.)}} ===Magacyada sayniska=== Isticmaal farta janjeerta magacyada sayniska ee dhirta, xayawaanka, iyo [[Kingdom (biology)|dhammaan noolaha kale]] marka laga reebo fayrasyada heerka [[genus]] iyo ka hooseeya (janjeeri {{xt|''Panthera leo''}} iyo {{xt|''Retroviridae''}}, laakiin ha janjeerin {{xt|Felidae}}). Calaamadda isku-dhafka ma qaadato farta janjeerta ({{xt|''Rosa''&nbsp;×&nbsp;''damascena''}}), sidoo kale "erayga xiriiriya" ee loo baahan yahay [[Trinomial nomenclature#In botany|magacyada dhirta ee saddexda qaybood ah]] ma janjeero ({{xt|''Rosa gallica'' subsp. ''officinalis''}}). ===<span id="Italics and quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka ku dhex jira farta janjeerta=== {{shortcut|MOS:ITALQUOTE|}}{{See also|#Quotations}} <section begin="Quotations in italics body"/>Ha u qorin xigashooyinka farta janjeerta. [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation marks|Calaamadaha oraahda]] (ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Block quotations|xigashooyinka waaweyn]]) kaliya ayaa ku filan oo ah qaabka saxda ah ee loogu muujiyo xigashooyinka. Farta janjeerta waa in loo isticmaalo kaliya haddii qoraalka la xigtay uu ka mid yahay waxyaabo marka horeba u baahanaa farta janjeerta.<section end="Quotations in italics body"/> ([[#Italics within quotations|Eeg hoos]]). ===Farta janjeerta ee ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka=== <section begin="Italics within quotations body"/>Isticmaal farta janjeerta ku dhex jira xigashooyinka si aad u soo saarto adkeynta ku jirtay qoraalka asalka ah ama si aad u muujiso isticmaalka erayada aan Soomaaliga ahayn. Adkeynta waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu sameeyo {{tlx|em}}. Haddii aysan caddayn in ilaha asalka ahi ay horey u lahaayeen farta janjeerta (ama qaab kale) oo adkeyn ah, ama si loo muujiyo marka adkeynta aan loo isticmaalin qoraalkii asalka ahaa laakiin dambe lagu daray tifaftirka, ku dar xusuus-qoraalka tifaftirka {{xt|[adkeyntu waa asalka]}} ama {{xt|[adkeynta waa la daray]}}, sida ay u kala horreeyaan, ka dambaysta xigashada. * Tusaale ahaan: {{xt|"Muxuu yiri guda-galka xubintu. Habeen wanaagsan: Iyo {{em|kooxaha malaa'igta}} ha ku heesaan nasashadaada." [adkeyntu waa asalka].}}<section end="Italics within quotations body"/> ===Saamaynta ay ku leedahay calaamadaha hakadka ee dhow=== {{Shortcut|MOS:ITALPUNCT}} Janjeeri kaliya qaybaha jumlada oo ay saameysay adkeyntu. Ha janjeerin calaamadaha hakadka ee dhow. *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|Maxaan ka samaynaynaa {{em|arrintaas?}}}} (Calaamadda su'aashu waxay ku dabaqmeysaa jumlada dhan, ma aha kaliya erayga la adkeeyay ee ''arrintaas'', markaas waa inaysan janjeerin.) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Maxaan ka samaynaynaa {{em|arrintaas}}?}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Afar ka mid ah sheekooyinka ugu caansan Patrick White waa ''A Fringe of Leaves'', ''The Aunt's Story'', ''Voss'', iyo ''The Tree of Man''.}} (Calaamadaha hakadka ee ku dhow, nooca cunsurrada, iyo erayga ''iyo'' ma janjeeraan.) ==Xigashooyinka== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTE}}{{See|Wikipedia:Do not include the full text of lengthy primary sources}} {{Redirects here|MOS:QUOTE|the section on quotation characters|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation characters|the essay|Wikipedia:Quotations}} [[Wikipedia:Non-free content#Guideline examples|Xigashooyinka gaaban ee qoraalka la dhowray]] waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loogu muujiyo dhibic, loo dhiibo xaalad, ama loo atribuigo dhibic fikir ama aragti. Inkastoo xigashooyinku ay yihiin qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah Wikipedia, isticmaalka badan ee iyaga ka mid ah ma aha mid ku habboon qaabka qoraalka encyclopedic-ka ah oo wuxuu noqon karaa [[Wikipedia:Copyrights|baabi'inta copyright-ka]], markaas badankooda mawduuca waa inuu ku dhex jiraa erayada tifaftiraha laakiis. Tixgeli dib-u-qorista xigashooyinka si ay u noqdaan qoraal toos ah oo gaaban marka ay habboon tahay (iyadoo la ogaaday in [[Wikipedia:Close paraphrasing|dib-u-qorista dhow]] ay sii baabi'in karto copyright-ka). [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Quotations|Ha u lagin xigashooyinka italics]] ilaa maaddadu ay italics ugu noqoto sabab kale laakiis. Per [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|siyaasada verifiability-ga]], xigashooyinka tooska ah {{em|waa in}} ay la socdaan [[WP:INCITE|inline citation]] oo ka soo baxday [[WP:RS|tixraac lagu aamini karo]] oo taageeraya maaddada. Kani waa mid gaar ah oo muhiim ah maqaallada ku saabsan ama ku dhex jira maaddada ku saabsan [[WP:BLP|dadka nool ama dhowaan dhintay]] (BLPs). ===<span class="anchor" id="Principle of minimal change"></span><span class="anchor" id="Minimal change"></span><span class="anchor" id="PMC"></span><span class="anchor" id="PLC"></span><span class="anchor" id="MINIMALCHANGE"></span><span class="anchor" id="MINCHANGE"></span><span class="anchor" id="LEASTCHANGE"></span>Qoraalka asalka ah=== {{Shortcut|MOS:PMC|MOS:SIC}} {{Redirect|WP:PMC|closure of requested moves by page movers|Wikipedia:Requested moves/Closing instructions#Closure by a page mover}} {{Redirect|WP:PLC|inclusion guidelines for organizations|Wikipedia:Notability (organizations and companies)|the handling of the abbreviation "plc" in article titles|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (companies)}}Xigashooyinka waa inay noqdaan kuwo [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiably]] loo atribuigoy, iyo qoraalka qoraalka la xigtay waa inuu noqdo mid si dhab ah loo soo saaro. Kani waxaa loo tixraacaa sida {{em|maamulka beddelka yar}}. Halka ay jirto sabab wanaagsan oo loo beddelo qoraalka, ku dar square bracket qoraalka la beddelay; tusaale ahaan, {{!xt|"Ocyrhoe told him his fate"}} waxaa loo xigtay karaa sida {{xt|"Ocyrhoe told [her father] his fate"}}. <!-- IF EDITING THE FOLLOWING SENTENCE, PLEASE UPDATE THE DOCUMENTATION AT [[Template:Sic/doc]] ACCORDINGLY --> Makhaadhaa yar ee spelling-ka iyo typographic-ka waa in si toos ah loo hagaajiyo (tusaale ahaan, hagaaji {{!xt|basicly}} loo beddelo {{xt|basically}}). Haddii ay jirto makhaadhaa muhiim ah asalka ku dhex jirta, raac iyada oo leh {{tlx|sic}} (soo saaraya {{sic}}{{hsp}}) si loogu muujiyo in makhaadhaahu aysan ahayn mid ay sameysay Wikipedia; tusaale ahaan, {{xt|"his interview with the Dolly Llama {{sic}}"}}. Marka lagu dabaqo qoraal oo isku xir leh, syntax-ka moodalka waxaa loo hagaajin karaa {{tlx|sic|2=nolink=y}} (soo saaraya {{sic|nolink=y}} qoraalka isku xirka leh ee ka soo baxa; tusaale ahaan ku dhex jirta isku xirka: [[Template:Sic|{{sic|nolink=y}} template]]).{{efn|name="sicwarning"|{{tl|Sic}} ma aha in loo isticmaalo dhexda {{tag|ref}} tags, ama ku dhex jirta [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation templates]] sida [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]] iyo [[Help:Citation Style 2|Citation Style 2]], sababtoo ah wuxuu ku dhex jiraa markup oo baabi'in doona [[COinS]] metadata ee ay soo saaraan; eeg [[Wikipedia:COinS]].<!-- Per [[Template:Sic]] there is a {{COinS safe|n}} warning that it "should not be used in citation templates such as Citation Style 1 and Citation Style 2, because it includes markup that will pollute the COinS metadata they produce; see Wikipedia:COinS." -->}} Sababaha saxda ah iyo indexing-ka, mawduucyada tixraacyada ee loo tixraacay ma aha in loo hagaajiyo spelling-ka, laakiin hagaajinta yar ee typographic-ka ah (sida beddelka [[MOS:CURLY|curly quotes]] loo beddelo straight) waxaa lagu sameyn karaa si toos ah. Inline citations ee ku dhex jira qoraalka la xigtay, oo loo tixraaco aan loo isticmaalin maqaalka Wikipedia, waa in si toos ah loo baabi'iyo. Isticmaal [[#Ellipses|ellipses]] si aad u muujiso ka-tagista qoraalka la xigtay. Ka-tagista la xaqijiyay waxaa ku jira erayada aan loo baahnayn, aan la xiriirin, ama parenthetical-ka ah, iyo yaraynta yar ({{!xt|umm}} iyo {{!xt|hmm}}), laakiin ha ka tagin qoraal halka aad sameyso ay baabi'in doonto xaaladda muhiimka ah ama beddeli doonto macnaha qoraalka. Vulgarities iyo obscenities waa in lagu muujiyo si sax ah sida ay ka muuqdaan tixraaca la xigtay; Wikipedians ma aha in waligeed [[Wikipedia:Offensive material#How to treat offensive material in articles|baabi'iyaan erayada]] ({{!xt|G-d d--n it!}}), laakiin haddii qoraalka la xigtay {{em|laikiisu}} uu foomkan u sameyo, copy-garo qoraalka verbatim oo isticmaal {{tlx|sic}} si aad u muujiso in qoraalka loo xigtay sida ka muuqata tixraaca. Xigashooyinka tooska ah, sii wad spelling-ka dialectal iyo archaic-ka ah, ku dhex jirta capitalization-ka (laakiin ma aha glyphs iyo ligatures archaic-ka ah, sida lagu sharraxay ka hooseeya ku dhex jirta {{slink||Typographic conformity}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Quotation point of view"></span>Aragtida=== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTEPOV}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Attributing and specifying biased statements|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Expressions of doubt}} Xigashoda waa in loo isticmaalo, iyadoo la atribuigo, si loo soo bandhigo aragtiyada emotive ee aan lagu muujin karin poxa Wikipedia laikiis, laakiin waligeed ma aha si loo soo bandhigo heerarka culture sida kaliya aragtiyada: *La accepts karo: {{xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film "unforgettable".}} *Aan la accepts karin: {{!xt|The site is considered "sacred" by the religion's scriptures.}} Aragtiyada gaaban ee aan aad uga emotive ahayn caadi ahaan waxaa lagu soo sheegi karaa iyadoo la atribuigo halkii xigashoda tooska ah. Isticmaalka calaamadaha xigmadda ee terms-ka sharraxaadda leh ee gaaban wuxuu [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Expressions of doubt|muujin karaa wax is-dhaafsi ah]] oo ku saabsan maaddada la xigtay; sarcasm ama [[weasel words]], sida ''supposedly'' ama ''so-called'', waxaa lagu muujin karaa. *La accepts karo: {{xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film interesting.}} *Aan loo baahnayn oo muujin kara is-dhaafsi: {{!xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film "interesting".}} *Waa in la xigto: {{xt|Siskel and Ebert called the film "interesting but heart-wrenching".}} ===Typographic conformity=== {{Shortcut|MOS:CONFORM}} {{redirect|MOS:CONFORM|consistency within articles|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Consistency within articles}} Xigashodu ma aha [[wikt:facsimile|facsimile]] oo, xaaladaha badankooda, ma aha shuruud in qaabka asalka ah lagu dhowro. Qaabka iyo elements-ka kale ee typographic-ka ah ee qoraalka la xigtay{{efn|"Qoraalka la xigtay" ee typographic conformity iyo sababaha kale ee badan wuxuu ku dhex jiraa mawduucyada shaqaalaha, magacyada kooxaha, iyo foomamka kale oo, asalkiisa, la xigtay. Tusaale: waxyaabaha sida "Mexican-American War" waxaa si joogto ah loo hagaajiyaa loo beddelo "Mexican–American War" Wikipedia-ha, ku dhex jirta mawduucyada tixraacyada loo tixraacay, ku dhex jirta qoraalka maqaalka, tixraacyada xusuus-qoraalka, ama meelaha kale ee bogga. Kani ma leeyahay athar raadinta shaqaalaha aan tixraacnay, maadaama dhammaan raadinta waaweyn ay baabi'iyaan calaamadaha punctuation-ka.}} waa in lagu dhasheeyo heshiisyada Wikipedia-ha English-ka oo aan lahayn xusuus-qoraal, iyadoo la xaqijiyay in sameynta kani aysan beddeli doonin ama baabi'in doonin macnaha ama inta qoraalka. Kani waa beddelka oo aan samaynayn kala duwanaansho marka qoraalka loo akhrriyo si toos ah; tusaale ahaan: *Normalize dashes iyo hyphens: eeg {{Section link||Dashes}}. Isticmaal qaabka loo doortay maqaalka: unspaced [[em dash]] ama spaced [[en dash]]. *Beddel apostrophes iyo calaamadaha xigmadda loo beddelo qaabka Wikipedia: **Kuwani waa inay noqdaan toos, ma aha curly ama slanted. Eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}}. **Marka aad xigtayso xigasho iyada laikiis ku dhex jirta xigasho, beddel dhexda isticmaalka double iyo single quotes ee xigasho kasta. Eeg {{section link||For a quotation within a quotation}} si aad u ogaato xeel-dheeraan. *Marka aad xigtayso qoraal ka soo baxay luqadaha aan English-ka ahayn, punctuation-ka ka baxsan waa inuu raaco [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation marks|Manual of Style ee calaamadaha xigmadda English-ka]]. Haddii ay jiraan xigashooyinka ku dhex jira, raac shuruudaha punctuation-ka saxda ah ee luqaddaas. Haddii ay jiraan qaabab badan oo luqad ah, midka loo isticmaalay Wikipedia-ha luqaddaas waa ka wanaagsan yahay ilaa punctuation-ka laikiisu uu yahay ku dhex jiro wada-hadal. *:{{xt|The cynical response "{{lang|fr|italic=unset|L'auteur aurait dû demander&nbsp;: «&nbsp;à quoi sert-il d'écrire ceci&nbsp;?&nbsp;» mais ne l'a pas fait}}" was all he wrote.}} *Baabi'i spaces ka hor punctuation-ka sida periods iyo colons. *Caadi ahaan sii wad bold iyo italics {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Italics}})}}, laakiin badankooda qaabka kale waa in loo beddelo qoraal toos ah. {{!xt|{{Underline|Underlining}}}}, {{!xt|spac&nbsp;ing}} ku dhex jirta erayada, {{!xt|1=co<span style="color:Goldenrod;">lor</span>s}}, {{!xt|ALL CAPS}}, {{Smallcaps|{{!xt|small caps}}}}, iyo wixii la mid ah caadi ahaan waa in loo normalize-garayo qoraal toos ah. Haddii ay {{em|caddaynaysay}} muujinayso emphasis, isticmaal italic {{em|emphasis}} ({{tlx|em}}) ama, foomka dhexdiisa oo horey italics ah, boldface (leh {{tlx|strong}}). Mawduucyada buugaagta, maqaallada, gabayada, iyo wixii la mid ah, isticmaal italics ama calaamadaha xigmadda raacaya [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles|hagaha mawduucyada]]. Italics waxaa sidoo kale lagu dari karaa si loogu muujiyo [[#Non-English terms|terms-ka aan English-ka ahayn]] (leh moodalka {{tlx|lang}}), ee [[#Animals, plants, and other organisms|magaca scientific-ka ah ee organism-ka]], iyo si loogu muujiyo isticmaalka [[#Words as words|words-as-words]]. *Fiid gaabinta (aan horey loo isticmaalin mawduuca ka hor xigashoda) sida beddelka square-bracketed, ama ku sharrax iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|abbr}}. *Normalize glyphs iyo ligatures archaic-ka ah ee English-ka ee aan loo baahnayn macnaha (marka laga reebo magacyada saxda ah iyo luqadaha halka ligatures ay yihiin heer, per {{section link||Ampersand}} iyo {{Section link||Ligatures}}). Tusaalooyinka waxaa ku jira ''[[æ]]''→''ae'', ''[[œ]]''→''oe'', ''[[Long s|ſ]]''→''s'', iyo ''[[Thorn (letter)#Abbreviations|þ<sup>e</sup>]]''→''the''. {{crossref|pw=y|Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles#Typographic conformity}} si aad u ogaato waxyaabaha gaarka ah ee loo tixgeliyo normalization-ka typography-ka ee mawduucyada shaqaalaha.}} {{Shortcut|MOS:RETAINQUOTEVARIETY}} {{vanchor|Retain quote variety|text= Laakiin, noocyada qaranka ma aha in loo beddelo, maadaama kuwani ay ku dhex jiri karaan beddelka vocabulary-ka. Tusaale ahaan, xigasho ka soo baxday tixraac British ah waa in ay sii wadato spelling-ka British-ka, xataa maqaal oo haddii kale isticmaala spelling-ka American-ka. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Consistency within articles}}.)}}}} Nambarada sidoo kale caadi ahaan [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Quotations, titles, etc.|ma aha in loo re-format-gareeyo]]. Xigashoda tooska ah ma aha in loo isticmaalo si loo dhowro qaabka loo doorbido ee publisher ka baxsan (gaar ahaan marka maaddadu ay haddii kale noqon lahayd aan la beddelin), maadaama kani wuxuu leeyahay athar ee [[Scare quotes|scare-quoting]]: *{{em|La accepts karo}}: {{xt|The animal is listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.}} *{{em|Aan la accepts karin}}: {{!xt|The animal is listed as "Endangered" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.}} Italics waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loogu muujiyo isticmaalka gaar ah sida [[term of art]] (xaaladda "[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Words as words|words as words]]"), gaar ahaan marka ay tahay mid aan la dhasheyn ama ma aha in loo dib-u-qoro ka magaca aan aheyin expert: *{{em|La accepts karo}}: {{xt|The animal is listed as ''critically endangered'' on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.}} Marka aad xigtayso jumlad dhan, caadi ahaan waxaa lagu taliyaa in erayga ugu horreeya uu sii wado xaraf weyn. Laakiin, haddii qoraalka la xigtay lagu ammaan goyay jumlada dhow (tusaale ahaan, leh hordhac sida "{{var|X}} said that"), xarafka weyn ee asalka ah waxaa loo beddeli karaa xaraf yar. *{{xt|LaVesque's report stated: "The equipment was selected for its low price. This is the primary reason for criticism of the program."}} *{{xt|LaVesque's report said that "the equipment was selected for its low price".}} *{{xt|The program was criticized primarily because "the equipment was selected for its low price", according to LaVesque.}} Caadi ahaan looma baahna in la xuso beddelka capitalization-ka. Laakiin, si loo helo saxnaan dheeraad ah, xarafka la beddelay waxaa lagu lagi karaa ku dhex jira square brackets: {{nobr|"The" → "[t]he".}} *{{xt|The program was criticized primarily because {{nobr|"[t]he}} equipment was selected for its low price", according to LaVesque.}} ===Attribution=== Akhristahu waa inuu awoodaa inuu go'aamiyo tixraaca xigasho kasta, ugu yaraan ka magaca footnote. Tixraacu waa in lagu magacaabo {{em|qoraalka maqaalka}} haddii xigashodu ay tahay aragti {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|Attributing and specifying biased statements}})}}. Marka aad atribuigo-garayso xigasho, ka fogao [[Wikipedia:Words to avoid#Synonyms for said|sharraxaaddeeda foomka biased-ka ah]]. ===Xigashooyinka ku dhex jira xigashooyinka=== Eeg {{section link||For a quotation within a quotation}}. ===Isku xirka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:LINKQUOTE|MOS:LWQ}} Noqo mid dhibco leh marka aad isku xirayso ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka; isku xir kaliya bartilmaameedyada u dhigma macnaha caddaynaya ee loo intended-gareeyay qoraaga xigashoda. Halka ay suurtogal tahay, isku xir qoraalka ka baxsan xigashoda halkii – mid ka hor ama dhowaan ka dambeeya. (Haddii aad xigtayso [[hypertext]], ku dar xusuus-qoraal tifaftirka, {{xt|[link in original]}} ama {{xt|[link added]}}, sida habboon, si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga ku saabsan in isku xirka uu sameeyay qoraaga asalka ah.) ===<span class="anchor" id="Block quotations"></span><span class="anchor" id="Block quotes"></span>Block quotations=== {{Shortcut|MOS:BQ|MOS:BLOCKQUOTE}} U format-garee xigashoda dheer (ka badan 40 eray ama poynti yar oo xarfo ah, ama ka kooban ka badan hal paragraph, iyadoo aan loo eegin dheerka) sida [[block quotation]], iyadoo la isticmaalayo moodalka {{tlx|blockquote}}. Qoraalka lagu muujiyay block quotations iyo quote boxes (eeg ka hooseeya) waa inuusan laikiisu noqon mid lagu duubay calaamadaha xigmadda (ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda waaweyn, "decorative"-style). Block quotations iyo quote boxes oo isticmaalaya luga background ah sidoo kale ma lagu hagal-garayo. Isticmaal {{tnull|blockquote}} iyo markup-ka la midka ah kaliya xigashooyinka dhabta ah; [[#Indentation|indentation-ka sababaha kale]] waxaa loo sameeyay foom kale. Waa heshiis in lagu hor maro block quotation jumlad hordhac ah (ama qayb jumlad ah) oo lagu daro citation-ka tixraaca xarkaas. Alternativamente, moodalka {{tnull|blockquote}} wuxuu bixiyaa parameters ee attribution iyo citation oo ka muuqan doona ka hooseeya xigashoda. {{crossref|pw=y|(Ee isticmaalka dashes leh attributions, eeg {{section link||Other uses for em dashes}}.)}} Qaabkan attribution-ka ee ka hooseeya xigashoda waxaa loo intended-gareeyay xigashooyinka caanka ah oo ma aha caadi maqaallada sababtoo ah wuxuu ku oki lahaa tone aan habboonayn. Xigasho aan lahayn tixraac loo tixraacay waa in lagu calaamadeeyo {{tlx|quote without source}}, ama la baabi'iyo. Maadaama line breaks iyo indentation caadi ahaan lagu baabi'iyo ku dhex jirta {{tnull|blockquote}} ama {{tag|blockquote|o}}, isticmaal {{xtag|poem}} ama {{tlx|poem quote}} gabayada, lyrics, iyo maaddada la midka ah. Maaddadaas waxaa sidoo cuali ahaan loo xigtay karaa inline, leh line breaks oo lagu muujiyay <code><nowiki>{{nbsp}}/</nowiki></code>, iyo paragraph ama stanza breaks oo lagu muujiyay <code><nowiki>{{nbsp}}//</nowiki></code>. Tusaale ahaan: {{xt|"And, as in uffish thought he stood,{{nbsp}}/ The Jabberwock, with eyes of flame,{{nbsp}}/ Came whiffling through the tulgey wood,{{nbsp}}/ And burbled as it came!{{nbsp}}// One, two! One, two! And through and through{{nbsp}}/ The vorpal blade went snicker-snack!"}} {{Shortcut|MOS:BOXQUOTE|MOS:PQ|MOS:PULLQUOTE}} {{va|Pull quotes|Pull quote|Pull quotations|nocquote|text={{tlx|Quote box}} waa alternative ee inline quote ama block quote. Quote boxes waxaa lagu muujiyaa foom gaar ah (la mid ah sawirrada) oo waxay ugu wanaagsan yihiin xigashooyinka muhiimka ah ama sanado ah. Waxay samayn karaan [[WP:POV|point of view]] ama [[WP:UNDUE|undue weight]] arrimo, sababtoo ah xigashooyinka ma lagu lagayo xaaladda ama ma lagu ammaan goyo qoraalka maqaalka. Sidaas darteed, waa in loo isticmaalo si dhibco leh.}} [[Pull quote]]s ma aha kuwo ka mid ah maqaallada Wikipedia. Kuwani waa [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not news|news iyo magazine style]] oo ku saabsan "pulling" maaddada horey ku dhex jirtay maqaalka si loo dib-u-isticmaalo xigashooyinka decorative-ka ah ee soo jiidata attention-ka. Qaabkan unencyclopedic-ka ah waa foom ka mid ah [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Editorializing|editorializing]], wuxuuna soo saaraa [[Wikipedia:Writing better articles#Provide context for the reader|out-of-context]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Due and undue weight|undue emphasis]], oo wuxuu [[Wikipedia:No original research|keeni karaa akhristaha go'aanno]] aan lagu taageerin maaddada. Xigashoda badan ee qoraalka la dhowray (haddii ay u format-gareeyay sida blockquote ama kale, oo xataa haddii lagu credited-gareeyay tixraaciisa) waa la xannibay. Eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Quotations#Copyrighted material and fair use}}. ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign-language quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka aan English-ka ahayn=== {{Shortcut|MOS:FOREIGNQUOTE|}} Xigashooyinka ka soo baxday tixraacyada aan English-ka ahayn waa inay ka muuqdaan turjumaad loo beddelay English, ugu wanaagsan mid cusub{{efn|name=recent}}. Xigashooyinka ah turjumaada waa in si toos ah loo kala saaro kuwa aan ahayn. Muuji tixraaca asalka ah ee turjumaada (haddii uu yahay mid la heley karo, oo aan markii ugu horreysay lagu daabacin ku dhex jirta Wikipedia), iyo luqadda asalka ah (haddii aysan caddayn xaaladda). Haddii qoraalka asalka ah ee aan la turjumin uu yahay mid la heley karo, bixi tixraac iyada ama ku dar iyada, sida habboon. Marka tifaftireyaasha laikiisu ay turjumaan qoraalka loo beddelo English,{{efn|[[Wikipedia:No original research#Translations and transcriptions|Turjumaada laikiisu ma u baahna tixraac marka uu sameeyo tifaftire]]; laakiin xigashooyinka loo isticmaalay ku dhex jirta [[WP:REF|tixraacyada]], [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Quoting|turjumaada ka soo baxday tixraacyada lagu aamini karo waa ka wanaagsan yihiin]], ama [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Citing|tixraacyada luqadda English-ka ee ka wanaagsan]] .}} daryeel waa in mar walba loo qaado si lagu dhex jiro qoraalka asalka ah, {{em|[[MOS:FOREIGNITALIC|ku dhex jira italics]]}} ([[MOS:BADITALICS|marka laga reebo dhismaha scripts-ka aan Latin-ka ahayn]], oo ugu wanaagsan lagu sameyo moodallada {{tlx|lang}} ama {{tlx|langx}}, oo labaduba italics-gareynaya sida habboon oo bixinaya luqadda metadata); iyo si loo isticmaalo erayada dhabta ah iyo (haddii ay suurtogal tahay) erayada caadiga ah ee English-ka ku dhex jira turjumaada. Ilaa aad ka si dhab ah uga ogaato competency-gaaga aad wax ku turjumayso, eeg [[Wikipedia:Translation]] si aad u hesho taageero. ==Punctuation== {{Shortcut|MOS:PUNCT}} {{For|a brief guide to how some punctuation marks are used in Wikipedia for special purposes, e.g., [[Help:List#List basics|description lists]]|Help:Punctuation}} ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign characters that resemble apostrophes"></span>Apostrophes=== {{Shortcut|MOS:'|MOS:APOSTROPHE}} *Isticmaal [[straight apostrophe]]s ({{big|{{mxt|'}}}}), ma aha [[curly apostrophe]]s ({{big|{{!mxt|’}}}}). Ha isticmaalin accent marks ama [[backtick]]s ({{big|{{!mxt|`}}}}) sida apostrophes. *Moodallada sida {{tlx|`}} iyo {{tlx|`s}} waxay leeyihiin taageero marka apostrophe (ama single quote) ka muuqdo bilowga ama dhamaadka qoraalka ku dhex jira italics ama bold, sababtoo ah italics iyo bold laikiisu waxaa lagu muujiyaa noocyada single quotes. **Marka apostrophe raaco qoraalka italics-ka ah, {{tlx|'}} ama {{tlx|'s}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si looga fogaado xarafka ugu dambeeya ee qoraalka dhanka midig ah inuu isku xiro apostrophe-ka. Tusaale: {{xt|the ''Iliad''{{'s}} themes}} (markup: {{nobreak|<code><nowiki>the ''Iliad''{{'s}} themes</nowiki></code>}}). *Xarfaha u okiya apostrophes iyo curly quotes, sida [[{{okina}}okina]] ({{mxt|{{okina}}}}{{snd}}la dhex geliyo iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|okina}}), [[Saltillo (linguistics)|saltillo]] ({{mxt|{{saltillo}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|saltillo}}), Hebrew [[ayin]] ama Arabic ʿayn ({{mxt|{{ayin}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|ayin}}), iyo Arabic [[hamza]] ({{mxt|{{hamza}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|hamza}}), waa in lagu muujiyo moodalladaas ama xarfaha laikiis ee [[Unicode]]. (Basic Arabic transliteration, oo isticmaala ASCII apostrophe, waxaa ka wanaagsan xaaladaha badankooda ka magaca [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Arabic]]; xarfaha kale kani waxaa loo isticmaalaa kaliya transliteration-ka saxda ah.) **Moodallada ma loo isticmaali karo mawduucyada maqaalka; isticmaal xarafka Unicode-ka ee u dhigma toos. Per {{Section link|Wikipedia:Article titles#Special characters}}, sidoo kale samee redirection ka soo baxay foomka ASCII-ka ah si loogu taageero raadinta. Foomamka aan lahayn xarfaha apostrophe-ka oo kale marna waxaa ka wanaagsan ka magaca {{Section link|Wikipedia:Article titles# Use commonly recognizable names}} (t.s. [[Hawaii]] laakiin ma aha [[Keali{{okina}}i Reichel]]). *:{{crossref|pw=y|Sidoo kale eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles|Orthography, spelling and formatting}}}} *Ee [[Wade–Giles]] romanizations ee Mandarin Chinese, isticmaal {{tlx|wg-apos}}. *Luqadaha leh [[ejective consonants]] iyo wixii la mid ah, isticmaal {{tlx|hamza}}. *Ee Cyrillic [[soft sign]], marka lagu muujiyo dhammaan, isticmaal {{tlx|softsign}} ama {{tlx|hamza}}. *Ee isticmaalka possessive apostrophe-ka, eeg {{section link||Possessives}}. *Ee xeel-dheeraanta isticmaalka apostrophe-ka (possessive, elision, formation ee plurals qaarkood, arrimo luqadaha aan English-ka ahayn), eeg maqaalka [[Apostrophe]]. ===Calaamadaha xigmadda=== {{Shortcut|MOS:"|MOS:QUOTEMARKS|}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotations}} Maaddada ka hooseysa, term-ka ''quotation'' wuxuu ku dhex jiraa isticmaalka caadiga ah ee calaamadaha xigmadda sida mawduucyada noocyada, chapters-ka, episodes-ka, iyo wixii la mid ah. Calaamadaha xigmadda sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaalaa xaaladaha kale, sida [[#Animals, plants, and other organisms|magacyada cultivar]]. ====Calaamadaha xigmadda xarfaha==== {{Shortcut|MOS:CQ|MOS:CURLY|MOS:STRAIGHT}} *Isticmaal {{xt|{{big|<b>"</b>}}straight{{big|<b>"</b>}}}} calaamadaha xigmadda, ma aha {{!xt|{{big|<b>“</b>}}curly{{big|<b>”</b>}}}} kuwo. (Ee [[single quotes]]: {{xt|{{big|<b>'</b>}}straight{{big|<b>'</b>}}}}, ma aha {{!xt|{{big|<b>‘</b>}}curly{{big|<b>’</b>}}}}.) *Ha isticmaalin accent marks, backticks ({{!xt|{{big|'''`'''}}text{{big|'''´'''}}}}), low–high ({{!xt|„&nbsp;“}}), corner brackets ({{!xt|「&nbsp;」}}), [[guillemet]]s ({{!xt|«&nbsp;»}}), ama [[Chinese punctuation#Book title marks|title marks]] ({{!xt|《&nbsp;》}}) sida calaamadaha xigmadda (marka laga reebo marka marks-kaas ay yihiin {{em|internal}} ee qoraalka aan English-ka ahayn ee la xigtay{{snd}}eeg {{slink||Typographic conformity}}). Symbols-ka {{!xt|′}} iyo {{!xt|″}} ee ka muuqda edit window dropdowns waa "[[prime (symbol)|prime]]" iyo "double prime" sida ay u kala horreeyaan: kuwani waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loogu muujiyo [[Minute and second of arc|units of angular measurement]], oo ma aha sida apostrophes ama quote marks. *Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo apostrophes ee maaddada la import-gareeyay [[#Typographic conformity|waa in loo beddelo]] haddii ay noqoto lagama maarmaan si loo raaco sare. ====<span id="Double or single quotation marks"></span><span id="Single quotation marks"></span>Double ama single==== {{Shortcut|MOS:SINGLE|MOS:DOUBLE|}} *Badankooda xigashooyinku waxay qaataan calaamadaha xigmadda double-ka ah ({{xt|Welles said: "It was a terrible situation."}}),{{efn|1=Double quotation marks waxaa ka wanaagsan single sababtoo ah waxay si toos ah uga kala duwan yihiin apostrophes: *{{!xt|She wrote that 'Cleanthes' differs from the others', but neither opinion may represent Hume's'}} (wuxuu yareeyaa akhristaha). *{{xt|She wrote that "Cleanthes' differs from the others', but neither opinion may represent Hume's"}} (caddayn badan). }} marka laga reebo xigashooyinka ku dhex jira (eeg ka hooseeya). *Plant cultivars waxay qaataan calaamadaha xigmadda single-ka ah ({{xt|''Malus domestica'' 'Golden Delicious'}}; eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora)]]). *[[Gloss (annotation)#In linguistics|Glosses]] oo turjumaya ama definining-garaynaya terms aan la dhasheyn (marka la isticmaalayo [[MOS:WORDSASWORDS|words as words]]) waxay qaataan single quotes; glosses-ka gaaban ma u baahna comma ka hor definition-ka ({{xt|''Cossack'' originates from [[Cuman language|Cuman]] {{lang|qwm|proto=yes|qazaq}} 'freebooter'; ''republic'' comes from Latin {{lang|la|res publica}}, loosely meaning 'public affair'.}}). Moodalka {{tl|Gloss}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa tan; t.s. <code>{{tlp|lang|es|casa}} {{tlf|gloss|house}}</code> wuxuu soo saaraa: {{lang|es|casa}} {{gloss|house}}. Ee turjumaada tooska ah, moodalka {{tl|Literal translation}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa; wuxuu dhex gelyaa {{xt|lit.}} ka hor gloss-ka. ====Ee xigasho ku dhex jirta xigasho==== {{Shortcut|MOS:QWQ|}} Isticmaal single quotes: *{{xt|Darwin wrote in his introduction that "the maxim 'de minimis lex non curat' does not apply to science".}} Ee dhismaha dheeraad ah, beddel dhexda single iyo double quotes: *{{xt|He said, "That book asserts, 'Confucius said "Everything has beauty, but not everyone sees it.{{" ' "}}}} Ee quote marks ee uusocodka tooska ah, ku dar space yar iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{nowrap|{{tl|" '}}}}, {{nowrap|{{tl|' "}}}}, ama (sida tusaale ahaan halkan loo dhiibay) {{nowrap|{{tl|" ' "}}}}: *{{xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!{{' "}}}} Markup: <code>He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!{{tl|' "}}</code> *{{!xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!'"}} (jamming garaynta waxyaabaha waxay u okisaa si xun fonts badankooda) *{{!xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!'{{nbsp}}"}} (space caadi ah wuxuu leeyahay inta badan) ====<span id="Quotation marks in article openings"></span>Bilowga maqaalka==== {{Shortcut|MOS:BOLDQUOTE}} Qoraalka bold-ka ah oo caadi ahaan ka muuqda bilowga maqaalka: *Calaamad kasta oo xigmadda ah oo qayb ka mid ah mawduuca waa in ay noqoto bold sida qaybta hartay ee mawduuca. **Ka soo baxay ''[["A" Is for Alibi]]'': {{xt|'''''"A" Is for Alibi''''' is a mystery novel&nbsp;...}} *Calaamadaha xigmadda ee {{em|aan}} qayb ka mid ah mawduuca ma aha in ay noqdaan bold. **Ka soo baxay [[Jabberwocky]]: {{xt|"'''Jabberwocky'''" is a nonsense poem&nbsp;...}} **Ka soo baxay [[Babe Ruth]]: {{xt|'''George Herman''' "'''Babe'''" '''Ruth''' was an American baseball player&nbsp;...}} {{crossref|pw=y|(Sidoo kale eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography|Nicknames}}.)}} ====Punctuation ka hor xigashooyinka==== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTEPUNCT}} Haddii dhisma aan la xigtay laakiin kale oo u dhigma uu shaqayn lahaa grammatically aan lahayn comma, isticmaalka comma ka hor xigasho oo lagu ammaan goyay jumlad waa dookh: *{{xt|The report stated "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} ([[wikt:cf.|Cf.]] aan la xigtay {{xt|The report stated there was a 45% reduction in transmission rate.}}) *{{xt|The report stated, "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} Qaabka aan lahayn comma ka sanado badan waxaa loo isticmaalaa xigashooyinka qaybta ah: *{{xt|The report observed "a 45% reduction in transmission rate".}} Comma waxaa loo baahan yahay marka ay ka muuqan lahayd dhismaha oo kale haddii maaddada aan ayan ahayn xigasho: *{{xt|In Margaret Mead's view, "we must recognize the whole gamut of human potentialities" to enrich our culture.}} Ha dhex gelin comma haddii ay is-dhaafsi keeni karto ama beddeli karto macnaha: *{{xt|Caitlyn Jenner expressed concerns about children "who are coming to terms with being true to who they are".}} (Xigasho sax ah oo ka soo baxday foomka ku saabsan {{em|carruurta qaarkood}}{{snd}}gaar ahaan carruurtaas "who are coming to terms{{nbsp}}...") *{{!xt|Caitlyn Jenner expressed concerns about children, "who are coming to terms with being true to who they are".}} (Beddelaa macnaha si loogu muujiyo Jenner in ay muujinaysay concern ku saabsan {{em|dhammaan}} carruurta, inta la dhiibay in carruurtu, guud ahaan, "are coming to terms{{nbsp}}...") Waxay ka caddayn tahay in loo isticmaalo colon si loo soo bandhigo xigasho haddii ay samaynayso jumlad dhan, iyo kani waa in mar walba loo sameyo xigashooyinka jumlado badan leeh: *{{xt|The report stated: "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} *{{xt|In a letter to his son, Albert Einstein wrote: "Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance you must keep moving."}} Punctuation dheeraad ah ma aha mid lagama maarmaan ah ee tooska ah [[#Words as words|words-as-words]] xaaladda: *{{xt|The message was unintelligible except for the fragments "help soon" and "how much longer before".}} ====<span class="anchor" id="Quotation marks-Titles"></span><span id="Quotation marks with names and titles"></span>Magacyada iyo mawduucyada==== {{/titles hatnote include|where=MOS#P-QM-N&T}} Calaamadaha xigmadda waa in loo isticmaalo magacyada iyo mawduucyada soo socda: {{columns-list|colwidth=27em| *Maqaallada iyo chapters-ka (buugaagta iyo periodicals waa italics) *Sheekooyinka gaaban (buugaagta iyo periodicals waa italics) *Qaybaha muusigga (pieces waa italics) *Strips-ka gaarka ah ee comics iyo webcomics (comics waa italics) *Gabayada (gabayada dheer ama epic waa italics) *Noocyada (albums, song cycles, operas, operettas, iyo oratorios waa italics) *Episodes-ka gaarka ah ee taxanaha TV-ga iyo radio-ga iyo [[Serial (radio and television)|serials]] (mawduuca taxanaha waa italics){{efn|1="Mawduuca taxanaha waa italics" wuxuu isticmaalayaa ''taxanaha'' si loogu macneeyo show-ga dhan. Season (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay ''series'' ee British English-ka) leh mawduuciisa laikiis wuxuu isticmaalaa calaamadaha xigmadda mawduucaas, sida sub-work.}} }} {{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The Beatles wrote "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" for their album ''Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band''.}} Ha isticmaalin calaamadaha xigmadda ama italics ee qoraallada hore, concert tours, meelaha, cibaadooyinka, myths, iyo epics. (Kuwa badan, laakiin ma aha dhammaan, oo ka mid ah waxyaabahaani [[#Titles of works|waa inay sidoo kale ku dhex jirin title case]].) ====<span class="anchor" id="LP"></span><span class="anchor" id="LQ"></span><span class="anchor" id="TQ"></span><span class="anchor" id="logical quotes"></span><span id="Punctuation inside or outside quotation marks"></span>Punctuation ku dhex jirta ama ka baxsan==== {{Shortcut|MOS:LQ|MOS:LOGICAL|MOS:INOROUT}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Logical quotation on Wikipedia|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Effect on nearby punctuation}}<!-- Another kind of punctuation "in or out". EDITORS PLEASE NOTE: Changes to this section may escalate into heated dispute. Please consider raising any proposed changes for discussion and consensus-building on the talk page before editing. --> Isticmaal qaabka [[logical quotation]] dhammaan maqaallada, iyadoo aan loo eegin nooca English-ka oo lagu qoray. Ku dar punctuation-ka dhamaadka ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda kaliya haddii uu ka muuqday maaddada asalka ah, oo haddii kale u lag ka dambaysta calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. Qaybta badankeeda, kani wuxuu macneynayaa u treats-garaynta periods iyo commas foomkaas oo kale sida question marks: sii wad ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda haddii ay ku dabaqmaan kaliya maaddada la xigtay iyo ka baxsan haddii ay ku dabaqmaan jumlada dhan. Tusaalooyinka waxaa loo dhiibay ka hooseeya. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Did Darla say, "Here I am"?}} (question mark wuxuu ku dabaqmaa jumlada dhan) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|Did Darla say, "Here I am?"}} (aan sax ahayn in lagu dabaqo question mark xigashoda) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Darla said, "Where am I?"}} (question mark wuxuu ku dabaqmaa maaddada la xigtay kaliya) Haddii xigashodu ay tahay eray gaar ah ama qayb jumlad ah, u lag punctuation-ka dhamaadka ka baxsan calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. Marka aad xigtayso jumlad dhan, dhamaadka oo u dhigma dhamaadka jumlada ku dhex jirta, u lag punctuation-ka dhamaadka ku dhex jira calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. *{{xt|Miller wanted, he said, "to create something timeless".}} *{{xt|Miller said: "I wanted to create something timeless."}} Haddii jumlada la xigtay ay raacdo [[clause]] oo waa in uu ka horreeyo comma, ka tag [[full stop]] (period), iyo ha u beddelin comma {{em|ku dhex jirta}} xigashoda.{{efn|Kani waa foomka ugu muhiimsan oo uu logical quotation ku kala duwan yahay isticmaalka punctuation-ka wargaysyada British-ka, halka publishers badan ay u ilayeeyaan beddelkaas maaddada la xigtay, oo ka aghas ah saxnaanta dhismaha logical punctuation-ka.}} Terminal punctuation kale, sida question marks ama exclamation marks, waxaa lagu dhowri karaa. *{{xt|Livingston then said, "It is done", and turned to the people.}} *{{xt|Livingston then exclaimed, "It is done!", and turned to the people.}} Haddii jumlada la xigtay ay raacdo clause oo aqoonsanaya speaker-ka, isticmaal comma ka baxsan calaamadda xigmadda halkii full stop ku dhex jira, laakiin sii wad terminal punctuation kasta oo kale, sida question mark. *{{xt|"There is no strife, no prejudice, no national conflict in outer space as yet", said Kennedy.}} *{{xt|By asking "Who are you?", she prompts John to tell his story.}} Ha raacin erayada ama qaybaha la xigtay commas ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda, marka laga reebo halka xigasho dheer lagu baabi'iyay iyo comma uu yahay qayb ka mid ah xigashoda dhan. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change, opening the way to confidence and courage", said Turner.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change," said Turner, "opening the way to confidence and courage."}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change, opening the way", said Turner, "to confidence and courage."}} *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|"I began to change, opening the way," said Turner, "to confidence and courage."}} ==== Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo isqu xirka ka baxsan ==== Isqu xirka ka baxsan ee u socda mawduucyada maqaallada waa in ay leeyihiin mawduuca ku dhex jira quotes ku dhex jira isqu xirka. Moodallada tixraaca ee [[Help:Citation Style 1|CS1]] iyo [[Help:Citation Style 2|CS2]] waxay sameynayaan tan si otomaatig ah, iyo tixraacyada aan moodalka lahayn waa inay sameeyaan foomkan oo kale. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|{{cite news |last1=Kiefer |first1=Francine |title=Clinton: The Early Years |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |date=May 29, 1998 |ref=none}}}} (Isticmaalka {{tl|cite news}}) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt| Kiefer, Francine (May 29, 1998). [https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html "Clinton: The Early Years"]. ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''.}} (Aan moodal lahayn) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt| Kiefer, Francine (May 29, 1998). "[https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html Clinton: The Early Years]". ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''.}} (Aan moodal lahayn) ==== Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo isqu xirka ku dhex jira ==== Isqu xirka ku dhex jira (wikilinks) oo ay la socdaan calaamadaha xigmadda caadi ahaan waa inay leeyihiin quotes ka baxsan isqu xirka. Kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa mawduucyada shaqaalaha ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda (noocyada, episodes-ka, iyo wixii la mid ah) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Play it, Sam. Play "[[As Time Goes By (song)|As Time Goes By]]".}} (Isticmaalka <code><nowiki>"[[ ]]"</nowiki></code>.) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|Play it, Sam. Play [[As Time Goes By (song)|"As Time Goes By"]].}} (Isticmaalka <code><nowiki>[[" "]]</nowiki></code>.) Laakiin, calaamadaha xigmadda waxaa loo baahan yahay ku dhex jira wikilinks marka calaamadda xigmadda ay tahay qayb ka mid ah isqu xirka, ama halka qoraalka isqu xirka leh ee muuqda uu ku dhex jiro calaamadaha xigmadda oo muujinaya slang, nicknames, magacyada caadiga ah, ama isticmaalka la midka ah. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The term ''soccer'' comes from [[Oxford "-er"|Oxford {{nowrap|"-er"}}]] slang, which was prevalent at the [[University of Oxford]] in England from about 1875...}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|A Cockney accent [[Rhoticity in English|drops the "r"]] after a vowel.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The [[Dynamo Sports Club|Proletarian Sports Society "Dynamo"]] was established in Moscow in 1923.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|President Suharto's [[New Order (Indonesia)|"New Order"]] administration received US support for its economic policies.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Japan's [[Lost Decades|"Lost Decades"]] began in 1991.}} ===Brackets iyo parentheses=== {{Shortcut|MOS:()|MOS:BRACKETS}} {{Redirect|MOS:PAREN|use of parentheses (round brackets) in article titles|WP:Article titles#Parenthetical disambiguation|deprecated inline parenthetical citations|WP:Citing sources#Parenthetical referencing}} Qaybtan waxay ku dabaqmaysaa labadaba round brackets {{xt|(&nbsp;)}}, sidoo cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay [[Bracket|parentheses]], iyo square brackets {{xt|[&nbsp;]}}. Haddii jumlad ay ku dhex jirto foom bracketed ah, u lag punctuation-ka jumlada ka baxsan brackets-ka {{xt|(sida halkan loo muujiyay).}} Laakiin, halka hal ama ka badan jumlado ay ku dhex jiraan brackets-ka dhan, u lag punctuation-kooda ku dhex jira brackets-ka. Waa inuusan jirin space dhow dhanka ku dhex jira ee bracket-ka. Bracket-ka oo starts-garoogaya caadi ahaan waa inuu ka horreeyo space. Kani ma noqon karo xaaladda haddii uu ka horreeyo calaamad xigmadda oo starts-garoogaysa, bracket kale oo starts-garoogaya, ama qayb ka mid ah eray: *{{xt|He rose to address the meeting: "(Ahem)&nbsp;... Ladies and gentlemen, welcome!"}} *{{xt|Only the royal characters in the play ([Prince] Hamlet and his family) habitually speak in blank verse.}} *{{xt|We journeyed on the Inter[continental].}} *{{xt|Most people are right-handed. (Some people are left-handed, but that does not make right-handed people "better" than left-handed people.)}} Waa inuu jiro space ka dambeeya bracket-ka xiritaanka, marka laga reebo halka punctuation mark uu raaco (inkastoo spaced dash uu sii wadi doono space ka dambeeya bracket-ka xiritaanka) iyo xaaladaha aan caadiga ahayn ee la midka ah kuwa lagu tirtiray bracket-ka starts-garoogaya. Ka fogao kooxaha dhow ee brackets-ka. Mid ka mid ah u lag foomamka parenthetical-ka ah ku dhex jirta hal koox oo lagu kala saaray semicolons, ama dib-u-qor: *{{em|Ka fogao}}: {{!xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919) (also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader.}} *{{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: {{xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919; also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader.}} *{{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: {{xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader. He was also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv.}} Square brackets waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loogu muujiyo beddelka tifaftirka iyo dhex-gelinta ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka, inkastoo kani waligeed ma aha inuu beddelo macnaha loo intended-gareeyay. Waxay u adeegaan saddex sababood oo waaweyn: *Si loo caddayo: {{xt|She attended [secondary] school}}, halka kani uu ahaa macnaha loo intended-gareeyay, laakiin nooca school-ka uusan ahayn mid lagu dhiibay jumlada asalka ah. *Si loo yareeyo dheerka xigashoda: {{xt|X contains Y, and under certain circumstances, X may contain Z as well}} waxaa loo yareeyn karaa {{xt|X contains Y [and sometimes Z]}}. Marka ellipsis ({{xt|...}}) loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo maaddada ka baxday xigashoda tooska ah, caadi ahaan ma aha in lagu duubo bracket. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Ellipses}} si aad u ogaato xaaladda gaarka ah.)}} *Si loo sameyo grammar-ka inuu shaqeeyo: Tixraacaya foomka dadka {{xt|"I hate to do laundry"}}, ein wuxuu sax ah ugu qori karaa {{xt|She "hate[s] to do laundry"}}. Haddii jumlad ay ku dhex jirta maaddo subsidiary ah oo lagu duubay square ama round brackets, waa in ay sii wadato terminal punctuation {{em|ka dambaysa}} brackets-kaas, iyadoo aan loo eegin punctuation kasta oo ku dhex jira brackets-ka. {{Block indent|{{xt|She refused all requests (except for basics such as food, medicine, etc.).}}}} Laakiin, haddii jumlada dhan ay ku dhex jirta brackets-ka, punctuation-ka xiritaanka wuxuu ku dhex jiraa brackets-ka. {{xt|(This sentence is an example.)}} ====Brackets iyo isqu xirka==== Square brackets ku dhex jira isqu xirka waa inay noqdaan kuwo [[Escape character|escaped]] ah: {| class="wikitable" | He said, "<code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[[John Doe|John &amp;#91;Doe&amp;#93;]]</nowiki>}}</code> answered." || He said, "[[John Doe|John &#91;Doe&#93;]] answered." |- | He said, "<code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[[John Doe|John {{bracket|Doe}}]]</nowiki>}}</code> answered." || He said, "[[John Doe|John {{bracket|Doe}}]] answered." |- | <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[https://example.com On the first day &amp;#91;etc.&amp;#93;]</nowiki>}}</code> || [https://example.com On the first day &#91;etc.&#93;] |- | <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[https://example.com On the first day {{bracket|etc.}}]</nowiki>}}</code> || [https://example.com On the first day {{bracket|etc.}}] |} Markup-ka {{xtag|nowiki}} sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaali karaa: {{tag|nowiki|content=[Doe]}} ama {{tag|nowiki|content=[etc.]}}. Haddii URL laikiisu uu ku dhex jiro square brackets, wikitext-ku waa inuu isticmaalo foomka [[URL encoding|URL-encoded]] ah <code><nowiki>https://</nowiki>example.com/foo.php?query={{bxt|%5B}}xxx{{bxt|%5D}}yyy</code>, halkii&nbsp;...<code>query={{!bxt|&#91;}}xxx{{!bxt|&#93;}}yyy</code>. Kani wuxuu ka fogaan doonaa baabi'inta isqu xirka ka dambaysa <code>xxx</code>. ====Angle brackets==== :''Ee guillemets («&nbsp;»), eeg {{section link|#Quotation characters}}'' Angle brackets (⟨&nbsp;⟩) waxaa loo isticmaalaa mawduucyada tignoolajiyada ee kala duwan, sida physics-ka ee [[bra–ket notation]] iyo [[Expectation value (quantum mechanics)|expectation value]] (t.s. {{xt|⟨''φ''{{!}}''ψ''⟩}}), mathematics-ka ee [[presentation of a group]], iyo linguistics-ka si loogu muujiyo [[grapheme]]s (t.s. {{xt|the digraph ⟨sh⟩}}). Ha isticmaalin less-than iyo greater-than signs (<&nbsp;>) sida angle brackets (t.s. {{!xt|<''φ''{{!}}''ψ''>}}, {{!xt|the digraph <sh>}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipses"></span><span class="anchor" id="..."></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis style"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis function and implementation"></span>Ellipses=== {{Shortcut|MOS:...|MOS:ELLIPSIS|}} Isticmaal ''[[ellipsis]]'' haddii maaddadu ay ka baxday xigashoda, ilaa square brackets loo isticmaalo si loo [[Gloss (annotation)|gloss]] xigashoda. *Ee prose iyo non-LaTeX mathematics formulae, ellipses waxaa lagu qoraa iyadoo la isticmaalayo saddex unspaced dots ({{xt|<code>...</code>}}); ha isticmaalin xarafka precomposed ellipsis-ka ah ({{!xt|<code>…</code>}})<!-- Possibly we should explain the precomposed character in terms of its code point or something --> ama saddex dots oo lagu kala saaray spaces {{nobr|({{!xt|<code>. . .</code>}})}} *Caadi ahaan, isticmaal non-breaking space ka hor ellipsis iyo space caadi ah ka dambaystiisa: {{nobr|{{xt|Alpha, Bravo,{{tl|nbsp}}... Zulu}}}} *Haddii ellipsis uu raaco <code>.&nbsp;?&nbsp;!&nbsp;:&nbsp;;&nbsp;,&nbsp;)&nbsp;]&nbsp;}</code> ama calaamad xigmadda oo xiritaanka ah (single ama double), ka tag space-ka ka dambaysa. U lag terminal punctuation ku dhex jira quote-ka kaliya haddii uu yahay mid muhiim ah qoraalka, sida caadi ahaan ah xaaladda exclamation marks iyo question marks laakiin dhifka ah periods: *: {{xt|Jones wrote: "These stories amaze me. The facts suffer so frightfully{{tlf|nbsp}}...".}} *: {{xt|"But what of the other cities? London, Paris{{tlf|nbsp}}...?"}} * Haddii ellipsis uu toos u raaco calaamad xigmadda oo starts-garoogaysa, kaliya isticmaal non-breaking space ka dambaystiisa: *: {{xt|He continued to pursue Smith ("...{{tlf|nbsp}}to the ends of the earth", he had sworn) until his own death.}} *{{Visible anchor|text=Si loo kala saaro ellipsis oo muujinaya qoraalka ka baxay iyo mid ka mid ah quote-ka, waxaad ku duubi kartaa kan kowaad square brackets: {{xt|She retorted: "How do I feel? How do you {{em|think}} I&nbsp;... This is too much!&nbsp;[...] Take me home!"}}|With square brackets}} *{{Visible anchor|text=Marka ellipsis loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo pause ama suspense ee speech-ka, sii wad punctuation-ka asalka ah: {{xt|Virginia's startled reply was "Could he&nbsp;...? No, I can't believe it!"}}. Marka loo isticmaalo ku dhex jira eray aan dhammaystirnayn, ma jiro space loo isticmaalo dhexda erayga qaybtiisa iyo ellipsis-ka: {{xt|The garbled transmission ended with "We are stranded near San L...o", interpreted as either San Leandro or San Lorenzo.}}|Pause or suspension of speech}} *In LaTeX-formatted mathematics formulae, isticmaal LaTeX markup-ka saxda ah ee lowered dots (<code>\dots</code>, <math>\dots</math>) ama xarfaha precomposed-ka ah oo leeh dots meelaha kale (sida centered ama diagonal, ⋯, ⋰, ama ⋱) ===<span class="anchor" id="fewer commas"></span>Commas=== {{Shortcut|MOS:,|MOS:COMMA}} Pair ka mid ah [[comma]]s wuxuu bracket-garayn karaa [[appositive]], [[relative clause]], ama [[parenthetical phrase]] (sida brackets ama dashes, inkastoo leh interruption dheeraad ah ee jumlada). Tusaale ahaan: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|John Smith, Janet Cooper's son, is a well-known playwright.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Janet Cooper's son John Smith is a well-known playwright.}} (marka Janet ay leedahay sons badan) {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Janet Cooper's son, John Smith, is a well-known playwright.}} (marka Janet ay leedahay kaliya hal son) {{!}}} }} Mar walba isticmaal {{em|pair}} ka mid ah commas ee tan, ilaa punctuation mark kale uu qaado meesha comma-ka labaad: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Blunt comments came from the newest member, John Smith.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|The newest member, John Smith{{snd}}a retired teacher{{snd}}was blunt.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|The newest member, John Smith was blunt.}}<!-- There's actually a way to parse this such that it would be acceptable in some styles, but WP articles don't use such styles. --> {{!}}} }} Ha u ilayn punctuation-ka kale inuu kaaga baabi'iyo u baahnaanta comma, gaar ahaan marka comma uu collided-garayyo bracket ama parenthesis: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Burke and Wills, fed by locals (on beans, fish, and ''ngardu''), survived for a few months.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Burke and Wills, fed by locals (on beans, fish, and ''ngardu'') survived for a few months.}} {{!}}} }} {{Shortcut|MOS:GEOCOMMA}} {{vanchor|Geographical references|text=In geographical references oo ku dhex jiraan heerarka badan ee subordinate divisions (t.s. city, state/province, country), comma wuxuu kala saaraa element kasta wuxuuna raacaa element-ka ugu dambeeya ilaa uu raaco terminal punctuation ama parenthesis-ka xiritaanka. Element-ka ugu dambeeya waxaa loo treats-garaysay sida [[Wikipedia:Basic copyediting#Parenthetical comma|parenthetical]].}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|He traveled through North Carolina before staying in Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the night.}}<!-- About a 10-hour drive if he started in Virginia Beach and passed through Winston-Salem. --> {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|He traveled through North Carolina before staying in Chattanooga, Tennessee for the night.}} {{!}}} }} Sidoo kale ku dar commas marka geographical element-ka loo isticmaalo sida disambiguator: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Hantratty received a PhD from the University of California, Irvine, in 1977.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Hantratty received a PhD from the University of California, Irvine in 1977.}} {{!}}} }} Ku dar comma labaad sidoo kale marka dhismaha leh comma [[Grammatical modifier|modifies-garayyo]] noun ama compound noun: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Keith Wilson won the 2024 Portland, Oregon, mayoral election.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Keith Wilson won the 2024 Portland, Oregon mayoral election.}} {{!}}} }} {{shortcut|MOS:DATECOMMA}} {{vanchor|Date commas|text=[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Dates, months, and years|Dates]] ku dhex jira month–day–year format waxay u baahan yihiin comma ka dambaysa day-ka, iyo sidoo kale ka dambaysa year-ka, ilaa ay raacdo punctuation kale. Element-ka ugu dambeeya waxaa loo treats-garaysay sida [[Wikipedia:Basic copyediting#Parenthetical comma|parenthetical]].}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|He set October 1, 2011, as the deadline for Patterson to meet his demands.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|He set October 1, 2011 as the deadline for Patterson to meet his demands.}} {{!}}} }} {{shortcut|MOS:QUOTECOMMA}} {{vanchor|Quotation commas|text= U lag calaamadaha xigmadda iyadoo la raacayo {{Section link||Punctuation inside or outside}}. Kani waxaa loo intended-gareeyay "logical quotation".}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Sax:}} {{!}} {{xt|She said, "The weather changes too often", and made other complaints.}} {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}} {{!xt|She said, "The weather changes too often," and made other complaints.}} {{!}}} }} Comma waxaa lagu dhex jiri karaa ka hor xigasho oo lagu ammaan goyay jumlad {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}})}}. ====<span class="anchor" id="Serial comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Oxford comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Oxford commas"></span><span class="anchor" id="Harvard comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Harvard commas"></span>Serial commas==== {{Shortcut|MOS:SERIAL|MOS:OXFORD||}} {{Redirect|MOS:OXFORD|Oxford spelling|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling#British English with "-ize" (Oxford spelling)}} A [[serial comma]] (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay ''Oxford comma'' ama ''Harvard comma'') waa comma loo isticmaalo toos ka hor conjunction (''and'', ''or'', ''nor'') ku dhex jirta liiska saddex ama ka badan items. {{Block indent|{{xt|ham, chips, and eggs}}{{spnd}}serial comma}} {{Block indent|{{xt|ham, chips and eggs}}{{spnd}}aan lahayn serial comma}} Tifaftireyaasha waxay isticmaali karaan mid ka mid ah heshiiska ilaa maqaal kasta uu yahay joogto ah ku dhex jirta. Serial commas waxay ka taageeraan badan marka qoraalka maqaalku uu yahay dhibco leh, sida liiska oo leh multi-word items (gaar ahaan haddii mid uu ku dhex jiro laikiis "''and''{{-"}}) ama nooc ka mid ah terms aan la dhasheyn oo laga yaabo. Laakiin, waxaa jira xaalado halka ka-tagista ama ku-darida serial comma ay keento is-dhaafsi: {{Block indent|{{!xt|The author thanked her friends, Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley}}{{spnd}}oo tirtiri kara mid ka mid ah afar ama ka badan dad ah (friends-ka iyo labada dad ee la magacaabay) ama laba dad ah (O'Connor iyo Marley, oo ah friends-ka).}} {{Block indent|{{!xt|The author thanked a friend, Sinéad O'Connor, and Bob Marley}}{{spnd}}oo tirtiri kara mid ka mid ah laba dad ah (O'Connor, oo ah friend-ka, iyo Marley) ama saddex dad ah (kan kowaad oo ah friend-ka, kan labaad O'Connor, iyo kan saddexaad Marley).}} Xaaladahaas is-dhaafsiga ah, cadday mid ka mid ah afar foom: *Ku dar ama baabi'i serial comma-ka. *Isticmaal jumlado gaar ah, bullet lists, ama beddelka dhismaha kale si loo caddayo. *Recast-garee jumlada ("friends" xaaladda): **Si loo tirtiro laba dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked her friends Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley.}} ***Caddayn badan: {{xt|The author thanked two friends: Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley.}} **Si loo tirtiro dad badan: **: {{xt|The author thanked Sinéad O'Connor, Bob Marley and her friends}} ama **: {{xt|The author thanked Sinéad O'Connor, Bob Marley, and her friends}}. ***Laakiin ma aha: {{!xt|The author thanked Bob Marley, Sinéad O'Connor[,] and her friends}}{{spnd}}soo bandhigaa is-dhaafsi ku saabsan ''her''. *Recast-garee jumlada ("friend" xaaladda): **Si loo tirtiro laba dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked Bob Marley and her friend Sinéad O'Connor.}} ***Ama noqo mid gaar ah marka ay suurtogal tahay: {{xt|The author thanked her childhood friend Sinéad O'Connor and her mentor, Bob Marley.}} **Si loo tirtiro saddex dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked Bob Marley, Sinéad O'Connor, and a friend.}} ***Caddaynta leh gender-specific terms sida ''mother'' waxay noqon kartaa dhibco leh; {{!xt|The author thanked her mother, Kim Thayil, and Sinéad O'Connor}} ma aha caddayn sababtoo ah akhristayaasha ma ogaankaraan [[Kim Thayil]] in uu yahay male oo ma noqon doono dadka oo kale sida mother-ka. ***Caddayn badan: {{xt|The author thanked Kim Thayil, Sinéad O'Connor, and her own mother}} ama {{xt|The author thanked her mother and musicians Kim Thayil and Sinéad O'Connor}}. ===Colons=== {{Shortcut|MOS:COLON}} {{For|the wikitext link formatting|Help:Colon trick}} A [[Colon (punctuation)|colon]] ({{xt|:}}) wuxuu soo bandhigaa wax muujinaya, sharraxaya, ama modifies-garaynaya waxa soo maray, ama ah liiska items oo dhowaan la soo bandhigay. Items-ka ku dhex jira liiskaas waxaa lagu kala saari karaa commas, ama haddii ay yihiin kuwo dhibco badan leh oo laga yaabo in ay laikiisu ku dhex jiraan commas, items-ka waa in lagu kala saaro semicolons ama lagu aaggaado bulleted list. {{Block indent|{{xt|We visited several tourist attractions: the Leaning Tower of Pisa, which I thought could fall at any moment; the Bridge of Sighs; the supposed birthplace of Petrarch, or at least the first known house in which he lived; and so many more.}}}} Colon waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa si loo soo bandhigo [[Quotation marks in English#Quotations and speech|direct speech]] oo lagu duubay calaamadaha xigmadda. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}}.)}} Marka colon loo isticmaalo sida separator ku dhex jira mawduuca maqaalka, madaxa qaybta, ama item liiska ah, tifaftireyaasha waxay dooran karaan in ay xaraf weyn ugu qoraan waxa raaca, iyadoo loo tixgelinayo [[#Retaining existing styles|isticmaalka jira]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Article titles#Consistency|joogteynta leh maqaallada la xiriira]]. Marka laga reebo isticmaalka tignoolajiyada ({{xt|a 3:1 ratio}}), ma jiro jumlad waa in ay ku dhex jirtay colons badan, ma jiro space waa in uu ka horreeyo colon, iyo space (laakiin waligeed ma aha hyphen ama dash) waa in uu raaco colon-ka. ===Semicolons=== {{Shortcut|MOS:;|MOS:SEMICOLON|}} {{for|usage in marking up description (definition) lists|Help:List#Description lists}} A [[semicolon]] ({{xt|;}}) marna waa alternative ee full stop (period), iyadoo u sahlaysa maaddada la xiriirta in lagu dhowro jumlada oo kale; waxay muujisaa kala saarisa la go'aamiyay ee jumlada marka loo eego comma. Haddii semicolon-ku uu kala saaro clauses, caadi ahaan clause kasta waa in uu noqdo mid gaar ah (macneheedu waa in uu taaggaanshaan karo laikiisu sida jumlad). Xaaladaha badankooda, kaliya comma ama kaliya semicolon wuxuu noqon doonaa sax ku dhex jira jumlad gaar ah. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Sax:}} | {{xt|Though he had been here before, I did not recognize him.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} | {{!xt|Though he had been here before; I did not recognize him.}} |} Sare, "Though he had been here before" ma taaggaanshaan karo laikiisu sida jumlad, oo sidaas darteed ma aha independent clause. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Sax:}} | {{xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit; bananas are classified as alkaline.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} | {{!xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit, bananas are classified as alkaline.}} |} Isticmaalkan aan saxda ahayn ee comma ee dhexda laba independent clauses waxaa loo intended-gareeyay [[comma splice]]; laakiin, xaaladaha qaarkood, comma waxaa loo isticmaali karaa halka semicolon wuxuu oki lahaa in loo baahan yahay: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | {{em|La accepts-garaysay}}: || {{xt|"Life is short, art is long."}} (laba clauses oo gaaban ku dhex jira [[aphorism]]; eeg ''[[Ars longa, vita brevis]]'') |- | {{em|La accepts-garaysay}}: || {{xt|"I have studied it, you have not."}} (soo sheegida wada-hadal gaaban, sida jawaabtan ee [[Isaac Newton|Newton]]) |} Jumlad waxay ku dhex jiri kartaa semicolons badan, gaar ahaan marka clauses-ku ay yihiin kuwo parallel ee dhismaha iyo macnaha; semicolons badan oo aan la xiriirin caadi ahaan waa calaamado ah in jumlada loo kala saaro jumlado gaaban ama foom kale loo dib-u-qoro. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Unwieldy}}: | {{!xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit; bananas are classified as alkaline; pears are close to neutral; these distinctions are rarely discussed.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: | {{xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit, bananas are alkaline, and pears are close to neutral; these distinctions are rarely discussed.}} |} Semicolons waxaa loo isticmaalaa ku-darida commas si loo kala saaro items ku dhex jira liiska, marka commas laikiisu ay keeni karaan jahwareer. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Jahwareer:}} | {{!xt|Sales offices are located in Boston, Massachusetts, San Francisco, California, Singapore, and Millbank, London, England.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Caddayn:}} | {{xt|Sales offices are located in Boston, Massachusetts; San Francisco, California; Singapore; and Millbank, London, England.}} |} ====Semicolon ka hor "however"==== {{Shortcut|MOS:HOWEVER}} {{Redirect|MOS:HOWEVER|its usage in editorialization|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Editorializing}} Macnaha jumlad ay ku dhex jirta trailing clause oo ku starts-garoogaysa erayga ''however'' wuxuu ku xiran yahay punctuation-ka ka horreeya eraygaas. Makhaadhaa caadi ah waa isticmaalka punctuation-ka aan saxda ahayn, iyadoo beddelaysa macnaha mid aan loo intended-gareeyn. Marka erayga ''however'' uu yahay adverb macneheedu yahay "nevertheless", waa in uu ka horreeyo semicolon oo uu raaco comma. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people; however, they tried.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people; nevertheless, they tried.}} |} Marka erayga ''however'' uu yahay conjunction macneheedu yahay "in whatever manner", ama "regardless of how", wuxuu ka horreyn karaa comma laakiin ma aha semicolon, oo waa inuusan raacin punctuation. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people, however they tried.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people, regardless of how they tried.}} |} Xaaladda kowaad, clause-ka oo ku starts-garoogaya "however" ma loo beddeli karo clause-ka kowaad; xaaladda labaad kani waxaa lagu sameyn karaa aan lahayn beddelka macnaha: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|However they tried, it was obvious they could not convert these people.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|Regardless of how they tried, it was obvious they could not convert these people.}} |} Haddii labada clauses aan loo beddeli karin, semicolon waxaa loo baahan yahay. Jumlad ama clause waxay sidoo kale ku dhex jiri kartaa erayga ''however'' dhexda, haddii uu yahay adverb macneheedu yahay "although" oo lagu lagi karay bilowga laakiin aan ku starts-garoogayn clause cusub dhexda jumlada. Isticmaalkan, erayga waxaa lagu duubi karaa dhexda commas. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|He did not know, however, that the venue had been changed at the last minute.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|However, he did not know that the venue had been changed at the last minute.}} |} ===Hyphens=== {{Shortcut|MOS:-|MOS:HYPHEN}} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Globe Toters-A Birla Preschool,Indore (cropped).jpg | image2 = Peuters_in_het_tehuis_zitten_met_zijn_allen_op_de_po,_Bestanddeelnr_252-0385.jpg | image3 = Graduates 2014 IMG 2779 (14083168633).jpg | caption1 = Four-year-old children | caption2 = Four year-old children | caption3 = Four-year old children }} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Haring 03.jpg | image2 = Great white Dyer island 2010-07.jpg | caption1 = A man {{nobr|eating fish}} | caption2 = A man-eating fish }} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Catalina_Island_Rescue_DVIDS1091019.jpg | image2 = Kintín al ataque (5189220934).jpg | caption1 = Officials help {{nobr|dog-bite victim}}. | caption2 = Officials help {{nobr|dog bite victim}}. }} [[File:Carry-On Aircraft.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|A sign {{shy|exhibiting over-eager hy|phen|a|tion}}: the second hyphen is fine, but the first is spurious.]] [[Hyphen]]s ({{xt|-}}) waxay muujiyaan conjunction. Waxaa jira saddex isticmaalka waaweyn: # In hyphenated magacyada dadka ({{xt|John Lennard-Jones}}, {{xt|Omar al-Bashir}}). # Si loogu isku xiro [[prefixes]] iyo [[suffixes]] oo leh terms-kooda waaweyn dhismaha qaarkood, [[#En dash across open compounds|ilbaa compounds-ka laikiisu ay ku dhex jiraan space ama hyphen]]: {{xt|quasi-scientific}}, {{xt|ultra-nationalistic}}, {{xt|London-based}}, {{xt|community-led}}. #*Hyphen waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loo kala saaro dhexda [[homograph]]s ({{xt|[[wikt:re-sign|re-sign]]}} macneheedu waa ''sign again'', laakiin {{xt|[[wikt:resign|resign]]}} macneheedu waa ''relinquish ownership'' ama ''leave a job''). #*Waxaa jira trend caddaynaya oo lagu ammaan goyo labada elements dhammaan noocyada English-ka ({{xt|subsection}}, {{xt|nonlinear}}). Hyphenation-ku wuxuu caddayaa marka xarfaha la keenay contact ay yihiin kuwo oo kale ({{xt|non-negotiable}}, {{xt|sub-basement}}) ama ay yihiin vowels ({{xt|pre-industrial}}), ama halka eray uu yahay mid aan caadi ahayn ({{xt|co-proposed}}, {{xt|re-target}}) ama laga yaabo in loo akhrriyo si aan sax ahayn ({{xt|sub-era}}, ma aha {{!xt|subera}}). Erayada qaarkood oo noocan ah si oo kale waa kuwo caadi ah aan lahayn hyphen-ka (t.s., {{xt|cooperation}} waxaa si joogto ah loo dhasheeyay ka badan {{xtg|co-operation}} ee English-ka cusub). Ka dhiiri erayada beddelaya macnahooda aan lahayn hyphen-ka, t.s. {{xt|re-creation}} (create again) iyo {{xt|recreation}} (amusement).{{efn|name=recent}} # {{va|Hyphens in compound modifiers|text=Si loogu isku xiro terms-ka la xiriira ee ku dhex jira [[compound modifier]]s}}:{{Efn|1=Gaar ahaan compound [[attributive adjective|attributives]], oo ah modifiers ee noun oo ka muuqda ku dhex jira [[noun phrase]]. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link|English compound#Hyphenated compound modifiers}}.)}}}} #*Hyphens waxay taageeri karaan fududaynta akhrrinta (waa inay noqdaan kuwo {{xt|ease-of-reading}} taageera) oo waxay gaar ahaan u wanaagsan yihiin noun phrases-ka dheer: {{xt|gas-phase reaction dynamics}}. Laakiin waligeed ha dhex gelin hyphen magac sax ah ({{xt|Middle Eastern cuisine}}, ma aha {{!xt|Middle-Eastern cuisine}}). #*Hyphen wuxuu taageeri karaa disambiguator-ka (qaarkood {{xt|short-story writers}} waa kuwo dheer; {{xt|a government-monitoring program}} waa program oo monitor-garaynaya xukuumadda, inta {{xt|a government monitoring program}} uu yahay program xukuumadda oo monitor-garaynaya). #*Compounds oo ah hyphenated marka loo isticmaalo {{em|[[Attributive adjective|attributively]]}} (adjectives ka hor nouns-ka ay qualified-garaynayaan: {{xt|a light-blue handbag}}, {{xt|a 34-year-old woman}}) ama {{em|[[substantive]]ly}} (sida noun: {{xt|she is a 34-year-old}}) caadi ahaan ma aha hyphenated marka loo isticmaalo {{em|[[Predicative expression|predicatively]]}} (foomka sharraxaadda leh oo lagu kala saaray noun-ka: {{xt|the handbag was light blue}}, {{xt|the woman is 34 years old}}). Halka uu ka jiri lahaa baabi'inta caddaynta laakiis, hyphen waxaa loo isticmaali karaa foomka predicative-ka ah sidoo kale ({{xt|hand-fed turkeys}}, {{xt|the turkeys were hand-fed}}). Attributive hyphenation-ka dhibco leh marna waxaa looga fogaan karaa dib-u-qorid fudud: {{xt|Hawaiian-native species}} → {{xt|native Hawaiian species}}. #*Ka fogao isticmaalka hyphen ka dambaysa heerka ''{{nowrap|-ly}}'' adverb ({{xt|a newly available home}}, {{xt|a wholly owned subsidiary}}) ilaa ay tahay qayb ka mid ah compound dheeraad ah ({{xt|a slowly-but-surely strategy}}). Xaaladaha dhifka ah, hyphen wuxuu ka wanaajin karaa caddaynta haddii alternative-ka dib loo qoray uu yahay dhibco leh, laakiin dib-u-qoriddu caadi ahaan waa ka wanaagsan tahay: {{!xt|The idea was clearly stated enough}} waxaa lagu disambiguator-gareyn karaa sida {{xt|The idea clearly was stated often enough}} ama {{xt|The idea was ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} le6y80e6sptysmkzfe8r8istg0vgksx 310802 310800 2026-10-24T10:35:16Z Isma4l 41797 /* Xigashooyinka */ 310802 wikitext text/x-wiki {{MoS guideline|WP:MOS<!-- DO NOT add more shortcuts. None are as short and popular as this one. -->}} '''Haddaha Qaabka''' ('''MoS''' ama '''MOS''') waa [[haddaha qaabka]] ee dhammaan [[Wikipedia:Waa maxay maqaal?|maqaallada]] [[Wikipedia:Soomaali|Wikipedia-ha Soomaaliga]].{{efn|Isku xirka [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility|waxyaabaha la xiriira oo la heli karo]] waxay ku dabaqmaan dhammaan mashruuca, oo ma aha oo kaliya maqaallada.}} Boggan koowaad waxaa taageera [[:Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style|boggag yar oo xeel-dheer]], oo halkan la isku gudbin karo oo lagu tirtiray [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents]]. Haddii ay ka dhalato is-diido, boggani wuxuu leeyahay ka-horreyn.{{efn|name="CONLEVEL"|Kani waa arrin siyaasadeed oo ku saabsan {{section link|Wikipedia:Consensus|Level of consensus}}: "Is-afgaradka ka dhex jira koox xaddidan oo tifaftireyaal ah, hal meel iyo hal maalin, ma baabi'in karo [[Wikipedia:Community consensus|is-afgaradka samaynta]] ee baaxadda weyn. Tusaale ahaan, ilaa ay ka dhaadhiciyaan bulshada balaadhan in aysan sax ahayn, kaqeybgalayaasha WikiProject ma go'aamin karaan in siyaasada ama hagaha Wikipedia uusan ku dabaqmin maqaallada ku dhex jira baaxadeeda." Iyo: "Wikipedia waxay leedahay heer sare oo kaqeybgal iyo is-afgarad ee beddelka siyaasadaha iyo hagayaasha marka loo eego noocyada kale ee boggaga." Boggaga ka hooseeya waxaa ku jira [[:Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style|boggaga MoS-ka ee xeel-dheeraanta]], [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Guide#Advice pages|qoraallada qaabka]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style|Haddaha Qaabka ee Fudud]].}} {{vanchor|Clarity|text=Tifaftireyaal waa inay u qoraan maqaallada iyagoo isticmaalaya luqad toos ah, gaaban, oo fudud in la fahmo. Tifaftireyaal waa inay u dhisaan maqaallada qaabeyn joogto ah oo u sahlanaata akhristaha.}} {{va|Stability|text=Haddii ka badan hal qaab ama foom lagu aamini karo MoS-ka, mid waa in loo isticmaalo madal kasta oo ku dhex jirta maqaalka oo [[#Retaining existing styles|aan la beddelin]] sabab wanaagsan la'aanteed. [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|Tifaftirka dagaalka]] ee ku saabsan doorashooyinka qaabka ma aha mid la accepts karo.{{efn|name="ew"|Arrrimahaani waxaa lagu xalliyay go'aannada [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|Guddiga Garsoorka]] ee [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk#Optional styles|2005]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan#Preferred styles|2006]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Date delinking#Optional styles|2009]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Infoboxes#Use of infoboxes|2015]].}} Qoraal cusub oo lagu daro boggan waa inuu toos u xalliyo arrin qaab oo si joogto ah u soo noqnoqota.}} {{TOC limit|3}} ==Dhonsashada qaababka jira== {{Shortcut|MOS:VAR|MOS:STYLEVAR|MOS:STYLERET}} {{Redirect|MOS:VAR|retention of an article's established national English variety|#National varieties of English|a list of more specific related rules|WP:VARS}} Marna, MOS-ku wuxuu bixiyaa ka badan hal qaab oo la accepts karo ama ma bixiyo hagal gaar ah. Marka ka badan hal qaab la accepts karo, al-fajar ma aha mid habboon in tifaftiraha Wikipedia uu ka beddelo hal qaab oo uu u beddelo mid kale ilaa ay jirto sabab muhiim ah oo beddelka ah.{{efn|name="ArbCom"|Astaanta bilowga ee qoraalkan, eeg go'aannada [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|ArbCom]] ee [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk#Principles|Juun 2005]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/jguk 2#Principles|Nofembar 2005]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan#Principles|2006]].}} [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|Tifaftirka dagaalka]] ee ku saabsan qaabka,{{efn|name="ew"}} ama u adeegsiga qaab dookh ah si [[Wikipedia:Bot policy#Assisted editing guidelines|bot-oo kale ah]] is-afgarad ka hor la'aantiis,{{efn|name="bot-like"|Eeg [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Magioladitis 2#High-speed editing|Go'aanka ArbCom ee 2017]], iyo {{section link|Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser#Rules of use}}; tifaftirka bot-ka oo kale ah oo sii socda inkastoo ay jiraan diidmo ama oo keena makhaadhaa wuxuu keeni karaa [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|xannibaad]] iyo baabi'inta xuquuqaha ku saabsan qalabka semi-automated-ka ah.}} waa [[Wikipedia:Disruptive editing|dhibco ka dhan ah]] oo waligeed ma aha mid la accepts karo. Beddelka aan la xaqijin ee kaaga taagan hal qaab oo la accepts karo, [[#Consistency within articles|oo si joogto ah loo adeegsaday]] ee ku dhex jira maqaal oo loo beddelo qaab kale waa la [[Wikipedia:Reverting|celin karaa]]. Doono [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Opportunities for commonality|fursadaha wadaagga]] si looga fogaado murannada qaabka. Haddii aad rammayso in qaab kale uu ka habboon yahay maqaal gaar ah, doono [[Wikipedia:Consensus|is-afgarad]] iyadoo ku saabsan tan lagula discuss-garaynayo bogga wada-hadalka maqaalka ama{{snd}}haddii ay keento arrin guud ama ku saabsan MoS-ka lakiisa{{snd}}at [[Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style]]. Haddii wada-hadalku uusan keenin is-afgarad beddelka ah, sii wad isticmaalka qaabka horey loo dhisay ee maqaalka. Haddii wada-hadalku uu ku guuldareysto inuu gaaro wax is-afgarad ah oo ku saabsan midka laba ama ka badan qaab oo tartamaya oo la isticmaalayo, markaas dib u noqo qaabkii loo isticmaalay nooca ugu horreeyay ee ka dambeeya [[Wikipedia:Stub|qabyada]] maqaalka oo uu ka muuqday mid ka mid ah qaababka ku dabaqmaya. (Mawqifkan dib-u-noqoshada ah ma siiyo [[WP:UNCHALLENGED|darajo aan la tartami karin]] qaabkaas gaarka ah inta lagu jiro wada-hadalka is-afgaradka, mana siiyo tifaftiraha soo impose-garaysay qaabkaas ugu horreeyay [[Wikipedia:Ownership of content|wax ka badan]] wada-hadalka.) ==<span class="anchor" id="Article titles, headings, and sections"></span>Mawduucyada maqaalka, qaybaha, iyo madaxda== {{Shortcut|MOS:AT}} ===Mawduucyada maqaalka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Article titles}} {{for|titles which coincide with a work's title|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles of works}} Mawduucu waa inuu noqdo magac la aqoonsan karo ama sifaynta mawduuca, [[Wikipedia:Common sense|isagoo maareynaya]] shuruudaha ah inuu yahay mid asalka ah, si ku filan oo sax ah, gaaban, oo joogto ah oo la mid ah maqaallada la xiriira. Hagaha qaabaynta eeg qaybta {{section link|Wikipedia:Article titles|Article title format}}, isagoo xusaya kuwa soo socda: *U qor herga labaad ee xarafka ugu horreeya (marka laga reebo xaaladaha dhifka ah, sida {{xt|eBay}}), laakiin haddii kale raac [[sentence case]]{{efn|name=Sentence case|1=Wikipedia waxay u isticmaashaa [[sentence case]] jumlado, [[Wikipedia:Article titles|mawduucyada maqaalka]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout|mawduucyada qaybaha]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables|madaxda taarikada]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images|qoraallada sawirka]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists|qoraallada liiska]] (xaaladaha badankooda), iyo qoraallada ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Infobox|infoboxes]] iyo moodallada la midka ah, iyo waxyaabo kale. Wax kasta oo MoS ah oo ku saabsan bilowga jumlad waxay ku dabaqmaan waxyaabaha isticmaalaya sentence case.<!-- Please keep this footnote synced with the version at the MOS:CAPS page. -->}} ({{xt|Funding of UNESCO projects}}), ma aha title case ({{!xt|Funding of UNESCO Projects}}), marka laga reebo halka title case loo isticmaali lahaa qoraalka caadiga ah. Eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (capitalization)]]. *Si aad u qorto farta italic-ka ah, ku dar {{tlx|italic title}} meel dhow sare ee maqaalka. Si aad farta italic-ka ah ugu qorto kaliya qayb ka mid ah mawduuca, ku dar xadka <code>|string=</code> ee qoraalka gaarka ah ee lagu qorayo farta italic-ka ah. Isticmaalka farta italic-ka ah waa inuu u dhigmaa {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting|Italic type}}. *Ha isticmaalin [[Article (grammar)|maqaallada]] (''a'', ''an'', ama ''the'') sida xarafka ugu horreeya ({{xt|Economy of the Second Empire}}, ma aha {{!xt|The economy of the Second Empire}}), ilaa ay tahay qayb aan la kala saari karin oo magaca ka mid ah ({{xt|The Hague}}) ama mawduuca shaqa (''{{xt|A Clockwork Orange}}'', ''{{xt|The Simpsons}}''). *Caadi ahaan isticmaal [[noun]]s ama [[noun phrase]]s: {{xt|Early life}}, ma aha {{!xt|In early life}}.{{Efn|1=Erayada sida {{xt|In early life}} waa kuwo la accepts karo (inkastoo aan loo baahnayn) sida madaxda qaybaha. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa si joogto ah sida qayb ka mid ah mawduucyada maqaalka oo dheeraad ah sida [[Piracy in the Caribbean|{{xt|Piracy in the Caribbean}}]], indhaheeda marka dhismaha gaaban ({{xtn|Caribbean piracy}}) uu leeyahay arrimo is-dhaafsi ah.}} *Xarafka ugu dambeeya waa inuusan noqon calaamad ilaahiyad ilaa uu yahay qayb aan la kala saari karin oo magaca ka mid ah ({{xt|[[Saint-Louis-du-Ha! Ha!]]}}, {{xt|''[[Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?]]''}}) ama gaabinta ({{xt|[[Inverness City F.C.]]}}), ama marka xiritaanka bracket-ka wareegga ama calaamadda xigmadda loo baahan yahay ({{xt|[[John Palmer (1814 schooner)|''John Palmer'' (1814 schooner)]]}}). *Markasta oo calaamadaha xigmadda ama noocyada apostrophe-ka oo kale ay ka muuqdaan ({{xt|[[Geʽez]]}}), ku dar [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirection]] mawduuc caddaynaya oo isticmaalaya apostrophes ({{xt|[[Ge'ez]]}}).{{efn|name=curlyq|1=Calaamadaha xigmadda tooska ah iyo apostrophes waa kuwo fudud in loo qorto si lagu aamini karo madallada badankooda, markaas kani wuxuu u sahlayaa bartilmaameedka redirection-ka oo fudud. Xigmadda curdanka ah iyo apostrophes sidaas darteed waa kuwo si weyn looga tagay Wikipedia-ha English-ka. Eeg sidoo kale [[MOS:CURLY]] iyo [[MOS:']].}} Labadaba ha ka sareeyaan iyo kuwo [[Wikipedia:Article titles]], qeybta kale ee MoS-ka, gaar ahaan {{section link||Punctuation}}, waxay ku dabaqmaan sidoo kale mawduuca. ===Agaasimaha qaybta=== {{Shortcut|MOS:SO}} {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout}} Mawduuca maqaalka waa inuu ku starts-garo [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section|qaybta hordhaca ah<!-- Do not add the word "lede" here. See footnotes at WP:LEAD for details. -->]]{{snd}}gaabinta kooban ee maqaalka{{snd}}oo aan waligeed loo kala saarin qaybo {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section]])}}. Qaybta hartay ee maqaalka waxaa caadi ahaan loo kala saaraa [[Help:Section|qaybo]]. [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes|Infoboxes]], sawirrada, iyo mawduucyada kale ee la xiriira qaybta hordhaca ah waa inay noqdaan kuwo dhanka midig ah. Calaamadaha qaarkood oo heerka ah [[Help:Template|moodallada]] iyo [[Help:Wikitext|wikitext]] oo aan ahayn qaybo waxay ka sarreeyaan inta ugu dambaysa maqaalka, ka hor mawduuca qaybta hordhaca ah, iyo uusocodka soo socda: *[[Wikipedia:Short description|Gaaban sharrax leh]], oo leh moodalka {{tlx|Short description}} *[[Wikipedia:Hatnote|Hatnote-ka disambiguation]], waqtiga badankiisa oo leh moodalka {{tlx|Hatnote}} {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg sidoo kale {{section link|Wikipedia:Hatnote#Hatnote templates}})}} *Moodallada aan lahayn soo-saarka oo muujinaya foomka taariikhda dhisay ee maqaalka iyo nooca luqadda English-ka, haddii ay jiraan (t.s., {{tlx|Use dmy dates}}, {{tlx|Use Canadian English}}) *Moodallada dayactirka ee Banner-ka ah, [[Wikipedia:Template index/Disputes|Dispute]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Template index/Cleanup|Moodallada Cleanup]] ee arrimaha maqaalka oo dhan oo la calaamadeeyay (haddii kale loo isticmaalo sare ee qayb gaar ah, ka dambeeya hatnote kasta oo qayb ah sida {{tlx|main}}) *[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes|Infobox]], oo ah dookh (marka laga reebo xaaladaha gaarka ah sida {{tlx|Taxobox}} iyo {{tlx|Chembox}}, ama nooc ka mid ah, maqaallada ku dabaqmaya); caadi ahaan sidoo kale waxaa ku jira sawirka ugu horreeya *Sawirka hordhaca ah, marka infobox aan la isticmaalin, ama sawir dheeraad ah loo baahan yahay qaybta hordhaca ah (haddii hordhacu u yahay mid aad u dheer, sawir labaad waxaa lagu lagi karaa dhexda qoraalka hordhaca ah) Nooca skin-ka ee [[Vector 2022]], [[Wikipedia:Table of contents|tusmada maqaalka]] waa mid ka mid ah oo ka baxsan mawduuca maqaalka. Noocyada skin-ka hore qaarkood, tusmada la mari karo waxay ka muuqataa si otomaatig ah ka dambaysa hordhaca haddii maqaalku leeyahay ugu yaraan afar madax oo qaybo ah. Haddii mawduuca qayb uu ku jiraa si xeel-dheer oo dheeraad ah maqaal gaar ah {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Summary style]])}}, ku dar {{tlx|main|{{var|Article name}}}} ama {{tlx|further|{{var|Article name}}}} isla markiiba ka hooseeya madaxa qaybta. Sida lagu sharraxay si xeel-dheer {{slink|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout|Standard appendices and footers}}, noocyo dhowr ah oo maaddooyinka ah (badankoodu waa dookh) waxay ka muuqan karaan ka dambaysa qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee maqaalka, uusocodka soo socda: *Buugaagta ama shaqaalaha kale ee lagu abuuray mawduuca maqaalka, ka hooseeya madaxa qaybta "Works", "Publications", "Discography", "Filmography", iyo wixii la mid ah sida habboon (ka fogao "Bibliography", oo loo khaldami karo xigashooyinka tixraaca) *Isku xirka hoose ee maqaallada la xiriira ee Wikipedia-ha English-ka, oo leh madaxa qaybta "See also" *Xusuus-qoraallada iyo tixraacyada, oo leh madaxa qaybta "Notes" ama "References" (caadi ahaan ka dambeeya), ama qayb gaar ah oo loogu talagalay mid kasta uusocodkan {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]])}}; ka fogao "Bibliography", oo loo khaldami karo shaqaalaha mawduuca *Buugaagta la xiriira, maqaallada, ama shaqaalaha kale ee aan loo isticmaalin sida tixraacyada; isticmaal madaxa qaybta "Further reading"; noqo mid si sare ah loo doortay, maadaama [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a directory|Wikipedia aysan ahayn buugga tixraaca]] *Websaydhada la xiriira [[Wikipedia:External links|iyo kuwo habboon]] ee aan loo isticmaalin sida tixraacyada oo aan ka muuqan appendices-ka hore, isticmaalka madaxa "External links", oo loo sameyn karo qayb ka hooseysa "Further reading" (ama isku xirkaas waxaa toos lagu ammaan goyn karaa liiska "Further reading" halkii); [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Links to sister projects|moodallada isku xirka ee mawduucyada mashruuca walaalka ah]] sidoo cuali ahaan waxay ka sarreeyaan qaybtan marka ay jirto (haddii kale qaybta ugu dambaysa ee bogga) *Waxyaabaha ugu dambeeya ee soo socda waligeed ma qaataan madaxyada qaybaha: **Isku xirka hoose oo lagu aaggaaday [[Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates#Navigation_templates|boxes-ka navigation-ka]] **Metadata ee [[Wikipedia:Authority control|Authority control]], haddii loo baahdo, isticmaalka {{tlx|Authority control}} (wuxuu kala saaraa isticmaalka magaca laba mawduuc, ama magacyo badan oo loogu talagalay hal mawduuc) **[[Wikipedia:Categorization|Qeeybaha]], oo waa inay noqdaan maaddada ugu dambaysa ee koodha maqaalka haddii aysan jirin moodallada stub-ka **[[Wikipedia:Stub sorting|Moodallada stub-ka]], haddii loo baahdo, oo waa inay raacaan qeeybaha [[Wikipedia:Stand-alone lists|Maqaallada liiska ah ee gaarka ah]] waxay leeyihiin waxyaabo dheeraad ah oo agaasimaha ah. ===<span class="anchor" id="Section management"></span>Madaxyada qaybaha=== {{Shortcut|MOS:HEAD|MOS:HEADINGS}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Headings|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Order of article elements|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Section headings}} [[Help:Section|Madaxyada qaybaha]] waa inay caadi ahaan raacaan hagaha [[#Article titles|mawduucyada maqaalka]] ee sare oo ay ku muuqdaan [[sentence case]] ({{xt|Funding of UNESCO projects in developing countries}}), ma aha [[title case]] ({{!xt|Funding of UNESCO Projects in Developing Countries}}).{{efn|name=Sentence case}} {{shortcut|MOS:BLANKLINE}} {{vanchor|Blank line|text=Dhammaan madaxyada waa inay ku dhex jiraan xarkooda gaarka ah, oo ay ka horreyso presely hal xar oo eber ah, oo ay raacdo mid ka mid ah hal xar ama aan lahayn xar eber ah.}} {{vanchor|Section headings (necessary point 6)|text=Ha u isticmaalin si xun [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists#Description (definition, association) lists|liiska sharraxaadda]] markup ("<code>;</code>") si aad u abuurto [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Pseudo-headings|pseudo-headings]].}} {{va|SECTIONSTYLE|Section headings (styling best practice)|Section headings (main styling reason)|text=Sida arrin qaab oo joogto ah, madaxyada qaybuhu waa inaynaan:}} {{Shortcut|MOS:SECTIONSTYLE|MOS:NOBACKREF}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 1)|text=si turjumaad ah dib ugu tixraacin mawduuca maqaalka, t.s., {{xt|Early life}}, ma aha {{!xt|Smith's early life}} ama {{!xt|His early life}}}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 2)|text=tixraacin madax heer sare ah, ilaa aad sameyso ay tahay mid gaaban ama caddayn badan}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 3)|text=noqon kuwo la nambareeyay ama xarfo leh sida outline}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 4)|text=noqon kuwo loo sameeyay sida su'aal, t.s., {{xt|Languages}}, ma aha {{!xt|What languages are spoken?}}}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 5)|text=isticmaalin luga ama farta aan caadiga ahayn oo keeni kara [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Headings|arrimaha lagu heli karo]]}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 6)|text=noqon kuwo lagu duubay [[Help:Wikitext|markup]], sida bold iyo italics, oo baabi'in kara muujintooda oo keeni kara arrimo kale oo lagu heli karo}} ====Wikimarkup==== {{shortcut|MOS:NOSECTIONLINKS|MOS:HEADINGLINKS}} {{va|Section headings (technical best practice)|text=Sababo tignoolajiyada ah, madaxyada qaybuhu waa inay}} {{va|Section headings (necessary point 1)|text=noqdaan kuwo gaar ah oo ku dhex jira maqaal (si [[Template:Section link|isqu xirka qaybta]] uu u shaqeeyo)}} oo waa inaynaan ku dhex jirin: *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 2)|text=[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking#Principles|isqu xirka]], xataa haddii kaliya qayb ka mid ah madaxa la isku xiray}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 5)|text=xigashooyinka ama xusuus-qoraallada}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 4)|text=<code><[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics#Typesetting of mathematical formulae|math]]></code> markup}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 3)|text=sawirrada ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Icons#Encyclopedic purpose|icons-ka]]}} {{va|Section headings (main technical reason)|text=Xaddidaadahani waa kuwo lagu khasbay si looga fogaado tignoolajiyada dhibco leh oo ma aha kuwo la baabi'in karo is-afgaradka maxalliga ah ama hagayaasha aan ku habboonayn.}} {{short|MOS:TEMPLATE}} {{va|Section headings (necessary point 7)|text=Wadaagga moodalka}} waa in sidoo kale caadi ahaan looga fogaadaa madaxyada qaybaha, sababtoo ah waxay keenaan koodha asalka ah ee baaqida moodalka inuu ka muuqdo isqu xirka lagu daray gaabinta tifaftirka; gujinta isqu xirkaas ka muuqda taariikhda bogga ma keeni doonto qaybta loo baahan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, [[WP:ANCHORSUBST|marka lagu darayo isqu xirka anchor madaxyada, mar walba beddel moodalka gudaha madaxa]]: {{block indent|1={{plainlist| * {{y}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== {{subst:anchor|Anchor name}} Section title ==</nowiki>}}</code> * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== {{anchor|Anchor name}} Section title ==</nowiki>}}</code> }} }} {{shortcut|MOS:SECTIONCOMMENT}} {{va|SECTIONCOMMENT|Section comment|text=[[#Invisible comments|Xusuus-qoraallada la qariyay]] oo tixraacaya madaxa qayb ama qayb oo dhan waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu lago xar ka hooseysa madaxa. Waxaa sidoo cuali ahaan lagu lagi karaa ku dhex jira xarkooda oo kale sida madaxa, laakiin xaaladaas waa inay noqdaan kuwo {{em|gudaha}} <code>==&nbsp;==</code> markup:{{efn|1=Xusuus-qoraal ka baxsan <code><nowiki>==&nbsp;==</nowiki></code> laakiin ku dhex jira xarkooda oo kale wuxuu keeni karaa isqu xirka tifaftirka qaybta inuu ku guuldareysto inuu ka muuqdo dhammaan; ee browsers-ka kale, wuxuu ka muuqan karaa, laakiin isticmaalkiisu wuxuu keeni doonaa madaxa qaybta inuusan si otomaatig ah lagu darin gaabinta tifaftirka.}}}} {{block indent|1={{plainlist| * {{y}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== Implications ==</nowiki><br /><nowiki><!--This comment is placed correctly.--></nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{mby}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== Implications<!--This comment works fine.--> ==</nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{mby}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== <!--This comment works fine.-->Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== Implications == <!--This comment causes problems.--> </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{tracked|T381786}}{{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki><!--This comment causes problems.</nowiki><br><nowiki>-->== Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki><!--The space after this comment breaks the heading completely.--> == Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} }} }} ====<span class="anchor" id="SECTIONANCHOR"></span><span class="anchor" id="Section anchor"></span>Anchors==== {{short|MOS:SECTIONANCHOR}} <section begin="heading links" />Ka hor inta aanad beddelin madax, tixgeli in aad baabi'inayso isqu xirka jira oo ku dhex jira.<section end="heading links" /> Haddii ay jiraan [[Help:Link#To a section|isqu xirka badan oo u socda mawduuca hore]],{{efn|name="many links"|1=Si aad u ogaato inta isqu xirka ee u socda mawduuca qaybta hore iyo maqaallada leeh iyaga, waxaad sameyn kartaa <span class=plainlinks>[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=all%3A+linksto%3A%22ARTICLE%22+insource%3A%2F%5B%5B%7C%5DARTICLE%5C%23OLDSECTION%2F+&title=Special:Search&profile=all&fulltext=1 raadinta sare ee]</span>, iyadoo la beddelayo {{smallcaps|article}} magaca maqaalka, iyo {{smallcaps|oldsection}} mawduuca qaybta hore. Raadintaas sare ma raadiso [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirections-ka]], markaas sidoo kale eeg bogga maqaalka ee [[Special:WhatLinksHere]] ee redirections-ka u socda mawduuca qaybta hore. Haddii ay jiraan kaliya nambarka yar ee isqu xirka ee u socda mawduuca qaybta hore, waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu cusbooneysiiyo manwal ahaan.}} abuur [[Help:Anchor|anchor]] oo leh mawduucaas si loo xaqijiyo in kuwani ay sii shaqeeyaan. Sidoo kale, marka lagu isqu xirayo qayb, ka tag xusuus-qoraal aan la arki karin madaxa qaybta bartilmaameedka, iyadoo lagu magacaabayo maqaallada isqu xirka leeh, si haddii madaxa dambe loo beddelo kani si fudud loo hagaajin karo, ama kale anchor kale loo abuurayo haddii ay jiraan kuwo badan.{{efn|name="many links"}} Tusaale ahaan: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == {{subst:Anchor|Consequences}} Implications == <!-- "Richard Dawkins" and "Daniel Dennett" link here. --> </syntaxhighlight> oo lagu kaydin doono maqaalka sida: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == <span class="anchor" id="Consequences"></span> Implications == <!-- "Richard Dawkins" and "Daniel Dennett" link here. --> </syntaxhighlight> Faa'iidada isticmaalka {{tlxs|Anchor}}, ama kaliya la dhex gelinayo {{tag|span|o|link=yes}} tags-ka toos, waa in marka tifaftirka loo sameeyo qaybta mustaqbalka, anchor-ku ma lagu dhex jiri doono taariikhda bogga sida qayb ka mid ah magaca qaybta. Marka kaliya {{tlx|Anchor}} loo isticmaalo toos, akhlaaqdaas aan loo baahnayn {{em|waa ay}} dhacdaa, markaas waa in mar walba [[WP:ANCHORSUBST|loo beddelo anchors madaxyada qaybaha]]. Marka la dhex gelinayo span toos, {{em|ha}} gaabin iyadoo la isticmaalayo tag-ka self-closing, sida ku dhex jirta: <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== <span id="Consequences"</nowiki>{{highlight round|/|bc=var(--background-color-destructive-subtle, lightred);}}> Implications <nowiki>==</nowiki>}}</code> In HTML5 foomkaas XML-style waa mid shaqaynaya kaliya tags-ka qaarkood, sida {{nowrap |<code>&lt;br/></code>}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T134423 |title=T134423 Deprecate nonstandard behavior of self-closed HTML tags in wikitext. |website=phabricator.wikimedia.org |access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref> Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking|Avoiding broken section links}} si aad u ogaato wada-hadal dheeraad ah. ====Mawduuca oo kale madaxa==== Hagaha sare ee madaxyada qaybaha, gaar ahaan sentence case, turjumaad, sawirrada iyo su'aalaha, sidoo kale wuxuu ku dabaqmaa [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables#Captions and headers|madaxyada taarikada]] (iyo noocyada taarikada iyo xarrada). Laakiin, madaxyada taarikada waxay ku dhex jiri karaan xigashooyinka oo waxay ku starts-garo karaan, ama noqon karaan, nambara. Unka madaxyada bogga, madaxyada taarikada ma samayn karaan si otomaatig ah anchors-ka isqu xirka. Ka baxsan sentence case ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Glossaries|glossaries]], talada madaxa sidoo kale waxay ku dabaqmaysaa ''term'' qoraallada ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists#DLIST|description lists]]. Haddii la isticmaalayo [[Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Glossaries#Template-structured|template-structured glossaries]], terms-ku si otomaatig ah waxay leeyihiin anchors-ka isqu xirka, laakiin ma leeyihiin kale. Xigashooyinka mawduuca description-list waxay ku dhex jiraan {{tl|term}} ama {{tl|defn}} element, sida loo baahan yahay. ==Noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga== {{Shortcut|MOS:ENGVAR}} Noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga (tusaale ahaan, kala duwanaanshaha erayada ama naxwaha ee gobollada ka jira) waxay bixiyaan macluumaad ku saabsan kala duwanaanshaas. Dhammaan noocyada gobollada ama noocyada heerka ee Af-Soomaaliga waa kuwo la aqbali karo oo siman Wikipedia-da Soomaaliga, iyada oo la isticmaalayo uslub rasmi ah oo maqaallada u gaar ah ([[Register (sociolinguistics)|weeraral rami ah]] ama astaanta luqadda). Qaabka taariikhda ee maqaalka ({{xt|{{#time: F j, Y}}}} ama {{xt|{{#time: j F Y}}}}) wuxuu sidoo kale la xiriiraa noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga {{snd}}eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|Strong national ties to a topic|Retaining existing format}}. === <span class="anchor" id="Internal consistency"></span>Joogteynta ku dhex jirta maqaallada<!-- When renaming this section title, rename the full link at [[Wikipedia:Consistency]] --> === {{Shortcut|MOS:ARTCON|MOS:CONSISTENT}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Variation in citation methods|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Retaining existing format}} Xeerarka nooc gaar ah oo Af-Soomaali caadifad ah waa in loo raaco si joogto ah ku dhex jirta maqaalka gaarka ah. Waxyaabaha ka baxsan waxaa ku jira: *'''Xigashooyinka''' iyo '''cinwaannada buugaagta ama hawlaha''' (sida buugaagta, filimada, iyo muusigga) waa in loo qoraa sida ay ka muuqdaan ilaha tixraaca. Laakiin, waxaa jira xaalado qaarkood oo leexanaya mabda'an si loo dhowro heerka qaab-qoraalka ee alifbeetada encyclopedia-ha dhan. {{crossref|Eeg {{section link||Typographic conformity}}.}} *'''Magacyada u gaarka ah''' waxay isticmaalaan qoraalka mawduuca ama lahaanshaha u gaarka ah, tusaale ahaan, {{xt|United States Department of Defense}} iyo {{xt|Australian Defence Force}}; {{xt|International Labour Organization}}<!--This example is here because it uses -our and -ization at the same time; it is Oxford spelling.-->. *Maqaallada ku saabsan mawduucyada la xiriira kimistariga, foomka heerka caalamiga ah ee higaada {{xt|aluminium}}, {{xt|sulfur}}, {{xt|caesium}} (iyo erayada ka soo baxa) waa in loo isticmaalo iyadoo aan loo eegin nooca luqadda ee looga adeegsado maqaalka. {{crossref|Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (chemistry)|Element names}}.}} ===Fursadaha wadaagga ama isku-duubnida=== {{shortcut|MOS:COMMONALITY}} Si loogu talagalay encyclopedia caalamiga ah, isticmaalka erayada wadaagga ah ee dhammaan noocyada Af-Soomaaliga waa mid ka wanaagsan. *Isticmaal erayada si caalami ah loo aqbalay halkii kuwa aan aad loo fidin, gaar ahaan cinwaannada. Tusaale ahaan, [[Glasses|{{xt|muraayado}}]] ayaa ka wanaagsan noocyada gobollada ee gaarka ah; [[Ten million|{{xt|toban milyan}}]] ayaa ka wanaagsan [[crore|{{!xt|hal crore}}]]. *Haddii kala duwanaansho higaadeed uu ka muuqdo cinwaan, samee bogga [[Wikipedia:Redirect|reer-itusaale (sidetrack/redirect)]] si loogu talagalay kuwa kale, sida ku dhex jirta [[artefact]] iyo [[artifact]], si dhammaan noocyada loo isticmaali karo raadinta iyo isku xirka. *Erayada ku kala duwan noocyada luqadda, ama leh macnayaal kala duwan, waxaa lagu [[Gloss (annotation)#In linguistics|u xaqiijin karaa faahfaahinta (gloss)]] si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga ama jahawareerka, tusaale ahaan, {{xt|qaybta dambe ee baabuurta (trunk ama boot)&nbsp;...}}. *Isticmaal eray ama weedh si caadi ah loo fahmo iyada oo ka wanaagsan mid leh macno kale sababtoo ah kala duwanaanshaha gobollada (halkii {{!xt|alternate}}, isticmaal {{xt|alternative}} ama {{xt|alternating}}, sida habboon), marka laga reebo xaaladaha tignoolajiyada ama cilmiga halka beddelkaas uu noqon lahaa mid aan habboonayn ({{xt|alternate leaves}}; {{xt|alternate law}}). *Marka ay jiraan wax ka badan hal nooc oo higaad ah oo ka dhex jira heerka caadiga ah ee luqadda, nooca ugu caansan ee hadda la isticmaalo waa in caadi ahaan ka wanaagsanaado, marka laga reebo halka higaada yar ay leedahay isticmaal gaar ah oo xaalad xeel-dheer ah, tusaale ahaan, ''connexion'' ku dhex jirta [[Connexionalism|Methodist connexionalism]]. ===Xiriirka gobolka ama qaranka ee xoogga leh ee mawduuca=== {{Shortcut|MOS:TIES}} Maqaal ku saabsan mawduuc leh xiriir xooggan oo u socda waddan ama gobol]] gaar ah waa inuu isticmaalaa heerka luqadda rasmiga ah (ee ma aha colloquial/afka wadada) ee gobolkaas ama qarankaas. Tusaale ahaan: Mawduucyada leh xiriir xooggan oo u socda [[Commonwealth of Nations]], ama waddamo badan oo Commonwealth ah ama dhulalkii hore ee British-ka, isticmaal higaada British-ka. ===Dhowrida nooca jira=== {{Shortcut|MOS:RETAIN}} Marka nooc gaar ah [[#Consistency within articles|isticmaalkiisa joogtada ah]] lagu dhisay maqaal, sii wad iyada oo aan la helin is-afgarad ka dhan ah. Kaliya xaaladaha gaarka ah (sida marka mawduuc uu leeyahay [[#Strong national ties to a topic|xiriir gobol ama qaran oo xooggan]], ama beddelku wuxuu yareeyaa is-dhaafsiga) ayaa ay jirtaa sabab shaqaynaysa oo loo beddelo ka mid ah dookha la aqbali karo oo loo beddelo mid kale. {{va|FPSR|FMC|text=Marka aan la dhisin nooc gaar ah oo wada-hadalku uusan xallin arrinta, isticmaal nooca ka muuqda nooca ugu horreeyay ee ka dambeeya [[Wikipedia:Stub|qabyada (stub)]] oo soo bandhigay nooc la aqoonsan karo. Waxa ka baxsan tan waa [[#Retain quote variety|ha beddelin nooca luqadda ee ku dhex jira xigasho]].}} Nooca lagu dhisay maqaal gaar ah waxaa lagu qoraa iyadoo lagu dhex darayo [[:Category:Use English templates|tampaallada Use X English]] ee habboon bogga maqaalka. Tampaallada [[:Category:Varieties of English templates|nooca luqadda ee habboon]] sidoo kale waxaa lagu dhejin karaa bogga wada-hadalka ee maqaalka. Maqaal waa inuusan noqon mid la tifaftiro ama magaca loo beddelo kaliya si looga beddelo hal nooc oo luqad ah oo loo beddelo mid kale. Tampaalka {{tlxs|uw-engvar}} waxaa lagu dhejin karaa bogga wada-hadalka tifaftiraha si loogu sharraxo tan. ==Xarfo-waweynaynta== Cinwaannada maqaallada Wikipedia iyo cinwaannada qaybaha waxay isticmaalaan habka weedha, ma aha habka cinwaanka; iyo {{section link||Section headings}}. Xaraf-weynaynta alaabta liiska ku jirta, eeg {{section link||Bulleted and numbered lists}}. Points-ka kale ee ku saabsan xaraf-weynaynta waxaa si kooban loogu dhex muujiyay hoos. Macluumaadka fulan waxaa lagu heli karaa [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters]]. Qodobka ugu muhiimsan ayaa ah in Wikipedia aysan xaraf-weynaynayn eray ilaa uu si joogto ah xaraf-weyn ugu yahay badankooda [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|ilaha lagu kalsoonaan karo]] ee madax-bannaan. ===Xaraf-weynaynta ''The''=== Caadi ahaan, ha xaraf-weynayn erayga ''the'' dhexda jumlada ma aha { Reebanaanta caadiga ah waxaa ku jira magacyada u gaarka ah ee qaarkood iyo badankooda cinwaannada hawlaha abuurka ah ({{xt|Tolkien wrote ''The Lord of the Rings''}}{{snd}}laakiin ogaada in ''the'' aysan noqon karin qayb ka mid ah cinwaanka ee lagu qoro, t.s., Waxaa jira tixgelinno gaar ah oo loo sameeyo magacyada kooxaha muusigga , magacyada hay'adaha, magac u yaallada, summadaha ganacsiga. ===<span id="Capitalization-Titles"></span>Cinwaannada hawlaha=== {{main|WP:Manual of Style/Titles of works}} Cinwaannada luqadda Ingiriisiga ee qoraallada (buugaagta iyo hawlaha kale ee qoraalka, noocyada iyo hawlaha kale ee codka, filimada iyo hawlaha kale ee muuqaalka ah, sawirrada iyo hawlaha kale ee fanka, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxaa loo bixiyaa habka {{em|[[title case]]}}, halka eray kasta loo siiyo xaraf-weyn bilowga marka laga reebo erayada qaarkood oo yar oo muhiim ah (sida lagu sharraxay {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters|Composition titles}}). Erayada ugu horreeya iyo kuwa ugu dambeeya ee cinwaan luqad Ingiriisi ah mar walba waa kuwo xaraf-weyn leh. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|''An Eye for an Eye''}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|''Worth the Fighting For''}} Xaraf-weynaynta cinwaannada aan Ingiriisiga ahayn waa ay kala duwan tahay, xataa waqti ka waqti isla luqadda dhexdeeda; caadi ahaan, dhowr qaabka asalka ah ee hawlaha cusub, oo raac isticmaalka ka muuqda ilaha lagu kalsoonaan karo ee luqadda Ingiriisiga ee hadda{{efn|name=recent}} ee hawlaha taariikhiga ah. Marka lagu qoro alfabeta Laatiinka, badankooda waxyaabahaani waa inay sidoo kale ku jiraan farta janjeerta ([[#Italics|italics]]), ama lagu duubo [[#Names and titles|calaamadaha oraahda (quotation marks)]]. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|{{lang|fr|Les Liaisons dangereuses}}}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"{{lang|de|italics=no|Hymnus an den heiligen Geist}}"}} ===Tayooyinka iyo xilalka dadka=== *'''Isticmaalka guud''', isticmaal xaraf yar erayada sida ''madaxweyne'' , ''boqor', iyo ''imbiraadoor'' ({{xt|De Gaulle wuxuu ahaa madaxweyne Faransiis ah}}; {{xt|Louis XVI wuxuu ahaa boqor Faransiis ah}}; {{xt|Saddex ra'iisul wasaare ayaa ka soo qayb galay shirka}}). *'''Toos ka hor magaca dadka''', erayadaas waxay ka bilaabanayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|Madaxweyne Obama}}, ma aha {{!xt|madaxweyne Obama}}). Magacyada heerka caadiga ah ama caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo ee xilka ama doorka waxaa loo maareeyaa sida magacyada u gaarka ah ({{xt|David Cameron wuxuu ahaa Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Biritain}}; {{xt|Hirohito wuxuu ahaa Imbiraadoorkii Jabaan}}; {{xt|Louis XVI wuxuu ahaa Boqorkii Faransiiska}}). Titoolinka ama doorka boqortooyada waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|Her Majesty}}; {{xt|His Highness}}); reebanaantu waxay ku dabaqmi kartaa xilal gaar ah. ===Diimaha, ilaahyada, falsafadaha, iyo caqiidooyinka=== *'''Diimaha, kooxaha, iyo kaniisadaha''' iyo taageerayaashooda (foomka magaca ama tilmaamaha) waxay ka start-garoobayaan xaraf-weyn. Caadi ahaan, "the" ma aha xaraf-weyn ka hor magacyadaas ({{xt|the Unitarians}}, ma aha {{!xt|The Unitarians}}). *'''Qoraallada diinta]]''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn, laakiin badanaa ma aha farta janjeerta ({{xt|the Bhagavad Gita}}, {{xt|the Quran}}, {{xt|the Talmud}}, {{xt|the Granth Sahib}}, {{xt|the Bible}}). Ha u qorin xaraf-weyn "the" marka aad u isticmaalayso foomkan. Tilmaamaha qaarkood oo ka soo baxa waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn heshiis ahaan, qaarkoodna ma qaataan ({{xt|biblical}}, laakiin {{xt|Quranic}}); haddii aad u baahato hubaal, eeg qaamuuska. *'''[[Honorific|Tayooyinka iyo magacyada sharafta]] ee ilaahyada''', ku dhex jira magacyada u gaarka ah iyo tayooyinka, waxay ka start-garoobayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|God}}, {{xt|Allah}}, {{xt|the Lord}}, {{xt|the Supreme Being}}, {{xt|the Great Spirit}}, {{xt|the Horned One}}, {{xt|Bhagavan}}). Ha u qorin xaraf-weyn "the" xaaladahaas ama marka aad tixraacayso dadka waaweyn ee diinta ama shakhsiyaadka khayalka ah/asraarta ah ({{xt|the Prophet}}, {{xt|the Messiah}}, {{xt|the Virgin}}). Magacyada guud ee ilaahyada iyo shakhsiyaadka diinta ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|many gods}}; {{xt|the god Woden}}; {{xt|saints and prophets}}). *'''Magac-u-yaallada shakhsiyaadka cibaadada ama Ilaah''' ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn, xataa haddii xaraf-weyn lagu qoro qoraallada diinta ({{xt|God and his will}}). *'''Qaybaha waaweyn ee mukhluuqaadka khayalka ah (mythical/legendary)''' waxay ka start-garoobayaan xarfo yar ({{xt|elf}}, {{xt|fairy}}, {{xt|nymph}}, {{xt|unicorn}}, {{xt|angel}}), inkastoo hawlaha khayalka ah (fantasy), sida buugaagta [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] iyo ciyaaraha fiidiyowga qaarkood, xarfaha waaweyn ee bilowga ah marmar loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo in mukhluuqaadku ay samaynayaan dhaqan ama irsi dhex jira [[fictional universe|caalamka khayalka ah]]. U qor xaraf-weyn magacyada ama tayooyinka mukhluuqaadka gaarka ah ({{xt|the Minotaur}}, {{xt|Pegasus}}) iyo kooxaha oo magacooda iyo xubnahoodu ay yihiin kuwo go'an ({{xt|the Magi, or the Three Wise Men}}, {{xt|the Furies}}). Tixraacyada guud ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|these priests}}; {{xt|several wise men}}; {{xt|cherub-like}}). *'''Matalaadaha ama dhacdooyinka ruuxiga ah iyo kuwa diinta''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn kaliya marka la tixraacayo dhacdooyin gaar ah ama waqtiyo gaar ah ({{xt|the Great Flood}} iyo {{xt|the Exodus}}; laakiin {{xt|annual flooding}} iyo {{xt|an exodus of refugees}}). *'''Falsafadaha, aragtiyaha, dhaqdhaqaaqyada, iyo caqiidooyinka''' waxay isticmaalaan xarfo yar ilaa magacu ka soo baxo magac u gaar ah ({{xt|capitalism versus Marxism}}) ama uusan noqon magac u gaar ah ({{xt|republican}}, oo ah dhismaha fikirka siyaasadda; {{xt|Republican}}, oo ah xisbi siyaasadeed). Isticmaal xarfo yar mawduucyada caqiidooyinka ama fikirka diinta ee heerka caadiga ah (oo ka soo contrasts-garoobaya dhacdooyinka gaarka ah), xataa haddii xaraf-weyn lagu qoro taageerayaasha diinta qaarkood ({{xt|virgin birth}}, {{xt|original sin}}, {{xt|transubstantiation}}). *'''[[Platonic idealism|Platonic]] ama fikradaha sare (transcendent ideals)''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn xaaladda caqiidada falsafadda ({{xt|Truth}}, {{xt|the Good}}); marka loo isticmaalo si dhumuc leh, waxay ku dhex jiraan xarfo yar ({{xt|Superman represents American ideals of truth and justice}}). Isticmaal xarfo waaweyn marka fanka lagu personify-gareeyo fikradaha ({{xt|the guidebook mentioned statues of Justice and Liberty}}). *{{va|Eponyms|EPONYM|EPONYMS|text='''[[Eponym|Eponym-s (erayada ka soo baxay magacyada dadka)]]''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn ([[Edwardian era|{{xt|Edwardian}}]], [[De Morgan's laws|{{xt|De Morgan's laws}}]], [[Alice in Wonderland syndrome|{{xt|Alice in Wonderland syndrome}}]], [[Plaster of Paris|{{xt|plaster of Paris}}]], [[Platonic idealism|{{xt|Platonic idealism}}]], [[Draconian constitution|{{xt|Draconian constitution of Athens}}]]), marka laga reebo isticmaalka sanfada ama maahmaahda ah oo ka baxsan xaaladda asalka ah oo caadi ahaan xarfo yar ku dhex jira ilaha tixraaca ([[Platonic relationship|{{xt|a platonic relationship}}]]; {{xt|complained of draconian workplace policies}}).{{efn|name=eponyms|1=Waxaa jira waxyaabo yar oo dheeraad ah oo ka baxsan xaraf-weynaynta eponyms-ka, halka eraygu leeyahay xeer xooggan oo ah xarfo yar, t.s., lagu doorbido foomkaas badankooda qaamuustada waaweyn ee luqadda Ingiriisiga. Tusaale ahaan, {{xt|parkinsonian}} wuxuu sharraxaa bukaan muujinaya astaamaha [[Parkinson's disease|{{xt|Parkinson's disease}}]]. Dhexdeeda carabiga/higgaada isticmaalka erayada [[Linguistic latinisation|{{xt|latinize}}]], [[Romanisation|{{xt|romanize}}]], iyo [[Anglicization|{{xt|anglicize}}]] [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Anglo- and similar prefixes|waxay sii kordhayaan xarfo yar]], iyo [[Italic type|{{xt|italic[s]}}]] ku dhex jirta farta mar walba waa xarfo yar.}} Weedha dhan oo uu eponym ku yahay tilmaame [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Religions, deities, philosophies, doctrines, and their adherents|ma aha xaraf-weyn]] marka laga reebo marka weedha dhitadeedu tahay magac u gaar ah (t.s., [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles|cinwaanka hawl la daabacay]]: [[The China Syndrome|{{xt|''The China Syndrome''}}]]).}} ===Astaamaha kalandarka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Calendar items}} *'''Bilsashada (bilo), maalmaha toddobaadka, iyo fasaxyada''' waxay ka start-garoobayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|June}}, {{xt|Monday}}; {{xt|the Fourth of July}} wuxuu tixraacaa kaliya Maalinta Xorriyadda Mareykanka{{snd}}haddii kale {{xt|July 4}} ama {{xt|4 July}}). *'''Xilliyada''' waxay ku dhex jiraan xarfo yar ({{xt|her last summer}}; {{xt|the winter solstice}}; {{xt|spring fever}}), marka laga reebo marka lagu personify-gareeyo fanka ama magacyada u gaarka ah ee waqtiyada ama dhacdooyinka ({{xt|Old Man Winter}}; {{xt|competed on the Spring Circuit}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="People, animals, plants, and other organisms"></span>Dadka, xayawaanka, dhirta, iyo noolaha kale=== {{Shortcut|MOS:LIFE}} ee farta janjeerta, {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting|Italic type}}. Eeg sidoo kale {{section link|Wikipedia:Lead section|Organisms}} ee ku saabsan maareynta jumlada ugu horreysa. Eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (fauna)]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora)]] ee ku saabsan hagaha cinwaannada maqaallada.}} Marka la isticmaalayo '''[[Taxonomy (biology)|magacyada taksonomiga ("sayniska")]]''', u qor xaraf-weyn iyo farta janjeerta (italics) genus-ka: {{xt|''Berberis''}}, {{xt|''Erithacus''}}. (Supergenus iyo subgenus, marka ay ku dabaqmaan, waxaa loo maareeyaa sidaas oo kale.) Janjeeri laakiin ha u qorin xaraf-weyn heerarka taksonomiga ee species-ka (noocyada) iyo ka hooseeya: {{xt|''Berberis darwinii''}}, {{xt|''Erithacus rubecula superbus''}}, {{xt|''Acacia coriacea'' subsp. ''sericophylla''}}; ma jiraan reebanaanno loo sameeyay magacyada u gaarka ah oo qayb ka ah magacyada sayniska. Taxa-ga sare (order, family, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn Laatiinka ({{xt|Carnivora}}, {{xt|Felidae}}) laakiin ma qaataan udhigmaadka Ingiriisiga ({{xt|carnivorans}}, {{xt|felids}}); ma aha janjeer labada foomba, marka laga reebo fayrasyada, halka dhammaan magacyada lagu aqbalay guddiga [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|ICTV]] ay yihiin janjeer ({{xt|''Retroviridae''}}). {{Shortcut|MOS:CULTIVAR}}{{Anchor|Cultivar}}Magacyada '''[[Cultivar]]''' iyo '''[[cultivar group]]''' ee dhirta ma aha janjeer, waxayna qaataan xarfo waaweyn (harraan erayga ''Group'' ee magaca ku dhex jira); magacyada cultivar waxay ka muuqdaan xigashooyinka keliyaalka ah (single quotes) ({{xt|''Malus domestica'' 'Red Delicious'}}), halka cultivar groups aysan qaadanin ({{xt|''Cynara cardunculus'' Scolymus Group}}). '''Ingiriisiga [[Common name|magacyada afka caadiga ah ("common")]]''' waxaa loo bixiyaa xarfo yar qoraalka maqaalka dhexdiisa ([[Plains zebra|{{xt|plains zebra}}]]<!-- animal species -->, [[Mountain maple|{{xt|mountain&nbsp;maple}}]]<!-- plant species -->, iyo [[Southwestern red-tailed hawk|{{xt|southwestern red-tailed hawk}}]]<!-- bird subspecies -->) iyo habka weedha (sentence case) bilowga jumlada iyo meelaha kale oo xarafka ugu horreeya ee erayga ugu horreeya uu yahay xaraf-weyn.{{efn|name=Sentence case}} Waxay sidoo kale qaataan xarfo waaweyn halka ay ku jiraan magacyo u gaar ah: [[Przewalski's horse|{{xt|Przewalski's&nbsp;horse}}]]<!-- eponym -->, [[California condor|{{xt|California&nbsp;condor}}]]<!-- typical geonym -->, iyo [[Fair-maid-of-France|{{xt|fair-maid-of-France}}]]<!-- unusual but important illustrative case -->. Kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa noocyada (species) iyo nooc-hoosaadyada (subspecies), sida tusaalooyinka hore, iyo sidoo kale magacyada guud ee kooxaha ama noocyada noolaha: [[Bird of prey|{{xt|bird&nbsp;of&nbsp;prey}}]]<!-- cross-order ecological niche -->, [[Oak|{{xt|oak}}]]<!-- plant family -->, [[Great apes|{{xt|great&nbsp;apes}}]]<!-- animal family -->, [[Bryde's whales|{{xt|Bryde's&nbsp;whales}}]]<!-- species group -->, [[Livestock guardian dog|{{xt|livestock&nbsp;guardian&nbsp;dog}}]]<!-- domestic type -->, [[Poodle|{{xt|poodle}}]]<!-- domestic breed group but not a breed -->, [[Van cat|{{xt|Van&nbsp;cat}}]]<!-- domestic geographic landrace -->, [[Wolfdog|{{xt|wolfdog}}]]<!-- hybrid/crossbreed/mongrel not recognized as a standardized breed -->. Marka magaca caadiga ah uu la mid yahay takson saynis ah, ha u qorin xaraf-weyn ama janjeer, marka laga reebo halka la tixraacayo noolaha dhanka taksonomiga: {{xt|A lynx is any of the four medium-sized wild cat species within the genus ''Lynx''.}} Magacyada caadiga ah ee aan Ingiriisiga ahayn, marka ay habboon tahay in lagu daro, waxaa loo maareeyaa sida erayada kale ee aan Ingiriisiga ahayn: janjeer sidaas ah, oo xaraf-weyn kaliya haddii shuruudaha luqadda hooyo ay u baahan yihiin. Magacyada aan Ingiriisiga ahayn ee noqday kuwo la qabsaday Ingiriisiga waxaa loo maareeyaa sida Ingiriisiga ([[Ayahuasca|{{xt|ayahuasca}}]], [[Okapi|{{xt|okapi}}]]). {{Shortcut|MOS:BREED}}{{Anchor|Breed}}'''[[Standardized breeds|Dhalada la halbeeyay (Standardized breeds)]]''' waa inay caadi ahaan dhowraan xaraf-weynaynta loo isticmaalay halbeegga dhalada.{{efn|name=Standardized breeds|1=Hagaha dhalada waxaa lagu daray [[Diff2/881140543|RfC on capitalization of the names of standardized breeds|December 2018 RfC]]. "Dhalada la halbeeyay" wuxuu waayay macno toos ah oo caddaynaya, laakiin wuxuu ku dhex jiraa dhala kasta oo ku dhex jira [[breed standard]] ama [[studbook]] ee kooxda taranta/mataanaha. Kooxaha kale ee xayawaanka guri-joogga ah ma aha dhala la halbeeyay: noocyada taariikhda hore, kooxaha dhalada, xayawaanka duurjoogtoobay (feral), landraces, iyo [[crossbreed|dhalada la isku dhalay]] ama [[Hybrid (biology)|isandho]] oo aan kooxaha waaweyn aqoonsan sida dhala gaar ah. Kuwo badan caadi ahaan ma aha [[Wikipedia:Notability|muhiim (notable)]].}} Tusaalooyinka: [[German Shepherd|{{xt|German Shepherd}}]], [[Russian White goat|{{xt|Russian White goat}}]], [[Berlin Short-faced Tumbler|{{xt|Berlin Short-faced Tumbler}}]]. Sida cultivar-ka dhirta, kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa haddii magacu yahay magac u gaar ah ama kale, oo ka soo horjeeda sida magacyada caadiga ah ee noolaha loo qoro. Laakiin, ka baxsan cultivar-ka, dhalada waligeed lagu ma dhex daro xigashooyinka keliyaalka ah (single quotes), oo magacyadoodu waligeed ma aha qayb ka mid ah magac saynis ah. Erayga noolaha ee lagu daray dhammaadka si looga fogaado jahawareerka ("cat", "hound", "horse", "swine", iyo wixii la mid ah) waa inuusan noqon xaraf-weyn, ilaa uu yahay qayb ka mid ah magaca dhalada oo si joogto ah lagu muujiyo foomkaas halbeegga dhalada (xaaladaha dhifka ah waxaa ku jira [[Norwegian Forest Cat|{{xt|Norwegian Forest Cat}}]] iyo [[American Quarter Horse|{{xt|American Quarter Horse}}]]). Samee [[Wikipedia:Redirect|xiriiriyeyaasha dib-u-luqadda (redirects)]] ka soo baxay xaraf-weynaynta kale iyo foomamka higaada ee cinwaannada maqaalka, iyo magacyada kale, t.s., [[Adélie Penguin]], [[Adelie penguin]], [[Adelie Penguin]] iyo ''[[Pygoscelis adeliae]]'' dhammaan waa inay dib-u-luqad u sameeyaan [[Adélie penguin]]. ===Samooyinka iyo walxaha hawada sare=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Celestial bodies}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (astronomical objects)}} Erayada ''sun'' (sol/qorrax), ''earth'' (dhul), ''moon'' (dayax), iyo ''solar system'' (bahda qorraxda) ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn isticmaalka guud ({{xt|The sun was over the mountain top}}; {{xt|The tribal people thought of the whole earth as their home}}). Waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn marka walaxda lagu personify-gareeyo fanka/suugaanta ({{xt|Sol Invictus ('Unconquered Sun') was the Roman sun god}}) ama marka loo isticmaalo sida magac walax gaar ah xaaladda sayniska ama falagga ({{xt|The Moon orbits the Earth}}; laakiin {{xt|Io is a moon of Jupiter}}). Magacyada meereyaasha, dayaxyada, asteroids-ka, comets-ka, xiddigaha, constellations-ka, iyo galaxies-ka waa magacyo u gaar ah, oo sidaas darteed xaraf-weyn ah ({{xt|The planet Mars is in the constellation Gemini, near the star Pollux}}). Xarafka ugu horreeya ee eray kasta oo ku dhex jira magacaas waa xaraf-weyn ({{xt|Alpha Centauri}} ma aha {{!xt|Alpha centauri}}; {{xt|Milky Way}}, ma aha {{!xt|Milky way}}). Erayada sida ''comet'' iyo ''galaxy'' waa inay noqdaan xaraf-weyn marka ay samaynayaan qayb ka mid ah magac u gaar ah, laakiin ma aha marka loo isticmaalo sida eray guud ({{xt|Halley's Comet is the most famous of the comets}}; {{xt|the Andromeda Galaxy is a spiral galaxy}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Compass"></span>Pointers-ka kombaas-ka (Jihooyinka)=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Compass points}} Ha xaraf-weynayn '''jihooyinka''' sida ''north'' (woqooyi) ama foomamka la xiriira ({{xt|We took the northern road}}) marka laga reebo marka ay yihiin qaybo ka mid ah magacyada u gaarka ah ({{xt|Great North Road}}, {{xt|Great Western Drive}}, {{xt|South Pole}}). U qor xaraf-weyn '''magacyada gobollada''' haddii ay gaareen heerka magaca u gaarka ah, ku dhex jira magacyada caadiga ah ee heshiiska ({{xt|Southern California}}; {{xt|the Western Desert}}), iyo erayada ka soo baxa ee dadka (t.s., ''Southerner'' oo ah mid ka soo jeeda [[Southern United States]]). Ha xaraf-weynayn magacyada sharraxaadda leh ee gobollada oo aan gaarin heerka magacyada u gaarka ah, sida {{xt|southern Poland}}. Jihooyinka isku-dhafka ah waxaa lagu dhex jiri karaa ama aan lagu dhex jiri karin dhex-xariijin (hyphen), iyada oo ku xiran [[#National varieties of English|nooca Ingiriisiga ee loo qaatay]] maqaalka. {{xt|Southeast Asia}} iyo {{xt|northwest}} waxay ka caansan yihiin Ingiriisiga Mareykanka; laakiin {{xt|South-East Asia}} iyo {{xt|north-west}} waxay ka caansan yihiin Ingiriisiga British-ka. Xaaladaha sida {{xt|north–south dialogue}} iyo {{xt|east–west orientation}}, isticmaal en dash; eeg {{section link||Other uses for en dashes}}. ===<span id="Institutions"></span>Magacyada u gaarka ah ka soo contrasts-garoobaya erayada guud=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Institutions|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Capitalization of The{{!}}Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Capitalization of ''The''}} U qor xaraf-weyn magacyada hay'adaha ama doorka gaarka ah ({{xt|the founding of the University of Delhi}}; {{xt|the history of Stanford University}}) laakiin ma aha erayada guud ee hay'adaha ({{xt|the high school is near the university}}). Ha xaraf-weynayn ''the'' bilowga magaca hay'adda, iyada oo aan loo eegin qaabka loo doorbido ee hay'adda. Waxaa jira reebanaanno dhif ah, marka la hoggaaminayo ''The'' oo lagu muujiyay ''T'' ku dhex jira acronym-ka kooxda: {{xt|The International Cat Association (TICA)}}. U maaree qaybaha siyaasadda ama juqraafiga foomkan oo kale: {{xt|The city has a population of 55,000}}; {{xt|The two towns merged to become the City of Smithville}}. Ha u sameynin sida qaabka wargaysyada maxalliga ah oo tixraacaya degmada/magaalada sida ''the City'' ama ''The City'', marka laga reebo City of London [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#City of London|xaaladaha qaarkood]]. Hagahaani wuxuu sii kordhayaa wax-soosaarka hay'adaha, shirkadaha, iyo kooxaha kale. Tusaale ahaan, magaca dhan ee sharciga sida {{xt|Online Safety Act 2023}} wuxuu noqon doonaa xaraf-weyn, laakiin tixraacyada ka dambeeya ee {{xt|the act}} ma noqon doonaan kuwo xaraf-weyn ah. ==<span class="anchor" id="Acronyms and abbreviations"></span><span class="anchor" id="Acronyms"></span><span class="anchor" id="Initialisms"></span><span class="anchor" id="Shortenings"></span>Gaabinta== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Initials}} Gaabinta waa foomamka gaaban ee erayada ama foomamka. Raadinta saxda ah, waxay ku kala duwan yihiin [[Contraction (grammar)|contractions]], oo isticmaala [[apostrophe]] (t.s., ''won't'', eeg {{Section link||Contractions}}), iyo [[initialism]]s. Initialism waxaa lagu samaynayaa ka mid ah ama dhammaan xarfaha bilowga ah ee erayada ku dhex jira foom. Ka hooseeya, tixraacyada gaabinta waa in loo qaadaa inay ku dhex jiraan acronyms, iyo term-ka ''acronym'' waa inuu sidoo cuali ahaan ku dabaqmaa initialisms. ===Qor marka ay markii ugu horreysay muuqato iyadoo dhammaystiran=== {{Shortcut|MOS:1STOCC|MOS:1STABBR}} Marka gaabinta loo isticmaalayo maqaalka dhexdiisa, hordhac uga dhig iyadoo la isticmaalayo weedha dhammaystiran, gaabintana lagu dhex darayo ngo'aanka (parentheses): {{Block indent|{{xt|shabakadda gobolka ee maxalliga ah (LAN) oo ay samaysay Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC){{nbsp}}... DEC badeecadihii dambe ee LAN waxay aheyd{{nbsp}}...}}}} Ha u isticmaalin xarfo waaweyn foomka dhammaystiran kaliya sababtoo ah xarfo waaweyn ayaa loo isticmaalay gaabinta: {{!xt|Shabakadda Gobolka ee Maxalliga ah (LAN)}}. Marka laga reebo xaaladaha gaarka ah, gaabinta caadiga ah (sida {{xt|PhD}}, {{xt|DNA}}, ama {{xt|USSR}}) looma baahna in la kala bixiyo ama la dhamaystiro xataa marka ay tahay markii ugu horreysay ee la isticmaalo. ===Foomamka plural-ka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:GREENGROCER}} U samee plural [[acronyms]] iyadoo lagu darayo ''-s'' ama ''-es'': {{xt|Three CD-ROMs and two BIOSes were released}}. Ha isticmaalin ''[[greengrocer's apostrophe]]'' si aad u samayso plurals: {{!xt|Three CD-ROM's and two BIOS's were released}}. ===<span class="anchor" id="Periods (full stops) and spaces"></span><span class="anchor" id="Full stops and spaces"></span><span class="anchor" id="op.cit."></span>Punctuation iyo spacing=== {{Shortcut|MOS:PS}} Gaabintu waxay ku dhabayn kartaa ama aan ku dhabayn karin full point (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-garaysay ''period'' ama ''full stop''). Qaab joogto ah waa in lagu dhasheeyaa ku dhex jirta maqaal. Isticmaalka North American caadi ahaan waa in lagu dhabeeyo dhammaan gaabinta period ({{xt|Dr. Smith of 42&nbsp;Drummond St.}}) laakiin isticmaalka caadiga ah ee British iyo Australian, ma jiro period loo isticmaalo haddii gaabinta (contraction) ay ku dhabayso xarafka ugu dambeya ee foomka aan la gaabin ({{xt|Dr Smith of 42&nbsp;Drummond St}}) ilaa is-dhaafsi uu keeni karo. Kani waa sidoo cuali ahaan isticmaalka caadiga ah ee qoraalka scientific-ka ah. Iyadoo aan loo eegin punctuation, erayada lagu gaabay ka badan hal xaraf waa lagu dhex jiraa space ({{xt|op.&nbsp;cit.}} ma aha {{!xt|op.cit.}} ama {{!xt|opcit}}). Waxaa jira waxyaabo ka baxsan oo yar: {{xt|PhD}} {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg sare)}} "Philosophiae Doctor"; {{xt|BVetMed}} "Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine". Xaaladaha badankooda, Wikipedia ma isticmaalto punctuation-ka oo kale ku dhex jirta acronyms iyo initialisms: {{xt|GDP}}, ma aha {{!xt|G.D.P.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="US"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S."></span><span class="anchor" id="USA"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S.A."></span>US iyo U.S.<!-- When renaming this section title, rename the full link at [[Wikipedia:Consistency]] -->=== {{Shortcut|MOS:US|MOS:U.S.|MOS:USA|MOS:U.S.A.}} {{redirect|MOS:US|the use of the word "us"|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#First-person pronouns}} {{xt|US}} waa gaabinta caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo ee {{xt|United States}}, inkastoo {{xtn|U.S.}} – oo leh periods iyo aan lahayn space – ay tahay mid caadi ah daabacadaha North American, ku dhex jirta wargaysyada news-ka. Hagayaasha qaabka American qaarkood, ku dhex jiro ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style]]'' (tan iyo 2010), waxay baabi'iyeen {{!xt|U.S.}} waxayna soo sheegeen {{xt|US}}. Sababaha [[#Opportunities for commonality|wadaagga]], isticmaal {{xt|US}} default ahaan marka aad gaabinayso, laakiin [[#Retaining existing styles|sii wad]] {{xtn|U.S.}} maqaallada American ama Canadian English oo ay horey u dhisantay, ilaa ay jirto sabab wanaagsan oo loo beddelo. Sababtoo ah isticmaalka periods ee gaabinta iyo acronyms wuxuu noqon doonaa mid joogto ah ku dhex jira maqaal kasta, mar walba isticmaal {{xt|US}} maqaal leh gaabinta waddammada kale. Gaabinta dheeraad ah oo lagu dhex jiro initials-ka waddanka ({{xt|USN}}, {{xt|USAF}}), waligeed ha isticmaalin periods. Marka United States lagu xuso hal ama ka badan waddammada kale ku dhex jirta jumlad oo kale, {{xt|US}} (ama {{xtn|U.S.}}) wuxuu noqon karaa mid aad u informal ah, gaar ahaan xusidda ugu horreysa ama sida noun halkii adjective ({{xt|France and the United States}}, ma aha {{!xt|France and the US}}). Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|U.&nbsp;S.}} oo leh space ama {{!xt|U.S.&nbsp;of&nbsp;A.}} oo taariikh hore ah, marka laga reebo marka aad xigasho sameynayso. Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|U.S.A.}} ama {{!xt|USA}} marka laga reebo ku dhex jirta xigasho, sida qayb ka mid ah magac sax ah ({{xt|Team USA}}), ama isticmaalka tignoolajiyada iyo rasmiga ah ee qaarkood (t.s., [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3]], [[FIFA country codes|FIFA]], iyo [[IOC country codes]]). ===Circa=== {{for|examples|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Uncertain, incomplete, or approximate dates}} Si loo muujiyo ''si xaddidan'', isticmaalka {{tl|circa}}, oo muuqda sida {{xt|{{circa}}}}, waxaa ka wanaagsan {{!xt|circa}}, {{!xt|c.}}, {{!xt|ca.}}, ama {{!xt|approx.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="unwarranted abbreviations"></span>Ka fogao isticmaalka aan la xaqijin=== {{Hatnote|See also: {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|Units of measurement}} for when to abbreviate units of measurement.}} Ka fogao gaabinta marka ay jahwareerin karaan akhristaha, baabi'in karaan socodka, ama ka muuqan karaan informal. Tusaale ahaan: *Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|approx.}} ee {{xt|approximate(ly)}} marka laga reebo infobox ama table (xaaladaas isticmaal {{tlx|abbr|approx.|approximately}} xusidda ugu horreysa: {{xt|{{abbr|approx.|approximately}}}}). *Ha isticmaalin legalism-ka {{!xt|Holmes J}} ee {{xt|[[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.|Justice Holmes]]}}. <!-- this might be better in [[WP:JARGON]] --> ===Ha samaynin=== Ka fogao sameynta [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#Neologisms|gaabinta cusub]], gaar ahaan acronyms. Tusaale ahaan, {{xtn|World Union of Billiards}} waa wanaagsan yahay sida {{em|turjumaad}} ee {{xt|[[Union Mondiale de Billard]]}}, laakiin ma aha iyada ama yareynta {{!xt|WUB}} oo loo isticmaalay kooxda ama tixraacyada gaarka ah; isticmaal magaca asalka ah iyo gaabintiisa rasmiga ah, {{xt|UMB}}. Haddii ay noqoto mid lagama maarmaan ah in lagu gaabiyo space yar, sida [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables#Captions and headers|column header ee table-ka]], isticmaal gaabinta si baaxad leh loo aqoonsan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, ee {{xt|New Zealand gross national product}}, isticmaal {{xt|NZ}} iyo {{xt|GNP}}, oo leh isqu xir haddii term-ka aan horey loogu qorin maqaalka: {{xt|NZ&nbsp;[[Measures of national income and output|GNP]]}}. Ha samaynin initialisms sida {{!xt|NZGNP}}. ===HTML tags iyo moodallada=== Mid ka mid ah {{tag|abbr|o}} ama {{tlx|abbr}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa gaabinta iyo acronyms: {{tag|abbr|params=title="World Health Organization"|content=WHO|wrap=yes}} ama {{tlx|abbr|WHO|World Health Organization}} waxay samayn doonaan {{abbr|WHO|World Health Organization}}; [[mouseover|soreynta]] qoraalka muuqda waxay keentaa [[tooltip]] ee foomka dheer inuu soo muuqdo. ===Ampersand=== {{Shortcut|MOS:AMP|MOS:&}} {{redirects|WP:&|the use of "and" in titles|Wikipedia:Article titles#Titles containing "and"}} Qoraalka caadiga ah iyo madaxyada, isticmaal ''and'' halkii [[ampersand]] (''&''): {{xt|January 1&nbsp;and&nbsp;2}}, ma aha {{!xt|January 1&nbsp;&&nbsp;2}}. Laakiin sii wad ampersand marka uu yahay qayb shaqaynaysa oo qaabka magac sax ah, mawduuca shaqaalaha, ama trademark, sida ku dhex jirta ''[[Up & Down (Horace Parlan album)|Up&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Down]]'' ama [[AT&T]]. Meelaha kale, ampersands waxaa loo isticmaali karaa joogteyn iyo dookh halka space uu aad u xaddidan yahay (t.s., tables iyo infoboxes). Xigashooyinka [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Typographic conformity|waxaa lagu beddeli karaa si dhibco leh]], gaar ahaan joogteynta halka noocyada kala duwan lagu xigto, maadaama noocyada cusub ee qoraallada hore ay si joogto ah u beddealaan ampersands ''and'' (sida ay u beddealaan [[glyph]]s kale oo aan la isticmaalin, [[Typographic ligature|ligatures]], iyo gaabinta). Isticmaalka kale oo loo ilaysay laakiin aan loo baahnayn waa tixraacyada gaaban ee shaqaalaha leeh qoraa badan, t.s.: {{xt|<nowiki><ref>Lubbers & Scheepers (2002); Van Hiel & Mervielde (2002); Swyngedouw & Giles (2007); Van Hiel (2012).</ref></nowiki>}}. ==Farta Janjeerta== {{Shortcut|MOS:IT|MOS:ITAL}} ===<span id="Do not use capitals for emphasis"></span>Adkeynta=== Farta janjeerta waxaa loo isticmaalaa adkeyn, halkii loo isticmaali lahaa [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Boldface|farta buuran]] ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#All caps and small caps|xarfo waaweyn]]. Laakiin isticmaalka badan wuxuu yareeyaa shaqadiisa: tixgeli dib-u-qorista jumlada halkii aad farta janjeerta badsan lahayd. Isticmaal {{tag|em}} ama {{tlx|em|...}} si aad adkeyn u sameeyso. Kani wuxuu u sahlayaa [[Help:User style|waraaqaha qaabka isticmaalaha]] in loo maareeyo adkeynta qaab gaar ah, wuxuuna caawiyaa dadka dib-u-isticmaala ama turjumayaasha.{{refn|{{cite web |last1=Ishida |first1=Richard |title=Using b and i elements |quote=the content of a <code>b</code> element may not always be bold, and that of an <code>i</code> element may not always be italic. |url=https://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-b-and-i-tags |website=W3C Internationalization |publisher=[[World Wide Web Consortium]] |date=2015 |access-date=1 September 2016}} }} *Sax: <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>The meerkat is <em>not</em> actually a cat.</nowiki>}}</code> *Sax: <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>The meerkat is {{em|not}} actually a cat.</nowiki>}}</code> ===<span id="Italics-Titles"></span>Cinwaannada=== {{shortcut|MOS:NOITALIC}} {{/titles hatnote include|where=MOS#I-T}} Isticmaal farta janjeerta cinwaannada hawlaha waaweyn (sida buugaagta, filimada, taxanaha telefishanka, bandhigyada la magacaabay, ciyaaraha fiidiyowga, albamyada muusigga, iyo fanka). Cinwaannada maqaallada, cutubyada, noocyada muusigga, dhacdooyinka, sheekooyinka, qoraallada cilmi-baarista, iyo hawlaha kale ee gaaban waxay qaataan calaamadaha oraahda ee laba-laabka ah (" "). Farta janjeerta looma isticmaalo qoraallada diinta ee waaweyn ({{xt|the Bible}}, {{xt|the Quran}}, {{xt|the Talmud}}). Kuwa badan oo cinwaannadan ka mid ah waa inay sidoo kale raacaan [[#Titles of works|habka xaraf-weynaynta cinwaannada]]. ===Erayada loo isticmaalay eray ahaan=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Words as words}} {{for|the policy when a word or phrase itself may be an encyclopedic subject|Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#When a word or phrase may be an encyclopedic subject}} Isticmaal farta janjeerta marka aad {{em|xusayso}} eray ama xaraf {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Use–mention distinction]])}} ama weedh ilaa hal jumlad ah ({{xt|teramka ''panning'' wuxuu ka yimid ''panorama''}}; {{xt|xarafka ugu caansan Af-Soomaaliga waa ''a''}}). Marka jumlad dhan la xuso, calaamadaha oraahda ee laba-laabka ah ayaa loo isticmaali karaa halkii, iyadoo la dhowrayo joogteynta ({{xt|Erayga xiriiriya ee ku jira ''Waxay fadhisatay kursiga'' waa ''kursiga''}}; ama {{xt|Erayga xiriiriya ee ku jira "Waxay fadhisatay kursiga" waa "kursiga"}}). Calaamadaha oraahda waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa qoraallada gaaban si looga fogaado jahawareerka, sida marka farta janjeerta horey loogu isticmaalay bogga sabab kale awgeed (t.s., erayada iyo weedha badan ee aan Soomaaliga ahayn). {{em|Xusidda}} (si looga wada-hadlo naxwaha, xulashada erayada, ama calaamadaha hakadka) waxay ka duwan tahay {{em|xigashada}} (halka wax caadi ahaan lagu muujiyo magaca ilaha la xigtay). Xigashada waxaa lagu sameeyaa calaamadaha oraahda, waligeedna looma isticmaalo farta janjeerta ama labadaba hal mar {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Quotations}} si aad u ogaato faahfaahinta).}} Isticmaalka kale ee la xiriira farta janjeerta waa marka la soo bandhigayo ama lagu kala saarayo erayada ama fikradaha: {{xt|Fikradaha ''tirasagaashanka'' waa tirada idil ee ka weyn 0.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign words"></span>Erayada aan Soomaaliga ahayn=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Non-English terms}} Farta janjeerta waxaa loo isticmaalaa weedha aan Soomaaliga ahayn iyo erayada kelida ah ee ajnabiga ah ee aan caadi ahaan loo isticmaalin Af-Soomaaliga maalin kasta. Laakiin, magacyada u gaarka ah (sida magacyada meelaha) ee luqadaha kale caadi ahaan ma qaataan farta janjeerta, sidoo kale erayada ku jira farta aan Laatiinka ahayn. Qaab-dhismeedka {{tlx|lang}} iyo noocyadiisu waxay taageeraan dhammaan [[ISO 639]] koodhadhka luqadaha, iyagoo sax u aqoonsanaya luqadda si otomaatig ahna u janjeerinaya farta. Fadlan isticmaal qaab-dhismeedyadan halkii aad gacanta u janjeerin lahayd qoraalka aan Soomaaliga ahayn. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link|WP:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Other languages}} si aad u ogaato macluumaad dheeraad ah.)}} ===Magacyada sayniska=== Isticmaal farta janjeerta magacyada sayniska ee dhirta, xayawaanka, iyo [[Kingdom (biology)|dhammaan noolaha kale]] marka laga reebo fayrasyada heerka [[genus]] iyo ka hooseeya (janjeeri {{xt|''Panthera leo''}} iyo {{xt|''Retroviridae''}}, laakiin ha janjeerin {{xt|Felidae}}). Calaamadda isku-dhafka ma qaadato farta janjeerta ({{xt|''Rosa''&nbsp;×&nbsp;''damascena''}}), sidoo kale "erayga xiriiriya" ee loo baahan yahay [[Trinomial nomenclature#In botany|magacyada dhirta ee saddexda qaybood ah]] ma janjeero ({{xt|''Rosa gallica'' subsp. ''officinalis''}}). ===<span id="Italics and quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka ku dhex jira farta janjeerta=== {{shortcut|MOS:ITALQUOTE|}}{{See also|#Quotations}} <section begin="Quotations in italics body"/>Ha u qorin xigashooyinka farta janjeerta. [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation marks|Calaamadaha oraahda]] (ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Block quotations|xigashooyinka waaweyn]]) kaliya ayaa ku filan oo ah qaabka saxda ah ee loogu muujiyo xigashooyinka. Farta janjeerta waa in loo isticmaalo kaliya haddii qoraalka la xigtay uu ka mid yahay waxyaabo marka horeba u baahanaa farta janjeerta.<section end="Quotations in italics body"/> ([[#Italics within quotations|Eeg hoos]]). ===Farta janjeerta ee ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka=== <section begin="Italics within quotations body"/>Isticmaal farta janjeerta ku dhex jira xigashooyinka si aad u soo saarto adkeynta ku jirtay qoraalka asalka ah ama si aad u muujiso isticmaalka erayada aan Soomaaliga ahayn. Adkeynta waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu sameeyo {{tlx|em}}. Haddii aysan caddayn in ilaha asalka ahi ay horey u lahaayeen farta janjeerta (ama qaab kale) oo adkeyn ah, ama si loo muujiyo marka adkeynta aan loo isticmaalin qoraalkii asalka ahaa laakiin dambe lagu daray tifaftirka, ku dar xusuus-qoraalka tifaftirka {{xt|[adkeyntu waa asalka]}} ama {{xt|[adkeynta waa la daray]}}, sida ay u kala horreeyaan, ka dambaysta xigashada. * Tusaale ahaan: {{xt|"Muxuu yiri guda-galka xubintu. Habeen wanaagsan: Iyo {{em|kooxaha malaa'igta}} ha ku heesaan nasashadaada." [adkeyntu waa asalka].}}<section end="Italics within quotations body"/> ===Saamaynta ay ku leedahay calaamadaha hakadka ee dhow=== {{Shortcut|MOS:ITALPUNCT}} Janjeeri kaliya qaybaha jumlada oo ay saameysay adkeyntu. Ha janjeerin calaamadaha hakadka ee dhow. *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|Maxaan ka samaynaynaa {{em|arrintaas?}}}} (Calaamadda su'aashu waxay ku dabaqmeysaa jumlada dhan, ma aha kaliya erayga la adkeeyay ee ''arrintaas'', markaas waa inaysan janjeerin.) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Maxaan ka samaynaynaa {{em|arrintaas}}?}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Afar ka mid ah sheekooyinka ugu caansan Patrick White waa ''A Fringe of Leaves'', ''The Aunt's Story'', ''Voss'', iyo ''The Tree of Man''.}} (Calaamadaha hakadka ee ku dhow, nooca cunsurrada, iyo erayga ''iyo'' ma janjeeraan.) ==Xigashooyinka== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTE}} [[Wikipedia:Non-free content#Guideline examples|Xigashooyinka gaaban ee qoraallada xuqooqda la dhowray]] waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loogu muujiyo dhacdo, loo siiyo macrefe, ama loo tiiriyo aragti ama fikrad gaar ah. Inkastoo xigashooyinku ay yihiin qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah Wikipedia, isticmaalka xad-dhaafka ah kuma habboona uslubta qoraalka encyclopedia-da wuxuuna sababi karaa [[Wikipedia:Copyrights|xukun-jebinta xuqooqda qoraalka]], sidaas darteed badankooda qoraalka waa inuu ku dhex jiraa erayada tifaftiraha oo keliya. Tixgeli dib-u-qorista xigashooyinka si ay u noqdaan qoraal toos ah oo gaaban marka ay habboon tahay (iyadoo la ogaaday in [[Wikipedia:Close paraphrasing|qoraal-mucaawinedka dhow]] uu walillahi xukunkii xudaheeda baabi'in karo). [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Quotations|Ha u qorin xigashooyinka farta janjeerta]] ilaa qoraalku uu farta janjeerta u baahdo sabab kale awgeed. Raiyada [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|siyaasadda xaqiijinta]], xigashooyinka tooska ah {{em|waa in}} ay la socdaan [[WP:INCITE|tixraac ku dhex jira qoraalka]] oo ka yimid [[WP:RS|il lagu kalsoonaan karo]] oo taageeraysa qoraalka. Tani waxay si gaar ah uga muhiimsan tahay maqaallada ku saabsan ama ku dhex jira qoraallada ku saabsan [[WP:BLP|dadka nool ama dhowaan dhintay]]. ===<span class="anchor" id="Principle of minimal change"></span>Qoraalka asalka ah=== {{Shortcut|MOS:PMC|MOS:SIC}} Xigashooyinka waa inay noqdaan kuwo [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|xaqiijin leh]] oo loo tiiriyo ilahooda, qoraalka la xigtayna waa in si dhab ah loo soo saaro. Tani waxaa loo yaqaan {{em|mabda'a beddelka yar}}. Marka ay jirto sabab wanaagsan oo loo beddelo qoraalka, ku dar khaanadaha afkexan [ ] qoraalka la beddelay; tusaale ahaan, {{!xt|"Ocyrhoe wuxuu u sheegay aayihiisa"}} waxaa loo xigan karaa sida {{xt|"Ocyrhoe wuxuu u sheegay [aabihiis] aayihiisa"}}. Makhaadhaa yar oo dhanka higaada ama farta ah waa in si toos ah loo hagaajiyo (tusaale ahaan, hagaaji {{!xt|basicly}} oo u beddel {{xt|basically}}). Haddii ay jirto makhaadhaa muhiim ah qoraalkii asalka ahaa, raaci {{tlx|sic}} (oo soo saaraysa {{sic}}{{hsp}}) si loogu muujiyo in makhaadhaahaas aysan samayn Wikipedia; tusaale ahaan, {{xt|"wareysigiisii uu la yeeshay Dolly Llama {{sic}}"}}. Marka lagu dabaqo qoraal xiriiriye leh, adeegsiga qaab-dhismeedka waxaa loo hagaajin karaa {{tlx|sic|2=nolink=y}} (oo soo saaraysa {{sic|nolink=y}} qoraalka xiriiriyaha leh; tusaale ahaan ku dhex jirta xiriiriyaha: [[Template:Sic|{{sic|nolink=y}} template]]).{{efn|name="sicwarning"|{{tl|Sic}} ma aha in loo isticmaalo dhexda {{tag|ref}} tags, ama ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|qaab-dhismeedyada tixraacyada]] sida [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]] iyo [[Help:Citation Style 2|Citation Style 2]], sababtoo ah wuxuu leeyahay qoraal baabi'inaya [[COinS]] metadata ee ay soo saaraan; eeg [[Wikipedia:COinS]].}} Sababaha saxnaanta iyo tusmo-samaynta awgeed, cinwaannada ilaha tixraaca ma aha in loo hagaajiyo higaadooda, laakiin hagaajinta yar ee farta ah (sida beddelka [[MOS:CURLY|calaamadaha qaloocan]] oo loo beddelo kuwa tooska ah) waxaa loo samayn karaa si toos ah. Tixraacyada ku dhex jira qoraalka la xigtay, ee tilmaamaya ilo aan loo isticmaalin maqaalka Wikipedia, waa in si toos ah loo saaro. Isticmaal [[#Ellipses|saddexda dhibcood (...)]] si aad u muujiso ka-tagista qoraalka la xigtay. Ka-tagista la ogol yahay waxaa ku jira erayada aan loo baahnayn, aan la xiriirin, ama ngo'aanka ku jira, iyo erayada daalka ({{!xt|umm}} iyo {{!xt|hmm}}), laakiin ha ka tagin qoraal marka ka-tagistiisu ay baabi'inayso macnaha muhiimka ah ama ay beddelayso nuxurka qoraalka. Erayada rogaal-celiska ah ama kuwa xun-xun waa in loo muujiyo si sax ah sida ay ka muuqdaan ilaha la xigtay; Tifaftirayaasha Wikipedia waa innaan [[Wikipedia:Offensive material#How to treat offensive material in articles|dhalaalin ama qarin erayada]] ({{!xt|G-d d--n it!}}), laakiin haddii qoraalka la xigtay {{em|aysan}} sidaas sameeynayn, koobiyeey qoraalka si toos ah iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|sic}} si loo muujiyo in qoraalka loo xigtay sida uu ka muuqdo ilaha. Xigashooyinka tooska ah, dhowr higaada gobolka ama taariikhiga ah, harraan xaraf-weynaynta (laakiin ha dhowrin farta duugga ah ama xarfaha isku-dhafan, sida lagu sharraxay hoos ku dhex jirta {{slink||Typographic conformity}}). ===Aragtida ama Mawqifka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTEPOV}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Attributing and specifying biased statements|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Expressions of doubt}} Xigashoda waa in loo isticmaalo, iyadoo la tiirinayo ilaha, si loo soo bandhigo aragtiyo shaqsi ah oo aan lagu muujin karin codka Wikipedia dhexdeeda, laakiin waligeed ma aha si loo soo bandhigo xeerarka dhaqanka sida aragtiyo oo keliya: *La aqbali karo: {{xt|Siskel iyo Ebert waxay filimka ku tilmaameen "mid aan la iloobi karin".}} *Aan la aqbali karin: {{!xt|Boga waxaa loo arkaa "mid ka reebban" qoraallada diinta.}} Aragtiyada gaaban ee aan aadka u xasaasiga ahayn caadi ahaan waxaa lagu soo sheegi karaa iyadoo loo tiiriyo ilaha halkii loo isticmaali lahaa xigasho toos ah. Isticmaalka calaamadaha oraahda ee erayada sharraxaadda leh ee gaaban wuxuu [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Expressions of doubt|muujin karaa nghi ama tuhun]] ku saabsan maaddada la xigtay; sarbeebta ama [[weasel words|erayada daboolan]], sida ''loogu dhex yiri'' ama ''waxaa loogu yeeraa'', waa lagu muujin karaa. *La aqbali karo: {{xt|Siskel iyo Ebert waxay filimka ku tilmaameen mid xiiso leh.}} *Aan loo baahnayn oo muujin kara nghi: {{!xt|Siskel iyo Ebert waxay filimka ku tilmaameen "mid xiiso leh".}} *Waa in la xigto: {{xt|Siskel iyo Ebert waxay filimka ku tilmaameen "mid xiiso leh laakiin xanuun badan".}} ===Waafaqsanaanta farta iyo qoraalka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:CONFORM}} Xigashodu ma aha [[wikt:facsimile|koobi toos ah oo sawir ah]] oo, xaaladaha badankooda, ma aha shuruud in qaabkii asalka ahaa lagu dhowro. Qaabka iyo cunsurrada kale ee farta ee qoraalka la xigtay waa in lagu waafajiyo heshiisyada Wikipedia-da Soomaaliga iyadoo aan la samayn faallo, iyadoo la xaqijiyay in sameynta tan aysan beddeli doonin ama baabi'in doonin macnaha ama inta qoraalka. Kani waa beddel aan samaynayn kala duwanaansho marka qoraalka loo read-gareeyo si toos ah; tusaale ahaan: *Sinnaanta dhex-xariijimaha: eeg {{Section link||Dashes}}. Isticmaal qaabka loo doortay maqaalka: unspaced [[em dash]] ama spaced [[en dash]]. *Beddel calaamadaha sare iyo calaamadaha oraahda oo u beddel qaabka Wikipedia: **Kuwani waa inay noqdaan kuwo toos ah, ma aha kuwo qaloocan. Eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}}. **Marka aad xigtayso xigasho dhexdeeda ay ku dhex jirto xigasho kale, beddel dhexdeeda isticmaalka calaamadaha oraahda ee laba-laabka ah iyo kuwa kelida ah ee xigasho kasta. Eeg {{section link||For a quotation within a quotation}} si aad u ogaato faahfaahinta. *Marka aad xigtayso qoraal ka soo baxay luqadaha kale, calaamadaha hakadka ee ka baxsan waa inay raacaan [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation marks|Hagaha Hab-qoraalka ee calaamadaha oraahda Soomaaliga]]. Haddii ay jiraan xigashooyin dhexda ku jira, raac shuruudaha calaamadaha hakadka ee saxda ah ee luqaddaas. *Ka saar meelaha bannaan ee ka horreeya calaamadaha hakadka sida dhibcaha iyo xiaraanta. *Caadi ahaan sii wad farta buuran iyo janjeerta {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Italics}})}}, laakiin badankooda qaabka kale waa in loo beddelo qoraal toos ah. Qoraalka hoos ka xariiqan, meelaha bannaan ee erayada dhexdisa ah, xarfaha waaweyn oo dhan, iyo wixii la mid ah caadi ahaan waa in loo beddelo qoraal toos ah. Haddii ay caddaynayso adkeyn, isticmaal farta janjeerta ama farta buuran. *Kala bixi gaabinta (aan horey loo isticmaalin qoraalka ka hor xigashada) iyadoo lagu dhex darayo khaanadaha afkexan, ama ku sharrax iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|abbr}}. {{Shortcut|MOS:RETAINQUOTEVARIETY}} {{vanchor|Retain quote variety|text= Laakiin, noocyada luqadda ee gobollada ma aha in loo beddelo, maadaama kuwani ay ku dhex jiri karaan beddelka erayada. Tusaale ahaan, xigasho ka soo baxday ilo British ah waa in ay sii wadato higaada British-ka, xataa maqaal oo haddii kale isticmaala higaada kale. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Consistency within articles}}.)}}}} Nambarada sidoo kale caadi ahaan ma aha in loo qaabaysho si kale. Xigashoda tooska ah ma aha in loo isticmaalo si loo dhowro qaabka uu doorbidayo daabacaha ka baxsan, maadaama kani wuxuu leeyahay saameyn sarbeeb ah: *{{em|La aqbali karo}}: {{xt|Xayawaanka waxaa loo diiwaan geliyay inuu yahay mid halis ku jira maqaalka IUCN.}} *{{em|Aan la aqbali karin}}: {{!xt|Xayawaanka waxaa loo diiwaan geliyay inuu yahay "Halis ku jira" maqaalka IUCN.}} Marka aad xigtayso jumlad dhan, caadi ahaan waxaa lagu taliyaa in erayga ugu horreeya uu sii wado xaraf-weyn. Laakiin, haddii qoraalka la xigtay lagu dhex daray jumlada ku dhow (tusaale ahaan, leh hordhac sida "X wuxuu yiri"), xarafka weyn ee asalka ah waxaa loo beddeli karaa xaraf yar. ===Tiirinta ilaha (Attribution)=== Akhristahu waa inuu awoodaa inuu go'aamiyo ilaha xigasho kasta, ugu yaraan ka magaca tixraaca hoose. Ilaha waa in lagu magacaabo {{em|qoraalka maqaalka}} haddii xigashodu ay tahay aragti. Marka aad tiirinayo xigasho, ka fogaaw sharraxaadda foomka eexda leh. ===Xigashooyinka ku dhex jira xigashooyinka=== Eeg {{section link||For a quotation within a quotation}}. ===Isku xirka (Linking)=== {{Shortcut|MOS:LINKQUOTE|MOS:LWQ}} Noqo mid taxaddar leh marka aad isku xirayso ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka; isku xir kaliya bartilmaameedyada u dhigma macnaha caddaynaya ee uu u intent-gareeyay qoraaga xigashoda. Halka ay suurtogal tahay, isku xir qoraalka ka baxsan xigashoda halkii – mid ka hor ama dhowaan ka dambeeya. ===<span class="anchor" id="Block quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka waaweyn (Block quotations)=== {{Shortcut|MOS:BQ|MOS:BLOCKQUOTE}} U qaabayso xigashoda dheer (ka badan 40 eray ama ka kooban ka badan hal baaragaraaf) sida [[block quotation]], iyadoo la isticmaalayo qaab-dhismeedka {{tlx|blockquote}}. Qoraalka lagu muujiyay xigashooyinka waaweyn iyo khaanadaha xigashada waa inuusan dhitadiisu noqon mid lagu duubay calaamadaha oraahda. Isticmaal {{tnull|blockquote}} iyo qaab-dhismeedka la midka ah kaliya xigashooyinka dhabta ah; xariijinta sababaha kale waxaa loo sameeyaa foom kale. Waa xeer in lagu hor maro xigashoda weyn jumlad hordhac ah (ama qayb jumlad ah) oo lagu daro tixraaca ilaha xarkaas. Qaab-dhismeedka {{tnull|blockquote}} wuxuu bixiyaa xaddidyo loogu talagalay tiirinta iyo tixraaca oo ka muuqan doona ka hooseeya xigashoda. Xigasho aan lahayn ilo loo tixraacay waa in lagu calaamadeeyo {{tlx|quote without source}}, ama la saaro. ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign-language quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka aan Soomaaliga ahayn=== {{Shortcut|MOS:FOREIGNQUOTE|}} Xigashooyinka ka soo baxday ilaha aan Soomaaliga ahayn waa inay ka muuqdaan turjumaad loo beddeley Af-Soomaali. Xigashooyinka ah turjumaada waa in si toos ah loo kala saaro kuwa aan ahayn. Muuji ilaha asalka ah ee turjumaada, iyo luqadda asalka ah (haddii aysan caddayn xaaladda). Haddii qoraalka asalka ah ee aan la turjumin uu yahay mid la heli karo, bixi tixraac iyada ama ku dar iyada, sida habboon. Marka tifaftirayaashu ay turjumaan qoraal oo loo beddelo Af-Soomaali, daryeel waa in mar walba loo qaado si lagu dhex jiro qoraalka asalka ah, {{em|farta janjeerta dhexdeeda}} (marka laga reebo dhismaha farta aan Laatiinka ahayn, oo ugu wanaagsan lagu sameyo qaab-dhismeedyada {{tlx|lang}} ama {{tlx|langx}}); iyo si loo isticmaalo erayada dhabta ah ee Af-Soomaaliga ee turjumaada dhexdeeda. ==Punctuation== {{Shortcut|MOS:PUNCT}} {{For|a brief guide to how some punctuation marks are used in Wikipedia for special purposes, e.g., [[Help:List#List basics|description lists]]|Help:Punctuation}} ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign characters that resemble apostrophes"></span>Apostrophes=== {{Shortcut|MOS:'|MOS:APOSTROPHE}} *Isticmaal [[straight apostrophe]]s ({{big|{{mxt|'}}}}), ma aha [[curly apostrophe]]s ({{big|{{!mxt|’}}}}). Ha isticmaalin accent marks ama [[backtick]]s ({{big|{{!mxt|`}}}}) sida apostrophes. *Moodallada sida {{tlx|`}} iyo {{tlx|`s}} waxay leeyihiin taageero marka apostrophe (ama single quote) ka muuqdo bilowga ama dhamaadka qoraalka ku dhex jira italics ama bold, sababtoo ah italics iyo bold laikiisu waxaa lagu muujiyaa noocyada single quotes. **Marka apostrophe raaco qoraalka italics-ka ah, {{tlx|'}} ama {{tlx|'s}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si looga fogaado xarafka ugu dambeeya ee qoraalka dhanka midig ah inuu isku xiro apostrophe-ka. Tusaale: {{xt|the ''Iliad''{{'s}} themes}} (markup: {{nobreak|<code><nowiki>the ''Iliad''{{'s}} themes</nowiki></code>}}). *Xarfaha u okiya apostrophes iyo curly quotes, sida [[{{okina}}okina]] ({{mxt|{{okina}}}}{{snd}}la dhex geliyo iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|okina}}), [[Saltillo (linguistics)|saltillo]] ({{mxt|{{saltillo}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|saltillo}}), Hebrew [[ayin]] ama Arabic ʿayn ({{mxt|{{ayin}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|ayin}}), iyo Arabic [[hamza]] ({{mxt|{{hamza}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|hamza}}), waa in lagu muujiyo moodalladaas ama xarfaha laikiis ee [[Unicode]]. (Basic Arabic transliteration, oo isticmaala ASCII apostrophe, waxaa ka wanaagsan xaaladaha badankooda ka magaca [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Arabic]]; xarfaha kale kani waxaa loo isticmaalaa kaliya transliteration-ka saxda ah.) **Moodallada ma loo isticmaali karo mawduucyada maqaalka; isticmaal xarafka Unicode-ka ee u dhigma toos. Per {{Section link|Wikipedia:Article titles#Special characters}}, sidoo kale samee redirection ka soo baxay foomka ASCII-ka ah si loogu taageero raadinta. Foomamka aan lahayn xarfaha apostrophe-ka oo kale marna waxaa ka wanaagsan ka magaca {{Section link|Wikipedia:Article titles# Use commonly recognizable names}} (t.s. [[Hawaii]] laakiin ma aha [[Keali{{okina}}i Reichel]]). *:{{crossref|pw=y|Sidoo kale eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles|Orthography, spelling and formatting}}}} *Ee [[Wade–Giles]] romanizations ee Mandarin Chinese, isticmaal {{tlx|wg-apos}}. *Luqadaha leh [[ejective consonants]] iyo wixii la mid ah, isticmaal {{tlx|hamza}}. *Ee Cyrillic [[soft sign]], marka lagu muujiyo dhammaan, isticmaal {{tlx|softsign}} ama {{tlx|hamza}}. *Ee isticmaalka possessive apostrophe-ka, eeg {{section link||Possessives}}. *Ee xeel-dheeraanta isticmaalka apostrophe-ka (possessive, elision, formation ee plurals qaarkood, arrimo luqadaha aan English-ka ahayn), eeg maqaalka [[Apostrophe]]. ===Calaamadaha xigmadda=== {{Shortcut|MOS:"|MOS:QUOTEMARKS|}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotations}} Maaddada ka hooseysa, term-ka ''quotation'' wuxuu ku dhex jiraa isticmaalka caadiga ah ee calaamadaha xigmadda sida mawduucyada noocyada, chapters-ka, episodes-ka, iyo wixii la mid ah. Calaamadaha xigmadda sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaalaa xaaladaha kale, sida [[#Animals, plants, and other organisms|magacyada cultivar]]. ====Calaamadaha xigmadda xarfaha==== {{Shortcut|MOS:CQ|MOS:CURLY|MOS:STRAIGHT}} *Isticmaal {{xt|{{big|<b>"</b>}}straight{{big|<b>"</b>}}}} calaamadaha xigmadda, ma aha {{!xt|{{big|<b>“</b>}}curly{{big|<b>”</b>}}}} kuwo. (Ee [[single quotes]]: {{xt|{{big|<b>'</b>}}straight{{big|<b>'</b>}}}}, ma aha {{!xt|{{big|<b>‘</b>}}curly{{big|<b>’</b>}}}}.) *Ha isticmaalin accent marks, backticks ({{!xt|{{big|'''`'''}}text{{big|'''´'''}}}}), low–high ({{!xt|„&nbsp;“}}), corner brackets ({{!xt|「&nbsp;」}}), [[guillemet]]s ({{!xt|«&nbsp;»}}), ama [[Chinese punctuation#Book title marks|title marks]] ({{!xt|《&nbsp;》}}) sida calaamadaha xigmadda (marka laga reebo marka marks-kaas ay yihiin {{em|internal}} ee qoraalka aan English-ka ahayn ee la xigtay{{snd}}eeg {{slink||Typographic conformity}}). Symbols-ka {{!xt|′}} iyo {{!xt|″}} ee ka muuqda edit window dropdowns waa "[[prime (symbol)|prime]]" iyo "double prime" sida ay u kala horreeyaan: kuwani waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loogu muujiyo [[Minute and second of arc|units of angular measurement]], oo ma aha sida apostrophes ama quote marks. *Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo apostrophes ee maaddada la import-gareeyay [[#Typographic conformity|waa in loo beddelo]] haddii ay noqoto lagama maarmaan si loo raaco sare. ====<span id="Double or single quotation marks"></span><span id="Single quotation marks"></span>Double ama single==== {{Shortcut|MOS:SINGLE|MOS:DOUBLE|}} *Badankooda xigashooyinku waxay qaataan calaamadaha xigmadda double-ka ah ({{xt|Welles said: "It was a terrible situation."}}),{{efn|1=Double quotation marks waxaa ka wanaagsan single sababtoo ah waxay si toos ah uga kala duwan yihiin apostrophes: *{{!xt|She wrote that 'Cleanthes' differs from the others', but neither opinion may represent Hume's'}} (wuxuu yareeyaa akhristaha). *{{xt|She wrote that "Cleanthes' differs from the others', but neither opinion may represent Hume's"}} (caddayn badan). }} marka laga reebo xigashooyinka ku dhex jira (eeg ka hooseeya). *Plant cultivars waxay qaataan calaamadaha xigmadda single-ka ah ({{xt|''Malus domestica'' 'Golden Delicious'}}; eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora)]]). *[[Gloss (annotation)#In linguistics|Glosses]] oo turjumaya ama definining-garaynaya terms aan la dhasheyn (marka la isticmaalayo [[MOS:WORDSASWORDS|words as words]]) waxay qaataan single quotes; glosses-ka gaaban ma u baahna comma ka hor definition-ka ({{xt|''Cossack'' originates from [[Cuman language|Cuman]] {{lang|qwm|proto=yes|qazaq}} 'freebooter'; ''republic'' comes from Latin {{lang|la|res publica}}, loosely meaning 'public affair'.}}). Moodalka {{tl|Gloss}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa tan; t.s. <code>{{tlp|lang|es|casa}} {{tlf|gloss|house}}</code> wuxuu soo saaraa: {{lang|es|casa}} {{gloss|house}}. Ee turjumaada tooska ah, moodalka {{tl|Literal translation}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa; wuxuu dhex gelyaa {{xt|lit.}} ka hor gloss-ka. ====Ee xigasho ku dhex jirta xigasho==== {{Shortcut|MOS:QWQ|}} Isticmaal single quotes: *{{xt|Darwin wrote in his introduction that "the maxim 'de minimis lex non curat' does not apply to science".}} Ee dhismaha dheeraad ah, beddel dhexda single iyo double quotes: *{{xt|He said, "That book asserts, 'Confucius said "Everything has beauty, but not everyone sees it.{{" ' "}}}} Ee quote marks ee uusocodka tooska ah, ku dar space yar iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{nowrap|{{tl|" '}}}}, {{nowrap|{{tl|' "}}}}, ama (sida tusaale ahaan halkan loo dhiibay) {{nowrap|{{tl|" ' "}}}}: *{{xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!{{' "}}}} Markup: <code>He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!{{tl|' "}}</code> *{{!xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!'"}} (jamming garaynta waxyaabaha waxay u okisaa si xun fonts badankooda) *{{!xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!'{{nbsp}}"}} (space caadi ah wuxuu leeyahay inta badan) ====<span id="Quotation marks in article openings"></span>Bilowga maqaalka==== {{Shortcut|MOS:BOLDQUOTE}} Qoraalka bold-ka ah oo caadi ahaan ka muuqda bilowga maqaalka: *Calaamad kasta oo xigmadda ah oo qayb ka mid ah mawduuca waa in ay noqoto bold sida qaybta hartay ee mawduuca. **Ka soo baxay ''[["A" Is for Alibi]]'': {{xt|'''''"A" Is for Alibi''''' is a mystery novel&nbsp;...}} *Calaamadaha xigmadda ee {{em|aan}} qayb ka mid ah mawduuca ma aha in ay noqdaan bold. **Ka soo baxay [[Jabberwocky]]: {{xt|"'''Jabberwocky'''" is a nonsense poem&nbsp;...}} **Ka soo baxay [[Babe Ruth]]: {{xt|'''George Herman''' "'''Babe'''" '''Ruth''' was an American baseball player&nbsp;...}} {{crossref|pw=y|(Sidoo kale eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography|Nicknames}}.)}} ====Punctuation ka hor xigashooyinka==== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTEPUNCT}} Haddii dhisma aan la xigtay laakiin kale oo u dhigma uu shaqayn lahaa grammatically aan lahayn comma, isticmaalka comma ka hor xigasho oo lagu ammaan goyay jumlad waa dookh: *{{xt|The report stated "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} ([[wikt:cf.|Cf.]] aan la xigtay {{xt|The report stated there was a 45% reduction in transmission rate.}}) *{{xt|The report stated, "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} Qaabka aan lahayn comma ka sanado badan waxaa loo isticmaalaa xigashooyinka qaybta ah: *{{xt|The report observed "a 45% reduction in transmission rate".}} Comma waxaa loo baahan yahay marka ay ka muuqan lahayd dhismaha oo kale haddii maaddada aan ayan ahayn xigasho: *{{xt|In Margaret Mead's view, "we must recognize the whole gamut of human potentialities" to enrich our culture.}} Ha dhex gelin comma haddii ay is-dhaafsi keeni karto ama beddeli karto macnaha: *{{xt|Caitlyn Jenner expressed concerns about children "who are coming to terms with being true to who they are".}} (Xigasho sax ah oo ka soo baxday foomka ku saabsan {{em|carruurta qaarkood}}{{snd}}gaar ahaan carruurtaas "who are coming to terms{{nbsp}}...") *{{!xt|Caitlyn Jenner expressed concerns about children, "who are coming to terms with being true to who they are".}} (Beddelaa macnaha si loogu muujiyo Jenner in ay muujinaysay concern ku saabsan {{em|dhammaan}} carruurta, inta la dhiibay in carruurtu, guud ahaan, "are coming to terms{{nbsp}}...") Waxay ka caddayn tahay in loo isticmaalo colon si loo soo bandhigo xigasho haddii ay samaynayso jumlad dhan, iyo kani waa in mar walba loo sameyo xigashooyinka jumlado badan leeh: *{{xt|The report stated: "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} *{{xt|In a letter to his son, Albert Einstein wrote: "Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance you must keep moving."}} Punctuation dheeraad ah ma aha mid lagama maarmaan ah ee tooska ah [[#Words as words|words-as-words]] xaaladda: *{{xt|The message was unintelligible except for the fragments "help soon" and "how much longer before".}} ====<span class="anchor" id="Quotation marks-Titles"></span><span id="Quotation marks with names and titles"></span>Magacyada iyo mawduucyada==== {{/titles hatnote include|where=MOS#P-QM-N&T}} Calaamadaha xigmadda waa in loo isticmaalo magacyada iyo mawduucyada soo socda: {{columns-list|colwidth=27em| *Maqaallada iyo chapters-ka (buugaagta iyo periodicals waa italics) *Sheekooyinka gaaban (buugaagta iyo periodicals waa italics) *Qaybaha muusigga (pieces waa italics) *Strips-ka gaarka ah ee comics iyo webcomics (comics waa italics) *Gabayada (gabayada dheer ama epic waa italics) *Noocyada (albums, song cycles, operas, operettas, iyo oratorios waa italics) *Episodes-ka gaarka ah ee taxanaha TV-ga iyo radio-ga iyo [[Serial (radio and television)|serials]] (mawduuca taxanaha waa italics){{efn|1="Mawduuca taxanaha waa italics" wuxuu isticmaalayaa ''taxanaha'' si loogu macneeyo show-ga dhan. Season (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay ''series'' ee British English-ka) leh mawduuciisa laikiis wuxuu isticmaalaa calaamadaha xigmadda mawduucaas, sida sub-work.}} }} {{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The Beatles wrote "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" for their album ''Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band''.}} Ha isticmaalin calaamadaha xigmadda ama italics ee qoraallada hore, concert tours, meelaha, cibaadooyinka, myths, iyo epics. (Kuwa badan, laakiin ma aha dhammaan, oo ka mid ah waxyaabahaani [[#Titles of works|waa inay sidoo kale ku dhex jirin title case]].) ====<span class="anchor" id="LP"></span><span class="anchor" id="LQ"></span><span class="anchor" id="TQ"></span><span class="anchor" id="logical quotes"></span><span id="Punctuation inside or outside quotation marks"></span>Punctuation ku dhex jirta ama ka baxsan==== {{Shortcut|MOS:LQ|MOS:LOGICAL|MOS:INOROUT}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Logical quotation on Wikipedia|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Effect on nearby punctuation}}<!-- Another kind of punctuation "in or out". EDITORS PLEASE NOTE: Changes to this section may escalate into heated dispute. Please consider raising any proposed changes for discussion and consensus-building on the talk page before editing. --> Isticmaal qaabka [[logical quotation]] dhammaan maqaallada, iyadoo aan loo eegin nooca English-ka oo lagu qoray. Ku dar punctuation-ka dhamaadka ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda kaliya haddii uu ka muuqday maaddada asalka ah, oo haddii kale u lag ka dambaysta calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. Qaybta badankeeda, kani wuxuu macneynayaa u treats-garaynta periods iyo commas foomkaas oo kale sida question marks: sii wad ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda haddii ay ku dabaqmaan kaliya maaddada la xigtay iyo ka baxsan haddii ay ku dabaqmaan jumlada dhan. Tusaalooyinka waxaa loo dhiibay ka hooseeya. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Did Darla say, "Here I am"?}} (question mark wuxuu ku dabaqmaa jumlada dhan) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|Did Darla say, "Here I am?"}} (aan sax ahayn in lagu dabaqo question mark xigashoda) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Darla said, "Where am I?"}} (question mark wuxuu ku dabaqmaa maaddada la xigtay kaliya) Haddii xigashodu ay tahay eray gaar ah ama qayb jumlad ah, u lag punctuation-ka dhamaadka ka baxsan calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. Marka aad xigtayso jumlad dhan, dhamaadka oo u dhigma dhamaadka jumlada ku dhex jirta, u lag punctuation-ka dhamaadka ku dhex jira calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. *{{xt|Miller wanted, he said, "to create something timeless".}} *{{xt|Miller said: "I wanted to create something timeless."}} Haddii jumlada la xigtay ay raacdo [[clause]] oo waa in uu ka horreeyo comma, ka tag [[full stop]] (period), iyo ha u beddelin comma {{em|ku dhex jirta}} xigashoda.{{efn|Kani waa foomka ugu muhiimsan oo uu logical quotation ku kala duwan yahay isticmaalka punctuation-ka wargaysyada British-ka, halka publishers badan ay u ilayeeyaan beddelkaas maaddada la xigtay, oo ka aghas ah saxnaanta dhismaha logical punctuation-ka.}} Terminal punctuation kale, sida question marks ama exclamation marks, waxaa lagu dhowri karaa. *{{xt|Livingston then said, "It is done", and turned to the people.}} *{{xt|Livingston then exclaimed, "It is done!", and turned to the people.}} Haddii jumlada la xigtay ay raacdo clause oo aqoonsanaya speaker-ka, isticmaal comma ka baxsan calaamadda xigmadda halkii full stop ku dhex jira, laakiin sii wad terminal punctuation kasta oo kale, sida question mark. *{{xt|"There is no strife, no prejudice, no national conflict in outer space as yet", said Kennedy.}} *{{xt|By asking "Who are you?", she prompts John to tell his story.}} Ha raacin erayada ama qaybaha la xigtay commas ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda, marka laga reebo halka xigasho dheer lagu baabi'iyay iyo comma uu yahay qayb ka mid ah xigashoda dhan. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change, opening the way to confidence and courage", said Turner.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change," said Turner, "opening the way to confidence and courage."}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change, opening the way", said Turner, "to confidence and courage."}} *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|"I began to change, opening the way," said Turner, "to confidence and courage."}} ==== Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo isqu xirka ka baxsan ==== Isqu xirka ka baxsan ee u socda mawduucyada maqaallada waa in ay leeyihiin mawduuca ku dhex jira quotes ku dhex jira isqu xirka. Moodallada tixraaca ee [[Help:Citation Style 1|CS1]] iyo [[Help:Citation Style 2|CS2]] waxay sameynayaan tan si otomaatig ah, iyo tixraacyada aan moodalka lahayn waa inay sameeyaan foomkan oo kale. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|{{cite news |last1=Kiefer |first1=Francine |title=Clinton: The Early Years |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |date=May 29, 1998 |ref=none}}}} (Isticmaalka {{tl|cite news}}) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt| Kiefer, Francine (May 29, 1998). [https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html "Clinton: The Early Years"]. ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''.}} (Aan moodal lahayn) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt| Kiefer, Francine (May 29, 1998). "[https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html Clinton: The Early Years]". ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''.}} (Aan moodal lahayn) ==== Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo isqu xirka ku dhex jira ==== Isqu xirka ku dhex jira (wikilinks) oo ay la socdaan calaamadaha xigmadda caadi ahaan waa inay leeyihiin quotes ka baxsan isqu xirka. Kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa mawduucyada shaqaalaha ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda (noocyada, episodes-ka, iyo wixii la mid ah) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Play it, Sam. Play "[[As Time Goes By (song)|As Time Goes By]]".}} (Isticmaalka <code><nowiki>"[[ ]]"</nowiki></code>.) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|Play it, Sam. Play [[As Time Goes By (song)|"As Time Goes By"]].}} (Isticmaalka <code><nowiki>[[" "]]</nowiki></code>.) Laakiin, calaamadaha xigmadda waxaa loo baahan yahay ku dhex jira wikilinks marka calaamadda xigmadda ay tahay qayb ka mid ah isqu xirka, ama halka qoraalka isqu xirka leh ee muuqda uu ku dhex jiro calaamadaha xigmadda oo muujinaya slang, nicknames, magacyada caadiga ah, ama isticmaalka la midka ah. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The term ''soccer'' comes from [[Oxford "-er"|Oxford {{nowrap|"-er"}}]] slang, which was prevalent at the [[University of Oxford]] in England from about 1875...}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|A Cockney accent [[Rhoticity in English|drops the "r"]] after a vowel.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The [[Dynamo Sports Club|Proletarian Sports Society "Dynamo"]] was established in Moscow in 1923.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|President Suharto's [[New Order (Indonesia)|"New Order"]] administration received US support for its economic policies.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Japan's [[Lost Decades|"Lost Decades"]] began in 1991.}} ===Brackets iyo parentheses=== {{Shortcut|MOS:()|MOS:BRACKETS}} {{Redirect|MOS:PAREN|use of parentheses (round brackets) in article titles|WP:Article titles#Parenthetical disambiguation|deprecated inline parenthetical citations|WP:Citing sources#Parenthetical referencing}} Qaybtan waxay ku dabaqmaysaa labadaba round brackets {{xt|(&nbsp;)}}, sidoo cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay [[Bracket|parentheses]], iyo square brackets {{xt|[&nbsp;]}}. Haddii jumlad ay ku dhex jirto foom bracketed ah, u lag punctuation-ka jumlada ka baxsan brackets-ka {{xt|(sida halkan loo muujiyay).}} Laakiin, halka hal ama ka badan jumlado ay ku dhex jiraan brackets-ka dhan, u lag punctuation-kooda ku dhex jira brackets-ka. Waa inuusan jirin space dhow dhanka ku dhex jira ee bracket-ka. Bracket-ka oo starts-garoogaya caadi ahaan waa inuu ka horreeyo space. Kani ma noqon karo xaaladda haddii uu ka horreeyo calaamad xigmadda oo starts-garoogaysa, bracket kale oo starts-garoogaya, ama qayb ka mid ah eray: *{{xt|He rose to address the meeting: "(Ahem)&nbsp;... Ladies and gentlemen, welcome!"}} *{{xt|Only the royal characters in the play ([Prince] Hamlet and his family) habitually speak in blank verse.}} *{{xt|We journeyed on the Inter[continental].}} *{{xt|Most people are right-handed. (Some people are left-handed, but that does not make right-handed people "better" than left-handed people.)}} Waa inuu jiro space ka dambeeya bracket-ka xiritaanka, marka laga reebo halka punctuation mark uu raaco (inkastoo spaced dash uu sii wadi doono space ka dambeeya bracket-ka xiritaanka) iyo xaaladaha aan caadiga ahayn ee la midka ah kuwa lagu tirtiray bracket-ka starts-garoogaya. Ka fogao kooxaha dhow ee brackets-ka. Mid ka mid ah u lag foomamka parenthetical-ka ah ku dhex jirta hal koox oo lagu kala saaray semicolons, ama dib-u-qor: *{{em|Ka fogao}}: {{!xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919) (also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader.}} *{{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: {{xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919; also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader.}} *{{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: {{xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader. He was also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv.}} Square brackets waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loogu muujiyo beddelka tifaftirka iyo dhex-gelinta ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka, inkastoo kani waligeed ma aha inuu beddelo macnaha loo intended-gareeyay. Waxay u adeegaan saddex sababood oo waaweyn: *Si loo caddayo: {{xt|She attended [secondary] school}}, halka kani uu ahaa macnaha loo intended-gareeyay, laakiin nooca school-ka uusan ahayn mid lagu dhiibay jumlada asalka ah. *Si loo yareeyo dheerka xigashoda: {{xt|X contains Y, and under certain circumstances, X may contain Z as well}} waxaa loo yareeyn karaa {{xt|X contains Y [and sometimes Z]}}. Marka ellipsis ({{xt|...}}) loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo maaddada ka baxday xigashoda tooska ah, caadi ahaan ma aha in lagu duubo bracket. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Ellipses}} si aad u ogaato xaaladda gaarka ah.)}} *Si loo sameyo grammar-ka inuu shaqeeyo: Tixraacaya foomka dadka {{xt|"I hate to do laundry"}}, ein wuxuu sax ah ugu qori karaa {{xt|She "hate[s] to do laundry"}}. Haddii jumlad ay ku dhex jirta maaddo subsidiary ah oo lagu duubay square ama round brackets, waa in ay sii wadato terminal punctuation {{em|ka dambaysa}} brackets-kaas, iyadoo aan loo eegin punctuation kasta oo ku dhex jira brackets-ka. {{Block indent|{{xt|She refused all requests (except for basics such as food, medicine, etc.).}}}} Laakiin, haddii jumlada dhan ay ku dhex jirta brackets-ka, punctuation-ka xiritaanka wuxuu ku dhex jiraa brackets-ka. {{xt|(This sentence is an example.)}} ====Brackets iyo isqu xirka==== Square brackets ku dhex jira isqu xirka waa inay noqdaan kuwo [[Escape character|escaped]] ah: {| class="wikitable" | He said, "<code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[[John Doe|John &amp;#91;Doe&amp;#93;]]</nowiki>}}</code> answered." || He said, "[[John Doe|John &#91;Doe&#93;]] answered." |- | He said, "<code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[[John Doe|John {{bracket|Doe}}]]</nowiki>}}</code> answered." || He said, "[[John Doe|John {{bracket|Doe}}]] answered." |- | <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[https://example.com On the first day &amp;#91;etc.&amp;#93;]</nowiki>}}</code> || [https://example.com On the first day &#91;etc.&#93;] |- | <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[https://example.com On the first day {{bracket|etc.}}]</nowiki>}}</code> || [https://example.com On the first day {{bracket|etc.}}] |} Markup-ka {{xtag|nowiki}} sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaali karaa: {{tag|nowiki|content=[Doe]}} ama {{tag|nowiki|content=[etc.]}}. Haddii URL laikiisu uu ku dhex jiro square brackets, wikitext-ku waa inuu isticmaalo foomka [[URL encoding|URL-encoded]] ah <code><nowiki>https://</nowiki>example.com/foo.php?query={{bxt|%5B}}xxx{{bxt|%5D}}yyy</code>, halkii&nbsp;...<code>query={{!bxt|&#91;}}xxx{{!bxt|&#93;}}yyy</code>. Kani wuxuu ka fogaan doonaa baabi'inta isqu xirka ka dambaysa <code>xxx</code>. ====Angle brackets==== :''Ee guillemets («&nbsp;»), eeg {{section link|#Quotation characters}}'' Angle brackets (⟨&nbsp;⟩) waxaa loo isticmaalaa mawduucyada tignoolajiyada ee kala duwan, sida physics-ka ee [[bra–ket notation]] iyo [[Expectation value (quantum mechanics)|expectation value]] (t.s. {{xt|⟨''φ''{{!}}''ψ''⟩}}), mathematics-ka ee [[presentation of a group]], iyo linguistics-ka si loogu muujiyo [[grapheme]]s (t.s. {{xt|the digraph ⟨sh⟩}}). Ha isticmaalin less-than iyo greater-than signs (<&nbsp;>) sida angle brackets (t.s. {{!xt|<''φ''{{!}}''ψ''>}}, {{!xt|the digraph <sh>}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipses"></span><span class="anchor" id="..."></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis style"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis function and implementation"></span>Ellipses=== {{Shortcut|MOS:...|MOS:ELLIPSIS|}} Isticmaal ''[[ellipsis]]'' haddii maaddadu ay ka baxday xigashoda, ilaa square brackets loo isticmaalo si loo [[Gloss (annotation)|gloss]] xigashoda. *Ee prose iyo non-LaTeX mathematics formulae, ellipses waxaa lagu qoraa iyadoo la isticmaalayo saddex unspaced dots ({{xt|<code>...</code>}}); ha isticmaalin xarafka precomposed ellipsis-ka ah ({{!xt|<code>…</code>}})<!-- Possibly we should explain the precomposed character in terms of its code point or something --> ama saddex dots oo lagu kala saaray spaces {{nobr|({{!xt|<code>. . .</code>}})}} *Caadi ahaan, isticmaal non-breaking space ka hor ellipsis iyo space caadi ah ka dambaystiisa: {{nobr|{{xt|Alpha, Bravo,{{tl|nbsp}}... Zulu}}}} *Haddii ellipsis uu raaco <code>.&nbsp;?&nbsp;!&nbsp;:&nbsp;;&nbsp;,&nbsp;)&nbsp;]&nbsp;}</code> ama calaamad xigmadda oo xiritaanka ah (single ama double), ka tag space-ka ka dambaysa. U lag terminal punctuation ku dhex jira quote-ka kaliya haddii uu yahay mid muhiim ah qoraalka, sida caadi ahaan ah xaaladda exclamation marks iyo question marks laakiin dhifka ah periods: *: {{xt|Jones wrote: "These stories amaze me. The facts suffer so frightfully{{tlf|nbsp}}...".}} *: {{xt|"But what of the other cities? London, Paris{{tlf|nbsp}}...?"}} * Haddii ellipsis uu toos u raaco calaamad xigmadda oo starts-garoogaysa, kaliya isticmaal non-breaking space ka dambaystiisa: *: {{xt|He continued to pursue Smith ("...{{tlf|nbsp}}to the ends of the earth", he had sworn) until his own death.}} *{{Visible anchor|text=Si loo kala saaro ellipsis oo muujinaya qoraalka ka baxay iyo mid ka mid ah quote-ka, waxaad ku duubi kartaa kan kowaad square brackets: {{xt|She retorted: "How do I feel? How do you {{em|think}} I&nbsp;... This is too much!&nbsp;[...] Take me home!"}}|With square brackets}} *{{Visible anchor|text=Marka ellipsis loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo pause ama suspense ee speech-ka, sii wad punctuation-ka asalka ah: {{xt|Virginia's startled reply was "Could he&nbsp;...? No, I can't believe it!"}}. Marka loo isticmaalo ku dhex jira eray aan dhammaystirnayn, ma jiro space loo isticmaalo dhexda erayga qaybtiisa iyo ellipsis-ka: {{xt|The garbled transmission ended with "We are stranded near San L...o", interpreted as either San Leandro or San Lorenzo.}}|Pause or suspension of speech}} *In LaTeX-formatted mathematics formulae, isticmaal LaTeX markup-ka saxda ah ee lowered dots (<code>\dots</code>, <math>\dots</math>) ama xarfaha precomposed-ka ah oo leeh dots meelaha kale (sida centered ama diagonal, ⋯, ⋰, ama ⋱) ===<span class="anchor" id="fewer commas"></span>Commas=== {{Shortcut|MOS:,|MOS:COMMA}} Pair ka mid ah [[comma]]s wuxuu bracket-garayn karaa [[appositive]], [[relative clause]], ama [[parenthetical phrase]] (sida brackets ama dashes, inkastoo leh interruption dheeraad ah ee jumlada). Tusaale ahaan: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|John Smith, Janet Cooper's son, is a well-known playwright.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Janet Cooper's son John Smith is a well-known playwright.}} (marka Janet ay leedahay sons badan) {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Janet Cooper's son, John Smith, is a well-known playwright.}} (marka Janet ay leedahay kaliya hal son) {{!}}} }} Mar walba isticmaal {{em|pair}} ka mid ah commas ee tan, ilaa punctuation mark kale uu qaado meesha comma-ka labaad: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Blunt comments came from the newest member, John Smith.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|The newest member, John Smith{{snd}}a retired teacher{{snd}}was blunt.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|The newest member, John Smith was blunt.}}<!-- There's actually a way to parse this such that it would be acceptable in some styles, but WP articles don't use such styles. --> {{!}}} }} Ha u ilayn punctuation-ka kale inuu kaaga baabi'iyo u baahnaanta comma, gaar ahaan marka comma uu collided-garayyo bracket ama parenthesis: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Burke and Wills, fed by locals (on beans, fish, and ''ngardu''), survived for a few months.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Burke and Wills, fed by locals (on beans, fish, and ''ngardu'') survived for a few months.}} {{!}}} }} {{Shortcut|MOS:GEOCOMMA}} {{vanchor|Geographical references|text=In geographical references oo ku dhex jiraan heerarka badan ee subordinate divisions (t.s. city, state/province, country), comma wuxuu kala saaraa element kasta wuxuuna raacaa element-ka ugu dambeeya ilaa uu raaco terminal punctuation ama parenthesis-ka xiritaanka. Element-ka ugu dambeeya waxaa loo treats-garaysay sida [[Wikipedia:Basic copyediting#Parenthetical comma|parenthetical]].}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|He traveled through North Carolina before staying in Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the night.}}<!-- About a 10-hour drive if he started in Virginia Beach and passed through Winston-Salem. --> {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|He traveled through North Carolina before staying in Chattanooga, Tennessee for the night.}} {{!}}} }} Sidoo kale ku dar commas marka geographical element-ka loo isticmaalo sida disambiguator: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Hantratty received a PhD from the University of California, Irvine, in 1977.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Hantratty received a PhD from the University of California, Irvine in 1977.}} {{!}}} }} Ku dar comma labaad sidoo kale marka dhismaha leh comma [[Grammatical modifier|modifies-garayyo]] noun ama compound noun: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Keith Wilson won the 2024 Portland, Oregon, mayoral election.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Keith Wilson won the 2024 Portland, Oregon mayoral election.}} {{!}}} }} {{shortcut|MOS:DATECOMMA}} {{vanchor|Date commas|text=[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Dates, months, and years|Dates]] ku dhex jira month–day–year format waxay u baahan yihiin comma ka dambaysa day-ka, iyo sidoo kale ka dambaysa year-ka, ilaa ay raacdo punctuation kale. Element-ka ugu dambeeya waxaa loo treats-garaysay sida [[Wikipedia:Basic copyediting#Parenthetical comma|parenthetical]].}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|He set October 1, 2011, as the deadline for Patterson to meet his demands.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|He set October 1, 2011 as the deadline for Patterson to meet his demands.}} {{!}}} }} {{shortcut|MOS:QUOTECOMMA}} {{vanchor|Quotation commas|text= U lag calaamadaha xigmadda iyadoo la raacayo {{Section link||Punctuation inside or outside}}. Kani waxaa loo intended-gareeyay "logical quotation".}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Sax:}} {{!}} {{xt|She said, "The weather changes too often", and made other complaints.}} {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}} {{!xt|She said, "The weather changes too often," and made other complaints.}} {{!}}} }} Comma waxaa lagu dhex jiri karaa ka hor xigasho oo lagu ammaan goyay jumlad {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}})}}. ====<span class="anchor" id="Serial comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Oxford comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Oxford commas"></span><span class="anchor" id="Harvard comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Harvard commas"></span>Serial commas==== {{Shortcut|MOS:SERIAL|MOS:OXFORD||}} {{Redirect|MOS:OXFORD|Oxford spelling|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling#British English with "-ize" (Oxford spelling)}} A [[serial comma]] (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay ''Oxford comma'' ama ''Harvard comma'') waa comma loo isticmaalo toos ka hor conjunction (''and'', ''or'', ''nor'') ku dhex jirta liiska saddex ama ka badan items. {{Block indent|{{xt|ham, chips, and eggs}}{{spnd}}serial comma}} {{Block indent|{{xt|ham, chips and eggs}}{{spnd}}aan lahayn serial comma}} Tifaftireyaasha waxay isticmaali karaan mid ka mid ah heshiiska ilaa maqaal kasta uu yahay joogto ah ku dhex jirta. Serial commas waxay ka taageeraan badan marka qoraalka maqaalku uu yahay dhibco leh, sida liiska oo leh multi-word items (gaar ahaan haddii mid uu ku dhex jiro laikiis "''and''{{-"}}) ama nooc ka mid ah terms aan la dhasheyn oo laga yaabo. Laakiin, waxaa jira xaalado halka ka-tagista ama ku-darida serial comma ay keento is-dhaafsi: {{Block indent|{{!xt|The author thanked her friends, Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley}}{{spnd}}oo tirtiri kara mid ka mid ah afar ama ka badan dad ah (friends-ka iyo labada dad ee la magacaabay) ama laba dad ah (O'Connor iyo Marley, oo ah friends-ka).}} {{Block indent|{{!xt|The author thanked a friend, Sinéad O'Connor, and Bob Marley}}{{spnd}}oo tirtiri kara mid ka mid ah laba dad ah (O'Connor, oo ah friend-ka, iyo Marley) ama saddex dad ah (kan kowaad oo ah friend-ka, kan labaad O'Connor, iyo kan saddexaad Marley).}} Xaaladahaas is-dhaafsiga ah, cadday mid ka mid ah afar foom: *Ku dar ama baabi'i serial comma-ka. *Isticmaal jumlado gaar ah, bullet lists, ama beddelka dhismaha kale si loo caddayo. *Recast-garee jumlada ("friends" xaaladda): **Si loo tirtiro laba dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked her friends Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley.}} ***Caddayn badan: {{xt|The author thanked two friends: Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley.}} **Si loo tirtiro dad badan: **: {{xt|The author thanked Sinéad O'Connor, Bob Marley and her friends}} ama **: {{xt|The author thanked Sinéad O'Connor, Bob Marley, and her friends}}. ***Laakiin ma aha: {{!xt|The author thanked Bob Marley, Sinéad O'Connor[,] and her friends}}{{spnd}}soo bandhigaa is-dhaafsi ku saabsan ''her''. *Recast-garee jumlada ("friend" xaaladda): **Si loo tirtiro laba dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked Bob Marley and her friend Sinéad O'Connor.}} ***Ama noqo mid gaar ah marka ay suurtogal tahay: {{xt|The author thanked her childhood friend Sinéad O'Connor and her mentor, Bob Marley.}} **Si loo tirtiro saddex dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked Bob Marley, Sinéad O'Connor, and a friend.}} ***Caddaynta leh gender-specific terms sida ''mother'' waxay noqon kartaa dhibco leh; {{!xt|The author thanked her mother, Kim Thayil, and Sinéad O'Connor}} ma aha caddayn sababtoo ah akhristayaasha ma ogaankaraan [[Kim Thayil]] in uu yahay male oo ma noqon doono dadka oo kale sida mother-ka. ***Caddayn badan: {{xt|The author thanked Kim Thayil, Sinéad O'Connor, and her own mother}} ama {{xt|The author thanked her mother and musicians Kim Thayil and Sinéad O'Connor}}. ===Colons=== {{Shortcut|MOS:COLON}} {{For|the wikitext link formatting|Help:Colon trick}} A [[Colon (punctuation)|colon]] ({{xt|:}}) wuxuu soo bandhigaa wax muujinaya, sharraxaya, ama modifies-garaynaya waxa soo maray, ama ah liiska items oo dhowaan la soo bandhigay. Items-ka ku dhex jira liiskaas waxaa lagu kala saari karaa commas, ama haddii ay yihiin kuwo dhibco badan leh oo laga yaabo in ay laikiisu ku dhex jiraan commas, items-ka waa in lagu kala saaro semicolons ama lagu aaggaado bulleted list. {{Block indent|{{xt|We visited several tourist attractions: the Leaning Tower of Pisa, which I thought could fall at any moment; the Bridge of Sighs; the supposed birthplace of Petrarch, or at least the first known house in which he lived; and so many more.}}}} Colon waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa si loo soo bandhigo [[Quotation marks in English#Quotations and speech|direct speech]] oo lagu duubay calaamadaha xigmadda. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}}.)}} Marka colon loo isticmaalo sida separator ku dhex jira mawduuca maqaalka, madaxa qaybta, ama item liiska ah, tifaftireyaasha waxay dooran karaan in ay xaraf weyn ugu qoraan waxa raaca, iyadoo loo tixgelinayo [[#Retaining existing styles|isticmaalka jira]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Article titles#Consistency|joogteynta leh maqaallada la xiriira]]. Marka laga reebo isticmaalka tignoolajiyada ({{xt|a 3:1 ratio}}), ma jiro jumlad waa in ay ku dhex jirtay colons badan, ma jiro space waa in uu ka horreeyo colon, iyo space (laakiin waligeed ma aha hyphen ama dash) waa in uu raaco colon-ka. ===Semicolons=== {{Shortcut|MOS:;|MOS:SEMICOLON|}} {{for|usage in marking up description (definition) lists|Help:List#Description lists}} A [[semicolon]] ({{xt|;}}) marna waa alternative ee full stop (period), iyadoo u sahlaysa maaddada la xiriirta in lagu dhowro jumlada oo kale; waxay muujisaa kala saarisa la go'aamiyay ee jumlada marka loo eego comma. Haddii semicolon-ku uu kala saaro clauses, caadi ahaan clause kasta waa in uu noqdo mid gaar ah (macneheedu waa in uu taaggaanshaan karo laikiisu sida jumlad). Xaaladaha badankooda, kaliya comma ama kaliya semicolon wuxuu noqon doonaa sax ku dhex jira jumlad gaar ah. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Sax:}} | {{xt|Though he had been here before, I did not recognize him.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} | {{!xt|Though he had been here before; I did not recognize him.}} |} Sare, "Though he had been here before" ma taaggaanshaan karo laikiisu sida jumlad, oo sidaas darteed ma aha independent clause. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Sax:}} | {{xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit; bananas are classified as alkaline.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} | {{!xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit, bananas are classified as alkaline.}} |} Isticmaalkan aan saxda ahayn ee comma ee dhexda laba independent clauses waxaa loo intended-gareeyay [[comma splice]]; laakiin, xaaladaha qaarkood, comma waxaa loo isticmaali karaa halka semicolon wuxuu oki lahaa in loo baahan yahay: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | {{em|La accepts-garaysay}}: || {{xt|"Life is short, art is long."}} (laba clauses oo gaaban ku dhex jira [[aphorism]]; eeg ''[[Ars longa, vita brevis]]'') |- | {{em|La accepts-garaysay}}: || {{xt|"I have studied it, you have not."}} (soo sheegida wada-hadal gaaban, sida jawaabtan ee [[Isaac Newton|Newton]]) |} Jumlad waxay ku dhex jiri kartaa semicolons badan, gaar ahaan marka clauses-ku ay yihiin kuwo parallel ee dhismaha iyo macnaha; semicolons badan oo aan la xiriirin caadi ahaan waa calaamado ah in jumlada loo kala saaro jumlado gaaban ama foom kale loo dib-u-qoro. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Unwieldy}}: | {{!xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit; bananas are classified as alkaline; pears are close to neutral; these distinctions are rarely discussed.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: | {{xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit, bananas are alkaline, and pears are close to neutral; these distinctions are rarely discussed.}} |} Semicolons waxaa loo isticmaalaa ku-darida commas si loo kala saaro items ku dhex jira liiska, marka commas laikiisu ay keeni karaan jahwareer. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Jahwareer:}} | {{!xt|Sales offices are located in Boston, Massachusetts, San Francisco, California, Singapore, and Millbank, London, England.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Caddayn:}} | {{xt|Sales offices are located in Boston, Massachusetts; San Francisco, California; Singapore; and Millbank, London, England.}} |} ====Semicolon ka hor "however"==== {{Shortcut|MOS:HOWEVER}} {{Redirect|MOS:HOWEVER|its usage in editorialization|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Editorializing}} Macnaha jumlad ay ku dhex jirta trailing clause oo ku starts-garoogaysa erayga ''however'' wuxuu ku xiran yahay punctuation-ka ka horreeya eraygaas. Makhaadhaa caadi ah waa isticmaalka punctuation-ka aan saxda ahayn, iyadoo beddelaysa macnaha mid aan loo intended-gareeyn. Marka erayga ''however'' uu yahay adverb macneheedu yahay "nevertheless", waa in uu ka horreeyo semicolon oo uu raaco comma. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people; however, they tried.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people; nevertheless, they tried.}} |} Marka erayga ''however'' uu yahay conjunction macneheedu yahay "in whatever manner", ama "regardless of how", wuxuu ka horreyn karaa comma laakiin ma aha semicolon, oo waa inuusan raacin punctuation. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people, however they tried.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people, regardless of how they tried.}} |} Xaaladda kowaad, clause-ka oo ku starts-garoogaya "however" ma loo beddeli karo clause-ka kowaad; xaaladda labaad kani waxaa lagu sameyn karaa aan lahayn beddelka macnaha: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|However they tried, it was obvious they could not convert these people.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|Regardless of how they tried, it was obvious they could not convert these people.}} |} Haddii labada clauses aan loo beddeli karin, semicolon waxaa loo baahan yahay. Jumlad ama clause waxay sidoo kale ku dhex jiri kartaa erayga ''however'' dhexda, haddii uu yahay adverb macneheedu yahay "although" oo lagu lagi karay bilowga laakiin aan ku starts-garoogayn clause cusub dhexda jumlada. Isticmaalkan, erayga waxaa lagu duubi karaa dhexda commas. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|He did not know, however, that the venue had been changed at the last minute.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|However, he did not know that the venue had been changed at the last minute.}} |} ===Hyphens=== {{Shortcut|MOS:-|MOS:HYPHEN}} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Globe Toters-A Birla Preschool,Indore (cropped).jpg | image2 = Peuters_in_het_tehuis_zitten_met_zijn_allen_op_de_po,_Bestanddeelnr_252-0385.jpg | image3 = Graduates 2014 IMG 2779 (14083168633).jpg | caption1 = Four-year-old children | caption2 = Four year-old children | caption3 = Four-year old children }} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Haring 03.jpg | image2 = Great white Dyer island 2010-07.jpg | caption1 = A man {{nobr|eating fish}} | caption2 = A man-eating fish }} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Catalina_Island_Rescue_DVIDS1091019.jpg | image2 = Kintín al ataque (5189220934).jpg | caption1 = Officials help {{nobr|dog-bite victim}}. | caption2 = Officials help {{nobr|dog bite victim}}. }} [[File:Carry-On Aircraft.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|A sign {{shy|exhibiting over-eager hy|phen|a|tion}}: the second hyphen is fine, but the first is spurious.]] [[Hyphen]]s ({{xt|-}}) waxay muujiyaan conjunction. Waxaa jira saddex isticmaalka waaweyn: # In hyphenated magacyada dadka ({{xt|John Lennard-Jones}}, {{xt|Omar al-Bashir}}). # Si loogu isku xiro [[prefixes]] iyo [[suffixes]] oo leh terms-kooda waaweyn dhismaha qaarkood, [[#En dash across open compounds|ilbaa compounds-ka laikiisu ay ku dhex jiraan space ama hyphen]]: {{xt|quasi-scientific}}, {{xt|ultra-nationalistic}}, {{xt|London-based}}, {{xt|community-led}}. #*Hyphen waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loo kala saaro dhexda [[homograph]]s ({{xt|[[wikt:re-sign|re-sign]]}} macneheedu waa ''sign again'', laakiin {{xt|[[wikt:resign|resign]]}} macneheedu waa ''relinquish ownership'' ama ''leave a job''). #*Waxaa jira trend caddaynaya oo lagu ammaan goyo labada elements dhammaan noocyada English-ka ({{xt|subsection}}, {{xt|nonlinear}}). Hyphenation-ku wuxuu caddayaa marka xarfaha la keenay contact ay yihiin kuwo oo kale ({{xt|non-negotiable}}, {{xt|sub-basement}}) ama ay yihiin vowels ({{xt|pre-industrial}}), ama halka eray uu yahay mid aan caadi ahayn ({{xt|co-proposed}}, {{xt|re-target}}) ama laga yaabo in loo akhrriyo si aan sax ahayn ({{xt|sub-era}}, ma aha {{!xt|subera}}). Erayada qaarkood oo noocan ah si oo kale waa kuwo caadi ah aan lahayn hyphen-ka (t.s., {{xt|cooperation}} waxaa si joogto ah loo dhasheeyay ka badan {{xtg|co-operation}} ee English-ka cusub). Ka dhiiri erayada beddelaya macnahooda aan lahayn hyphen-ka, t.s. {{xt|re-creation}} (create again) iyo {{xt|recreation}} (amusement).{{efn|name=recent}} # {{va|Hyphens in compound modifiers|text=Si loogu isku xiro terms-ka la xiriira ee ku dhex jira [[compound modifier]]s}}:{{Efn|1=Gaar ahaan compound [[attributive adjective|attributives]], oo ah modifiers ee noun oo ka muuqda ku dhex jira [[noun phrase]]. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link|English compound#Hyphenated compound modifiers}}.)}}}} #*Hyphens waxay taageeri karaan fududaynta akhrrinta (waa inay noqdaan kuwo {{xt|ease-of-reading}} taageera) oo waxay gaar ahaan u wanaagsan yihiin noun phrases-ka dheer: {{xt|gas-phase reaction dynamics}}. Laakiin waligeed ha dhex gelin hyphen magac sax ah ({{xt|Middle Eastern cuisine}}, ma aha {{!xt|Middle-Eastern cuisine}}). #*Hyphen wuxuu taageeri karaa disambiguator-ka (qaarkood {{xt|short-story writers}} waa kuwo dheer; {{xt|a government-monitoring program}} waa program oo monitor-garaynaya xukuumadda, inta {{xt|a government monitoring program}} uu yahay program xukuumadda oo monitor-garaynaya). #*Compounds oo ah hyphenated marka loo isticmaalo {{em|[[Attributive adjective|attributively]]}} (adjectives ka hor nouns-ka ay qualified-garaynayaan: {{xt|a light-blue handbag}}, {{xt|a 34-year-old woman}}) ama {{em|[[substantive]]ly}} (sida noun: {{xt|she is a 34-year-old}}) caadi ahaan ma aha hyphenated marka loo isticmaalo {{em|[[Predicative expression|predicatively]]}} (foomka sharraxaadda leh oo lagu kala saaray noun-ka: {{xt|the handbag was light blue}}, {{xt|the woman is 34 years old}}). Halka uu ka jiri lahaa baabi'inta caddaynta laakiis, hyphen waxaa loo isticmaali karaa foomka predicative-ka ah sidoo kale ({{xt|hand-fed turkeys}}, {{xt|the turkeys were hand-fed}}). Attributive hyphenation-ka dhibco leh marna waxaa looga fogaan karaa dib-u-qorid fudud: {{xt|Hawaiian-native species}} → {{xt|native Hawaiian species}}. #*Ka fogao isticmaalka hyphen ka dambaysa heerka ''{{nowrap|-ly}}'' adverb ({{xt|a newly available home}}, {{xt|a wholly owned subsidiary}}) ilaa ay tahay qayb ka mid ah compound dheeraad ah ({{xt|a slowly-but-surely strategy}}). Xaaladaha dhifka ah, hyphen wuxuu ka wanaajin karaa caddaynta haddii alternative-ka dib loo qoray uu yahay dhibco leh, laakiin dib-u-qoriddu caadi ahaan waa ka wanaagsan tahay: {{!xt|The idea was clearly stated enough}} waxaa lagu disambiguator-gareyn karaa sida {{xt|The idea clearly was stated often enough}} ama {{xt|The idea was ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} 6cavqrhvxfr8i1pycp1sar9s3jhuh1t 310803 310802 2026-10-24T10:35:37Z Isma4l 41797 310803 wikitext text/x-wiki {{MoS guideline|WP:MOS<!-- DO NOT add more shortcuts. None are as short and popular as this one. -->}} '''Haddaha Qaabka''' ('''MoS''' ama '''MOS''') waa [[haddaha qaabka]] ee dhammaan [[Wikipedia:Waa maxay maqaal?|maqaallada]] [[Wikipedia:Soomaali|Wikipedia-ha Soomaaliga]].{{efn|Isku xirka [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility|waxyaabaha la xiriira oo la heli karo]] waxay ku dabaqmaan dhammaan mashruuca, oo ma aha oo kaliya maqaallada.}} Boggan koowaad waxaa taageera [[:Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style|boggag yar oo xeel-dheer]], oo halkan la isku gudbin karo oo lagu tirtiray [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents]]. Haddii ay ka dhalato is-diido, boggani wuxuu leeyahay ka-horreyn.{{efn|name="CONLEVEL"|Kani waa arrin siyaasadeed oo ku saabsan {{section link|Wikipedia:Consensus|Level of consensus}}: "Is-afgaradka ka dhex jira koox xaddidan oo tifaftireyaal ah, hal meel iyo hal maalin, ma baabi'in karo [[Wikipedia:Community consensus|is-afgaradka samaynta]] ee baaxadda weyn. Tusaale ahaan, ilaa ay ka dhaadhiciyaan bulshada balaadhan in aysan sax ahayn, kaqeybgalayaasha WikiProject ma go'aamin karaan in siyaasada ama hagaha Wikipedia uusan ku dabaqmin maqaallada ku dhex jira baaxadeeda." Iyo: "Wikipedia waxay leedahay heer sare oo kaqeybgal iyo is-afgarad ee beddelka siyaasadaha iyo hagayaasha marka loo eego noocyada kale ee boggaga." Boggaga ka hooseeya waxaa ku jira [[:Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style|boggaga MoS-ka ee xeel-dheeraanta]], [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Guide#Advice pages|qoraallada qaabka]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style|Haddaha Qaabka ee Fudud]].}} {{vanchor|Clarity|text=Tifaftireyaal waa inay u qoraan maqaallada iyagoo isticmaalaya luqad toos ah, gaaban, oo fudud in la fahmo. Tifaftireyaal waa inay u dhisaan maqaallada qaabeyn joogto ah oo u sahlanaata akhristaha.}} {{va|Stability|text=Haddii ka badan hal qaab ama foom lagu aamini karo MoS-ka, mid waa in loo isticmaalo madal kasta oo ku dhex jirta maqaalka oo [[#Retaining existing styles|aan la beddelin]] sabab wanaagsan la'aanteed. [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|Tifaftirka dagaalka]] ee ku saabsan doorashooyinka qaabka ma aha mid la accepts karo.{{efn|name="ew"|Arrrimahaani waxaa lagu xalliyay go'aannada [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|Guddiga Garsoorka]] ee [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk#Optional styles|2005]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan#Preferred styles|2006]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Date delinking#Optional styles|2009]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Infoboxes#Use of infoboxes|2015]].}} Qoraal cusub oo lagu daro boggan waa inuu toos u xalliyo arrin qaab oo si joogto ah u soo noqnoqota.}} {{TOC limit|3}} ==Dhonsashada qaababka jira== {{Shortcut|MOS:VAR|MOS:STYLEVAR|MOS:STYLERET}} {{Redirect|MOS:VAR|retention of an article's established national English variety|#National varieties of English|a list of more specific related rules|WP:VARS}} Marna, MOS-ku wuxuu bixiyaa ka badan hal qaab oo la accepts karo ama ma bixiyo hagal gaar ah. Marka ka badan hal qaab la accepts karo, al-fajar ma aha mid habboon in tifaftiraha Wikipedia uu ka beddelo hal qaab oo uu u beddelo mid kale ilaa ay jirto sabab muhiim ah oo beddelka ah.{{efn|name="ArbCom"|Astaanta bilowga ee qoraalkan, eeg go'aannada [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|ArbCom]] ee [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk#Principles|Juun 2005]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/jguk 2#Principles|Nofembar 2005]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan#Principles|2006]].}} [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|Tifaftirka dagaalka]] ee ku saabsan qaabka,{{efn|name="ew"}} ama u adeegsiga qaab dookh ah si [[Wikipedia:Bot policy#Assisted editing guidelines|bot-oo kale ah]] is-afgarad ka hor la'aantiis,{{efn|name="bot-like"|Eeg [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Magioladitis 2#High-speed editing|Go'aanka ArbCom ee 2017]], iyo {{section link|Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser#Rules of use}}; tifaftirka bot-ka oo kale ah oo sii socda inkastoo ay jiraan diidmo ama oo keena makhaadhaa wuxuu keeni karaa [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|xannibaad]] iyo baabi'inta xuquuqaha ku saabsan qalabka semi-automated-ka ah.}} waa [[Wikipedia:Disruptive editing|dhibco ka dhan ah]] oo waligeed ma aha mid la accepts karo. Beddelka aan la xaqijin ee kaaga taagan hal qaab oo la accepts karo, [[#Consistency within articles|oo si joogto ah loo adeegsaday]] ee ku dhex jira maqaal oo loo beddelo qaab kale waa la [[Wikipedia:Reverting|celin karaa]]. Doono [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Opportunities for commonality|fursadaha wadaagga]] si looga fogaado murannada qaabka. Haddii aad rammayso in qaab kale uu ka habboon yahay maqaal gaar ah, doono [[Wikipedia:Consensus|is-afgarad]] iyadoo ku saabsan tan lagula discuss-garaynayo bogga wada-hadalka maqaalka ama{{snd}}haddii ay keento arrin guud ama ku saabsan MoS-ka lakiisa{{snd}}at [[Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style]]. Haddii wada-hadalku uusan keenin is-afgarad beddelka ah, sii wad isticmaalka qaabka horey loo dhisay ee maqaalka. Haddii wada-hadalku uu ku guuldareysto inuu gaaro wax is-afgarad ah oo ku saabsan midka laba ama ka badan qaab oo tartamaya oo la isticmaalayo, markaas dib u noqo qaabkii loo isticmaalay nooca ugu horreeyay ee ka dambeeya [[Wikipedia:Stub|qabyada]] maqaalka oo uu ka muuqday mid ka mid ah qaababka ku dabaqmaya. (Mawqifkan dib-u-noqoshada ah ma siiyo [[WP:UNCHALLENGED|darajo aan la tartami karin]] qaabkaas gaarka ah inta lagu jiro wada-hadalka is-afgaradka, mana siiyo tifaftiraha soo impose-garaysay qaabkaas ugu horreeyay [[Wikipedia:Ownership of content|wax ka badan]] wada-hadalka.) ==<span class="anchor" id="Article titles, headings, and sections"></span>Mawduucyada maqaalka, qaybaha, iyo madaxda== {{Shortcut|MOS:AT}} ===Mawduucyada maqaalka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Article titles}} {{for|titles which coincide with a work's title|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles of works}} Mawduucu waa inuu noqdo magac la aqoonsan karo ama sifaynta mawduuca, [[Wikipedia:Common sense|isagoo maareynaya]] shuruudaha ah inuu yahay mid asalka ah, si ku filan oo sax ah, gaaban, oo joogto ah oo la mid ah maqaallada la xiriira. Hagaha qaabaynta eeg qaybta {{section link|Wikipedia:Article titles|Article title format}}, isagoo xusaya kuwa soo socda: *U qor herga labaad ee xarafka ugu horreeya (marka laga reebo xaaladaha dhifka ah, sida {{xt|eBay}}), laakiin haddii kale raac [[sentence case]]{{efn|name=Sentence case|1=Wikipedia waxay u isticmaashaa [[sentence case]] jumlado, [[Wikipedia:Article titles|mawduucyada maqaalka]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout|mawduucyada qaybaha]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables|madaxda taarikada]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images|qoraallada sawirka]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists|qoraallada liiska]] (xaaladaha badankooda), iyo qoraallada ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Infobox|infoboxes]] iyo moodallada la midka ah, iyo waxyaabo kale. Wax kasta oo MoS ah oo ku saabsan bilowga jumlad waxay ku dabaqmaan waxyaabaha isticmaalaya sentence case.<!-- Please keep this footnote synced with the version at the MOS:CAPS page. -->}} ({{xt|Funding of UNESCO projects}}), ma aha title case ({{!xt|Funding of UNESCO Projects}}), marka laga reebo halka title case loo isticmaali lahaa qoraalka caadiga ah. Eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (capitalization)]]. *Si aad u qorto farta italic-ka ah, ku dar {{tlx|italic title}} meel dhow sare ee maqaalka. Si aad farta italic-ka ah ugu qorto kaliya qayb ka mid ah mawduuca, ku dar xadka <code>|string=</code> ee qoraalka gaarka ah ee lagu qorayo farta italic-ka ah. Isticmaalka farta italic-ka ah waa inuu u dhigmaa {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting|Italic type}}. *Ha isticmaalin [[Article (grammar)|maqaallada]] (''a'', ''an'', ama ''the'') sida xarafka ugu horreeya ({{xt|Economy of the Second Empire}}, ma aha {{!xt|The economy of the Second Empire}}), ilaa ay tahay qayb aan la kala saari karin oo magaca ka mid ah ({{xt|The Hague}}) ama mawduuca shaqa (''{{xt|A Clockwork Orange}}'', ''{{xt|The Simpsons}}''). *Caadi ahaan isticmaal [[noun]]s ama [[noun phrase]]s: {{xt|Early life}}, ma aha {{!xt|In early life}}.{{Efn|1=Erayada sida {{xt|In early life}} waa kuwo la accepts karo (inkastoo aan loo baahnayn) sida madaxda qaybaha. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa si joogto ah sida qayb ka mid ah mawduucyada maqaalka oo dheeraad ah sida [[Piracy in the Caribbean|{{xt|Piracy in the Caribbean}}]], indhaheeda marka dhismaha gaaban ({{xtn|Caribbean piracy}}) uu leeyahay arrimo is-dhaafsi ah.}} *Xarafka ugu dambeeya waa inuusan noqon calaamad ilaahiyad ilaa uu yahay qayb aan la kala saari karin oo magaca ka mid ah ({{xt|[[Saint-Louis-du-Ha! Ha!]]}}, {{xt|''[[Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?]]''}}) ama gaabinta ({{xt|[[Inverness City F.C.]]}}), ama marka xiritaanka bracket-ka wareegga ama calaamadda xigmadda loo baahan yahay ({{xt|[[John Palmer (1814 schooner)|''John Palmer'' (1814 schooner)]]}}). *Markasta oo calaamadaha xigmadda ama noocyada apostrophe-ka oo kale ay ka muuqdaan ({{xt|[[Geʽez]]}}), ku dar [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirection]] mawduuc caddaynaya oo isticmaalaya apostrophes ({{xt|[[Ge'ez]]}}).{{efn|name=curlyq|1=Calaamadaha xigmadda tooska ah iyo apostrophes waa kuwo fudud in loo qorto si lagu aamini karo madallada badankooda, markaas kani wuxuu u sahlayaa bartilmaameedka redirection-ka oo fudud. Xigmadda curdanka ah iyo apostrophes sidaas darteed waa kuwo si weyn looga tagay Wikipedia-ha English-ka. Eeg sidoo kale [[MOS:CURLY]] iyo [[MOS:']].}} Labadaba ha ka sareeyaan iyo kuwo [[Wikipedia:Article titles]], qeybta kale ee MoS-ka, gaar ahaan {{section link||Punctuation}}, waxay ku dabaqmaan sidoo kale mawduuca. ===Agaasimaha qaybta=== {{Shortcut|MOS:SO}} {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout}} Mawduuca maqaalka waa inuu ku starts-garo [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section|qaybta hordhaca ah<!-- Do not add the word "lede" here. See footnotes at WP:LEAD for details. -->]]{{snd}}gaabinta kooban ee maqaalka{{snd}}oo aan waligeed loo kala saarin qaybo {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section]])}}. Qaybta hartay ee maqaalka waxaa caadi ahaan loo kala saaraa [[Help:Section|qaybo]]. [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes|Infoboxes]], sawirrada, iyo mawduucyada kale ee la xiriira qaybta hordhaca ah waa inay noqdaan kuwo dhanka midig ah. Calaamadaha qaarkood oo heerka ah [[Help:Template|moodallada]] iyo [[Help:Wikitext|wikitext]] oo aan ahayn qaybo waxay ka sarreeyaan inta ugu dambaysa maqaalka, ka hor mawduuca qaybta hordhaca ah, iyo uusocodka soo socda: *[[Wikipedia:Short description|Gaaban sharrax leh]], oo leh moodalka {{tlx|Short description}} *[[Wikipedia:Hatnote|Hatnote-ka disambiguation]], waqtiga badankiisa oo leh moodalka {{tlx|Hatnote}} {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg sidoo kale {{section link|Wikipedia:Hatnote#Hatnote templates}})}} *Moodallada aan lahayn soo-saarka oo muujinaya foomka taariikhda dhisay ee maqaalka iyo nooca luqadda English-ka, haddii ay jiraan (t.s., {{tlx|Use dmy dates}}, {{tlx|Use Canadian English}}) *Moodallada dayactirka ee Banner-ka ah, [[Wikipedia:Template index/Disputes|Dispute]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Template index/Cleanup|Moodallada Cleanup]] ee arrimaha maqaalka oo dhan oo la calaamadeeyay (haddii kale loo isticmaalo sare ee qayb gaar ah, ka dambeeya hatnote kasta oo qayb ah sida {{tlx|main}}) *[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes|Infobox]], oo ah dookh (marka laga reebo xaaladaha gaarka ah sida {{tlx|Taxobox}} iyo {{tlx|Chembox}}, ama nooc ka mid ah, maqaallada ku dabaqmaya); caadi ahaan sidoo kale waxaa ku jira sawirka ugu horreeya *Sawirka hordhaca ah, marka infobox aan la isticmaalin, ama sawir dheeraad ah loo baahan yahay qaybta hordhaca ah (haddii hordhacu u yahay mid aad u dheer, sawir labaad waxaa lagu lagi karaa dhexda qoraalka hordhaca ah) Nooca skin-ka ee [[Vector 2022]], [[Wikipedia:Table of contents|tusmada maqaalka]] waa mid ka mid ah oo ka baxsan mawduuca maqaalka. Noocyada skin-ka hore qaarkood, tusmada la mari karo waxay ka muuqataa si otomaatig ah ka dambaysa hordhaca haddii maqaalku leeyahay ugu yaraan afar madax oo qaybo ah. Haddii mawduuca qayb uu ku jiraa si xeel-dheer oo dheeraad ah maqaal gaar ah {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Summary style]])}}, ku dar {{tlx|main|{{var|Article name}}}} ama {{tlx|further|{{var|Article name}}}} isla markiiba ka hooseeya madaxa qaybta. Sida lagu sharraxay si xeel-dheer {{slink|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout|Standard appendices and footers}}, noocyo dhowr ah oo maaddooyinka ah (badankoodu waa dookh) waxay ka muuqan karaan ka dambaysa qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee maqaalka, uusocodka soo socda: *Buugaagta ama shaqaalaha kale ee lagu abuuray mawduuca maqaalka, ka hooseeya madaxa qaybta "Works", "Publications", "Discography", "Filmography", iyo wixii la mid ah sida habboon (ka fogao "Bibliography", oo loo khaldami karo xigashooyinka tixraaca) *Isku xirka hoose ee maqaallada la xiriira ee Wikipedia-ha English-ka, oo leh madaxa qaybta "See also" *Xusuus-qoraallada iyo tixraacyada, oo leh madaxa qaybta "Notes" ama "References" (caadi ahaan ka dambeeya), ama qayb gaar ah oo loogu talagalay mid kasta uusocodkan {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]])}}; ka fogao "Bibliography", oo loo khaldami karo shaqaalaha mawduuca *Buugaagta la xiriira, maqaallada, ama shaqaalaha kale ee aan loo isticmaalin sida tixraacyada; isticmaal madaxa qaybta "Further reading"; noqo mid si sare ah loo doortay, maadaama [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a directory|Wikipedia aysan ahayn buugga tixraaca]] *Websaydhada la xiriira [[Wikipedia:External links|iyo kuwo habboon]] ee aan loo isticmaalin sida tixraacyada oo aan ka muuqan appendices-ka hore, isticmaalka madaxa "External links", oo loo sameyn karo qayb ka hooseysa "Further reading" (ama isku xirkaas waxaa toos lagu ammaan goyn karaa liiska "Further reading" halkii); [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Links to sister projects|moodallada isku xirka ee mawduucyada mashruuca walaalka ah]] sidoo cuali ahaan waxay ka sarreeyaan qaybtan marka ay jirto (haddii kale qaybta ugu dambaysa ee bogga) *Waxyaabaha ugu dambeeya ee soo socda waligeed ma qaataan madaxyada qaybaha: **Isku xirka hoose oo lagu aaggaaday [[Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates#Navigation_templates|boxes-ka navigation-ka]] **Metadata ee [[Wikipedia:Authority control|Authority control]], haddii loo baahdo, isticmaalka {{tlx|Authority control}} (wuxuu kala saaraa isticmaalka magaca laba mawduuc, ama magacyo badan oo loogu talagalay hal mawduuc) **[[Wikipedia:Categorization|Qeeybaha]], oo waa inay noqdaan maaddada ugu dambaysa ee koodha maqaalka haddii aysan jirin moodallada stub-ka **[[Wikipedia:Stub sorting|Moodallada stub-ka]], haddii loo baahdo, oo waa inay raacaan qeeybaha [[Wikipedia:Stand-alone lists|Maqaallada liiska ah ee gaarka ah]] waxay leeyihiin waxyaabo dheeraad ah oo agaasimaha ah. ===<span class="anchor" id="Section management"></span>Madaxyada qaybaha=== {{Shortcut|MOS:HEAD|MOS:HEADINGS}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Headings|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Order of article elements|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Section headings}} [[Help:Section|Madaxyada qaybaha]] waa inay caadi ahaan raacaan hagaha [[#Article titles|mawduucyada maqaalka]] ee sare oo ay ku muuqdaan [[sentence case]] ({{xt|Funding of UNESCO projects in developing countries}}), ma aha [[title case]] ({{!xt|Funding of UNESCO Projects in Developing Countries}}).{{efn|name=Sentence case}} {{shortcut|MOS:BLANKLINE}} {{vanchor|Blank line|text=Dhammaan madaxyada waa inay ku dhex jiraan xarkooda gaarka ah, oo ay ka horreyso presely hal xar oo eber ah, oo ay raacdo mid ka mid ah hal xar ama aan lahayn xar eber ah.}} {{vanchor|Section headings (necessary point 6)|text=Ha u isticmaalin si xun [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists#Description (definition, association) lists|liiska sharraxaadda]] markup ("<code>;</code>") si aad u abuurto [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Pseudo-headings|pseudo-headings]].}} {{va|SECTIONSTYLE|Section headings (styling best practice)|Section headings (main styling reason)|text=Sida arrin qaab oo joogto ah, madaxyada qaybuhu waa inaynaan:}} {{Shortcut|MOS:SECTIONSTYLE|MOS:NOBACKREF}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 1)|text=si turjumaad ah dib ugu tixraacin mawduuca maqaalka, t.s., {{xt|Early life}}, ma aha {{!xt|Smith's early life}} ama {{!xt|His early life}}}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 2)|text=tixraacin madax heer sare ah, ilaa aad sameyso ay tahay mid gaaban ama caddayn badan}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 3)|text=noqon kuwo la nambareeyay ama xarfo leh sida outline}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 4)|text=noqon kuwo loo sameeyay sida su'aal, t.s., {{xt|Languages}}, ma aha {{!xt|What languages are spoken?}}}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 5)|text=isticmaalin luga ama farta aan caadiga ahayn oo keeni kara [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Headings|arrimaha lagu heli karo]]}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 6)|text=noqon kuwo lagu duubay [[Help:Wikitext|markup]], sida bold iyo italics, oo baabi'in kara muujintooda oo keeni kara arrimo kale oo lagu heli karo}} ====Wikimarkup==== {{shortcut|MOS:NOSECTIONLINKS|MOS:HEADINGLINKS}} {{va|Section headings (technical best practice)|text=Sababo tignoolajiyada ah, madaxyada qaybuhu waa inay}} {{va|Section headings (necessary point 1)|text=noqdaan kuwo gaar ah oo ku dhex jira maqaal (si [[Template:Section link|isqu xirka qaybta]] uu u shaqeeyo)}} oo waa inaynaan ku dhex jirin: *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 2)|text=[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking#Principles|isqu xirka]], xataa haddii kaliya qayb ka mid ah madaxa la isku xiray}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 5)|text=xigashooyinka ama xusuus-qoraallada}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 4)|text=<code><[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics#Typesetting of mathematical formulae|math]]></code> markup}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 3)|text=sawirrada ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Icons#Encyclopedic purpose|icons-ka]]}} {{va|Section headings (main technical reason)|text=Xaddidaadahani waa kuwo lagu khasbay si looga fogaado tignoolajiyada dhibco leh oo ma aha kuwo la baabi'in karo is-afgaradka maxalliga ah ama hagayaasha aan ku habboonayn.}} {{short|MOS:TEMPLATE}} {{va|Section headings (necessary point 7)|text=Wadaagga moodalka}} waa in sidoo kale caadi ahaan looga fogaadaa madaxyada qaybaha, sababtoo ah waxay keenaan koodha asalka ah ee baaqida moodalka inuu ka muuqdo isqu xirka lagu daray gaabinta tifaftirka; gujinta isqu xirkaas ka muuqda taariikhda bogga ma keeni doonto qaybta loo baahan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, [[WP:ANCHORSUBST|marka lagu darayo isqu xirka anchor madaxyada, mar walba beddel moodalka gudaha madaxa]]: {{block indent|1={{plainlist| * {{y}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== {{subst:anchor|Anchor name}} Section title ==</nowiki>}}</code> * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== {{anchor|Anchor name}} Section title ==</nowiki>}}</code> }} }} {{shortcut|MOS:SECTIONCOMMENT}} {{va|SECTIONCOMMENT|Section comment|text=[[#Invisible comments|Xusuus-qoraallada la qariyay]] oo tixraacaya madaxa qayb ama qayb oo dhan waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu lago xar ka hooseysa madaxa. Waxaa sidoo cuali ahaan lagu lagi karaa ku dhex jira xarkooda oo kale sida madaxa, laakiin xaaladaas waa inay noqdaan kuwo {{em|gudaha}} <code>==&nbsp;==</code> markup:{{efn|1=Xusuus-qoraal ka baxsan <code><nowiki>==&nbsp;==</nowiki></code> laakiin ku dhex jira xarkooda oo kale wuxuu keeni karaa isqu xirka tifaftirka qaybta inuu ku guuldareysto inuu ka muuqdo dhammaan; ee browsers-ka kale, wuxuu ka muuqan karaa, laakiin isticmaalkiisu wuxuu keeni doonaa madaxa qaybta inuusan si otomaatig ah lagu darin gaabinta tifaftirka.}}}} {{block indent|1={{plainlist| * {{y}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== Implications ==</nowiki><br /><nowiki><!--This comment is placed correctly.--></nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{mby}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== Implications<!--This comment works fine.--> ==</nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{mby}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== <!--This comment works fine.-->Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== Implications == <!--This comment causes problems.--> </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{tracked|T381786}}{{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki><!--This comment causes problems.</nowiki><br><nowiki>-->== Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki><!--The space after this comment breaks the heading completely.--> == Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} }} }} ====<span class="anchor" id="SECTIONANCHOR"></span><span class="anchor" id="Section anchor"></span>Anchors==== {{short|MOS:SECTIONANCHOR}} <section begin="heading links" />Ka hor inta aanad beddelin madax, tixgeli in aad baabi'inayso isqu xirka jira oo ku dhex jira.<section end="heading links" /> Haddii ay jiraan [[Help:Link#To a section|isqu xirka badan oo u socda mawduuca hore]],{{efn|name="many links"|1=Si aad u ogaato inta isqu xirka ee u socda mawduuca qaybta hore iyo maqaallada leeh iyaga, waxaad sameyn kartaa <span class=plainlinks>[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=all%3A+linksto%3A%22ARTICLE%22+insource%3A%2F%5B%5B%7C%5DARTICLE%5C%23OLDSECTION%2F+&title=Special:Search&profile=all&fulltext=1 raadinta sare ee]</span>, iyadoo la beddelayo {{smallcaps|article}} magaca maqaalka, iyo {{smallcaps|oldsection}} mawduuca qaybta hore. Raadintaas sare ma raadiso [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirections-ka]], markaas sidoo kale eeg bogga maqaalka ee [[Special:WhatLinksHere]] ee redirections-ka u socda mawduuca qaybta hore. Haddii ay jiraan kaliya nambarka yar ee isqu xirka ee u socda mawduuca qaybta hore, waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu cusbooneysiiyo manwal ahaan.}} abuur [[Help:Anchor|anchor]] oo leh mawduucaas si loo xaqijiyo in kuwani ay sii shaqeeyaan. Sidoo kale, marka lagu isqu xirayo qayb, ka tag xusuus-qoraal aan la arki karin madaxa qaybta bartilmaameedka, iyadoo lagu magacaabayo maqaallada isqu xirka leeh, si haddii madaxa dambe loo beddelo kani si fudud loo hagaajin karo, ama kale anchor kale loo abuurayo haddii ay jiraan kuwo badan.{{efn|name="many links"}} Tusaale ahaan: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == {{subst:Anchor|Consequences}} Implications == <!-- "Richard Dawkins" and "Daniel Dennett" link here. --> </syntaxhighlight> oo lagu kaydin doono maqaalka sida: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == <span class="anchor" id="Consequences"></span> Implications == <!-- "Richard Dawkins" and "Daniel Dennett" link here. --> </syntaxhighlight> Faa'iidada isticmaalka {{tlxs|Anchor}}, ama kaliya la dhex gelinayo {{tag|span|o|link=yes}} tags-ka toos, waa in marka tifaftirka loo sameeyo qaybta mustaqbalka, anchor-ku ma lagu dhex jiri doono taariikhda bogga sida qayb ka mid ah magaca qaybta. Marka kaliya {{tlx|Anchor}} loo isticmaalo toos, akhlaaqdaas aan loo baahnayn {{em|waa ay}} dhacdaa, markaas waa in mar walba [[WP:ANCHORSUBST|loo beddelo anchors madaxyada qaybaha]]. Marka la dhex gelinayo span toos, {{em|ha}} gaabin iyadoo la isticmaalayo tag-ka self-closing, sida ku dhex jirta: <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== <span id="Consequences"</nowiki>{{highlight round|/|bc=var(--background-color-destructive-subtle, lightred);}}> Implications <nowiki>==</nowiki>}}</code> In HTML5 foomkaas XML-style waa mid shaqaynaya kaliya tags-ka qaarkood, sida {{nowrap |<code>&lt;br/></code>}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T134423 |title=T134423 Deprecate nonstandard behavior of self-closed HTML tags in wikitext. |website=phabricator.wikimedia.org |access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref> Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking|Avoiding broken section links}} si aad u ogaato wada-hadal dheeraad ah. ====Mawduuca oo kale madaxa==== Hagaha sare ee madaxyada qaybaha, gaar ahaan sentence case, turjumaad, sawirrada iyo su'aalaha, sidoo kale wuxuu ku dabaqmaa [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables#Captions and headers|madaxyada taarikada]] (iyo noocyada taarikada iyo xarrada). Laakiin, madaxyada taarikada waxay ku dhex jiri karaan xigashooyinka oo waxay ku starts-garo karaan, ama noqon karaan, nambara. Unka madaxyada bogga, madaxyada taarikada ma samayn karaan si otomaatig ah anchors-ka isqu xirka. Ka baxsan sentence case ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Glossaries|glossaries]], talada madaxa sidoo kale waxay ku dabaqmaysaa ''term'' qoraallada ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists#DLIST|description lists]]. Haddii la isticmaalayo [[Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Glossaries#Template-structured|template-structured glossaries]], terms-ku si otomaatig ah waxay leeyihiin anchors-ka isqu xirka, laakiin ma leeyihiin kale. Xigashooyinka mawduuca description-list waxay ku dhex jiraan {{tl|term}} ama {{tl|defn}} element, sida loo baahan yahay. ==Noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga== {{Shortcut|MOS:ENGVAR}} Noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga (tusaale ahaan, kala duwanaanshaha erayada ama naxwaha ee gobollada ka jira) waxay bixiyaan macluumaad ku saabsan kala duwanaanshaas. Dhammaan noocyada gobollada ama noocyada heerka ee Af-Soomaaliga waa kuwo la aqbali karo oo siman Wikipedia-da Soomaaliga, iyada oo la isticmaalayo uslub rasmi ah oo maqaallada u gaar ah ([[Register (sociolinguistics)|weeraral rami ah]] ama astaanta luqadda). Qaabka taariikhda ee maqaalka ({{xt|{{#time: F j, Y}}}} ama {{xt|{{#time: j F Y}}}}) wuxuu sidoo kale la xiriiraa noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga {{snd}}eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|Strong national ties to a topic|Retaining existing format}}. === <span class="anchor" id="Internal consistency"></span>Joogteynta ku dhex jirta maqaallada<!-- When renaming this section title, rename the full link at [[Wikipedia:Consistency]] --> === {{Shortcut|MOS:ARTCON|MOS:CONSISTENT}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Variation in citation methods|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Retaining existing format}} Xeerarka nooc gaar ah oo Af-Soomaali caadifad ah waa in loo raaco si joogto ah ku dhex jirta maqaalka gaarka ah. Waxyaabaha ka baxsan waxaa ku jira: *'''Xigashooyinka''' iyo '''cinwaannada buugaagta ama hawlaha''' (sida buugaagta, filimada, iyo muusigga) waa in loo qoraa sida ay ka muuqdaan ilaha tixraaca. Laakiin, waxaa jira xaalado qaarkood oo leexanaya mabda'an si loo dhowro heerka qaab-qoraalka ee alifbeetada encyclopedia-ha dhan. {{crossref|Eeg {{section link||Typographic conformity}}.}} *'''Magacyada u gaarka ah''' waxay isticmaalaan qoraalka mawduuca ama lahaanshaha u gaarka ah, tusaale ahaan, {{xt|United States Department of Defense}} iyo {{xt|Australian Defence Force}}; {{xt|International Labour Organization}}<!--This example is here because it uses -our and -ization at the same time; it is Oxford spelling.-->. *Maqaallada ku saabsan mawduucyada la xiriira kimistariga, foomka heerka caalamiga ah ee higaada {{xt|aluminium}}, {{xt|sulfur}}, {{xt|caesium}} (iyo erayada ka soo baxa) waa in loo isticmaalo iyadoo aan loo eegin nooca luqadda ee looga adeegsado maqaalka. {{crossref|Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (chemistry)|Element names}}.}} ===Fursadaha wadaagga ama isku-duubnida=== {{shortcut|MOS:COMMONALITY}} Si loogu talagalay encyclopedia caalamiga ah, isticmaalka erayada wadaagga ah ee dhammaan noocyada Af-Soomaaliga waa mid ka wanaagsan. *Isticmaal erayada si caalami ah loo aqbalay halkii kuwa aan aad loo fidin, gaar ahaan cinwaannada. Tusaale ahaan, [[Glasses|{{xt|muraayado}}]] ayaa ka wanaagsan noocyada gobollada ee gaarka ah; [[Ten million|{{xt|toban milyan}}]] ayaa ka wanaagsan [[crore|{{!xt|hal crore}}]]. *Haddii kala duwanaansho higaadeed uu ka muuqdo cinwaan, samee bogga [[Wikipedia:Redirect|reer-itusaale (sidetrack/redirect)]] si loogu talagalay kuwa kale, sida ku dhex jirta [[artefact]] iyo [[artifact]], si dhammaan noocyada loo isticmaali karo raadinta iyo isku xirka. *Erayada ku kala duwan noocyada luqadda, ama leh macnayaal kala duwan, waxaa lagu [[Gloss (annotation)#In linguistics|u xaqiijin karaa faahfaahinta (gloss)]] si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga ama jahawareerka, tusaale ahaan, {{xt|qaybta dambe ee baabuurta (trunk ama boot)&nbsp;...}}. *Isticmaal eray ama weedh si caadi ah loo fahmo iyada oo ka wanaagsan mid leh macno kale sababtoo ah kala duwanaanshaha gobollada (halkii {{!xt|alternate}}, isticmaal {{xt|alternative}} ama {{xt|alternating}}, sida habboon), marka laga reebo xaaladaha tignoolajiyada ama cilmiga halka beddelkaas uu noqon lahaa mid aan habboonayn ({{xt|alternate leaves}}; {{xt|alternate law}}). *Marka ay jiraan wax ka badan hal nooc oo higaad ah oo ka dhex jira heerka caadiga ah ee luqadda, nooca ugu caansan ee hadda la isticmaalo waa in caadi ahaan ka wanaagsanaado, marka laga reebo halka higaada yar ay leedahay isticmaal gaar ah oo xaalad xeel-dheer ah, tusaale ahaan, ''connexion'' ku dhex jirta [[Connexionalism|Methodist connexionalism]]. ===Xiriirka gobolka ama qaranka ee xoogga leh ee mawduuca=== {{Shortcut|MOS:TIES}} Maqaal ku saabsan mawduuc leh xiriir xooggan oo u socda waddan ama gobol]] gaar ah waa inuu isticmaalaa heerka luqadda rasmiga ah (ee ma aha colloquial/afka wadada) ee gobolkaas ama qarankaas. Tusaale ahaan: Mawduucyada leh xiriir xooggan oo u socda [[Commonwealth of Nations]], ama waddamo badan oo Commonwealth ah ama dhulalkii hore ee British-ka, isticmaal higaada British-ka. ===Dhowrida nooca jira=== {{Shortcut|MOS:RETAIN}} Marka nooc gaar ah [[#Consistency within articles|isticmaalkiisa joogtada ah]] lagu dhisay maqaal, sii wad iyada oo aan la helin is-afgarad ka dhan ah. Kaliya xaaladaha gaarka ah (sida marka mawduuc uu leeyahay [[#Strong national ties to a topic|xiriir gobol ama qaran oo xooggan]], ama beddelku wuxuu yareeyaa is-dhaafsiga) ayaa ay jirtaa sabab shaqaynaysa oo loo beddelo ka mid ah dookha la aqbali karo oo loo beddelo mid kale. {{va|FPSR|FMC|text=Marka aan la dhisin nooc gaar ah oo wada-hadalku uusan xallin arrinta, isticmaal nooca ka muuqda nooca ugu horreeyay ee ka dambeeya [[Wikipedia:Stub|qabyada (stub)]] oo soo bandhigay nooc la aqoonsan karo. Waxa ka baxsan tan waa [[#Retain quote variety|ha beddelin nooca luqadda ee ku dhex jira xigasho]].}} Nooca lagu dhisay maqaal gaar ah waxaa lagu qoraa iyadoo lagu dhex darayo [[:Category:Use English templates|tampaallada Use X English]] ee habboon bogga maqaalka. Tampaallada [[:Category:Varieties of English templates|nooca luqadda ee habboon]] sidoo kale waxaa lagu dhejin karaa bogga wada-hadalka ee maqaalka. Maqaal waa inuusan noqon mid la tifaftiro ama magaca loo beddelo kaliya si looga beddelo hal nooc oo luqad ah oo loo beddelo mid kale. Tampaalka {{tlxs|uw-engvar}} waxaa lagu dhejin karaa bogga wada-hadalka tifaftiraha si loogu sharraxo tan. ==Xarfo-waweynaynta== Cinwaannada maqaallada Wikipedia iyo cinwaannada qaybaha waxay isticmaalaan habka weedha, ma aha habka cinwaanka; iyo {{section link||Section headings}}. Xaraf-weynaynta alaabta liiska ku jirta, eeg {{section link||Bulleted and numbered lists}}. Points-ka kale ee ku saabsan xaraf-weynaynta waxaa si kooban loogu dhex muujiyay hoos. Macluumaadka fulan waxaa lagu heli karaa [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters]]. Qodobka ugu muhiimsan ayaa ah in Wikipedia aysan xaraf-weynaynayn eray ilaa uu si joogto ah xaraf-weyn ugu yahay badankooda [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|ilaha lagu kalsoonaan karo]] ee madax-bannaan. ===Xaraf-weynaynta ''The''=== Caadi ahaan, ha xaraf-weynayn erayga ''the'' dhexda jumlada ma aha { Reebanaanta caadiga ah waxaa ku jira magacyada u gaarka ah ee qaarkood iyo badankooda cinwaannada hawlaha abuurka ah ({{xt|Tolkien wrote ''The Lord of the Rings''}}{{snd}}laakiin ogaada in ''the'' aysan noqon karin qayb ka mid ah cinwaanka ee lagu qoro, t.s., Waxaa jira tixgelinno gaar ah oo loo sameeyo magacyada kooxaha muusigga , magacyada hay'adaha, magac u yaallada, summadaha ganacsiga. ===<span id="Capitalization-Titles"></span>Cinwaannada hawlaha=== {{main|WP:Manual of Style/Titles of works}} Cinwaannada luqadda Ingiriisiga ee qoraallada (buugaagta iyo hawlaha kale ee qoraalka, noocyada iyo hawlaha kale ee codka, filimada iyo hawlaha kale ee muuqaalka ah, sawirrada iyo hawlaha kale ee fanka, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxaa loo bixiyaa habka {{em|[[title case]]}}, halka eray kasta loo siiyo xaraf-weyn bilowga marka laga reebo erayada qaarkood oo yar oo muhiim ah (sida lagu sharraxay {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters|Composition titles}}). Erayada ugu horreeya iyo kuwa ugu dambeeya ee cinwaan luqad Ingiriisi ah mar walba waa kuwo xaraf-weyn leh. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|''An Eye for an Eye''}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|''Worth the Fighting For''}} Xaraf-weynaynta cinwaannada aan Ingiriisiga ahayn waa ay kala duwan tahay, xataa waqti ka waqti isla luqadda dhexdeeda; caadi ahaan, dhowr qaabka asalka ah ee hawlaha cusub, oo raac isticmaalka ka muuqda ilaha lagu kalsoonaan karo ee luqadda Ingiriisiga ee hadda{{efn|name=recent}} ee hawlaha taariikhiga ah. Marka lagu qoro alfabeta Laatiinka, badankooda waxyaabahaani waa inay sidoo kale ku jiraan farta janjeerta ([[#Italics|italics]]), ama lagu duubo [[#Names and titles|calaamadaha oraahda (quotation marks)]]. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|{{lang|fr|Les Liaisons dangereuses}}}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"{{lang|de|italics=no|Hymnus an den heiligen Geist}}"}} ===Tayooyinka iyo xilalka dadka=== *'''Isticmaalka guud''', isticmaal xaraf yar erayada sida ''madaxweyne'' , ''boqor', iyo ''imbiraadoor'' ({{xt|De Gaulle wuxuu ahaa madaxweyne Faransiis ah}}; {{xt|Louis XVI wuxuu ahaa boqor Faransiis ah}}; {{xt|Saddex ra'iisul wasaare ayaa ka soo qayb galay shirka}}). *'''Toos ka hor magaca dadka''', erayadaas waxay ka bilaabanayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|Madaxweyne Obama}}, ma aha {{!xt|madaxweyne Obama}}). Magacyada heerka caadiga ah ama caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo ee xilka ama doorka waxaa loo maareeyaa sida magacyada u gaarka ah ({{xt|David Cameron wuxuu ahaa Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Biritain}}; {{xt|Hirohito wuxuu ahaa Imbiraadoorkii Jabaan}}; {{xt|Louis XVI wuxuu ahaa Boqorkii Faransiiska}}). Titoolinka ama doorka boqortooyada waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|Her Majesty}}; {{xt|His Highness}}); reebanaantu waxay ku dabaqmi kartaa xilal gaar ah. ===Diimaha, ilaahyada, falsafadaha, iyo caqiidooyinka=== *'''Diimaha, kooxaha, iyo kaniisadaha''' iyo taageerayaashooda (foomka magaca ama tilmaamaha) waxay ka start-garoobayaan xaraf-weyn. Caadi ahaan, "the" ma aha xaraf-weyn ka hor magacyadaas ({{xt|the Unitarians}}, ma aha {{!xt|The Unitarians}}). *'''Qoraallada diinta]]''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn, laakiin badanaa ma aha farta janjeerta ({{xt|the Bhagavad Gita}}, {{xt|the Quran}}, {{xt|the Talmud}}, {{xt|the Granth Sahib}}, {{xt|the Bible}}). Ha u qorin xaraf-weyn "the" marka aad u isticmaalayso foomkan. Tilmaamaha qaarkood oo ka soo baxa waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn heshiis ahaan, qaarkoodna ma qaataan ({{xt|biblical}}, laakiin {{xt|Quranic}}); haddii aad u baahato hubaal, eeg qaamuuska. *'''[[Honorific|Tayooyinka iyo magacyada sharafta]] ee ilaahyada''', ku dhex jira magacyada u gaarka ah iyo tayooyinka, waxay ka start-garoobayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|God}}, {{xt|Allah}}, {{xt|the Lord}}, {{xt|the Supreme Being}}, {{xt|the Great Spirit}}, {{xt|the Horned One}}, {{xt|Bhagavan}}). Ha u qorin xaraf-weyn "the" xaaladahaas ama marka aad tixraacayso dadka waaweyn ee diinta ama shakhsiyaadka khayalka ah/asraarta ah ({{xt|the Prophet}}, {{xt|the Messiah}}, {{xt|the Virgin}}). Magacyada guud ee ilaahyada iyo shakhsiyaadka diinta ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|many gods}}; {{xt|the god Woden}}; {{xt|saints and prophets}}). *'''Magac-u-yaallada shakhsiyaadka cibaadada ama Ilaah''' ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn, xataa haddii xaraf-weyn lagu qoro qoraallada diinta ({{xt|God and his will}}). *'''Qaybaha waaweyn ee mukhluuqaadka khayalka ah (mythical/legendary)''' waxay ka start-garoobayaan xarfo yar ({{xt|elf}}, {{xt|fairy}}, {{xt|nymph}}, {{xt|unicorn}}, {{xt|angel}}), inkastoo hawlaha khayalka ah (fantasy), sida buugaagta [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] iyo ciyaaraha fiidiyowga qaarkood, xarfaha waaweyn ee bilowga ah marmar loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo in mukhluuqaadku ay samaynayaan dhaqan ama irsi dhex jira [[fictional universe|caalamka khayalka ah]]. U qor xaraf-weyn magacyada ama tayooyinka mukhluuqaadka gaarka ah ({{xt|the Minotaur}}, {{xt|Pegasus}}) iyo kooxaha oo magacooda iyo xubnahoodu ay yihiin kuwo go'an ({{xt|the Magi, or the Three Wise Men}}, {{xt|the Furies}}). Tixraacyada guud ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|these priests}}; {{xt|several wise men}}; {{xt|cherub-like}}). *'''Matalaadaha ama dhacdooyinka ruuxiga ah iyo kuwa diinta''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn kaliya marka la tixraacayo dhacdooyin gaar ah ama waqtiyo gaar ah ({{xt|the Great Flood}} iyo {{xt|the Exodus}}; laakiin {{xt|annual flooding}} iyo {{xt|an exodus of refugees}}). *'''Falsafadaha, aragtiyaha, dhaqdhaqaaqyada, iyo caqiidooyinka''' waxay isticmaalaan xarfo yar ilaa magacu ka soo baxo magac u gaar ah ({{xt|capitalism versus Marxism}}) ama uusan noqon magac u gaar ah ({{xt|republican}}, oo ah dhismaha fikirka siyaasadda; {{xt|Republican}}, oo ah xisbi siyaasadeed). Isticmaal xarfo yar mawduucyada caqiidooyinka ama fikirka diinta ee heerka caadiga ah (oo ka soo contrasts-garoobaya dhacdooyinka gaarka ah), xataa haddii xaraf-weyn lagu qoro taageerayaasha diinta qaarkood ({{xt|virgin birth}}, {{xt|original sin}}, {{xt|transubstantiation}}). *'''[[Platonic idealism|Platonic]] ama fikradaha sare (transcendent ideals)''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn xaaladda caqiidada falsafadda ({{xt|Truth}}, {{xt|the Good}}); marka loo isticmaalo si dhumuc leh, waxay ku dhex jiraan xarfo yar ({{xt|Superman represents American ideals of truth and justice}}). Isticmaal xarfo waaweyn marka fanka lagu personify-gareeyo fikradaha ({{xt|the guidebook mentioned statues of Justice and Liberty}}). *{{va|Eponyms|EPONYM|EPONYMS|text='''[[Eponym|Eponym-s (erayada ka soo baxay magacyada dadka)]]''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn ([[Edwardian era|{{xt|Edwardian}}]], [[De Morgan's laws|{{xt|De Morgan's laws}}]], [[Alice in Wonderland syndrome|{{xt|Alice in Wonderland syndrome}}]], [[Plaster of Paris|{{xt|plaster of Paris}}]], [[Platonic idealism|{{xt|Platonic idealism}}]], [[Draconian constitution|{{xt|Draconian constitution of Athens}}]]), marka laga reebo isticmaalka sanfada ama maahmaahda ah oo ka baxsan xaaladda asalka ah oo caadi ahaan xarfo yar ku dhex jira ilaha tixraaca ([[Platonic relationship|{{xt|a platonic relationship}}]]; {{xt|complained of draconian workplace policies}}).{{efn|name=eponyms|1=Waxaa jira waxyaabo yar oo dheeraad ah oo ka baxsan xaraf-weynaynta eponyms-ka, halka eraygu leeyahay xeer xooggan oo ah xarfo yar, t.s., lagu doorbido foomkaas badankooda qaamuustada waaweyn ee luqadda Ingiriisiga. Tusaale ahaan, {{xt|parkinsonian}} wuxuu sharraxaa bukaan muujinaya astaamaha [[Parkinson's disease|{{xt|Parkinson's disease}}]]. Dhexdeeda carabiga/higgaada isticmaalka erayada [[Linguistic latinisation|{{xt|latinize}}]], [[Romanisation|{{xt|romanize}}]], iyo [[Anglicization|{{xt|anglicize}}]] [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Anglo- and similar prefixes|waxay sii kordhayaan xarfo yar]], iyo [[Italic type|{{xt|italic[s]}}]] ku dhex jirta farta mar walba waa xarfo yar.}} Weedha dhan oo uu eponym ku yahay tilmaame [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Religions, deities, philosophies, doctrines, and their adherents|ma aha xaraf-weyn]] marka laga reebo marka weedha dhitadeedu tahay magac u gaar ah (t.s., [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles|cinwaanka hawl la daabacay]]: [[The China Syndrome|{{xt|''The China Syndrome''}}]]).}} ===Astaamaha kalandarka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Calendar items}} *'''Bilsashada (bilo), maalmaha toddobaadka, iyo fasaxyada''' waxay ka start-garoobayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|June}}, {{xt|Monday}}; {{xt|the Fourth of July}} wuxuu tixraacaa kaliya Maalinta Xorriyadda Mareykanka{{snd}}haddii kale {{xt|July 4}} ama {{xt|4 July}}). *'''Xilliyada''' waxay ku dhex jiraan xarfo yar ({{xt|her last summer}}; {{xt|the winter solstice}}; {{xt|spring fever}}), marka laga reebo marka lagu personify-gareeyo fanka ama magacyada u gaarka ah ee waqtiyada ama dhacdooyinka ({{xt|Old Man Winter}}; {{xt|competed on the Spring Circuit}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="People, animals, plants, and other organisms"></span>Dadka, xayawaanka, dhirta, iyo noolaha kale=== {{Shortcut|MOS:LIFE}} ee farta janjeerta, {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting|Italic type}}. Eeg sidoo kale {{section link|Wikipedia:Lead section|Organisms}} ee ku saabsan maareynta jumlada ugu horreysa. Eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (fauna)]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora)]] ee ku saabsan hagaha cinwaannada maqaallada.}} Marka la isticmaalayo '''[[Taxonomy (biology)|magacyada taksonomiga ("sayniska")]]''', u qor xaraf-weyn iyo farta janjeerta (italics) genus-ka: {{xt|''Berberis''}}, {{xt|''Erithacus''}}. (Supergenus iyo subgenus, marka ay ku dabaqmaan, waxaa loo maareeyaa sidaas oo kale.) Janjeeri laakiin ha u qorin xaraf-weyn heerarka taksonomiga ee species-ka (noocyada) iyo ka hooseeya: {{xt|''Berberis darwinii''}}, {{xt|''Erithacus rubecula superbus''}}, {{xt|''Acacia coriacea'' subsp. ''sericophylla''}}; ma jiraan reebanaanno loo sameeyay magacyada u gaarka ah oo qayb ka ah magacyada sayniska. Taxa-ga sare (order, family, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn Laatiinka ({{xt|Carnivora}}, {{xt|Felidae}}) laakiin ma qaataan udhigmaadka Ingiriisiga ({{xt|carnivorans}}, {{xt|felids}}); ma aha janjeer labada foomba, marka laga reebo fayrasyada, halka dhammaan magacyada lagu aqbalay guddiga [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|ICTV]] ay yihiin janjeer ({{xt|''Retroviridae''}}). {{Shortcut|MOS:CULTIVAR}}{{Anchor|Cultivar}}Magacyada '''[[Cultivar]]''' iyo '''[[cultivar group]]''' ee dhirta ma aha janjeer, waxayna qaataan xarfo waaweyn (harraan erayga ''Group'' ee magaca ku dhex jira); magacyada cultivar waxay ka muuqdaan xigashooyinka keliyaalka ah (single quotes) ({{xt|''Malus domestica'' 'Red Delicious'}}), halka cultivar groups aysan qaadanin ({{xt|''Cynara cardunculus'' Scolymus Group}}). '''Ingiriisiga [[Common name|magacyada afka caadiga ah ("common")]]''' waxaa loo bixiyaa xarfo yar qoraalka maqaalka dhexdiisa ([[Plains zebra|{{xt|plains zebra}}]]<!-- animal species -->, [[Mountain maple|{{xt|mountain&nbsp;maple}}]]<!-- plant species -->, iyo [[Southwestern red-tailed hawk|{{xt|southwestern red-tailed hawk}}]]<!-- bird subspecies -->) iyo habka weedha (sentence case) bilowga jumlada iyo meelaha kale oo xarafka ugu horreeya ee erayga ugu horreeya uu yahay xaraf-weyn.{{efn|name=Sentence case}} Waxay sidoo kale qaataan xarfo waaweyn halka ay ku jiraan magacyo u gaar ah: [[Przewalski's horse|{{xt|Przewalski's&nbsp;horse}}]]<!-- eponym -->, [[California condor|{{xt|California&nbsp;condor}}]]<!-- typical geonym -->, iyo [[Fair-maid-of-France|{{xt|fair-maid-of-France}}]]<!-- unusual but important illustrative case -->. Kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa noocyada (species) iyo nooc-hoosaadyada (subspecies), sida tusaalooyinka hore, iyo sidoo kale magacyada guud ee kooxaha ama noocyada noolaha: [[Bird of prey|{{xt|bird&nbsp;of&nbsp;prey}}]]<!-- cross-order ecological niche -->, [[Oak|{{xt|oak}}]]<!-- plant family -->, [[Great apes|{{xt|great&nbsp;apes}}]]<!-- animal family -->, [[Bryde's whales|{{xt|Bryde's&nbsp;whales}}]]<!-- species group -->, [[Livestock guardian dog|{{xt|livestock&nbsp;guardian&nbsp;dog}}]]<!-- domestic type -->, [[Poodle|{{xt|poodle}}]]<!-- domestic breed group but not a breed -->, [[Van cat|{{xt|Van&nbsp;cat}}]]<!-- domestic geographic landrace -->, [[Wolfdog|{{xt|wolfdog}}]]<!-- hybrid/crossbreed/mongrel not recognized as a standardized breed -->. Marka magaca caadiga ah uu la mid yahay takson saynis ah, ha u qorin xaraf-weyn ama janjeer, marka laga reebo halka la tixraacayo noolaha dhanka taksonomiga: {{xt|A lynx is any of the four medium-sized wild cat species within the genus ''Lynx''.}} Magacyada caadiga ah ee aan Ingiriisiga ahayn, marka ay habboon tahay in lagu daro, waxaa loo maareeyaa sida erayada kale ee aan Ingiriisiga ahayn: janjeer sidaas ah, oo xaraf-weyn kaliya haddii shuruudaha luqadda hooyo ay u baahan yihiin. Magacyada aan Ingiriisiga ahayn ee noqday kuwo la qabsaday Ingiriisiga waxaa loo maareeyaa sida Ingiriisiga ([[Ayahuasca|{{xt|ayahuasca}}]], [[Okapi|{{xt|okapi}}]]). {{Shortcut|MOS:BREED}}{{Anchor|Breed}}'''[[Standardized breeds|Dhalada la halbeeyay (Standardized breeds)]]''' waa inay caadi ahaan dhowraan xaraf-weynaynta loo isticmaalay halbeegga dhalada.{{efn|name=Standardized breeds|1=Hagaha dhalada waxaa lagu daray [[Diff2/881140543|RfC on capitalization of the names of standardized breeds|December 2018 RfC]]. "Dhalada la halbeeyay" wuxuu waayay macno toos ah oo caddaynaya, laakiin wuxuu ku dhex jiraa dhala kasta oo ku dhex jira [[breed standard]] ama [[studbook]] ee kooxda taranta/mataanaha. Kooxaha kale ee xayawaanka guri-joogga ah ma aha dhala la halbeeyay: noocyada taariikhda hore, kooxaha dhalada, xayawaanka duurjoogtoobay (feral), landraces, iyo [[crossbreed|dhalada la isku dhalay]] ama [[Hybrid (biology)|isandho]] oo aan kooxaha waaweyn aqoonsan sida dhala gaar ah. Kuwo badan caadi ahaan ma aha [[Wikipedia:Notability|muhiim (notable)]].}} Tusaalooyinka: [[German Shepherd|{{xt|German Shepherd}}]], [[Russian White goat|{{xt|Russian White goat}}]], [[Berlin Short-faced Tumbler|{{xt|Berlin Short-faced Tumbler}}]]. Sida cultivar-ka dhirta, kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa haddii magacu yahay magac u gaar ah ama kale, oo ka soo horjeeda sida magacyada caadiga ah ee noolaha loo qoro. Laakiin, ka baxsan cultivar-ka, dhalada waligeed lagu ma dhex daro xigashooyinka keliyaalka ah (single quotes), oo magacyadoodu waligeed ma aha qayb ka mid ah magac saynis ah. Erayga noolaha ee lagu daray dhammaadka si looga fogaado jahawareerka ("cat", "hound", "horse", "swine", iyo wixii la mid ah) waa inuusan noqon xaraf-weyn, ilaa uu yahay qayb ka mid ah magaca dhalada oo si joogto ah lagu muujiyo foomkaas halbeegga dhalada (xaaladaha dhifka ah waxaa ku jira [[Norwegian Forest Cat|{{xt|Norwegian Forest Cat}}]] iyo [[American Quarter Horse|{{xt|American Quarter Horse}}]]). Samee [[Wikipedia:Redirect|xiriiriyeyaasha dib-u-luqadda (redirects)]] ka soo baxay xaraf-weynaynta kale iyo foomamka higaada ee cinwaannada maqaalka, iyo magacyada kale, t.s., [[Adélie Penguin]], [[Adelie penguin]], [[Adelie Penguin]] iyo ''[[Pygoscelis adeliae]]'' dhammaan waa inay dib-u-luqad u sameeyaan [[Adélie penguin]]. ===Samooyinka iyo walxaha hawada sare=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Celestial bodies}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (astronomical objects)}} Erayada ''sun'' (sol/qorrax), ''earth'' (dhul), ''moon'' (dayax), iyo ''solar system'' (bahda qorraxda) ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn isticmaalka guud ({{xt|The sun was over the mountain top}}; {{xt|The tribal people thought of the whole earth as their home}}). Waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn marka walaxda lagu personify-gareeyo fanka/suugaanta ({{xt|Sol Invictus ('Unconquered Sun') was the Roman sun god}}) ama marka loo isticmaalo sida magac walax gaar ah xaaladda sayniska ama falagga ({{xt|The Moon orbits the Earth}}; laakiin {{xt|Io is a moon of Jupiter}}). Magacyada meereyaasha, dayaxyada, asteroids-ka, comets-ka, xiddigaha, constellations-ka, iyo galaxies-ka waa magacyo u gaar ah, oo sidaas darteed xaraf-weyn ah ({{xt|The planet Mars is in the constellation Gemini, near the star Pollux}}). Xarafka ugu horreeya ee eray kasta oo ku dhex jira magacaas waa xaraf-weyn ({{xt|Alpha Centauri}} ma aha {{!xt|Alpha centauri}}; {{xt|Milky Way}}, ma aha {{!xt|Milky way}}). Erayada sida ''comet'' iyo ''galaxy'' waa inay noqdaan xaraf-weyn marka ay samaynayaan qayb ka mid ah magac u gaar ah, laakiin ma aha marka loo isticmaalo sida eray guud ({{xt|Halley's Comet is the most famous of the comets}}; {{xt|the Andromeda Galaxy is a spiral galaxy}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Compass"></span>Pointers-ka kombaas-ka (Jihooyinka)=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Compass points}} Ha xaraf-weynayn '''jihooyinka''' sida ''north'' (woqooyi) ama foomamka la xiriira ({{xt|We took the northern road}}) marka laga reebo marka ay yihiin qaybo ka mid ah magacyada u gaarka ah ({{xt|Great North Road}}, {{xt|Great Western Drive}}, {{xt|South Pole}}). U qor xaraf-weyn '''magacyada gobollada''' haddii ay gaareen heerka magaca u gaarka ah, ku dhex jira magacyada caadiga ah ee heshiiska ({{xt|Southern California}}; {{xt|the Western Desert}}), iyo erayada ka soo baxa ee dadka (t.s., ''Southerner'' oo ah mid ka soo jeeda [[Southern United States]]). Ha xaraf-weynayn magacyada sharraxaadda leh ee gobollada oo aan gaarin heerka magacyada u gaarka ah, sida {{xt|southern Poland}}. Jihooyinka isku-dhafka ah waxaa lagu dhex jiri karaa ama aan lagu dhex jiri karin dhex-xariijin (hyphen), iyada oo ku xiran [[#National varieties of English|nooca Ingiriisiga ee loo qaatay]] maqaalka. {{xt|Southeast Asia}} iyo {{xt|northwest}} waxay ka caansan yihiin Ingiriisiga Mareykanka; laakiin {{xt|South-East Asia}} iyo {{xt|north-west}} waxay ka caansan yihiin Ingiriisiga British-ka. Xaaladaha sida {{xt|north–south dialogue}} iyo {{xt|east–west orientation}}, isticmaal en dash; eeg {{section link||Other uses for en dashes}}. ===<span id="Institutions"></span>Magacyada u gaarka ah ka soo contrasts-garoobaya erayada guud=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Institutions|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Capitalization of The{{!}}Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Capitalization of ''The''}} U qor xaraf-weyn magacyada hay'adaha ama doorka gaarka ah ({{xt|the founding of the University of Delhi}}; {{xt|the history of Stanford University}}) laakiin ma aha erayada guud ee hay'adaha ({{xt|the high school is near the university}}). Ha xaraf-weynayn ''the'' bilowga magaca hay'adda, iyada oo aan loo eegin qaabka loo doorbido ee hay'adda. Waxaa jira reebanaanno dhif ah, marka la hoggaaminayo ''The'' oo lagu muujiyay ''T'' ku dhex jira acronym-ka kooxda: {{xt|The International Cat Association (TICA)}}. U maaree qaybaha siyaasadda ama juqraafiga foomkan oo kale: {{xt|The city has a population of 55,000}}; {{xt|The two towns merged to become the City of Smithville}}. Ha u sameynin sida qaabka wargaysyada maxalliga ah oo tixraacaya degmada/magaalada sida ''the City'' ama ''The City'', marka laga reebo City of London [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#City of London|xaaladaha qaarkood]]. Hagahaani wuxuu sii kordhayaa wax-soosaarka hay'adaha, shirkadaha, iyo kooxaha kale. Tusaale ahaan, magaca dhan ee sharciga sida {{xt|Online Safety Act 2023}} wuxuu noqon doonaa xaraf-weyn, laakiin tixraacyada ka dambeeya ee {{xt|the act}} ma noqon doonaan kuwo xaraf-weyn ah. ==<span class="anchor" id="Acronyms and abbreviations"></span><span class="anchor" id="Acronyms"></span><span class="anchor" id="Initialisms"></span><span class="anchor" id="Shortenings"></span>Gaabinta== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Initials}} Gaabinta waa foomamka gaaban ee erayada ama foomamka. Raadinta saxda ah, waxay ku kala duwan yihiin [[Contraction (grammar)|contractions]], oo isticmaala [[apostrophe]] (t.s., ''won't'', eeg {{Section link||Contractions}}), iyo [[initialism]]s. Initialism waxaa lagu samaynayaa ka mid ah ama dhammaan xarfaha bilowga ah ee erayada ku dhex jira foom. Ka hooseeya, tixraacyada gaabinta waa in loo qaadaa inay ku dhex jiraan acronyms, iyo term-ka ''acronym'' waa inuu sidoo cuali ahaan ku dabaqmaa initialisms. ===Qor marka ay markii ugu horreysay muuqato iyadoo dhammaystiran=== {{Shortcut|MOS:1STOCC|MOS:1STABBR}} Marka gaabinta loo isticmaalayo maqaalka dhexdiisa, hordhac uga dhig iyadoo la isticmaalayo weedha dhammaystiran, gaabintana lagu dhex darayo ngo'aanka (parentheses): {{Block indent|{{xt|shabakadda gobolka ee maxalliga ah (LAN) oo ay samaysay Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC){{nbsp}}... DEC badeecadihii dambe ee LAN waxay aheyd{{nbsp}}...}}}} Ha u isticmaalin xarfo waaweyn foomka dhammaystiran kaliya sababtoo ah xarfo waaweyn ayaa loo isticmaalay gaabinta: {{!xt|Shabakadda Gobolka ee Maxalliga ah (LAN)}}. Marka laga reebo xaaladaha gaarka ah, gaabinta caadiga ah (sida {{xt|PhD}}, {{xt|DNA}}, ama {{xt|USSR}}) looma baahna in la kala bixiyo ama la dhamaystiro xataa marka ay tahay markii ugu horreysay ee la isticmaalo. ===Foomamka plural-ka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:GREENGROCER}} U samee plural [[acronyms]] iyadoo lagu darayo ''-s'' ama ''-es'': {{xt|Three CD-ROMs and two BIOSes were released}}. Ha isticmaalin ''[[greengrocer's apostrophe]]'' si aad u samayso plurals: {{!xt|Three CD-ROM's and two BIOS's were released}}. ===<span class="anchor" id="Periods (full stops) and spaces"></span><span class="anchor" id="Full stops and spaces"></span><span class="anchor" id="op.cit."></span>Punctuation iyo spacing=== {{Shortcut|MOS:PS}} Gaabintu waxay ku dhabayn kartaa ama aan ku dhabayn karin full point (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-garaysay ''period'' ama ''full stop''). Qaab joogto ah waa in lagu dhasheeyaa ku dhex jirta maqaal. Isticmaalka North American caadi ahaan waa in lagu dhabeeyo dhammaan gaabinta period ({{xt|Dr. Smith of 42&nbsp;Drummond St.}}) laakiin isticmaalka caadiga ah ee British iyo Australian, ma jiro period loo isticmaalo haddii gaabinta (contraction) ay ku dhabayso xarafka ugu dambeya ee foomka aan la gaabin ({{xt|Dr Smith of 42&nbsp;Drummond St}}) ilaa is-dhaafsi uu keeni karo. Kani waa sidoo cuali ahaan isticmaalka caadiga ah ee qoraalka scientific-ka ah. Iyadoo aan loo eegin punctuation, erayada lagu gaabay ka badan hal xaraf waa lagu dhex jiraa space ({{xt|op.&nbsp;cit.}} ma aha {{!xt|op.cit.}} ama {{!xt|opcit}}). Waxaa jira waxyaabo ka baxsan oo yar: {{xt|PhD}} {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg sare)}} "Philosophiae Doctor"; {{xt|BVetMed}} "Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine". Xaaladaha badankooda, Wikipedia ma isticmaalto punctuation-ka oo kale ku dhex jirta acronyms iyo initialisms: {{xt|GDP}}, ma aha {{!xt|G.D.P.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="US"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S."></span><span class="anchor" id="USA"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S.A."></span>US iyo U.S.<!-- When renaming this section title, rename the full link at [[Wikipedia:Consistency]] -->=== {{Shortcut|MOS:US|MOS:U.S.|MOS:USA|MOS:U.S.A.}} {{redirect|MOS:US|the use of the word "us"|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#First-person pronouns}} {{xt|US}} waa gaabinta caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo ee {{xt|United States}}, inkastoo {{xtn|U.S.}} – oo leh periods iyo aan lahayn space – ay tahay mid caadi ah daabacadaha North American, ku dhex jirta wargaysyada news-ka. Hagayaasha qaabka American qaarkood, ku dhex jiro ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style]]'' (tan iyo 2010), waxay baabi'iyeen {{!xt|U.S.}} waxayna soo sheegeen {{xt|US}}. Sababaha [[#Opportunities for commonality|wadaagga]], isticmaal {{xt|US}} default ahaan marka aad gaabinayso, laakiin [[#Retaining existing styles|sii wad]] {{xtn|U.S.}} maqaallada American ama Canadian English oo ay horey u dhisantay, ilaa ay jirto sabab wanaagsan oo loo beddelo. Sababtoo ah isticmaalka periods ee gaabinta iyo acronyms wuxuu noqon doonaa mid joogto ah ku dhex jira maqaal kasta, mar walba isticmaal {{xt|US}} maqaal leh gaabinta waddammada kale. Gaabinta dheeraad ah oo lagu dhex jiro initials-ka waddanka ({{xt|USN}}, {{xt|USAF}}), waligeed ha isticmaalin periods. Marka United States lagu xuso hal ama ka badan waddammada kale ku dhex jirta jumlad oo kale, {{xt|US}} (ama {{xtn|U.S.}}) wuxuu noqon karaa mid aad u informal ah, gaar ahaan xusidda ugu horreysa ama sida noun halkii adjective ({{xt|France and the United States}}, ma aha {{!xt|France and the US}}). Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|U.&nbsp;S.}} oo leh space ama {{!xt|U.S.&nbsp;of&nbsp;A.}} oo taariikh hore ah, marka laga reebo marka aad xigasho sameynayso. Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|U.S.A.}} ama {{!xt|USA}} marka laga reebo ku dhex jirta xigasho, sida qayb ka mid ah magac sax ah ({{xt|Team USA}}), ama isticmaalka tignoolajiyada iyo rasmiga ah ee qaarkood (t.s., [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3]], [[FIFA country codes|FIFA]], iyo [[IOC country codes]]). ===Circa=== {{for|examples|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Uncertain, incomplete, or approximate dates}} Si loo muujiyo ''si xaddidan'', isticmaalka {{tl|circa}}, oo muuqda sida {{xt|{{circa}}}}, waxaa ka wanaagsan {{!xt|circa}}, {{!xt|c.}}, {{!xt|ca.}}, ama {{!xt|approx.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="unwarranted abbreviations"></span>Ka fogao isticmaalka aan la xaqijin=== {{Hatnote|See also: {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|Units of measurement}} for when to abbreviate units of measurement.}} Ka fogao gaabinta marka ay jahwareerin karaan akhristaha, baabi'in karaan socodka, ama ka muuqan karaan informal. Tusaale ahaan: *Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|approx.}} ee {{xt|approximate(ly)}} marka laga reebo infobox ama table (xaaladaas isticmaal {{tlx|abbr|approx.|approximately}} xusidda ugu horreysa: {{xt|{{abbr|approx.|approximately}}}}). *Ha isticmaalin legalism-ka {{!xt|Holmes J}} ee {{xt|[[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.|Justice Holmes]]}}. <!-- this might be better in [[WP:JARGON]] --> ===Ha samaynin=== Ka fogao sameynta [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#Neologisms|gaabinta cusub]], gaar ahaan acronyms. Tusaale ahaan, {{xtn|World Union of Billiards}} waa wanaagsan yahay sida {{em|turjumaad}} ee {{xt|[[Union Mondiale de Billard]]}}, laakiin ma aha iyada ama yareynta {{!xt|WUB}} oo loo isticmaalay kooxda ama tixraacyada gaarka ah; isticmaal magaca asalka ah iyo gaabintiisa rasmiga ah, {{xt|UMB}}. Haddii ay noqoto mid lagama maarmaan ah in lagu gaabiyo space yar, sida [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables#Captions and headers|column header ee table-ka]], isticmaal gaabinta si baaxad leh loo aqoonsan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, ee {{xt|New Zealand gross national product}}, isticmaal {{xt|NZ}} iyo {{xt|GNP}}, oo leh isqu xir haddii term-ka aan horey loogu qorin maqaalka: {{xt|NZ&nbsp;[[Measures of national income and output|GNP]]}}. Ha samaynin initialisms sida {{!xt|NZGNP}}. ===HTML tags iyo moodallada=== Mid ka mid ah {{tag|abbr|o}} ama {{tlx|abbr}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa gaabinta iyo acronyms: {{tag|abbr|params=title="World Health Organization"|content=WHO|wrap=yes}} ama {{tlx|abbr|WHO|World Health Organization}} waxay samayn doonaan {{abbr|WHO|World Health Organization}}; [[mouseover|soreynta]] qoraalka muuqda waxay keentaa [[tooltip]] ee foomka dheer inuu soo muuqdo. ===Ampersand=== {{Shortcut|MOS:AMP|MOS:&}} {{redirects|WP:&|the use of "and" in titles|Wikipedia:Article titles#Titles containing "and"}} Qoraalka caadiga ah iyo madaxyada, isticmaal ''and'' halkii [[ampersand]] (''&''): {{xt|January 1&nbsp;and&nbsp;2}}, ma aha {{!xt|January 1&nbsp;&&nbsp;2}}. Laakiin sii wad ampersand marka uu yahay qayb shaqaynaysa oo qaabka magac sax ah, mawduuca shaqaalaha, ama trademark, sida ku dhex jirta ''[[Up & Down (Horace Parlan album)|Up&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Down]]'' ama [[AT&T]]. Meelaha kale, ampersands waxaa loo isticmaali karaa joogteyn iyo dookh halka space uu aad u xaddidan yahay (t.s., tables iyo infoboxes). Xigashooyinka [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Typographic conformity|waxaa lagu beddeli karaa si dhibco leh]], gaar ahaan joogteynta halka noocyada kala duwan lagu xigto, maadaama noocyada cusub ee qoraallada hore ay si joogto ah u beddealaan ampersands ''and'' (sida ay u beddealaan [[glyph]]s kale oo aan la isticmaalin, [[Typographic ligature|ligatures]], iyo gaabinta). Isticmaalka kale oo loo ilaysay laakiin aan loo baahnayn waa tixraacyada gaaban ee shaqaalaha leeh qoraa badan, t.s.: {{xt|<nowiki><ref>Lubbers & Scheepers (2002); Van Hiel & Mervielde (2002); Swyngedouw & Giles (2007); Van Hiel (2012).</ref></nowiki>}}. ==Farta Janjeerta== {{Shortcut|MOS:IT|MOS:ITAL}} ===<span id="Do not use capitals for emphasis"></span>Adkeynta=== Farta janjeerta waxaa loo isticmaalaa adkeyn, halkii loo isticmaali lahaa [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Boldface|farta buuran]] ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#All caps and small caps|xarfo waaweyn]]. Laakiin isticmaalka badan wuxuu yareeyaa shaqadiisa: tixgeli dib-u-qorista jumlada halkii aad farta janjeerta badsan lahayd. Isticmaal {{tag|em}} ama {{tlx|em|...}} si aad adkeyn u sameeyso. Kani wuxuu u sahlayaa [[Help:User style|waraaqaha qaabka isticmaalaha]] in loo maareeyo adkeynta qaab gaar ah, wuxuuna caawiyaa dadka dib-u-isticmaala ama turjumayaasha.{{refn|{{cite web |last1=Ishida |first1=Richard |title=Using b and i elements |quote=the content of a <code>b</code> element may not always be bold, and that of an <code>i</code> element may not always be italic. |url=https://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-b-and-i-tags |website=W3C Internationalization |publisher=[[World Wide Web Consortium]] |date=2015 |access-date=1 September 2016}} }} *Sax: <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>The meerkat is <em>not</em> actually a cat.</nowiki>}}</code> *Sax: <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>The meerkat is {{em|not}} actually a cat.</nowiki>}}</code> ===<span id="Italics-Titles"></span>Cinwaannada=== {{shortcut|MOS:NOITALIC}} {{/titles hatnote include|where=MOS#I-T}} Isticmaal farta janjeerta cinwaannada hawlaha waaweyn (sida buugaagta, filimada, taxanaha telefishanka, bandhigyada la magacaabay, ciyaaraha fiidiyowga, albamyada muusigga, iyo fanka). Cinwaannada maqaallada, cutubyada, noocyada muusigga, dhacdooyinka, sheekooyinka, qoraallada cilmi-baarista, iyo hawlaha kale ee gaaban waxay qaataan calaamadaha oraahda ee laba-laabka ah (" "). Farta janjeerta looma isticmaalo qoraallada diinta ee waaweyn ({{xt|the Bible}}, {{xt|the Quran}}, {{xt|the Talmud}}). Kuwa badan oo cinwaannadan ka mid ah waa inay sidoo kale raacaan [[#Titles of works|habka xaraf-weynaynta cinwaannada]]. ===Erayada loo isticmaalay eray ahaan=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Words as words}} {{for|the policy when a word or phrase itself may be an encyclopedic subject|Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#When a word or phrase may be an encyclopedic subject}} Isticmaal farta janjeerta marka aad {{em|xusayso}} eray ama xaraf {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Use–mention distinction]])}} ama weedh ilaa hal jumlad ah ({{xt|teramka ''panning'' wuxuu ka yimid ''panorama''}}; {{xt|xarafka ugu caansan Af-Soomaaliga waa ''a''}}). Marka jumlad dhan la xuso, calaamadaha oraahda ee laba-laabka ah ayaa loo isticmaali karaa halkii, iyadoo la dhowrayo joogteynta ({{xt|Erayga xiriiriya ee ku jira ''Waxay fadhisatay kursiga'' waa ''kursiga''}}; ama {{xt|Erayga xiriiriya ee ku jira "Waxay fadhisatay kursiga" waa "kursiga"}}). Calaamadaha oraahda waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa qoraallada gaaban si looga fogaado jahawareerka, sida marka farta janjeerta horey loogu isticmaalay bogga sabab kale awgeed (t.s., erayada iyo weedha badan ee aan Soomaaliga ahayn). {{em|Xusidda}} (si looga wada-hadlo naxwaha, xulashada erayada, ama calaamadaha hakadka) waxay ka duwan tahay {{em|xigashada}} (halka wax caadi ahaan lagu muujiyo magaca ilaha la xigtay). Xigashada waxaa lagu sameeyaa calaamadaha oraahda, waligeedna looma isticmaalo farta janjeerta ama labadaba hal mar {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Quotations}} si aad u ogaato faahfaahinta).}} Isticmaalka kale ee la xiriira farta janjeerta waa marka la soo bandhigayo ama lagu kala saarayo erayada ama fikradaha: {{xt|Fikradaha ''tirasagaashanka'' waa tirada idil ee ka weyn 0.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign words"></span>Erayada aan Soomaaliga ahayn=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Non-English terms}} Farta janjeerta waxaa loo isticmaalaa weedha aan Soomaaliga ahayn iyo erayada kelida ah ee ajnabiga ah ee aan caadi ahaan loo isticmaalin Af-Soomaaliga maalin kasta. Laakiin, magacyada u gaarka ah (sida magacyada meelaha) ee luqadaha kale caadi ahaan ma qaataan farta janjeerta, sidoo kale erayada ku jira farta aan Laatiinka ahayn. Qaab-dhismeedka {{tlx|lang}} iyo noocyadiisu waxay taageeraan dhammaan [[ISO 639]] koodhadhka luqadaha, iyagoo sax u aqoonsanaya luqadda si otomaatig ahna u janjeerinaya farta. Fadlan isticmaal qaab-dhismeedyadan halkii aad gacanta u janjeerin lahayd qoraalka aan Soomaaliga ahayn. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link|WP:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Other languages}} si aad u ogaato macluumaad dheeraad ah.)}} ===Magacyada sayniska=== Isticmaal farta janjeerta magacyada sayniska ee dhirta, xayawaanka, iyo [[Kingdom (biology)|dhammaan noolaha kale]] marka laga reebo fayrasyada heerka [[genus]] iyo ka hooseeya (janjeeri {{xt|''Panthera leo''}} iyo {{xt|''Retroviridae''}}, laakiin ha janjeerin {{xt|Felidae}}). Calaamadda isku-dhafka ma qaadato farta janjeerta ({{xt|''Rosa''&nbsp;×&nbsp;''damascena''}}), sidoo kale "erayga xiriiriya" ee loo baahan yahay [[Trinomial nomenclature#In botany|magacyada dhirta ee saddexda qaybood ah]] ma janjeero ({{xt|''Rosa gallica'' subsp. ''officinalis''}}). ===<span id="Italics and quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka ku dhex jira farta janjeerta=== {{shortcut|MOS:ITALQUOTE|}}{{See also|#Quotations}} <section begin="Quotations in italics body"/>Ha u qorin xigashooyinka farta janjeerta. [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation marks|Calaamadaha oraahda]] (ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Block quotations|xigashooyinka waaweyn]]) kaliya ayaa ku filan oo ah qaabka saxda ah ee loogu muujiyo xigashooyinka. Farta janjeerta waa in loo isticmaalo kaliya haddii qoraalka la xigtay uu ka mid yahay waxyaabo marka horeba u baahanaa farta janjeerta.<section end="Quotations in italics body"/> ([[#Italics within quotations|Eeg hoos]]). ===Farta janjeerta ee ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka=== <section begin="Italics within quotations body"/>Isticmaal farta janjeerta ku dhex jira xigashooyinka si aad u soo saarto adkeynta ku jirtay qoraalka asalka ah ama si aad u muujiso isticmaalka erayada aan Soomaaliga ahayn. Adkeynta waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu sameeyo {{tlx|em}}. Haddii aysan caddayn in ilaha asalka ahi ay horey u lahaayeen farta janjeerta (ama qaab kale) oo adkeyn ah, ama si loo muujiyo marka adkeynta aan loo isticmaalin qoraalkii asalka ahaa laakiin dambe lagu daray tifaftirka, ku dar xusuus-qoraalka tifaftirka {{xt|[adkeyntu waa asalka]}} ama {{xt|[adkeynta waa la daray]}}, sida ay u kala horreeyaan, ka dambaysta xigashada. * Tusaale ahaan: {{xt|"Muxuu yiri guda-galka xubintu. Habeen wanaagsan: Iyo {{em|kooxaha malaa'igta}} ha ku heesaan nasashadaada." [adkeyntu waa asalka].}}<section end="Italics within quotations body"/> ===Saamaynta ay ku leedahay calaamadaha hakadka ee dhow=== {{Shortcut|MOS:ITALPUNCT}} Janjeeri kaliya qaybaha jumlada oo ay saameysay adkeyntu. Ha janjeerin calaamadaha hakadka ee dhow. *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|Maxaan ka samaynaynaa {{em|arrintaas?}}}} (Calaamadda su'aashu waxay ku dabaqmeysaa jumlada dhan, ma aha kaliya erayga la adkeeyay ee ''arrintaas'', markaas waa inaysan janjeerin.) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Maxaan ka samaynaynaa {{em|arrintaas}}?}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Afar ka mid ah sheekooyinka ugu caansan Patrick White waa ''A Fringe of Leaves'', ''The Aunt's Story'', ''Voss'', iyo ''The Tree of Man''.}} (Calaamadaha hakadka ee ku dhow, nooca cunsurrada, iyo erayga ''iyo'' ma janjeeraan.) ==Xigashooyinka== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTE}} [[Wikipedia:Non-free content#Guideline examples|Xigashooyinka gaaban ee qoraallada xuqooqda la dhowray]] waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loogu muujiyo dhacdo, loo siiyo macrefe, ama loo tiiriyo aragti ama fikrad gaar ah. Inkastoo xigashooyinku ay yihiin qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah Wikipedia, isticmaalka xad-dhaafka ah kuma habboona uslubta qoraalka encyclopedia-da wuxuuna sababi karaa [[Wikipedia:Copyrights|xukun-jebinta xuqooqda qoraalka]], sidaas darteed badankooda qoraalka waa inuu ku dhex jiraa erayada tifaftiraha oo keliya. Tixgeli dib-u-qorista xigashooyinka si ay u noqdaan qoraal toos ah oo gaaban marka ay habboon tahay (iyadoo la ogaaday in [[Wikipedia:Close paraphrasing|qoraal-mucaawinedka dhow]] uu walillahi xukunkii xudaheeda baabi'in karo). [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Quotations|Ha u qorin xigashooyinka farta janjeerta]] ilaa qoraalku uu farta janjeerta u baahdo sabab kale awgeed. Raiyada [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|siyaasadda xaqiijinta]], xigashooyinka tooska ah {{em|waa in}} ay la socdaan [[WP:INCITE|tixraac ku dhex jira qoraalka]] oo ka yimid [[WP:RS|il lagu kalsoonaan karo]] oo taageeraysa qoraalka. Tani waxay si gaar ah uga muhiimsan tahay maqaallada ku saabsan ama ku dhex jira qoraallada ku saabsan [[WP:BLP|dadka nool ama dhowaan dhintay]]. ===<span class="anchor" id="Principle of minimal change"></span>Qoraalka asalka ah=== {{Shortcut|MOS:PMC|MOS:SIC}} Xigashooyinka waa inay noqdaan kuwo [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|xaqiijin leh]] oo loo tiiriyo ilahooda, qoraalka la xigtayna waa in si dhab ah loo soo saaro. Tani waxaa loo yaqaan {{em|mabda'a beddelka yar}}. Marka ay jirto sabab wanaagsan oo loo beddelo qoraalka, ku dar khaanadaha afkexan [ ] qoraalka la beddelay; tusaale ahaan, {{!xt|"Ocyrhoe wuxuu u sheegay aayihiisa"}} waxaa loo xigan karaa sida {{xt|"Ocyrhoe wuxuu u sheegay [aabihiis] aayihiisa"}}. Makhaadhaa yar oo dhanka higaada ama farta ah waa in si toos ah loo hagaajiyo (tusaale ahaan, hagaaji {{!xt|basicly}} oo u beddel {{xt|basically}}). Haddii ay jirto makhaadhaa muhiim ah qoraalkii asalka ahaa, raaci {{tlx|sic}} (oo soo saaraysa {{sic}}{{hsp}}) si loogu muujiyo in makhaadhaahaas aysan samayn Wikipedia; tusaale ahaan, {{xt|"wareysigiisii uu la yeeshay Dolly Llama {{sic}}"}}. Marka lagu dabaqo qoraal xiriiriye leh, adeegsiga qaab-dhismeedka waxaa loo hagaajin karaa {{tlx|sic|2=nolink=y}} (oo soo saaraysa {{sic|nolink=y}} qoraalka xiriiriyaha leh; tusaale ahaan ku dhex jirta xiriiriyaha: [[Template:Sic|{{sic|nolink=y}} template]]).{{efn|name="sicwarning"|{{tl|Sic}} ma aha in loo isticmaalo dhexda {{tag|ref}} tags, ama ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|qaab-dhismeedyada tixraacyada]] sida [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]] iyo [[Help:Citation Style 2|Citation Style 2]], sababtoo ah wuxuu leeyahay qoraal baabi'inaya [[COinS]] metadata ee ay soo saaraan; eeg [[Wikipedia:COinS]].}} Sababaha saxnaanta iyo tusmo-samaynta awgeed, cinwaannada ilaha tixraaca ma aha in loo hagaajiyo higaadooda, laakiin hagaajinta yar ee farta ah (sida beddelka [[MOS:CURLY|calaamadaha qaloocan]] oo loo beddelo kuwa tooska ah) waxaa loo samayn karaa si toos ah. Tixraacyada ku dhex jira qoraalka la xigtay, ee tilmaamaya ilo aan loo isticmaalin maqaalka Wikipedia, waa in si toos ah loo saaro. Isticmaal [[#Ellipses|saddexda dhibcood (...)]] si aad u muujiso ka-tagista qoraalka la xigtay. Ka-tagista la ogol yahay waxaa ku jira erayada aan loo baahnayn, aan la xiriirin, ama ngo'aanka ku jira, iyo erayada daalka ({{!xt|umm}} iyo {{!xt|hmm}}), laakiin ha ka tagin qoraal marka ka-tagistiisu ay baabi'inayso macnaha muhiimka ah ama ay beddelayso nuxurka qoraalka. Erayada rogaal-celiska ah ama kuwa xun-xun waa in loo muujiyo si sax ah sida ay ka muuqdaan ilaha la xigtay; Tifaftirayaasha Wikipedia waa innaan [[Wikipedia:Offensive material#How to treat offensive material in articles|dhalaalin ama qarin erayada]] ({{!xt|G-d d--n it!}}), laakiin haddii qoraalka la xigtay {{em|aysan}} sidaas sameeynayn, koobiyeey qoraalka si toos ah iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|sic}} si loo muujiyo in qoraalka loo xigtay sida uu ka muuqdo ilaha. Xigashooyinka tooska ah, dhowr higaada gobolka ama taariikhiga ah, harraan xaraf-weynaynta (laakiin ha dhowrin farta duugga ah ama xarfaha isku-dhafan, sida lagu sharraxay hoos ku dhex jirta {{slink||Typographic conformity}}). ===Aragtida ama Mawqifka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTEPOV}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Attributing and specifying biased statements|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Expressions of doubt}} Xigashoda waa in loo isticmaalo, iyadoo la tiirinayo ilaha, si loo soo bandhigo aragtiyo shaqsi ah oo aan lagu muujin karin codka Wikipedia dhexdeeda, laakiin waligeed ma aha si loo soo bandhigo xeerarka dhaqanka sida aragtiyo oo keliya: *La aqbali karo: {{xt|Siskel iyo Ebert waxay filimka ku tilmaameen "mid aan la iloobi karin".}} *Aan la aqbali karin: {{!xt|Boga waxaa loo arkaa "mid ka reebban" qoraallada diinta.}} Aragtiyada gaaban ee aan aadka u xasaasiga ahayn caadi ahaan waxaa lagu soo sheegi karaa iyadoo loo tiiriyo ilaha halkii loo isticmaali lahaa xigasho toos ah. Isticmaalka calaamadaha oraahda ee erayada sharraxaadda leh ee gaaban wuxuu [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Expressions of doubt|muujin karaa nghi ama tuhun]] ku saabsan maaddada la xigtay; sarbeebta ama [[weasel words|erayada daboolan]], sida ''loogu dhex yiri'' ama ''waxaa loogu yeeraa'', waa lagu muujin karaa. *La aqbali karo: {{xt|Siskel iyo Ebert waxay filimka ku tilmaameen mid xiiso leh.}} *Aan loo baahnayn oo muujin kara nghi: {{!xt|Siskel iyo Ebert waxay filimka ku tilmaameen "mid xiiso leh".}} *Waa in la xigto: {{xt|Siskel iyo Ebert waxay filimka ku tilmaameen "mid xiiso leh laakiin xanuun badan".}} ===Waafaqsanaanta farta iyo qoraalka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:CONFORM}} Xigashodu ma aha [[wikt:facsimile|koobi toos ah oo sawir ah]] oo, xaaladaha badankooda, ma aha shuruud in qaabkii asalka ahaa lagu dhowro. Qaabka iyo cunsurrada kale ee farta ee qoraalka la xigtay waa in lagu waafajiyo heshiisyada Wikipedia-da Soomaaliga iyadoo aan la samayn faallo, iyadoo la xaqijiyay in sameynta tan aysan beddeli doonin ama baabi'in doonin macnaha ama inta qoraalka. Kani waa beddel aan samaynayn kala duwanaansho marka qoraalka loo read-gareeyo si toos ah; tusaale ahaan: *Sinnaanta dhex-xariijimaha: eeg {{Section link||Dashes}}. Isticmaal qaabka loo doortay maqaalka: unspaced [[em dash]] ama spaced [[en dash]]. *Beddel calaamadaha sare iyo calaamadaha oraahda oo u beddel qaabka Wikipedia: **Kuwani waa inay noqdaan kuwo toos ah, ma aha kuwo qaloocan. Eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}}. **Marka aad xigtayso xigasho dhexdeeda ay ku dhex jirto xigasho kale, beddel dhexdeeda isticmaalka calaamadaha oraahda ee laba-laabka ah iyo kuwa kelida ah ee xigasho kasta. Eeg {{section link||For a quotation within a quotation}} si aad u ogaato faahfaahinta. *Marka aad xigtayso qoraal ka soo baxay luqadaha kale, calaamadaha hakadka ee ka baxsan waa inay raacaan [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation marks|Hagaha Hab-qoraalka ee calaamadaha oraahda Soomaaliga]]. Haddii ay jiraan xigashooyin dhexda ku jira, raac shuruudaha calaamadaha hakadka ee saxda ah ee luqaddaas. *Ka saar meelaha bannaan ee ka horreeya calaamadaha hakadka sida dhibcaha iyo xiaraanta. *Caadi ahaan sii wad farta buuran iyo janjeerta {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Italics}})}}, laakiin badankooda qaabka kale waa in loo beddelo qoraal toos ah. Qoraalka hoos ka xariiqan, meelaha bannaan ee erayada dhexdisa ah, xarfaha waaweyn oo dhan, iyo wixii la mid ah caadi ahaan waa in loo beddelo qoraal toos ah. Haddii ay caddaynayso adkeyn, isticmaal farta janjeerta ama farta buuran. *Kala bixi gaabinta (aan horey loo isticmaalin qoraalka ka hor xigashada) iyadoo lagu dhex darayo khaanadaha afkexan, ama ku sharrax iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|abbr}}. {{Shortcut|MOS:RETAINQUOTEVARIETY}} {{vanchor|Retain quote variety|text= Laakiin, noocyada luqadda ee gobollada ma aha in loo beddelo, maadaama kuwani ay ku dhex jiri karaan beddelka erayada. Tusaale ahaan, xigasho ka soo baxday ilo British ah waa in ay sii wadato higaada British-ka, xataa maqaal oo haddii kale isticmaala higaada kale. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Consistency within articles}}.)}}}} Nambarada sidoo kale caadi ahaan ma aha in loo qaabaysho si kale. Xigashoda tooska ah ma aha in loo isticmaalo si loo dhowro qaabka uu doorbidayo daabacaha ka baxsan, maadaama kani wuxuu leeyahay saameyn sarbeeb ah: *{{em|La aqbali karo}}: {{xt|Xayawaanka waxaa loo diiwaan geliyay inuu yahay mid halis ku jira maqaalka IUCN.}} *{{em|Aan la aqbali karin}}: {{!xt|Xayawaanka waxaa loo diiwaan geliyay inuu yahay "Halis ku jira" maqaalka IUCN.}} Marka aad xigtayso jumlad dhan, caadi ahaan waxaa lagu taliyaa in erayga ugu horreeya uu sii wado xaraf-weyn. Laakiin, haddii qoraalka la xigtay lagu dhex daray jumlada ku dhow (tusaale ahaan, leh hordhac sida "X wuxuu yiri"), xarafka weyn ee asalka ah waxaa loo beddeli karaa xaraf yar. ===Tiirinta ilaha === Akhristahu waa inuu awoodaa inuu go'aamiyo ilaha xigasho kasta, ugu yaraan ka magaca tixraaca hoose. Ilaha waa in lagu magacaabo {{em|qoraalka maqaalka}} haddii xigashodu ay tahay aragti. Marka aad tiirinayo xigasho, ka fogaaw sharraxaadda foomka eexda leh. ===Xigashooyinka ku dhex jira xigashooyinka=== Eeg {{section link||For a quotation within a quotation}}. ===Isku xirka (Linking)=== {{Shortcut|MOS:LINKQUOTE|MOS:LWQ}} Noqo mid taxaddar leh marka aad isku xirayso ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka; isku xir kaliya bartilmaameedyada u dhigma macnaha caddaynaya ee uu u intent-gareeyay qoraaga xigashoda. Halka ay suurtogal tahay, isku xir qoraalka ka baxsan xigashoda halkii – mid ka hor ama dhowaan ka dambeeya. ===<span class="anchor" id="Block quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka waaweyn (Block quotations)=== {{Shortcut|MOS:BQ|MOS:BLOCKQUOTE}} U qaabayso xigashoda dheer (ka badan 40 eray ama ka kooban ka badan hal baaragaraaf) sida [[block quotation]], iyadoo la isticmaalayo qaab-dhismeedka {{tlx|blockquote}}. Qoraalka lagu muujiyay xigashooyinka waaweyn iyo khaanadaha xigashada waa inuusan dhitadiisu noqon mid lagu duubay calaamadaha oraahda. Isticmaal {{tnull|blockquote}} iyo qaab-dhismeedka la midka ah kaliya xigashooyinka dhabta ah; xariijinta sababaha kale waxaa loo sameeyaa foom kale. Waa xeer in lagu hor maro xigashoda weyn jumlad hordhac ah (ama qayb jumlad ah) oo lagu daro tixraaca ilaha xarkaas. Qaab-dhismeedka {{tnull|blockquote}} wuxuu bixiyaa xaddidyo loogu talagalay tiirinta iyo tixraaca oo ka muuqan doona ka hooseeya xigashoda. Xigasho aan lahayn ilo loo tixraacay waa in lagu calaamadeeyo {{tlx|quote without source}}, ama la saaro. ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign-language quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka aan Soomaaliga ahayn=== {{Shortcut|MOS:FOREIGNQUOTE|}} Xigashooyinka ka soo baxday ilaha aan Soomaaliga ahayn waa inay ka muuqdaan turjumaad loo beddeley Af-Soomaali. Xigashooyinka ah turjumaada waa in si toos ah loo kala saaro kuwa aan ahayn. Muuji ilaha asalka ah ee turjumaada, iyo luqadda asalka ah (haddii aysan caddayn xaaladda). Haddii qoraalka asalka ah ee aan la turjumin uu yahay mid la heli karo, bixi tixraac iyada ama ku dar iyada, sida habboon. Marka tifaftirayaashu ay turjumaan qoraal oo loo beddelo Af-Soomaali, daryeel waa in mar walba loo qaado si lagu dhex jiro qoraalka asalka ah, {{em|farta janjeerta dhexdeeda}} (marka laga reebo dhismaha farta aan Laatiinka ahayn, oo ugu wanaagsan lagu sameyo qaab-dhismeedyada {{tlx|lang}} ama {{tlx|langx}}); iyo si loo isticmaalo erayada dhabta ah ee Af-Soomaaliga ee turjumaada dhexdeeda. ==Punctuation== {{Shortcut|MOS:PUNCT}} {{For|a brief guide to how some punctuation marks are used in Wikipedia for special purposes, e.g., [[Help:List#List basics|description lists]]|Help:Punctuation}} ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign characters that resemble apostrophes"></span>Apostrophes=== {{Shortcut|MOS:'|MOS:APOSTROPHE}} *Isticmaal [[straight apostrophe]]s ({{big|{{mxt|'}}}}), ma aha [[curly apostrophe]]s ({{big|{{!mxt|’}}}}). Ha isticmaalin accent marks ama [[backtick]]s ({{big|{{!mxt|`}}}}) sida apostrophes. *Moodallada sida {{tlx|`}} iyo {{tlx|`s}} waxay leeyihiin taageero marka apostrophe (ama single quote) ka muuqdo bilowga ama dhamaadka qoraalka ku dhex jira italics ama bold, sababtoo ah italics iyo bold laikiisu waxaa lagu muujiyaa noocyada single quotes. **Marka apostrophe raaco qoraalka italics-ka ah, {{tlx|'}} ama {{tlx|'s}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si looga fogaado xarafka ugu dambeeya ee qoraalka dhanka midig ah inuu isku xiro apostrophe-ka. Tusaale: {{xt|the ''Iliad''{{'s}} themes}} (markup: {{nobreak|<code><nowiki>the ''Iliad''{{'s}} themes</nowiki></code>}}). *Xarfaha u okiya apostrophes iyo curly quotes, sida [[{{okina}}okina]] ({{mxt|{{okina}}}}{{snd}}la dhex geliyo iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|okina}}), [[Saltillo (linguistics)|saltillo]] ({{mxt|{{saltillo}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|saltillo}}), Hebrew [[ayin]] ama Arabic ʿayn ({{mxt|{{ayin}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|ayin}}), iyo Arabic [[hamza]] ({{mxt|{{hamza}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|hamza}}), waa in lagu muujiyo moodalladaas ama xarfaha laikiis ee [[Unicode]]. (Basic Arabic transliteration, oo isticmaala ASCII apostrophe, waxaa ka wanaagsan xaaladaha badankooda ka magaca [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Arabic]]; xarfaha kale kani waxaa loo isticmaalaa kaliya transliteration-ka saxda ah.) **Moodallada ma loo isticmaali karo mawduucyada maqaalka; isticmaal xarafka Unicode-ka ee u dhigma toos. Per {{Section link|Wikipedia:Article titles#Special characters}}, sidoo kale samee redirection ka soo baxay foomka ASCII-ka ah si loogu taageero raadinta. Foomamka aan lahayn xarfaha apostrophe-ka oo kale marna waxaa ka wanaagsan ka magaca {{Section link|Wikipedia:Article titles# Use commonly recognizable names}} (t.s. [[Hawaii]] laakiin ma aha [[Keali{{okina}}i Reichel]]). *:{{crossref|pw=y|Sidoo kale eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles|Orthography, spelling and formatting}}}} *Ee [[Wade–Giles]] romanizations ee Mandarin Chinese, isticmaal {{tlx|wg-apos}}. *Luqadaha leh [[ejective consonants]] iyo wixii la mid ah, isticmaal {{tlx|hamza}}. *Ee Cyrillic [[soft sign]], marka lagu muujiyo dhammaan, isticmaal {{tlx|softsign}} ama {{tlx|hamza}}. *Ee isticmaalka possessive apostrophe-ka, eeg {{section link||Possessives}}. *Ee xeel-dheeraanta isticmaalka apostrophe-ka (possessive, elision, formation ee plurals qaarkood, arrimo luqadaha aan English-ka ahayn), eeg maqaalka [[Apostrophe]]. ===Calaamadaha xigmadda=== {{Shortcut|MOS:"|MOS:QUOTEMARKS|}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotations}} Maaddada ka hooseysa, term-ka ''quotation'' wuxuu ku dhex jiraa isticmaalka caadiga ah ee calaamadaha xigmadda sida mawduucyada noocyada, chapters-ka, episodes-ka, iyo wixii la mid ah. Calaamadaha xigmadda sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaalaa xaaladaha kale, sida [[#Animals, plants, and other organisms|magacyada cultivar]]. ====Calaamadaha xigmadda xarfaha==== {{Shortcut|MOS:CQ|MOS:CURLY|MOS:STRAIGHT}} *Isticmaal {{xt|{{big|<b>"</b>}}straight{{big|<b>"</b>}}}} calaamadaha xigmadda, ma aha {{!xt|{{big|<b>“</b>}}curly{{big|<b>”</b>}}}} kuwo. (Ee [[single quotes]]: {{xt|{{big|<b>'</b>}}straight{{big|<b>'</b>}}}}, ma aha {{!xt|{{big|<b>‘</b>}}curly{{big|<b>’</b>}}}}.) *Ha isticmaalin accent marks, backticks ({{!xt|{{big|'''`'''}}text{{big|'''´'''}}}}), low–high ({{!xt|„&nbsp;“}}), corner brackets ({{!xt|「&nbsp;」}}), [[guillemet]]s ({{!xt|«&nbsp;»}}), ama [[Chinese punctuation#Book title marks|title marks]] ({{!xt|《&nbsp;》}}) sida calaamadaha xigmadda (marka laga reebo marka marks-kaas ay yihiin {{em|internal}} ee qoraalka aan English-ka ahayn ee la xigtay{{snd}}eeg {{slink||Typographic conformity}}). Symbols-ka {{!xt|′}} iyo {{!xt|″}} ee ka muuqda edit window dropdowns waa "[[prime (symbol)|prime]]" iyo "double prime" sida ay u kala horreeyaan: kuwani waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loogu muujiyo [[Minute and second of arc|units of angular measurement]], oo ma aha sida apostrophes ama quote marks. *Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo apostrophes ee maaddada la import-gareeyay [[#Typographic conformity|waa in loo beddelo]] haddii ay noqoto lagama maarmaan si loo raaco sare. ====<span id="Double or single quotation marks"></span><span id="Single quotation marks"></span>Double ama single==== {{Shortcut|MOS:SINGLE|MOS:DOUBLE|}} *Badankooda xigashooyinku waxay qaataan calaamadaha xigmadda double-ka ah ({{xt|Welles said: "It was a terrible situation."}}),{{efn|1=Double quotation marks waxaa ka wanaagsan single sababtoo ah waxay si toos ah uga kala duwan yihiin apostrophes: *{{!xt|She wrote that 'Cleanthes' differs from the others', but neither opinion may represent Hume's'}} (wuxuu yareeyaa akhristaha). *{{xt|She wrote that "Cleanthes' differs from the others', but neither opinion may represent Hume's"}} (caddayn badan). }} marka laga reebo xigashooyinka ku dhex jira (eeg ka hooseeya). *Plant cultivars waxay qaataan calaamadaha xigmadda single-ka ah ({{xt|''Malus domestica'' 'Golden Delicious'}}; eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora)]]). *[[Gloss (annotation)#In linguistics|Glosses]] oo turjumaya ama definining-garaynaya terms aan la dhasheyn (marka la isticmaalayo [[MOS:WORDSASWORDS|words as words]]) waxay qaataan single quotes; glosses-ka gaaban ma u baahna comma ka hor definition-ka ({{xt|''Cossack'' originates from [[Cuman language|Cuman]] {{lang|qwm|proto=yes|qazaq}} 'freebooter'; ''republic'' comes from Latin {{lang|la|res publica}}, loosely meaning 'public affair'.}}). Moodalka {{tl|Gloss}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa tan; t.s. <code>{{tlp|lang|es|casa}} {{tlf|gloss|house}}</code> wuxuu soo saaraa: {{lang|es|casa}} {{gloss|house}}. Ee turjumaada tooska ah, moodalka {{tl|Literal translation}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa; wuxuu dhex gelyaa {{xt|lit.}} ka hor gloss-ka. ====Ee xigasho ku dhex jirta xigasho==== {{Shortcut|MOS:QWQ|}} Isticmaal single quotes: *{{xt|Darwin wrote in his introduction that "the maxim 'de minimis lex non curat' does not apply to science".}} Ee dhismaha dheeraad ah, beddel dhexda single iyo double quotes: *{{xt|He said, "That book asserts, 'Confucius said "Everything has beauty, but not everyone sees it.{{" ' "}}}} Ee quote marks ee uusocodka tooska ah, ku dar space yar iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{nowrap|{{tl|" '}}}}, {{nowrap|{{tl|' "}}}}, ama (sida tusaale ahaan halkan loo dhiibay) {{nowrap|{{tl|" ' "}}}}: *{{xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!{{' "}}}} Markup: <code>He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!{{tl|' "}}</code> *{{!xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!'"}} (jamming garaynta waxyaabaha waxay u okisaa si xun fonts badankooda) *{{!xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!'{{nbsp}}"}} (space caadi ah wuxuu leeyahay inta badan) ====<span id="Quotation marks in article openings"></span>Bilowga maqaalka==== {{Shortcut|MOS:BOLDQUOTE}} Qoraalka bold-ka ah oo caadi ahaan ka muuqda bilowga maqaalka: *Calaamad kasta oo xigmadda ah oo qayb ka mid ah mawduuca waa in ay noqoto bold sida qaybta hartay ee mawduuca. **Ka soo baxay ''[["A" Is for Alibi]]'': {{xt|'''''"A" Is for Alibi''''' is a mystery novel&nbsp;...}} *Calaamadaha xigmadda ee {{em|aan}} qayb ka mid ah mawduuca ma aha in ay noqdaan bold. **Ka soo baxay [[Jabberwocky]]: {{xt|"'''Jabberwocky'''" is a nonsense poem&nbsp;...}} **Ka soo baxay [[Babe Ruth]]: {{xt|'''George Herman''' "'''Babe'''" '''Ruth''' was an American baseball player&nbsp;...}} {{crossref|pw=y|(Sidoo kale eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography|Nicknames}}.)}} ====Punctuation ka hor xigashooyinka==== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTEPUNCT}} Haddii dhisma aan la xigtay laakiin kale oo u dhigma uu shaqayn lahaa grammatically aan lahayn comma, isticmaalka comma ka hor xigasho oo lagu ammaan goyay jumlad waa dookh: *{{xt|The report stated "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} ([[wikt:cf.|Cf.]] aan la xigtay {{xt|The report stated there was a 45% reduction in transmission rate.}}) *{{xt|The report stated, "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} Qaabka aan lahayn comma ka sanado badan waxaa loo isticmaalaa xigashooyinka qaybta ah: *{{xt|The report observed "a 45% reduction in transmission rate".}} Comma waxaa loo baahan yahay marka ay ka muuqan lahayd dhismaha oo kale haddii maaddada aan ayan ahayn xigasho: *{{xt|In Margaret Mead's view, "we must recognize the whole gamut of human potentialities" to enrich our culture.}} Ha dhex gelin comma haddii ay is-dhaafsi keeni karto ama beddeli karto macnaha: *{{xt|Caitlyn Jenner expressed concerns about children "who are coming to terms with being true to who they are".}} (Xigasho sax ah oo ka soo baxday foomka ku saabsan {{em|carruurta qaarkood}}{{snd}}gaar ahaan carruurtaas "who are coming to terms{{nbsp}}...") *{{!xt|Caitlyn Jenner expressed concerns about children, "who are coming to terms with being true to who they are".}} (Beddelaa macnaha si loogu muujiyo Jenner in ay muujinaysay concern ku saabsan {{em|dhammaan}} carruurta, inta la dhiibay in carruurtu, guud ahaan, "are coming to terms{{nbsp}}...") Waxay ka caddayn tahay in loo isticmaalo colon si loo soo bandhigo xigasho haddii ay samaynayso jumlad dhan, iyo kani waa in mar walba loo sameyo xigashooyinka jumlado badan leeh: *{{xt|The report stated: "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} *{{xt|In a letter to his son, Albert Einstein wrote: "Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance you must keep moving."}} Punctuation dheeraad ah ma aha mid lagama maarmaan ah ee tooska ah [[#Words as words|words-as-words]] xaaladda: *{{xt|The message was unintelligible except for the fragments "help soon" and "how much longer before".}} ====<span class="anchor" id="Quotation marks-Titles"></span><span id="Quotation marks with names and titles"></span>Magacyada iyo mawduucyada==== {{/titles hatnote include|where=MOS#P-QM-N&T}} Calaamadaha xigmadda waa in loo isticmaalo magacyada iyo mawduucyada soo socda: {{columns-list|colwidth=27em| *Maqaallada iyo chapters-ka (buugaagta iyo periodicals waa italics) *Sheekooyinka gaaban (buugaagta iyo periodicals waa italics) *Qaybaha muusigga (pieces waa italics) *Strips-ka gaarka ah ee comics iyo webcomics (comics waa italics) *Gabayada (gabayada dheer ama epic waa italics) *Noocyada (albums, song cycles, operas, operettas, iyo oratorios waa italics) *Episodes-ka gaarka ah ee taxanaha TV-ga iyo radio-ga iyo [[Serial (radio and television)|serials]] (mawduuca taxanaha waa italics){{efn|1="Mawduuca taxanaha waa italics" wuxuu isticmaalayaa ''taxanaha'' si loogu macneeyo show-ga dhan. Season (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay ''series'' ee British English-ka) leh mawduuciisa laikiis wuxuu isticmaalaa calaamadaha xigmadda mawduucaas, sida sub-work.}} }} {{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The Beatles wrote "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" for their album ''Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band''.}} Ha isticmaalin calaamadaha xigmadda ama italics ee qoraallada hore, concert tours, meelaha, cibaadooyinka, myths, iyo epics. (Kuwa badan, laakiin ma aha dhammaan, oo ka mid ah waxyaabahaani [[#Titles of works|waa inay sidoo kale ku dhex jirin title case]].) ====<span class="anchor" id="LP"></span><span class="anchor" id="LQ"></span><span class="anchor" id="TQ"></span><span class="anchor" id="logical quotes"></span><span id="Punctuation inside or outside quotation marks"></span>Punctuation ku dhex jirta ama ka baxsan==== {{Shortcut|MOS:LQ|MOS:LOGICAL|MOS:INOROUT}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Logical quotation on Wikipedia|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Effect on nearby punctuation}}<!-- Another kind of punctuation "in or out". EDITORS PLEASE NOTE: Changes to this section may escalate into heated dispute. Please consider raising any proposed changes for discussion and consensus-building on the talk page before editing. --> Isticmaal qaabka [[logical quotation]] dhammaan maqaallada, iyadoo aan loo eegin nooca English-ka oo lagu qoray. Ku dar punctuation-ka dhamaadka ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda kaliya haddii uu ka muuqday maaddada asalka ah, oo haddii kale u lag ka dambaysta calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. Qaybta badankeeda, kani wuxuu macneynayaa u treats-garaynta periods iyo commas foomkaas oo kale sida question marks: sii wad ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda haddii ay ku dabaqmaan kaliya maaddada la xigtay iyo ka baxsan haddii ay ku dabaqmaan jumlada dhan. Tusaalooyinka waxaa loo dhiibay ka hooseeya. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Did Darla say, "Here I am"?}} (question mark wuxuu ku dabaqmaa jumlada dhan) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|Did Darla say, "Here I am?"}} (aan sax ahayn in lagu dabaqo question mark xigashoda) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Darla said, "Where am I?"}} (question mark wuxuu ku dabaqmaa maaddada la xigtay kaliya) Haddii xigashodu ay tahay eray gaar ah ama qayb jumlad ah, u lag punctuation-ka dhamaadka ka baxsan calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. Marka aad xigtayso jumlad dhan, dhamaadka oo u dhigma dhamaadka jumlada ku dhex jirta, u lag punctuation-ka dhamaadka ku dhex jira calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. *{{xt|Miller wanted, he said, "to create something timeless".}} *{{xt|Miller said: "I wanted to create something timeless."}} Haddii jumlada la xigtay ay raacdo [[clause]] oo waa in uu ka horreeyo comma, ka tag [[full stop]] (period), iyo ha u beddelin comma {{em|ku dhex jirta}} xigashoda.{{efn|Kani waa foomka ugu muhiimsan oo uu logical quotation ku kala duwan yahay isticmaalka punctuation-ka wargaysyada British-ka, halka publishers badan ay u ilayeeyaan beddelkaas maaddada la xigtay, oo ka aghas ah saxnaanta dhismaha logical punctuation-ka.}} Terminal punctuation kale, sida question marks ama exclamation marks, waxaa lagu dhowri karaa. *{{xt|Livingston then said, "It is done", and turned to the people.}} *{{xt|Livingston then exclaimed, "It is done!", and turned to the people.}} Haddii jumlada la xigtay ay raacdo clause oo aqoonsanaya speaker-ka, isticmaal comma ka baxsan calaamadda xigmadda halkii full stop ku dhex jira, laakiin sii wad terminal punctuation kasta oo kale, sida question mark. *{{xt|"There is no strife, no prejudice, no national conflict in outer space as yet", said Kennedy.}} *{{xt|By asking "Who are you?", she prompts John to tell his story.}} Ha raacin erayada ama qaybaha la xigtay commas ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda, marka laga reebo halka xigasho dheer lagu baabi'iyay iyo comma uu yahay qayb ka mid ah xigashoda dhan. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change, opening the way to confidence and courage", said Turner.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change," said Turner, "opening the way to confidence and courage."}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change, opening the way", said Turner, "to confidence and courage."}} *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|"I began to change, opening the way," said Turner, "to confidence and courage."}} ==== Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo isqu xirka ka baxsan ==== Isqu xirka ka baxsan ee u socda mawduucyada maqaallada waa in ay leeyihiin mawduuca ku dhex jira quotes ku dhex jira isqu xirka. Moodallada tixraaca ee [[Help:Citation Style 1|CS1]] iyo [[Help:Citation Style 2|CS2]] waxay sameynayaan tan si otomaatig ah, iyo tixraacyada aan moodalka lahayn waa inay sameeyaan foomkan oo kale. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|{{cite news |last1=Kiefer |first1=Francine |title=Clinton: The Early Years |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |date=May 29, 1998 |ref=none}}}} (Isticmaalka {{tl|cite news}}) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt| Kiefer, Francine (May 29, 1998). [https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html "Clinton: The Early Years"]. ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''.}} (Aan moodal lahayn) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt| Kiefer, Francine (May 29, 1998). "[https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html Clinton: The Early Years]". ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''.}} (Aan moodal lahayn) ==== Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo isqu xirka ku dhex jira ==== Isqu xirka ku dhex jira (wikilinks) oo ay la socdaan calaamadaha xigmadda caadi ahaan waa inay leeyihiin quotes ka baxsan isqu xirka. Kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa mawduucyada shaqaalaha ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda (noocyada, episodes-ka, iyo wixii la mid ah) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Play it, Sam. Play "[[As Time Goes By (song)|As Time Goes By]]".}} (Isticmaalka <code><nowiki>"[[ ]]"</nowiki></code>.) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|Play it, Sam. Play [[As Time Goes By (song)|"As Time Goes By"]].}} (Isticmaalka <code><nowiki>[[" "]]</nowiki></code>.) Laakiin, calaamadaha xigmadda waxaa loo baahan yahay ku dhex jira wikilinks marka calaamadda xigmadda ay tahay qayb ka mid ah isqu xirka, ama halka qoraalka isqu xirka leh ee muuqda uu ku dhex jiro calaamadaha xigmadda oo muujinaya slang, nicknames, magacyada caadiga ah, ama isticmaalka la midka ah. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The term ''soccer'' comes from [[Oxford "-er"|Oxford {{nowrap|"-er"}}]] slang, which was prevalent at the [[University of Oxford]] in England from about 1875...}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|A Cockney accent [[Rhoticity in English|drops the "r"]] after a vowel.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The [[Dynamo Sports Club|Proletarian Sports Society "Dynamo"]] was established in Moscow in 1923.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|President Suharto's [[New Order (Indonesia)|"New Order"]] administration received US support for its economic policies.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Japan's [[Lost Decades|"Lost Decades"]] began in 1991.}} ===Brackets iyo parentheses=== {{Shortcut|MOS:()|MOS:BRACKETS}} {{Redirect|MOS:PAREN|use of parentheses (round brackets) in article titles|WP:Article titles#Parenthetical disambiguation|deprecated inline parenthetical citations|WP:Citing sources#Parenthetical referencing}} Qaybtan waxay ku dabaqmaysaa labadaba round brackets {{xt|(&nbsp;)}}, sidoo cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay [[Bracket|parentheses]], iyo square brackets {{xt|[&nbsp;]}}. Haddii jumlad ay ku dhex jirto foom bracketed ah, u lag punctuation-ka jumlada ka baxsan brackets-ka {{xt|(sida halkan loo muujiyay).}} Laakiin, halka hal ama ka badan jumlado ay ku dhex jiraan brackets-ka dhan, u lag punctuation-kooda ku dhex jira brackets-ka. Waa inuusan jirin space dhow dhanka ku dhex jira ee bracket-ka. Bracket-ka oo starts-garoogaya caadi ahaan waa inuu ka horreeyo space. Kani ma noqon karo xaaladda haddii uu ka horreeyo calaamad xigmadda oo starts-garoogaysa, bracket kale oo starts-garoogaya, ama qayb ka mid ah eray: *{{xt|He rose to address the meeting: "(Ahem)&nbsp;... Ladies and gentlemen, welcome!"}} *{{xt|Only the royal characters in the play ([Prince] Hamlet and his family) habitually speak in blank verse.}} *{{xt|We journeyed on the Inter[continental].}} *{{xt|Most people are right-handed. (Some people are left-handed, but that does not make right-handed people "better" than left-handed people.)}} Waa inuu jiro space ka dambeeya bracket-ka xiritaanka, marka laga reebo halka punctuation mark uu raaco (inkastoo spaced dash uu sii wadi doono space ka dambeeya bracket-ka xiritaanka) iyo xaaladaha aan caadiga ahayn ee la midka ah kuwa lagu tirtiray bracket-ka starts-garoogaya. Ka fogao kooxaha dhow ee brackets-ka. Mid ka mid ah u lag foomamka parenthetical-ka ah ku dhex jirta hal koox oo lagu kala saaray semicolons, ama dib-u-qor: *{{em|Ka fogao}}: {{!xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919) (also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader.}} *{{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: {{xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919; also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader.}} *{{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: {{xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader. He was also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv.}} Square brackets waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loogu muujiyo beddelka tifaftirka iyo dhex-gelinta ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka, inkastoo kani waligeed ma aha inuu beddelo macnaha loo intended-gareeyay. Waxay u adeegaan saddex sababood oo waaweyn: *Si loo caddayo: {{xt|She attended [secondary] school}}, halka kani uu ahaa macnaha loo intended-gareeyay, laakiin nooca school-ka uusan ahayn mid lagu dhiibay jumlada asalka ah. *Si loo yareeyo dheerka xigashoda: {{xt|X contains Y, and under certain circumstances, X may contain Z as well}} waxaa loo yareeyn karaa {{xt|X contains Y [and sometimes Z]}}. Marka ellipsis ({{xt|...}}) loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo maaddada ka baxday xigashoda tooska ah, caadi ahaan ma aha in lagu duubo bracket. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Ellipses}} si aad u ogaato xaaladda gaarka ah.)}} *Si loo sameyo grammar-ka inuu shaqeeyo: Tixraacaya foomka dadka {{xt|"I hate to do laundry"}}, ein wuxuu sax ah ugu qori karaa {{xt|She "hate[s] to do laundry"}}. Haddii jumlad ay ku dhex jirta maaddo subsidiary ah oo lagu duubay square ama round brackets, waa in ay sii wadato terminal punctuation {{em|ka dambaysa}} brackets-kaas, iyadoo aan loo eegin punctuation kasta oo ku dhex jira brackets-ka. {{Block indent|{{xt|She refused all requests (except for basics such as food, medicine, etc.).}}}} Laakiin, haddii jumlada dhan ay ku dhex jirta brackets-ka, punctuation-ka xiritaanka wuxuu ku dhex jiraa brackets-ka. {{xt|(This sentence is an example.)}} ====Brackets iyo isqu xirka==== Square brackets ku dhex jira isqu xirka waa inay noqdaan kuwo [[Escape character|escaped]] ah: {| class="wikitable" | He said, "<code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[[John Doe|John &amp;#91;Doe&amp;#93;]]</nowiki>}}</code> answered." || He said, "[[John Doe|John &#91;Doe&#93;]] answered." |- | He said, "<code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[[John Doe|John {{bracket|Doe}}]]</nowiki>}}</code> answered." || He said, "[[John Doe|John {{bracket|Doe}}]] answered." |- | <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[https://example.com On the first day &amp;#91;etc.&amp;#93;]</nowiki>}}</code> || [https://example.com On the first day &#91;etc.&#93;] |- | <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[https://example.com On the first day {{bracket|etc.}}]</nowiki>}}</code> || [https://example.com On the first day {{bracket|etc.}}] |} Markup-ka {{xtag|nowiki}} sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaali karaa: {{tag|nowiki|content=[Doe]}} ama {{tag|nowiki|content=[etc.]}}. Haddii URL laikiisu uu ku dhex jiro square brackets, wikitext-ku waa inuu isticmaalo foomka [[URL encoding|URL-encoded]] ah <code><nowiki>https://</nowiki>example.com/foo.php?query={{bxt|%5B}}xxx{{bxt|%5D}}yyy</code>, halkii&nbsp;...<code>query={{!bxt|&#91;}}xxx{{!bxt|&#93;}}yyy</code>. Kani wuxuu ka fogaan doonaa baabi'inta isqu xirka ka dambaysa <code>xxx</code>. ====Angle brackets==== :''Ee guillemets («&nbsp;»), eeg {{section link|#Quotation characters}}'' Angle brackets (⟨&nbsp;⟩) waxaa loo isticmaalaa mawduucyada tignoolajiyada ee kala duwan, sida physics-ka ee [[bra–ket notation]] iyo [[Expectation value (quantum mechanics)|expectation value]] (t.s. {{xt|⟨''φ''{{!}}''ψ''⟩}}), mathematics-ka ee [[presentation of a group]], iyo linguistics-ka si loogu muujiyo [[grapheme]]s (t.s. {{xt|the digraph ⟨sh⟩}}). Ha isticmaalin less-than iyo greater-than signs (<&nbsp;>) sida angle brackets (t.s. {{!xt|<''φ''{{!}}''ψ''>}}, {{!xt|the digraph <sh>}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipses"></span><span class="anchor" id="..."></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis style"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis function and implementation"></span>Ellipses=== {{Shortcut|MOS:...|MOS:ELLIPSIS|}} Isticmaal ''[[ellipsis]]'' haddii maaddadu ay ka baxday xigashoda, ilaa square brackets loo isticmaalo si loo [[Gloss (annotation)|gloss]] xigashoda. *Ee prose iyo non-LaTeX mathematics formulae, ellipses waxaa lagu qoraa iyadoo la isticmaalayo saddex unspaced dots ({{xt|<code>...</code>}}); ha isticmaalin xarafka precomposed ellipsis-ka ah ({{!xt|<code>…</code>}})<!-- Possibly we should explain the precomposed character in terms of its code point or something --> ama saddex dots oo lagu kala saaray spaces {{nobr|({{!xt|<code>. . .</code>}})}} *Caadi ahaan, isticmaal non-breaking space ka hor ellipsis iyo space caadi ah ka dambaystiisa: {{nobr|{{xt|Alpha, Bravo,{{tl|nbsp}}... Zulu}}}} *Haddii ellipsis uu raaco <code>.&nbsp;?&nbsp;!&nbsp;:&nbsp;;&nbsp;,&nbsp;)&nbsp;]&nbsp;}</code> ama calaamad xigmadda oo xiritaanka ah (single ama double), ka tag space-ka ka dambaysa. U lag terminal punctuation ku dhex jira quote-ka kaliya haddii uu yahay mid muhiim ah qoraalka, sida caadi ahaan ah xaaladda exclamation marks iyo question marks laakiin dhifka ah periods: *: {{xt|Jones wrote: "These stories amaze me. The facts suffer so frightfully{{tlf|nbsp}}...".}} *: {{xt|"But what of the other cities? London, Paris{{tlf|nbsp}}...?"}} * Haddii ellipsis uu toos u raaco calaamad xigmadda oo starts-garoogaysa, kaliya isticmaal non-breaking space ka dambaystiisa: *: {{xt|He continued to pursue Smith ("...{{tlf|nbsp}}to the ends of the earth", he had sworn) until his own death.}} *{{Visible anchor|text=Si loo kala saaro ellipsis oo muujinaya qoraalka ka baxay iyo mid ka mid ah quote-ka, waxaad ku duubi kartaa kan kowaad square brackets: {{xt|She retorted: "How do I feel? How do you {{em|think}} I&nbsp;... This is too much!&nbsp;[...] Take me home!"}}|With square brackets}} *{{Visible anchor|text=Marka ellipsis loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo pause ama suspense ee speech-ka, sii wad punctuation-ka asalka ah: {{xt|Virginia's startled reply was "Could he&nbsp;...? No, I can't believe it!"}}. Marka loo isticmaalo ku dhex jira eray aan dhammaystirnayn, ma jiro space loo isticmaalo dhexda erayga qaybtiisa iyo ellipsis-ka: {{xt|The garbled transmission ended with "We are stranded near San L...o", interpreted as either San Leandro or San Lorenzo.}}|Pause or suspension of speech}} *In LaTeX-formatted mathematics formulae, isticmaal LaTeX markup-ka saxda ah ee lowered dots (<code>\dots</code>, <math>\dots</math>) ama xarfaha precomposed-ka ah oo leeh dots meelaha kale (sida centered ama diagonal, ⋯, ⋰, ama ⋱) ===<span class="anchor" id="fewer commas"></span>Commas=== {{Shortcut|MOS:,|MOS:COMMA}} Pair ka mid ah [[comma]]s wuxuu bracket-garayn karaa [[appositive]], [[relative clause]], ama [[parenthetical phrase]] (sida brackets ama dashes, inkastoo leh interruption dheeraad ah ee jumlada). Tusaale ahaan: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|John Smith, Janet Cooper's son, is a well-known playwright.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Janet Cooper's son John Smith is a well-known playwright.}} (marka Janet ay leedahay sons badan) {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Janet Cooper's son, John Smith, is a well-known playwright.}} (marka Janet ay leedahay kaliya hal son) {{!}}} }} Mar walba isticmaal {{em|pair}} ka mid ah commas ee tan, ilaa punctuation mark kale uu qaado meesha comma-ka labaad: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Blunt comments came from the newest member, John Smith.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|The newest member, John Smith{{snd}}a retired teacher{{snd}}was blunt.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|The newest member, John Smith was blunt.}}<!-- There's actually a way to parse this such that it would be acceptable in some styles, but WP articles don't use such styles. --> {{!}}} }} Ha u ilayn punctuation-ka kale inuu kaaga baabi'iyo u baahnaanta comma, gaar ahaan marka comma uu collided-garayyo bracket ama parenthesis: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Burke and Wills, fed by locals (on beans, fish, and ''ngardu''), survived for a few months.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Burke and Wills, fed by locals (on beans, fish, and ''ngardu'') survived for a few months.}} {{!}}} }} {{Shortcut|MOS:GEOCOMMA}} {{vanchor|Geographical references|text=In geographical references oo ku dhex jiraan heerarka badan ee subordinate divisions (t.s. city, state/province, country), comma wuxuu kala saaraa element kasta wuxuuna raacaa element-ka ugu dambeeya ilaa uu raaco terminal punctuation ama parenthesis-ka xiritaanka. Element-ka ugu dambeeya waxaa loo treats-garaysay sida [[Wikipedia:Basic copyediting#Parenthetical comma|parenthetical]].}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|He traveled through North Carolina before staying in Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the night.}}<!-- About a 10-hour drive if he started in Virginia Beach and passed through Winston-Salem. --> {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|He traveled through North Carolina before staying in Chattanooga, Tennessee for the night.}} {{!}}} }} Sidoo kale ku dar commas marka geographical element-ka loo isticmaalo sida disambiguator: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Hantratty received a PhD from the University of California, Irvine, in 1977.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Hantratty received a PhD from the University of California, Irvine in 1977.}} {{!}}} }} Ku dar comma labaad sidoo kale marka dhismaha leh comma [[Grammatical modifier|modifies-garayyo]] noun ama compound noun: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Keith Wilson won the 2024 Portland, Oregon, mayoral election.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Keith Wilson won the 2024 Portland, Oregon mayoral election.}} {{!}}} }} {{shortcut|MOS:DATECOMMA}} {{vanchor|Date commas|text=[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Dates, months, and years|Dates]] ku dhex jira month–day–year format waxay u baahan yihiin comma ka dambaysa day-ka, iyo sidoo kale ka dambaysa year-ka, ilaa ay raacdo punctuation kale. Element-ka ugu dambeeya waxaa loo treats-garaysay sida [[Wikipedia:Basic copyediting#Parenthetical comma|parenthetical]].}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|He set October 1, 2011, as the deadline for Patterson to meet his demands.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|He set October 1, 2011 as the deadline for Patterson to meet his demands.}} {{!}}} }} {{shortcut|MOS:QUOTECOMMA}} {{vanchor|Quotation commas|text= U lag calaamadaha xigmadda iyadoo la raacayo {{Section link||Punctuation inside or outside}}. Kani waxaa loo intended-gareeyay "logical quotation".}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Sax:}} {{!}} {{xt|She said, "The weather changes too often", and made other complaints.}} {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}} {{!xt|She said, "The weather changes too often," and made other complaints.}} {{!}}} }} Comma waxaa lagu dhex jiri karaa ka hor xigasho oo lagu ammaan goyay jumlad {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}})}}. ====<span class="anchor" id="Serial comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Oxford comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Oxford commas"></span><span class="anchor" id="Harvard comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Harvard commas"></span>Serial commas==== {{Shortcut|MOS:SERIAL|MOS:OXFORD||}} {{Redirect|MOS:OXFORD|Oxford spelling|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling#British English with "-ize" (Oxford spelling)}} A [[serial comma]] (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay ''Oxford comma'' ama ''Harvard comma'') waa comma loo isticmaalo toos ka hor conjunction (''and'', ''or'', ''nor'') ku dhex jirta liiska saddex ama ka badan items. {{Block indent|{{xt|ham, chips, and eggs}}{{spnd}}serial comma}} {{Block indent|{{xt|ham, chips and eggs}}{{spnd}}aan lahayn serial comma}} Tifaftireyaasha waxay isticmaali karaan mid ka mid ah heshiiska ilaa maqaal kasta uu yahay joogto ah ku dhex jirta. Serial commas waxay ka taageeraan badan marka qoraalka maqaalku uu yahay dhibco leh, sida liiska oo leh multi-word items (gaar ahaan haddii mid uu ku dhex jiro laikiis "''and''{{-"}}) ama nooc ka mid ah terms aan la dhasheyn oo laga yaabo. Laakiin, waxaa jira xaalado halka ka-tagista ama ku-darida serial comma ay keento is-dhaafsi: {{Block indent|{{!xt|The author thanked her friends, Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley}}{{spnd}}oo tirtiri kara mid ka mid ah afar ama ka badan dad ah (friends-ka iyo labada dad ee la magacaabay) ama laba dad ah (O'Connor iyo Marley, oo ah friends-ka).}} {{Block indent|{{!xt|The author thanked a friend, Sinéad O'Connor, and Bob Marley}}{{spnd}}oo tirtiri kara mid ka mid ah laba dad ah (O'Connor, oo ah friend-ka, iyo Marley) ama saddex dad ah (kan kowaad oo ah friend-ka, kan labaad O'Connor, iyo kan saddexaad Marley).}} Xaaladahaas is-dhaafsiga ah, cadday mid ka mid ah afar foom: *Ku dar ama baabi'i serial comma-ka. *Isticmaal jumlado gaar ah, bullet lists, ama beddelka dhismaha kale si loo caddayo. *Recast-garee jumlada ("friends" xaaladda): **Si loo tirtiro laba dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked her friends Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley.}} ***Caddayn badan: {{xt|The author thanked two friends: Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley.}} **Si loo tirtiro dad badan: **: {{xt|The author thanked Sinéad O'Connor, Bob Marley and her friends}} ama **: {{xt|The author thanked Sinéad O'Connor, Bob Marley, and her friends}}. ***Laakiin ma aha: {{!xt|The author thanked Bob Marley, Sinéad O'Connor[,] and her friends}}{{spnd}}soo bandhigaa is-dhaafsi ku saabsan ''her''. *Recast-garee jumlada ("friend" xaaladda): **Si loo tirtiro laba dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked Bob Marley and her friend Sinéad O'Connor.}} ***Ama noqo mid gaar ah marka ay suurtogal tahay: {{xt|The author thanked her childhood friend Sinéad O'Connor and her mentor, Bob Marley.}} **Si loo tirtiro saddex dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked Bob Marley, Sinéad O'Connor, and a friend.}} ***Caddaynta leh gender-specific terms sida ''mother'' waxay noqon kartaa dhibco leh; {{!xt|The author thanked her mother, Kim Thayil, and Sinéad O'Connor}} ma aha caddayn sababtoo ah akhristayaasha ma ogaankaraan [[Kim Thayil]] in uu yahay male oo ma noqon doono dadka oo kale sida mother-ka. ***Caddayn badan: {{xt|The author thanked Kim Thayil, Sinéad O'Connor, and her own mother}} ama {{xt|The author thanked her mother and musicians Kim Thayil and Sinéad O'Connor}}. ===Colons=== {{Shortcut|MOS:COLON}} {{For|the wikitext link formatting|Help:Colon trick}} A [[Colon (punctuation)|colon]] ({{xt|:}}) wuxuu soo bandhigaa wax muujinaya, sharraxaya, ama modifies-garaynaya waxa soo maray, ama ah liiska items oo dhowaan la soo bandhigay. Items-ka ku dhex jira liiskaas waxaa lagu kala saari karaa commas, ama haddii ay yihiin kuwo dhibco badan leh oo laga yaabo in ay laikiisu ku dhex jiraan commas, items-ka waa in lagu kala saaro semicolons ama lagu aaggaado bulleted list. {{Block indent|{{xt|We visited several tourist attractions: the Leaning Tower of Pisa, which I thought could fall at any moment; the Bridge of Sighs; the supposed birthplace of Petrarch, or at least the first known house in which he lived; and so many more.}}}} Colon waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa si loo soo bandhigo [[Quotation marks in English#Quotations and speech|direct speech]] oo lagu duubay calaamadaha xigmadda. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}}.)}} Marka colon loo isticmaalo sida separator ku dhex jira mawduuca maqaalka, madaxa qaybta, ama item liiska ah, tifaftireyaasha waxay dooran karaan in ay xaraf weyn ugu qoraan waxa raaca, iyadoo loo tixgelinayo [[#Retaining existing styles|isticmaalka jira]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Article titles#Consistency|joogteynta leh maqaallada la xiriira]]. Marka laga reebo isticmaalka tignoolajiyada ({{xt|a 3:1 ratio}}), ma jiro jumlad waa in ay ku dhex jirtay colons badan, ma jiro space waa in uu ka horreeyo colon, iyo space (laakiin waligeed ma aha hyphen ama dash) waa in uu raaco colon-ka. ===Semicolons=== {{Shortcut|MOS:;|MOS:SEMICOLON|}} {{for|usage in marking up description (definition) lists|Help:List#Description lists}} A [[semicolon]] ({{xt|;}}) marna waa alternative ee full stop (period), iyadoo u sahlaysa maaddada la xiriirta in lagu dhowro jumlada oo kale; waxay muujisaa kala saarisa la go'aamiyay ee jumlada marka loo eego comma. Haddii semicolon-ku uu kala saaro clauses, caadi ahaan clause kasta waa in uu noqdo mid gaar ah (macneheedu waa in uu taaggaanshaan karo laikiisu sida jumlad). Xaaladaha badankooda, kaliya comma ama kaliya semicolon wuxuu noqon doonaa sax ku dhex jira jumlad gaar ah. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Sax:}} | {{xt|Though he had been here before, I did not recognize him.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} | {{!xt|Though he had been here before; I did not recognize him.}} |} Sare, "Though he had been here before" ma taaggaanshaan karo laikiisu sida jumlad, oo sidaas darteed ma aha independent clause. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Sax:}} | {{xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit; bananas are classified as alkaline.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} | {{!xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit, bananas are classified as alkaline.}} |} Isticmaalkan aan saxda ahayn ee comma ee dhexda laba independent clauses waxaa loo intended-gareeyay [[comma splice]]; laakiin, xaaladaha qaarkood, comma waxaa loo isticmaali karaa halka semicolon wuxuu oki lahaa in loo baahan yahay: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | {{em|La accepts-garaysay}}: || {{xt|"Life is short, art is long."}} (laba clauses oo gaaban ku dhex jira [[aphorism]]; eeg ''[[Ars longa, vita brevis]]'') |- | {{em|La accepts-garaysay}}: || {{xt|"I have studied it, you have not."}} (soo sheegida wada-hadal gaaban, sida jawaabtan ee [[Isaac Newton|Newton]]) |} Jumlad waxay ku dhex jiri kartaa semicolons badan, gaar ahaan marka clauses-ku ay yihiin kuwo parallel ee dhismaha iyo macnaha; semicolons badan oo aan la xiriirin caadi ahaan waa calaamado ah in jumlada loo kala saaro jumlado gaaban ama foom kale loo dib-u-qoro. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Unwieldy}}: | {{!xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit; bananas are classified as alkaline; pears are close to neutral; these distinctions are rarely discussed.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: | {{xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit, bananas are alkaline, and pears are close to neutral; these distinctions are rarely discussed.}} |} Semicolons waxaa loo isticmaalaa ku-darida commas si loo kala saaro items ku dhex jira liiska, marka commas laikiisu ay keeni karaan jahwareer. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Jahwareer:}} | {{!xt|Sales offices are located in Boston, Massachusetts, San Francisco, California, Singapore, and Millbank, London, England.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Caddayn:}} | {{xt|Sales offices are located in Boston, Massachusetts; San Francisco, California; Singapore; and Millbank, London, England.}} |} ====Semicolon ka hor "however"==== {{Shortcut|MOS:HOWEVER}} {{Redirect|MOS:HOWEVER|its usage in editorialization|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Editorializing}} Macnaha jumlad ay ku dhex jirta trailing clause oo ku starts-garoogaysa erayga ''however'' wuxuu ku xiran yahay punctuation-ka ka horreeya eraygaas. Makhaadhaa caadi ah waa isticmaalka punctuation-ka aan saxda ahayn, iyadoo beddelaysa macnaha mid aan loo intended-gareeyn. Marka erayga ''however'' uu yahay adverb macneheedu yahay "nevertheless", waa in uu ka horreeyo semicolon oo uu raaco comma. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people; however, they tried.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people; nevertheless, they tried.}} |} Marka erayga ''however'' uu yahay conjunction macneheedu yahay "in whatever manner", ama "regardless of how", wuxuu ka horreyn karaa comma laakiin ma aha semicolon, oo waa inuusan raacin punctuation. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people, however they tried.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people, regardless of how they tried.}} |} Xaaladda kowaad, clause-ka oo ku starts-garoogaya "however" ma loo beddeli karo clause-ka kowaad; xaaladda labaad kani waxaa lagu sameyn karaa aan lahayn beddelka macnaha: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|However they tried, it was obvious they could not convert these people.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|Regardless of how they tried, it was obvious they could not convert these people.}} |} Haddii labada clauses aan loo beddeli karin, semicolon waxaa loo baahan yahay. Jumlad ama clause waxay sidoo kale ku dhex jiri kartaa erayga ''however'' dhexda, haddii uu yahay adverb macneheedu yahay "although" oo lagu lagi karay bilowga laakiin aan ku starts-garoogayn clause cusub dhexda jumlada. Isticmaalkan, erayga waxaa lagu duubi karaa dhexda commas. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|He did not know, however, that the venue had been changed at the last minute.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|However, he did not know that the venue had been changed at the last minute.}} |} ===Hyphens=== {{Shortcut|MOS:-|MOS:HYPHEN}} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Globe Toters-A Birla Preschool,Indore (cropped).jpg | image2 = Peuters_in_het_tehuis_zitten_met_zijn_allen_op_de_po,_Bestanddeelnr_252-0385.jpg | image3 = Graduates 2014 IMG 2779 (14083168633).jpg | caption1 = Four-year-old children | caption2 = Four year-old children | caption3 = Four-year old children }} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Haring 03.jpg | image2 = Great white Dyer island 2010-07.jpg | caption1 = A man {{nobr|eating fish}} | caption2 = A man-eating fish }} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Catalina_Island_Rescue_DVIDS1091019.jpg | image2 = Kintín al ataque (5189220934).jpg | caption1 = Officials help {{nobr|dog-bite victim}}. | caption2 = Officials help {{nobr|dog bite victim}}. }} [[File:Carry-On Aircraft.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|A sign {{shy|exhibiting over-eager hy|phen|a|tion}}: the second hyphen is fine, but the first is spurious.]] [[Hyphen]]s ({{xt|-}}) waxay muujiyaan conjunction. Waxaa jira saddex isticmaalka waaweyn: # In hyphenated magacyada dadka ({{xt|John Lennard-Jones}}, {{xt|Omar al-Bashir}}). # Si loogu isku xiro [[prefixes]] iyo [[suffixes]] oo leh terms-kooda waaweyn dhismaha qaarkood, [[#En dash across open compounds|ilbaa compounds-ka laikiisu ay ku dhex jiraan space ama hyphen]]: {{xt|quasi-scientific}}, {{xt|ultra-nationalistic}}, {{xt|London-based}}, {{xt|community-led}}. #*Hyphen waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loo kala saaro dhexda [[homograph]]s ({{xt|[[wikt:re-sign|re-sign]]}} macneheedu waa ''sign again'', laakiin {{xt|[[wikt:resign|resign]]}} macneheedu waa ''relinquish ownership'' ama ''leave a job''). #*Waxaa jira trend caddaynaya oo lagu ammaan goyo labada elements dhammaan noocyada English-ka ({{xt|subsection}}, {{xt|nonlinear}}). Hyphenation-ku wuxuu caddayaa marka xarfaha la keenay contact ay yihiin kuwo oo kale ({{xt|non-negotiable}}, {{xt|sub-basement}}) ama ay yihiin vowels ({{xt|pre-industrial}}), ama halka eray uu yahay mid aan caadi ahayn ({{xt|co-proposed}}, {{xt|re-target}}) ama laga yaabo in loo akhrriyo si aan sax ahayn ({{xt|sub-era}}, ma aha {{!xt|subera}}). Erayada qaarkood oo noocan ah si oo kale waa kuwo caadi ah aan lahayn hyphen-ka (t.s., {{xt|cooperation}} waxaa si joogto ah loo dhasheeyay ka badan {{xtg|co-operation}} ee English-ka cusub). Ka dhiiri erayada beddelaya macnahooda aan lahayn hyphen-ka, t.s. {{xt|re-creation}} (create again) iyo {{xt|recreation}} (amusement).{{efn|name=recent}} # {{va|Hyphens in compound modifiers|text=Si loogu isku xiro terms-ka la xiriira ee ku dhex jira [[compound modifier]]s}}:{{Efn|1=Gaar ahaan compound [[attributive adjective|attributives]], oo ah modifiers ee noun oo ka muuqda ku dhex jira [[noun phrase]]. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link|English compound#Hyphenated compound modifiers}}.)}}}} #*Hyphens waxay taageeri karaan fududaynta akhrrinta (waa inay noqdaan kuwo {{xt|ease-of-reading}} taageera) oo waxay gaar ahaan u wanaagsan yihiin noun phrases-ka dheer: {{xt|gas-phase reaction dynamics}}. Laakiin waligeed ha dhex gelin hyphen magac sax ah ({{xt|Middle Eastern cuisine}}, ma aha {{!xt|Middle-Eastern cuisine}}). #*Hyphen wuxuu taageeri karaa disambiguator-ka (qaarkood {{xt|short-story writers}} waa kuwo dheer; {{xt|a government-monitoring program}} waa program oo monitor-garaynaya xukuumadda, inta {{xt|a government monitoring program}} uu yahay program xukuumadda oo monitor-garaynaya). #*Compounds oo ah hyphenated marka loo isticmaalo {{em|[[Attributive adjective|attributively]]}} (adjectives ka hor nouns-ka ay qualified-garaynayaan: {{xt|a light-blue handbag}}, {{xt|a 34-year-old woman}}) ama {{em|[[substantive]]ly}} (sida noun: {{xt|she is a 34-year-old}}) caadi ahaan ma aha hyphenated marka loo isticmaalo {{em|[[Predicative expression|predicatively]]}} (foomka sharraxaadda leh oo lagu kala saaray noun-ka: {{xt|the handbag was light blue}}, {{xt|the woman is 34 years old}}). Halka uu ka jiri lahaa baabi'inta caddaynta laakiis, hyphen waxaa loo isticmaali karaa foomka predicative-ka ah sidoo kale ({{xt|hand-fed turkeys}}, {{xt|the turkeys were hand-fed}}). Attributive hyphenation-ka dhibco leh marna waxaa looga fogaan karaa dib-u-qorid fudud: {{xt|Hawaiian-native species}} → {{xt|native Hawaiian species}}. #*Ka fogao isticmaalka hyphen ka dambaysa heerka ''{{nowrap|-ly}}'' adverb ({{xt|a newly available home}}, {{xt|a wholly owned subsidiary}}) ilaa ay tahay qayb ka mid ah compound dheeraad ah ({{xt|a slowly-but-surely strategy}}). Xaaladaha dhifka ah, hyphen wuxuu ka wanaajin karaa caddaynta haddii alternative-ka dib loo qoray uu yahay dhibco leh, laakiin dib-u-qoriddu caadi ahaan waa ka wanaagsan tahay: {{!xt|The idea was clearly stated enough}} waxaa lagu disambiguator-gareyn karaa sida {{xt|The idea clearly was stated often enough}} ama {{xt|The idea was ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} p8pc8kunipnififn3fk4ztg0fz8g9mq 310804 310803 2026-10-24T10:35:51Z Isma4l 41797 310804 wikitext text/x-wiki {{MoS guideline|WP:MOS<!-- DO NOT add more shortcuts. None are as short and popular as this one. -->}} '''Haddaha Qaabka''' ('''MoS''' ama '''MOS''') waa [[haddaha qaabka]] ee dhammaan [[Wikipedia:Waa maxay maqaal?|maqaallada]] [[Wikipedia:Soomaali|Wikipedia-ha Soomaaliga]].{{efn|Isku xirka [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility|waxyaabaha la xiriira oo la heli karo]] waxay ku dabaqmaan dhammaan mashruuca, oo ma aha oo kaliya maqaallada.}} Boggan koowaad waxaa taageera [[:Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style|boggag yar oo xeel-dheer]], oo halkan la isku gudbin karo oo lagu tirtiray [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents]]. Haddii ay ka dhalato is-diido, boggani wuxuu leeyahay ka-horreyn.{{efn|name="CONLEVEL"|Kani waa arrin siyaasadeed oo ku saabsan {{section link|Wikipedia:Consensus|Level of consensus}}: "Is-afgaradka ka dhex jira koox xaddidan oo tifaftireyaal ah, hal meel iyo hal maalin, ma baabi'in karo [[Wikipedia:Community consensus|is-afgaradka samaynta]] ee baaxadda weyn. Tusaale ahaan, ilaa ay ka dhaadhiciyaan bulshada balaadhan in aysan sax ahayn, kaqeybgalayaasha WikiProject ma go'aamin karaan in siyaasada ama hagaha Wikipedia uusan ku dabaqmin maqaallada ku dhex jira baaxadeeda." Iyo: "Wikipedia waxay leedahay heer sare oo kaqeybgal iyo is-afgarad ee beddelka siyaasadaha iyo hagayaasha marka loo eego noocyada kale ee boggaga." Boggaga ka hooseeya waxaa ku jira [[:Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style|boggaga MoS-ka ee xeel-dheeraanta]], [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Guide#Advice pages|qoraallada qaabka]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style|Haddaha Qaabka ee Fudud]].}} {{vanchor|Clarity|text=Tifaftireyaal waa inay u qoraan maqaallada iyagoo isticmaalaya luqad toos ah, gaaban, oo fudud in la fahmo. Tifaftireyaal waa inay u dhisaan maqaallada qaabeyn joogto ah oo u sahlanaata akhristaha.}} {{va|Stability|text=Haddii ka badan hal qaab ama foom lagu aamini karo MoS-ka, mid waa in loo isticmaalo madal kasta oo ku dhex jirta maqaalka oo [[#Retaining existing styles|aan la beddelin]] sabab wanaagsan la'aanteed. [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|Tifaftirka dagaalka]] ee ku saabsan doorashooyinka qaabka ma aha mid la accepts karo.{{efn|name="ew"|Arrrimahaani waxaa lagu xalliyay go'aannada [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|Guddiga Garsoorka]] ee [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk#Optional styles|2005]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan#Preferred styles|2006]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Date delinking#Optional styles|2009]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Infoboxes#Use of infoboxes|2015]].}} Qoraal cusub oo lagu daro boggan waa inuu toos u xalliyo arrin qaab oo si joogto ah u soo noqnoqota.}} {{TOC limit|3}} ==Dhonsashada qaababka jira== {{Shortcut|MOS:VAR|MOS:STYLEVAR|MOS:STYLERET}} {{Redirect|MOS:VAR|retention of an article's established national English variety|#National varieties of English|a list of more specific related rules|WP:VARS}} Marna, MOS-ku wuxuu bixiyaa ka badan hal qaab oo la accepts karo ama ma bixiyo hagal gaar ah. Marka ka badan hal qaab la accepts karo, al-fajar ma aha mid habboon in tifaftiraha Wikipedia uu ka beddelo hal qaab oo uu u beddelo mid kale ilaa ay jirto sabab muhiim ah oo beddelka ah.{{efn|name="ArbCom"|Astaanta bilowga ee qoraalkan, eeg go'aannada [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|ArbCom]] ee [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk#Principles|Juun 2005]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/jguk 2#Principles|Nofembar 2005]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan#Principles|2006]].}} [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|Tifaftirka dagaalka]] ee ku saabsan qaabka,{{efn|name="ew"}} ama u adeegsiga qaab dookh ah si [[Wikipedia:Bot policy#Assisted editing guidelines|bot-oo kale ah]] is-afgarad ka hor la'aantiis,{{efn|name="bot-like"|Eeg [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Magioladitis 2#High-speed editing|Go'aanka ArbCom ee 2017]], iyo {{section link|Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser#Rules of use}}; tifaftirka bot-ka oo kale ah oo sii socda inkastoo ay jiraan diidmo ama oo keena makhaadhaa wuxuu keeni karaa [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|xannibaad]] iyo baabi'inta xuquuqaha ku saabsan qalabka semi-automated-ka ah.}} waa [[Wikipedia:Disruptive editing|dhibco ka dhan ah]] oo waligeed ma aha mid la accepts karo. Beddelka aan la xaqijin ee kaaga taagan hal qaab oo la accepts karo, [[#Consistency within articles|oo si joogto ah loo adeegsaday]] ee ku dhex jira maqaal oo loo beddelo qaab kale waa la [[Wikipedia:Reverting|celin karaa]]. Doono [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Opportunities for commonality|fursadaha wadaagga]] si looga fogaado murannada qaabka. Haddii aad rammayso in qaab kale uu ka habboon yahay maqaal gaar ah, doono [[Wikipedia:Consensus|is-afgarad]] iyadoo ku saabsan tan lagula discuss-garaynayo bogga wada-hadalka maqaalka ama{{snd}}haddii ay keento arrin guud ama ku saabsan MoS-ka lakiisa{{snd}}at [[Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style]]. Haddii wada-hadalku uusan keenin is-afgarad beddelka ah, sii wad isticmaalka qaabka horey loo dhisay ee maqaalka. Haddii wada-hadalku uu ku guuldareysto inuu gaaro wax is-afgarad ah oo ku saabsan midka laba ama ka badan qaab oo tartamaya oo la isticmaalayo, markaas dib u noqo qaabkii loo isticmaalay nooca ugu horreeyay ee ka dambeeya [[Wikipedia:Stub|qabyada]] maqaalka oo uu ka muuqday mid ka mid ah qaababka ku dabaqmaya. (Mawqifkan dib-u-noqoshada ah ma siiyo [[WP:UNCHALLENGED|darajo aan la tartami karin]] qaabkaas gaarka ah inta lagu jiro wada-hadalka is-afgaradka, mana siiyo tifaftiraha soo impose-garaysay qaabkaas ugu horreeyay [[Wikipedia:Ownership of content|wax ka badan]] wada-hadalka.) ==<span class="anchor" id="Article titles, headings, and sections"></span>Mawduucyada maqaalka, qaybaha, iyo madaxda== {{Shortcut|MOS:AT}} ===Mawduucyada maqaalka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Article titles}} {{for|titles which coincide with a work's title|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles of works}} Mawduucu waa inuu noqdo magac la aqoonsan karo ama sifaynta mawduuca, [[Wikipedia:Common sense|isagoo maareynaya]] shuruudaha ah inuu yahay mid asalka ah, si ku filan oo sax ah, gaaban, oo joogto ah oo la mid ah maqaallada la xiriira. Hagaha qaabaynta eeg qaybta {{section link|Wikipedia:Article titles|Article title format}}, isagoo xusaya kuwa soo socda: *U qor herga labaad ee xarafka ugu horreeya (marka laga reebo xaaladaha dhifka ah, sida {{xt|eBay}}), laakiin haddii kale raac [[sentence case]]{{efn|name=Sentence case|1=Wikipedia waxay u isticmaashaa [[sentence case]] jumlado, [[Wikipedia:Article titles|mawduucyada maqaalka]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout|mawduucyada qaybaha]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables|madaxda taarikada]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images|qoraallada sawirka]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists|qoraallada liiska]] (xaaladaha badankooda), iyo qoraallada ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Infobox|infoboxes]] iyo moodallada la midka ah, iyo waxyaabo kale. Wax kasta oo MoS ah oo ku saabsan bilowga jumlad waxay ku dabaqmaan waxyaabaha isticmaalaya sentence case.<!-- Please keep this footnote synced with the version at the MOS:CAPS page. -->}} ({{xt|Funding of UNESCO projects}}), ma aha title case ({{!xt|Funding of UNESCO Projects}}), marka laga reebo halka title case loo isticmaali lahaa qoraalka caadiga ah. Eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (capitalization)]]. *Si aad u qorto farta italic-ka ah, ku dar {{tlx|italic title}} meel dhow sare ee maqaalka. Si aad farta italic-ka ah ugu qorto kaliya qayb ka mid ah mawduuca, ku dar xadka <code>|string=</code> ee qoraalka gaarka ah ee lagu qorayo farta italic-ka ah. Isticmaalka farta italic-ka ah waa inuu u dhigmaa {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting|Italic type}}. *Ha isticmaalin [[Article (grammar)|maqaallada]] (''a'', ''an'', ama ''the'') sida xarafka ugu horreeya ({{xt|Economy of the Second Empire}}, ma aha {{!xt|The economy of the Second Empire}}), ilaa ay tahay qayb aan la kala saari karin oo magaca ka mid ah ({{xt|The Hague}}) ama mawduuca shaqa (''{{xt|A Clockwork Orange}}'', ''{{xt|The Simpsons}}''). *Caadi ahaan isticmaal [[noun]]s ama [[noun phrase]]s: {{xt|Early life}}, ma aha {{!xt|In early life}}.{{Efn|1=Erayada sida {{xt|In early life}} waa kuwo la accepts karo (inkastoo aan loo baahnayn) sida madaxda qaybaha. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa si joogto ah sida qayb ka mid ah mawduucyada maqaalka oo dheeraad ah sida [[Piracy in the Caribbean|{{xt|Piracy in the Caribbean}}]], indhaheeda marka dhismaha gaaban ({{xtn|Caribbean piracy}}) uu leeyahay arrimo is-dhaafsi ah.}} *Xarafka ugu dambeeya waa inuusan noqon calaamad ilaahiyad ilaa uu yahay qayb aan la kala saari karin oo magaca ka mid ah ({{xt|[[Saint-Louis-du-Ha! Ha!]]}}, {{xt|''[[Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?]]''}}) ama gaabinta ({{xt|[[Inverness City F.C.]]}}), ama marka xiritaanka bracket-ka wareegga ama calaamadda xigmadda loo baahan yahay ({{xt|[[John Palmer (1814 schooner)|''John Palmer'' (1814 schooner)]]}}). *Markasta oo calaamadaha xigmadda ama noocyada apostrophe-ka oo kale ay ka muuqdaan ({{xt|[[Geʽez]]}}), ku dar [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirection]] mawduuc caddaynaya oo isticmaalaya apostrophes ({{xt|[[Ge'ez]]}}).{{efn|name=curlyq|1=Calaamadaha xigmadda tooska ah iyo apostrophes waa kuwo fudud in loo qorto si lagu aamini karo madallada badankooda, markaas kani wuxuu u sahlayaa bartilmaameedka redirection-ka oo fudud. Xigmadda curdanka ah iyo apostrophes sidaas darteed waa kuwo si weyn looga tagay Wikipedia-ha English-ka. Eeg sidoo kale [[MOS:CURLY]] iyo [[MOS:']].}} Labadaba ha ka sareeyaan iyo kuwo [[Wikipedia:Article titles]], qeybta kale ee MoS-ka, gaar ahaan {{section link||Punctuation}}, waxay ku dabaqmaan sidoo kale mawduuca. ===Agaasimaha qaybta=== {{Shortcut|MOS:SO}} {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout}} Mawduuca maqaalka waa inuu ku starts-garo [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section|qaybta hordhaca ah<!-- Do not add the word "lede" here. See footnotes at WP:LEAD for details. -->]]{{snd}}gaabinta kooban ee maqaalka{{snd}}oo aan waligeed loo kala saarin qaybo {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section]])}}. Qaybta hartay ee maqaalka waxaa caadi ahaan loo kala saaraa [[Help:Section|qaybo]]. [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes|Infoboxes]], sawirrada, iyo mawduucyada kale ee la xiriira qaybta hordhaca ah waa inay noqdaan kuwo dhanka midig ah. Calaamadaha qaarkood oo heerka ah [[Help:Template|moodallada]] iyo [[Help:Wikitext|wikitext]] oo aan ahayn qaybo waxay ka sarreeyaan inta ugu dambaysa maqaalka, ka hor mawduuca qaybta hordhaca ah, iyo uusocodka soo socda: *[[Wikipedia:Short description|Gaaban sharrax leh]], oo leh moodalka {{tlx|Short description}} *[[Wikipedia:Hatnote|Hatnote-ka disambiguation]], waqtiga badankiisa oo leh moodalka {{tlx|Hatnote}} {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg sidoo kale {{section link|Wikipedia:Hatnote#Hatnote templates}})}} *Moodallada aan lahayn soo-saarka oo muujinaya foomka taariikhda dhisay ee maqaalka iyo nooca luqadda English-ka, haddii ay jiraan (t.s., {{tlx|Use dmy dates}}, {{tlx|Use Canadian English}}) *Moodallada dayactirka ee Banner-ka ah, [[Wikipedia:Template index/Disputes|Dispute]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Template index/Cleanup|Moodallada Cleanup]] ee arrimaha maqaalka oo dhan oo la calaamadeeyay (haddii kale loo isticmaalo sare ee qayb gaar ah, ka dambeeya hatnote kasta oo qayb ah sida {{tlx|main}}) *[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes|Infobox]], oo ah dookh (marka laga reebo xaaladaha gaarka ah sida {{tlx|Taxobox}} iyo {{tlx|Chembox}}, ama nooc ka mid ah, maqaallada ku dabaqmaya); caadi ahaan sidoo kale waxaa ku jira sawirka ugu horreeya *Sawirka hordhaca ah, marka infobox aan la isticmaalin, ama sawir dheeraad ah loo baahan yahay qaybta hordhaca ah (haddii hordhacu u yahay mid aad u dheer, sawir labaad waxaa lagu lagi karaa dhexda qoraalka hordhaca ah) Nooca skin-ka ee [[Vector 2022]], [[Wikipedia:Table of contents|tusmada maqaalka]] waa mid ka mid ah oo ka baxsan mawduuca maqaalka. Noocyada skin-ka hore qaarkood, tusmada la mari karo waxay ka muuqataa si otomaatig ah ka dambaysa hordhaca haddii maqaalku leeyahay ugu yaraan afar madax oo qaybo ah. Haddii mawduuca qayb uu ku jiraa si xeel-dheer oo dheeraad ah maqaal gaar ah {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Summary style]])}}, ku dar {{tlx|main|{{var|Article name}}}} ama {{tlx|further|{{var|Article name}}}} isla markiiba ka hooseeya madaxa qaybta. Sida lagu sharraxay si xeel-dheer {{slink|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout|Standard appendices and footers}}, noocyo dhowr ah oo maaddooyinka ah (badankoodu waa dookh) waxay ka muuqan karaan ka dambaysa qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee maqaalka, uusocodka soo socda: *Buugaagta ama shaqaalaha kale ee lagu abuuray mawduuca maqaalka, ka hooseeya madaxa qaybta "Works", "Publications", "Discography", "Filmography", iyo wixii la mid ah sida habboon (ka fogao "Bibliography", oo loo khaldami karo xigashooyinka tixraaca) *Isku xirka hoose ee maqaallada la xiriira ee Wikipedia-ha English-ka, oo leh madaxa qaybta "See also" *Xusuus-qoraallada iyo tixraacyada, oo leh madaxa qaybta "Notes" ama "References" (caadi ahaan ka dambeeya), ama qayb gaar ah oo loogu talagalay mid kasta uusocodkan {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]])}}; ka fogao "Bibliography", oo loo khaldami karo shaqaalaha mawduuca *Buugaagta la xiriira, maqaallada, ama shaqaalaha kale ee aan loo isticmaalin sida tixraacyada; isticmaal madaxa qaybta "Further reading"; noqo mid si sare ah loo doortay, maadaama [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a directory|Wikipedia aysan ahayn buugga tixraaca]] *Websaydhada la xiriira [[Wikipedia:External links|iyo kuwo habboon]] ee aan loo isticmaalin sida tixraacyada oo aan ka muuqan appendices-ka hore, isticmaalka madaxa "External links", oo loo sameyn karo qayb ka hooseysa "Further reading" (ama isku xirkaas waxaa toos lagu ammaan goyn karaa liiska "Further reading" halkii); [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Links to sister projects|moodallada isku xirka ee mawduucyada mashruuca walaalka ah]] sidoo cuali ahaan waxay ka sarreeyaan qaybtan marka ay jirto (haddii kale qaybta ugu dambaysa ee bogga) *Waxyaabaha ugu dambeeya ee soo socda waligeed ma qaataan madaxyada qaybaha: **Isku xirka hoose oo lagu aaggaaday [[Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates#Navigation_templates|boxes-ka navigation-ka]] **Metadata ee [[Wikipedia:Authority control|Authority control]], haddii loo baahdo, isticmaalka {{tlx|Authority control}} (wuxuu kala saaraa isticmaalka magaca laba mawduuc, ama magacyo badan oo loogu talagalay hal mawduuc) **[[Wikipedia:Categorization|Qeeybaha]], oo waa inay noqdaan maaddada ugu dambaysa ee koodha maqaalka haddii aysan jirin moodallada stub-ka **[[Wikipedia:Stub sorting|Moodallada stub-ka]], haddii loo baahdo, oo waa inay raacaan qeeybaha [[Wikipedia:Stand-alone lists|Maqaallada liiska ah ee gaarka ah]] waxay leeyihiin waxyaabo dheeraad ah oo agaasimaha ah. ===<span class="anchor" id="Section management"></span>Madaxyada qaybaha=== {{Shortcut|MOS:HEAD|MOS:HEADINGS}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Headings|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Order of article elements|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Section headings}} [[Help:Section|Madaxyada qaybaha]] waa inay caadi ahaan raacaan hagaha [[#Article titles|mawduucyada maqaalka]] ee sare oo ay ku muuqdaan [[sentence case]] ({{xt|Funding of UNESCO projects in developing countries}}), ma aha [[title case]] ({{!xt|Funding of UNESCO Projects in Developing Countries}}).{{efn|name=Sentence case}} {{shortcut|MOS:BLANKLINE}} {{vanchor|Blank line|text=Dhammaan madaxyada waa inay ku dhex jiraan xarkooda gaarka ah, oo ay ka horreyso presely hal xar oo eber ah, oo ay raacdo mid ka mid ah hal xar ama aan lahayn xar eber ah.}} {{vanchor|Section headings (necessary point 6)|text=Ha u isticmaalin si xun [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists#Description (definition, association) lists|liiska sharraxaadda]] markup ("<code>;</code>") si aad u abuurto [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Pseudo-headings|pseudo-headings]].}} {{va|SECTIONSTYLE|Section headings (styling best practice)|Section headings (main styling reason)|text=Sida arrin qaab oo joogto ah, madaxyada qaybuhu waa inaynaan:}} {{Shortcut|MOS:SECTIONSTYLE|MOS:NOBACKREF}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 1)|text=si turjumaad ah dib ugu tixraacin mawduuca maqaalka, t.s., {{xt|Early life}}, ma aha {{!xt|Smith's early life}} ama {{!xt|His early life}}}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 2)|text=tixraacin madax heer sare ah, ilaa aad sameyso ay tahay mid gaaban ama caddayn badan}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 3)|text=noqon kuwo la nambareeyay ama xarfo leh sida outline}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 4)|text=noqon kuwo loo sameeyay sida su'aal, t.s., {{xt|Languages}}, ma aha {{!xt|What languages are spoken?}}}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 5)|text=isticmaalin luga ama farta aan caadiga ahayn oo keeni kara [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Headings|arrimaha lagu heli karo]]}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 6)|text=noqon kuwo lagu duubay [[Help:Wikitext|markup]], sida bold iyo italics, oo baabi'in kara muujintooda oo keeni kara arrimo kale oo lagu heli karo}} ====Wikimarkup==== {{shortcut|MOS:NOSECTIONLINKS|MOS:HEADINGLINKS}} {{va|Section headings (technical best practice)|text=Sababo tignoolajiyada ah, madaxyada qaybuhu waa inay}} {{va|Section headings (necessary point 1)|text=noqdaan kuwo gaar ah oo ku dhex jira maqaal (si [[Template:Section link|isqu xirka qaybta]] uu u shaqeeyo)}} oo waa inaynaan ku dhex jirin: *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 2)|text=[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking#Principles|isqu xirka]], xataa haddii kaliya qayb ka mid ah madaxa la isku xiray}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 5)|text=xigashooyinka ama xusuus-qoraallada}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 4)|text=<code><[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics#Typesetting of mathematical formulae|math]]></code> markup}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 3)|text=sawirrada ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Icons#Encyclopedic purpose|icons-ka]]}} {{va|Section headings (main technical reason)|text=Xaddidaadahani waa kuwo lagu khasbay si looga fogaado tignoolajiyada dhibco leh oo ma aha kuwo la baabi'in karo is-afgaradka maxalliga ah ama hagayaasha aan ku habboonayn.}} {{short|MOS:TEMPLATE}} {{va|Section headings (necessary point 7)|text=Wadaagga moodalka}} waa in sidoo kale caadi ahaan looga fogaadaa madaxyada qaybaha, sababtoo ah waxay keenaan koodha asalka ah ee baaqida moodalka inuu ka muuqdo isqu xirka lagu daray gaabinta tifaftirka; gujinta isqu xirkaas ka muuqda taariikhda bogga ma keeni doonto qaybta loo baahan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, [[WP:ANCHORSUBST|marka lagu darayo isqu xirka anchor madaxyada, mar walba beddel moodalka gudaha madaxa]]: {{block indent|1={{plainlist| * {{y}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== {{subst:anchor|Anchor name}} Section title ==</nowiki>}}</code> * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== {{anchor|Anchor name}} Section title ==</nowiki>}}</code> }} }} {{shortcut|MOS:SECTIONCOMMENT}} {{va|SECTIONCOMMENT|Section comment|text=[[#Invisible comments|Xusuus-qoraallada la qariyay]] oo tixraacaya madaxa qayb ama qayb oo dhan waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu lago xar ka hooseysa madaxa. Waxaa sidoo cuali ahaan lagu lagi karaa ku dhex jira xarkooda oo kale sida madaxa, laakiin xaaladaas waa inay noqdaan kuwo {{em|gudaha}} <code>==&nbsp;==</code> markup:{{efn|1=Xusuus-qoraal ka baxsan <code><nowiki>==&nbsp;==</nowiki></code> laakiin ku dhex jira xarkooda oo kale wuxuu keeni karaa isqu xirka tifaftirka qaybta inuu ku guuldareysto inuu ka muuqdo dhammaan; ee browsers-ka kale, wuxuu ka muuqan karaa, laakiin isticmaalkiisu wuxuu keeni doonaa madaxa qaybta inuusan si otomaatig ah lagu darin gaabinta tifaftirka.}}}} {{block indent|1={{plainlist| * {{y}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== Implications ==</nowiki><br /><nowiki><!--This comment is placed correctly.--></nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{mby}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== Implications<!--This comment works fine.--> ==</nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{mby}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== <!--This comment works fine.-->Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== Implications == <!--This comment causes problems.--> </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{tracked|T381786}}{{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki><!--This comment causes problems.</nowiki><br><nowiki>-->== Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki><!--The space after this comment breaks the heading completely.--> == Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} }} }} ====<span class="anchor" id="SECTIONANCHOR"></span><span class="anchor" id="Section anchor"></span>Anchors==== {{short|MOS:SECTIONANCHOR}} <section begin="heading links" />Ka hor inta aanad beddelin madax, tixgeli in aad baabi'inayso isqu xirka jira oo ku dhex jira.<section end="heading links" /> Haddii ay jiraan [[Help:Link#To a section|isqu xirka badan oo u socda mawduuca hore]],{{efn|name="many links"|1=Si aad u ogaato inta isqu xirka ee u socda mawduuca qaybta hore iyo maqaallada leeh iyaga, waxaad sameyn kartaa <span class=plainlinks>[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=all%3A+linksto%3A%22ARTICLE%22+insource%3A%2F%5B%5B%7C%5DARTICLE%5C%23OLDSECTION%2F+&title=Special:Search&profile=all&fulltext=1 raadinta sare ee]</span>, iyadoo la beddelayo {{smallcaps|article}} magaca maqaalka, iyo {{smallcaps|oldsection}} mawduuca qaybta hore. Raadintaas sare ma raadiso [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirections-ka]], markaas sidoo kale eeg bogga maqaalka ee [[Special:WhatLinksHere]] ee redirections-ka u socda mawduuca qaybta hore. Haddii ay jiraan kaliya nambarka yar ee isqu xirka ee u socda mawduuca qaybta hore, waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu cusbooneysiiyo manwal ahaan.}} abuur [[Help:Anchor|anchor]] oo leh mawduucaas si loo xaqijiyo in kuwani ay sii shaqeeyaan. Sidoo kale, marka lagu isqu xirayo qayb, ka tag xusuus-qoraal aan la arki karin madaxa qaybta bartilmaameedka, iyadoo lagu magacaabayo maqaallada isqu xirka leeh, si haddii madaxa dambe loo beddelo kani si fudud loo hagaajin karo, ama kale anchor kale loo abuurayo haddii ay jiraan kuwo badan.{{efn|name="many links"}} Tusaale ahaan: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == {{subst:Anchor|Consequences}} Implications == <!-- "Richard Dawkins" and "Daniel Dennett" link here. --> </syntaxhighlight> oo lagu kaydin doono maqaalka sida: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == <span class="anchor" id="Consequences"></span> Implications == <!-- "Richard Dawkins" and "Daniel Dennett" link here. --> </syntaxhighlight> Faa'iidada isticmaalka {{tlxs|Anchor}}, ama kaliya la dhex gelinayo {{tag|span|o|link=yes}} tags-ka toos, waa in marka tifaftirka loo sameeyo qaybta mustaqbalka, anchor-ku ma lagu dhex jiri doono taariikhda bogga sida qayb ka mid ah magaca qaybta. Marka kaliya {{tlx|Anchor}} loo isticmaalo toos, akhlaaqdaas aan loo baahnayn {{em|waa ay}} dhacdaa, markaas waa in mar walba [[WP:ANCHORSUBST|loo beddelo anchors madaxyada qaybaha]]. Marka la dhex gelinayo span toos, {{em|ha}} gaabin iyadoo la isticmaalayo tag-ka self-closing, sida ku dhex jirta: <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== <span id="Consequences"</nowiki>{{highlight round|/|bc=var(--background-color-destructive-subtle, lightred);}}> Implications <nowiki>==</nowiki>}}</code> In HTML5 foomkaas XML-style waa mid shaqaynaya kaliya tags-ka qaarkood, sida {{nowrap |<code>&lt;br/></code>}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T134423 |title=T134423 Deprecate nonstandard behavior of self-closed HTML tags in wikitext. |website=phabricator.wikimedia.org |access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref> Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking|Avoiding broken section links}} si aad u ogaato wada-hadal dheeraad ah. ====Mawduuca oo kale madaxa==== Hagaha sare ee madaxyada qaybaha, gaar ahaan sentence case, turjumaad, sawirrada iyo su'aalaha, sidoo kale wuxuu ku dabaqmaa [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables#Captions and headers|madaxyada taarikada]] (iyo noocyada taarikada iyo xarrada). Laakiin, madaxyada taarikada waxay ku dhex jiri karaan xigashooyinka oo waxay ku starts-garo karaan, ama noqon karaan, nambara. Unka madaxyada bogga, madaxyada taarikada ma samayn karaan si otomaatig ah anchors-ka isqu xirka. Ka baxsan sentence case ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Glossaries|glossaries]], talada madaxa sidoo kale waxay ku dabaqmaysaa ''term'' qoraallada ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists#DLIST|description lists]]. Haddii la isticmaalayo [[Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Glossaries#Template-structured|template-structured glossaries]], terms-ku si otomaatig ah waxay leeyihiin anchors-ka isqu xirka, laakiin ma leeyihiin kale. Xigashooyinka mawduuca description-list waxay ku dhex jiraan {{tl|term}} ama {{tl|defn}} element, sida loo baahan yahay. ==Noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga== {{Shortcut|MOS:ENGVAR}} Noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga (tusaale ahaan, kala duwanaanshaha erayada ama naxwaha ee gobollada ka jira) waxay bixiyaan macluumaad ku saabsan kala duwanaanshaas. Dhammaan noocyada gobollada ama noocyada heerka ee Af-Soomaaliga waa kuwo la aqbali karo oo siman Wikipedia-da Soomaaliga, iyada oo la isticmaalayo uslub rasmi ah oo maqaallada u gaar ah ([[Register (sociolinguistics)|weeraral rami ah]] ama astaanta luqadda). Qaabka taariikhda ee maqaalka ({{xt|{{#time: F j, Y}}}} ama {{xt|{{#time: j F Y}}}}) wuxuu sidoo kale la xiriiraa noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga {{snd}}eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|Strong national ties to a topic|Retaining existing format}}. === <span class="anchor" id="Internal consistency"></span>Joogteynta ku dhex jirta maqaallada<!-- When renaming this section title, rename the full link at [[Wikipedia:Consistency]] --> === {{Shortcut|MOS:ARTCON|MOS:CONSISTENT}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Variation in citation methods|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Retaining existing format}} Xeerarka nooc gaar ah oo Af-Soomaali caadifad ah waa in loo raaco si joogto ah ku dhex jirta maqaalka gaarka ah. Waxyaabaha ka baxsan waxaa ku jira: *'''Xigashooyinka''' iyo '''cinwaannada buugaagta ama hawlaha''' (sida buugaagta, filimada, iyo muusigga) waa in loo qoraa sida ay ka muuqdaan ilaha tixraaca. Laakiin, waxaa jira xaalado qaarkood oo leexanaya mabda'an si loo dhowro heerka qaab-qoraalka ee alifbeetada encyclopedia-ha dhan. {{crossref|Eeg {{section link||Typographic conformity}}.}} *'''Magacyada u gaarka ah''' waxay isticmaalaan qoraalka mawduuca ama lahaanshaha u gaarka ah, tusaale ahaan, {{xt|United States Department of Defense}} iyo {{xt|Australian Defence Force}}; {{xt|International Labour Organization}}<!--This example is here because it uses -our and -ization at the same time; it is Oxford spelling.-->. *Maqaallada ku saabsan mawduucyada la xiriira kimistariga, foomka heerka caalamiga ah ee higaada {{xt|aluminium}}, {{xt|sulfur}}, {{xt|caesium}} (iyo erayada ka soo baxa) waa in loo isticmaalo iyadoo aan loo eegin nooca luqadda ee looga adeegsado maqaalka. {{crossref|Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (chemistry)|Element names}}.}} ===Fursadaha wadaagga ama isku-duubnida=== {{shortcut|MOS:COMMONALITY}} Si loogu talagalay encyclopedia caalamiga ah, isticmaalka erayada wadaagga ah ee dhammaan noocyada Af-Soomaaliga waa mid ka wanaagsan. *Isticmaal erayada si caalami ah loo aqbalay halkii kuwa aan aad loo fidin, gaar ahaan cinwaannada. Tusaale ahaan, [[Glasses|{{xt|muraayado}}]] ayaa ka wanaagsan noocyada gobollada ee gaarka ah; [[Ten million|{{xt|toban milyan}}]] ayaa ka wanaagsan [[crore|{{!xt|hal crore}}]]. *Haddii kala duwanaansho higaadeed uu ka muuqdo cinwaan, samee bogga [[Wikipedia:Redirect|reer-itusaale (sidetrack/redirect)]] si loogu talagalay kuwa kale, sida ku dhex jirta [[artefact]] iyo [[artifact]], si dhammaan noocyada loo isticmaali karo raadinta iyo isku xirka. *Erayada ku kala duwan noocyada luqadda, ama leh macnayaal kala duwan, waxaa lagu [[Gloss (annotation)#In linguistics|u xaqiijin karaa faahfaahinta (gloss)]] si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga ama jahawareerka, tusaale ahaan, {{xt|qaybta dambe ee baabuurta (trunk ama boot)&nbsp;...}}. *Isticmaal eray ama weedh si caadi ah loo fahmo iyada oo ka wanaagsan mid leh macno kale sababtoo ah kala duwanaanshaha gobollada (halkii {{!xt|alternate}}, isticmaal {{xt|alternative}} ama {{xt|alternating}}, sida habboon), marka laga reebo xaaladaha tignoolajiyada ama cilmiga halka beddelkaas uu noqon lahaa mid aan habboonayn ({{xt|alternate leaves}}; {{xt|alternate law}}). *Marka ay jiraan wax ka badan hal nooc oo higaad ah oo ka dhex jira heerka caadiga ah ee luqadda, nooca ugu caansan ee hadda la isticmaalo waa in caadi ahaan ka wanaagsanaado, marka laga reebo halka higaada yar ay leedahay isticmaal gaar ah oo xaalad xeel-dheer ah, tusaale ahaan, ''connexion'' ku dhex jirta [[Connexionalism|Methodist connexionalism]]. ===Xiriirka gobolka ama qaranka ee xoogga leh ee mawduuca=== {{Shortcut|MOS:TIES}} Maqaal ku saabsan mawduuc leh xiriir xooggan oo u socda waddan ama gobol]] gaar ah waa inuu isticmaalaa heerka luqadda rasmiga ah (ee ma aha colloquial/afka wadada) ee gobolkaas ama qarankaas. Tusaale ahaan: Mawduucyada leh xiriir xooggan oo u socda [[Commonwealth of Nations]], ama waddamo badan oo Commonwealth ah ama dhulalkii hore ee British-ka, isticmaal higaada British-ka. ===Dhowrida nooca jira=== {{Shortcut|MOS:RETAIN}} Marka nooc gaar ah [[#Consistency within articles|isticmaalkiisa joogtada ah]] lagu dhisay maqaal, sii wad iyada oo aan la helin is-afgarad ka dhan ah. Kaliya xaaladaha gaarka ah (sida marka mawduuc uu leeyahay [[#Strong national ties to a topic|xiriir gobol ama qaran oo xooggan]], ama beddelku wuxuu yareeyaa is-dhaafsiga) ayaa ay jirtaa sabab shaqaynaysa oo loo beddelo ka mid ah dookha la aqbali karo oo loo beddelo mid kale. {{va|FPSR|FMC|text=Marka aan la dhisin nooc gaar ah oo wada-hadalku uusan xallin arrinta, isticmaal nooca ka muuqda nooca ugu horreeyay ee ka dambeeya [[Wikipedia:Stub|qabyada (stub)]] oo soo bandhigay nooc la aqoonsan karo. Waxa ka baxsan tan waa [[#Retain quote variety|ha beddelin nooca luqadda ee ku dhex jira xigasho]].}} Nooca lagu dhisay maqaal gaar ah waxaa lagu qoraa iyadoo lagu dhex darayo [[:Category:Use English templates|tampaallada Use X English]] ee habboon bogga maqaalka. Tampaallada [[:Category:Varieties of English templates|nooca luqadda ee habboon]] sidoo kale waxaa lagu dhejin karaa bogga wada-hadalka ee maqaalka. Maqaal waa inuusan noqon mid la tifaftiro ama magaca loo beddelo kaliya si looga beddelo hal nooc oo luqad ah oo loo beddelo mid kale. Tampaalka {{tlxs|uw-engvar}} waxaa lagu dhejin karaa bogga wada-hadalka tifaftiraha si loogu sharraxo tan. ==Xarfo-waweynaynta== Cinwaannada maqaallada Wikipedia iyo cinwaannada qaybaha waxay isticmaalaan habka weedha, ma aha habka cinwaanka; iyo {{section link||Section headings}}. Xaraf-weynaynta alaabta liiska ku jirta, eeg {{section link||Bulleted and numbered lists}}. Points-ka kale ee ku saabsan xaraf-weynaynta waxaa si kooban loogu dhex muujiyay hoos. Macluumaadka fulan waxaa lagu heli karaa [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters]]. Qodobka ugu muhiimsan ayaa ah in Wikipedia aysan xaraf-weynaynayn eray ilaa uu si joogto ah xaraf-weyn ugu yahay badankooda [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|ilaha lagu kalsoonaan karo]] ee madax-bannaan. ===Xaraf-weynaynta ''The''=== Caadi ahaan, ha xaraf-weynayn erayga ''the'' dhexda jumlada ma aha { Reebanaanta caadiga ah waxaa ku jira magacyada u gaarka ah ee qaarkood iyo badankooda cinwaannada hawlaha abuurka ah ({{xt|Tolkien wrote ''The Lord of the Rings''}}{{snd}}laakiin ogaada in ''the'' aysan noqon karin qayb ka mid ah cinwaanka ee lagu qoro, t.s., Waxaa jira tixgelinno gaar ah oo loo sameeyo magacyada kooxaha muusigga , magacyada hay'adaha, magac u yaallada, summadaha ganacsiga. ===<span id="Capitalization-Titles"></span>Cinwaannada hawlaha=== {{main|WP:Manual of Style/Titles of works}} Cinwaannada luqadda Ingiriisiga ee qoraallada (buugaagta iyo hawlaha kale ee qoraalka, noocyada iyo hawlaha kale ee codka, filimada iyo hawlaha kale ee muuqaalka ah, sawirrada iyo hawlaha kale ee fanka, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxaa loo bixiyaa habka {{em|[[title case]]}}, halka eray kasta loo siiyo xaraf-weyn bilowga marka laga reebo erayada qaarkood oo yar oo muhiim ah (sida lagu sharraxay {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters|Composition titles}}). Erayada ugu horreeya iyo kuwa ugu dambeeya ee cinwaan luqad Ingiriisi ah mar walba waa kuwo xaraf-weyn leh. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|''An Eye for an Eye''}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|''Worth the Fighting For''}} Xaraf-weynaynta cinwaannada aan Ingiriisiga ahayn waa ay kala duwan tahay, xataa waqti ka waqti isla luqadda dhexdeeda; caadi ahaan, dhowr qaabka asalka ah ee hawlaha cusub, oo raac isticmaalka ka muuqda ilaha lagu kalsoonaan karo ee luqadda Ingiriisiga ee hadda{{efn|name=recent}} ee hawlaha taariikhiga ah. Marka lagu qoro alfabeta Laatiinka, badankooda waxyaabahaani waa inay sidoo kale ku jiraan farta janjeerta ([[#Italics|italics]]), ama lagu duubo [[#Names and titles|calaamadaha oraahda (quotation marks)]]. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|{{lang|fr|Les Liaisons dangereuses}}}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"{{lang|de|italics=no|Hymnus an den heiligen Geist}}"}} ===Tayooyinka iyo xilalka dadka=== *'''Isticmaalka guud''', isticmaal xaraf yar erayada sida ''madaxweyne'' , ''boqor', iyo ''imbiraadoor'' ({{xt|De Gaulle wuxuu ahaa madaxweyne Faransiis ah}}; {{xt|Louis XVI wuxuu ahaa boqor Faransiis ah}}; {{xt|Saddex ra'iisul wasaare ayaa ka soo qayb galay shirka}}). *'''Toos ka hor magaca dadka''', erayadaas waxay ka bilaabanayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|Madaxweyne Obama}}, ma aha {{!xt|madaxweyne Obama}}). Magacyada heerka caadiga ah ama caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo ee xilka ama doorka waxaa loo maareeyaa sida magacyada u gaarka ah ({{xt|David Cameron wuxuu ahaa Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Biritain}}; {{xt|Hirohito wuxuu ahaa Imbiraadoorkii Jabaan}}; {{xt|Louis XVI wuxuu ahaa Boqorkii Faransiiska}}). Titoolinka ama doorka boqortooyada waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|Her Majesty}}; {{xt|His Highness}}); reebanaantu waxay ku dabaqmi kartaa xilal gaar ah. ===Diimaha, ilaahyada, falsafadaha, iyo caqiidooyinka=== *'''Diimaha, kooxaha, iyo kaniisadaha''' iyo taageerayaashooda (foomka magaca ama tilmaamaha) waxay ka start-garoobayaan xaraf-weyn. Caadi ahaan, "the" ma aha xaraf-weyn ka hor magacyadaas ({{xt|the Unitarians}}, ma aha {{!xt|The Unitarians}}). *'''Qoraallada diinta]]''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn, laakiin badanaa ma aha farta janjeerta ({{xt|the Bhagavad Gita}}, {{xt|the Quran}}, {{xt|the Talmud}}, {{xt|the Granth Sahib}}, {{xt|the Bible}}). Ha u qorin xaraf-weyn "the" marka aad u isticmaalayso foomkan. Tilmaamaha qaarkood oo ka soo baxa waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn heshiis ahaan, qaarkoodna ma qaataan ({{xt|biblical}}, laakiin {{xt|Quranic}}); haddii aad u baahato hubaal, eeg qaamuuska. *'''[[Honorific|Tayooyinka iyo magacyada sharafta]] ee ilaahyada''', ku dhex jira magacyada u gaarka ah iyo tayooyinka, waxay ka start-garoobayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|God}}, {{xt|Allah}}, {{xt|the Lord}}, {{xt|the Supreme Being}}, {{xt|the Great Spirit}}, {{xt|the Horned One}}, {{xt|Bhagavan}}). Ha u qorin xaraf-weyn "the" xaaladahaas ama marka aad tixraacayso dadka waaweyn ee diinta ama shakhsiyaadka khayalka ah/asraarta ah ({{xt|the Prophet}}, {{xt|the Messiah}}, {{xt|the Virgin}}). Magacyada guud ee ilaahyada iyo shakhsiyaadka diinta ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|many gods}}; {{xt|the god Woden}}; {{xt|saints and prophets}}). *'''Magac-u-yaallada shakhsiyaadka cibaadada ama Ilaah''' ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn, xataa haddii xaraf-weyn lagu qoro qoraallada diinta ({{xt|God and his will}}). *'''Qaybaha waaweyn ee mukhluuqaadka khayalka ah (mythical/legendary)''' waxay ka start-garoobayaan xarfo yar ({{xt|elf}}, {{xt|fairy}}, {{xt|nymph}}, {{xt|unicorn}}, {{xt|angel}}), inkastoo hawlaha khayalka ah (fantasy), sida buugaagta [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] iyo ciyaaraha fiidiyowga qaarkood, xarfaha waaweyn ee bilowga ah marmar loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo in mukhluuqaadku ay samaynayaan dhaqan ama irsi dhex jira [[fictional universe|caalamka khayalka ah]]. U qor xaraf-weyn magacyada ama tayooyinka mukhluuqaadka gaarka ah ({{xt|the Minotaur}}, {{xt|Pegasus}}) iyo kooxaha oo magacooda iyo xubnahoodu ay yihiin kuwo go'an ({{xt|the Magi, or the Three Wise Men}}, {{xt|the Furies}}). Tixraacyada guud ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|these priests}}; {{xt|several wise men}}; {{xt|cherub-like}}). *'''Matalaadaha ama dhacdooyinka ruuxiga ah iyo kuwa diinta''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn kaliya marka la tixraacayo dhacdooyin gaar ah ama waqtiyo gaar ah ({{xt|the Great Flood}} iyo {{xt|the Exodus}}; laakiin {{xt|annual flooding}} iyo {{xt|an exodus of refugees}}). *'''Falsafadaha, aragtiyaha, dhaqdhaqaaqyada, iyo caqiidooyinka''' waxay isticmaalaan xarfo yar ilaa magacu ka soo baxo magac u gaar ah ({{xt|capitalism versus Marxism}}) ama uusan noqon magac u gaar ah ({{xt|republican}}, oo ah dhismaha fikirka siyaasadda; {{xt|Republican}}, oo ah xisbi siyaasadeed). Isticmaal xarfo yar mawduucyada caqiidooyinka ama fikirka diinta ee heerka caadiga ah (oo ka soo contrasts-garoobaya dhacdooyinka gaarka ah), xataa haddii xaraf-weyn lagu qoro taageerayaasha diinta qaarkood ({{xt|virgin birth}}, {{xt|original sin}}, {{xt|transubstantiation}}). *'''[[Platonic idealism|Platonic]] ama fikradaha sare (transcendent ideals)''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn xaaladda caqiidada falsafadda ({{xt|Truth}}, {{xt|the Good}}); marka loo isticmaalo si dhumuc leh, waxay ku dhex jiraan xarfo yar ({{xt|Superman represents American ideals of truth and justice}}). Isticmaal xarfo waaweyn marka fanka lagu personify-gareeyo fikradaha ({{xt|the guidebook mentioned statues of Justice and Liberty}}). *{{va|Eponyms|EPONYM|EPONYMS|text='''[[Eponym|Eponym-s (erayada ka soo baxay magacyada dadka)]]''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn ([[Edwardian era|{{xt|Edwardian}}]], [[De Morgan's laws|{{xt|De Morgan's laws}}]], [[Alice in Wonderland syndrome|{{xt|Alice in Wonderland syndrome}}]], [[Plaster of Paris|{{xt|plaster of Paris}}]], [[Platonic idealism|{{xt|Platonic idealism}}]], [[Draconian constitution|{{xt|Draconian constitution of Athens}}]]), marka laga reebo isticmaalka sanfada ama maahmaahda ah oo ka baxsan xaaladda asalka ah oo caadi ahaan xarfo yar ku dhex jira ilaha tixraaca ([[Platonic relationship|{{xt|a platonic relationship}}]]; {{xt|complained of draconian workplace policies}}).{{efn|name=eponyms|1=Waxaa jira waxyaabo yar oo dheeraad ah oo ka baxsan xaraf-weynaynta eponyms-ka, halka eraygu leeyahay xeer xooggan oo ah xarfo yar, t.s., lagu doorbido foomkaas badankooda qaamuustada waaweyn ee luqadda Ingiriisiga. Tusaale ahaan, {{xt|parkinsonian}} wuxuu sharraxaa bukaan muujinaya astaamaha [[Parkinson's disease|{{xt|Parkinson's disease}}]]. Dhexdeeda carabiga/higgaada isticmaalka erayada [[Linguistic latinisation|{{xt|latinize}}]], [[Romanisation|{{xt|romanize}}]], iyo [[Anglicization|{{xt|anglicize}}]] [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Anglo- and similar prefixes|waxay sii kordhayaan xarfo yar]], iyo [[Italic type|{{xt|italic[s]}}]] ku dhex jirta farta mar walba waa xarfo yar.}} Weedha dhan oo uu eponym ku yahay tilmaame [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Religions, deities, philosophies, doctrines, and their adherents|ma aha xaraf-weyn]] marka laga reebo marka weedha dhitadeedu tahay magac u gaar ah (t.s., [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles|cinwaanka hawl la daabacay]]: [[The China Syndrome|{{xt|''The China Syndrome''}}]]).}} ===Astaamaha kalandarka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Calendar items}} *'''Bilsashada (bilo), maalmaha toddobaadka, iyo fasaxyada''' waxay ka start-garoobayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|June}}, {{xt|Monday}}; {{xt|the Fourth of July}} wuxuu tixraacaa kaliya Maalinta Xorriyadda Mareykanka{{snd}}haddii kale {{xt|July 4}} ama {{xt|4 July}}). *'''Xilliyada''' waxay ku dhex jiraan xarfo yar ({{xt|her last summer}}; {{xt|the winter solstice}}; {{xt|spring fever}}), marka laga reebo marka lagu personify-gareeyo fanka ama magacyada u gaarka ah ee waqtiyada ama dhacdooyinka ({{xt|Old Man Winter}}; {{xt|competed on the Spring Circuit}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="People, animals, plants, and other organisms"></span>Dadka, xayawaanka, dhirta, iyo noolaha kale=== {{Shortcut|MOS:LIFE}} ee farta janjeerta, {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting|Italic type}}. Eeg sidoo kale {{section link|Wikipedia:Lead section|Organisms}} ee ku saabsan maareynta jumlada ugu horreysa. Eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (fauna)]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora)]] ee ku saabsan hagaha cinwaannada maqaallada.}} Marka la isticmaalayo '''[[Taxonomy (biology)|magacyada taksonomiga ("sayniska")]]''', u qor xaraf-weyn iyo farta janjeerta (italics) genus-ka: {{xt|''Berberis''}}, {{xt|''Erithacus''}}. (Supergenus iyo subgenus, marka ay ku dabaqmaan, waxaa loo maareeyaa sidaas oo kale.) Janjeeri laakiin ha u qorin xaraf-weyn heerarka taksonomiga ee species-ka (noocyada) iyo ka hooseeya: {{xt|''Berberis darwinii''}}, {{xt|''Erithacus rubecula superbus''}}, {{xt|''Acacia coriacea'' subsp. ''sericophylla''}}; ma jiraan reebanaanno loo sameeyay magacyada u gaarka ah oo qayb ka ah magacyada sayniska. Taxa-ga sare (order, family, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn Laatiinka ({{xt|Carnivora}}, {{xt|Felidae}}) laakiin ma qaataan udhigmaadka Ingiriisiga ({{xt|carnivorans}}, {{xt|felids}}); ma aha janjeer labada foomba, marka laga reebo fayrasyada, halka dhammaan magacyada lagu aqbalay guddiga [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|ICTV]] ay yihiin janjeer ({{xt|''Retroviridae''}}). {{Shortcut|MOS:CULTIVAR}}{{Anchor|Cultivar}}Magacyada '''[[Cultivar]]''' iyo '''[[cultivar group]]''' ee dhirta ma aha janjeer, waxayna qaataan xarfo waaweyn (harraan erayga ''Group'' ee magaca ku dhex jira); magacyada cultivar waxay ka muuqdaan xigashooyinka keliyaalka ah (single quotes) ({{xt|''Malus domestica'' 'Red Delicious'}}), halka cultivar groups aysan qaadanin ({{xt|''Cynara cardunculus'' Scolymus Group}}). '''Ingiriisiga [[Common name|magacyada afka caadiga ah ("common")]]''' waxaa loo bixiyaa xarfo yar qoraalka maqaalka dhexdiisa ([[Plains zebra|{{xt|plains zebra}}]]<!-- animal species -->, [[Mountain maple|{{xt|mountain&nbsp;maple}}]]<!-- plant species -->, iyo [[Southwestern red-tailed hawk|{{xt|southwestern red-tailed hawk}}]]<!-- bird subspecies -->) iyo habka weedha (sentence case) bilowga jumlada iyo meelaha kale oo xarafka ugu horreeya ee erayga ugu horreeya uu yahay xaraf-weyn.{{efn|name=Sentence case}} Waxay sidoo kale qaataan xarfo waaweyn halka ay ku jiraan magacyo u gaar ah: [[Przewalski's horse|{{xt|Przewalski's&nbsp;horse}}]]<!-- eponym -->, [[California condor|{{xt|California&nbsp;condor}}]]<!-- typical geonym -->, iyo [[Fair-maid-of-France|{{xt|fair-maid-of-France}}]]<!-- unusual but important illustrative case -->. Kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa noocyada (species) iyo nooc-hoosaadyada (subspecies), sida tusaalooyinka hore, iyo sidoo kale magacyada guud ee kooxaha ama noocyada noolaha: [[Bird of prey|{{xt|bird&nbsp;of&nbsp;prey}}]]<!-- cross-order ecological niche -->, [[Oak|{{xt|oak}}]]<!-- plant family -->, [[Great apes|{{xt|great&nbsp;apes}}]]<!-- animal family -->, [[Bryde's whales|{{xt|Bryde's&nbsp;whales}}]]<!-- species group -->, [[Livestock guardian dog|{{xt|livestock&nbsp;guardian&nbsp;dog}}]]<!-- domestic type -->, [[Poodle|{{xt|poodle}}]]<!-- domestic breed group but not a breed -->, [[Van cat|{{xt|Van&nbsp;cat}}]]<!-- domestic geographic landrace -->, [[Wolfdog|{{xt|wolfdog}}]]<!-- hybrid/crossbreed/mongrel not recognized as a standardized breed -->. Marka magaca caadiga ah uu la mid yahay takson saynis ah, ha u qorin xaraf-weyn ama janjeer, marka laga reebo halka la tixraacayo noolaha dhanka taksonomiga: {{xt|A lynx is any of the four medium-sized wild cat species within the genus ''Lynx''.}} Magacyada caadiga ah ee aan Ingiriisiga ahayn, marka ay habboon tahay in lagu daro, waxaa loo maareeyaa sida erayada kale ee aan Ingiriisiga ahayn: janjeer sidaas ah, oo xaraf-weyn kaliya haddii shuruudaha luqadda hooyo ay u baahan yihiin. Magacyada aan Ingiriisiga ahayn ee noqday kuwo la qabsaday Ingiriisiga waxaa loo maareeyaa sida Ingiriisiga ([[Ayahuasca|{{xt|ayahuasca}}]], [[Okapi|{{xt|okapi}}]]). {{Shortcut|MOS:BREED}}{{Anchor|Breed}}'''[[Standardized breeds|Dhalada la halbeeyay (Standardized breeds)]]''' waa inay caadi ahaan dhowraan xaraf-weynaynta loo isticmaalay halbeegga dhalada.{{efn|name=Standardized breeds|1=Hagaha dhalada waxaa lagu daray [[Diff2/881140543|RfC on capitalization of the names of standardized breeds|December 2018 RfC]]. "Dhalada la halbeeyay" wuxuu waayay macno toos ah oo caddaynaya, laakiin wuxuu ku dhex jiraa dhala kasta oo ku dhex jira [[breed standard]] ama [[studbook]] ee kooxda taranta/mataanaha. Kooxaha kale ee xayawaanka guri-joogga ah ma aha dhala la halbeeyay: noocyada taariikhda hore, kooxaha dhalada, xayawaanka duurjoogtoobay (feral), landraces, iyo [[crossbreed|dhalada la isku dhalay]] ama [[Hybrid (biology)|isandho]] oo aan kooxaha waaweyn aqoonsan sida dhala gaar ah. Kuwo badan caadi ahaan ma aha [[Wikipedia:Notability|muhiim (notable)]].}} Tusaalooyinka: [[German Shepherd|{{xt|German Shepherd}}]], [[Russian White goat|{{xt|Russian White goat}}]], [[Berlin Short-faced Tumbler|{{xt|Berlin Short-faced Tumbler}}]]. Sida cultivar-ka dhirta, kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa haddii magacu yahay magac u gaar ah ama kale, oo ka soo horjeeda sida magacyada caadiga ah ee noolaha loo qoro. Laakiin, ka baxsan cultivar-ka, dhalada waligeed lagu ma dhex daro xigashooyinka keliyaalka ah (single quotes), oo magacyadoodu waligeed ma aha qayb ka mid ah magac saynis ah. Erayga noolaha ee lagu daray dhammaadka si looga fogaado jahawareerka ("cat", "hound", "horse", "swine", iyo wixii la mid ah) waa inuusan noqon xaraf-weyn, ilaa uu yahay qayb ka mid ah magaca dhalada oo si joogto ah lagu muujiyo foomkaas halbeegga dhalada (xaaladaha dhifka ah waxaa ku jira [[Norwegian Forest Cat|{{xt|Norwegian Forest Cat}}]] iyo [[American Quarter Horse|{{xt|American Quarter Horse}}]]). Samee [[Wikipedia:Redirect|xiriiriyeyaasha dib-u-luqadda (redirects)]] ka soo baxay xaraf-weynaynta kale iyo foomamka higaada ee cinwaannada maqaalka, iyo magacyada kale, t.s., [[Adélie Penguin]], [[Adelie penguin]], [[Adelie Penguin]] iyo ''[[Pygoscelis adeliae]]'' dhammaan waa inay dib-u-luqad u sameeyaan [[Adélie penguin]]. ===Samooyinka iyo walxaha hawada sare=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Celestial bodies}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (astronomical objects)}} Erayada ''sun'' (sol/qorrax), ''earth'' (dhul), ''moon'' (dayax), iyo ''solar system'' (bahda qorraxda) ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn isticmaalka guud ({{xt|The sun was over the mountain top}}; {{xt|The tribal people thought of the whole earth as their home}}). Waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn marka walaxda lagu personify-gareeyo fanka/suugaanta ({{xt|Sol Invictus ('Unconquered Sun') was the Roman sun god}}) ama marka loo isticmaalo sida magac walax gaar ah xaaladda sayniska ama falagga ({{xt|The Moon orbits the Earth}}; laakiin {{xt|Io is a moon of Jupiter}}). Magacyada meereyaasha, dayaxyada, asteroids-ka, comets-ka, xiddigaha, constellations-ka, iyo galaxies-ka waa magacyo u gaar ah, oo sidaas darteed xaraf-weyn ah ({{xt|The planet Mars is in the constellation Gemini, near the star Pollux}}). Xarafka ugu horreeya ee eray kasta oo ku dhex jira magacaas waa xaraf-weyn ({{xt|Alpha Centauri}} ma aha {{!xt|Alpha centauri}}; {{xt|Milky Way}}, ma aha {{!xt|Milky way}}). Erayada sida ''comet'' iyo ''galaxy'' waa inay noqdaan xaraf-weyn marka ay samaynayaan qayb ka mid ah magac u gaar ah, laakiin ma aha marka loo isticmaalo sida eray guud ({{xt|Halley's Comet is the most famous of the comets}}; {{xt|the Andromeda Galaxy is a spiral galaxy}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Compass"></span>Pointers-ka kombaas-ka (Jihooyinka)=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Compass points}} Ha xaraf-weynayn '''jihooyinka''' sida ''north'' (woqooyi) ama foomamka la xiriira ({{xt|We took the northern road}}) marka laga reebo marka ay yihiin qaybo ka mid ah magacyada u gaarka ah ({{xt|Great North Road}}, {{xt|Great Western Drive}}, {{xt|South Pole}}). U qor xaraf-weyn '''magacyada gobollada''' haddii ay gaareen heerka magaca u gaarka ah, ku dhex jira magacyada caadiga ah ee heshiiska ({{xt|Southern California}}; {{xt|the Western Desert}}), iyo erayada ka soo baxa ee dadka (t.s., ''Southerner'' oo ah mid ka soo jeeda [[Southern United States]]). Ha xaraf-weynayn magacyada sharraxaadda leh ee gobollada oo aan gaarin heerka magacyada u gaarka ah, sida {{xt|southern Poland}}. Jihooyinka isku-dhafka ah waxaa lagu dhex jiri karaa ama aan lagu dhex jiri karin dhex-xariijin (hyphen), iyada oo ku xiran [[#National varieties of English|nooca Ingiriisiga ee loo qaatay]] maqaalka. {{xt|Southeast Asia}} iyo {{xt|northwest}} waxay ka caansan yihiin Ingiriisiga Mareykanka; laakiin {{xt|South-East Asia}} iyo {{xt|north-west}} waxay ka caansan yihiin Ingiriisiga British-ka. Xaaladaha sida {{xt|north–south dialogue}} iyo {{xt|east–west orientation}}, isticmaal en dash; eeg {{section link||Other uses for en dashes}}. ===<span id="Institutions"></span>Magacyada u gaarka ah ka soo contrasts-garoobaya erayada guud=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Institutions|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Capitalization of The{{!}}Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Capitalization of ''The''}} U qor xaraf-weyn magacyada hay'adaha ama doorka gaarka ah ({{xt|the founding of the University of Delhi}}; {{xt|the history of Stanford University}}) laakiin ma aha erayada guud ee hay'adaha ({{xt|the high school is near the university}}). Ha xaraf-weynayn ''the'' bilowga magaca hay'adda, iyada oo aan loo eegin qaabka loo doorbido ee hay'adda. Waxaa jira reebanaanno dhif ah, marka la hoggaaminayo ''The'' oo lagu muujiyay ''T'' ku dhex jira acronym-ka kooxda: {{xt|The International Cat Association (TICA)}}. U maaree qaybaha siyaasadda ama juqraafiga foomkan oo kale: {{xt|The city has a population of 55,000}}; {{xt|The two towns merged to become the City of Smithville}}. Ha u sameynin sida qaabka wargaysyada maxalliga ah oo tixraacaya degmada/magaalada sida ''the City'' ama ''The City'', marka laga reebo City of London [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#City of London|xaaladaha qaarkood]]. Hagahaani wuxuu sii kordhayaa wax-soosaarka hay'adaha, shirkadaha, iyo kooxaha kale. Tusaale ahaan, magaca dhan ee sharciga sida {{xt|Online Safety Act 2023}} wuxuu noqon doonaa xaraf-weyn, laakiin tixraacyada ka dambeeya ee {{xt|the act}} ma noqon doonaan kuwo xaraf-weyn ah. ==<span class="anchor" id="Acronyms and abbreviations"></span><span class="anchor" id="Acronyms"></span><span class="anchor" id="Initialisms"></span><span class="anchor" id="Shortenings"></span>Gaabinta== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Initials}} Gaabinta waa foomamka gaaban ee erayada ama foomamka. Raadinta saxda ah, waxay ku kala duwan yihiin [[Contraction (grammar)|contractions]], oo isticmaala [[apostrophe]] (t.s., ''won't'', eeg {{Section link||Contractions}}), iyo [[initialism]]s. Initialism waxaa lagu samaynayaa ka mid ah ama dhammaan xarfaha bilowga ah ee erayada ku dhex jira foom. Ka hooseeya, tixraacyada gaabinta waa in loo qaadaa inay ku dhex jiraan acronyms, iyo term-ka ''acronym'' waa inuu sidoo cuali ahaan ku dabaqmaa initialisms. ===Qor marka ay markii ugu horreysay muuqato iyadoo dhammaystiran=== {{Shortcut|MOS:1STOCC|MOS:1STABBR}} Marka gaabinta loo isticmaalayo maqaalka dhexdiisa, hordhac uga dhig iyadoo la isticmaalayo weedha dhammaystiran, gaabintana lagu dhex darayo ngo'aanka (parentheses): {{Block indent|{{xt|shabakadda gobolka ee maxalliga ah (LAN) oo ay samaysay Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC){{nbsp}}... DEC badeecadihii dambe ee LAN waxay aheyd{{nbsp}}...}}}} Ha u isticmaalin xarfo waaweyn foomka dhammaystiran kaliya sababtoo ah xarfo waaweyn ayaa loo isticmaalay gaabinta: {{!xt|Shabakadda Gobolka ee Maxalliga ah (LAN)}}. Marka laga reebo xaaladaha gaarka ah, gaabinta caadiga ah (sida {{xt|PhD}}, {{xt|DNA}}, ama {{xt|USSR}}) looma baahna in la kala bixiyo ama la dhamaystiro xataa marka ay tahay markii ugu horreysay ee la isticmaalo. ===Foomamka plural-ka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:GREENGROCER}} U samee plural [[acronyms]] iyadoo lagu darayo ''-s'' ama ''-es'': {{xt|Three CD-ROMs and two BIOSes were released}}. Ha isticmaalin ''[[greengrocer's apostrophe]]'' si aad u samayso plurals: {{!xt|Three CD-ROM's and two BIOS's were released}}. ===<span class="anchor" id="Periods (full stops) and spaces"></span><span class="anchor" id="Full stops and spaces"></span><span class="anchor" id="op.cit."></span>Punctuation iyo spacing=== {{Shortcut|MOS:PS}} Gaabintu waxay ku dhabayn kartaa ama aan ku dhabayn karin full point (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-garaysay ''period'' ama ''full stop''). Qaab joogto ah waa in lagu dhasheeyaa ku dhex jirta maqaal. Isticmaalka North American caadi ahaan waa in lagu dhabeeyo dhammaan gaabinta period ({{xt|Dr. Smith of 42&nbsp;Drummond St.}}) laakiin isticmaalka caadiga ah ee British iyo Australian, ma jiro period loo isticmaalo haddii gaabinta (contraction) ay ku dhabayso xarafka ugu dambeya ee foomka aan la gaabin ({{xt|Dr Smith of 42&nbsp;Drummond St}}) ilaa is-dhaafsi uu keeni karo. Kani waa sidoo cuali ahaan isticmaalka caadiga ah ee qoraalka scientific-ka ah. Iyadoo aan loo eegin punctuation, erayada lagu gaabay ka badan hal xaraf waa lagu dhex jiraa space ({{xt|op.&nbsp;cit.}} ma aha {{!xt|op.cit.}} ama {{!xt|opcit}}). Waxaa jira waxyaabo ka baxsan oo yar: {{xt|PhD}} {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg sare)}} "Philosophiae Doctor"; {{xt|BVetMed}} "Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine". Xaaladaha badankooda, Wikipedia ma isticmaalto punctuation-ka oo kale ku dhex jirta acronyms iyo initialisms: {{xt|GDP}}, ma aha {{!xt|G.D.P.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="US"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S."></span><span class="anchor" id="USA"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S.A."></span>US iyo U.S.<!-- When renaming this section title, rename the full link at [[Wikipedia:Consistency]] -->=== {{Shortcut|MOS:US|MOS:U.S.|MOS:USA|MOS:U.S.A.}} {{redirect|MOS:US|the use of the word "us"|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#First-person pronouns}} {{xt|US}} waa gaabinta caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo ee {{xt|United States}}, inkastoo {{xtn|U.S.}} – oo leh periods iyo aan lahayn space – ay tahay mid caadi ah daabacadaha North American, ku dhex jirta wargaysyada news-ka. Hagayaasha qaabka American qaarkood, ku dhex jiro ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style]]'' (tan iyo 2010), waxay baabi'iyeen {{!xt|U.S.}} waxayna soo sheegeen {{xt|US}}. Sababaha [[#Opportunities for commonality|wadaagga]], isticmaal {{xt|US}} default ahaan marka aad gaabinayso, laakiin [[#Retaining existing styles|sii wad]] {{xtn|U.S.}} maqaallada American ama Canadian English oo ay horey u dhisantay, ilaa ay jirto sabab wanaagsan oo loo beddelo. Sababtoo ah isticmaalka periods ee gaabinta iyo acronyms wuxuu noqon doonaa mid joogto ah ku dhex jira maqaal kasta, mar walba isticmaal {{xt|US}} maqaal leh gaabinta waddammada kale. Gaabinta dheeraad ah oo lagu dhex jiro initials-ka waddanka ({{xt|USN}}, {{xt|USAF}}), waligeed ha isticmaalin periods. Marka United States lagu xuso hal ama ka badan waddammada kale ku dhex jirta jumlad oo kale, {{xt|US}} (ama {{xtn|U.S.}}) wuxuu noqon karaa mid aad u informal ah, gaar ahaan xusidda ugu horreysa ama sida noun halkii adjective ({{xt|France and the United States}}, ma aha {{!xt|France and the US}}). Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|U.&nbsp;S.}} oo leh space ama {{!xt|U.S.&nbsp;of&nbsp;A.}} oo taariikh hore ah, marka laga reebo marka aad xigasho sameynayso. Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|U.S.A.}} ama {{!xt|USA}} marka laga reebo ku dhex jirta xigasho, sida qayb ka mid ah magac sax ah ({{xt|Team USA}}), ama isticmaalka tignoolajiyada iyo rasmiga ah ee qaarkood (t.s., [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3]], [[FIFA country codes|FIFA]], iyo [[IOC country codes]]). ===Circa=== {{for|examples|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Uncertain, incomplete, or approximate dates}} Si loo muujiyo ''si xaddidan'', isticmaalka {{tl|circa}}, oo muuqda sida {{xt|{{circa}}}}, waxaa ka wanaagsan {{!xt|circa}}, {{!xt|c.}}, {{!xt|ca.}}, ama {{!xt|approx.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="unwarranted abbreviations"></span>Ka fogao isticmaalka aan la xaqijin=== {{Hatnote|See also: {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|Units of measurement}} for when to abbreviate units of measurement.}} Ka fogao gaabinta marka ay jahwareerin karaan akhristaha, baabi'in karaan socodka, ama ka muuqan karaan informal. Tusaale ahaan: *Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|approx.}} ee {{xt|approximate(ly)}} marka laga reebo infobox ama table (xaaladaas isticmaal {{tlx|abbr|approx.|approximately}} xusidda ugu horreysa: {{xt|{{abbr|approx.|approximately}}}}). *Ha isticmaalin legalism-ka {{!xt|Holmes J}} ee {{xt|[[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.|Justice Holmes]]}}. <!-- this might be better in [[WP:JARGON]] --> ===Ha samaynin=== Ka fogao sameynta [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#Neologisms|gaabinta cusub]], gaar ahaan acronyms. Tusaale ahaan, {{xtn|World Union of Billiards}} waa wanaagsan yahay sida {{em|turjumaad}} ee {{xt|[[Union Mondiale de Billard]]}}, laakiin ma aha iyada ama yareynta {{!xt|WUB}} oo loo isticmaalay kooxda ama tixraacyada gaarka ah; isticmaal magaca asalka ah iyo gaabintiisa rasmiga ah, {{xt|UMB}}. Haddii ay noqoto mid lagama maarmaan ah in lagu gaabiyo space yar, sida [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables#Captions and headers|column header ee table-ka]], isticmaal gaabinta si baaxad leh loo aqoonsan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, ee {{xt|New Zealand gross national product}}, isticmaal {{xt|NZ}} iyo {{xt|GNP}}, oo leh isqu xir haddii term-ka aan horey loogu qorin maqaalka: {{xt|NZ&nbsp;[[Measures of national income and output|GNP]]}}. Ha samaynin initialisms sida {{!xt|NZGNP}}. ===HTML tags iyo moodallada=== Mid ka mid ah {{tag|abbr|o}} ama {{tlx|abbr}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa gaabinta iyo acronyms: {{tag|abbr|params=title="World Health Organization"|content=WHO|wrap=yes}} ama {{tlx|abbr|WHO|World Health Organization}} waxay samayn doonaan {{abbr|WHO|World Health Organization}}; [[mouseover|soreynta]] qoraalka muuqda waxay keentaa [[tooltip]] ee foomka dheer inuu soo muuqdo. ===Ampersand=== {{Shortcut|MOS:AMP|MOS:&}} {{redirects|WP:&|the use of "and" in titles|Wikipedia:Article titles#Titles containing "and"}} Qoraalka caadiga ah iyo madaxyada, isticmaal ''and'' halkii [[ampersand]] (''&''): {{xt|January 1&nbsp;and&nbsp;2}}, ma aha {{!xt|January 1&nbsp;&&nbsp;2}}. Laakiin sii wad ampersand marka uu yahay qayb shaqaynaysa oo qaabka magac sax ah, mawduuca shaqaalaha, ama trademark, sida ku dhex jirta ''[[Up & Down (Horace Parlan album)|Up&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Down]]'' ama [[AT&T]]. Meelaha kale, ampersands waxaa loo isticmaali karaa joogteyn iyo dookh halka space uu aad u xaddidan yahay (t.s., tables iyo infoboxes). Xigashooyinka [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Typographic conformity|waxaa lagu beddeli karaa si dhibco leh]], gaar ahaan joogteynta halka noocyada kala duwan lagu xigto, maadaama noocyada cusub ee qoraallada hore ay si joogto ah u beddealaan ampersands ''and'' (sida ay u beddealaan [[glyph]]s kale oo aan la isticmaalin, [[Typographic ligature|ligatures]], iyo gaabinta). Isticmaalka kale oo loo ilaysay laakiin aan loo baahnayn waa tixraacyada gaaban ee shaqaalaha leeh qoraa badan, t.s.: {{xt|<nowiki><ref>Lubbers & Scheepers (2002); Van Hiel & Mervielde (2002); Swyngedouw & Giles (2007); Van Hiel (2012).</ref></nowiki>}}. ==Farta Janjeerta== {{Shortcut|MOS:IT|MOS:ITAL}} ===<span id="Do not use capitals for emphasis"></span>Adkeynta=== Farta janjeerta waxaa loo isticmaalaa adkeyn, halkii loo isticmaali lahaa [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Boldface|farta buuran]] ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#All caps and small caps|xarfo waaweyn]]. Laakiin isticmaalka badan wuxuu yareeyaa shaqadiisa: tixgeli dib-u-qorista jumlada halkii aad farta janjeerta badsan lahayd. Isticmaal {{tag|em}} ama {{tlx|em|...}} si aad adkeyn u sameeyso. Kani wuxuu u sahlayaa [[Help:User style|waraaqaha qaabka isticmaalaha]] in loo maareeyo adkeynta qaab gaar ah, wuxuuna caawiyaa dadka dib-u-isticmaala ama turjumayaasha.{{refn|{{cite web |last1=Ishida |first1=Richard |title=Using b and i elements |quote=the content of a <code>b</code> element may not always be bold, and that of an <code>i</code> element may not always be italic. |url=https://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-b-and-i-tags |website=W3C Internationalization |publisher=[[World Wide Web Consortium]] |date=2015 |access-date=1 September 2016}} }} *Sax: <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>The meerkat is <em>not</em> actually a cat.</nowiki>}}</code> *Sax: <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>The meerkat is {{em|not}} actually a cat.</nowiki>}}</code> ===<span id="Italics-Titles"></span>Cinwaannada=== {{shortcut|MOS:NOITALIC}} {{/titles hatnote include|where=MOS#I-T}} Isticmaal farta janjeerta cinwaannada hawlaha waaweyn (sida buugaagta, filimada, taxanaha telefishanka, bandhigyada la magacaabay, ciyaaraha fiidiyowga, albamyada muusigga, iyo fanka). Cinwaannada maqaallada, cutubyada, noocyada muusigga, dhacdooyinka, sheekooyinka, qoraallada cilmi-baarista, iyo hawlaha kale ee gaaban waxay qaataan calaamadaha oraahda ee laba-laabka ah (" "). Farta janjeerta looma isticmaalo qoraallada diinta ee waaweyn ({{xt|the Bible}}, {{xt|the Quran}}, {{xt|the Talmud}}). Kuwa badan oo cinwaannadan ka mid ah waa inay sidoo kale raacaan [[#Titles of works|habka xaraf-weynaynta cinwaannada]]. ===Erayada loo isticmaalay eray ahaan=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Words as words}} {{for|the policy when a word or phrase itself may be an encyclopedic subject|Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#When a word or phrase may be an encyclopedic subject}} Isticmaal farta janjeerta marka aad {{em|xusayso}} eray ama xaraf {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Use–mention distinction]])}} ama weedh ilaa hal jumlad ah ({{xt|teramka ''panning'' wuxuu ka yimid ''panorama''}}; {{xt|xarafka ugu caansan Af-Soomaaliga waa ''a''}}). Marka jumlad dhan la xuso, calaamadaha oraahda ee laba-laabka ah ayaa loo isticmaali karaa halkii, iyadoo la dhowrayo joogteynta ({{xt|Erayga xiriiriya ee ku jira ''Waxay fadhisatay kursiga'' waa ''kursiga''}}; ama {{xt|Erayga xiriiriya ee ku jira "Waxay fadhisatay kursiga" waa "kursiga"}}). Calaamadaha oraahda waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa qoraallada gaaban si looga fogaado jahawareerka, sida marka farta janjeerta horey loogu isticmaalay bogga sabab kale awgeed (t.s., erayada iyo weedha badan ee aan Soomaaliga ahayn). {{em|Xusidda}} (si looga wada-hadlo naxwaha, xulashada erayada, ama calaamadaha hakadka) waxay ka duwan tahay {{em|xigashada}} (halka wax caadi ahaan lagu muujiyo magaca ilaha la xigtay). Xigashada waxaa lagu sameeyaa calaamadaha oraahda, waligeedna looma isticmaalo farta janjeerta ama labadaba hal mar {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Quotations}} si aad u ogaato faahfaahinta).}} Isticmaalka kale ee la xiriira farta janjeerta waa marka la soo bandhigayo ama lagu kala saarayo erayada ama fikradaha: {{xt|Fikradaha ''tirasagaashanka'' waa tirada idil ee ka weyn 0.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign words"></span>Erayada aan Soomaaliga ahayn=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Non-English terms}} Farta janjeerta waxaa loo isticmaalaa weedha aan Soomaaliga ahayn iyo erayada kelida ah ee ajnabiga ah ee aan caadi ahaan loo isticmaalin Af-Soomaaliga maalin kasta. Laakiin, magacyada u gaarka ah (sida magacyada meelaha) ee luqadaha kale caadi ahaan ma qaataan farta janjeerta, sidoo kale erayada ku jira farta aan Laatiinka ahayn. Qaab-dhismeedka {{tlx|lang}} iyo noocyadiisu waxay taageeraan dhammaan [[ISO 639]] koodhadhka luqadaha, iyagoo sax u aqoonsanaya luqadda si otomaatig ahna u janjeerinaya farta. Fadlan isticmaal qaab-dhismeedyadan halkii aad gacanta u janjeerin lahayd qoraalka aan Soomaaliga ahayn. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link|WP:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Other languages}} si aad u ogaato macluumaad dheeraad ah.)}} ===Magacyada sayniska=== Isticmaal farta janjeerta magacyada sayniska ee dhirta, xayawaanka, iyo [[Kingdom (biology)|dhammaan noolaha kale]] marka laga reebo fayrasyada heerka [[genus]] iyo ka hooseeya (janjeeri {{xt|''Panthera leo''}} iyo {{xt|''Retroviridae''}}, laakiin ha janjeerin {{xt|Felidae}}). Calaamadda isku-dhafka ma qaadato farta janjeerta ({{xt|''Rosa''&nbsp;×&nbsp;''damascena''}}), sidoo kale "erayga xiriiriya" ee loo baahan yahay [[Trinomial nomenclature#In botany|magacyada dhirta ee saddexda qaybood ah]] ma janjeero ({{xt|''Rosa gallica'' subsp. ''officinalis''}}). ===<span id="Italics and quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka ku dhex jira farta janjeerta=== {{shortcut|MOS:ITALQUOTE|}}{{See also|#Quotations}} <section begin="Quotations in italics body"/>Ha u qorin xigashooyinka farta janjeerta. [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation marks|Calaamadaha oraahda]] (ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Block quotations|xigashooyinka waaweyn]]) kaliya ayaa ku filan oo ah qaabka saxda ah ee loogu muujiyo xigashooyinka. Farta janjeerta waa in loo isticmaalo kaliya haddii qoraalka la xigtay uu ka mid yahay waxyaabo marka horeba u baahanaa farta janjeerta.<section end="Quotations in italics body"/> ([[#Italics within quotations|Eeg hoos]]). ===Farta janjeerta ee ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka=== <section begin="Italics within quotations body"/>Isticmaal farta janjeerta ku dhex jira xigashooyinka si aad u soo saarto adkeynta ku jirtay qoraalka asalka ah ama si aad u muujiso isticmaalka erayada aan Soomaaliga ahayn. Adkeynta waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu sameeyo {{tlx|em}}. Haddii aysan caddayn in ilaha asalka ahi ay horey u lahaayeen farta janjeerta (ama qaab kale) oo adkeyn ah, ama si loo muujiyo marka adkeynta aan loo isticmaalin qoraalkii asalka ahaa laakiin dambe lagu daray tifaftirka, ku dar xusuus-qoraalka tifaftirka {{xt|[adkeyntu waa asalka]}} ama {{xt|[adkeynta waa la daray]}}, sida ay u kala horreeyaan, ka dambaysta xigashada. * Tusaale ahaan: {{xt|"Muxuu yiri guda-galka xubintu. Habeen wanaagsan: Iyo {{em|kooxaha malaa'igta}} ha ku heesaan nasashadaada." [adkeyntu waa asalka].}}<section end="Italics within quotations body"/> ===Saamaynta ay ku leedahay calaamadaha hakadka ee dhow=== {{Shortcut|MOS:ITALPUNCT}} Janjeeri kaliya qaybaha jumlada oo ay saameysay adkeyntu. Ha janjeerin calaamadaha hakadka ee dhow. *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|Maxaan ka samaynaynaa {{em|arrintaas?}}}} (Calaamadda su'aashu waxay ku dabaqmeysaa jumlada dhan, ma aha kaliya erayga la adkeeyay ee ''arrintaas'', markaas waa inaysan janjeerin.) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Maxaan ka samaynaynaa {{em|arrintaas}}?}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Afar ka mid ah sheekooyinka ugu caansan Patrick White waa ''A Fringe of Leaves'', ''The Aunt's Story'', ''Voss'', iyo ''The Tree of Man''.}} (Calaamadaha hakadka ee ku dhow, nooca cunsurrada, iyo erayga ''iyo'' ma janjeeraan.) ==Xigashooyinka== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTE}} [[Wikipedia:Non-free content#Guideline examples|Xigashooyinka gaaban ee qoraallada xuqooqda la dhowray]] waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loogu muujiyo dhacdo, loo siiyo macrefe, ama loo tiiriyo aragti ama fikrad gaar ah. Inkastoo xigashooyinku ay yihiin qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah Wikipedia, isticmaalka xad-dhaafka ah kuma habboona uslubta qoraalka encyclopedia-da wuxuuna sababi karaa [[Wikipedia:Copyrights|xukun-jebinta xuqooqda qoraalka]], sidaas darteed badankooda qoraalka waa inuu ku dhex jiraa erayada tifaftiraha oo keliya. Tixgeli dib-u-qorista xigashooyinka si ay u noqdaan qoraal toos ah oo gaaban marka ay habboon tahay (iyadoo la ogaaday in [[Wikipedia:Close paraphrasing|qoraal-mucaawinedka dhow]] uu walillahi xukunkii xudaheeda baabi'in karo). [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Quotations|Ha u qorin xigashooyinka farta janjeerta]] ilaa qoraalku uu farta janjeerta u baahdo sabab kale awgeed. Raiyada [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|siyaasadda xaqiijinta]], xigashooyinka tooska ah {{em|waa in}} ay la socdaan [[WP:INCITE|tixraac ku dhex jira qoraalka]] oo ka yimid [[WP:RS|il lagu kalsoonaan karo]] oo taageeraysa qoraalka. Tani waxay si gaar ah uga muhiimsan tahay maqaallada ku saabsan ama ku dhex jira qoraallada ku saabsan [[WP:BLP|dadka nool ama dhowaan dhintay]]. ===<span class="anchor" id="Principle of minimal change"></span>Qoraalka asalka ah=== {{Shortcut|MOS:PMC|MOS:SIC}} Xigashooyinka waa inay noqdaan kuwo [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|xaqiijin leh]] oo loo tiiriyo ilahooda, qoraalka la xigtayna waa in si dhab ah loo soo saaro. Tani waxaa loo yaqaan {{em|mabda'a beddelka yar}}. Marka ay jirto sabab wanaagsan oo loo beddelo qoraalka, ku dar khaanadaha afkexan [ ] qoraalka la beddelay; tusaale ahaan, {{!xt|"Ocyrhoe wuxuu u sheegay aayihiisa"}} waxaa loo xigan karaa sida {{xt|"Ocyrhoe wuxuu u sheegay [aabihiis] aayihiisa"}}. Makhaadhaa yar oo dhanka higaada ama farta ah waa in si toos ah loo hagaajiyo (tusaale ahaan, hagaaji {{!xt|basicly}} oo u beddel {{xt|basically}}). Haddii ay jirto makhaadhaa muhiim ah qoraalkii asalka ahaa, raaci {{tlx|sic}} (oo soo saaraysa {{sic}}{{hsp}}) si loogu muujiyo in makhaadhaahaas aysan samayn Wikipedia; tusaale ahaan, {{xt|"wareysigiisii uu la yeeshay Dolly Llama {{sic}}"}}. Marka lagu dabaqo qoraal xiriiriye leh, adeegsiga qaab-dhismeedka waxaa loo hagaajin karaa {{tlx|sic|2=nolink=y}} (oo soo saaraysa {{sic|nolink=y}} qoraalka xiriiriyaha leh; tusaale ahaan ku dhex jirta xiriiriyaha: [[Template:Sic|{{sic|nolink=y}} template]]).{{efn|name="sicwarning"|{{tl|Sic}} ma aha in loo isticmaalo dhexda {{tag|ref}} tags, ama ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|qaab-dhismeedyada tixraacyada]] sida [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]] iyo [[Help:Citation Style 2|Citation Style 2]], sababtoo ah wuxuu leeyahay qoraal baabi'inaya [[COinS]] metadata ee ay soo saaraan; eeg [[Wikipedia:COinS]].}} Sababaha saxnaanta iyo tusmo-samaynta awgeed, cinwaannada ilaha tixraaca ma aha in loo hagaajiyo higaadooda, laakiin hagaajinta yar ee farta ah (sida beddelka [[MOS:CURLY|calaamadaha qaloocan]] oo loo beddelo kuwa tooska ah) waxaa loo samayn karaa si toos ah. Tixraacyada ku dhex jira qoraalka la xigtay, ee tilmaamaya ilo aan loo isticmaalin maqaalka Wikipedia, waa in si toos ah loo saaro. Isticmaal [[#Ellipses|saddexda dhibcood (...)]] si aad u muujiso ka-tagista qoraalka la xigtay. Ka-tagista la ogol yahay waxaa ku jira erayada aan loo baahnayn, aan la xiriirin, ama ngo'aanka ku jira, iyo erayada daalka ({{!xt|umm}} iyo {{!xt|hmm}}), laakiin ha ka tagin qoraal marka ka-tagistiisu ay baabi'inayso macnaha muhiimka ah ama ay beddelayso nuxurka qoraalka. Erayada rogaal-celiska ah ama kuwa xun-xun waa in loo muujiyo si sax ah sida ay ka muuqdaan ilaha la xigtay; Tifaftirayaasha Wikipedia waa innaan [[Wikipedia:Offensive material#How to treat offensive material in articles|dhalaalin ama qarin erayada]] ({{!xt|G-d d--n it!}}), laakiin haddii qoraalka la xigtay {{em|aysan}} sidaas sameeynayn, koobiyeey qoraalka si toos ah iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|sic}} si loo muujiyo in qoraalka loo xigtay sida uu ka muuqdo ilaha. Xigashooyinka tooska ah, dhowr higaada gobolka ama taariikhiga ah, harraan xaraf-weynaynta (laakiin ha dhowrin farta duugga ah ama xarfaha isku-dhafan, sida lagu sharraxay hoos ku dhex jirta {{slink||Typographic conformity}}). ===Aragtida ama Mawqifka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTEPOV}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Attributing and specifying biased statements|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Expressions of doubt}} Xigashoda waa in loo isticmaalo, iyadoo la tiirinayo ilaha, si loo soo bandhigo aragtiyo shaqsi ah oo aan lagu muujin karin codka Wikipedia dhexdeeda, laakiin waligeed ma aha si loo soo bandhigo xeerarka dhaqanka sida aragtiyo oo keliya: *La aqbali karo: {{xt|Siskel iyo Ebert waxay filimka ku tilmaameen "mid aan la iloobi karin".}} *Aan la aqbali karin: {{!xt|Boga waxaa loo arkaa "mid ka reebban" qoraallada diinta.}} Aragtiyada gaaban ee aan aadka u xasaasiga ahayn caadi ahaan waxaa lagu soo sheegi karaa iyadoo loo tiiriyo ilaha halkii loo isticmaali lahaa xigasho toos ah. Isticmaalka calaamadaha oraahda ee erayada sharraxaadda leh ee gaaban wuxuu [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Expressions of doubt|muujin karaa nghi ama tuhun]] ku saabsan maaddada la xigtay; sarbeebta ama [[weasel words|erayada daboolan]], sida ''loogu dhex yiri'' ama ''waxaa loogu yeeraa'', waa lagu muujin karaa. *La aqbali karo: {{xt|Siskel iyo Ebert waxay filimka ku tilmaameen mid xiiso leh.}} *Aan loo baahnayn oo muujin kara nghi: {{!xt|Siskel iyo Ebert waxay filimka ku tilmaameen "mid xiiso leh".}} *Waa in la xigto: {{xt|Siskel iyo Ebert waxay filimka ku tilmaameen "mid xiiso leh laakiin xanuun badan".}} ===Waafaqsanaanta farta iyo qoraalka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:CONFORM}} Xigashodu ma aha [[wikt:facsimile|koobi toos ah oo sawir ah]] oo, xaaladaha badankooda, ma aha shuruud in qaabkii asalka ahaa lagu dhowro. Qaabka iyo cunsurrada kale ee farta ee qoraalka la xigtay waa in lagu waafajiyo heshiisyada Wikipedia-da Soomaaliga iyadoo aan la samayn faallo, iyadoo la xaqijiyay in sameynta tan aysan beddeli doonin ama baabi'in doonin macnaha ama inta qoraalka. Kani waa beddel aan samaynayn kala duwanaansho marka qoraalka loo read-gareeyo si toos ah; tusaale ahaan: *Sinnaanta dhex-xariijimaha: eeg {{Section link||Dashes}}. Isticmaal qaabka loo doortay maqaalka: unspaced [[em dash]] ama spaced [[en dash]]. *Beddel calaamadaha sare iyo calaamadaha oraahda oo u beddel qaabka Wikipedia: **Kuwani waa inay noqdaan kuwo toos ah, ma aha kuwo qaloocan. Eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}}. **Marka aad xigtayso xigasho dhexdeeda ay ku dhex jirto xigasho kale, beddel dhexdeeda isticmaalka calaamadaha oraahda ee laba-laabka ah iyo kuwa kelida ah ee xigasho kasta. Eeg {{section link||For a quotation within a quotation}} si aad u ogaato faahfaahinta. *Marka aad xigtayso qoraal ka soo baxay luqadaha kale, calaamadaha hakadka ee ka baxsan waa inay raacaan [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation marks|Hagaha Hab-qoraalka ee calaamadaha oraahda Soomaaliga]]. Haddii ay jiraan xigashooyin dhexda ku jira, raac shuruudaha calaamadaha hakadka ee saxda ah ee luqaddaas. *Ka saar meelaha bannaan ee ka horreeya calaamadaha hakadka sida dhibcaha iyo xiaraanta. *Caadi ahaan sii wad farta buuran iyo janjeerta {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Italics}})}}, laakiin badankooda qaabka kale waa in loo beddelo qoraal toos ah. Qoraalka hoos ka xariiqan, meelaha bannaan ee erayada dhexdisa ah, xarfaha waaweyn oo dhan, iyo wixii la mid ah caadi ahaan waa in loo beddelo qoraal toos ah. Haddii ay caddaynayso adkeyn, isticmaal farta janjeerta ama farta buuran. *Kala bixi gaabinta (aan horey loo isticmaalin qoraalka ka hor xigashada) iyadoo lagu dhex darayo khaanadaha afkexan, ama ku sharrax iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|abbr}}. {{Shortcut|MOS:RETAINQUOTEVARIETY}} {{vanchor|Retain quote variety|text= Laakiin, noocyada luqadda ee gobollada ma aha in loo beddelo, maadaama kuwani ay ku dhex jiri karaan beddelka erayada. Tusaale ahaan, xigasho ka soo baxday ilo British ah waa in ay sii wadato higaada British-ka, xataa maqaal oo haddii kale isticmaala higaada kale. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Consistency within articles}}.)}}}} Nambarada sidoo kale caadi ahaan ma aha in loo qaabaysho si kale. Xigashoda tooska ah ma aha in loo isticmaalo si loo dhowro qaabka uu doorbidayo daabacaha ka baxsan, maadaama kani wuxuu leeyahay saameyn sarbeeb ah: *{{em|La aqbali karo}}: {{xt|Xayawaanka waxaa loo diiwaan geliyay inuu yahay mid halis ku jira maqaalka IUCN.}} *{{em|Aan la aqbali karin}}: {{!xt|Xayawaanka waxaa loo diiwaan geliyay inuu yahay "Halis ku jira" maqaalka IUCN.}} Marka aad xigtayso jumlad dhan, caadi ahaan waxaa lagu taliyaa in erayga ugu horreeya uu sii wado xaraf-weyn. Laakiin, haddii qoraalka la xigtay lagu dhex daray jumlada ku dhow (tusaale ahaan, leh hordhac sida "X wuxuu yiri"), xarafka weyn ee asalka ah waxaa loo beddeli karaa xaraf yar. ===Tiirinta ilaha === Akhristahu waa inuu awoodaa inuu go'aamiyo ilaha xigasho kasta, ugu yaraan ka magaca tixraaca hoose. Ilaha waa in lagu magacaabo {{em|qoraalka maqaalka}} haddii xigashodu ay tahay aragti. Marka aad tiirinayo xigasho, ka fogaaw sharraxaadda foomka eexda leh. ===Xigashooyinka ku dhex jira xigashooyinka=== Eeg {{section link||For a quotation within a quotation}}. ===Isku xirka === {{Shortcut|MOS:LINKQUOTE|MOS:LWQ}} Noqo mid taxaddar leh marka aad isku xirayso ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka; isku xir kaliya bartilmaameedyada u dhigma macnaha caddaynaya ee uu u intent-gareeyay qoraaga xigashoda. Halka ay suurtogal tahay, isku xir qoraalka ka baxsan xigashoda halkii – mid ka hor ama dhowaan ka dambeeya. ===<span class="anchor" id="Block quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka waaweyn (Block quotations)=== {{Shortcut|MOS:BQ|MOS:BLOCKQUOTE}} U qaabayso xigashoda dheer (ka badan 40 eray ama ka kooban ka badan hal baaragaraaf) sida [[block quotation]], iyadoo la isticmaalayo qaab-dhismeedka {{tlx|blockquote}}. Qoraalka lagu muujiyay xigashooyinka waaweyn iyo khaanadaha xigashada waa inuusan dhitadiisu noqon mid lagu duubay calaamadaha oraahda. Isticmaal {{tnull|blockquote}} iyo qaab-dhismeedka la midka ah kaliya xigashooyinka dhabta ah; xariijinta sababaha kale waxaa loo sameeyaa foom kale. Waa xeer in lagu hor maro xigashoda weyn jumlad hordhac ah (ama qayb jumlad ah) oo lagu daro tixraaca ilaha xarkaas. Qaab-dhismeedka {{tnull|blockquote}} wuxuu bixiyaa xaddidyo loogu talagalay tiirinta iyo tixraaca oo ka muuqan doona ka hooseeya xigashoda. Xigasho aan lahayn ilo loo tixraacay waa in lagu calaamadeeyo {{tlx|quote without source}}, ama la saaro. ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign-language quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka aan Soomaaliga ahayn=== {{Shortcut|MOS:FOREIGNQUOTE|}} Xigashooyinka ka soo baxday ilaha aan Soomaaliga ahayn waa inay ka muuqdaan turjumaad loo beddeley Af-Soomaali. Xigashooyinka ah turjumaada waa in si toos ah loo kala saaro kuwa aan ahayn. Muuji ilaha asalka ah ee turjumaada, iyo luqadda asalka ah (haddii aysan caddayn xaaladda). Haddii qoraalka asalka ah ee aan la turjumin uu yahay mid la heli karo, bixi tixraac iyada ama ku dar iyada, sida habboon. Marka tifaftirayaashu ay turjumaan qoraal oo loo beddelo Af-Soomaali, daryeel waa in mar walba loo qaado si lagu dhex jiro qoraalka asalka ah, {{em|farta janjeerta dhexdeeda}} (marka laga reebo dhismaha farta aan Laatiinka ahayn, oo ugu wanaagsan lagu sameyo qaab-dhismeedyada {{tlx|lang}} ama {{tlx|langx}}); iyo si loo isticmaalo erayada dhabta ah ee Af-Soomaaliga ee turjumaada dhexdeeda. ==Punctuation== {{Shortcut|MOS:PUNCT}} {{For|a brief guide to how some punctuation marks are used in Wikipedia for special purposes, e.g., [[Help:List#List basics|description lists]]|Help:Punctuation}} ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign characters that resemble apostrophes"></span>Apostrophes=== {{Shortcut|MOS:'|MOS:APOSTROPHE}} *Isticmaal [[straight apostrophe]]s ({{big|{{mxt|'}}}}), ma aha [[curly apostrophe]]s ({{big|{{!mxt|’}}}}). Ha isticmaalin accent marks ama [[backtick]]s ({{big|{{!mxt|`}}}}) sida apostrophes. *Moodallada sida {{tlx|`}} iyo {{tlx|`s}} waxay leeyihiin taageero marka apostrophe (ama single quote) ka muuqdo bilowga ama dhamaadka qoraalka ku dhex jira italics ama bold, sababtoo ah italics iyo bold laikiisu waxaa lagu muujiyaa noocyada single quotes. **Marka apostrophe raaco qoraalka italics-ka ah, {{tlx|'}} ama {{tlx|'s}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si looga fogaado xarafka ugu dambeeya ee qoraalka dhanka midig ah inuu isku xiro apostrophe-ka. Tusaale: {{xt|the ''Iliad''{{'s}} themes}} (markup: {{nobreak|<code><nowiki>the ''Iliad''{{'s}} themes</nowiki></code>}}). *Xarfaha u okiya apostrophes iyo curly quotes, sida [[{{okina}}okina]] ({{mxt|{{okina}}}}{{snd}}la dhex geliyo iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|okina}}), [[Saltillo (linguistics)|saltillo]] ({{mxt|{{saltillo}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|saltillo}}), Hebrew [[ayin]] ama Arabic ʿayn ({{mxt|{{ayin}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|ayin}}), iyo Arabic [[hamza]] ({{mxt|{{hamza}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|hamza}}), waa in lagu muujiyo moodalladaas ama xarfaha laikiis ee [[Unicode]]. (Basic Arabic transliteration, oo isticmaala ASCII apostrophe, waxaa ka wanaagsan xaaladaha badankooda ka magaca [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Arabic]]; xarfaha kale kani waxaa loo isticmaalaa kaliya transliteration-ka saxda ah.) **Moodallada ma loo isticmaali karo mawduucyada maqaalka; isticmaal xarafka Unicode-ka ee u dhigma toos. Per {{Section link|Wikipedia:Article titles#Special characters}}, sidoo kale samee redirection ka soo baxay foomka ASCII-ka ah si loogu taageero raadinta. Foomamka aan lahayn xarfaha apostrophe-ka oo kale marna waxaa ka wanaagsan ka magaca {{Section link|Wikipedia:Article titles# Use commonly recognizable names}} (t.s. [[Hawaii]] laakiin ma aha [[Keali{{okina}}i Reichel]]). *:{{crossref|pw=y|Sidoo kale eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles|Orthography, spelling and formatting}}}} *Ee [[Wade–Giles]] romanizations ee Mandarin Chinese, isticmaal {{tlx|wg-apos}}. *Luqadaha leh [[ejective consonants]] iyo wixii la mid ah, isticmaal {{tlx|hamza}}. *Ee Cyrillic [[soft sign]], marka lagu muujiyo dhammaan, isticmaal {{tlx|softsign}} ama {{tlx|hamza}}. *Ee isticmaalka possessive apostrophe-ka, eeg {{section link||Possessives}}. *Ee xeel-dheeraanta isticmaalka apostrophe-ka (possessive, elision, formation ee plurals qaarkood, arrimo luqadaha aan English-ka ahayn), eeg maqaalka [[Apostrophe]]. ===Calaamadaha xigmadda=== {{Shortcut|MOS:"|MOS:QUOTEMARKS|}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotations}} Maaddada ka hooseysa, term-ka ''quotation'' wuxuu ku dhex jiraa isticmaalka caadiga ah ee calaamadaha xigmadda sida mawduucyada noocyada, chapters-ka, episodes-ka, iyo wixii la mid ah. Calaamadaha xigmadda sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaalaa xaaladaha kale, sida [[#Animals, plants, and other organisms|magacyada cultivar]]. ====Calaamadaha xigmadda xarfaha==== {{Shortcut|MOS:CQ|MOS:CURLY|MOS:STRAIGHT}} *Isticmaal {{xt|{{big|<b>"</b>}}straight{{big|<b>"</b>}}}} calaamadaha xigmadda, ma aha {{!xt|{{big|<b>“</b>}}curly{{big|<b>”</b>}}}} kuwo. (Ee [[single quotes]]: {{xt|{{big|<b>'</b>}}straight{{big|<b>'</b>}}}}, ma aha {{!xt|{{big|<b>‘</b>}}curly{{big|<b>’</b>}}}}.) *Ha isticmaalin accent marks, backticks ({{!xt|{{big|'''`'''}}text{{big|'''´'''}}}}), low–high ({{!xt|„&nbsp;“}}), corner brackets ({{!xt|「&nbsp;」}}), [[guillemet]]s ({{!xt|«&nbsp;»}}), ama [[Chinese punctuation#Book title marks|title marks]] ({{!xt|《&nbsp;》}}) sida calaamadaha xigmadda (marka laga reebo marka marks-kaas ay yihiin {{em|internal}} ee qoraalka aan English-ka ahayn ee la xigtay{{snd}}eeg {{slink||Typographic conformity}}). Symbols-ka {{!xt|′}} iyo {{!xt|″}} ee ka muuqda edit window dropdowns waa "[[prime (symbol)|prime]]" iyo "double prime" sida ay u kala horreeyaan: kuwani waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loogu muujiyo [[Minute and second of arc|units of angular measurement]], oo ma aha sida apostrophes ama quote marks. *Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo apostrophes ee maaddada la import-gareeyay [[#Typographic conformity|waa in loo beddelo]] haddii ay noqoto lagama maarmaan si loo raaco sare. ====<span id="Double or single quotation marks"></span><span id="Single quotation marks"></span>Double ama single==== {{Shortcut|MOS:SINGLE|MOS:DOUBLE|}} *Badankooda xigashooyinku waxay qaataan calaamadaha xigmadda double-ka ah ({{xt|Welles said: "It was a terrible situation."}}),{{efn|1=Double quotation marks waxaa ka wanaagsan single sababtoo ah waxay si toos ah uga kala duwan yihiin apostrophes: *{{!xt|She wrote that 'Cleanthes' differs from the others', but neither opinion may represent Hume's'}} (wuxuu yareeyaa akhristaha). *{{xt|She wrote that "Cleanthes' differs from the others', but neither opinion may represent Hume's"}} (caddayn badan). }} marka laga reebo xigashooyinka ku dhex jira (eeg ka hooseeya). *Plant cultivars waxay qaataan calaamadaha xigmadda single-ka ah ({{xt|''Malus domestica'' 'Golden Delicious'}}; eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora)]]). *[[Gloss (annotation)#In linguistics|Glosses]] oo turjumaya ama definining-garaynaya terms aan la dhasheyn (marka la isticmaalayo [[MOS:WORDSASWORDS|words as words]]) waxay qaataan single quotes; glosses-ka gaaban ma u baahna comma ka hor definition-ka ({{xt|''Cossack'' originates from [[Cuman language|Cuman]] {{lang|qwm|proto=yes|qazaq}} 'freebooter'; ''republic'' comes from Latin {{lang|la|res publica}}, loosely meaning 'public affair'.}}). Moodalka {{tl|Gloss}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa tan; t.s. <code>{{tlp|lang|es|casa}} {{tlf|gloss|house}}</code> wuxuu soo saaraa: {{lang|es|casa}} {{gloss|house}}. Ee turjumaada tooska ah, moodalka {{tl|Literal translation}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa; wuxuu dhex gelyaa {{xt|lit.}} ka hor gloss-ka. ====Ee xigasho ku dhex jirta xigasho==== {{Shortcut|MOS:QWQ|}} Isticmaal single quotes: *{{xt|Darwin wrote in his introduction that "the maxim 'de minimis lex non curat' does not apply to science".}} Ee dhismaha dheeraad ah, beddel dhexda single iyo double quotes: *{{xt|He said, "That book asserts, 'Confucius said "Everything has beauty, but not everyone sees it.{{" ' "}}}} Ee quote marks ee uusocodka tooska ah, ku dar space yar iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{nowrap|{{tl|" '}}}}, {{nowrap|{{tl|' "}}}}, ama (sida tusaale ahaan halkan loo dhiibay) {{nowrap|{{tl|" ' "}}}}: *{{xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!{{' "}}}} Markup: <code>He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!{{tl|' "}}</code> *{{!xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!'"}} (jamming garaynta waxyaabaha waxay u okisaa si xun fonts badankooda) *{{!xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!'{{nbsp}}"}} (space caadi ah wuxuu leeyahay inta badan) ====<span id="Quotation marks in article openings"></span>Bilowga maqaalka==== {{Shortcut|MOS:BOLDQUOTE}} Qoraalka bold-ka ah oo caadi ahaan ka muuqda bilowga maqaalka: *Calaamad kasta oo xigmadda ah oo qayb ka mid ah mawduuca waa in ay noqoto bold sida qaybta hartay ee mawduuca. **Ka soo baxay ''[["A" Is for Alibi]]'': {{xt|'''''"A" Is for Alibi''''' is a mystery novel&nbsp;...}} *Calaamadaha xigmadda ee {{em|aan}} qayb ka mid ah mawduuca ma aha in ay noqdaan bold. **Ka soo baxay [[Jabberwocky]]: {{xt|"'''Jabberwocky'''" is a nonsense poem&nbsp;...}} **Ka soo baxay [[Babe Ruth]]: {{xt|'''George Herman''' "'''Babe'''" '''Ruth''' was an American baseball player&nbsp;...}} {{crossref|pw=y|(Sidoo kale eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography|Nicknames}}.)}} ====Punctuation ka hor xigashooyinka==== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTEPUNCT}} Haddii dhisma aan la xigtay laakiin kale oo u dhigma uu shaqayn lahaa grammatically aan lahayn comma, isticmaalka comma ka hor xigasho oo lagu ammaan goyay jumlad waa dookh: *{{xt|The report stated "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} ([[wikt:cf.|Cf.]] aan la xigtay {{xt|The report stated there was a 45% reduction in transmission rate.}}) *{{xt|The report stated, "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} Qaabka aan lahayn comma ka sanado badan waxaa loo isticmaalaa xigashooyinka qaybta ah: *{{xt|The report observed "a 45% reduction in transmission rate".}} Comma waxaa loo baahan yahay marka ay ka muuqan lahayd dhismaha oo kale haddii maaddada aan ayan ahayn xigasho: *{{xt|In Margaret Mead's view, "we must recognize the whole gamut of human potentialities" to enrich our culture.}} Ha dhex gelin comma haddii ay is-dhaafsi keeni karto ama beddeli karto macnaha: *{{xt|Caitlyn Jenner expressed concerns about children "who are coming to terms with being true to who they are".}} (Xigasho sax ah oo ka soo baxday foomka ku saabsan {{em|carruurta qaarkood}}{{snd}}gaar ahaan carruurtaas "who are coming to terms{{nbsp}}...") *{{!xt|Caitlyn Jenner expressed concerns about children, "who are coming to terms with being true to who they are".}} (Beddelaa macnaha si loogu muujiyo Jenner in ay muujinaysay concern ku saabsan {{em|dhammaan}} carruurta, inta la dhiibay in carruurtu, guud ahaan, "are coming to terms{{nbsp}}...") Waxay ka caddayn tahay in loo isticmaalo colon si loo soo bandhigo xigasho haddii ay samaynayso jumlad dhan, iyo kani waa in mar walba loo sameyo xigashooyinka jumlado badan leeh: *{{xt|The report stated: "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} *{{xt|In a letter to his son, Albert Einstein wrote: "Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance you must keep moving."}} Punctuation dheeraad ah ma aha mid lagama maarmaan ah ee tooska ah [[#Words as words|words-as-words]] xaaladda: *{{xt|The message was unintelligible except for the fragments "help soon" and "how much longer before".}} ====<span class="anchor" id="Quotation marks-Titles"></span><span id="Quotation marks with names and titles"></span>Magacyada iyo mawduucyada==== {{/titles hatnote include|where=MOS#P-QM-N&T}} Calaamadaha xigmadda waa in loo isticmaalo magacyada iyo mawduucyada soo socda: {{columns-list|colwidth=27em| *Maqaallada iyo chapters-ka (buugaagta iyo periodicals waa italics) *Sheekooyinka gaaban (buugaagta iyo periodicals waa italics) *Qaybaha muusigga (pieces waa italics) *Strips-ka gaarka ah ee comics iyo webcomics (comics waa italics) *Gabayada (gabayada dheer ama epic waa italics) *Noocyada (albums, song cycles, operas, operettas, iyo oratorios waa italics) *Episodes-ka gaarka ah ee taxanaha TV-ga iyo radio-ga iyo [[Serial (radio and television)|serials]] (mawduuca taxanaha waa italics){{efn|1="Mawduuca taxanaha waa italics" wuxuu isticmaalayaa ''taxanaha'' si loogu macneeyo show-ga dhan. Season (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay ''series'' ee British English-ka) leh mawduuciisa laikiis wuxuu isticmaalaa calaamadaha xigmadda mawduucaas, sida sub-work.}} }} {{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The Beatles wrote "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" for their album ''Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band''.}} Ha isticmaalin calaamadaha xigmadda ama italics ee qoraallada hore, concert tours, meelaha, cibaadooyinka, myths, iyo epics. (Kuwa badan, laakiin ma aha dhammaan, oo ka mid ah waxyaabahaani [[#Titles of works|waa inay sidoo kale ku dhex jirin title case]].) ====<span class="anchor" id="LP"></span><span class="anchor" id="LQ"></span><span class="anchor" id="TQ"></span><span class="anchor" id="logical quotes"></span><span id="Punctuation inside or outside quotation marks"></span>Punctuation ku dhex jirta ama ka baxsan==== {{Shortcut|MOS:LQ|MOS:LOGICAL|MOS:INOROUT}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Logical quotation on Wikipedia|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Effect on nearby punctuation}}<!-- Another kind of punctuation "in or out". EDITORS PLEASE NOTE: Changes to this section may escalate into heated dispute. Please consider raising any proposed changes for discussion and consensus-building on the talk page before editing. --> Isticmaal qaabka [[logical quotation]] dhammaan maqaallada, iyadoo aan loo eegin nooca English-ka oo lagu qoray. Ku dar punctuation-ka dhamaadka ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda kaliya haddii uu ka muuqday maaddada asalka ah, oo haddii kale u lag ka dambaysta calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. Qaybta badankeeda, kani wuxuu macneynayaa u treats-garaynta periods iyo commas foomkaas oo kale sida question marks: sii wad ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda haddii ay ku dabaqmaan kaliya maaddada la xigtay iyo ka baxsan haddii ay ku dabaqmaan jumlada dhan. Tusaalooyinka waxaa loo dhiibay ka hooseeya. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Did Darla say, "Here I am"?}} (question mark wuxuu ku dabaqmaa jumlada dhan) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|Did Darla say, "Here I am?"}} (aan sax ahayn in lagu dabaqo question mark xigashoda) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Darla said, "Where am I?"}} (question mark wuxuu ku dabaqmaa maaddada la xigtay kaliya) Haddii xigashodu ay tahay eray gaar ah ama qayb jumlad ah, u lag punctuation-ka dhamaadka ka baxsan calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. Marka aad xigtayso jumlad dhan, dhamaadka oo u dhigma dhamaadka jumlada ku dhex jirta, u lag punctuation-ka dhamaadka ku dhex jira calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. *{{xt|Miller wanted, he said, "to create something timeless".}} *{{xt|Miller said: "I wanted to create something timeless."}} Haddii jumlada la xigtay ay raacdo [[clause]] oo waa in uu ka horreeyo comma, ka tag [[full stop]] (period), iyo ha u beddelin comma {{em|ku dhex jirta}} xigashoda.{{efn|Kani waa foomka ugu muhiimsan oo uu logical quotation ku kala duwan yahay isticmaalka punctuation-ka wargaysyada British-ka, halka publishers badan ay u ilayeeyaan beddelkaas maaddada la xigtay, oo ka aghas ah saxnaanta dhismaha logical punctuation-ka.}} Terminal punctuation kale, sida question marks ama exclamation marks, waxaa lagu dhowri karaa. *{{xt|Livingston then said, "It is done", and turned to the people.}} *{{xt|Livingston then exclaimed, "It is done!", and turned to the people.}} Haddii jumlada la xigtay ay raacdo clause oo aqoonsanaya speaker-ka, isticmaal comma ka baxsan calaamadda xigmadda halkii full stop ku dhex jira, laakiin sii wad terminal punctuation kasta oo kale, sida question mark. *{{xt|"There is no strife, no prejudice, no national conflict in outer space as yet", said Kennedy.}} *{{xt|By asking "Who are you?", she prompts John to tell his story.}} Ha raacin erayada ama qaybaha la xigtay commas ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda, marka laga reebo halka xigasho dheer lagu baabi'iyay iyo comma uu yahay qayb ka mid ah xigashoda dhan. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change, opening the way to confidence and courage", said Turner.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change," said Turner, "opening the way to confidence and courage."}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change, opening the way", said Turner, "to confidence and courage."}} *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|"I began to change, opening the way," said Turner, "to confidence and courage."}} ==== Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo isqu xirka ka baxsan ==== Isqu xirka ka baxsan ee u socda mawduucyada maqaallada waa in ay leeyihiin mawduuca ku dhex jira quotes ku dhex jira isqu xirka. Moodallada tixraaca ee [[Help:Citation Style 1|CS1]] iyo [[Help:Citation Style 2|CS2]] waxay sameynayaan tan si otomaatig ah, iyo tixraacyada aan moodalka lahayn waa inay sameeyaan foomkan oo kale. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|{{cite news |last1=Kiefer |first1=Francine |title=Clinton: The Early Years |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |date=May 29, 1998 |ref=none}}}} (Isticmaalka {{tl|cite news}}) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt| Kiefer, Francine (May 29, 1998). [https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html "Clinton: The Early Years"]. ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''.}} (Aan moodal lahayn) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt| Kiefer, Francine (May 29, 1998). "[https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html Clinton: The Early Years]". ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''.}} (Aan moodal lahayn) ==== Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo isqu xirka ku dhex jira ==== Isqu xirka ku dhex jira (wikilinks) oo ay la socdaan calaamadaha xigmadda caadi ahaan waa inay leeyihiin quotes ka baxsan isqu xirka. Kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa mawduucyada shaqaalaha ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda (noocyada, episodes-ka, iyo wixii la mid ah) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Play it, Sam. Play "[[As Time Goes By (song)|As Time Goes By]]".}} (Isticmaalka <code><nowiki>"[[ ]]"</nowiki></code>.) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|Play it, Sam. Play [[As Time Goes By (song)|"As Time Goes By"]].}} (Isticmaalka <code><nowiki>[[" "]]</nowiki></code>.) Laakiin, calaamadaha xigmadda waxaa loo baahan yahay ku dhex jira wikilinks marka calaamadda xigmadda ay tahay qayb ka mid ah isqu xirka, ama halka qoraalka isqu xirka leh ee muuqda uu ku dhex jiro calaamadaha xigmadda oo muujinaya slang, nicknames, magacyada caadiga ah, ama isticmaalka la midka ah. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The term ''soccer'' comes from [[Oxford "-er"|Oxford {{nowrap|"-er"}}]] slang, which was prevalent at the [[University of Oxford]] in England from about 1875...}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|A Cockney accent [[Rhoticity in English|drops the "r"]] after a vowel.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The [[Dynamo Sports Club|Proletarian Sports Society "Dynamo"]] was established in Moscow in 1923.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|President Suharto's [[New Order (Indonesia)|"New Order"]] administration received US support for its economic policies.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Japan's [[Lost Decades|"Lost Decades"]] began in 1991.}} ===Brackets iyo parentheses=== {{Shortcut|MOS:()|MOS:BRACKETS}} {{Redirect|MOS:PAREN|use of parentheses (round brackets) in article titles|WP:Article titles#Parenthetical disambiguation|deprecated inline parenthetical citations|WP:Citing sources#Parenthetical referencing}} Qaybtan waxay ku dabaqmaysaa labadaba round brackets {{xt|(&nbsp;)}}, sidoo cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay [[Bracket|parentheses]], iyo square brackets {{xt|[&nbsp;]}}. Haddii jumlad ay ku dhex jirto foom bracketed ah, u lag punctuation-ka jumlada ka baxsan brackets-ka {{xt|(sida halkan loo muujiyay).}} Laakiin, halka hal ama ka badan jumlado ay ku dhex jiraan brackets-ka dhan, u lag punctuation-kooda ku dhex jira brackets-ka. Waa inuusan jirin space dhow dhanka ku dhex jira ee bracket-ka. Bracket-ka oo starts-garoogaya caadi ahaan waa inuu ka horreeyo space. Kani ma noqon karo xaaladda haddii uu ka horreeyo calaamad xigmadda oo starts-garoogaysa, bracket kale oo starts-garoogaya, ama qayb ka mid ah eray: *{{xt|He rose to address the meeting: "(Ahem)&nbsp;... Ladies and gentlemen, welcome!"}} *{{xt|Only the royal characters in the play ([Prince] Hamlet and his family) habitually speak in blank verse.}} *{{xt|We journeyed on the Inter[continental].}} *{{xt|Most people are right-handed. (Some people are left-handed, but that does not make right-handed people "better" than left-handed people.)}} Waa inuu jiro space ka dambeeya bracket-ka xiritaanka, marka laga reebo halka punctuation mark uu raaco (inkastoo spaced dash uu sii wadi doono space ka dambeeya bracket-ka xiritaanka) iyo xaaladaha aan caadiga ahayn ee la midka ah kuwa lagu tirtiray bracket-ka starts-garoogaya. Ka fogao kooxaha dhow ee brackets-ka. Mid ka mid ah u lag foomamka parenthetical-ka ah ku dhex jirta hal koox oo lagu kala saaray semicolons, ama dib-u-qor: *{{em|Ka fogao}}: {{!xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919) (also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader.}} *{{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: {{xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919; also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader.}} *{{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: {{xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader. He was also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv.}} Square brackets waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loogu muujiyo beddelka tifaftirka iyo dhex-gelinta ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka, inkastoo kani waligeed ma aha inuu beddelo macnaha loo intended-gareeyay. Waxay u adeegaan saddex sababood oo waaweyn: *Si loo caddayo: {{xt|She attended [secondary] school}}, halka kani uu ahaa macnaha loo intended-gareeyay, laakiin nooca school-ka uusan ahayn mid lagu dhiibay jumlada asalka ah. *Si loo yareeyo dheerka xigashoda: {{xt|X contains Y, and under certain circumstances, X may contain Z as well}} waxaa loo yareeyn karaa {{xt|X contains Y [and sometimes Z]}}. Marka ellipsis ({{xt|...}}) loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo maaddada ka baxday xigashoda tooska ah, caadi ahaan ma aha in lagu duubo bracket. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Ellipses}} si aad u ogaato xaaladda gaarka ah.)}} *Si loo sameyo grammar-ka inuu shaqeeyo: Tixraacaya foomka dadka {{xt|"I hate to do laundry"}}, ein wuxuu sax ah ugu qori karaa {{xt|She "hate[s] to do laundry"}}. Haddii jumlad ay ku dhex jirta maaddo subsidiary ah oo lagu duubay square ama round brackets, waa in ay sii wadato terminal punctuation {{em|ka dambaysa}} brackets-kaas, iyadoo aan loo eegin punctuation kasta oo ku dhex jira brackets-ka. {{Block indent|{{xt|She refused all requests (except for basics such as food, medicine, etc.).}}}} Laakiin, haddii jumlada dhan ay ku dhex jirta brackets-ka, punctuation-ka xiritaanka wuxuu ku dhex jiraa brackets-ka. {{xt|(This sentence is an example.)}} ====Brackets iyo isqu xirka==== Square brackets ku dhex jira isqu xirka waa inay noqdaan kuwo [[Escape character|escaped]] ah: {| class="wikitable" | He said, "<code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[[John Doe|John &amp;#91;Doe&amp;#93;]]</nowiki>}}</code> answered." || He said, "[[John Doe|John &#91;Doe&#93;]] answered." |- | He said, "<code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[[John Doe|John {{bracket|Doe}}]]</nowiki>}}</code> answered." || He said, "[[John Doe|John {{bracket|Doe}}]] answered." |- | <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[https://example.com On the first day &amp;#91;etc.&amp;#93;]</nowiki>}}</code> || [https://example.com On the first day &#91;etc.&#93;] |- | <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[https://example.com On the first day {{bracket|etc.}}]</nowiki>}}</code> || [https://example.com On the first day {{bracket|etc.}}] |} Markup-ka {{xtag|nowiki}} sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaali karaa: {{tag|nowiki|content=[Doe]}} ama {{tag|nowiki|content=[etc.]}}. Haddii URL laikiisu uu ku dhex jiro square brackets, wikitext-ku waa inuu isticmaalo foomka [[URL encoding|URL-encoded]] ah <code><nowiki>https://</nowiki>example.com/foo.php?query={{bxt|%5B}}xxx{{bxt|%5D}}yyy</code>, halkii&nbsp;...<code>query={{!bxt|&#91;}}xxx{{!bxt|&#93;}}yyy</code>. Kani wuxuu ka fogaan doonaa baabi'inta isqu xirka ka dambaysa <code>xxx</code>. ====Angle brackets==== :''Ee guillemets («&nbsp;»), eeg {{section link|#Quotation characters}}'' Angle brackets (⟨&nbsp;⟩) waxaa loo isticmaalaa mawduucyada tignoolajiyada ee kala duwan, sida physics-ka ee [[bra–ket notation]] iyo [[Expectation value (quantum mechanics)|expectation value]] (t.s. {{xt|⟨''φ''{{!}}''ψ''⟩}}), mathematics-ka ee [[presentation of a group]], iyo linguistics-ka si loogu muujiyo [[grapheme]]s (t.s. {{xt|the digraph ⟨sh⟩}}). Ha isticmaalin less-than iyo greater-than signs (<&nbsp;>) sida angle brackets (t.s. {{!xt|<''φ''{{!}}''ψ''>}}, {{!xt|the digraph <sh>}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipses"></span><span class="anchor" id="..."></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis style"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis function and implementation"></span>Ellipses=== {{Shortcut|MOS:...|MOS:ELLIPSIS|}} Isticmaal ''[[ellipsis]]'' haddii maaddadu ay ka baxday xigashoda, ilaa square brackets loo isticmaalo si loo [[Gloss (annotation)|gloss]] xigashoda. *Ee prose iyo non-LaTeX mathematics formulae, ellipses waxaa lagu qoraa iyadoo la isticmaalayo saddex unspaced dots ({{xt|<code>...</code>}}); ha isticmaalin xarafka precomposed ellipsis-ka ah ({{!xt|<code>…</code>}})<!-- Possibly we should explain the precomposed character in terms of its code point or something --> ama saddex dots oo lagu kala saaray spaces {{nobr|({{!xt|<code>. . .</code>}})}} *Caadi ahaan, isticmaal non-breaking space ka hor ellipsis iyo space caadi ah ka dambaystiisa: {{nobr|{{xt|Alpha, Bravo,{{tl|nbsp}}... Zulu}}}} *Haddii ellipsis uu raaco <code>.&nbsp;?&nbsp;!&nbsp;:&nbsp;;&nbsp;,&nbsp;)&nbsp;]&nbsp;}</code> ama calaamad xigmadda oo xiritaanka ah (single ama double), ka tag space-ka ka dambaysa. U lag terminal punctuation ku dhex jira quote-ka kaliya haddii uu yahay mid muhiim ah qoraalka, sida caadi ahaan ah xaaladda exclamation marks iyo question marks laakiin dhifka ah periods: *: {{xt|Jones wrote: "These stories amaze me. The facts suffer so frightfully{{tlf|nbsp}}...".}} *: {{xt|"But what of the other cities? London, Paris{{tlf|nbsp}}...?"}} * Haddii ellipsis uu toos u raaco calaamad xigmadda oo starts-garoogaysa, kaliya isticmaal non-breaking space ka dambaystiisa: *: {{xt|He continued to pursue Smith ("...{{tlf|nbsp}}to the ends of the earth", he had sworn) until his own death.}} *{{Visible anchor|text=Si loo kala saaro ellipsis oo muujinaya qoraalka ka baxay iyo mid ka mid ah quote-ka, waxaad ku duubi kartaa kan kowaad square brackets: {{xt|She retorted: "How do I feel? How do you {{em|think}} I&nbsp;... This is too much!&nbsp;[...] Take me home!"}}|With square brackets}} *{{Visible anchor|text=Marka ellipsis loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo pause ama suspense ee speech-ka, sii wad punctuation-ka asalka ah: {{xt|Virginia's startled reply was "Could he&nbsp;...? No, I can't believe it!"}}. Marka loo isticmaalo ku dhex jira eray aan dhammaystirnayn, ma jiro space loo isticmaalo dhexda erayga qaybtiisa iyo ellipsis-ka: {{xt|The garbled transmission ended with "We are stranded near San L...o", interpreted as either San Leandro or San Lorenzo.}}|Pause or suspension of speech}} *In LaTeX-formatted mathematics formulae, isticmaal LaTeX markup-ka saxda ah ee lowered dots (<code>\dots</code>, <math>\dots</math>) ama xarfaha precomposed-ka ah oo leeh dots meelaha kale (sida centered ama diagonal, ⋯, ⋰, ama ⋱) ===<span class="anchor" id="fewer commas"></span>Commas=== {{Shortcut|MOS:,|MOS:COMMA}} Pair ka mid ah [[comma]]s wuxuu bracket-garayn karaa [[appositive]], [[relative clause]], ama [[parenthetical phrase]] (sida brackets ama dashes, inkastoo leh interruption dheeraad ah ee jumlada). Tusaale ahaan: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|John Smith, Janet Cooper's son, is a well-known playwright.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Janet Cooper's son John Smith is a well-known playwright.}} (marka Janet ay leedahay sons badan) {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Janet Cooper's son, John Smith, is a well-known playwright.}} (marka Janet ay leedahay kaliya hal son) {{!}}} }} Mar walba isticmaal {{em|pair}} ka mid ah commas ee tan, ilaa punctuation mark kale uu qaado meesha comma-ka labaad: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Blunt comments came from the newest member, John Smith.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|The newest member, John Smith{{snd}}a retired teacher{{snd}}was blunt.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|The newest member, John Smith was blunt.}}<!-- There's actually a way to parse this such that it would be acceptable in some styles, but WP articles don't use such styles. --> {{!}}} }} Ha u ilayn punctuation-ka kale inuu kaaga baabi'iyo u baahnaanta comma, gaar ahaan marka comma uu collided-garayyo bracket ama parenthesis: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Burke and Wills, fed by locals (on beans, fish, and ''ngardu''), survived for a few months.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Burke and Wills, fed by locals (on beans, fish, and ''ngardu'') survived for a few months.}} {{!}}} }} {{Shortcut|MOS:GEOCOMMA}} {{vanchor|Geographical references|text=In geographical references oo ku dhex jiraan heerarka badan ee subordinate divisions (t.s. city, state/province, country), comma wuxuu kala saaraa element kasta wuxuuna raacaa element-ka ugu dambeeya ilaa uu raaco terminal punctuation ama parenthesis-ka xiritaanka. Element-ka ugu dambeeya waxaa loo treats-garaysay sida [[Wikipedia:Basic copyediting#Parenthetical comma|parenthetical]].}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|He traveled through North Carolina before staying in Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the night.}}<!-- About a 10-hour drive if he started in Virginia Beach and passed through Winston-Salem. --> {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|He traveled through North Carolina before staying in Chattanooga, Tennessee for the night.}} {{!}}} }} Sidoo kale ku dar commas marka geographical element-ka loo isticmaalo sida disambiguator: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Hantratty received a PhD from the University of California, Irvine, in 1977.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Hantratty received a PhD from the University of California, Irvine in 1977.}} {{!}}} }} Ku dar comma labaad sidoo kale marka dhismaha leh comma [[Grammatical modifier|modifies-garayyo]] noun ama compound noun: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Keith Wilson won the 2024 Portland, Oregon, mayoral election.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Keith Wilson won the 2024 Portland, Oregon mayoral election.}} {{!}}} }} {{shortcut|MOS:DATECOMMA}} {{vanchor|Date commas|text=[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Dates, months, and years|Dates]] ku dhex jira month–day–year format waxay u baahan yihiin comma ka dambaysa day-ka, iyo sidoo kale ka dambaysa year-ka, ilaa ay raacdo punctuation kale. Element-ka ugu dambeeya waxaa loo treats-garaysay sida [[Wikipedia:Basic copyediting#Parenthetical comma|parenthetical]].}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|He set October 1, 2011, as the deadline for Patterson to meet his demands.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|He set October 1, 2011 as the deadline for Patterson to meet his demands.}} {{!}}} }} {{shortcut|MOS:QUOTECOMMA}} {{vanchor|Quotation commas|text= U lag calaamadaha xigmadda iyadoo la raacayo {{Section link||Punctuation inside or outside}}. Kani waxaa loo intended-gareeyay "logical quotation".}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Sax:}} {{!}} {{xt|She said, "The weather changes too often", and made other complaints.}} {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}} {{!xt|She said, "The weather changes too often," and made other complaints.}} {{!}}} }} Comma waxaa lagu dhex jiri karaa ka hor xigasho oo lagu ammaan goyay jumlad {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}})}}. ====<span class="anchor" id="Serial comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Oxford comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Oxford commas"></span><span class="anchor" id="Harvard comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Harvard commas"></span>Serial commas==== {{Shortcut|MOS:SERIAL|MOS:OXFORD||}} {{Redirect|MOS:OXFORD|Oxford spelling|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling#British English with "-ize" (Oxford spelling)}} A [[serial comma]] (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay ''Oxford comma'' ama ''Harvard comma'') waa comma loo isticmaalo toos ka hor conjunction (''and'', ''or'', ''nor'') ku dhex jirta liiska saddex ama ka badan items. {{Block indent|{{xt|ham, chips, and eggs}}{{spnd}}serial comma}} {{Block indent|{{xt|ham, chips and eggs}}{{spnd}}aan lahayn serial comma}} Tifaftireyaasha waxay isticmaali karaan mid ka mid ah heshiiska ilaa maqaal kasta uu yahay joogto ah ku dhex jirta. Serial commas waxay ka taageeraan badan marka qoraalka maqaalku uu yahay dhibco leh, sida liiska oo leh multi-word items (gaar ahaan haddii mid uu ku dhex jiro laikiis "''and''{{-"}}) ama nooc ka mid ah terms aan la dhasheyn oo laga yaabo. Laakiin, waxaa jira xaalado halka ka-tagista ama ku-darida serial comma ay keento is-dhaafsi: {{Block indent|{{!xt|The author thanked her friends, Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley}}{{spnd}}oo tirtiri kara mid ka mid ah afar ama ka badan dad ah (friends-ka iyo labada dad ee la magacaabay) ama laba dad ah (O'Connor iyo Marley, oo ah friends-ka).}} {{Block indent|{{!xt|The author thanked a friend, Sinéad O'Connor, and Bob Marley}}{{spnd}}oo tirtiri kara mid ka mid ah laba dad ah (O'Connor, oo ah friend-ka, iyo Marley) ama saddex dad ah (kan kowaad oo ah friend-ka, kan labaad O'Connor, iyo kan saddexaad Marley).}} Xaaladahaas is-dhaafsiga ah, cadday mid ka mid ah afar foom: *Ku dar ama baabi'i serial comma-ka. *Isticmaal jumlado gaar ah, bullet lists, ama beddelka dhismaha kale si loo caddayo. *Recast-garee jumlada ("friends" xaaladda): **Si loo tirtiro laba dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked her friends Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley.}} ***Caddayn badan: {{xt|The author thanked two friends: Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley.}} **Si loo tirtiro dad badan: **: {{xt|The author thanked Sinéad O'Connor, Bob Marley and her friends}} ama **: {{xt|The author thanked Sinéad O'Connor, Bob Marley, and her friends}}. ***Laakiin ma aha: {{!xt|The author thanked Bob Marley, Sinéad O'Connor[,] and her friends}}{{spnd}}soo bandhigaa is-dhaafsi ku saabsan ''her''. *Recast-garee jumlada ("friend" xaaladda): **Si loo tirtiro laba dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked Bob Marley and her friend Sinéad O'Connor.}} ***Ama noqo mid gaar ah marka ay suurtogal tahay: {{xt|The author thanked her childhood friend Sinéad O'Connor and her mentor, Bob Marley.}} **Si loo tirtiro saddex dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked Bob Marley, Sinéad O'Connor, and a friend.}} ***Caddaynta leh gender-specific terms sida ''mother'' waxay noqon kartaa dhibco leh; {{!xt|The author thanked her mother, Kim Thayil, and Sinéad O'Connor}} ma aha caddayn sababtoo ah akhristayaasha ma ogaankaraan [[Kim Thayil]] in uu yahay male oo ma noqon doono dadka oo kale sida mother-ka. ***Caddayn badan: {{xt|The author thanked Kim Thayil, Sinéad O'Connor, and her own mother}} ama {{xt|The author thanked her mother and musicians Kim Thayil and Sinéad O'Connor}}. ===Colons=== {{Shortcut|MOS:COLON}} {{For|the wikitext link formatting|Help:Colon trick}} A [[Colon (punctuation)|colon]] ({{xt|:}}) wuxuu soo bandhigaa wax muujinaya, sharraxaya, ama modifies-garaynaya waxa soo maray, ama ah liiska items oo dhowaan la soo bandhigay. Items-ka ku dhex jira liiskaas waxaa lagu kala saari karaa commas, ama haddii ay yihiin kuwo dhibco badan leh oo laga yaabo in ay laikiisu ku dhex jiraan commas, items-ka waa in lagu kala saaro semicolons ama lagu aaggaado bulleted list. {{Block indent|{{xt|We visited several tourist attractions: the Leaning Tower of Pisa, which I thought could fall at any moment; the Bridge of Sighs; the supposed birthplace of Petrarch, or at least the first known house in which he lived; and so many more.}}}} Colon waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa si loo soo bandhigo [[Quotation marks in English#Quotations and speech|direct speech]] oo lagu duubay calaamadaha xigmadda. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}}.)}} Marka colon loo isticmaalo sida separator ku dhex jira mawduuca maqaalka, madaxa qaybta, ama item liiska ah, tifaftireyaasha waxay dooran karaan in ay xaraf weyn ugu qoraan waxa raaca, iyadoo loo tixgelinayo [[#Retaining existing styles|isticmaalka jira]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Article titles#Consistency|joogteynta leh maqaallada la xiriira]]. Marka laga reebo isticmaalka tignoolajiyada ({{xt|a 3:1 ratio}}), ma jiro jumlad waa in ay ku dhex jirtay colons badan, ma jiro space waa in uu ka horreeyo colon, iyo space (laakiin waligeed ma aha hyphen ama dash) waa in uu raaco colon-ka. ===Semicolons=== {{Shortcut|MOS:;|MOS:SEMICOLON|}} {{for|usage in marking up description (definition) lists|Help:List#Description lists}} A [[semicolon]] ({{xt|;}}) marna waa alternative ee full stop (period), iyadoo u sahlaysa maaddada la xiriirta in lagu dhowro jumlada oo kale; waxay muujisaa kala saarisa la go'aamiyay ee jumlada marka loo eego comma. Haddii semicolon-ku uu kala saaro clauses, caadi ahaan clause kasta waa in uu noqdo mid gaar ah (macneheedu waa in uu taaggaanshaan karo laikiisu sida jumlad). Xaaladaha badankooda, kaliya comma ama kaliya semicolon wuxuu noqon doonaa sax ku dhex jira jumlad gaar ah. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Sax:}} | {{xt|Though he had been here before, I did not recognize him.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} | {{!xt|Though he had been here before; I did not recognize him.}} |} Sare, "Though he had been here before" ma taaggaanshaan karo laikiisu sida jumlad, oo sidaas darteed ma aha independent clause. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Sax:}} | {{xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit; bananas are classified as alkaline.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} | {{!xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit, bananas are classified as alkaline.}} |} Isticmaalkan aan saxda ahayn ee comma ee dhexda laba independent clauses waxaa loo intended-gareeyay [[comma splice]]; laakiin, xaaladaha qaarkood, comma waxaa loo isticmaali karaa halka semicolon wuxuu oki lahaa in loo baahan yahay: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | {{em|La accepts-garaysay}}: || {{xt|"Life is short, art is long."}} (laba clauses oo gaaban ku dhex jira [[aphorism]]; eeg ''[[Ars longa, vita brevis]]'') |- | {{em|La accepts-garaysay}}: || {{xt|"I have studied it, you have not."}} (soo sheegida wada-hadal gaaban, sida jawaabtan ee [[Isaac Newton|Newton]]) |} Jumlad waxay ku dhex jiri kartaa semicolons badan, gaar ahaan marka clauses-ku ay yihiin kuwo parallel ee dhismaha iyo macnaha; semicolons badan oo aan la xiriirin caadi ahaan waa calaamado ah in jumlada loo kala saaro jumlado gaaban ama foom kale loo dib-u-qoro. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Unwieldy}}: | {{!xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit; bananas are classified as alkaline; pears are close to neutral; these distinctions are rarely discussed.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: | {{xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit, bananas are alkaline, and pears are close to neutral; these distinctions are rarely discussed.}} |} Semicolons waxaa loo isticmaalaa ku-darida commas si loo kala saaro items ku dhex jira liiska, marka commas laikiisu ay keeni karaan jahwareer. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Jahwareer:}} | {{!xt|Sales offices are located in Boston, Massachusetts, San Francisco, California, Singapore, and Millbank, London, England.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Caddayn:}} | {{xt|Sales offices are located in Boston, Massachusetts; San Francisco, California; Singapore; and Millbank, London, England.}} |} ====Semicolon ka hor "however"==== {{Shortcut|MOS:HOWEVER}} {{Redirect|MOS:HOWEVER|its usage in editorialization|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Editorializing}} Macnaha jumlad ay ku dhex jirta trailing clause oo ku starts-garoogaysa erayga ''however'' wuxuu ku xiran yahay punctuation-ka ka horreeya eraygaas. Makhaadhaa caadi ah waa isticmaalka punctuation-ka aan saxda ahayn, iyadoo beddelaysa macnaha mid aan loo intended-gareeyn. Marka erayga ''however'' uu yahay adverb macneheedu yahay "nevertheless", waa in uu ka horreeyo semicolon oo uu raaco comma. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people; however, they tried.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people; nevertheless, they tried.}} |} Marka erayga ''however'' uu yahay conjunction macneheedu yahay "in whatever manner", ama "regardless of how", wuxuu ka horreyn karaa comma laakiin ma aha semicolon, oo waa inuusan raacin punctuation. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people, however they tried.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people, regardless of how they tried.}} |} Xaaladda kowaad, clause-ka oo ku starts-garoogaya "however" ma loo beddeli karo clause-ka kowaad; xaaladda labaad kani waxaa lagu sameyn karaa aan lahayn beddelka macnaha: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|However they tried, it was obvious they could not convert these people.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|Regardless of how they tried, it was obvious they could not convert these people.}} |} Haddii labada clauses aan loo beddeli karin, semicolon waxaa loo baahan yahay. Jumlad ama clause waxay sidoo kale ku dhex jiri kartaa erayga ''however'' dhexda, haddii uu yahay adverb macneheedu yahay "although" oo lagu lagi karay bilowga laakiin aan ku starts-garoogayn clause cusub dhexda jumlada. Isticmaalkan, erayga waxaa lagu duubi karaa dhexda commas. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|He did not know, however, that the venue had been changed at the last minute.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|However, he did not know that the venue had been changed at the last minute.}} |} ===Hyphens=== {{Shortcut|MOS:-|MOS:HYPHEN}} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Globe Toters-A Birla Preschool,Indore (cropped).jpg | image2 = Peuters_in_het_tehuis_zitten_met_zijn_allen_op_de_po,_Bestanddeelnr_252-0385.jpg | image3 = Graduates 2014 IMG 2779 (14083168633).jpg | caption1 = Four-year-old children | caption2 = Four year-old children | caption3 = Four-year old children }} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Haring 03.jpg | image2 = Great white Dyer island 2010-07.jpg | caption1 = A man {{nobr|eating fish}} | caption2 = A man-eating fish }} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Catalina_Island_Rescue_DVIDS1091019.jpg | image2 = Kintín al ataque (5189220934).jpg | caption1 = Officials help {{nobr|dog-bite victim}}. | caption2 = Officials help {{nobr|dog bite victim}}. }} [[File:Carry-On Aircraft.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|A sign {{shy|exhibiting over-eager hy|phen|a|tion}}: the second hyphen is fine, but the first is spurious.]] [[Hyphen]]s ({{xt|-}}) waxay muujiyaan conjunction. Waxaa jira saddex isticmaalka waaweyn: # In hyphenated magacyada dadka ({{xt|John Lennard-Jones}}, {{xt|Omar al-Bashir}}). # Si loogu isku xiro [[prefixes]] iyo [[suffixes]] oo leh terms-kooda waaweyn dhismaha qaarkood, [[#En dash across open compounds|ilbaa compounds-ka laikiisu ay ku dhex jiraan space ama hyphen]]: {{xt|quasi-scientific}}, {{xt|ultra-nationalistic}}, {{xt|London-based}}, {{xt|community-led}}. #*Hyphen waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loo kala saaro dhexda [[homograph]]s ({{xt|[[wikt:re-sign|re-sign]]}} macneheedu waa ''sign again'', laakiin {{xt|[[wikt:resign|resign]]}} macneheedu waa ''relinquish ownership'' ama ''leave a job''). #*Waxaa jira trend caddaynaya oo lagu ammaan goyo labada elements dhammaan noocyada English-ka ({{xt|subsection}}, {{xt|nonlinear}}). Hyphenation-ku wuxuu caddayaa marka xarfaha la keenay contact ay yihiin kuwo oo kale ({{xt|non-negotiable}}, {{xt|sub-basement}}) ama ay yihiin vowels ({{xt|pre-industrial}}), ama halka eray uu yahay mid aan caadi ahayn ({{xt|co-proposed}}, {{xt|re-target}}) ama laga yaabo in loo akhrriyo si aan sax ahayn ({{xt|sub-era}}, ma aha {{!xt|subera}}). Erayada qaarkood oo noocan ah si oo kale waa kuwo caadi ah aan lahayn hyphen-ka (t.s., {{xt|cooperation}} waxaa si joogto ah loo dhasheeyay ka badan {{xtg|co-operation}} ee English-ka cusub). Ka dhiiri erayada beddelaya macnahooda aan lahayn hyphen-ka, t.s. {{xt|re-creation}} (create again) iyo {{xt|recreation}} (amusement).{{efn|name=recent}} # {{va|Hyphens in compound modifiers|text=Si loogu isku xiro terms-ka la xiriira ee ku dhex jira [[compound modifier]]s}}:{{Efn|1=Gaar ahaan compound [[attributive adjective|attributives]], oo ah modifiers ee noun oo ka muuqda ku dhex jira [[noun phrase]]. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link|English compound#Hyphenated compound modifiers}}.)}}}} #*Hyphens waxay taageeri karaan fududaynta akhrrinta (waa inay noqdaan kuwo {{xt|ease-of-reading}} taageera) oo waxay gaar ahaan u wanaagsan yihiin noun phrases-ka dheer: {{xt|gas-phase reaction dynamics}}. Laakiin waligeed ha dhex gelin hyphen magac sax ah ({{xt|Middle Eastern cuisine}}, ma aha {{!xt|Middle-Eastern cuisine}}). #*Hyphen wuxuu taageeri karaa disambiguator-ka (qaarkood {{xt|short-story writers}} waa kuwo dheer; {{xt|a government-monitoring program}} waa program oo monitor-garaynaya xukuumadda, inta {{xt|a government monitoring program}} uu yahay program xukuumadda oo monitor-garaynaya). #*Compounds oo ah hyphenated marka loo isticmaalo {{em|[[Attributive adjective|attributively]]}} (adjectives ka hor nouns-ka ay qualified-garaynayaan: {{xt|a light-blue handbag}}, {{xt|a 34-year-old woman}}) ama {{em|[[substantive]]ly}} (sida noun: {{xt|she is a 34-year-old}}) caadi ahaan ma aha hyphenated marka loo isticmaalo {{em|[[Predicative expression|predicatively]]}} (foomka sharraxaadda leh oo lagu kala saaray noun-ka: {{xt|the handbag was light blue}}, {{xt|the woman is 34 years old}}). Halka uu ka jiri lahaa baabi'inta caddaynta laakiis, hyphen waxaa loo isticmaali karaa foomka predicative-ka ah sidoo kale ({{xt|hand-fed turkeys}}, {{xt|the turkeys were hand-fed}}). Attributive hyphenation-ka dhibco leh marna waxaa looga fogaan karaa dib-u-qorid fudud: {{xt|Hawaiian-native species}} → {{xt|native Hawaiian species}}. #*Ka fogao isticmaalka hyphen ka dambaysa heerka ''{{nowrap|-ly}}'' adverb ({{xt|a newly available home}}, {{xt|a wholly owned subsidiary}}) ilaa ay tahay qayb ka mid ah compound dheeraad ah ({{xt|a slowly-but-surely strategy}}). Xaaladaha dhifka ah, hyphen wuxuu ka wanaajin karaa caddaynta haddii alternative-ka dib loo qoray uu yahay dhibco leh, laakiin dib-u-qoriddu caadi ahaan waa ka wanaagsan tahay: {{!xt|The idea was clearly stated enough}} waxaa lagu disambiguator-gareyn karaa sida {{xt|The idea clearly was stated often enough}} ama {{xt|The idea was ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} 74hsy2zkpf6khf0lfv20x4hctebuh0z 310805 310804 2026-10-24T10:36:07Z Isma4l 41797 310805 wikitext text/x-wiki {{MoS guideline|WP:MOS<!-- DO NOT add more shortcuts. None are as short and popular as this one. -->}} '''Haddaha Qaabka''' ('''MoS''' ama '''MOS''') waa [[haddaha qaabka]] ee dhammaan [[Wikipedia:Waa maxay maqaal?|maqaallada]] [[Wikipedia:Soomaali|Wikipedia-ha Soomaaliga]].{{efn|Isku xirka [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility|waxyaabaha la xiriira oo la heli karo]] waxay ku dabaqmaan dhammaan mashruuca, oo ma aha oo kaliya maqaallada.}} Boggan koowaad waxaa taageera [[:Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style|boggag yar oo xeel-dheer]], oo halkan la isku gudbin karo oo lagu tirtiray [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents]]. Haddii ay ka dhalato is-diido, boggani wuxuu leeyahay ka-horreyn.{{efn|name="CONLEVEL"|Kani waa arrin siyaasadeed oo ku saabsan {{section link|Wikipedia:Consensus|Level of consensus}}: "Is-afgaradka ka dhex jira koox xaddidan oo tifaftireyaal ah, hal meel iyo hal maalin, ma baabi'in karo [[Wikipedia:Community consensus|is-afgaradka samaynta]] ee baaxadda weyn. Tusaale ahaan, ilaa ay ka dhaadhiciyaan bulshada balaadhan in aysan sax ahayn, kaqeybgalayaasha WikiProject ma go'aamin karaan in siyaasada ama hagaha Wikipedia uusan ku dabaqmin maqaallada ku dhex jira baaxadeeda." Iyo: "Wikipedia waxay leedahay heer sare oo kaqeybgal iyo is-afgarad ee beddelka siyaasadaha iyo hagayaasha marka loo eego noocyada kale ee boggaga." Boggaga ka hooseeya waxaa ku jira [[:Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style|boggaga MoS-ka ee xeel-dheeraanta]], [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Guide#Advice pages|qoraallada qaabka]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style|Haddaha Qaabka ee Fudud]].}} {{vanchor|Clarity|text=Tifaftireyaal waa inay u qoraan maqaallada iyagoo isticmaalaya luqad toos ah, gaaban, oo fudud in la fahmo. Tifaftireyaal waa inay u dhisaan maqaallada qaabeyn joogto ah oo u sahlanaata akhristaha.}} {{va|Stability|text=Haddii ka badan hal qaab ama foom lagu aamini karo MoS-ka, mid waa in loo isticmaalo madal kasta oo ku dhex jirta maqaalka oo [[#Retaining existing styles|aan la beddelin]] sabab wanaagsan la'aanteed. [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|Tifaftirka dagaalka]] ee ku saabsan doorashooyinka qaabka ma aha mid la accepts karo.{{efn|name="ew"|Arrrimahaani waxaa lagu xalliyay go'aannada [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|Guddiga Garsoorka]] ee [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk#Optional styles|2005]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan#Preferred styles|2006]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Date delinking#Optional styles|2009]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Infoboxes#Use of infoboxes|2015]].}} Qoraal cusub oo lagu daro boggan waa inuu toos u xalliyo arrin qaab oo si joogto ah u soo noqnoqota.}} {{TOC limit|3}} ==Dhonsashada qaababka jira== {{Shortcut|MOS:VAR|MOS:STYLEVAR|MOS:STYLERET}} {{Redirect|MOS:VAR|retention of an article's established national English variety|#National varieties of English|a list of more specific related rules|WP:VARS}} Marna, MOS-ku wuxuu bixiyaa ka badan hal qaab oo la accepts karo ama ma bixiyo hagal gaar ah. Marka ka badan hal qaab la accepts karo, al-fajar ma aha mid habboon in tifaftiraha Wikipedia uu ka beddelo hal qaab oo uu u beddelo mid kale ilaa ay jirto sabab muhiim ah oo beddelka ah.{{efn|name="ArbCom"|Astaanta bilowga ee qoraalkan, eeg go'aannada [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|ArbCom]] ee [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk#Principles|Juun 2005]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/jguk 2#Principles|Nofembar 2005]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan#Principles|2006]].}} [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|Tifaftirka dagaalka]] ee ku saabsan qaabka,{{efn|name="ew"}} ama u adeegsiga qaab dookh ah si [[Wikipedia:Bot policy#Assisted editing guidelines|bot-oo kale ah]] is-afgarad ka hor la'aantiis,{{efn|name="bot-like"|Eeg [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Magioladitis 2#High-speed editing|Go'aanka ArbCom ee 2017]], iyo {{section link|Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser#Rules of use}}; tifaftirka bot-ka oo kale ah oo sii socda inkastoo ay jiraan diidmo ama oo keena makhaadhaa wuxuu keeni karaa [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|xannibaad]] iyo baabi'inta xuquuqaha ku saabsan qalabka semi-automated-ka ah.}} waa [[Wikipedia:Disruptive editing|dhibco ka dhan ah]] oo waligeed ma aha mid la accepts karo. Beddelka aan la xaqijin ee kaaga taagan hal qaab oo la accepts karo, [[#Consistency within articles|oo si joogto ah loo adeegsaday]] ee ku dhex jira maqaal oo loo beddelo qaab kale waa la [[Wikipedia:Reverting|celin karaa]]. Doono [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Opportunities for commonality|fursadaha wadaagga]] si looga fogaado murannada qaabka. Haddii aad rammayso in qaab kale uu ka habboon yahay maqaal gaar ah, doono [[Wikipedia:Consensus|is-afgarad]] iyadoo ku saabsan tan lagula discuss-garaynayo bogga wada-hadalka maqaalka ama{{snd}}haddii ay keento arrin guud ama ku saabsan MoS-ka lakiisa{{snd}}at [[Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style]]. Haddii wada-hadalku uusan keenin is-afgarad beddelka ah, sii wad isticmaalka qaabka horey loo dhisay ee maqaalka. Haddii wada-hadalku uu ku guuldareysto inuu gaaro wax is-afgarad ah oo ku saabsan midka laba ama ka badan qaab oo tartamaya oo la isticmaalayo, markaas dib u noqo qaabkii loo isticmaalay nooca ugu horreeyay ee ka dambeeya [[Wikipedia:Stub|qabyada]] maqaalka oo uu ka muuqday mid ka mid ah qaababka ku dabaqmaya. (Mawqifkan dib-u-noqoshada ah ma siiyo [[WP:UNCHALLENGED|darajo aan la tartami karin]] qaabkaas gaarka ah inta lagu jiro wada-hadalka is-afgaradka, mana siiyo tifaftiraha soo impose-garaysay qaabkaas ugu horreeyay [[Wikipedia:Ownership of content|wax ka badan]] wada-hadalka.) ==<span class="anchor" id="Article titles, headings, and sections"></span>Mawduucyada maqaalka, qaybaha, iyo madaxda== {{Shortcut|MOS:AT}} ===Mawduucyada maqaalka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Article titles}} {{for|titles which coincide with a work's title|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles of works}} Mawduucu waa inuu noqdo magac la aqoonsan karo ama sifaynta mawduuca, [[Wikipedia:Common sense|isagoo maareynaya]] shuruudaha ah inuu yahay mid asalka ah, si ku filan oo sax ah, gaaban, oo joogto ah oo la mid ah maqaallada la xiriira. Hagaha qaabaynta eeg qaybta {{section link|Wikipedia:Article titles|Article title format}}, isagoo xusaya kuwa soo socda: *U qor herga labaad ee xarafka ugu horreeya (marka laga reebo xaaladaha dhifka ah, sida {{xt|eBay}}), laakiin haddii kale raac [[sentence case]]{{efn|name=Sentence case|1=Wikipedia waxay u isticmaashaa [[sentence case]] jumlado, [[Wikipedia:Article titles|mawduucyada maqaalka]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout|mawduucyada qaybaha]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables|madaxda taarikada]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images|qoraallada sawirka]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists|qoraallada liiska]] (xaaladaha badankooda), iyo qoraallada ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Infobox|infoboxes]] iyo moodallada la midka ah, iyo waxyaabo kale. Wax kasta oo MoS ah oo ku saabsan bilowga jumlad waxay ku dabaqmaan waxyaabaha isticmaalaya sentence case.<!-- Please keep this footnote synced with the version at the MOS:CAPS page. -->}} ({{xt|Funding of UNESCO projects}}), ma aha title case ({{!xt|Funding of UNESCO Projects}}), marka laga reebo halka title case loo isticmaali lahaa qoraalka caadiga ah. Eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (capitalization)]]. *Si aad u qorto farta italic-ka ah, ku dar {{tlx|italic title}} meel dhow sare ee maqaalka. Si aad farta italic-ka ah ugu qorto kaliya qayb ka mid ah mawduuca, ku dar xadka <code>|string=</code> ee qoraalka gaarka ah ee lagu qorayo farta italic-ka ah. Isticmaalka farta italic-ka ah waa inuu u dhigmaa {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting|Italic type}}. *Ha isticmaalin [[Article (grammar)|maqaallada]] (''a'', ''an'', ama ''the'') sida xarafka ugu horreeya ({{xt|Economy of the Second Empire}}, ma aha {{!xt|The economy of the Second Empire}}), ilaa ay tahay qayb aan la kala saari karin oo magaca ka mid ah ({{xt|The Hague}}) ama mawduuca shaqa (''{{xt|A Clockwork Orange}}'', ''{{xt|The Simpsons}}''). *Caadi ahaan isticmaal [[noun]]s ama [[noun phrase]]s: {{xt|Early life}}, ma aha {{!xt|In early life}}.{{Efn|1=Erayada sida {{xt|In early life}} waa kuwo la accepts karo (inkastoo aan loo baahnayn) sida madaxda qaybaha. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa si joogto ah sida qayb ka mid ah mawduucyada maqaalka oo dheeraad ah sida [[Piracy in the Caribbean|{{xt|Piracy in the Caribbean}}]], indhaheeda marka dhismaha gaaban ({{xtn|Caribbean piracy}}) uu leeyahay arrimo is-dhaafsi ah.}} *Xarafka ugu dambeeya waa inuusan noqon calaamad ilaahiyad ilaa uu yahay qayb aan la kala saari karin oo magaca ka mid ah ({{xt|[[Saint-Louis-du-Ha! Ha!]]}}, {{xt|''[[Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?]]''}}) ama gaabinta ({{xt|[[Inverness City F.C.]]}}), ama marka xiritaanka bracket-ka wareegga ama calaamadda xigmadda loo baahan yahay ({{xt|[[John Palmer (1814 schooner)|''John Palmer'' (1814 schooner)]]}}). *Markasta oo calaamadaha xigmadda ama noocyada apostrophe-ka oo kale ay ka muuqdaan ({{xt|[[Geʽez]]}}), ku dar [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirection]] mawduuc caddaynaya oo isticmaalaya apostrophes ({{xt|[[Ge'ez]]}}).{{efn|name=curlyq|1=Calaamadaha xigmadda tooska ah iyo apostrophes waa kuwo fudud in loo qorto si lagu aamini karo madallada badankooda, markaas kani wuxuu u sahlayaa bartilmaameedka redirection-ka oo fudud. Xigmadda curdanka ah iyo apostrophes sidaas darteed waa kuwo si weyn looga tagay Wikipedia-ha English-ka. Eeg sidoo kale [[MOS:CURLY]] iyo [[MOS:']].}} Labadaba ha ka sareeyaan iyo kuwo [[Wikipedia:Article titles]], qeybta kale ee MoS-ka, gaar ahaan {{section link||Punctuation}}, waxay ku dabaqmaan sidoo kale mawduuca. ===Agaasimaha qaybta=== {{Shortcut|MOS:SO}} {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout}} Mawduuca maqaalka waa inuu ku starts-garo [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section|qaybta hordhaca ah<!-- Do not add the word "lede" here. See footnotes at WP:LEAD for details. -->]]{{snd}}gaabinta kooban ee maqaalka{{snd}}oo aan waligeed loo kala saarin qaybo {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section]])}}. Qaybta hartay ee maqaalka waxaa caadi ahaan loo kala saaraa [[Help:Section|qaybo]]. [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes|Infoboxes]], sawirrada, iyo mawduucyada kale ee la xiriira qaybta hordhaca ah waa inay noqdaan kuwo dhanka midig ah. Calaamadaha qaarkood oo heerka ah [[Help:Template|moodallada]] iyo [[Help:Wikitext|wikitext]] oo aan ahayn qaybo waxay ka sarreeyaan inta ugu dambaysa maqaalka, ka hor mawduuca qaybta hordhaca ah, iyo uusocodka soo socda: *[[Wikipedia:Short description|Gaaban sharrax leh]], oo leh moodalka {{tlx|Short description}} *[[Wikipedia:Hatnote|Hatnote-ka disambiguation]], waqtiga badankiisa oo leh moodalka {{tlx|Hatnote}} {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg sidoo kale {{section link|Wikipedia:Hatnote#Hatnote templates}})}} *Moodallada aan lahayn soo-saarka oo muujinaya foomka taariikhda dhisay ee maqaalka iyo nooca luqadda English-ka, haddii ay jiraan (t.s., {{tlx|Use dmy dates}}, {{tlx|Use Canadian English}}) *Moodallada dayactirka ee Banner-ka ah, [[Wikipedia:Template index/Disputes|Dispute]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Template index/Cleanup|Moodallada Cleanup]] ee arrimaha maqaalka oo dhan oo la calaamadeeyay (haddii kale loo isticmaalo sare ee qayb gaar ah, ka dambeeya hatnote kasta oo qayb ah sida {{tlx|main}}) *[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes|Infobox]], oo ah dookh (marka laga reebo xaaladaha gaarka ah sida {{tlx|Taxobox}} iyo {{tlx|Chembox}}, ama nooc ka mid ah, maqaallada ku dabaqmaya); caadi ahaan sidoo kale waxaa ku jira sawirka ugu horreeya *Sawirka hordhaca ah, marka infobox aan la isticmaalin, ama sawir dheeraad ah loo baahan yahay qaybta hordhaca ah (haddii hordhacu u yahay mid aad u dheer, sawir labaad waxaa lagu lagi karaa dhexda qoraalka hordhaca ah) Nooca skin-ka ee [[Vector 2022]], [[Wikipedia:Table of contents|tusmada maqaalka]] waa mid ka mid ah oo ka baxsan mawduuca maqaalka. Noocyada skin-ka hore qaarkood, tusmada la mari karo waxay ka muuqataa si otomaatig ah ka dambaysa hordhaca haddii maqaalku leeyahay ugu yaraan afar madax oo qaybo ah. Haddii mawduuca qayb uu ku jiraa si xeel-dheer oo dheeraad ah maqaal gaar ah {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Summary style]])}}, ku dar {{tlx|main|{{var|Article name}}}} ama {{tlx|further|{{var|Article name}}}} isla markiiba ka hooseeya madaxa qaybta. Sida lagu sharraxay si xeel-dheer {{slink|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout|Standard appendices and footers}}, noocyo dhowr ah oo maaddooyinka ah (badankoodu waa dookh) waxay ka muuqan karaan ka dambaysa qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee maqaalka, uusocodka soo socda: *Buugaagta ama shaqaalaha kale ee lagu abuuray mawduuca maqaalka, ka hooseeya madaxa qaybta "Works", "Publications", "Discography", "Filmography", iyo wixii la mid ah sida habboon (ka fogao "Bibliography", oo loo khaldami karo xigashooyinka tixraaca) *Isku xirka hoose ee maqaallada la xiriira ee Wikipedia-ha English-ka, oo leh madaxa qaybta "See also" *Xusuus-qoraallada iyo tixraacyada, oo leh madaxa qaybta "Notes" ama "References" (caadi ahaan ka dambeeya), ama qayb gaar ah oo loogu talagalay mid kasta uusocodkan {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]])}}; ka fogao "Bibliography", oo loo khaldami karo shaqaalaha mawduuca *Buugaagta la xiriira, maqaallada, ama shaqaalaha kale ee aan loo isticmaalin sida tixraacyada; isticmaal madaxa qaybta "Further reading"; noqo mid si sare ah loo doortay, maadaama [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a directory|Wikipedia aysan ahayn buugga tixraaca]] *Websaydhada la xiriira [[Wikipedia:External links|iyo kuwo habboon]] ee aan loo isticmaalin sida tixraacyada oo aan ka muuqan appendices-ka hore, isticmaalka madaxa "External links", oo loo sameyn karo qayb ka hooseysa "Further reading" (ama isku xirkaas waxaa toos lagu ammaan goyn karaa liiska "Further reading" halkii); [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Links to sister projects|moodallada isku xirka ee mawduucyada mashruuca walaalka ah]] sidoo cuali ahaan waxay ka sarreeyaan qaybtan marka ay jirto (haddii kale qaybta ugu dambaysa ee bogga) *Waxyaabaha ugu dambeeya ee soo socda waligeed ma qaataan madaxyada qaybaha: **Isku xirka hoose oo lagu aaggaaday [[Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates#Navigation_templates|boxes-ka navigation-ka]] **Metadata ee [[Wikipedia:Authority control|Authority control]], haddii loo baahdo, isticmaalka {{tlx|Authority control}} (wuxuu kala saaraa isticmaalka magaca laba mawduuc, ama magacyo badan oo loogu talagalay hal mawduuc) **[[Wikipedia:Categorization|Qeeybaha]], oo waa inay noqdaan maaddada ugu dambaysa ee koodha maqaalka haddii aysan jirin moodallada stub-ka **[[Wikipedia:Stub sorting|Moodallada stub-ka]], haddii loo baahdo, oo waa inay raacaan qeeybaha [[Wikipedia:Stand-alone lists|Maqaallada liiska ah ee gaarka ah]] waxay leeyihiin waxyaabo dheeraad ah oo agaasimaha ah. ===<span class="anchor" id="Section management"></span>Madaxyada qaybaha=== {{Shortcut|MOS:HEAD|MOS:HEADINGS}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Headings|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Order of article elements|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Section headings}} [[Help:Section|Madaxyada qaybaha]] waa inay caadi ahaan raacaan hagaha [[#Article titles|mawduucyada maqaalka]] ee sare oo ay ku muuqdaan [[sentence case]] ({{xt|Funding of UNESCO projects in developing countries}}), ma aha [[title case]] ({{!xt|Funding of UNESCO Projects in Developing Countries}}).{{efn|name=Sentence case}} {{shortcut|MOS:BLANKLINE}} {{vanchor|Blank line|text=Dhammaan madaxyada waa inay ku dhex jiraan xarkooda gaarka ah, oo ay ka horreyso presely hal xar oo eber ah, oo ay raacdo mid ka mid ah hal xar ama aan lahayn xar eber ah.}} {{vanchor|Section headings (necessary point 6)|text=Ha u isticmaalin si xun [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists#Description (definition, association) lists|liiska sharraxaadda]] markup ("<code>;</code>") si aad u abuurto [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Pseudo-headings|pseudo-headings]].}} {{va|SECTIONSTYLE|Section headings (styling best practice)|Section headings (main styling reason)|text=Sida arrin qaab oo joogto ah, madaxyada qaybuhu waa inaynaan:}} {{Shortcut|MOS:SECTIONSTYLE|MOS:NOBACKREF}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 1)|text=si turjumaad ah dib ugu tixraacin mawduuca maqaalka, t.s., {{xt|Early life}}, ma aha {{!xt|Smith's early life}} ama {{!xt|His early life}}}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 2)|text=tixraacin madax heer sare ah, ilaa aad sameyso ay tahay mid gaaban ama caddayn badan}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 3)|text=noqon kuwo la nambareeyay ama xarfo leh sida outline}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 4)|text=noqon kuwo loo sameeyay sida su'aal, t.s., {{xt|Languages}}, ma aha {{!xt|What languages are spoken?}}}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 5)|text=isticmaalin luga ama farta aan caadiga ahayn oo keeni kara [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Headings|arrimaha lagu heli karo]]}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 6)|text=noqon kuwo lagu duubay [[Help:Wikitext|markup]], sida bold iyo italics, oo baabi'in kara muujintooda oo keeni kara arrimo kale oo lagu heli karo}} ====Wikimarkup==== {{shortcut|MOS:NOSECTIONLINKS|MOS:HEADINGLINKS}} {{va|Section headings (technical best practice)|text=Sababo tignoolajiyada ah, madaxyada qaybuhu waa inay}} {{va|Section headings (necessary point 1)|text=noqdaan kuwo gaar ah oo ku dhex jira maqaal (si [[Template:Section link|isqu xirka qaybta]] uu u shaqeeyo)}} oo waa inaynaan ku dhex jirin: *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 2)|text=[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking#Principles|isqu xirka]], xataa haddii kaliya qayb ka mid ah madaxa la isku xiray}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 5)|text=xigashooyinka ama xusuus-qoraallada}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 4)|text=<code><[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics#Typesetting of mathematical formulae|math]]></code> markup}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 3)|text=sawirrada ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Icons#Encyclopedic purpose|icons-ka]]}} {{va|Section headings (main technical reason)|text=Xaddidaadahani waa kuwo lagu khasbay si looga fogaado tignoolajiyada dhibco leh oo ma aha kuwo la baabi'in karo is-afgaradka maxalliga ah ama hagayaasha aan ku habboonayn.}} {{short|MOS:TEMPLATE}} {{va|Section headings (necessary point 7)|text=Wadaagga moodalka}} waa in sidoo kale caadi ahaan looga fogaadaa madaxyada qaybaha, sababtoo ah waxay keenaan koodha asalka ah ee baaqida moodalka inuu ka muuqdo isqu xirka lagu daray gaabinta tifaftirka; gujinta isqu xirkaas ka muuqda taariikhda bogga ma keeni doonto qaybta loo baahan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, [[WP:ANCHORSUBST|marka lagu darayo isqu xirka anchor madaxyada, mar walba beddel moodalka gudaha madaxa]]: {{block indent|1={{plainlist| * {{y}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== {{subst:anchor|Anchor name}} Section title ==</nowiki>}}</code> * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== {{anchor|Anchor name}} Section title ==</nowiki>}}</code> }} }} {{shortcut|MOS:SECTIONCOMMENT}} {{va|SECTIONCOMMENT|Section comment|text=[[#Invisible comments|Xusuus-qoraallada la qariyay]] oo tixraacaya madaxa qayb ama qayb oo dhan waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu lago xar ka hooseysa madaxa. Waxaa sidoo cuali ahaan lagu lagi karaa ku dhex jira xarkooda oo kale sida madaxa, laakiin xaaladaas waa inay noqdaan kuwo {{em|gudaha}} <code>==&nbsp;==</code> markup:{{efn|1=Xusuus-qoraal ka baxsan <code><nowiki>==&nbsp;==</nowiki></code> laakiin ku dhex jira xarkooda oo kale wuxuu keeni karaa isqu xirka tifaftirka qaybta inuu ku guuldareysto inuu ka muuqdo dhammaan; ee browsers-ka kale, wuxuu ka muuqan karaa, laakiin isticmaalkiisu wuxuu keeni doonaa madaxa qaybta inuusan si otomaatig ah lagu darin gaabinta tifaftirka.}}}} {{block indent|1={{plainlist| * {{y}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== Implications ==</nowiki><br /><nowiki><!--This comment is placed correctly.--></nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{mby}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== Implications<!--This comment works fine.--> ==</nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{mby}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== <!--This comment works fine.-->Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== Implications == <!--This comment causes problems.--> </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{tracked|T381786}}{{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki><!--This comment causes problems.</nowiki><br><nowiki>-->== Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki><!--The space after this comment breaks the heading completely.--> == Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} }} }} ====<span class="anchor" id="SECTIONANCHOR"></span><span class="anchor" id="Section anchor"></span>Anchors==== {{short|MOS:SECTIONANCHOR}} <section begin="heading links" />Ka hor inta aanad beddelin madax, tixgeli in aad baabi'inayso isqu xirka jira oo ku dhex jira.<section end="heading links" /> Haddii ay jiraan [[Help:Link#To a section|isqu xirka badan oo u socda mawduuca hore]],{{efn|name="many links"|1=Si aad u ogaato inta isqu xirka ee u socda mawduuca qaybta hore iyo maqaallada leeh iyaga, waxaad sameyn kartaa <span class=plainlinks>[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=all%3A+linksto%3A%22ARTICLE%22+insource%3A%2F%5B%5B%7C%5DARTICLE%5C%23OLDSECTION%2F+&title=Special:Search&profile=all&fulltext=1 raadinta sare ee]</span>, iyadoo la beddelayo {{smallcaps|article}} magaca maqaalka, iyo {{smallcaps|oldsection}} mawduuca qaybta hore. Raadintaas sare ma raadiso [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirections-ka]], markaas sidoo kale eeg bogga maqaalka ee [[Special:WhatLinksHere]] ee redirections-ka u socda mawduuca qaybta hore. Haddii ay jiraan kaliya nambarka yar ee isqu xirka ee u socda mawduuca qaybta hore, waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu cusbooneysiiyo manwal ahaan.}} abuur [[Help:Anchor|anchor]] oo leh mawduucaas si loo xaqijiyo in kuwani ay sii shaqeeyaan. Sidoo kale, marka lagu isqu xirayo qayb, ka tag xusuus-qoraal aan la arki karin madaxa qaybta bartilmaameedka, iyadoo lagu magacaabayo maqaallada isqu xirka leeh, si haddii madaxa dambe loo beddelo kani si fudud loo hagaajin karo, ama kale anchor kale loo abuurayo haddii ay jiraan kuwo badan.{{efn|name="many links"}} Tusaale ahaan: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == {{subst:Anchor|Consequences}} Implications == <!-- "Richard Dawkins" and "Daniel Dennett" link here. --> </syntaxhighlight> oo lagu kaydin doono maqaalka sida: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == <span class="anchor" id="Consequences"></span> Implications == <!-- "Richard Dawkins" and "Daniel Dennett" link here. --> </syntaxhighlight> Faa'iidada isticmaalka {{tlxs|Anchor}}, ama kaliya la dhex gelinayo {{tag|span|o|link=yes}} tags-ka toos, waa in marka tifaftirka loo sameeyo qaybta mustaqbalka, anchor-ku ma lagu dhex jiri doono taariikhda bogga sida qayb ka mid ah magaca qaybta. Marka kaliya {{tlx|Anchor}} loo isticmaalo toos, akhlaaqdaas aan loo baahnayn {{em|waa ay}} dhacdaa, markaas waa in mar walba [[WP:ANCHORSUBST|loo beddelo anchors madaxyada qaybaha]]. Marka la dhex gelinayo span toos, {{em|ha}} gaabin iyadoo la isticmaalayo tag-ka self-closing, sida ku dhex jirta: <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== <span id="Consequences"</nowiki>{{highlight round|/|bc=var(--background-color-destructive-subtle, lightred);}}> Implications <nowiki>==</nowiki>}}</code> In HTML5 foomkaas XML-style waa mid shaqaynaya kaliya tags-ka qaarkood, sida {{nowrap |<code>&lt;br/></code>}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T134423 |title=T134423 Deprecate nonstandard behavior of self-closed HTML tags in wikitext. |website=phabricator.wikimedia.org |access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref> Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking|Avoiding broken section links}} si aad u ogaato wada-hadal dheeraad ah. ====Mawduuca oo kale madaxa==== Hagaha sare ee madaxyada qaybaha, gaar ahaan sentence case, turjumaad, sawirrada iyo su'aalaha, sidoo kale wuxuu ku dabaqmaa [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables#Captions and headers|madaxyada taarikada]] (iyo noocyada taarikada iyo xarrada). Laakiin, madaxyada taarikada waxay ku dhex jiri karaan xigashooyinka oo waxay ku starts-garo karaan, ama noqon karaan, nambara. Unka madaxyada bogga, madaxyada taarikada ma samayn karaan si otomaatig ah anchors-ka isqu xirka. Ka baxsan sentence case ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Glossaries|glossaries]], talada madaxa sidoo kale waxay ku dabaqmaysaa ''term'' qoraallada ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists#DLIST|description lists]]. Haddii la isticmaalayo [[Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Glossaries#Template-structured|template-structured glossaries]], terms-ku si otomaatig ah waxay leeyihiin anchors-ka isqu xirka, laakiin ma leeyihiin kale. Xigashooyinka mawduuca description-list waxay ku dhex jiraan {{tl|term}} ama {{tl|defn}} element, sida loo baahan yahay. ==Noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga== {{Shortcut|MOS:ENGVAR}} Noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga (tusaale ahaan, kala duwanaanshaha erayada ama naxwaha ee gobollada ka jira) waxay bixiyaan macluumaad ku saabsan kala duwanaanshaas. Dhammaan noocyada gobollada ama noocyada heerka ee Af-Soomaaliga waa kuwo la aqbali karo oo siman Wikipedia-da Soomaaliga, iyada oo la isticmaalayo uslub rasmi ah oo maqaallada u gaar ah ([[Register (sociolinguistics)|weeraral rami ah]] ama astaanta luqadda). Qaabka taariikhda ee maqaalka ({{xt|{{#time: F j, Y}}}} ama {{xt|{{#time: j F Y}}}}) wuxuu sidoo kale la xiriiraa noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga {{snd}}eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|Strong national ties to a topic|Retaining existing format}}. === <span class="anchor" id="Internal consistency"></span>Joogteynta ku dhex jirta maqaallada<!-- When renaming this section title, rename the full link at [[Wikipedia:Consistency]] --> === {{Shortcut|MOS:ARTCON|MOS:CONSISTENT}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Variation in citation methods|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Retaining existing format}} Xeerarka nooc gaar ah oo Af-Soomaali caadifad ah waa in loo raaco si joogto ah ku dhex jirta maqaalka gaarka ah. Waxyaabaha ka baxsan waxaa ku jira: *'''Xigashooyinka''' iyo '''cinwaannada buugaagta ama hawlaha''' (sida buugaagta, filimada, iyo muusigga) waa in loo qoraa sida ay ka muuqdaan ilaha tixraaca. Laakiin, waxaa jira xaalado qaarkood oo leexanaya mabda'an si loo dhowro heerka qaab-qoraalka ee alifbeetada encyclopedia-ha dhan. {{crossref|Eeg {{section link||Typographic conformity}}.}} *'''Magacyada u gaarka ah''' waxay isticmaalaan qoraalka mawduuca ama lahaanshaha u gaarka ah, tusaale ahaan, {{xt|United States Department of Defense}} iyo {{xt|Australian Defence Force}}; {{xt|International Labour Organization}}<!--This example is here because it uses -our and -ization at the same time; it is Oxford spelling.-->. *Maqaallada ku saabsan mawduucyada la xiriira kimistariga, foomka heerka caalamiga ah ee higaada {{xt|aluminium}}, {{xt|sulfur}}, {{xt|caesium}} (iyo erayada ka soo baxa) waa in loo isticmaalo iyadoo aan loo eegin nooca luqadda ee looga adeegsado maqaalka. {{crossref|Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (chemistry)|Element names}}.}} ===Fursadaha wadaagga ama isku-duubnida=== {{shortcut|MOS:COMMONALITY}} Si loogu talagalay encyclopedia caalamiga ah, isticmaalka erayada wadaagga ah ee dhammaan noocyada Af-Soomaaliga waa mid ka wanaagsan. *Isticmaal erayada si caalami ah loo aqbalay halkii kuwa aan aad loo fidin, gaar ahaan cinwaannada. Tusaale ahaan, [[Glasses|{{xt|muraayado}}]] ayaa ka wanaagsan noocyada gobollada ee gaarka ah; [[Ten million|{{xt|toban milyan}}]] ayaa ka wanaagsan [[crore|{{!xt|hal crore}}]]. *Haddii kala duwanaansho higaadeed uu ka muuqdo cinwaan, samee bogga [[Wikipedia:Redirect|reer-itusaale (sidetrack/redirect)]] si loogu talagalay kuwa kale, sida ku dhex jirta [[artefact]] iyo [[artifact]], si dhammaan noocyada loo isticmaali karo raadinta iyo isku xirka. *Erayada ku kala duwan noocyada luqadda, ama leh macnayaal kala duwan, waxaa lagu [[Gloss (annotation)#In linguistics|u xaqiijin karaa faahfaahinta (gloss)]] si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga ama jahawareerka, tusaale ahaan, {{xt|qaybta dambe ee baabuurta (trunk ama boot)&nbsp;...}}. *Isticmaal eray ama weedh si caadi ah loo fahmo iyada oo ka wanaagsan mid leh macno kale sababtoo ah kala duwanaanshaha gobollada (halkii {{!xt|alternate}}, isticmaal {{xt|alternative}} ama {{xt|alternating}}, sida habboon), marka laga reebo xaaladaha tignoolajiyada ama cilmiga halka beddelkaas uu noqon lahaa mid aan habboonayn ({{xt|alternate leaves}}; {{xt|alternate law}}). *Marka ay jiraan wax ka badan hal nooc oo higaad ah oo ka dhex jira heerka caadiga ah ee luqadda, nooca ugu caansan ee hadda la isticmaalo waa in caadi ahaan ka wanaagsanaado, marka laga reebo halka higaada yar ay leedahay isticmaal gaar ah oo xaalad xeel-dheer ah, tusaale ahaan, ''connexion'' ku dhex jirta [[Connexionalism|Methodist connexionalism]]. ===Xiriirka gobolka ama qaranka ee xoogga leh ee mawduuca=== {{Shortcut|MOS:TIES}} Maqaal ku saabsan mawduuc leh xiriir xooggan oo u socda waddan ama gobol]] gaar ah waa inuu isticmaalaa heerka luqadda rasmiga ah (ee ma aha colloquial/afka wadada) ee gobolkaas ama qarankaas. Tusaale ahaan: Mawduucyada leh xiriir xooggan oo u socda [[Commonwealth of Nations]], ama waddamo badan oo Commonwealth ah ama dhulalkii hore ee British-ka, isticmaal higaada British-ka. ===Dhowrida nooca jira=== {{Shortcut|MOS:RETAIN}} Marka nooc gaar ah [[#Consistency within articles|isticmaalkiisa joogtada ah]] lagu dhisay maqaal, sii wad iyada oo aan la helin is-afgarad ka dhan ah. Kaliya xaaladaha gaarka ah (sida marka mawduuc uu leeyahay [[#Strong national ties to a topic|xiriir gobol ama qaran oo xooggan]], ama beddelku wuxuu yareeyaa is-dhaafsiga) ayaa ay jirtaa sabab shaqaynaysa oo loo beddelo ka mid ah dookha la aqbali karo oo loo beddelo mid kale. {{va|FPSR|FMC|text=Marka aan la dhisin nooc gaar ah oo wada-hadalku uusan xallin arrinta, isticmaal nooca ka muuqda nooca ugu horreeyay ee ka dambeeya [[Wikipedia:Stub|qabyada (stub)]] oo soo bandhigay nooc la aqoonsan karo. Waxa ka baxsan tan waa [[#Retain quote variety|ha beddelin nooca luqadda ee ku dhex jira xigasho]].}} Nooca lagu dhisay maqaal gaar ah waxaa lagu qoraa iyadoo lagu dhex darayo [[:Category:Use English templates|tampaallada Use X English]] ee habboon bogga maqaalka. Tampaallada [[:Category:Varieties of English templates|nooca luqadda ee habboon]] sidoo kale waxaa lagu dhejin karaa bogga wada-hadalka ee maqaalka. Maqaal waa inuusan noqon mid la tifaftiro ama magaca loo beddelo kaliya si looga beddelo hal nooc oo luqad ah oo loo beddelo mid kale. Tampaalka {{tlxs|uw-engvar}} waxaa lagu dhejin karaa bogga wada-hadalka tifaftiraha si loogu sharraxo tan. ==Xarfo-waweynaynta== Cinwaannada maqaallada Wikipedia iyo cinwaannada qaybaha waxay isticmaalaan habka weedha, ma aha habka cinwaanka; iyo {{section link||Section headings}}. Xaraf-weynaynta alaabta liiska ku jirta, eeg {{section link||Bulleted and numbered lists}}. Points-ka kale ee ku saabsan xaraf-weynaynta waxaa si kooban loogu dhex muujiyay hoos. Macluumaadka fulan waxaa lagu heli karaa [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters]]. Qodobka ugu muhiimsan ayaa ah in Wikipedia aysan xaraf-weynaynayn eray ilaa uu si joogto ah xaraf-weyn ugu yahay badankooda [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|ilaha lagu kalsoonaan karo]] ee madax-bannaan. ===Xaraf-weynaynta ''The''=== Caadi ahaan, ha xaraf-weynayn erayga ''the'' dhexda jumlada ma aha { Reebanaanta caadiga ah waxaa ku jira magacyada u gaarka ah ee qaarkood iyo badankooda cinwaannada hawlaha abuurka ah ({{xt|Tolkien wrote ''The Lord of the Rings''}}{{snd}}laakiin ogaada in ''the'' aysan noqon karin qayb ka mid ah cinwaanka ee lagu qoro, t.s., Waxaa jira tixgelinno gaar ah oo loo sameeyo magacyada kooxaha muusigga , magacyada hay'adaha, magac u yaallada, summadaha ganacsiga. ===<span id="Capitalization-Titles"></span>Cinwaannada hawlaha=== {{main|WP:Manual of Style/Titles of works}} Cinwaannada luqadda Ingiriisiga ee qoraallada (buugaagta iyo hawlaha kale ee qoraalka, noocyada iyo hawlaha kale ee codka, filimada iyo hawlaha kale ee muuqaalka ah, sawirrada iyo hawlaha kale ee fanka, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxaa loo bixiyaa habka {{em|[[title case]]}}, halka eray kasta loo siiyo xaraf-weyn bilowga marka laga reebo erayada qaarkood oo yar oo muhiim ah (sida lagu sharraxay {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters|Composition titles}}). Erayada ugu horreeya iyo kuwa ugu dambeeya ee cinwaan luqad Ingiriisi ah mar walba waa kuwo xaraf-weyn leh. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|''An Eye for an Eye''}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|''Worth the Fighting For''}} Xaraf-weynaynta cinwaannada aan Ingiriisiga ahayn waa ay kala duwan tahay, xataa waqti ka waqti isla luqadda dhexdeeda; caadi ahaan, dhowr qaabka asalka ah ee hawlaha cusub, oo raac isticmaalka ka muuqda ilaha lagu kalsoonaan karo ee luqadda Ingiriisiga ee hadda{{efn|name=recent}} ee hawlaha taariikhiga ah. Marka lagu qoro alfabeta Laatiinka, badankooda waxyaabahaani waa inay sidoo kale ku jiraan farta janjeerta ([[#Italics|italics]]), ama lagu duubo [[#Names and titles|calaamadaha oraahda (quotation marks)]]. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|{{lang|fr|Les Liaisons dangereuses}}}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"{{lang|de|italics=no|Hymnus an den heiligen Geist}}"}} ===Tayooyinka iyo xilalka dadka=== *'''Isticmaalka guud''', isticmaal xaraf yar erayada sida ''madaxweyne'' , ''boqor', iyo ''imbiraadoor'' ({{xt|De Gaulle wuxuu ahaa madaxweyne Faransiis ah}}; {{xt|Louis XVI wuxuu ahaa boqor Faransiis ah}}; {{xt|Saddex ra'iisul wasaare ayaa ka soo qayb galay shirka}}). *'''Toos ka hor magaca dadka''', erayadaas waxay ka bilaabanayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|Madaxweyne Obama}}, ma aha {{!xt|madaxweyne Obama}}). Magacyada heerka caadiga ah ama caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo ee xilka ama doorka waxaa loo maareeyaa sida magacyada u gaarka ah ({{xt|David Cameron wuxuu ahaa Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Biritain}}; {{xt|Hirohito wuxuu ahaa Imbiraadoorkii Jabaan}}; {{xt|Louis XVI wuxuu ahaa Boqorkii Faransiiska}}). Titoolinka ama doorka boqortooyada waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|Her Majesty}}; {{xt|His Highness}}); reebanaantu waxay ku dabaqmi kartaa xilal gaar ah. ===Diimaha, ilaahyada, falsafadaha, iyo caqiidooyinka=== *'''Diimaha, kooxaha, iyo kaniisadaha''' iyo taageerayaashooda (foomka magaca ama tilmaamaha) waxay ka start-garoobayaan xaraf-weyn. Caadi ahaan, "the" ma aha xaraf-weyn ka hor magacyadaas ({{xt|the Unitarians}}, ma aha {{!xt|The Unitarians}}). *'''Qoraallada diinta]]''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn, laakiin badanaa ma aha farta janjeerta ({{xt|the Bhagavad Gita}}, {{xt|the Quran}}, {{xt|the Talmud}}, {{xt|the Granth Sahib}}, {{xt|the Bible}}). Ha u qorin xaraf-weyn "the" marka aad u isticmaalayso foomkan. Tilmaamaha qaarkood oo ka soo baxa waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn heshiis ahaan, qaarkoodna ma qaataan ({{xt|biblical}}, laakiin {{xt|Quranic}}); haddii aad u baahato hubaal, eeg qaamuuska. *'''[[Honorific|Tayooyinka iyo magacyada sharafta]] ee ilaahyada''', ku dhex jira magacyada u gaarka ah iyo tayooyinka, waxay ka start-garoobayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|God}}, {{xt|Allah}}, {{xt|the Lord}}, {{xt|the Supreme Being}}, {{xt|the Great Spirit}}, {{xt|the Horned One}}, {{xt|Bhagavan}}). Ha u qorin xaraf-weyn "the" xaaladahaas ama marka aad tixraacayso dadka waaweyn ee diinta ama shakhsiyaadka khayalka ah/asraarta ah ({{xt|the Prophet}}, {{xt|the Messiah}}, {{xt|the Virgin}}). Magacyada guud ee ilaahyada iyo shakhsiyaadka diinta ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|many gods}}; {{xt|the god Woden}}; {{xt|saints and prophets}}). *'''Magac-u-yaallada shakhsiyaadka cibaadada ama Ilaah''' ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn, xataa haddii xaraf-weyn lagu qoro qoraallada diinta ({{xt|God and his will}}). *'''Qaybaha waaweyn ee mukhluuqaadka khayalka ah (mythical/legendary)''' waxay ka start-garoobayaan xarfo yar ({{xt|elf}}, {{xt|fairy}}, {{xt|nymph}}, {{xt|unicorn}}, {{xt|angel}}), inkastoo hawlaha khayalka ah (fantasy), sida buugaagta [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] iyo ciyaaraha fiidiyowga qaarkood, xarfaha waaweyn ee bilowga ah marmar loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo in mukhluuqaadku ay samaynayaan dhaqan ama irsi dhex jira [[fictional universe|caalamka khayalka ah]]. U qor xaraf-weyn magacyada ama tayooyinka mukhluuqaadka gaarka ah ({{xt|the Minotaur}}, {{xt|Pegasus}}) iyo kooxaha oo magacooda iyo xubnahoodu ay yihiin kuwo go'an ({{xt|the Magi, or the Three Wise Men}}, {{xt|the Furies}}). Tixraacyada guud ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|these priests}}; {{xt|several wise men}}; {{xt|cherub-like}}). *'''Matalaadaha ama dhacdooyinka ruuxiga ah iyo kuwa diinta''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn kaliya marka la tixraacayo dhacdooyin gaar ah ama waqtiyo gaar ah ({{xt|the Great Flood}} iyo {{xt|the Exodus}}; laakiin {{xt|annual flooding}} iyo {{xt|an exodus of refugees}}). *'''Falsafadaha, aragtiyaha, dhaqdhaqaaqyada, iyo caqiidooyinka''' waxay isticmaalaan xarfo yar ilaa magacu ka soo baxo magac u gaar ah ({{xt|capitalism versus Marxism}}) ama uusan noqon magac u gaar ah ({{xt|republican}}, oo ah dhismaha fikirka siyaasadda; {{xt|Republican}}, oo ah xisbi siyaasadeed). Isticmaal xarfo yar mawduucyada caqiidooyinka ama fikirka diinta ee heerka caadiga ah (oo ka soo contrasts-garoobaya dhacdooyinka gaarka ah), xataa haddii xaraf-weyn lagu qoro taageerayaasha diinta qaarkood ({{xt|virgin birth}}, {{xt|original sin}}, {{xt|transubstantiation}}). *'''[[Platonic idealism|Platonic]] ama fikradaha sare (transcendent ideals)''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn xaaladda caqiidada falsafadda ({{xt|Truth}}, {{xt|the Good}}); marka loo isticmaalo si dhumuc leh, waxay ku dhex jiraan xarfo yar ({{xt|Superman represents American ideals of truth and justice}}). Isticmaal xarfo waaweyn marka fanka lagu personify-gareeyo fikradaha ({{xt|the guidebook mentioned statues of Justice and Liberty}}). *{{va|Eponyms|EPONYM|EPONYMS|text='''[[Eponym|Eponym-s (erayada ka soo baxay magacyada dadka)]]''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn ([[Edwardian era|{{xt|Edwardian}}]], [[De Morgan's laws|{{xt|De Morgan's laws}}]], [[Alice in Wonderland syndrome|{{xt|Alice in Wonderland syndrome}}]], [[Plaster of Paris|{{xt|plaster of Paris}}]], [[Platonic idealism|{{xt|Platonic idealism}}]], [[Draconian constitution|{{xt|Draconian constitution of Athens}}]]), marka laga reebo isticmaalka sanfada ama maahmaahda ah oo ka baxsan xaaladda asalka ah oo caadi ahaan xarfo yar ku dhex jira ilaha tixraaca ([[Platonic relationship|{{xt|a platonic relationship}}]]; {{xt|complained of draconian workplace policies}}).{{efn|name=eponyms|1=Waxaa jira waxyaabo yar oo dheeraad ah oo ka baxsan xaraf-weynaynta eponyms-ka, halka eraygu leeyahay xeer xooggan oo ah xarfo yar, t.s., lagu doorbido foomkaas badankooda qaamuustada waaweyn ee luqadda Ingiriisiga. Tusaale ahaan, {{xt|parkinsonian}} wuxuu sharraxaa bukaan muujinaya astaamaha [[Parkinson's disease|{{xt|Parkinson's disease}}]]. Dhexdeeda carabiga/higgaada isticmaalka erayada [[Linguistic latinisation|{{xt|latinize}}]], [[Romanisation|{{xt|romanize}}]], iyo [[Anglicization|{{xt|anglicize}}]] [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Anglo- and similar prefixes|waxay sii kordhayaan xarfo yar]], iyo [[Italic type|{{xt|italic[s]}}]] ku dhex jirta farta mar walba waa xarfo yar.}} Weedha dhan oo uu eponym ku yahay tilmaame [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Religions, deities, philosophies, doctrines, and their adherents|ma aha xaraf-weyn]] marka laga reebo marka weedha dhitadeedu tahay magac u gaar ah (t.s., [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles|cinwaanka hawl la daabacay]]: [[The China Syndrome|{{xt|''The China Syndrome''}}]]).}} ===Astaamaha kalandarka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Calendar items}} *'''Bilsashada (bilo), maalmaha toddobaadka, iyo fasaxyada''' waxay ka start-garoobayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|June}}, {{xt|Monday}}; {{xt|the Fourth of July}} wuxuu tixraacaa kaliya Maalinta Xorriyadda Mareykanka{{snd}}haddii kale {{xt|July 4}} ama {{xt|4 July}}). *'''Xilliyada''' waxay ku dhex jiraan xarfo yar ({{xt|her last summer}}; {{xt|the winter solstice}}; {{xt|spring fever}}), marka laga reebo marka lagu personify-gareeyo fanka ama magacyada u gaarka ah ee waqtiyada ama dhacdooyinka ({{xt|Old Man Winter}}; {{xt|competed on the Spring Circuit}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="People, animals, plants, and other organisms"></span>Dadka, xayawaanka, dhirta, iyo noolaha kale=== {{Shortcut|MOS:LIFE}} ee farta janjeerta, {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting|Italic type}}. Eeg sidoo kale {{section link|Wikipedia:Lead section|Organisms}} ee ku saabsan maareynta jumlada ugu horreysa. Eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (fauna)]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora)]] ee ku saabsan hagaha cinwaannada maqaallada.}} Marka la isticmaalayo '''[[Taxonomy (biology)|magacyada taksonomiga ("sayniska")]]''', u qor xaraf-weyn iyo farta janjeerta (italics) genus-ka: {{xt|''Berberis''}}, {{xt|''Erithacus''}}. (Supergenus iyo subgenus, marka ay ku dabaqmaan, waxaa loo maareeyaa sidaas oo kale.) Janjeeri laakiin ha u qorin xaraf-weyn heerarka taksonomiga ee species-ka (noocyada) iyo ka hooseeya: {{xt|''Berberis darwinii''}}, {{xt|''Erithacus rubecula superbus''}}, {{xt|''Acacia coriacea'' subsp. ''sericophylla''}}; ma jiraan reebanaanno loo sameeyay magacyada u gaarka ah oo qayb ka ah magacyada sayniska. Taxa-ga sare (order, family, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn Laatiinka ({{xt|Carnivora}}, {{xt|Felidae}}) laakiin ma qaataan udhigmaadka Ingiriisiga ({{xt|carnivorans}}, {{xt|felids}}); ma aha janjeer labada foomba, marka laga reebo fayrasyada, halka dhammaan magacyada lagu aqbalay guddiga [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|ICTV]] ay yihiin janjeer ({{xt|''Retroviridae''}}). {{Shortcut|MOS:CULTIVAR}}{{Anchor|Cultivar}}Magacyada '''[[Cultivar]]''' iyo '''[[cultivar group]]''' ee dhirta ma aha janjeer, waxayna qaataan xarfo waaweyn (harraan erayga ''Group'' ee magaca ku dhex jira); magacyada cultivar waxay ka muuqdaan xigashooyinka keliyaalka ah (single quotes) ({{xt|''Malus domestica'' 'Red Delicious'}}), halka cultivar groups aysan qaadanin ({{xt|''Cynara cardunculus'' Scolymus Group}}). '''Ingiriisiga [[Common name|magacyada afka caadiga ah ("common")]]''' waxaa loo bixiyaa xarfo yar qoraalka maqaalka dhexdiisa ([[Plains zebra|{{xt|plains zebra}}]]<!-- animal species -->, [[Mountain maple|{{xt|mountain&nbsp;maple}}]]<!-- plant species -->, iyo [[Southwestern red-tailed hawk|{{xt|southwestern red-tailed hawk}}]]<!-- bird subspecies -->) iyo habka weedha (sentence case) bilowga jumlada iyo meelaha kale oo xarafka ugu horreeya ee erayga ugu horreeya uu yahay xaraf-weyn.{{efn|name=Sentence case}} Waxay sidoo kale qaataan xarfo waaweyn halka ay ku jiraan magacyo u gaar ah: [[Przewalski's horse|{{xt|Przewalski's&nbsp;horse}}]]<!-- eponym -->, [[California condor|{{xt|California&nbsp;condor}}]]<!-- typical geonym -->, iyo [[Fair-maid-of-France|{{xt|fair-maid-of-France}}]]<!-- unusual but important illustrative case -->. Kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa noocyada (species) iyo nooc-hoosaadyada (subspecies), sida tusaalooyinka hore, iyo sidoo kale magacyada guud ee kooxaha ama noocyada noolaha: [[Bird of prey|{{xt|bird&nbsp;of&nbsp;prey}}]]<!-- cross-order ecological niche -->, [[Oak|{{xt|oak}}]]<!-- plant family -->, [[Great apes|{{xt|great&nbsp;apes}}]]<!-- animal family -->, [[Bryde's whales|{{xt|Bryde's&nbsp;whales}}]]<!-- species group -->, [[Livestock guardian dog|{{xt|livestock&nbsp;guardian&nbsp;dog}}]]<!-- domestic type -->, [[Poodle|{{xt|poodle}}]]<!-- domestic breed group but not a breed -->, [[Van cat|{{xt|Van&nbsp;cat}}]]<!-- domestic geographic landrace -->, [[Wolfdog|{{xt|wolfdog}}]]<!-- hybrid/crossbreed/mongrel not recognized as a standardized breed -->. Marka magaca caadiga ah uu la mid yahay takson saynis ah, ha u qorin xaraf-weyn ama janjeer, marka laga reebo halka la tixraacayo noolaha dhanka taksonomiga: {{xt|A lynx is any of the four medium-sized wild cat species within the genus ''Lynx''.}} Magacyada caadiga ah ee aan Ingiriisiga ahayn, marka ay habboon tahay in lagu daro, waxaa loo maareeyaa sida erayada kale ee aan Ingiriisiga ahayn: janjeer sidaas ah, oo xaraf-weyn kaliya haddii shuruudaha luqadda hooyo ay u baahan yihiin. Magacyada aan Ingiriisiga ahayn ee noqday kuwo la qabsaday Ingiriisiga waxaa loo maareeyaa sida Ingiriisiga ([[Ayahuasca|{{xt|ayahuasca}}]], [[Okapi|{{xt|okapi}}]]). {{Shortcut|MOS:BREED}}{{Anchor|Breed}}'''[[Standardized breeds|Dhalada la halbeeyay (Standardized breeds)]]''' waa inay caadi ahaan dhowraan xaraf-weynaynta loo isticmaalay halbeegga dhalada.{{efn|name=Standardized breeds|1=Hagaha dhalada waxaa lagu daray [[Diff2/881140543|RfC on capitalization of the names of standardized breeds|December 2018 RfC]]. "Dhalada la halbeeyay" wuxuu waayay macno toos ah oo caddaynaya, laakiin wuxuu ku dhex jiraa dhala kasta oo ku dhex jira [[breed standard]] ama [[studbook]] ee kooxda taranta/mataanaha. Kooxaha kale ee xayawaanka guri-joogga ah ma aha dhala la halbeeyay: noocyada taariikhda hore, kooxaha dhalada, xayawaanka duurjoogtoobay (feral), landraces, iyo [[crossbreed|dhalada la isku dhalay]] ama [[Hybrid (biology)|isandho]] oo aan kooxaha waaweyn aqoonsan sida dhala gaar ah. Kuwo badan caadi ahaan ma aha [[Wikipedia:Notability|muhiim (notable)]].}} Tusaalooyinka: [[German Shepherd|{{xt|German Shepherd}}]], [[Russian White goat|{{xt|Russian White goat}}]], [[Berlin Short-faced Tumbler|{{xt|Berlin Short-faced Tumbler}}]]. Sida cultivar-ka dhirta, kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa haddii magacu yahay magac u gaar ah ama kale, oo ka soo horjeeda sida magacyada caadiga ah ee noolaha loo qoro. Laakiin, ka baxsan cultivar-ka, dhalada waligeed lagu ma dhex daro xigashooyinka keliyaalka ah (single quotes), oo magacyadoodu waligeed ma aha qayb ka mid ah magac saynis ah. Erayga noolaha ee lagu daray dhammaadka si looga fogaado jahawareerka ("cat", "hound", "horse", "swine", iyo wixii la mid ah) waa inuusan noqon xaraf-weyn, ilaa uu yahay qayb ka mid ah magaca dhalada oo si joogto ah lagu muujiyo foomkaas halbeegga dhalada (xaaladaha dhifka ah waxaa ku jira [[Norwegian Forest Cat|{{xt|Norwegian Forest Cat}}]] iyo [[American Quarter Horse|{{xt|American Quarter Horse}}]]). Samee [[Wikipedia:Redirect|xiriiriyeyaasha dib-u-luqadda (redirects)]] ka soo baxay xaraf-weynaynta kale iyo foomamka higaada ee cinwaannada maqaalka, iyo magacyada kale, t.s., [[Adélie Penguin]], [[Adelie penguin]], [[Adelie Penguin]] iyo ''[[Pygoscelis adeliae]]'' dhammaan waa inay dib-u-luqad u sameeyaan [[Adélie penguin]]. ===Samooyinka iyo walxaha hawada sare=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Celestial bodies}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (astronomical objects)}} Erayada ''sun'' (sol/qorrax), ''earth'' (dhul), ''moon'' (dayax), iyo ''solar system'' (bahda qorraxda) ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn isticmaalka guud ({{xt|The sun was over the mountain top}}; {{xt|The tribal people thought of the whole earth as their home}}). Waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn marka walaxda lagu personify-gareeyo fanka/suugaanta ({{xt|Sol Invictus ('Unconquered Sun') was the Roman sun god}}) ama marka loo isticmaalo sida magac walax gaar ah xaaladda sayniska ama falagga ({{xt|The Moon orbits the Earth}}; laakiin {{xt|Io is a moon of Jupiter}}). Magacyada meereyaasha, dayaxyada, asteroids-ka, comets-ka, xiddigaha, constellations-ka, iyo galaxies-ka waa magacyo u gaar ah, oo sidaas darteed xaraf-weyn ah ({{xt|The planet Mars is in the constellation Gemini, near the star Pollux}}). Xarafka ugu horreeya ee eray kasta oo ku dhex jira magacaas waa xaraf-weyn ({{xt|Alpha Centauri}} ma aha {{!xt|Alpha centauri}}; {{xt|Milky Way}}, ma aha {{!xt|Milky way}}). Erayada sida ''comet'' iyo ''galaxy'' waa inay noqdaan xaraf-weyn marka ay samaynayaan qayb ka mid ah magac u gaar ah, laakiin ma aha marka loo isticmaalo sida eray guud ({{xt|Halley's Comet is the most famous of the comets}}; {{xt|the Andromeda Galaxy is a spiral galaxy}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Compass"></span>Pointers-ka kombaas-ka (Jihooyinka)=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Compass points}} Ha xaraf-weynayn '''jihooyinka''' sida ''north'' (woqooyi) ama foomamka la xiriira ({{xt|We took the northern road}}) marka laga reebo marka ay yihiin qaybo ka mid ah magacyada u gaarka ah ({{xt|Great North Road}}, {{xt|Great Western Drive}}, {{xt|South Pole}}). U qor xaraf-weyn '''magacyada gobollada''' haddii ay gaareen heerka magaca u gaarka ah, ku dhex jira magacyada caadiga ah ee heshiiska ({{xt|Southern California}}; {{xt|the Western Desert}}), iyo erayada ka soo baxa ee dadka (t.s., ''Southerner'' oo ah mid ka soo jeeda [[Southern United States]]). Ha xaraf-weynayn magacyada sharraxaadda leh ee gobollada oo aan gaarin heerka magacyada u gaarka ah, sida {{xt|southern Poland}}. Jihooyinka isku-dhafka ah waxaa lagu dhex jiri karaa ama aan lagu dhex jiri karin dhex-xariijin (hyphen), iyada oo ku xiran [[#National varieties of English|nooca Ingiriisiga ee loo qaatay]] maqaalka. {{xt|Southeast Asia}} iyo {{xt|northwest}} waxay ka caansan yihiin Ingiriisiga Mareykanka; laakiin {{xt|South-East Asia}} iyo {{xt|north-west}} waxay ka caansan yihiin Ingiriisiga British-ka. Xaaladaha sida {{xt|north–south dialogue}} iyo {{xt|east–west orientation}}, isticmaal en dash; eeg {{section link||Other uses for en dashes}}. ===<span id="Institutions"></span>Magacyada u gaarka ah ka soo contrasts-garoobaya erayada guud=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Institutions|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Capitalization of The{{!}}Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Capitalization of ''The''}} U qor xaraf-weyn magacyada hay'adaha ama doorka gaarka ah ({{xt|the founding of the University of Delhi}}; {{xt|the history of Stanford University}}) laakiin ma aha erayada guud ee hay'adaha ({{xt|the high school is near the university}}). Ha xaraf-weynayn ''the'' bilowga magaca hay'adda, iyada oo aan loo eegin qaabka loo doorbido ee hay'adda. Waxaa jira reebanaanno dhif ah, marka la hoggaaminayo ''The'' oo lagu muujiyay ''T'' ku dhex jira acronym-ka kooxda: {{xt|The International Cat Association (TICA)}}. U maaree qaybaha siyaasadda ama juqraafiga foomkan oo kale: {{xt|The city has a population of 55,000}}; {{xt|The two towns merged to become the City of Smithville}}. Ha u sameynin sida qaabka wargaysyada maxalliga ah oo tixraacaya degmada/magaalada sida ''the City'' ama ''The City'', marka laga reebo City of London [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#City of London|xaaladaha qaarkood]]. Hagahaani wuxuu sii kordhayaa wax-soosaarka hay'adaha, shirkadaha, iyo kooxaha kale. Tusaale ahaan, magaca dhan ee sharciga sida {{xt|Online Safety Act 2023}} wuxuu noqon doonaa xaraf-weyn, laakiin tixraacyada ka dambeeya ee {{xt|the act}} ma noqon doonaan kuwo xaraf-weyn ah. ==<span class="anchor" id="Acronyms and abbreviations"></span><span class="anchor" id="Acronyms"></span><span class="anchor" id="Initialisms"></span><span class="anchor" id="Shortenings"></span>Gaabinta== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Initials}} Gaabinta waa foomamka gaaban ee erayada ama foomamka. Raadinta saxda ah, waxay ku kala duwan yihiin [[Contraction (grammar)|contractions]], oo isticmaala [[apostrophe]] (t.s., ''won't'', eeg {{Section link||Contractions}}), iyo [[initialism]]s. Initialism waxaa lagu samaynayaa ka mid ah ama dhammaan xarfaha bilowga ah ee erayada ku dhex jira foom. Ka hooseeya, tixraacyada gaabinta waa in loo qaadaa inay ku dhex jiraan acronyms, iyo term-ka ''acronym'' waa inuu sidoo cuali ahaan ku dabaqmaa initialisms. ===Qor marka ay markii ugu horreysay muuqato iyadoo dhammaystiran=== {{Shortcut|MOS:1STOCC|MOS:1STABBR}} Marka gaabinta loo isticmaalayo maqaalka dhexdiisa, hordhac uga dhig iyadoo la isticmaalayo weedha dhammaystiran, gaabintana lagu dhex darayo ngo'aanka (parentheses): {{Block indent|{{xt|shabakadda gobolka ee maxalliga ah (LAN) oo ay samaysay Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC){{nbsp}}... DEC badeecadihii dambe ee LAN waxay aheyd{{nbsp}}...}}}} Ha u isticmaalin xarfo waaweyn foomka dhammaystiran kaliya sababtoo ah xarfo waaweyn ayaa loo isticmaalay gaabinta: {{!xt|Shabakadda Gobolka ee Maxalliga ah (LAN)}}. Marka laga reebo xaaladaha gaarka ah, gaabinta caadiga ah (sida {{xt|PhD}}, {{xt|DNA}}, ama {{xt|USSR}}) looma baahna in la kala bixiyo ama la dhamaystiro xataa marka ay tahay markii ugu horreysay ee la isticmaalo. ===Foomamka plural-ka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:GREENGROCER}} U samee plural [[acronyms]] iyadoo lagu darayo ''-s'' ama ''-es'': {{xt|Three CD-ROMs and two BIOSes were released}}. Ha isticmaalin ''[[greengrocer's apostrophe]]'' si aad u samayso plurals: {{!xt|Three CD-ROM's and two BIOS's were released}}. ===<span class="anchor" id="Periods (full stops) and spaces"></span><span class="anchor" id="Full stops and spaces"></span><span class="anchor" id="op.cit."></span>Punctuation iyo spacing=== {{Shortcut|MOS:PS}} Gaabintu waxay ku dhabayn kartaa ama aan ku dhabayn karin full point (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-garaysay ''period'' ama ''full stop''). Qaab joogto ah waa in lagu dhasheeyaa ku dhex jirta maqaal. Isticmaalka North American caadi ahaan waa in lagu dhabeeyo dhammaan gaabinta period ({{xt|Dr. Smith of 42&nbsp;Drummond St.}}) laakiin isticmaalka caadiga ah ee British iyo Australian, ma jiro period loo isticmaalo haddii gaabinta (contraction) ay ku dhabayso xarafka ugu dambeya ee foomka aan la gaabin ({{xt|Dr Smith of 42&nbsp;Drummond St}}) ilaa is-dhaafsi uu keeni karo. Kani waa sidoo cuali ahaan isticmaalka caadiga ah ee qoraalka scientific-ka ah. Iyadoo aan loo eegin punctuation, erayada lagu gaabay ka badan hal xaraf waa lagu dhex jiraa space ({{xt|op.&nbsp;cit.}} ma aha {{!xt|op.cit.}} ama {{!xt|opcit}}). Waxaa jira waxyaabo ka baxsan oo yar: {{xt|PhD}} {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg sare)}} "Philosophiae Doctor"; {{xt|BVetMed}} "Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine". Xaaladaha badankooda, Wikipedia ma isticmaalto punctuation-ka oo kale ku dhex jirta acronyms iyo initialisms: {{xt|GDP}}, ma aha {{!xt|G.D.P.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="US"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S."></span><span class="anchor" id="USA"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S.A."></span>US iyo U.S.<!-- When renaming this section title, rename the full link at [[Wikipedia:Consistency]] -->=== {{Shortcut|MOS:US|MOS:U.S.|MOS:USA|MOS:U.S.A.}} {{redirect|MOS:US|the use of the word "us"|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#First-person pronouns}} {{xt|US}} waa gaabinta caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo ee {{xt|United States}}, inkastoo {{xtn|U.S.}} – oo leh periods iyo aan lahayn space – ay tahay mid caadi ah daabacadaha North American, ku dhex jirta wargaysyada news-ka. Hagayaasha qaabka American qaarkood, ku dhex jiro ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style]]'' (tan iyo 2010), waxay baabi'iyeen {{!xt|U.S.}} waxayna soo sheegeen {{xt|US}}. Sababaha [[#Opportunities for commonality|wadaagga]], isticmaal {{xt|US}} default ahaan marka aad gaabinayso, laakiin [[#Retaining existing styles|sii wad]] {{xtn|U.S.}} maqaallada American ama Canadian English oo ay horey u dhisantay, ilaa ay jirto sabab wanaagsan oo loo beddelo. Sababtoo ah isticmaalka periods ee gaabinta iyo acronyms wuxuu noqon doonaa mid joogto ah ku dhex jira maqaal kasta, mar walba isticmaal {{xt|US}} maqaal leh gaabinta waddammada kale. Gaabinta dheeraad ah oo lagu dhex jiro initials-ka waddanka ({{xt|USN}}, {{xt|USAF}}), waligeed ha isticmaalin periods. Marka United States lagu xuso hal ama ka badan waddammada kale ku dhex jirta jumlad oo kale, {{xt|US}} (ama {{xtn|U.S.}}) wuxuu noqon karaa mid aad u informal ah, gaar ahaan xusidda ugu horreysa ama sida noun halkii adjective ({{xt|France and the United States}}, ma aha {{!xt|France and the US}}). Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|U.&nbsp;S.}} oo leh space ama {{!xt|U.S.&nbsp;of&nbsp;A.}} oo taariikh hore ah, marka laga reebo marka aad xigasho sameynayso. Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|U.S.A.}} ama {{!xt|USA}} marka laga reebo ku dhex jirta xigasho, sida qayb ka mid ah magac sax ah ({{xt|Team USA}}), ama isticmaalka tignoolajiyada iyo rasmiga ah ee qaarkood (t.s., [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3]], [[FIFA country codes|FIFA]], iyo [[IOC country codes]]). ===Circa=== {{for|examples|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Uncertain, incomplete, or approximate dates}} Si loo muujiyo ''si xaddidan'', isticmaalka {{tl|circa}}, oo muuqda sida {{xt|{{circa}}}}, waxaa ka wanaagsan {{!xt|circa}}, {{!xt|c.}}, {{!xt|ca.}}, ama {{!xt|approx.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="unwarranted abbreviations"></span>Ka fogao isticmaalka aan la xaqijin=== {{Hatnote|See also: {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|Units of measurement}} for when to abbreviate units of measurement.}} Ka fogao gaabinta marka ay jahwareerin karaan akhristaha, baabi'in karaan socodka, ama ka muuqan karaan informal. Tusaale ahaan: *Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|approx.}} ee {{xt|approximate(ly)}} marka laga reebo infobox ama table (xaaladaas isticmaal {{tlx|abbr|approx.|approximately}} xusidda ugu horreysa: {{xt|{{abbr|approx.|approximately}}}}). *Ha isticmaalin legalism-ka {{!xt|Holmes J}} ee {{xt|[[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.|Justice Holmes]]}}. <!-- this might be better in [[WP:JARGON]] --> ===Ha samaynin=== Ka fogao sameynta [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#Neologisms|gaabinta cusub]], gaar ahaan acronyms. Tusaale ahaan, {{xtn|World Union of Billiards}} waa wanaagsan yahay sida {{em|turjumaad}} ee {{xt|[[Union Mondiale de Billard]]}}, laakiin ma aha iyada ama yareynta {{!xt|WUB}} oo loo isticmaalay kooxda ama tixraacyada gaarka ah; isticmaal magaca asalka ah iyo gaabintiisa rasmiga ah, {{xt|UMB}}. Haddii ay noqoto mid lagama maarmaan ah in lagu gaabiyo space yar, sida [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables#Captions and headers|column header ee table-ka]], isticmaal gaabinta si baaxad leh loo aqoonsan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, ee {{xt|New Zealand gross national product}}, isticmaal {{xt|NZ}} iyo {{xt|GNP}}, oo leh isqu xir haddii term-ka aan horey loogu qorin maqaalka: {{xt|NZ&nbsp;[[Measures of national income and output|GNP]]}}. Ha samaynin initialisms sida {{!xt|NZGNP}}. ===HTML tags iyo moodallada=== Mid ka mid ah {{tag|abbr|o}} ama {{tlx|abbr}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa gaabinta iyo acronyms: {{tag|abbr|params=title="World Health Organization"|content=WHO|wrap=yes}} ama {{tlx|abbr|WHO|World Health Organization}} waxay samayn doonaan {{abbr|WHO|World Health Organization}}; [[mouseover|soreynta]] qoraalka muuqda waxay keentaa [[tooltip]] ee foomka dheer inuu soo muuqdo. ===Ampersand=== {{Shortcut|MOS:AMP|MOS:&}} {{redirects|WP:&|the use of "and" in titles|Wikipedia:Article titles#Titles containing "and"}} Qoraalka caadiga ah iyo madaxyada, isticmaal ''and'' halkii [[ampersand]] (''&''): {{xt|January 1&nbsp;and&nbsp;2}}, ma aha {{!xt|January 1&nbsp;&&nbsp;2}}. Laakiin sii wad ampersand marka uu yahay qayb shaqaynaysa oo qaabka magac sax ah, mawduuca shaqaalaha, ama trademark, sida ku dhex jirta ''[[Up & Down (Horace Parlan album)|Up&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Down]]'' ama [[AT&T]]. Meelaha kale, ampersands waxaa loo isticmaali karaa joogteyn iyo dookh halka space uu aad u xaddidan yahay (t.s., tables iyo infoboxes). Xigashooyinka [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Typographic conformity|waxaa lagu beddeli karaa si dhibco leh]], gaar ahaan joogteynta halka noocyada kala duwan lagu xigto, maadaama noocyada cusub ee qoraallada hore ay si joogto ah u beddealaan ampersands ''and'' (sida ay u beddealaan [[glyph]]s kale oo aan la isticmaalin, [[Typographic ligature|ligatures]], iyo gaabinta). Isticmaalka kale oo loo ilaysay laakiin aan loo baahnayn waa tixraacyada gaaban ee shaqaalaha leeh qoraa badan, t.s.: {{xt|<nowiki><ref>Lubbers & Scheepers (2002); Van Hiel & Mervielde (2002); Swyngedouw & Giles (2007); Van Hiel (2012).</ref></nowiki>}}. ==Farta Janjeerta== {{Shortcut|MOS:IT|MOS:ITAL}} ===<span id="Do not use capitals for emphasis"></span>Adkeynta=== Farta janjeerta waxaa loo isticmaalaa adkeyn, halkii loo isticmaali lahaa [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Boldface|farta buuran]] ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#All caps and small caps|xarfo waaweyn]]. Laakiin isticmaalka badan wuxuu yareeyaa shaqadiisa: tixgeli dib-u-qorista jumlada halkii aad farta janjeerta badsan lahayd. Isticmaal {{tag|em}} ama {{tlx|em|...}} si aad adkeyn u sameeyso. Kani wuxuu u sahlayaa [[Help:User style|waraaqaha qaabka isticmaalaha]] in loo maareeyo adkeynta qaab gaar ah, wuxuuna caawiyaa dadka dib-u-isticmaala ama turjumayaasha.{{refn|{{cite web |last1=Ishida |first1=Richard |title=Using b and i elements |quote=the content of a <code>b</code> element may not always be bold, and that of an <code>i</code> element may not always be italic. |url=https://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-b-and-i-tags |website=W3C Internationalization |publisher=[[World Wide Web Consortium]] |date=2015 |access-date=1 September 2016}} }} *Sax: <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>The meerkat is <em>not</em> actually a cat.</nowiki>}}</code> *Sax: <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>The meerkat is {{em|not}} actually a cat.</nowiki>}}</code> ===<span id="Italics-Titles"></span>Cinwaannada=== {{shortcut|MOS:NOITALIC}} {{/titles hatnote include|where=MOS#I-T}} Isticmaal farta janjeerta cinwaannada hawlaha waaweyn (sida buugaagta, filimada, taxanaha telefishanka, bandhigyada la magacaabay, ciyaaraha fiidiyowga, albamyada muusigga, iyo fanka). Cinwaannada maqaallada, cutubyada, noocyada muusigga, dhacdooyinka, sheekooyinka, qoraallada cilmi-baarista, iyo hawlaha kale ee gaaban waxay qaataan calaamadaha oraahda ee laba-laabka ah (" "). Farta janjeerta looma isticmaalo qoraallada diinta ee waaweyn ({{xt|the Bible}}, {{xt|the Quran}}, {{xt|the Talmud}}). Kuwa badan oo cinwaannadan ka mid ah waa inay sidoo kale raacaan [[#Titles of works|habka xaraf-weynaynta cinwaannada]]. ===Erayada loo isticmaalay eray ahaan=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Words as words}} {{for|the policy when a word or phrase itself may be an encyclopedic subject|Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#When a word or phrase may be an encyclopedic subject}} Isticmaal farta janjeerta marka aad {{em|xusayso}} eray ama xaraf {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Use–mention distinction]])}} ama weedh ilaa hal jumlad ah ({{xt|teramka ''panning'' wuxuu ka yimid ''panorama''}}; {{xt|xarafka ugu caansan Af-Soomaaliga waa ''a''}}). Marka jumlad dhan la xuso, calaamadaha oraahda ee laba-laabka ah ayaa loo isticmaali karaa halkii, iyadoo la dhowrayo joogteynta ({{xt|Erayga xiriiriya ee ku jira ''Waxay fadhisatay kursiga'' waa ''kursiga''}}; ama {{xt|Erayga xiriiriya ee ku jira "Waxay fadhisatay kursiga" waa "kursiga"}}). Calaamadaha oraahda waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa qoraallada gaaban si looga fogaado jahawareerka, sida marka farta janjeerta horey loogu isticmaalay bogga sabab kale awgeed (t.s., erayada iyo weedha badan ee aan Soomaaliga ahayn). {{em|Xusidda}} (si looga wada-hadlo naxwaha, xulashada erayada, ama calaamadaha hakadka) waxay ka duwan tahay {{em|xigashada}} (halka wax caadi ahaan lagu muujiyo magaca ilaha la xigtay). Xigashada waxaa lagu sameeyaa calaamadaha oraahda, waligeedna looma isticmaalo farta janjeerta ama labadaba hal mar {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Quotations}} si aad u ogaato faahfaahinta).}} Isticmaalka kale ee la xiriira farta janjeerta waa marka la soo bandhigayo ama lagu kala saarayo erayada ama fikradaha: {{xt|Fikradaha ''tirasagaashanka'' waa tirada idil ee ka weyn 0.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign words"></span>Erayada aan Soomaaliga ahayn=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Non-English terms}} Farta janjeerta waxaa loo isticmaalaa weedha aan Soomaaliga ahayn iyo erayada kelida ah ee ajnabiga ah ee aan caadi ahaan loo isticmaalin Af-Soomaaliga maalin kasta. Laakiin, magacyada u gaarka ah (sida magacyada meelaha) ee luqadaha kale caadi ahaan ma qaataan farta janjeerta, sidoo kale erayada ku jira farta aan Laatiinka ahayn. Qaab-dhismeedka {{tlx|lang}} iyo noocyadiisu waxay taageeraan dhammaan [[ISO 639]] koodhadhka luqadaha, iyagoo sax u aqoonsanaya luqadda si otomaatig ahna u janjeerinaya farta. Fadlan isticmaal qaab-dhismeedyadan halkii aad gacanta u janjeerin lahayd qoraalka aan Soomaaliga ahayn. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link|WP:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Other languages}} si aad u ogaato macluumaad dheeraad ah.)}} ===Magacyada sayniska=== Isticmaal farta janjeerta magacyada sayniska ee dhirta, xayawaanka, iyo [[Kingdom (biology)|dhammaan noolaha kale]] marka laga reebo fayrasyada heerka [[genus]] iyo ka hooseeya (janjeeri {{xt|''Panthera leo''}} iyo {{xt|''Retroviridae''}}, laakiin ha janjeerin {{xt|Felidae}}). Calaamadda isku-dhafka ma qaadato farta janjeerta ({{xt|''Rosa''&nbsp;×&nbsp;''damascena''}}), sidoo kale "erayga xiriiriya" ee loo baahan yahay [[Trinomial nomenclature#In botany|magacyada dhirta ee saddexda qaybood ah]] ma janjeero ({{xt|''Rosa gallica'' subsp. ''officinalis''}}). ===<span id="Italics and quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka ku dhex jira farta janjeerta=== {{shortcut|MOS:ITALQUOTE|}}{{See also|#Quotations}} <section begin="Quotations in italics body"/>Ha u qorin xigashooyinka farta janjeerta. [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation marks|Calaamadaha oraahda]] (ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Block quotations|xigashooyinka waaweyn]]) kaliya ayaa ku filan oo ah qaabka saxda ah ee loogu muujiyo xigashooyinka. Farta janjeerta waa in loo isticmaalo kaliya haddii qoraalka la xigtay uu ka mid yahay waxyaabo marka horeba u baahanaa farta janjeerta.<section end="Quotations in italics body"/> ([[#Italics within quotations|Eeg hoos]]). ===Farta janjeerta ee ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka=== <section begin="Italics within quotations body"/>Isticmaal farta janjeerta ku dhex jira xigashooyinka si aad u soo saarto adkeynta ku jirtay qoraalka asalka ah ama si aad u muujiso isticmaalka erayada aan Soomaaliga ahayn. Adkeynta waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu sameeyo {{tlx|em}}. Haddii aysan caddayn in ilaha asalka ahi ay horey u lahaayeen farta janjeerta (ama qaab kale) oo adkeyn ah, ama si loo muujiyo marka adkeynta aan loo isticmaalin qoraalkii asalka ahaa laakiin dambe lagu daray tifaftirka, ku dar xusuus-qoraalka tifaftirka {{xt|[adkeyntu waa asalka]}} ama {{xt|[adkeynta waa la daray]}}, sida ay u kala horreeyaan, ka dambaysta xigashada. * Tusaale ahaan: {{xt|"Muxuu yiri guda-galka xubintu. Habeen wanaagsan: Iyo {{em|kooxaha malaa'igta}} ha ku heesaan nasashadaada." [adkeyntu waa asalka].}}<section end="Italics within quotations body"/> ===Saamaynta ay ku leedahay calaamadaha hakadka ee dhow=== {{Shortcut|MOS:ITALPUNCT}} Janjeeri kaliya qaybaha jumlada oo ay saameysay adkeyntu. Ha janjeerin calaamadaha hakadka ee dhow. *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|Maxaan ka samaynaynaa {{em|arrintaas?}}}} (Calaamadda su'aashu waxay ku dabaqmeysaa jumlada dhan, ma aha kaliya erayga la adkeeyay ee ''arrintaas'', markaas waa inaysan janjeerin.) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Maxaan ka samaynaynaa {{em|arrintaas}}?}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Afar ka mid ah sheekooyinka ugu caansan Patrick White waa ''A Fringe of Leaves'', ''The Aunt's Story'', ''Voss'', iyo ''The Tree of Man''.}} (Calaamadaha hakadka ee ku dhow, nooca cunsurrada, iyo erayga ''iyo'' ma janjeeraan.) ==Xigashooyinka== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTE}} [[Wikipedia:Non-free content#Guideline examples|Xigashooyinka gaaban ee qoraallada xuqooqda la dhowray]] waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loogu muujiyo dhacdo, loo siiyo macrefe, ama loo tiiriyo aragti ama fikrad gaar ah. Inkastoo xigashooyinku ay yihiin qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah Wikipedia, isticmaalka xad-dhaafka ah kuma habboona uslubta qoraalka encyclopedia-da wuxuuna sababi karaa [[Wikipedia:Copyrights|xukun-jebinta xuqooqda qoraalka]], sidaas darteed badankooda qoraalka waa inuu ku dhex jiraa erayada tifaftiraha oo keliya. Tixgeli dib-u-qorista xigashooyinka si ay u noqdaan qoraal toos ah oo gaaban marka ay habboon tahay (iyadoo la ogaaday in [[Wikipedia:Close paraphrasing|qoraal-mucaawinedka dhow]] uu walillahi xukunkii xudaheeda baabi'in karo). [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Quotations|Ha u qorin xigashooyinka farta janjeerta]] ilaa qoraalku uu farta janjeerta u baahdo sabab kale awgeed. Raiyada [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|siyaasadda xaqiijinta]], xigashooyinka tooska ah {{em|waa in}} ay la socdaan [[WP:INCITE|tixraac ku dhex jira qoraalka]] oo ka yimid [[WP:RS|il lagu kalsoonaan karo]] oo taageeraysa qoraalka. Tani waxay si gaar ah uga muhiimsan tahay maqaallada ku saabsan ama ku dhex jira qoraallada ku saabsan [[WP:BLP|dadka nool ama dhowaan dhintay]]. ===<span class="anchor" id="Principle of minimal change"></span>Qoraalka asalka ah=== {{Shortcut|MOS:PMC|MOS:SIC}} Xigashooyinka waa inay noqdaan kuwo [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|xaqiijin leh]] oo loo tiiriyo ilahooda, qoraalka la xigtayna waa in si dhab ah loo soo saaro. Tani waxaa loo yaqaan {{em|mabda'a beddelka yar}}. Marka ay jirto sabab wanaagsan oo loo beddelo qoraalka, ku dar khaanadaha afkexan [ ] qoraalka la beddelay; tusaale ahaan, {{!xt|"Ocyrhoe wuxuu u sheegay aayihiisa"}} waxaa loo xigan karaa sida {{xt|"Ocyrhoe wuxuu u sheegay [aabihiis] aayihiisa"}}. Makhaadhaa yar oo dhanka higaada ama farta ah waa in si toos ah loo hagaajiyo (tusaale ahaan, hagaaji {{!xt|basicly}} oo u beddel {{xt|basically}}). Haddii ay jirto makhaadhaa muhiim ah qoraalkii asalka ahaa, raaci {{tlx|sic}} (oo soo saaraysa {{sic}}{{hsp}}) si loogu muujiyo in makhaadhaahaas aysan samayn Wikipedia; tusaale ahaan, {{xt|"wareysigiisii uu la yeeshay Dolly Llama {{sic}}"}}. Marka lagu dabaqo qoraal xiriiriye leh, adeegsiga qaab-dhismeedka waxaa loo hagaajin karaa {{tlx|sic|2=nolink=y}} (oo soo saaraysa {{sic|nolink=y}} qoraalka xiriiriyaha leh; tusaale ahaan ku dhex jirta xiriiriyaha: [[Template:Sic|{{sic|nolink=y}} template]]).{{efn|name="sicwarning"|{{tl|Sic}} ma aha in loo isticmaalo dhexda {{tag|ref}} tags, ama ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|qaab-dhismeedyada tixraacyada]] sida [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]] iyo [[Help:Citation Style 2|Citation Style 2]], sababtoo ah wuxuu leeyahay qoraal baabi'inaya [[COinS]] metadata ee ay soo saaraan; eeg [[Wikipedia:COinS]].}} Sababaha saxnaanta iyo tusmo-samaynta awgeed, cinwaannada ilaha tixraaca ma aha in loo hagaajiyo higaadooda, laakiin hagaajinta yar ee farta ah (sida beddelka [[MOS:CURLY|calaamadaha qaloocan]] oo loo beddelo kuwa tooska ah) waxaa loo samayn karaa si toos ah. Tixraacyada ku dhex jira qoraalka la xigtay, ee tilmaamaya ilo aan loo isticmaalin maqaalka Wikipedia, waa in si toos ah loo saaro. Isticmaal [[#Ellipses|saddexda dhibcood (...)]] si aad u muujiso ka-tagista qoraalka la xigtay. Ka-tagista la ogol yahay waxaa ku jira erayada aan loo baahnayn, aan la xiriirin, ama ngo'aanka ku jira, iyo erayada daalka ({{!xt|umm}} iyo {{!xt|hmm}}), laakiin ha ka tagin qoraal marka ka-tagistiisu ay baabi'inayso macnaha muhiimka ah ama ay beddelayso nuxurka qoraalka. Erayada rogaal-celiska ah ama kuwa xun-xun waa in loo muujiyo si sax ah sida ay ka muuqdaan ilaha la xigtay; Tifaftirayaasha Wikipedia waa innaan [[Wikipedia:Offensive material#How to treat offensive material in articles|dhalaalin ama qarin erayada]] ({{!xt|G-d d--n it!}}), laakiin haddii qoraalka la xigtay {{em|aysan}} sidaas sameeynayn, koobiyeey qoraalka si toos ah iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|sic}} si loo muujiyo in qoraalka loo xigtay sida uu ka muuqdo ilaha. Xigashooyinka tooska ah, dhowr higaada gobolka ama taariikhiga ah, harraan xaraf-weynaynta (laakiin ha dhowrin farta duugga ah ama xarfaha isku-dhafan, sida lagu sharraxay hoos ku dhex jirta {{slink||Typographic conformity}}). ===Aragtida ama Mawqifka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTEPOV}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Attributing and specifying biased statements|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Expressions of doubt}} Xigashoda waa in loo isticmaalo, iyadoo la tiirinayo ilaha, si loo soo bandhigo aragtiyo shaqsi ah oo aan lagu muujin karin codka Wikipedia dhexdeeda, laakiin waligeed ma aha si loo soo bandhigo xeerarka dhaqanka sida aragtiyo oo keliya: *La aqbali karo: {{xt|Siskel iyo Ebert waxay filimka ku tilmaameen "mid aan la iloobi karin".}} *Aan la aqbali karin: {{!xt|Boga waxaa loo arkaa "mid ka reebban" qoraallada diinta.}} Aragtiyada gaaban ee aan aadka u xasaasiga ahayn caadi ahaan waxaa lagu soo sheegi karaa iyadoo loo tiiriyo ilaha halkii loo isticmaali lahaa xigasho toos ah. Isticmaalka calaamadaha oraahda ee erayada sharraxaadda leh ee gaaban wuxuu [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Expressions of doubt|muujin karaa nghi ama tuhun]] ku saabsan maaddada la xigtay; sarbeebta ama [[weasel words|erayada daboolan]], sida ''loogu dhex yiri'' ama ''waxaa loogu yeeraa'', waa lagu muujin karaa. *La aqbali karo: {{xt|Siskel iyo Ebert waxay filimka ku tilmaameen mid xiiso leh.}} *Aan loo baahnayn oo muujin kara nghi: {{!xt|Siskel iyo Ebert waxay filimka ku tilmaameen "mid xiiso leh".}} *Waa in la xigto: {{xt|Siskel iyo Ebert waxay filimka ku tilmaameen "mid xiiso leh laakiin xanuun badan".}} ===Waafaqsanaanta farta iyo qoraalka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:CONFORM}} Xigashodu ma aha [[wikt:facsimile|koobi toos ah oo sawir ah]] oo, xaaladaha badankooda, ma aha shuruud in qaabkii asalka ahaa lagu dhowro. Qaabka iyo cunsurrada kale ee farta ee qoraalka la xigtay waa in lagu waafajiyo heshiisyada Wikipedia-da Soomaaliga iyadoo aan la samayn faallo, iyadoo la xaqijiyay in sameynta tan aysan beddeli doonin ama baabi'in doonin macnaha ama inta qoraalka. Kani waa beddel aan samaynayn kala duwanaansho marka qoraalka loo read-gareeyo si toos ah; tusaale ahaan: *Sinnaanta dhex-xariijimaha: eeg {{Section link||Dashes}}. Isticmaal qaabka loo doortay maqaalka: unspaced [[em dash]] ama spaced [[en dash]]. *Beddel calaamadaha sare iyo calaamadaha oraahda oo u beddel qaabka Wikipedia: **Kuwani waa inay noqdaan kuwo toos ah, ma aha kuwo qaloocan. Eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}}. **Marka aad xigtayso xigasho dhexdeeda ay ku dhex jirto xigasho kale, beddel dhexdeeda isticmaalka calaamadaha oraahda ee laba-laabka ah iyo kuwa kelida ah ee xigasho kasta. Eeg {{section link||For a quotation within a quotation}} si aad u ogaato faahfaahinta. *Marka aad xigtayso qoraal ka soo baxay luqadaha kale, calaamadaha hakadka ee ka baxsan waa inay raacaan [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation marks|Hagaha Hab-qoraalka ee calaamadaha oraahda Soomaaliga]]. Haddii ay jiraan xigashooyin dhexda ku jira, raac shuruudaha calaamadaha hakadka ee saxda ah ee luqaddaas. *Ka saar meelaha bannaan ee ka horreeya calaamadaha hakadka sida dhibcaha iyo xiaraanta. *Caadi ahaan sii wad farta buuran iyo janjeerta {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Italics}})}}, laakiin badankooda qaabka kale waa in loo beddelo qoraal toos ah. Qoraalka hoos ka xariiqan, meelaha bannaan ee erayada dhexdisa ah, xarfaha waaweyn oo dhan, iyo wixii la mid ah caadi ahaan waa in loo beddelo qoraal toos ah. Haddii ay caddaynayso adkeyn, isticmaal farta janjeerta ama farta buuran. *Kala bixi gaabinta (aan horey loo isticmaalin qoraalka ka hor xigashada) iyadoo lagu dhex darayo khaanadaha afkexan, ama ku sharrax iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|abbr}}. {{Shortcut|MOS:RETAINQUOTEVARIETY}} {{vanchor|Retain quote variety|text= Laakiin, noocyada luqadda ee gobollada ma aha in loo beddelo, maadaama kuwani ay ku dhex jiri karaan beddelka erayada. Tusaale ahaan, xigasho ka soo baxday ilo British ah waa in ay sii wadato higaada British-ka, xataa maqaal oo haddii kale isticmaala higaada kale. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Consistency within articles}}.)}}}} Nambarada sidoo kale caadi ahaan ma aha in loo qaabaysho si kale. Xigashoda tooska ah ma aha in loo isticmaalo si loo dhowro qaabka uu doorbidayo daabacaha ka baxsan, maadaama kani wuxuu leeyahay saameyn sarbeeb ah: *{{em|La aqbali karo}}: {{xt|Xayawaanka waxaa loo diiwaan geliyay inuu yahay mid halis ku jira maqaalka IUCN.}} *{{em|Aan la aqbali karin}}: {{!xt|Xayawaanka waxaa loo diiwaan geliyay inuu yahay "Halis ku jira" maqaalka IUCN.}} Marka aad xigtayso jumlad dhan, caadi ahaan waxaa lagu taliyaa in erayga ugu horreeya uu sii wado xaraf-weyn. Laakiin, haddii qoraalka la xigtay lagu dhex daray jumlada ku dhow (tusaale ahaan, leh hordhac sida "X wuxuu yiri"), xarafka weyn ee asalka ah waxaa loo beddeli karaa xaraf yar. ===Tiirinta ilaha === Akhristahu waa inuu awoodaa inuu go'aamiyo ilaha xigasho kasta, ugu yaraan ka magaca tixraaca hoose. Ilaha waa in lagu magacaabo {{em|qoraalka maqaalka}} haddii xigashodu ay tahay aragti. Marka aad tiirinayo xigasho, ka fogaaw sharraxaadda foomka eexda leh. ===Xigashooyinka ku dhex jira xigashooyinka=== Eeg {{section link||For a quotation within a quotation}}. ===Isku xirka === {{Shortcut|MOS:LINKQUOTE|MOS:LWQ}} Noqo mid taxaddar leh marka aad isku xirayso ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka; isku xir kaliya bartilmaameedyada u dhigma macnaha caddaynaya ee uu u intent-gareeyay qoraaga xigashoda. Halka ay suurtogal tahay, isku xir qoraalka ka baxsan xigashoda halkii – mid ka hor ama dhowaan ka dambeeya. ===<span class="anchor" id="Block quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka waaweyn=== {{Shortcut|MOS:BQ|MOS:BLOCKQUOTE}} U qaabayso xigashoda dheer (ka badan 40 eray ama ka kooban ka badan hal baaragaraaf) sida [[block quotation]], iyadoo la isticmaalayo qaab-dhismeedka {{tlx|blockquote}}. Qoraalka lagu muujiyay xigashooyinka waaweyn iyo khaanadaha xigashada waa inuusan dhitadiisu noqon mid lagu duubay calaamadaha oraahda. Isticmaal {{tnull|blockquote}} iyo qaab-dhismeedka la midka ah kaliya xigashooyinka dhabta ah; xariijinta sababaha kale waxaa loo sameeyaa foom kale. Waa xeer in lagu hor maro xigashoda weyn jumlad hordhac ah (ama qayb jumlad ah) oo lagu daro tixraaca ilaha xarkaas. Qaab-dhismeedka {{tnull|blockquote}} wuxuu bixiyaa xaddidyo loogu talagalay tiirinta iyo tixraaca oo ka muuqan doona ka hooseeya xigashoda. Xigasho aan lahayn ilo loo tixraacay waa in lagu calaamadeeyo {{tlx|quote without source}}, ama la saaro. ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign-language quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka aan Soomaaliga ahayn=== {{Shortcut|MOS:FOREIGNQUOTE|}} Xigashooyinka ka soo baxday ilaha aan Soomaaliga ahayn waa inay ka muuqdaan turjumaad loo beddeley Af-Soomaali. Xigashooyinka ah turjumaada waa in si toos ah loo kala saaro kuwa aan ahayn. Muuji ilaha asalka ah ee turjumaada, iyo luqadda asalka ah (haddii aysan caddayn xaaladda). Haddii qoraalka asalka ah ee aan la turjumin uu yahay mid la heli karo, bixi tixraac iyada ama ku dar iyada, sida habboon. Marka tifaftirayaashu ay turjumaan qoraal oo loo beddelo Af-Soomaali, daryeel waa in mar walba loo qaado si lagu dhex jiro qoraalka asalka ah, {{em|farta janjeerta dhexdeeda}} (marka laga reebo dhismaha farta aan Laatiinka ahayn, oo ugu wanaagsan lagu sameyo qaab-dhismeedyada {{tlx|lang}} ama {{tlx|langx}}); iyo si loo isticmaalo erayada dhabta ah ee Af-Soomaaliga ee turjumaada dhexdeeda. ==Punctuation== {{Shortcut|MOS:PUNCT}} {{For|a brief guide to how some punctuation marks are used in Wikipedia for special purposes, e.g., [[Help:List#List basics|description lists]]|Help:Punctuation}} ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign characters that resemble apostrophes"></span>Apostrophes=== {{Shortcut|MOS:'|MOS:APOSTROPHE}} *Isticmaal [[straight apostrophe]]s ({{big|{{mxt|'}}}}), ma aha [[curly apostrophe]]s ({{big|{{!mxt|’}}}}). Ha isticmaalin accent marks ama [[backtick]]s ({{big|{{!mxt|`}}}}) sida apostrophes. *Moodallada sida {{tlx|`}} iyo {{tlx|`s}} waxay leeyihiin taageero marka apostrophe (ama single quote) ka muuqdo bilowga ama dhamaadka qoraalka ku dhex jira italics ama bold, sababtoo ah italics iyo bold laikiisu waxaa lagu muujiyaa noocyada single quotes. **Marka apostrophe raaco qoraalka italics-ka ah, {{tlx|'}} ama {{tlx|'s}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si looga fogaado xarafka ugu dambeeya ee qoraalka dhanka midig ah inuu isku xiro apostrophe-ka. Tusaale: {{xt|the ''Iliad''{{'s}} themes}} (markup: {{nobreak|<code><nowiki>the ''Iliad''{{'s}} themes</nowiki></code>}}). *Xarfaha u okiya apostrophes iyo curly quotes, sida [[{{okina}}okina]] ({{mxt|{{okina}}}}{{snd}}la dhex geliyo iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|okina}}), [[Saltillo (linguistics)|saltillo]] ({{mxt|{{saltillo}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|saltillo}}), Hebrew [[ayin]] ama Arabic ʿayn ({{mxt|{{ayin}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|ayin}}), iyo Arabic [[hamza]] ({{mxt|{{hamza}}}}{{snd}}{{tlx|hamza}}), waa in lagu muujiyo moodalladaas ama xarfaha laikiis ee [[Unicode]]. (Basic Arabic transliteration, oo isticmaala ASCII apostrophe, waxaa ka wanaagsan xaaladaha badankooda ka magaca [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Arabic]]; xarfaha kale kani waxaa loo isticmaalaa kaliya transliteration-ka saxda ah.) **Moodallada ma loo isticmaali karo mawduucyada maqaalka; isticmaal xarafka Unicode-ka ee u dhigma toos. Per {{Section link|Wikipedia:Article titles#Special characters}}, sidoo kale samee redirection ka soo baxay foomka ASCII-ka ah si loogu taageero raadinta. Foomamka aan lahayn xarfaha apostrophe-ka oo kale marna waxaa ka wanaagsan ka magaca {{Section link|Wikipedia:Article titles# Use commonly recognizable names}} (t.s. [[Hawaii]] laakiin ma aha [[Keali{{okina}}i Reichel]]). *:{{crossref|pw=y|Sidoo kale eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles|Orthography, spelling and formatting}}}} *Ee [[Wade–Giles]] romanizations ee Mandarin Chinese, isticmaal {{tlx|wg-apos}}. *Luqadaha leh [[ejective consonants]] iyo wixii la mid ah, isticmaal {{tlx|hamza}}. *Ee Cyrillic [[soft sign]], marka lagu muujiyo dhammaan, isticmaal {{tlx|softsign}} ama {{tlx|hamza}}. *Ee isticmaalka possessive apostrophe-ka, eeg {{section link||Possessives}}. *Ee xeel-dheeraanta isticmaalka apostrophe-ka (possessive, elision, formation ee plurals qaarkood, arrimo luqadaha aan English-ka ahayn), eeg maqaalka [[Apostrophe]]. ===Calaamadaha xigmadda=== {{Shortcut|MOS:"|MOS:QUOTEMARKS|}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotations}} Maaddada ka hooseysa, term-ka ''quotation'' wuxuu ku dhex jiraa isticmaalka caadiga ah ee calaamadaha xigmadda sida mawduucyada noocyada, chapters-ka, episodes-ka, iyo wixii la mid ah. Calaamadaha xigmadda sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaalaa xaaladaha kale, sida [[#Animals, plants, and other organisms|magacyada cultivar]]. ====Calaamadaha xigmadda xarfaha==== {{Shortcut|MOS:CQ|MOS:CURLY|MOS:STRAIGHT}} *Isticmaal {{xt|{{big|<b>"</b>}}straight{{big|<b>"</b>}}}} calaamadaha xigmadda, ma aha {{!xt|{{big|<b>“</b>}}curly{{big|<b>”</b>}}}} kuwo. (Ee [[single quotes]]: {{xt|{{big|<b>'</b>}}straight{{big|<b>'</b>}}}}, ma aha {{!xt|{{big|<b>‘</b>}}curly{{big|<b>’</b>}}}}.) *Ha isticmaalin accent marks, backticks ({{!xt|{{big|'''`'''}}text{{big|'''´'''}}}}), low–high ({{!xt|„&nbsp;“}}), corner brackets ({{!xt|「&nbsp;」}}), [[guillemet]]s ({{!xt|«&nbsp;»}}), ama [[Chinese punctuation#Book title marks|title marks]] ({{!xt|《&nbsp;》}}) sida calaamadaha xigmadda (marka laga reebo marka marks-kaas ay yihiin {{em|internal}} ee qoraalka aan English-ka ahayn ee la xigtay{{snd}}eeg {{slink||Typographic conformity}}). Symbols-ka {{!xt|′}} iyo {{!xt|″}} ee ka muuqda edit window dropdowns waa "[[prime (symbol)|prime]]" iyo "double prime" sida ay u kala horreeyaan: kuwani waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loogu muujiyo [[Minute and second of arc|units of angular measurement]], oo ma aha sida apostrophes ama quote marks. *Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo apostrophes ee maaddada la import-gareeyay [[#Typographic conformity|waa in loo beddelo]] haddii ay noqoto lagama maarmaan si loo raaco sare. ====<span id="Double or single quotation marks"></span><span id="Single quotation marks"></span>Double ama single==== {{Shortcut|MOS:SINGLE|MOS:DOUBLE|}} *Badankooda xigashooyinku waxay qaataan calaamadaha xigmadda double-ka ah ({{xt|Welles said: "It was a terrible situation."}}),{{efn|1=Double quotation marks waxaa ka wanaagsan single sababtoo ah waxay si toos ah uga kala duwan yihiin apostrophes: *{{!xt|She wrote that 'Cleanthes' differs from the others', but neither opinion may represent Hume's'}} (wuxuu yareeyaa akhristaha). *{{xt|She wrote that "Cleanthes' differs from the others', but neither opinion may represent Hume's"}} (caddayn badan). }} marka laga reebo xigashooyinka ku dhex jira (eeg ka hooseeya). *Plant cultivars waxay qaataan calaamadaha xigmadda single-ka ah ({{xt|''Malus domestica'' 'Golden Delicious'}}; eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora)]]). *[[Gloss (annotation)#In linguistics|Glosses]] oo turjumaya ama definining-garaynaya terms aan la dhasheyn (marka la isticmaalayo [[MOS:WORDSASWORDS|words as words]]) waxay qaataan single quotes; glosses-ka gaaban ma u baahna comma ka hor definition-ka ({{xt|''Cossack'' originates from [[Cuman language|Cuman]] {{lang|qwm|proto=yes|qazaq}} 'freebooter'; ''republic'' comes from Latin {{lang|la|res publica}}, loosely meaning 'public affair'.}}). Moodalka {{tl|Gloss}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa tan; t.s. <code>{{tlp|lang|es|casa}} {{tlf|gloss|house}}</code> wuxuu soo saaraa: {{lang|es|casa}} {{gloss|house}}. Ee turjumaada tooska ah, moodalka {{tl|Literal translation}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa; wuxuu dhex gelyaa {{xt|lit.}} ka hor gloss-ka. ====Ee xigasho ku dhex jirta xigasho==== {{Shortcut|MOS:QWQ|}} Isticmaal single quotes: *{{xt|Darwin wrote in his introduction that "the maxim 'de minimis lex non curat' does not apply to science".}} Ee dhismaha dheeraad ah, beddel dhexda single iyo double quotes: *{{xt|He said, "That book asserts, 'Confucius said "Everything has beauty, but not everyone sees it.{{" ' "}}}} Ee quote marks ee uusocodka tooska ah, ku dar space yar iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{nowrap|{{tl|" '}}}}, {{nowrap|{{tl|' "}}}}, ama (sida tusaale ahaan halkan loo dhiibay) {{nowrap|{{tl|" ' "}}}}: *{{xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!{{' "}}}} Markup: <code>He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!{{tl|' "}}</code> *{{!xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!'"}} (jamming garaynta waxyaabaha waxay u okisaa si xun fonts badankooda) *{{!xt|He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!'{{nbsp}}"}} (space caadi ah wuxuu leeyahay inta badan) ====<span id="Quotation marks in article openings"></span>Bilowga maqaalka==== {{Shortcut|MOS:BOLDQUOTE}} Qoraalka bold-ka ah oo caadi ahaan ka muuqda bilowga maqaalka: *Calaamad kasta oo xigmadda ah oo qayb ka mid ah mawduuca waa in ay noqoto bold sida qaybta hartay ee mawduuca. **Ka soo baxay ''[["A" Is for Alibi]]'': {{xt|'''''"A" Is for Alibi''''' is a mystery novel&nbsp;...}} *Calaamadaha xigmadda ee {{em|aan}} qayb ka mid ah mawduuca ma aha in ay noqdaan bold. **Ka soo baxay [[Jabberwocky]]: {{xt|"'''Jabberwocky'''" is a nonsense poem&nbsp;...}} **Ka soo baxay [[Babe Ruth]]: {{xt|'''George Herman''' "'''Babe'''" '''Ruth''' was an American baseball player&nbsp;...}} {{crossref|pw=y|(Sidoo kale eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography|Nicknames}}.)}} ====Punctuation ka hor xigashooyinka==== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTEPUNCT}} Haddii dhisma aan la xigtay laakiin kale oo u dhigma uu shaqayn lahaa grammatically aan lahayn comma, isticmaalka comma ka hor xigasho oo lagu ammaan goyay jumlad waa dookh: *{{xt|The report stated "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} ([[wikt:cf.|Cf.]] aan la xigtay {{xt|The report stated there was a 45% reduction in transmission rate.}}) *{{xt|The report stated, "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} Qaabka aan lahayn comma ka sanado badan waxaa loo isticmaalaa xigashooyinka qaybta ah: *{{xt|The report observed "a 45% reduction in transmission rate".}} Comma waxaa loo baahan yahay marka ay ka muuqan lahayd dhismaha oo kale haddii maaddada aan ayan ahayn xigasho: *{{xt|In Margaret Mead's view, "we must recognize the whole gamut of human potentialities" to enrich our culture.}} Ha dhex gelin comma haddii ay is-dhaafsi keeni karto ama beddeli karto macnaha: *{{xt|Caitlyn Jenner expressed concerns about children "who are coming to terms with being true to who they are".}} (Xigasho sax ah oo ka soo baxday foomka ku saabsan {{em|carruurta qaarkood}}{{snd}}gaar ahaan carruurtaas "who are coming to terms{{nbsp}}...") *{{!xt|Caitlyn Jenner expressed concerns about children, "who are coming to terms with being true to who they are".}} (Beddelaa macnaha si loogu muujiyo Jenner in ay muujinaysay concern ku saabsan {{em|dhammaan}} carruurta, inta la dhiibay in carruurtu, guud ahaan, "are coming to terms{{nbsp}}...") Waxay ka caddayn tahay in loo isticmaalo colon si loo soo bandhigo xigasho haddii ay samaynayso jumlad dhan, iyo kani waa in mar walba loo sameyo xigashooyinka jumlado badan leeh: *{{xt|The report stated: "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."}} *{{xt|In a letter to his son, Albert Einstein wrote: "Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance you must keep moving."}} Punctuation dheeraad ah ma aha mid lagama maarmaan ah ee tooska ah [[#Words as words|words-as-words]] xaaladda: *{{xt|The message was unintelligible except for the fragments "help soon" and "how much longer before".}} ====<span class="anchor" id="Quotation marks-Titles"></span><span id="Quotation marks with names and titles"></span>Magacyada iyo mawduucyada==== {{/titles hatnote include|where=MOS#P-QM-N&T}} Calaamadaha xigmadda waa in loo isticmaalo magacyada iyo mawduucyada soo socda: {{columns-list|colwidth=27em| *Maqaallada iyo chapters-ka (buugaagta iyo periodicals waa italics) *Sheekooyinka gaaban (buugaagta iyo periodicals waa italics) *Qaybaha muusigga (pieces waa italics) *Strips-ka gaarka ah ee comics iyo webcomics (comics waa italics) *Gabayada (gabayada dheer ama epic waa italics) *Noocyada (albums, song cycles, operas, operettas, iyo oratorios waa italics) *Episodes-ka gaarka ah ee taxanaha TV-ga iyo radio-ga iyo [[Serial (radio and television)|serials]] (mawduuca taxanaha waa italics){{efn|1="Mawduuca taxanaha waa italics" wuxuu isticmaalayaa ''taxanaha'' si loogu macneeyo show-ga dhan. Season (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay ''series'' ee British English-ka) leh mawduuciisa laikiis wuxuu isticmaalaa calaamadaha xigmadda mawduucaas, sida sub-work.}} }} {{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The Beatles wrote "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" for their album ''Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band''.}} Ha isticmaalin calaamadaha xigmadda ama italics ee qoraallada hore, concert tours, meelaha, cibaadooyinka, myths, iyo epics. (Kuwa badan, laakiin ma aha dhammaan, oo ka mid ah waxyaabahaani [[#Titles of works|waa inay sidoo kale ku dhex jirin title case]].) ====<span class="anchor" id="LP"></span><span class="anchor" id="LQ"></span><span class="anchor" id="TQ"></span><span class="anchor" id="logical quotes"></span><span id="Punctuation inside or outside quotation marks"></span>Punctuation ku dhex jirta ama ka baxsan==== {{Shortcut|MOS:LQ|MOS:LOGICAL|MOS:INOROUT}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Logical quotation on Wikipedia|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Effect on nearby punctuation}}<!-- Another kind of punctuation "in or out". EDITORS PLEASE NOTE: Changes to this section may escalate into heated dispute. Please consider raising any proposed changes for discussion and consensus-building on the talk page before editing. --> Isticmaal qaabka [[logical quotation]] dhammaan maqaallada, iyadoo aan loo eegin nooca English-ka oo lagu qoray. Ku dar punctuation-ka dhamaadka ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda kaliya haddii uu ka muuqday maaddada asalka ah, oo haddii kale u lag ka dambaysta calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. Qaybta badankeeda, kani wuxuu macneynayaa u treats-garaynta periods iyo commas foomkaas oo kale sida question marks: sii wad ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda haddii ay ku dabaqmaan kaliya maaddada la xigtay iyo ka baxsan haddii ay ku dabaqmaan jumlada dhan. Tusaalooyinka waxaa loo dhiibay ka hooseeya. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Did Darla say, "Here I am"?}} (question mark wuxuu ku dabaqmaa jumlada dhan) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|Did Darla say, "Here I am?"}} (aan sax ahayn in lagu dabaqo question mark xigashoda) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Darla said, "Where am I?"}} (question mark wuxuu ku dabaqmaa maaddada la xigtay kaliya) Haddii xigashodu ay tahay eray gaar ah ama qayb jumlad ah, u lag punctuation-ka dhamaadka ka baxsan calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. Marka aad xigtayso jumlad dhan, dhamaadka oo u dhigma dhamaadka jumlada ku dhex jirta, u lag punctuation-ka dhamaadka ku dhex jira calaamadda xigmadda xiritaanka. *{{xt|Miller wanted, he said, "to create something timeless".}} *{{xt|Miller said: "I wanted to create something timeless."}} Haddii jumlada la xigtay ay raacdo [[clause]] oo waa in uu ka horreeyo comma, ka tag [[full stop]] (period), iyo ha u beddelin comma {{em|ku dhex jirta}} xigashoda.{{efn|Kani waa foomka ugu muhiimsan oo uu logical quotation ku kala duwan yahay isticmaalka punctuation-ka wargaysyada British-ka, halka publishers badan ay u ilayeeyaan beddelkaas maaddada la xigtay, oo ka aghas ah saxnaanta dhismaha logical punctuation-ka.}} Terminal punctuation kale, sida question marks ama exclamation marks, waxaa lagu dhowri karaa. *{{xt|Livingston then said, "It is done", and turned to the people.}} *{{xt|Livingston then exclaimed, "It is done!", and turned to the people.}} Haddii jumlada la xigtay ay raacdo clause oo aqoonsanaya speaker-ka, isticmaal comma ka baxsan calaamadda xigmadda halkii full stop ku dhex jira, laakiin sii wad terminal punctuation kasta oo kale, sida question mark. *{{xt|"There is no strife, no prejudice, no national conflict in outer space as yet", said Kennedy.}} *{{xt|By asking "Who are you?", she prompts John to tell his story.}} Ha raacin erayada ama qaybaha la xigtay commas ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda, marka laga reebo halka xigasho dheer lagu baabi'iyay iyo comma uu yahay qayb ka mid ah xigashoda dhan. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change, opening the way to confidence and courage", said Turner.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change," said Turner, "opening the way to confidence and courage."}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"I began to change, opening the way", said Turner, "to confidence and courage."}} *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|"I began to change, opening the way," said Turner, "to confidence and courage."}} ==== Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo isqu xirka ka baxsan ==== Isqu xirka ka baxsan ee u socda mawduucyada maqaallada waa in ay leeyihiin mawduuca ku dhex jira quotes ku dhex jira isqu xirka. Moodallada tixraaca ee [[Help:Citation Style 1|CS1]] iyo [[Help:Citation Style 2|CS2]] waxay sameynayaan tan si otomaatig ah, iyo tixraacyada aan moodalka lahayn waa inay sameeyaan foomkan oo kale. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|{{cite news |last1=Kiefer |first1=Francine |title=Clinton: The Early Years |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |date=May 29, 1998 |ref=none}}}} (Isticmaalka {{tl|cite news}}) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt| Kiefer, Francine (May 29, 1998). [https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html "Clinton: The Early Years"]. ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''.}} (Aan moodal lahayn) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt| Kiefer, Francine (May 29, 1998). "[https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html Clinton: The Early Years]". ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''.}} (Aan moodal lahayn) ==== Calaamadaha xigmadda iyo isqu xirka ku dhex jira ==== Isqu xirka ku dhex jira (wikilinks) oo ay la socdaan calaamadaha xigmadda caadi ahaan waa inay leeyihiin quotes ka baxsan isqu xirka. Kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa mawduucyada shaqaalaha ku dhex jira calaamadaha xigmadda (noocyada, episodes-ka, iyo wixii la mid ah) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Play it, Sam. Play "[[As Time Goes By (song)|As Time Goes By]]".}} (Isticmaalka <code><nowiki>"[[ ]]"</nowiki></code>.) *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|Play it, Sam. Play [[As Time Goes By (song)|"As Time Goes By"]].}} (Isticmaalka <code><nowiki>[[" "]]</nowiki></code>.) Laakiin, calaamadaha xigmadda waxaa loo baahan yahay ku dhex jira wikilinks marka calaamadda xigmadda ay tahay qayb ka mid ah isqu xirka, ama halka qoraalka isqu xirka leh ee muuqda uu ku dhex jiro calaamadaha xigmadda oo muujinaya slang, nicknames, magacyada caadiga ah, ama isticmaalka la midka ah. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The term ''soccer'' comes from [[Oxford "-er"|Oxford {{nowrap|"-er"}}]] slang, which was prevalent at the [[University of Oxford]] in England from about 1875...}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|A Cockney accent [[Rhoticity in English|drops the "r"]] after a vowel.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|The [[Dynamo Sports Club|Proletarian Sports Society "Dynamo"]] was established in Moscow in 1923.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|President Suharto's [[New Order (Indonesia)|"New Order"]] administration received US support for its economic policies.}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Japan's [[Lost Decades|"Lost Decades"]] began in 1991.}} ===Brackets iyo parentheses=== {{Shortcut|MOS:()|MOS:BRACKETS}} {{Redirect|MOS:PAREN|use of parentheses (round brackets) in article titles|WP:Article titles#Parenthetical disambiguation|deprecated inline parenthetical citations|WP:Citing sources#Parenthetical referencing}} Qaybtan waxay ku dabaqmaysaa labadaba round brackets {{xt|(&nbsp;)}}, sidoo cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay [[Bracket|parentheses]], iyo square brackets {{xt|[&nbsp;]}}. Haddii jumlad ay ku dhex jirto foom bracketed ah, u lag punctuation-ka jumlada ka baxsan brackets-ka {{xt|(sida halkan loo muujiyay).}} Laakiin, halka hal ama ka badan jumlado ay ku dhex jiraan brackets-ka dhan, u lag punctuation-kooda ku dhex jira brackets-ka. Waa inuusan jirin space dhow dhanka ku dhex jira ee bracket-ka. Bracket-ka oo starts-garoogaya caadi ahaan waa inuu ka horreeyo space. Kani ma noqon karo xaaladda haddii uu ka horreeyo calaamad xigmadda oo starts-garoogaysa, bracket kale oo starts-garoogaya, ama qayb ka mid ah eray: *{{xt|He rose to address the meeting: "(Ahem)&nbsp;... Ladies and gentlemen, welcome!"}} *{{xt|Only the royal characters in the play ([Prince] Hamlet and his family) habitually speak in blank verse.}} *{{xt|We journeyed on the Inter[continental].}} *{{xt|Most people are right-handed. (Some people are left-handed, but that does not make right-handed people "better" than left-handed people.)}} Waa inuu jiro space ka dambeeya bracket-ka xiritaanka, marka laga reebo halka punctuation mark uu raaco (inkastoo spaced dash uu sii wadi doono space ka dambeeya bracket-ka xiritaanka) iyo xaaladaha aan caadiga ahayn ee la midka ah kuwa lagu tirtiray bracket-ka starts-garoogaya. Ka fogao kooxaha dhow ee brackets-ka. Mid ka mid ah u lag foomamka parenthetical-ka ah ku dhex jirta hal koox oo lagu kala saaray semicolons, ama dib-u-qor: *{{em|Ka fogao}}: {{!xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919) (also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader.}} *{{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: {{xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919; also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader.}} *{{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: {{xt|Nikifor Grigoriev ({{circa|1885}}&nbsp;– 1919) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader. He was also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv.}} Square brackets waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loogu muujiyo beddelka tifaftirka iyo dhex-gelinta ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka, inkastoo kani waligeed ma aha inuu beddelo macnaha loo intended-gareeyay. Waxay u adeegaan saddex sababood oo waaweyn: *Si loo caddayo: {{xt|She attended [secondary] school}}, halka kani uu ahaa macnaha loo intended-gareeyay, laakiin nooca school-ka uusan ahayn mid lagu dhiibay jumlada asalka ah. *Si loo yareeyo dheerka xigashoda: {{xt|X contains Y, and under certain circumstances, X may contain Z as well}} waxaa loo yareeyn karaa {{xt|X contains Y [and sometimes Z]}}. Marka ellipsis ({{xt|...}}) loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo maaddada ka baxday xigashoda tooska ah, caadi ahaan ma aha in lagu duubo bracket. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Ellipses}} si aad u ogaato xaaladda gaarka ah.)}} *Si loo sameyo grammar-ka inuu shaqeeyo: Tixraacaya foomka dadka {{xt|"I hate to do laundry"}}, ein wuxuu sax ah ugu qori karaa {{xt|She "hate[s] to do laundry"}}. Haddii jumlad ay ku dhex jirta maaddo subsidiary ah oo lagu duubay square ama round brackets, waa in ay sii wadato terminal punctuation {{em|ka dambaysa}} brackets-kaas, iyadoo aan loo eegin punctuation kasta oo ku dhex jira brackets-ka. {{Block indent|{{xt|She refused all requests (except for basics such as food, medicine, etc.).}}}} Laakiin, haddii jumlada dhan ay ku dhex jirta brackets-ka, punctuation-ka xiritaanka wuxuu ku dhex jiraa brackets-ka. {{xt|(This sentence is an example.)}} ====Brackets iyo isqu xirka==== Square brackets ku dhex jira isqu xirka waa inay noqdaan kuwo [[Escape character|escaped]] ah: {| class="wikitable" | He said, "<code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[[John Doe|John &amp;#91;Doe&amp;#93;]]</nowiki>}}</code> answered." || He said, "[[John Doe|John &#91;Doe&#93;]] answered." |- | He said, "<code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[[John Doe|John {{bracket|Doe}}]]</nowiki>}}</code> answered." || He said, "[[John Doe|John {{bracket|Doe}}]] answered." |- | <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[https://example.com On the first day &amp;#91;etc.&amp;#93;]</nowiki>}}</code> || [https://example.com On the first day &#91;etc.&#93;] |- | <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>[https://example.com On the first day {{bracket|etc.}}]</nowiki>}}</code> || [https://example.com On the first day {{bracket|etc.}}] |} Markup-ka {{xtag|nowiki}} sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaali karaa: {{tag|nowiki|content=[Doe]}} ama {{tag|nowiki|content=[etc.]}}. Haddii URL laikiisu uu ku dhex jiro square brackets, wikitext-ku waa inuu isticmaalo foomka [[URL encoding|URL-encoded]] ah <code><nowiki>https://</nowiki>example.com/foo.php?query={{bxt|%5B}}xxx{{bxt|%5D}}yyy</code>, halkii&nbsp;...<code>query={{!bxt|&#91;}}xxx{{!bxt|&#93;}}yyy</code>. Kani wuxuu ka fogaan doonaa baabi'inta isqu xirka ka dambaysa <code>xxx</code>. ====Angle brackets==== :''Ee guillemets («&nbsp;»), eeg {{section link|#Quotation characters}}'' Angle brackets (⟨&nbsp;⟩) waxaa loo isticmaalaa mawduucyada tignoolajiyada ee kala duwan, sida physics-ka ee [[bra–ket notation]] iyo [[Expectation value (quantum mechanics)|expectation value]] (t.s. {{xt|⟨''φ''{{!}}''ψ''⟩}}), mathematics-ka ee [[presentation of a group]], iyo linguistics-ka si loogu muujiyo [[grapheme]]s (t.s. {{xt|the digraph ⟨sh⟩}}). Ha isticmaalin less-than iyo greater-than signs (<&nbsp;>) sida angle brackets (t.s. {{!xt|<''φ''{{!}}''ψ''>}}, {{!xt|the digraph <sh>}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipses"></span><span class="anchor" id="..."></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis style"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis function and implementation"></span>Ellipses=== {{Shortcut|MOS:...|MOS:ELLIPSIS|}} Isticmaal ''[[ellipsis]]'' haddii maaddadu ay ka baxday xigashoda, ilaa square brackets loo isticmaalo si loo [[Gloss (annotation)|gloss]] xigashoda. *Ee prose iyo non-LaTeX mathematics formulae, ellipses waxaa lagu qoraa iyadoo la isticmaalayo saddex unspaced dots ({{xt|<code>...</code>}}); ha isticmaalin xarafka precomposed ellipsis-ka ah ({{!xt|<code>…</code>}})<!-- Possibly we should explain the precomposed character in terms of its code point or something --> ama saddex dots oo lagu kala saaray spaces {{nobr|({{!xt|<code>. . .</code>}})}} *Caadi ahaan, isticmaal non-breaking space ka hor ellipsis iyo space caadi ah ka dambaystiisa: {{nobr|{{xt|Alpha, Bravo,{{tl|nbsp}}... Zulu}}}} *Haddii ellipsis uu raaco <code>.&nbsp;?&nbsp;!&nbsp;:&nbsp;;&nbsp;,&nbsp;)&nbsp;]&nbsp;}</code> ama calaamad xigmadda oo xiritaanka ah (single ama double), ka tag space-ka ka dambaysa. U lag terminal punctuation ku dhex jira quote-ka kaliya haddii uu yahay mid muhiim ah qoraalka, sida caadi ahaan ah xaaladda exclamation marks iyo question marks laakiin dhifka ah periods: *: {{xt|Jones wrote: "These stories amaze me. The facts suffer so frightfully{{tlf|nbsp}}...".}} *: {{xt|"But what of the other cities? London, Paris{{tlf|nbsp}}...?"}} * Haddii ellipsis uu toos u raaco calaamad xigmadda oo starts-garoogaysa, kaliya isticmaal non-breaking space ka dambaystiisa: *: {{xt|He continued to pursue Smith ("...{{tlf|nbsp}}to the ends of the earth", he had sworn) until his own death.}} *{{Visible anchor|text=Si loo kala saaro ellipsis oo muujinaya qoraalka ka baxay iyo mid ka mid ah quote-ka, waxaad ku duubi kartaa kan kowaad square brackets: {{xt|She retorted: "How do I feel? How do you {{em|think}} I&nbsp;... This is too much!&nbsp;[...] Take me home!"}}|With square brackets}} *{{Visible anchor|text=Marka ellipsis loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo pause ama suspense ee speech-ka, sii wad punctuation-ka asalka ah: {{xt|Virginia's startled reply was "Could he&nbsp;...? No, I can't believe it!"}}. Marka loo isticmaalo ku dhex jira eray aan dhammaystirnayn, ma jiro space loo isticmaalo dhexda erayga qaybtiisa iyo ellipsis-ka: {{xt|The garbled transmission ended with "We are stranded near San L...o", interpreted as either San Leandro or San Lorenzo.}}|Pause or suspension of speech}} *In LaTeX-formatted mathematics formulae, isticmaal LaTeX markup-ka saxda ah ee lowered dots (<code>\dots</code>, <math>\dots</math>) ama xarfaha precomposed-ka ah oo leeh dots meelaha kale (sida centered ama diagonal, ⋯, ⋰, ama ⋱) ===<span class="anchor" id="fewer commas"></span>Commas=== {{Shortcut|MOS:,|MOS:COMMA}} Pair ka mid ah [[comma]]s wuxuu bracket-garayn karaa [[appositive]], [[relative clause]], ama [[parenthetical phrase]] (sida brackets ama dashes, inkastoo leh interruption dheeraad ah ee jumlada). Tusaale ahaan: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|John Smith, Janet Cooper's son, is a well-known playwright.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Janet Cooper's son John Smith is a well-known playwright.}} (marka Janet ay leedahay sons badan) {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Janet Cooper's son, John Smith, is a well-known playwright.}} (marka Janet ay leedahay kaliya hal son) {{!}}} }} Mar walba isticmaal {{em|pair}} ka mid ah commas ee tan, ilaa punctuation mark kale uu qaado meesha comma-ka labaad: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Blunt comments came from the newest member, John Smith.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|The newest member, John Smith{{snd}}a retired teacher{{snd}}was blunt.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|The newest member, John Smith was blunt.}}<!-- There's actually a way to parse this such that it would be acceptable in some styles, but WP articles don't use such styles. --> {{!}}} }} Ha u ilayn punctuation-ka kale inuu kaaga baabi'iyo u baahnaanta comma, gaar ahaan marka comma uu collided-garayyo bracket ama parenthesis: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Burke and Wills, fed by locals (on beans, fish, and ''ngardu''), survived for a few months.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Burke and Wills, fed by locals (on beans, fish, and ''ngardu'') survived for a few months.}} {{!}}} }} {{Shortcut|MOS:GEOCOMMA}} {{vanchor|Geographical references|text=In geographical references oo ku dhex jiraan heerarka badan ee subordinate divisions (t.s. city, state/province, country), comma wuxuu kala saaraa element kasta wuxuuna raacaa element-ka ugu dambeeya ilaa uu raaco terminal punctuation ama parenthesis-ka xiritaanka. Element-ka ugu dambeeya waxaa loo treats-garaysay sida [[Wikipedia:Basic copyediting#Parenthetical comma|parenthetical]].}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|He traveled through North Carolina before staying in Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the night.}}<!-- About a 10-hour drive if he started in Virginia Beach and passed through Winston-Salem. --> {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|He traveled through North Carolina before staying in Chattanooga, Tennessee for the night.}} {{!}}} }} Sidoo kale ku dar commas marka geographical element-ka loo isticmaalo sida disambiguator: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Hantratty received a PhD from the University of California, Irvine, in 1977.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Hantratty received a PhD from the University of California, Irvine in 1977.}} {{!}}} }} Ku dar comma labaad sidoo kale marka dhismaha leh comma [[Grammatical modifier|modifies-garayyo]] noun ama compound noun: {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|Keith Wilson won the 2024 Portland, Oregon, mayoral election.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|Keith Wilson won the 2024 Portland, Oregon mayoral election.}} {{!}}} }} {{shortcut|MOS:DATECOMMA}} {{vanchor|Date commas|text=[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Dates, months, and years|Dates]] ku dhex jira month–day–year format waxay u baahan yihiin comma ka dambaysa day-ka, iyo sidoo kale ka dambaysa year-ka, ilaa ay raacdo punctuation kale. Element-ka ugu dambeeya waxaa loo treats-garaysay sida [[Wikipedia:Basic copyediting#Parenthetical comma|parenthetical]].}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Sax:}} {{!}}{{xt|He set October 1, 2011, as the deadline for Patterson to meet his demands.}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}}{{!xt|He set October 1, 2011 as the deadline for Patterson to meet his demands.}} {{!}}} }} {{shortcut|MOS:QUOTECOMMA}} {{vanchor|Quotation commas|text= U lag calaamadaha xigmadda iyadoo la raacayo {{Section link||Punctuation inside or outside}}. Kani waxaa loo intended-gareeyay "logical quotation".}} {{Block indent|1=<nowiki /> {{{!}} role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Sax:}} {{!}} {{xt|She said, "The weather changes too often", and made other complaints.}} {{!}}- {{!}} {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!}} {{!xt|She said, "The weather changes too often," and made other complaints.}} {{!}}} }} Comma waxaa lagu dhex jiri karaa ka hor xigasho oo lagu ammaan goyay jumlad {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}})}}. ====<span class="anchor" id="Serial comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Oxford comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Oxford commas"></span><span class="anchor" id="Harvard comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Harvard commas"></span>Serial commas==== {{Shortcut|MOS:SERIAL|MOS:OXFORD||}} {{Redirect|MOS:OXFORD|Oxford spelling|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling#British English with "-ize" (Oxford spelling)}} A [[serial comma]] (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-gareeyay ''Oxford comma'' ama ''Harvard comma'') waa comma loo isticmaalo toos ka hor conjunction (''and'', ''or'', ''nor'') ku dhex jirta liiska saddex ama ka badan items. {{Block indent|{{xt|ham, chips, and eggs}}{{spnd}}serial comma}} {{Block indent|{{xt|ham, chips and eggs}}{{spnd}}aan lahayn serial comma}} Tifaftireyaasha waxay isticmaali karaan mid ka mid ah heshiiska ilaa maqaal kasta uu yahay joogto ah ku dhex jirta. Serial commas waxay ka taageeraan badan marka qoraalka maqaalku uu yahay dhibco leh, sida liiska oo leh multi-word items (gaar ahaan haddii mid uu ku dhex jiro laikiis "''and''{{-"}}) ama nooc ka mid ah terms aan la dhasheyn oo laga yaabo. Laakiin, waxaa jira xaalado halka ka-tagista ama ku-darida serial comma ay keento is-dhaafsi: {{Block indent|{{!xt|The author thanked her friends, Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley}}{{spnd}}oo tirtiri kara mid ka mid ah afar ama ka badan dad ah (friends-ka iyo labada dad ee la magacaabay) ama laba dad ah (O'Connor iyo Marley, oo ah friends-ka).}} {{Block indent|{{!xt|The author thanked a friend, Sinéad O'Connor, and Bob Marley}}{{spnd}}oo tirtiri kara mid ka mid ah laba dad ah (O'Connor, oo ah friend-ka, iyo Marley) ama saddex dad ah (kan kowaad oo ah friend-ka, kan labaad O'Connor, iyo kan saddexaad Marley).}} Xaaladahaas is-dhaafsiga ah, cadday mid ka mid ah afar foom: *Ku dar ama baabi'i serial comma-ka. *Isticmaal jumlado gaar ah, bullet lists, ama beddelka dhismaha kale si loo caddayo. *Recast-garee jumlada ("friends" xaaladda): **Si loo tirtiro laba dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked her friends Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley.}} ***Caddayn badan: {{xt|The author thanked two friends: Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley.}} **Si loo tirtiro dad badan: **: {{xt|The author thanked Sinéad O'Connor, Bob Marley and her friends}} ama **: {{xt|The author thanked Sinéad O'Connor, Bob Marley, and her friends}}. ***Laakiin ma aha: {{!xt|The author thanked Bob Marley, Sinéad O'Connor[,] and her friends}}{{spnd}}soo bandhigaa is-dhaafsi ku saabsan ''her''. *Recast-garee jumlada ("friend" xaaladda): **Si loo tirtiro laba dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked Bob Marley and her friend Sinéad O'Connor.}} ***Ama noqo mid gaar ah marka ay suurtogal tahay: {{xt|The author thanked her childhood friend Sinéad O'Connor and her mentor, Bob Marley.}} **Si loo tirtiro saddex dad ah: {{xt|The author thanked Bob Marley, Sinéad O'Connor, and a friend.}} ***Caddaynta leh gender-specific terms sida ''mother'' waxay noqon kartaa dhibco leh; {{!xt|The author thanked her mother, Kim Thayil, and Sinéad O'Connor}} ma aha caddayn sababtoo ah akhristayaasha ma ogaankaraan [[Kim Thayil]] in uu yahay male oo ma noqon doono dadka oo kale sida mother-ka. ***Caddayn badan: {{xt|The author thanked Kim Thayil, Sinéad O'Connor, and her own mother}} ama {{xt|The author thanked her mother and musicians Kim Thayil and Sinéad O'Connor}}. ===Colons=== {{Shortcut|MOS:COLON}} {{For|the wikitext link formatting|Help:Colon trick}} A [[Colon (punctuation)|colon]] ({{xt|:}}) wuxuu soo bandhigaa wax muujinaya, sharraxaya, ama modifies-garaynaya waxa soo maray, ama ah liiska items oo dhowaan la soo bandhigay. Items-ka ku dhex jira liiskaas waxaa lagu kala saari karaa commas, ama haddii ay yihiin kuwo dhibco badan leh oo laga yaabo in ay laikiisu ku dhex jiraan commas, items-ka waa in lagu kala saaro semicolons ama lagu aaggaado bulleted list. {{Block indent|{{xt|We visited several tourist attractions: the Leaning Tower of Pisa, which I thought could fall at any moment; the Bridge of Sighs; the supposed birthplace of Petrarch, or at least the first known house in which he lived; and so many more.}}}} Colon waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa si loo soo bandhigo [[Quotation marks in English#Quotations and speech|direct speech]] oo lagu duubay calaamadaha xigmadda. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}}.)}} Marka colon loo isticmaalo sida separator ku dhex jira mawduuca maqaalka, madaxa qaybta, ama item liiska ah, tifaftireyaasha waxay dooran karaan in ay xaraf weyn ugu qoraan waxa raaca, iyadoo loo tixgelinayo [[#Retaining existing styles|isticmaalka jira]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Article titles#Consistency|joogteynta leh maqaallada la xiriira]]. Marka laga reebo isticmaalka tignoolajiyada ({{xt|a 3:1 ratio}}), ma jiro jumlad waa in ay ku dhex jirtay colons badan, ma jiro space waa in uu ka horreeyo colon, iyo space (laakiin waligeed ma aha hyphen ama dash) waa in uu raaco colon-ka. ===Semicolons=== {{Shortcut|MOS:;|MOS:SEMICOLON|}} {{for|usage in marking up description (definition) lists|Help:List#Description lists}} A [[semicolon]] ({{xt|;}}) marna waa alternative ee full stop (period), iyadoo u sahlaysa maaddada la xiriirta in lagu dhowro jumlada oo kale; waxay muujisaa kala saarisa la go'aamiyay ee jumlada marka loo eego comma. Haddii semicolon-ku uu kala saaro clauses, caadi ahaan clause kasta waa in uu noqdo mid gaar ah (macneheedu waa in uu taaggaanshaan karo laikiisu sida jumlad). Xaaladaha badankooda, kaliya comma ama kaliya semicolon wuxuu noqon doonaa sax ku dhex jira jumlad gaar ah. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Sax:}} | {{xt|Though he had been here before, I did not recognize him.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} | {{!xt|Though he had been here before; I did not recognize him.}} |} Sare, "Though he had been here before" ma taaggaanshaan karo laikiisu sida jumlad, oo sidaas darteed ma aha independent clause. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Sax:}} | {{xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit; bananas are classified as alkaline.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} | {{!xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit, bananas are classified as alkaline.}} |} Isticmaalkan aan saxda ahayn ee comma ee dhexda laba independent clauses waxaa loo intended-gareeyay [[comma splice]]; laakiin, xaaladaha qaarkood, comma waxaa loo isticmaali karaa halka semicolon wuxuu oki lahaa in loo baahan yahay: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | {{em|La accepts-garaysay}}: || {{xt|"Life is short, art is long."}} (laba clauses oo gaaban ku dhex jira [[aphorism]]; eeg ''[[Ars longa, vita brevis]]'') |- | {{em|La accepts-garaysay}}: || {{xt|"I have studied it, you have not."}} (soo sheegida wada-hadal gaaban, sida jawaabtan ee [[Isaac Newton|Newton]]) |} Jumlad waxay ku dhex jiri kartaa semicolons badan, gaar ahaan marka clauses-ku ay yihiin kuwo parallel ee dhismaha iyo macnaha; semicolons badan oo aan la xiriirin caadi ahaan waa calaamado ah in jumlada loo kala saaro jumlado gaaban ama foom kale loo dib-u-qoro. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Unwieldy}}: | {{!xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit; bananas are classified as alkaline; pears are close to neutral; these distinctions are rarely discussed.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Ka wanaagsan}}: | {{xt|Oranges are an acidic fruit, bananas are alkaline, and pears are close to neutral; these distinctions are rarely discussed.}} |} Semicolons waxaa loo isticmaalaa ku-darida commas si loo kala saaro items ku dhex jira liiska, marka commas laikiisu ay keeni karaan jahwareer. {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Jahwareer:}} | {{!xt|Sales offices are located in Boston, Massachusetts, San Francisco, California, Singapore, and Millbank, London, England.}} |- | style="padding-right:1em" | {{em|Caddayn:}} | {{xt|Sales offices are located in Boston, Massachusetts; San Francisco, California; Singapore; and Millbank, London, England.}} |} ====Semicolon ka hor "however"==== {{Shortcut|MOS:HOWEVER}} {{Redirect|MOS:HOWEVER|its usage in editorialization|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Editorializing}} Macnaha jumlad ay ku dhex jirta trailing clause oo ku starts-garoogaysa erayga ''however'' wuxuu ku xiran yahay punctuation-ka ka horreeya eraygaas. Makhaadhaa caadi ah waa isticmaalka punctuation-ka aan saxda ahayn, iyadoo beddelaysa macnaha mid aan loo intended-gareeyn. Marka erayga ''however'' uu yahay adverb macneheedu yahay "nevertheless", waa in uu ka horreeyo semicolon oo uu raaco comma. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people; however, they tried.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people; nevertheless, they tried.}} |} Marka erayga ''however'' uu yahay conjunction macneheedu yahay "in whatever manner", ama "regardless of how", wuxuu ka horreyn karaa comma laakiin ma aha semicolon, oo waa inuusan raacin punctuation. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people, however they tried.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|It was obvious they could not convert these people, regardless of how they tried.}} |} Xaaladda kowaad, clause-ka oo ku starts-garoogaya "however" ma loo beddeli karo clause-ka kowaad; xaaladda labaad kani waxaa lagu sameyn karaa aan lahayn beddelka macnaha: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|However they tried, it was obvious they could not convert these people.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|Regardless of how they tried, it was obvious they could not convert these people.}} |} Haddii labada clauses aan loo beddeli karin, semicolon waxaa loo baahan yahay. Jumlad ama clause waxay sidoo kale ku dhex jiri kartaa erayga ''however'' dhexda, haddii uu yahay adverb macneheedu yahay "although" oo lagu lagi karay bilowga laakiin aan ku starts-garoogayn clause cusub dhexda jumlada. Isticmaalkan, erayga waxaa lagu duubi karaa dhexda commas. Tusaale: {| role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );" |- | || {{xt|He did not know, however, that the venue had been changed at the last minute.}} |- | {{em|Macnaha}}: || {{xt|However, he did not know that the venue had been changed at the last minute.}} |} ===Hyphens=== {{Shortcut|MOS:-|MOS:HYPHEN}} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Globe Toters-A Birla Preschool,Indore (cropped).jpg | image2 = Peuters_in_het_tehuis_zitten_met_zijn_allen_op_de_po,_Bestanddeelnr_252-0385.jpg | image3 = Graduates 2014 IMG 2779 (14083168633).jpg | caption1 = Four-year-old children | caption2 = Four year-old children | caption3 = Four-year old children }} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Haring 03.jpg | image2 = Great white Dyer island 2010-07.jpg | caption1 = A man {{nobr|eating fish}} | caption2 = A man-eating fish }} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | caption_align = center | image1 = Catalina_Island_Rescue_DVIDS1091019.jpg | image2 = Kintín al ataque (5189220934).jpg | caption1 = Officials help {{nobr|dog-bite victim}}. | caption2 = Officials help {{nobr|dog bite victim}}. }} [[File:Carry-On Aircraft.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|A sign {{shy|exhibiting over-eager hy|phen|a|tion}}: the second hyphen is fine, but the first is spurious.]] [[Hyphen]]s ({{xt|-}}) waxay muujiyaan conjunction. Waxaa jira saddex isticmaalka waaweyn: # In hyphenated magacyada dadka ({{xt|John Lennard-Jones}}, {{xt|Omar al-Bashir}}). # Si loogu isku xiro [[prefixes]] iyo [[suffixes]] oo leh terms-kooda waaweyn dhismaha qaarkood, [[#En dash across open compounds|ilbaa compounds-ka laikiisu ay ku dhex jiraan space ama hyphen]]: {{xt|quasi-scientific}}, {{xt|ultra-nationalistic}}, {{xt|London-based}}, {{xt|community-led}}. #*Hyphen waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loo kala saaro dhexda [[homograph]]s ({{xt|[[wikt:re-sign|re-sign]]}} macneheedu waa ''sign again'', laakiin {{xt|[[wikt:resign|resign]]}} macneheedu waa ''relinquish ownership'' ama ''leave a job''). #*Waxaa jira trend caddaynaya oo lagu ammaan goyo labada elements dhammaan noocyada English-ka ({{xt|subsection}}, {{xt|nonlinear}}). Hyphenation-ku wuxuu caddayaa marka xarfaha la keenay contact ay yihiin kuwo oo kale ({{xt|non-negotiable}}, {{xt|sub-basement}}) ama ay yihiin vowels ({{xt|pre-industrial}}), ama halka eray uu yahay mid aan caadi ahayn ({{xt|co-proposed}}, {{xt|re-target}}) ama laga yaabo in loo akhrriyo si aan sax ahayn ({{xt|sub-era}}, ma aha {{!xt|subera}}). Erayada qaarkood oo noocan ah si oo kale waa kuwo caadi ah aan lahayn hyphen-ka (t.s., {{xt|cooperation}} waxaa si joogto ah loo dhasheeyay ka badan {{xtg|co-operation}} ee English-ka cusub). Ka dhiiri erayada beddelaya macnahooda aan lahayn hyphen-ka, t.s. {{xt|re-creation}} (create again) iyo {{xt|recreation}} (amusement).{{efn|name=recent}} # {{va|Hyphens in compound modifiers|text=Si loogu isku xiro terms-ka la xiriira ee ku dhex jira [[compound modifier]]s}}:{{Efn|1=Gaar ahaan compound [[attributive adjective|attributives]], oo ah modifiers ee noun oo ka muuqda ku dhex jira [[noun phrase]]. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link|English compound#Hyphenated compound modifiers}}.)}}}} #*Hyphens waxay taageeri karaan fududaynta akhrrinta (waa inay noqdaan kuwo {{xt|ease-of-reading}} taageera) oo waxay gaar ahaan u wanaagsan yihiin noun phrases-ka dheer: {{xt|gas-phase reaction dynamics}}. Laakiin waligeed ha dhex gelin hyphen magac sax ah ({{xt|Middle Eastern cuisine}}, ma aha {{!xt|Middle-Eastern cuisine}}). #*Hyphen wuxuu taageeri karaa disambiguator-ka (qaarkood {{xt|short-story writers}} waa kuwo dheer; {{xt|a government-monitoring program}} waa program oo monitor-garaynaya xukuumadda, inta {{xt|a government monitoring program}} uu yahay program xukuumadda oo monitor-garaynaya). #*Compounds oo ah hyphenated marka loo isticmaalo {{em|[[Attributive adjective|attributively]]}} (adjectives ka hor nouns-ka ay qualified-garaynayaan: {{xt|a light-blue handbag}}, {{xt|a 34-year-old woman}}) ama {{em|[[substantive]]ly}} (sida noun: {{xt|she is a 34-year-old}}) caadi ahaan ma aha hyphenated marka loo isticmaalo {{em|[[Predicative expression|predicatively]]}} (foomka sharraxaadda leh oo lagu kala saaray noun-ka: {{xt|the handbag was light blue}}, {{xt|the woman is 34 years old}}). Halka uu ka jiri lahaa baabi'inta caddaynta laakiis, hyphen waxaa loo isticmaali karaa foomka predicative-ka ah sidoo kale ({{xt|hand-fed turkeys}}, {{xt|the turkeys were hand-fed}}). Attributive hyphenation-ka dhibco leh marna waxaa looga fogaan karaa dib-u-qorid fudud: {{xt|Hawaiian-native species}} → {{xt|native Hawaiian species}}. #*Ka fogao isticmaalka hyphen ka dambaysa heerka ''{{nowrap|-ly}}'' adverb ({{xt|a newly available home}}, {{xt|a wholly owned subsidiary}}) ilaa ay tahay qayb ka mid ah compound dheeraad ah ({{xt|a slowly-but-surely strategy}}). Xaaladaha dhifka ah, hyphen wuxuu ka wanaajin karaa caddaynta haddii alternative-ka dib loo qoray uu yahay dhibco leh, laakiin dib-u-qoriddu caadi ahaan waa ka wanaagsan tahay: {{!xt|The idea was clearly stated enough}} waxaa lagu disambiguator-gareyn karaa sida {{xt|The idea clearly was stated often enough}} ama {{xt|The idea was ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} lcyvvwckge4c33esjljahw0a8zvcl1h 310807 310805 2026-10-24T10:40:15Z Isma4l 41797 /* Calaamadaha hakadka */ 310807 wikitext text/x-wiki {{MoS guideline|WP:MOS<!-- DO NOT add more shortcuts. None are as short and popular as this one. -->}} '''Haddaha Qaabka''' ('''MoS''' ama '''MOS''') waa [[haddaha qaabka]] ee dhammaan [[Wikipedia:Waa maxay maqaal?|maqaallada]] [[Wikipedia:Soomaali|Wikipedia-ha Soomaaliga]].{{efn|Isku xirka [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility|waxyaabaha la xiriira oo la heli karo]] waxay ku dabaqmaan dhammaan mashruuca, oo ma aha oo kaliya maqaallada.}} Boggan koowaad waxaa taageera [[:Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style|boggag yar oo xeel-dheer]], oo halkan la isku gudbin karo oo lagu tirtiray [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents]]. Haddii ay ka dhalato is-diido, boggani wuxuu leeyahay ka-horreyn.{{efn|name="CONLEVEL"|Kani waa arrin siyaasadeed oo ku saabsan {{section link|Wikipedia:Consensus|Level of consensus}}: "Is-afgaradka ka dhex jira koox xaddidan oo tifaftireyaal ah, hal meel iyo hal maalin, ma baabi'in karo [[Wikipedia:Community consensus|is-afgaradka samaynta]] ee baaxadda weyn. Tusaale ahaan, ilaa ay ka dhaadhiciyaan bulshada balaadhan in aysan sax ahayn, kaqeybgalayaasha WikiProject ma go'aamin karaan in siyaasada ama hagaha Wikipedia uusan ku dabaqmin maqaallada ku dhex jira baaxadeeda." Iyo: "Wikipedia waxay leedahay heer sare oo kaqeybgal iyo is-afgarad ee beddelka siyaasadaha iyo hagayaasha marka loo eego noocyada kale ee boggaga." Boggaga ka hooseeya waxaa ku jira [[:Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style|boggaga MoS-ka ee xeel-dheeraanta]], [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Guide#Advice pages|qoraallada qaabka]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style|Haddaha Qaabka ee Fudud]].}} {{vanchor|Clarity|text=Tifaftireyaal waa inay u qoraan maqaallada iyagoo isticmaalaya luqad toos ah, gaaban, oo fudud in la fahmo. Tifaftireyaal waa inay u dhisaan maqaallada qaabeyn joogto ah oo u sahlanaata akhristaha.}} {{va|Stability|text=Haddii ka badan hal qaab ama foom lagu aamini karo MoS-ka, mid waa in loo isticmaalo madal kasta oo ku dhex jirta maqaalka oo [[#Retaining existing styles|aan la beddelin]] sabab wanaagsan la'aanteed. [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|Tifaftirka dagaalka]] ee ku saabsan doorashooyinka qaabka ma aha mid la accepts karo.{{efn|name="ew"|Arrrimahaani waxaa lagu xalliyay go'aannada [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|Guddiga Garsoorka]] ee [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk#Optional styles|2005]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan#Preferred styles|2006]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Date delinking#Optional styles|2009]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Infoboxes#Use of infoboxes|2015]].}} Qoraal cusub oo lagu daro boggan waa inuu toos u xalliyo arrin qaab oo si joogto ah u soo noqnoqota.}} {{TOC limit|3}} ==Dhonsashada qaababka jira== {{Shortcut|MOS:VAR|MOS:STYLEVAR|MOS:STYLERET}} {{Redirect|MOS:VAR|retention of an article's established national English variety|#National varieties of English|a list of more specific related rules|WP:VARS}} Marna, MOS-ku wuxuu bixiyaa ka badan hal qaab oo la accepts karo ama ma bixiyo hagal gaar ah. Marka ka badan hal qaab la accepts karo, al-fajar ma aha mid habboon in tifaftiraha Wikipedia uu ka beddelo hal qaab oo uu u beddelo mid kale ilaa ay jirto sabab muhiim ah oo beddelka ah.{{efn|name="ArbCom"|Astaanta bilowga ee qoraalkan, eeg go'aannada [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|ArbCom]] ee [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk#Principles|Juun 2005]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/jguk 2#Principles|Nofembar 2005]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan#Principles|2006]].}} [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|Tifaftirka dagaalka]] ee ku saabsan qaabka,{{efn|name="ew"}} ama u adeegsiga qaab dookh ah si [[Wikipedia:Bot policy#Assisted editing guidelines|bot-oo kale ah]] is-afgarad ka hor la'aantiis,{{efn|name="bot-like"|Eeg [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Magioladitis 2#High-speed editing|Go'aanka ArbCom ee 2017]], iyo {{section link|Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser#Rules of use}}; tifaftirka bot-ka oo kale ah oo sii socda inkastoo ay jiraan diidmo ama oo keena makhaadhaa wuxuu keeni karaa [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|xannibaad]] iyo baabi'inta xuquuqaha ku saabsan qalabka semi-automated-ka ah.}} waa [[Wikipedia:Disruptive editing|dhibco ka dhan ah]] oo waligeed ma aha mid la accepts karo. Beddelka aan la xaqijin ee kaaga taagan hal qaab oo la accepts karo, [[#Consistency within articles|oo si joogto ah loo adeegsaday]] ee ku dhex jira maqaal oo loo beddelo qaab kale waa la [[Wikipedia:Reverting|celin karaa]]. Doono [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Opportunities for commonality|fursadaha wadaagga]] si looga fogaado murannada qaabka. Haddii aad rammayso in qaab kale uu ka habboon yahay maqaal gaar ah, doono [[Wikipedia:Consensus|is-afgarad]] iyadoo ku saabsan tan lagula discuss-garaynayo bogga wada-hadalka maqaalka ama{{snd}}haddii ay keento arrin guud ama ku saabsan MoS-ka lakiisa{{snd}}at [[Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style]]. Haddii wada-hadalku uusan keenin is-afgarad beddelka ah, sii wad isticmaalka qaabka horey loo dhisay ee maqaalka. Haddii wada-hadalku uu ku guuldareysto inuu gaaro wax is-afgarad ah oo ku saabsan midka laba ama ka badan qaab oo tartamaya oo la isticmaalayo, markaas dib u noqo qaabkii loo isticmaalay nooca ugu horreeyay ee ka dambeeya [[Wikipedia:Stub|qabyada]] maqaalka oo uu ka muuqday mid ka mid ah qaababka ku dabaqmaya. (Mawqifkan dib-u-noqoshada ah ma siiyo [[WP:UNCHALLENGED|darajo aan la tartami karin]] qaabkaas gaarka ah inta lagu jiro wada-hadalka is-afgaradka, mana siiyo tifaftiraha soo impose-garaysay qaabkaas ugu horreeyay [[Wikipedia:Ownership of content|wax ka badan]] wada-hadalka.) ==<span class="anchor" id="Article titles, headings, and sections"></span>Mawduucyada maqaalka, qaybaha, iyo madaxda== {{Shortcut|MOS:AT}} ===Mawduucyada maqaalka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Article titles}} {{for|titles which coincide with a work's title|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles of works}} Mawduucu waa inuu noqdo magac la aqoonsan karo ama sifaynta mawduuca, [[Wikipedia:Common sense|isagoo maareynaya]] shuruudaha ah inuu yahay mid asalka ah, si ku filan oo sax ah, gaaban, oo joogto ah oo la mid ah maqaallada la xiriira. Hagaha qaabaynta eeg qaybta {{section link|Wikipedia:Article titles|Article title format}}, isagoo xusaya kuwa soo socda: *U qor herga labaad ee xarafka ugu horreeya (marka laga reebo xaaladaha dhifka ah, sida {{xt|eBay}}), laakiin haddii kale raac [[sentence case]]{{efn|name=Sentence case|1=Wikipedia waxay u isticmaashaa [[sentence case]] jumlado, [[Wikipedia:Article titles|mawduucyada maqaalka]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout|mawduucyada qaybaha]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables|madaxda taarikada]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images|qoraallada sawirka]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists|qoraallada liiska]] (xaaladaha badankooda), iyo qoraallada ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Infobox|infoboxes]] iyo moodallada la midka ah, iyo waxyaabo kale. Wax kasta oo MoS ah oo ku saabsan bilowga jumlad waxay ku dabaqmaan waxyaabaha isticmaalaya sentence case.<!-- Please keep this footnote synced with the version at the MOS:CAPS page. -->}} ({{xt|Funding of UNESCO projects}}), ma aha title case ({{!xt|Funding of UNESCO Projects}}), marka laga reebo halka title case loo isticmaali lahaa qoraalka caadiga ah. Eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (capitalization)]]. *Si aad u qorto farta italic-ka ah, ku dar {{tlx|italic title}} meel dhow sare ee maqaalka. Si aad farta italic-ka ah ugu qorto kaliya qayb ka mid ah mawduuca, ku dar xadka <code>|string=</code> ee qoraalka gaarka ah ee lagu qorayo farta italic-ka ah. Isticmaalka farta italic-ka ah waa inuu u dhigmaa {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting|Italic type}}. *Ha isticmaalin [[Article (grammar)|maqaallada]] (''a'', ''an'', ama ''the'') sida xarafka ugu horreeya ({{xt|Economy of the Second Empire}}, ma aha {{!xt|The economy of the Second Empire}}), ilaa ay tahay qayb aan la kala saari karin oo magaca ka mid ah ({{xt|The Hague}}) ama mawduuca shaqa (''{{xt|A Clockwork Orange}}'', ''{{xt|The Simpsons}}''). *Caadi ahaan isticmaal [[noun]]s ama [[noun phrase]]s: {{xt|Early life}}, ma aha {{!xt|In early life}}.{{Efn|1=Erayada sida {{xt|In early life}} waa kuwo la accepts karo (inkastoo aan loo baahnayn) sida madaxda qaybaha. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa si joogto ah sida qayb ka mid ah mawduucyada maqaalka oo dheeraad ah sida [[Piracy in the Caribbean|{{xt|Piracy in the Caribbean}}]], indhaheeda marka dhismaha gaaban ({{xtn|Caribbean piracy}}) uu leeyahay arrimo is-dhaafsi ah.}} *Xarafka ugu dambeeya waa inuusan noqon calaamad ilaahiyad ilaa uu yahay qayb aan la kala saari karin oo magaca ka mid ah ({{xt|[[Saint-Louis-du-Ha! Ha!]]}}, {{xt|''[[Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?]]''}}) ama gaabinta ({{xt|[[Inverness City F.C.]]}}), ama marka xiritaanka bracket-ka wareegga ama calaamadda xigmadda loo baahan yahay ({{xt|[[John Palmer (1814 schooner)|''John Palmer'' (1814 schooner)]]}}). *Markasta oo calaamadaha xigmadda ama noocyada apostrophe-ka oo kale ay ka muuqdaan ({{xt|[[Geʽez]]}}), ku dar [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirection]] mawduuc caddaynaya oo isticmaalaya apostrophes ({{xt|[[Ge'ez]]}}).{{efn|name=curlyq|1=Calaamadaha xigmadda tooska ah iyo apostrophes waa kuwo fudud in loo qorto si lagu aamini karo madallada badankooda, markaas kani wuxuu u sahlayaa bartilmaameedka redirection-ka oo fudud. Xigmadda curdanka ah iyo apostrophes sidaas darteed waa kuwo si weyn looga tagay Wikipedia-ha English-ka. Eeg sidoo kale [[MOS:CURLY]] iyo [[MOS:']].}} Labadaba ha ka sareeyaan iyo kuwo [[Wikipedia:Article titles]], qeybta kale ee MoS-ka, gaar ahaan {{section link||Punctuation}}, waxay ku dabaqmaan sidoo kale mawduuca. ===Agaasimaha qaybta=== {{Shortcut|MOS:SO}} {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout}} Mawduuca maqaalka waa inuu ku starts-garo [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section|qaybta hordhaca ah<!-- Do not add the word "lede" here. See footnotes at WP:LEAD for details. -->]]{{snd}}gaabinta kooban ee maqaalka{{snd}}oo aan waligeed loo kala saarin qaybo {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section]])}}. Qaybta hartay ee maqaalka waxaa caadi ahaan loo kala saaraa [[Help:Section|qaybo]]. [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes|Infoboxes]], sawirrada, iyo mawduucyada kale ee la xiriira qaybta hordhaca ah waa inay noqdaan kuwo dhanka midig ah. Calaamadaha qaarkood oo heerka ah [[Help:Template|moodallada]] iyo [[Help:Wikitext|wikitext]] oo aan ahayn qaybo waxay ka sarreeyaan inta ugu dambaysa maqaalka, ka hor mawduuca qaybta hordhaca ah, iyo uusocodka soo socda: *[[Wikipedia:Short description|Gaaban sharrax leh]], oo leh moodalka {{tlx|Short description}} *[[Wikipedia:Hatnote|Hatnote-ka disambiguation]], waqtiga badankiisa oo leh moodalka {{tlx|Hatnote}} {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg sidoo kale {{section link|Wikipedia:Hatnote#Hatnote templates}})}} *Moodallada aan lahayn soo-saarka oo muujinaya foomka taariikhda dhisay ee maqaalka iyo nooca luqadda English-ka, haddii ay jiraan (t.s., {{tlx|Use dmy dates}}, {{tlx|Use Canadian English}}) *Moodallada dayactirka ee Banner-ka ah, [[Wikipedia:Template index/Disputes|Dispute]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Template index/Cleanup|Moodallada Cleanup]] ee arrimaha maqaalka oo dhan oo la calaamadeeyay (haddii kale loo isticmaalo sare ee qayb gaar ah, ka dambeeya hatnote kasta oo qayb ah sida {{tlx|main}}) *[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes|Infobox]], oo ah dookh (marka laga reebo xaaladaha gaarka ah sida {{tlx|Taxobox}} iyo {{tlx|Chembox}}, ama nooc ka mid ah, maqaallada ku dabaqmaya); caadi ahaan sidoo kale waxaa ku jira sawirka ugu horreeya *Sawirka hordhaca ah, marka infobox aan la isticmaalin, ama sawir dheeraad ah loo baahan yahay qaybta hordhaca ah (haddii hordhacu u yahay mid aad u dheer, sawir labaad waxaa lagu lagi karaa dhexda qoraalka hordhaca ah) Nooca skin-ka ee [[Vector 2022]], [[Wikipedia:Table of contents|tusmada maqaalka]] waa mid ka mid ah oo ka baxsan mawduuca maqaalka. Noocyada skin-ka hore qaarkood, tusmada la mari karo waxay ka muuqataa si otomaatig ah ka dambaysa hordhaca haddii maqaalku leeyahay ugu yaraan afar madax oo qaybo ah. Haddii mawduuca qayb uu ku jiraa si xeel-dheer oo dheeraad ah maqaal gaar ah {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Summary style]])}}, ku dar {{tlx|main|{{var|Article name}}}} ama {{tlx|further|{{var|Article name}}}} isla markiiba ka hooseeya madaxa qaybta. Sida lagu sharraxay si xeel-dheer {{slink|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout|Standard appendices and footers}}, noocyo dhowr ah oo maaddooyinka ah (badankoodu waa dookh) waxay ka muuqan karaan ka dambaysa qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee maqaalka, uusocodka soo socda: *Buugaagta ama shaqaalaha kale ee lagu abuuray mawduuca maqaalka, ka hooseeya madaxa qaybta "Works", "Publications", "Discography", "Filmography", iyo wixii la mid ah sida habboon (ka fogao "Bibliography", oo loo khaldami karo xigashooyinka tixraaca) *Isku xirka hoose ee maqaallada la xiriira ee Wikipedia-ha English-ka, oo leh madaxa qaybta "See also" *Xusuus-qoraallada iyo tixraacyada, oo leh madaxa qaybta "Notes" ama "References" (caadi ahaan ka dambeeya), ama qayb gaar ah oo loogu talagalay mid kasta uusocodkan {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]])}}; ka fogao "Bibliography", oo loo khaldami karo shaqaalaha mawduuca *Buugaagta la xiriira, maqaallada, ama shaqaalaha kale ee aan loo isticmaalin sida tixraacyada; isticmaal madaxa qaybta "Further reading"; noqo mid si sare ah loo doortay, maadaama [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a directory|Wikipedia aysan ahayn buugga tixraaca]] *Websaydhada la xiriira [[Wikipedia:External links|iyo kuwo habboon]] ee aan loo isticmaalin sida tixraacyada oo aan ka muuqan appendices-ka hore, isticmaalka madaxa "External links", oo loo sameyn karo qayb ka hooseysa "Further reading" (ama isku xirkaas waxaa toos lagu ammaan goyn karaa liiska "Further reading" halkii); [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Links to sister projects|moodallada isku xirka ee mawduucyada mashruuca walaalka ah]] sidoo cuali ahaan waxay ka sarreeyaan qaybtan marka ay jirto (haddii kale qaybta ugu dambaysa ee bogga) *Waxyaabaha ugu dambeeya ee soo socda waligeed ma qaataan madaxyada qaybaha: **Isku xirka hoose oo lagu aaggaaday [[Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates#Navigation_templates|boxes-ka navigation-ka]] **Metadata ee [[Wikipedia:Authority control|Authority control]], haddii loo baahdo, isticmaalka {{tlx|Authority control}} (wuxuu kala saaraa isticmaalka magaca laba mawduuc, ama magacyo badan oo loogu talagalay hal mawduuc) **[[Wikipedia:Categorization|Qeeybaha]], oo waa inay noqdaan maaddada ugu dambaysa ee koodha maqaalka haddii aysan jirin moodallada stub-ka **[[Wikipedia:Stub sorting|Moodallada stub-ka]], haddii loo baahdo, oo waa inay raacaan qeeybaha [[Wikipedia:Stand-alone lists|Maqaallada liiska ah ee gaarka ah]] waxay leeyihiin waxyaabo dheeraad ah oo agaasimaha ah. ===<span class="anchor" id="Section management"></span>Madaxyada qaybaha=== {{Shortcut|MOS:HEAD|MOS:HEADINGS}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Headings|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Order of article elements|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Section headings}} [[Help:Section|Madaxyada qaybaha]] waa inay caadi ahaan raacaan hagaha [[#Article titles|mawduucyada maqaalka]] ee sare oo ay ku muuqdaan [[sentence case]] ({{xt|Funding of UNESCO projects in developing countries}}), ma aha [[title case]] ({{!xt|Funding of UNESCO Projects in Developing Countries}}).{{efn|name=Sentence case}} {{shortcut|MOS:BLANKLINE}} {{vanchor|Blank line|text=Dhammaan madaxyada waa inay ku dhex jiraan xarkooda gaarka ah, oo ay ka horreyso presely hal xar oo eber ah, oo ay raacdo mid ka mid ah hal xar ama aan lahayn xar eber ah.}} {{vanchor|Section headings (necessary point 6)|text=Ha u isticmaalin si xun [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists#Description (definition, association) lists|liiska sharraxaadda]] markup ("<code>;</code>") si aad u abuurto [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Pseudo-headings|pseudo-headings]].}} {{va|SECTIONSTYLE|Section headings (styling best practice)|Section headings (main styling reason)|text=Sida arrin qaab oo joogto ah, madaxyada qaybuhu waa inaynaan:}} {{Shortcut|MOS:SECTIONSTYLE|MOS:NOBACKREF}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 1)|text=si turjumaad ah dib ugu tixraacin mawduuca maqaalka, t.s., {{xt|Early life}}, ma aha {{!xt|Smith's early life}} ama {{!xt|His early life}}}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 2)|text=tixraacin madax heer sare ah, ilaa aad sameyso ay tahay mid gaaban ama caddayn badan}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 3)|text=noqon kuwo la nambareeyay ama xarfo leh sida outline}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 4)|text=noqon kuwo loo sameeyay sida su'aal, t.s., {{xt|Languages}}, ma aha {{!xt|What languages are spoken?}}}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 5)|text=isticmaalin luga ama farta aan caadiga ahayn oo keeni kara [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Headings|arrimaha lagu heli karo]]}} *{{va|Section headings (style point 6)|text=noqon kuwo lagu duubay [[Help:Wikitext|markup]], sida bold iyo italics, oo baabi'in kara muujintooda oo keeni kara arrimo kale oo lagu heli karo}} ====Wikimarkup==== {{shortcut|MOS:NOSECTIONLINKS|MOS:HEADINGLINKS}} {{va|Section headings (technical best practice)|text=Sababo tignoolajiyada ah, madaxyada qaybuhu waa inay}} {{va|Section headings (necessary point 1)|text=noqdaan kuwo gaar ah oo ku dhex jira maqaal (si [[Template:Section link|isqu xirka qaybta]] uu u shaqeeyo)}} oo waa inaynaan ku dhex jirin: *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 2)|text=[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking#Principles|isqu xirka]], xataa haddii kaliya qayb ka mid ah madaxa la isku xiray}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 5)|text=xigashooyinka ama xusuus-qoraallada}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 4)|text=<code><[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics#Typesetting of mathematical formulae|math]]></code> markup}} *{{va|Section headings (necessary point 3)|text=sawirrada ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Icons#Encyclopedic purpose|icons-ka]]}} {{va|Section headings (main technical reason)|text=Xaddidaadahani waa kuwo lagu khasbay si looga fogaado tignoolajiyada dhibco leh oo ma aha kuwo la baabi'in karo is-afgaradka maxalliga ah ama hagayaasha aan ku habboonayn.}} {{short|MOS:TEMPLATE}} {{va|Section headings (necessary point 7)|text=Wadaagga moodalka}} waa in sidoo kale caadi ahaan looga fogaadaa madaxyada qaybaha, sababtoo ah waxay keenaan koodha asalka ah ee baaqida moodalka inuu ka muuqdo isqu xirka lagu daray gaabinta tifaftirka; gujinta isqu xirkaas ka muuqda taariikhda bogga ma keeni doonto qaybta loo baahan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, [[WP:ANCHORSUBST|marka lagu darayo isqu xirka anchor madaxyada, mar walba beddel moodalka gudaha madaxa]]: {{block indent|1={{plainlist| * {{y}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== {{subst:anchor|Anchor name}} Section title ==</nowiki>}}</code> * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== {{anchor|Anchor name}} Section title ==</nowiki>}}</code> }} }} {{shortcut|MOS:SECTIONCOMMENT}} {{va|SECTIONCOMMENT|Section comment|text=[[#Invisible comments|Xusuus-qoraallada la qariyay]] oo tixraacaya madaxa qayb ama qayb oo dhan waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu lago xar ka hooseysa madaxa. Waxaa sidoo cuali ahaan lagu lagi karaa ku dhex jira xarkooda oo kale sida madaxa, laakiin xaaladaas waa inay noqdaan kuwo {{em|gudaha}} <code>==&nbsp;==</code> markup:{{efn|1=Xusuus-qoraal ka baxsan <code><nowiki>==&nbsp;==</nowiki></code> laakiin ku dhex jira xarkooda oo kale wuxuu keeni karaa isqu xirka tifaftirka qaybta inuu ku guuldareysto inuu ka muuqdo dhammaan; ee browsers-ka kale, wuxuu ka muuqan karaa, laakiin isticmaalkiisu wuxuu keeni doonaa madaxa qaybta inuusan si otomaatig ah lagu darin gaabinta tifaftirka.}}}} {{block indent|1={{plainlist| * {{y}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== Implications ==</nowiki><br /><nowiki><!--This comment is placed correctly.--></nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{mby}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== Implications<!--This comment works fine.--> ==</nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{mby}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>== <!--This comment works fine.-->Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== Implications == <!--This comment causes problems.--> </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{tracked|T381786}}{{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki><!--This comment causes problems.</nowiki><br><nowiki>-->== Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} * {{N}} <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki><!--The space after this comment breaks the heading completely.--> == Implications == </nowiki>}}</code>{{Pb}} }} }} ====<span class="anchor" id="SECTIONANCHOR"></span><span class="anchor" id="Section anchor"></span>Anchors==== {{short|MOS:SECTIONANCHOR}} <section begin="heading links" />Ka hor inta aanad beddelin madax, tixgeli in aad baabi'inayso isqu xirka jira oo ku dhex jira.<section end="heading links" /> Haddii ay jiraan [[Help:Link#To a section|isqu xirka badan oo u socda mawduuca hore]],{{efn|name="many links"|1=Si aad u ogaato inta isqu xirka ee u socda mawduuca qaybta hore iyo maqaallada leeh iyaga, waxaad sameyn kartaa <span class=plainlinks>[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=all%3A+linksto%3A%22ARTICLE%22+insource%3A%2F%5B%5B%7C%5DARTICLE%5C%23OLDSECTION%2F+&title=Special:Search&profile=all&fulltext=1 raadinta sare ee]</span>, iyadoo la beddelayo {{smallcaps|article}} magaca maqaalka, iyo {{smallcaps|oldsection}} mawduuca qaybta hore. Raadintaas sare ma raadiso [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirections-ka]], markaas sidoo kale eeg bogga maqaalka ee [[Special:WhatLinksHere]] ee redirections-ka u socda mawduuca qaybta hore. Haddii ay jiraan kaliya nambarka yar ee isqu xirka ee u socda mawduuca qaybta hore, waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu cusbooneysiiyo manwal ahaan.}} abuur [[Help:Anchor|anchor]] oo leh mawduucaas si loo xaqijiyo in kuwani ay sii shaqeeyaan. Sidoo kale, marka lagu isqu xirayo qayb, ka tag xusuus-qoraal aan la arki karin madaxa qaybta bartilmaameedka, iyadoo lagu magacaabayo maqaallada isqu xirka leeh, si haddii madaxa dambe loo beddelo kani si fudud loo hagaajin karo, ama kale anchor kale loo abuurayo haddii ay jiraan kuwo badan.{{efn|name="many links"}} Tusaale ahaan: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == {{subst:Anchor|Consequences}} Implications == <!-- "Richard Dawkins" and "Daniel Dennett" link here. --> </syntaxhighlight> oo lagu kaydin doono maqaalka sida: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == <span class="anchor" id="Consequences"></span> Implications == <!-- "Richard Dawkins" and "Daniel Dennett" link here. --> </syntaxhighlight> Faa'iidada isticmaalka {{tlxs|Anchor}}, ama kaliya la dhex gelinayo {{tag|span|o|link=yes}} tags-ka toos, waa in marka tifaftirka loo sameeyo qaybta mustaqbalka, anchor-ku ma lagu dhex jiri doono taariikhda bogga sida qayb ka mid ah magaca qaybta. Marka kaliya {{tlx|Anchor}} loo isticmaalo toos, akhlaaqdaas aan loo baahnayn {{em|waa ay}} dhacdaa, markaas waa in mar walba [[WP:ANCHORSUBST|loo beddelo anchors madaxyada qaybaha]]. Marka la dhex gelinayo span toos, {{em|ha}} gaabin iyadoo la isticmaalayo tag-ka self-closing, sida ku dhex jirta: <code>{{!mxt|<nowiki>== <span id="Consequences"</nowiki>{{highlight round|/|bc=var(--background-color-destructive-subtle, lightred);}}> Implications <nowiki>==</nowiki>}}</code> In HTML5 foomkaas XML-style waa mid shaqaynaya kaliya tags-ka qaarkood, sida {{nowrap |<code>&lt;br/></code>}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T134423 |title=T134423 Deprecate nonstandard behavior of self-closed HTML tags in wikitext. |website=phabricator.wikimedia.org |access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref> Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking|Avoiding broken section links}} si aad u ogaato wada-hadal dheeraad ah. ====Mawduuca oo kale madaxa==== Hagaha sare ee madaxyada qaybaha, gaar ahaan sentence case, turjumaad, sawirrada iyo su'aalaha, sidoo kale wuxuu ku dabaqmaa [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables#Captions and headers|madaxyada taarikada]] (iyo noocyada taarikada iyo xarrada). Laakiin, madaxyada taarikada waxay ku dhex jiri karaan xigashooyinka oo waxay ku starts-garo karaan, ama noqon karaan, nambara. Unka madaxyada bogga, madaxyada taarikada ma samayn karaan si otomaatig ah anchors-ka isqu xirka. Ka baxsan sentence case ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Glossaries|glossaries]], talada madaxa sidoo kale waxay ku dabaqmaysaa ''term'' qoraallada ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists#DLIST|description lists]]. Haddii la isticmaalayo [[Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Glossaries#Template-structured|template-structured glossaries]], terms-ku si otomaatig ah waxay leeyihiin anchors-ka isqu xirka, laakiin ma leeyihiin kale. Xigashooyinka mawduuca description-list waxay ku dhex jiraan {{tl|term}} ama {{tl|defn}} element, sida loo baahan yahay. ==Noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga== {{Shortcut|MOS:ENGVAR}} Noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga (tusaale ahaan, kala duwanaanshaha erayada ama naxwaha ee gobollada ka jira) waxay bixiyaan macluumaad ku saabsan kala duwanaanshaas. Dhammaan noocyada gobollada ama noocyada heerka ee Af-Soomaaliga waa kuwo la aqbali karo oo siman Wikipedia-da Soomaaliga, iyada oo la isticmaalayo uslub rasmi ah oo maqaallada u gaar ah ([[Register (sociolinguistics)|weeraral rami ah]] ama astaanta luqadda). Qaabka taariikhda ee maqaalka ({{xt|{{#time: F j, Y}}}} ama {{xt|{{#time: j F Y}}}}) wuxuu sidoo kale la xiriiraa noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga {{snd}}eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|Strong national ties to a topic|Retaining existing format}}. === <span class="anchor" id="Internal consistency"></span>Joogteynta ku dhex jirta maqaallada<!-- When renaming this section title, rename the full link at [[Wikipedia:Consistency]] --> === {{Shortcut|MOS:ARTCON|MOS:CONSISTENT}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Variation in citation methods|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Retaining existing format}} Xeerarka nooc gaar ah oo Af-Soomaali caadifad ah waa in loo raaco si joogto ah ku dhex jirta maqaalka gaarka ah. Waxyaabaha ka baxsan waxaa ku jira: *'''Xigashooyinka''' iyo '''cinwaannada buugaagta ama hawlaha''' (sida buugaagta, filimada, iyo muusigga) waa in loo qoraa sida ay ka muuqdaan ilaha tixraaca. Laakiin, waxaa jira xaalado qaarkood oo leexanaya mabda'an si loo dhowro heerka qaab-qoraalka ee alifbeetada encyclopedia-ha dhan. {{crossref|Eeg {{section link||Typographic conformity}}.}} *'''Magacyada u gaarka ah''' waxay isticmaalaan qoraalka mawduuca ama lahaanshaha u gaarka ah, tusaale ahaan, {{xt|United States Department of Defense}} iyo {{xt|Australian Defence Force}}; {{xt|International Labour Organization}}<!--This example is here because it uses -our and -ization at the same time; it is Oxford spelling.-->. *Maqaallada ku saabsan mawduucyada la xiriira kimistariga, foomka heerka caalamiga ah ee higaada {{xt|aluminium}}, {{xt|sulfur}}, {{xt|caesium}} (iyo erayada ka soo baxa) waa in loo isticmaalo iyadoo aan loo eegin nooca luqadda ee looga adeegsado maqaalka. {{crossref|Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (chemistry)|Element names}}.}} ===Fursadaha wadaagga ama isku-duubnida=== {{shortcut|MOS:COMMONALITY}} Si loogu talagalay encyclopedia caalamiga ah, isticmaalka erayada wadaagga ah ee dhammaan noocyada Af-Soomaaliga waa mid ka wanaagsan. *Isticmaal erayada si caalami ah loo aqbalay halkii kuwa aan aad loo fidin, gaar ahaan cinwaannada. Tusaale ahaan, [[Glasses|{{xt|muraayado}}]] ayaa ka wanaagsan noocyada gobollada ee gaarka ah; [[Ten million|{{xt|toban milyan}}]] ayaa ka wanaagsan [[crore|{{!xt|hal crore}}]]. *Haddii kala duwanaansho higaadeed uu ka muuqdo cinwaan, samee bogga [[Wikipedia:Redirect|reer-itusaale (sidetrack/redirect)]] si loogu talagalay kuwa kale, sida ku dhex jirta [[artefact]] iyo [[artifact]], si dhammaan noocyada loo isticmaali karo raadinta iyo isku xirka. *Erayada ku kala duwan noocyada luqadda, ama leh macnayaal kala duwan, waxaa lagu [[Gloss (annotation)#In linguistics|u xaqiijin karaa faahfaahinta (gloss)]] si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga ama jahawareerka, tusaale ahaan, {{xt|qaybta dambe ee baabuurta (trunk ama boot)&nbsp;...}}. *Isticmaal eray ama weedh si caadi ah loo fahmo iyada oo ka wanaagsan mid leh macno kale sababtoo ah kala duwanaanshaha gobollada (halkii {{!xt|alternate}}, isticmaal {{xt|alternative}} ama {{xt|alternating}}, sida habboon), marka laga reebo xaaladaha tignoolajiyada ama cilmiga halka beddelkaas uu noqon lahaa mid aan habboonayn ({{xt|alternate leaves}}; {{xt|alternate law}}). *Marka ay jiraan wax ka badan hal nooc oo higaad ah oo ka dhex jira heerka caadiga ah ee luqadda, nooca ugu caansan ee hadda la isticmaalo waa in caadi ahaan ka wanaagsanaado, marka laga reebo halka higaada yar ay leedahay isticmaal gaar ah oo xaalad xeel-dheer ah, tusaale ahaan, ''connexion'' ku dhex jirta [[Connexionalism|Methodist connexionalism]]. ===Xiriirka gobolka ama qaranka ee xoogga leh ee mawduuca=== {{Shortcut|MOS:TIES}} Maqaal ku saabsan mawduuc leh xiriir xooggan oo u socda waddan ama gobol]] gaar ah waa inuu isticmaalaa heerka luqadda rasmiga ah (ee ma aha colloquial/afka wadada) ee gobolkaas ama qarankaas. Tusaale ahaan: Mawduucyada leh xiriir xooggan oo u socda [[Commonwealth of Nations]], ama waddamo badan oo Commonwealth ah ama dhulalkii hore ee British-ka, isticmaal higaada British-ka. ===Dhowrida nooca jira=== {{Shortcut|MOS:RETAIN}} Marka nooc gaar ah [[#Consistency within articles|isticmaalkiisa joogtada ah]] lagu dhisay maqaal, sii wad iyada oo aan la helin is-afgarad ka dhan ah. Kaliya xaaladaha gaarka ah (sida marka mawduuc uu leeyahay [[#Strong national ties to a topic|xiriir gobol ama qaran oo xooggan]], ama beddelku wuxuu yareeyaa is-dhaafsiga) ayaa ay jirtaa sabab shaqaynaysa oo loo beddelo ka mid ah dookha la aqbali karo oo loo beddelo mid kale. {{va|FPSR|FMC|text=Marka aan la dhisin nooc gaar ah oo wada-hadalku uusan xallin arrinta, isticmaal nooca ka muuqda nooca ugu horreeyay ee ka dambeeya [[Wikipedia:Stub|qabyada (stub)]] oo soo bandhigay nooc la aqoonsan karo. Waxa ka baxsan tan waa [[#Retain quote variety|ha beddelin nooca luqadda ee ku dhex jira xigasho]].}} Nooca lagu dhisay maqaal gaar ah waxaa lagu qoraa iyadoo lagu dhex darayo [[:Category:Use English templates|tampaallada Use X English]] ee habboon bogga maqaalka. Tampaallada [[:Category:Varieties of English templates|nooca luqadda ee habboon]] sidoo kale waxaa lagu dhejin karaa bogga wada-hadalka ee maqaalka. Maqaal waa inuusan noqon mid la tifaftiro ama magaca loo beddelo kaliya si looga beddelo hal nooc oo luqad ah oo loo beddelo mid kale. Tampaalka {{tlxs|uw-engvar}} waxaa lagu dhejin karaa bogga wada-hadalka tifaftiraha si loogu sharraxo tan. ==Xarfo-waweynaynta== Cinwaannada maqaallada Wikipedia iyo cinwaannada qaybaha waxay isticmaalaan habka weedha, ma aha habka cinwaanka; iyo {{section link||Section headings}}. Xaraf-weynaynta alaabta liiska ku jirta, eeg {{section link||Bulleted and numbered lists}}. Points-ka kale ee ku saabsan xaraf-weynaynta waxaa si kooban loogu dhex muujiyay hoos. Macluumaadka fulan waxaa lagu heli karaa [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters]]. Qodobka ugu muhiimsan ayaa ah in Wikipedia aysan xaraf-weynaynayn eray ilaa uu si joogto ah xaraf-weyn ugu yahay badankooda [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|ilaha lagu kalsoonaan karo]] ee madax-bannaan. ===Xaraf-weynaynta ''The''=== Caadi ahaan, ha xaraf-weynayn erayga ''the'' dhexda jumlada ma aha { Reebanaanta caadiga ah waxaa ku jira magacyada u gaarka ah ee qaarkood iyo badankooda cinwaannada hawlaha abuurka ah ({{xt|Tolkien wrote ''The Lord of the Rings''}}{{snd}}laakiin ogaada in ''the'' aysan noqon karin qayb ka mid ah cinwaanka ee lagu qoro, t.s., Waxaa jira tixgelinno gaar ah oo loo sameeyo magacyada kooxaha muusigga , magacyada hay'adaha, magac u yaallada, summadaha ganacsiga. ===<span id="Capitalization-Titles"></span>Cinwaannada hawlaha=== {{main|WP:Manual of Style/Titles of works}} Cinwaannada luqadda Ingiriisiga ee qoraallada (buugaagta iyo hawlaha kale ee qoraalka, noocyada iyo hawlaha kale ee codka, filimada iyo hawlaha kale ee muuqaalka ah, sawirrada iyo hawlaha kale ee fanka, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxaa loo bixiyaa habka {{em|[[title case]]}}, halka eray kasta loo siiyo xaraf-weyn bilowga marka laga reebo erayada qaarkood oo yar oo muhiim ah (sida lagu sharraxay {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters|Composition titles}}). Erayada ugu horreeya iyo kuwa ugu dambeeya ee cinwaan luqad Ingiriisi ah mar walba waa kuwo xaraf-weyn leh. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|''An Eye for an Eye''}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|''Worth the Fighting For''}} Xaraf-weynaynta cinwaannada aan Ingiriisiga ahayn waa ay kala duwan tahay, xataa waqti ka waqti isla luqadda dhexdeeda; caadi ahaan, dhowr qaabka asalka ah ee hawlaha cusub, oo raac isticmaalka ka muuqda ilaha lagu kalsoonaan karo ee luqadda Ingiriisiga ee hadda{{efn|name=recent}} ee hawlaha taariikhiga ah. Marka lagu qoro alfabeta Laatiinka, badankooda waxyaabahaani waa inay sidoo kale ku jiraan farta janjeerta ([[#Italics|italics]]), ama lagu duubo [[#Names and titles|calaamadaha oraahda (quotation marks)]]. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|{{lang|fr|Les Liaisons dangereuses}}}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"{{lang|de|italics=no|Hymnus an den heiligen Geist}}"}} ===Tayooyinka iyo xilalka dadka=== *'''Isticmaalka guud''', isticmaal xaraf yar erayada sida ''madaxweyne'' , ''boqor', iyo ''imbiraadoor'' ({{xt|De Gaulle wuxuu ahaa madaxweyne Faransiis ah}}; {{xt|Louis XVI wuxuu ahaa boqor Faransiis ah}}; {{xt|Saddex ra'iisul wasaare ayaa ka soo qayb galay shirka}}). *'''Toos ka hor magaca dadka''', erayadaas waxay ka bilaabanayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|Madaxweyne Obama}}, ma aha {{!xt|madaxweyne Obama}}). Magacyada heerka caadiga ah ama caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo ee xilka ama doorka waxaa loo maareeyaa sida magacyada u gaarka ah ({{xt|David Cameron wuxuu ahaa Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Biritain}}; {{xt|Hirohito wuxuu ahaa Imbiraadoorkii Jabaan}}; {{xt|Louis XVI wuxuu ahaa Boqorkii Faransiiska}}). Titoolinka ama doorka boqortooyada waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|Her Majesty}}; {{xt|His Highness}}); reebanaantu waxay ku dabaqmi kartaa xilal gaar ah. ===Diimaha, ilaahyada, falsafadaha, iyo caqiidooyinka=== *'''Diimaha, kooxaha, iyo kaniisadaha''' iyo taageerayaashooda (foomka magaca ama tilmaamaha) waxay ka start-garoobayaan xaraf-weyn. Caadi ahaan, "the" ma aha xaraf-weyn ka hor magacyadaas ({{xt|the Unitarians}}, ma aha {{!xt|The Unitarians}}). *'''Qoraallada diinta]]''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn, laakiin badanaa ma aha farta janjeerta ({{xt|the Bhagavad Gita}}, {{xt|the Quran}}, {{xt|the Talmud}}, {{xt|the Granth Sahib}}, {{xt|the Bible}}). Ha u qorin xaraf-weyn "the" marka aad u isticmaalayso foomkan. Tilmaamaha qaarkood oo ka soo baxa waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn heshiis ahaan, qaarkoodna ma qaataan ({{xt|biblical}}, laakiin {{xt|Quranic}}); haddii aad u baahato hubaal, eeg qaamuuska. *'''[[Honorific|Tayooyinka iyo magacyada sharafta]] ee ilaahyada''', ku dhex jira magacyada u gaarka ah iyo tayooyinka, waxay ka start-garoobayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|God}}, {{xt|Allah}}, {{xt|the Lord}}, {{xt|the Supreme Being}}, {{xt|the Great Spirit}}, {{xt|the Horned One}}, {{xt|Bhagavan}}). Ha u qorin xaraf-weyn "the" xaaladahaas ama marka aad tixraacayso dadka waaweyn ee diinta ama shakhsiyaadka khayalka ah/asraarta ah ({{xt|the Prophet}}, {{xt|the Messiah}}, {{xt|the Virgin}}). Magacyada guud ee ilaahyada iyo shakhsiyaadka diinta ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|many gods}}; {{xt|the god Woden}}; {{xt|saints and prophets}}). *'''Magac-u-yaallada shakhsiyaadka cibaadada ama Ilaah''' ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn, xataa haddii xaraf-weyn lagu qoro qoraallada diinta ({{xt|God and his will}}). *'''Qaybaha waaweyn ee mukhluuqaadka khayalka ah (mythical/legendary)''' waxay ka start-garoobayaan xarfo yar ({{xt|elf}}, {{xt|fairy}}, {{xt|nymph}}, {{xt|unicorn}}, {{xt|angel}}), inkastoo hawlaha khayalka ah (fantasy), sida buugaagta [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] iyo ciyaaraha fiidiyowga qaarkood, xarfaha waaweyn ee bilowga ah marmar loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo in mukhluuqaadku ay samaynayaan dhaqan ama irsi dhex jira [[fictional universe|caalamka khayalka ah]]. U qor xaraf-weyn magacyada ama tayooyinka mukhluuqaadka gaarka ah ({{xt|the Minotaur}}, {{xt|Pegasus}}) iyo kooxaha oo magacooda iyo xubnahoodu ay yihiin kuwo go'an ({{xt|the Magi, or the Three Wise Men}}, {{xt|the Furies}}). Tixraacyada guud ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|these priests}}; {{xt|several wise men}}; {{xt|cherub-like}}). *'''Matalaadaha ama dhacdooyinka ruuxiga ah iyo kuwa diinta''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn kaliya marka la tixraacayo dhacdooyin gaar ah ama waqtiyo gaar ah ({{xt|the Great Flood}} iyo {{xt|the Exodus}}; laakiin {{xt|annual flooding}} iyo {{xt|an exodus of refugees}}). *'''Falsafadaha, aragtiyaha, dhaqdhaqaaqyada, iyo caqiidooyinka''' waxay isticmaalaan xarfo yar ilaa magacu ka soo baxo magac u gaar ah ({{xt|capitalism versus Marxism}}) ama uusan noqon magac u gaar ah ({{xt|republican}}, oo ah dhismaha fikirka siyaasadda; {{xt|Republican}}, oo ah xisbi siyaasadeed). Isticmaal xarfo yar mawduucyada caqiidooyinka ama fikirka diinta ee heerka caadiga ah (oo ka soo contrasts-garoobaya dhacdooyinka gaarka ah), xataa haddii xaraf-weyn lagu qoro taageerayaasha diinta qaarkood ({{xt|virgin birth}}, {{xt|original sin}}, {{xt|transubstantiation}}). *'''[[Platonic idealism|Platonic]] ama fikradaha sare (transcendent ideals)''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn xaaladda caqiidada falsafadda ({{xt|Truth}}, {{xt|the Good}}); marka loo isticmaalo si dhumuc leh, waxay ku dhex jiraan xarfo yar ({{xt|Superman represents American ideals of truth and justice}}). Isticmaal xarfo waaweyn marka fanka lagu personify-gareeyo fikradaha ({{xt|the guidebook mentioned statues of Justice and Liberty}}). *{{va|Eponyms|EPONYM|EPONYMS|text='''[[Eponym|Eponym-s (erayada ka soo baxay magacyada dadka)]]''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn ([[Edwardian era|{{xt|Edwardian}}]], [[De Morgan's laws|{{xt|De Morgan's laws}}]], [[Alice in Wonderland syndrome|{{xt|Alice in Wonderland syndrome}}]], [[Plaster of Paris|{{xt|plaster of Paris}}]], [[Platonic idealism|{{xt|Platonic idealism}}]], [[Draconian constitution|{{xt|Draconian constitution of Athens}}]]), marka laga reebo isticmaalka sanfada ama maahmaahda ah oo ka baxsan xaaladda asalka ah oo caadi ahaan xarfo yar ku dhex jira ilaha tixraaca ([[Platonic relationship|{{xt|a platonic relationship}}]]; {{xt|complained of draconian workplace policies}}).{{efn|name=eponyms|1=Waxaa jira waxyaabo yar oo dheeraad ah oo ka baxsan xaraf-weynaynta eponyms-ka, halka eraygu leeyahay xeer xooggan oo ah xarfo yar, t.s., lagu doorbido foomkaas badankooda qaamuustada waaweyn ee luqadda Ingiriisiga. Tusaale ahaan, {{xt|parkinsonian}} wuxuu sharraxaa bukaan muujinaya astaamaha [[Parkinson's disease|{{xt|Parkinson's disease}}]]. Dhexdeeda carabiga/higgaada isticmaalka erayada [[Linguistic latinisation|{{xt|latinize}}]], [[Romanisation|{{xt|romanize}}]], iyo [[Anglicization|{{xt|anglicize}}]] [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Anglo- and similar prefixes|waxay sii kordhayaan xarfo yar]], iyo [[Italic type|{{xt|italic[s]}}]] ku dhex jirta farta mar walba waa xarfo yar.}} Weedha dhan oo uu eponym ku yahay tilmaame [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Religions, deities, philosophies, doctrines, and their adherents|ma aha xaraf-weyn]] marka laga reebo marka weedha dhitadeedu tahay magac u gaar ah (t.s., [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles|cinwaanka hawl la daabacay]]: [[The China Syndrome|{{xt|''The China Syndrome''}}]]).}} ===Astaamaha kalandarka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Calendar items}} *'''Bilsashada (bilo), maalmaha toddobaadka, iyo fasaxyada''' waxay ka start-garoobayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|June}}, {{xt|Monday}}; {{xt|the Fourth of July}} wuxuu tixraacaa kaliya Maalinta Xorriyadda Mareykanka{{snd}}haddii kale {{xt|July 4}} ama {{xt|4 July}}). *'''Xilliyada''' waxay ku dhex jiraan xarfo yar ({{xt|her last summer}}; {{xt|the winter solstice}}; {{xt|spring fever}}), marka laga reebo marka lagu personify-gareeyo fanka ama magacyada u gaarka ah ee waqtiyada ama dhacdooyinka ({{xt|Old Man Winter}}; {{xt|competed on the Spring Circuit}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="People, animals, plants, and other organisms"></span>Dadka, xayawaanka, dhirta, iyo noolaha kale=== {{Shortcut|MOS:LIFE}} ee farta janjeerta, {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting|Italic type}}. Eeg sidoo kale {{section link|Wikipedia:Lead section|Organisms}} ee ku saabsan maareynta jumlada ugu horreysa. Eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (fauna)]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora)]] ee ku saabsan hagaha cinwaannada maqaallada.}} Marka la isticmaalayo '''[[Taxonomy (biology)|magacyada taksonomiga ("sayniska")]]''', u qor xaraf-weyn iyo farta janjeerta (italics) genus-ka: {{xt|''Berberis''}}, {{xt|''Erithacus''}}. (Supergenus iyo subgenus, marka ay ku dabaqmaan, waxaa loo maareeyaa sidaas oo kale.) Janjeeri laakiin ha u qorin xaraf-weyn heerarka taksonomiga ee species-ka (noocyada) iyo ka hooseeya: {{xt|''Berberis darwinii''}}, {{xt|''Erithacus rubecula superbus''}}, {{xt|''Acacia coriacea'' subsp. ''sericophylla''}}; ma jiraan reebanaanno loo sameeyay magacyada u gaarka ah oo qayb ka ah magacyada sayniska. Taxa-ga sare (order, family, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn Laatiinka ({{xt|Carnivora}}, {{xt|Felidae}}) laakiin ma qaataan udhigmaadka Ingiriisiga ({{xt|carnivorans}}, {{xt|felids}}); ma aha janjeer labada foomba, marka laga reebo fayrasyada, halka dhammaan magacyada lagu aqbalay guddiga [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|ICTV]] ay yihiin janjeer ({{xt|''Retroviridae''}}). {{Shortcut|MOS:CULTIVAR}}{{Anchor|Cultivar}}Magacyada '''[[Cultivar]]''' iyo '''[[cultivar group]]''' ee dhirta ma aha janjeer, waxayna qaataan xarfo waaweyn (harraan erayga ''Group'' ee magaca ku dhex jira); magacyada cultivar waxay ka muuqdaan xigashooyinka keliyaalka ah (single quotes) ({{xt|''Malus domestica'' 'Red Delicious'}}), halka cultivar groups aysan qaadanin ({{xt|''Cynara cardunculus'' Scolymus Group}}). '''Ingiriisiga [[Common name|magacyada afka caadiga ah ("common")]]''' waxaa loo bixiyaa xarfo yar qoraalka maqaalka dhexdiisa ([[Plains zebra|{{xt|plains zebra}}]]<!-- animal species -->, [[Mountain maple|{{xt|mountain&nbsp;maple}}]]<!-- plant species -->, iyo [[Southwestern red-tailed hawk|{{xt|southwestern red-tailed hawk}}]]<!-- bird subspecies -->) iyo habka weedha (sentence case) bilowga jumlada iyo meelaha kale oo xarafka ugu horreeya ee erayga ugu horreeya uu yahay xaraf-weyn.{{efn|name=Sentence case}} Waxay sidoo kale qaataan xarfo waaweyn halka ay ku jiraan magacyo u gaar ah: [[Przewalski's horse|{{xt|Przewalski's&nbsp;horse}}]]<!-- eponym -->, [[California condor|{{xt|California&nbsp;condor}}]]<!-- typical geonym -->, iyo [[Fair-maid-of-France|{{xt|fair-maid-of-France}}]]<!-- unusual but important illustrative case -->. Kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa noocyada (species) iyo nooc-hoosaadyada (subspecies), sida tusaalooyinka hore, iyo sidoo kale magacyada guud ee kooxaha ama noocyada noolaha: [[Bird of prey|{{xt|bird&nbsp;of&nbsp;prey}}]]<!-- cross-order ecological niche -->, [[Oak|{{xt|oak}}]]<!-- plant family -->, [[Great apes|{{xt|great&nbsp;apes}}]]<!-- animal family -->, [[Bryde's whales|{{xt|Bryde's&nbsp;whales}}]]<!-- species group -->, [[Livestock guardian dog|{{xt|livestock&nbsp;guardian&nbsp;dog}}]]<!-- domestic type -->, [[Poodle|{{xt|poodle}}]]<!-- domestic breed group but not a breed -->, [[Van cat|{{xt|Van&nbsp;cat}}]]<!-- domestic geographic landrace -->, [[Wolfdog|{{xt|wolfdog}}]]<!-- hybrid/crossbreed/mongrel not recognized as a standardized breed -->. Marka magaca caadiga ah uu la mid yahay takson saynis ah, ha u qorin xaraf-weyn ama janjeer, marka laga reebo halka la tixraacayo noolaha dhanka taksonomiga: {{xt|A lynx is any of the four medium-sized wild cat species within the genus ''Lynx''.}} Magacyada caadiga ah ee aan Ingiriisiga ahayn, marka ay habboon tahay in lagu daro, waxaa loo maareeyaa sida erayada kale ee aan Ingiriisiga ahayn: janjeer sidaas ah, oo xaraf-weyn kaliya haddii shuruudaha luqadda hooyo ay u baahan yihiin. Magacyada aan Ingiriisiga ahayn ee noqday kuwo la qabsaday Ingiriisiga waxaa loo maareeyaa sida Ingiriisiga ([[Ayahuasca|{{xt|ayahuasca}}]], [[Okapi|{{xt|okapi}}]]). {{Shortcut|MOS:BREED}}{{Anchor|Breed}}'''[[Standardized breeds|Dhalada la halbeeyay (Standardized breeds)]]''' waa inay caadi ahaan dhowraan xaraf-weynaynta loo isticmaalay halbeegga dhalada.{{efn|name=Standardized breeds|1=Hagaha dhalada waxaa lagu daray [[Diff2/881140543|RfC on capitalization of the names of standardized breeds|December 2018 RfC]]. "Dhalada la halbeeyay" wuxuu waayay macno toos ah oo caddaynaya, laakiin wuxuu ku dhex jiraa dhala kasta oo ku dhex jira [[breed standard]] ama [[studbook]] ee kooxda taranta/mataanaha. Kooxaha kale ee xayawaanka guri-joogga ah ma aha dhala la halbeeyay: noocyada taariikhda hore, kooxaha dhalada, xayawaanka duurjoogtoobay (feral), landraces, iyo [[crossbreed|dhalada la isku dhalay]] ama [[Hybrid (biology)|isandho]] oo aan kooxaha waaweyn aqoonsan sida dhala gaar ah. Kuwo badan caadi ahaan ma aha [[Wikipedia:Notability|muhiim (notable)]].}} Tusaalooyinka: [[German Shepherd|{{xt|German Shepherd}}]], [[Russian White goat|{{xt|Russian White goat}}]], [[Berlin Short-faced Tumbler|{{xt|Berlin Short-faced Tumbler}}]]. Sida cultivar-ka dhirta, kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa haddii magacu yahay magac u gaar ah ama kale, oo ka soo horjeeda sida magacyada caadiga ah ee noolaha loo qoro. Laakiin, ka baxsan cultivar-ka, dhalada waligeed lagu ma dhex daro xigashooyinka keliyaalka ah (single quotes), oo magacyadoodu waligeed ma aha qayb ka mid ah magac saynis ah. Erayga noolaha ee lagu daray dhammaadka si looga fogaado jahawareerka ("cat", "hound", "horse", "swine", iyo wixii la mid ah) waa inuusan noqon xaraf-weyn, ilaa uu yahay qayb ka mid ah magaca dhalada oo si joogto ah lagu muujiyo foomkaas halbeegga dhalada (xaaladaha dhifka ah waxaa ku jira [[Norwegian Forest Cat|{{xt|Norwegian Forest Cat}}]] iyo [[American Quarter Horse|{{xt|American Quarter Horse}}]]). Samee [[Wikipedia:Redirect|xiriiriyeyaasha dib-u-luqadda (redirects)]] ka soo baxay xaraf-weynaynta kale iyo foomamka higaada ee cinwaannada maqaalka, iyo magacyada kale, t.s., [[Adélie Penguin]], [[Adelie penguin]], [[Adelie Penguin]] iyo ''[[Pygoscelis adeliae]]'' dhammaan waa inay dib-u-luqad u sameeyaan [[Adélie penguin]]. ===Samooyinka iyo walxaha hawada sare=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Celestial bodies}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (astronomical objects)}} Erayada ''sun'' (sol/qorrax), ''earth'' (dhul), ''moon'' (dayax), iyo ''solar system'' (bahda qorraxda) ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn isticmaalka guud ({{xt|The sun was over the mountain top}}; {{xt|The tribal people thought of the whole earth as their home}}). Waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn marka walaxda lagu personify-gareeyo fanka/suugaanta ({{xt|Sol Invictus ('Unconquered Sun') was the Roman sun god}}) ama marka loo isticmaalo sida magac walax gaar ah xaaladda sayniska ama falagga ({{xt|The Moon orbits the Earth}}; laakiin {{xt|Io is a moon of Jupiter}}). Magacyada meereyaasha, dayaxyada, asteroids-ka, comets-ka, xiddigaha, constellations-ka, iyo galaxies-ka waa magacyo u gaar ah, oo sidaas darteed xaraf-weyn ah ({{xt|The planet Mars is in the constellation Gemini, near the star Pollux}}). Xarafka ugu horreeya ee eray kasta oo ku dhex jira magacaas waa xaraf-weyn ({{xt|Alpha Centauri}} ma aha {{!xt|Alpha centauri}}; {{xt|Milky Way}}, ma aha {{!xt|Milky way}}). Erayada sida ''comet'' iyo ''galaxy'' waa inay noqdaan xaraf-weyn marka ay samaynayaan qayb ka mid ah magac u gaar ah, laakiin ma aha marka loo isticmaalo sida eray guud ({{xt|Halley's Comet is the most famous of the comets}}; {{xt|the Andromeda Galaxy is a spiral galaxy}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Compass"></span>Pointers-ka kombaas-ka (Jihooyinka)=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Compass points}} Ha xaraf-weynayn '''jihooyinka''' sida ''north'' (woqooyi) ama foomamka la xiriira ({{xt|We took the northern road}}) marka laga reebo marka ay yihiin qaybo ka mid ah magacyada u gaarka ah ({{xt|Great North Road}}, {{xt|Great Western Drive}}, {{xt|South Pole}}). U qor xaraf-weyn '''magacyada gobollada''' haddii ay gaareen heerka magaca u gaarka ah, ku dhex jira magacyada caadiga ah ee heshiiska ({{xt|Southern California}}; {{xt|the Western Desert}}), iyo erayada ka soo baxa ee dadka (t.s., ''Southerner'' oo ah mid ka soo jeeda [[Southern United States]]). Ha xaraf-weynayn magacyada sharraxaadda leh ee gobollada oo aan gaarin heerka magacyada u gaarka ah, sida {{xt|southern Poland}}. Jihooyinka isku-dhafka ah waxaa lagu dhex jiri karaa ama aan lagu dhex jiri karin dhex-xariijin (hyphen), iyada oo ku xiran [[#National varieties of English|nooca Ingiriisiga ee loo qaatay]] maqaalka. {{xt|Southeast Asia}} iyo {{xt|northwest}} waxay ka caansan yihiin Ingiriisiga Mareykanka; laakiin {{xt|South-East Asia}} iyo {{xt|north-west}} waxay ka caansan yihiin Ingiriisiga British-ka. Xaaladaha sida {{xt|north–south dialogue}} iyo {{xt|east–west orientation}}, isticmaal en dash; eeg {{section link||Other uses for en dashes}}. ===<span id="Institutions"></span>Magacyada u gaarka ah ka soo contrasts-garoobaya erayada guud=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Institutions|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Capitalization of The{{!}}Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Capitalization of ''The''}} U qor xaraf-weyn magacyada hay'adaha ama doorka gaarka ah ({{xt|the founding of the University of Delhi}}; {{xt|the history of Stanford University}}) laakiin ma aha erayada guud ee hay'adaha ({{xt|the high school is near the university}}). Ha xaraf-weynayn ''the'' bilowga magaca hay'adda, iyada oo aan loo eegin qaabka loo doorbido ee hay'adda. Waxaa jira reebanaanno dhif ah, marka la hoggaaminayo ''The'' oo lagu muujiyay ''T'' ku dhex jira acronym-ka kooxda: {{xt|The International Cat Association (TICA)}}. U maaree qaybaha siyaasadda ama juqraafiga foomkan oo kale: {{xt|The city has a population of 55,000}}; {{xt|The two towns merged to become the City of Smithville}}. Ha u sameynin sida qaabka wargaysyada maxalliga ah oo tixraacaya degmada/magaalada sida ''the City'' ama ''The City'', marka laga reebo City of London [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#City of London|xaaladaha qaarkood]]. Hagahaani wuxuu sii kordhayaa wax-soosaarka hay'adaha, shirkadaha, iyo kooxaha kale. Tusaale ahaan, magaca dhan ee sharciga sida {{xt|Online Safety Act 2023}} wuxuu noqon doonaa xaraf-weyn, laakiin tixraacyada ka dambeeya ee {{xt|the act}} ma noqon doonaan kuwo xaraf-weyn ah. ==<span class="anchor" id="Acronyms and abbreviations"></span><span class="anchor" id="Acronyms"></span><span class="anchor" id="Initialisms"></span><span class="anchor" id="Shortenings"></span>Gaabinta== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Initials}} Gaabinta waa foomamka gaaban ee erayada ama foomamka. Raadinta saxda ah, waxay ku kala duwan yihiin [[Contraction (grammar)|contractions]], oo isticmaala [[apostrophe]] (t.s., ''won't'', eeg {{Section link||Contractions}}), iyo [[initialism]]s. Initialism waxaa lagu samaynayaa ka mid ah ama dhammaan xarfaha bilowga ah ee erayada ku dhex jira foom. Ka hooseeya, tixraacyada gaabinta waa in loo qaadaa inay ku dhex jiraan acronyms, iyo term-ka ''acronym'' waa inuu sidoo cuali ahaan ku dabaqmaa initialisms. ===Qor marka ay markii ugu horreysay muuqato iyadoo dhammaystiran=== {{Shortcut|MOS:1STOCC|MOS:1STABBR}} Marka gaabinta loo isticmaalayo maqaalka dhexdiisa, hordhac uga dhig iyadoo la isticmaalayo weedha dhammaystiran, gaabintana lagu dhex darayo ngo'aanka (parentheses): {{Block indent|{{xt|shabakadda gobolka ee maxalliga ah (LAN) oo ay samaysay Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC){{nbsp}}... DEC badeecadihii dambe ee LAN waxay aheyd{{nbsp}}...}}}} Ha u isticmaalin xarfo waaweyn foomka dhammaystiran kaliya sababtoo ah xarfo waaweyn ayaa loo isticmaalay gaabinta: {{!xt|Shabakadda Gobolka ee Maxalliga ah (LAN)}}. Marka laga reebo xaaladaha gaarka ah, gaabinta caadiga ah (sida {{xt|PhD}}, {{xt|DNA}}, ama {{xt|USSR}}) looma baahna in la kala bixiyo ama la dhamaystiro xataa marka ay tahay markii ugu horreysay ee la isticmaalo. ===Foomamka plural-ka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:GREENGROCER}} U samee plural [[acronyms]] iyadoo lagu darayo ''-s'' ama ''-es'': {{xt|Three CD-ROMs and two BIOSes were released}}. Ha isticmaalin ''[[greengrocer's apostrophe]]'' si aad u samayso plurals: {{!xt|Three CD-ROM's and two BIOS's were released}}. ===<span class="anchor" id="Periods (full stops) and spaces"></span><span class="anchor" id="Full stops and spaces"></span><span class="anchor" id="op.cit."></span>Punctuation iyo spacing=== {{Shortcut|MOS:PS}} Gaabintu waxay ku dhabayn kartaa ama aan ku dhabayn karin full point (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-garaysay ''period'' ama ''full stop''). Qaab joogto ah waa in lagu dhasheeyaa ku dhex jirta maqaal. Isticmaalka North American caadi ahaan waa in lagu dhabeeyo dhammaan gaabinta period ({{xt|Dr. Smith of 42&nbsp;Drummond St.}}) laakiin isticmaalka caadiga ah ee British iyo Australian, ma jiro period loo isticmaalo haddii gaabinta (contraction) ay ku dhabayso xarafka ugu dambeya ee foomka aan la gaabin ({{xt|Dr Smith of 42&nbsp;Drummond St}}) ilaa is-dhaafsi uu keeni karo. Kani waa sidoo cuali ahaan isticmaalka caadiga ah ee qoraalka scientific-ka ah. Iyadoo aan loo eegin punctuation, erayada lagu gaabay ka badan hal xaraf waa lagu dhex jiraa space ({{xt|op.&nbsp;cit.}} ma aha {{!xt|op.cit.}} ama {{!xt|opcit}}). Waxaa jira waxyaabo ka baxsan oo yar: {{xt|PhD}} {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg sare)}} "Philosophiae Doctor"; {{xt|BVetMed}} "Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine". Xaaladaha badankooda, Wikipedia ma isticmaalto punctuation-ka oo kale ku dhex jirta acronyms iyo initialisms: {{xt|GDP}}, ma aha {{!xt|G.D.P.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="US"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S."></span><span class="anchor" id="USA"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S.A."></span>US iyo U.S.<!-- When renaming this section title, rename the full link at [[Wikipedia:Consistency]] -->=== {{Shortcut|MOS:US|MOS:U.S.|MOS:USA|MOS:U.S.A.}} {{redirect|MOS:US|the use of the word "us"|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#First-person pronouns}} {{xt|US}} waa gaabinta caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo ee {{xt|United States}}, inkastoo {{xtn|U.S.}} – oo leh periods iyo aan lahayn space – ay tahay mid caadi ah daabacadaha North American, ku dhex jirta wargaysyada news-ka. Hagayaasha qaabka American qaarkood, ku dhex jiro ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style]]'' (tan iyo 2010), waxay baabi'iyeen {{!xt|U.S.}} waxayna soo sheegeen {{xt|US}}. Sababaha [[#Opportunities for commonality|wadaagga]], isticmaal {{xt|US}} default ahaan marka aad gaabinayso, laakiin [[#Retaining existing styles|sii wad]] {{xtn|U.S.}} maqaallada American ama Canadian English oo ay horey u dhisantay, ilaa ay jirto sabab wanaagsan oo loo beddelo. Sababtoo ah isticmaalka periods ee gaabinta iyo acronyms wuxuu noqon doonaa mid joogto ah ku dhex jira maqaal kasta, mar walba isticmaal {{xt|US}} maqaal leh gaabinta waddammada kale. Gaabinta dheeraad ah oo lagu dhex jiro initials-ka waddanka ({{xt|USN}}, {{xt|USAF}}), waligeed ha isticmaalin periods. Marka United States lagu xuso hal ama ka badan waddammada kale ku dhex jirta jumlad oo kale, {{xt|US}} (ama {{xtn|U.S.}}) wuxuu noqon karaa mid aad u informal ah, gaar ahaan xusidda ugu horreysa ama sida noun halkii adjective ({{xt|France and the United States}}, ma aha {{!xt|France and the US}}). Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|U.&nbsp;S.}} oo leh space ama {{!xt|U.S.&nbsp;of&nbsp;A.}} oo taariikh hore ah, marka laga reebo marka aad xigasho sameynayso. Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|U.S.A.}} ama {{!xt|USA}} marka laga reebo ku dhex jirta xigasho, sida qayb ka mid ah magac sax ah ({{xt|Team USA}}), ama isticmaalka tignoolajiyada iyo rasmiga ah ee qaarkood (t.s., [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3]], [[FIFA country codes|FIFA]], iyo [[IOC country codes]]). ===Circa=== {{for|examples|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Uncertain, incomplete, or approximate dates}} Si loo muujiyo ''si xaddidan'', isticmaalka {{tl|circa}}, oo muuqda sida {{xt|{{circa}}}}, waxaa ka wanaagsan {{!xt|circa}}, {{!xt|c.}}, {{!xt|ca.}}, ama {{!xt|approx.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="unwarranted abbreviations"></span>Ka fogao isticmaalka aan la xaqijin=== {{Hatnote|See also: {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|Units of measurement}} for when to abbreviate units of measurement.}} Ka fogao gaabinta marka ay jahwareerin karaan akhristaha, baabi'in karaan socodka, ama ka muuqan karaan informal. Tusaale ahaan: *Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|approx.}} ee {{xt|approximate(ly)}} marka laga reebo infobox ama table (xaaladaas isticmaal {{tlx|abbr|approx.|approximately}} xusidda ugu horreysa: {{xt|{{abbr|approx.|approximately}}}}). *Ha isticmaalin legalism-ka {{!xt|Holmes J}} ee {{xt|[[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.|Justice Holmes]]}}. <!-- this might be better in [[WP:JARGON]] --> ===Ha samaynin=== Ka fogao sameynta [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#Neologisms|gaabinta cusub]], gaar ahaan acronyms. Tusaale ahaan, {{xtn|World Union of Billiards}} waa wanaagsan yahay sida {{em|turjumaad}} ee {{xt|[[Union Mondiale de Billard]]}}, laakiin ma aha iyada ama yareynta {{!xt|WUB}} oo loo isticmaalay kooxda ama tixraacyada gaarka ah; isticmaal magaca asalka ah iyo gaabintiisa rasmiga ah, {{xt|UMB}}. Haddii ay noqoto mid lagama maarmaan ah in lagu gaabiyo space yar, sida [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables#Captions and headers|column header ee table-ka]], isticmaal gaabinta si baaxad leh loo aqoonsan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, ee {{xt|New Zealand gross national product}}, isticmaal {{xt|NZ}} iyo {{xt|GNP}}, oo leh isqu xir haddii term-ka aan horey loogu qorin maqaalka: {{xt|NZ&nbsp;[[Measures of national income and output|GNP]]}}. Ha samaynin initialisms sida {{!xt|NZGNP}}. ===HTML tags iyo moodallada=== Mid ka mid ah {{tag|abbr|o}} ama {{tlx|abbr}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa gaabinta iyo acronyms: {{tag|abbr|params=title="World Health Organization"|content=WHO|wrap=yes}} ama {{tlx|abbr|WHO|World Health Organization}} waxay samayn doonaan {{abbr|WHO|World Health Organization}}; [[mouseover|soreynta]] qoraalka muuqda waxay keentaa [[tooltip]] ee foomka dheer inuu soo muuqdo. ===Ampersand=== {{Shortcut|MOS:AMP|MOS:&}} {{redirects|WP:&|the use of "and" in titles|Wikipedia:Article titles#Titles containing "and"}} Qoraalka caadiga ah iyo madaxyada, isticmaal ''and'' halkii [[ampersand]] (''&''): {{xt|January 1&nbsp;and&nbsp;2}}, ma aha {{!xt|January 1&nbsp;&&nbsp;2}}. Laakiin sii wad ampersand marka uu yahay qayb shaqaynaysa oo qaabka magac sax ah, mawduuca shaqaalaha, ama trademark, sida ku dhex jirta ''[[Up & Down (Horace Parlan album)|Up&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Down]]'' ama [[AT&T]]. Meelaha kale, ampersands waxaa loo isticmaali karaa joogteyn iyo dookh halka space uu aad u xaddidan yahay (t.s., tables iyo infoboxes). Xigashooyinka [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Typographic conformity|waxaa lagu beddeli karaa si dhibco leh]], gaar ahaan joogteynta halka noocyada kala duwan lagu xigto, maadaama noocyada cusub ee qoraallada hore ay si joogto ah u beddealaan ampersands ''and'' (sida ay u beddealaan [[glyph]]s kale oo aan la isticmaalin, [[Typographic ligature|ligatures]], iyo gaabinta). Isticmaalka kale oo loo ilaysay laakiin aan loo baahnayn waa tixraacyada gaaban ee shaqaalaha leeh qoraa badan, t.s.: {{xt|<nowiki><ref>Lubbers & Scheepers (2002); Van Hiel & Mervielde (2002); Swyngedouw & Giles (2007); Van Hiel (2012).</ref></nowiki>}}. ==Farta Janjeerta== {{Shortcut|MOS:IT|MOS:ITAL}} ===<span id="Do not use capitals for emphasis"></span>Adkeynta=== Farta janjeerta waxaa loo isticmaalaa adkeyn, halkii loo isticmaali lahaa [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Boldface|farta buuran]] ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#All caps and small caps|xarfo waaweyn]]. Laakiin isticmaalka badan wuxuu yareeyaa shaqadiisa: tixgeli dib-u-qorista jumlada halkii aad farta janjeerta badsan lahayd. Isticmaal {{tag|em}} ama {{tlx|em|...}} si aad adkeyn u sameeyso. Kani wuxuu u sahlayaa [[Help:User style|waraaqaha qaabka isticmaalaha]] in loo maareeyo adkeynta qaab gaar ah, wuxuuna caawiyaa dadka dib-u-isticmaala ama turjumayaasha.{{refn|{{cite web |last1=Ishida |first1=Richard |title=Using b and i elements |quote=the content of a <code>b</code> element may not always be bold, and that of an <code>i</code> element may not always be italic. |url=https://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-b-and-i-tags |website=W3C Internationalization |publisher=[[World Wide Web Consortium]] |date=2015 |access-date=1 September 2016}} }} *Sax: <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>The meerkat is <em>not</em> actually a cat.</nowiki>}}</code> *Sax: <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>The meerkat is {{em|not}} actually a cat.</nowiki>}}</code> ===<span id="Italics-Titles"></span>Cinwaannada=== {{shortcut|MOS:NOITALIC}} {{/titles hatnote include|where=MOS#I-T}} Isticmaal farta janjeerta cinwaannada hawlaha waaweyn (sida buugaagta, filimada, taxanaha telefishanka, bandhigyada la magacaabay, ciyaaraha fiidiyowga, albamyada muusigga, iyo fanka). Cinwaannada maqaallada, cutubyada, noocyada muusigga, dhacdooyinka, sheekooyinka, qoraallada cilmi-baarista, iyo hawlaha kale ee gaaban waxay qaataan calaamadaha oraahda ee laba-laabka ah (" "). Farta janjeerta looma isticmaalo qoraallada diinta ee waaweyn ({{xt|the Bible}}, {{xt|the Quran}}, {{xt|the Talmud}}). Kuwa badan oo cinwaannadan ka mid ah waa inay sidoo kale raacaan [[#Titles of works|habka xaraf-weynaynta cinwaannada]]. ===Erayada loo isticmaalay eray ahaan=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Words as words}} {{for|the policy when a word or phrase itself may be an encyclopedic subject|Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#When a word or phrase may be an encyclopedic subject}} Isticmaal farta janjeerta marka aad {{em|xusayso}} eray ama xaraf {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Use–mention distinction]])}} ama weedh ilaa hal jumlad ah ({{xt|teramka ''panning'' wuxuu ka yimid ''panorama''}}; {{xt|xarafka ugu caansan Af-Soomaaliga waa ''a''}}). Marka jumlad dhan la xuso, calaamadaha oraahda ee laba-laabka ah ayaa loo isticmaali karaa halkii, iyadoo la dhowrayo joogteynta ({{xt|Erayga xiriiriya ee ku jira ''Waxay fadhisatay kursiga'' waa ''kursiga''}}; ama {{xt|Erayga xiriiriya ee ku jira "Waxay fadhisatay kursiga" waa "kursiga"}}). Calaamadaha oraahda waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa qoraallada gaaban si looga fogaado jahawareerka, sida marka farta janjeerta horey loogu isticmaalay bogga sabab kale awgeed (t.s., erayada iyo weedha badan ee aan Soomaaliga ahayn). {{em|Xusidda}} (si looga wada-hadlo naxwaha, xulashada erayada, ama calaamadaha hakadka) waxay ka duwan tahay {{em|xigashada}} (halka wax caadi ahaan lagu muujiyo magaca ilaha la xigtay). Xigashada waxaa lagu sameeyaa calaamadaha oraahda, waligeedna looma isticmaalo farta janjeerta ama labadaba hal mar {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Quotations}} si aad u ogaato faahfaahinta).}} Isticmaalka kale ee la xiriira farta janjeerta waa marka la soo bandhigayo ama lagu kala saarayo erayada ama fikradaha: {{xt|Fikradaha ''tirasagaashanka'' waa tirada idil ee ka weyn 0.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign words"></span>Erayada aan Soomaaliga ahayn=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Non-English terms}} Farta janjeerta waxaa loo isticmaalaa weedha aan Soomaaliga ahayn iyo erayada kelida ah ee ajnabiga ah ee aan caadi ahaan loo isticmaalin Af-Soomaaliga maalin kasta. Laakiin, magacyada u gaarka ah (sida magacyada meelaha) ee luqadaha kale caadi ahaan ma qaataan farta janjeerta, sidoo kale erayada ku jira farta aan Laatiinka ahayn. Qaab-dhismeedka {{tlx|lang}} iyo noocyadiisu waxay taageeraan dhammaan [[ISO 639]] koodhadhka luqadaha, iyagoo sax u aqoonsanaya luqadda si otomaatig ahna u janjeerinaya farta. Fadlan isticmaal qaab-dhismeedyadan halkii aad gacanta u janjeerin lahayd qoraalka aan Soomaaliga ahayn. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link|WP:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Other languages}} si aad u ogaato macluumaad dheeraad ah.)}} ===Magacyada sayniska=== Isticmaal farta janjeerta magacyada sayniska ee dhirta, xayawaanka, iyo [[Kingdom (biology)|dhammaan noolaha kale]] marka laga reebo fayrasyada heerka [[genus]] iyo ka hooseeya (janjeeri {{xt|''Panthera leo''}} iyo {{xt|''Retroviridae''}}, laakiin ha janjeerin {{xt|Felidae}}). Calaamadda isku-dhafka ma qaadato farta janjeerta ({{xt|''Rosa''&nbsp;×&nbsp;''damascena''}}), sidoo kale "erayga xiriiriya" ee loo baahan yahay [[Trinomial nomenclature#In botany|magacyada dhirta ee saddexda qaybood ah]] ma janjeero ({{xt|''Rosa gallica'' subsp. ''officinalis''}}). ===<span id="Italics and quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka ku dhex jira farta janjeerta=== {{shortcut|MOS:ITALQUOTE|}}{{See also|#Quotations}} <section begin="Quotations in italics body"/>Ha u qorin xigashooyinka farta janjeerta. [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation marks|Calaamadaha oraahda]] (ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Block quotations|xigashooyinka waaweyn]]) kaliya ayaa ku filan oo ah qaabka saxda ah ee loogu muujiyo xigashooyinka. Farta janjeerta waa in loo isticmaalo kaliya haddii qoraalka la xigtay uu ka mid yahay waxyaabo marka horeba u baahanaa farta janjeerta.<section end="Quotations in italics body"/> ([[#Italics within quotations|Eeg hoos]]). ===Farta janjeerta ee ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka=== <section begin="Italics within quotations body"/>Isticmaal farta janjeerta ku dhex jira xigashooyinka si aad u soo saarto adkeynta ku jirtay qoraalka asalka ah ama si aad u muujiso isticmaalka erayada aan Soomaaliga ahayn. Adkeynta waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu sameeyo {{tlx|em}}. Haddii aysan caddayn in ilaha asalka ahi ay horey u lahaayeen farta janjeerta (ama qaab kale) oo adkeyn ah, ama si loo muujiyo marka adkeynta aan loo isticmaalin qoraalkii asalka ahaa laakiin dambe lagu daray tifaftirka, ku dar xusuus-qoraalka tifaftirka {{xt|[adkeyntu waa asalka]}} ama {{xt|[adkeynta waa la daray]}}, sida ay u kala horreeyaan, ka dambaysta xigashada. * Tusaale ahaan: {{xt|"Muxuu yiri guda-galka xubintu. Habeen wanaagsan: Iyo {{em|kooxaha malaa'igta}} ha ku heesaan nasashadaada." [adkeyntu waa asalka].}}<section end="Italics within quotations body"/> ===Saamaynta ay ku leedahay calaamadaha hakadka ee dhow=== {{Shortcut|MOS:ITALPUNCT}} Janjeeri kaliya qaybaha jumlada oo ay saameysay adkeyntu. Ha janjeerin calaamadaha hakadka ee dhow. *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|Maxaan ka samaynaynaa {{em|arrintaas?}}}} (Calaamadda su'aashu waxay ku dabaqmeysaa jumlada dhan, ma aha kaliya erayga la adkeeyay ee ''arrintaas'', markaas waa inaysan janjeerin.) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Maxaan ka samaynaynaa {{em|arrintaas}}?}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Afar ka mid ah sheekooyinka ugu caansan Patrick White waa ''A Fringe of Leaves'', ''The Aunt's Story'', ''Voss'', iyo ''The Tree of Man''.}} (Calaamadaha hakadka ee ku dhow, nooca cunsurrada, iyo erayga ''iyo'' ma janjeeraan.) ==Xigashooyinka== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTE}} [[Wikipedia:Non-free content#Guideline examples|Xigashooyinka gaaban ee qoraallada xuqooqda la dhowray]] waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loogu muujiyo dhacdo, loo siiyo macrefe, ama loo tiiriyo aragti ama fikrad gaar ah. Inkastoo xigashooyinku ay yihiin qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah Wikipedia, isticmaalka xad-dhaafka ah kuma habboona uslubta qoraalka encyclopedia-da wuxuuna sababi karaa [[Wikipedia:Copyrights|xukun-jebinta xuqooqda qoraalka]], sidaas darteed badankooda qoraalka waa inuu ku dhex jiraa erayada tifaftiraha oo keliya. Tixgeli dib-u-qorista xigashooyinka si ay u noqdaan qoraal toos ah oo gaaban marka ay habboon tahay (iyadoo la ogaaday in [[Wikipedia:Close paraphrasing|qoraal-mucaawinedka dhow]] uu walillahi xukunkii xudaheeda baabi'in karo). [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Quotations|Ha u qorin xigashooyinka farta janjeerta]] ilaa qoraalku uu farta janjeerta u baahdo sabab kale awgeed. Raiyada [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|siyaasadda xaqiijinta]], xigashooyinka tooska ah {{em|waa in}} ay la socdaan [[WP:INCITE|tixraac ku dhex jira qoraalka]] oo ka yimid [[WP:RS|il lagu kalsoonaan karo]] oo taageeraysa qoraalka. Tani waxay si gaar ah uga muhiimsan tahay maqaallada ku saabsan ama ku dhex jira qoraallada ku saabsan [[WP:BLP|dadka nool ama dhowaan dhintay]]. ===<span class="anchor" id="Principle of minimal change"></span>Qoraalka asalka ah=== {{Shortcut|MOS:PMC|MOS:SIC}} Xigashooyinka waa inay noqdaan kuwo [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|xaqiijin leh]] oo loo tiiriyo ilahooda, qoraalka la xigtayna waa in si dhab ah loo soo saaro. Tani waxaa loo yaqaan {{em|mabda'a beddelka yar}}. Marka ay jirto sabab wanaagsan oo loo beddelo qoraalka, ku dar khaanadaha afkexan [ ] qoraalka la beddelay; tusaale ahaan, {{!xt|"Ocyrhoe wuxuu u sheegay aayihiisa"}} waxaa loo xigan karaa sida {{xt|"Ocyrhoe wuxuu u sheegay [aabihiis] aayihiisa"}}. Makhaadhaa yar oo dhanka higaada ama farta ah waa in si toos ah loo hagaajiyo (tusaale ahaan, hagaaji {{!xt|basicly}} oo u beddel {{xt|basically}}). Haddii ay jirto makhaadhaa muhiim ah qoraalkii asalka ahaa, raaci {{tlx|sic}} (oo soo saaraysa {{sic}}{{hsp}}) si loogu muujiyo in makhaadhaahaas aysan samayn Wikipedia; tusaale ahaan, {{xt|"wareysigiisii uu la yeeshay Dolly Llama {{sic}}"}}. Marka lagu dabaqo qoraal xiriiriye leh, adeegsiga qaab-dhismeedka waxaa loo hagaajin karaa {{tlx|sic|2=nolink=y}} (oo soo saaraysa {{sic|nolink=y}} qoraalka xiriiriyaha leh; tusaale ahaan ku dhex jirta xiriiriyaha: [[Template:Sic|{{sic|nolink=y}} template]]).{{efn|name="sicwarning"|{{tl|Sic}} ma aha in loo isticmaalo dhexda {{tag|ref}} tags, ama ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|qaab-dhismeedyada tixraacyada]] sida [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]] iyo [[Help:Citation Style 2|Citation Style 2]], sababtoo ah wuxuu leeyahay qoraal baabi'inaya [[COinS]] metadata ee ay soo saaraan; eeg [[Wikipedia:COinS]].}} Sababaha saxnaanta iyo tusmo-samaynta awgeed, cinwaannada ilaha tixraaca ma aha in loo hagaajiyo higaadooda, laakiin hagaajinta yar ee farta ah (sida beddelka [[MOS:CURLY|calaamadaha qaloocan]] oo loo beddelo kuwa tooska ah) waxaa loo samayn karaa si toos ah. Tixraacyada ku dhex jira qoraalka la xigtay, ee tilmaamaya ilo aan loo isticmaalin maqaalka Wikipedia, waa in si toos ah loo saaro. Isticmaal [[#Ellipses|saddexda dhibcood (...)]] si aad u muujiso ka-tagista qoraalka la xigtay. Ka-tagista la ogol yahay waxaa ku jira erayada aan loo baahnayn, aan la xiriirin, ama ngo'aanka ku jira, iyo erayada daalka ({{!xt|umm}} iyo {{!xt|hmm}}), laakiin ha ka tagin qoraal marka ka-tagistiisu ay baabi'inayso macnaha muhiimka ah ama ay beddelayso nuxurka qoraalka. Erayada rogaal-celiska ah ama kuwa xun-xun waa in loo muujiyo si sax ah sida ay ka muuqdaan ilaha la xigtay; Tifaftirayaasha Wikipedia waa innaan [[Wikipedia:Offensive material#How to treat offensive material in articles|dhalaalin ama qarin erayada]] ({{!xt|G-d d--n it!}}), laakiin haddii qoraalka la xigtay {{em|aysan}} sidaas sameeynayn, koobiyeey qoraalka si toos ah iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|sic}} si loo muujiyo in qoraalka loo xigtay sida uu ka muuqdo ilaha. Xigashooyinka tooska ah, dhowr higaada gobolka ama taariikhiga ah, harraan xaraf-weynaynta (laakiin ha dhowrin farta duugga ah ama xarfaha isku-dhafan, sida lagu sharraxay hoos ku dhex jirta {{slink||Typographic conformity}}). ===Aragtida ama Mawqifka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTEPOV}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Attributing and specifying biased statements|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Expressions of doubt}} Xigashoda waa in loo isticmaalo, iyadoo la tiirinayo ilaha, si loo soo bandhigo aragtiyo shaqsi ah oo aan lagu muujin karin codka Wikipedia dhexdeeda, laakiin waligeed ma aha si loo soo bandhigo xeerarka dhaqanka sida aragtiyo oo keliya: *La aqbali karo: {{xt|Siskel iyo Ebert waxay filimka ku tilmaameen "mid aan la iloobi karin".}} *Aan la aqbali karin: {{!xt|Boga waxaa loo arkaa "mid ka reebban" qoraallada diinta.}} Aragtiyada gaaban ee aan aadka u xasaasiga ahayn caadi ahaan waxaa lagu soo sheegi karaa iyadoo loo tiiriyo ilaha halkii loo isticmaali lahaa xigasho toos ah. Isticmaalka calaamadaha oraahda ee erayada sharraxaadda leh ee gaaban wuxuu [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Expressions of doubt|muujin karaa nghi ama tuhun]] ku saabsan maaddada la xigtay; sarbeebta ama [[weasel words|erayada daboolan]], sida ''loogu dhex yiri'' ama ''waxaa loogu yeeraa'', waa lagu muujin karaa. *La aqbali karo: {{xt|Siskel iyo Ebert waxay filimka ku tilmaameen mid xiiso leh.}} *Aan loo baahnayn oo muujin kara nghi: {{!xt|Siskel iyo Ebert waxay filimka ku tilmaameen "mid xiiso leh".}} *Waa in la xigto: {{xt|Siskel iyo Ebert waxay filimka ku tilmaameen "mid xiiso leh laakiin xanuun badan".}} ===Waafaqsanaanta farta iyo qoraalka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:CONFORM}} Xigashodu ma aha [[wikt:facsimile|koobi toos ah oo sawir ah]] oo, xaaladaha badankooda, ma aha shuruud in qaabkii asalka ahaa lagu dhowro. Qaabka iyo cunsurrada kale ee farta ee qoraalka la xigtay waa in lagu waafajiyo heshiisyada Wikipedia-da Soomaaliga iyadoo aan la samayn faallo, iyadoo la xaqijiyay in sameynta tan aysan beddeli doonin ama baabi'in doonin macnaha ama inta qoraalka. Kani waa beddel aan samaynayn kala duwanaansho marka qoraalka loo read-gareeyo si toos ah; tusaale ahaan: *Sinnaanta dhex-xariijimaha: eeg {{Section link||Dashes}}. Isticmaal qaabka loo doortay maqaalka: unspaced [[em dash]] ama spaced [[en dash]]. *Beddel calaamadaha sare iyo calaamadaha oraahda oo u beddel qaabka Wikipedia: **Kuwani waa inay noqdaan kuwo toos ah, ma aha kuwo qaloocan. Eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}}. **Marka aad xigtayso xigasho dhexdeeda ay ku dhex jirto xigasho kale, beddel dhexdeeda isticmaalka calaamadaha oraahda ee laba-laabka ah iyo kuwa kelida ah ee xigasho kasta. Eeg {{section link||For a quotation within a quotation}} si aad u ogaato faahfaahinta. *Marka aad xigtayso qoraal ka soo baxay luqadaha kale, calaamadaha hakadka ee ka baxsan waa inay raacaan [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation marks|Hagaha Hab-qoraalka ee calaamadaha oraahda Soomaaliga]]. Haddii ay jiraan xigashooyin dhexda ku jira, raac shuruudaha calaamadaha hakadka ee saxda ah ee luqaddaas. *Ka saar meelaha bannaan ee ka horreeya calaamadaha hakadka sida dhibcaha iyo xiaraanta. *Caadi ahaan sii wad farta buuran iyo janjeerta {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Italics}})}}, laakiin badankooda qaabka kale waa in loo beddelo qoraal toos ah. Qoraalka hoos ka xariiqan, meelaha bannaan ee erayada dhexdisa ah, xarfaha waaweyn oo dhan, iyo wixii la mid ah caadi ahaan waa in loo beddelo qoraal toos ah. Haddii ay caddaynayso adkeyn, isticmaal farta janjeerta ama farta buuran. *Kala bixi gaabinta (aan horey loo isticmaalin qoraalka ka hor xigashada) iyadoo lagu dhex darayo khaanadaha afkexan, ama ku sharrax iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|abbr}}. {{Shortcut|MOS:RETAINQUOTEVARIETY}} {{vanchor|Retain quote variety|text= Laakiin, noocyada luqadda ee gobollada ma aha in loo beddelo, maadaama kuwani ay ku dhex jiri karaan beddelka erayada. Tusaale ahaan, xigasho ka soo baxday ilo British ah waa in ay sii wadato higaada British-ka, xataa maqaal oo haddii kale isticmaala higaada kale. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Consistency within articles}}.)}}}} Nambarada sidoo kale caadi ahaan ma aha in loo qaabaysho si kale. Xigashoda tooska ah ma aha in loo isticmaalo si loo dhowro qaabka uu doorbidayo daabacaha ka baxsan, maadaama kani wuxuu leeyahay saameyn sarbeeb ah: *{{em|La aqbali karo}}: {{xt|Xayawaanka waxaa loo diiwaan geliyay inuu yahay mid halis ku jira maqaalka IUCN.}} *{{em|Aan la aqbali karin}}: {{!xt|Xayawaanka waxaa loo diiwaan geliyay inuu yahay "Halis ku jira" maqaalka IUCN.}} Marka aad xigtayso jumlad dhan, caadi ahaan waxaa lagu taliyaa in erayga ugu horreeya uu sii wado xaraf-weyn. Laakiin, haddii qoraalka la xigtay lagu dhex daray jumlada ku dhow (tusaale ahaan, leh hordhac sida "X wuxuu yiri"), xarafka weyn ee asalka ah waxaa loo beddeli karaa xaraf yar. ===Tiirinta ilaha === Akhristahu waa inuu awoodaa inuu go'aamiyo ilaha xigasho kasta, ugu yaraan ka magaca tixraaca hoose. Ilaha waa in lagu magacaabo {{em|qoraalka maqaalka}} haddii xigashodu ay tahay aragti. Marka aad tiirinayo xigasho, ka fogaaw sharraxaadda foomka eexda leh. ===Xigashooyinka ku dhex jira xigashooyinka=== Eeg {{section link||For a quotation within a quotation}}. ===Isku xirka === {{Shortcut|MOS:LINKQUOTE|MOS:LWQ}} Noqo mid taxaddar leh marka aad isku xirayso ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka; isku xir kaliya bartilmaameedyada u dhigma macnaha caddaynaya ee uu u intent-gareeyay qoraaga xigashoda. Halka ay suurtogal tahay, isku xir qoraalka ka baxsan xigashoda halkii – mid ka hor ama dhowaan ka dambeeya. ===<span class="anchor" id="Block quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka waaweyn=== {{Shortcut|MOS:BQ|MOS:BLOCKQUOTE}} U qaabayso xigashoda dheer (ka badan 40 eray ama ka kooban ka badan hal baaragaraaf) sida [[block quotation]], iyadoo la isticmaalayo qaab-dhismeedka {{tlx|blockquote}}. Qoraalka lagu muujiyay xigashooyinka waaweyn iyo khaanadaha xigashada waa inuusan dhitadiisu noqon mid lagu duubay calaamadaha oraahda. Isticmaal {{tnull|blockquote}} iyo qaab-dhismeedka la midka ah kaliya xigashooyinka dhabta ah; xariijinta sababaha kale waxaa loo sameeyaa foom kale. Waa xeer in lagu hor maro xigashoda weyn jumlad hordhac ah (ama qayb jumlad ah) oo lagu daro tixraaca ilaha xarkaas. Qaab-dhismeedka {{tnull|blockquote}} wuxuu bixiyaa xaddidyo loogu talagalay tiirinta iyo tixraaca oo ka muuqan doona ka hooseeya xigashoda. Xigasho aan lahayn ilo loo tixraacay waa in lagu calaamadeeyo {{tlx|quote without source}}, ama la saaro. ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign-language quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka aan Soomaaliga ahayn=== {{Shortcut|MOS:FOREIGNQUOTE|}} Xigashooyinka ka soo baxday ilaha aan Soomaaliga ahayn waa inay ka muuqdaan turjumaad loo beddeley Af-Soomaali. Xigashooyinka ah turjumaada waa in si toos ah loo kala saaro kuwa aan ahayn. Muuji ilaha asalka ah ee turjumaada, iyo luqadda asalka ah (haddii aysan caddayn xaaladda). Haddii qoraalka asalka ah ee aan la turjumin uu yahay mid la heli karo, bixi tixraac iyada ama ku dar iyada, sida habboon. Marka tifaftirayaashu ay turjumaan qoraal oo loo beddelo Af-Soomaali, daryeel waa in mar walba loo qaado si lagu dhex jiro qoraalka asalka ah, {{em|farta janjeerta dhexdeeda}} (marka laga reebo dhismaha farta aan Laatiinka ahayn, oo ugu wanaagsan lagu sameyo qaab-dhismeedyada {{tlx|lang}} ama {{tlx|langx}}); iyo si loo isticmaalo erayada dhabta ah ee Af-Soomaaliga ee turjumaada dhexdeeda. ==Calaamadaha hakadka== {{Shortcut|MOS:PUNCT}} ===Hakad-koreedka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:'|MOS:APOSTROPHE}} *Isticmaal hakad-koreed toosan (''), ma aha kuwa qaloocan (’). Ha isticmaalin calaamadaha lahjadda ama dhabar-qoryaha (` `) sida hakad-koreedka. *Qaab-dhismeedyada sida hakad-koreedka ama hal xigasho waxay taageero ka helaan marka ay ka muuqdaan bilowga ama dhammaadka qoraalka farta janjeerta ama farta buuran dhexdeedii, sababtoo ah farta janjeerta iyo farta buuran waxaa lagu muujiyaa xigashooyin kelidii ah. **Marka hakad-koreedku uu raaco qoraal farta janjeerta leh, waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si looga fogaado in xarafka ugu dambeeya ee qoraalka dhanka midig uu ku dhago hakad-koreedka. Tusaale: {{xt|shaqooyinka ''Iliad''}} (markup: {{nobreak|<code><nowiki>shaqooyinka ''Iliad''-ka</nowiki>}}}). *Xarfaha u eg hakad-koreedka iyo calaamadaha qaloocan, waa in lagu muujiyo qaab-dhismeedyada u dhigma ama xarfaha Unicode-ka ah ee tooska ah. *Luqadaha leh dhawaaqyada qarxa iyo wixii la mid ah, isticmaal xarfaha saxda ah. *Isticmaalka hakad-koreedka lahaanshaha, eeg qaybta ku xigta. ===Calaamadaha oraahda=== {{Shortcut|MOS:"|MOS:QUOTEMARKS|}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotations}} ====Calaamadaha oraahda toosan==== {{Shortcut|MOS:CQ|MOS:CURLY|MOS:STRAIGHT}} *Isticmaal calaamadaha oraahda toosan (" "), ma aha kuwa qaloocan (“ ”). (Sidoo kale hal xigasho: ' ', ma aha ‘ ’). *Ha isticmaalin calaamadaha lahjadda, dhabar-qoryaha, ama calaamadaha geesaha sida calaamadaha oraahda. ====Laba-laab ama keli==== {{Shortcut|MOS:SINGLE|MOS:DOUBLE|}} *Badankooda xigashooyinku waxay qaataan calaamadaha oraahda laba-laabka ah ({{xt|Welles wuxuu yiri: "Waalidiintu waa tiirka bulshada."}}), marka laga reebo xigashooyinka ku dhex jira xigashooyinka kale. *Noocyada dhirta ee la abuuro waxay qaataan calaamadaha oraahda kelida ah ({{xt|''Malus domestica'' 'Golden Delicious'}}). ====Xigasho ku dhex jirta xigasho==== {{Shortcut|MOS:QWQ|}} Isticmaal xigashooyin keli ah xigashada gudaasheeda: *{{xt|Darwin wuxuu ku qoray hordhaciisa in "xeerka 'de minimis lex non curat' uusan khusayn sayniska".}} ====Bilowga maqaalka==== {{Shortcut|MOS:BOLDQUOTE}} Qoraalka farta buuran ee caadiga ah wuxuu ka muuqdaa bilowga maqaalka: *Calaamad kasta oo oraah ah oo qayb ka mid ah cinwaanka ah waa in ay noqotaa mid buuran sida qaybta kaloo harsan ee cinwaanka. *Calaamadaha oraahda ee {{em|aan}} qayb ka mid ah cinwaanka ahayn ma aha in ay noqdaan kuwo buuran. ====Calaamadaha hakadka ka hor xigashooyinka==== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTEPUNCT}} Haddii qaabdhismeed aan la xigtay oo u dhigma uu shaqayn lahaa naxwaha ahaan iyadoo aan la isticmaalin hakad, adeegsiga hakadka ka hor xigasho oo lagu soo xiray jumlad waa ikhtiyaari: *{{xt|Warbixintu waxay sheegtay "Waxaa jiray dhimis 45% ah heerka gudbinta."}} *{{xt|Warbixintu waxay sheegtay, "Waxaa jiray dhimis 45% ah heerka gudbinta."}} ====Magacyada iyo cinwaannada==== Calaamadaha oraahda waa in loo isticmaalo magacyada iyo cinwaannada soo socda: *Maqaallada iyo cutubyada (buugaagta iyo joornaillada waa farta janjeerta) *Sheekooyinka gaaban *Qaybaha muusigga *Gabayada gaagaaban *Qaybaha kala duwan ee albamyada *Dhacdooyinka gaarka ah ee taxanaha telefishanka iyo raadiyaha ===Khaanadaha=== {{Shortcut|MOS:()|MOS:BRACKETS}} Qaybtan waxay khusaysaa labadaba khaanadaha wareegsan {{xt|(&nbsp;)}}, iyo khaanadaha laba-laabka ah {{xt|[&nbsp;]}}. Haddii jumlad ay ku dhex jirto qaab khaanadeed, dhig calaamadaha hakadka ee jumlada ka baxsan khaanadaha {{xt|(sida halkan lagu muujiyay).}} Khaanadaha laba-laabka ah waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loogu muujiyo beddelka tifaftiraha iyo dhex-gelinta ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka: *Si loo caddeeyo: {{xt|Wuxuu ka qayb galay dugsiga [sare]}}, halkaas oo tani ahayd macnaha la rabay, laakiin nooca dugsiga uusan si cad ugu qornayn jumlada asalka ah. ===Saddexda dhibcood=== {{Shortcut|MOS:...|MOS:ELLIPSIS|}} Isticmaal saddexda dhibcood haddii erayo laga saaray xigashoda, ilaa khaanadaha laba-laabka ah la isticmaalo si loo sharaxo xigashoda. *Adeegso saddex dhibcood oo aan kala banaanayn (<code>...</code>) oo u dhexeeya meelaha bannaan. ===Hakadka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:,|MOS:COMMA}} Lamaanayaasha hakadka waxay kala xiriirin karaan erayo ama weedho ku dhex jira jumlada dhexdeeda. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|John Smith, wiilka Janet Cooper, waa qoraa caan ah oo riwaayadaha ah.}} ===Labada dhibcood=== {{Shortcut|MOS:COLON}} Labada dhibcood waxay soo bandhigaan wax sharraxaya ama caddaynaya waxa ka horreeyay, ama waxay soo bandhigaan liis alaabooyin ah. ===Dhibicda iyo hakadka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:;|MOS:SEMICOLON|}} Dhibicda iyo hakadku waxay u adeegaan in lagu isku xiro laba jumladood oo madax bannaan oo macno ahaan isku xiran, halkii la isticmaali lahaa dhibic ama hakad fudud. ===Xariijinta yar=== {{Shortcut|MOS:-|MOS:HYPHEN}} Xariijinta yar waxay muujisaa xiriir ama isku-xirnaansho u dhexeeya erayada, sida magacyada laba-laabka ah ama erayada la isku daray ee tilmaamayaasha ah. ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} r3s8n3qnn86gjzij74hkllknsfv7uop 310809 310807 2026-10-24T10:44:42Z Isma4l 41797 310809 wikitext text/x-wiki {{MoS guideline|WP:MOS<!-- DO NOT add more shortcuts. None are as short and popular as this one. -->}} '''Haddaha Qaabka''' ('''MoS''' ama '''MOS''') waa [[haddaha qaabka]] ee dhammaan [[Wikipedia:Waa maxay maqaal?|maqaallada]] [[Wikipedia:Soomaali|Wikipedia-ha Soomaaliga]].{{efn|Isku xirka [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility|waxyaabaha la xiriira oo la heli karo]] waxay ku dabaqmaan dhammaan mashruuca, oo ma aha oo kaliya maqaallada.}} Boggan koowaad waxaa taageera [[:Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style|boggag yar oo xeel-dheer]], oo halkan la isku gudbin karo oo lagu tirtiray [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents]]. Haddii ay ka dhalato is-diido, boggani wuxuu leeyahay ka-horreyn.{{efn|name="CONLEVEL"|Kani waa arrin siyaasadeed oo ku saabsan {{section link|Wikipedia:Consensus|Level of consensus}}: "Is-afgaradka ka dhex jira koox xaddidan oo tifaftireyaal ah, hal meel iyo hal maalin, ma baabi'in karo [[Wikipedia:Community consensus|is-afgaradka samaynta]] ee baaxadda weyn. Tusaale ahaan, ilaa ay ka dhaadhiciyaan bulshada balaadhan in aysan sax ahayn, kaqeybgalayaasha WikiProject ma go'aamin karaan in siyaasada ama hagaha Wikipedia uusan ku dabaqmin maqaallada ku dhex jira baaxadeeda." Iyo: "Wikipedia waxay leedahay heer sare oo kaqeybgal iyo is-afgarad ee beddelka siyaasadaha iyo hagayaasha marka loo eego noocyada kale ee boggaga." Boggaga ka hooseeya waxaa ku jira [[:Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style|boggaga MoS-ka ee xeel-dheeraanta]], [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Guide#Advice pages|qoraallada qaabka]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style|Haddaha Qaabka ee Fudud]].}} {{vanchor|Clarity|text=Tifaftireyaal waa inay u qoraan maqaallada iyagoo isticmaalaya luqad toos ah, gaaban, oo fudud in la fahmo. Tifaftireyaal waa inay u dhisaan maqaallada qaabeyn joogto ah oo u sahlanaata akhristaha.}} {{va|Stability|text=Haddii ka badan hal qaab ama foom lagu aamini karo MoS-ka, mid waa in loo isticmaalo madal kasta oo ku dhex jirta maqaalka oo [[#Retaining existing styles|aan la beddelin]] sabab wanaagsan la'aanteed. [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|Tifaftirka dagaalka]] ee ku saabsan doorashooyinka qaabka ma aha mid la accepts karo.{{efn|name="ew"|Arrrimahaani waxaa lagu xalliyay go'aannada [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|Guddiga Garsoorka]] ee [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk#Optional styles|2005]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan#Preferred styles|2006]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Date delinking#Optional styles|2009]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Infoboxes#Use of infoboxes|2015]].}} Qoraal cusub oo lagu daro boggan waa inuu toos u xalliyo arrin qaab oo si joogto ah u soo noqnoqota.}} {{TOC limit|3}} ==Dhonsashada qaababka jira== {{Shortcut|MOS:VAR|MOS:STYLEVAR|MOS:STYLERET}} {{Redirect|MOS:VAR|retention of an article's established national English variety|#National varieties of English|a list of more specific related rules|WP:VARS}} Marna, MOS-ku wuxuu bixiyaa ka badan hal qaab oo la accepts karo ama ma bixiyo hagal gaar ah. Marka ka badan hal qaab la accepts karo, al-fajar ma aha mid habboon in tifaftiraha Wikipedia uu ka beddelo hal qaab oo uu u beddelo mid kale ilaa ay jirto sabab muhiim ah oo beddelka ah.{{efn|name="ArbCom"|Astaanta bilowga ee qoraalkan, eeg go'aannada [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|ArbCom]] ee [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk#Principles|Juun 2005]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/jguk 2#Principles|Nofembar 2005]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan#Principles|2006]].}} [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|Tifaftirka dagaalka]] ee ku saabsan qaabka,{{efn|name="ew"}} ama u adeegsiga qaab dookh ah si [[Wikipedia:Bot policy#Assisted editing guidelines|bot-oo kale ah]] is-afgarad ka hor la'aantiis,{{efn|name="bot-like"|Eeg [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Magioladitis 2#High-speed editing|Go'aanka ArbCom ee 2017]], iyo {{section link|Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser#Rules of use}}; tifaftirka bot-ka oo kale ah oo sii socda inkastoo ay jiraan diidmo ama oo keena makhaadhaa wuxuu keeni karaa [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|xannibaad]] iyo baabi'inta xuquuqaha ku saabsan qalabka semi-automated-ka ah.}} waa [[Wikipedia:Disruptive editing|dhibco ka dhan ah]] oo waligeed ma aha mid la accepts karo. Beddelka aan la xaqijin ee kaaga taagan hal qaab oo la accepts karo, [[#Consistency within articles|oo si joogto ah loo adeegsaday]] ee ku dhex jira maqaal oo loo beddelo qaab kale waa la [[Wikipedia:Reverting|celin karaa]]. Doono [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Opportunities for commonality|fursadaha wadaagga]] si looga fogaado murannada qaabka. Haddii aad rammayso in qaab kale uu ka habboon yahay maqaal gaar ah, doono [[Wikipedia:Consensus|is-afgarad]] iyadoo ku saabsan tan lagula discuss-garaynayo bogga wada-hadalka maqaalka ama{{snd}}haddii ay keento arrin guud ama ku saabsan MoS-ka lakiisa{{snd}}at [[Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style]]. Haddii wada-hadalku uusan keenin is-afgarad beddelka ah, sii wad isticmaalka qaabka horey loo dhisay ee maqaalka. Haddii wada-hadalku uu ku guuldareysto inuu gaaro wax is-afgarad ah oo ku saabsan midka laba ama ka badan qaab oo tartamaya oo la isticmaalayo, markaas dib u noqo qaabkii loo isticmaalay nooca ugu horreeyay ee ka dambeeya [[Wikipedia:Stub|qabyada]] maqaalka oo uu ka muuqday mid ka mid ah qaababka ku dabaqmaya. (Mawqifkan dib-u-noqoshada ah ma siiyo [[WP:UNCHALLENGED|darajo aan la tartami karin]] qaabkaas gaarka ah inta lagu jiro wada-hadalka is-afgaradka, mana siiyo tifaftiraha soo impose-garaysay qaabkaas ugu horreeyay [[Wikipedia:Ownership of content|wax ka badan]] wada-hadalka.) ==Mawduucyada maqaalka, qaybaha, iyo madaxyada== {{Shortcut|MOS:AT}} ===Mawduucyada maqaalka=== Mawduucu waa inuu noqdo magac la aqoonsan karo ama sifaynta mawduuca, isagoo maareynaya shuruudaha ah inuu yahay mid asalka ah, si ku filan oo sax ah, gaaban, oo joogto ah oo la mid ah maqaallada la xiriira. Hagaha qaabaynta eeg qaybta ku saabsan qaabka cinwaanka maqaalka, isagoo xusaya kuwa soo socda: *U qor xaraf yar xarafka ugu horreeya ee erayga labaad (marka laga reebo xaaladaha dhifka ah, sida eBay), laakiin haddii kale raac habka weedha (maalgelinta mashaariicda UNESCO), ma aha habka cinwaanka (Maalgelinta Mashaariicda UNESCO), marka laga reebo halka habka cinwaanka loo isticmaali lahaa qoraalka caadiga ah. *Si aad u qorto farta janjeerta, ku dar qaab-dhismeedka farta janjeerta ee cinwaanka dhowr sare oo maqaalka ah. Si aad farta janjeerta ugu qorto kaliya qayb ka mid ah mawduuca, ku dar xadka string ee qoraalka gaarka ah ee lagu qorayo farta janjeerta. Isticmaalka farta janjeerta waa inuu u dhigmaa habka farta janjeerta. *Ha isticmaalin qodobada madaahibta ah sida xarafka ugu horreeya, ilaa ay tahay qayb aan la kala saari karin oo magaca ka mid ah ama mawduuca shaqa. *Caadi ahaan isticmaal magacyada ama weedhaha magaca ah: Noloshiisii hore, ma aha Nolosha siisay ee hore. *Xarafka ugu dambeeya waa inuusan noqon calaamad ilaahiyad ilaa uu yahay qayb aan la kala saari karin oo magaca ka mid ah ama gaabinta, ama marka xiritaanka ngo'aanka wareegga ama calaamadda oraahda loo baahan yahay. *Markasta oo calaamadaha oraahda ama noocyada hakad-koreedka oo kale ay ka muuqdaan, ku dar dib-u-luqad mawduuc caddaynaya oo isticmaalaya hakad-koreed. Labadaba ha ka sareeyaan iyo kuwa cinwaannada maqaalka, qaybaha kale ee hagaha hab-qoraalka, gaar ahaan calaamadaha hakadka, waxay ku dabaqmaan sidoo kale mawduuca. ===Agaasimaha qaybta=== {{Shortcut|MOS:SO}} Mawduuca maqaalka waa inuu ku bilaabmaa qaybta hordhaca ah{{snd}}gaabinta kooban ee maqaalka{{snd}}oo aan waligeed loo kala saarin qaybo. Qaybta hartay ee maqaalka waxaa caadi ahaan loo kala saaraa qaybo. Khaanadaha macluumaadka, sawirrada, iyo mawduucyada kale ee la xiriira qaybta hordhaca ah waa inay noqdaan kuwo dhanka midig ah. Calaamadaha qaarkood ee qaab-dhismeedyada iyo wikitext oo aan ahayn qaybo waxay ka sarreeyaan inta ugu dambaysa maqaalka, ka hor mawduuca qaybta hordhaca ah, iyo siday u kala horreeyaan: *Sharraxaad gaaban, oo leh qaab-dhismeedka sharraxaadda gaaban *Fariinta disambiguation-ka (hatnote), waqtiga badankiisa oo leh qaab-dhismeedka fariinta *Qaab-dhismeedyada aan lahayn soo-saarka oo muujinaya foomka taariikhda dhisan ee maqaalka iyo nooca luqadda Soomaaliga, haddii ay jiraan *Qaab-dhismeedyada dayactirka ee boodhadhka ah, doodaha iyo qaab-dhismeedyada nadiifinta ee arrimaha maqaalka oo dhan oo la calaamadeeyay *Khaanadda macluumaadka, oo ah dookh (marka laga reebo xaaladaha gaarka ah, ama nooc ka mid ah, maqaallada ku dabaqmaya); caadi ahaan sidoo kale waxaa ku jira sawirka ugu horreeya *Sawirka hordhaca ah, marka khaanad macluumaad aan la isticmaalin, ama sawir dheeraad ah loo baahan yahay qaybta hordhaca ah (haddii hordhacu u yahay mid aad u dheer, sawir labaad waxaa lagu lagi karaa dhexda qoraalka hordhaca ah) Nooca muuqaalka maqaalka, tusmada maqaalka waa mid ka mid ah oo ka baxsan mawduuca maqaalka. Noocyada hore qaarkood, tusmada la mari karo waxay ka muuqataa si otomaatig ah ka dambaysa hordhaca haddii maqaalku leeyahay ugu yaraan afar madax oo qaybo ah. Haddii mawduuca qaybi uu ku jiraa si xeel-dheer oo dheeraad ah maqaal gaar ah, ku dar qaab-dhismeedka maqaalka weyn ama maqaalka dheeraadka ah isla markiiba ka hooseeya madaxa qaybta. Sida lagu sharraxay si xeel-dheer habka agaasimaha maqaalka, noocyo dhowr ah oo maaddooyinka ah waxay ka muuqan karaan ka dambaysa qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee maqaalka, siday u kala horreeyaan: *Buugaagta ama shaqaalaha kale ee lagu abuuray mawduuca maqaalka, ka hooseeya madaxa qaybta "Saddexaha", "Daabacaadaha", "Aaladaha Muusigga", "Filimada", iyo wixii la mid ah sida habboon *Isku xirka hoose ee maqaallada la xiriira ee Wikipedia-ha Soomaaliga, oo leh madaxa qaybta "Eeg sidoo kale" *Xusuus-qoraallada iyo tixraacyada, oo leh madaxa qaybta "Xusuusin" ama "Tixraacyo" (caadi ahaan ka dambeeya), ama qayb gaar ah oo loogu talagalay mid kasta *Buugaagta la xiriira, maqaallada, ama shaqaalaha kale ee aan loo isticmaalin sida tixraacyada; isticmaal madaxa qaybta "Akhris dheeraad ah"; noqo mid si sare ah loo doortay, maadaama Wikipedia aysan ahayn buugga tixraaca *Websaydhada la xiriira iyo kuwo habboon ee aan loo isticmaalin sida tixraacyada oo aan ka muuqan qaybaha hore, isticmaalka madaxa "Xiriirinta dhiillada", oo loo sameyn karo qayb ka hooseysa "Akhris dheeraad ah" *Waxyaabaha ugu dambeeya ee soo socda waligeed ma qaataan madaxyada qaybaha: **Isku xirka hoose oo lagu aaggaaday khaanadaha u gobolka **Metadata ee maamulka kantaroolka, haddii loo baahdo **Qeeybaha, oo waa inay noqdaan maaddada ugu dambaysa ee koodha maqaalka haddii aysan jirin qaab-dhismeedyada stubs-ka **Qaab-dhismeedyada stubs-ka, haddii loo baahdo, oo waa inay raacaan qeeybaha Maqaallada liiska ah ee gaarka ah waxay leeyihiin waxyaabo dheeraad ah oo agaasimaha ah. ===Madaxyada qaybaha=== {{Shortcut|MOS:HEAD|MOS:HEADINGS}} Madaxyada qaybaha waa inay caadi ahaan raacaan hagaha cinwaannada maqaalka ee sare oo ay ku muuqdaan habka weedha (Maalgelinta mashaariicda UNESCO ee waddanka), ma aha habka cinwaanka (Maalgelinta Mashaariicda UNESCO ee Waddanka). Dhammaan madaxyada waa inay ku dhex jiraan xarkooda gaarka ah, oo ay ka horreyso presely hal xar oo eber ah, oo ay raacdo mid ka mid ah hal xar ama aan lahayn xar eber ah. Ha u isticmaalin si xun liiska sharraxaadda markup ("<code>;</code>") si aad u abuurto madax foorfe ah. Sida arrin qaab oo joogto ah, madaxyada qaybuhu waa inaynaan: {{Shortcut|MOS:SECTIONSTYLE|MOS:NOBACKREF}} *si turjumaad ah dib ugu tixraacin mawduuca maqaalka, t.s., Noloshiisii hore, ma aha Nolosha Cabdi ee hore *tixraacin madax heer sare ah, ilaa aad sameyso ay tahay mid gaaban ama caddayn badan *noqon kuwo la nambareeyay ama xarfo leh sida outline *noqon kuwo loo sameeyay sida su'aal, t.s., Luqadaha, ma aha Maxaa luqado ah oo lagu hadlaa? *isticmaalin luga ama farta aan caadiga ahayn oo keeni kara arrimaha lagu heli karo *noqon kuwo lagu duubay markup, sida farta buuran iyo janjeerta, oo baabi'in kara muujintooda oo keeni kara arrimo kale oo lagu heli karo ====Wikimarkup==== Sababo tignoolajiyada ah, madaxyada qaybuhu waa inay noqdaan kuwo gaar ah oo ku dhex jira maqaal (si isqu xirka qaybta uu u shaqeeyo) oo waa inaynaan ku dhex jirin: *isqu xirka, xataa haddii kaliya qayb ka mid ah madaxa la isku xiray *xigashooyinka ama xusuus-qoraallada *math markup *sawirrada ama calaamadaha yaryar Xaddidaadahani waa kuwo lagu khasbay si looga fogaado tignoolajiyada dhibco leh oo ma aha kuwo la baabi'in karo is-afgaradka maxalliga ah ama hagayaasha aan ku habboonayn. Wadaagga qaab-dhismeedka waa in sidoo cuali ahaan looga fogaadaa madaxyada qaybaha, sababtoo ah waxay keenaan koodha asalka ah ee baaqida qaab-dhismeedka inuu ka muuqdo isqu xirka lagu daray gaabinta tifaftirka; gujinta isqu xirkaas ka muuqda taariikhda bogga ma keeni doonto qaybta loo baahan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, marka lagu darayo isqu xirka anchor madaxyada, mar walba beddel qaab-dhismeedka gudaha madaxa: <code>== <!-- -->{{#if:Magaca celinta|<span id="{{anchorencode:Magaca celinta}}"></span><!-- -->{{#if:|<span id="{{anchorencode:}}"></span><!-- -->{{#if:|<span id="{{anchorencode:}}"></span><!-- -->{{#if:|<span id="{{anchorencode:}}"></span><!-- -->{{#if:|<span id="{{anchorencode:}}"></span><!-- -->{{#if:|<span id="{{anchorencode:}}"></span><!-- -->{{#if:|<span id="{{anchorencode:}}"></span><!-- -->{{#if:|<span id="{{anchorencode:}}"></span><!-- -->{{#if:|<span id="{{anchorencode:}}"></span><!-- -->{{#if:|<span id="{{anchorencode:}}"></span><!-- -->{{#if: |<span class="error">[[Template:Anchors]]: Waxaa jira ku ka mid ah la xulay, kan ugu fog waa toban</span><!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} Cinwaanka qaybta ==</code> <code>== Cinwaanka qaybta ==</code> Xusuus-qoraallada la qariyay oo tixraacaya madaxa qayb ama qayb oo dhan waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu lago xar ka hooseysa madaxa. Waxaa sidoo kale lagu lagi karaa ku dhex jira xarkooda oo kale sida madaxa, laakiin xaaladaas waa inay noqdaan kuwo gudaha <code>==&nbsp;==</code> markup: <code>== Saamaynta ==</code> <code><!--Astaantan si sax ah ayaa loo dhigay.--></code> <code>== Saamaynta<!--Astaantan si wanaagsan ayay u shaqaynaysaa.--> ==</code> <code>== <!--Astaantan si wanaagsan ayay u shaqaynaysaa.-->Saamaynta ==</code> ====Anchors==== Ka hor inta aanad beddelin madax, tixgeli in aad baabi'inayso isqu xirka jira oo ku dhex jira. Haddii ay jiraan isqu xirka badan oo u socda mawduuca hore, abuur anchor oo leh mawduucaas si loo xaqijiyo in kuwani ay sii shaqeeyaan. Sidoo kale, marka lagu isqu xirayo qayb, ka tag xusuus-qoraal aan la arki karin madaxa qaybta bartilmaameedka, iyadoo lagu magacaabayo maqaallada isqu xirka leh, si haddii madaxa dambe loo beddelo kani si fudud loo hagaajin karo, ama kale anchor kale loo abuurayo haddii ay jiraan kuwo badan. Tusaale ahaan: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == {{subst:Anchor|Natiijooyinka}} Saamaynta == <!-- "Faarax" iyo "Cali" waxay halkan u xiriirinayaan. --> </syntaxhighlight> oo lagu kaydin doono maqaalka sida: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == <span class="anchor" id="Natiijooyinka"></span> Saamaynta == <!-- "Faarax" iyo "Cali" waxay halkan u xiriirinayaan. --> </syntaxhighlight> Faa'iidada isticmaalka anchor beddelan, ama kaliya la dhex gelinayo span tags-ka toos, waa in marka tifaftirka loo sameeyo qaybta mustaqbalka, anchor-ku ma lagu dhex jiri doono taariikhda bogga sida qayb ka mid ah magaca qaybta. Marka la dhex gelinayo span toos, ha gaabin iyadoo la isticmaalayo tag-ka self-closing. ====Mawduuca oo kale madaxa==== Hagaha sare ee madaxyada qaybaha, gaar ahaan habka weedha, turjumaad, sawirrada iyo su'aalaha, sidoo kale wuxuu ku dabaqmaa madaxyada taarikada (iyo noocyada taarikada iyo xarrada). Laakiin, madaxyada taarikada waxay ku dhex jiri karaan xigashooyinka oo waxay ku bilaaban karaan, ama noqon karaan, nambara. Unka madaxyada bogga, madaxyada taarikada ma samayn karaan si otomaatig ah anchors-ka isqu xirka. ==Noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga== {{Shortcut|MOS:ENGVAR}} Noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga (tusaale ahaan, kala duwanaanshaha erayada ama naxwaha ee gobollada ka jira) waxay bixiyaan macluumaad ku saabsan kala duwanaanshaas. Dhammaan noocyada gobollada ama noocyada heerka ee Af-Soomaaliga waa kuwo la aqbali karo oo siman Wikipedia-da Soomaaliga, iyada oo la isticmaalayo uslub rasmi ah oo maqaallada u gaar ah ([[Register (sociolinguistics)|weeraral rami ah]] ama astaanta luqadda). Qaabka taariikhda ee maqaalka ({{xt|{{#time: F j, Y}}}} ama {{xt|{{#time: j F Y}}}}) wuxuu sidoo kale la xiriiraa noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga {{snd}}eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|Strong national ties to a topic|Retaining existing format}}. === <span class="anchor" id="Internal consistency"></span>Joogteynta ku dhex jirta maqaallada<!-- When renaming this section title, rename the full link at [[Wikipedia:Consistency]] --> === {{Shortcut|MOS:ARTCON|MOS:CONSISTENT}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Variation in citation methods|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Retaining existing format}} Xeerarka nooc gaar ah oo Af-Soomaali caadifad ah waa in loo raaco si joogto ah ku dhex jirta maqaalka gaarka ah. Waxyaabaha ka baxsan waxaa ku jira: *'''Xigashooyinka''' iyo '''cinwaannada buugaagta ama hawlaha''' (sida buugaagta, filimada, iyo muusigga) waa in loo qoraa sida ay ka muuqdaan ilaha tixraaca. Laakiin, waxaa jira xaalado qaarkood oo leexanaya mabda'an si loo dhowro heerka qaab-qoraalka ee alifbeetada encyclopedia-ha dhan. {{crossref|Eeg {{section link||Typographic conformity}}.}} *'''Magacyada u gaarka ah''' waxay isticmaalaan qoraalka mawduuca ama lahaanshaha u gaarka ah, tusaale ahaan, {{xt|United States Department of Defense}} iyo {{xt|Australian Defence Force}}; {{xt|International Labour Organization}}<!--This example is here because it uses -our and -ization at the same time; it is Oxford spelling.-->. *Maqaallada ku saabsan mawduucyada la xiriira kimistariga, foomka heerka caalamiga ah ee higaada {{xt|aluminium}}, {{xt|sulfur}}, {{xt|caesium}} (iyo erayada ka soo baxa) waa in loo isticmaalo iyadoo aan loo eegin nooca luqadda ee looga adeegsado maqaalka. {{crossref|Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (chemistry)|Element names}}.}} ===Fursadaha wadaagga ama isku-duubnida=== {{shortcut|MOS:COMMONALITY}} Si loogu talagalay encyclopedia caalamiga ah, isticmaalka erayada wadaagga ah ee dhammaan noocyada Af-Soomaaliga waa mid ka wanaagsan. *Isticmaal erayada si caalami ah loo aqbalay halkii kuwa aan aad loo fidin, gaar ahaan cinwaannada. Tusaale ahaan, [[Glasses|{{xt|muraayado}}]] ayaa ka wanaagsan noocyada gobollada ee gaarka ah; [[Ten million|{{xt|toban milyan}}]] ayaa ka wanaagsan [[crore|{{!xt|hal crore}}]]. *Haddii kala duwanaansho higaadeed uu ka muuqdo cinwaan, samee bogga [[Wikipedia:Redirect|reer-itusaale (sidetrack/redirect)]] si loogu talagalay kuwa kale, sida ku dhex jirta [[artefact]] iyo [[artifact]], si dhammaan noocyada loo isticmaali karo raadinta iyo isku xirka. *Erayada ku kala duwan noocyada luqadda, ama leh macnayaal kala duwan, waxaa lagu [[Gloss (annotation)#In linguistics|u xaqiijin karaa faahfaahinta (gloss)]] si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga ama jahawareerka, tusaale ahaan, {{xt|qaybta dambe ee baabuurta (trunk ama boot)&nbsp;...}}. *Isticmaal eray ama weedh si caadi ah loo fahmo iyada oo ka wanaagsan mid leh macno kale sababtoo ah kala duwanaanshaha gobollada (halkii {{!xt|alternate}}, isticmaal {{xt|alternative}} ama {{xt|alternating}}, sida habboon), marka laga reebo xaaladaha tignoolajiyada ama cilmiga halka beddelkaas uu noqon lahaa mid aan habboonayn ({{xt|alternate leaves}}; {{xt|alternate law}}). *Marka ay jiraan wax ka badan hal nooc oo higaad ah oo ka dhex jira heerka caadiga ah ee luqadda, nooca ugu caansan ee hadda la isticmaalo waa in caadi ahaan ka wanaagsanaado, marka laga reebo halka higaada yar ay leedahay isticmaal gaar ah oo xaalad xeel-dheer ah, tusaale ahaan, ''connexion'' ku dhex jirta [[Connexionalism|Methodist connexionalism]]. ===Xiriirka gobolka ama qaranka ee xoogga leh ee mawduuca=== {{Shortcut|MOS:TIES}} Maqaal ku saabsan mawduuc leh xiriir xooggan oo u socda waddan ama gobol]] gaar ah waa inuu isticmaalaa heerka luqadda rasmiga ah (ee ma aha colloquial/afka wadada) ee gobolkaas ama qarankaas. Tusaale ahaan: Mawduucyada leh xiriir xooggan oo u socda [[Commonwealth of Nations]], ama waddamo badan oo Commonwealth ah ama dhulalkii hore ee British-ka, isticmaal higaada British-ka. ===Dhowrida nooca jira=== {{Shortcut|MOS:RETAIN}} Marka nooc gaar ah [[#Consistency within articles|isticmaalkiisa joogtada ah]] lagu dhisay maqaal, sii wad iyada oo aan la helin is-afgarad ka dhan ah. Kaliya xaaladaha gaarka ah (sida marka mawduuc uu leeyahay [[#Strong national ties to a topic|xiriir gobol ama qaran oo xooggan]], ama beddelku wuxuu yareeyaa is-dhaafsiga) ayaa ay jirtaa sabab shaqaynaysa oo loo beddelo ka mid ah dookha la aqbali karo oo loo beddelo mid kale. {{va|FPSR|FMC|text=Marka aan la dhisin nooc gaar ah oo wada-hadalku uusan xallin arrinta, isticmaal nooca ka muuqda nooca ugu horreeyay ee ka dambeeya [[Wikipedia:Stub|qabyada (stub)]] oo soo bandhigay nooc la aqoonsan karo. Waxa ka baxsan tan waa [[#Retain quote variety|ha beddelin nooca luqadda ee ku dhex jira xigasho]].}} Nooca lagu dhisay maqaal gaar ah waxaa lagu qoraa iyadoo lagu dhex darayo [[:Category:Use English templates|tampaallada Use X English]] ee habboon bogga maqaalka. Tampaallada [[:Category:Varieties of English templates|nooca luqadda ee habboon]] sidoo kale waxaa lagu dhejin karaa bogga wada-hadalka ee maqaalka. Maqaal waa inuusan noqon mid la tifaftiro ama magaca loo beddelo kaliya si looga beddelo hal nooc oo luqad ah oo loo beddelo mid kale. Tampaalka {{tlxs|uw-engvar}} waxaa lagu dhejin karaa bogga wada-hadalka tifaftiraha si loogu sharraxo tan. ==Xarfo-waweynaynta== Cinwaannada maqaallada Wikipedia iyo cinwaannada qaybaha waxay isticmaalaan habka weedha, ma aha habka cinwaanka; iyo {{section link||Section headings}}. Xaraf-weynaynta alaabta liiska ku jirta, eeg {{section link||Bulleted and numbered lists}}. Points-ka kale ee ku saabsan xaraf-weynaynta waxaa si kooban loogu dhex muujiyay hoos. Macluumaadka fulan waxaa lagu heli karaa [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters]]. Qodobka ugu muhiimsan ayaa ah in Wikipedia aysan xaraf-weynaynayn eray ilaa uu si joogto ah xaraf-weyn ugu yahay badankooda [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|ilaha lagu kalsoonaan karo]] ee madax-bannaan. ===Xaraf-weynaynta ''The''=== Caadi ahaan, ha xaraf-weynayn erayga ''the'' dhexda jumlada ma aha { Reebanaanta caadiga ah waxaa ku jira magacyada u gaarka ah ee qaarkood iyo badankooda cinwaannada hawlaha abuurka ah ({{xt|Tolkien wrote ''The Lord of the Rings''}}{{snd}}laakiin ogaada in ''the'' aysan noqon karin qayb ka mid ah cinwaanka ee lagu qoro, t.s., Waxaa jira tixgelinno gaar ah oo loo sameeyo magacyada kooxaha muusigga , magacyada hay'adaha, magac u yaallada, summadaha ganacsiga. ===<span id="Capitalization-Titles"></span>Cinwaannada hawlaha=== {{main|WP:Manual of Style/Titles of works}} Cinwaannada luqadda Ingiriisiga ee qoraallada (buugaagta iyo hawlaha kale ee qoraalka, noocyada iyo hawlaha kale ee codka, filimada iyo hawlaha kale ee muuqaalka ah, sawirrada iyo hawlaha kale ee fanka, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxaa loo bixiyaa habka {{em|[[title case]]}}, halka eray kasta loo siiyo xaraf-weyn bilowga marka laga reebo erayada qaarkood oo yar oo muhiim ah (sida lagu sharraxay {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters|Composition titles}}). Erayada ugu horreeya iyo kuwa ugu dambeeya ee cinwaan luqad Ingiriisi ah mar walba waa kuwo xaraf-weyn leh. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|''An Eye for an Eye''}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|''Worth the Fighting For''}} Xaraf-weynaynta cinwaannada aan Ingiriisiga ahayn waa ay kala duwan tahay, xataa waqti ka waqti isla luqadda dhexdeeda; caadi ahaan, dhowr qaabka asalka ah ee hawlaha cusub, oo raac isticmaalka ka muuqda ilaha lagu kalsoonaan karo ee luqadda Ingiriisiga ee hadda{{efn|name=recent}} ee hawlaha taariikhiga ah. Marka lagu qoro alfabeta Laatiinka, badankooda waxyaabahaani waa inay sidoo kale ku jiraan farta janjeerta ([[#Italics|italics]]), ama lagu duubo [[#Names and titles|calaamadaha oraahda (quotation marks)]]. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|{{lang|fr|Les Liaisons dangereuses}}}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"{{lang|de|italics=no|Hymnus an den heiligen Geist}}"}} ===Tayooyinka iyo xilalka dadka=== *'''Isticmaalka guud''', isticmaal xaraf yar erayada sida ''madaxweyne'' , ''boqor', iyo ''imbiraadoor'' ({{xt|De Gaulle wuxuu ahaa madaxweyne Faransiis ah}}; {{xt|Louis XVI wuxuu ahaa boqor Faransiis ah}}; {{xt|Saddex ra'iisul wasaare ayaa ka soo qayb galay shirka}}). *'''Toos ka hor magaca dadka''', erayadaas waxay ka bilaabanayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|Madaxweyne Obama}}, ma aha {{!xt|madaxweyne Obama}}). Magacyada heerka caadiga ah ama caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo ee xilka ama doorka waxaa loo maareeyaa sida magacyada u gaarka ah ({{xt|David Cameron wuxuu ahaa Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Biritain}}; {{xt|Hirohito wuxuu ahaa Imbiraadoorkii Jabaan}}; {{xt|Louis XVI wuxuu ahaa Boqorkii Faransiiska}}). Titoolinka ama doorka boqortooyada waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|Her Majesty}}; {{xt|His Highness}}); reebanaantu waxay ku dabaqmi kartaa xilal gaar ah. ===Diimaha, ilaahyada, falsafadaha, iyo caqiidooyinka=== *'''Diimaha, kooxaha, iyo kaniisadaha''' iyo taageerayaashooda (foomka magaca ama tilmaamaha) waxay ka start-garoobayaan xaraf-weyn. Caadi ahaan, "the" ma aha xaraf-weyn ka hor magacyadaas ({{xt|the Unitarians}}, ma aha {{!xt|The Unitarians}}). *'''Qoraallada diinta]]''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn, laakiin badanaa ma aha farta janjeerta ({{xt|the Bhagavad Gita}}, {{xt|the Quran}}, {{xt|the Talmud}}, {{xt|the Granth Sahib}}, {{xt|the Bible}}). Ha u qorin xaraf-weyn "the" marka aad u isticmaalayso foomkan. Tilmaamaha qaarkood oo ka soo baxa waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn heshiis ahaan, qaarkoodna ma qaataan ({{xt|biblical}}, laakiin {{xt|Quranic}}); haddii aad u baahato hubaal, eeg qaamuuska. *'''[[Honorific|Tayooyinka iyo magacyada sharafta]] ee ilaahyada''', ku dhex jira magacyada u gaarka ah iyo tayooyinka, waxay ka start-garoobayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|God}}, {{xt|Allah}}, {{xt|the Lord}}, {{xt|the Supreme Being}}, {{xt|the Great Spirit}}, {{xt|the Horned One}}, {{xt|Bhagavan}}). Ha u qorin xaraf-weyn "the" xaaladahaas ama marka aad tixraacayso dadka waaweyn ee diinta ama shakhsiyaadka khayalka ah/asraarta ah ({{xt|the Prophet}}, {{xt|the Messiah}}, {{xt|the Virgin}}). Magacyada guud ee ilaahyada iyo shakhsiyaadka diinta ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|many gods}}; {{xt|the god Woden}}; {{xt|saints and prophets}}). *'''Magac-u-yaallada shakhsiyaadka cibaadada ama Ilaah''' ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn, xataa haddii xaraf-weyn lagu qoro qoraallada diinta ({{xt|God and his will}}). *'''Qaybaha waaweyn ee mukhluuqaadka khayalka ah (mythical/legendary)''' waxay ka start-garoobayaan xarfo yar ({{xt|elf}}, {{xt|fairy}}, {{xt|nymph}}, {{xt|unicorn}}, {{xt|angel}}), inkastoo hawlaha khayalka ah (fantasy), sida buugaagta [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] iyo ciyaaraha fiidiyowga qaarkood, xarfaha waaweyn ee bilowga ah marmar loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo in mukhluuqaadku ay samaynayaan dhaqan ama irsi dhex jira [[fictional universe|caalamka khayalka ah]]. U qor xaraf-weyn magacyada ama tayooyinka mukhluuqaadka gaarka ah ({{xt|the Minotaur}}, {{xt|Pegasus}}) iyo kooxaha oo magacooda iyo xubnahoodu ay yihiin kuwo go'an ({{xt|the Magi, or the Three Wise Men}}, {{xt|the Furies}}). Tixraacyada guud ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|these priests}}; {{xt|several wise men}}; {{xt|cherub-like}}). *'''Matalaadaha ama dhacdooyinka ruuxiga ah iyo kuwa diinta''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn kaliya marka la tixraacayo dhacdooyin gaar ah ama waqtiyo gaar ah ({{xt|the Great Flood}} iyo {{xt|the Exodus}}; laakiin {{xt|annual flooding}} iyo {{xt|an exodus of refugees}}). *'''Falsafadaha, aragtiyaha, dhaqdhaqaaqyada, iyo caqiidooyinka''' waxay isticmaalaan xarfo yar ilaa magacu ka soo baxo magac u gaar ah ({{xt|capitalism versus Marxism}}) ama uusan noqon magac u gaar ah ({{xt|republican}}, oo ah dhismaha fikirka siyaasadda; {{xt|Republican}}, oo ah xisbi siyaasadeed). Isticmaal xarfo yar mawduucyada caqiidooyinka ama fikirka diinta ee heerka caadiga ah (oo ka soo contrasts-garoobaya dhacdooyinka gaarka ah), xataa haddii xaraf-weyn lagu qoro taageerayaasha diinta qaarkood ({{xt|virgin birth}}, {{xt|original sin}}, {{xt|transubstantiation}}). *'''[[Platonic idealism|Platonic]] ama fikradaha sare (transcendent ideals)''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn xaaladda caqiidada falsafadda ({{xt|Truth}}, {{xt|the Good}}); marka loo isticmaalo si dhumuc leh, waxay ku dhex jiraan xarfo yar ({{xt|Superman represents American ideals of truth and justice}}). Isticmaal xarfo waaweyn marka fanka lagu personify-gareeyo fikradaha ({{xt|the guidebook mentioned statues of Justice and Liberty}}). *{{va|Eponyms|EPONYM|EPONYMS|text='''[[Eponym|Eponym-s (erayada ka soo baxay magacyada dadka)]]''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn ([[Edwardian era|{{xt|Edwardian}}]], [[De Morgan's laws|{{xt|De Morgan's laws}}]], [[Alice in Wonderland syndrome|{{xt|Alice in Wonderland syndrome}}]], [[Plaster of Paris|{{xt|plaster of Paris}}]], [[Platonic idealism|{{xt|Platonic idealism}}]], [[Draconian constitution|{{xt|Draconian constitution of Athens}}]]), marka laga reebo isticmaalka sanfada ama maahmaahda ah oo ka baxsan xaaladda asalka ah oo caadi ahaan xarfo yar ku dhex jira ilaha tixraaca ([[Platonic relationship|{{xt|a platonic relationship}}]]; {{xt|complained of draconian workplace policies}}).{{efn|name=eponyms|1=Waxaa jira waxyaabo yar oo dheeraad ah oo ka baxsan xaraf-weynaynta eponyms-ka, halka eraygu leeyahay xeer xooggan oo ah xarfo yar, t.s., lagu doorbido foomkaas badankooda qaamuustada waaweyn ee luqadda Ingiriisiga. Tusaale ahaan, {{xt|parkinsonian}} wuxuu sharraxaa bukaan muujinaya astaamaha [[Parkinson's disease|{{xt|Parkinson's disease}}]]. Dhexdeeda carabiga/higgaada isticmaalka erayada [[Linguistic latinisation|{{xt|latinize}}]], [[Romanisation|{{xt|romanize}}]], iyo [[Anglicization|{{xt|anglicize}}]] [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Anglo- and similar prefixes|waxay sii kordhayaan xarfo yar]], iyo [[Italic type|{{xt|italic[s]}}]] ku dhex jirta farta mar walba waa xarfo yar.}} Weedha dhan oo uu eponym ku yahay tilmaame [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Religions, deities, philosophies, doctrines, and their adherents|ma aha xaraf-weyn]] marka laga reebo marka weedha dhitadeedu tahay magac u gaar ah (t.s., [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles|cinwaanka hawl la daabacay]]: [[The China Syndrome|{{xt|''The China Syndrome''}}]]).}} ===Astaamaha kalandarka=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Calendar items}} *'''Bilsashada (bilo), maalmaha toddobaadka, iyo fasaxyada''' waxay ka start-garoobayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|June}}, {{xt|Monday}}; {{xt|the Fourth of July}} wuxuu tixraacaa kaliya Maalinta Xorriyadda Mareykanka{{snd}}haddii kale {{xt|July 4}} ama {{xt|4 July}}). *'''Xilliyada''' waxay ku dhex jiraan xarfo yar ({{xt|her last summer}}; {{xt|the winter solstice}}; {{xt|spring fever}}), marka laga reebo marka lagu personify-gareeyo fanka ama magacyada u gaarka ah ee waqtiyada ama dhacdooyinka ({{xt|Old Man Winter}}; {{xt|competed on the Spring Circuit}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="People, animals, plants, and other organisms"></span>Dadka, xayawaanka, dhirta, iyo noolaha kale=== {{Shortcut|MOS:LIFE}} ee farta janjeerta, {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting|Italic type}}. Eeg sidoo kale {{section link|Wikipedia:Lead section|Organisms}} ee ku saabsan maareynta jumlada ugu horreysa. Eeg [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (fauna)]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora)]] ee ku saabsan hagaha cinwaannada maqaallada.}} Marka la isticmaalayo '''[[Taxonomy (biology)|magacyada taksonomiga ("sayniska")]]''', u qor xaraf-weyn iyo farta janjeerta (italics) genus-ka: {{xt|''Berberis''}}, {{xt|''Erithacus''}}. (Supergenus iyo subgenus, marka ay ku dabaqmaan, waxaa loo maareeyaa sidaas oo kale.) Janjeeri laakiin ha u qorin xaraf-weyn heerarka taksonomiga ee species-ka (noocyada) iyo ka hooseeya: {{xt|''Berberis darwinii''}}, {{xt|''Erithacus rubecula superbus''}}, {{xt|''Acacia coriacea'' subsp. ''sericophylla''}}; ma jiraan reebanaanno loo sameeyay magacyada u gaarka ah oo qayb ka ah magacyada sayniska. Taxa-ga sare (order, family, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn Laatiinka ({{xt|Carnivora}}, {{xt|Felidae}}) laakiin ma qaataan udhigmaadka Ingiriisiga ({{xt|carnivorans}}, {{xt|felids}}); ma aha janjeer labada foomba, marka laga reebo fayrasyada, halka dhammaan magacyada lagu aqbalay guddiga [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|ICTV]] ay yihiin janjeer ({{xt|''Retroviridae''}}). {{Shortcut|MOS:CULTIVAR}}{{Anchor|Cultivar}}Magacyada '''[[Cultivar]]''' iyo '''[[cultivar group]]''' ee dhirta ma aha janjeer, waxayna qaataan xarfo waaweyn (harraan erayga ''Group'' ee magaca ku dhex jira); magacyada cultivar waxay ka muuqdaan xigashooyinka keliyaalka ah (single quotes) ({{xt|''Malus domestica'' 'Red Delicious'}}), halka cultivar groups aysan qaadanin ({{xt|''Cynara cardunculus'' Scolymus Group}}). '''Ingiriisiga [[Common name|magacyada afka caadiga ah ("common")]]''' waxaa loo bixiyaa xarfo yar qoraalka maqaalka dhexdiisa ([[Plains zebra|{{xt|plains zebra}}]]<!-- animal species -->, [[Mountain maple|{{xt|mountain&nbsp;maple}}]]<!-- plant species -->, iyo [[Southwestern red-tailed hawk|{{xt|southwestern red-tailed hawk}}]]<!-- bird subspecies -->) iyo habka weedha (sentence case) bilowga jumlada iyo meelaha kale oo xarafka ugu horreeya ee erayga ugu horreeya uu yahay xaraf-weyn.{{efn|name=Sentence case}} Waxay sidoo kale qaataan xarfo waaweyn halka ay ku jiraan magacyo u gaar ah: [[Przewalski's horse|{{xt|Przewalski's&nbsp;horse}}]]<!-- eponym -->, [[California condor|{{xt|California&nbsp;condor}}]]<!-- typical geonym -->, iyo [[Fair-maid-of-France|{{xt|fair-maid-of-France}}]]<!-- unusual but important illustrative case -->. Kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa noocyada (species) iyo nooc-hoosaadyada (subspecies), sida tusaalooyinka hore, iyo sidoo kale magacyada guud ee kooxaha ama noocyada noolaha: [[Bird of prey|{{xt|bird&nbsp;of&nbsp;prey}}]]<!-- cross-order ecological niche -->, [[Oak|{{xt|oak}}]]<!-- plant family -->, [[Great apes|{{xt|great&nbsp;apes}}]]<!-- animal family -->, [[Bryde's whales|{{xt|Bryde's&nbsp;whales}}]]<!-- species group -->, [[Livestock guardian dog|{{xt|livestock&nbsp;guardian&nbsp;dog}}]]<!-- domestic type -->, [[Poodle|{{xt|poodle}}]]<!-- domestic breed group but not a breed -->, [[Van cat|{{xt|Van&nbsp;cat}}]]<!-- domestic geographic landrace -->, [[Wolfdog|{{xt|wolfdog}}]]<!-- hybrid/crossbreed/mongrel not recognized as a standardized breed -->. Marka magaca caadiga ah uu la mid yahay takson saynis ah, ha u qorin xaraf-weyn ama janjeer, marka laga reebo halka la tixraacayo noolaha dhanka taksonomiga: {{xt|A lynx is any of the four medium-sized wild cat species within the genus ''Lynx''.}} Magacyada caadiga ah ee aan Ingiriisiga ahayn, marka ay habboon tahay in lagu daro, waxaa loo maareeyaa sida erayada kale ee aan Ingiriisiga ahayn: janjeer sidaas ah, oo xaraf-weyn kaliya haddii shuruudaha luqadda hooyo ay u baahan yihiin. Magacyada aan Ingiriisiga ahayn ee noqday kuwo la qabsaday Ingiriisiga waxaa loo maareeyaa sida Ingiriisiga ([[Ayahuasca|{{xt|ayahuasca}}]], [[Okapi|{{xt|okapi}}]]). {{Shortcut|MOS:BREED}}{{Anchor|Breed}}'''[[Standardized breeds|Dhalada la halbeeyay (Standardized breeds)]]''' waa inay caadi ahaan dhowraan xaraf-weynaynta loo isticmaalay halbeegga dhalada.{{efn|name=Standardized breeds|1=Hagaha dhalada waxaa lagu daray [[Diff2/881140543|RfC on capitalization of the names of standardized breeds|December 2018 RfC]]. "Dhalada la halbeeyay" wuxuu waayay macno toos ah oo caddaynaya, laakiin wuxuu ku dhex jiraa dhala kasta oo ku dhex jira [[breed standard]] ama [[studbook]] ee kooxda taranta/mataanaha. Kooxaha kale ee xayawaanka guri-joogga ah ma aha dhala la halbeeyay: noocyada taariikhda hore, kooxaha dhalada, xayawaanka duurjoogtoobay (feral), landraces, iyo [[crossbreed|dhalada la isku dhalay]] ama [[Hybrid (biology)|isandho]] oo aan kooxaha waaweyn aqoonsan sida dhala gaar ah. Kuwo badan caadi ahaan ma aha [[Wikipedia:Notability|muhiim (notable)]].}} Tusaalooyinka: [[German Shepherd|{{xt|German Shepherd}}]], [[Russian White goat|{{xt|Russian White goat}}]], [[Berlin Short-faced Tumbler|{{xt|Berlin Short-faced Tumbler}}]]. Sida cultivar-ka dhirta, kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa haddii magacu yahay magac u gaar ah ama kale, oo ka soo horjeeda sida magacyada caadiga ah ee noolaha loo qoro. Laakiin, ka baxsan cultivar-ka, dhalada waligeed lagu ma dhex daro xigashooyinka keliyaalka ah (single quotes), oo magacyadoodu waligeed ma aha qayb ka mid ah magac saynis ah. Erayga noolaha ee lagu daray dhammaadka si looga fogaado jahawareerka ("cat", "hound", "horse", "swine", iyo wixii la mid ah) waa inuusan noqon xaraf-weyn, ilaa uu yahay qayb ka mid ah magaca dhalada oo si joogto ah lagu muujiyo foomkaas halbeegga dhalada (xaaladaha dhifka ah waxaa ku jira [[Norwegian Forest Cat|{{xt|Norwegian Forest Cat}}]] iyo [[American Quarter Horse|{{xt|American Quarter Horse}}]]). Samee [[Wikipedia:Redirect|xiriiriyeyaasha dib-u-luqadda (redirects)]] ka soo baxay xaraf-weynaynta kale iyo foomamka higaada ee cinwaannada maqaalka, iyo magacyada kale, t.s., [[Adélie Penguin]], [[Adelie penguin]], [[Adelie Penguin]] iyo ''[[Pygoscelis adeliae]]'' dhammaan waa inay dib-u-luqad u sameeyaan [[Adélie penguin]]. ===Samooyinka iyo walxaha hawada sare=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Celestial bodies}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (astronomical objects)}} Erayada ''sun'' (sol/qorrax), ''earth'' (dhul), ''moon'' (dayax), iyo ''solar system'' (bahda qorraxda) ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn isticmaalka guud ({{xt|The sun was over the mountain top}}; {{xt|The tribal people thought of the whole earth as their home}}). Waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn marka walaxda lagu personify-gareeyo fanka/suugaanta ({{xt|Sol Invictus ('Unconquered Sun') was the Roman sun god}}) ama marka loo isticmaalo sida magac walax gaar ah xaaladda sayniska ama falagga ({{xt|The Moon orbits the Earth}}; laakiin {{xt|Io is a moon of Jupiter}}). Magacyada meereyaasha, dayaxyada, asteroids-ka, comets-ka, xiddigaha, constellations-ka, iyo galaxies-ka waa magacyo u gaar ah, oo sidaas darteed xaraf-weyn ah ({{xt|The planet Mars is in the constellation Gemini, near the star Pollux}}). Xarafka ugu horreeya ee eray kasta oo ku dhex jira magacaas waa xaraf-weyn ({{xt|Alpha Centauri}} ma aha {{!xt|Alpha centauri}}; {{xt|Milky Way}}, ma aha {{!xt|Milky way}}). Erayada sida ''comet'' iyo ''galaxy'' waa inay noqdaan xaraf-weyn marka ay samaynayaan qayb ka mid ah magac u gaar ah, laakiin ma aha marka loo isticmaalo sida eray guud ({{xt|Halley's Comet is the most famous of the comets}}; {{xt|the Andromeda Galaxy is a spiral galaxy}}). ===<span class="anchor" id="Compass"></span>Pointers-ka kombaas-ka (Jihooyinka)=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Compass points}} Ha xaraf-weynayn '''jihooyinka''' sida ''north'' (woqooyi) ama foomamka la xiriira ({{xt|We took the northern road}}) marka laga reebo marka ay yihiin qaybo ka mid ah magacyada u gaarka ah ({{xt|Great North Road}}, {{xt|Great Western Drive}}, {{xt|South Pole}}). U qor xaraf-weyn '''magacyada gobollada''' haddii ay gaareen heerka magaca u gaarka ah, ku dhex jira magacyada caadiga ah ee heshiiska ({{xt|Southern California}}; {{xt|the Western Desert}}), iyo erayada ka soo baxa ee dadka (t.s., ''Southerner'' oo ah mid ka soo jeeda [[Southern United States]]). Ha xaraf-weynayn magacyada sharraxaadda leh ee gobollada oo aan gaarin heerka magacyada u gaarka ah, sida {{xt|southern Poland}}. Jihooyinka isku-dhafka ah waxaa lagu dhex jiri karaa ama aan lagu dhex jiri karin dhex-xariijin (hyphen), iyada oo ku xiran [[#National varieties of English|nooca Ingiriisiga ee loo qaatay]] maqaalka. {{xt|Southeast Asia}} iyo {{xt|northwest}} waxay ka caansan yihiin Ingiriisiga Mareykanka; laakiin {{xt|South-East Asia}} iyo {{xt|north-west}} waxay ka caansan yihiin Ingiriisiga British-ka. Xaaladaha sida {{xt|north–south dialogue}} iyo {{xt|east–west orientation}}, isticmaal en dash; eeg {{section link||Other uses for en dashes}}. ===<span id="Institutions"></span>Magacyada u gaarka ah ka soo contrasts-garoobaya erayada guud=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Institutions|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Capitalization of The{{!}}Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Capitalization of ''The''}} U qor xaraf-weyn magacyada hay'adaha ama doorka gaarka ah ({{xt|the founding of the University of Delhi}}; {{xt|the history of Stanford University}}) laakiin ma aha erayada guud ee hay'adaha ({{xt|the high school is near the university}}). Ha xaraf-weynayn ''the'' bilowga magaca hay'adda, iyada oo aan loo eegin qaabka loo doorbido ee hay'adda. Waxaa jira reebanaanno dhif ah, marka la hoggaaminayo ''The'' oo lagu muujiyay ''T'' ku dhex jira acronym-ka kooxda: {{xt|The International Cat Association (TICA)}}. U maaree qaybaha siyaasadda ama juqraafiga foomkan oo kale: {{xt|The city has a population of 55,000}}; {{xt|The two towns merged to become the City of Smithville}}. Ha u sameynin sida qaabka wargaysyada maxalliga ah oo tixraacaya degmada/magaalada sida ''the City'' ama ''The City'', marka laga reebo City of London [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#City of London|xaaladaha qaarkood]]. Hagahaani wuxuu sii kordhayaa wax-soosaarka hay'adaha, shirkadaha, iyo kooxaha kale. Tusaale ahaan, magaca dhan ee sharciga sida {{xt|Online Safety Act 2023}} wuxuu noqon doonaa xaraf-weyn, laakiin tixraacyada ka dambeeya ee {{xt|the act}} ma noqon doonaan kuwo xaraf-weyn ah. ==<span class="anchor" id="Acronyms and abbreviations"></span><span class="anchor" id="Acronyms"></span><span class="anchor" id="Initialisms"></span><span class="anchor" id="Shortenings"></span>Gaabinta== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Initials}} Gaabinta waa foomamka gaaban ee erayada ama foomamka. Raadinta saxda ah, waxay ku kala duwan yihiin [[Contraction (grammar)|contractions]], oo isticmaala [[apostrophe]] (t.s., ''won't'', eeg {{Section link||Contractions}}), iyo [[initialism]]s. Initialism waxaa lagu samaynayaa ka mid ah ama dhammaan xarfaha bilowga ah ee erayada ku dhex jira foom. Ka hooseeya, tixraacyada gaabinta waa in loo qaadaa inay ku dhex jiraan acronyms, iyo term-ka ''acronym'' waa inuu sidoo cuali ahaan ku dabaqmaa initialisms. ===Qor marka ay markii ugu horreysay muuqato iyadoo dhammaystiran=== {{Shortcut|MOS:1STOCC|MOS:1STABBR}} Marka gaabinta loo isticmaalayo maqaalka dhexdiisa, hordhac uga dhig iyadoo la isticmaalayo weedha dhammaystiran, gaabintana lagu dhex darayo ngo'aanka (parentheses): {{Block indent|{{xt|shabakadda gobolka ee maxalliga ah (LAN) oo ay samaysay Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC){{nbsp}}... DEC badeecadihii dambe ee LAN waxay aheyd{{nbsp}}...}}}} Ha u isticmaalin xarfo waaweyn foomka dhammaystiran kaliya sababtoo ah xarfo waaweyn ayaa loo isticmaalay gaabinta: {{!xt|Shabakadda Gobolka ee Maxalliga ah (LAN)}}. Marka laga reebo xaaladaha gaarka ah, gaabinta caadiga ah (sida {{xt|PhD}}, {{xt|DNA}}, ama {{xt|USSR}}) looma baahna in la kala bixiyo ama la dhamaystiro xataa marka ay tahay markii ugu horreysay ee la isticmaalo. ===Foomamka plural-ka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:GREENGROCER}} U samee plural [[acronyms]] iyadoo lagu darayo ''-s'' ama ''-es'': {{xt|Three CD-ROMs and two BIOSes were released}}. Ha isticmaalin ''[[greengrocer's apostrophe]]'' si aad u samayso plurals: {{!xt|Three CD-ROM's and two BIOS's were released}}. ===<span class="anchor" id="Periods (full stops) and spaces"></span><span class="anchor" id="Full stops and spaces"></span><span class="anchor" id="op.cit."></span>Punctuation iyo spacing=== {{Shortcut|MOS:PS}} Gaabintu waxay ku dhabayn kartaa ama aan ku dhabayn karin full point (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-garaysay ''period'' ama ''full stop''). Qaab joogto ah waa in lagu dhasheeyaa ku dhex jirta maqaal. Isticmaalka North American caadi ahaan waa in lagu dhabeeyo dhammaan gaabinta period ({{xt|Dr. Smith of 42&nbsp;Drummond St.}}) laakiin isticmaalka caadiga ah ee British iyo Australian, ma jiro period loo isticmaalo haddii gaabinta (contraction) ay ku dhabayso xarafka ugu dambeya ee foomka aan la gaabin ({{xt|Dr Smith of 42&nbsp;Drummond St}}) ilaa is-dhaafsi uu keeni karo. Kani waa sidoo cuali ahaan isticmaalka caadiga ah ee qoraalka scientific-ka ah. Iyadoo aan loo eegin punctuation, erayada lagu gaabay ka badan hal xaraf waa lagu dhex jiraa space ({{xt|op.&nbsp;cit.}} ma aha {{!xt|op.cit.}} ama {{!xt|opcit}}). Waxaa jira waxyaabo ka baxsan oo yar: {{xt|PhD}} {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg sare)}} "Philosophiae Doctor"; {{xt|BVetMed}} "Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine". Xaaladaha badankooda, Wikipedia ma isticmaalto punctuation-ka oo kale ku dhex jirta acronyms iyo initialisms: {{xt|GDP}}, ma aha {{!xt|G.D.P.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="US"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S."></span><span class="anchor" id="USA"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S.A."></span>US iyo U.S.<!-- When renaming this section title, rename the full link at [[Wikipedia:Consistency]] -->=== {{Shortcut|MOS:US|MOS:U.S.|MOS:USA|MOS:U.S.A.}} {{redirect|MOS:US|the use of the word "us"|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#First-person pronouns}} {{xt|US}} waa gaabinta caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo ee {{xt|United States}}, inkastoo {{xtn|U.S.}} – oo leh periods iyo aan lahayn space – ay tahay mid caadi ah daabacadaha North American, ku dhex jirta wargaysyada news-ka. Hagayaasha qaabka American qaarkood, ku dhex jiro ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style]]'' (tan iyo 2010), waxay baabi'iyeen {{!xt|U.S.}} waxayna soo sheegeen {{xt|US}}. Sababaha [[#Opportunities for commonality|wadaagga]], isticmaal {{xt|US}} default ahaan marka aad gaabinayso, laakiin [[#Retaining existing styles|sii wad]] {{xtn|U.S.}} maqaallada American ama Canadian English oo ay horey u dhisantay, ilaa ay jirto sabab wanaagsan oo loo beddelo. Sababtoo ah isticmaalka periods ee gaabinta iyo acronyms wuxuu noqon doonaa mid joogto ah ku dhex jira maqaal kasta, mar walba isticmaal {{xt|US}} maqaal leh gaabinta waddammada kale. Gaabinta dheeraad ah oo lagu dhex jiro initials-ka waddanka ({{xt|USN}}, {{xt|USAF}}), waligeed ha isticmaalin periods. Marka United States lagu xuso hal ama ka badan waddammada kale ku dhex jirta jumlad oo kale, {{xt|US}} (ama {{xtn|U.S.}}) wuxuu noqon karaa mid aad u informal ah, gaar ahaan xusidda ugu horreysa ama sida noun halkii adjective ({{xt|France and the United States}}, ma aha {{!xt|France and the US}}). Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|U.&nbsp;S.}} oo leh space ama {{!xt|U.S.&nbsp;of&nbsp;A.}} oo taariikh hore ah, marka laga reebo marka aad xigasho sameynayso. Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|U.S.A.}} ama {{!xt|USA}} marka laga reebo ku dhex jirta xigasho, sida qayb ka mid ah magac sax ah ({{xt|Team USA}}), ama isticmaalka tignoolajiyada iyo rasmiga ah ee qaarkood (t.s., [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3]], [[FIFA country codes|FIFA]], iyo [[IOC country codes]]). ===Circa=== {{for|examples|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Uncertain, incomplete, or approximate dates}} Si loo muujiyo ''si xaddidan'', isticmaalka {{tl|circa}}, oo muuqda sida {{xt|{{circa}}}}, waxaa ka wanaagsan {{!xt|circa}}, {{!xt|c.}}, {{!xt|ca.}}, ama {{!xt|approx.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="unwarranted abbreviations"></span>Ka fogao isticmaalka aan la xaqijin=== {{Hatnote|See also: {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|Units of measurement}} for when to abbreviate units of measurement.}} Ka fogao gaabinta marka ay jahwareerin karaan akhristaha, baabi'in karaan socodka, ama ka muuqan karaan informal. Tusaale ahaan: *Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|approx.}} ee {{xt|approximate(ly)}} marka laga reebo infobox ama table (xaaladaas isticmaal {{tlx|abbr|approx.|approximately}} xusidda ugu horreysa: {{xt|{{abbr|approx.|approximately}}}}). *Ha isticmaalin legalism-ka {{!xt|Holmes J}} ee {{xt|[[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.|Justice Holmes]]}}. <!-- this might be better in [[WP:JARGON]] --> ===Ha samaynin=== Ka fogao sameynta [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#Neologisms|gaabinta cusub]], gaar ahaan acronyms. Tusaale ahaan, {{xtn|World Union of Billiards}} waa wanaagsan yahay sida {{em|turjumaad}} ee {{xt|[[Union Mondiale de Billard]]}}, laakiin ma aha iyada ama yareynta {{!xt|WUB}} oo loo isticmaalay kooxda ama tixraacyada gaarka ah; isticmaal magaca asalka ah iyo gaabintiisa rasmiga ah, {{xt|UMB}}. Haddii ay noqoto mid lagama maarmaan ah in lagu gaabiyo space yar, sida [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables#Captions and headers|column header ee table-ka]], isticmaal gaabinta si baaxad leh loo aqoonsan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, ee {{xt|New Zealand gross national product}}, isticmaal {{xt|NZ}} iyo {{xt|GNP}}, oo leh isqu xir haddii term-ka aan horey loogu qorin maqaalka: {{xt|NZ&nbsp;[[Measures of national income and output|GNP]]}}. Ha samaynin initialisms sida {{!xt|NZGNP}}. ===HTML tags iyo moodallada=== Mid ka mid ah {{tag|abbr|o}} ama {{tlx|abbr}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa gaabinta iyo acronyms: {{tag|abbr|params=title="World Health Organization"|content=WHO|wrap=yes}} ama {{tlx|abbr|WHO|World Health Organization}} waxay samayn doonaan {{abbr|WHO|World Health Organization}}; [[mouseover|soreynta]] qoraalka muuqda waxay keentaa [[tooltip]] ee foomka dheer inuu soo muuqdo. ===Ampersand=== {{Shortcut|MOS:AMP|MOS:&}} {{redirects|WP:&|the use of "and" in titles|Wikipedia:Article titles#Titles containing "and"}} Qoraalka caadiga ah iyo madaxyada, isticmaal ''and'' halkii [[ampersand]] (''&''): {{xt|January 1&nbsp;and&nbsp;2}}, ma aha {{!xt|January 1&nbsp;&&nbsp;2}}. Laakiin sii wad ampersand marka uu yahay qayb shaqaynaysa oo qaabka magac sax ah, mawduuca shaqaalaha, ama trademark, sida ku dhex jirta ''[[Up & Down (Horace Parlan album)|Up&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Down]]'' ama [[AT&T]]. Meelaha kale, ampersands waxaa loo isticmaali karaa joogteyn iyo dookh halka space uu aad u xaddidan yahay (t.s., tables iyo infoboxes). Xigashooyinka [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Typographic conformity|waxaa lagu beddeli karaa si dhibco leh]], gaar ahaan joogteynta halka noocyada kala duwan lagu xigto, maadaama noocyada cusub ee qoraallada hore ay si joogto ah u beddealaan ampersands ''and'' (sida ay u beddealaan [[glyph]]s kale oo aan la isticmaalin, [[Typographic ligature|ligatures]], iyo gaabinta). Isticmaalka kale oo loo ilaysay laakiin aan loo baahnayn waa tixraacyada gaaban ee shaqaalaha leeh qoraa badan, t.s.: {{xt|<nowiki><ref>Lubbers & Scheepers (2002); Van Hiel & Mervielde (2002); Swyngedouw & Giles (2007); Van Hiel (2012).</ref></nowiki>}}. ==Farta Janjeerta== {{Shortcut|MOS:IT|MOS:ITAL}} ===<span id="Do not use capitals for emphasis"></span>Adkeynta=== Farta janjeerta waxaa loo isticmaalaa adkeyn, halkii loo isticmaali lahaa [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Boldface|farta buuran]] ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#All caps and small caps|xarfo waaweyn]]. Laakiin isticmaalka badan wuxuu yareeyaa shaqadiisa: tixgeli dib-u-qorista jumlada halkii aad farta janjeerta badsan lahayd. Isticmaal {{tag|em}} ama {{tlx|em|...}} si aad adkeyn u sameeyso. Kani wuxuu u sahlayaa [[Help:User style|waraaqaha qaabka isticmaalaha]] in loo maareeyo adkeynta qaab gaar ah, wuxuuna caawiyaa dadka dib-u-isticmaala ama turjumayaasha.{{refn|{{cite web |last1=Ishida |first1=Richard |title=Using b and i elements |quote=the content of a <code>b</code> element may not always be bold, and that of an <code>i</code> element may not always be italic. |url=https://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-b-and-i-tags |website=W3C Internationalization |publisher=[[World Wide Web Consortium]] |date=2015 |access-date=1 September 2016}} }} *Sax: <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>The meerkat is <em>not</em> actually a cat.</nowiki>}}</code> *Sax: <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>The meerkat is {{em|not}} actually a cat.</nowiki>}}</code> ===<span id="Italics-Titles"></span>Cinwaannada=== {{shortcut|MOS:NOITALIC}} {{/titles hatnote include|where=MOS#I-T}} Isticmaal farta janjeerta cinwaannada hawlaha waaweyn (sida buugaagta, filimada, taxanaha telefishanka, bandhigyada la magacaabay, ciyaaraha fiidiyowga, albamyada muusigga, iyo fanka). Cinwaannada maqaallada, cutubyada, noocyada muusigga, dhacdooyinka, sheekooyinka, qoraallada cilmi-baarista, iyo hawlaha kale ee gaaban waxay qaataan calaamadaha oraahda ee laba-laabka ah (" "). Farta janjeerta looma isticmaalo qoraallada diinta ee waaweyn ({{xt|the Bible}}, {{xt|the Quran}}, {{xt|the Talmud}}). Kuwa badan oo cinwaannadan ka mid ah waa inay sidoo kale raacaan [[#Titles of works|habka xaraf-weynaynta cinwaannada]]. ===Erayada loo isticmaalay eray ahaan=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Words as words}} {{for|the policy when a word or phrase itself may be an encyclopedic subject|Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#When a word or phrase may be an encyclopedic subject}} Isticmaal farta janjeerta marka aad {{em|xusayso}} eray ama xaraf {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Use–mention distinction]])}} ama weedh ilaa hal jumlad ah ({{xt|teramka ''panning'' wuxuu ka yimid ''panorama''}}; {{xt|xarafka ugu caansan Af-Soomaaliga waa ''a''}}). Marka jumlad dhan la xuso, calaamadaha oraahda ee laba-laabka ah ayaa loo isticmaali karaa halkii, iyadoo la dhowrayo joogteynta ({{xt|Erayga xiriiriya ee ku jira ''Waxay fadhisatay kursiga'' waa ''kursiga''}}; ama {{xt|Erayga xiriiriya ee ku jira "Waxay fadhisatay kursiga" waa "kursiga"}}). Calaamadaha oraahda waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa qoraallada gaaban si looga fogaado jahawareerka, sida marka farta janjeerta horey loogu isticmaalay bogga sabab kale awgeed (t.s., erayada iyo weedha badan ee aan Soomaaliga ahayn). {{em|Xusidda}} (si looga wada-hadlo naxwaha, xulashada erayada, ama calaamadaha hakadka) waxay ka duwan tahay {{em|xigashada}} (halka wax caadi ahaan lagu muujiyo magaca ilaha la xigtay). Xigashada waxaa lagu sameeyaa calaamadaha oraahda, waligeedna looma isticmaalo farta janjeerta ama labadaba hal mar {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Quotations}} si aad u ogaato faahfaahinta).}} Isticmaalka kale ee la xiriira farta janjeerta waa marka la soo bandhigayo ama lagu kala saarayo erayada ama fikradaha: {{xt|Fikradaha ''tirasagaashanka'' waa tirada idil ee ka weyn 0.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign words"></span>Erayada aan Soomaaliga ahayn=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Non-English terms}} Farta janjeerta waxaa loo isticmaalaa weedha aan Soomaaliga ahayn iyo erayada kelida ah ee ajnabiga ah ee aan caadi ahaan loo isticmaalin Af-Soomaaliga maalin kasta. Laakiin, magacyada u gaarka ah (sida magacyada meelaha) ee luqadaha kale caadi ahaan ma qaataan farta janjeerta, sidoo kale erayada ku jira farta aan Laatiinka ahayn. Qaab-dhismeedka {{tlx|lang}} iyo noocyadiisu waxay taageeraan dhammaan [[ISO 639]] koodhadhka luqadaha, iyagoo sax u aqoonsanaya luqadda si otomaatig ahna u janjeerinaya farta. Fadlan isticmaal qaab-dhismeedyadan halkii aad gacanta u janjeerin lahayd qoraalka aan Soomaaliga ahayn. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link|WP:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Other languages}} si aad u ogaato macluumaad dheeraad ah.)}} ===Magacyada sayniska=== Isticmaal farta janjeerta magacyada sayniska ee dhirta, xayawaanka, iyo [[Kingdom (biology)|dhammaan noolaha kale]] marka laga reebo fayrasyada heerka [[genus]] iyo ka hooseeya (janjeeri {{xt|''Panthera leo''}} iyo {{xt|''Retroviridae''}}, laakiin ha janjeerin {{xt|Felidae}}). Calaamadda isku-dhafka ma qaadato farta janjeerta ({{xt|''Rosa''&nbsp;×&nbsp;''damascena''}}), sidoo kale "erayga xiriiriya" ee loo baahan yahay [[Trinomial nomenclature#In botany|magacyada dhirta ee saddexda qaybood ah]] ma janjeero ({{xt|''Rosa gallica'' subsp. ''officinalis''}}). ===<span id="Italics and quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka ku dhex jira farta janjeerta=== {{shortcut|MOS:ITALQUOTE|}}{{See also|#Quotations}} <section begin="Quotations in italics body"/>Ha u qorin xigashooyinka farta janjeerta. [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation marks|Calaamadaha oraahda]] (ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Block quotations|xigashooyinka waaweyn]]) kaliya ayaa ku filan oo ah qaabka saxda ah ee loogu muujiyo xigashooyinka. Farta janjeerta waa in loo isticmaalo kaliya haddii qoraalka la xigtay uu ka mid yahay waxyaabo marka horeba u baahanaa farta janjeerta.<section end="Quotations in italics body"/> ([[#Italics within quotations|Eeg hoos]]). ===Farta janjeerta ee ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka=== <section begin="Italics within quotations body"/>Isticmaal farta janjeerta ku dhex jira xigashooyinka si aad u soo saarto adkeynta ku jirtay qoraalka asalka ah ama si aad u muujiso isticmaalka erayada aan Soomaaliga ahayn. Adkeynta waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu sameeyo {{tlx|em}}. Haddii aysan caddayn in ilaha asalka ahi ay horey u lahaayeen farta janjeerta (ama qaab kale) oo adkeyn ah, ama si loo muujiyo marka adkeynta aan loo isticmaalin qoraalkii asalka ahaa laakiin dambe lagu daray tifaftirka, ku dar xusuus-qoraalka tifaftirka {{xt|[adkeyntu waa asalka]}} ama {{xt|[adkeynta waa la daray]}}, sida ay u kala horreeyaan, ka dambaysta xigashada. * Tusaale ahaan: {{xt|"Muxuu yiri guda-galka xubintu. Habeen wanaagsan: Iyo {{em|kooxaha malaa'igta}} ha ku heesaan nasashadaada." [adkeyntu waa asalka].}}<section end="Italics within quotations body"/> ===Saamaynta ay ku leedahay calaamadaha hakadka ee dhow=== {{Shortcut|MOS:ITALPUNCT}} Janjeeri kaliya qaybaha jumlada oo ay saameysay adkeyntu. Ha janjeerin calaamadaha hakadka ee dhow. *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|Maxaan ka samaynaynaa {{em|arrintaas?}}}} (Calaamadda su'aashu waxay ku dabaqmeysaa jumlada dhan, ma aha kaliya erayga la adkeeyay ee ''arrintaas'', markaas waa inaysan janjeerin.) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Maxaan ka samaynaynaa {{em|arrintaas}}?}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Afar ka mid ah sheekooyinka ugu caansan Patrick White waa ''A Fringe of Leaves'', ''The Aunt's Story'', ''Voss'', iyo ''The Tree of Man''.}} (Calaamadaha hakadka ee ku dhow, nooca cunsurrada, iyo erayga ''iyo'' ma janjeeraan.) ==Xigashooyinka== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTE}} [[Wikipedia:Non-free content#Guideline examples|Xigashooyinka gaaban ee qoraallada xuqooqda la dhowray]] waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loogu muujiyo dhacdo, loo siiyo macrefe, ama loo tiiriyo aragti ama fikrad gaar ah. Inkastoo xigashooyinku ay yihiin qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah Wikipedia, isticmaalka xad-dhaafka ah kuma habboona uslubta qoraalka encyclopedia-da wuxuuna sababi karaa [[Wikipedia:Copyrights|xukun-jebinta xuqooqda qoraalka]], sidaas darteed badankooda qoraalka waa inuu ku dhex jiraa erayada tifaftiraha oo keliya. Tixgeli dib-u-qorista xigashooyinka si ay u noqdaan qoraal toos ah oo gaaban marka ay habboon tahay (iyadoo la ogaaday in [[Wikipedia:Close paraphrasing|qoraal-mucaawinedka dhow]] uu walillahi xukunkii xudaheeda baabi'in karo). [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Quotations|Ha u qorin xigashooyinka farta janjeerta]] ilaa qoraalku uu farta janjeerta u baahdo sabab kale awgeed. Raiyada [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|siyaasadda xaqiijinta]], xigashooyinka tooska ah {{em|waa in}} ay la socdaan [[WP:INCITE|tixraac ku dhex jira qoraalka]] oo ka yimid [[WP:RS|il lagu kalsoonaan karo]] oo taageeraysa qoraalka. Tani waxay si gaar ah uga muhiimsan tahay maqaallada ku saabsan ama ku dhex jira qoraallada ku saabsan [[WP:BLP|dadka nool ama dhowaan dhintay]]. ===<span class="anchor" id="Principle of minimal change"></span>Qoraalka asalka ah=== {{Shortcut|MOS:PMC|MOS:SIC}} Xigashooyinka waa inay noqdaan kuwo [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|xaqiijin leh]] oo loo tiiriyo ilahooda, qoraalka la xigtayna waa in si dhab ah loo soo saaro. Tani waxaa loo yaqaan {{em|mabda'a beddelka yar}}. Marka ay jirto sabab wanaagsan oo loo beddelo qoraalka, ku dar khaanadaha afkexan [ ] qoraalka la beddelay; tusaale ahaan, {{!xt|"Ocyrhoe wuxuu u sheegay aayihiisa"}} waxaa loo xigan karaa sida {{xt|"Ocyrhoe wuxuu u sheegay [aabihiis] aayihiisa"}}. Makhaadhaa yar oo dhanka higaada ama farta ah waa in si toos ah loo hagaajiyo (tusaale ahaan, hagaaji {{!xt|basicly}} oo u beddel {{xt|basically}}). Haddii ay jirto makhaadhaa muhiim ah qoraalkii asalka ahaa, raaci {{tlx|sic}} (oo soo saaraysa {{sic}}{{hsp}}) si loogu muujiyo in makhaadhaahaas aysan samayn Wikipedia; tusaale ahaan, {{xt|"wareysigiisii uu la yeeshay Dolly Llama {{sic}}"}}. Marka lagu dabaqo qoraal xiriiriye leh, adeegsiga qaab-dhismeedka waxaa loo hagaajin karaa {{tlx|sic|2=nolink=y}} (oo soo saaraysa {{sic|nolink=y}} qoraalka xiriiriyaha leh; tusaale ahaan ku dhex jirta xiriiriyaha: [[Template:Sic|{{sic|nolink=y}} template]]).{{efn|name="sicwarning"|{{tl|Sic}} ma aha in loo isticmaalo dhexda {{tag|ref}} tags, ama ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|qaab-dhismeedyada tixraacyada]] sida [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]] iyo [[Help:Citation Style 2|Citation Style 2]], sababtoo ah wuxuu leeyahay qoraal baabi'inaya [[COinS]] metadata ee ay soo saaraan; eeg [[Wikipedia:COinS]].}} Sababaha saxnaanta iyo tusmo-samaynta awgeed, cinwaannada ilaha tixraaca ma aha in loo hagaajiyo higaadooda, laakiin hagaajinta yar ee farta ah (sida beddelka [[MOS:CURLY|calaamadaha qaloocan]] oo loo beddelo kuwa tooska ah) waxaa loo samayn karaa si toos ah. Tixraacyada ku dhex jira qoraalka la xigtay, ee tilmaamaya ilo aan loo isticmaalin maqaalka Wikipedia, waa in si toos ah loo saaro. Isticmaal [[#Ellipses|saddexda dhibcood (...)]] si aad u muujiso ka-tagista qoraalka la xigtay. Ka-tagista la ogol yahay waxaa ku jira erayada aan loo baahnayn, aan la xiriirin, ama ngo'aanka ku jira, iyo erayada daalka ({{!xt|umm}} iyo {{!xt|hmm}}), laakiin ha ka tagin qoraal marka ka-tagistiisu ay baabi'inayso macnaha muhiimka ah ama ay beddelayso nuxurka qoraalka. Erayada rogaal-celiska ah ama kuwa xun-xun waa in loo muujiyo si sax ah sida ay ka muuqdaan ilaha la xigtay; Tifaftirayaasha Wikipedia waa innaan [[Wikipedia:Offensive material#How to treat offensive material in articles|dhalaalin ama qarin erayada]] ({{!xt|G-d d--n it!}}), laakiin haddii qoraalka la xigtay {{em|aysan}} sidaas sameeynayn, koobiyeey qoraalka si toos ah iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|sic}} si loo muujiyo in qoraalka loo xigtay sida uu ka muuqdo ilaha. Xigashooyinka tooska ah, dhowr higaada gobolka ama taariikhiga ah, harraan xaraf-weynaynta (laakiin ha dhowrin farta duugga ah ama xarfaha isku-dhafan, sida lagu sharraxay hoos ku dhex jirta {{slink||Typographic conformity}}). ===Aragtida ama Mawqifka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTEPOV}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Attributing and specifying biased statements|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Expressions of doubt}} Xigashoda waa in loo isticmaalo, iyadoo la tiirinayo ilaha, si loo soo bandhigo aragtiyo shaqsi ah oo aan lagu muujin karin codka Wikipedia dhexdeeda, laakiin waligeed ma aha si loo soo bandhigo xeerarka dhaqanka sida aragtiyo oo keliya: *La aqbali karo: {{xt|Siskel iyo Ebert waxay filimka ku tilmaameen "mid aan la iloobi karin".}} *Aan la aqbali karin: {{!xt|Boga waxaa loo arkaa "mid ka reebban" qoraallada diinta.}} Aragtiyada gaaban ee aan aadka u xasaasiga ahayn caadi ahaan waxaa lagu soo sheegi karaa iyadoo loo tiiriyo ilaha halkii loo isticmaali lahaa xigasho toos ah. Isticmaalka calaamadaha oraahda ee erayada sharraxaadda leh ee gaaban wuxuu [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Expressions of doubt|muujin karaa nghi ama tuhun]] ku saabsan maaddada la xigtay; sarbeebta ama [[weasel words|erayada daboolan]], sida ''loogu dhex yiri'' ama ''waxaa loogu yeeraa'', waa lagu muujin karaa. *La aqbali karo: {{xt|Siskel iyo Ebert waxay filimka ku tilmaameen mid xiiso leh.}} *Aan loo baahnayn oo muujin kara nghi: {{!xt|Siskel iyo Ebert waxay filimka ku tilmaameen "mid xiiso leh".}} *Waa in la xigto: {{xt|Siskel iyo Ebert waxay filimka ku tilmaameen "mid xiiso leh laakiin xanuun badan".}} ===Waafaqsanaanta farta iyo qoraalka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:CONFORM}} Xigashodu ma aha [[wikt:facsimile|koobi toos ah oo sawir ah]] oo, xaaladaha badankooda, ma aha shuruud in qaabkii asalka ahaa lagu dhowro. Qaabka iyo cunsurrada kale ee farta ee qoraalka la xigtay waa in lagu waafajiyo heshiisyada Wikipedia-da Soomaaliga iyadoo aan la samayn faallo, iyadoo la xaqijiyay in sameynta tan aysan beddeli doonin ama baabi'in doonin macnaha ama inta qoraalka. Kani waa beddel aan samaynayn kala duwanaansho marka qoraalka loo read-gareeyo si toos ah; tusaale ahaan: *Sinnaanta dhex-xariijimaha: eeg {{Section link||Dashes}}. Isticmaal qaabka loo doortay maqaalka: unspaced [[em dash]] ama spaced [[en dash]]. *Beddel calaamadaha sare iyo calaamadaha oraahda oo u beddel qaabka Wikipedia: **Kuwani waa inay noqdaan kuwo toos ah, ma aha kuwo qaloocan. Eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}}. **Marka aad xigtayso xigasho dhexdeeda ay ku dhex jirto xigasho kale, beddel dhexdeeda isticmaalka calaamadaha oraahda ee laba-laabka ah iyo kuwa kelida ah ee xigasho kasta. Eeg {{section link||For a quotation within a quotation}} si aad u ogaato faahfaahinta. *Marka aad xigtayso qoraal ka soo baxay luqadaha kale, calaamadaha hakadka ee ka baxsan waa inay raacaan [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation marks|Hagaha Hab-qoraalka ee calaamadaha oraahda Soomaaliga]]. Haddii ay jiraan xigashooyin dhexda ku jira, raac shuruudaha calaamadaha hakadka ee saxda ah ee luqaddaas. *Ka saar meelaha bannaan ee ka horreeya calaamadaha hakadka sida dhibcaha iyo xiaraanta. *Caadi ahaan sii wad farta buuran iyo janjeerta {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Italics}})}}, laakiin badankooda qaabka kale waa in loo beddelo qoraal toos ah. Qoraalka hoos ka xariiqan, meelaha bannaan ee erayada dhexdisa ah, xarfaha waaweyn oo dhan, iyo wixii la mid ah caadi ahaan waa in loo beddelo qoraal toos ah. Haddii ay caddaynayso adkeyn, isticmaal farta janjeerta ama farta buuran. *Kala bixi gaabinta (aan horey loo isticmaalin qoraalka ka hor xigashada) iyadoo lagu dhex darayo khaanadaha afkexan, ama ku sharrax iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|abbr}}. {{Shortcut|MOS:RETAINQUOTEVARIETY}} {{vanchor|Retain quote variety|text= Laakiin, noocyada luqadda ee gobollada ma aha in loo beddelo, maadaama kuwani ay ku dhex jiri karaan beddelka erayada. Tusaale ahaan, xigasho ka soo baxday ilo British ah waa in ay sii wadato higaada British-ka, xataa maqaal oo haddii kale isticmaala higaada kale. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Consistency within articles}}.)}}}} Nambarada sidoo kale caadi ahaan ma aha in loo qaabaysho si kale. Xigashoda tooska ah ma aha in loo isticmaalo si loo dhowro qaabka uu doorbidayo daabacaha ka baxsan, maadaama kani wuxuu leeyahay saameyn sarbeeb ah: *{{em|La aqbali karo}}: {{xt|Xayawaanka waxaa loo diiwaan geliyay inuu yahay mid halis ku jira maqaalka IUCN.}} *{{em|Aan la aqbali karin}}: {{!xt|Xayawaanka waxaa loo diiwaan geliyay inuu yahay "Halis ku jira" maqaalka IUCN.}} Marka aad xigtayso jumlad dhan, caadi ahaan waxaa lagu taliyaa in erayga ugu horreeya uu sii wado xaraf-weyn. Laakiin, haddii qoraalka la xigtay lagu dhex daray jumlada ku dhow (tusaale ahaan, leh hordhac sida "X wuxuu yiri"), xarafka weyn ee asalka ah waxaa loo beddeli karaa xaraf yar. ===Tiirinta ilaha === Akhristahu waa inuu awoodaa inuu go'aamiyo ilaha xigasho kasta, ugu yaraan ka magaca tixraaca hoose. Ilaha waa in lagu magacaabo {{em|qoraalka maqaalka}} haddii xigashodu ay tahay aragti. Marka aad tiirinayo xigasho, ka fogaaw sharraxaadda foomka eexda leh. ===Xigashooyinka ku dhex jira xigashooyinka=== Eeg {{section link||For a quotation within a quotation}}. ===Isku xirka === {{Shortcut|MOS:LINKQUOTE|MOS:LWQ}} Noqo mid taxaddar leh marka aad isku xirayso ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka; isku xir kaliya bartilmaameedyada u dhigma macnaha caddaynaya ee uu u intent-gareeyay qoraaga xigashoda. Halka ay suurtogal tahay, isku xir qoraalka ka baxsan xigashoda halkii – mid ka hor ama dhowaan ka dambeeya. ===<span class="anchor" id="Block quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka waaweyn=== {{Shortcut|MOS:BQ|MOS:BLOCKQUOTE}} U qaabayso xigashoda dheer (ka badan 40 eray ama ka kooban ka badan hal baaragaraaf) sida [[block quotation]], iyadoo la isticmaalayo qaab-dhismeedka {{tlx|blockquote}}. Qoraalka lagu muujiyay xigashooyinka waaweyn iyo khaanadaha xigashada waa inuusan dhitadiisu noqon mid lagu duubay calaamadaha oraahda. Isticmaal {{tnull|blockquote}} iyo qaab-dhismeedka la midka ah kaliya xigashooyinka dhabta ah; xariijinta sababaha kale waxaa loo sameeyaa foom kale. Waa xeer in lagu hor maro xigashoda weyn jumlad hordhac ah (ama qayb jumlad ah) oo lagu daro tixraaca ilaha xarkaas. Qaab-dhismeedka {{tnull|blockquote}} wuxuu bixiyaa xaddidyo loogu talagalay tiirinta iyo tixraaca oo ka muuqan doona ka hooseeya xigashoda. Xigasho aan lahayn ilo loo tixraacay waa in lagu calaamadeeyo {{tlx|quote without source}}, ama la saaro. ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign-language quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka aan Soomaaliga ahayn=== {{Shortcut|MOS:FOREIGNQUOTE|}} Xigashooyinka ka soo baxday ilaha aan Soomaaliga ahayn waa inay ka muuqdaan turjumaad loo beddeley Af-Soomaali. Xigashooyinka ah turjumaada waa in si toos ah loo kala saaro kuwa aan ahayn. Muuji ilaha asalka ah ee turjumaada, iyo luqadda asalka ah (haddii aysan caddayn xaaladda). Haddii qoraalka asalka ah ee aan la turjumin uu yahay mid la heli karo, bixi tixraac iyada ama ku dar iyada, sida habboon. Marka tifaftirayaashu ay turjumaan qoraal oo loo beddelo Af-Soomaali, daryeel waa in mar walba loo qaado si lagu dhex jiro qoraalka asalka ah, {{em|farta janjeerta dhexdeeda}} (marka laga reebo dhismaha farta aan Laatiinka ahayn, oo ugu wanaagsan lagu sameyo qaab-dhismeedyada {{tlx|lang}} ama {{tlx|langx}}); iyo si loo isticmaalo erayada dhabta ah ee Af-Soomaaliga ee turjumaada dhexdeeda. ==Calaamadaha hakadka== {{Shortcut|MOS:PUNCT}} ===Hakad-koreedka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:'|MOS:APOSTROPHE}} *Isticmaal hakad-koreed toosan (''), ma aha kuwa qaloocan (’). Ha isticmaalin calaamadaha lahjadda ama dhabar-qoryaha (` `) sida hakad-koreedka. *Qaab-dhismeedyada sida hakad-koreedka ama hal xigasho waxay taageero ka helaan marka ay ka muuqdaan bilowga ama dhammaadka qoraalka farta janjeerta ama farta buuran dhexdeedii, sababtoo ah farta janjeerta iyo farta buuran waxaa lagu muujiyaa xigashooyin kelidii ah. **Marka hakad-koreedku uu raaco qoraal farta janjeerta leh, waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si looga fogaado in xarafka ugu dambeeya ee qoraalka dhanka midig uu ku dhago hakad-koreedka. Tusaale: {{xt|shaqooyinka ''Iliad''}} (markup: {{nobreak|<code><nowiki>shaqooyinka ''Iliad''-ka</nowiki>}}}). *Xarfaha u eg hakad-koreedka iyo calaamadaha qaloocan, waa in lagu muujiyo qaab-dhismeedyada u dhigma ama xarfaha Unicode-ka ah ee tooska ah. *Luqadaha leh dhawaaqyada qarxa iyo wixii la mid ah, isticmaal xarfaha saxda ah. *Isticmaalka hakad-koreedka lahaanshaha, eeg qaybta ku xigta. ===Calaamadaha oraahda=== {{Shortcut|MOS:"|MOS:QUOTEMARKS|}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotations}} ====Calaamadaha oraahda toosan==== {{Shortcut|MOS:CQ|MOS:CURLY|MOS:STRAIGHT}} *Isticmaal calaamadaha oraahda toosan (" "), ma aha kuwa qaloocan (“ ”). (Sidoo kale hal xigasho: ' ', ma aha ‘ ’). *Ha isticmaalin calaamadaha lahjadda, dhabar-qoryaha, ama calaamadaha geesaha sida calaamadaha oraahda. ====Laba-laab ama keli==== {{Shortcut|MOS:SINGLE|MOS:DOUBLE|}} *Badankooda xigashooyinku waxay qaataan calaamadaha oraahda laba-laabka ah ({{xt|Welles wuxuu yiri: "Waalidiintu waa tiirka bulshada."}}), marka laga reebo xigashooyinka ku dhex jira xigashooyinka kale. *Noocyada dhirta ee la abuuro waxay qaataan calaamadaha oraahda kelida ah ({{xt|''Malus domestica'' 'Golden Delicious'}}). ====Xigasho ku dhex jirta xigasho==== {{Shortcut|MOS:QWQ|}} Isticmaal xigashooyin keli ah xigashada gudaasheeda: *{{xt|Darwin wuxuu ku qoray hordhaciisa in "xeerka 'de minimis lex non curat' uusan khusayn sayniska".}} ====Bilowga maqaalka==== {{Shortcut|MOS:BOLDQUOTE}} Qoraalka farta buuran ee caadiga ah wuxuu ka muuqdaa bilowga maqaalka: *Calaamad kasta oo oraah ah oo qayb ka mid ah cinwaanka ah waa in ay noqotaa mid buuran sida qaybta kaloo harsan ee cinwaanka. *Calaamadaha oraahda ee {{em|aan}} qayb ka mid ah cinwaanka ahayn ma aha in ay noqdaan kuwo buuran. ====Calaamadaha hakadka ka hor xigashooyinka==== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTEPUNCT}} Haddii qaabdhismeed aan la xigtay oo u dhigma uu shaqayn lahaa naxwaha ahaan iyadoo aan la isticmaalin hakad, adeegsiga hakadka ka hor xigasho oo lagu soo xiray jumlad waa ikhtiyaari: *{{xt|Warbixintu waxay sheegtay "Waxaa jiray dhimis 45% ah heerka gudbinta."}} *{{xt|Warbixintu waxay sheegtay, "Waxaa jiray dhimis 45% ah heerka gudbinta."}} ====Magacyada iyo cinwaannada==== Calaamadaha oraahda waa in loo isticmaalo magacyada iyo cinwaannada soo socda: *Maqaallada iyo cutubyada (buugaagta iyo joornaillada waa farta janjeerta) *Sheekooyinka gaaban *Qaybaha muusigga *Gabayada gaagaaban *Qaybaha kala duwan ee albamyada *Dhacdooyinka gaarka ah ee taxanaha telefishanka iyo raadiyaha ===Khaanadaha=== {{Shortcut|MOS:()|MOS:BRACKETS}} Qaybtan waxay khusaysaa labadaba khaanadaha wareegsan {{xt|(&nbsp;)}}, iyo khaanadaha laba-laabka ah {{xt|[&nbsp;]}}. Haddii jumlad ay ku dhex jirto qaab khaanadeed, dhig calaamadaha hakadka ee jumlada ka baxsan khaanadaha {{xt|(sida halkan lagu muujiyay).}} Khaanadaha laba-laabka ah waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loogu muujiyo beddelka tifaftiraha iyo dhex-gelinta ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka: *Si loo caddeeyo: {{xt|Wuxuu ka qayb galay dugsiga [sare]}}, halkaas oo tani ahayd macnaha la rabay, laakiin nooca dugsiga uusan si cad ugu qornayn jumlada asalka ah. ===Saddexda dhibcood=== {{Shortcut|MOS:...|MOS:ELLIPSIS|}} Isticmaal saddexda dhibcood haddii erayo laga saaray xigashoda, ilaa khaanadaha laba-laabka ah la isticmaalo si loo sharaxo xigashoda. *Adeegso saddex dhibcood oo aan kala banaanayn (<code>...</code>) oo u dhexeeya meelaha bannaan. ===Hakadka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:,|MOS:COMMA}} Lamaanayaasha hakadka waxay kala xiriirin karaan erayo ama weedho ku dhex jira jumlada dhexdeeda. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|John Smith, wiilka Janet Cooper, waa qoraa caan ah oo riwaayadaha ah.}} ===Labada dhibcood=== {{Shortcut|MOS:COLON}} Labada dhibcood waxay soo bandhigaan wax sharraxaya ama caddaynaya waxa ka horreeyay, ama waxay soo bandhigaan liis alaabooyin ah. ===Dhibicda iyo hakadka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:;|MOS:SEMICOLON|}} Dhibicda iyo hakadku waxay u adeegaan in lagu isku xiro laba jumladood oo madax bannaan oo macno ahaan isku xiran, halkii la isticmaali lahaa dhibic ama hakad fudud. ===Xariijinta yar=== {{Shortcut|MOS:-|MOS:HYPHEN}} Xariijinta yar waxay muujisaa xiriir ama isku-xirnaansho u dhexeeya erayada, sida magacyada laba-laabka ah ama erayada la isku daray ee tilmaamayaasha ah. ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} jpa9e8ifi2qtvldrj95m24qfhexyldh 310810 310809 2026-10-24T10:47:31Z Isma4l 41797 /* Xarfo-waweynaynta */ 310810 wikitext text/x-wiki {{MoS guideline|WP:MOS<!-- DO NOT add more shortcuts. None are as short and popular as this one. -->}} '''Haddaha Qaabka''' ('''MoS''' ama '''MOS''') waa [[haddaha qaabka]] ee dhammaan [[Wikipedia:Waa maxay maqaal?|maqaallada]] [[Wikipedia:Soomaali|Wikipedia-ha Soomaaliga]].{{efn|Isku xirka [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility|waxyaabaha la xiriira oo la heli karo]] waxay ku dabaqmaan dhammaan mashruuca, oo ma aha oo kaliya maqaallada.}} Boggan koowaad waxaa taageera [[:Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style|boggag yar oo xeel-dheer]], oo halkan la isku gudbin karo oo lagu tirtiray [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents]]. Haddii ay ka dhalato is-diido, boggani wuxuu leeyahay ka-horreyn.{{efn|name="CONLEVEL"|Kani waa arrin siyaasadeed oo ku saabsan {{section link|Wikipedia:Consensus|Level of consensus}}: "Is-afgaradka ka dhex jira koox xaddidan oo tifaftireyaal ah, hal meel iyo hal maalin, ma baabi'in karo [[Wikipedia:Community consensus|is-afgaradka samaynta]] ee baaxadda weyn. Tusaale ahaan, ilaa ay ka dhaadhiciyaan bulshada balaadhan in aysan sax ahayn, kaqeybgalayaasha WikiProject ma go'aamin karaan in siyaasada ama hagaha Wikipedia uusan ku dabaqmin maqaallada ku dhex jira baaxadeeda." Iyo: "Wikipedia waxay leedahay heer sare oo kaqeybgal iyo is-afgarad ee beddelka siyaasadaha iyo hagayaasha marka loo eego noocyada kale ee boggaga." Boggaga ka hooseeya waxaa ku jira [[:Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style|boggaga MoS-ka ee xeel-dheeraanta]], [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Guide#Advice pages|qoraallada qaabka]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style|Haddaha Qaabka ee Fudud]].}} {{vanchor|Clarity|text=Tifaftireyaal waa inay u qoraan maqaallada iyagoo isticmaalaya luqad toos ah, gaaban, oo fudud in la fahmo. Tifaftireyaal waa inay u dhisaan maqaallada qaabeyn joogto ah oo u sahlanaata akhristaha.}} {{va|Stability|text=Haddii ka badan hal qaab ama foom lagu aamini karo MoS-ka, mid waa in loo isticmaalo madal kasta oo ku dhex jirta maqaalka oo [[#Retaining existing styles|aan la beddelin]] sabab wanaagsan la'aanteed. [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|Tifaftirka dagaalka]] ee ku saabsan doorashooyinka qaabka ma aha mid la accepts karo.{{efn|name="ew"|Arrrimahaani waxaa lagu xalliyay go'aannada [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|Guddiga Garsoorka]] ee [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk#Optional styles|2005]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan#Preferred styles|2006]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Date delinking#Optional styles|2009]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Infoboxes#Use of infoboxes|2015]].}} Qoraal cusub oo lagu daro boggan waa inuu toos u xalliyo arrin qaab oo si joogto ah u soo noqnoqota.}} {{TOC limit|3}} ==Dhonsashada qaababka jira== {{Shortcut|MOS:VAR|MOS:STYLEVAR|MOS:STYLERET}} {{Redirect|MOS:VAR|retention of an article's established national English variety|#National varieties of English|a list of more specific related rules|WP:VARS}} Marna, MOS-ku wuxuu bixiyaa ka badan hal qaab oo la accepts karo ama ma bixiyo hagal gaar ah. Marka ka badan hal qaab la accepts karo, al-fajar ma aha mid habboon in tifaftiraha Wikipedia uu ka beddelo hal qaab oo uu u beddelo mid kale ilaa ay jirto sabab muhiim ah oo beddelka ah.{{efn|name="ArbCom"|Astaanta bilowga ee qoraalkan, eeg go'aannada [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|ArbCom]] ee [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk#Principles|Juun 2005]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/jguk 2#Principles|Nofembar 2005]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan#Principles|2006]].}} [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|Tifaftirka dagaalka]] ee ku saabsan qaabka,{{efn|name="ew"}} ama u adeegsiga qaab dookh ah si [[Wikipedia:Bot policy#Assisted editing guidelines|bot-oo kale ah]] is-afgarad ka hor la'aantiis,{{efn|name="bot-like"|Eeg [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Magioladitis 2#High-speed editing|Go'aanka ArbCom ee 2017]], iyo {{section link|Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser#Rules of use}}; tifaftirka bot-ka oo kale ah oo sii socda inkastoo ay jiraan diidmo ama oo keena makhaadhaa wuxuu keeni karaa [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|xannibaad]] iyo baabi'inta xuquuqaha ku saabsan qalabka semi-automated-ka ah.}} waa [[Wikipedia:Disruptive editing|dhibco ka dhan ah]] oo waligeed ma aha mid la accepts karo. Beddelka aan la xaqijin ee kaaga taagan hal qaab oo la accepts karo, [[#Consistency within articles|oo si joogto ah loo adeegsaday]] ee ku dhex jira maqaal oo loo beddelo qaab kale waa la [[Wikipedia:Reverting|celin karaa]]. Doono [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Opportunities for commonality|fursadaha wadaagga]] si looga fogaado murannada qaabka. Haddii aad rammayso in qaab kale uu ka habboon yahay maqaal gaar ah, doono [[Wikipedia:Consensus|is-afgarad]] iyadoo ku saabsan tan lagula discuss-garaynayo bogga wada-hadalka maqaalka ama{{snd}}haddii ay keento arrin guud ama ku saabsan MoS-ka lakiisa{{snd}}at [[Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style]]. Haddii wada-hadalku uusan keenin is-afgarad beddelka ah, sii wad isticmaalka qaabka horey loo dhisay ee maqaalka. Haddii wada-hadalku uu ku guuldareysto inuu gaaro wax is-afgarad ah oo ku saabsan midka laba ama ka badan qaab oo tartamaya oo la isticmaalayo, markaas dib u noqo qaabkii loo isticmaalay nooca ugu horreeyay ee ka dambeeya [[Wikipedia:Stub|qabyada]] maqaalka oo uu ka muuqday mid ka mid ah qaababka ku dabaqmaya. (Mawqifkan dib-u-noqoshada ah ma siiyo [[WP:UNCHALLENGED|darajo aan la tartami karin]] qaabkaas gaarka ah inta lagu jiro wada-hadalka is-afgaradka, mana siiyo tifaftiraha soo impose-garaysay qaabkaas ugu horreeyay [[Wikipedia:Ownership of content|wax ka badan]] wada-hadalka.) ==Mawduucyada maqaalka, qaybaha, iyo madaxyada== {{Shortcut|MOS:AT}} ===Mawduucyada maqaalka=== Mawduucu waa inuu noqdo magac la aqoonsan karo ama sifaynta mawduuca, isagoo maareynaya shuruudaha ah inuu yahay mid asalka ah, si ku filan oo sax ah, gaaban, oo joogto ah oo la mid ah maqaallada la xiriira. Hagaha qaabaynta eeg qaybta ku saabsan qaabka cinwaanka maqaalka, isagoo xusaya kuwa soo socda: *U qor xaraf yar xarafka ugu horreeya ee erayga labaad (marka laga reebo xaaladaha dhifka ah, sida eBay), laakiin haddii kale raac habka weedha (maalgelinta mashaariicda UNESCO), ma aha habka cinwaanka (Maalgelinta Mashaariicda UNESCO), marka laga reebo halka habka cinwaanka loo isticmaali lahaa qoraalka caadiga ah. *Si aad u qorto farta janjeerta, ku dar qaab-dhismeedka farta janjeerta ee cinwaanka dhowr sare oo maqaalka ah. Si aad farta janjeerta ugu qorto kaliya qayb ka mid ah mawduuca, ku dar xadka string ee qoraalka gaarka ah ee lagu qorayo farta janjeerta. Isticmaalka farta janjeerta waa inuu u dhigmaa habka farta janjeerta. *Ha isticmaalin qodobada madaahibta ah sida xarafka ugu horreeya, ilaa ay tahay qayb aan la kala saari karin oo magaca ka mid ah ama mawduuca shaqa. *Caadi ahaan isticmaal magacyada ama weedhaha magaca ah: Noloshiisii hore, ma aha Nolosha siisay ee hore. *Xarafka ugu dambeeya waa inuusan noqon calaamad ilaahiyad ilaa uu yahay qayb aan la kala saari karin oo magaca ka mid ah ama gaabinta, ama marka xiritaanka ngo'aanka wareegga ama calaamadda oraahda loo baahan yahay. *Markasta oo calaamadaha oraahda ama noocyada hakad-koreedka oo kale ay ka muuqdaan, ku dar dib-u-luqad mawduuc caddaynaya oo isticmaalaya hakad-koreed. Labadaba ha ka sareeyaan iyo kuwa cinwaannada maqaalka, qaybaha kale ee hagaha hab-qoraalka, gaar ahaan calaamadaha hakadka, waxay ku dabaqmaan sidoo kale mawduuca. ===Agaasimaha qaybta=== {{Shortcut|MOS:SO}} Mawduuca maqaalka waa inuu ku bilaabmaa qaybta hordhaca ah{{snd}}gaabinta kooban ee maqaalka{{snd}}oo aan waligeed loo kala saarin qaybo. Qaybta hartay ee maqaalka waxaa caadi ahaan loo kala saaraa qaybo. Khaanadaha macluumaadka, sawirrada, iyo mawduucyada kale ee la xiriira qaybta hordhaca ah waa inay noqdaan kuwo dhanka midig ah. Calaamadaha qaarkood ee qaab-dhismeedyada iyo wikitext oo aan ahayn qaybo waxay ka sarreeyaan inta ugu dambaysa maqaalka, ka hor mawduuca qaybta hordhaca ah, iyo siday u kala horreeyaan: *Sharraxaad gaaban, oo leh qaab-dhismeedka sharraxaadda gaaban *Fariinta disambiguation-ka (hatnote), waqtiga badankiisa oo leh qaab-dhismeedka fariinta *Qaab-dhismeedyada aan lahayn soo-saarka oo muujinaya foomka taariikhda dhisan ee maqaalka iyo nooca luqadda Soomaaliga, haddii ay jiraan *Qaab-dhismeedyada dayactirka ee boodhadhka ah, doodaha iyo qaab-dhismeedyada nadiifinta ee arrimaha maqaalka oo dhan oo la calaamadeeyay *Khaanadda macluumaadka, oo ah dookh (marka laga reebo xaaladaha gaarka ah, ama nooc ka mid ah, maqaallada ku dabaqmaya); caadi ahaan sidoo kale waxaa ku jira sawirka ugu horreeya *Sawirka hordhaca ah, marka khaanad macluumaad aan la isticmaalin, ama sawir dheeraad ah loo baahan yahay qaybta hordhaca ah (haddii hordhacu u yahay mid aad u dheer, sawir labaad waxaa lagu lagi karaa dhexda qoraalka hordhaca ah) Nooca muuqaalka maqaalka, tusmada maqaalka waa mid ka mid ah oo ka baxsan mawduuca maqaalka. Noocyada hore qaarkood, tusmada la mari karo waxay ka muuqataa si otomaatig ah ka dambaysa hordhaca haddii maqaalku leeyahay ugu yaraan afar madax oo qaybo ah. Haddii mawduuca qaybi uu ku jiraa si xeel-dheer oo dheeraad ah maqaal gaar ah, ku dar qaab-dhismeedka maqaalka weyn ama maqaalka dheeraadka ah isla markiiba ka hooseeya madaxa qaybta. Sida lagu sharraxay si xeel-dheer habka agaasimaha maqaalka, noocyo dhowr ah oo maaddooyinka ah waxay ka muuqan karaan ka dambaysa qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee maqaalka, siday u kala horreeyaan: *Buugaagta ama shaqaalaha kale ee lagu abuuray mawduuca maqaalka, ka hooseeya madaxa qaybta "Saddexaha", "Daabacaadaha", "Aaladaha Muusigga", "Filimada", iyo wixii la mid ah sida habboon *Isku xirka hoose ee maqaallada la xiriira ee Wikipedia-ha Soomaaliga, oo leh madaxa qaybta "Eeg sidoo kale" *Xusuus-qoraallada iyo tixraacyada, oo leh madaxa qaybta "Xusuusin" ama "Tixraacyo" (caadi ahaan ka dambeeya), ama qayb gaar ah oo loogu talagalay mid kasta *Buugaagta la xiriira, maqaallada, ama shaqaalaha kale ee aan loo isticmaalin sida tixraacyada; isticmaal madaxa qaybta "Akhris dheeraad ah"; noqo mid si sare ah loo doortay, maadaama Wikipedia aysan ahayn buugga tixraaca *Websaydhada la xiriira iyo kuwo habboon ee aan loo isticmaalin sida tixraacyada oo aan ka muuqan qaybaha hore, isticmaalka madaxa "Xiriirinta dhiillada", oo loo sameyn karo qayb ka hooseysa "Akhris dheeraad ah" *Waxyaabaha ugu dambeeya ee soo socda waligeed ma qaataan madaxyada qaybaha: **Isku xirka hoose oo lagu aaggaaday khaanadaha u gobolka **Metadata ee maamulka kantaroolka, haddii loo baahdo **Qeeybaha, oo waa inay noqdaan maaddada ugu dambaysa ee koodha maqaalka haddii aysan jirin qaab-dhismeedyada stubs-ka **Qaab-dhismeedyada stubs-ka, haddii loo baahdo, oo waa inay raacaan qeeybaha Maqaallada liiska ah ee gaarka ah waxay leeyihiin waxyaabo dheeraad ah oo agaasimaha ah. ===Madaxyada qaybaha=== {{Shortcut|MOS:HEAD|MOS:HEADINGS}} Madaxyada qaybaha waa inay caadi ahaan raacaan hagaha cinwaannada maqaalka ee sare oo ay ku muuqdaan habka weedha (Maalgelinta mashaariicda UNESCO ee waddanka), ma aha habka cinwaanka (Maalgelinta Mashaariicda UNESCO ee Waddanka). Dhammaan madaxyada waa inay ku dhex jiraan xarkooda gaarka ah, oo ay ka horreyso presely hal xar oo eber ah, oo ay raacdo mid ka mid ah hal xar ama aan lahayn xar eber ah. Ha u isticmaalin si xun liiska sharraxaadda markup ("<code>;</code>") si aad u abuurto madax foorfe ah. Sida arrin qaab oo joogto ah, madaxyada qaybuhu waa inaynaan: {{Shortcut|MOS:SECTIONSTYLE|MOS:NOBACKREF}} *si turjumaad ah dib ugu tixraacin mawduuca maqaalka, t.s., Noloshiisii hore, ma aha Nolosha Cabdi ee hore *tixraacin madax heer sare ah, ilaa aad sameyso ay tahay mid gaaban ama caddayn badan *noqon kuwo la nambareeyay ama xarfo leh sida outline *noqon kuwo loo sameeyay sida su'aal, t.s., Luqadaha, ma aha Maxaa luqado ah oo lagu hadlaa? *isticmaalin luga ama farta aan caadiga ahayn oo keeni kara arrimaha lagu heli karo *noqon kuwo lagu duubay markup, sida farta buuran iyo janjeerta, oo baabi'in kara muujintooda oo keeni kara arrimo kale oo lagu heli karo ====Wikimarkup==== Sababo tignoolajiyada ah, madaxyada qaybuhu waa inay noqdaan kuwo gaar ah oo ku dhex jira maqaal (si isqu xirka qaybta uu u shaqeeyo) oo waa inaynaan ku dhex jirin: *isqu xirka, xataa haddii kaliya qayb ka mid ah madaxa la isku xiray *xigashooyinka ama xusuus-qoraallada *math markup *sawirrada ama calaamadaha yaryar Xaddidaadahani waa kuwo lagu khasbay si looga fogaado tignoolajiyada dhibco leh oo ma aha kuwo la baabi'in karo is-afgaradka maxalliga ah ama hagayaasha aan ku habboonayn. Wadaagga qaab-dhismeedka waa in sidoo cuali ahaan looga fogaadaa madaxyada qaybaha, sababtoo ah waxay keenaan koodha asalka ah ee baaqida qaab-dhismeedka inuu ka muuqdo isqu xirka lagu daray gaabinta tifaftirka; gujinta isqu xirkaas ka muuqda taariikhda bogga ma keeni doonto qaybta loo baahan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, marka lagu darayo isqu xirka anchor madaxyada, mar walba beddel qaab-dhismeedka gudaha madaxa: <code>== <!-- -->{{#if:Magaca celinta|<span id="{{anchorencode:Magaca celinta}}"></span><!-- -->{{#if:|<span id="{{anchorencode:}}"></span><!-- -->{{#if:|<span id="{{anchorencode:}}"></span><!-- -->{{#if:|<span id="{{anchorencode:}}"></span><!-- -->{{#if:|<span id="{{anchorencode:}}"></span><!-- -->{{#if:|<span id="{{anchorencode:}}"></span><!-- -->{{#if:|<span id="{{anchorencode:}}"></span><!-- -->{{#if:|<span id="{{anchorencode:}}"></span><!-- -->{{#if:|<span id="{{anchorencode:}}"></span><!-- -->{{#if:|<span id="{{anchorencode:}}"></span><!-- -->{{#if: |<span class="error">[[Template:Anchors]]: Waxaa jira ku ka mid ah la xulay, kan ugu fog waa toban</span><!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} Cinwaanka qaybta ==</code> <code>== Cinwaanka qaybta ==</code> Xusuus-qoraallada la qariyay oo tixraacaya madaxa qayb ama qayb oo dhan waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu lago xar ka hooseysa madaxa. Waxaa sidoo kale lagu lagi karaa ku dhex jira xarkooda oo kale sida madaxa, laakiin xaaladaas waa inay noqdaan kuwo gudaha <code>==&nbsp;==</code> markup: <code>== Saamaynta ==</code> <code><!--Astaantan si sax ah ayaa loo dhigay.--></code> <code>== Saamaynta<!--Astaantan si wanaagsan ayay u shaqaynaysaa.--> ==</code> <code>== <!--Astaantan si wanaagsan ayay u shaqaynaysaa.-->Saamaynta ==</code> ====Anchors==== Ka hor inta aanad beddelin madax, tixgeli in aad baabi'inayso isqu xirka jira oo ku dhex jira. Haddii ay jiraan isqu xirka badan oo u socda mawduuca hore, abuur anchor oo leh mawduucaas si loo xaqijiyo in kuwani ay sii shaqeeyaan. Sidoo kale, marka lagu isqu xirayo qayb, ka tag xusuus-qoraal aan la arki karin madaxa qaybta bartilmaameedka, iyadoo lagu magacaabayo maqaallada isqu xirka leh, si haddii madaxa dambe loo beddelo kani si fudud loo hagaajin karo, ama kale anchor kale loo abuurayo haddii ay jiraan kuwo badan. Tusaale ahaan: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == {{subst:Anchor|Natiijooyinka}} Saamaynta == <!-- "Faarax" iyo "Cali" waxay halkan u xiriirinayaan. --> </syntaxhighlight> oo lagu kaydin doono maqaalka sida: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == <span class="anchor" id="Natiijooyinka"></span> Saamaynta == <!-- "Faarax" iyo "Cali" waxay halkan u xiriirinayaan. --> </syntaxhighlight> Faa'iidada isticmaalka anchor beddelan, ama kaliya la dhex gelinayo span tags-ka toos, waa in marka tifaftirka loo sameeyo qaybta mustaqbalka, anchor-ku ma lagu dhex jiri doono taariikhda bogga sida qayb ka mid ah magaca qaybta. Marka la dhex gelinayo span toos, ha gaabin iyadoo la isticmaalayo tag-ka self-closing. ====Mawduuca oo kale madaxa==== Hagaha sare ee madaxyada qaybaha, gaar ahaan habka weedha, turjumaad, sawirrada iyo su'aalaha, sidoo kale wuxuu ku dabaqmaa madaxyada taarikada (iyo noocyada taarikada iyo xarrada). Laakiin, madaxyada taarikada waxay ku dhex jiri karaan xigashooyinka oo waxay ku bilaaban karaan, ama noqon karaan, nambara. Unka madaxyada bogga, madaxyada taarikada ma samayn karaan si otomaatig ah anchors-ka isqu xirka. ==Noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga== {{Shortcut|MOS:ENGVAR}} Noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga (tusaale ahaan, kala duwanaanshaha erayada ama naxwaha ee gobollada ka jira) waxay bixiyaan macluumaad ku saabsan kala duwanaanshaas. Dhammaan noocyada gobollada ama noocyada heerka ee Af-Soomaaliga waa kuwo la aqbali karo oo siman Wikipedia-da Soomaaliga, iyada oo la isticmaalayo uslub rasmi ah oo maqaallada u gaar ah ([[Register (sociolinguistics)|weeraral rami ah]] ama astaanta luqadda). Qaabka taariikhda ee maqaalka ({{xt|{{#time: F j, Y}}}} ama {{xt|{{#time: j F Y}}}}) wuxuu sidoo kale la xiriiraa noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga {{snd}}eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|Strong national ties to a topic|Retaining existing format}}. === <span class="anchor" id="Internal consistency"></span>Joogteynta ku dhex jirta maqaallada<!-- When renaming this section title, rename the full link at [[Wikipedia:Consistency]] --> === {{Shortcut|MOS:ARTCON|MOS:CONSISTENT}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Variation in citation methods|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Retaining existing format}} Xeerarka nooc gaar ah oo Af-Soomaali caadifad ah waa in loo raaco si joogto ah ku dhex jirta maqaalka gaarka ah. Waxyaabaha ka baxsan waxaa ku jira: *'''Xigashooyinka''' iyo '''cinwaannada buugaagta ama hawlaha''' (sida buugaagta, filimada, iyo muusigga) waa in loo qoraa sida ay ka muuqdaan ilaha tixraaca. Laakiin, waxaa jira xaalado qaarkood oo leexanaya mabda'an si loo dhowro heerka qaab-qoraalka ee alifbeetada encyclopedia-ha dhan. {{crossref|Eeg {{section link||Typographic conformity}}.}} *'''Magacyada u gaarka ah''' waxay isticmaalaan qoraalka mawduuca ama lahaanshaha u gaarka ah, tusaale ahaan, {{xt|United States Department of Defense}} iyo {{xt|Australian Defence Force}}; {{xt|International Labour Organization}}<!--This example is here because it uses -our and -ization at the same time; it is Oxford spelling.-->. *Maqaallada ku saabsan mawduucyada la xiriira kimistariga, foomka heerka caalamiga ah ee higaada {{xt|aluminium}}, {{xt|sulfur}}, {{xt|caesium}} (iyo erayada ka soo baxa) waa in loo isticmaalo iyadoo aan loo eegin nooca luqadda ee looga adeegsado maqaalka. {{crossref|Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (chemistry)|Element names}}.}} ===Fursadaha wadaagga ama isku-duubnida=== {{shortcut|MOS:COMMONALITY}} Si loogu talagalay encyclopedia caalamiga ah, isticmaalka erayada wadaagga ah ee dhammaan noocyada Af-Soomaaliga waa mid ka wanaagsan. *Isticmaal erayada si caalami ah loo aqbalay halkii kuwa aan aad loo fidin, gaar ahaan cinwaannada. Tusaale ahaan, [[Glasses|{{xt|muraayado}}]] ayaa ka wanaagsan noocyada gobollada ee gaarka ah; [[Ten million|{{xt|toban milyan}}]] ayaa ka wanaagsan [[crore|{{!xt|hal crore}}]]. *Haddii kala duwanaansho higaadeed uu ka muuqdo cinwaan, samee bogga [[Wikipedia:Redirect|reer-itusaale (sidetrack/redirect)]] si loogu talagalay kuwa kale, sida ku dhex jirta [[artefact]] iyo [[artifact]], si dhammaan noocyada loo isticmaali karo raadinta iyo isku xirka. *Erayada ku kala duwan noocyada luqadda, ama leh macnayaal kala duwan, waxaa lagu [[Gloss (annotation)#In linguistics|u xaqiijin karaa faahfaahinta (gloss)]] si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga ama jahawareerka, tusaale ahaan, {{xt|qaybta dambe ee baabuurta (trunk ama boot)&nbsp;...}}. *Isticmaal eray ama weedh si caadi ah loo fahmo iyada oo ka wanaagsan mid leh macno kale sababtoo ah kala duwanaanshaha gobollada (halkii {{!xt|alternate}}, isticmaal {{xt|alternative}} ama {{xt|alternating}}, sida habboon), marka laga reebo xaaladaha tignoolajiyada ama cilmiga halka beddelkaas uu noqon lahaa mid aan habboonayn ({{xt|alternate leaves}}; {{xt|alternate law}}). *Marka ay jiraan wax ka badan hal nooc oo higaad ah oo ka dhex jira heerka caadiga ah ee luqadda, nooca ugu caansan ee hadda la isticmaalo waa in caadi ahaan ka wanaagsanaado, marka laga reebo halka higaada yar ay leedahay isticmaal gaar ah oo xaalad xeel-dheer ah, tusaale ahaan, ''connexion'' ku dhex jirta [[Connexionalism|Methodist connexionalism]]. ===Xiriirka gobolka ama qaranka ee xoogga leh ee mawduuca=== {{Shortcut|MOS:TIES}} Maqaal ku saabsan mawduuc leh xiriir xooggan oo u socda waddan ama gobol]] gaar ah waa inuu isticmaalaa heerka luqadda rasmiga ah (ee ma aha colloquial/afka wadada) ee gobolkaas ama qarankaas. Tusaale ahaan: Mawduucyada leh xiriir xooggan oo u socda [[Commonwealth of Nations]], ama waddamo badan oo Commonwealth ah ama dhulalkii hore ee British-ka, isticmaal higaada British-ka. ===Dhowrida nooca jira=== {{Shortcut|MOS:RETAIN}} Marka nooc gaar ah [[#Consistency within articles|isticmaalkiisa joogtada ah]] lagu dhisay maqaal, sii wad iyada oo aan la helin is-afgarad ka dhan ah. Kaliya xaaladaha gaarka ah (sida marka mawduuc uu leeyahay [[#Strong national ties to a topic|xiriir gobol ama qaran oo xooggan]], ama beddelku wuxuu yareeyaa is-dhaafsiga) ayaa ay jirtaa sabab shaqaynaysa oo loo beddelo ka mid ah dookha la aqbali karo oo loo beddelo mid kale. {{va|FPSR|FMC|text=Marka aan la dhisin nooc gaar ah oo wada-hadalku uusan xallin arrinta, isticmaal nooca ka muuqda nooca ugu horreeyay ee ka dambeeya [[Wikipedia:Stub|qabyada (stub)]] oo soo bandhigay nooc la aqoonsan karo. Waxa ka baxsan tan waa [[#Retain quote variety|ha beddelin nooca luqadda ee ku dhex jira xigasho]].}} Nooca lagu dhisay maqaal gaar ah waxaa lagu qoraa iyadoo lagu dhex darayo [[:Category:Use English templates|tampaallada Use X English]] ee habboon bogga maqaalka. Tampaallada [[:Category:Varieties of English templates|nooca luqadda ee habboon]] sidoo kale waxaa lagu dhejin karaa bogga wada-hadalka ee maqaalka. Maqaal waa inuusan noqon mid la tifaftiro ama magaca loo beddelo kaliya si looga beddelo hal nooc oo luqad ah oo loo beddelo mid kale. Tampaalka {{tlxs|uw-engvar}} waxaa lagu dhejin karaa bogga wada-hadalka tifaftiraha si loogu sharraxo tan. ==Xarfo-waweynaynta== Cinwaannada maqaallada Wikipedia iyo cinwaannada qaybaha waxay isticmaalaan habka weedha, ma aha habka cinwaanka. Xaraf-weynaynta alaabta liiska ku jirta, eeg habka liisaska. Qodobbada kale ee ku saabsan xaraf-weynaynta waxaa si kooban loogu dhex muujiyay hoos. Macluumaadka buuxa waxaa lagu heli karaa maqaalka xarfo-weynaynta. Qodobka ugu muhiimsan ayaa ah in Wikipedia aysan xaraf-weynaynayn eray ilaa uu si joogto ah xaraf-weyn ugu yahay badankooda ilaha lagu kalsoonaan karo ee madax-bannaan. ===Xaraf-weynaynta ''Ee''=== Caadi ahaan, ha xaraf-weynayn erayga ''the'' dhexda jumlada. Reebanaanta caadiga ah waxaa ku jira magacyada u gaarka ah ee qaarkood iyo badankooda cinwaannada hawlaha abuurka ah (sida {{xt|Tolkien wuxuu qoray ''The Lord of the Rings''}}{{snd}}laakiin ogaada in ''the'' aysan noqon karin qayb ka mid ah cinwaanka ee lagu qoro, t.s., {{xt|Homer wuxuu tiriyay ''Odyssey''}}). Waxaa jira tixgelinno gaar ah oo loo sameeyo magacyada kooxaha muusigga, magacyada hay'adaha, magac-u-yaallada, iyo summadaha ganacsiga. ===Cinwaannada hawlaha=== Cinwaannada luqadda Soomaaliga ama Ingiriisiga ee qoraallada (buugaagta iyo hawlaha kale ee qoraalka, noocyada iyo hawlaha kale ee codka, filimada iyo hawlaha kale ee muuqaalka ah, sawirrada iyo hawlaha kale ee fanka, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxaa loo bixiyaa habka cinwaanka, halka eray kasta loo siiyo xaraf-weyn bilowga marka laga reebo erayada qaarkood oo yar oo muhiim ah. Erayada ugu horreeya iyo kuwa ugu dambeeya ee cinwaanka mar walba waa kuwo xaraf-weyn leh. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|''An Eye for an Eye''}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|''Worth the Fighting For''}} Xaraf-weynaynta cinwaannada aan Soomaaliga ahayn waa ay kala duwan tahay, xataa waqti ka waqti isla luqadda dhexdeeda; caadi ahaan, dhowr qaabka asalka ah ee hawlaha cusub, oo raac isticmaalka ka muuqda ilaha lagu kalsoonaan karo ee hadda ee hawlaha taariikhiga ah. Marka lagu qoro alfabeta Laatiinka, badankooda waxyaabahaani waa inay sidoo meelaha kale ku jiraan farta janjeerta, ama lagu duubo calaamadaha oraahda. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|{{lang|fr|Les Liaisons dangereuses}}}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"{{lang|de|italics=no|Hymnus an den heiligen Geist}}"}} ===Tayooyinka iyo xilalka dadka=== *'''Isticmaalka guud''', isticmaal xaraf yar erayada sida ''madaxweyne'', ''boqor'', iyo ''imbiraadoor'' ({{xt|De Gaulle wuxuu ahaa madaxweyne Faransiis ah}}; {{xt|Louis XVI wuxuu ahaa boqor Faransiis ah}}; {{xt|Saddex ra'iisul wasaare ayaa ka soo qayb galay shirka}}). *'''Toos ka hor magaca dadka''', erayadaas waxay ka bilaabanayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|Madaxweyne Obama}}, ma aha {{!xt|madaxweyne Obama}}). Magacyada heerka caadiga ah ama caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo ee xilka ama doorka waxaa loo maareeyaa sida magacyada u gaarka ah ({{xt|David Cameron wuxuu ahaa Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Biritain}}; {{xt|Hirohito wuxuu ahaa Imbiraadoorkii Jabaan}}; {{xt|Louis XVI wuxuu ahaa Boqorkii Faransiiska}}). Titoolinka ama doorka boqortooyada waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|Her Majesty}}; {{xt|His Highness}}); reebanaantu waxay ku dabaqmi kartaa xilal gaar ah. ===Diimaha, ilaahyada, falsafadaha, iyo caqiidooyinka=== *'''Diimaha, kooxaha, iyo kaniisadaha''' iyo taageerayaashooda (foomka magaca ama tilmaamaha) waxay ka bilaabanayaan xaraf-weyn. Caadi ahaan, "the" ma aha xaraf-weyn ka hor magacyadaas ({{xt|the Unitarians}}, ma aha {{!xt|The Unitarians}}). *'''Qoraallada diinta''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn, laakiin badanaa ma aha farta janjeerta ({{xt|the Bhagavad Gita}}, {{xt|the Quran}}, {{xt|the Talmud}}, {{xt|the Granth Sahib}}, {{xt|the Bible}}). Ha u qorin xaraf-weyn "the" marka aad u isticmaalayso foomkan. Tilmaamaha qaarkood oo ka soo baxa waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn heshiis ahaan, qaarkoodna ma qaataan; haddii aad u baahato hubaal, eeg qaamuuska. *'''Tayooyinka iyo magacyada sharafta ee ilaahyada''', ku dhex jira magacyada u gaarka ah iyo tayooyinka, waxay ka bilaabanayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|God}}, {{xt|Allah}}, {{xt|the Lord}}, {{xt|the Supreme Being}}, {{xt|the Great Spirit}}, {{xt|the Horned One}}, {{xt|Bhagavan}}). Ha u qorin xaraf-weyn "the" xaaladahaas ama marka aad tixraacayso dadka waaweyn ee diinta ama shakhsiyaadka khayalka ah/asraarta ah ({{xt|the Prophet}}, {{xt|the Messiah}}, {{xt|the Virgin}}). Magacyada guud ee ilaahyada iyo shakhsiyaadka diinta ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|many gods}}; {{xt|the god Woden}}; {{xt|saints and prophets}}). *'''Magac-u-yaallada shakhsiyaadka cibaadada ama Ilaah''' ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn, xataa haddii xaraf-weyn lagu qoro qoraallada diinta ({{xt|God and his will}}). *'''Qaybaha waaweyn ee mukhluuqaadka khayalka ah''' waxay ka bilaabanayaan xarfo yar ({{xt|elf}}, {{xt|fairy}}, {{xt|nymph}}, {{xt|unicorn}}, {{xt|angel}}), inkastoo hawlaha khayalka ah, sida buugaagta [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] iyo ciyaaraha fiidiyowga qaarkood, xarfaha waaweyn ee bilowga ah marmar loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo in mukhluuqaadku ay samaynayaan dhaqan ama irsi dhex jira caalamka khayalka ah. U qor xaraf-weyn magacyada ama tayooyinka mukhluuqaadka gaarka ah ({{xt|the Minotaur}}, {{xt|Pegasus}}) iyo kooxaha oo magacooda iyo xubnahoodu ay yihiin kuwo go'an ({{xt|the Magi, or the Three Wise Men}}, {{xt|the Furies}}). Tixraacyada guud ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|these priests}}; {{xt|several wise men}}; {{xt|cherub-like}}). *'''Matalaadaha ama dhacdooyinka ruuxiga ah iyo kuwa diinta''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn kaliya marka la tixraacayo dhacdooyin gaar ah ama waqtiyo gaar ah ({{xt|the Great Flood}} iyo {{xt|the Exodus}}; laakiin {{xt|annual flooding}} iyo {{xt|an exodus of refugees}}). *'''Falsafadaha, aragtiyaha, dhaqdhaqaaqyada, iyo caqiidooyinka''' waxay isticmaalaan xarfo yar ilaa magacu ka soo baxo magac u gaar ah ({{xt|capitalism versus Marxism}}) ama uusan noqon magac u gaar ah ({{xt|republican}}, oo ah dhismaha fikirka siyaasadda; {{xt|Republican}}, oo ah xisbi siyaasadeed). Isticmaal xarfo yar mawduucyada caqiidooyinka ama fikirka diinta ee heerka caadiga ah (oo ka soo horjeeda dhacdooyinka gaarka ah), xataa haddii xaraf-weyn lagu qoro taageerayaasha diinta qaarkood ({{xt|virgin birth}}, {{xt|original sin}}, {{xt|transubstantiation}}). *'''Platonic ama fikradaha sare''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn xaaladda caqiidada falsafadda ({{xt|Truth}}, {{xt|the Good}}); marka loo isticmaalo si dhumuc leh, waxay ku dhex jiraan xarfo yar ({{xt|Superman represents American ideals of truth and justice}}). Isticmaal xarfo waaweyn marka fanka lagu qofeeyo ama lagu heellaniyo fikradaha ({{xt|the guidebook mentioned statues of Justice and Liberty}}). *'''Eponym-s (erayada ka soo baxay magacyada dadka)''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn ([[Edwardian era|{{xt|Edwardian}}]], [[De Morgan's laws|{{xt|De Morgan's laws}}]], [[Alice in Wonderland syndrome|{{xt|Alice in Wonderland syndrome}}]], [[Plaster of Paris|{{xt|plaster of Paris}}]], [[Platonic idealism|{{xt|Platonic idealism}}]], [[Draconian constitution|{{xt|Draconian constitution of Athens}}]]), marka laga reebo isticmaalka sanfada ama maahmaahda ah oo ka baxsan xaaladda asalka ah oo caadi ahaan xarfo yar ku dhex jira ilaha tixraaca ([[Platonic relationship|{{xt|a platonic relationship}}]]; {{xt|complained of draconian workplace policies}}).{{efn|name=eponyms|1=Waxaa jira waxyaabo yar oo dheeraad ah oo ka baxsan xaraf-weynaynta eponyms-ka, halka eraygu leeyahay xeer xooggan oo ah xarfo yar, t.s., lagu doorbido foomkaas badankooda qaamuustada waaweyn. Tusaale ahaan, {{xt|parkinsonian}} wuxuu sharraxaa bukaan muujinaya astaamaha [[Parkinson's disease|{{xt|Parkinson's disease}}]]. Dhexdeeda carabiga/higgaada isticmaalka erayada [[Linguistic latinisation|{{xt|latinize}}]], [[Romanisation|{{xt|romanize}}]], iyo [[Anglicization|{{xt|anglicize}}]] waxay sii kordhayaan xarfo yar, iyo {{xt|italic[s]}} ku dhex jirta farta mar walba waa xarfo yar.}} Weedha dhan oo uu eponym ku yahay tilmaame ma aha xaraf-weyn marka laga reebo marka weedha dhitadeedu tahay magac u gaar ah (t.s., cinwaanka hawl la daabacay: [[The China Syndrome|{{xt|''The China Syndrome''}}]]). ===Astaamaha kalandarka=== *'''Bilsashada (bilo), maalmaha toddobaadka, iyo fasaxyada''' waxay ka bilaabanayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|June}}, {{xt|Monday}}; {{xt|the Fourth of July}} wuxuu tixraacaa kaliya Maalinta Xorriyadda Mareykanka{{snd}}haddii kale {{xt|July 4}} ama {{xt|4 July}}). *'''Xilliyada''' waxay ku dhex jiraan xarfo yar ({{xt|her last summer}}; {{xt|the winter solstice}}; {{xt|spring fever}}), marka laga reebo marka fanka ama suugaanta lagu qofeeyo ama magacyada u gaarka ah ee waqtiyada ama dhacdooyinka ({{xt|Old Man Winter}}; {{xt|competed on the Spring Circuit}}). ===Dadka, xayawaanka, dhirta, iyo noolaha kale=== {{Shortcut|MOS:LIFE}} Marka la isticmaalayo '''[[Taxonomy (biology)|magacyada taksonomiga ("sayniska")]]''', u qor xaraf-weyn iyo farta janjeerta (italics) genus-ka: {{xt|''Berberis''}}, {{xt|''Erithacus''}}. (Supergenus iyo subgenus, marka ay ku dabaqmaan, waxaa loo maareeyaa sidaas oo kale.) Janjeeri laakiin ha u qorin xaraf-weyn heerarka taksonomiga ee species-ka (noocyada) iyo ka hooseeya: {{xt|''Berberis darwinii''}}, {{xt|''Erithacus rubecula superbus''}}, {{xt|''Acacia coriacea'' subsp. ''sericophylla''}}; ma jiraan reebanaanno loo sameeyay magacyada u gaarka ah oo qayb ka ah magacyada sayniska. Taxa-ga sare (order, family, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn Laatiinka ({{xt|Carnivora}}, {{xt|Felidae}}) laakiin ma qaataan udhigmaadka Soomaaliga ama Ingiriisiga ({{xt|carnivorans}}, {{xt|felids}}); ma aha janjeer labada foomba, marka laga reebo fayrasyada, halka dhammaan magacyada lagu aqbalay guddiga ICTV ay yihiin janjeer ({{xt|''Retroviridae''}}). {{Shortcut|MOS:CULTIVAR}}{{Anchor|Cultivar}}Magacyada '''Cultivar''' iyo '''cultivar group''' ee dhirta ma aha janjeer, waxayna qaataan xarfo waaweyn (harraan erayga ''Group'' ee magaca ku dhex jira); magacyada cultivar waxay ka muuqdaan xigashooyinka keliyaalka ah (single quotes) ({{xt|''Malus domestica'' 'Red Delicious'}}), halka cultivar groups aysan qaadanin ({{xt|''Cynara cardunculus'' Scolymus Group}}). '''Magacyada afka caadiga ah ("common")''' waxaa loo bixiyaa xarfo yar qoraalka maqaalka dhexdiisa ([[Plains zebra|{{xt|plains zebra}}]], [[Mountain maple|{{xt|mountain&nbsp;maple}}]], iyo [[Southwestern red-tailed hawk|{{xt|southwestern red-tailed hawk}}]]) iyo habka weedha bilowga jumlada iyo meelaha kale oo xarafka ugu horreeya ee erayga ugu horreeya uu yahay xaraf-weyn. Waxay sidoo kale qaataan xarfo waaweyn halka ay ku jiraan magacyo u gaar ah: [[Przewalski's horse|{{xt|Przewalski's&nbsp;horse}}]], [[California condor|{{xt|California&nbsp;condor}}]], iyo [[Fair-maid-of-France|{{xt|fair-maid-of-France}}]]. Kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa noocyada (species) iyo nooc-hoosaadyada (subspecies), sida tusaalooyinka hore, iyo sidoo kale magacyada guud ee kooxaha ama noocyada noolaha: [[Bird of prey|{{xt|bird&nbsp;of&nbsp;prey}}]], [[Oak|{{xt|oak}}]], [[Great apes|{{xt|great&nbsp;apes}}]], [[Bryde's whales|{{xt|Bryde's&nbsp;whales}}]], [[Livestock guardian dog|{{xt|livestock&nbsp;guardian&nbsp;dog}}]], [[Poodle|{{xt|poodle}}]], [[Van cat|{{xt|Van&nbsp;cat}}]], [[Wolfdog|{{xt|wolfdog}}]]. Marka magaca caadiga ah uu la mid yahay takson saynis ah, ha u qorin xaraf-weyn ama janjeer, marka laga reebo halka la tixraacayo noolaha dhanka taksonomiga: {{xt|A lynx is any of the four medium-sized wild cat species within the genus ''Lynx''.}} Magacyada caadiga ah ee ajnabiga ah, marka ay habboon tahay in lagu daro, waxaa loo maareeyaa sida erayada kale ee ajnabiga ah: janjeer sidaas ah, oo xaraf-weyn kaliya haddii shuruudaha luqadda hooyo ay u baahan yihiin. Magacyada ajnabiga ah ee noqday kuwo la qabsaday afka Soomaaliga ama Ingiriisiga waxaa loo maareeyaa sida caadiga ah ([[Ayahuasca|{{xt|ayahuasca}}]], [[Okapi|{{xt|okapi}}]]). {{Shortcut|MOS:BREED}}{{Anchor|Breed}}'''Dhalada la halbeeyay (Standardized breeds)''' waa inay caadi ahaan dhowraan xaraf-weynaynta loo isticmaalay halbeegga dhalada.{{efn|name=Standardized breeds|1="Dhalada la halbeeyay" wuxuu ku dhex jiraa dhala kasta oo ku dhex jira halbeegga dhalada ama buugga abtirsiinta ee kooxda taranta. Kooxaha kale ee xayawaanka guri-joogga ah ma aha dhala la halbeeyay: noocyada taariikhda hore, kooxaha dhalada, xayawaanka duurjoogtoobay (feral), iyo dhalada la isku dhalay oo aan kooxaha waaweyn aqoonsan sida dhala gaar ah.}} Tusaalooyinka: [[German Shepherd|{{xt|German Shepherd}}]], [[Russian White goat|{{xt|Russian White goat}}]], [[Berlin Short-faced Tumbler|{{xt|Berlin Short-faced Tumbler}}]]. Sida cultivar-ka dhirta, kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa haddii magacu yahay magac u gaar ah ama kale, oo ka soo horjeeda sida magacyada caadiga ah ee noolaha loo qoro. Laakiin, ka baxsan cultivar-ka, dhalada waligeed lagu ma dhex daro xigashooyinka keliyaalka ah, oo magacyadoodu waligeed ma aha qayb ka mid ah magac saynis ah. Erayga noolaha ee lagu daray dhammaadka si looga fogaado jahawareerka ("cat", "hound", "horse", "swine", iyo wixii la mid ah) waa inuusan noqon xaraf-weyn, ilaa uu yahay qayb ka mid ah magaca dhalada oo si joogto ah lagu muujiyo foomkaas halbeegga dhalada (xaaladaha dhifka ah waxaa ku jira [[Norwegian Forest Cat|{{xt|Norwegian Forest Cat}}]] iyo [[American Quarter Horse|{{xt|American Quarter Horse}}]]). Samee xiriiriyeyaasha dib-u-luqadda ka soo baxay xaraf-weynaynta kale iyo foomamka higaada ee cinwaannada maqaalka, iyo magacyada kale. ===Samooyinka iyo walxaha hawada sare=== Erayada ''sun'' (sol/qorrax), ''earth'' (dhul), ''moon'' (dayax), iyo ''solar system'' (bahda qorraxda) ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn isticmaalka guud ({{xt|The sun was over the mountain top}}; {{xt|The tribal people thought of the whole earth as their home}}). Waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn marka walaxda lagu qofeeyo fanka/suugaanta ({{xt|Sol Invictus ('Unconquered Sun') was the Roman sun god}}) ama marka loo isticmaalo sida magac walax gaar ah xaaladda sayniska ama falagga ({{xt|The Moon orbits the Earth}}; laakiin {{xt|Io is a moon of Jupiter}}). Magacyada meereyaasha, dayaxyada, asteroids-ka, comets-ka, xiddigaha, constellations-ka, iyo galaxies-ka waa magacyo u gaar ah, oo sidaas darteed xaraf-weyn ah ({{xt|The planet Mars is in the constellation Gemini, near the star Pollux}}). Xarafka ugu horreeya ee eray kasta oo ku dhex jira magacaas waa xaraf-weyn ({{xt|Alpha Centauri}} ma aha {{!xt|Alpha centauri}}; {{xt|Milky Way}}, ma aha {{!xt|Milky way}}). Erayada sida ''comet'' iyo ''galaxy'' waa inay noqdaan xaraf-weyn marka ay samaynayaan qayb ka mid ah magac u gaar ah, laakiin ma aha marka loo isticmaalo sida eray guud ({{xt|Halley's Comet is the most famous of the comets}}; {{xt|the Andromeda Galaxy is a spiral galaxy}}). ===Jihooyinka kombaas-ka=== Ha xaraf-weynayn '''jihooyinka''' sida ''north'' (woqooyi) ama foomamka la xiriira ({{xt|We took the northern road}}) marka laga reebo marka ay yihiin qaybo ka mid ah magacyada u gaarka ah ({{xt|Great North Road}}, {{xt|Great Western Drive}}, {{xt|South Pole}}). U qor xaraf-weyn '''magacyada gobollada''' haddii ay gaareen heerka magaca u gaarka ah, ku dhex jira magacyada caadiga ah ee heshiiska ({{xt|Southern California}}; {{xt|the Western Desert}}), iyo erayada ka soo baxa ee dadka (t.s., ''Southerner'' oo ah mid ka soo jeeda [[Southern United States]]). Ha xaraf-weynayn magacyada sharraxaadda leh ee gobollada oo aan gaarin heerka magacyada u gaarka ah, sida {{xt|southern Poland}}. Jihooyinka isku-dhafka ah waxaa lagu dhex jiri karaa ama aan lagu dhex jiri karin dhex-xariijin (hyphen). ===Magacyada u gaarka ah iyo erayada guud=== U qor xaraf-weyn magacyada hay'adaha ama doorka gaarka ah ({{xt|the founding of the University of Delhi}}; {{xt|the history of Stanford University}}) laakiin ma aha erayada guud ee hay'adaha ({{xt|the high school is near the university}}). Ha xaraf-weynayn ''the'' bilowga magaca hay'adda, iyada oo aan loo eegin qaabka loo doorbido ee hay'adda. Waxaa jira reebanaanno dhif ah, marka la hoggaaminayo ''The'' oo lagu muujiyay ''T'' ku dhex jira acronym-ka kooxda: {{xt|The International Cat Association (TICA)}}. U maaree qaybaha siyaasadda ama juqraafiga foomkan oo kale: {{xt|The city has a population of 55,000}}; {{xt|The two towns merged to become the City of Smithville}}. Ha u sameynin sida qaabka wargaysyada maxalliga ah oo tixraacaya degmada/magaalada sida ''the City'' ama ''The City'', marka laga reebo City of London xaaladaha qaarkood. Hagahaani wuxuu sii kordhayaa wax-soosaarka hay'adaha, shirkadaha, iyo kooxaha kale. Tusaale ahaan, magaca dhan ee sharciga sida {{xt|Online Safety Act 2023}} wuxuu noqon doonaa xaraf-weyn, laakiin tixraacyada ka dambeeya ee {{xt|the act}} ma noqon doonaan kuwo xaraf-weyn ah. ==<span class="anchor" id="Acronyms and abbreviations"></span><span class="anchor" id="Acronyms"></span><span class="anchor" id="Initialisms"></span><span class="anchor" id="Shortenings"></span>Gaabinta== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Initials}} Gaabinta waa foomamka gaaban ee erayada ama foomamka. Raadinta saxda ah, waxay ku kala duwan yihiin [[Contraction (grammar)|contractions]], oo isticmaala [[apostrophe]] (t.s., ''won't'', eeg {{Section link||Contractions}}), iyo [[initialism]]s. Initialism waxaa lagu samaynayaa ka mid ah ama dhammaan xarfaha bilowga ah ee erayada ku dhex jira foom. Ka hooseeya, tixraacyada gaabinta waa in loo qaadaa inay ku dhex jiraan acronyms, iyo term-ka ''acronym'' waa inuu sidoo cuali ahaan ku dabaqmaa initialisms. ===Qor marka ay markii ugu horreysay muuqato iyadoo dhammaystiran=== {{Shortcut|MOS:1STOCC|MOS:1STABBR}} Marka gaabinta loo isticmaalayo maqaalka dhexdiisa, hordhac uga dhig iyadoo la isticmaalayo weedha dhammaystiran, gaabintana lagu dhex darayo ngo'aanka (parentheses): {{Block indent|{{xt|shabakadda gobolka ee maxalliga ah (LAN) oo ay samaysay Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC){{nbsp}}... DEC badeecadihii dambe ee LAN waxay aheyd{{nbsp}}...}}}} Ha u isticmaalin xarfo waaweyn foomka dhammaystiran kaliya sababtoo ah xarfo waaweyn ayaa loo isticmaalay gaabinta: {{!xt|Shabakadda Gobolka ee Maxalliga ah (LAN)}}. Marka laga reebo xaaladaha gaarka ah, gaabinta caadiga ah (sida {{xt|PhD}}, {{xt|DNA}}, ama {{xt|USSR}}) looma baahna in la kala bixiyo ama la dhamaystiro xataa marka ay tahay markii ugu horreysay ee la isticmaalo. ===Foomamka plural-ka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:GREENGROCER}} U samee plural [[acronyms]] iyadoo lagu darayo ''-s'' ama ''-es'': {{xt|Three CD-ROMs and two BIOSes were released}}. Ha isticmaalin ''[[greengrocer's apostrophe]]'' si aad u samayso plurals: {{!xt|Three CD-ROM's and two BIOS's were released}}. ===<span class="anchor" id="Periods (full stops) and spaces"></span><span class="anchor" id="Full stops and spaces"></span><span class="anchor" id="op.cit."></span>Punctuation iyo spacing=== {{Shortcut|MOS:PS}} Gaabintu waxay ku dhabayn kartaa ama aan ku dhabayn karin full point (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-garaysay ''period'' ama ''full stop''). Qaab joogto ah waa in lagu dhasheeyaa ku dhex jirta maqaal. Isticmaalka North American caadi ahaan waa in lagu dhabeeyo dhammaan gaabinta period ({{xt|Dr. Smith of 42&nbsp;Drummond St.}}) laakiin isticmaalka caadiga ah ee British iyo Australian, ma jiro period loo isticmaalo haddii gaabinta (contraction) ay ku dhabayso xarafka ugu dambeya ee foomka aan la gaabin ({{xt|Dr Smith of 42&nbsp;Drummond St}}) ilaa is-dhaafsi uu keeni karo. Kani waa sidoo cuali ahaan isticmaalka caadiga ah ee qoraalka scientific-ka ah. Iyadoo aan loo eegin punctuation, erayada lagu gaabay ka badan hal xaraf waa lagu dhex jiraa space ({{xt|op.&nbsp;cit.}} ma aha {{!xt|op.cit.}} ama {{!xt|opcit}}). Waxaa jira waxyaabo ka baxsan oo yar: {{xt|PhD}} {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg sare)}} "Philosophiae Doctor"; {{xt|BVetMed}} "Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine". Xaaladaha badankooda, Wikipedia ma isticmaalto punctuation-ka oo kale ku dhex jirta acronyms iyo initialisms: {{xt|GDP}}, ma aha {{!xt|G.D.P.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="US"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S."></span><span class="anchor" id="USA"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S.A."></span>US iyo U.S.<!-- When renaming this section title, rename the full link at [[Wikipedia:Consistency]] -->=== {{Shortcut|MOS:US|MOS:U.S.|MOS:USA|MOS:U.S.A.}} {{redirect|MOS:US|the use of the word "us"|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#First-person pronouns}} {{xt|US}} waa gaabinta caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo ee {{xt|United States}}, inkastoo {{xtn|U.S.}} – oo leh periods iyo aan lahayn space – ay tahay mid caadi ah daabacadaha North American, ku dhex jirta wargaysyada news-ka. Hagayaasha qaabka American qaarkood, ku dhex jiro ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style]]'' (tan iyo 2010), waxay baabi'iyeen {{!xt|U.S.}} waxayna soo sheegeen {{xt|US}}. Sababaha [[#Opportunities for commonality|wadaagga]], isticmaal {{xt|US}} default ahaan marka aad gaabinayso, laakiin [[#Retaining existing styles|sii wad]] {{xtn|U.S.}} maqaallada American ama Canadian English oo ay horey u dhisantay, ilaa ay jirto sabab wanaagsan oo loo beddelo. Sababtoo ah isticmaalka periods ee gaabinta iyo acronyms wuxuu noqon doonaa mid joogto ah ku dhex jira maqaal kasta, mar walba isticmaal {{xt|US}} maqaal leh gaabinta waddammada kale. Gaabinta dheeraad ah oo lagu dhex jiro initials-ka waddanka ({{xt|USN}}, {{xt|USAF}}), waligeed ha isticmaalin periods. Marka United States lagu xuso hal ama ka badan waddammada kale ku dhex jirta jumlad oo kale, {{xt|US}} (ama {{xtn|U.S.}}) wuxuu noqon karaa mid aad u informal ah, gaar ahaan xusidda ugu horreysa ama sida noun halkii adjective ({{xt|France and the United States}}, ma aha {{!xt|France and the US}}). Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|U.&nbsp;S.}} oo leh space ama {{!xt|U.S.&nbsp;of&nbsp;A.}} oo taariikh hore ah, marka laga reebo marka aad xigasho sameynayso. Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|U.S.A.}} ama {{!xt|USA}} marka laga reebo ku dhex jirta xigasho, sida qayb ka mid ah magac sax ah ({{xt|Team USA}}), ama isticmaalka tignoolajiyada iyo rasmiga ah ee qaarkood (t.s., [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3]], [[FIFA country codes|FIFA]], iyo [[IOC country codes]]). ===Circa=== {{for|examples|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Uncertain, incomplete, or approximate dates}} Si loo muujiyo ''si xaddidan'', isticmaalka {{tl|circa}}, oo muuqda sida {{xt|{{circa}}}}, waxaa ka wanaagsan {{!xt|circa}}, {{!xt|c.}}, {{!xt|ca.}}, ama {{!xt|approx.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="unwarranted abbreviations"></span>Ka fogao isticmaalka aan la xaqijin=== {{Hatnote|See also: {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|Units of measurement}} for when to abbreviate units of measurement.}} Ka fogao gaabinta marka ay jahwareerin karaan akhristaha, baabi'in karaan socodka, ama ka muuqan karaan informal. Tusaale ahaan: *Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|approx.}} ee {{xt|approximate(ly)}} marka laga reebo infobox ama table (xaaladaas isticmaal {{tlx|abbr|approx.|approximately}} xusidda ugu horreysa: {{xt|{{abbr|approx.|approximately}}}}). *Ha isticmaalin legalism-ka {{!xt|Holmes J}} ee {{xt|[[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.|Justice Holmes]]}}. <!-- this might be better in [[WP:JARGON]] --> ===Ha samaynin=== Ka fogao sameynta [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#Neologisms|gaabinta cusub]], gaar ahaan acronyms. Tusaale ahaan, {{xtn|World Union of Billiards}} waa wanaagsan yahay sida {{em|turjumaad}} ee {{xt|[[Union Mondiale de Billard]]}}, laakiin ma aha iyada ama yareynta {{!xt|WUB}} oo loo isticmaalay kooxda ama tixraacyada gaarka ah; isticmaal magaca asalka ah iyo gaabintiisa rasmiga ah, {{xt|UMB}}. Haddii ay noqoto mid lagama maarmaan ah in lagu gaabiyo space yar, sida [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables#Captions and headers|column header ee table-ka]], isticmaal gaabinta si baaxad leh loo aqoonsan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, ee {{xt|New Zealand gross national product}}, isticmaal {{xt|NZ}} iyo {{xt|GNP}}, oo leh isqu xir haddii term-ka aan horey loogu qorin maqaalka: {{xt|NZ&nbsp;[[Measures of national income and output|GNP]]}}. Ha samaynin initialisms sida {{!xt|NZGNP}}. ===HTML tags iyo moodallada=== Mid ka mid ah {{tag|abbr|o}} ama {{tlx|abbr}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa gaabinta iyo acronyms: {{tag|abbr|params=title="World Health Organization"|content=WHO|wrap=yes}} ama {{tlx|abbr|WHO|World Health Organization}} waxay samayn doonaan {{abbr|WHO|World Health Organization}}; [[mouseover|soreynta]] qoraalka muuqda waxay keentaa [[tooltip]] ee foomka dheer inuu soo muuqdo. ===Ampersand=== {{Shortcut|MOS:AMP|MOS:&}} {{redirects|WP:&|the use of "and" in titles|Wikipedia:Article titles#Titles containing "and"}} Qoraalka caadiga ah iyo madaxyada, isticmaal ''and'' halkii [[ampersand]] (''&''): {{xt|January 1&nbsp;and&nbsp;2}}, ma aha {{!xt|January 1&nbsp;&&nbsp;2}}. Laakiin sii wad ampersand marka uu yahay qayb shaqaynaysa oo qaabka magac sax ah, mawduuca shaqaalaha, ama trademark, sida ku dhex jirta ''[[Up & Down (Horace Parlan album)|Up&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Down]]'' ama [[AT&T]]. Meelaha kale, ampersands waxaa loo isticmaali karaa joogteyn iyo dookh halka space uu aad u xaddidan yahay (t.s., tables iyo infoboxes). Xigashooyinka [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Typographic conformity|waxaa lagu beddeli karaa si dhibco leh]], gaar ahaan joogteynta halka noocyada kala duwan lagu xigto, maadaama noocyada cusub ee qoraallada hore ay si joogto ah u beddealaan ampersands ''and'' (sida ay u beddealaan [[glyph]]s kale oo aan la isticmaalin, [[Typographic ligature|ligatures]], iyo gaabinta). Isticmaalka kale oo loo ilaysay laakiin aan loo baahnayn waa tixraacyada gaaban ee shaqaalaha leeh qoraa badan, t.s.: {{xt|<nowiki><ref>Lubbers & Scheepers (2002); Van Hiel & Mervielde (2002); Swyngedouw & Giles (2007); Van Hiel (2012).</ref></nowiki>}}. ==Farta Janjeerta== {{Shortcut|MOS:IT|MOS:ITAL}} ===<span id="Do not use capitals for emphasis"></span>Adkeynta=== Farta janjeerta waxaa loo isticmaalaa adkeyn, halkii loo isticmaali lahaa [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Boldface|farta buuran]] ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#All caps and small caps|xarfo waaweyn]]. Laakiin isticmaalka badan wuxuu yareeyaa shaqadiisa: tixgeli dib-u-qorista jumlada halkii aad farta janjeerta badsan lahayd. Isticmaal {{tag|em}} ama {{tlx|em|...}} si aad adkeyn u sameeyso. Kani wuxuu u sahlayaa [[Help:User style|waraaqaha qaabka isticmaalaha]] in loo maareeyo adkeynta qaab gaar ah, wuxuuna caawiyaa dadka dib-u-isticmaala ama turjumayaasha.{{refn|{{cite web |last1=Ishida |first1=Richard |title=Using b and i elements |quote=the content of a <code>b</code> element may not always be bold, and that of an <code>i</code> element may not always be italic. |url=https://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-b-and-i-tags |website=W3C Internationalization |publisher=[[World Wide Web Consortium]] |date=2015 |access-date=1 September 2016}} }} *Sax: <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>The meerkat is <em>not</em> actually a cat.</nowiki>}}</code> *Sax: <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>The meerkat is {{em|not}} actually a cat.</nowiki>}}</code> ===<span id="Italics-Titles"></span>Cinwaannada=== {{shortcut|MOS:NOITALIC}} {{/titles hatnote include|where=MOS#I-T}} Isticmaal farta janjeerta cinwaannada hawlaha waaweyn (sida buugaagta, filimada, taxanaha telefishanka, bandhigyada la magacaabay, ciyaaraha fiidiyowga, albamyada muusigga, iyo fanka). Cinwaannada maqaallada, cutubyada, noocyada muusigga, dhacdooyinka, sheekooyinka, qoraallada cilmi-baarista, iyo hawlaha kale ee gaaban waxay qaataan calaamadaha oraahda ee laba-laabka ah (" "). Farta janjeerta looma isticmaalo qoraallada diinta ee waaweyn ({{xt|the Bible}}, {{xt|the Quran}}, {{xt|the Talmud}}). Kuwa badan oo cinwaannadan ka mid ah waa inay sidoo kale raacaan [[#Titles of works|habka xaraf-weynaynta cinwaannada]]. ===Erayada loo isticmaalay eray ahaan=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Words as words}} {{for|the policy when a word or phrase itself may be an encyclopedic subject|Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#When a word or phrase may be an encyclopedic subject}} Isticmaal farta janjeerta marka aad {{em|xusayso}} eray ama xaraf {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Use–mention distinction]])}} ama weedh ilaa hal jumlad ah ({{xt|teramka ''panning'' wuxuu ka yimid ''panorama''}}; {{xt|xarafka ugu caansan Af-Soomaaliga waa ''a''}}). Marka jumlad dhan la xuso, calaamadaha oraahda ee laba-laabka ah ayaa loo isticmaali karaa halkii, iyadoo la dhowrayo joogteynta ({{xt|Erayga xiriiriya ee ku jira ''Waxay fadhisatay kursiga'' waa ''kursiga''}}; ama {{xt|Erayga xiriiriya ee ku jira "Waxay fadhisatay kursiga" waa "kursiga"}}). Calaamadaha oraahda waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa qoraallada gaaban si looga fogaado jahawareerka, sida marka farta janjeerta horey loogu isticmaalay bogga sabab kale awgeed (t.s., erayada iyo weedha badan ee aan Soomaaliga ahayn). {{em|Xusidda}} (si looga wada-hadlo naxwaha, xulashada erayada, ama calaamadaha hakadka) waxay ka duwan tahay {{em|xigashada}} (halka wax caadi ahaan lagu muujiyo magaca ilaha la xigtay). Xigashada waxaa lagu sameeyaa calaamadaha oraahda, waligeedna looma isticmaalo farta janjeerta ama labadaba hal mar {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Quotations}} si aad u ogaato faahfaahinta).}} Isticmaalka kale ee la xiriira farta janjeerta waa marka la soo bandhigayo ama lagu kala saarayo erayada ama fikradaha: {{xt|Fikradaha ''tirasagaashanka'' waa tirada idil ee ka weyn 0.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign words"></span>Erayada aan Soomaaliga ahayn=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Non-English terms}} Farta janjeerta waxaa loo isticmaalaa weedha aan Soomaaliga ahayn iyo erayada kelida ah ee ajnabiga ah ee aan caadi ahaan loo isticmaalin Af-Soomaaliga maalin kasta. Laakiin, magacyada u gaarka ah (sida magacyada meelaha) ee luqadaha kale caadi ahaan ma qaataan farta janjeerta, sidoo kale erayada ku jira farta aan Laatiinka ahayn. Qaab-dhismeedka {{tlx|lang}} iyo noocyadiisu waxay taageeraan dhammaan [[ISO 639]] koodhadhka luqadaha, iyagoo sax u aqoonsanaya luqadda si otomaatig ahna u janjeerinaya farta. Fadlan isticmaal qaab-dhismeedyadan halkii aad gacanta u janjeerin lahayd qoraalka aan Soomaaliga ahayn. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link|WP:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Other languages}} si aad u ogaato macluumaad dheeraad ah.)}} ===Magacyada sayniska=== Isticmaal farta janjeerta magacyada sayniska ee dhirta, xayawaanka, iyo [[Kingdom (biology)|dhammaan noolaha kale]] marka laga reebo fayrasyada heerka [[genus]] iyo ka hooseeya (janjeeri {{xt|''Panthera leo''}} iyo {{xt|''Retroviridae''}}, laakiin ha janjeerin {{xt|Felidae}}). Calaamadda isku-dhafka ma qaadato farta janjeerta ({{xt|''Rosa''&nbsp;×&nbsp;''damascena''}}), sidoo kale "erayga xiriiriya" ee loo baahan yahay [[Trinomial nomenclature#In botany|magacyada dhirta ee saddexda qaybood ah]] ma janjeero ({{xt|''Rosa gallica'' subsp. ''officinalis''}}). ===<span id="Italics and quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka ku dhex jira farta janjeerta=== {{shortcut|MOS:ITALQUOTE|}}{{See also|#Quotations}} <section begin="Quotations in italics body"/>Ha u qorin xigashooyinka farta janjeerta. [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation marks|Calaamadaha oraahda]] (ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Block quotations|xigashooyinka waaweyn]]) kaliya ayaa ku filan oo ah qaabka saxda ah ee loogu muujiyo xigashooyinka. Farta janjeerta waa in loo isticmaalo kaliya haddii qoraalka la xigtay uu ka mid yahay waxyaabo marka horeba u baahanaa farta janjeerta.<section end="Quotations in italics body"/> ([[#Italics within quotations|Eeg hoos]]). ===Farta janjeerta ee ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka=== <section begin="Italics within quotations body"/>Isticmaal farta janjeerta ku dhex jira xigashooyinka si aad u soo saarto adkeynta ku jirtay qoraalka asalka ah ama si aad u muujiso isticmaalka erayada aan Soomaaliga ahayn. Adkeynta waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu sameeyo {{tlx|em}}. Haddii aysan caddayn in ilaha asalka ahi ay horey u lahaayeen farta janjeerta (ama qaab kale) oo adkeyn ah, ama si loo muujiyo marka adkeynta aan loo isticmaalin qoraalkii asalka ahaa laakiin dambe lagu daray tifaftirka, ku dar xusuus-qoraalka tifaftirka {{xt|[adkeyntu waa asalka]}} ama {{xt|[adkeynta waa la daray]}}, sida ay u kala horreeyaan, ka dambaysta xigashada. * Tusaale ahaan: {{xt|"Muxuu yiri guda-galka xubintu. Habeen wanaagsan: Iyo {{em|kooxaha malaa'igta}} ha ku heesaan nasashadaada." [adkeyntu waa asalka].}}<section end="Italics within quotations body"/> ===Saamaynta ay ku leedahay calaamadaha hakadka ee dhow=== {{Shortcut|MOS:ITALPUNCT}} Janjeeri kaliya qaybaha jumlada oo ay saameysay adkeyntu. Ha janjeerin calaamadaha hakadka ee dhow. *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|Maxaan ka samaynaynaa {{em|arrintaas?}}}} (Calaamadda su'aashu waxay ku dabaqmeysaa jumlada dhan, ma aha kaliya erayga la adkeeyay ee ''arrintaas'', markaas waa inaysan janjeerin.) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Maxaan ka samaynaynaa {{em|arrintaas}}?}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Afar ka mid ah sheekooyinka ugu caansan Patrick White waa ''A Fringe of Leaves'', ''The Aunt's Story'', ''Voss'', iyo ''The Tree of Man''.}} (Calaamadaha hakadka ee ku dhow, nooca cunsurrada, iyo erayga ''iyo'' ma janjeeraan.) ==Xigashooyinka== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTE}} [[Wikipedia:Non-free content#Guideline examples|Xigashooyinka gaaban ee qoraallada xuqooqda la dhowray]] waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loogu muujiyo dhacdo, loo siiyo macrefe, ama loo tiiriyo aragti ama fikrad gaar ah. Inkastoo xigashooyinku ay yihiin qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah Wikipedia, isticmaalka xad-dhaafka ah kuma habboona uslubta qoraalka encyclopedia-da wuxuuna sababi karaa [[Wikipedia:Copyrights|xukun-jebinta xuqooqda qoraalka]], sidaas darteed badankooda qoraalka waa inuu ku dhex jiraa erayada tifaftiraha oo keliya. Tixgeli dib-u-qorista xigashooyinka si ay u noqdaan qoraal toos ah oo gaaban marka ay habboon tahay (iyadoo la ogaaday in [[Wikipedia:Close paraphrasing|qoraal-mucaawinedka dhow]] uu walillahi xukunkii xudaheeda baabi'in karo). [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Quotations|Ha u qorin xigashooyinka farta janjeerta]] ilaa qoraalku uu farta janjeerta u baahdo sabab kale awgeed. Raiyada [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|siyaasadda xaqiijinta]], xigashooyinka tooska ah {{em|waa in}} ay la socdaan [[WP:INCITE|tixraac ku dhex jira qoraalka]] oo ka yimid [[WP:RS|il lagu kalsoonaan karo]] oo taageeraysa qoraalka. Tani waxay si gaar ah uga muhiimsan tahay maqaallada ku saabsan ama ku dhex jira qoraallada ku saabsan [[WP:BLP|dadka nool ama dhowaan dhintay]]. ===<span class="anchor" id="Principle of minimal change"></span>Qoraalka asalka ah=== {{Shortcut|MOS:PMC|MOS:SIC}} Xigashooyinka waa inay noqdaan kuwo [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|xaqiijin leh]] oo loo tiiriyo ilahooda, qoraalka la xigtayna waa in si dhab ah loo soo saaro. Tani waxaa loo yaqaan {{em|mabda'a beddelka yar}}. Marka ay jirto sabab wanaagsan oo loo beddelo qoraalka, ku dar khaanadaha afkexan [ ] qoraalka la beddelay; tusaale ahaan, {{!xt|"Ocyrhoe wuxuu u sheegay aayihiisa"}} waxaa loo xigan karaa sida {{xt|"Ocyrhoe wuxuu u sheegay [aabihiis] aayihiisa"}}. Makhaadhaa yar oo dhanka higaada ama farta ah waa in si toos ah loo hagaajiyo (tusaale ahaan, hagaaji {{!xt|basicly}} oo u beddel {{xt|basically}}). Haddii ay jirto makhaadhaa muhiim ah qoraalkii asalka ahaa, raaci {{tlx|sic}} (oo soo saaraysa {{sic}}{{hsp}}) si loogu muujiyo in makhaadhaahaas aysan samayn Wikipedia; tusaale ahaan, {{xt|"wareysigiisii uu la yeeshay Dolly Llama {{sic}}"}}. Marka lagu dabaqo qoraal xiriiriye leh, adeegsiga qaab-dhismeedka waxaa loo hagaajin karaa {{tlx|sic|2=nolink=y}} (oo soo saaraysa {{sic|nolink=y}} qoraalka xiriiriyaha leh; tusaale ahaan ku dhex jirta xiriiriyaha: [[Template:Sic|{{sic|nolink=y}} template]]).{{efn|name="sicwarning"|{{tl|Sic}} ma aha in loo isticmaalo dhexda {{tag|ref}} tags, ama ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|qaab-dhismeedyada tixraacyada]] sida [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]] iyo [[Help:Citation Style 2|Citation Style 2]], sababtoo ah wuxuu leeyahay qoraal baabi'inaya [[COinS]] metadata ee ay soo saaraan; eeg [[Wikipedia:COinS]].}} Sababaha saxnaanta iyo tusmo-samaynta awgeed, cinwaannada ilaha tixraaca ma aha in loo hagaajiyo higaadooda, laakiin hagaajinta yar ee farta ah (sida beddelka [[MOS:CURLY|calaamadaha qaloocan]] oo loo beddelo kuwa tooska ah) waxaa loo samayn karaa si toos ah. Tixraacyada ku dhex jira qoraalka la xigtay, ee tilmaamaya ilo aan loo isticmaalin maqaalka Wikipedia, waa in si toos ah loo saaro. Isticmaal [[#Ellipses|saddexda dhibcood (...)]] si aad u muujiso ka-tagista qoraalka la xigtay. Ka-tagista la ogol yahay waxaa ku jira erayada aan loo baahnayn, aan la xiriirin, ama ngo'aanka ku jira, iyo erayada daalka ({{!xt|umm}} iyo {{!xt|hmm}}), laakiin ha ka tagin qoraal marka ka-tagistiisu ay baabi'inayso macnaha muhiimka ah ama ay beddelayso nuxurka qoraalka. Erayada rogaal-celiska ah ama kuwa xun-xun waa in loo muujiyo si sax ah sida ay ka muuqdaan ilaha la xigtay; Tifaftirayaasha Wikipedia waa innaan [[Wikipedia:Offensive material#How to treat offensive material in articles|dhalaalin ama qarin erayada]] ({{!xt|G-d d--n it!}}), laakiin haddii qoraalka la xigtay {{em|aysan}} sidaas sameeynayn, koobiyeey qoraalka si toos ah iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|sic}} si loo muujiyo in qoraalka loo xigtay sida uu ka muuqdo ilaha. Xigashooyinka tooska ah, dhowr higaada gobolka ama taariikhiga ah, harraan xaraf-weynaynta (laakiin ha dhowrin farta duugga ah ama xarfaha isku-dhafan, sida lagu sharraxay hoos ku dhex jirta {{slink||Typographic conformity}}). ===Aragtida ama Mawqifka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTEPOV}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Attributing and specifying biased statements|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Expressions of doubt}} Xigashoda waa in loo isticmaalo, iyadoo la tiirinayo ilaha, si loo soo bandhigo aragtiyo shaqsi ah oo aan lagu muujin karin codka Wikipedia dhexdeeda, laakiin waligeed ma aha si loo soo bandhigo xeerarka dhaqanka sida aragtiyo oo keliya: *La aqbali karo: {{xt|Siskel iyo Ebert waxay filimka ku tilmaameen "mid aan la iloobi karin".}} *Aan la aqbali karin: {{!xt|Boga waxaa loo arkaa "mid ka reebban" qoraallada diinta.}} Aragtiyada gaaban ee aan aadka u xasaasiga ahayn caadi ahaan waxaa lagu soo sheegi karaa iyadoo loo tiiriyo ilaha halkii loo isticmaali lahaa xigasho toos ah. Isticmaalka calaamadaha oraahda ee erayada sharraxaadda leh ee gaaban wuxuu [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Expressions of doubt|muujin karaa nghi ama tuhun]] ku saabsan maaddada la xigtay; sarbeebta ama [[weasel words|erayada daboolan]], sida ''loogu dhex yiri'' ama ''waxaa loogu yeeraa'', waa lagu muujin karaa. *La aqbali karo: {{xt|Siskel iyo Ebert waxay filimka ku tilmaameen mid xiiso leh.}} *Aan loo baahnayn oo muujin kara nghi: {{!xt|Siskel iyo Ebert waxay filimka ku tilmaameen "mid xiiso leh".}} *Waa in la xigto: {{xt|Siskel iyo Ebert waxay filimka ku tilmaameen "mid xiiso leh laakiin xanuun badan".}} ===Waafaqsanaanta farta iyo qoraalka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:CONFORM}} Xigashodu ma aha [[wikt:facsimile|koobi toos ah oo sawir ah]] oo, xaaladaha badankooda, ma aha shuruud in qaabkii asalka ahaa lagu dhowro. Qaabka iyo cunsurrada kale ee farta ee qoraalka la xigtay waa in lagu waafajiyo heshiisyada Wikipedia-da Soomaaliga iyadoo aan la samayn faallo, iyadoo la xaqijiyay in sameynta tan aysan beddeli doonin ama baabi'in doonin macnaha ama inta qoraalka. Kani waa beddel aan samaynayn kala duwanaansho marka qoraalka loo read-gareeyo si toos ah; tusaale ahaan: *Sinnaanta dhex-xariijimaha: eeg {{Section link||Dashes}}. Isticmaal qaabka loo doortay maqaalka: unspaced [[em dash]] ama spaced [[en dash]]. *Beddel calaamadaha sare iyo calaamadaha oraahda oo u beddel qaabka Wikipedia: **Kuwani waa inay noqdaan kuwo toos ah, ma aha kuwo qaloocan. Eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}}. **Marka aad xigtayso xigasho dhexdeeda ay ku dhex jirto xigasho kale, beddel dhexdeeda isticmaalka calaamadaha oraahda ee laba-laabka ah iyo kuwa kelida ah ee xigasho kasta. Eeg {{section link||For a quotation within a quotation}} si aad u ogaato faahfaahinta. *Marka aad xigtayso qoraal ka soo baxay luqadaha kale, calaamadaha hakadka ee ka baxsan waa inay raacaan [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation marks|Hagaha Hab-qoraalka ee calaamadaha oraahda Soomaaliga]]. Haddii ay jiraan xigashooyin dhexda ku jira, raac shuruudaha calaamadaha hakadka ee saxda ah ee luqaddaas. *Ka saar meelaha bannaan ee ka horreeya calaamadaha hakadka sida dhibcaha iyo xiaraanta. *Caadi ahaan sii wad farta buuran iyo janjeerta {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Italics}})}}, laakiin badankooda qaabka kale waa in loo beddelo qoraal toos ah. Qoraalka hoos ka xariiqan, meelaha bannaan ee erayada dhexdisa ah, xarfaha waaweyn oo dhan, iyo wixii la mid ah caadi ahaan waa in loo beddelo qoraal toos ah. Haddii ay caddaynayso adkeyn, isticmaal farta janjeerta ama farta buuran. *Kala bixi gaabinta (aan horey loo isticmaalin qoraalka ka hor xigashada) iyadoo lagu dhex darayo khaanadaha afkexan, ama ku sharrax iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|abbr}}. {{Shortcut|MOS:RETAINQUOTEVARIETY}} {{vanchor|Retain quote variety|text= Laakiin, noocyada luqadda ee gobollada ma aha in loo beddelo, maadaama kuwani ay ku dhex jiri karaan beddelka erayada. Tusaale ahaan, xigasho ka soo baxday ilo British ah waa in ay sii wadato higaada British-ka, xataa maqaal oo haddii kale isticmaala higaada kale. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Consistency within articles}}.)}}}} Nambarada sidoo kale caadi ahaan ma aha in loo qaabaysho si kale. Xigashoda tooska ah ma aha in loo isticmaalo si loo dhowro qaabka uu doorbidayo daabacaha ka baxsan, maadaama kani wuxuu leeyahay saameyn sarbeeb ah: *{{em|La aqbali karo}}: {{xt|Xayawaanka waxaa loo diiwaan geliyay inuu yahay mid halis ku jira maqaalka IUCN.}} *{{em|Aan la aqbali karin}}: {{!xt|Xayawaanka waxaa loo diiwaan geliyay inuu yahay "Halis ku jira" maqaalka IUCN.}} Marka aad xigtayso jumlad dhan, caadi ahaan waxaa lagu taliyaa in erayga ugu horreeya uu sii wado xaraf-weyn. Laakiin, haddii qoraalka la xigtay lagu dhex daray jumlada ku dhow (tusaale ahaan, leh hordhac sida "X wuxuu yiri"), xarafka weyn ee asalka ah waxaa loo beddeli karaa xaraf yar. ===Tiirinta ilaha === Akhristahu waa inuu awoodaa inuu go'aamiyo ilaha xigasho kasta, ugu yaraan ka magaca tixraaca hoose. Ilaha waa in lagu magacaabo {{em|qoraalka maqaalka}} haddii xigashodu ay tahay aragti. Marka aad tiirinayo xigasho, ka fogaaw sharraxaadda foomka eexda leh. ===Xigashooyinka ku dhex jira xigashooyinka=== Eeg {{section link||For a quotation within a quotation}}. ===Isku xirka === {{Shortcut|MOS:LINKQUOTE|MOS:LWQ}} Noqo mid taxaddar leh marka aad isku xirayso ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka; isku xir kaliya bartilmaameedyada u dhigma macnaha caddaynaya ee uu u intent-gareeyay qoraaga xigashoda. Halka ay suurtogal tahay, isku xir qoraalka ka baxsan xigashoda halkii – mid ka hor ama dhowaan ka dambeeya. ===<span class="anchor" id="Block quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka waaweyn=== {{Shortcut|MOS:BQ|MOS:BLOCKQUOTE}} U qaabayso xigashoda dheer (ka badan 40 eray ama ka kooban ka badan hal baaragaraaf) sida [[block quotation]], iyadoo la isticmaalayo qaab-dhismeedka {{tlx|blockquote}}. Qoraalka lagu muujiyay xigashooyinka waaweyn iyo khaanadaha xigashada waa inuusan dhitadiisu noqon mid lagu duubay calaamadaha oraahda. Isticmaal {{tnull|blockquote}} iyo qaab-dhismeedka la midka ah kaliya xigashooyinka dhabta ah; xariijinta sababaha kale waxaa loo sameeyaa foom kale. Waa xeer in lagu hor maro xigashoda weyn jumlad hordhac ah (ama qayb jumlad ah) oo lagu daro tixraaca ilaha xarkaas. Qaab-dhismeedka {{tnull|blockquote}} wuxuu bixiyaa xaddidyo loogu talagalay tiirinta iyo tixraaca oo ka muuqan doona ka hooseeya xigashoda. Xigasho aan lahayn ilo loo tixraacay waa in lagu calaamadeeyo {{tlx|quote without source}}, ama la saaro. ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign-language quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka aan Soomaaliga ahayn=== {{Shortcut|MOS:FOREIGNQUOTE|}} Xigashooyinka ka soo baxday ilaha aan Soomaaliga ahayn waa inay ka muuqdaan turjumaad loo beddeley Af-Soomaali. Xigashooyinka ah turjumaada waa in si toos ah loo kala saaro kuwa aan ahayn. Muuji ilaha asalka ah ee turjumaada, iyo luqadda asalka ah (haddii aysan caddayn xaaladda). Haddii qoraalka asalka ah ee aan la turjumin uu yahay mid la heli karo, bixi tixraac iyada ama ku dar iyada, sida habboon. Marka tifaftirayaashu ay turjumaan qoraal oo loo beddelo Af-Soomaali, daryeel waa in mar walba loo qaado si lagu dhex jiro qoraalka asalka ah, {{em|farta janjeerta dhexdeeda}} (marka laga reebo dhismaha farta aan Laatiinka ahayn, oo ugu wanaagsan lagu sameyo qaab-dhismeedyada {{tlx|lang}} ama {{tlx|langx}}); iyo si loo isticmaalo erayada dhabta ah ee Af-Soomaaliga ee turjumaada dhexdeeda. ==Calaamadaha hakadka== {{Shortcut|MOS:PUNCT}} ===Hakad-koreedka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:'|MOS:APOSTROPHE}} *Isticmaal hakad-koreed toosan (''), ma aha kuwa qaloocan (’). Ha isticmaalin calaamadaha lahjadda ama dhabar-qoryaha (` `) sida hakad-koreedka. *Qaab-dhismeedyada sida hakad-koreedka ama hal xigasho waxay taageero ka helaan marka ay ka muuqdaan bilowga ama dhammaadka qoraalka farta janjeerta ama farta buuran dhexdeedii, sababtoo ah farta janjeerta iyo farta buuran waxaa lagu muujiyaa xigashooyin kelidii ah. **Marka hakad-koreedku uu raaco qoraal farta janjeerta leh, waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si looga fogaado in xarafka ugu dambeeya ee qoraalka dhanka midig uu ku dhago hakad-koreedka. Tusaale: {{xt|shaqooyinka ''Iliad''}} (markup: {{nobreak|<code><nowiki>shaqooyinka ''Iliad''-ka</nowiki>}}}). *Xarfaha u eg hakad-koreedka iyo calaamadaha qaloocan, waa in lagu muujiyo qaab-dhismeedyada u dhigma ama xarfaha Unicode-ka ah ee tooska ah. *Luqadaha leh dhawaaqyada qarxa iyo wixii la mid ah, isticmaal xarfaha saxda ah. *Isticmaalka hakad-koreedka lahaanshaha, eeg qaybta ku xigta. ===Calaamadaha oraahda=== {{Shortcut|MOS:"|MOS:QUOTEMARKS|}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotations}} ====Calaamadaha oraahda toosan==== {{Shortcut|MOS:CQ|MOS:CURLY|MOS:STRAIGHT}} *Isticmaal calaamadaha oraahda toosan (" "), ma aha kuwa qaloocan (“ ”). (Sidoo kale hal xigasho: ' ', ma aha ‘ ’). *Ha isticmaalin calaamadaha lahjadda, dhabar-qoryaha, ama calaamadaha geesaha sida calaamadaha oraahda. ====Laba-laab ama keli==== {{Shortcut|MOS:SINGLE|MOS:DOUBLE|}} *Badankooda xigashooyinku waxay qaataan calaamadaha oraahda laba-laabka ah ({{xt|Welles wuxuu yiri: "Waalidiintu waa tiirka bulshada."}}), marka laga reebo xigashooyinka ku dhex jira xigashooyinka kale. *Noocyada dhirta ee la abuuro waxay qaataan calaamadaha oraahda kelida ah ({{xt|''Malus domestica'' 'Golden Delicious'}}). ====Xigasho ku dhex jirta xigasho==== {{Shortcut|MOS:QWQ|}} Isticmaal xigashooyin keli ah xigashada gudaasheeda: *{{xt|Darwin wuxuu ku qoray hordhaciisa in "xeerka 'de minimis lex non curat' uusan khusayn sayniska".}} ====Bilowga maqaalka==== {{Shortcut|MOS:BOLDQUOTE}} Qoraalka farta buuran ee caadiga ah wuxuu ka muuqdaa bilowga maqaalka: *Calaamad kasta oo oraah ah oo qayb ka mid ah cinwaanka ah waa in ay noqotaa mid buuran sida qaybta kaloo harsan ee cinwaanka. *Calaamadaha oraahda ee {{em|aan}} qayb ka mid ah cinwaanka ahayn ma aha in ay noqdaan kuwo buuran. ====Calaamadaha hakadka ka hor xigashooyinka==== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTEPUNCT}} Haddii qaabdhismeed aan la xigtay oo u dhigma uu shaqayn lahaa naxwaha ahaan iyadoo aan la isticmaalin hakad, adeegsiga hakadka ka hor xigasho oo lagu soo xiray jumlad waa ikhtiyaari: *{{xt|Warbixintu waxay sheegtay "Waxaa jiray dhimis 45% ah heerka gudbinta."}} *{{xt|Warbixintu waxay sheegtay, "Waxaa jiray dhimis 45% ah heerka gudbinta."}} ====Magacyada iyo cinwaannada==== Calaamadaha oraahda waa in loo isticmaalo magacyada iyo cinwaannada soo socda: *Maqaallada iyo cutubyada (buugaagta iyo joornaillada waa farta janjeerta) *Sheekooyinka gaaban *Qaybaha muusigga *Gabayada gaagaaban *Qaybaha kala duwan ee albamyada *Dhacdooyinka gaarka ah ee taxanaha telefishanka iyo raadiyaha ===Khaanadaha=== {{Shortcut|MOS:()|MOS:BRACKETS}} Qaybtan waxay khusaysaa labadaba khaanadaha wareegsan {{xt|(&nbsp;)}}, iyo khaanadaha laba-laabka ah {{xt|[&nbsp;]}}. Haddii jumlad ay ku dhex jirto qaab khaanadeed, dhig calaamadaha hakadka ee jumlada ka baxsan khaanadaha {{xt|(sida halkan lagu muujiyay).}} Khaanadaha laba-laabka ah waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loogu muujiyo beddelka tifaftiraha iyo dhex-gelinta ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka: *Si loo caddeeyo: {{xt|Wuxuu ka qayb galay dugsiga [sare]}}, halkaas oo tani ahayd macnaha la rabay, laakiin nooca dugsiga uusan si cad ugu qornayn jumlada asalka ah. ===Saddexda dhibcood=== {{Shortcut|MOS:...|MOS:ELLIPSIS|}} Isticmaal saddexda dhibcood haddii erayo laga saaray xigashoda, ilaa khaanadaha laba-laabka ah la isticmaalo si loo sharaxo xigashoda. *Adeegso saddex dhibcood oo aan kala banaanayn (<code>...</code>) oo u dhexeeya meelaha bannaan. ===Hakadka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:,|MOS:COMMA}} Lamaanayaasha hakadka waxay kala xiriirin karaan erayo ama weedho ku dhex jira jumlada dhexdeeda. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|John Smith, wiilka Janet Cooper, waa qoraa caan ah oo riwaayadaha ah.}} ===Labada dhibcood=== {{Shortcut|MOS:COLON}} Labada dhibcood waxay soo bandhigaan wax sharraxaya ama caddaynaya waxa ka horreeyay, ama waxay soo bandhigaan liis alaabooyin ah. ===Dhibicda iyo hakadka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:;|MOS:SEMICOLON|}} Dhibicda iyo hakadku waxay u adeegaan in lagu isku xiro laba jumladood oo madax bannaan oo macno ahaan isku xiran, halkii la isticmaali lahaa dhibic ama hakad fudud. ===Xariijinta yar=== {{Shortcut|MOS:-|MOS:HYPHEN}} Xariijinta yar waxay muujisaa xiriir ama isku-xirnaansho u dhexeeya erayada, sida magacyada laba-laabka ah ama erayada la isku daray ee tilmaamayaasha ah. ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} apc4zmg8vuk6hjyjqxtuv6co6p0ejko 310811 310810 2026-10-24T10:49:10Z Isma4l 41797 La ilaaliyay "[[Wikipedia:Buugga Hab qoraalka]]" ([Wax ka badal=​U ogolow kaliya isticmaalayaasha la xaqiijiyay] (aan xad lahayn) [Wareeji=​U ogolow kaliya isticmaalayaasha la xaqiijiyay] (aan xad lahayn)) 310810 wikitext text/x-wiki {{MoS guideline|WP:MOS<!-- DO NOT add more shortcuts. None are as short and popular as this one. -->}} '''Haddaha Qaabka''' ('''MoS''' ama '''MOS''') waa [[haddaha qaabka]] ee dhammaan [[Wikipedia:Waa maxay maqaal?|maqaallada]] [[Wikipedia:Soomaali|Wikipedia-ha Soomaaliga]].{{efn|Isku xirka [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility|waxyaabaha la xiriira oo la heli karo]] waxay ku dabaqmaan dhammaan mashruuca, oo ma aha oo kaliya maqaallada.}} Boggan koowaad waxaa taageera [[:Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style|boggag yar oo xeel-dheer]], oo halkan la isku gudbin karo oo lagu tirtiray [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents]]. Haddii ay ka dhalato is-diido, boggani wuxuu leeyahay ka-horreyn.{{efn|name="CONLEVEL"|Kani waa arrin siyaasadeed oo ku saabsan {{section link|Wikipedia:Consensus|Level of consensus}}: "Is-afgaradka ka dhex jira koox xaddidan oo tifaftireyaal ah, hal meel iyo hal maalin, ma baabi'in karo [[Wikipedia:Community consensus|is-afgaradka samaynta]] ee baaxadda weyn. Tusaale ahaan, ilaa ay ka dhaadhiciyaan bulshada balaadhan in aysan sax ahayn, kaqeybgalayaasha WikiProject ma go'aamin karaan in siyaasada ama hagaha Wikipedia uusan ku dabaqmin maqaallada ku dhex jira baaxadeeda." Iyo: "Wikipedia waxay leedahay heer sare oo kaqeybgal iyo is-afgarad ee beddelka siyaasadaha iyo hagayaasha marka loo eego noocyada kale ee boggaga." Boggaga ka hooseeya waxaa ku jira [[:Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style|boggaga MoS-ka ee xeel-dheeraanta]], [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Guide#Advice pages|qoraallada qaabka]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style|Haddaha Qaabka ee Fudud]].}} {{vanchor|Clarity|text=Tifaftireyaal waa inay u qoraan maqaallada iyagoo isticmaalaya luqad toos ah, gaaban, oo fudud in la fahmo. Tifaftireyaal waa inay u dhisaan maqaallada qaabeyn joogto ah oo u sahlanaata akhristaha.}} {{va|Stability|text=Haddii ka badan hal qaab ama foom lagu aamini karo MoS-ka, mid waa in loo isticmaalo madal kasta oo ku dhex jirta maqaalka oo [[#Retaining existing styles|aan la beddelin]] sabab wanaagsan la'aanteed. [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|Tifaftirka dagaalka]] ee ku saabsan doorashooyinka qaabka ma aha mid la accepts karo.{{efn|name="ew"|Arrrimahaani waxaa lagu xalliyay go'aannada [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|Guddiga Garsoorka]] ee [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk#Optional styles|2005]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan#Preferred styles|2006]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Date delinking#Optional styles|2009]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Infoboxes#Use of infoboxes|2015]].}} Qoraal cusub oo lagu daro boggan waa inuu toos u xalliyo arrin qaab oo si joogto ah u soo noqnoqota.}} {{TOC limit|3}} ==Dhonsashada qaababka jira== {{Shortcut|MOS:VAR|MOS:STYLEVAR|MOS:STYLERET}} {{Redirect|MOS:VAR|retention of an article's established national English variety|#National varieties of English|a list of more specific related rules|WP:VARS}} Marna, MOS-ku wuxuu bixiyaa ka badan hal qaab oo la accepts karo ama ma bixiyo hagal gaar ah. Marka ka badan hal qaab la accepts karo, al-fajar ma aha mid habboon in tifaftiraha Wikipedia uu ka beddelo hal qaab oo uu u beddelo mid kale ilaa ay jirto sabab muhiim ah oo beddelka ah.{{efn|name="ArbCom"|Astaanta bilowga ee qoraalkan, eeg go'aannada [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|ArbCom]] ee [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk#Principles|Juun 2005]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/jguk 2#Principles|Nofembar 2005]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan#Principles|2006]].}} [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|Tifaftirka dagaalka]] ee ku saabsan qaabka,{{efn|name="ew"}} ama u adeegsiga qaab dookh ah si [[Wikipedia:Bot policy#Assisted editing guidelines|bot-oo kale ah]] is-afgarad ka hor la'aantiis,{{efn|name="bot-like"|Eeg [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Magioladitis 2#High-speed editing|Go'aanka ArbCom ee 2017]], iyo {{section link|Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser#Rules of use}}; tifaftirka bot-ka oo kale ah oo sii socda inkastoo ay jiraan diidmo ama oo keena makhaadhaa wuxuu keeni karaa [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|xannibaad]] iyo baabi'inta xuquuqaha ku saabsan qalabka semi-automated-ka ah.}} waa [[Wikipedia:Disruptive editing|dhibco ka dhan ah]] oo waligeed ma aha mid la accepts karo. Beddelka aan la xaqijin ee kaaga taagan hal qaab oo la accepts karo, [[#Consistency within articles|oo si joogto ah loo adeegsaday]] ee ku dhex jira maqaal oo loo beddelo qaab kale waa la [[Wikipedia:Reverting|celin karaa]]. Doono [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Opportunities for commonality|fursadaha wadaagga]] si looga fogaado murannada qaabka. Haddii aad rammayso in qaab kale uu ka habboon yahay maqaal gaar ah, doono [[Wikipedia:Consensus|is-afgarad]] iyadoo ku saabsan tan lagula discuss-garaynayo bogga wada-hadalka maqaalka ama{{snd}}haddii ay keento arrin guud ama ku saabsan MoS-ka lakiisa{{snd}}at [[Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style]]. Haddii wada-hadalku uusan keenin is-afgarad beddelka ah, sii wad isticmaalka qaabka horey loo dhisay ee maqaalka. Haddii wada-hadalku uu ku guuldareysto inuu gaaro wax is-afgarad ah oo ku saabsan midka laba ama ka badan qaab oo tartamaya oo la isticmaalayo, markaas dib u noqo qaabkii loo isticmaalay nooca ugu horreeyay ee ka dambeeya [[Wikipedia:Stub|qabyada]] maqaalka oo uu ka muuqday mid ka mid ah qaababka ku dabaqmaya. (Mawqifkan dib-u-noqoshada ah ma siiyo [[WP:UNCHALLENGED|darajo aan la tartami karin]] qaabkaas gaarka ah inta lagu jiro wada-hadalka is-afgaradka, mana siiyo tifaftiraha soo impose-garaysay qaabkaas ugu horreeyay [[Wikipedia:Ownership of content|wax ka badan]] wada-hadalka.) ==Mawduucyada maqaalka, qaybaha, iyo madaxyada== {{Shortcut|MOS:AT}} ===Mawduucyada maqaalka=== Mawduucu waa inuu noqdo magac la aqoonsan karo ama sifaynta mawduuca, isagoo maareynaya shuruudaha ah inuu yahay mid asalka ah, si ku filan oo sax ah, gaaban, oo joogto ah oo la mid ah maqaallada la xiriira. Hagaha qaabaynta eeg qaybta ku saabsan qaabka cinwaanka maqaalka, isagoo xusaya kuwa soo socda: *U qor xaraf yar xarafka ugu horreeya ee erayga labaad (marka laga reebo xaaladaha dhifka ah, sida eBay), laakiin haddii kale raac habka weedha (maalgelinta mashaariicda UNESCO), ma aha habka cinwaanka (Maalgelinta Mashaariicda UNESCO), marka laga reebo halka habka cinwaanka loo isticmaali lahaa qoraalka caadiga ah. *Si aad u qorto farta janjeerta, ku dar qaab-dhismeedka farta janjeerta ee cinwaanka dhowr sare oo maqaalka ah. Si aad farta janjeerta ugu qorto kaliya qayb ka mid ah mawduuca, ku dar xadka string ee qoraalka gaarka ah ee lagu qorayo farta janjeerta. Isticmaalka farta janjeerta waa inuu u dhigmaa habka farta janjeerta. *Ha isticmaalin qodobada madaahibta ah sida xarafka ugu horreeya, ilaa ay tahay qayb aan la kala saari karin oo magaca ka mid ah ama mawduuca shaqa. *Caadi ahaan isticmaal magacyada ama weedhaha magaca ah: Noloshiisii hore, ma aha Nolosha siisay ee hore. *Xarafka ugu dambeeya waa inuusan noqon calaamad ilaahiyad ilaa uu yahay qayb aan la kala saari karin oo magaca ka mid ah ama gaabinta, ama marka xiritaanka ngo'aanka wareegga ama calaamadda oraahda loo baahan yahay. *Markasta oo calaamadaha oraahda ama noocyada hakad-koreedka oo kale ay ka muuqdaan, ku dar dib-u-luqad mawduuc caddaynaya oo isticmaalaya hakad-koreed. Labadaba ha ka sareeyaan iyo kuwa cinwaannada maqaalka, qaybaha kale ee hagaha hab-qoraalka, gaar ahaan calaamadaha hakadka, waxay ku dabaqmaan sidoo kale mawduuca. ===Agaasimaha qaybta=== {{Shortcut|MOS:SO}} Mawduuca maqaalka waa inuu ku bilaabmaa qaybta hordhaca ah{{snd}}gaabinta kooban ee maqaalka{{snd}}oo aan waligeed loo kala saarin qaybo. Qaybta hartay ee maqaalka waxaa caadi ahaan loo kala saaraa qaybo. Khaanadaha macluumaadka, sawirrada, iyo mawduucyada kale ee la xiriira qaybta hordhaca ah waa inay noqdaan kuwo dhanka midig ah. Calaamadaha qaarkood ee qaab-dhismeedyada iyo wikitext oo aan ahayn qaybo waxay ka sarreeyaan inta ugu dambaysa maqaalka, ka hor mawduuca qaybta hordhaca ah, iyo siday u kala horreeyaan: *Sharraxaad gaaban, oo leh qaab-dhismeedka sharraxaadda gaaban *Fariinta disambiguation-ka (hatnote), waqtiga badankiisa oo leh qaab-dhismeedka fariinta *Qaab-dhismeedyada aan lahayn soo-saarka oo muujinaya foomka taariikhda dhisan ee maqaalka iyo nooca luqadda Soomaaliga, haddii ay jiraan *Qaab-dhismeedyada dayactirka ee boodhadhka ah, doodaha iyo qaab-dhismeedyada nadiifinta ee arrimaha maqaalka oo dhan oo la calaamadeeyay *Khaanadda macluumaadka, oo ah dookh (marka laga reebo xaaladaha gaarka ah, ama nooc ka mid ah, maqaallada ku dabaqmaya); caadi ahaan sidoo kale waxaa ku jira sawirka ugu horreeya *Sawirka hordhaca ah, marka khaanad macluumaad aan la isticmaalin, ama sawir dheeraad ah loo baahan yahay qaybta hordhaca ah (haddii hordhacu u yahay mid aad u dheer, sawir labaad waxaa lagu lagi karaa dhexda qoraalka hordhaca ah) Nooca muuqaalka maqaalka, tusmada maqaalka waa mid ka mid ah oo ka baxsan mawduuca maqaalka. Noocyada hore qaarkood, tusmada la mari karo waxay ka muuqataa si otomaatig ah ka dambaysa hordhaca haddii maqaalku leeyahay ugu yaraan afar madax oo qaybo ah. Haddii mawduuca qaybi uu ku jiraa si xeel-dheer oo dheeraad ah maqaal gaar ah, ku dar qaab-dhismeedka maqaalka weyn ama maqaalka dheeraadka ah isla markiiba ka hooseeya madaxa qaybta. Sida lagu sharraxay si xeel-dheer habka agaasimaha maqaalka, noocyo dhowr ah oo maaddooyinka ah waxay ka muuqan karaan ka dambaysa qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee maqaalka, siday u kala horreeyaan: *Buugaagta ama shaqaalaha kale ee lagu abuuray mawduuca maqaalka, ka hooseeya madaxa qaybta "Saddexaha", "Daabacaadaha", "Aaladaha Muusigga", "Filimada", iyo wixii la mid ah sida habboon *Isku xirka hoose ee maqaallada la xiriira ee Wikipedia-ha Soomaaliga, oo leh madaxa qaybta "Eeg sidoo kale" *Xusuus-qoraallada iyo tixraacyada, oo leh madaxa qaybta "Xusuusin" ama "Tixraacyo" (caadi ahaan ka dambeeya), ama qayb gaar ah oo loogu talagalay mid kasta *Buugaagta la xiriira, maqaallada, ama shaqaalaha kale ee aan loo isticmaalin sida tixraacyada; isticmaal madaxa qaybta "Akhris dheeraad ah"; noqo mid si sare ah loo doortay, maadaama Wikipedia aysan ahayn buugga tixraaca *Websaydhada la xiriira iyo kuwo habboon ee aan loo isticmaalin sida tixraacyada oo aan ka muuqan qaybaha hore, isticmaalka madaxa "Xiriirinta dhiillada", oo loo sameyn karo qayb ka hooseysa "Akhris dheeraad ah" *Waxyaabaha ugu dambeeya ee soo socda waligeed ma qaataan madaxyada qaybaha: **Isku xirka hoose oo lagu aaggaaday khaanadaha u gobolka **Metadata ee maamulka kantaroolka, haddii loo baahdo **Qeeybaha, oo waa inay noqdaan maaddada ugu dambaysa ee koodha maqaalka haddii aysan jirin qaab-dhismeedyada stubs-ka **Qaab-dhismeedyada stubs-ka, haddii loo baahdo, oo waa inay raacaan qeeybaha Maqaallada liiska ah ee gaarka ah waxay leeyihiin waxyaabo dheeraad ah oo agaasimaha ah. ===Madaxyada qaybaha=== {{Shortcut|MOS:HEAD|MOS:HEADINGS}} Madaxyada qaybaha waa inay caadi ahaan raacaan hagaha cinwaannada maqaalka ee sare oo ay ku muuqdaan habka weedha (Maalgelinta mashaariicda UNESCO ee waddanka), ma aha habka cinwaanka (Maalgelinta Mashaariicda UNESCO ee Waddanka). Dhammaan madaxyada waa inay ku dhex jiraan xarkooda gaarka ah, oo ay ka horreyso presely hal xar oo eber ah, oo ay raacdo mid ka mid ah hal xar ama aan lahayn xar eber ah. Ha u isticmaalin si xun liiska sharraxaadda markup ("<code>;</code>") si aad u abuurto madax foorfe ah. Sida arrin qaab oo joogto ah, madaxyada qaybuhu waa inaynaan: {{Shortcut|MOS:SECTIONSTYLE|MOS:NOBACKREF}} *si turjumaad ah dib ugu tixraacin mawduuca maqaalka, t.s., Noloshiisii hore, ma aha Nolosha Cabdi ee hore *tixraacin madax heer sare ah, ilaa aad sameyso ay tahay mid gaaban ama caddayn badan *noqon kuwo la nambareeyay ama xarfo leh sida outline *noqon kuwo loo sameeyay sida su'aal, t.s., Luqadaha, ma aha Maxaa luqado ah oo lagu hadlaa? *isticmaalin luga ama farta aan caadiga ahayn oo keeni kara arrimaha lagu heli karo *noqon kuwo lagu duubay markup, sida farta buuran iyo janjeerta, oo baabi'in kara muujintooda oo keeni kara arrimo kale oo lagu heli karo ====Wikimarkup==== Sababo tignoolajiyada ah, madaxyada qaybuhu waa inay noqdaan kuwo gaar ah oo ku dhex jira maqaal (si isqu xirka qaybta uu u shaqeeyo) oo waa inaynaan ku dhex jirin: *isqu xirka, xataa haddii kaliya qayb ka mid ah madaxa la isku xiray *xigashooyinka ama xusuus-qoraallada *math markup *sawirrada ama calaamadaha yaryar Xaddidaadahani waa kuwo lagu khasbay si looga fogaado tignoolajiyada dhibco leh oo ma aha kuwo la baabi'in karo is-afgaradka maxalliga ah ama hagayaasha aan ku habboonayn. Wadaagga qaab-dhismeedka waa in sidoo cuali ahaan looga fogaadaa madaxyada qaybaha, sababtoo ah waxay keenaan koodha asalka ah ee baaqida qaab-dhismeedka inuu ka muuqdo isqu xirka lagu daray gaabinta tifaftirka; gujinta isqu xirkaas ka muuqda taariikhda bogga ma keeni doonto qaybta loo baahan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, marka lagu darayo isqu xirka anchor madaxyada, mar walba beddel qaab-dhismeedka gudaha madaxa: <code>== <!-- -->{{#if:Magaca celinta|<span id="{{anchorencode:Magaca celinta}}"></span><!-- -->{{#if:|<span id="{{anchorencode:}}"></span><!-- -->{{#if:|<span id="{{anchorencode:}}"></span><!-- -->{{#if:|<span id="{{anchorencode:}}"></span><!-- -->{{#if:|<span id="{{anchorencode:}}"></span><!-- -->{{#if:|<span id="{{anchorencode:}}"></span><!-- -->{{#if:|<span id="{{anchorencode:}}"></span><!-- -->{{#if:|<span id="{{anchorencode:}}"></span><!-- -->{{#if:|<span id="{{anchorencode:}}"></span><!-- -->{{#if:|<span id="{{anchorencode:}}"></span><!-- -->{{#if: |<span class="error">[[Template:Anchors]]: Waxaa jira ku ka mid ah la xulay, kan ugu fog waa toban</span><!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} Cinwaanka qaybta ==</code> <code>== Cinwaanka qaybta ==</code> Xusuus-qoraallada la qariyay oo tixraacaya madaxa qayb ama qayb oo dhan waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu lago xar ka hooseysa madaxa. Waxaa sidoo kale lagu lagi karaa ku dhex jira xarkooda oo kale sida madaxa, laakiin xaaladaas waa inay noqdaan kuwo gudaha <code>==&nbsp;==</code> markup: <code>== Saamaynta ==</code> <code><!--Astaantan si sax ah ayaa loo dhigay.--></code> <code>== Saamaynta<!--Astaantan si wanaagsan ayay u shaqaynaysaa.--> ==</code> <code>== <!--Astaantan si wanaagsan ayay u shaqaynaysaa.-->Saamaynta ==</code> ====Anchors==== Ka hor inta aanad beddelin madax, tixgeli in aad baabi'inayso isqu xirka jira oo ku dhex jira. Haddii ay jiraan isqu xirka badan oo u socda mawduuca hore, abuur anchor oo leh mawduucaas si loo xaqijiyo in kuwani ay sii shaqeeyaan. Sidoo kale, marka lagu isqu xirayo qayb, ka tag xusuus-qoraal aan la arki karin madaxa qaybta bartilmaameedka, iyadoo lagu magacaabayo maqaallada isqu xirka leh, si haddii madaxa dambe loo beddelo kani si fudud loo hagaajin karo, ama kale anchor kale loo abuurayo haddii ay jiraan kuwo badan. Tusaale ahaan: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == {{subst:Anchor|Natiijooyinka}} Saamaynta == <!-- "Faarax" iyo "Cali" waxay halkan u xiriirinayaan. --> </syntaxhighlight> oo lagu kaydin doono maqaalka sida: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == <span class="anchor" id="Natiijooyinka"></span> Saamaynta == <!-- "Faarax" iyo "Cali" waxay halkan u xiriirinayaan. --> </syntaxhighlight> Faa'iidada isticmaalka anchor beddelan, ama kaliya la dhex gelinayo span tags-ka toos, waa in marka tifaftirka loo sameeyo qaybta mustaqbalka, anchor-ku ma lagu dhex jiri doono taariikhda bogga sida qayb ka mid ah magaca qaybta. Marka la dhex gelinayo span toos, ha gaabin iyadoo la isticmaalayo tag-ka self-closing. ====Mawduuca oo kale madaxa==== Hagaha sare ee madaxyada qaybaha, gaar ahaan habka weedha, turjumaad, sawirrada iyo su'aalaha, sidoo kale wuxuu ku dabaqmaa madaxyada taarikada (iyo noocyada taarikada iyo xarrada). Laakiin, madaxyada taarikada waxay ku dhex jiri karaan xigashooyinka oo waxay ku bilaaban karaan, ama noqon karaan, nambara. Unka madaxyada bogga, madaxyada taarikada ma samayn karaan si otomaatig ah anchors-ka isqu xirka. ==Noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga== {{Shortcut|MOS:ENGVAR}} Noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga (tusaale ahaan, kala duwanaanshaha erayada ama naxwaha ee gobollada ka jira) waxay bixiyaan macluumaad ku saabsan kala duwanaanshaas. Dhammaan noocyada gobollada ama noocyada heerka ee Af-Soomaaliga waa kuwo la aqbali karo oo siman Wikipedia-da Soomaaliga, iyada oo la isticmaalayo uslub rasmi ah oo maqaallada u gaar ah ([[Register (sociolinguistics)|weeraral rami ah]] ama astaanta luqadda). Qaabka taariikhda ee maqaalka ({{xt|{{#time: F j, Y}}}} ama {{xt|{{#time: j F Y}}}}) wuxuu sidoo kale la xiriiraa noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga {{snd}}eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|Strong national ties to a topic|Retaining existing format}}. === <span class="anchor" id="Internal consistency"></span>Joogteynta ku dhex jirta maqaallada<!-- When renaming this section title, rename the full link at [[Wikipedia:Consistency]] --> === {{Shortcut|MOS:ARTCON|MOS:CONSISTENT}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Variation in citation methods|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Retaining existing format}} Xeerarka nooc gaar ah oo Af-Soomaali caadifad ah waa in loo raaco si joogto ah ku dhex jirta maqaalka gaarka ah. Waxyaabaha ka baxsan waxaa ku jira: *'''Xigashooyinka''' iyo '''cinwaannada buugaagta ama hawlaha''' (sida buugaagta, filimada, iyo muusigga) waa in loo qoraa sida ay ka muuqdaan ilaha tixraaca. Laakiin, waxaa jira xaalado qaarkood oo leexanaya mabda'an si loo dhowro heerka qaab-qoraalka ee alifbeetada encyclopedia-ha dhan. {{crossref|Eeg {{section link||Typographic conformity}}.}} *'''Magacyada u gaarka ah''' waxay isticmaalaan qoraalka mawduuca ama lahaanshaha u gaarka ah, tusaale ahaan, {{xt|United States Department of Defense}} iyo {{xt|Australian Defence Force}}; {{xt|International Labour Organization}}<!--This example is here because it uses -our and -ization at the same time; it is Oxford spelling.-->. *Maqaallada ku saabsan mawduucyada la xiriira kimistariga, foomka heerka caalamiga ah ee higaada {{xt|aluminium}}, {{xt|sulfur}}, {{xt|caesium}} (iyo erayada ka soo baxa) waa in loo isticmaalo iyadoo aan loo eegin nooca luqadda ee looga adeegsado maqaalka. {{crossref|Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (chemistry)|Element names}}.}} ===Fursadaha wadaagga ama isku-duubnida=== {{shortcut|MOS:COMMONALITY}} Si loogu talagalay encyclopedia caalamiga ah, isticmaalka erayada wadaagga ah ee dhammaan noocyada Af-Soomaaliga waa mid ka wanaagsan. *Isticmaal erayada si caalami ah loo aqbalay halkii kuwa aan aad loo fidin, gaar ahaan cinwaannada. Tusaale ahaan, [[Glasses|{{xt|muraayado}}]] ayaa ka wanaagsan noocyada gobollada ee gaarka ah; [[Ten million|{{xt|toban milyan}}]] ayaa ka wanaagsan [[crore|{{!xt|hal crore}}]]. *Haddii kala duwanaansho higaadeed uu ka muuqdo cinwaan, samee bogga [[Wikipedia:Redirect|reer-itusaale (sidetrack/redirect)]] si loogu talagalay kuwa kale, sida ku dhex jirta [[artefact]] iyo [[artifact]], si dhammaan noocyada loo isticmaali karo raadinta iyo isku xirka. *Erayada ku kala duwan noocyada luqadda, ama leh macnayaal kala duwan, waxaa lagu [[Gloss (annotation)#In linguistics|u xaqiijin karaa faahfaahinta (gloss)]] si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga ama jahawareerka, tusaale ahaan, {{xt|qaybta dambe ee baabuurta (trunk ama boot)&nbsp;...}}. *Isticmaal eray ama weedh si caadi ah loo fahmo iyada oo ka wanaagsan mid leh macno kale sababtoo ah kala duwanaanshaha gobollada (halkii {{!xt|alternate}}, isticmaal {{xt|alternative}} ama {{xt|alternating}}, sida habboon), marka laga reebo xaaladaha tignoolajiyada ama cilmiga halka beddelkaas uu noqon lahaa mid aan habboonayn ({{xt|alternate leaves}}; {{xt|alternate law}}). *Marka ay jiraan wax ka badan hal nooc oo higaad ah oo ka dhex jira heerka caadiga ah ee luqadda, nooca ugu caansan ee hadda la isticmaalo waa in caadi ahaan ka wanaagsanaado, marka laga reebo halka higaada yar ay leedahay isticmaal gaar ah oo xaalad xeel-dheer ah, tusaale ahaan, ''connexion'' ku dhex jirta [[Connexionalism|Methodist connexionalism]]. ===Xiriirka gobolka ama qaranka ee xoogga leh ee mawduuca=== {{Shortcut|MOS:TIES}} Maqaal ku saabsan mawduuc leh xiriir xooggan oo u socda waddan ama gobol]] gaar ah waa inuu isticmaalaa heerka luqadda rasmiga ah (ee ma aha colloquial/afka wadada) ee gobolkaas ama qarankaas. Tusaale ahaan: Mawduucyada leh xiriir xooggan oo u socda [[Commonwealth of Nations]], ama waddamo badan oo Commonwealth ah ama dhulalkii hore ee British-ka, isticmaal higaada British-ka. ===Dhowrida nooca jira=== {{Shortcut|MOS:RETAIN}} Marka nooc gaar ah [[#Consistency within articles|isticmaalkiisa joogtada ah]] lagu dhisay maqaal, sii wad iyada oo aan la helin is-afgarad ka dhan ah. Kaliya xaaladaha gaarka ah (sida marka mawduuc uu leeyahay [[#Strong national ties to a topic|xiriir gobol ama qaran oo xooggan]], ama beddelku wuxuu yareeyaa is-dhaafsiga) ayaa ay jirtaa sabab shaqaynaysa oo loo beddelo ka mid ah dookha la aqbali karo oo loo beddelo mid kale. {{va|FPSR|FMC|text=Marka aan la dhisin nooc gaar ah oo wada-hadalku uusan xallin arrinta, isticmaal nooca ka muuqda nooca ugu horreeyay ee ka dambeeya [[Wikipedia:Stub|qabyada (stub)]] oo soo bandhigay nooc la aqoonsan karo. Waxa ka baxsan tan waa [[#Retain quote variety|ha beddelin nooca luqadda ee ku dhex jira xigasho]].}} Nooca lagu dhisay maqaal gaar ah waxaa lagu qoraa iyadoo lagu dhex darayo [[:Category:Use English templates|tampaallada Use X English]] ee habboon bogga maqaalka. Tampaallada [[:Category:Varieties of English templates|nooca luqadda ee habboon]] sidoo kale waxaa lagu dhejin karaa bogga wada-hadalka ee maqaalka. Maqaal waa inuusan noqon mid la tifaftiro ama magaca loo beddelo kaliya si looga beddelo hal nooc oo luqad ah oo loo beddelo mid kale. Tampaalka {{tlxs|uw-engvar}} waxaa lagu dhejin karaa bogga wada-hadalka tifaftiraha si loogu sharraxo tan. ==Xarfo-waweynaynta== Cinwaannada maqaallada Wikipedia iyo cinwaannada qaybaha waxay isticmaalaan habka weedha, ma aha habka cinwaanka. Xaraf-weynaynta alaabta liiska ku jirta, eeg habka liisaska. Qodobbada kale ee ku saabsan xaraf-weynaynta waxaa si kooban loogu dhex muujiyay hoos. Macluumaadka buuxa waxaa lagu heli karaa maqaalka xarfo-weynaynta. Qodobka ugu muhiimsan ayaa ah in Wikipedia aysan xaraf-weynaynayn eray ilaa uu si joogto ah xaraf-weyn ugu yahay badankooda ilaha lagu kalsoonaan karo ee madax-bannaan. ===Xaraf-weynaynta ''Ee''=== Caadi ahaan, ha xaraf-weynayn erayga ''the'' dhexda jumlada. Reebanaanta caadiga ah waxaa ku jira magacyada u gaarka ah ee qaarkood iyo badankooda cinwaannada hawlaha abuurka ah (sida {{xt|Tolkien wuxuu qoray ''The Lord of the Rings''}}{{snd}}laakiin ogaada in ''the'' aysan noqon karin qayb ka mid ah cinwaanka ee lagu qoro, t.s., {{xt|Homer wuxuu tiriyay ''Odyssey''}}). Waxaa jira tixgelinno gaar ah oo loo sameeyo magacyada kooxaha muusigga, magacyada hay'adaha, magac-u-yaallada, iyo summadaha ganacsiga. ===Cinwaannada hawlaha=== Cinwaannada luqadda Soomaaliga ama Ingiriisiga ee qoraallada (buugaagta iyo hawlaha kale ee qoraalka, noocyada iyo hawlaha kale ee codka, filimada iyo hawlaha kale ee muuqaalka ah, sawirrada iyo hawlaha kale ee fanka, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxaa loo bixiyaa habka cinwaanka, halka eray kasta loo siiyo xaraf-weyn bilowga marka laga reebo erayada qaarkood oo yar oo muhiim ah. Erayada ugu horreeya iyo kuwa ugu dambeeya ee cinwaanka mar walba waa kuwo xaraf-weyn leh. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|''An Eye for an Eye''}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|''Worth the Fighting For''}} Xaraf-weynaynta cinwaannada aan Soomaaliga ahayn waa ay kala duwan tahay, xataa waqti ka waqti isla luqadda dhexdeeda; caadi ahaan, dhowr qaabka asalka ah ee hawlaha cusub, oo raac isticmaalka ka muuqda ilaha lagu kalsoonaan karo ee hadda ee hawlaha taariikhiga ah. Marka lagu qoro alfabeta Laatiinka, badankooda waxyaabahaani waa inay sidoo meelaha kale ku jiraan farta janjeerta, ama lagu duubo calaamadaha oraahda. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|{{lang|fr|Les Liaisons dangereuses}}}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"{{lang|de|italics=no|Hymnus an den heiligen Geist}}"}} ===Tayooyinka iyo xilalka dadka=== *'''Isticmaalka guud''', isticmaal xaraf yar erayada sida ''madaxweyne'', ''boqor'', iyo ''imbiraadoor'' ({{xt|De Gaulle wuxuu ahaa madaxweyne Faransiis ah}}; {{xt|Louis XVI wuxuu ahaa boqor Faransiis ah}}; {{xt|Saddex ra'iisul wasaare ayaa ka soo qayb galay shirka}}). *'''Toos ka hor magaca dadka''', erayadaas waxay ka bilaabanayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|Madaxweyne Obama}}, ma aha {{!xt|madaxweyne Obama}}). Magacyada heerka caadiga ah ama caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo ee xilka ama doorka waxaa loo maareeyaa sida magacyada u gaarka ah ({{xt|David Cameron wuxuu ahaa Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Biritain}}; {{xt|Hirohito wuxuu ahaa Imbiraadoorkii Jabaan}}; {{xt|Louis XVI wuxuu ahaa Boqorkii Faransiiska}}). Titoolinka ama doorka boqortooyada waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|Her Majesty}}; {{xt|His Highness}}); reebanaantu waxay ku dabaqmi kartaa xilal gaar ah. ===Diimaha, ilaahyada, falsafadaha, iyo caqiidooyinka=== *'''Diimaha, kooxaha, iyo kaniisadaha''' iyo taageerayaashooda (foomka magaca ama tilmaamaha) waxay ka bilaabanayaan xaraf-weyn. Caadi ahaan, "the" ma aha xaraf-weyn ka hor magacyadaas ({{xt|the Unitarians}}, ma aha {{!xt|The Unitarians}}). *'''Qoraallada diinta''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn, laakiin badanaa ma aha farta janjeerta ({{xt|the Bhagavad Gita}}, {{xt|the Quran}}, {{xt|the Talmud}}, {{xt|the Granth Sahib}}, {{xt|the Bible}}). Ha u qorin xaraf-weyn "the" marka aad u isticmaalayso foomkan. Tilmaamaha qaarkood oo ka soo baxa waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn heshiis ahaan, qaarkoodna ma qaataan; haddii aad u baahato hubaal, eeg qaamuuska. *'''Tayooyinka iyo magacyada sharafta ee ilaahyada''', ku dhex jira magacyada u gaarka ah iyo tayooyinka, waxay ka bilaabanayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|God}}, {{xt|Allah}}, {{xt|the Lord}}, {{xt|the Supreme Being}}, {{xt|the Great Spirit}}, {{xt|the Horned One}}, {{xt|Bhagavan}}). Ha u qorin xaraf-weyn "the" xaaladahaas ama marka aad tixraacayso dadka waaweyn ee diinta ama shakhsiyaadka khayalka ah/asraarta ah ({{xt|the Prophet}}, {{xt|the Messiah}}, {{xt|the Virgin}}). Magacyada guud ee ilaahyada iyo shakhsiyaadka diinta ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|many gods}}; {{xt|the god Woden}}; {{xt|saints and prophets}}). *'''Magac-u-yaallada shakhsiyaadka cibaadada ama Ilaah''' ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn, xataa haddii xaraf-weyn lagu qoro qoraallada diinta ({{xt|God and his will}}). *'''Qaybaha waaweyn ee mukhluuqaadka khayalka ah''' waxay ka bilaabanayaan xarfo yar ({{xt|elf}}, {{xt|fairy}}, {{xt|nymph}}, {{xt|unicorn}}, {{xt|angel}}), inkastoo hawlaha khayalka ah, sida buugaagta [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] iyo ciyaaraha fiidiyowga qaarkood, xarfaha waaweyn ee bilowga ah marmar loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo in mukhluuqaadku ay samaynayaan dhaqan ama irsi dhex jira caalamka khayalka ah. U qor xaraf-weyn magacyada ama tayooyinka mukhluuqaadka gaarka ah ({{xt|the Minotaur}}, {{xt|Pegasus}}) iyo kooxaha oo magacooda iyo xubnahoodu ay yihiin kuwo go'an ({{xt|the Magi, or the Three Wise Men}}, {{xt|the Furies}}). Tixraacyada guud ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|these priests}}; {{xt|several wise men}}; {{xt|cherub-like}}). *'''Matalaadaha ama dhacdooyinka ruuxiga ah iyo kuwa diinta''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn kaliya marka la tixraacayo dhacdooyin gaar ah ama waqtiyo gaar ah ({{xt|the Great Flood}} iyo {{xt|the Exodus}}; laakiin {{xt|annual flooding}} iyo {{xt|an exodus of refugees}}). *'''Falsafadaha, aragtiyaha, dhaqdhaqaaqyada, iyo caqiidooyinka''' waxay isticmaalaan xarfo yar ilaa magacu ka soo baxo magac u gaar ah ({{xt|capitalism versus Marxism}}) ama uusan noqon magac u gaar ah ({{xt|republican}}, oo ah dhismaha fikirka siyaasadda; {{xt|Republican}}, oo ah xisbi siyaasadeed). Isticmaal xarfo yar mawduucyada caqiidooyinka ama fikirka diinta ee heerka caadiga ah (oo ka soo horjeeda dhacdooyinka gaarka ah), xataa haddii xaraf-weyn lagu qoro taageerayaasha diinta qaarkood ({{xt|virgin birth}}, {{xt|original sin}}, {{xt|transubstantiation}}). *'''Platonic ama fikradaha sare''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn xaaladda caqiidada falsafadda ({{xt|Truth}}, {{xt|the Good}}); marka loo isticmaalo si dhumuc leh, waxay ku dhex jiraan xarfo yar ({{xt|Superman represents American ideals of truth and justice}}). Isticmaal xarfo waaweyn marka fanka lagu qofeeyo ama lagu heellaniyo fikradaha ({{xt|the guidebook mentioned statues of Justice and Liberty}}). *'''Eponym-s (erayada ka soo baxay magacyada dadka)''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn ([[Edwardian era|{{xt|Edwardian}}]], [[De Morgan's laws|{{xt|De Morgan's laws}}]], [[Alice in Wonderland syndrome|{{xt|Alice in Wonderland syndrome}}]], [[Plaster of Paris|{{xt|plaster of Paris}}]], [[Platonic idealism|{{xt|Platonic idealism}}]], [[Draconian constitution|{{xt|Draconian constitution of Athens}}]]), marka laga reebo isticmaalka sanfada ama maahmaahda ah oo ka baxsan xaaladda asalka ah oo caadi ahaan xarfo yar ku dhex jira ilaha tixraaca ([[Platonic relationship|{{xt|a platonic relationship}}]]; {{xt|complained of draconian workplace policies}}).{{efn|name=eponyms|1=Waxaa jira waxyaabo yar oo dheeraad ah oo ka baxsan xaraf-weynaynta eponyms-ka, halka eraygu leeyahay xeer xooggan oo ah xarfo yar, t.s., lagu doorbido foomkaas badankooda qaamuustada waaweyn. Tusaale ahaan, {{xt|parkinsonian}} wuxuu sharraxaa bukaan muujinaya astaamaha [[Parkinson's disease|{{xt|Parkinson's disease}}]]. Dhexdeeda carabiga/higgaada isticmaalka erayada [[Linguistic latinisation|{{xt|latinize}}]], [[Romanisation|{{xt|romanize}}]], iyo [[Anglicization|{{xt|anglicize}}]] waxay sii kordhayaan xarfo yar, iyo {{xt|italic[s]}} ku dhex jirta farta mar walba waa xarfo yar.}} Weedha dhan oo uu eponym ku yahay tilmaame ma aha xaraf-weyn marka laga reebo marka weedha dhitadeedu tahay magac u gaar ah (t.s., cinwaanka hawl la daabacay: [[The China Syndrome|{{xt|''The China Syndrome''}}]]). ===Astaamaha kalandarka=== *'''Bilsashada (bilo), maalmaha toddobaadka, iyo fasaxyada''' waxay ka bilaabanayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|June}}, {{xt|Monday}}; {{xt|the Fourth of July}} wuxuu tixraacaa kaliya Maalinta Xorriyadda Mareykanka{{snd}}haddii kale {{xt|July 4}} ama {{xt|4 July}}). *'''Xilliyada''' waxay ku dhex jiraan xarfo yar ({{xt|her last summer}}; {{xt|the winter solstice}}; {{xt|spring fever}}), marka laga reebo marka fanka ama suugaanta lagu qofeeyo ama magacyada u gaarka ah ee waqtiyada ama dhacdooyinka ({{xt|Old Man Winter}}; {{xt|competed on the Spring Circuit}}). ===Dadka, xayawaanka, dhirta, iyo noolaha kale=== {{Shortcut|MOS:LIFE}} Marka la isticmaalayo '''[[Taxonomy (biology)|magacyada taksonomiga ("sayniska")]]''', u qor xaraf-weyn iyo farta janjeerta (italics) genus-ka: {{xt|''Berberis''}}, {{xt|''Erithacus''}}. (Supergenus iyo subgenus, marka ay ku dabaqmaan, waxaa loo maareeyaa sidaas oo kale.) Janjeeri laakiin ha u qorin xaraf-weyn heerarka taksonomiga ee species-ka (noocyada) iyo ka hooseeya: {{xt|''Berberis darwinii''}}, {{xt|''Erithacus rubecula superbus''}}, {{xt|''Acacia coriacea'' subsp. ''sericophylla''}}; ma jiraan reebanaanno loo sameeyay magacyada u gaarka ah oo qayb ka ah magacyada sayniska. Taxa-ga sare (order, family, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn Laatiinka ({{xt|Carnivora}}, {{xt|Felidae}}) laakiin ma qaataan udhigmaadka Soomaaliga ama Ingiriisiga ({{xt|carnivorans}}, {{xt|felids}}); ma aha janjeer labada foomba, marka laga reebo fayrasyada, halka dhammaan magacyada lagu aqbalay guddiga ICTV ay yihiin janjeer ({{xt|''Retroviridae''}}). {{Shortcut|MOS:CULTIVAR}}{{Anchor|Cultivar}}Magacyada '''Cultivar''' iyo '''cultivar group''' ee dhirta ma aha janjeer, waxayna qaataan xarfo waaweyn (harraan erayga ''Group'' ee magaca ku dhex jira); magacyada cultivar waxay ka muuqdaan xigashooyinka keliyaalka ah (single quotes) ({{xt|''Malus domestica'' 'Red Delicious'}}), halka cultivar groups aysan qaadanin ({{xt|''Cynara cardunculus'' Scolymus Group}}). '''Magacyada afka caadiga ah ("common")''' waxaa loo bixiyaa xarfo yar qoraalka maqaalka dhexdiisa ([[Plains zebra|{{xt|plains zebra}}]], [[Mountain maple|{{xt|mountain&nbsp;maple}}]], iyo [[Southwestern red-tailed hawk|{{xt|southwestern red-tailed hawk}}]]) iyo habka weedha bilowga jumlada iyo meelaha kale oo xarafka ugu horreeya ee erayga ugu horreeya uu yahay xaraf-weyn. Waxay sidoo kale qaataan xarfo waaweyn halka ay ku jiraan magacyo u gaar ah: [[Przewalski's horse|{{xt|Przewalski's&nbsp;horse}}]], [[California condor|{{xt|California&nbsp;condor}}]], iyo [[Fair-maid-of-France|{{xt|fair-maid-of-France}}]]. Kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa noocyada (species) iyo nooc-hoosaadyada (subspecies), sida tusaalooyinka hore, iyo sidoo kale magacyada guud ee kooxaha ama noocyada noolaha: [[Bird of prey|{{xt|bird&nbsp;of&nbsp;prey}}]], [[Oak|{{xt|oak}}]], [[Great apes|{{xt|great&nbsp;apes}}]], [[Bryde's whales|{{xt|Bryde's&nbsp;whales}}]], [[Livestock guardian dog|{{xt|livestock&nbsp;guardian&nbsp;dog}}]], [[Poodle|{{xt|poodle}}]], [[Van cat|{{xt|Van&nbsp;cat}}]], [[Wolfdog|{{xt|wolfdog}}]]. Marka magaca caadiga ah uu la mid yahay takson saynis ah, ha u qorin xaraf-weyn ama janjeer, marka laga reebo halka la tixraacayo noolaha dhanka taksonomiga: {{xt|A lynx is any of the four medium-sized wild cat species within the genus ''Lynx''.}} Magacyada caadiga ah ee ajnabiga ah, marka ay habboon tahay in lagu daro, waxaa loo maareeyaa sida erayada kale ee ajnabiga ah: janjeer sidaas ah, oo xaraf-weyn kaliya haddii shuruudaha luqadda hooyo ay u baahan yihiin. Magacyada ajnabiga ah ee noqday kuwo la qabsaday afka Soomaaliga ama Ingiriisiga waxaa loo maareeyaa sida caadiga ah ([[Ayahuasca|{{xt|ayahuasca}}]], [[Okapi|{{xt|okapi}}]]). {{Shortcut|MOS:BREED}}{{Anchor|Breed}}'''Dhalada la halbeeyay (Standardized breeds)''' waa inay caadi ahaan dhowraan xaraf-weynaynta loo isticmaalay halbeegga dhalada.{{efn|name=Standardized breeds|1="Dhalada la halbeeyay" wuxuu ku dhex jiraa dhala kasta oo ku dhex jira halbeegga dhalada ama buugga abtirsiinta ee kooxda taranta. Kooxaha kale ee xayawaanka guri-joogga ah ma aha dhala la halbeeyay: noocyada taariikhda hore, kooxaha dhalada, xayawaanka duurjoogtoobay (feral), iyo dhalada la isku dhalay oo aan kooxaha waaweyn aqoonsan sida dhala gaar ah.}} Tusaalooyinka: [[German Shepherd|{{xt|German Shepherd}}]], [[Russian White goat|{{xt|Russian White goat}}]], [[Berlin Short-faced Tumbler|{{xt|Berlin Short-faced Tumbler}}]]. Sida cultivar-ka dhirta, kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa haddii magacu yahay magac u gaar ah ama kale, oo ka soo horjeeda sida magacyada caadiga ah ee noolaha loo qoro. Laakiin, ka baxsan cultivar-ka, dhalada waligeed lagu ma dhex daro xigashooyinka keliyaalka ah, oo magacyadoodu waligeed ma aha qayb ka mid ah magac saynis ah. Erayga noolaha ee lagu daray dhammaadka si looga fogaado jahawareerka ("cat", "hound", "horse", "swine", iyo wixii la mid ah) waa inuusan noqon xaraf-weyn, ilaa uu yahay qayb ka mid ah magaca dhalada oo si joogto ah lagu muujiyo foomkaas halbeegga dhalada (xaaladaha dhifka ah waxaa ku jira [[Norwegian Forest Cat|{{xt|Norwegian Forest Cat}}]] iyo [[American Quarter Horse|{{xt|American Quarter Horse}}]]). Samee xiriiriyeyaasha dib-u-luqadda ka soo baxay xaraf-weynaynta kale iyo foomamka higaada ee cinwaannada maqaalka, iyo magacyada kale. ===Samooyinka iyo walxaha hawada sare=== Erayada ''sun'' (sol/qorrax), ''earth'' (dhul), ''moon'' (dayax), iyo ''solar system'' (bahda qorraxda) ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn isticmaalka guud ({{xt|The sun was over the mountain top}}; {{xt|The tribal people thought of the whole earth as their home}}). Waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn marka walaxda lagu qofeeyo fanka/suugaanta ({{xt|Sol Invictus ('Unconquered Sun') was the Roman sun god}}) ama marka loo isticmaalo sida magac walax gaar ah xaaladda sayniska ama falagga ({{xt|The Moon orbits the Earth}}; laakiin {{xt|Io is a moon of Jupiter}}). Magacyada meereyaasha, dayaxyada, asteroids-ka, comets-ka, xiddigaha, constellations-ka, iyo galaxies-ka waa magacyo u gaar ah, oo sidaas darteed xaraf-weyn ah ({{xt|The planet Mars is in the constellation Gemini, near the star Pollux}}). Xarafka ugu horreeya ee eray kasta oo ku dhex jira magacaas waa xaraf-weyn ({{xt|Alpha Centauri}} ma aha {{!xt|Alpha centauri}}; {{xt|Milky Way}}, ma aha {{!xt|Milky way}}). Erayada sida ''comet'' iyo ''galaxy'' waa inay noqdaan xaraf-weyn marka ay samaynayaan qayb ka mid ah magac u gaar ah, laakiin ma aha marka loo isticmaalo sida eray guud ({{xt|Halley's Comet is the most famous of the comets}}; {{xt|the Andromeda Galaxy is a spiral galaxy}}). ===Jihooyinka kombaas-ka=== Ha xaraf-weynayn '''jihooyinka''' sida ''north'' (woqooyi) ama foomamka la xiriira ({{xt|We took the northern road}}) marka laga reebo marka ay yihiin qaybo ka mid ah magacyada u gaarka ah ({{xt|Great North Road}}, {{xt|Great Western Drive}}, {{xt|South Pole}}). U qor xaraf-weyn '''magacyada gobollada''' haddii ay gaareen heerka magaca u gaarka ah, ku dhex jira magacyada caadiga ah ee heshiiska ({{xt|Southern California}}; {{xt|the Western Desert}}), iyo erayada ka soo baxa ee dadka (t.s., ''Southerner'' oo ah mid ka soo jeeda [[Southern United States]]). Ha xaraf-weynayn magacyada sharraxaadda leh ee gobollada oo aan gaarin heerka magacyada u gaarka ah, sida {{xt|southern Poland}}. Jihooyinka isku-dhafka ah waxaa lagu dhex jiri karaa ama aan lagu dhex jiri karin dhex-xariijin (hyphen). ===Magacyada u gaarka ah iyo erayada guud=== U qor xaraf-weyn magacyada hay'adaha ama doorka gaarka ah ({{xt|the founding of the University of Delhi}}; {{xt|the history of Stanford University}}) laakiin ma aha erayada guud ee hay'adaha ({{xt|the high school is near the university}}). Ha xaraf-weynayn ''the'' bilowga magaca hay'adda, iyada oo aan loo eegin qaabka loo doorbido ee hay'adda. Waxaa jira reebanaanno dhif ah, marka la hoggaaminayo ''The'' oo lagu muujiyay ''T'' ku dhex jira acronym-ka kooxda: {{xt|The International Cat Association (TICA)}}. U maaree qaybaha siyaasadda ama juqraafiga foomkan oo kale: {{xt|The city has a population of 55,000}}; {{xt|The two towns merged to become the City of Smithville}}. Ha u sameynin sida qaabka wargaysyada maxalliga ah oo tixraacaya degmada/magaalada sida ''the City'' ama ''The City'', marka laga reebo City of London xaaladaha qaarkood. Hagahaani wuxuu sii kordhayaa wax-soosaarka hay'adaha, shirkadaha, iyo kooxaha kale. Tusaale ahaan, magaca dhan ee sharciga sida {{xt|Online Safety Act 2023}} wuxuu noqon doonaa xaraf-weyn, laakiin tixraacyada ka dambeeya ee {{xt|the act}} ma noqon doonaan kuwo xaraf-weyn ah. ==<span class="anchor" id="Acronyms and abbreviations"></span><span class="anchor" id="Acronyms"></span><span class="anchor" id="Initialisms"></span><span class="anchor" id="Shortenings"></span>Gaabinta== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Initials}} Gaabinta waa foomamka gaaban ee erayada ama foomamka. Raadinta saxda ah, waxay ku kala duwan yihiin [[Contraction (grammar)|contractions]], oo isticmaala [[apostrophe]] (t.s., ''won't'', eeg {{Section link||Contractions}}), iyo [[initialism]]s. Initialism waxaa lagu samaynayaa ka mid ah ama dhammaan xarfaha bilowga ah ee erayada ku dhex jira foom. Ka hooseeya, tixraacyada gaabinta waa in loo qaadaa inay ku dhex jiraan acronyms, iyo term-ka ''acronym'' waa inuu sidoo cuali ahaan ku dabaqmaa initialisms. ===Qor marka ay markii ugu horreysay muuqato iyadoo dhammaystiran=== {{Shortcut|MOS:1STOCC|MOS:1STABBR}} Marka gaabinta loo isticmaalayo maqaalka dhexdiisa, hordhac uga dhig iyadoo la isticmaalayo weedha dhammaystiran, gaabintana lagu dhex darayo ngo'aanka (parentheses): {{Block indent|{{xt|shabakadda gobolka ee maxalliga ah (LAN) oo ay samaysay Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC){{nbsp}}... DEC badeecadihii dambe ee LAN waxay aheyd{{nbsp}}...}}}} Ha u isticmaalin xarfo waaweyn foomka dhammaystiran kaliya sababtoo ah xarfo waaweyn ayaa loo isticmaalay gaabinta: {{!xt|Shabakadda Gobolka ee Maxalliga ah (LAN)}}. Marka laga reebo xaaladaha gaarka ah, gaabinta caadiga ah (sida {{xt|PhD}}, {{xt|DNA}}, ama {{xt|USSR}}) looma baahna in la kala bixiyo ama la dhamaystiro xataa marka ay tahay markii ugu horreysay ee la isticmaalo. ===Foomamka plural-ka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:GREENGROCER}} U samee plural [[acronyms]] iyadoo lagu darayo ''-s'' ama ''-es'': {{xt|Three CD-ROMs and two BIOSes were released}}. Ha isticmaalin ''[[greengrocer's apostrophe]]'' si aad u samayso plurals: {{!xt|Three CD-ROM's and two BIOS's were released}}. ===<span class="anchor" id="Periods (full stops) and spaces"></span><span class="anchor" id="Full stops and spaces"></span><span class="anchor" id="op.cit."></span>Punctuation iyo spacing=== {{Shortcut|MOS:PS}} Gaabintu waxay ku dhabayn kartaa ama aan ku dhabayn karin full point (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-garaysay ''period'' ama ''full stop''). Qaab joogto ah waa in lagu dhasheeyaa ku dhex jirta maqaal. Isticmaalka North American caadi ahaan waa in lagu dhabeeyo dhammaan gaabinta period ({{xt|Dr. Smith of 42&nbsp;Drummond St.}}) laakiin isticmaalka caadiga ah ee British iyo Australian, ma jiro period loo isticmaalo haddii gaabinta (contraction) ay ku dhabayso xarafka ugu dambeya ee foomka aan la gaabin ({{xt|Dr Smith of 42&nbsp;Drummond St}}) ilaa is-dhaafsi uu keeni karo. Kani waa sidoo cuali ahaan isticmaalka caadiga ah ee qoraalka scientific-ka ah. Iyadoo aan loo eegin punctuation, erayada lagu gaabay ka badan hal xaraf waa lagu dhex jiraa space ({{xt|op.&nbsp;cit.}} ma aha {{!xt|op.cit.}} ama {{!xt|opcit}}). Waxaa jira waxyaabo ka baxsan oo yar: {{xt|PhD}} {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg sare)}} "Philosophiae Doctor"; {{xt|BVetMed}} "Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine". Xaaladaha badankooda, Wikipedia ma isticmaalto punctuation-ka oo kale ku dhex jirta acronyms iyo initialisms: {{xt|GDP}}, ma aha {{!xt|G.D.P.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="US"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S."></span><span class="anchor" id="USA"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S.A."></span>US iyo U.S.<!-- When renaming this section title, rename the full link at [[Wikipedia:Consistency]] -->=== {{Shortcut|MOS:US|MOS:U.S.|MOS:USA|MOS:U.S.A.}} {{redirect|MOS:US|the use of the word "us"|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#First-person pronouns}} {{xt|US}} waa gaabinta caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo ee {{xt|United States}}, inkastoo {{xtn|U.S.}} – oo leh periods iyo aan lahayn space – ay tahay mid caadi ah daabacadaha North American, ku dhex jirta wargaysyada news-ka. Hagayaasha qaabka American qaarkood, ku dhex jiro ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style]]'' (tan iyo 2010), waxay baabi'iyeen {{!xt|U.S.}} waxayna soo sheegeen {{xt|US}}. Sababaha [[#Opportunities for commonality|wadaagga]], isticmaal {{xt|US}} default ahaan marka aad gaabinayso, laakiin [[#Retaining existing styles|sii wad]] {{xtn|U.S.}} maqaallada American ama Canadian English oo ay horey u dhisantay, ilaa ay jirto sabab wanaagsan oo loo beddelo. Sababtoo ah isticmaalka periods ee gaabinta iyo acronyms wuxuu noqon doonaa mid joogto ah ku dhex jira maqaal kasta, mar walba isticmaal {{xt|US}} maqaal leh gaabinta waddammada kale. Gaabinta dheeraad ah oo lagu dhex jiro initials-ka waddanka ({{xt|USN}}, {{xt|USAF}}), waligeed ha isticmaalin periods. Marka United States lagu xuso hal ama ka badan waddammada kale ku dhex jirta jumlad oo kale, {{xt|US}} (ama {{xtn|U.S.}}) wuxuu noqon karaa mid aad u informal ah, gaar ahaan xusidda ugu horreysa ama sida noun halkii adjective ({{xt|France and the United States}}, ma aha {{!xt|France and the US}}). Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|U.&nbsp;S.}} oo leh space ama {{!xt|U.S.&nbsp;of&nbsp;A.}} oo taariikh hore ah, marka laga reebo marka aad xigasho sameynayso. Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|U.S.A.}} ama {{!xt|USA}} marka laga reebo ku dhex jirta xigasho, sida qayb ka mid ah magac sax ah ({{xt|Team USA}}), ama isticmaalka tignoolajiyada iyo rasmiga ah ee qaarkood (t.s., [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3]], [[FIFA country codes|FIFA]], iyo [[IOC country codes]]). ===Circa=== {{for|examples|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Uncertain, incomplete, or approximate dates}} Si loo muujiyo ''si xaddidan'', isticmaalka {{tl|circa}}, oo muuqda sida {{xt|{{circa}}}}, waxaa ka wanaagsan {{!xt|circa}}, {{!xt|c.}}, {{!xt|ca.}}, ama {{!xt|approx.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="unwarranted abbreviations"></span>Ka fogao isticmaalka aan la xaqijin=== {{Hatnote|See also: {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|Units of measurement}} for when to abbreviate units of measurement.}} Ka fogao gaabinta marka ay jahwareerin karaan akhristaha, baabi'in karaan socodka, ama ka muuqan karaan informal. Tusaale ahaan: *Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|approx.}} ee {{xt|approximate(ly)}} marka laga reebo infobox ama table (xaaladaas isticmaal {{tlx|abbr|approx.|approximately}} xusidda ugu horreysa: {{xt|{{abbr|approx.|approximately}}}}). *Ha isticmaalin legalism-ka {{!xt|Holmes J}} ee {{xt|[[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.|Justice Holmes]]}}. <!-- this might be better in [[WP:JARGON]] --> ===Ha samaynin=== Ka fogao sameynta [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#Neologisms|gaabinta cusub]], gaar ahaan acronyms. Tusaale ahaan, {{xtn|World Union of Billiards}} waa wanaagsan yahay sida {{em|turjumaad}} ee {{xt|[[Union Mondiale de Billard]]}}, laakiin ma aha iyada ama yareynta {{!xt|WUB}} oo loo isticmaalay kooxda ama tixraacyada gaarka ah; isticmaal magaca asalka ah iyo gaabintiisa rasmiga ah, {{xt|UMB}}. Haddii ay noqoto mid lagama maarmaan ah in lagu gaabiyo space yar, sida [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables#Captions and headers|column header ee table-ka]], isticmaal gaabinta si baaxad leh loo aqoonsan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, ee {{xt|New Zealand gross national product}}, isticmaal {{xt|NZ}} iyo {{xt|GNP}}, oo leh isqu xir haddii term-ka aan horey loogu qorin maqaalka: {{xt|NZ&nbsp;[[Measures of national income and output|GNP]]}}. Ha samaynin initialisms sida {{!xt|NZGNP}}. ===HTML tags iyo moodallada=== Mid ka mid ah {{tag|abbr|o}} ama {{tlx|abbr}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa gaabinta iyo acronyms: {{tag|abbr|params=title="World Health Organization"|content=WHO|wrap=yes}} ama {{tlx|abbr|WHO|World Health Organization}} waxay samayn doonaan {{abbr|WHO|World Health Organization}}; [[mouseover|soreynta]] qoraalka muuqda waxay keentaa [[tooltip]] ee foomka dheer inuu soo muuqdo. ===Ampersand=== {{Shortcut|MOS:AMP|MOS:&}} {{redirects|WP:&|the use of "and" in titles|Wikipedia:Article titles#Titles containing "and"}} Qoraalka caadiga ah iyo madaxyada, isticmaal ''and'' halkii [[ampersand]] (''&''): {{xt|January 1&nbsp;and&nbsp;2}}, ma aha {{!xt|January 1&nbsp;&&nbsp;2}}. Laakiin sii wad ampersand marka uu yahay qayb shaqaynaysa oo qaabka magac sax ah, mawduuca shaqaalaha, ama trademark, sida ku dhex jirta ''[[Up & Down (Horace Parlan album)|Up&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Down]]'' ama [[AT&T]]. Meelaha kale, ampersands waxaa loo isticmaali karaa joogteyn iyo dookh halka space uu aad u xaddidan yahay (t.s., tables iyo infoboxes). Xigashooyinka [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Typographic conformity|waxaa lagu beddeli karaa si dhibco leh]], gaar ahaan joogteynta halka noocyada kala duwan lagu xigto, maadaama noocyada cusub ee qoraallada hore ay si joogto ah u beddealaan ampersands ''and'' (sida ay u beddealaan [[glyph]]s kale oo aan la isticmaalin, [[Typographic ligature|ligatures]], iyo gaabinta). Isticmaalka kale oo loo ilaysay laakiin aan loo baahnayn waa tixraacyada gaaban ee shaqaalaha leeh qoraa badan, t.s.: {{xt|<nowiki><ref>Lubbers & Scheepers (2002); Van Hiel & Mervielde (2002); Swyngedouw & Giles (2007); Van Hiel (2012).</ref></nowiki>}}. ==Farta Janjeerta== {{Shortcut|MOS:IT|MOS:ITAL}} ===<span id="Do not use capitals for emphasis"></span>Adkeynta=== Farta janjeerta waxaa loo isticmaalaa adkeyn, halkii loo isticmaali lahaa [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Boldface|farta buuran]] ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#All caps and small caps|xarfo waaweyn]]. Laakiin isticmaalka badan wuxuu yareeyaa shaqadiisa: tixgeli dib-u-qorista jumlada halkii aad farta janjeerta badsan lahayd. Isticmaal {{tag|em}} ama {{tlx|em|...}} si aad adkeyn u sameeyso. Kani wuxuu u sahlayaa [[Help:User style|waraaqaha qaabka isticmaalaha]] in loo maareeyo adkeynta qaab gaar ah, wuxuuna caawiyaa dadka dib-u-isticmaala ama turjumayaasha.{{refn|{{cite web |last1=Ishida |first1=Richard |title=Using b and i elements |quote=the content of a <code>b</code> element may not always be bold, and that of an <code>i</code> element may not always be italic. |url=https://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-b-and-i-tags |website=W3C Internationalization |publisher=[[World Wide Web Consortium]] |date=2015 |access-date=1 September 2016}} }} *Sax: <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>The meerkat is <em>not</em> actually a cat.</nowiki>}}</code> *Sax: <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>The meerkat is {{em|not}} actually a cat.</nowiki>}}</code> ===<span id="Italics-Titles"></span>Cinwaannada=== {{shortcut|MOS:NOITALIC}} {{/titles hatnote include|where=MOS#I-T}} Isticmaal farta janjeerta cinwaannada hawlaha waaweyn (sida buugaagta, filimada, taxanaha telefishanka, bandhigyada la magacaabay, ciyaaraha fiidiyowga, albamyada muusigga, iyo fanka). Cinwaannada maqaallada, cutubyada, noocyada muusigga, dhacdooyinka, sheekooyinka, qoraallada cilmi-baarista, iyo hawlaha kale ee gaaban waxay qaataan calaamadaha oraahda ee laba-laabka ah (" "). Farta janjeerta looma isticmaalo qoraallada diinta ee waaweyn ({{xt|the Bible}}, {{xt|the Quran}}, {{xt|the Talmud}}). Kuwa badan oo cinwaannadan ka mid ah waa inay sidoo kale raacaan [[#Titles of works|habka xaraf-weynaynta cinwaannada]]. ===Erayada loo isticmaalay eray ahaan=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Words as words}} {{for|the policy when a word or phrase itself may be an encyclopedic subject|Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#When a word or phrase may be an encyclopedic subject}} Isticmaal farta janjeerta marka aad {{em|xusayso}} eray ama xaraf {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Use–mention distinction]])}} ama weedh ilaa hal jumlad ah ({{xt|teramka ''panning'' wuxuu ka yimid ''panorama''}}; {{xt|xarafka ugu caansan Af-Soomaaliga waa ''a''}}). Marka jumlad dhan la xuso, calaamadaha oraahda ee laba-laabka ah ayaa loo isticmaali karaa halkii, iyadoo la dhowrayo joogteynta ({{xt|Erayga xiriiriya ee ku jira ''Waxay fadhisatay kursiga'' waa ''kursiga''}}; ama {{xt|Erayga xiriiriya ee ku jira "Waxay fadhisatay kursiga" waa "kursiga"}}). Calaamadaha oraahda waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa qoraallada gaaban si looga fogaado jahawareerka, sida marka farta janjeerta horey loogu isticmaalay bogga sabab kale awgeed (t.s., erayada iyo weedha badan ee aan Soomaaliga ahayn). {{em|Xusidda}} (si looga wada-hadlo naxwaha, xulashada erayada, ama calaamadaha hakadka) waxay ka duwan tahay {{em|xigashada}} (halka wax caadi ahaan lagu muujiyo magaca ilaha la xigtay). Xigashada waxaa lagu sameeyaa calaamadaha oraahda, waligeedna looma isticmaalo farta janjeerta ama labadaba hal mar {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Quotations}} si aad u ogaato faahfaahinta).}} Isticmaalka kale ee la xiriira farta janjeerta waa marka la soo bandhigayo ama lagu kala saarayo erayada ama fikradaha: {{xt|Fikradaha ''tirasagaashanka'' waa tirada idil ee ka weyn 0.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign words"></span>Erayada aan Soomaaliga ahayn=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Non-English terms}} Farta janjeerta waxaa loo isticmaalaa weedha aan Soomaaliga ahayn iyo erayada kelida ah ee ajnabiga ah ee aan caadi ahaan loo isticmaalin Af-Soomaaliga maalin kasta. Laakiin, magacyada u gaarka ah (sida magacyada meelaha) ee luqadaha kale caadi ahaan ma qaataan farta janjeerta, sidoo kale erayada ku jira farta aan Laatiinka ahayn. Qaab-dhismeedka {{tlx|lang}} iyo noocyadiisu waxay taageeraan dhammaan [[ISO 639]] koodhadhka luqadaha, iyagoo sax u aqoonsanaya luqadda si otomaatig ahna u janjeerinaya farta. Fadlan isticmaal qaab-dhismeedyadan halkii aad gacanta u janjeerin lahayd qoraalka aan Soomaaliga ahayn. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link|WP:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Other languages}} si aad u ogaato macluumaad dheeraad ah.)}} ===Magacyada sayniska=== Isticmaal farta janjeerta magacyada sayniska ee dhirta, xayawaanka, iyo [[Kingdom (biology)|dhammaan noolaha kale]] marka laga reebo fayrasyada heerka [[genus]] iyo ka hooseeya (janjeeri {{xt|''Panthera leo''}} iyo {{xt|''Retroviridae''}}, laakiin ha janjeerin {{xt|Felidae}}). Calaamadda isku-dhafka ma qaadato farta janjeerta ({{xt|''Rosa''&nbsp;×&nbsp;''damascena''}}), sidoo kale "erayga xiriiriya" ee loo baahan yahay [[Trinomial nomenclature#In botany|magacyada dhirta ee saddexda qaybood ah]] ma janjeero ({{xt|''Rosa gallica'' subsp. ''officinalis''}}). ===<span id="Italics and quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka ku dhex jira farta janjeerta=== {{shortcut|MOS:ITALQUOTE|}}{{See also|#Quotations}} <section begin="Quotations in italics body"/>Ha u qorin xigashooyinka farta janjeerta. [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation marks|Calaamadaha oraahda]] (ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Block quotations|xigashooyinka waaweyn]]) kaliya ayaa ku filan oo ah qaabka saxda ah ee loogu muujiyo xigashooyinka. Farta janjeerta waa in loo isticmaalo kaliya haddii qoraalka la xigtay uu ka mid yahay waxyaabo marka horeba u baahanaa farta janjeerta.<section end="Quotations in italics body"/> ([[#Italics within quotations|Eeg hoos]]). ===Farta janjeerta ee ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka=== <section begin="Italics within quotations body"/>Isticmaal farta janjeerta ku dhex jira xigashooyinka si aad u soo saarto adkeynta ku jirtay qoraalka asalka ah ama si aad u muujiso isticmaalka erayada aan Soomaaliga ahayn. Adkeynta waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu sameeyo {{tlx|em}}. Haddii aysan caddayn in ilaha asalka ahi ay horey u lahaayeen farta janjeerta (ama qaab kale) oo adkeyn ah, ama si loo muujiyo marka adkeynta aan loo isticmaalin qoraalkii asalka ahaa laakiin dambe lagu daray tifaftirka, ku dar xusuus-qoraalka tifaftirka {{xt|[adkeyntu waa asalka]}} ama {{xt|[adkeynta waa la daray]}}, sida ay u kala horreeyaan, ka dambaysta xigashada. * Tusaale ahaan: {{xt|"Muxuu yiri guda-galka xubintu. Habeen wanaagsan: Iyo {{em|kooxaha malaa'igta}} ha ku heesaan nasashadaada." [adkeyntu waa asalka].}}<section end="Italics within quotations body"/> ===Saamaynta ay ku leedahay calaamadaha hakadka ee dhow=== {{Shortcut|MOS:ITALPUNCT}} Janjeeri kaliya qaybaha jumlada oo ay saameysay adkeyntu. Ha janjeerin calaamadaha hakadka ee dhow. *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|Maxaan ka samaynaynaa {{em|arrintaas?}}}} (Calaamadda su'aashu waxay ku dabaqmeysaa jumlada dhan, ma aha kaliya erayga la adkeeyay ee ''arrintaas'', markaas waa inaysan janjeerin.) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Maxaan ka samaynaynaa {{em|arrintaas}}?}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Afar ka mid ah sheekooyinka ugu caansan Patrick White waa ''A Fringe of Leaves'', ''The Aunt's Story'', ''Voss'', iyo ''The Tree of Man''.}} (Calaamadaha hakadka ee ku dhow, nooca cunsurrada, iyo erayga ''iyo'' ma janjeeraan.) ==Xigashooyinka== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTE}} [[Wikipedia:Non-free content#Guideline examples|Xigashooyinka gaaban ee qoraallada xuqooqda la dhowray]] waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loogu muujiyo dhacdo, loo siiyo macrefe, ama loo tiiriyo aragti ama fikrad gaar ah. Inkastoo xigashooyinku ay yihiin qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah Wikipedia, isticmaalka xad-dhaafka ah kuma habboona uslubta qoraalka encyclopedia-da wuxuuna sababi karaa [[Wikipedia:Copyrights|xukun-jebinta xuqooqda qoraalka]], sidaas darteed badankooda qoraalka waa inuu ku dhex jiraa erayada tifaftiraha oo keliya. Tixgeli dib-u-qorista xigashooyinka si ay u noqdaan qoraal toos ah oo gaaban marka ay habboon tahay (iyadoo la ogaaday in [[Wikipedia:Close paraphrasing|qoraal-mucaawinedka dhow]] uu walillahi xukunkii xudaheeda baabi'in karo). [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Quotations|Ha u qorin xigashooyinka farta janjeerta]] ilaa qoraalku uu farta janjeerta u baahdo sabab kale awgeed. Raiyada [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|siyaasadda xaqiijinta]], xigashooyinka tooska ah {{em|waa in}} ay la socdaan [[WP:INCITE|tixraac ku dhex jira qoraalka]] oo ka yimid [[WP:RS|il lagu kalsoonaan karo]] oo taageeraysa qoraalka. Tani waxay si gaar ah uga muhiimsan tahay maqaallada ku saabsan ama ku dhex jira qoraallada ku saabsan [[WP:BLP|dadka nool ama dhowaan dhintay]]. ===<span class="anchor" id="Principle of minimal change"></span>Qoraalka asalka ah=== {{Shortcut|MOS:PMC|MOS:SIC}} Xigashooyinka waa inay noqdaan kuwo [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|xaqiijin leh]] oo loo tiiriyo ilahooda, qoraalka la xigtayna waa in si dhab ah loo soo saaro. Tani waxaa loo yaqaan {{em|mabda'a beddelka yar}}. Marka ay jirto sabab wanaagsan oo loo beddelo qoraalka, ku dar khaanadaha afkexan [ ] qoraalka la beddelay; tusaale ahaan, {{!xt|"Ocyrhoe wuxuu u sheegay aayihiisa"}} waxaa loo xigan karaa sida {{xt|"Ocyrhoe wuxuu u sheegay [aabihiis] aayihiisa"}}. Makhaadhaa yar oo dhanka higaada ama farta ah waa in si toos ah loo hagaajiyo (tusaale ahaan, hagaaji {{!xt|basicly}} oo u beddel {{xt|basically}}). Haddii ay jirto makhaadhaa muhiim ah qoraalkii asalka ahaa, raaci {{tlx|sic}} (oo soo saaraysa {{sic}}{{hsp}}) si loogu muujiyo in makhaadhaahaas aysan samayn Wikipedia; tusaale ahaan, {{xt|"wareysigiisii uu la yeeshay Dolly Llama {{sic}}"}}. Marka lagu dabaqo qoraal xiriiriye leh, adeegsiga qaab-dhismeedka waxaa loo hagaajin karaa {{tlx|sic|2=nolink=y}} (oo soo saaraysa {{sic|nolink=y}} qoraalka xiriiriyaha leh; tusaale ahaan ku dhex jirta xiriiriyaha: [[Template:Sic|{{sic|nolink=y}} template]]).{{efn|name="sicwarning"|{{tl|Sic}} ma aha in loo isticmaalo dhexda {{tag|ref}} tags, ama ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|qaab-dhismeedyada tixraacyada]] sida [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]] iyo [[Help:Citation Style 2|Citation Style 2]], sababtoo ah wuxuu leeyahay qoraal baabi'inaya [[COinS]] metadata ee ay soo saaraan; eeg [[Wikipedia:COinS]].}} Sababaha saxnaanta iyo tusmo-samaynta awgeed, cinwaannada ilaha tixraaca ma aha in loo hagaajiyo higaadooda, laakiin hagaajinta yar ee farta ah (sida beddelka [[MOS:CURLY|calaamadaha qaloocan]] oo loo beddelo kuwa tooska ah) waxaa loo samayn karaa si toos ah. Tixraacyada ku dhex jira qoraalka la xigtay, ee tilmaamaya ilo aan loo isticmaalin maqaalka Wikipedia, waa in si toos ah loo saaro. Isticmaal [[#Ellipses|saddexda dhibcood (...)]] si aad u muujiso ka-tagista qoraalka la xigtay. Ka-tagista la ogol yahay waxaa ku jira erayada aan loo baahnayn, aan la xiriirin, ama ngo'aanka ku jira, iyo erayada daalka ({{!xt|umm}} iyo {{!xt|hmm}}), laakiin ha ka tagin qoraal marka ka-tagistiisu ay baabi'inayso macnaha muhiimka ah ama ay beddelayso nuxurka qoraalka. Erayada rogaal-celiska ah ama kuwa xun-xun waa in loo muujiyo si sax ah sida ay ka muuqdaan ilaha la xigtay; Tifaftirayaasha Wikipedia waa innaan [[Wikipedia:Offensive material#How to treat offensive material in articles|dhalaalin ama qarin erayada]] ({{!xt|G-d d--n it!}}), laakiin haddii qoraalka la xigtay {{em|aysan}} sidaas sameeynayn, koobiyeey qoraalka si toos ah iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|sic}} si loo muujiyo in qoraalka loo xigtay sida uu ka muuqdo ilaha. Xigashooyinka tooska ah, dhowr higaada gobolka ama taariikhiga ah, harraan xaraf-weynaynta (laakiin ha dhowrin farta duugga ah ama xarfaha isku-dhafan, sida lagu sharraxay hoos ku dhex jirta {{slink||Typographic conformity}}). ===Aragtida ama Mawqifka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTEPOV}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Attributing and specifying biased statements|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Expressions of doubt}} Xigashoda waa in loo isticmaalo, iyadoo la tiirinayo ilaha, si loo soo bandhigo aragtiyo shaqsi ah oo aan lagu muujin karin codka Wikipedia dhexdeeda, laakiin waligeed ma aha si loo soo bandhigo xeerarka dhaqanka sida aragtiyo oo keliya: *La aqbali karo: {{xt|Siskel iyo Ebert waxay filimka ku tilmaameen "mid aan la iloobi karin".}} *Aan la aqbali karin: {{!xt|Boga waxaa loo arkaa "mid ka reebban" qoraallada diinta.}} Aragtiyada gaaban ee aan aadka u xasaasiga ahayn caadi ahaan waxaa lagu soo sheegi karaa iyadoo loo tiiriyo ilaha halkii loo isticmaali lahaa xigasho toos ah. Isticmaalka calaamadaha oraahda ee erayada sharraxaadda leh ee gaaban wuxuu [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Expressions of doubt|muujin karaa nghi ama tuhun]] ku saabsan maaddada la xigtay; sarbeebta ama [[weasel words|erayada daboolan]], sida ''loogu dhex yiri'' ama ''waxaa loogu yeeraa'', waa lagu muujin karaa. *La aqbali karo: {{xt|Siskel iyo Ebert waxay filimka ku tilmaameen mid xiiso leh.}} *Aan loo baahnayn oo muujin kara nghi: {{!xt|Siskel iyo Ebert waxay filimka ku tilmaameen "mid xiiso leh".}} *Waa in la xigto: {{xt|Siskel iyo Ebert waxay filimka ku tilmaameen "mid xiiso leh laakiin xanuun badan".}} ===Waafaqsanaanta farta iyo qoraalka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:CONFORM}} Xigashodu ma aha [[wikt:facsimile|koobi toos ah oo sawir ah]] oo, xaaladaha badankooda, ma aha shuruud in qaabkii asalka ahaa lagu dhowro. Qaabka iyo cunsurrada kale ee farta ee qoraalka la xigtay waa in lagu waafajiyo heshiisyada Wikipedia-da Soomaaliga iyadoo aan la samayn faallo, iyadoo la xaqijiyay in sameynta tan aysan beddeli doonin ama baabi'in doonin macnaha ama inta qoraalka. Kani waa beddel aan samaynayn kala duwanaansho marka qoraalka loo read-gareeyo si toos ah; tusaale ahaan: *Sinnaanta dhex-xariijimaha: eeg {{Section link||Dashes}}. Isticmaal qaabka loo doortay maqaalka: unspaced [[em dash]] ama spaced [[en dash]]. *Beddel calaamadaha sare iyo calaamadaha oraahda oo u beddel qaabka Wikipedia: **Kuwani waa inay noqdaan kuwo toos ah, ma aha kuwo qaloocan. Eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}}. **Marka aad xigtayso xigasho dhexdeeda ay ku dhex jirto xigasho kale, beddel dhexdeeda isticmaalka calaamadaha oraahda ee laba-laabka ah iyo kuwa kelida ah ee xigasho kasta. Eeg {{section link||For a quotation within a quotation}} si aad u ogaato faahfaahinta. *Marka aad xigtayso qoraal ka soo baxay luqadaha kale, calaamadaha hakadka ee ka baxsan waa inay raacaan [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation marks|Hagaha Hab-qoraalka ee calaamadaha oraahda Soomaaliga]]. Haddii ay jiraan xigashooyin dhexda ku jira, raac shuruudaha calaamadaha hakadka ee saxda ah ee luqaddaas. *Ka saar meelaha bannaan ee ka horreeya calaamadaha hakadka sida dhibcaha iyo xiaraanta. *Caadi ahaan sii wad farta buuran iyo janjeerta {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Italics}})}}, laakiin badankooda qaabka kale waa in loo beddelo qoraal toos ah. Qoraalka hoos ka xariiqan, meelaha bannaan ee erayada dhexdisa ah, xarfaha waaweyn oo dhan, iyo wixii la mid ah caadi ahaan waa in loo beddelo qoraal toos ah. Haddii ay caddaynayso adkeyn, isticmaal farta janjeerta ama farta buuran. *Kala bixi gaabinta (aan horey loo isticmaalin qoraalka ka hor xigashada) iyadoo lagu dhex darayo khaanadaha afkexan, ama ku sharrax iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|abbr}}. {{Shortcut|MOS:RETAINQUOTEVARIETY}} {{vanchor|Retain quote variety|text= Laakiin, noocyada luqadda ee gobollada ma aha in loo beddelo, maadaama kuwani ay ku dhex jiri karaan beddelka erayada. Tusaale ahaan, xigasho ka soo baxday ilo British ah waa in ay sii wadato higaada British-ka, xataa maqaal oo haddii kale isticmaala higaada kale. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Consistency within articles}}.)}}}} Nambarada sidoo kale caadi ahaan ma aha in loo qaabaysho si kale. Xigashoda tooska ah ma aha in loo isticmaalo si loo dhowro qaabka uu doorbidayo daabacaha ka baxsan, maadaama kani wuxuu leeyahay saameyn sarbeeb ah: *{{em|La aqbali karo}}: {{xt|Xayawaanka waxaa loo diiwaan geliyay inuu yahay mid halis ku jira maqaalka IUCN.}} *{{em|Aan la aqbali karin}}: {{!xt|Xayawaanka waxaa loo diiwaan geliyay inuu yahay "Halis ku jira" maqaalka IUCN.}} Marka aad xigtayso jumlad dhan, caadi ahaan waxaa lagu taliyaa in erayga ugu horreeya uu sii wado xaraf-weyn. Laakiin, haddii qoraalka la xigtay lagu dhex daray jumlada ku dhow (tusaale ahaan, leh hordhac sida "X wuxuu yiri"), xarafka weyn ee asalka ah waxaa loo beddeli karaa xaraf yar. ===Tiirinta ilaha === Akhristahu waa inuu awoodaa inuu go'aamiyo ilaha xigasho kasta, ugu yaraan ka magaca tixraaca hoose. Ilaha waa in lagu magacaabo {{em|qoraalka maqaalka}} haddii xigashodu ay tahay aragti. Marka aad tiirinayo xigasho, ka fogaaw sharraxaadda foomka eexda leh. ===Xigashooyinka ku dhex jira xigashooyinka=== Eeg {{section link||For a quotation within a quotation}}. ===Isku xirka === {{Shortcut|MOS:LINKQUOTE|MOS:LWQ}} Noqo mid taxaddar leh marka aad isku xirayso ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka; isku xir kaliya bartilmaameedyada u dhigma macnaha caddaynaya ee uu u intent-gareeyay qoraaga xigashoda. Halka ay suurtogal tahay, isku xir qoraalka ka baxsan xigashoda halkii – mid ka hor ama dhowaan ka dambeeya. ===<span class="anchor" id="Block quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka waaweyn=== {{Shortcut|MOS:BQ|MOS:BLOCKQUOTE}} U qaabayso xigashoda dheer (ka badan 40 eray ama ka kooban ka badan hal baaragaraaf) sida [[block quotation]], iyadoo la isticmaalayo qaab-dhismeedka {{tlx|blockquote}}. Qoraalka lagu muujiyay xigashooyinka waaweyn iyo khaanadaha xigashada waa inuusan dhitadiisu noqon mid lagu duubay calaamadaha oraahda. Isticmaal {{tnull|blockquote}} iyo qaab-dhismeedka la midka ah kaliya xigashooyinka dhabta ah; xariijinta sababaha kale waxaa loo sameeyaa foom kale. Waa xeer in lagu hor maro xigashoda weyn jumlad hordhac ah (ama qayb jumlad ah) oo lagu daro tixraaca ilaha xarkaas. Qaab-dhismeedka {{tnull|blockquote}} wuxuu bixiyaa xaddidyo loogu talagalay tiirinta iyo tixraaca oo ka muuqan doona ka hooseeya xigashoda. Xigasho aan lahayn ilo loo tixraacay waa in lagu calaamadeeyo {{tlx|quote without source}}, ama la saaro. ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign-language quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka aan Soomaaliga ahayn=== {{Shortcut|MOS:FOREIGNQUOTE|}} Xigashooyinka ka soo baxday ilaha aan Soomaaliga ahayn waa inay ka muuqdaan turjumaad loo beddeley Af-Soomaali. Xigashooyinka ah turjumaada waa in si toos ah loo kala saaro kuwa aan ahayn. Muuji ilaha asalka ah ee turjumaada, iyo luqadda asalka ah (haddii aysan caddayn xaaladda). Haddii qoraalka asalka ah ee aan la turjumin uu yahay mid la heli karo, bixi tixraac iyada ama ku dar iyada, sida habboon. Marka tifaftirayaashu ay turjumaan qoraal oo loo beddelo Af-Soomaali, daryeel waa in mar walba loo qaado si lagu dhex jiro qoraalka asalka ah, {{em|farta janjeerta dhexdeeda}} (marka laga reebo dhismaha farta aan Laatiinka ahayn, oo ugu wanaagsan lagu sameyo qaab-dhismeedyada {{tlx|lang}} ama {{tlx|langx}}); iyo si loo isticmaalo erayada dhabta ah ee Af-Soomaaliga ee turjumaada dhexdeeda. ==Calaamadaha hakadka== {{Shortcut|MOS:PUNCT}} ===Hakad-koreedka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:'|MOS:APOSTROPHE}} *Isticmaal hakad-koreed toosan (''), ma aha kuwa qaloocan (’). Ha isticmaalin calaamadaha lahjadda ama dhabar-qoryaha (` `) sida hakad-koreedka. *Qaab-dhismeedyada sida hakad-koreedka ama hal xigasho waxay taageero ka helaan marka ay ka muuqdaan bilowga ama dhammaadka qoraalka farta janjeerta ama farta buuran dhexdeedii, sababtoo ah farta janjeerta iyo farta buuran waxaa lagu muujiyaa xigashooyin kelidii ah. **Marka hakad-koreedku uu raaco qoraal farta janjeerta leh, waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si looga fogaado in xarafka ugu dambeeya ee qoraalka dhanka midig uu ku dhago hakad-koreedka. Tusaale: {{xt|shaqooyinka ''Iliad''}} (markup: {{nobreak|<code><nowiki>shaqooyinka ''Iliad''-ka</nowiki>}}}). *Xarfaha u eg hakad-koreedka iyo calaamadaha qaloocan, waa in lagu muujiyo qaab-dhismeedyada u dhigma ama xarfaha Unicode-ka ah ee tooska ah. *Luqadaha leh dhawaaqyada qarxa iyo wixii la mid ah, isticmaal xarfaha saxda ah. *Isticmaalka hakad-koreedka lahaanshaha, eeg qaybta ku xigta. ===Calaamadaha oraahda=== {{Shortcut|MOS:"|MOS:QUOTEMARKS|}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotations}} ====Calaamadaha oraahda toosan==== {{Shortcut|MOS:CQ|MOS:CURLY|MOS:STRAIGHT}} *Isticmaal calaamadaha oraahda toosan (" "), ma aha kuwa qaloocan (“ ”). (Sidoo kale hal xigasho: ' ', ma aha ‘ ’). *Ha isticmaalin calaamadaha lahjadda, dhabar-qoryaha, ama calaamadaha geesaha sida calaamadaha oraahda. ====Laba-laab ama keli==== {{Shortcut|MOS:SINGLE|MOS:DOUBLE|}} *Badankooda xigashooyinku waxay qaataan calaamadaha oraahda laba-laabka ah ({{xt|Welles wuxuu yiri: "Waalidiintu waa tiirka bulshada."}}), marka laga reebo xigashooyinka ku dhex jira xigashooyinka kale. *Noocyada dhirta ee la abuuro waxay qaataan calaamadaha oraahda kelida ah ({{xt|''Malus domestica'' 'Golden Delicious'}}). ====Xigasho ku dhex jirta xigasho==== {{Shortcut|MOS:QWQ|}} Isticmaal xigashooyin keli ah xigashada gudaasheeda: *{{xt|Darwin wuxuu ku qoray hordhaciisa in "xeerka 'de minimis lex non curat' uusan khusayn sayniska".}} ====Bilowga maqaalka==== {{Shortcut|MOS:BOLDQUOTE}} Qoraalka farta buuran ee caadiga ah wuxuu ka muuqdaa bilowga maqaalka: *Calaamad kasta oo oraah ah oo qayb ka mid ah cinwaanka ah waa in ay noqotaa mid buuran sida qaybta kaloo harsan ee cinwaanka. *Calaamadaha oraahda ee {{em|aan}} qayb ka mid ah cinwaanka ahayn ma aha in ay noqdaan kuwo buuran. ====Calaamadaha hakadka ka hor xigashooyinka==== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTEPUNCT}} Haddii qaabdhismeed aan la xigtay oo u dhigma uu shaqayn lahaa naxwaha ahaan iyadoo aan la isticmaalin hakad, adeegsiga hakadka ka hor xigasho oo lagu soo xiray jumlad waa ikhtiyaari: *{{xt|Warbixintu waxay sheegtay "Waxaa jiray dhimis 45% ah heerka gudbinta."}} *{{xt|Warbixintu waxay sheegtay, "Waxaa jiray dhimis 45% ah heerka gudbinta."}} ====Magacyada iyo cinwaannada==== Calaamadaha oraahda waa in loo isticmaalo magacyada iyo cinwaannada soo socda: *Maqaallada iyo cutubyada (buugaagta iyo joornaillada waa farta janjeerta) *Sheekooyinka gaaban *Qaybaha muusigga *Gabayada gaagaaban *Qaybaha kala duwan ee albamyada *Dhacdooyinka gaarka ah ee taxanaha telefishanka iyo raadiyaha ===Khaanadaha=== {{Shortcut|MOS:()|MOS:BRACKETS}} Qaybtan waxay khusaysaa labadaba khaanadaha wareegsan {{xt|(&nbsp;)}}, iyo khaanadaha laba-laabka ah {{xt|[&nbsp;]}}. Haddii jumlad ay ku dhex jirto qaab khaanadeed, dhig calaamadaha hakadka ee jumlada ka baxsan khaanadaha {{xt|(sida halkan lagu muujiyay).}} Khaanadaha laba-laabka ah waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loogu muujiyo beddelka tifaftiraha iyo dhex-gelinta ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka: *Si loo caddeeyo: {{xt|Wuxuu ka qayb galay dugsiga [sare]}}, halkaas oo tani ahayd macnaha la rabay, laakiin nooca dugsiga uusan si cad ugu qornayn jumlada asalka ah. ===Saddexda dhibcood=== {{Shortcut|MOS:...|MOS:ELLIPSIS|}} Isticmaal saddexda dhibcood haddii erayo laga saaray xigashoda, ilaa khaanadaha laba-laabka ah la isticmaalo si loo sharaxo xigashoda. *Adeegso saddex dhibcood oo aan kala banaanayn (<code>...</code>) oo u dhexeeya meelaha bannaan. ===Hakadka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:,|MOS:COMMA}} Lamaanayaasha hakadka waxay kala xiriirin karaan erayo ama weedho ku dhex jira jumlada dhexdeeda. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|John Smith, wiilka Janet Cooper, waa qoraa caan ah oo riwaayadaha ah.}} ===Labada dhibcood=== {{Shortcut|MOS:COLON}} Labada dhibcood waxay soo bandhigaan wax sharraxaya ama caddaynaya waxa ka horreeyay, ama waxay soo bandhigaan liis alaabooyin ah. ===Dhibicda iyo hakadka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:;|MOS:SEMICOLON|}} Dhibicda iyo hakadku waxay u adeegaan in lagu isku xiro laba jumladood oo madax bannaan oo macno ahaan isku xiran, halkii la isticmaali lahaa dhibic ama hakad fudud. ===Xariijinta yar=== {{Shortcut|MOS:-|MOS:HYPHEN}} Xariijinta yar waxay muujisaa xiriir ama isku-xirnaansho u dhexeeya erayada, sida magacyada laba-laabka ah ama erayada la isku daray ee tilmaamayaasha ah. ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} apc4zmg8vuk6hjyjqxtuv6co6p0ejko 310812 310811 2026-10-24T10:51:28Z Isma4l 41797 /* Tixraacyada */ 310812 wikitext text/x-wiki {{MoS guideline|WP:MOS<!-- DO NOT add more shortcuts. None are as short and popular as this one. -->}} '''Haddaha Qaabka''' ('''MoS''' ama '''MOS''') waa [[haddaha qaabka]] ee dhammaan [[Wikipedia:Waa maxay maqaal?|maqaallada]] [[Wikipedia:Soomaali|Wikipedia-ha Soomaaliga]].{{efn|Isku xirka [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility|waxyaabaha la xiriira oo la heli karo]] waxay ku dabaqmaan dhammaan mashruuca, oo ma aha oo kaliya maqaallada.}} Boggan koowaad waxaa taageera [[:Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style|boggag yar oo xeel-dheer]], oo halkan la isku gudbin karo oo lagu tirtiray [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents]]. Haddii ay ka dhalato is-diido, boggani wuxuu leeyahay ka-horreyn.{{efn|name="CONLEVEL"|Kani waa arrin siyaasadeed oo ku saabsan {{section link|Wikipedia:Consensus|Level of consensus}}: "Is-afgaradka ka dhex jira koox xaddidan oo tifaftireyaal ah, hal meel iyo hal maalin, ma baabi'in karo [[Wikipedia:Community consensus|is-afgaradka samaynta]] ee baaxadda weyn. Tusaale ahaan, ilaa ay ka dhaadhiciyaan bulshada balaadhan in aysan sax ahayn, kaqeybgalayaasha WikiProject ma go'aamin karaan in siyaasada ama hagaha Wikipedia uusan ku dabaqmin maqaallada ku dhex jira baaxadeeda." Iyo: "Wikipedia waxay leedahay heer sare oo kaqeybgal iyo is-afgarad ee beddelka siyaasadaha iyo hagayaasha marka loo eego noocyada kale ee boggaga." Boggaga ka hooseeya waxaa ku jira [[:Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style|boggaga MoS-ka ee xeel-dheeraanta]], [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Guide#Advice pages|qoraallada qaabka]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style|Haddaha Qaabka ee Fudud]].}} {{vanchor|Clarity|text=Tifaftireyaal waa inay u qoraan maqaallada iyagoo isticmaalaya luqad toos ah, gaaban, oo fudud in la fahmo. Tifaftireyaal waa inay u dhisaan maqaallada qaabeyn joogto ah oo u sahlanaata akhristaha.}} {{va|Stability|text=Haddii ka badan hal qaab ama foom lagu aamini karo MoS-ka, mid waa in loo isticmaalo madal kasta oo ku dhex jirta maqaalka oo [[#Retaining existing styles|aan la beddelin]] sabab wanaagsan la'aanteed. [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|Tifaftirka dagaalka]] ee ku saabsan doorashooyinka qaabka ma aha mid la accepts karo.{{efn|name="ew"|Arrrimahaani waxaa lagu xalliyay go'aannada [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|Guddiga Garsoorka]] ee [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk#Optional styles|2005]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan#Preferred styles|2006]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Date delinking#Optional styles|2009]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Infoboxes#Use of infoboxes|2015]].}} Qoraal cusub oo lagu daro boggan waa inuu toos u xalliyo arrin qaab oo si joogto ah u soo noqnoqota.}} {{TOC limit|3}} ==Dhonsashada qaababka jira== {{Shortcut|MOS:VAR|MOS:STYLEVAR|MOS:STYLERET}} {{Redirect|MOS:VAR|retention of an article's established national English variety|#National varieties of English|a list of more specific related rules|WP:VARS}} Marna, MOS-ku wuxuu bixiyaa ka badan hal qaab oo la accepts karo ama ma bixiyo hagal gaar ah. Marka ka badan hal qaab la accepts karo, al-fajar ma aha mid habboon in tifaftiraha Wikipedia uu ka beddelo hal qaab oo uu u beddelo mid kale ilaa ay jirto sabab muhiim ah oo beddelka ah.{{efn|name="ArbCom"|Astaanta bilowga ee qoraalkan, eeg go'aannada [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|ArbCom]] ee [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk#Principles|Juun 2005]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/jguk 2#Principles|Nofembar 2005]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan#Principles|2006]].}} [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|Tifaftirka dagaalka]] ee ku saabsan qaabka,{{efn|name="ew"}} ama u adeegsiga qaab dookh ah si [[Wikipedia:Bot policy#Assisted editing guidelines|bot-oo kale ah]] is-afgarad ka hor la'aantiis,{{efn|name="bot-like"|Eeg [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Magioladitis 2#High-speed editing|Go'aanka ArbCom ee 2017]], iyo {{section link|Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser#Rules of use}}; tifaftirka bot-ka oo kale ah oo sii socda inkastoo ay jiraan diidmo ama oo keena makhaadhaa wuxuu keeni karaa [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|xannibaad]] iyo baabi'inta xuquuqaha ku saabsan qalabka semi-automated-ka ah.}} waa [[Wikipedia:Disruptive editing|dhibco ka dhan ah]] oo waligeed ma aha mid la accepts karo. Beddelka aan la xaqijin ee kaaga taagan hal qaab oo la accepts karo, [[#Consistency within articles|oo si joogto ah loo adeegsaday]] ee ku dhex jira maqaal oo loo beddelo qaab kale waa la [[Wikipedia:Reverting|celin karaa]]. Doono [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Opportunities for commonality|fursadaha wadaagga]] si looga fogaado murannada qaabka. Haddii aad rammayso in qaab kale uu ka habboon yahay maqaal gaar ah, doono [[Wikipedia:Consensus|is-afgarad]] iyadoo ku saabsan tan lagula discuss-garaynayo bogga wada-hadalka maqaalka ama{{snd}}haddii ay keento arrin guud ama ku saabsan MoS-ka lakiisa{{snd}}at [[Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style]]. Haddii wada-hadalku uusan keenin is-afgarad beddelka ah, sii wad isticmaalka qaabka horey loo dhisay ee maqaalka. Haddii wada-hadalku uu ku guuldareysto inuu gaaro wax is-afgarad ah oo ku saabsan midka laba ama ka badan qaab oo tartamaya oo la isticmaalayo, markaas dib u noqo qaabkii loo isticmaalay nooca ugu horreeyay ee ka dambeeya [[Wikipedia:Stub|qabyada]] maqaalka oo uu ka muuqday mid ka mid ah qaababka ku dabaqmaya. (Mawqifkan dib-u-noqoshada ah ma siiyo [[WP:UNCHALLENGED|darajo aan la tartami karin]] qaabkaas gaarka ah inta lagu jiro wada-hadalka is-afgaradka, mana siiyo tifaftiraha soo impose-garaysay qaabkaas ugu horreeyay [[Wikipedia:Ownership of content|wax ka badan]] wada-hadalka.) ==Mawduucyada maqaalka, qaybaha, iyo madaxyada== {{Shortcut|MOS:AT}} ===Mawduucyada maqaalka=== Mawduucu waa inuu noqdo magac la aqoonsan karo ama sifaynta mawduuca, isagoo maareynaya shuruudaha ah inuu yahay mid asalka ah, si ku filan oo sax ah, gaaban, oo joogto ah oo la mid ah maqaallada la xiriira. Hagaha qaabaynta eeg qaybta ku saabsan qaabka cinwaanka maqaalka, isagoo xusaya kuwa soo socda: *U qor xaraf yar xarafka ugu horreeya ee erayga labaad (marka laga reebo xaaladaha dhifka ah, sida eBay), laakiin haddii kale raac habka weedha (maalgelinta mashaariicda UNESCO), ma aha habka cinwaanka (Maalgelinta Mashaariicda UNESCO), marka laga reebo halka habka cinwaanka loo isticmaali lahaa qoraalka caadiga ah. *Si aad u qorto farta janjeerta, ku dar qaab-dhismeedka farta janjeerta ee cinwaanka dhowr sare oo maqaalka ah. Si aad farta janjeerta ugu qorto kaliya qayb ka mid ah mawduuca, ku dar xadka string ee qoraalka gaarka ah ee lagu qorayo farta janjeerta. Isticmaalka farta janjeerta waa inuu u dhigmaa habka farta janjeerta. *Ha isticmaalin qodobada madaahibta ah sida xarafka ugu horreeya, ilaa ay tahay qayb aan la kala saari karin oo magaca ka mid ah ama mawduuca shaqa. *Caadi ahaan isticmaal magacyada ama weedhaha magaca ah: Noloshiisii hore, ma aha Nolosha siisay ee hore. *Xarafka ugu dambeeya waa inuusan noqon calaamad ilaahiyad ilaa uu yahay qayb aan la kala saari karin oo magaca ka mid ah ama gaabinta, ama marka xiritaanka ngo'aanka wareegga ama calaamadda oraahda loo baahan yahay. *Markasta oo calaamadaha oraahda ama noocyada hakad-koreedka oo kale ay ka muuqdaan, ku dar dib-u-luqad mawduuc caddaynaya oo isticmaalaya hakad-koreed. Labadaba ha ka sareeyaan iyo kuwa cinwaannada maqaalka, qaybaha kale ee hagaha hab-qoraalka, gaar ahaan calaamadaha hakadka, waxay ku dabaqmaan sidoo kale mawduuca. ===Agaasimaha qaybta=== {{Shortcut|MOS:SO}} Mawduuca maqaalka waa inuu ku bilaabmaa qaybta hordhaca ah{{snd}}gaabinta kooban ee maqaalka{{snd}}oo aan waligeed loo kala saarin qaybo. Qaybta hartay ee maqaalka waxaa caadi ahaan loo kala saaraa qaybo. Khaanadaha macluumaadka, sawirrada, iyo mawduucyada kale ee la xiriira qaybta hordhaca ah waa inay noqdaan kuwo dhanka midig ah. Calaamadaha qaarkood ee qaab-dhismeedyada iyo wikitext oo aan ahayn qaybo waxay ka sarreeyaan inta ugu dambaysa maqaalka, ka hor mawduuca qaybta hordhaca ah, iyo siday u kala horreeyaan: *Sharraxaad gaaban, oo leh qaab-dhismeedka sharraxaadda gaaban *Fariinta disambiguation-ka (hatnote), waqtiga badankiisa oo leh qaab-dhismeedka fariinta *Qaab-dhismeedyada aan lahayn soo-saarka oo muujinaya foomka taariikhda dhisan ee maqaalka iyo nooca luqadda Soomaaliga, haddii ay jiraan *Qaab-dhismeedyada dayactirka ee boodhadhka ah, doodaha iyo qaab-dhismeedyada nadiifinta ee arrimaha maqaalka oo dhan oo la calaamadeeyay *Khaanadda macluumaadka, oo ah dookh (marka laga reebo xaaladaha gaarka ah, ama nooc ka mid ah, maqaallada ku dabaqmaya); caadi ahaan sidoo kale waxaa ku jira sawirka ugu horreeya *Sawirka hordhaca ah, marka khaanad macluumaad aan la isticmaalin, ama sawir dheeraad ah loo baahan yahay qaybta hordhaca ah (haddii hordhacu u yahay mid aad u dheer, sawir labaad waxaa lagu lagi karaa dhexda qoraalka hordhaca ah) Nooca muuqaalka maqaalka, tusmada maqaalka waa mid ka mid ah oo ka baxsan mawduuca maqaalka. Noocyada hore qaarkood, tusmada la mari karo waxay ka muuqataa si otomaatig ah ka dambaysa hordhaca haddii maqaalku leeyahay ugu yaraan afar madax oo qaybo ah. Haddii mawduuca qaybi uu ku jiraa si xeel-dheer oo dheeraad ah maqaal gaar ah, ku dar qaab-dhismeedka maqaalka weyn ama maqaalka dheeraadka ah isla markiiba ka hooseeya madaxa qaybta. Sida lagu sharraxay si xeel-dheer habka agaasimaha maqaalka, noocyo dhowr ah oo maaddooyinka ah waxay ka muuqan karaan ka dambaysa qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee maqaalka, siday u kala horreeyaan: *Buugaagta ama shaqaalaha kale ee lagu abuuray mawduuca maqaalka, ka hooseeya madaxa qaybta "Saddexaha", "Daabacaadaha", "Aaladaha Muusigga", "Filimada", iyo wixii la mid ah sida habboon *Isku xirka hoose ee maqaallada la xiriira ee Wikipedia-ha Soomaaliga, oo leh madaxa qaybta "Eeg sidoo kale" *Xusuus-qoraallada iyo tixraacyada, oo leh madaxa qaybta "Xusuusin" ama "Tixraacyo" (caadi ahaan ka dambeeya), ama qayb gaar ah oo loogu talagalay mid kasta *Buugaagta la xiriira, maqaallada, ama shaqaalaha kale ee aan loo isticmaalin sida tixraacyada; isticmaal madaxa qaybta "Akhris dheeraad ah"; noqo mid si sare ah loo doortay, maadaama Wikipedia aysan ahayn buugga tixraaca *Websaydhada la xiriira iyo kuwo habboon ee aan loo isticmaalin sida tixraacyada oo aan ka muuqan qaybaha hore, isticmaalka madaxa "Xiriirinta dhiillada", oo loo sameyn karo qayb ka hooseysa "Akhris dheeraad ah" *Waxyaabaha ugu dambeeya ee soo socda waligeed ma qaataan madaxyada qaybaha: **Isku xirka hoose oo lagu aaggaaday khaanadaha u gobolka **Metadata ee maamulka kantaroolka, haddii loo baahdo **Qeeybaha, oo waa inay noqdaan maaddada ugu dambaysa ee koodha maqaalka haddii aysan jirin qaab-dhismeedyada stubs-ka **Qaab-dhismeedyada stubs-ka, haddii loo baahdo, oo waa inay raacaan qeeybaha Maqaallada liiska ah ee gaarka ah waxay leeyihiin waxyaabo dheeraad ah oo agaasimaha ah. ===Madaxyada qaybaha=== {{Shortcut|MOS:HEAD|MOS:HEADINGS}} Madaxyada qaybaha waa inay caadi ahaan raacaan hagaha cinwaannada maqaalka ee sare oo ay ku muuqdaan habka weedha (Maalgelinta mashaariicda UNESCO ee waddanka), ma aha habka cinwaanka (Maalgelinta Mashaariicda UNESCO ee Waddanka). Dhammaan madaxyada waa inay ku dhex jiraan xarkooda gaarka ah, oo ay ka horreyso presely hal xar oo eber ah, oo ay raacdo mid ka mid ah hal xar ama aan lahayn xar eber ah. Ha u isticmaalin si xun liiska sharraxaadda markup ("<code>;</code>") si aad u abuurto madax foorfe ah. Sida arrin qaab oo joogto ah, madaxyada qaybuhu waa inaynaan: {{Shortcut|MOS:SECTIONSTYLE|MOS:NOBACKREF}} *si turjumaad ah dib ugu tixraacin mawduuca maqaalka, t.s., Noloshiisii hore, ma aha Nolosha Cabdi ee hore *tixraacin madax heer sare ah, ilaa aad sameyso ay tahay mid gaaban ama caddayn badan *noqon kuwo la nambareeyay ama xarfo leh sida outline *noqon kuwo loo sameeyay sida su'aal, t.s., Luqadaha, ma aha Maxaa luqado ah oo lagu hadlaa? *isticmaalin luga ama farta aan caadiga ahayn oo keeni kara arrimaha lagu heli karo *noqon kuwo lagu duubay markup, sida farta buuran iyo janjeerta, oo baabi'in kara muujintooda oo keeni kara arrimo kale oo lagu heli karo ====Wikimarkup==== Sababo tignoolajiyada ah, madaxyada qaybuhu waa inay noqdaan kuwo gaar ah oo ku dhex jira maqaal (si isqu xirka qaybta uu u shaqeeyo) oo waa inaynaan ku dhex jirin: *isqu xirka, xataa haddii kaliya qayb ka mid ah madaxa la isku xiray *xigashooyinka ama xusuus-qoraallada *math markup *sawirrada ama calaamadaha yaryar Xaddidaadahani waa kuwo lagu khasbay si looga fogaado tignoolajiyada dhibco leh oo ma aha kuwo la baabi'in karo is-afgaradka maxalliga ah ama hagayaasha aan ku habboonayn. Wadaagga qaab-dhismeedka waa in sidoo cuali ahaan looga fogaadaa madaxyada qaybaha, sababtoo ah waxay keenaan koodha asalka ah ee baaqida qaab-dhismeedka inuu ka muuqdo isqu xirka lagu daray gaabinta tifaftirka; gujinta isqu xirkaas ka muuqda taariikhda bogga ma keeni doonto qaybta loo baahan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, marka lagu darayo isqu xirka anchor madaxyada, mar walba beddel qaab-dhismeedka gudaha madaxa: <code>== <!-- -->{{#if:Magaca celinta|<span id="{{anchorencode:Magaca celinta}}"></span><!-- -->{{#if:|<span id="{{anchorencode:}}"></span><!-- -->{{#if:|<span id="{{anchorencode:}}"></span><!-- -->{{#if:|<span id="{{anchorencode:}}"></span><!-- -->{{#if:|<span id="{{anchorencode:}}"></span><!-- -->{{#if:|<span id="{{anchorencode:}}"></span><!-- -->{{#if:|<span id="{{anchorencode:}}"></span><!-- -->{{#if:|<span id="{{anchorencode:}}"></span><!-- -->{{#if:|<span id="{{anchorencode:}}"></span><!-- -->{{#if:|<span id="{{anchorencode:}}"></span><!-- -->{{#if: |<span class="error">[[Template:Anchors]]: Waxaa jira ku ka mid ah la xulay, kan ugu fog waa toban</span><!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} Cinwaanka qaybta ==</code> <code>== Cinwaanka qaybta ==</code> Xusuus-qoraallada la qariyay oo tixraacaya madaxa qayb ama qayb oo dhan waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu lago xar ka hooseysa madaxa. Waxaa sidoo kale lagu lagi karaa ku dhex jira xarkooda oo kale sida madaxa, laakiin xaaladaas waa inay noqdaan kuwo gudaha <code>==&nbsp;==</code> markup: <code>== Saamaynta ==</code> <code><!--Astaantan si sax ah ayaa loo dhigay.--></code> <code>== Saamaynta<!--Astaantan si wanaagsan ayay u shaqaynaysaa.--> ==</code> <code>== <!--Astaantan si wanaagsan ayay u shaqaynaysaa.-->Saamaynta ==</code> ====Anchors==== Ka hor inta aanad beddelin madax, tixgeli in aad baabi'inayso isqu xirka jira oo ku dhex jira. Haddii ay jiraan isqu xirka badan oo u socda mawduuca hore, abuur anchor oo leh mawduucaas si loo xaqijiyo in kuwani ay sii shaqeeyaan. Sidoo kale, marka lagu isqu xirayo qayb, ka tag xusuus-qoraal aan la arki karin madaxa qaybta bartilmaameedka, iyadoo lagu magacaabayo maqaallada isqu xirka leh, si haddii madaxa dambe loo beddelo kani si fudud loo hagaajin karo, ama kale anchor kale loo abuurayo haddii ay jiraan kuwo badan. Tusaale ahaan: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == {{subst:Anchor|Natiijooyinka}} Saamaynta == <!-- "Faarax" iyo "Cali" waxay halkan u xiriirinayaan. --> </syntaxhighlight> oo lagu kaydin doono maqaalka sida: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == <span class="anchor" id="Natiijooyinka"></span> Saamaynta == <!-- "Faarax" iyo "Cali" waxay halkan u xiriirinayaan. --> </syntaxhighlight> Faa'iidada isticmaalka anchor beddelan, ama kaliya la dhex gelinayo span tags-ka toos, waa in marka tifaftirka loo sameeyo qaybta mustaqbalka, anchor-ku ma lagu dhex jiri doono taariikhda bogga sida qayb ka mid ah magaca qaybta. Marka la dhex gelinayo span toos, ha gaabin iyadoo la isticmaalayo tag-ka self-closing. ====Mawduuca oo kale madaxa==== Hagaha sare ee madaxyada qaybaha, gaar ahaan habka weedha, turjumaad, sawirrada iyo su'aalaha, sidoo kale wuxuu ku dabaqmaa madaxyada taarikada (iyo noocyada taarikada iyo xarrada). Laakiin, madaxyada taarikada waxay ku dhex jiri karaan xigashooyinka oo waxay ku bilaaban karaan, ama noqon karaan, nambara. Unka madaxyada bogga, madaxyada taarikada ma samayn karaan si otomaatig ah anchors-ka isqu xirka. ==Noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga== {{Shortcut|MOS:ENGVAR}} Noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga (tusaale ahaan, kala duwanaanshaha erayada ama naxwaha ee gobollada ka jira) waxay bixiyaan macluumaad ku saabsan kala duwanaanshaas. Dhammaan noocyada gobollada ama noocyada heerka ee Af-Soomaaliga waa kuwo la aqbali karo oo siman Wikipedia-da Soomaaliga, iyada oo la isticmaalayo uslub rasmi ah oo maqaallada u gaar ah ([[Register (sociolinguistics)|weeraral rami ah]] ama astaanta luqadda). Qaabka taariikhda ee maqaalka ({{xt|{{#time: F j, Y}}}} ama {{xt|{{#time: j F Y}}}}) wuxuu sidoo kale la xiriiraa noocyada gobollada ee Af-Soomaaliga {{snd}}eeg {{Section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|Strong national ties to a topic|Retaining existing format}}. === <span class="anchor" id="Internal consistency"></span>Joogteynta ku dhex jirta maqaallada<!-- When renaming this section title, rename the full link at [[Wikipedia:Consistency]] --> === {{Shortcut|MOS:ARTCON|MOS:CONSISTENT}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Variation in citation methods|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Retaining existing format}} Xeerarka nooc gaar ah oo Af-Soomaali caadifad ah waa in loo raaco si joogto ah ku dhex jirta maqaalka gaarka ah. Waxyaabaha ka baxsan waxaa ku jira: *'''Xigashooyinka''' iyo '''cinwaannada buugaagta ama hawlaha''' (sida buugaagta, filimada, iyo muusigga) waa in loo qoraa sida ay ka muuqdaan ilaha tixraaca. Laakiin, waxaa jira xaalado qaarkood oo leexanaya mabda'an si loo dhowro heerka qaab-qoraalka ee alifbeetada encyclopedia-ha dhan. {{crossref|Eeg {{section link||Typographic conformity}}.}} *'''Magacyada u gaarka ah''' waxay isticmaalaan qoraalka mawduuca ama lahaanshaha u gaarka ah, tusaale ahaan, {{xt|United States Department of Defense}} iyo {{xt|Australian Defence Force}}; {{xt|International Labour Organization}}<!--This example is here because it uses -our and -ization at the same time; it is Oxford spelling.-->. *Maqaallada ku saabsan mawduucyada la xiriira kimistariga, foomka heerka caalamiga ah ee higaada {{xt|aluminium}}, {{xt|sulfur}}, {{xt|caesium}} (iyo erayada ka soo baxa) waa in loo isticmaalo iyadoo aan loo eegin nooca luqadda ee looga adeegsado maqaalka. {{crossref|Eeg {{section link|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (chemistry)|Element names}}.}} ===Fursadaha wadaagga ama isku-duubnida=== {{shortcut|MOS:COMMONALITY}} Si loogu talagalay encyclopedia caalamiga ah, isticmaalka erayada wadaagga ah ee dhammaan noocyada Af-Soomaaliga waa mid ka wanaagsan. *Isticmaal erayada si caalami ah loo aqbalay halkii kuwa aan aad loo fidin, gaar ahaan cinwaannada. Tusaale ahaan, [[Glasses|{{xt|muraayado}}]] ayaa ka wanaagsan noocyada gobollada ee gaarka ah; [[Ten million|{{xt|toban milyan}}]] ayaa ka wanaagsan [[crore|{{!xt|hal crore}}]]. *Haddii kala duwanaansho higaadeed uu ka muuqdo cinwaan, samee bogga [[Wikipedia:Redirect|reer-itusaale (sidetrack/redirect)]] si loogu talagalay kuwa kale, sida ku dhex jirta [[artefact]] iyo [[artifact]], si dhammaan noocyada loo isticmaali karo raadinta iyo isku xirka. *Erayada ku kala duwan noocyada luqadda, ama leh macnayaal kala duwan, waxaa lagu [[Gloss (annotation)#In linguistics|u xaqiijin karaa faahfaahinta (gloss)]] si looga fogaado is-dhaafsiga ama jahawareerka, tusaale ahaan, {{xt|qaybta dambe ee baabuurta (trunk ama boot)&nbsp;...}}. *Isticmaal eray ama weedh si caadi ah loo fahmo iyada oo ka wanaagsan mid leh macno kale sababtoo ah kala duwanaanshaha gobollada (halkii {{!xt|alternate}}, isticmaal {{xt|alternative}} ama {{xt|alternating}}, sida habboon), marka laga reebo xaaladaha tignoolajiyada ama cilmiga halka beddelkaas uu noqon lahaa mid aan habboonayn ({{xt|alternate leaves}}; {{xt|alternate law}}). *Marka ay jiraan wax ka badan hal nooc oo higaad ah oo ka dhex jira heerka caadiga ah ee luqadda, nooca ugu caansan ee hadda la isticmaalo waa in caadi ahaan ka wanaagsanaado, marka laga reebo halka higaada yar ay leedahay isticmaal gaar ah oo xaalad xeel-dheer ah, tusaale ahaan, ''connexion'' ku dhex jirta [[Connexionalism|Methodist connexionalism]]. ===Xiriirka gobolka ama qaranka ee xoogga leh ee mawduuca=== {{Shortcut|MOS:TIES}} Maqaal ku saabsan mawduuc leh xiriir xooggan oo u socda waddan ama gobol]] gaar ah waa inuu isticmaalaa heerka luqadda rasmiga ah (ee ma aha colloquial/afka wadada) ee gobolkaas ama qarankaas. Tusaale ahaan: Mawduucyada leh xiriir xooggan oo u socda [[Commonwealth of Nations]], ama waddamo badan oo Commonwealth ah ama dhulalkii hore ee British-ka, isticmaal higaada British-ka. ===Dhowrida nooca jira=== {{Shortcut|MOS:RETAIN}} Marka nooc gaar ah [[#Consistency within articles|isticmaalkiisa joogtada ah]] lagu dhisay maqaal, sii wad iyada oo aan la helin is-afgarad ka dhan ah. Kaliya xaaladaha gaarka ah (sida marka mawduuc uu leeyahay [[#Strong national ties to a topic|xiriir gobol ama qaran oo xooggan]], ama beddelku wuxuu yareeyaa is-dhaafsiga) ayaa ay jirtaa sabab shaqaynaysa oo loo beddelo ka mid ah dookha la aqbali karo oo loo beddelo mid kale. {{va|FPSR|FMC|text=Marka aan la dhisin nooc gaar ah oo wada-hadalku uusan xallin arrinta, isticmaal nooca ka muuqda nooca ugu horreeyay ee ka dambeeya [[Wikipedia:Stub|qabyada (stub)]] oo soo bandhigay nooc la aqoonsan karo. Waxa ka baxsan tan waa [[#Retain quote variety|ha beddelin nooca luqadda ee ku dhex jira xigasho]].}} Nooca lagu dhisay maqaal gaar ah waxaa lagu qoraa iyadoo lagu dhex darayo [[:Category:Use English templates|tampaallada Use X English]] ee habboon bogga maqaalka. Tampaallada [[:Category:Varieties of English templates|nooca luqadda ee habboon]] sidoo kale waxaa lagu dhejin karaa bogga wada-hadalka ee maqaalka. Maqaal waa inuusan noqon mid la tifaftiro ama magaca loo beddelo kaliya si looga beddelo hal nooc oo luqad ah oo loo beddelo mid kale. Tampaalka {{tlxs|uw-engvar}} waxaa lagu dhejin karaa bogga wada-hadalka tifaftiraha si loogu sharraxo tan. ==Xarfo-waweynaynta== Cinwaannada maqaallada Wikipedia iyo cinwaannada qaybaha waxay isticmaalaan habka weedha, ma aha habka cinwaanka. Xaraf-weynaynta alaabta liiska ku jirta, eeg habka liisaska. Qodobbada kale ee ku saabsan xaraf-weynaynta waxaa si kooban loogu dhex muujiyay hoos. Macluumaadka buuxa waxaa lagu heli karaa maqaalka xarfo-weynaynta. Qodobka ugu muhiimsan ayaa ah in Wikipedia aysan xaraf-weynaynayn eray ilaa uu si joogto ah xaraf-weyn ugu yahay badankooda ilaha lagu kalsoonaan karo ee madax-bannaan. ===Xaraf-weynaynta ''Ee''=== Caadi ahaan, ha xaraf-weynayn erayga ''the'' dhexda jumlada. Reebanaanta caadiga ah waxaa ku jira magacyada u gaarka ah ee qaarkood iyo badankooda cinwaannada hawlaha abuurka ah (sida {{xt|Tolkien wuxuu qoray ''The Lord of the Rings''}}{{snd}}laakiin ogaada in ''the'' aysan noqon karin qayb ka mid ah cinwaanka ee lagu qoro, t.s., {{xt|Homer wuxuu tiriyay ''Odyssey''}}). Waxaa jira tixgelinno gaar ah oo loo sameeyo magacyada kooxaha muusigga, magacyada hay'adaha, magac-u-yaallada, iyo summadaha ganacsiga. ===Cinwaannada hawlaha=== Cinwaannada luqadda Soomaaliga ama Ingiriisiga ee qoraallada (buugaagta iyo hawlaha kale ee qoraalka, noocyada iyo hawlaha kale ee codka, filimada iyo hawlaha kale ee muuqaalka ah, sawirrada iyo hawlaha kale ee fanka, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxaa loo bixiyaa habka cinwaanka, halka eray kasta loo siiyo xaraf-weyn bilowga marka laga reebo erayada qaarkood oo yar oo muhiim ah. Erayada ugu horreeya iyo kuwa ugu dambeeya ee cinwaanka mar walba waa kuwo xaraf-weyn leh. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|''An Eye for an Eye''}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|''Worth the Fighting For''}} Xaraf-weynaynta cinwaannada aan Soomaaliga ahayn waa ay kala duwan tahay, xataa waqti ka waqti isla luqadda dhexdeeda; caadi ahaan, dhowr qaabka asalka ah ee hawlaha cusub, oo raac isticmaalka ka muuqda ilaha lagu kalsoonaan karo ee hadda ee hawlaha taariikhiga ah. Marka lagu qoro alfabeta Laatiinka, badankooda waxyaabahaani waa inay sidoo meelaha kale ku jiraan farta janjeerta, ama lagu duubo calaamadaha oraahda. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|{{lang|fr|Les Liaisons dangereuses}}}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|"{{lang|de|italics=no|Hymnus an den heiligen Geist}}"}} ===Tayooyinka iyo xilalka dadka=== *'''Isticmaalka guud''', isticmaal xaraf yar erayada sida ''madaxweyne'', ''boqor'', iyo ''imbiraadoor'' ({{xt|De Gaulle wuxuu ahaa madaxweyne Faransiis ah}}; {{xt|Louis XVI wuxuu ahaa boqor Faransiis ah}}; {{xt|Saddex ra'iisul wasaare ayaa ka soo qayb galay shirka}}). *'''Toos ka hor magaca dadka''', erayadaas waxay ka bilaabanayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|Madaxweyne Obama}}, ma aha {{!xt|madaxweyne Obama}}). Magacyada heerka caadiga ah ama caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo ee xilka ama doorka waxaa loo maareeyaa sida magacyada u gaarka ah ({{xt|David Cameron wuxuu ahaa Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Biritain}}; {{xt|Hirohito wuxuu ahaa Imbiraadoorkii Jabaan}}; {{xt|Louis XVI wuxuu ahaa Boqorkii Faransiiska}}). Titoolinka ama doorka boqortooyada waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|Her Majesty}}; {{xt|His Highness}}); reebanaantu waxay ku dabaqmi kartaa xilal gaar ah. ===Diimaha, ilaahyada, falsafadaha, iyo caqiidooyinka=== *'''Diimaha, kooxaha, iyo kaniisadaha''' iyo taageerayaashooda (foomka magaca ama tilmaamaha) waxay ka bilaabanayaan xaraf-weyn. Caadi ahaan, "the" ma aha xaraf-weyn ka hor magacyadaas ({{xt|the Unitarians}}, ma aha {{!xt|The Unitarians}}). *'''Qoraallada diinta''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn, laakiin badanaa ma aha farta janjeerta ({{xt|the Bhagavad Gita}}, {{xt|the Quran}}, {{xt|the Talmud}}, {{xt|the Granth Sahib}}, {{xt|the Bible}}). Ha u qorin xaraf-weyn "the" marka aad u isticmaalayso foomkan. Tilmaamaha qaarkood oo ka soo baxa waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn heshiis ahaan, qaarkoodna ma qaataan; haddii aad u baahato hubaal, eeg qaamuuska. *'''Tayooyinka iyo magacyada sharafta ee ilaahyada''', ku dhex jira magacyada u gaarka ah iyo tayooyinka, waxay ka bilaabanayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|God}}, {{xt|Allah}}, {{xt|the Lord}}, {{xt|the Supreme Being}}, {{xt|the Great Spirit}}, {{xt|the Horned One}}, {{xt|Bhagavan}}). Ha u qorin xaraf-weyn "the" xaaladahaas ama marka aad tixraacayso dadka waaweyn ee diinta ama shakhsiyaadka khayalka ah/asraarta ah ({{xt|the Prophet}}, {{xt|the Messiah}}, {{xt|the Virgin}}). Magacyada guud ee ilaahyada iyo shakhsiyaadka diinta ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|many gods}}; {{xt|the god Woden}}; {{xt|saints and prophets}}). *'''Magac-u-yaallada shakhsiyaadka cibaadada ama Ilaah''' ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn, xataa haddii xaraf-weyn lagu qoro qoraallada diinta ({{xt|God and his will}}). *'''Qaybaha waaweyn ee mukhluuqaadka khayalka ah''' waxay ka bilaabanayaan xarfo yar ({{xt|elf}}, {{xt|fairy}}, {{xt|nymph}}, {{xt|unicorn}}, {{xt|angel}}), inkastoo hawlaha khayalka ah, sida buugaagta [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] iyo ciyaaraha fiidiyowga qaarkood, xarfaha waaweyn ee bilowga ah marmar loo isticmaalo si loogu muujiyo in mukhluuqaadku ay samaynayaan dhaqan ama irsi dhex jira caalamka khayalka ah. U qor xaraf-weyn magacyada ama tayooyinka mukhluuqaadka gaarka ah ({{xt|the Minotaur}}, {{xt|Pegasus}}) iyo kooxaha oo magacooda iyo xubnahoodu ay yihiin kuwo go'an ({{xt|the Magi, or the Three Wise Men}}, {{xt|the Furies}}). Tixraacyada guud ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn ({{xt|these priests}}; {{xt|several wise men}}; {{xt|cherub-like}}). *'''Matalaadaha ama dhacdooyinka ruuxiga ah iyo kuwa diinta''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn kaliya marka la tixraacayo dhacdooyin gaar ah ama waqtiyo gaar ah ({{xt|the Great Flood}} iyo {{xt|the Exodus}}; laakiin {{xt|annual flooding}} iyo {{xt|an exodus of refugees}}). *'''Falsafadaha, aragtiyaha, dhaqdhaqaaqyada, iyo caqiidooyinka''' waxay isticmaalaan xarfo yar ilaa magacu ka soo baxo magac u gaar ah ({{xt|capitalism versus Marxism}}) ama uusan noqon magac u gaar ah ({{xt|republican}}, oo ah dhismaha fikirka siyaasadda; {{xt|Republican}}, oo ah xisbi siyaasadeed). Isticmaal xarfo yar mawduucyada caqiidooyinka ama fikirka diinta ee heerka caadiga ah (oo ka soo horjeeda dhacdooyinka gaarka ah), xataa haddii xaraf-weyn lagu qoro taageerayaasha diinta qaarkood ({{xt|virgin birth}}, {{xt|original sin}}, {{xt|transubstantiation}}). *'''Platonic ama fikradaha sare''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn xaaladda caqiidada falsafadda ({{xt|Truth}}, {{xt|the Good}}); marka loo isticmaalo si dhumuc leh, waxay ku dhex jiraan xarfo yar ({{xt|Superman represents American ideals of truth and justice}}). Isticmaal xarfo waaweyn marka fanka lagu qofeeyo ama lagu heellaniyo fikradaha ({{xt|the guidebook mentioned statues of Justice and Liberty}}). *'''Eponym-s (erayada ka soo baxay magacyada dadka)''' waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn ([[Edwardian era|{{xt|Edwardian}}]], [[De Morgan's laws|{{xt|De Morgan's laws}}]], [[Alice in Wonderland syndrome|{{xt|Alice in Wonderland syndrome}}]], [[Plaster of Paris|{{xt|plaster of Paris}}]], [[Platonic idealism|{{xt|Platonic idealism}}]], [[Draconian constitution|{{xt|Draconian constitution of Athens}}]]), marka laga reebo isticmaalka sanfada ama maahmaahda ah oo ka baxsan xaaladda asalka ah oo caadi ahaan xarfo yar ku dhex jira ilaha tixraaca ([[Platonic relationship|{{xt|a platonic relationship}}]]; {{xt|complained of draconian workplace policies}}).{{efn|name=eponyms|1=Waxaa jira waxyaabo yar oo dheeraad ah oo ka baxsan xaraf-weynaynta eponyms-ka, halka eraygu leeyahay xeer xooggan oo ah xarfo yar, t.s., lagu doorbido foomkaas badankooda qaamuustada waaweyn. Tusaale ahaan, {{xt|parkinsonian}} wuxuu sharraxaa bukaan muujinaya astaamaha [[Parkinson's disease|{{xt|Parkinson's disease}}]]. Dhexdeeda carabiga/higgaada isticmaalka erayada [[Linguistic latinisation|{{xt|latinize}}]], [[Romanisation|{{xt|romanize}}]], iyo [[Anglicization|{{xt|anglicize}}]] waxay sii kordhayaan xarfo yar, iyo {{xt|italic[s]}} ku dhex jirta farta mar walba waa xarfo yar.}} Weedha dhan oo uu eponym ku yahay tilmaame ma aha xaraf-weyn marka laga reebo marka weedha dhitadeedu tahay magac u gaar ah (t.s., cinwaanka hawl la daabacay: [[The China Syndrome|{{xt|''The China Syndrome''}}]]). ===Astaamaha kalandarka=== *'''Bilsashada (bilo), maalmaha toddobaadka, iyo fasaxyada''' waxay ka bilaabanayaan xaraf-weyn ({{xt|June}}, {{xt|Monday}}; {{xt|the Fourth of July}} wuxuu tixraacaa kaliya Maalinta Xorriyadda Mareykanka{{snd}}haddii kale {{xt|July 4}} ama {{xt|4 July}}). *'''Xilliyada''' waxay ku dhex jiraan xarfo yar ({{xt|her last summer}}; {{xt|the winter solstice}}; {{xt|spring fever}}), marka laga reebo marka fanka ama suugaanta lagu qofeeyo ama magacyada u gaarka ah ee waqtiyada ama dhacdooyinka ({{xt|Old Man Winter}}; {{xt|competed on the Spring Circuit}}). ===Dadka, xayawaanka, dhirta, iyo noolaha kale=== {{Shortcut|MOS:LIFE}} Marka la isticmaalayo '''[[Taxonomy (biology)|magacyada taksonomiga ("sayniska")]]''', u qor xaraf-weyn iyo farta janjeerta (italics) genus-ka: {{xt|''Berberis''}}, {{xt|''Erithacus''}}. (Supergenus iyo subgenus, marka ay ku dabaqmaan, waxaa loo maareeyaa sidaas oo kale.) Janjeeri laakiin ha u qorin xaraf-weyn heerarka taksonomiga ee species-ka (noocyada) iyo ka hooseeya: {{xt|''Berberis darwinii''}}, {{xt|''Erithacus rubecula superbus''}}, {{xt|''Acacia coriacea'' subsp. ''sericophylla''}}; ma jiraan reebanaanno loo sameeyay magacyada u gaarka ah oo qayb ka ah magacyada sayniska. Taxa-ga sare (order, family, iyo wixii la mid ah) waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn Laatiinka ({{xt|Carnivora}}, {{xt|Felidae}}) laakiin ma qaataan udhigmaadka Soomaaliga ama Ingiriisiga ({{xt|carnivorans}}, {{xt|felids}}); ma aha janjeer labada foomba, marka laga reebo fayrasyada, halka dhammaan magacyada lagu aqbalay guddiga ICTV ay yihiin janjeer ({{xt|''Retroviridae''}}). {{Shortcut|MOS:CULTIVAR}}{{Anchor|Cultivar}}Magacyada '''Cultivar''' iyo '''cultivar group''' ee dhirta ma aha janjeer, waxayna qaataan xarfo waaweyn (harraan erayga ''Group'' ee magaca ku dhex jira); magacyada cultivar waxay ka muuqdaan xigashooyinka keliyaalka ah (single quotes) ({{xt|''Malus domestica'' 'Red Delicious'}}), halka cultivar groups aysan qaadanin ({{xt|''Cynara cardunculus'' Scolymus Group}}). '''Magacyada afka caadiga ah ("common")''' waxaa loo bixiyaa xarfo yar qoraalka maqaalka dhexdiisa ([[Plains zebra|{{xt|plains zebra}}]], [[Mountain maple|{{xt|mountain&nbsp;maple}}]], iyo [[Southwestern red-tailed hawk|{{xt|southwestern red-tailed hawk}}]]) iyo habka weedha bilowga jumlada iyo meelaha kale oo xarafka ugu horreeya ee erayga ugu horreeya uu yahay xaraf-weyn. Waxay sidoo kale qaataan xarfo waaweyn halka ay ku jiraan magacyo u gaar ah: [[Przewalski's horse|{{xt|Przewalski's&nbsp;horse}}]], [[California condor|{{xt|California&nbsp;condor}}]], iyo [[Fair-maid-of-France|{{xt|fair-maid-of-France}}]]. Kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa noocyada (species) iyo nooc-hoosaadyada (subspecies), sida tusaalooyinka hore, iyo sidoo kale magacyada guud ee kooxaha ama noocyada noolaha: [[Bird of prey|{{xt|bird&nbsp;of&nbsp;prey}}]], [[Oak|{{xt|oak}}]], [[Great apes|{{xt|great&nbsp;apes}}]], [[Bryde's whales|{{xt|Bryde's&nbsp;whales}}]], [[Livestock guardian dog|{{xt|livestock&nbsp;guardian&nbsp;dog}}]], [[Poodle|{{xt|poodle}}]], [[Van cat|{{xt|Van&nbsp;cat}}]], [[Wolfdog|{{xt|wolfdog}}]]. Marka magaca caadiga ah uu la mid yahay takson saynis ah, ha u qorin xaraf-weyn ama janjeer, marka laga reebo halka la tixraacayo noolaha dhanka taksonomiga: {{xt|A lynx is any of the four medium-sized wild cat species within the genus ''Lynx''.}} Magacyada caadiga ah ee ajnabiga ah, marka ay habboon tahay in lagu daro, waxaa loo maareeyaa sida erayada kale ee ajnabiga ah: janjeer sidaas ah, oo xaraf-weyn kaliya haddii shuruudaha luqadda hooyo ay u baahan yihiin. Magacyada ajnabiga ah ee noqday kuwo la qabsaday afka Soomaaliga ama Ingiriisiga waxaa loo maareeyaa sida caadiga ah ([[Ayahuasca|{{xt|ayahuasca}}]], [[Okapi|{{xt|okapi}}]]). {{Shortcut|MOS:BREED}}{{Anchor|Breed}}'''Dhalada la halbeeyay (Standardized breeds)''' waa inay caadi ahaan dhowraan xaraf-weynaynta loo isticmaalay halbeegga dhalada.{{efn|name=Standardized breeds|1="Dhalada la halbeeyay" wuxuu ku dhex jiraa dhala kasta oo ku dhex jira halbeegga dhalada ama buugga abtirsiinta ee kooxda taranta. Kooxaha kale ee xayawaanka guri-joogga ah ma aha dhala la halbeeyay: noocyada taariikhda hore, kooxaha dhalada, xayawaanka duurjoogtoobay (feral), iyo dhalada la isku dhalay oo aan kooxaha waaweyn aqoonsan sida dhala gaar ah.}} Tusaalooyinka: [[German Shepherd|{{xt|German Shepherd}}]], [[Russian White goat|{{xt|Russian White goat}}]], [[Berlin Short-faced Tumbler|{{xt|Berlin Short-faced Tumbler}}]]. Sida cultivar-ka dhirta, kani wuxuu ku dabaqmaa haddii magacu yahay magac u gaar ah ama kale, oo ka soo horjeeda sida magacyada caadiga ah ee noolaha loo qoro. Laakiin, ka baxsan cultivar-ka, dhalada waligeed lagu ma dhex daro xigashooyinka keliyaalka ah, oo magacyadoodu waligeed ma aha qayb ka mid ah magac saynis ah. Erayga noolaha ee lagu daray dhammaadka si looga fogaado jahawareerka ("cat", "hound", "horse", "swine", iyo wixii la mid ah) waa inuusan noqon xaraf-weyn, ilaa uu yahay qayb ka mid ah magaca dhalada oo si joogto ah lagu muujiyo foomkaas halbeegga dhalada (xaaladaha dhifka ah waxaa ku jira [[Norwegian Forest Cat|{{xt|Norwegian Forest Cat}}]] iyo [[American Quarter Horse|{{xt|American Quarter Horse}}]]). Samee xiriiriyeyaasha dib-u-luqadda ka soo baxay xaraf-weynaynta kale iyo foomamka higaada ee cinwaannada maqaalka, iyo magacyada kale. ===Samooyinka iyo walxaha hawada sare=== Erayada ''sun'' (sol/qorrax), ''earth'' (dhul), ''moon'' (dayax), iyo ''solar system'' (bahda qorraxda) ma qaataan xarfo waaweyn isticmaalka guud ({{xt|The sun was over the mountain top}}; {{xt|The tribal people thought of the whole earth as their home}}). Waxay qaataan xarfo waaweyn marka walaxda lagu qofeeyo fanka/suugaanta ({{xt|Sol Invictus ('Unconquered Sun') was the Roman sun god}}) ama marka loo isticmaalo sida magac walax gaar ah xaaladda sayniska ama falagga ({{xt|The Moon orbits the Earth}}; laakiin {{xt|Io is a moon of Jupiter}}). Magacyada meereyaasha, dayaxyada, asteroids-ka, comets-ka, xiddigaha, constellations-ka, iyo galaxies-ka waa magacyo u gaar ah, oo sidaas darteed xaraf-weyn ah ({{xt|The planet Mars is in the constellation Gemini, near the star Pollux}}). Xarafka ugu horreeya ee eray kasta oo ku dhex jira magacaas waa xaraf-weyn ({{xt|Alpha Centauri}} ma aha {{!xt|Alpha centauri}}; {{xt|Milky Way}}, ma aha {{!xt|Milky way}}). Erayada sida ''comet'' iyo ''galaxy'' waa inay noqdaan xaraf-weyn marka ay samaynayaan qayb ka mid ah magac u gaar ah, laakiin ma aha marka loo isticmaalo sida eray guud ({{xt|Halley's Comet is the most famous of the comets}}; {{xt|the Andromeda Galaxy is a spiral galaxy}}). ===Jihooyinka kombaas-ka=== Ha xaraf-weynayn '''jihooyinka''' sida ''north'' (woqooyi) ama foomamka la xiriira ({{xt|We took the northern road}}) marka laga reebo marka ay yihiin qaybo ka mid ah magacyada u gaarka ah ({{xt|Great North Road}}, {{xt|Great Western Drive}}, {{xt|South Pole}}). U qor xaraf-weyn '''magacyada gobollada''' haddii ay gaareen heerka magaca u gaarka ah, ku dhex jira magacyada caadiga ah ee heshiiska ({{xt|Southern California}}; {{xt|the Western Desert}}), iyo erayada ka soo baxa ee dadka (t.s., ''Southerner'' oo ah mid ka soo jeeda [[Southern United States]]). Ha xaraf-weynayn magacyada sharraxaadda leh ee gobollada oo aan gaarin heerka magacyada u gaarka ah, sida {{xt|southern Poland}}. Jihooyinka isku-dhafka ah waxaa lagu dhex jiri karaa ama aan lagu dhex jiri karin dhex-xariijin (hyphen). ===Magacyada u gaarka ah iyo erayada guud=== U qor xaraf-weyn magacyada hay'adaha ama doorka gaarka ah ({{xt|the founding of the University of Delhi}}; {{xt|the history of Stanford University}}) laakiin ma aha erayada guud ee hay'adaha ({{xt|the high school is near the university}}). Ha xaraf-weynayn ''the'' bilowga magaca hay'adda, iyada oo aan loo eegin qaabka loo doorbido ee hay'adda. Waxaa jira reebanaanno dhif ah, marka la hoggaaminayo ''The'' oo lagu muujiyay ''T'' ku dhex jira acronym-ka kooxda: {{xt|The International Cat Association (TICA)}}. U maaree qaybaha siyaasadda ama juqraafiga foomkan oo kale: {{xt|The city has a population of 55,000}}; {{xt|The two towns merged to become the City of Smithville}}. Ha u sameynin sida qaabka wargaysyada maxalliga ah oo tixraacaya degmada/magaalada sida ''the City'' ama ''The City'', marka laga reebo City of London xaaladaha qaarkood. Hagahaani wuxuu sii kordhayaa wax-soosaarka hay'adaha, shirkadaha, iyo kooxaha kale. Tusaale ahaan, magaca dhan ee sharciga sida {{xt|Online Safety Act 2023}} wuxuu noqon doonaa xaraf-weyn, laakiin tixraacyada ka dambeeya ee {{xt|the act}} ma noqon doonaan kuwo xaraf-weyn ah. ==<span class="anchor" id="Acronyms and abbreviations"></span><span class="anchor" id="Acronyms"></span><span class="anchor" id="Initialisms"></span><span class="anchor" id="Shortenings"></span>Gaabinta== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Initials}} Gaabinta waa foomamka gaaban ee erayada ama foomamka. Raadinta saxda ah, waxay ku kala duwan yihiin [[Contraction (grammar)|contractions]], oo isticmaala [[apostrophe]] (t.s., ''won't'', eeg {{Section link||Contractions}}), iyo [[initialism]]s. Initialism waxaa lagu samaynayaa ka mid ah ama dhammaan xarfaha bilowga ah ee erayada ku dhex jira foom. Ka hooseeya, tixraacyada gaabinta waa in loo qaadaa inay ku dhex jiraan acronyms, iyo term-ka ''acronym'' waa inuu sidoo cuali ahaan ku dabaqmaa initialisms. ===Qor marka ay markii ugu horreysay muuqato iyadoo dhammaystiran=== {{Shortcut|MOS:1STOCC|MOS:1STABBR}} Marka gaabinta loo isticmaalayo maqaalka dhexdiisa, hordhac uga dhig iyadoo la isticmaalayo weedha dhammaystiran, gaabintana lagu dhex darayo ngo'aanka (parentheses): {{Block indent|{{xt|shabakadda gobolka ee maxalliga ah (LAN) oo ay samaysay Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC){{nbsp}}... DEC badeecadihii dambe ee LAN waxay aheyd{{nbsp}}...}}}} Ha u isticmaalin xarfo waaweyn foomka dhammaystiran kaliya sababtoo ah xarfo waaweyn ayaa loo isticmaalay gaabinta: {{!xt|Shabakadda Gobolka ee Maxalliga ah (LAN)}}. Marka laga reebo xaaladaha gaarka ah, gaabinta caadiga ah (sida {{xt|PhD}}, {{xt|DNA}}, ama {{xt|USSR}}) looma baahna in la kala bixiyo ama la dhamaystiro xataa marka ay tahay markii ugu horreysay ee la isticmaalo. ===Foomamka plural-ka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:GREENGROCER}} U samee plural [[acronyms]] iyadoo lagu darayo ''-s'' ama ''-es'': {{xt|Three CD-ROMs and two BIOSes were released}}. Ha isticmaalin ''[[greengrocer's apostrophe]]'' si aad u samayso plurals: {{!xt|Three CD-ROM's and two BIOS's were released}}. ===<span class="anchor" id="Periods (full stops) and spaces"></span><span class="anchor" id="Full stops and spaces"></span><span class="anchor" id="op.cit."></span>Punctuation iyo spacing=== {{Shortcut|MOS:PS}} Gaabintu waxay ku dhabayn kartaa ama aan ku dhabayn karin full point (sido cuali ahaan loo intended-garaysay ''period'' ama ''full stop''). Qaab joogto ah waa in lagu dhasheeyaa ku dhex jirta maqaal. Isticmaalka North American caadi ahaan waa in lagu dhabeeyo dhammaan gaabinta period ({{xt|Dr. Smith of 42&nbsp;Drummond St.}}) laakiin isticmaalka caadiga ah ee British iyo Australian, ma jiro period loo isticmaalo haddii gaabinta (contraction) ay ku dhabayso xarafka ugu dambeya ee foomka aan la gaabin ({{xt|Dr Smith of 42&nbsp;Drummond St}}) ilaa is-dhaafsi uu keeni karo. Kani waa sidoo cuali ahaan isticmaalka caadiga ah ee qoraalka scientific-ka ah. Iyadoo aan loo eegin punctuation, erayada lagu gaabay ka badan hal xaraf waa lagu dhex jiraa space ({{xt|op.&nbsp;cit.}} ma aha {{!xt|op.cit.}} ama {{!xt|opcit}}). Waxaa jira waxyaabo ka baxsan oo yar: {{xt|PhD}} {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg sare)}} "Philosophiae Doctor"; {{xt|BVetMed}} "Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine". Xaaladaha badankooda, Wikipedia ma isticmaalto punctuation-ka oo kale ku dhex jirta acronyms iyo initialisms: {{xt|GDP}}, ma aha {{!xt|G.D.P.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="US"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S."></span><span class="anchor" id="USA"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S.A."></span>US iyo U.S.<!-- When renaming this section title, rename the full link at [[Wikipedia:Consistency]] -->=== {{Shortcut|MOS:US|MOS:U.S.|MOS:USA|MOS:U.S.A.}} {{redirect|MOS:US|the use of the word "us"|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#First-person pronouns}} {{xt|US}} waa gaabinta caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo ee {{xt|United States}}, inkastoo {{xtn|U.S.}} – oo leh periods iyo aan lahayn space – ay tahay mid caadi ah daabacadaha North American, ku dhex jirta wargaysyada news-ka. Hagayaasha qaabka American qaarkood, ku dhex jiro ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style]]'' (tan iyo 2010), waxay baabi'iyeen {{!xt|U.S.}} waxayna soo sheegeen {{xt|US}}. Sababaha [[#Opportunities for commonality|wadaagga]], isticmaal {{xt|US}} default ahaan marka aad gaabinayso, laakiin [[#Retaining existing styles|sii wad]] {{xtn|U.S.}} maqaallada American ama Canadian English oo ay horey u dhisantay, ilaa ay jirto sabab wanaagsan oo loo beddelo. Sababtoo ah isticmaalka periods ee gaabinta iyo acronyms wuxuu noqon doonaa mid joogto ah ku dhex jira maqaal kasta, mar walba isticmaal {{xt|US}} maqaal leh gaabinta waddammada kale. Gaabinta dheeraad ah oo lagu dhex jiro initials-ka waddanka ({{xt|USN}}, {{xt|USAF}}), waligeed ha isticmaalin periods. Marka United States lagu xuso hal ama ka badan waddammada kale ku dhex jirta jumlad oo kale, {{xt|US}} (ama {{xtn|U.S.}}) wuxuu noqon karaa mid aad u informal ah, gaar ahaan xusidda ugu horreysa ama sida noun halkii adjective ({{xt|France and the United States}}, ma aha {{!xt|France and the US}}). Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|U.&nbsp;S.}} oo leh space ama {{!xt|U.S.&nbsp;of&nbsp;A.}} oo taariikh hore ah, marka laga reebo marka aad xigasho sameynayso. Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|U.S.A.}} ama {{!xt|USA}} marka laga reebo ku dhex jirta xigasho, sida qayb ka mid ah magac sax ah ({{xt|Team USA}}), ama isticmaalka tignoolajiyada iyo rasmiga ah ee qaarkood (t.s., [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3]], [[FIFA country codes|FIFA]], iyo [[IOC country codes]]). ===Circa=== {{for|examples|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Uncertain, incomplete, or approximate dates}} Si loo muujiyo ''si xaddidan'', isticmaalka {{tl|circa}}, oo muuqda sida {{xt|{{circa}}}}, waxaa ka wanaagsan {{!xt|circa}}, {{!xt|c.}}, {{!xt|ca.}}, ama {{!xt|approx.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="unwarranted abbreviations"></span>Ka fogao isticmaalka aan la xaqijin=== {{Hatnote|See also: {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|Units of measurement}} for when to abbreviate units of measurement.}} Ka fogao gaabinta marka ay jahwareerin karaan akhristaha, baabi'in karaan socodka, ama ka muuqan karaan informal. Tusaale ahaan: *Ha isticmaalin {{!xt|approx.}} ee {{xt|approximate(ly)}} marka laga reebo infobox ama table (xaaladaas isticmaal {{tlx|abbr|approx.|approximately}} xusidda ugu horreysa: {{xt|{{abbr|approx.|approximately}}}}). *Ha isticmaalin legalism-ka {{!xt|Holmes J}} ee {{xt|[[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.|Justice Holmes]]}}. <!-- this might be better in [[WP:JARGON]] --> ===Ha samaynin=== Ka fogao sameynta [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#Neologisms|gaabinta cusub]], gaar ahaan acronyms. Tusaale ahaan, {{xtn|World Union of Billiards}} waa wanaagsan yahay sida {{em|turjumaad}} ee {{xt|[[Union Mondiale de Billard]]}}, laakiin ma aha iyada ama yareynta {{!xt|WUB}} oo loo isticmaalay kooxda ama tixraacyada gaarka ah; isticmaal magaca asalka ah iyo gaabintiisa rasmiga ah, {{xt|UMB}}. Haddii ay noqoto mid lagama maarmaan ah in lagu gaabiyo space yar, sida [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables#Captions and headers|column header ee table-ka]], isticmaal gaabinta si baaxad leh loo aqoonsan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, ee {{xt|New Zealand gross national product}}, isticmaal {{xt|NZ}} iyo {{xt|GNP}}, oo leh isqu xir haddii term-ka aan horey loogu qorin maqaalka: {{xt|NZ&nbsp;[[Measures of national income and output|GNP]]}}. Ha samaynin initialisms sida {{!xt|NZGNP}}. ===HTML tags iyo moodallada=== Mid ka mid ah {{tag|abbr|o}} ama {{tlx|abbr}} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa gaabinta iyo acronyms: {{tag|abbr|params=title="World Health Organization"|content=WHO|wrap=yes}} ama {{tlx|abbr|WHO|World Health Organization}} waxay samayn doonaan {{abbr|WHO|World Health Organization}}; [[mouseover|soreynta]] qoraalka muuqda waxay keentaa [[tooltip]] ee foomka dheer inuu soo muuqdo. ===Ampersand=== {{Shortcut|MOS:AMP|MOS:&}} {{redirects|WP:&|the use of "and" in titles|Wikipedia:Article titles#Titles containing "and"}} Qoraalka caadiga ah iyo madaxyada, isticmaal ''and'' halkii [[ampersand]] (''&''): {{xt|January 1&nbsp;and&nbsp;2}}, ma aha {{!xt|January 1&nbsp;&&nbsp;2}}. Laakiin sii wad ampersand marka uu yahay qayb shaqaynaysa oo qaabka magac sax ah, mawduuca shaqaalaha, ama trademark, sida ku dhex jirta ''[[Up & Down (Horace Parlan album)|Up&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Down]]'' ama [[AT&T]]. Meelaha kale, ampersands waxaa loo isticmaali karaa joogteyn iyo dookh halka space uu aad u xaddidan yahay (t.s., tables iyo infoboxes). Xigashooyinka [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Typographic conformity|waxaa lagu beddeli karaa si dhibco leh]], gaar ahaan joogteynta halka noocyada kala duwan lagu xigto, maadaama noocyada cusub ee qoraallada hore ay si joogto ah u beddealaan ampersands ''and'' (sida ay u beddealaan [[glyph]]s kale oo aan la isticmaalin, [[Typographic ligature|ligatures]], iyo gaabinta). Isticmaalka kale oo loo ilaysay laakiin aan loo baahnayn waa tixraacyada gaaban ee shaqaalaha leeh qoraa badan, t.s.: {{xt|<nowiki><ref>Lubbers & Scheepers (2002); Van Hiel & Mervielde (2002); Swyngedouw & Giles (2007); Van Hiel (2012).</ref></nowiki>}}. ==Farta Janjeerta== {{Shortcut|MOS:IT|MOS:ITAL}} ===<span id="Do not use capitals for emphasis"></span>Adkeynta=== Farta janjeerta waxaa loo isticmaalaa adkeyn, halkii loo isticmaali lahaa [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Boldface|farta buuran]] ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#All caps and small caps|xarfo waaweyn]]. Laakiin isticmaalka badan wuxuu yareeyaa shaqadiisa: tixgeli dib-u-qorista jumlada halkii aad farta janjeerta badsan lahayd. Isticmaal {{tag|em}} ama {{tlx|em|...}} si aad adkeyn u sameeyso. Kani wuxuu u sahlayaa [[Help:User style|waraaqaha qaabka isticmaalaha]] in loo maareeyo adkeynta qaab gaar ah, wuxuuna caawiyaa dadka dib-u-isticmaala ama turjumayaasha.{{refn|{{cite web |last1=Ishida |first1=Richard |title=Using b and i elements |quote=the content of a <code>b</code> element may not always be bold, and that of an <code>i</code> element may not always be italic. |url=https://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-b-and-i-tags |website=W3C Internationalization |publisher=[[World Wide Web Consortium]] |date=2015 |access-date=1 September 2016}} }} *Sax: <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>The meerkat is <em>not</em> actually a cat.</nowiki>}}</code> *Sax: <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>The meerkat is {{em|not}} actually a cat.</nowiki>}}</code> ===<span id="Italics-Titles"></span>Cinwaannada=== {{shortcut|MOS:NOITALIC}} {{/titles hatnote include|where=MOS#I-T}} Isticmaal farta janjeerta cinwaannada hawlaha waaweyn (sida buugaagta, filimada, taxanaha telefishanka, bandhigyada la magacaabay, ciyaaraha fiidiyowga, albamyada muusigga, iyo fanka). Cinwaannada maqaallada, cutubyada, noocyada muusigga, dhacdooyinka, sheekooyinka, qoraallada cilmi-baarista, iyo hawlaha kale ee gaaban waxay qaataan calaamadaha oraahda ee laba-laabka ah (" "). Farta janjeerta looma isticmaalo qoraallada diinta ee waaweyn ({{xt|the Bible}}, {{xt|the Quran}}, {{xt|the Talmud}}). Kuwa badan oo cinwaannadan ka mid ah waa inay sidoo kale raacaan [[#Titles of works|habka xaraf-weynaynta cinwaannada]]. ===Erayada loo isticmaalay eray ahaan=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Words as words}} {{for|the policy when a word or phrase itself may be an encyclopedic subject|Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#When a word or phrase may be an encyclopedic subject}} Isticmaal farta janjeerta marka aad {{em|xusayso}} eray ama xaraf {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg [[Use–mention distinction]])}} ama weedh ilaa hal jumlad ah ({{xt|teramka ''panning'' wuxuu ka yimid ''panorama''}}; {{xt|xarafka ugu caansan Af-Soomaaliga waa ''a''}}). Marka jumlad dhan la xuso, calaamadaha oraahda ee laba-laabka ah ayaa loo isticmaali karaa halkii, iyadoo la dhowrayo joogteynta ({{xt|Erayga xiriiriya ee ku jira ''Waxay fadhisatay kursiga'' waa ''kursiga''}}; ama {{xt|Erayga xiriiriya ee ku jira "Waxay fadhisatay kursiga" waa "kursiga"}}). Calaamadaha oraahda waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa qoraallada gaaban si looga fogaado jahawareerka, sida marka farta janjeerta horey loogu isticmaalay bogga sabab kale awgeed (t.s., erayada iyo weedha badan ee aan Soomaaliga ahayn). {{em|Xusidda}} (si looga wada-hadlo naxwaha, xulashada erayada, ama calaamadaha hakadka) waxay ka duwan tahay {{em|xigashada}} (halka wax caadi ahaan lagu muujiyo magaca ilaha la xigtay). Xigashada waxaa lagu sameeyaa calaamadaha oraahda, waligeedna looma isticmaalo farta janjeerta ama labadaba hal mar {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Quotations}} si aad u ogaato faahfaahinta).}} Isticmaalka kale ee la xiriira farta janjeerta waa marka la soo bandhigayo ama lagu kala saarayo erayada ama fikradaha: {{xt|Fikradaha ''tirasagaashanka'' waa tirada idil ee ka weyn 0.}} ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign words"></span>Erayada aan Soomaaliga ahayn=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Non-English terms}} Farta janjeerta waxaa loo isticmaalaa weedha aan Soomaaliga ahayn iyo erayada kelida ah ee ajnabiga ah ee aan caadi ahaan loo isticmaalin Af-Soomaaliga maalin kasta. Laakiin, magacyada u gaarka ah (sida magacyada meelaha) ee luqadaha kale caadi ahaan ma qaataan farta janjeerta, sidoo kale erayada ku jira farta aan Laatiinka ahayn. Qaab-dhismeedka {{tlx|lang}} iyo noocyadiisu waxay taageeraan dhammaan [[ISO 639]] koodhadhka luqadaha, iyagoo sax u aqoonsanaya luqadda si otomaatig ahna u janjeerinaya farta. Fadlan isticmaal qaab-dhismeedyadan halkii aad gacanta u janjeerin lahayd qoraalka aan Soomaaliga ahayn. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link|WP:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Other languages}} si aad u ogaato macluumaad dheeraad ah.)}} ===Magacyada sayniska=== Isticmaal farta janjeerta magacyada sayniska ee dhirta, xayawaanka, iyo [[Kingdom (biology)|dhammaan noolaha kale]] marka laga reebo fayrasyada heerka [[genus]] iyo ka hooseeya (janjeeri {{xt|''Panthera leo''}} iyo {{xt|''Retroviridae''}}, laakiin ha janjeerin {{xt|Felidae}}). Calaamadda isku-dhafka ma qaadato farta janjeerta ({{xt|''Rosa''&nbsp;×&nbsp;''damascena''}}), sidoo kale "erayga xiriiriya" ee loo baahan yahay [[Trinomial nomenclature#In botany|magacyada dhirta ee saddexda qaybood ah]] ma janjeero ({{xt|''Rosa gallica'' subsp. ''officinalis''}}). ===<span id="Italics and quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka ku dhex jira farta janjeerta=== {{shortcut|MOS:ITALQUOTE|}}{{See also|#Quotations}} <section begin="Quotations in italics body"/>Ha u qorin xigashooyinka farta janjeerta. [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation marks|Calaamadaha oraahda]] (ama [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Block quotations|xigashooyinka waaweyn]]) kaliya ayaa ku filan oo ah qaabka saxda ah ee loogu muujiyo xigashooyinka. Farta janjeerta waa in loo isticmaalo kaliya haddii qoraalka la xigtay uu ka mid yahay waxyaabo marka horeba u baahanaa farta janjeerta.<section end="Quotations in italics body"/> ([[#Italics within quotations|Eeg hoos]]). ===Farta janjeerta ee ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka=== <section begin="Italics within quotations body"/>Isticmaal farta janjeerta ku dhex jira xigashooyinka si aad u soo saarto adkeynta ku jirtay qoraalka asalka ah ama si aad u muujiso isticmaalka erayada aan Soomaaliga ahayn. Adkeynta waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu sameeyo {{tlx|em}}. Haddii aysan caddayn in ilaha asalka ahi ay horey u lahaayeen farta janjeerta (ama qaab kale) oo adkeyn ah, ama si loo muujiyo marka adkeynta aan loo isticmaalin qoraalkii asalka ahaa laakiin dambe lagu daray tifaftirka, ku dar xusuus-qoraalka tifaftirka {{xt|[adkeyntu waa asalka]}} ama {{xt|[adkeynta waa la daray]}}, sida ay u kala horreeyaan, ka dambaysta xigashada. * Tusaale ahaan: {{xt|"Muxuu yiri guda-galka xubintu. Habeen wanaagsan: Iyo {{em|kooxaha malaa'igta}} ha ku heesaan nasashadaada." [adkeyntu waa asalka].}}<section end="Italics within quotations body"/> ===Saamaynta ay ku leedahay calaamadaha hakadka ee dhow=== {{Shortcut|MOS:ITALPUNCT}} Janjeeri kaliya qaybaha jumlada oo ay saameysay adkeyntu. Ha janjeerin calaamadaha hakadka ee dhow. *{{em|Mawduuc aan sax ahayn:}} {{!xt|Maxaan ka samaynaynaa {{em|arrintaas?}}}} (Calaamadda su'aashu waxay ku dabaqmeysaa jumlada dhan, ma aha kaliya erayga la adkeeyay ee ''arrintaas'', markaas waa inaysan janjeerin.) *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Maxaan ka samaynaynaa {{em|arrintaas}}?}} *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|Afar ka mid ah sheekooyinka ugu caansan Patrick White waa ''A Fringe of Leaves'', ''The Aunt's Story'', ''Voss'', iyo ''The Tree of Man''.}} (Calaamadaha hakadka ee ku dhow, nooca cunsurrada, iyo erayga ''iyo'' ma janjeeraan.) ==Xigashooyinka== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTE}} [[Wikipedia:Non-free content#Guideline examples|Xigashooyinka gaaban ee qoraallada xuqooqda la dhowray]] waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loogu muujiyo dhacdo, loo siiyo macrefe, ama loo tiiriyo aragti ama fikrad gaar ah. Inkastoo xigashooyinku ay yihiin qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah Wikipedia, isticmaalka xad-dhaafka ah kuma habboona uslubta qoraalka encyclopedia-da wuxuuna sababi karaa [[Wikipedia:Copyrights|xukun-jebinta xuqooqda qoraalka]], sidaas darteed badankooda qoraalka waa inuu ku dhex jiraa erayada tifaftiraha oo keliya. Tixgeli dib-u-qorista xigashooyinka si ay u noqdaan qoraal toos ah oo gaaban marka ay habboon tahay (iyadoo la ogaaday in [[Wikipedia:Close paraphrasing|qoraal-mucaawinedka dhow]] uu walillahi xukunkii xudaheeda baabi'in karo). [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Quotations|Ha u qorin xigashooyinka farta janjeerta]] ilaa qoraalku uu farta janjeerta u baahdo sabab kale awgeed. Raiyada [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|siyaasadda xaqiijinta]], xigashooyinka tooska ah {{em|waa in}} ay la socdaan [[WP:INCITE|tixraac ku dhex jira qoraalka]] oo ka yimid [[WP:RS|il lagu kalsoonaan karo]] oo taageeraysa qoraalka. Tani waxay si gaar ah uga muhiimsan tahay maqaallada ku saabsan ama ku dhex jira qoraallada ku saabsan [[WP:BLP|dadka nool ama dhowaan dhintay]]. ===<span class="anchor" id="Principle of minimal change"></span>Qoraalka asalka ah=== {{Shortcut|MOS:PMC|MOS:SIC}} Xigashooyinka waa inay noqdaan kuwo [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|xaqiijin leh]] oo loo tiiriyo ilahooda, qoraalka la xigtayna waa in si dhab ah loo soo saaro. Tani waxaa loo yaqaan {{em|mabda'a beddelka yar}}. Marka ay jirto sabab wanaagsan oo loo beddelo qoraalka, ku dar khaanadaha afkexan [ ] qoraalka la beddelay; tusaale ahaan, {{!xt|"Ocyrhoe wuxuu u sheegay aayihiisa"}} waxaa loo xigan karaa sida {{xt|"Ocyrhoe wuxuu u sheegay [aabihiis] aayihiisa"}}. Makhaadhaa yar oo dhanka higaada ama farta ah waa in si toos ah loo hagaajiyo (tusaale ahaan, hagaaji {{!xt|basicly}} oo u beddel {{xt|basically}}). Haddii ay jirto makhaadhaa muhiim ah qoraalkii asalka ahaa, raaci {{tlx|sic}} (oo soo saaraysa {{sic}}{{hsp}}) si loogu muujiyo in makhaadhaahaas aysan samayn Wikipedia; tusaale ahaan, {{xt|"wareysigiisii uu la yeeshay Dolly Llama {{sic}}"}}. Marka lagu dabaqo qoraal xiriiriye leh, adeegsiga qaab-dhismeedka waxaa loo hagaajin karaa {{tlx|sic|2=nolink=y}} (oo soo saaraysa {{sic|nolink=y}} qoraalka xiriiriyaha leh; tusaale ahaan ku dhex jirta xiriiriyaha: [[Template:Sic|{{sic|nolink=y}} template]]).{{efn|name="sicwarning"|{{tl|Sic}} ma aha in loo isticmaalo dhexda {{tag|ref}} tags, ama ku dhex jira [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|qaab-dhismeedyada tixraacyada]] sida [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]] iyo [[Help:Citation Style 2|Citation Style 2]], sababtoo ah wuxuu leeyahay qoraal baabi'inaya [[COinS]] metadata ee ay soo saaraan; eeg [[Wikipedia:COinS]].}} Sababaha saxnaanta iyo tusmo-samaynta awgeed, cinwaannada ilaha tixraaca ma aha in loo hagaajiyo higaadooda, laakiin hagaajinta yar ee farta ah (sida beddelka [[MOS:CURLY|calaamadaha qaloocan]] oo loo beddelo kuwa tooska ah) waxaa loo samayn karaa si toos ah. Tixraacyada ku dhex jira qoraalka la xigtay, ee tilmaamaya ilo aan loo isticmaalin maqaalka Wikipedia, waa in si toos ah loo saaro. Isticmaal [[#Ellipses|saddexda dhibcood (...)]] si aad u muujiso ka-tagista qoraalka la xigtay. Ka-tagista la ogol yahay waxaa ku jira erayada aan loo baahnayn, aan la xiriirin, ama ngo'aanka ku jira, iyo erayada daalka ({{!xt|umm}} iyo {{!xt|hmm}}), laakiin ha ka tagin qoraal marka ka-tagistiisu ay baabi'inayso macnaha muhiimka ah ama ay beddelayso nuxurka qoraalka. Erayada rogaal-celiska ah ama kuwa xun-xun waa in loo muujiyo si sax ah sida ay ka muuqdaan ilaha la xigtay; Tifaftirayaasha Wikipedia waa innaan [[Wikipedia:Offensive material#How to treat offensive material in articles|dhalaalin ama qarin erayada]] ({{!xt|G-d d--n it!}}), laakiin haddii qoraalka la xigtay {{em|aysan}} sidaas sameeynayn, koobiyeey qoraalka si toos ah iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|sic}} si loo muujiyo in qoraalka loo xigtay sida uu ka muuqdo ilaha. Xigashooyinka tooska ah, dhowr higaada gobolka ama taariikhiga ah, harraan xaraf-weynaynta (laakiin ha dhowrin farta duugga ah ama xarfaha isku-dhafan, sida lagu sharraxay hoos ku dhex jirta {{slink||Typographic conformity}}). ===Aragtida ama Mawqifka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTEPOV}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Attributing and specifying biased statements|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Expressions of doubt}} Xigashoda waa in loo isticmaalo, iyadoo la tiirinayo ilaha, si loo soo bandhigo aragtiyo shaqsi ah oo aan lagu muujin karin codka Wikipedia dhexdeeda, laakiin waligeed ma aha si loo soo bandhigo xeerarka dhaqanka sida aragtiyo oo keliya: *La aqbali karo: {{xt|Siskel iyo Ebert waxay filimka ku tilmaameen "mid aan la iloobi karin".}} *Aan la aqbali karin: {{!xt|Boga waxaa loo arkaa "mid ka reebban" qoraallada diinta.}} Aragtiyada gaaban ee aan aadka u xasaasiga ahayn caadi ahaan waxaa lagu soo sheegi karaa iyadoo loo tiiriyo ilaha halkii loo isticmaali lahaa xigasho toos ah. Isticmaalka calaamadaha oraahda ee erayada sharraxaadda leh ee gaaban wuxuu [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Expressions of doubt|muujin karaa nghi ama tuhun]] ku saabsan maaddada la xigtay; sarbeebta ama [[weasel words|erayada daboolan]], sida ''loogu dhex yiri'' ama ''waxaa loogu yeeraa'', waa lagu muujin karaa. *La aqbali karo: {{xt|Siskel iyo Ebert waxay filimka ku tilmaameen mid xiiso leh.}} *Aan loo baahnayn oo muujin kara nghi: {{!xt|Siskel iyo Ebert waxay filimka ku tilmaameen "mid xiiso leh".}} *Waa in la xigto: {{xt|Siskel iyo Ebert waxay filimka ku tilmaameen "mid xiiso leh laakiin xanuun badan".}} ===Waafaqsanaanta farta iyo qoraalka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:CONFORM}} Xigashodu ma aha [[wikt:facsimile|koobi toos ah oo sawir ah]] oo, xaaladaha badankooda, ma aha shuruud in qaabkii asalka ahaa lagu dhowro. Qaabka iyo cunsurrada kale ee farta ee qoraalka la xigtay waa in lagu waafajiyo heshiisyada Wikipedia-da Soomaaliga iyadoo aan la samayn faallo, iyadoo la xaqijiyay in sameynta tan aysan beddeli doonin ama baabi'in doonin macnaha ama inta qoraalka. Kani waa beddel aan samaynayn kala duwanaansho marka qoraalka loo read-gareeyo si toos ah; tusaale ahaan: *Sinnaanta dhex-xariijimaha: eeg {{Section link||Dashes}}. Isticmaal qaabka loo doortay maqaalka: unspaced [[em dash]] ama spaced [[en dash]]. *Beddel calaamadaha sare iyo calaamadaha oraahda oo u beddel qaabka Wikipedia: **Kuwani waa inay noqdaan kuwo toos ah, ma aha kuwo qaloocan. Eeg {{section link||Quotation marks}}. **Marka aad xigtayso xigasho dhexdeeda ay ku dhex jirto xigasho kale, beddel dhexdeeda isticmaalka calaamadaha oraahda ee laba-laabka ah iyo kuwa kelida ah ee xigasho kasta. Eeg {{section link||For a quotation within a quotation}} si aad u ogaato faahfaahinta. *Marka aad xigtayso qoraal ka soo baxay luqadaha kale, calaamadaha hakadka ee ka baxsan waa inay raacaan [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotation marks|Hagaha Hab-qoraalka ee calaamadaha oraahda Soomaaliga]]. Haddii ay jiraan xigashooyin dhexda ku jira, raac shuruudaha calaamadaha hakadka ee saxda ah ee luqaddaas. *Ka saar meelaha bannaan ee ka horreeya calaamadaha hakadka sida dhibcaha iyo xiaraanta. *Caadi ahaan sii wad farta buuran iyo janjeerta {{crossref|pw=y|(eeg {{section link||Italics}})}}, laakiin badankooda qaabka kale waa in loo beddelo qoraal toos ah. Qoraalka hoos ka xariiqan, meelaha bannaan ee erayada dhexdisa ah, xarfaha waaweyn oo dhan, iyo wixii la mid ah caadi ahaan waa in loo beddelo qoraal toos ah. Haddii ay caddaynayso adkeyn, isticmaal farta janjeerta ama farta buuran. *Kala bixi gaabinta (aan horey loo isticmaalin qoraalka ka hor xigashada) iyadoo lagu dhex darayo khaanadaha afkexan, ama ku sharrax iyadoo la isticmaalayo {{tlx|abbr}}. {{Shortcut|MOS:RETAINQUOTEVARIETY}} {{vanchor|Retain quote variety|text= Laakiin, noocyada luqadda ee gobollada ma aha in loo beddelo, maadaama kuwani ay ku dhex jiri karaan beddelka erayada. Tusaale ahaan, xigasho ka soo baxday ilo British ah waa in ay sii wadato higaada British-ka, xataa maqaal oo haddii kale isticmaala higaada kale. {{crossref|pw=y|(Eeg {{section link||Consistency within articles}}.)}}}} Nambarada sidoo kale caadi ahaan ma aha in loo qaabaysho si kale. Xigashoda tooska ah ma aha in loo isticmaalo si loo dhowro qaabka uu doorbidayo daabacaha ka baxsan, maadaama kani wuxuu leeyahay saameyn sarbeeb ah: *{{em|La aqbali karo}}: {{xt|Xayawaanka waxaa loo diiwaan geliyay inuu yahay mid halis ku jira maqaalka IUCN.}} *{{em|Aan la aqbali karin}}: {{!xt|Xayawaanka waxaa loo diiwaan geliyay inuu yahay "Halis ku jira" maqaalka IUCN.}} Marka aad xigtayso jumlad dhan, caadi ahaan waxaa lagu taliyaa in erayga ugu horreeya uu sii wado xaraf-weyn. Laakiin, haddii qoraalka la xigtay lagu dhex daray jumlada ku dhow (tusaale ahaan, leh hordhac sida "X wuxuu yiri"), xarafka weyn ee asalka ah waxaa loo beddeli karaa xaraf yar. ===Tiirinta ilaha === Akhristahu waa inuu awoodaa inuu go'aamiyo ilaha xigasho kasta, ugu yaraan ka magaca tixraaca hoose. Ilaha waa in lagu magacaabo {{em|qoraalka maqaalka}} haddii xigashodu ay tahay aragti. Marka aad tiirinayo xigasho, ka fogaaw sharraxaadda foomka eexda leh. ===Xigashooyinka ku dhex jira xigashooyinka=== Eeg {{section link||For a quotation within a quotation}}. ===Isku xirka === {{Shortcut|MOS:LINKQUOTE|MOS:LWQ}} Noqo mid taxaddar leh marka aad isku xirayso ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka; isku xir kaliya bartilmaameedyada u dhigma macnaha caddaynaya ee uu u intent-gareeyay qoraaga xigashoda. Halka ay suurtogal tahay, isku xir qoraalka ka baxsan xigashoda halkii – mid ka hor ama dhowaan ka dambeeya. ===<span class="anchor" id="Block quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka waaweyn=== {{Shortcut|MOS:BQ|MOS:BLOCKQUOTE}} U qaabayso xigashoda dheer (ka badan 40 eray ama ka kooban ka badan hal baaragaraaf) sida [[block quotation]], iyadoo la isticmaalayo qaab-dhismeedka {{tlx|blockquote}}. Qoraalka lagu muujiyay xigashooyinka waaweyn iyo khaanadaha xigashada waa inuusan dhitadiisu noqon mid lagu duubay calaamadaha oraahda. Isticmaal {{tnull|blockquote}} iyo qaab-dhismeedka la midka ah kaliya xigashooyinka dhabta ah; xariijinta sababaha kale waxaa loo sameeyaa foom kale. Waa xeer in lagu hor maro xigashoda weyn jumlad hordhac ah (ama qayb jumlad ah) oo lagu daro tixraaca ilaha xarkaas. Qaab-dhismeedka {{tnull|blockquote}} wuxuu bixiyaa xaddidyo loogu talagalay tiirinta iyo tixraaca oo ka muuqan doona ka hooseeya xigashoda. Xigasho aan lahayn ilo loo tixraacay waa in lagu calaamadeeyo {{tlx|quote without source}}, ama la saaro. ===<span class="anchor" id="Foreign-language quotations"></span>Xigashooyinka aan Soomaaliga ahayn=== {{Shortcut|MOS:FOREIGNQUOTE|}} Xigashooyinka ka soo baxday ilaha aan Soomaaliga ahayn waa inay ka muuqdaan turjumaad loo beddeley Af-Soomaali. Xigashooyinka ah turjumaada waa in si toos ah loo kala saaro kuwa aan ahayn. Muuji ilaha asalka ah ee turjumaada, iyo luqadda asalka ah (haddii aysan caddayn xaaladda). Haddii qoraalka asalka ah ee aan la turjumin uu yahay mid la heli karo, bixi tixraac iyada ama ku dar iyada, sida habboon. Marka tifaftirayaashu ay turjumaan qoraal oo loo beddelo Af-Soomaali, daryeel waa in mar walba loo qaado si lagu dhex jiro qoraalka asalka ah, {{em|farta janjeerta dhexdeeda}} (marka laga reebo dhismaha farta aan Laatiinka ahayn, oo ugu wanaagsan lagu sameyo qaab-dhismeedyada {{tlx|lang}} ama {{tlx|langx}}); iyo si loo isticmaalo erayada dhabta ah ee Af-Soomaaliga ee turjumaada dhexdeeda. ==Calaamadaha hakadka== {{Shortcut|MOS:PUNCT}} ===Hakad-koreedka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:'|MOS:APOSTROPHE}} *Isticmaal hakad-koreed toosan (''), ma aha kuwa qaloocan (’). Ha isticmaalin calaamadaha lahjadda ama dhabar-qoryaha (` `) sida hakad-koreedka. *Qaab-dhismeedyada sida hakad-koreedka ama hal xigasho waxay taageero ka helaan marka ay ka muuqdaan bilowga ama dhammaadka qoraalka farta janjeerta ama farta buuran dhexdeedii, sababtoo ah farta janjeerta iyo farta buuran waxaa lagu muujiyaa xigashooyin kelidii ah. **Marka hakad-koreedku uu raaco qoraal farta janjeerta leh, waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si looga fogaado in xarafka ugu dambeeya ee qoraalka dhanka midig uu ku dhago hakad-koreedka. Tusaale: {{xt|shaqooyinka ''Iliad''}} (markup: {{nobreak|<code><nowiki>shaqooyinka ''Iliad''-ka</nowiki>}}}). *Xarfaha u eg hakad-koreedka iyo calaamadaha qaloocan, waa in lagu muujiyo qaab-dhismeedyada u dhigma ama xarfaha Unicode-ka ah ee tooska ah. *Luqadaha leh dhawaaqyada qarxa iyo wixii la mid ah, isticmaal xarfaha saxda ah. *Isticmaalka hakad-koreedka lahaanshaha, eeg qaybta ku xigta. ===Calaamadaha oraahda=== {{Shortcut|MOS:"|MOS:QUOTEMARKS|}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Quotations}} ====Calaamadaha oraahda toosan==== {{Shortcut|MOS:CQ|MOS:CURLY|MOS:STRAIGHT}} *Isticmaal calaamadaha oraahda toosan (" "), ma aha kuwa qaloocan (“ ”). (Sidoo kale hal xigasho: ' ', ma aha ‘ ’). *Ha isticmaalin calaamadaha lahjadda, dhabar-qoryaha, ama calaamadaha geesaha sida calaamadaha oraahda. ====Laba-laab ama keli==== {{Shortcut|MOS:SINGLE|MOS:DOUBLE|}} *Badankooda xigashooyinku waxay qaataan calaamadaha oraahda laba-laabka ah ({{xt|Welles wuxuu yiri: "Waalidiintu waa tiirka bulshada."}}), marka laga reebo xigashooyinka ku dhex jira xigashooyinka kale. *Noocyada dhirta ee la abuuro waxay qaataan calaamadaha oraahda kelida ah ({{xt|''Malus domestica'' 'Golden Delicious'}}). ====Xigasho ku dhex jirta xigasho==== {{Shortcut|MOS:QWQ|}} Isticmaal xigashooyin keli ah xigashada gudaasheeda: *{{xt|Darwin wuxuu ku qoray hordhaciisa in "xeerka 'de minimis lex non curat' uusan khusayn sayniska".}} ====Bilowga maqaalka==== {{Shortcut|MOS:BOLDQUOTE}} Qoraalka farta buuran ee caadiga ah wuxuu ka muuqdaa bilowga maqaalka: *Calaamad kasta oo oraah ah oo qayb ka mid ah cinwaanka ah waa in ay noqotaa mid buuran sida qaybta kaloo harsan ee cinwaanka. *Calaamadaha oraahda ee {{em|aan}} qayb ka mid ah cinwaanka ahayn ma aha in ay noqdaan kuwo buuran. ====Calaamadaha hakadka ka hor xigashooyinka==== {{Shortcut|MOS:QUOTEPUNCT}} Haddii qaabdhismeed aan la xigtay oo u dhigma uu shaqayn lahaa naxwaha ahaan iyadoo aan la isticmaalin hakad, adeegsiga hakadka ka hor xigasho oo lagu soo xiray jumlad waa ikhtiyaari: *{{xt|Warbixintu waxay sheegtay "Waxaa jiray dhimis 45% ah heerka gudbinta."}} *{{xt|Warbixintu waxay sheegtay, "Waxaa jiray dhimis 45% ah heerka gudbinta."}} ====Magacyada iyo cinwaannada==== Calaamadaha oraahda waa in loo isticmaalo magacyada iyo cinwaannada soo socda: *Maqaallada iyo cutubyada (buugaagta iyo joornaillada waa farta janjeerta) *Sheekooyinka gaaban *Qaybaha muusigga *Gabayada gaagaaban *Qaybaha kala duwan ee albamyada *Dhacdooyinka gaarka ah ee taxanaha telefishanka iyo raadiyaha ===Khaanadaha=== {{Shortcut|MOS:()|MOS:BRACKETS}} Qaybtan waxay khusaysaa labadaba khaanadaha wareegsan {{xt|(&nbsp;)}}, iyo khaanadaha laba-laabka ah {{xt|[&nbsp;]}}. Haddii jumlad ay ku dhex jirto qaab khaanadeed, dhig calaamadaha hakadka ee jumlada ka baxsan khaanadaha {{xt|(sida halkan lagu muujiyay).}} Khaanadaha laba-laabka ah waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loogu muujiyo beddelka tifaftiraha iyo dhex-gelinta ku dhex jirta xigashooyinka: *Si loo caddeeyo: {{xt|Wuxuu ka qayb galay dugsiga [sare]}}, halkaas oo tani ahayd macnaha la rabay, laakiin nooca dugsiga uusan si cad ugu qornayn jumlada asalka ah. ===Saddexda dhibcood=== {{Shortcut|MOS:...|MOS:ELLIPSIS|}} Isticmaal saddexda dhibcood haddii erayo laga saaray xigashoda, ilaa khaanadaha laba-laabka ah la isticmaalo si loo sharaxo xigashoda. *Adeegso saddex dhibcood oo aan kala banaanayn (<code>...</code>) oo u dhexeeya meelaha bannaan. ===Hakadka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:,|MOS:COMMA}} Lamaanayaasha hakadka waxay kala xiriirin karaan erayo ama weedho ku dhex jira jumlada dhexdeeda. *{{em|Sax:}} {{xt|John Smith, wiilka Janet Cooper, waa qoraa caan ah oo riwaayadaha ah.}} ===Labada dhibcood=== {{Shortcut|MOS:COLON}} Labada dhibcood waxay soo bandhigaan wax sharraxaya ama caddaynaya waxa ka horreeyay, ama waxay soo bandhigaan liis alaabooyin ah. ===Dhibicda iyo hakadka=== {{Shortcut|MOS:;|MOS:SEMICOLON|}} Dhibicda iyo hakadku waxay u adeegaan in lagu isku xiro laba jumladood oo madax bannaan oo macno ahaan isku xiran, halkii la isticmaali lahaa dhibic ama hakad fudud. ===Xariijinta yar=== {{Shortcut|MOS:-|MOS:HYPHEN}} Xariijinta yar waxay muujisaa xiriir ama isku-xirnaansho u dhexeeya erayada, sida magacyada laba-laabka ah ama erayada la isku daray ee tilmaamayaasha ah. ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} iszweeggc2m2tijsm6ev4yhakh180oy 4 53650 310808 2026-10-24T10:41:02Z Isma4l 41797 Bog loo bedeley [[Wikipedia:Buugga Hab qoraalka]] 310808 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Buugga Hab qoraalka]] emfcjazxdb77en5x1hgbawdkh1enfj3 4 53651 310813 2026-10-24T10:59:44Z Isma4l 41797 Abuuray 310813 wikitext text/x-wiki {{style-guideline|MOS:LEAD|WP:LEAD}}<!--Do not add "LEDE" spellings here. See footnote on this page for why.--> {{nutshell|Qaybta hordhaca ahi waa inay tilmaamtaa mawduuca oo ay soo koobtaa jidhka maqaalka iyadoo la adeegsanayo miisaan habboon.}} {{style}} Wikipedia, '''qaybta hordhaca ahi'''<!--"Lede" is omitted here by consensus --> waa hordhoc loo sameeyay maqaal iyo soo-koobid ka kooban waxyaabaha ugu muhiimsan<!--First and second sentence of the lead as they are on 18:37, 26 December 2022 written per 22 December 2022 discussion in thread "First sentence of this guidance"-->. Waxay ku taallaa bilowga maqaalka, ka hor [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Section headings|madaxa]] ugu horreeya. [[#Comparison to the news-style lead|Waa {{em|ma aha}}]] nooc wararka ah [[News style#Lead (lede)|hordhac ama cutub "lede" ah]]. Booashada caadiga ah ee Wikipedia waxay qaadataa dhowr daqiiqadood (bogagga oo dhan oo la isku daray inta lagu jiro fadhiga akhriskaas).{{efn-ua|{{As of|2022|04|25|alt=As of April 2022}}, [[Alexa Internet|Alexa]] galka wikipedia.org wuxuu sheegay in celcelis ahaan isticmaalaha Wikipedia uu ku qaatay 4 daqiiqadood iyo 6 ilbiriqsi bogga maalintii.<ref>{{cite web|title=wikipedia.org Competitive Analysis, Marketing Mix and Traffic |url=https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org#card_metrics |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425221519/http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org#card_metrics |archive-date=25 April 2022}}</ref>}} Hordhacu waa waxa ugu horreeya ee ay dadka badankoodu akhriyaan markay yimaadaan maqaal, waxayna noqon kartaa qaybta keliya ee maqaalka ah ee ay akhriyaan.{{efn-ua|Eeg [[meta:Research:Which parts of an article do readers read|Waa ku wee qaybaha maqaalka ee akhristayaashu akhriyaan?]] ee falanqaynta dabeecadda akhristaha.}} Waxay bixisaa aasaaska si kooban, waxay soo bandhigtaa maqaalka, waxayna dhiirrigelisaa xiisaha akhriska ee sii socda, inkasta oo aysan ahayn iyadoo loola jeedo in akhristaha lagu qosliyo ama lagu tilmaamo waxa soo socda. Waa in lagu qoraa qaab cad oo la heli karo iyadoo la adeegsanayo [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|aragti dhex-dhexaad ah]]. Hordhacu waa inuu isagu istaago sidii dulmar kooban oo ku saabsan mawduuca maqaalka. Waa inuu aqoonsadaa mawduuca, dejiyaa macnaha guud, sharraxdaa sababta uu mawduucu u yahay mid [[Wikipedia:Notability|muhiim ah]], oo uu soo koobaa qodobbada ugu muhiimsan, oo ay ku jiraan khilaafaad kasta oo caan ah<!-- a good example or two, and counterexamples should be provided as guidance..-->.{{efn-ua|Ha jebinin [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|aragti dhex-dhexaad ah]] adigoo siinaya dareen aan habboonayn khilaafaadka yar muhiimadda leh ee qaybta hordhaca ah.}} Muhiimadda mawduuca maqaalku caadi ahaan waxaa lagu dejiyaa jumlada ugu horreysa dhowrka ah. Sida ku jirta [[MOS:BODY|jidhka maqaalka]] dhexdiisa, culayska la siinayo agabka hordhaca ah waa inuu si qiyaas ah [[WP:DUE|uga turjumaa muhiimaddiisa mawduuca]], iyadoo la raacayo [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Reliable sources|ilo lagu kalsoonaan karo oo la daabacay]]. Marka laga reebo xaqiiqooyinka aasaasiga ah, macluumaadka muhiimka ah ma aha inuu ka muuqda hordhaca haddii aan lagu soo qaadin jidhka maqaalka ka haray. Qaybta hordhaca ah waa in si taxaddar leh loogu tixraaco sidii habboon, inkastoo ay caadi tahay in tixraacyadu ay ka muuqdaan kaliya jidhka balse aysan ka muuqan hordhaca. ==<span class="anchor" id="Elements"></span><span class="anchor" id="Order"></span>Cunsurrada iyo siday u kala horreeyaan == {{shortcut|MOS:LEADELEMENTS|MOS:LEADORDER|MOS:INTHELEAD}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Order of article elements}} Qaybta hordhaca ahi waxay ka koobnaan kartaa cunsurro ikhtiyaari ah oo la soo bandhigay siday u kala horreeyaan: sharraxaad gaaban, xiriiriyeyaasha kala-soocidda (dablinks/hatnotes), calaamadaha dayactirka, khaanadaha macluumaadka, sanduuqa digniinta xarfaha gaarka ah, sawirrada, khaanadaha hagidda ([[Wikipedia:Navigation template|khaanadaha hagidda]]), qoraalka hordhaca ah, iyo tusmada maqaalka (noocyada [[Wikipedia:Skin|maqaallada]] hore), iyadoo loo gudbayo madaxa qaybta ugu horreysa. '''Qaab-dhismeedka qaybta hordhaca ah:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{Short description}} {{Hatnote}} {{Article for deletion}} {{Copy edit}} {{Use American English}} {{Use mdy dates}} {{Infobox rocket|name=...}} {{Contains special characters}} [[File:TypicalRocket.gif|...|Gantaal caadi ah]] {{Rocket navigation sidebar}} Gantaalku waa ... ==Qaybta koowaad== </syntaxhighlight> *''Sharraxaad gaaban'' waa weedh kooban oo loogu talagalay in lagu kabo oo lagu caddeeyo cinwaanka bogga. Eeg [[Wikipedia:Short description]] wixii macluumaad dheeraad ah. *''[[Wikipedia:Template index/General#Disambiguation and redirection|Xiriiriyeyaasha kala-soocidda]]'' waa inay noqdaan cunsurrada ugu horreeya ee la arki karo ee bogga, ka hor calaamad kasta oo dayactir ah, khaanad macluumaad, ama sawir; haddii akhristuhu gaaray bogga khaldan, waxay jeclaan lahaayeen inay taas ogaadaan marka ugu horreysa. Birawsarrada qoraalka oo keliya iyo [[screen reader|akhristayaasha shaashadda]] waxay soo bandhigaan bogga si xiriir ah. Xiriiriyaha kala-soocidda ee "mawduucyada magaca la mid ah ..." mararka qaarkood waxaa la dhigaa bilowga maqaalka si loogu xiro maqaal kale oo ka wada hadlaya macne kale oo cinwaanka maqaalka ah. Xaaladaha oo kale, sadarku waa inuu ahaadaa farta janjeerta oo la galiyo iyadoo la adeegsanayo [[Wikipedia:Hatnote#Hatnote templates|khaanadaha hatnote]]. Ha ka dhigin xiriiriyahan bilowga ah qayb. {{crossref|Sidoo kale eeg [[WP:Hatnote]].}} *''Calaamadaha tirtiridda'' ([[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|tirtirid degdeg ah]], [[Wikipedia:Proposed deletion|tirtirid la soo jeediyay]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion|ogeysiisyada tirtiridda maqaallada]]). *''[[Wikipedia:Template index/Maintenance|Calaamadaha dayactirka]]'' waa inay ka hooseeyaan xiriiriyeyaasha kala-soocidda. Calaamadahani waxay akhristaha ka wargelinayaan tayada guud ee maqaalka waana in la soo bandhigaa isticmaalaha ka hor maqaalka laftiisa. *''[[WP:ENGVAR|Nooca Ingiriisiga]]'' iyo ''[[Wikipedia:Overview of date formatting guidelines|qaabka taariikhda]]'' calaamaduhu waxay caawiyaan tifatirayaasha inay ilaashadaan joogteynta maqaallada iyagoo horumaraya. *''[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes|Khaanadaha macluumaadka]]'' waxay ka kooban yihiin macluumaad koobid ah ёr dulmar la xiriira mawduuca maqaalka, Sidaas darteed waa in la saaraa ka hor qoraal kasta (inkasta oo xaqiiqda, ay badanaa ka muuqdaan dhinaca qoraalka hordhaca ah). Farqiga ugu weyn ee u dhexeeya khaanadda macluumaadka iyo [[Wikipedia:Navigation template|khaanadda hagidda]] waa joogitaanka cabbiraadaha: khaanadda hagidda waa mid gebi ahaanba isku mid ah maqaallada oo dhan ee isla mawduuca ah, halka khaanadda macluumaadka ay leedahay waxyaabo kala duwan maqaal kasta. *''{{[[:Template:Contains special characters|Waxa ku jira xarfaha gaarka ah]]}}'' waxay uga digaysaa akhristayaasha in maqaalku ka kooban yahay xarfaha gaarka ah ee laga yaabo inaysan taageerin madalkooda. Haddii loo baahdo, digniintu waa inay u dhowdahay qoraal kasta oo adeegsanaya xarfaha gaarka ah si aan loo baahnayn in la rogrogdo si loo arko digniinta. Tani waa sida caadiga ah ka dib khaanadaha macluumaadka gaaban, laakiin ka hor kuwa dhaadheer. *''[[Wikipedia:Images|Sawirrada]].'' Sida dhammaan sawirrada, laakiin gaar ahaan hordhaca, sawirka la isticmaalo waa inuu noqdo mid khuseeya oo farsamo ahaan wanaagsan. Sidoo kale waa caadi in sawirka hordhucu noqdo mid matalaya sababtoo ah wuxuu bixiyaa xiriir muuqaal ah oo loogu talagalay mawduuca wuxuuna u oggolaanayaa akhristayaasha inay si dhakhso ah u qiimeeyaan haddii ay yimaadeen bogga saxda ah. Sharraxaadaha sawirradu waa qayb ka mid ah qoraalka maqaalka. Haddii maqaalku leeyahay xiriiriyeyaasha kala-soocidda (dablinks), markaas sawirka hordhaca ah waa inuu muuqdaa xoogaa ka hor qoraalka hordhaca ah. Haddii kale akhristaha shaashaddu wuxuu marka hore akhrin lahaa sharraxaadda sawirka, taas oo ah qayb ka mid ah waxyaabaha maqaalka, ka dib "boodi" ka baxsan maqaalka si uu u akhriyo dablink-ka, ka dibna ku soo noqdo qaybta hordhaca ah, taas oo ah isku xigxig aan macquul ahayn. ''Sidoo kale eeg'' {{slink|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images|Sawirrada hordhaca}}. *{{va|''[[Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates#Navigation templates|Sidebar-yada]]'' waa urur isku xiran oo xiriiriyeyaal ah oo lagu adeegsado maqaallo badan oo la xiriira si loo fududeeyo hagidda u dhexeysa maqaalladaas. {{shortcut|WP:LEADSIDEBAR}}Meelaynta sidebar ee hordhaca guud ahaan waa la diiddaa;<ref>[[Special:Permalink/991238102#Sidebars (navboxes) should NOT be used in the lead|November 2020 RfC]]</ref> waxaa lagu dari karaa kiis-arki ahaan, iyadoo la doorbido in la dhigo {{em|ka dib}} sawirka qaybta hordhaca ah iyo khaanadda macluumaadka. Ka baxsan hordhaca, sidebar-yada waxaa badanaa la dhigaa dusha sare ee qayb maqaal ah.<!--For the purposes of complying with accessibility.-->|Sidebars|LEADSIDEBAR}} *Dhammaan marka laga reebo maqaallada ugu gaaban waa inay ka bilaabmaan ''[[#First sentence|qoraalka hordhaca ah]]'' ("hordhaca"), kaas oo dejiya muhiimadda, waxaa ku jira xusan naqdi ama khilaafaad muhiim ah, wuxuuna ka dhigaa akhristayaasha inay rabaan inay wax badan bartaan. {{va|LEADNOHEADING|text=Hordhacu ma laha madax.}} ''Sidoo kale eeg {{slink|Wikipedia:Writing better articles|Qaybta hordhaca}}''. *Noocyada [[Wikipedia:Skin|maqaallada]] hore ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut_sparrow?useskin=monobook tusaale]), ''[[Help:Section#Table of contents (TOC)|tusmada maqaalka]]'' (TOC) waxay si otomaatig ah uga muuqataa bogagga leh ugu yaraan afar madax. Ka fogow [[Help:Section #Floating_the_TOC|sabeynta TOC]]. Haddii ay tahay inaad isticmaasho TOC sabbaynaysa, dhig hoostiisa qaybta hordhaca ah ee qaabka wiki si ay u noqoto mid joogto ah. Isticmaalayaasha [[screen reader|akhristayaasha shaashadda]] waxay filayaan in tusmada maqaalka ay raacdo qoraalka hordhaca ah; sidoo kale waxay seegaan qoraalka la dhex dhigay TOC iyo madaxa koowaad. ==Tixraacyada== {{shortcut|MOS:LEADCITE|MOS:CITELEAD}} {{see|Wikipedia:Verifiability|Wikipedia:Citing sources}} {{For|tilmaamaha ku saabsan sida loo "iskudhafo" tixraacyada|Help:Citation merging}} {{seealso| Help:Transclusion#Drawbacks}} Qaybta hordhaca ahi waa inay waafaqdaa siyaasadahayaga ku saabsan [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|xaqiijinta]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons|taariikh-nololeedyada dadka nool]], iyo kuwo kale. Siyaasadda xaqiijintu waxay qeexaysaa in "[d]hammaan oraahyada, iyo wixii agab ah ee xaqiijintooda la l sakin lahaa ama ay u badan tahay in la l sakin lahaa, ay tahay inay ku jiraan [[Wikipedia:Inline citation|tixraac ku dhex jira qoraalka]] oo ku socda il lagu kalsoonaan karo oo [[Wikipedia:Directly supports|si toos ah u taageeraysa]] [taas]". Maaddaama hordhacu badanaa ku celceliyo macluumaadka ku jira jidhka, tifatirayaashu waa inay dheelitiraan rabitaanka ah inaan la helin tixraacyo ku celcelis ah oo hordhaca ku jira iyo rabitaanka ah in akhristayaasha lagu caawiyo helitaanka ilaha agabkaas. In kasta oo joogitaanka tixraacyada hordhaca uusan ahayn mid khasab ah maqaal kasta mana aha mid reebban maqaal kasta, ma jiro wax ka reeban shuruudaha tixraaca ee gaarka ah hordhaca. Baahida loo qabo tixraacyada hordhaca waxaa lagu go'aamiyaa kiis-arki ahaan iyadoo la raacayo [[Wikipedia:Consensus|is-afgaradka]] tifatirayaasha. Mawduucyada adag, ee hadda jira, ama doodda dhaliyay waxay u baahan karaan tixraacyo badan; kuwa kalena, wax yar ama ma jiraan. {{shortcut|MOS:SCROLLDOWN}} Maaddaama hordhacu soo koobayo jidhka, tixraacyada taageeraya sheegashooyinka hordhaca ah waxaa badanaa laga heli karaa jidhka. Kahor inta aan lagu darin calaamadda {{t|Citation needed}} hordhaca, tifatirayaashu waa inay hubiyaan jidhka maqaalka si ay u arkaan haddii sheegashadu horay loo tixraacay. Haddii sheegashadu ay tahay mid aan lahayn ilo jidhka sidoo kale, waxaa fiican in lagu daro calaamadda jumlada khusaysa ee jidhka halkii hordhaca la dhigi lahaa. Sida tifatirayaashu inta badan aysan uga warqabin hagahan, [[WP:Assume good faith|rumaysadka wanaagsan waa in la qaataa]] marka calaamadaha {{tlf|Citation needed}} si khaldan loogu daro qaybaha hordhaca ah; {{tls|Leadcite comment}} waxaa lagu dari karaa hordhacyada maqaallada ee soo jiita calaamadaha {{tlf|Citation needed}} ee aan la aqbalin. ==<span class="anchor" id="Intro"></span>Nuxurka== {{shortcut|MOS:INTRO}} ===<span class="anchor" id="summarize"></span>Bixinta dulmar la heli karo=== {{see also|Wikipedia:Summary style}} Qaybta hordhaca ahi waa inay si kooban u soo koobtaa qodobbada ugu muhiimsan ee maqaal ku jira, si ay u taagnaan karto nooc kooban oo maqaalka ah. Sababta uu mawduucu u yahay mid muhiim ah waa in la dejiyo, ama ugu yaraan la soo bandhigo, hordhaca dhexdiisa (laakiin aan la adeegsanayn [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Puffery|ereyo ammaan ah]] sida "la ammaanay" ama "ku guuleystay abaalmarin" ama "hit"). Jidhka maqaalka waxaa loo oggol yahay inuu ku celceliyo qodobbada hordhaca, maaddaama hordhacu soo koobayo qodobbada jidhka isla markaana jidhku bixinayo faahfaahin dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan qodobbadaas, kuwaas oo badanaa la celceliyo. Waa in la tixgeliyo abuurista xiisaha maqaalka, laakiin [[#Comparison to the news-style lead|ha tilmaamin]] xaqiiqooyin naxdin leh adigoon sharraxin. Waa mid xitaa ka muhiimsan halkan marka loo eego qaybta kaloo harsan ee maqaalka in qoraalku noqdo mid la heli karo. Ka dhig qaybta hordhaca ah [[Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable|mid la heli karo dhagaystayaal aad u ballaaran intii suurtagal ah]]. Tifatirayaashu waa inay ka fogaadaan baaraagaraafyo dhaadheer iyo sharraxaadyo gaar ah oo xad-dhaaf ah{{snd}}faahfaahin dheeraad ah waxaa loo hayaa [[MOS:BODY|jidhka maqaalka]]. Meel kasta oo ay suurtagal tahay, ka fogow [[terminology|erey-bixin]] adag oo adag in la fahmo, calaamado, isla'egyo xisaabeed iyo qaabab. Meelaha ereyada aan caadiga ahayn ay muhiim u yihiin, waa in la dhex dhigaa macnaha guud, la xiriiriyaa, oo si kooban loo qeexaa. Mawduuca waa in la dhex dhigaa macnaha guud ee caadiga u ah akhristaha caadiga ah. Tusaale ahaan, waa ka fiican yahay in la sharaxo goobta magaalada iyadoo la tixraacayo aag ama meel ka weyn intii la isticmaali lahaa isku-duwayaal. Akhristayaashu waa inaysan dhex gelin bartamaha mawduuca kelmada koowaad; waa in si tartiib ah loo geliyo. ===<span class="anchor" id="Rel"></span>Culayska qaraadiga ah=== {{shortcut|MOS:LEADREL|MOS:LEADNO|MOS:LEADNOTUNIQUE|MOS:LEADPROPORTION}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Balancing aspects}} Sida waafaqsan [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Due and undue weight|siyaasadda miisaanka dheellitiran]], culayska la siinayo agabka waa inuu ka turjumaa muhiimaddiisa qaraadiga ah ee uu u leeyahay mawduuca, iyadoo la raacayo [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|ilo la daabacay oo lagu kalsoonaan karo]]. Tani waa run labadaba qaybta hordhaca ah iyo jidhka maqaalka. Haddii ay jirto kala duwanaansho culays ah oo u dhexeeya labada, tifatirayaashu waa inay raadiyaan in ay xalliyaan khilaafka. Macluumaadka muhiimka ah ma aha inuu ka muuqda hordhaca, marka laga reebo xaqiiqooyinka aasaasiga ah, haddii aan lagu soo qaadin jidhka maqaalka ka haray, inkastoo aan wax walba oo hordhaca ku jira lagu celcelinin jidhka qoraalka. Reebanaannada waxaa ka mid ah xaqiiqooyin gaar ah sida [[quotation|oraahyo]], tusaalooyin, taariikhaha dhalashada, magacyada [[taxonomic|taksonomiga]] iyo [[typology|kala-soocidda noocyada]], lambarrada [[case number|kiiska]], iyo [[title|cinwaannada]]. Digniintaan ma aha in loo qaato sabab looga saaro macluumaadka hordhaca, laakiin waa in la waafajiyo daboolidda hordhaca iyo agabka jidhka maqaalka. ===<span class="anchor" id="Establish context"></span>Baaraagaraafka koowaad=== {{shortcut|MOS:OPEN|MOS:BEGIN}} Baaraagaraafka koowaad waa inuu [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#Good definitions|qeexaa]] ama aqoonsadaa mawduuca iyadoo la adeegsanayo [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|aragti dhex-dhexaad ah]], laakiin aan la noqon mid aad u gaar ah. Waa inuu dejiyaa macnaha guud ee uu mawduucu ku jiro adoo bixinaya xaaladaha ama xaqiiqooyinka ku xeeran. Haddii ay habboon tahay, waa inuu bixiyaa goobta iyo wakhtiga. Sidoo kale waa inuu dejiyaa xuduudaha mawduuca; tusaale ahaan, hordhaca maqaalka [[List of environmental issues]] wuxuu si kooban u sheegayaa in liisku daboolayo "dhinacyada waxyeellada leh ee hawlaha binu-aadmiga ee deegaanka bayoolajiga ah". ===<span class="anchor" id="First sentence format"></span><span class="anchor" id="Clutter"></span>Jumlada koowaad=== {{shortcut|MOS:FIRST|MOS:LEADSENTENCE}} {{redirect|MOS:FIRST|the guideline on ordinals|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Ordinals}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Writing better articles#Use of "refers to"|Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#Fixing the introductory sentence: removing "refers to"|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Post-nominal letters}} Jumlada koowaad waa inay soo bandhigtaa mawduuca, oo ay u sheegto [[WP:GENAUD|akhristaha aan takhasuska lahayn]] <em>waxa</em> ama <em>qofka</em> uu yahay mawduucu, badanaana <em>goorta</em> ama <em>meesha</em>. Waa in lagu qoraa [[plain English|Ingiriis sahlan]]. Haddii mawduuciu uu yahay mid la qeexi karo, markaas jumlada koowaad waa inay bixisaa qeexitaan kooban: meel kasta oo ay suurtagal tahay, mid u dhigaysa maqaalka macnaha guud ee qofka aan takhasuska lahayn. Sidoo kale, haddii cinwaanku yahay [[technical terminology|erey farsamo]], bixi macnaha guud sida ugu dhaqsaha badan ee suurtogalka ah.{{efn-ua|Tusaale ahaan, halkii laga qori lahaa: {{block indent|'''Dhinaca saddexaad ee lagu kalsoon yahay''' waa hay'ad fududaysa isdhexgalka u dhexeeya laba dhinac oo labaduba ku kalsoon dhinaca saddexaad.}} qor: {{block indent|[[Cryptography|Sir-qoraalka]] dhexdiisa, '''dhinaca saddexaad ee lagu kalsoon yahay''' waa hay'ad fududaysa isdhexgalka u dhexeeya laba dhinac oo labaduba ku kalsoon dhinaca saddexaad.}}}} Mawduucyada [[Wikipedia:Notability|muhiimka ah]] hal sabab awgeed oo keliya, sababtan waxaa badanaa lagu bixiyaa jumlada koowaad.{{efn-ua|Tusaale ahaan: {{block indent|'''Amalie Emmy Noether''' {{IPA|de|ˈnøːtɐ|}} (23 Maarso 1882&nbsp;– 14 Abriil 1935) waxay ahayd [[mathematician|xisaabyahan]] Jarmal ah oo loo yaqaanno tabarucaadkeeda asaaska u ah [[abstract algebra|algebra-ha aan la taaban karin]] iyo tabarucaadkeeda [[theoretical physics|fiisikis-ka aragtida]].}} Tusaalahan ma aha oo Kaliya inuu u sheegayo akhristaha in mawduucu ahaa xisaabyahan, laakiin sidoo kale wuxuu tilmaamayaa goobtiisa khibradda iyo shaqadiisa ay ka samaysay dibadda. Sannadaha dhalashadiisa iyo dhimashadiisa waxay bixiyaan macnaha wakhtiga. Akhristaha aan horay u sii soconin maqaalkan wuxuu horay u og yahay goortii ay noolayd, shaqadiisa ay qabatay, iyo sababta ay muhiim u tahay. ([[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biographies]] waxay haysataa wax badan oo ku saabsan qaabka gaarka ah ee maqaallada taariikh-nololeedka.)}} {{shortcut|MOS:LEADCLUTTER}} {{va|Lead clutter|text=Ha culaysin jumlada koowaad adigoo sharraxaya wax kasta oo muhiim ah oo ku saabsan mawduuca. Halkaas, ku faafi macluumaadka khuseeya hordhaca oo dhan. Ka fogow in jumlada koowaad lagu dhex daro [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking#What generally should not be linked|tirada xiriiriyeyaasha ah ee xad-dhaafka ah]] ama khaanad dheer oo ay ku jiraan waxyaabo ay ka mid yihiin higaadyo beddel ah iyo ku dhawaaqis; kuwani waxay ka dhigi karaan jumlada mid adag in la akhriyo. Macluumaadka noocaas ah waa in la dhigaa meel kale, sida qaybta "Etymology", khaanadda macluumaadka (adigoo adeegsanaya {{Parameter|pronunciation}} ama {{Parameter|native_name}} cabbirada), ama [[Help:Footnotes|xusuusin sharaxaad ah]].}}{{efn-ua|Tusaale ahaan: {{block indent|'''Sweden''',{{efn|{{langx|sv|Sverige}} {{IPA|sv|ˈsvæ̌rjɛ||Sv-Sverige.ogg}}; {{langx|fi|Ruotsi}}; {{langx|fit|Ruotti}}; {{langx|se|Ruoŧŧa}}; {{langx|smj|Svierik}}; {{langx|sje|Sverji}}; {{langx|sju|Sverje}}; {{langx|sma|Sveerje}} ama {{lang|sma|Svöörje}}; {{langx|yi|שוועדן|Shvedn}}; {{langx|rmu|Svedikko}}; {{langx|rmf|Sveittiko}}.}} si rasmi ah '''Boqortooyada Sweden''',{{efn|{{langx|sv|links=no|Konungariket Sverige}} {{IPA|sv|ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ||Sv-Konungariket Sverige.ogg}}}} waa waddan Waqtiyada Nordic ah oo ku yaal Jasiiradda Scandinavian ee Waqooyiga Yurub.}} halka {{block indent|'''Sweden''' ({{langx|sv|Sverige}} {{IPA|sv|ˈsvæ̌rjɛ||Sv-Sverige.ogg}}), si rasmi ah '''Boqortooyada Sweden''' ({{langx|sv|links=no|Konungariket Sverige}} {{IPA|sv|ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ||Sv-Konungariket Sverige.ogg}}), waa waddan Waqtiyada Nordic ah oo ku yaal Jasiiradda Scandinavian ee Waqooyiga Yurub.}}}} ==== Adeegsada cinwaanka maqaalka oo ah mawduuc ==== {{Shortcut|MOS:LEADTITLE|MOS:LEADSUBJECT}} Haddii ay suurtagal tahay, [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Article titles|cinwaanka bogga]] waa inuu ahaadaa [[subject (grammar)|mawduuca]] jumlada koowaad.{{efn-ua|Tusaale ahaan, isticmaal: {{block indent|'''Qaabkan Hab-qoraalka''' waa [[style guide|hage qaab-qoraal]] ka kooban&nbsp;...}} halka aan la isticmaalin: {{block indent|Hagahan [[style guide|qaab-qoraal]], oo loo yaqaanno '''Qaabka Hab-qoraalka''', wuxuu ka kooban yahay&nbsp;...}} }} Xaaladdan, waxaa ku jiri kara kala duwanaansho, oo ay ku jiraan foomamka jamaca (gaar ahaan haddii ay yihiin kuwo aan caadi ahayn ama jahawareer leh) ama [[synonym|magacyo kale]].{{efn-ua|Tusaale ahaan, maqaalka "[[Matrix (mathematics)|Matrix (xisaab)]]": {{block indent|Xisaabta dhexdeeda, '''matrix''' (jamac '''matrices''') waa habayn afar geesood ah oo nambaro, calaamado, ama muujinta ah, oo lagu habeeyey safadaha iyo tiirarka.}}}} Cinwaanka bogga waxaa laga yaabaa inuu sidoo ka muuqdo qaab xoogaa ka duwan{{efn-ua|Tusaale ahaan, maqaalka "[[United Kingdom|Boqortooyada Midowday]]": {{block indent|'''Boqortooyada Midowday ee Great Britain iyo Northern Ireland''', oo si caadi ah loogu yaqaanno '''Boqortooyada Midowday''', '''UK''', ama '''Britain''', waa [[island country|waddan jasiirad]] madaxbannaan oo ku yaal xeebta waqooyi-galbeed ee [[continental Europe|Yurubta qaaradda]].}} }} waana in laga tago wixii [[Wikipedia:Consistency in article titles#Use consistent disambiguators for similar kinds of topics|kala-soocid waalid ah]] leh.{{efn-ua| Tusaale ahaan, isticmaal: {{block indent|'''Mercury''' waa meereha kowaad ee ka yimaada Qorraxda&nbsp;...}} halka aan la isticmaalin: {{block indent|'''Mercury (meere)''' waa meereha kowaad ee ka yimaada Qorraxda&nbsp;...}}}} Haddii [[Wikipedia:Article titles|cinwaanka maqaalka]] uu yahay magac rasmi ah ёr si ballaaran loo aqbalay oo loogu talagalay mawduuca, ku soo bandhig sida ugu dhaqsaha badan jumlada koowaad: {{block indent|'''Electron''' waa [[subatomic particle|qayb hoose-atomik]] oo leh [[elementary charge|dallac koronto dabiici ah]] oo taban. ([[Electron]])}} Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa jira reebanaanno aan cinwaanka bogga loo adeegsan karin sidii mawduuc, eeg {{slink|#Alternative biographical names}} iyo {{slink|#Other types of articles}}. Sidoo kale, haddii cinwaanka maqaalku yahay mid sifayn ah oo keliya—sida [[Electrical characteristics of dynamic loudspeakers]]—uma baahna inuu si dhab ah ugu muuqdo jumlada koowaad. Si kastaba ha ahaatee waxaa wanaagsan in lagu daro cinwaanka haddii tan lagu qaabil karo qaab dabiici ah: {{block indent|'''Isku xigxigidda madaxweynaha Maraykanka''' waa nidaamka ay saraakiisha Maraykanka{{nbsp}}... ([[Isku xigxigidda madaxweynaha Maraykanka]])}} =====Ka fogow celceliska aan loo baahnayn===== {{shortcut|MOS:REDUNDANCY}} {{redirect|WP:REDUNDANCY|redundant articles|Wikipedia:Avoiding common mistakes#Redundant|redundancy in section headings|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#SECTIONSTYLE}} Ku hay [[Redundancy (linguistics)|celceliska]] heerka ugu hooseeya jumlada koowaad. Adeegso jumlada koowaad ee maqaalka si aad u bixiso macluumaad khuseeya oo {{strong|aan horay loogu bixin}} cinwaanka maqaalka. Tusaale ahaan: {{block indent|[[File:Red x.svg|15px|link=|alt=Bad:]] '''Cilaaqaadka Ciraaq iyo Pakistan''' waa cilaaqaadka u dhexeeya [[Iraq|Ciraaq]] iyo [[Pakistan]]. }} {{block indent|[[File:Yes check.svg|15px|link=|alt=Good:]] [[Iraq|Ciraaq]] iyo [[Pakistan]] waxay dejiyeen [[diplomatic relations|cilaaqaad diblomaasiyadeed]] sannadkii 1947. }} Bayaanka ''cilaaqaadku waa cilaaqaadka'' ma caawiyo akhristaha aan aqoon u lahayn macnaha ''cilaaqaad diblomaasiyadeed''. Nooca labaad si caqli gal ah waxaa ku jira macluumaad cusub (in cilaaqaad la aas-aasay sannadkii 1947) jumlada koowaad, halkii lagu celcelin lahaa cinwaanka. {{shortcut|MOS:AVOIDBOLD|MOS:!LEADBOLD}} {{va|Avoid boldface|text=Haddii cinwaanka maqaalku uusan isu dhiibin in si fudud oo dabiici ah loogu isticmaalo jumlada koowaad, erayada waa in aan la qalloocin iyadoo la isku dayayo in lagu daro. Halkaas, si fudud u sharrax mawduuca adigoo adeegsanaya Ingiriis caadi ah, adigoo ka fogaanaya celcelis aan loo baahnayn.}} {{block indent|[[File:Red x.svg|15px|link=|alt=Bad:]] '''Daadadka Wabiga Mississippi ee 2011''' waxay ahaayeen taxane [[flood|daadad ah]] oo saameeyay [[Mississippi River|Wabiga Mississippi]] Abriil iyo Maajo 2011, kuwaas oo ka mid ahaa kuwii ugu waaweynaa uguna waxyeellada badnahaa ee laga diiwaan geliyay marin-biyeedka [[U.S.|Maraykanka]] qarnigii la soo dhaafay.}} {{block indent|[[File:Green check.svg|15px|link=|alt=Good:]] Daadadweyn [[flood|oo soo gaaray]] [[Mississippi River|Wabiga Mississippi]] Abriil iyo Maajo 2011 waxay ka mid ahaayeen kuwii ugu waaweynaa uguna waxyeellada badnahaa ee laga diiwaan geliyay marin-biyeedka [[U.S.|Maraykanka]] qarnigii la soo dhaafay.}} Mararka qaarkood celcelis yar waa mid aan laga fursan karin. Tusaale ahaan, ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' (OED) waa in loogu yeeraa magaciisa saxda ah ee maqaalkiisa, mana lagu yeeri karo wax aan ahayn ''qaamuus'' jumlada koowaad. Xataa xaaladahan oo kale, jumlada koowaad waa inay bixisaa macluumaad aan lagu bixin cinwaanka. Laakiin isku day inaad dib u qorto mar kasta oo ay suurtagal tahay. Halkii laga qori lahaa: {{block indent|[[File:Red x.svg|15px|link=|alt=Bad:]] '''''Oxford English Dictionary''''' waa [[dictionary|qaamuus]] ka mid ah [[English language|luqadda Ingiriisiga]].}} tixgeli: {{block indent|[[File:Green check.svg|15px|link=|alt=Good:]] '''''Oxford English Dictionary''''' waa [[dictionary|qaamuus]] taariikhi ah oo ugu muhiimsan ee [[English language|luqadda Ingiriisiga]].}} Labaduba waxay ka kooban yihiin celcelis qaar, laakiin kan labaad waa ka fiican yahay sababtoo ah wuxuu noo sheegayaa in OED uu yahay qaamuuska ''ugu ixtiraamka badan'' adduunka ee Ingiriisiga. ====<span class="anchor" id="Bold title"></span>Qaabka jumlada koowaad==== {{Shortcut|MOS:BOLDLEAD|MOS:BOLDTITLE}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Boldface|Wikipedia:Superfluous bolding explained}} Marka cinwaanka maqaalku si dhab ah ugu muuqdo jumlada koowaad, waa inuu ahaadaa mid buuran. Maqaallada uusan cinwaanka maqaalku si dhab ah ugu muuqon jumlada koowaad, farta buuran lama isticmaalo. =====<span class="anchor" id="BOLDSYN"></span><span class="anchor" id="MOSBOLDSYN"></span><span class="anchor" id="Abbreviations and synonyms"></span>Farta buuran ee cinwaanka iyo magacyada kale===== {{Shortcut|MOS:BOLDALTNAMES|MOS:BOLDSYN}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Text formatting }} Keliya dhacdada ugu horreysa ee cinwaanka iyo {{em|muhiimka ah}} [[#Alternative names|magacyada kale]] (oo badanaa sidoo kale ay tahay in ay [[Wikipedia:Redirect|u hagaajiyaan]] maqaalka){{efn-ua|"Badanaa" halkan waxay xisaabin kartaa kiisaska sida "'''Foo''', sidoo kale loo yaqaanno '''Bar''', '''Baz''', ama '''Quux'''", halkaas oo shayga "Baz" uusan dhab ahaantii ahayn dib-u-hagaajin ka timid "Baz", laakiin laga yaabaa inuu yahay "Baz (kiimiko)", sidaas darteed uusan ku habboonayn shuruud habaysan oo dib-u-hagaajin ah, laakiin wuxuu noqon lahaa mid jahawareerinaya muuqaal ahaan haddii farta buuran laga saaro labada kale dhexdooda. "Badanaa" ma aha ruqsad guud si [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#When not to use boldface|loogu isticmaalo farta buuran waxyaabaha si loo xoojiyo]].}} waxaa la dhigaa farta buuran: {{block indent|'''Mumbai''', sidoo kale loo yaqaanno '''Bombay''', waa caasimadda gobolka [[India|Hindiya]] ee [[Maharashtra]]. ([[Mumbai]])}} Gaabisyada caadiga ah (khaanadaha wareegsan ka dib cinwaanka u dhigma) waxaa loo tixgeliyaa magacyo kale oo muhiim ah macnahan: {{block indent|The '''International Music Score Library Project''' ('''IMSLP'''), sidoo kale loo yaqaanno '''Petrucci Music Library''' ka dib daabacaha [[Ottaviano Petrucci]], waa&nbsp;... ([[International Music Score Library Project]])}} Maqaal [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography|taariikh-nololeed]] ah oo ka bilaabmaya magaca buuxa ee mawduuca, geli magaca buuxa farta buuran. {{Crossreference|text=(Eeg {{slink|#Alternative_biographical_names}}.)}} Haddii maqaalku ku saabsan yahay dhacdo ay ku lug leedahay mawduuc uusan jirin maqaal weyn, gaar ahaan haddii maqaalku yahay [[Wikipedia:Redirect#What needs to be done on pages that are targets of redirects?|bartilmaameedka dib-u-hagaajinta]], mawduucu waa inuu ahaadaa farta buuran: {{block indent| '''Azaria Chantel Loren Chamberlain''' (11 Juun – 17 Agoosto 1980) waxay ahayd gabar ilmo yar oo u dhalatay Australia taas oo ay dishay dingo habeenkii 17 Agoosto 1980{{nbsp}}... ([[Death of Azaria Chamberlain]], oo laga soo hagaajiyay Azaria Chamberlain)}} Ha dhigin farta buuran magacyada aan Ingiriisiga ahayn ee aan si caadi ah loogu isticmaalin Ingiriisiga ama Soomaaliga. {{Crossreference|text=(Eeg {{slink|#Other_languages}}.)}} {{block indent|'''Milan''' ({{langx|it|Milano}}) waa magaalada waqooyiga Italy.}} Ha dhigin farta buuran magacyada kale [[Main Page|Bogga Weyn]]. =====Ku darista u dhigmaasha ajnabiga ah===== {{shortcut|MOS:FOREIGNEQUIV}} Haddii mawduuca maqaalku uu si dhow u la xiriiro luqad aan Ingiriis ahayn, magac keliya oo u dhigma oo ku jira luqad kale ayaa lagu dari karaa jumlada hordhaca ah, badanaana khaanadaha wareegsan. Tusaale ahaan, maqaal ku saabsan goob ku taal waddan aan Ingiriis ku hadlin wuxuu badanaa ka kooban yahay luqadda deegaanka ee u dhigma: {{block indent|'''Chernivtsi Oblast''' ({{langx|uk|Чернівецька область}}, {{lang|uk-Latn|Chernivetska oblast}}) waa [[administrative divisions of Ukraine|oblast]] (gobol) ku taal galbeedka [[Ukraine]], oo xuduud la leh [[Romania]] iyo [[Moldova]].}} Ha ku darin u dhigmaasha aan Ingiriisiga ahayn qoraalka jumlada hordhaca ah ee magacyada kale ama magacyada aadka u dheer, maaddaama tani ay buuxinayso jumlada hordhaca ah waxayna daciifinaysaa akhriska. Ha ku darin u dhigmaasha aan Ingiriisiga ahayn jumlada hordhaca ah si kaliya loo tuso etymology. Magacyada aan Ingiriisiga ahayn waa in loo dhaqaajiyaa xusuus-qoraal, khaanadda macluumaadka, ama [[#Separate section usage|meel kale]] maqaalka dhexdiisa haddii ay si kale u buuxin lahaayeen jumlada koowaad.{{efn-ua|name="Khan"}} Marka mawduucu si dhow ula xiriiro wax ka badan hal luqad oo aan Ingiriis ahayn, jumlada hordhaca ah waa inaysan caadi ahaan soo saarin mid ka mid ah. Xaaladaha oo kale, dhammaan u dhigmaasha aan Ingiriisiga ahayn waa in la isku meel dhigaa hal xusuus-qoraal sharraxaad ah (ama qayb "Names" ah ama la mid ah), halkii ay ka noqon lahaayeen qoraalka jumlada koowaad, si looga fogaado buuxdhaafinta iyo khilaafaadka ku saabsan luqadda la soo bandhigayo. Luqadaha kala duwan waa in lagu qaybiyaa [[semicolon|semicolon-yo]]; [[romanization|romanization-yada]] qoraallada aan Laatiinka ahayn, oo wata [[comma|hakad]]. Ha dhigin farta buuran magacyada aan Ingiriisiga ahayn ee aan si caadi ahaan loogu isticmaalin Ingiriisiga. Erayada qaar ee aan Ingiriisiga ahayn waa in la janjeeriyaa. Kiisaskan waxaa lagu sifeeyay [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Foreign terms|Habka Hab-qoraalka ee qaabaynta qoraalka]]. {{block indent|The '''Inuit''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|nj|u|ɪ|t}}, kelidii '''Inuk'''; [[Inuktitut language|Inuktitut]]: {{lang|iu|{{linktext|ᐃᓄᐃᑦ}}}} {{gloss|dadka}}) waa koox ka mid ah [[indigenous peoples|dadka asaliga ah]] ee dhaqan ahaan isku mid ah oo deggan gobollada [[Arctic|Arktika]] ee [[Greenland]], Canada iyo [[Alaska]]&nbsp;...}} =====Faahfaahin kale ama weedho lagu daro ama laga saaro===== * Taariikhaha iyo goobaha waa in lagu daraa jumlada koowaad haddii ay ka caawiyaan akhristaha inuu si degdeg ah u go'aamiyo inuu akhrinayo maqaalka saxda ah. Tusaale ahaan, maqaalka [[Spanish–American War]], qoraalka hordhucu wuxuu ka bilaabmaa: {{block indent|The '''Spanish–American War'''{{efn|{{langx|es|Guerra hispano-estadounidense}} ama {{lang|es|Guerra hispano-americana}}; {{langx|fil|Digmaang Espanyol–Amerikano}}). Taariikh-yahanno qaar ayaa doorbidaya cinwaanno kale, t.s.: *{{citation|author=Louis A. Pérez|title=The war of 1898: the United States and Cuba in history and historiography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OVFV4qclY-YC|year=1998|publisher=UNC Press Books|isbn=978-0-807-84742-8|access-date=October 31, 2015}} *{{citation|author=Benjamin R. Beede|title=The War of 1898, and US interventions, 1898–1934: an encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=48g116X9IIwC|year=1994|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-824-05624-7|access-date=October 31, 2015}} *{{citation|author1=Thomas David Schoonover|author2=Walter LaFeber|title=Uncle Sam's War of 1898 and the Origins of Globalization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3u3ctVjVNPsC|year=2005|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|isbn=978-0-813-19122-5|access-date=October 31, 2015|url-status=live}} *{{citation|author=Virginia Marie Bouvier|title=Whose America?: the war of 1898 and the battles to define the nation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwp3AAAAMAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Praeger|isbn=978-0-275-96794-9|access-date=October 31, 2015}} }} (21 Abriil – 13 Agoosto 1898) wuxuu ahaa [[armed conflict|iska hor imaad hubaysan]] oo u dhexeeyay [[Spain under the Restoration|Spain]] iyo [[United States|Maraykanka]].}} *{{shortcut|MOS:REFERS}} Ka fogow qaababka sida "[Mawduuca] [[WP:REFERS|wuxuu tilmaamayaa]]&nbsp;..." ama "...&nbsp;[[WP:ISAWORDFOR|waa eray loogu talagalay]]&nbsp;..."{{snd}} maqaalku wuxuu ku saabsan yahay mawduuca, ma aha eray <em>loogu talagalay</em> mawduuca.{{efn-ua|Tusaale ahaan: {{block indent|'''Xeryaha''' waa [[outdoor activity|hawl-qabad dibadda ah]] oo ku lug leh hoyasho habeenkii ah oo ka baxsan guriga hoy dhexdiis&nbsp;...}}halkii laga qori lahaa {{block indent|'''Xeryaha''' waxay tilmaamayaan [[outdoor activity|hawl-qabad dibadda ah]] oo ku lug leh hoyasho habeenkii ah&nbsp;...}} }} Maqaallada dhab ahaantii ku saabsan ereyada, [[WP:WORDSASWORDS|jeeriy erayga]] si loo muujiye [[use–mention distinction|kala-soocidda adeegsiga iyo xusidda]].{{efn-ua|Tusaale ahaan: {{block indent|'''''Irregardless''''' waa eray marmar la isticmaalo halkii ''regardless'' ama ''irrespective''&nbsp;...}}halkii laga qori lahaa {{block indent|'''Irregardless''' waa eray marmar la isticmaalo&nbsp;...}} }} ====<span id="Avoid these common mistakes"></span>Ka fogow khaladaadkan kale ee caadiga ah===== {{shortcut|MOS:BOLDLINK|MOS:BOLDLINKAVOID}} Xiriiriyeyaasha waa in aan la dhigin farta [[emphasis (typography)#Methods and use|buuran]] ee celcelinta cinwaanka jumlada koowaad ee hordhaca:{{efn-ua|Maqaallo badan, laakiin ma aha dhammaan, waxay ku celceliyaan cinwaanka maqaalka farta buuran safka koowaad ee maqaalka. Ku xiridda maqaalka isaga laftiisa waxay soo saartaa '''qoraal farta buuran ah'''; dhaqankaan waa la diiddaa sababtoo ah dhaqaaqista boggu waxay keenaysaa xiriiriye wareeg ah oo aan waxtar lahayn iyada oo la marayo dib-u-hagaajin. Ku xiridda {{em|qayb ka mid ah}} qoraalka farta buuran sidoo kale waa la diiddaa sababtoo ah waxay beddeshaa saamaynta muuqaalka ee farta buuran; akhristayaasha qaar ayaa seegi kara calaamadda muuqaalka taas oo ah ujeedada adeegsiga farta buuran marka ugu horreysa.}}{{efn-ua|Bogagga kala-soocidda waa gargaar hagid intii ay ahaan lahaayeen maqaallo oo meesha uu ka jiro mawduuc aas-aasiyay eray, safka hordhaca ah ee bogga kala-soocidda eraygaas wuxuu caadi ahaan leeyahay eraygaas labadaba xiriiriye iyo farta buuran; eeg [[MOS:DABPRIMARY]]}} {{block indent|[[File:Red x.svg|15px|link=|alt=Bad:]] '''[[Babe Ruth]] Abaalmarinta''' waxaa la siiyaa sannad walba ciyaaryahanka [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB) ee leh waxqabadka ugu fiican [[Major League Baseball postseason|ciyaaraha ka dambeeya xilli-ciyaareedka]]. }} {{block indent|[[File:Yes check.svg|15px|link=|alt=Good:]] '''Babe Ruth Abaalmarinta''' waxaa la siiyaa sannad walba ciyaaryahanka [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB) ee leh waxqabadka ugu fiican [[Major League Baseball postseason|ciyaaraha ka dambeeya xilli-ciyaareedka]]. Abaalmarinta, oo la abuuray sharaf [[Babe Ruth]], waxaa markii ugu horreysay la abaalmariyay sannadkii 1949 ciyaaryahanka ugu qiimaha badan ee [[World Series]], hal sano ka dib dhimashadii Ruth.}} Sida reeban, bogagga kala-soocidda waxay isticmaali karaan farta buuran [[MOS:DABPRIMARY|xiriiriyaha mawduuca aas-aasiga ah]], haddii uu jiro mid. {{anchor|MOSTITLEABSENT|MOSTITLEABSENTBOLD|MOSBEATLESINUS|BEATLES}} {{Shortcut|MOS:TITLEABSENT|MOS:TITLEABSENTBOLD}} Guud ahaan, haddii cinwaanka maqaalka (ama cinwaan kale oo muhiim ah) uusan ka jirin jumlada koowaad, ha u codsan habka farta buuran qoraalka la xiriira ee {{em|uu muuqdo}} (tusaale ka timid [[1999 Nepalese general election]]): {{block indent|[[File:Red x.svg|15px|link=|alt=Bad:]] '''Doorashooyinka guud''' waxaa lagu qabtay [[Nepal]] 3 Maajo iyo 17 Maajo 1999.}} {{block indent|[[File:Yes check.svg|15px|link=|alt=Good:]] Doorashooyinka guud waxaa lagu qabtay [[Nepal]] 3 Maajo iyo 17 Maajo 1999.}} =====Magacyada saxda ah iyo cinwaannada===== Haddii cinwaanka boggu si caadi ah u yahay mid [[Wikipedia:ITALICS|farta janjeerta leh]] (tusaale ahaan, shaqo faneed, suugaan, albam, ёr markab) markaas xusistiisa ugu horreysa waxay noqon kartaa qoraal farta buuran iyo farta janjeerta labadaba: {{block indent|'''''Las Meninas''''' (Isbaanish loogu talagalay '''''Gabdhaha Sharafta''''') waa sawir 1656 ah oo uu qoray [[Diego Velázquez]],&nbsp;... {{pb}} '''''The Good, the Bad and the Ugly''''' ({{langx|it|link=no|Il buono, il brutto, il cattivo}}) waa filim [[spaghetti Western|western spaghetti]] epic ah oo Talyaani ah oo 1966 ah&nbsp;...}} {{anchor|NOBOLDQUOT}} {{shortcut|MOS:NOBOLDQUOT}} Haddii xusidda cinwaanka maqaalku ay ku hareeraysan tahay calaamadaha oraahda, cinwaanku waa inuu noqdaa farta buuran laakiin calaamadaha oraahda ma aha inaysan noqon: {{block indent|"'''Yesterday'''" waa hees asal ahaan ay duubeen [[the Beatles]] albamkoodii 1965 ''[[Help!]]''}} =====Ku dhawaaqid===== {{shortcut|MOS:LEADPRON}} {{details|topic=qaabaynta ku dhawaaqidda jumlada koowaad|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation}} Ha ku darin hagayaasha ku dhawaaqidda jumlada hordhaca ah erayada halka ku dhawaaqidda saxda ah ay tahay mid dareen leh oo laga soo qaatay sida loo higaadiyo, ama erayada caadiga ah ee luqadda Ingiriisiga—xataa kuwa leh ku dhawaaqid aan macquul ahayn kuwa baranaya luqadda ([[laughter|qosol]], [[sword|seef]]) ama kuwa si dhow ula xiriira erayada luqadaha kale ([[Paris]], [[Poland]]). Ku darista ku dhawaaqidda waxay noqon kartaa mid waxtar leh erayada aan caadiga ahayn ee luqadda Ingiriisiga ([[synecdoche|synekdoke]], [[atlatl]]). Haddii magaca maqaalku leeyahay ku dhawaaqid aan ka muuqan higaadiisa, ku dar [[Help:IPA|ku dhawaaqidda]] ka dib dhacdada ugu horreysa ee magaca, adigoo adeegsanaya khaanadaha wareegsan ama xusuus-qoraal. Erayada noocaas ah waa inta badan erayada ama weedhaha amaahda ka yimid luqadaha kale (''[[Mate (drink)|mate]]'', ''[[coup d'état]]''), ama magacyada saxda ah ([[Ralph Fiennes]], [[Tuolumne River]], [[Tao Te Ching]]). Ku xaddid hagaha ku dhawaaqidda ee lagu daray weedh badan oo erayo ah oo keliya kuwa u baahan (tusaale ahaan, dhammaadka [[Jean van Heijenoort]], laakiin kaliya ''Cholmondeley'' ee [[Thomas P. G. Cholmondeley]]). Waxaa la doorbidaa in hagayaasha ku dhawaaqidda loo raro xusuus-qoraal ama meel kale oo maqaalka ah haddii ay si kale u buuxin lahaayeen jumlada koowaad.{{efn-ua|name="Khan"|Tusaale ahaan, hordhac xad-dhaaf ah oo ku yaal [[Genghis Khan]] hal mar wuxuu akhriyay: {{block indent|1='''Genghis Khan''' (Ku dhawaaqidda Ingiriisiga: {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ɛ|ŋ|ɡ|ɪ|s|_|ˈ|k|ɑː|n}} ama {{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|ɛ|ŋ|ɡ|ɪ|s|_|ˈ|k|ɑː|n}};^{[[Genghis Khan#cite_note-6|[1]]]}^{[[Genghis Khan#cite_note-7|[2]]]} [[Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]]: Чингис Хаан, ''Chingis Khaan'', {{IPA|mn|tʃiŋɡɪs xaːŋ|IPA|GenghisKhan01.ogg}}; [[Mongol script]]: [[File:Cinggis qagan.svg|18px]], ''Činggis Qaɣan''; {{zh|t=成吉思汗|s=成吉思汗|p=Chéng Jí Sī Hán|first=t}}; malaha 31 Maajo 1162^{[[Genghis Khan##cite_note-birth-4|[3]]]} – 25 Agoosto 1227), oo dhashay '''Temujin''' (Ku dhawaaqidda Ingiriisiga: {{IPAc-en|t|ə|ˈ|m|uː|dʒ|ɪ|n}}; {{langx|mn|Тэмүжин}}, ''Temüjin'' {{IPA|mn|tʰemutʃiŋ|IPA|Temujin.ogg}}; ''{{langx|xng|Temüjin}}'';^{[[Genghis Khan#cite_note-3|[4]]]} {{zh|t=鐵木真|s=铁木真|p=Tiě mù zhēn|first=t}}) sidoo kale loo yaqaanno [[temple name|magaca macbudka]] '''Taizu''' ({{zh|t=元太祖|s=元太祖|p=Yuán Tàizǔ|w=T'ai-Tsu|first=t}}), wuxuu ahaa aasaasaha iyo [[Khagan|Khan-ka Weyn]] (imperarka) ee [[Mongol Empire|Boqortooyada Mongol]], taas oo noqotay [[World's largest empires|boqortooyadii ugu weynayd]] ee taariikhda ka dib dhimashadiisa.}} Tani waxaa dib loogu soo koobay: {{block indent|1='''Genghis Khan''' (dhashay '''Temüjin'''; {{circa|1162}}{{snd}}Agoosto 1227), sidoo kale loo yaqaanno '''Chinggis Khan''',{{efn|Eeg ''[[Genghis Khan#Name and title|§ Magaca iyo cinwaanka]]''}} wuxuu ahaa aasaasaha iyo [[khan (title)|khan-kii]] ugu horreeyay ee [[Mongol Empire|Boqortooyada Mongol]].}} }} Wadahadal buuxa oo ku saabsan ku dhawaaqidda wuxuu iman karaa dambe maqaalka. Ha ku darin hagayaasha ku dhawaaqidda tarjumaadaha aan Ingiriisiga ahayn ee cinwaanka maqaalka qoraalka jumlada hordhaca ah, maaddaama tani ay buuxinayso jumlada hordhaca ah waxayna daciifinaysaa akhriska. =====Xiriiriyeyaasha macnaha guud===== {{shortcut|MOS:CONTEXTLINK}} Jumlada koowaad waa inay bixisaa xiriiriyeyaal ku socda mawduucyada ballaaran ёr aasaasiga ah ee muhiimka u ah mawduuca maqaalka ёr u dhigaya [[context (language use)|macnaha guud]] halka uu ka yahay mid [[Wikipedia:Notability|muhiim ah]]. Tusaale ahaan, maqaal ku saabsan dhisme ёr goob waa inuu ka mid yahay xiriiriye ku socda aagga juqraafiga ballaaran ee uu qayb ka yahay. {{block indent|'''Arugam Bay''' waa [[bay|gacmeed]] ku yaal [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] ee aagga qalalan ee xeebta koonfur-bari ee [[Sri Lanka]].}} {{shortcut|MOS:FIRSTTERM}} Maqaal ku saabsan erey farsamo ёr jargon ah, jumlada koowaad ama baaraagaraafku waa inay caadi ahaan ka kooban yihiin xiriiriye ku socda [[field of study|goobta waxbarashada]] ee uu ereygu ka yimid. {{block indent|[[Heraldry|Calaamadaynta]] dhexdeeda, '''tinctures''' waa midabbada loo isticmaalo in lagu [[blazon|calaamadiyo]] [[coat of arms|jaakad hub ah]].}} [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biographies#Opening paragraph|Jumlada koowaad ee maqaalka ku saabsan qof]] waa inay ku xirataa bogga ёr bogagga ku saabsan mawduuca halka uu qofku ka gaaray sumcad. {{block indent|'''Harvey Lavan''' "'''Van'''" '''Cliburn Jr.''' (12 Luulyo 1934 – 27 Febraayo 2013) wuxuu ahaa [[pianist|pianist]] Maraykanka ah oo gaaray aqoonsi caalami ah sannadkii 1958 da'diisu 23 jir tahay, markii uu ku guuleystay tartankii ugu horreeyay ee afar-sanno lahaa [[International Tchaikovsky Competition|Tartanka Piano-ha Caalamiga ah ee Tchaikovsky]] ee Moscow, oo ku yaal dhererka [[Cold War|Dagaalkii Qabow]].}} Sida dhabta ah ee bixisa macnaha guud ee loo baahan yahay si loo fahmo mawduuc la bixiyay wuu ku kala duwan yahay mawduuc ilaa mawduuc. {{block indent|'''Gemara''' waa qayb ka mid ah [[Talmud]] oo ka kooban falanqaynta rabbinical iyo faallo ku saabsan [[Mishnah]].}} Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ha ku darin xiriiriyeyaasha macnaha guud ee aan si toos ah ula xiriirin qeexitaanka mawduuca ёr sababta muhiimadda. Tusaale ahaan, [[Van Cliburn|Van Cliburn]] jumladiisa koowaad waxay ku xirataa [[Cold War|Dagaalkii Qabow]] sababtoo ah sumcadiisu waxay qayb ka timid guushii Tartanka Tchaikovsky ee loo adeegsaday calaamad Dagaalkii Qabow. Jumlada koowaad ee bogga ku saabsan qof ku kacay sumcad sannadihii 1950-meeyadii sababo aan la xiriirin Dagaalkii Qabow waa inaysan soo qaadin Dagaalkii Qabow gabi ahaanba, xataa inkastoo Dagaalkii Qabow uu yahay qayb ka mid ah macnaha guud ee taariikhda nolosha qofkaas. Sidoo kale, [[Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking#Linking month-and-day or year|ha ku xirin sannadaha]] ilaa sannadku leeyahay muhiimad gaar ah oo ku socota mawduuca. Maqaallada ugu badan ee la soo xulay waxay ka kooban yihiin ilaa 12 ilaa 25 xiriiriyeyaal hordhaca ah, iyadoo celcelis ahaan ay jiraan ilaa 1.5 xiriiriyeyaal jumladdii kasta ёr hal xiriiriye eray kasta oo 16 ah. Xiriiriyeyaasha ka soo muuqda horraysa erayga farta buuran leh waxay ka jeedinayaan mawduuca haddii aysan lagama maarmaan u ahayn in la sameeyo macnaha guud, waana in laga tago xataa haddii ay ku habboon yihiin meel kale qoraalka dhexdiisa. Tusaale ahaan, cinwaanka qofka ёr xafiiskiisa, sida colonel, dabiici ahaan wuxuu ka muuqdaa magaciisa horraysa, laakiin erayga "Colonel" ma lahaan karo xiriiriye, maaddaama aysan samaynayn macnaha guud. (Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ha dib u qorin jumlada si xun si loo haysto xiriiriyaha macnaha guud ee loo baahan yahay inuusan ka hor imaan erayga farta buuran leh.) {{block indent|Colonel '''Charles Hotham''' (dhintay 1738) wuxuu ahaa [[Her Majesty's Diplomatic Service|ergay British]] ah oo gaar ah oo loo xilsaaray [[George II of Great Britain|George II]] hawsha ah inuu ka wada xaajoodo guur laba-laab ah oo u dhexeeya qoysaska [[House of Hanover|Hanover]] iyo [[Hohenzollern]].}} ==== Qaabka noocyada gaarka ah ee maqaallada ==== =====Goobaha jireed===== {{shortcut|MOS:FIRSTLOCATION|MOS:LOCATION|MOS:FL}} Maqaallada ku saabsan dhismayaal, goobo, taallo, iyo dhismayaal kale oo jireed, sheeg goobta jumlada koowaad ee hordhaca. Sida caadiga ah tani waxay la macno tahay cayimidda magaalada, gobolka maamulka (haddii ay habboon tahay), iyo dalka: {{block indent|'''Eiffel Tower''' waa [[wrought-iron|bir la shiiday]] [[lattice tower|munaarad shabag ah]] oo ku taal [[Champ of Mars]] ee [[Paris]], France.}} Dhismayaasha ku dhex jira degmooyinka Maraykanka, qaabka caadiga ah waa "DEGMO, GOBOLL, Maraykanka": {{block indent|'''MetLife Stadium''' waa [[multi-purpose stadium|garoon ujeeddooyin badan leh]] oo ku taal [[Meadowlands Sports Complex]] ee [[East Rutherford, New Jersey|East Rutherford]], New Jersey, Maraykanka.}} {{block indent|'''Hollywood Bowl''' waa [[amphitheatre|amfiteatar]] iyo [[Urban park|beerta dadweynaha]] oo ku taal [[Hollywood Hills]] ee [[Los Angeles]], California, Maraykanka.}} Haddii magaalada ёr hay'ad juqraafi oo la mid ah lagu xuso hordhaca maqaallada kale, waa in la adeegsadaa qaabkaas oo kale. =====Noolaha===== {{For-multi|capitalization|WP:Manual of Style#Animals, plants, and other organisms|animal article titles|WP:Naming conventions (fauna)|plant article titles|WP:Naming conventions (flora)}} {{Further|topic=technicalities of biological nomenclature|WP:Manual of Style/Organisms}} Marka magac caadi ah (vernacular) loo adeegsado cinwaanka maqaalka, magaca caadiga ah ee farta buuran waxaa ku xiga magaca sayniska ee farta janjeerta iyo buuran ku qoran khaanadaha wareegsan jumlada koowaad ee hordhaca. Magacyada kale waa in la xusaa oo laga helaa ilo lagu kalsoonaan karo qoraalka halka ay khusayso, iyadoo farta buuran ku jirto hordhaca haddii ay isticmaalka ballaaran ku leeyihiin, ёr meel kale maqaalka dhexdiisa (iyadoo farta buuran wadata ёr aysan wadan, iyadoo la raacayo go'aanka tifatiraha) haddii ay yihiin kuwo yar la isticmaalo. Uma baahna in lagu daro magacyada caadiga ah ee aan Ingiriisiga ahayn, ilaa ay sidoo kale si caadi ah loogu isticmaalo Ingiriisiga, tusaale ahaan gobol ahaan; haddii la daro, waa in la janjeeriyaa sida aan Ingiriisiga ahayn. {{block indent|'''Thomson's gazelle''' ('''''Eudorcas thomsonii''''') waa gazelle-ka ugu caansan ee [[East Africa|Bariga Afrika]]{{nbsp}}... }} Marka cinwaanka maqaalku yahay magaca sayniska, rog xigxigidda magaca sayniska iyo magaca (yada) caadiga ah (haddii mid ka mid ah dambe la bixiyo), oo geli farta buuran iyo sidoo kale farta janjeerta magaca sayniska. Ka fogow in magaca ugu caadiga ah la geliyo khaanadaha wareegsan (tani waxay xakamaysaa bandhiggeeda aragtida qaar ee Wikipedia, oo ay ku jiraan [[Wikipedia:Pop-ups]] iyo [[Google Knowledge Graph]]). {{block indent|'''''Vitis vinifera''''', '''geedka canabka ah ee caadiga ah''', waa nooc ka mid ah ''[[Vitis]]'', oo u dhashay [[Mediterranean basin|gobolka Mediterranean]], bartamaha Yurub, iyo koonfur-galbeed Aasiya{{nbsp}}... {{pb}} '''''Brassica oleracea''''' waa [[species|nooca]] dhirta ee ka kooban cuntooyin badan oo caadi ah sida [[cultivar|cultivar-yada]], oo ay ku jiraan [[cabbage|kaabash]], [[broccoli|brokoli]], [[cauliflower|cauliflower]], [[kale|kale]], [[Brussels sprouts|Brussels sprouts]], [[Savoy cabbage|savoy]], iyo [[Chinese kale|kale-ka Shiinaha]]{{nbsp}}... }} ===== Noocyada kale ee maqaallada ===== * {{shortcut|MOS:THISISALIST}} Haddii boggu yahay [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists|liis]], ha ku [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#Good definitions|hordhacin]] liiska sidii "Tani waa '''liiska X'''" ёr "Tani '''liiska X-yada'''&nbsp;...". Hordhac cad oo xog badan leh oo ku saabsan liiska ayaa ka fiican celceliska erey-erey ee cinwaanka. Tusaale fiican oo tan ah waa [[List of Benet Academy alumni|Liiska dadkii ka qalin jabiyay Benet Academy]]. {{Crossreference|text=(Eeg {{slink|#Format_of_the_first_sentence}}.)}} * Haddii maqaalku ku saabsan yahay shirkad ёr urur, jumlada koowaad waa inay ka bilowdaa magaceeda sharciga ah ee buuxa, iyadoon loo eegin cinwaanka bogga {{Crossreference|text=(sidoo kale eeg [[MOS:FIRSTCORP]])}}. * Haddii maqaalku ku saabsan yahay jilaa khayaali ah ёr goob, caddee inuu yahay mid khayaali ah.{{efn-ua|Tusaale ahaan: {{block indent|'''Donkey Kong''' waa daanyeer khayaali ah oo ka tirsan taxanaha ciyaarta fiidiyowga ee ''Donkey Kong'' iyo ''Mario''.}} }} ===Baaxadda maqaalka=== Xaaladaha qaar qeexitaanka mawduuca maqaalka ee baaraagaraafka hordhaca ah waxaa laga yaabaa inuusan ku filnayn in si buuxda loo xakameeyo baaxadda maqaalka. Gaar ahaan, waxaa laga yaabaa inay lagama maarmaan noqoto in la aqoonsado agabka ah {{em|ma aha}} dhexda baaxadda. Tusaale ahaan, maqaalka ku saabsan [[Special:Permalink/597114436|qandhada]] <!--link points to intended version at the time of addition of this subsection by Spinningspark on 27 February 2014, which is different and reflects this subsection more accurately--> wuxuu xusayaa in heerkulka jidhka ee kor u kacay ee sababay [[hyperthermia|hyperthermia]] uusan ku jirin baaxadda. Sharraxaadahan waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu sameeyo dhammaadka qaybta hordhaca ah si looga fogaado in la buuxiyo oo la jahawareeriyo baaraagaraafka koowaad. Macluumaadkan iyo agabka kale ee meta ee hordhaca ah lagama filayo inay ka muuqdaan jidhka maqaalka. ==Taariikh-nololeedyada (Biographies)== {{main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Lead section|Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons}} Soo-koobid qodobada muhiimka ah ee [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Lead section|tilmaanta ugu weyn]] ee arrintan: * Agabka laga helay ilo lagu kalsoonaan karo ee ku saabsan khilaafaadka encyclopedia-ahaan khuseeya laguma qariyo hordhaca mana loo oggolaado inay xoog saaraan; hordhacu waa inuu si sax ah u soo koobaa maqaalka guud ahaan. * Dhacdooyinka ugu dambeeyay ee saameeya mawduuca waxaa lagu hayaa aragti taariikhi ah; kii ugu dambeeyay ma aha qasab inuu noqdo kan ugu muhiimsan. Dheellitir macluumaadka cusub kii hore, adigoo siinaya dhammaan macluumaadka [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Undue weight|miisaanka habboon]]. * [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a blog, web hosting service, social networking service, or memorial site|Wikipedia ma aha goob xusuus ah]]; marka mawduucu dhinto, hordhacu ma aha inuu si xagjir ah isu beddelo, mana aha inuu degto dhimashada. * [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons#Privacy of personal information and using primary sources|Ha isticmaalin ilaha koowaad]] faahfaahinta gaarka ah ee ku saabsan dadka nool, oo ay ku jiraan taariikhaha dhalashada. {{crossref|Wixii macluumaad dheeraad ah ee ku saabsan hordhacyada taariikh-nololeedka guud ahaan, eeg tilmaanta ugu weyn: [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography]]}} ===Jumlada koowaad ee taariikh-nololeedyada=== {{shortcut|MOS:BIOFIRSTSENTENCE}} {{details|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Opening paragraph}} Hoos [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Opening paragraph|tilmaanta ugu weyn]] ee arrintan, baaraagaraafka hordhaca ah ee maqaal taariikh-nololeed ah waa inuu si dhex-dhexaad ah u sifeeyaa qofka, bixiyaa macnaha guud, dejiyaa [[Wikipedia:Notability|muhiimadda]] oo uu sharraxaa sababta qofku u yahay mid muhiim ah, isla markaana uu ka turjumaa dheelitirka ilaha lagu kalsoonaan karo. Jumlada koowaad waa inay caadi ahaan sheegtaa: #[[Name|Magaca(yada)]] iyo [[title|cinwaanka(yada)]], haddii ay jiraan {{crossref|(sidoo kale eeg [[WP:NCNOB]])}}. Maareynta magaca mawduuca waxaa lagu daboolaa hoos [[MOS:NAMES]]. #Taariikhaha dhalashada iyo dhimashada (haddii laga helo [[Wikipedia:No original research#Primary, secondary and tertiary sources|ilaha labaad]]{{snd}}ha isticmaalin [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons#Privacy of personal information and using primary sources|ilaha koowaad taariikhaha dhalashada ee dadka nool]] ёr faahfaahinta gaarka ah ee iyaga ku saabsan). Haddii taariikhaha maalinta-bishii-sannadka ee gaarka ah ee dhalashada/dhimashada lagu bixiyo meel kale maqaalka, markaas sannad{{ndash}}sannad fudud ayaa ku filnaan kara inuu bixiyo macnaha guud. #Macnaha guud (goobta, dhalashada, iwm.) ee hawlaha ka dhigay qofka mid muhiim ah. #Hal, ёr malaha in ka badan, [[Wikipedia:Notability#General notability guideline|boosashooyin muhiim ah]], hawlo, ёr doorar uu qofku haystay, iyadoo laga fogaanayo [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Puffery|subjective]] ёr [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Contentious labels|contentious]] ereyo. #Sababta ugu weyn ee qofku u yahay [[Wikipedia:Notability (people)|muhiim]] (guul muhiim ah, rikoodh, iwm.) Si kastaba ha ahaatee, isku day inaadan culaysin jumlada koowaad adigoo sharraxaya wax kasta oo muhiim ah oo ku saabsan mawduuca; halkaas, ku faafi macluumaadka khuseeya qaybta hordhaca ah. Tusaalooyin: {{block indent|'''Cleopatra VII Philopator'''{{efn|{{langx|grc|Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ}}}} (69 – 12 Agoosto 30&nbsp;BC), waxay ahayd boqoradda [[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Boqortooyada Ptolemaic]] ee Egypt, iyo taliyaheedii ugu dambeeyay ee shaqeynayay. {{pb}} '''Cesar Estrada Chavez''' (31 Maarso 1927 – 23 Abriil 1993) wuxuu ahaa hoggaamiye shaqaale Maraykan ah iyo u dooodaha xuquuqda madنية oo, [[Dolores Huerta]] la jirta, ka wada-aasaasay [[National Farm Workers Association|Ururka Shaqaalaha Beeraha Qaranka]], kaas oo dambe noqday [[United Farm Workers|Shaqaalaha Beeraha ee Midowday]] (UFW)&nbsp;... {{pb}} '''François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand''' (26 Oktoobar 1916 – 8 Janaayo 1996) wuxuu ahaa [[President of France|Madaxweynaha Faransiiska]] laga soo bilaabo 1981 ilaa 1995,&nbsp;... {{pb}} '''Sir Lewis Carl Davidson Hamilton''' (dhashay 7 Janaayo 1985) waa darawal tartanka British ah&nbsp;... }} ===Magacyada kale ee taariikh-nololeedka=== {{main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biographies#Names}} Tilmaamaha aas-aasiga ah ee magacyada taariikh-nololeedka waxaa lagu soo koobay hoos; [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biographies#Names|tilmaanta ugu weyn]] ee arrintan waxay bixisaa faahfaahin dheeraad ah. * In kasta oo foomka [[Wikipedia:Remember the reader|si fudud loo aqoonsan karo]] ee magaca loo adeegsado cinwaanka [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography|maqaal taariikh-nololeed]], foomamka magaca oo buuxa waxaa lagu isticmaali karaa hordhaca hordhaca ah. Tusaale ahaan, maqaalka [[Paul McCartney]], qoraalka hordhucu wuxuu ka bilaabmaa: "{{xt|'''Sir James Paul McCartney'''}} ...". * Magaca qofka waxaa lagu soo bandhigayaa buuxa haddii la ogyahay, oo ay ku jiraan magac kasta oo la soo gaabiyay ёr laga tago cinwaanka maqaalka. Tusaale ahaan, maqaalka ku saabsan [[Calvin Coolidge]] wuxuu bixiyaa magaciisa sida {{xt|'''John Calvin Coolidge Jr.'''}} * Haddii qofku badalo magaciisa buuxa waqti ka mid ah dhalashada ka dib, magaca dhalashada waxaa la bixin karaa sidoo kale, haddii ay khusayso. Tusaale ahaan, hordhacu wuxuu xusi karaa magaca dhalashada haweeneyda markii ay jiraan arrimo khuseeya ka hor intaysan noqon mid muhiim ah magaceeda guurka hoostiisa; sidoo kale hordhaca maqaalka [[Caitlyn Jenner]] waxaa ku jira magaceeda dhalashada {{xt|'''William Bruce Jenner'''}} sababtoo ah waxay sidoo kale ahayd mid muhiim ah magacaas hoostiisa. * Haddii [[hypocorism]] (yarayn) oo ku caan ah Ingiriisiga ama Soomaaliga inta badan loo adeegsado mawduuca halkii magac la bixiyay, {{em|ma aha}} in lagu dhex daro magaca ama lagu bixiyo ka dib, tusaale ahaan [[Tom Hopper]] wuxuu leeyahay si fudud {{xt|'''Thomas Edward Hopper'''}}. ** Sidoo kale waa kuwo la aqbali karo qaababka sida {{xt|'''Alessandro di Mariano di Vanni Filipepi''', oo loo yaqaanno '''Sandro Botticelli'''}}, marka ay khuseeyaan. Hypocorisms-ka {{em|ma aha}} in lagu dhex daro calaamadaha oraahda. * Haddii qofku si caadi ah loogu yaqaanno [[nickname|naanaysta]] (aan ahayn hypocorism), waxaa lagu soo bandhigayaa inta u dhaxeysa calaamadaha oraahda ee raacaya magaca la bixiyay ama bilowga ugu dambeeya, sida [[Bunny Berigan]], oo leh {{xt|'''Roland Bernard '''"'''Bunny'''"''' Berigan'''}}. Calaamadaha oraahdu ma aha kuwo farta buuran. <!--This summary should be checked periodically to ensure it accurately summarizes the relevant material at MOS:BIO.--> ==<span class="anchor" id="LEADALT"></span>Magacyada kale== <!-- Wikipedia:Article_titles#Treatment_of_alternative_names links here --> {{shortcut|MOS:LEADALT|MOS:ALTNAME}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Article titles#Treatment of alternative names|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Names}} [[File:Article title versus first sentence (new).png|300px|thumb|[[Wikipedia:Article titles|'''Cinwaanka maqaalka''']] wuxuu ka muuqdaa dusha sare ee daaqadda birawsarka akhristaha iyo madax heerka 1 ah oo weyn oo ka sarreeya qoraalka la tifatiri karo ee maqaalka, oo halkan lagu wareejiyay casaan madow. Magaca ёr magacyada lagu bixiyo jumlada koowaad mar walba ma waafaqaan cinwaanka maqaalka. Boggan wuxuu talo bixinayaa waxyaabaha ku jira jumlada koowaad, ma aha cinwaanka maqaalka.]] Naqshadaynta barnaamijka Wikipedia, maqaalku wuxuu yeelan karaa oo keliya hal cinwaan. Marka cinwaankani yahay magac, magacyada kale ee muhiimka ah ee mawduuca waa in la xusaa maqaalka dhexdiisa. Kuwan waxaa ku jiri kara higaadyo beddel ah, foomam dhaadheer ёr gaaban, magacyada taariikhiga ah, iyo magacyada muhiimka ah ee luqadaha kale. Dhab ahaantii, magacyada kale waxaa lagu adeegsan karaa qoraalka maqaalka macnaha guud halka ay ka yihiin kuwo ku habboon magaca loo adeegsaday cinwaanka maqaalka. Tusaale ahaan, magaalada hadda loo yaqaanno "[[Gdańsk]]" waxaa loogu yeeri karaa "Danzig" macnaha guud ee taariikhda ku habboon. Tifatiraha wuxuu u baahan yahay inuu dheelitiro rabitaanka ah in la kordhiyo macluumaadka la heli karo ee akhristaha iyo baahida loo qabo in la ilaaliyo akhriska. Adeegso mabda'an si aad u go'aansato in aad xusto magacyada kale jumlada koowaad, meel kale maqaalka dhexdiisa, ёr in aadan xusin gabi ahaanba.{{clear}} {| class="wikitable" |+Qaababka loo soo bandhigo magacyo badan !Ikhtiyaarka !Tusaale !Goorta la adeegsanayo |- |Jumlada koowaad |'''Kuki''' ([[American English|Ingiriisiga Maraykanka]]) ama '''biscuit''' ([[British English|Ingiriisiga British]]) waa cunto la dubay... |Ugu fiican marka ay jiraan hal ёr laba magac oo beddel ah oo keliya |- |[[parentheses|Khaanadaha wareegsan]] |'''Munich''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|juː|n|ɪ|k}} {{respell|MEW|nik}}; {{langx|de|München}} {{IPA|de|ˈmʏnçn̩||De-München2.ogg}}; {{langx|bar|Minga}} {{IPA|bar|ˈmɪŋ(ː)ɐ||Bar-München.ogg}}) waa magaalada... |Ugu caansan marka ay jiraan hal ёr laba magac oo aan Ingiriis ahayn, oo si caadi ah loo adeegsado gaabisyada iyo magacyadii hore |- |Xusuus-qoraal |'''Gdańsk'''{{efn-lg |1=<nowiki /> * Ku dhawaaqid: ** {{IPA|pl|ˈɡdãj̃sk|audio=LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-Gdańsk.wav|label=Polish:}} mararka qaarkood {{IPA|pl|ˈɡdaɲsk||audio=Pl-Gdańsk.ogg}} ** {{IPA|en-GB|ɡəˈdænsk}} {{respell|gə|DANSK}} ** {{IPA|en-US|ɡəˈdɑːnsk}} {{respell|gə|DAHNSK}}<ref>{{cite web |title=the definition of gdansk |url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/gdansk |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> * Magacyada kale: ** {{langx|csb|Gduńsk}} {{IPA|csb|ɡduɲsk|}}<ref name="Stefan Ramułt 1893">Stefan Ramułt, ''Słownik języka pomorskiego, czyli kaszubskiego'', Kraków 1893, Gdańsk 2003, ISBN 83-87408-64-6.</ref> ** {{langx|de|Danzig}} {{IPA|de|ˈdantsɪç||De-Danzig2.ogg}} ёr {{IPA|de|ˈdantsɪk||De-Danzig3.ogg}} ** {{langx|la|Gedania}}, {{Langx|la|Gedanium|label=none}} ёr {{Langx|la|Dantiscum|label=none}}.<ref name="Johann Georg Theodor Grässe 1861, p. 71, 237">Johann Georg Theodor Grässe, ''Orbis latinus oder Verzeichniss der lateinischen Benennungen der bekanntesten Städte etc., Meere, Seen, Berge und Flüsse in allen Theilen der Erde nebst einem deutsch-lateinischen Register derselben''. T. Ein Supplement zu jedem lateinischen und geographischen Wörterbuche. Dresden: G. Schönfeld's Buchhandlung (C. A. Werner), 1861, p. 71, 237.</ref>}} waa magaalada... {{notelist-lg}} |U fiican agabka adag |- |Khaanadda macluumaadka |{{Infobox medical condition | name = Cudurka coronavirus 2019<br />(COVID-19) | synonyms = COVID, coronavirus-ka | pronounce = {{ubl|{{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|r|oʊ|n|ə|v|aɪ|r|ə|s}}|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|oʊ|v|ᵻ|d|n|aɪ|n|ˈ|t|iː|n|,_|ˌ|k|ɒ|v|ᵻ|d|-}} }} }} |Waxtar leh marka ay jiraan tiro badan oo magacyo beddel ah iyo ku dhawaaqid |} ===Isticmaalka qaybaha kala gooni ah=== Haddii ay jiraan saddex ёr in ka badan magacyo beddel ah, laguma dari karo jumlada koowaad maaddaama tani ay abuurayso buuxdhaaf. Halkaas, magacyada waxaa la siin karaa xusuus-qoraal, ёr loo wareejin karaa meel kale maqaalka dhexdiisa sida qaybta "Names" ёr "Etymology". Sida reeban, magac rasmi ah oo deegaan ah oo ka duwan magaca Ingiriisiga ee si ballaaran loo aqbalay waa in lagu hayaa hordhaca. [[Archaism|Magacyada qadiimiga ah]], oo ay ku jiraan magacyada la adeegsaday ka hor [[English orthography#History of the English spelling system|habaynta higaada Ingiriisiga]] waa in si cad loogu calaamadiyaa sidaas, t.s., ([[archaism|qadiimi:]] magac), mana aha in la dhex dhigo jumlada koowaad. ===Luqadaha kale<span class="anchor" id="Foreign language"></span>=== {{see also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Non-English names}} {{shortcut|MOS:LEADLANG}} Heerarka magacaabista Wikipedia [[Wikipedia:Article titles#Foreign names and anglicization|waxay kugula talinayaan in la adeegsado Ingiriisiga ama Soomaaliga]]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, halka mawduuca maqaalku uu si wanaagsan looga yaqaan ilaha Ingiriisiga magaciisa aan Ingiriisiga ahayn (tusaale ahaan, [[Taj Mahal]], [[Champs-Élysées]]), cinwaanka aan Ingiriisiga ahayn ayaa ku habboon maqaalka. Magacyada aan Ingiriisiga ahayn ee {{em|khuseeya}}, sida kuwa dadka aan ku qorin magacyadooda Ingiriis, waa la dhiirrigeliyaa. Adeegsiga luqadaha kale jumlada koowaad, eeg {{slink||Inclusion of foreign equivalents}} kor ku xusan. ==<span class="anchor" id="Stubs"></span>Maqaallada gaagaaban== {{shortcut|MOS:LEADSTUB|MOS:NOLEAD}} {{seealso|WP:OVERSECTION}} Haddii maqaalku yahay [[Wikipedia:Stub|stub]] oo uusan lahayn madax qaybo, qaybta hordhaca ah malaha waa lagama maarmaan. In kasta oo Wikipedia ay dhiirrigeliso ballaarinta stub-yada, tani waxay noqon kartaa mid aan suurtagal ahayn haddii macluumaadka laga helay ilo lagu kalsoonaan karo aysan jirin. Marka maqaalka si ku filan loo ballaariyo, caadi ahaan ilaa 400 ёr 500 eray, tifatirayaashu waa inay tixgeliyaan soo bandhigida madaxyada qaybaha iyo ka saarista kala-soocidda stub-ka. Maqaallada ka gaaban hordhaca si wanaagsan loo qoray caadi ahaan uma baahna hordhac. ==Dhererka== {{shortcut|MOS:LEADLENGTH|MOS:LONGLEAD}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Infobox too large}} Dhererka habboon ee qaybta hordhaca ah waxay ku xiran tahay kakanaanta mawduuca iyo horumarinta maqaalka. Aad u gaaban waxay ka dhigaysaa akhristaha mid aan qancin; aad u dheer waa mid cabsi gelinaysa, adag in la akhriyo, waxayna sababi kartaa in akhristaha uu waayo xiisaha badhtamaha. Talooyinkan ayaa laga yaabaa inay waxtar yeeshaan: * Dhererku waa inuu waafaqaa filashada akhristayaasha ee ah soo-koobid gaaban, laakiin waxtar leh oo dhammaystiran oo ku saabsan mawduuca. * Hordhacyada badankooda ee si wanaagsan loo qoray waxay noqon kuwo ka dheer ilaa 100 eray, iyadoo hordhacyada badankooda ee [[Wikipedia:Featured articles|maqaallada la soo xulay]] ay ka kooban yihiin ilaa 250 ilaa 400 eray. Qaybaha hordhaca ah ee ka turjumaya ёr ballaarinaya qaybaha maqaallada kale waxaa lagaga hadlayaa [[Wikipedia:Summary style|Qaabka soo-koobidda]]. Heerarka saxafada ee qaybaha hordhaca ah waxaa lagu falanqeeyaa maqaalka [[News style|Qaabka wararka]]. ==Tifatiridda qaybta hordhaca== Isticmaalayaasha oo dhami waxay tifatiri karaan hordhaca iyagoo gujinaya xiriiriyaha tifatiridda ee maqaalka oo dhan. Sida caadiga ah, ma jiro xiriiriye tifatirid oo gaar ah oo loogu talagalay qaybta hordhaca ah, laakiin isticmaalayaasha diiwaangashan waxay ku heli karaan iyagoo awood u siinaya mid ёr labadaba [[Help:Preferences|dookhyada]] soo socda (labaduba waxay u baahan yihiin JavaScript): *{{myprefs|Gadgets|Appearance|check=Kudar xiriiriye [edit] ah qaybta hordhaca ah ee bogga}} *{{myprefs|Editing|General options|check=Awood u sii tifatiridda qaybta adigoo midigta ku gujinaya madaxyada qaybaha}} Beddelka kiis-arki ah oo aan u baahnayn in la beddelo dookhyada waa in la gujiyo badhanka tifatiridda ee mid ka mid ah qaybaha kale maqaalka dhexdiisa, ka dibna beddelo weedha ugu dambeysa ee URL-ka una beddelo "section=0" oo ku dhufo soo noqoshada. Taasi waxay furi doontaa qaybta hordhaca ah tifatirid. ==<span class="anchor" id="Comparison to news style"></span>Isbarbar dhigga hordhaca qaabka wararka== {{Shortcut|MOS:NOTLEDE|MOS:DONTTEASE}} Qaybaha hordhaca ah ee Wikipedia laguma qoro [[news style|qaabka wararka]]. In kasta oo ay jiraan xoogaa isku mid ah, sida in marka hore la geliyo macluumaadka ugu muhiimsan iyo in loo suurtogeliyo akhristaha kasta inuu fahmo mawduuca xataa haddii ay akhriyaan hordhaca oo keliya, waxaa jira xoogaa kala duwanaansho ah. [[Lead paragraph|Baaraagaraafka hordhaca ah]] (mararka qaarkood loo higaadiyo "[[wikt:lede#Etymology 2|lede]]"){{efn-ua|Eeg [[WP:NOTALEDE]] wadahadalkii hore ee sababta "lede" looga fogaado hagahan; marka la soo koobo: waxay bixisaa aragti khaldan oo ku saabsan ujeedada, dabeecadda, iyo qaabka hordhacyada Wikipedia.}} ee saxaafadda wargeysku waa soo-koobid la isku daray oo keliya xaqiiqooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee sheekada. Xaqiiqooyinkan aasaasiga ah mararka qaarkood waxaa loo tixraacaa sida "[[five Ws|shan W]]: ''yaa'', ''waxa'', ''goorma'', ''halka'', iyo ''sababta''". Hordhacyada saxaafaddu caadi ahaan waa hal ёr laba jumladood oo keliya oo dherer ah. Dhanka kale, maqaallada Wikipedia, jumlada koowaad waa caadi ahaan qeexitaan, hordhacu waa ka dheer yahay, oo ugu dambeyntii wuxuu bixiyaa macluumaad badan, maaddaama ujeeddadiisu ay tahay in la soo koobo maqaalka, ee aysan ahayn in la soo bandhigo oo keliya. {| class="wikitable" |+ Isbarbar dhigga hordhacyada saxaafadda iyo encyclopedia ee [[Bhopal disaster|masiibada Bhopal]] |- ! Hordhaca saxaafadda ! Hordhaca encyclopedia |- |width="50%" valign="top"|Gaaska sunta ah ee ka soo daadanaya warshad sunta cayayaanka ah oo ay leedahay Maraykanka oo ku taal bartamaha India ayaa dilay ugu yaraan 410 qof habeenimadii, dad badanna ay hurdaan, ayay saraakiishu yiraahdeen maanta. Ugu yaraan 12,000 ayaa la sheegay inay ku dhaawacmeen masiibada magaalada Bhopal, 2,000 oo ka mid ah эй la dhigay cusbitaalka. <br/><small>—Hazarika, Sanjoy (3 Disembar 1984) [http://www.nytimes.com/1984/12/04/world/gas-leak-in-india-kills-at-least-410-in-city-of-bhopal.html "Gas leak in city kills at least 410 in city of Bhopal"] ''The New York Times''</small> |width="50%" valign="top"|{{Transclude lead excerpt | Bhopal disaster | paragraphs= 1 | errors= | more=no}} |} ==Nadiifinta== Liiska fariimaha tamsallada ee la xiriira nadiifinta qaybaha hordhaca ah, eeg [[Template:Introduction cleanup templates]]. Tifatirayaasha waxaa lagu dhiirrigelinayaa inay hagaajiyaan hordhacyada halkii ay si fudud u calaamadin lahaayeen. ==Xusuusin== {{notelist-ua}} ===Xusuusin gaar ah oo sharraxaad ah=== <!-- In order to be able to display the content of the verbatim wikicode of the source article in the example of the Spanish-American War this special section was created, to avoid changing it with the use of ref which was necessary to be displayed with reflist--> {{notelist}} ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} bf7sasvuu7jdo5wrfkh2h25m1ix253x 310817 310813 2026-10-24T11:06:01Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 310817 wikitext text/x-wiki {{style-guideline|MOS:LEAD|WP:LEAD}}<!--Do not add "LEDE" spellings here. See footnote on this page for why.--> {{nutshell|Qaybta hordhaca ahi waa inay tilmaamtaa mawduuca oo ay soo koobtaa jidhka maqaalka iyadoo la adeegsanayo miisaan habboon.}} Wikipedia, '''qaybta hordhaca ahi'''<!--"Lede" is omitted here by consensus --> waa hordhoc loo sameeyay maqaal iyo soo-koobid ka kooban waxyaabaha ugu muhiimsan<!--First and second sentence of the lead as they are on 18:37, 26 December 2022 written per 22 December 2022 discussion in thread "First sentence of this guidance"-->. Waxay ku taallaa bilowga maqaalka, ka hor [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Section headings|madaxa]] ugu horreeya. [[#Comparison to the news-style lead|Waa {{em|ma aha}}]] nooc wararka ah [[News style#Lead (lede)|hordhac ama cutub "lede" ah]]. Booashada caadiga ah ee Wikipedia waxay qaadataa dhowr daqiiqadood (bogagga oo dhan oo la isku daray inta lagu jiro fadhiga akhriskaas).{{efn-ua|{{As of|2022|04|25|alt=As of April 2022}}, [[Alexa Internet|Alexa]] galka wikipedia.org wuxuu sheegay in celcelis ahaan isticmaalaha Wikipedia uu ku qaatay 4 daqiiqadood iyo 6 ilbiriqsi bogga maalintii.<ref>{{cite web|title=wikipedia.org Competitive Analysis, Marketing Mix and Traffic |url=https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org#card_metrics |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425221519/http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org#card_metrics |archive-date=25 April 2022}}</ref>}} Hordhacu waa waxa ugu horreeya ee ay dadka badankoodu akhriyaan markay yimaadaan maqaal, waxayna noqon kartaa qaybta keliya ee maqaalka ah ee ay akhriyaan.{{efn-ua|Eeg [[meta:Research:Which parts of an article do readers read|Waa ku wee qaybaha maqaalka ee akhristayaashu akhriyaan?]] ee falanqaynta dabeecadda akhristaha.}} Waxay bixisaa aasaaska si kooban, waxay soo bandhigtaa maqaalka, waxayna dhiirrigelisaa xiisaha akhriska ee sii socda, inkasta oo aysan ahayn iyadoo loola jeedo in akhristaha lagu qosliyo ama lagu tilmaamo waxa soo socda. Waa in lagu qoraa qaab cad oo la heli karo iyadoo la adeegsanayo [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|aragti dhex-dhexaad ah]]. Hordhacu waa inuu isagu istaago sidii dulmar kooban oo ku saabsan mawduuca maqaalka. Waa inuu aqoonsadaa mawduuca, dejiyaa macnaha guud, sharraxdaa sababta uu mawduucu u yahay mid [[Wikipedia:Notability|muhiim ah]], oo uu soo koobaa qodobbada ugu muhiimsan, oo ay ku jiraan khilaafaad kasta oo caan ah<!-- a good example or two, and counterexamples should be provided as guidance..-->.{{efn-ua|Ha jebinin [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|aragti dhex-dhexaad ah]] adigoo siinaya dareen aan habboonayn khilaafaadka yar muhiimadda leh ee qaybta hordhaca ah.}} Muhiimadda mawduuca maqaalku caadi ahaan waxaa lagu dejiyaa jumlada ugu horreysa dhowrka ah. Sida ku jirta [[MOS:BODY|jidhka maqaalka]] dhexdiisa, culayska la siinayo agabka hordhaca ah waa inuu si qiyaas ah [[WP:DUE|uga turjumaa muhiimaddiisa mawduuca]], iyadoo la raacayo [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Reliable sources|ilo lagu kalsoonaan karo oo la daabacay]]. Marka laga reebo xaqiiqooyinka aasaasiga ah, macluumaadka muhiimka ah ma aha inuu ka muuqda hordhaca haddii aan lagu soo qaadin jidhka maqaalka ka haray. Qaybta hordhaca ah waa in si taxaddar leh loogu tixraaco sidii habboon, inkastoo ay caadi tahay in tixraacyadu ay ka muuqdaan kaliya jidhka balse aysan ka muuqan hordhaca. ==<span class="anchor" id="Elements"></span><span class="anchor" id="Order"></span>Cunsurrada iyo siday u kala horreeyaan == {{shortcut|MOS:LEADELEMENTS|MOS:LEADORDER|MOS:INTHELEAD}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Order of article elements}} Qaybta hordhaca ahi waxay ka koobnaan kartaa cunsurro ikhtiyaari ah oo la soo bandhigay siday u kala horreeyaan: sharraxaad gaaban, xiriiriyeyaasha kala-soocidda (dablinks/hatnotes), calaamadaha dayactirka, khaanadaha macluumaadka, sanduuqa digniinta xarfaha gaarka ah, sawirrada, khaanadaha hagidda ([[Wikipedia:Navigation template|khaanadaha hagidda]]), qoraalka hordhaca ah, iyo tusmada maqaalka (noocyada [[Wikipedia:Skin|maqaallada]] hore), iyadoo loo gudbayo madaxa qaybta ugu horreysa. '''Qaab-dhismeedka qaybta hordhaca ah:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{Short description}} {{Hatnote}} {{Article for deletion}} {{Copy edit}} {{Use American English}} {{Use mdy dates}} {{Infobox rocket|name=...}} {{Contains special characters}} [[File:TypicalRocket.gif|...|Gantaal caadi ah]] {{Rocket navigation sidebar}} Gantaalku waa ... ==Qaybta koowaad== </syntaxhighlight> *''Sharraxaad gaaban'' waa weedh kooban oo loogu talagalay in lagu kabo oo lagu caddeeyo cinwaanka bogga. Eeg [[Wikipedia:Short description]] wixii macluumaad dheeraad ah. *''[[Wikipedia:Template index/General#Disambiguation and redirection|Xiriiriyeyaasha kala-soocidda]]'' waa inay noqdaan cunsurrada ugu horreeya ee la arki karo ee bogga, ka hor calaamad kasta oo dayactir ah, khaanad macluumaad, ama sawir; haddii akhristuhu gaaray bogga khaldan, waxay jeclaan lahaayeen inay taas ogaadaan marka ugu horreysa. Birawsarrada qoraalka oo keliya iyo [[screen reader|akhristayaasha shaashadda]] waxay soo bandhigaan bogga si xiriir ah. Xiriiriyaha kala-soocidda ee "mawduucyada magaca la mid ah ..." mararka qaarkood waxaa la dhigaa bilowga maqaalka si loogu xiro maqaal kale oo ka wada hadlaya macne kale oo cinwaanka maqaalka ah. Xaaladaha oo kale, sadarku waa inuu ahaadaa farta janjeerta oo la galiyo iyadoo la adeegsanayo [[Wikipedia:Hatnote#Hatnote templates|khaanadaha hatnote]]. Ha ka dhigin xiriiriyahan bilowga ah qayb. {{crossref|Sidoo kale eeg [[WP:Hatnote]].}} *''Calaamadaha tirtiridda'' ([[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|tirtirid degdeg ah]], [[Wikipedia:Proposed deletion|tirtirid la soo jeediyay]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion|ogeysiisyada tirtiridda maqaallada]]). *''[[Wikipedia:Template index/Maintenance|Calaamadaha dayactirka]]'' waa inay ka hooseeyaan xiriiriyeyaasha kala-soocidda. Calaamadahani waxay akhristaha ka wargelinayaan tayada guud ee maqaalka waana in la soo bandhigaa isticmaalaha ka hor maqaalka laftiisa. *''[[WP:ENGVAR|Nooca Ingiriisiga]]'' iyo ''[[Wikipedia:Overview of date formatting guidelines|qaabka taariikhda]]'' calaamaduhu waxay caawiyaan tifatirayaasha inay ilaashadaan joogteynta maqaallada iyagoo horumaraya. *''[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes|Khaanadaha macluumaadka]]'' waxay ka kooban yihiin macluumaad koobid ah ёr dulmar la xiriira mawduuca maqaalka, Sidaas darteed waa in la saaraa ka hor qoraal kasta (inkasta oo xaqiiqda, ay badanaa ka muuqdaan dhinaca qoraalka hordhaca ah). Farqiga ugu weyn ee u dhexeeya khaanadda macluumaadka iyo [[Wikipedia:Navigation template|khaanadda hagidda]] waa joogitaanka cabbiraadaha: khaanadda hagidda waa mid gebi ahaanba isku mid ah maqaallada oo dhan ee isla mawduuca ah, halka khaanadda macluumaadka ay leedahay waxyaabo kala duwan maqaal kasta. *''{{[[:Template:Contains special characters|Waxa ku jira xarfaha gaarka ah]]}}'' waxay uga digaysaa akhristayaasha in maqaalku ka kooban yahay xarfaha gaarka ah ee laga yaabo inaysan taageerin madalkooda. Haddii loo baahdo, digniintu waa inay u dhowdahay qoraal kasta oo adeegsanaya xarfaha gaarka ah si aan loo baahnayn in la rogrogdo si loo arko digniinta. Tani waa sida caadiga ah ka dib khaanadaha macluumaadka gaaban, laakiin ka hor kuwa dhaadheer. *''[[Wikipedia:Images|Sawirrada]].'' Sida dhammaan sawirrada, laakiin gaar ahaan hordhaca, sawirka la isticmaalo waa inuu noqdo mid khuseeya oo farsamo ahaan wanaagsan. Sidoo kale waa caadi in sawirka hordhucu noqdo mid matalaya sababtoo ah wuxuu bixiyaa xiriir muuqaal ah oo loogu talagalay mawduuca wuxuuna u oggolaanayaa akhristayaasha inay si dhakhso ah u qiimeeyaan haddii ay yimaadeen bogga saxda ah. Sharraxaadaha sawirradu waa qayb ka mid ah qoraalka maqaalka. Haddii maqaalku leeyahay xiriiriyeyaasha kala-soocidda (dablinks), markaas sawirka hordhaca ah waa inuu muuqdaa xoogaa ka hor qoraalka hordhaca ah. Haddii kale akhristaha shaashaddu wuxuu marka hore akhrin lahaa sharraxaadda sawirka, taas oo ah qayb ka mid ah waxyaabaha maqaalka, ka dib "boodi" ka baxsan maqaalka si uu u akhriyo dablink-ka, ka dibna ku soo noqdo qaybta hordhaca ah, taas oo ah isku xigxig aan macquul ahayn. ''Sidoo kale eeg'' {{slink|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images|Sawirrada hordhaca}}. *{{va|''[[Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates#Navigation templates|Sidebar-yada]]'' waa urur isku xiran oo xiriiriyeyaal ah oo lagu adeegsado maqaallo badan oo la xiriira si loo fududeeyo hagidda u dhexeysa maqaalladaas. {{shortcut|WP:LEADSIDEBAR}}Meelaynta sidebar ee hordhaca guud ahaan waa la diiddaa;<ref>[[Special:Permalink/991238102#Sidebars (navboxes) should NOT be used in the lead|November 2020 RfC]]</ref> waxaa lagu dari karaa kiis-arki ahaan, iyadoo la doorbido in la dhigo {{em|ka dib}} sawirka qaybta hordhaca ah iyo khaanadda macluumaadka. Ka baxsan hordhaca, sidebar-yada waxaa badanaa la dhigaa dusha sare ee qayb maqaal ah.<!--For the purposes of complying with accessibility.-->|Sidebars|LEADSIDEBAR}} *Dhammaan marka laga reebo maqaallada ugu gaaban waa inay ka bilaabmaan ''[[#First sentence|qoraalka hordhaca ah]]'' ("hordhaca"), kaas oo dejiya muhiimadda, waxaa ku jira xusan naqdi ama khilaafaad muhiim ah, wuxuuna ka dhigaa akhristayaasha inay rabaan inay wax badan bartaan. {{va|LEADNOHEADING|text=Hordhacu ma laha madax.}} ''Sidoo kale eeg {{slink|Wikipedia:Writing better articles|Qaybta hordhaca}}''. *Noocyada [[Wikipedia:Skin|maqaallada]] hore ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut_sparrow?useskin=monobook tusaale]), ''[[Help:Section#Table of contents (TOC)|tusmada maqaalka]]'' (TOC) waxay si otomaatig ah uga muuqataa bogagga leh ugu yaraan afar madax. Ka fogow [[Help:Section #Floating_the_TOC|sabeynta TOC]]. Haddii ay tahay inaad isticmaasho TOC sabbaynaysa, dhig hoostiisa qaybta hordhaca ah ee qaabka wiki si ay u noqoto mid joogto ah. Isticmaalayaasha [[screen reader|akhristayaasha shaashadda]] waxay filayaan in tusmada maqaalka ay raacdo qoraalka hordhaca ah; sidoo kale waxay seegaan qoraalka la dhex dhigay TOC iyo madaxa koowaad. ==Tixraacyada== {{shortcut|MOS:LEADCITE|MOS:CITELEAD}} {{see|Wikipedia:Verifiability|Wikipedia:Citing sources}} {{For|tilmaamaha ku saabsan sida loo "iskudhafo" tixraacyada|Help:Citation merging}} {{seealso| Help:Transclusion#Drawbacks}} Qaybta hordhaca ahi waa inay waafaqdaa siyaasadahayaga ku saabsan [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|xaqiijinta]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons|taariikh-nololeedyada dadka nool]], iyo kuwo kale. Siyaasadda xaqiijintu waxay qeexaysaa in "[d]hammaan oraahyada, iyo wixii agab ah ee xaqiijintooda la l sakin lahaa ama ay u badan tahay in la l sakin lahaa, ay tahay inay ku jiraan [[Wikipedia:Inline citation|tixraac ku dhex jira qoraalka]] oo ku socda il lagu kalsoonaan karo oo [[Wikipedia:Directly supports|si toos ah u taageeraysa]] [taas]". Maaddaama hordhacu badanaa ku celceliyo macluumaadka ku jira jidhka, tifatirayaashu waa inay dheelitiraan rabitaanka ah inaan la helin tixraacyo ku celcelis ah oo hordhaca ku jira iyo rabitaanka ah in akhristayaasha lagu caawiyo helitaanka ilaha agabkaas. In kasta oo joogitaanka tixraacyada hordhaca uusan ahayn mid khasab ah maqaal kasta mana aha mid reebban maqaal kasta, ma jiro wax ka reeban shuruudaha tixraaca ee gaarka ah hordhaca. Baahida loo qabo tixraacyada hordhaca waxaa lagu go'aamiyaa kiis-arki ahaan iyadoo la raacayo [[Wikipedia:Consensus|is-afgaradka]] tifatirayaasha. Mawduucyada adag, ee hadda jira, ama doodda dhaliyay waxay u baahan karaan tixraacyo badan; kuwa kalena, wax yar ama ma jiraan. {{shortcut|MOS:SCROLLDOWN}} Maaddaama hordhacu soo koobayo jidhka, tixraacyada taageeraya sheegashooyinka hordhaca ah waxaa badanaa laga heli karaa jidhka. Kahor inta aan lagu darin calaamadda {{t|Citation needed}} hordhaca, tifatirayaashu waa inay hubiyaan jidhka maqaalka si ay u arkaan haddii sheegashadu horay loo tixraacay. Haddii sheegashadu ay tahay mid aan lahayn ilo jidhka sidoo kale, waxaa fiican in lagu daro calaamadda jumlada khusaysa ee jidhka halkii hordhaca la dhigi lahaa. Sida tifatirayaashu inta badan aysan uga warqabin hagahan, [[WP:Assume good faith|rumaysadka wanaagsan waa in la qaataa]] marka calaamadaha {{tlf|Citation needed}} si khaldan loogu daro qaybaha hordhaca ah; {{tls|Leadcite comment}} waxaa lagu dari karaa hordhacyada maqaallada ee soo jiita calaamadaha {{tlf|Citation needed}} ee aan la aqbalin. ==<span class="anchor" id="Intro"></span>Nuxurka== {{shortcut|MOS:INTRO}} ===<span class="anchor" id="summarize"></span>Bixinta dulmar la heli karo=== {{see also|Wikipedia:Summary style}} Qaybta hordhaca ahi waa inay si kooban u soo koobtaa qodobbada ugu muhiimsan ee maqaal ku jira, si ay u taagnaan karto nooc kooban oo maqaalka ah. Sababta uu mawduucu u yahay mid muhiim ah waa in la dejiyo, ama ugu yaraan la soo bandhigo, hordhaca dhexdiisa (laakiin aan la adeegsanayn [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Puffery|ereyo ammaan ah]] sida "la ammaanay" ama "ku guuleystay abaalmarin" ama "hit"). Jidhka maqaalka waxaa loo oggol yahay inuu ku celceliyo qodobbada hordhaca, maaddaama hordhacu soo koobayo qodobbada jidhka isla markaana jidhku bixinayo faahfaahin dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan qodobbadaas, kuwaas oo badanaa la celceliyo. Waa in la tixgeliyo abuurista xiisaha maqaalka, laakiin [[#Comparison to the news-style lead|ha tilmaamin]] xaqiiqooyin naxdin leh adigoon sharraxin. Waa mid xitaa ka muhiimsan halkan marka loo eego qaybta kaloo harsan ee maqaalka in qoraalku noqdo mid la heli karo. Ka dhig qaybta hordhaca ah [[Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable|mid la heli karo dhagaystayaal aad u ballaaran intii suurtagal ah]]. Tifatirayaashu waa inay ka fogaadaan baaraagaraafyo dhaadheer iyo sharraxaadyo gaar ah oo xad-dhaaf ah{{snd}}faahfaahin dheeraad ah waxaa loo hayaa [[MOS:BODY|jidhka maqaalka]]. Meel kasta oo ay suurtagal tahay, ka fogow [[terminology|erey-bixin]] adag oo adag in la fahmo, calaamado, isla'egyo xisaabeed iyo qaabab. Meelaha ereyada aan caadiga ahayn ay muhiim u yihiin, waa in la dhex dhigaa macnaha guud, la xiriiriyaa, oo si kooban loo qeexaa. Mawduuca waa in la dhex dhigaa macnaha guud ee caadiga u ah akhristaha caadiga ah. Tusaale ahaan, waa ka fiican yahay in la sharaxo goobta magaalada iyadoo la tixraacayo aag ama meel ka weyn intii la isticmaali lahaa isku-duwayaal. Akhristayaashu waa inaysan dhex gelin bartamaha mawduuca kelmada koowaad; waa in si tartiib ah loo geliyo. ===<span class="anchor" id="Rel"></span>Culayska qaraadiga ah=== {{shortcut|MOS:LEADREL|MOS:LEADNO|MOS:LEADNOTUNIQUE|MOS:LEADPROPORTION}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Balancing aspects}} Sida waafaqsan [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Due and undue weight|siyaasadda miisaanka dheellitiran]], culayska la siinayo agabka waa inuu ka turjumaa muhiimaddiisa qaraadiga ah ee uu u leeyahay mawduuca, iyadoo la raacayo [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|ilo la daabacay oo lagu kalsoonaan karo]]. Tani waa run labadaba qaybta hordhaca ah iyo jidhka maqaalka. Haddii ay jirto kala duwanaansho culays ah oo u dhexeeya labada, tifatirayaashu waa inay raadiyaan in ay xalliyaan khilaafka. Macluumaadka muhiimka ah ma aha inuu ka muuqda hordhaca, marka laga reebo xaqiiqooyinka aasaasiga ah, haddii aan lagu soo qaadin jidhka maqaalka ka haray, inkastoo aan wax walba oo hordhaca ku jira lagu celcelinin jidhka qoraalka. Reebanaannada waxaa ka mid ah xaqiiqooyin gaar ah sida [[quotation|oraahyo]], tusaalooyin, taariikhaha dhalashada, magacyada [[taxonomic|taksonomiga]] iyo [[typology|kala-soocidda noocyada]], lambarrada [[case number|kiiska]], iyo [[title|cinwaannada]]. Digniintaan ma aha in loo qaato sabab looga saaro macluumaadka hordhaca, laakiin waa in la waafajiyo daboolidda hordhaca iyo agabka jidhka maqaalka. ===<span class="anchor" id="Establish context"></span>Baaraagaraafka koowaad=== {{shortcut|MOS:OPEN|MOS:BEGIN}} Baaraagaraafka koowaad waa inuu [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#Good definitions|qeexaa]] ama aqoonsadaa mawduuca iyadoo la adeegsanayo [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|aragti dhex-dhexaad ah]], laakiin aan la noqon mid aad u gaar ah. Waa inuu dejiyaa macnaha guud ee uu mawduucu ku jiro adoo bixinaya xaaladaha ama xaqiiqooyinka ku xeeran. Haddii ay habboon tahay, waa inuu bixiyaa goobta iyo wakhtiga. Sidoo kale waa inuu dejiyaa xuduudaha mawduuca; tusaale ahaan, hordhaca maqaalka [[List of environmental issues]] wuxuu si kooban u sheegayaa in liisku daboolayo "dhinacyada waxyeellada leh ee hawlaha binu-aadmiga ee deegaanka bayoolajiga ah". ===<span class="anchor" id="First sentence format"></span><span class="anchor" id="Clutter"></span>Jumlada koowaad=== {{shortcut|MOS:FIRST|MOS:LEADSENTENCE}} {{redirect|MOS:FIRST|the guideline on ordinals|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Ordinals}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Writing better articles#Use of "refers to"|Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#Fixing the introductory sentence: removing "refers to"|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Post-nominal letters}} Jumlada koowaad waa inay soo bandhigtaa mawduuca, oo ay u sheegto [[WP:GENAUD|akhristaha aan takhasuska lahayn]] <em>waxa</em> ama <em>qofka</em> uu yahay mawduucu, badanaana <em>goorta</em> ama <em>meesha</em>. Waa in lagu qoraa [[plain English|Ingiriis sahlan]]. Haddii mawduuciu uu yahay mid la qeexi karo, markaas jumlada koowaad waa inay bixisaa qeexitaan kooban: meel kasta oo ay suurtagal tahay, mid u dhigaysa maqaalka macnaha guud ee qofka aan takhasuska lahayn. Sidoo kale, haddii cinwaanku yahay [[technical terminology|erey farsamo]], bixi macnaha guud sida ugu dhaqsaha badan ee suurtogalka ah.{{efn-ua|Tusaale ahaan, halkii laga qori lahaa: {{block indent|'''Dhinaca saddexaad ee lagu kalsoon yahay''' waa hay'ad fududaysa isdhexgalka u dhexeeya laba dhinac oo labaduba ku kalsoon dhinaca saddexaad.}} qor: {{block indent|[[Cryptography|Sir-qoraalka]] dhexdiisa, '''dhinaca saddexaad ee lagu kalsoon yahay''' waa hay'ad fududaysa isdhexgalka u dhexeeya laba dhinac oo labaduba ku kalsoon dhinaca saddexaad.}}}} Mawduucyada [[Wikipedia:Notability|muhiimka ah]] hal sabab awgeed oo keliya, sababtan waxaa badanaa lagu bixiyaa jumlada koowaad.{{efn-ua|Tusaale ahaan: {{block indent|'''Amalie Emmy Noether''' {{IPA|de|ˈnøːtɐ|}} (23 Maarso 1882&nbsp;– 14 Abriil 1935) waxay ahayd [[mathematician|xisaabyahan]] Jarmal ah oo loo yaqaanno tabarucaadkeeda asaaska u ah [[abstract algebra|algebra-ha aan la taaban karin]] iyo tabarucaadkeeda [[theoretical physics|fiisikis-ka aragtida]].}} Tusaalahan ma aha oo Kaliya inuu u sheegayo akhristaha in mawduucu ahaa xisaabyahan, laakiin sidoo kale wuxuu tilmaamayaa goobtiisa khibradda iyo shaqadiisa ay ka samaysay dibadda. Sannadaha dhalashadiisa iyo dhimashadiisa waxay bixiyaan macnaha wakhtiga. Akhristaha aan horay u sii soconin maqaalkan wuxuu horay u og yahay goortii ay noolayd, shaqadiisa ay qabatay, iyo sababta ay muhiim u tahay. ([[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biographies]] waxay haysataa wax badan oo ku saabsan qaabka gaarka ah ee maqaallada taariikh-nololeedka.)}} {{shortcut|MOS:LEADCLUTTER}} {{va|Lead clutter|text=Ha culaysin jumlada koowaad adigoo sharraxaya wax kasta oo muhiim ah oo ku saabsan mawduuca. Halkaas, ku faafi macluumaadka khuseeya hordhaca oo dhan. Ka fogow in jumlada koowaad lagu dhex daro [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking#What generally should not be linked|tirada xiriiriyeyaasha ah ee xad-dhaafka ah]] ama khaanad dheer oo ay ku jiraan waxyaabo ay ka mid yihiin higaadyo beddel ah iyo ku dhawaaqis; kuwani waxay ka dhigi karaan jumlada mid adag in la akhriyo. Macluumaadka noocaas ah waa in la dhigaa meel kale, sida qaybta "Etymology", khaanadda macluumaadka (adigoo adeegsanaya {{Parameter|pronunciation}} ama {{Parameter|native_name}} cabbirada), ama [[Help:Footnotes|xusuusin sharaxaad ah]].}}{{efn-ua|Tusaale ahaan: {{block indent|'''Sweden''',{{efn|{{langx|sv|Sverige}} {{IPA|sv|ˈsvæ̌rjɛ||Sv-Sverige.ogg}}; {{langx|fi|Ruotsi}}; {{langx|fit|Ruotti}}; {{langx|se|Ruoŧŧa}}; {{langx|smj|Svierik}}; {{langx|sje|Sverji}}; {{langx|sju|Sverje}}; {{langx|sma|Sveerje}} ama {{lang|sma|Svöörje}}; {{langx|yi|שוועדן|Shvedn}}; {{langx|rmu|Svedikko}}; {{langx|rmf|Sveittiko}}.}} si rasmi ah '''Boqortooyada Sweden''',{{efn|{{langx|sv|links=no|Konungariket Sverige}} {{IPA|sv|ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ||Sv-Konungariket Sverige.ogg}}}} waa waddan Waqtiyada Nordic ah oo ku yaal Jasiiradda Scandinavian ee Waqooyiga Yurub.}} halka {{block indent|'''Sweden''' ({{langx|sv|Sverige}} {{IPA|sv|ˈsvæ̌rjɛ||Sv-Sverige.ogg}}), si rasmi ah '''Boqortooyada Sweden''' ({{langx|sv|links=no|Konungariket Sverige}} {{IPA|sv|ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ||Sv-Konungariket Sverige.ogg}}), waa waddan Waqtiyada Nordic ah oo ku yaal Jasiiradda Scandinavian ee Waqooyiga Yurub.}}}} ==== Adeegsada cinwaanka maqaalka oo ah mawduuc ==== {{Shortcut|MOS:LEADTITLE|MOS:LEADSUBJECT}} Haddii ay suurtagal tahay, [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Article titles|cinwaanka bogga]] waa inuu ahaadaa [[subject (grammar)|mawduuca]] jumlada koowaad.{{efn-ua|Tusaale ahaan, isticmaal: {{block indent|'''Qaabkan Hab-qoraalka''' waa [[style guide|hage qaab-qoraal]] ka kooban&nbsp;...}} halka aan la isticmaalin: {{block indent|Hagahan [[style guide|qaab-qoraal]], oo loo yaqaanno '''Qaabka Hab-qoraalka''', wuxuu ka kooban yahay&nbsp;...}} }} Xaaladdan, waxaa ku jiri kara kala duwanaansho, oo ay ku jiraan foomamka jamaca (gaar ahaan haddii ay yihiin kuwo aan caadi ahayn ama jahawareer leh) ama [[synonym|magacyo kale]].{{efn-ua|Tusaale ahaan, maqaalka "[[Matrix (mathematics)|Matrix (xisaab)]]": {{block indent|Xisaabta dhexdeeda, '''matrix''' (jamac '''matrices''') waa habayn afar geesood ah oo nambaro, calaamado, ama muujinta ah, oo lagu habeeyey safadaha iyo tiirarka.}}}} Cinwaanka bogga waxaa laga yaabaa inuu sidoo ka muuqdo qaab xoogaa ka duwan{{efn-ua|Tusaale ahaan, maqaalka "[[United Kingdom|Boqortooyada Midowday]]": {{block indent|'''Boqortooyada Midowday ee Great Britain iyo Northern Ireland''', oo si caadi ah loogu yaqaanno '''Boqortooyada Midowday''', '''UK''', ama '''Britain''', waa [[island country|waddan jasiirad]] madaxbannaan oo ku yaal xeebta waqooyi-galbeed ee [[continental Europe|Yurubta qaaradda]].}} }} waana in laga tago wixii [[Wikipedia:Consistency in article titles#Use consistent disambiguators for similar kinds of topics|kala-soocid waalid ah]] leh.{{efn-ua| Tusaale ahaan, isticmaal: {{block indent|'''Mercury''' waa meereha kowaad ee ka yimaada Qorraxda&nbsp;...}} halka aan la isticmaalin: {{block indent|'''Mercury (meere)''' waa meereha kowaad ee ka yimaada Qorraxda&nbsp;...}}}} Haddii [[Wikipedia:Article titles|cinwaanka maqaalka]] uu yahay magac rasmi ah ёr si ballaaran loo aqbalay oo loogu talagalay mawduuca, ku soo bandhig sida ugu dhaqsaha badan jumlada koowaad: {{block indent|'''Electron''' waa [[subatomic particle|qayb hoose-atomik]] oo leh [[elementary charge|dallac koronto dabiici ah]] oo taban. ([[Electron]])}} Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa jira reebanaanno aan cinwaanka bogga loo adeegsan karin sidii mawduuc, eeg {{slink|#Alternative biographical names}} iyo {{slink|#Other types of articles}}. Sidoo kale, haddii cinwaanka maqaalku yahay mid sifayn ah oo keliya—sida [[Electrical characteristics of dynamic loudspeakers]]—uma baahna inuu si dhab ah ugu muuqdo jumlada koowaad. Si kastaba ha ahaatee waxaa wanaagsan in lagu daro cinwaanka haddii tan lagu qaabil karo qaab dabiici ah: {{block indent|'''Isku xigxigidda madaxweynaha Maraykanka''' waa nidaamka ay saraakiisha Maraykanka{{nbsp}}... ([[Isku xigxigidda madaxweynaha Maraykanka]])}} =====Ka fogow celceliska aan loo baahnayn===== {{shortcut|MOS:REDUNDANCY}} {{redirect|WP:REDUNDANCY|redundant articles|Wikipedia:Avoiding common mistakes#Redundant|redundancy in section headings|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#SECTIONSTYLE}} Ku hay [[Redundancy (linguistics)|celceliska]] heerka ugu hooseeya jumlada koowaad. Adeegso jumlada koowaad ee maqaalka si aad u bixiso macluumaad khuseeya oo {{strong|aan horay loogu bixin}} cinwaanka maqaalka. Tusaale ahaan: {{block indent|[[File:Red x.svg|15px|link=|alt=Bad:]] '''Cilaaqaadka Ciraaq iyo Pakistan''' waa cilaaqaadka u dhexeeya [[Iraq|Ciraaq]] iyo [[Pakistan]]. }} {{block indent|[[File:Yes check.svg|15px|link=|alt=Good:]] [[Iraq|Ciraaq]] iyo [[Pakistan]] waxay dejiyeen [[diplomatic relations|cilaaqaad diblomaasiyadeed]] sannadkii 1947. }} Bayaanka ''cilaaqaadku waa cilaaqaadka'' ma caawiyo akhristaha aan aqoon u lahayn macnaha ''cilaaqaad diblomaasiyadeed''. Nooca labaad si caqli gal ah waxaa ku jira macluumaad cusub (in cilaaqaad la aas-aasay sannadkii 1947) jumlada koowaad, halkii lagu celcelin lahaa cinwaanka. {{shortcut|MOS:AVOIDBOLD|MOS:!LEADBOLD}} {{va|Avoid boldface|text=Haddii cinwaanka maqaalku uusan isu dhiibin in si fudud oo dabiici ah loogu isticmaalo jumlada koowaad, erayada waa in aan la qalloocin iyadoo la isku dayayo in lagu daro. Halkaas, si fudud u sharrax mawduuca adigoo adeegsanaya Ingiriis caadi ah, adigoo ka fogaanaya celcelis aan loo baahnayn.}} {{block indent|[[File:Red x.svg|15px|link=|alt=Bad:]] '''Daadadka Wabiga Mississippi ee 2011''' waxay ahaayeen taxane [[flood|daadad ah]] oo saameeyay [[Mississippi River|Wabiga Mississippi]] Abriil iyo Maajo 2011, kuwaas oo ka mid ahaa kuwii ugu waaweynaa uguna waxyeellada badnahaa ee laga diiwaan geliyay marin-biyeedka [[U.S.|Maraykanka]] qarnigii la soo dhaafay.}} {{block indent|[[File:Green check.svg|15px|link=|alt=Good:]] Daadadweyn [[flood|oo soo gaaray]] [[Mississippi River|Wabiga Mississippi]] Abriil iyo Maajo 2011 waxay ka mid ahaayeen kuwii ugu waaweynaa uguna waxyeellada badnahaa ee laga diiwaan geliyay marin-biyeedka [[U.S.|Maraykanka]] qarnigii la soo dhaafay.}} Mararka qaarkood celcelis yar waa mid aan laga fursan karin. Tusaale ahaan, ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' (OED) waa in loogu yeeraa magaciisa saxda ah ee maqaalkiisa, mana lagu yeeri karo wax aan ahayn ''qaamuus'' jumlada koowaad. Xataa xaaladahan oo kale, jumlada koowaad waa inay bixisaa macluumaad aan lagu bixin cinwaanka. Laakiin isku day inaad dib u qorto mar kasta oo ay suurtagal tahay. Halkii laga qori lahaa: {{block indent|[[File:Red x.svg|15px|link=|alt=Bad:]] '''''Oxford English Dictionary''''' waa [[dictionary|qaamuus]] ka mid ah [[English language|luqadda Ingiriisiga]].}} tixgeli: {{block indent|[[File:Green check.svg|15px|link=|alt=Good:]] '''''Oxford English Dictionary''''' waa [[dictionary|qaamuus]] taariikhi ah oo ugu muhiimsan ee [[English language|luqadda Ingiriisiga]].}} Labaduba waxay ka kooban yihiin celcelis qaar, laakiin kan labaad waa ka fiican yahay sababtoo ah wuxuu noo sheegayaa in OED uu yahay qaamuuska ''ugu ixtiraamka badan'' adduunka ee Ingiriisiga. ====<span class="anchor" id="Bold title"></span>Qaabka jumlada koowaad==== {{Shortcut|MOS:BOLDLEAD|MOS:BOLDTITLE}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Boldface|Wikipedia:Superfluous bolding explained}} Marka cinwaanka maqaalku si dhab ah ugu muuqdo jumlada koowaad, waa inuu ahaadaa mid buuran. Maqaallada uusan cinwaanka maqaalku si dhab ah ugu muuqon jumlada koowaad, farta buuran lama isticmaalo. =====<span class="anchor" id="BOLDSYN"></span><span class="anchor" id="MOSBOLDSYN"></span><span class="anchor" id="Abbreviations and synonyms"></span>Farta buuran ee cinwaanka iyo magacyada kale===== {{Shortcut|MOS:BOLDALTNAMES|MOS:BOLDSYN}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Text formatting }} Keliya dhacdada ugu horreysa ee cinwaanka iyo {{em|muhiimka ah}} [[#Alternative names|magacyada kale]] (oo badanaa sidoo kale ay tahay in ay [[Wikipedia:Redirect|u hagaajiyaan]] maqaalka){{efn-ua|"Badanaa" halkan waxay xisaabin kartaa kiisaska sida "'''Foo''', sidoo kale loo yaqaanno '''Bar''', '''Baz''', ama '''Quux'''", halkaas oo shayga "Baz" uusan dhab ahaantii ahayn dib-u-hagaajin ka timid "Baz", laakiin laga yaabaa inuu yahay "Baz (kiimiko)", sidaas darteed uusan ku habboonayn shuruud habaysan oo dib-u-hagaajin ah, laakiin wuxuu noqon lahaa mid jahawareerinaya muuqaal ahaan haddii farta buuran laga saaro labada kale dhexdooda. "Badanaa" ma aha ruqsad guud si [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#When not to use boldface|loogu isticmaalo farta buuran waxyaabaha si loo xoojiyo]].}} waxaa la dhigaa farta buuran: {{block indent|'''Mumbai''', sidoo kale loo yaqaanno '''Bombay''', waa caasimadda gobolka [[India|Hindiya]] ee [[Maharashtra]]. ([[Mumbai]])}} Gaabisyada caadiga ah (khaanadaha wareegsan ka dib cinwaanka u dhigma) waxaa loo tixgeliyaa magacyo kale oo muhiim ah macnahan: {{block indent|The '''International Music Score Library Project''' ('''IMSLP'''), sidoo kale loo yaqaanno '''Petrucci Music Library''' ka dib daabacaha [[Ottaviano Petrucci]], waa&nbsp;... ([[International Music Score Library Project]])}} Maqaal [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography|taariikh-nololeed]] ah oo ka bilaabmaya magaca buuxa ee mawduuca, geli magaca buuxa farta buuran. {{Crossreference|text=(Eeg {{slink|#Alternative_biographical_names}}.)}} Haddii maqaalku ku saabsan yahay dhacdo ay ku lug leedahay mawduuc uusan jirin maqaal weyn, gaar ahaan haddii maqaalku yahay [[Wikipedia:Redirect#What needs to be done on pages that are targets of redirects?|bartilmaameedka dib-u-hagaajinta]], mawduucu waa inuu ahaadaa farta buuran: {{block indent| '''Azaria Chantel Loren Chamberlain''' (11 Juun – 17 Agoosto 1980) waxay ahayd gabar ilmo yar oo u dhalatay Australia taas oo ay dishay dingo habeenkii 17 Agoosto 1980{{nbsp}}... ([[Death of Azaria Chamberlain]], oo laga soo hagaajiyay Azaria Chamberlain)}} Ha dhigin farta buuran magacyada aan Ingiriisiga ahayn ee aan si caadi ah loogu isticmaalin Ingiriisiga ama Soomaaliga. {{Crossreference|text=(Eeg {{slink|#Other_languages}}.)}} {{block indent|'''Milan''' ({{langx|it|Milano}}) waa magaalada waqooyiga Italy.}} Ha dhigin farta buuran magacyada kale [[Main Page|Bogga Weyn]]. =====Ku darista u dhigmaasha ajnabiga ah===== {{shortcut|MOS:FOREIGNEQUIV}} Haddii mawduuca maqaalku uu si dhow u la xiriiro luqad aan Ingiriis ahayn, magac keliya oo u dhigma oo ku jira luqad kale ayaa lagu dari karaa jumlada hordhaca ah, badanaana khaanadaha wareegsan. Tusaale ahaan, maqaal ku saabsan goob ku taal waddan aan Ingiriis ku hadlin wuxuu badanaa ka kooban yahay luqadda deegaanka ee u dhigma: {{block indent|'''Chernivtsi Oblast''' ({{langx|uk|Чернівецька область}}, {{lang|uk-Latn|Chernivetska oblast}}) waa [[administrative divisions of Ukraine|oblast]] (gobol) ku taal galbeedka [[Ukraine]], oo xuduud la leh [[Romania]] iyo [[Moldova]].}} Ha ku darin u dhigmaasha aan Ingiriisiga ahayn qoraalka jumlada hordhaca ah ee magacyada kale ama magacyada aadka u dheer, maaddaama tani ay buuxinayso jumlada hordhaca ah waxayna daciifinaysaa akhriska. Ha ku darin u dhigmaasha aan Ingiriisiga ahayn jumlada hordhaca ah si kaliya loo tuso etymology. Magacyada aan Ingiriisiga ahayn waa in loo dhaqaajiyaa xusuus-qoraal, khaanadda macluumaadka, ama [[#Separate section usage|meel kale]] maqaalka dhexdiisa haddii ay si kale u buuxin lahaayeen jumlada koowaad.{{efn-ua|name="Khan"}} Marka mawduucu si dhow ula xiriiro wax ka badan hal luqad oo aan Ingiriis ahayn, jumlada hordhaca ah waa inaysan caadi ahaan soo saarin mid ka mid ah. Xaaladaha oo kale, dhammaan u dhigmaasha aan Ingiriisiga ahayn waa in la isku meel dhigaa hal xusuus-qoraal sharraxaad ah (ama qayb "Names" ah ama la mid ah), halkii ay ka noqon lahaayeen qoraalka jumlada koowaad, si looga fogaado buuxdhaafinta iyo khilaafaadka ku saabsan luqadda la soo bandhigayo. Luqadaha kala duwan waa in lagu qaybiyaa [[semicolon|semicolon-yo]]; [[romanization|romanization-yada]] qoraallada aan Laatiinka ahayn, oo wata [[comma|hakad]]. Ha dhigin farta buuran magacyada aan Ingiriisiga ahayn ee aan si caadi ahaan loogu isticmaalin Ingiriisiga. Erayada qaar ee aan Ingiriisiga ahayn waa in la janjeeriyaa. Kiisaskan waxaa lagu sifeeyay [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Foreign terms|Habka Hab-qoraalka ee qaabaynta qoraalka]]. {{block indent|The '''Inuit''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|nj|u|ɪ|t}}, kelidii '''Inuk'''; [[Inuktitut language|Inuktitut]]: {{lang|iu|{{linktext|ᐃᓄᐃᑦ}}}} {{gloss|dadka}}) waa koox ka mid ah [[indigenous peoples|dadka asaliga ah]] ee dhaqan ahaan isku mid ah oo deggan gobollada [[Arctic|Arktika]] ee [[Greenland]], Canada iyo [[Alaska]]&nbsp;...}} =====Faahfaahin kale ama weedho lagu daro ama laga saaro===== * Taariikhaha iyo goobaha waa in lagu daraa jumlada koowaad haddii ay ka caawiyaan akhristaha inuu si degdeg ah u go'aamiyo inuu akhrinayo maqaalka saxda ah. Tusaale ahaan, maqaalka [[Spanish–American War]], qoraalka hordhucu wuxuu ka bilaabmaa: {{block indent|The '''Spanish–American War'''{{efn|{{langx|es|Guerra hispano-estadounidense}} ama {{lang|es|Guerra hispano-americana}}; {{langx|fil|Digmaang Espanyol–Amerikano}}). Taariikh-yahanno qaar ayaa doorbidaya cinwaanno kale, t.s.: *{{citation|author=Louis A. Pérez|title=The war of 1898: the United States and Cuba in history and historiography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OVFV4qclY-YC|year=1998|publisher=UNC Press Books|isbn=978-0-807-84742-8|access-date=October 31, 2015}} *{{citation|author=Benjamin R. Beede|title=The War of 1898, and US interventions, 1898–1934: an encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=48g116X9IIwC|year=1994|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-824-05624-7|access-date=October 31, 2015}} *{{citation|author1=Thomas David Schoonover|author2=Walter LaFeber|title=Uncle Sam's War of 1898 and the Origins of Globalization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3u3ctVjVNPsC|year=2005|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|isbn=978-0-813-19122-5|access-date=October 31, 2015|url-status=live}} *{{citation|author=Virginia Marie Bouvier|title=Whose America?: the war of 1898 and the battles to define the nation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwp3AAAAMAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Praeger|isbn=978-0-275-96794-9|access-date=October 31, 2015}} }} (21 Abriil – 13 Agoosto 1898) wuxuu ahaa [[armed conflict|iska hor imaad hubaysan]] oo u dhexeeyay [[Spain under the Restoration|Spain]] iyo [[United States|Maraykanka]].}} *{{shortcut|MOS:REFERS}} Ka fogow qaababka sida "[Mawduuca] [[WP:REFERS|wuxuu tilmaamayaa]]&nbsp;..." ama "...&nbsp;[[WP:ISAWORDFOR|waa eray loogu talagalay]]&nbsp;..."{{snd}} maqaalku wuxuu ku saabsan yahay mawduuca, ma aha eray <em>loogu talagalay</em> mawduuca.{{efn-ua|Tusaale ahaan: {{block indent|'''Xeryaha''' waa [[outdoor activity|hawl-qabad dibadda ah]] oo ku lug leh hoyasho habeenkii ah oo ka baxsan guriga hoy dhexdiis&nbsp;...}}halkii laga qori lahaa {{block indent|'''Xeryaha''' waxay tilmaamayaan [[outdoor activity|hawl-qabad dibadda ah]] oo ku lug leh hoyasho habeenkii ah&nbsp;...}} }} Maqaallada dhab ahaantii ku saabsan ereyada, [[WP:WORDSASWORDS|jeeriy erayga]] si loo muujiye [[use–mention distinction|kala-soocidda adeegsiga iyo xusidda]].{{efn-ua|Tusaale ahaan: {{block indent|'''''Irregardless''''' waa eray marmar la isticmaalo halkii ''regardless'' ama ''irrespective''&nbsp;...}}halkii laga qori lahaa {{block indent|'''Irregardless''' waa eray marmar la isticmaalo&nbsp;...}} }} ====<span id="Avoid these common mistakes"></span>Ka fogow khaladaadkan kale ee caadiga ah===== {{shortcut|MOS:BOLDLINK|MOS:BOLDLINKAVOID}} Xiriiriyeyaasha waa in aan la dhigin farta [[emphasis (typography)#Methods and use|buuran]] ee celcelinta cinwaanka jumlada koowaad ee hordhaca:{{efn-ua|Maqaallo badan, laakiin ma aha dhammaan, waxay ku celceliyaan cinwaanka maqaalka farta buuran safka koowaad ee maqaalka. Ku xiridda maqaalka isaga laftiisa waxay soo saartaa '''qoraal farta buuran ah'''; dhaqankaan waa la diiddaa sababtoo ah dhaqaaqista boggu waxay keenaysaa xiriiriye wareeg ah oo aan waxtar lahayn iyada oo la marayo dib-u-hagaajin. Ku xiridda {{em|qayb ka mid ah}} qoraalka farta buuran sidoo kale waa la diiddaa sababtoo ah waxay beddeshaa saamaynta muuqaalka ee farta buuran; akhristayaasha qaar ayaa seegi kara calaamadda muuqaalka taas oo ah ujeedada adeegsiga farta buuran marka ugu horreysa.}}{{efn-ua|Bogagga kala-soocidda waa gargaar hagid intii ay ahaan lahaayeen maqaallo oo meesha uu ka jiro mawduuc aas-aasiyay eray, safka hordhaca ah ee bogga kala-soocidda eraygaas wuxuu caadi ahaan leeyahay eraygaas labadaba xiriiriye iyo farta buuran; eeg [[MOS:DABPRIMARY]]}} {{block indent|[[File:Red x.svg|15px|link=|alt=Bad:]] '''[[Babe Ruth]] Abaalmarinta''' waxaa la siiyaa sannad walba ciyaaryahanka [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB) ee leh waxqabadka ugu fiican [[Major League Baseball postseason|ciyaaraha ka dambeeya xilli-ciyaareedka]]. }} {{block indent|[[File:Yes check.svg|15px|link=|alt=Good:]] '''Babe Ruth Abaalmarinta''' waxaa la siiyaa sannad walba ciyaaryahanka [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB) ee leh waxqabadka ugu fiican [[Major League Baseball postseason|ciyaaraha ka dambeeya xilli-ciyaareedka]]. Abaalmarinta, oo la abuuray sharaf [[Babe Ruth]], waxaa markii ugu horreysay la abaalmariyay sannadkii 1949 ciyaaryahanka ugu qiimaha badan ee [[World Series]], hal sano ka dib dhimashadii Ruth.}} Sida reeban, bogagga kala-soocidda waxay isticmaali karaan farta buuran [[MOS:DABPRIMARY|xiriiriyaha mawduuca aas-aasiga ah]], haddii uu jiro mid. {{anchor|MOSTITLEABSENT|MOSTITLEABSENTBOLD|MOSBEATLESINUS|BEATLES}} {{Shortcut|MOS:TITLEABSENT|MOS:TITLEABSENTBOLD}} Guud ahaan, haddii cinwaanka maqaalka (ama cinwaan kale oo muhiim ah) uusan ka jirin jumlada koowaad, ha u codsan habka farta buuran qoraalka la xiriira ee {{em|uu muuqdo}} (tusaale ka timid [[1999 Nepalese general election]]): {{block indent|[[File:Red x.svg|15px|link=|alt=Bad:]] '''Doorashooyinka guud''' waxaa lagu qabtay [[Nepal]] 3 Maajo iyo 17 Maajo 1999.}} {{block indent|[[File:Yes check.svg|15px|link=|alt=Good:]] Doorashooyinka guud waxaa lagu qabtay [[Nepal]] 3 Maajo iyo 17 Maajo 1999.}} =====Magacyada saxda ah iyo cinwaannada===== Haddii cinwaanka boggu si caadi ah u yahay mid [[Wikipedia:ITALICS|farta janjeerta leh]] (tusaale ahaan, shaqo faneed, suugaan, albam, ёr markab) markaas xusistiisa ugu horreysa waxay noqon kartaa qoraal farta buuran iyo farta janjeerta labadaba: {{block indent|'''''Las Meninas''''' (Isbaanish loogu talagalay '''''Gabdhaha Sharafta''''') waa sawir 1656 ah oo uu qoray [[Diego Velázquez]],&nbsp;... {{pb}} '''''The Good, the Bad and the Ugly''''' ({{langx|it|link=no|Il buono, il brutto, il cattivo}}) waa filim [[spaghetti Western|western spaghetti]] epic ah oo Talyaani ah oo 1966 ah&nbsp;...}} {{anchor|NOBOLDQUOT}} {{shortcut|MOS:NOBOLDQUOT}} Haddii xusidda cinwaanka maqaalku ay ku hareeraysan tahay calaamadaha oraahda, cinwaanku waa inuu noqdaa farta buuran laakiin calaamadaha oraahda ma aha inaysan noqon: {{block indent|"'''Yesterday'''" waa hees asal ahaan ay duubeen [[the Beatles]] albamkoodii 1965 ''[[Help!]]''}} =====Ku dhawaaqid===== {{shortcut|MOS:LEADPRON}} {{details|topic=qaabaynta ku dhawaaqidda jumlada koowaad|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation}} Ha ku darin hagayaasha ku dhawaaqidda jumlada hordhaca ah erayada halka ku dhawaaqidda saxda ah ay tahay mid dareen leh oo laga soo qaatay sida loo higaadiyo, ama erayada caadiga ah ee luqadda Ingiriisiga—xataa kuwa leh ku dhawaaqid aan macquul ahayn kuwa baranaya luqadda ([[laughter|qosol]], [[sword|seef]]) ama kuwa si dhow ula xiriira erayada luqadaha kale ([[Paris]], [[Poland]]). Ku darista ku dhawaaqidda waxay noqon kartaa mid waxtar leh erayada aan caadiga ahayn ee luqadda Ingiriisiga ([[synecdoche|synekdoke]], [[atlatl]]). Haddii magaca maqaalku leeyahay ku dhawaaqid aan ka muuqan higaadiisa, ku dar [[Help:IPA|ku dhawaaqidda]] ka dib dhacdada ugu horreysa ee magaca, adigoo adeegsanaya khaanadaha wareegsan ama xusuus-qoraal. Erayada noocaas ah waa inta badan erayada ama weedhaha amaahda ka yimid luqadaha kale (''[[Mate (drink)|mate]]'', ''[[coup d'état]]''), ama magacyada saxda ah ([[Ralph Fiennes]], [[Tuolumne River]], [[Tao Te Ching]]). Ku xaddid hagaha ku dhawaaqidda ee lagu daray weedh badan oo erayo ah oo keliya kuwa u baahan (tusaale ahaan, dhammaadka [[Jean van Heijenoort]], laakiin kaliya ''Cholmondeley'' ee [[Thomas P. G. Cholmondeley]]). Waxaa la doorbidaa in hagayaasha ku dhawaaqidda loo raro xusuus-qoraal ama meel kale oo maqaalka ah haddii ay si kale u buuxin lahaayeen jumlada koowaad.{{efn-ua|name="Khan"|Tusaale ahaan, hordhac xad-dhaaf ah oo ku yaal [[Genghis Khan]] hal mar wuxuu akhriyay: {{block indent|1='''Genghis Khan''' (Ku dhawaaqidda Ingiriisiga: {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ɛ|ŋ|ɡ|ɪ|s|_|ˈ|k|ɑː|n}} ama {{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|ɛ|ŋ|ɡ|ɪ|s|_|ˈ|k|ɑː|n}};^{[[Genghis Khan#cite_note-6|[1]]]}^{[[Genghis Khan#cite_note-7|[2]]]} [[Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]]: Чингис Хаан, ''Chingis Khaan'', {{IPA|mn|tʃiŋɡɪs xaːŋ|IPA|GenghisKhan01.ogg}}; [[Mongol script]]: [[File:Cinggis qagan.svg|18px]], ''Činggis Qaɣan''; {{zh|t=成吉思汗|s=成吉思汗|p=Chéng Jí Sī Hán|first=t}}; malaha 31 Maajo 1162^{[[Genghis Khan##cite_note-birth-4|[3]]]} – 25 Agoosto 1227), oo dhashay '''Temujin''' (Ku dhawaaqidda Ingiriisiga: {{IPAc-en|t|ə|ˈ|m|uː|dʒ|ɪ|n}}; {{langx|mn|Тэмүжин}}, ''Temüjin'' {{IPA|mn|tʰemutʃiŋ|IPA|Temujin.ogg}}; ''{{langx|xng|Temüjin}}'';^{[[Genghis Khan#cite_note-3|[4]]]} {{zh|t=鐵木真|s=铁木真|p=Tiě mù zhēn|first=t}}) sidoo kale loo yaqaanno [[temple name|magaca macbudka]] '''Taizu''' ({{zh|t=元太祖|s=元太祖|p=Yuán Tàizǔ|w=T'ai-Tsu|first=t}}), wuxuu ahaa aasaasaha iyo [[Khagan|Khan-ka Weyn]] (imperarka) ee [[Mongol Empire|Boqortooyada Mongol]], taas oo noqotay [[World's largest empires|boqortooyadii ugu weynayd]] ee taariikhda ka dib dhimashadiisa.}} Tani waxaa dib loogu soo koobay: {{block indent|1='''Genghis Khan''' (dhashay '''Temüjin'''; {{circa|1162}}{{snd}}Agoosto 1227), sidoo kale loo yaqaanno '''Chinggis Khan''',{{efn|Eeg ''[[Genghis Khan#Name and title|§ Magaca iyo cinwaanka]]''}} wuxuu ahaa aasaasaha iyo [[khan (title)|khan-kii]] ugu horreeyay ee [[Mongol Empire|Boqortooyada Mongol]].}} }} Wadahadal buuxa oo ku saabsan ku dhawaaqidda wuxuu iman karaa dambe maqaalka. Ha ku darin hagayaasha ku dhawaaqidda tarjumaadaha aan Ingiriisiga ahayn ee cinwaanka maqaalka qoraalka jumlada hordhaca ah, maaddaama tani ay buuxinayso jumlada hordhaca ah waxayna daciifinaysaa akhriska. =====Xiriiriyeyaasha macnaha guud===== {{shortcut|MOS:CONTEXTLINK}} Jumlada koowaad waa inay bixisaa xiriiriyeyaal ku socda mawduucyada ballaaran ёr aasaasiga ah ee muhiimka u ah mawduuca maqaalka ёr u dhigaya [[context (language use)|macnaha guud]] halka uu ka yahay mid [[Wikipedia:Notability|muhiim ah]]. Tusaale ahaan, maqaal ku saabsan dhisme ёr goob waa inuu ka mid yahay xiriiriye ku socda aagga juqraafiga ballaaran ee uu qayb ka yahay. {{block indent|'''Arugam Bay''' waa [[bay|gacmeed]] ku yaal [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] ee aagga qalalan ee xeebta koonfur-bari ee [[Sri Lanka]].}} {{shortcut|MOS:FIRSTTERM}} Maqaal ku saabsan erey farsamo ёr jargon ah, jumlada koowaad ama baaraagaraafku waa inay caadi ahaan ka kooban yihiin xiriiriye ku socda [[field of study|goobta waxbarashada]] ee uu ereygu ka yimid. {{block indent|[[Heraldry|Calaamadaynta]] dhexdeeda, '''tinctures''' waa midabbada loo isticmaalo in lagu [[blazon|calaamadiyo]] [[coat of arms|jaakad hub ah]].}} [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biographies#Opening paragraph|Jumlada koowaad ee maqaalka ku saabsan qof]] waa inay ku xirataa bogga ёr bogagga ku saabsan mawduuca halka uu qofku ka gaaray sumcad. {{block indent|'''Harvey Lavan''' "'''Van'''" '''Cliburn Jr.''' (12 Luulyo 1934 – 27 Febraayo 2013) wuxuu ahaa [[pianist|pianist]] Maraykanka ah oo gaaray aqoonsi caalami ah sannadkii 1958 da'diisu 23 jir tahay, markii uu ku guuleystay tartankii ugu horreeyay ee afar-sanno lahaa [[International Tchaikovsky Competition|Tartanka Piano-ha Caalamiga ah ee Tchaikovsky]] ee Moscow, oo ku yaal dhererka [[Cold War|Dagaalkii Qabow]].}} Sida dhabta ah ee bixisa macnaha guud ee loo baahan yahay si loo fahmo mawduuc la bixiyay wuu ku kala duwan yahay mawduuc ilaa mawduuc. {{block indent|'''Gemara''' waa qayb ka mid ah [[Talmud]] oo ka kooban falanqaynta rabbinical iyo faallo ku saabsan [[Mishnah]].}} Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ha ku darin xiriiriyeyaasha macnaha guud ee aan si toos ah ula xiriirin qeexitaanka mawduuca ёr sababta muhiimadda. Tusaale ahaan, [[Van Cliburn|Van Cliburn]] jumladiisa koowaad waxay ku xirataa [[Cold War|Dagaalkii Qabow]] sababtoo ah sumcadiisu waxay qayb ka timid guushii Tartanka Tchaikovsky ee loo adeegsaday calaamad Dagaalkii Qabow. Jumlada koowaad ee bogga ku saabsan qof ku kacay sumcad sannadihii 1950-meeyadii sababo aan la xiriirin Dagaalkii Qabow waa inaysan soo qaadin Dagaalkii Qabow gabi ahaanba, xataa inkastoo Dagaalkii Qabow uu yahay qayb ka mid ah macnaha guud ee taariikhda nolosha qofkaas. Sidoo kale, [[Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking#Linking month-and-day or year|ha ku xirin sannadaha]] ilaa sannadku leeyahay muhiimad gaar ah oo ku socota mawduuca. Maqaallada ugu badan ee la soo xulay waxay ka kooban yihiin ilaa 12 ilaa 25 xiriiriyeyaal hordhaca ah, iyadoo celcelis ahaan ay jiraan ilaa 1.5 xiriiriyeyaal jumladdii kasta ёr hal xiriiriye eray kasta oo 16 ah. Xiriiriyeyaasha ka soo muuqda horraysa erayga farta buuran leh waxay ka jeedinayaan mawduuca haddii aysan lagama maarmaan u ahayn in la sameeyo macnaha guud, waana in laga tago xataa haddii ay ku habboon yihiin meel kale qoraalka dhexdiisa. Tusaale ahaan, cinwaanka qofka ёr xafiiskiisa, sida colonel, dabiici ahaan wuxuu ka muuqdaa magaciisa horraysa, laakiin erayga "Colonel" ma lahaan karo xiriiriye, maaddaama aysan samaynayn macnaha guud. (Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ha dib u qorin jumlada si xun si loo haysto xiriiriyaha macnaha guud ee loo baahan yahay inuusan ka hor imaan erayga farta buuran leh.) {{block indent|Colonel '''Charles Hotham''' (dhintay 1738) wuxuu ahaa [[Her Majesty's Diplomatic Service|ergay British]] ah oo gaar ah oo loo xilsaaray [[George II of Great Britain|George II]] hawsha ah inuu ka wada xaajoodo guur laba-laab ah oo u dhexeeya qoysaska [[House of Hanover|Hanover]] iyo [[Hohenzollern]].}} ==== Qaabka noocyada gaarka ah ee maqaallada ==== =====Goobaha jireed===== {{shortcut|MOS:FIRSTLOCATION|MOS:LOCATION|MOS:FL}} Maqaallada ku saabsan dhismayaal, goobo, taallo, iyo dhismayaal kale oo jireed, sheeg goobta jumlada koowaad ee hordhaca. Sida caadiga ah tani waxay la macno tahay cayimidda magaalada, gobolka maamulka (haddii ay habboon tahay), iyo dalka: {{block indent|'''Eiffel Tower''' waa [[wrought-iron|bir la shiiday]] [[lattice tower|munaarad shabag ah]] oo ku taal [[Champ of Mars]] ee [[Paris]], France.}} Dhismayaasha ku dhex jira degmooyinka Maraykanka, qaabka caadiga ah waa "DEGMO, GOBOLL, Maraykanka": {{block indent|'''MetLife Stadium''' waa [[multi-purpose stadium|garoon ujeeddooyin badan leh]] oo ku taal [[Meadowlands Sports Complex]] ee [[East Rutherford, New Jersey|East Rutherford]], New Jersey, Maraykanka.}} {{block indent|'''Hollywood Bowl''' waa [[amphitheatre|amfiteatar]] iyo [[Urban park|beerta dadweynaha]] oo ku taal [[Hollywood Hills]] ee [[Los Angeles]], California, Maraykanka.}} Haddii magaalada ёr hay'ad juqraafi oo la mid ah lagu xuso hordhaca maqaallada kale, waa in la adeegsadaa qaabkaas oo kale. =====Noolaha===== {{For-multi|capitalization|WP:Manual of Style#Animals, plants, and other organisms|animal article titles|WP:Naming conventions (fauna)|plant article titles|WP:Naming conventions (flora)}} {{Further|topic=technicalities of biological nomenclature|WP:Manual of Style/Organisms}} Marka magac caadi ah (vernacular) loo adeegsado cinwaanka maqaalka, magaca caadiga ah ee farta buuran waxaa ku xiga magaca sayniska ee farta janjeerta iyo buuran ku qoran khaanadaha wareegsan jumlada koowaad ee hordhaca. Magacyada kale waa in la xusaa oo laga helaa ilo lagu kalsoonaan karo qoraalka halka ay khusayso, iyadoo farta buuran ku jirto hordhaca haddii ay isticmaalka ballaaran ku leeyihiin, ёr meel kale maqaalka dhexdiisa (iyadoo farta buuran wadata ёr aysan wadan, iyadoo la raacayo go'aanka tifatiraha) haddii ay yihiin kuwo yar la isticmaalo. Uma baahna in lagu daro magacyada caadiga ah ee aan Ingiriisiga ahayn, ilaa ay sidoo kale si caadi ah loogu isticmaalo Ingiriisiga, tusaale ahaan gobol ahaan; haddii la daro, waa in la janjeeriyaa sida aan Ingiriisiga ahayn. {{block indent|'''Thomson's gazelle''' ('''''Eudorcas thomsonii''''') waa gazelle-ka ugu caansan ee [[East Africa|Bariga Afrika]]{{nbsp}}... }} Marka cinwaanka maqaalku yahay magaca sayniska, rog xigxigidda magaca sayniska iyo magaca (yada) caadiga ah (haddii mid ka mid ah dambe la bixiyo), oo geli farta buuran iyo sidoo kale farta janjeerta magaca sayniska. Ka fogow in magaca ugu caadiga ah la geliyo khaanadaha wareegsan (tani waxay xakamaysaa bandhiggeeda aragtida qaar ee Wikipedia, oo ay ku jiraan [[Wikipedia:Pop-ups]] iyo [[Google Knowledge Graph]]). {{block indent|'''''Vitis vinifera''''', '''geedka canabka ah ee caadiga ah''', waa nooc ka mid ah ''[[Vitis]]'', oo u dhashay [[Mediterranean basin|gobolka Mediterranean]], bartamaha Yurub, iyo koonfur-galbeed Aasiya{{nbsp}}... {{pb}} '''''Brassica oleracea''''' waa [[species|nooca]] dhirta ee ka kooban cuntooyin badan oo caadi ah sida [[cultivar|cultivar-yada]], oo ay ku jiraan [[cabbage|kaabash]], [[broccoli|brokoli]], [[cauliflower|cauliflower]], [[kale|kale]], [[Brussels sprouts|Brussels sprouts]], [[Savoy cabbage|savoy]], iyo [[Chinese kale|kale-ka Shiinaha]]{{nbsp}}... }} ===== Noocyada kale ee maqaallada ===== * {{shortcut|MOS:THISISALIST}} Haddii boggu yahay [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists|liis]], ha ku [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#Good definitions|hordhacin]] liiska sidii "Tani waa '''liiska X'''" ёr "Tani '''liiska X-yada'''&nbsp;...". Hordhac cad oo xog badan leh oo ku saabsan liiska ayaa ka fiican celceliska erey-erey ee cinwaanka. Tusaale fiican oo tan ah waa [[List of Benet Academy alumni|Liiska dadkii ka qalin jabiyay Benet Academy]]. {{Crossreference|text=(Eeg {{slink|#Format_of_the_first_sentence}}.)}} * Haddii maqaalku ku saabsan yahay shirkad ёr urur, jumlada koowaad waa inay ka bilowdaa magaceeda sharciga ah ee buuxa, iyadoon loo eegin cinwaanka bogga {{Crossreference|text=(sidoo kale eeg [[MOS:FIRSTCORP]])}}. * Haddii maqaalku ku saabsan yahay jilaa khayaali ah ёr goob, caddee inuu yahay mid khayaali ah.{{efn-ua|Tusaale ahaan: {{block indent|'''Donkey Kong''' waa daanyeer khayaali ah oo ka tirsan taxanaha ciyaarta fiidiyowga ee ''Donkey Kong'' iyo ''Mario''.}} }} ===Baaxadda maqaalka=== Xaaladaha qaar qeexitaanka mawduuca maqaalka ee baaraagaraafka hordhaca ah waxaa laga yaabaa inuusan ku filnayn in si buuxda loo xakameeyo baaxadda maqaalka. Gaar ahaan, waxaa laga yaabaa inay lagama maarmaan noqoto in la aqoonsado agabka ah {{em|ma aha}} dhexda baaxadda. Tusaale ahaan, maqaalka ku saabsan [[Special:Permalink/597114436|qandhada]] <!--link points to intended version at the time of addition of this subsection by Spinningspark on 27 February 2014, which is different and reflects this subsection more accurately--> wuxuu xusayaa in heerkulka jidhka ee kor u kacay ee sababay [[hyperthermia|hyperthermia]] uusan ku jirin baaxadda. Sharraxaadahan waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu sameeyo dhammaadka qaybta hordhaca ah si looga fogaado in la buuxiyo oo la jahawareeriyo baaraagaraafka koowaad. Macluumaadkan iyo agabka kale ee meta ee hordhaca ah lagama filayo inay ka muuqdaan jidhka maqaalka. ==Taariikh-nololeedyada (Biographies)== {{main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Lead section|Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons}} Soo-koobid qodobada muhiimka ah ee [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Lead section|tilmaanta ugu weyn]] ee arrintan: * Agabka laga helay ilo lagu kalsoonaan karo ee ku saabsan khilaafaadka encyclopedia-ahaan khuseeya laguma qariyo hordhaca mana loo oggolaado inay xoog saaraan; hordhacu waa inuu si sax ah u soo koobaa maqaalka guud ahaan. * Dhacdooyinka ugu dambeeyay ee saameeya mawduuca waxaa lagu hayaa aragti taariikhi ah; kii ugu dambeeyay ma aha qasab inuu noqdo kan ugu muhiimsan. Dheellitir macluumaadka cusub kii hore, adigoo siinaya dhammaan macluumaadka [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Undue weight|miisaanka habboon]]. * [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a blog, web hosting service, social networking service, or memorial site|Wikipedia ma aha goob xusuus ah]]; marka mawduucu dhinto, hordhacu ma aha inuu si xagjir ah isu beddelo, mana aha inuu degto dhimashada. * [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons#Privacy of personal information and using primary sources|Ha isticmaalin ilaha koowaad]] faahfaahinta gaarka ah ee ku saabsan dadka nool, oo ay ku jiraan taariikhaha dhalashada. {{crossref|Wixii macluumaad dheeraad ah ee ku saabsan hordhacyada taariikh-nololeedka guud ahaan, eeg tilmaanta ugu weyn: [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography]]}} ===Jumlada koowaad ee taariikh-nololeedyada=== {{shortcut|MOS:BIOFIRSTSENTENCE}} {{details|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Opening paragraph}} Hoos [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Opening paragraph|tilmaanta ugu weyn]] ee arrintan, baaraagaraafka hordhaca ah ee maqaal taariikh-nololeed ah waa inuu si dhex-dhexaad ah u sifeeyaa qofka, bixiyaa macnaha guud, dejiyaa [[Wikipedia:Notability|muhiimadda]] oo uu sharraxaa sababta qofku u yahay mid muhiim ah, isla markaana uu ka turjumaa dheelitirka ilaha lagu kalsoonaan karo. Jumlada koowaad waa inay caadi ahaan sheegtaa: #[[Name|Magaca(yada)]] iyo [[title|cinwaanka(yada)]], haddii ay jiraan {{crossref|(sidoo kale eeg [[WP:NCNOB]])}}. Maareynta magaca mawduuca waxaa lagu daboolaa hoos [[MOS:NAMES]]. #Taariikhaha dhalashada iyo dhimashada (haddii laga helo [[Wikipedia:No original research#Primary, secondary and tertiary sources|ilaha labaad]]{{snd}}ha isticmaalin [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons#Privacy of personal information and using primary sources|ilaha koowaad taariikhaha dhalashada ee dadka nool]] ёr faahfaahinta gaarka ah ee iyaga ku saabsan). Haddii taariikhaha maalinta-bishii-sannadka ee gaarka ah ee dhalashada/dhimashada lagu bixiyo meel kale maqaalka, markaas sannad{{ndash}}sannad fudud ayaa ku filnaan kara inuu bixiyo macnaha guud. #Macnaha guud (goobta, dhalashada, iwm.) ee hawlaha ka dhigay qofka mid muhiim ah. #Hal, ёr malaha in ka badan, [[Wikipedia:Notability#General notability guideline|boosashooyin muhiim ah]], hawlo, ёr doorar uu qofku haystay, iyadoo laga fogaanayo [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Puffery|subjective]] ёr [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Contentious labels|contentious]] ereyo. #Sababta ugu weyn ee qofku u yahay [[Wikipedia:Notability (people)|muhiim]] (guul muhiim ah, rikoodh, iwm.) Si kastaba ha ahaatee, isku day inaadan culaysin jumlada koowaad adigoo sharraxaya wax kasta oo muhiim ah oo ku saabsan mawduuca; halkaas, ku faafi macluumaadka khuseeya qaybta hordhaca ah. Tusaalooyin: {{block indent|'''Cleopatra VII Philopator'''{{efn|{{langx|grc|Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ}}}} (69 – 12 Agoosto 30&nbsp;BC), waxay ahayd boqoradda [[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Boqortooyada Ptolemaic]] ee Egypt, iyo taliyaheedii ugu dambeeyay ee shaqeynayay. {{pb}} '''Cesar Estrada Chavez''' (31 Maarso 1927 – 23 Abriil 1993) wuxuu ahaa hoggaamiye shaqaale Maraykan ah iyo u dooodaha xuquuqda madنية oo, [[Dolores Huerta]] la jirta, ka wada-aasaasay [[National Farm Workers Association|Ururka Shaqaalaha Beeraha Qaranka]], kaas oo dambe noqday [[United Farm Workers|Shaqaalaha Beeraha ee Midowday]] (UFW)&nbsp;... {{pb}} '''François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand''' (26 Oktoobar 1916 – 8 Janaayo 1996) wuxuu ahaa [[President of France|Madaxweynaha Faransiiska]] laga soo bilaabo 1981 ilaa 1995,&nbsp;... {{pb}} '''Sir Lewis Carl Davidson Hamilton''' (dhashay 7 Janaayo 1985) waa darawal tartanka British ah&nbsp;... }} ===Magacyada kale ee taariikh-nololeedka=== {{main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biographies#Names}} Tilmaamaha aas-aasiga ah ee magacyada taariikh-nololeedka waxaa lagu soo koobay hoos; [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biographies#Names|tilmaanta ugu weyn]] ee arrintan waxay bixisaa faahfaahin dheeraad ah. * In kasta oo foomka [[Wikipedia:Remember the reader|si fudud loo aqoonsan karo]] ee magaca loo adeegsado cinwaanka [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography|maqaal taariikh-nololeed]], foomamka magaca oo buuxa waxaa lagu isticmaali karaa hordhaca hordhaca ah. Tusaale ahaan, maqaalka [[Paul McCartney]], qoraalka hordhucu wuxuu ka bilaabmaa: "{{xt|'''Sir James Paul McCartney'''}} ...". * Magaca qofka waxaa lagu soo bandhigayaa buuxa haddii la ogyahay, oo ay ku jiraan magac kasta oo la soo gaabiyay ёr laga tago cinwaanka maqaalka. Tusaale ahaan, maqaalka ku saabsan [[Calvin Coolidge]] wuxuu bixiyaa magaciisa sida {{xt|'''John Calvin Coolidge Jr.'''}} * Haddii qofku badalo magaciisa buuxa waqti ka mid ah dhalashada ka dib, magaca dhalashada waxaa la bixin karaa sidoo kale, haddii ay khusayso. Tusaale ahaan, hordhacu wuxuu xusi karaa magaca dhalashada haweeneyda markii ay jiraan arrimo khuseeya ka hor intaysan noqon mid muhiim ah magaceeda guurka hoostiisa; sidoo kale hordhaca maqaalka [[Caitlyn Jenner]] waxaa ku jira magaceeda dhalashada {{xt|'''William Bruce Jenner'''}} sababtoo ah waxay sidoo kale ahayd mid muhiim ah magacaas hoostiisa. * Haddii [[hypocorism]] (yarayn) oo ku caan ah Ingiriisiga ama Soomaaliga inta badan loo adeegsado mawduuca halkii magac la bixiyay, {{em|ma aha}} in lagu dhex daro magaca ama lagu bixiyo ka dib, tusaale ahaan [[Tom Hopper]] wuxuu leeyahay si fudud {{xt|'''Thomas Edward Hopper'''}}. ** Sidoo kale waa kuwo la aqbali karo qaababka sida {{xt|'''Alessandro di Mariano di Vanni Filipepi''', oo loo yaqaanno '''Sandro Botticelli'''}}, marka ay khuseeyaan. Hypocorisms-ka {{em|ma aha}} in lagu dhex daro calaamadaha oraahda. * Haddii qofku si caadi ah loogu yaqaanno [[nickname|naanaysta]] (aan ahayn hypocorism), waxaa lagu soo bandhigayaa inta u dhaxeysa calaamadaha oraahda ee raacaya magaca la bixiyay ama bilowga ugu dambeeya, sida [[Bunny Berigan]], oo leh {{xt|'''Roland Bernard '''"'''Bunny'''"''' Berigan'''}}. Calaamadaha oraahdu ma aha kuwo farta buuran. <!--This summary should be checked periodically to ensure it accurately summarizes the relevant material at MOS:BIO.--> ==<span class="anchor" id="LEADALT"></span>Magacyada kale== <!-- Wikipedia:Article_titles#Treatment_of_alternative_names links here --> {{shortcut|MOS:LEADALT|MOS:ALTNAME}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Article titles#Treatment of alternative names|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Names}} [[File:Article title versus first sentence (new).png|300px|thumb|[[Wikipedia:Article titles|'''Cinwaanka maqaalka''']] wuxuu ka muuqdaa dusha sare ee daaqadda birawsarka akhristaha iyo madax heerka 1 ah oo weyn oo ka sarreeya qoraalka la tifatiri karo ee maqaalka, oo halkan lagu wareejiyay casaan madow. Magaca ёr magacyada lagu bixiyo jumlada koowaad mar walba ma waafaqaan cinwaanka maqaalka. Boggan wuxuu talo bixinayaa waxyaabaha ku jira jumlada koowaad, ma aha cinwaanka maqaalka.]] Naqshadaynta barnaamijka Wikipedia, maqaalku wuxuu yeelan karaa oo keliya hal cinwaan. Marka cinwaankani yahay magac, magacyada kale ee muhiimka ah ee mawduuca waa in la xusaa maqaalka dhexdiisa. Kuwan waxaa ku jiri kara higaadyo beddel ah, foomam dhaadheer ёr gaaban, magacyada taariikhiga ah, iyo magacyada muhiimka ah ee luqadaha kale. Dhab ahaantii, magacyada kale waxaa lagu adeegsan karaa qoraalka maqaalka macnaha guud halka ay ka yihiin kuwo ku habboon magaca loo adeegsaday cinwaanka maqaalka. Tusaale ahaan, magaalada hadda loo yaqaanno "[[Gdańsk]]" waxaa loogu yeeri karaa "Danzig" macnaha guud ee taariikhda ku habboon. Tifatiraha wuxuu u baahan yahay inuu dheelitiro rabitaanka ah in la kordhiyo macluumaadka la heli karo ee akhristaha iyo baahida loo qabo in la ilaaliyo akhriska. Adeegso mabda'an si aad u go'aansato in aad xusto magacyada kale jumlada koowaad, meel kale maqaalka dhexdiisa, ёr in aadan xusin gabi ahaanba.{{clear}} {| class="wikitable" |+Qaababka loo soo bandhigo magacyo badan !Ikhtiyaarka !Tusaale !Goorta la adeegsanayo |- |Jumlada koowaad |'''Kuki''' ([[American English|Ingiriisiga Maraykanka]]) ama '''biscuit''' ([[British English|Ingiriisiga British]]) waa cunto la dubay... |Ugu fiican marka ay jiraan hal ёr laba magac oo beddel ah oo keliya |- |[[parentheses|Khaanadaha wareegsan]] |'''Munich''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|juː|n|ɪ|k}} {{respell|MEW|nik}}; {{langx|de|München}} {{IPA|de|ˈmʏnçn̩||De-München2.ogg}}; {{langx|bar|Minga}} {{IPA|bar|ˈmɪŋ(ː)ɐ||Bar-München.ogg}}) waa magaalada... |Ugu caansan marka ay jiraan hal ёr laba magac oo aan Ingiriis ahayn, oo si caadi ah loo adeegsado gaabisyada iyo magacyadii hore |- |Xusuus-qoraal |'''Gdańsk'''{{efn-lg |1=<nowiki /> * Ku dhawaaqid: ** {{IPA|pl|ˈɡdãj̃sk|audio=LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-Gdańsk.wav|label=Polish:}} mararka qaarkood {{IPA|pl|ˈɡdaɲsk||audio=Pl-Gdańsk.ogg}} ** {{IPA|en-GB|ɡəˈdænsk}} {{respell|gə|DANSK}} ** {{IPA|en-US|ɡəˈdɑːnsk}} {{respell|gə|DAHNSK}}<ref>{{cite web |title=the definition of gdansk |url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/gdansk |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> * Magacyada kale: ** {{langx|csb|Gduńsk}} {{IPA|csb|ɡduɲsk|}}<ref name="Stefan Ramułt 1893">Stefan Ramułt, ''Słownik języka pomorskiego, czyli kaszubskiego'', Kraków 1893, Gdańsk 2003, ISBN 83-87408-64-6.</ref> ** {{langx|de|Danzig}} {{IPA|de|ˈdantsɪç||De-Danzig2.ogg}} ёr {{IPA|de|ˈdantsɪk||De-Danzig3.ogg}} ** {{langx|la|Gedania}}, {{Langx|la|Gedanium|label=none}} ёr {{Langx|la|Dantiscum|label=none}}.<ref name="Johann Georg Theodor Grässe 1861, p. 71, 237">Johann Georg Theodor Grässe, ''Orbis latinus oder Verzeichniss der lateinischen Benennungen der bekanntesten Städte etc., Meere, Seen, Berge und Flüsse in allen Theilen der Erde nebst einem deutsch-lateinischen Register derselben''. T. Ein Supplement zu jedem lateinischen und geographischen Wörterbuche. Dresden: G. Schönfeld's Buchhandlung (C. A. Werner), 1861, p. 71, 237.</ref>}} waa magaalada... {{notelist-lg}} |U fiican agabka adag |- |Khaanadda macluumaadka |{{Infobox medical condition | name = Cudurka coronavirus 2019<br />(COVID-19) | synonyms = COVID, coronavirus-ka | pronounce = {{ubl|{{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|r|oʊ|n|ə|v|aɪ|r|ə|s}}|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|oʊ|v|ᵻ|d|n|aɪ|n|ˈ|t|iː|n|,_|ˌ|k|ɒ|v|ᵻ|d|-}} }} }} |Waxtar leh marka ay jiraan tiro badan oo magacyo beddel ah iyo ku dhawaaqid |} ===Isticmaalka qaybaha kala gooni ah=== Haddii ay jiraan saddex ёr in ka badan magacyo beddel ah, laguma dari karo jumlada koowaad maaddaama tani ay abuurayso buuxdhaaf. Halkaas, magacyada waxaa la siin karaa xusuus-qoraal, ёr loo wareejin karaa meel kale maqaalka dhexdiisa sida qaybta "Names" ёr "Etymology". Sida reeban, magac rasmi ah oo deegaan ah oo ka duwan magaca Ingiriisiga ee si ballaaran loo aqbalay waa in lagu hayaa hordhaca. [[Archaism|Magacyada qadiimiga ah]], oo ay ku jiraan magacyada la adeegsaday ka hor [[English orthography#History of the English spelling system|habaynta higaada Ingiriisiga]] waa in si cad loogu calaamadiyaa sidaas, t.s., ([[archaism|qadiimi:]] magac), mana aha in la dhex dhigo jumlada koowaad. ===Luqadaha kale<span class="anchor" id="Foreign language"></span>=== {{see also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Non-English names}} {{shortcut|MOS:LEADLANG}} Heerarka magacaabista Wikipedia [[Wikipedia:Article titles#Foreign names and anglicization|waxay kugula talinayaan in la adeegsado Ingiriisiga ama Soomaaliga]]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, halka mawduuca maqaalku uu si wanaagsan looga yaqaan ilaha Ingiriisiga magaciisa aan Ingiriisiga ahayn (tusaale ahaan, [[Taj Mahal]], [[Champs-Élysées]]), cinwaanka aan Ingiriisiga ahayn ayaa ku habboon maqaalka. Magacyada aan Ingiriisiga ahayn ee {{em|khuseeya}}, sida kuwa dadka aan ku qorin magacyadooda Ingiriis, waa la dhiirrigeliyaa. Adeegsiga luqadaha kale jumlada koowaad, eeg {{slink||Inclusion of foreign equivalents}} kor ku xusan. ==<span class="anchor" id="Stubs"></span>Maqaallada gaagaaban== {{shortcut|MOS:LEADSTUB|MOS:NOLEAD}} {{seealso|WP:OVERSECTION}} Haddii maqaalku yahay [[Wikipedia:Stub|stub]] oo uusan lahayn madax qaybo, qaybta hordhaca ah malaha waa lagama maarmaan. In kasta oo Wikipedia ay dhiirrigeliso ballaarinta stub-yada, tani waxay noqon kartaa mid aan suurtagal ahayn haddii macluumaadka laga helay ilo lagu kalsoonaan karo aysan jirin. Marka maqaalka si ku filan loo ballaariyo, caadi ahaan ilaa 400 ёr 500 eray, tifatirayaashu waa inay tixgeliyaan soo bandhigida madaxyada qaybaha iyo ka saarista kala-soocidda stub-ka. Maqaallada ka gaaban hordhaca si wanaagsan loo qoray caadi ahaan uma baahna hordhac. ==Dhererka== {{shortcut|MOS:LEADLENGTH|MOS:LONGLEAD}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Infobox too large}} Dhererka habboon ee qaybta hordhaca ah waxay ku xiran tahay kakanaanta mawduuca iyo horumarinta maqaalka. Aad u gaaban waxay ka dhigaysaa akhristaha mid aan qancin; aad u dheer waa mid cabsi gelinaysa, adag in la akhriyo, waxayna sababi kartaa in akhristaha uu waayo xiisaha badhtamaha. Talooyinkan ayaa laga yaabaa inay waxtar yeeshaan: * Dhererku waa inuu waafaqaa filashada akhristayaasha ee ah soo-koobid gaaban, laakiin waxtar leh oo dhammaystiran oo ku saabsan mawduuca. * Hordhacyada badankooda ee si wanaagsan loo qoray waxay noqon kuwo ka dheer ilaa 100 eray, iyadoo hordhacyada badankooda ee [[Wikipedia:Featured articles|maqaallada la soo xulay]] ay ka kooban yihiin ilaa 250 ilaa 400 eray. Qaybaha hordhaca ah ee ka turjumaya ёr ballaarinaya qaybaha maqaallada kale waxaa lagaga hadlayaa [[Wikipedia:Summary style|Qaabka soo-koobidda]]. Heerarka saxafada ee qaybaha hordhaca ah waxaa lagu falanqeeyaa maqaalka [[News style|Qaabka wararka]]. ==Tifatiridda qaybta hordhaca== Isticmaalayaasha oo dhami waxay tifatiri karaan hordhaca iyagoo gujinaya xiriiriyaha tifatiridda ee maqaalka oo dhan. Sida caadiga ah, ma jiro xiriiriye tifatirid oo gaar ah oo loogu talagalay qaybta hordhaca ah, laakiin isticmaalayaasha diiwaangashan waxay ku heli karaan iyagoo awood u siinaya mid ёr labadaba [[Help:Preferences|dookhyada]] soo socda (labaduba waxay u baahan yihiin JavaScript): *{{myprefs|Gadgets|Appearance|check=Kudar xiriiriye [edit] ah qaybta hordhaca ah ee bogga}} *{{myprefs|Editing|General options|check=Awood u sii tifatiridda qaybta adigoo midigta ku gujinaya madaxyada qaybaha}} Beddelka kiis-arki ah oo aan u baahnayn in la beddelo dookhyada waa in la gujiyo badhanka tifatiridda ee mid ka mid ah qaybaha kale maqaalka dhexdiisa, ka dibna beddelo weedha ugu dambeysa ee URL-ka una beddelo "section=0" oo ku dhufo soo noqoshada. Taasi waxay furi doontaa qaybta hordhaca ah tifatirid. ==<span class="anchor" id="Comparison to news style"></span>Isbarbar dhigga hordhaca qaabka wararka== {{Shortcut|MOS:NOTLEDE|MOS:DONTTEASE}} Qaybaha hordhaca ah ee Wikipedia laguma qoro [[news style|qaabka wararka]]. In kasta oo ay jiraan xoogaa isku mid ah, sida in marka hore la geliyo macluumaadka ugu muhiimsan iyo in loo suurtogeliyo akhristaha kasta inuu fahmo mawduuca xataa haddii ay akhriyaan hordhaca oo keliya, waxaa jira xoogaa kala duwanaansho ah. [[Lead paragraph|Baaraagaraafka hordhaca ah]] (mararka qaarkood loo higaadiyo "[[wikt:lede#Etymology 2|lede]]"){{efn-ua|Eeg [[WP:NOTALEDE]] wadahadalkii hore ee sababta "lede" looga fogaado hagahan; marka la soo koobo: waxay bixisaa aragti khaldan oo ku saabsan ujeedada, dabeecadda, iyo qaabka hordhacyada Wikipedia.}} ee saxaafadda wargeysku waa soo-koobid la isku daray oo keliya xaqiiqooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee sheekada. Xaqiiqooyinkan aasaasiga ah mararka qaarkood waxaa loo tixraacaa sida "[[five Ws|shan W]]: ''yaa'', ''waxa'', ''goorma'', ''halka'', iyo ''sababta''". Hordhacyada saxaafaddu caadi ahaan waa hal ёr laba jumladood oo keliya oo dherer ah. Dhanka kale, maqaallada Wikipedia, jumlada koowaad waa caadi ahaan qeexitaan, hordhacu waa ka dheer yahay, oo ugu dambeyntii wuxuu bixiyaa macluumaad badan, maaddaama ujeeddadiisu ay tahay in la soo koobo maqaalka, ee aysan ahayn in la soo bandhigo oo keliya. {| class="wikitable" |+ Isbarbar dhigga hordhacyada saxaafadda iyo encyclopedia ee [[Bhopal disaster|masiibada Bhopal]] |- ! Hordhaca saxaafadda ! Hordhaca encyclopedia |- |width="50%" valign="top"|Gaaska sunta ah ee ka soo daadanaya warshad sunta cayayaanka ah oo ay leedahay Maraykanka oo ku taal bartamaha India ayaa dilay ugu yaraan 410 qof habeenimadii, dad badanna ay hurdaan, ayay saraakiishu yiraahdeen maanta. Ugu yaraan 12,000 ayaa la sheegay inay ku dhaawacmeen masiibada magaalada Bhopal, 2,000 oo ka mid ah эй la dhigay cusbitaalka. <br/><small>—Hazarika, Sanjoy (3 Disembar 1984) [http://www.nytimes.com/1984/12/04/world/gas-leak-in-india-kills-at-least-410-in-city-of-bhopal.html "Gas leak in city kills at least 410 in city of Bhopal"] ''The New York Times''</small> |width="50%" valign="top"|{{Transclude lead excerpt | Bhopal disaster | paragraphs= 1 | errors= | more=no}} |} ==Nadiifinta== Liiska fariimaha tamsallada ee la xiriira nadiifinta qaybaha hordhaca ah, eeg [[Template:Introduction cleanup templates]]. Tifatirayaasha waxaa lagu dhiirrigelinayaa inay hagaajiyaan hordhacyada halkii ay si fudud u calaamadin lahaayeen. ==Xusuusin== {{notelist-ua}} ===Xusuusin gaar ah oo sharraxaad ah=== <!-- In order to be able to display the content of the verbatim wikicode of the source article in the example of the Spanish-American War this special section was created, to avoid changing it with the use of ref which was necessary to be displayed with reflist--> {{notelist}} ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} 84i3qq1j1vqww8yllxyxbzf2w03frd6 310818 310817 2026-10-24T11:06:21Z Isma4l 41797 310818 wikitext text/x-wiki {{style-guideline|MOS:LEAD|WP:LEAD}}<!--Do not add "LEDE" spellings here. See footnote on this page for why.--> {{nutshell|Qaybta hordhaca ahi waa inay tilmaamtaa mawduuca oo ay soo koobtaa jidhka maqaalka iyadoo la adeegsanayo miisaan habboon.}} Wikipedia, '''qaybta hordhaca ahi'''<!--"Lede" is omitted here by consensus --> waa hordhoc loo sameeyay maqaal iyo soo-koobid ka kooban waxyaabaha ugu muhiimsan<!--First and second sentence of the lead as they are on 18:37, 26 December 2022 written per 22 December 2022 discussion in thread "First sentence of this guidance"-->. Waxay ku taallaa bilowga maqaalka, ka hor [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Section headings|madaxa]] ugu horreeya. [[#Comparison to the news-style lead|Waa {{em|ma aha}}]] nooc wararka ah [[News style#Lead (lede)|hordhac ama cutub "lede" ah]]. Booashada caadiga ah ee Wikipedia waxay qaadataa dhowr daqiiqadood (bogagga oo dhan oo la isku daray inta lagu jiro fadhiga akhriskaas).{{efn-ua|{{As of|2022|04|25|alt=As of April 2022}}, [[Alexa Internet|Alexa]] galka wikipedia.org wuxuu sheegay in celcelis ahaan isticmaalaha Wikipedia uu ku qaatay 4 daqiiqadood iyo 6 ilbiriqsi bogga maalintii.<ref>{{cite web|title=wikipedia.org Competitive Analysis, Marketing Mix and Traffic |url=https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org#card_metrics |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425221519/http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org#card_metrics |archive-date=25 April 2022}}</ref>}} Hordhacu waa waxa ugu horreeya ee ay dadka badankoodu akhriyaan markay yimaadaan maqaal, waxayna noqon kartaa qaybta keliya ee maqaalka ah ee ay akhriyaan.{{efn-ua|Eeg [[meta:Research:Which parts of an article do readers read|Waa ku wee qaybaha maqaalka ee akhristayaashu akhriyaan?]] ee falanqaynta dabeecadda akhristaha.}} Waxay bixisaa aasaaska si kooban, waxay soo bandhigtaa maqaalka, waxayna dhiirrigelisaa xiisaha akhriska ee sii socda, inkasta oo aysan ahayn iyadoo loola jeedo in akhristaha lagu qosliyo ama lagu tilmaamo waxa soo socda. Waa in lagu qoraa qaab cad oo la heli karo iyadoo la adeegsanayo [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|aragti dhex-dhexaad ah]]. Hordhacu waa inuu isagu istaago sidii dulmar kooban oo ku saabsan mawduuca maqaalka. Waa inuu aqoonsadaa mawduuca, dejiyaa macnaha guud, sharraxdaa sababta uu mawduucu u yahay mid [[Wikipedia:Notability|muhiim ah]], oo uu soo koobaa qodobbada ugu muhiimsan, oo ay ku jiraan khilaafaad kasta oo caan ah<!-- a good example or two, and counterexamples should be provided as guidance..-->.{{efn-ua|Ha jebinin [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|aragti dhex-dhexaad ah]] adigoo siinaya dareen aan habboonayn khilaafaadka yar muhiimadda leh ee qaybta hordhaca ah.}} Muhiimadda mawduuca maqaalku caadi ahaan waxaa lagu dejiyaa jumlada ugu horreysa dhowrka ah. Sida ku jirta [[MOS:BODY|jidhka maqaalka]] dhexdiisa, culayska la siinayo agabka hordhaca ah waa inuu si qiyaas ah [[WP:DUE|uga turjumaa muhiimaddiisa mawduuca]], iyadoo la raacayo [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Reliable sources|ilo lagu kalsoonaan karo oo la daabacay]]. Marka laga reebo xaqiiqooyinka aasaasiga ah, macluumaadka muhiimka ah ma aha inuu ka muuqda hordhaca haddii aan lagu soo qaadin jidhka maqaalka ka haray. Qaybta hordhaca ah waa in si taxaddar leh loogu tixraaco sidii habboon, inkastoo ay caadi tahay in tixraacyadu ay ka muuqdaan kaliya jidhka balse aysan ka muuqan hordhaca. ==<span class="anchor" id="Elements"></span><span class="anchor" id="Order"></span>Cunsurrada iyo siday u kala horreeyaan == {{shortcut|MOS:LEADELEMENTS|MOS:LEADORDER|MOS:INTHELEAD}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Order of article elements}} Qaybta hordhaca ahi waxay ka koobnaan kartaa cunsurro ikhtiyaari ah oo la soo bandhigay siday u kala horreeyaan: sharraxaad gaaban, xiriiriyeyaasha kala-soocidda (dablinks/hatnotes), calaamadaha dayactirka, khaanadaha macluumaadka, sanduuqa digniinta xarfaha gaarka ah, sawirrada, khaanadaha hagidda ([[Wikipedia:Navigation template|khaanadaha hagidda]]), qoraalka hordhaca ah, iyo tusmada maqaalka (noocyada [[Wikipedia:Skin|maqaallada]] hore), iyadoo loo gudbayo madaxa qaybta ugu horreysa. '''Qaab-dhismeedka qaybta hordhaca ah:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{Short description}} {{Hatnote}} {{Article for deletion}} {{Copy edit}} {{Use American English}} {{Use mdy dates}} {{Infobox rocket|name=...}} {{Contains special characters}} [[File:TypicalRocket.gif|...|Gantaal caadi ah]] {{Rocket navigation sidebar}} Gantaalku waa ... ==Qaybta koowaad== </syntaxhighlight> *''Sharraxaad gaaban'' waa weedh kooban oo loogu talagalay in lagu kabo oo lagu caddeeyo cinwaanka bogga. Eeg [[Wikipedia:Short description]] wixii macluumaad dheeraad ah. *''[[Wikipedia:Template index/General#Disambiguation and redirection|Xiriiriyeyaasha kala-soocidda]]'' waa inay noqdaan cunsurrada ugu horreeya ee la arki karo ee bogga, ka hor calaamad kasta oo dayactir ah, khaanad macluumaad, ama sawir; haddii akhristuhu gaaray bogga khaldan, waxay jeclaan lahaayeen inay taas ogaadaan marka ugu horreysa. Birawsarrada qoraalka oo keliya iyo [[screen reader|akhristayaasha shaashadda]] waxay soo bandhigaan bogga si xiriir ah. Xiriiriyaha kala-soocidda ee "mawduucyada magaca la mid ah ..." mararka qaarkood waxaa la dhigaa bilowga maqaalka si loogu xiro maqaal kale oo ka wada hadlaya macne kale oo cinwaanka maqaalka ah. Xaaladaha oo kale, sadarku waa inuu ahaadaa farta janjeerta oo la galiyo iyadoo la adeegsanayo [[Wikipedia:Hatnote#Hatnote templates|khaanadaha hatnote]]. Ha ka dhigin xiriiriyahan bilowga ah qayb. {{crossref|Sidoo kale eeg [[WP:Hatnote]].}} *''Calaamadaha tirtiridda'' ([[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|tirtirid degdeg ah]], [[Wikipedia:Proposed deletion|tirtirid la soo jeediyay]], iyo [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion|ogeysiisyada tirtiridda maqaallada]]). *''[[Wikipedia:Template index/Maintenance|Calaamadaha dayactirka]]'' waa inay ka hooseeyaan xiriiriyeyaasha kala-soocidda. Calaamadahani waxay akhristaha ka wargelinayaan tayada guud ee maqaalka waana in la soo bandhigaa isticmaalaha ka hor maqaalka laftiisa. *''[[WP:ENGVAR|Nooca Ingiriisiga]]'' iyo ''[[Wikipedia:Overview of date formatting guidelines|qaabka taariikhda]]'' calaamaduhu waxay caawiyaan tifatirayaasha inay ilaashadaan joogteynta maqaallada iyagoo horumaraya. *''[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes|Khaanadaha macluumaadka]]'' waxay ka kooban yihiin macluumaad koobid ah ёr dulmar la xiriira mawduuca maqaalka, Sidaas darteed waa in la saaraa ka hor qoraal kasta (inkasta oo xaqiiqda, ay badanaa ka muuqdaan dhinaca qoraalka hordhaca ah). Farqiga ugu weyn ee u dhexeeya khaanadda macluumaadka iyo [[Wikipedia:Navigation template|khaanadda hagidda]] waa joogitaanka cabbiraadaha: khaanadda hagidda waa mid gebi ahaanba isku mid ah maqaallada oo dhan ee isla mawduuca ah, halka khaanadda macluumaadka ay leedahay waxyaabo kala duwan maqaal kasta. *''{{[[:Template:Contains special characters|Waxa ku jira xarfaha gaarka ah]]}}'' waxay uga digaysaa akhristayaasha in maqaalku ka kooban yahay xarfaha gaarka ah ee laga yaabo inaysan taageerin madalkooda. Haddii loo baahdo, digniintu waa inay u dhowdahay qoraal kasta oo adeegsanaya xarfaha gaarka ah si aan loo baahnayn in la rogrogdo si loo arko digniinta. Tani waa sida caadiga ah ka dib khaanadaha macluumaadka gaaban, laakiin ka hor kuwa dhaadheer. *''[[Wikipedia:Images|Sawirrada]].'' Sida dhammaan sawirrada, laakiin gaar ahaan hordhaca, sawirka la isticmaalo waa inuu noqdo mid khuseeya oo farsamo ahaan wanaagsan. Sidoo kale waa caadi in sawirka hordhucu noqdo mid matalaya sababtoo ah wuxuu bixiyaa xiriir muuqaal ah oo loogu talagalay mawduuca wuxuuna u oggolaanayaa akhristayaasha inay si dhakhso ah u qiimeeyaan haddii ay yimaadeen bogga saxda ah. Sharraxaadaha sawirradu waa qayb ka mid ah qoraalka maqaalka. Haddii maqaalku leeyahay xiriiriyeyaasha kala-soocidda (dablinks), markaas sawirka hordhaca ah waa inuu muuqdaa xoogaa ka hor qoraalka hordhaca ah. Haddii kale akhristaha shaashaddu wuxuu marka hore akhrin lahaa sharraxaadda sawirka, taas oo ah qayb ka mid ah waxyaabaha maqaalka, ka dib "boodi" ka baxsan maqaalka si uu u akhriyo dablink-ka, ka dibna ku soo noqdo qaybta hordhaca ah, taas oo ah isku xigxig aan macquul ahayn. ''Sidoo kale eeg'' {{slink|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images|Sawirrada hordhaca}}. *{{va|''[[Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates#Navigation templates|Sidebar-yada]]'' waa urur isku xiran oo xiriiriyeyaal ah oo lagu adeegsado maqaallo badan oo la xiriira si loo fududeeyo hagidda u dhexeysa maqaalladaas. {{shortcut|WP:LEADSIDEBAR}}Meelaynta sidebar ee hordhaca guud ahaan waa la diiddaa;<ref>[[Special:Permalink/991238102#Sidebars (navboxes) should NOT be used in the lead|November 2020 RfC]]</ref> waxaa lagu dari karaa kiis-arki ahaan, iyadoo la doorbido in la dhigo {{em|ka dib}} sawirka qaybta hordhaca ah iyo khaanadda macluumaadka. Ka baxsan hordhaca, sidebar-yada waxaa badanaa la dhigaa dusha sare ee qayb maqaal ah.<!--For the purposes of complying with accessibility.-->|Sidebars|LEADSIDEBAR}} *Dhammaan marka laga reebo maqaallada ugu gaaban waa inay ka bilaabmaan ''[[#First sentence|qoraalka hordhaca ah]]'' ("hordhaca"), kaas oo dejiya muhiimadda, waxaa ku jira xusan naqdi ama khilaafaad muhiim ah, wuxuuna ka dhigaa akhristayaasha inay rabaan inay wax badan bartaan. {{va|LEADNOHEADING|text=Hordhacu ma laha madax.}} ''Sidoo kale eeg {{slink|Wikipedia:Writing better articles|Qaybta hordhaca}}''. *Noocyada [[Wikipedia:Skin|maqaallada]] hore ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut_sparrow?useskin=monobook tusaale]), ''[[Help:Section#Table of contents (TOC)|tusmada maqaalka]]'' (TOC) waxay si otomaatig ah uga muuqataa bogagga leh ugu yaraan afar madax. Ka fogow [[Help:Section #Floating_the_TOC|sabeynta TOC]]. Haddii ay tahay inaad isticmaasho TOC sabbaynaysa, dhig hoostiisa qaybta hordhaca ah ee qaabka wiki si ay u noqoto mid joogto ah. Isticmaalayaasha [[screen reader|akhristayaasha shaashadda]] waxay filayaan in tusmada maqaalka ay raacdo qoraalka hordhaca ah; sidoo kale waxay seegaan qoraalka la dhex dhigay TOC iyo madaxa koowaad. ==Tixraacyada== {{shortcut|MOS:LEADCITE|MOS:CITELEAD}} {{see|Wikipedia:Verifiability|Wikipedia:Citing sources}} {{For|tilmaamaha ku saabsan sida loo "iskudhafo" tixraacyada|Help:Citation merging}} {{seealso| Help:Transclusion#Drawbacks}} Qaybta hordhaca ahi waa inay waafaqdaa siyaasadahayaga ku saabsan [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|xaqiijinta]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons|taariikh-nololeedyada dadka nool]], iyo kuwo kale. Siyaasadda xaqiijintu waxay qeexaysaa in "[d]hammaan oraahyada, iyo wixii agab ah ee xaqiijintooda la l sakin lahaa ama ay u badan tahay in la l sakin lahaa, ay tahay inay ku jiraan [[Wikipedia:Inline citation|tixraac ku dhex jira qoraalka]] oo ku socda il lagu kalsoonaan karo oo [[Wikipedia:Directly supports|si toos ah u taageeraysa]] [taas]". Maaddaama hordhacu badanaa ku celceliyo macluumaadka ku jira jidhka, tifatirayaashu waa inay dheelitiraan rabitaanka ah inaan la helin tixraacyo ku celcelis ah oo hordhaca ku jira iyo rabitaanka ah in akhristayaasha lagu caawiyo helitaanka ilaha agabkaas. In kasta oo joogitaanka tixraacyada hordhaca uusan ahayn mid khasab ah maqaal kasta mana aha mid reebban maqaal kasta, ma jiro wax ka reeban shuruudaha tixraaca ee gaarka ah hordhaca. Baahida loo qabo tixraacyada hordhaca waxaa lagu go'aamiyaa kiis-arki ahaan iyadoo la raacayo [[Wikipedia:Consensus|is-afgaradka]] tifatirayaasha. Mawduucyada adag, ee hadda jira, ama doodda dhaliyay waxay u baahan karaan tixraacyo badan; kuwa kalena, wax yar ama ma jiraan. {{shortcut|MOS:SCROLLDOWN}} Maaddaama hordhacu soo koobayo jidhka, tixraacyada taageeraya sheegashooyinka hordhaca ah waxaa badanaa laga heli karaa jidhka. Kahor inta aan lagu darin calaamadda {{t|Citation needed}} hordhaca, tifatirayaashu waa inay hubiyaan jidhka maqaalka si ay u arkaan haddii sheegashadu horay loo tixraacay. Haddii sheegashadu ay tahay mid aan lahayn ilo jidhka sidoo kale, waxaa fiican in lagu daro calaamadda jumlada khusaysa ee jidhka halkii hordhaca la dhigi lahaa. Sida tifatirayaashu inta badan aysan uga warqabin hagahan, [[WP:Assume good faith|rumaysadka wanaagsan waa in la qaataa]] marka calaamadaha {{tlf|Citation needed}} si khaldan loogu daro qaybaha hordhaca ah; {{tls|Leadcite comment}} waxaa lagu dari karaa hordhacyada maqaallada ee soo jiita calaamadaha {{tlf|Citation needed}} ee aan la aqbalin. ==<span class="anchor" id="Intro"></span>Nuxurka== {{shortcut|MOS:INTRO}} ===<span class="anchor" id="summarize"></span>Bixinta dulmar la heli karo=== {{see also|Wikipedia:Summary style}} Qaybta hordhaca ahi waa inay si kooban u soo koobtaa qodobbada ugu muhiimsan ee maqaal ku jira, si ay u taagnaan karto nooc kooban oo maqaalka ah. Sababta uu mawduucu u yahay mid muhiim ah waa in la dejiyo, ama ugu yaraan la soo bandhigo, hordhaca dhexdiisa (laakiin aan la adeegsanayn [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Puffery|ereyo ammaan ah]] sida "la ammaanay" ama "ku guuleystay abaalmarin" ama "hit"). Jidhka maqaalka waxaa loo oggol yahay inuu ku celceliyo qodobbada hordhaca, maaddaama hordhacu soo koobayo qodobbada jidhka isla markaana jidhku bixinayo faahfaahin dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan qodobbadaas, kuwaas oo badanaa la celceliyo. Waa in la tixgeliyo abuurista xiisaha maqaalka, laakiin [[#Comparison to the news-style lead|ha tilmaamin]] xaqiiqooyin naxdin leh adigoon sharraxin. Waa mid xitaa ka muhiimsan halkan marka loo eego qaybta kaloo harsan ee maqaalka in qoraalku noqdo mid la heli karo. Ka dhig qaybta hordhaca ah [[Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable|mid la heli karo dhagaystayaal aad u ballaaran intii suurtagal ah]]. Tifatirayaashu waa inay ka fogaadaan baaraagaraafyo dhaadheer iyo sharraxaadyo gaar ah oo xad-dhaaf ah{{snd}}faahfaahin dheeraad ah waxaa loo hayaa [[MOS:BODY|jidhka maqaalka]]. Meel kasta oo ay suurtagal tahay, ka fogow [[terminology|erey-bixin]] adag oo adag in la fahmo, calaamado, isla'egyo xisaabeed iyo qaabab. Meelaha ereyada aan caadiga ahayn ay muhiim u yihiin, waa in la dhex dhigaa macnaha guud, la xiriiriyaa, oo si kooban loo qeexaa. Mawduuca waa in la dhex dhigaa macnaha guud ee caadiga u ah akhristaha caadiga ah. Tusaale ahaan, waa ka fiican yahay in la sharaxo goobta magaalada iyadoo la tixraacayo aag ama meel ka weyn intii la isticmaali lahaa isku-duwayaal. Akhristayaashu waa inaysan dhex gelin bartamaha mawduuca kelmada koowaad; waa in si tartiib ah loo geliyo. ===<span class="anchor" id="Rel"></span>Culayska qaraadiga ah=== {{shortcut|MOS:LEADREL|MOS:LEADNO|MOS:LEADNOTUNIQUE|MOS:LEADPROPORTION}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Balancing aspects}} Sida waafaqsan [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Due and undue weight|siyaasadda miisaanka dheellitiran]], culayska la siinayo agabka waa inuu ka turjumaa muhiimaddiisa qaraadiga ah ee uu u leeyahay mawduuca, iyadoo la raacayo [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|ilo la daabacay oo lagu kalsoonaan karo]]. Tani waa run labadaba qaybta hordhaca ah iyo jidhka maqaalka. Haddii ay jirto kala duwanaansho culays ah oo u dhexeeya labada, tifatirayaashu waa inay raadiyaan in ay xalliyaan khilaafka. Macluumaadka muhiimka ah ma aha inuu ka muuqda hordhaca, marka laga reebo xaqiiqooyinka aasaasiga ah, haddii aan lagu soo qaadin jidhka maqaalka ka haray, inkastoo aan wax walba oo hordhaca ku jira lagu celcelinin jidhka qoraalka. Reebanaannada waxaa ka mid ah xaqiiqooyin gaar ah sida [[quotation|oraahyo]], tusaalooyin, taariikhaha dhalashada, magacyada [[taxonomic|taksonomiga]] iyo [[typology|kala-soocidda noocyada]], lambarrada [[case number|kiiska]], iyo [[title|cinwaannada]]. Digniintaan ma aha in loo qaato sabab looga saaro macluumaadka hordhaca, laakiin waa in la waafajiyo daboolidda hordhaca iyo agabka jidhka maqaalka. ===<span class="anchor" id="Establish context"></span>Baaraagaraafka koowaad=== {{shortcut|MOS:OPEN|MOS:BEGIN}} Baaraagaraafka koowaad waa inuu [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#Good definitions|qeexaa]] ama aqoonsadaa mawduuca iyadoo la adeegsanayo [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|aragti dhex-dhexaad ah]], laakiin aan la noqon mid aad u gaar ah. Waa inuu dejiyaa macnaha guud ee uu mawduucu ku jiro adoo bixinaya xaaladaha ama xaqiiqooyinka ku xeeran. Haddii ay habboon tahay, waa inuu bixiyaa goobta iyo wakhtiga. Sidoo kale waa inuu dejiyaa xuduudaha mawduuca; tusaale ahaan, hordhaca maqaalka [[List of environmental issues]] wuxuu si kooban u sheegayaa in liisku daboolayo "dhinacyada waxyeellada leh ee hawlaha binu-aadmiga ee deegaanka bayoolajiga ah". ===<span class="anchor" id="First sentence format"></span><span class="anchor" id="Clutter"></span>Jumlada koowaad=== {{shortcut|MOS:FIRST|MOS:LEADSENTENCE}} {{redirect|MOS:FIRST|the guideline on ordinals|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Ordinals}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Writing better articles#Use of "refers to"|Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#Fixing the introductory sentence: removing "refers to"|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Post-nominal letters}} Jumlada koowaad waa inay soo bandhigtaa mawduuca, oo ay u sheegto [[WP:GENAUD|akhristaha aan takhasuska lahayn]] <em>waxa</em> ama <em>qofka</em> uu yahay mawduucu, badanaana <em>goorta</em> ama <em>meesha</em>. Waa in lagu qoraa [[plain English|Ingiriis sahlan]]. Haddii mawduuciu uu yahay mid la qeexi karo, markaas jumlada koowaad waa inay bixisaa qeexitaan kooban: meel kasta oo ay suurtagal tahay, mid u dhigaysa maqaalka macnaha guud ee qofka aan takhasuska lahayn. Sidoo kale, haddii cinwaanku yahay [[technical terminology|erey farsamo]], bixi macnaha guud sida ugu dhaqsaha badan ee suurtogalka ah.{{efn-ua|Tusaale ahaan, halkii laga qori lahaa: {{block indent|'''Dhinaca saddexaad ee lagu kalsoon yahay''' waa hay'ad fududaysa isdhexgalka u dhexeeya laba dhinac oo labaduba ku kalsoon dhinaca saddexaad.}} qor: {{block indent|[[Cryptography|Sir-qoraalka]] dhexdiisa, '''dhinaca saddexaad ee lagu kalsoon yahay''' waa hay'ad fududaysa isdhexgalka u dhexeeya laba dhinac oo labaduba ku kalsoon dhinaca saddexaad.}}}} Mawduucyada [[Wikipedia:Notability|muhiimka ah]] hal sabab awgeed oo keliya, sababtan waxaa badanaa lagu bixiyaa jumlada koowaad.{{efn-ua|Tusaale ahaan: {{block indent|'''Amalie Emmy Noether''' {{IPA|de|ˈnøːtɐ|}} (23 Maarso 1882&nbsp;– 14 Abriil 1935) waxay ahayd [[mathematician|xisaabyahan]] Jarmal ah oo loo yaqaanno tabarucaadkeeda asaaska u ah [[abstract algebra|algebra-ha aan la taaban karin]] iyo tabarucaadkeeda [[theoretical physics|fiisikis-ka aragtida]].}} Tusaalahan ma aha oo Kaliya inuu u sheegayo akhristaha in mawduucu ahaa xisaabyahan, laakiin sidoo kale wuxuu tilmaamayaa goobtiisa khibradda iyo shaqadiisa ay ka samaysay dibadda. Sannadaha dhalashadiisa iyo dhimashadiisa waxay bixiyaan macnaha wakhtiga. Akhristaha aan horay u sii soconin maqaalkan wuxuu horay u og yahay goortii ay noolayd, shaqadiisa ay qabatay, iyo sababta ay muhiim u tahay. ([[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biographies]] waxay haysataa wax badan oo ku saabsan qaabka gaarka ah ee maqaallada taariikh-nololeedka.)}} {{shortcut|MOS:LEADCLUTTER}} {{va|Lead clutter|text=Ha culaysin jumlada koowaad adigoo sharraxaya wax kasta oo muhiim ah oo ku saabsan mawduuca. Halkaas, ku faafi macluumaadka khuseeya hordhaca oo dhan. Ka fogow in jumlada koowaad lagu dhex daro [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking#What generally should not be linked|tirada xiriiriyeyaasha ah ee xad-dhaafka ah]] ama khaanad dheer oo ay ku jiraan waxyaabo ay ka mid yihiin higaadyo beddel ah iyo ku dhawaaqis; kuwani waxay ka dhigi karaan jumlada mid adag in la akhriyo. Macluumaadka noocaas ah waa in la dhigaa meel kale, sida qaybta "Etymology", khaanadda macluumaadka (adigoo adeegsanaya {{Parameter|pronunciation}} ama {{Parameter|native_name}} cabbirada), ama [[Help:Footnotes|xusuusin sharaxaad ah]].}}{{efn-ua|Tusaale ahaan: {{block indent|'''Sweden''',{{efn|{{langx|sv|Sverige}} {{IPA|sv|ˈsvæ̌rjɛ||Sv-Sverige.ogg}}; {{langx|fi|Ruotsi}}; {{langx|fit|Ruotti}}; {{langx|se|Ruoŧŧa}}; {{langx|smj|Svierik}}; {{langx|sje|Sverji}}; {{langx|sju|Sverje}}; {{langx|sma|Sveerje}} ama {{lang|sma|Svöörje}}; {{langx|yi|שוועדן|Shvedn}}; {{langx|rmu|Svedikko}}; {{langx|rmf|Sveittiko}}.}} si rasmi ah '''Boqortooyada Sweden''',{{efn|{{langx|sv|links=no|Konungariket Sverige}} {{IPA|sv|ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ||Sv-Konungariket Sverige.ogg}}}} waa waddan Waqtiyada Nordic ah oo ku yaal Jasiiradda Scandinavian ee Waqooyiga Yurub.}} halka {{block indent|'''Sweden''' ({{langx|sv|Sverige}} {{IPA|sv|ˈsvæ̌rjɛ||Sv-Sverige.ogg}}), si rasmi ah '''Boqortooyada Sweden''' ({{langx|sv|links=no|Konungariket Sverige}} {{IPA|sv|ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ||Sv-Konungariket Sverige.ogg}}), waa waddan Waqtiyada Nordic ah oo ku yaal Jasiiradda Scandinavian ee Waqooyiga Yurub.}}}} ==== Adeegsada cinwaanka maqaalka oo ah mawduuc ==== {{Shortcut|MOS:LEADTITLE|MOS:LEADSUBJECT}} Haddii ay suurtagal tahay, [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Article titles|cinwaanka bogga]] waa inuu ahaadaa [[subject (grammar)|mawduuca]] jumlada koowaad.{{efn-ua|Tusaale ahaan, isticmaal: {{block indent|'''Qaabkan Hab-qoraalka''' waa [[style guide|hage qaab-qoraal]] ka kooban&nbsp;...}} halka aan la isticmaalin: {{block indent|Hagahan [[style guide|qaab-qoraal]], oo loo yaqaanno '''Qaabka Hab-qoraalka''', wuxuu ka kooban yahay&nbsp;...}} }} Xaaladdan, waxaa ku jiri kara kala duwanaansho, oo ay ku jiraan foomamka jamaca (gaar ahaan haddii ay yihiin kuwo aan caadi ahayn ama jahawareer leh) ama [[synonym|magacyo kale]].{{efn-ua|Tusaale ahaan, maqaalka "[[Matrix (mathematics)|Matrix (xisaab)]]": {{block indent|Xisaabta dhexdeeda, '''matrix''' (jamac '''matrices''') waa habayn afar geesood ah oo nambaro, calaamado, ama muujinta ah, oo lagu habeeyey safadaha iyo tiirarka.}}}} Cinwaanka bogga waxaa laga yaabaa inuu sidoo ka muuqdo qaab xoogaa ka duwan{{efn-ua|Tusaale ahaan, maqaalka "[[United Kingdom|Boqortooyada Midowday]]": {{block indent|'''Boqortooyada Midowday ee Great Britain iyo Northern Ireland''', oo si caadi ah loogu yaqaanno '''Boqortooyada Midowday''', '''UK''', ama '''Britain''', waa [[island country|waddan jasiirad]] madaxbannaan oo ku yaal xeebta waqooyi-galbeed ee [[continental Europe|Yurubta qaaradda]].}} }} waana in laga tago wixii [[Wikipedia:Consistency in article titles#Use consistent disambiguators for similar kinds of topics|kala-soocid waalid ah]] leh.{{efn-ua| Tusaale ahaan, isticmaal: {{block indent|'''Mercury''' waa meereha kowaad ee ka yimaada Qorraxda&nbsp;...}} halka aan la isticmaalin: {{block indent|'''Mercury (meere)''' waa meereha kowaad ee ka yimaada Qorraxda&nbsp;...}}}} Haddii [[Wikipedia:Article titles|cinwaanka maqaalka]] uu yahay magac rasmi ah ёr si ballaaran loo aqbalay oo loogu talagalay mawduuca, ku soo bandhig sida ugu dhaqsaha badan jumlada koowaad: {{block indent|'''Electron''' waa [[subatomic particle|qayb hoose-atomik]] oo leh [[elementary charge|dallac koronto dabiici ah]] oo taban. ([[Electron]])}} Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa jira reebanaanno aan cinwaanka bogga loo adeegsan karin sidii mawduuc, eeg {{slink|#Alternative biographical names}} iyo {{slink|#Other types of articles}}. Sidoo kale, haddii cinwaanka maqaalku yahay mid sifayn ah oo keliya—sida [[Electrical characteristics of dynamic loudspeakers]]—uma baahna inuu si dhab ah ugu muuqdo jumlada koowaad. Si kastaba ha ahaatee waxaa wanaagsan in lagu daro cinwaanka haddii tan lagu qaabil karo qaab dabiici ah: {{block indent|'''Isku xigxigidda madaxweynaha Maraykanka''' waa nidaamka ay saraakiisha Maraykanka{{nbsp}}... ([[Isku xigxigidda madaxweynaha Maraykanka]])}} =====Ka fogow celceliska aan loo baahnayn===== {{shortcut|MOS:REDUNDANCY}} {{redirect|WP:REDUNDANCY|redundant articles|Wikipedia:Avoiding common mistakes#Redundant|redundancy in section headings|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#SECTIONSTYLE}} Ku hay [[Redundancy (linguistics)|celceliska]] heerka ugu hooseeya jumlada koowaad. Adeegso jumlada koowaad ee maqaalka si aad u bixiso macluumaad khuseeya oo {{strong|aan horay loogu bixin}} cinwaanka maqaalka. Tusaale ahaan: {{block indent|[[File:Red x.svg|15px|link=|alt=Bad:]] '''Cilaaqaadka Ciraaq iyo Pakistan''' waa cilaaqaadka u dhexeeya [[Iraq|Ciraaq]] iyo [[Pakistan]]. }} {{block indent|[[File:Yes check.svg|15px|link=|alt=Good:]] [[Iraq|Ciraaq]] iyo [[Pakistan]] waxay dejiyeen [[diplomatic relations|cilaaqaad diblomaasiyadeed]] sannadkii 1947. }} Bayaanka ''cilaaqaadku waa cilaaqaadka'' ma caawiyo akhristaha aan aqoon u lahayn macnaha ''cilaaqaad diblomaasiyadeed''. Nooca labaad si caqli gal ah waxaa ku jira macluumaad cusub (in cilaaqaad la aas-aasay sannadkii 1947) jumlada koowaad, halkii lagu celcelin lahaa cinwaanka. {{shortcut|MOS:AVOIDBOLD|MOS:!LEADBOLD}} {{va|Avoid boldface|text=Haddii cinwaanka maqaalku uusan isu dhiibin in si fudud oo dabiici ah loogu isticmaalo jumlada koowaad, erayada waa in aan la qalloocin iyadoo la isku dayayo in lagu daro. Halkaas, si fudud u sharrax mawduuca adigoo adeegsanaya Ingiriis caadi ah, adigoo ka fogaanaya celcelis aan loo baahnayn.}} {{block indent|[[File:Red x.svg|15px|link=|alt=Bad:]] '''Daadadka Wabiga Mississippi ee 2011''' waxay ahaayeen taxane [[flood|daadad ah]] oo saameeyay [[Mississippi River|Wabiga Mississippi]] Abriil iyo Maajo 2011, kuwaas oo ka mid ahaa kuwii ugu waaweynaa uguna waxyeellada badnahaa ee laga diiwaan geliyay marin-biyeedka [[U.S.|Maraykanka]] qarnigii la soo dhaafay.}} {{block indent|[[File:Green check.svg|15px|link=|alt=Good:]] Daadadweyn [[flood|oo soo gaaray]] [[Mississippi River|Wabiga Mississippi]] Abriil iyo Maajo 2011 waxay ka mid ahaayeen kuwii ugu waaweynaa uguna waxyeellada badnahaa ee laga diiwaan geliyay marin-biyeedka [[U.S.|Maraykanka]] qarnigii la soo dhaafay.}} Mararka qaarkood celcelis yar waa mid aan laga fursan karin. Tusaale ahaan, ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' (OED) waa in loogu yeeraa magaciisa saxda ah ee maqaalkiisa, mana lagu yeeri karo wax aan ahayn ''qaamuus'' jumlada koowaad. Xataa xaaladahan oo kale, jumlada koowaad waa inay bixisaa macluumaad aan lagu bixin cinwaanka. Laakiin isku day inaad dib u qorto mar kasta oo ay suurtagal tahay. Halkii laga qori lahaa: {{block indent|[[File:Red x.svg|15px|link=|alt=Bad:]] '''''Oxford English Dictionary''''' waa [[dictionary|qaamuus]] ka mid ah [[English language|luqadda Ingiriisiga]].}} tixgeli: {{block indent|[[File:Green check.svg|15px|link=|alt=Good:]] '''''Oxford English Dictionary''''' waa [[dictionary|qaamuus]] taariikhi ah oo ugu muhiimsan ee [[English language|luqadda Ingiriisiga]].}} Labaduba waxay ka kooban yihiin celcelis qaar, laakiin kan labaad waa ka fiican yahay sababtoo ah wuxuu noo sheegayaa in OED uu yahay qaamuuska ''ugu ixtiraamka badan'' adduunka ee Ingiriisiga. ====<span class="anchor" id="Bold title"></span>Qaabka jumlada koowaad==== {{Shortcut|MOS:BOLDLEAD|MOS:BOLDTITLE}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Boldface|Wikipedia:Superfluous bolding explained}} Marka cinwaanka maqaalku si dhab ah ugu muuqdo jumlada koowaad, waa inuu ahaadaa mid buuran. Maqaallada uusan cinwaanka maqaalku si dhab ah ugu muuqon jumlada koowaad, farta buuran lama isticmaalo. =====<span class="anchor" id="BOLDSYN"></span><span class="anchor" id="MOSBOLDSYN"></span><span class="anchor" id="Abbreviations and synonyms"></span>Farta buuran ee cinwaanka iyo magacyada kale===== {{Shortcut|MOS:BOLDALTNAMES|MOS:BOLDSYN}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Text formatting }} Keliya dhacdada ugu horreysa ee cinwaanka iyo {{em|muhiimka ah}} [[#Alternative names|magacyada kale]] (oo badanaa sidoo kale ay tahay in ay [[Wikipedia:Redirect|u hagaajiyaan]] maqaalka){{efn-ua|"Badanaa" halkan waxay xisaabin kartaa kiisaska sida "'''Foo''', sidoo kale loo yaqaanno '''Bar''', '''Baz''', ama '''Quux'''", halkaas oo shayga "Baz" uusan dhab ahaantii ahayn dib-u-hagaajin ka timid "Baz", laakiin laga yaabaa inuu yahay "Baz (kiimiko)", sidaas darteed uusan ku habboonayn shuruud habaysan oo dib-u-hagaajin ah, laakiin wuxuu noqon lahaa mid jahawareerinaya muuqaal ahaan haddii farta buuran laga saaro labada kale dhexdooda. "Badanaa" ma aha ruqsad guud si [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#When not to use boldface|loogu isticmaalo farta buuran waxyaabaha si loo xoojiyo]].}} waxaa la dhigaa farta buuran: {{block indent|'''Mumbai''', sidoo kale loo yaqaanno '''Bombay''', waa caasimadda gobolka [[India|Hindiya]] ee [[Maharashtra]]. ([[Mumbai]])}} Gaabisyada caadiga ah (khaanadaha wareegsan ka dib cinwaanka u dhigma) waxaa loo tixgeliyaa magacyo kale oo muhiim ah macnahan: {{block indent|The '''International Music Score Library Project''' ('''IMSLP'''), sidoo kale loo yaqaanno '''Petrucci Music Library''' ka dib daabacaha [[Ottaviano Petrucci]], waa&nbsp;... ([[International Music Score Library Project]])}} Maqaal [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography|taariikh-nololeed]] ah oo ka bilaabmaya magaca buuxa ee mawduuca, geli magaca buuxa farta buuran. {{Crossreference|text=(Eeg {{slink|#Alternative_biographical_names}}.)}} Haddii maqaalku ku saabsan yahay dhacdo ay ku lug leedahay mawduuc uusan jirin maqaal weyn, gaar ahaan haddii maqaalku yahay [[Wikipedia:Redirect#What needs to be done on pages that are targets of redirects?|bartilmaameedka dib-u-hagaajinta]], mawduucu waa inuu ahaadaa farta buuran: {{block indent| '''Azaria Chantel Loren Chamberlain''' (11 Juun – 17 Agoosto 1980) waxay ahayd gabar ilmo yar oo u dhalatay Australia taas oo ay dishay dingo habeenkii 17 Agoosto 1980{{nbsp}}... ([[Death of Azaria Chamberlain]], oo laga soo hagaajiyay Azaria Chamberlain)}} Ha dhigin farta buuran magacyada aan Ingiriisiga ahayn ee aan si caadi ah loogu isticmaalin Ingiriisiga ama Soomaaliga. {{Crossreference|text=(Eeg {{slink|#Other_languages}}.)}} {{block indent|'''Milan''' ({{langx|it|Milano}}) waa magaalada waqooyiga Italy.}} Ha dhigin farta buuran magacyada kale [[Main Page|Bogga Weyn]]. =====Ku darista u dhigmaasha ajnabiga ah===== {{shortcut|MOS:FOREIGNEQUIV}} Haddii mawduuca maqaalku uu si dhow u la xiriiro luqad aan Ingiriis ahayn, magac keliya oo u dhigma oo ku jira luqad kale ayaa lagu dari karaa jumlada hordhaca ah, badanaana khaanadaha wareegsan. Tusaale ahaan, maqaal ku saabsan goob ku taal waddan aan Ingiriis ku hadlin wuxuu badanaa ka kooban yahay luqadda deegaanka ee u dhigma: {{block indent|'''Chernivtsi Oblast''' ({{langx|uk|Чернівецька область}}, {{lang|uk-Latn|Chernivetska oblast}}) waa [[administrative divisions of Ukraine|oblast]] (gobol) ku taal galbeedka [[Ukraine]], oo xuduud la leh [[Romania]] iyo [[Moldova]].}} Ha ku darin u dhigmaasha aan Ingiriisiga ahayn qoraalka jumlada hordhaca ah ee magacyada kale ama magacyada aadka u dheer, maaddaama tani ay buuxinayso jumlada hordhaca ah waxayna daciifinaysaa akhriska. Ha ku darin u dhigmaasha aan Ingiriisiga ahayn jumlada hordhaca ah si kaliya loo tuso etymology. Magacyada aan Ingiriisiga ahayn waa in loo dhaqaajiyaa xusuus-qoraal, khaanadda macluumaadka, ama [[#Separate section usage|meel kale]] maqaalka dhexdiisa haddii ay si kale u buuxin lahaayeen jumlada koowaad.{{efn-ua|name="Khan"}} Marka mawduucu si dhow ula xiriiro wax ka badan hal luqad oo aan Ingiriis ahayn, jumlada hordhaca ah waa inaysan caadi ahaan soo saarin mid ka mid ah. Xaaladaha oo kale, dhammaan u dhigmaasha aan Ingiriisiga ahayn waa in la isku meel dhigaa hal xusuus-qoraal sharraxaad ah (ama qayb "Names" ah ama la mid ah), halkii ay ka noqon lahaayeen qoraalka jumlada koowaad, si looga fogaado buuxdhaafinta iyo khilaafaadka ku saabsan luqadda la soo bandhigayo. Luqadaha kala duwan waa in lagu qaybiyaa [[semicolon|semicolon-yo]]; [[romanization|romanization-yada]] qoraallada aan Laatiinka ahayn, oo wata [[comma|hakad]]. Ha dhigin farta buuran magacyada aan Ingiriisiga ahayn ee aan si caadi ahaan loogu isticmaalin Ingiriisiga. Erayada qaar ee aan Ingiriisiga ahayn waa in la janjeeriyaa. Kiisaskan waxaa lagu sifeeyay [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Foreign terms|Habka Hab-qoraalka ee qaabaynta qoraalka]]. {{block indent|The '''Inuit''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|nj|u|ɪ|t}}, kelidii '''Inuk'''; [[Inuktitut language|Inuktitut]]: {{lang|iu|{{linktext|ᐃᓄᐃᑦ}}}} {{gloss|dadka}}) waa koox ka mid ah [[indigenous peoples|dadka asaliga ah]] ee dhaqan ahaan isku mid ah oo deggan gobollada [[Arctic|Arktika]] ee [[Greenland]], Canada iyo [[Alaska]]&nbsp;...}} =====Faahfaahin kale ama weedho lagu daro ama laga saaro===== * Taariikhaha iyo goobaha waa in lagu daraa jumlada koowaad haddii ay ka caawiyaan akhristaha inuu si degdeg ah u go'aamiyo inuu akhrinayo maqaalka saxda ah. Tusaale ahaan, maqaalka [[Spanish–American War]], qoraalka hordhucu wuxuu ka bilaabmaa: {{block indent|The '''Spanish–American War'''{{efn|{{langx|es|Guerra hispano-estadounidense}} ama {{lang|es|Guerra hispano-americana}}; {{langx|fil|Digmaang Espanyol–Amerikano}}). Taariikh-yahanno qaar ayaa doorbidaya cinwaanno kale, t.s.: *{{citation|author=Louis A. Pérez|title=The war of 1898: the United States and Cuba in history and historiography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OVFV4qclY-YC|year=1998|publisher=UNC Press Books|isbn=978-0-807-84742-8|access-date=October 31, 2015}} *{{citation|author=Benjamin R. Beede|title=The War of 1898, and US interventions, 1898–1934: an encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=48g116X9IIwC|year=1994|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-824-05624-7|access-date=October 31, 2015}} *{{citation|author1=Thomas David Schoonover|author2=Walter LaFeber|title=Uncle Sam's War of 1898 and the Origins of Globalization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3u3ctVjVNPsC|year=2005|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|isbn=978-0-813-19122-5|access-date=October 31, 2015|url-status=live}} *{{citation|author=Virginia Marie Bouvier|title=Whose America?: the war of 1898 and the battles to define the nation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwp3AAAAMAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Praeger|isbn=978-0-275-96794-9|access-date=October 31, 2015}} }} (21 Abriil – 13 Agoosto 1898) wuxuu ahaa [[armed conflict|iska hor imaad hubaysan]] oo u dhexeeyay [[Spain under the Restoration|Spain]] iyo [[United States|Maraykanka]].}} *{{shortcut|MOS:REFERS}} Ka fogow qaababka sida "[Mawduuca] [[WP:REFERS|wuxuu tilmaamayaa]]&nbsp;..." ama "...&nbsp;[[WP:ISAWORDFOR|waa eray loogu talagalay]]&nbsp;..."{{snd}} maqaalku wuxuu ku saabsan yahay mawduuca, ma aha eray <em>loogu talagalay</em> mawduuca.{{efn-ua|Tusaale ahaan: {{block indent|'''Xeryaha''' waa [[outdoor activity|hawl-qabad dibadda ah]] oo ku lug leh hoyasho habeenkii ah oo ka baxsan guriga hoy dhexdiis&nbsp;...}}halkii laga qori lahaa {{block indent|'''Xeryaha''' waxay tilmaamayaan [[outdoor activity|hawl-qabad dibadda ah]] oo ku lug leh hoyasho habeenkii ah&nbsp;...}} }} Maqaallada dhab ahaantii ku saabsan ereyada, [[WP:WORDSASWORDS|jeeriy erayga]] si loo muujiye [[use–mention distinction|kala-soocidda adeegsiga iyo xusidda]].{{efn-ua|Tusaale ahaan: {{block indent|'''''Irregardless''''' waa eray marmar la isticmaalo halkii ''regardless'' ama ''irrespective''&nbsp;...}}halkii laga qori lahaa {{block indent|'''Irregardless''' waa eray marmar la isticmaalo&nbsp;...}} }} ====<span id="Avoid these common mistakes"></span>Ka fogow khaladaadkan kale ee caadiga ah===== {{shortcut|MOS:BOLDLINK|MOS:BOLDLINKAVOID}} Xiriiriyeyaasha waa in aan la dhigin farta [[emphasis (typography)#Methods and use|buuran]] ee celcelinta cinwaanka jumlada koowaad ee hordhaca:{{efn-ua|Maqaallo badan, laakiin ma aha dhammaan, waxay ku celceliyaan cinwaanka maqaalka farta buuran safka koowaad ee maqaalka. Ku xiridda maqaalka isaga laftiisa waxay soo saartaa '''qoraal farta buuran ah'''; dhaqankaan waa la diiddaa sababtoo ah dhaqaaqista boggu waxay keenaysaa xiriiriye wareeg ah oo aan waxtar lahayn iyada oo la marayo dib-u-hagaajin. Ku xiridda {{em|qayb ka mid ah}} qoraalka farta buuran sidoo kale waa la diiddaa sababtoo ah waxay beddeshaa saamaynta muuqaalka ee farta buuran; akhristayaasha qaar ayaa seegi kara calaamadda muuqaalka taas oo ah ujeedada adeegsiga farta buuran marka ugu horreysa.}}{{efn-ua|Bogagga kala-soocidda waa gargaar hagid intii ay ahaan lahaayeen maqaallo oo meesha uu ka jiro mawduuc aas-aasiyay eray, safka hordhaca ah ee bogga kala-soocidda eraygaas wuxuu caadi ahaan leeyahay eraygaas labadaba xiriiriye iyo farta buuran; eeg [[MOS:DABPRIMARY]]}} {{block indent|[[File:Red x.svg|15px|link=|alt=Bad:]] '''[[Babe Ruth]] Abaalmarinta''' waxaa la siiyaa sannad walba ciyaaryahanka [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB) ee leh waxqabadka ugu fiican [[Major League Baseball postseason|ciyaaraha ka dambeeya xilli-ciyaareedka]]. }} {{block indent|[[File:Yes check.svg|15px|link=|alt=Good:]] '''Babe Ruth Abaalmarinta''' waxaa la siiyaa sannad walba ciyaaryahanka [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB) ee leh waxqabadka ugu fiican [[Major League Baseball postseason|ciyaaraha ka dambeeya xilli-ciyaareedka]]. Abaalmarinta, oo la abuuray sharaf [[Babe Ruth]], waxaa markii ugu horreysay la abaalmariyay sannadkii 1949 ciyaaryahanka ugu qiimaha badan ee [[World Series]], hal sano ka dib dhimashadii Ruth.}} Sida reeban, bogagga kala-soocidda waxay isticmaali karaan farta buuran [[MOS:DABPRIMARY|xiriiriyaha mawduuca aas-aasiga ah]], haddii uu jiro mid. {{anchor|MOSTITLEABSENT|MOSTITLEABSENTBOLD|MOSBEATLESINUS|BEATLES}} {{Shortcut|MOS:TITLEABSENT|MOS:TITLEABSENTBOLD}} Guud ahaan, haddii cinwaanka maqaalka (ama cinwaan kale oo muhiim ah) uusan ka jirin jumlada koowaad, ha u codsan habka farta buuran qoraalka la xiriira ee {{em|uu muuqdo}} (tusaale ka timid [[1999 Nepalese general election]]): {{block indent|[[File:Red x.svg|15px|link=|alt=Bad:]] '''Doorashooyinka guud''' waxaa lagu qabtay [[Nepal]] 3 Maajo iyo 17 Maajo 1999.}} {{block indent|[[File:Yes check.svg|15px|link=|alt=Good:]] Doorashooyinka guud waxaa lagu qabtay [[Nepal]] 3 Maajo iyo 17 Maajo 1999.}} =====Magacyada saxda ah iyo cinwaannada===== Haddii cinwaanka boggu si caadi ah u yahay mid [[Wikipedia:ITALICS|farta janjeerta leh]] (tusaale ahaan, shaqo faneed, suugaan, albam, ёr markab) markaas xusistiisa ugu horreysa waxay noqon kartaa qoraal farta buuran iyo farta janjeerta labadaba: {{block indent|'''''Las Meninas''''' (Isbaanish loogu talagalay '''''Gabdhaha Sharafta''''') waa sawir 1656 ah oo uu qoray [[Diego Velázquez]],&nbsp;... {{pb}} '''''The Good, the Bad and the Ugly''''' ({{langx|it|link=no|Il buono, il brutto, il cattivo}}) waa filim [[spaghetti Western|western spaghetti]] epic ah oo Talyaani ah oo 1966 ah&nbsp;...}} {{anchor|NOBOLDQUOT}} {{shortcut|MOS:NOBOLDQUOT}} Haddii xusidda cinwaanka maqaalku ay ku hareeraysan tahay calaamadaha oraahda, cinwaanku waa inuu noqdaa farta buuran laakiin calaamadaha oraahda ma aha inaysan noqon: {{block indent|"'''Yesterday'''" waa hees asal ahaan ay duubeen [[the Beatles]] albamkoodii 1965 ''[[Help!]]''}} =====Ku dhawaaqid===== {{shortcut|MOS:LEADPRON}} {{details|topic=qaabaynta ku dhawaaqidda jumlada koowaad|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation}} Ha ku darin hagayaasha ku dhawaaqidda jumlada hordhaca ah erayada halka ku dhawaaqidda saxda ah ay tahay mid dareen leh oo laga soo qaatay sida loo higaadiyo, ama erayada caadiga ah ee luqadda Ingiriisiga—xataa kuwa leh ku dhawaaqid aan macquul ahayn kuwa baranaya luqadda ([[laughter|qosol]], [[sword|seef]]) ama kuwa si dhow ula xiriira erayada luqadaha kale ([[Paris]], [[Poland]]). Ku darista ku dhawaaqidda waxay noqon kartaa mid waxtar leh erayada aan caadiga ahayn ee luqadda Ingiriisiga ([[synecdoche|synekdoke]], [[atlatl]]). Haddii magaca maqaalku leeyahay ku dhawaaqid aan ka muuqan higaadiisa, ku dar [[Help:IPA|ku dhawaaqidda]] ka dib dhacdada ugu horreysa ee magaca, adigoo adeegsanaya khaanadaha wareegsan ama xusuus-qoraal. Erayada noocaas ah waa inta badan erayada ama weedhaha amaahda ka yimid luqadaha kale (''[[Mate (drink)|mate]]'', ''[[coup d'état]]''), ama magacyada saxda ah ([[Ralph Fiennes]], [[Tuolumne River]], [[Tao Te Ching]]). Ku xaddid hagaha ku dhawaaqidda ee lagu daray weedh badan oo erayo ah oo keliya kuwa u baahan (tusaale ahaan, dhammaadka [[Jean van Heijenoort]], laakiin kaliya ''Cholmondeley'' ee [[Thomas P. G. Cholmondeley]]). Waxaa la doorbidaa in hagayaasha ku dhawaaqidda loo raro xusuus-qoraal ama meel kale oo maqaalka ah haddii ay si kale u buuxin lahaayeen jumlada koowaad.{{efn-ua|name="Khan"|Tusaale ahaan, hordhac xad-dhaaf ah oo ku yaal [[Genghis Khan]] hal mar wuxuu akhriyay: {{block indent|1='''Genghis Khan''' (Ku dhawaaqidda Ingiriisiga: {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ɛ|ŋ|ɡ|ɪ|s|_|ˈ|k|ɑː|n}} ama {{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|ɛ|ŋ|ɡ|ɪ|s|_|ˈ|k|ɑː|n}};^{[[Genghis Khan#cite_note-6|[1]]]}^{[[Genghis Khan#cite_note-7|[2]]]} [[Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]]: Чингис Хаан, ''Chingis Khaan'', {{IPA|mn|tʃiŋɡɪs xaːŋ|IPA|GenghisKhan01.ogg}}; [[Mongol script]]: [[File:Cinggis qagan.svg|18px]], ''Činggis Qaɣan''; {{zh|t=成吉思汗|s=成吉思汗|p=Chéng Jí Sī Hán|first=t}}; malaha 31 Maajo 1162^{[[Genghis Khan##cite_note-birth-4|[3]]]} – 25 Agoosto 1227), oo dhashay '''Temujin''' (Ku dhawaaqidda Ingiriisiga: {{IPAc-en|t|ə|ˈ|m|uː|dʒ|ɪ|n}}; {{langx|mn|Тэмүжин}}, ''Temüjin'' {{IPA|mn|tʰemutʃiŋ|IPA|Temujin.ogg}}; ''{{langx|xng|Temüjin}}'';^{[[Genghis Khan#cite_note-3|[4]]]} {{zh|t=鐵木真|s=铁木真|p=Tiě mù zhēn|first=t}}) sidoo kale loo yaqaanno [[temple name|magaca macbudka]] '''Taizu''' ({{zh|t=元太祖|s=元太祖|p=Yuán Tàizǔ|w=T'ai-Tsu|first=t}}), wuxuu ahaa aasaasaha iyo [[Khagan|Khan-ka Weyn]] (imperarka) ee [[Mongol Empire|Boqortooyada Mongol]], taas oo noqotay [[World's largest empires|boqortooyadii ugu weynayd]] ee taariikhda ka dib dhimashadiisa.}} Tani waxaa dib loogu soo koobay: {{block indent|1='''Genghis Khan''' (dhashay '''Temüjin'''; {{circa|1162}}{{snd}}Agoosto 1227), sidoo kale loo yaqaanno '''Chinggis Khan''',{{efn|Eeg ''[[Genghis Khan#Name and title|§ Magaca iyo cinwaanka]]''}} wuxuu ahaa aasaasaha iyo [[khan (title)|khan-kii]] ugu horreeyay ee [[Mongol Empire|Boqortooyada Mongol]].}} }} Wadahadal buuxa oo ku saabsan ku dhawaaqidda wuxuu iman karaa dambe maqaalka. Ha ku darin hagayaasha ku dhawaaqidda tarjumaadaha aan Ingiriisiga ahayn ee cinwaanka maqaalka qoraalka jumlada hordhaca ah, maaddaama tani ay buuxinayso jumlada hordhaca ah waxayna daciifinaysaa akhriska. =====Xiriiriyeyaasha macnaha guud===== {{shortcut|MOS:CONTEXTLINK}} Jumlada koowaad waa inay bixisaa xiriiriyeyaal ku socda mawduucyada ballaaran ёr aasaasiga ah ee muhiimka u ah mawduuca maqaalka ёr u dhigaya [[context (language use)|macnaha guud]] halka uu ka yahay mid [[Wikipedia:Notability|muhiim ah]]. Tusaale ahaan, maqaal ku saabsan dhisme ёr goob waa inuu ka mid yahay xiriiriye ku socda aagga juqraafiga ballaaran ee uu qayb ka yahay. {{block indent|'''Arugam Bay''' waa [[bay|gacmeed]] ku yaal [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] ee aagga qalalan ee xeebta koonfur-bari ee [[Sri Lanka]].}} {{shortcut|MOS:FIRSTTERM}} Maqaal ku saabsan erey farsamo ёr jargon ah, jumlada koowaad ama baaraagaraafku waa inay caadi ahaan ka kooban yihiin xiriiriye ku socda [[field of study|goobta waxbarashada]] ee uu ereygu ka yimid. {{block indent|[[Heraldry|Calaamadaynta]] dhexdeeda, '''tinctures''' waa midabbada loo isticmaalo in lagu [[blazon|calaamadiyo]] [[coat of arms|jaakad hub ah]].}} [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biographies#Opening paragraph|Jumlada koowaad ee maqaalka ku saabsan qof]] waa inay ku xirataa bogga ёr bogagga ku saabsan mawduuca halka uu qofku ka gaaray sumcad. {{block indent|'''Harvey Lavan''' "'''Van'''" '''Cliburn Jr.''' (12 Luulyo 1934 – 27 Febraayo 2013) wuxuu ahaa [[pianist|pianist]] Maraykanka ah oo gaaray aqoonsi caalami ah sannadkii 1958 da'diisu 23 jir tahay, markii uu ku guuleystay tartankii ugu horreeyay ee afar-sanno lahaa [[International Tchaikovsky Competition|Tartanka Piano-ha Caalamiga ah ee Tchaikovsky]] ee Moscow, oo ku yaal dhererka [[Cold War|Dagaalkii Qabow]].}} Sida dhabta ah ee bixisa macnaha guud ee loo baahan yahay si loo fahmo mawduuc la bixiyay wuu ku kala duwan yahay mawduuc ilaa mawduuc. {{block indent|'''Gemara''' waa qayb ka mid ah [[Talmud]] oo ka kooban falanqaynta rabbinical iyo faallo ku saabsan [[Mishnah]].}} Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ha ku darin xiriiriyeyaasha macnaha guud ee aan si toos ah ula xiriirin qeexitaanka mawduuca ёr sababta muhiimadda. Tusaale ahaan, [[Van Cliburn|Van Cliburn]] jumladiisa koowaad waxay ku xirataa [[Cold War|Dagaalkii Qabow]] sababtoo ah sumcadiisu waxay qayb ka timid guushii Tartanka Tchaikovsky ee loo adeegsaday calaamad Dagaalkii Qabow. Jumlada koowaad ee bogga ku saabsan qof ku kacay sumcad sannadihii 1950-meeyadii sababo aan la xiriirin Dagaalkii Qabow waa inaysan soo qaadin Dagaalkii Qabow gabi ahaanba, xataa inkastoo Dagaalkii Qabow uu yahay qayb ka mid ah macnaha guud ee taariikhda nolosha qofkaas. Sidoo kale, [[Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking#Linking month-and-day or year|ha ku xirin sannadaha]] ilaa sannadku leeyahay muhiimad gaar ah oo ku socota mawduuca. Maqaallada ugu badan ee la soo xulay waxay ka kooban yihiin ilaa 12 ilaa 25 xiriiriyeyaal hordhaca ah, iyadoo celcelis ahaan ay jiraan ilaa 1.5 xiriiriyeyaal jumladdii kasta ёr hal xiriiriye eray kasta oo 16 ah. Xiriiriyeyaasha ka soo muuqda horraysa erayga farta buuran leh waxay ka jeedinayaan mawduuca haddii aysan lagama maarmaan u ahayn in la sameeyo macnaha guud, waana in laga tago xataa haddii ay ku habboon yihiin meel kale qoraalka dhexdiisa. Tusaale ahaan, cinwaanka qofka ёr xafiiskiisa, sida colonel, dabiici ahaan wuxuu ka muuqdaa magaciisa horraysa, laakiin erayga "Colonel" ma lahaan karo xiriiriye, maaddaama aysan samaynayn macnaha guud. (Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ha dib u qorin jumlada si xun si loo haysto xiriiriyaha macnaha guud ee loo baahan yahay inuusan ka hor imaan erayga farta buuran leh.) {{block indent|Colonel '''Charles Hotham''' (dhintay 1738) wuxuu ahaa [[Her Majesty's Diplomatic Service|ergay British]] ah oo gaar ah oo loo xilsaaray [[George II of Great Britain|George II]] hawsha ah inuu ka wada xaajoodo guur laba-laab ah oo u dhexeeya qoysaska [[House of Hanover|Hanover]] iyo [[Hohenzollern]].}} ==== Qaabka noocyada gaarka ah ee maqaallada ==== =====Goobaha jireed===== {{shortcut|MOS:FIRSTLOCATION|MOS:LOCATION|MOS:FL}} Maqaallada ku saabsan dhismayaal, goobo, taallo, iyo dhismayaal kale oo jireed, sheeg goobta jumlada koowaad ee hordhaca. Sida caadiga ah tani waxay la macno tahay cayimidda magaalada, gobolka maamulka (haddii ay habboon tahay), iyo dalka: {{block indent|'''Eiffel Tower''' waa [[wrought-iron|bir la shiiday]] [[lattice tower|munaarad shabag ah]] oo ku taal [[Champ of Mars]] ee [[Paris]], France.}} Dhismayaasha ku dhex jira degmooyinka Maraykanka, qaabka caadiga ah waa "DEGMO, GOBOLL, Maraykanka": {{block indent|'''MetLife Stadium''' waa [[multi-purpose stadium|garoon ujeeddooyin badan leh]] oo ku taal [[Meadowlands Sports Complex]] ee [[East Rutherford, New Jersey|East Rutherford]], New Jersey, Maraykanka.}} {{block indent|'''Hollywood Bowl''' waa [[amphitheatre|amfiteatar]] iyo [[Urban park|beerta dadweynaha]] oo ku taal [[Hollywood Hills]] ee [[Los Angeles]], California, Maraykanka.}} Haddii magaalada ёr hay'ad juqraafi oo la mid ah lagu xuso hordhaca maqaallada kale, waa in la adeegsadaa qaabkaas oo kale. =====Noolaha===== {{For-multi|capitalization|WP:Manual of Style#Animals, plants, and other organisms|animal article titles|WP:Naming conventions (fauna)|plant article titles|WP:Naming conventions (flora)}} {{Further|topic=technicalities of biological nomenclature|WP:Manual of Style/Organisms}} Marka magac caadi ah (vernacular) loo adeegsado cinwaanka maqaalka, magaca caadiga ah ee farta buuran waxaa ku xiga magaca sayniska ee farta janjeerta iyo buuran ku qoran khaanadaha wareegsan jumlada koowaad ee hordhaca. Magacyada kale waa in la xusaa oo laga helaa ilo lagu kalsoonaan karo qoraalka halka ay khusayso, iyadoo farta buuran ku jirto hordhaca haddii ay isticmaalka ballaaran ku leeyihiin, ёr meel kale maqaalka dhexdiisa (iyadoo farta buuran wadata ёr aysan wadan, iyadoo la raacayo go'aanka tifatiraha) haddii ay yihiin kuwo yar la isticmaalo. Uma baahna in lagu daro magacyada caadiga ah ee aan Ingiriisiga ahayn, ilaa ay sidoo kale si caadi ah loogu isticmaalo Ingiriisiga, tusaale ahaan gobol ahaan; haddii la daro, waa in la janjeeriyaa sida aan Ingiriisiga ahayn. {{block indent|'''Thomson's gazelle''' ('''''Eudorcas thomsonii''''') waa gazelle-ka ugu caansan ee [[East Africa|Bariga Afrika]]{{nbsp}}... }} Marka cinwaanka maqaalku yahay magaca sayniska, rog xigxigidda magaca sayniska iyo magaca (yada) caadiga ah (haddii mid ka mid ah dambe la bixiyo), oo geli farta buuran iyo sidoo kale farta janjeerta magaca sayniska. Ka fogow in magaca ugu caadiga ah la geliyo khaanadaha wareegsan (tani waxay xakamaysaa bandhiggeeda aragtida qaar ee Wikipedia, oo ay ku jiraan [[Wikipedia:Pop-ups]] iyo [[Google Knowledge Graph]]). {{block indent|'''''Vitis vinifera''''', '''geedka canabka ah ee caadiga ah''', waa nooc ka mid ah ''[[Vitis]]'', oo u dhashay [[Mediterranean basin|gobolka Mediterranean]], bartamaha Yurub, iyo koonfur-galbeed Aasiya{{nbsp}}... {{pb}} '''''Brassica oleracea''''' waa [[species|nooca]] dhirta ee ka kooban cuntooyin badan oo caadi ah sida [[cultivar|cultivar-yada]], oo ay ku jiraan [[cabbage|kaabash]], [[broccoli|brokoli]], [[cauliflower|cauliflower]], [[kale|kale]], [[Brussels sprouts|Brussels sprouts]], [[Savoy cabbage|savoy]], iyo [[Chinese kale|kale-ka Shiinaha]]{{nbsp}}... }} ===== Noocyada kale ee maqaallada ===== * {{shortcut|MOS:THISISALIST}} Haddii boggu yahay [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists|liis]], ha ku [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#Good definitions|hordhacin]] liiska sidii "Tani waa '''liiska X'''" ёr "Tani '''liiska X-yada'''&nbsp;...". Hordhac cad oo xog badan leh oo ku saabsan liiska ayaa ka fiican celceliska erey-erey ee cinwaanka. Tusaale fiican oo tan ah waa [[List of Benet Academy alumni|Liiska dadkii ka qalin jabiyay Benet Academy]]. {{Crossreference|text=(Eeg {{slink|#Format_of_the_first_sentence}}.)}} * Haddii maqaalku ku saabsan yahay shirkad ёr urur, jumlada koowaad waa inay ka bilowdaa magaceeda sharciga ah ee buuxa, iyadoon loo eegin cinwaanka bogga {{Crossreference|text=(sidoo kale eeg [[MOS:FIRSTCORP]])}}. * Haddii maqaalku ku saabsan yahay jilaa khayaali ah ёr goob, caddee inuu yahay mid khayaali ah.{{efn-ua|Tusaale ahaan: {{block indent|'''Donkey Kong''' waa daanyeer khayaali ah oo ka tirsan taxanaha ciyaarta fiidiyowga ee ''Donkey Kong'' iyo ''Mario''.}} }} ===Baaxadda maqaalka=== Xaaladaha qaar qeexitaanka mawduuca maqaalka ee baaraagaraafka hordhaca ah waxaa laga yaabaa inuusan ku filnayn in si buuxda loo xakameeyo baaxadda maqaalka. Gaar ahaan, waxaa laga yaabaa inay lagama maarmaan noqoto in la aqoonsado agabka ah {{em|ma aha}} dhexda baaxadda. Tusaale ahaan, maqaalka ku saabsan [[Special:Permalink/597114436|qandhada]] <!--link points to intended version at the time of addition of this subsection by Spinningspark on 27 February 2014, which is different and reflects this subsection more accurately--> wuxuu xusayaa in heerkulka jidhka ee kor u kacay ee sababay [[hyperthermia|hyperthermia]] uusan ku jirin baaxadda. Sharraxaadahan waxaa ugu wanaagsan in lagu sameeyo dhammaadka qaybta hordhaca ah si looga fogaado in la buuxiyo oo la jahawareeriyo baaraagaraafka koowaad. Macluumaadkan iyo agabka kale ee meta ee hordhaca ah lagama filayo inay ka muuqdaan jidhka maqaalka. ==Taariikh-nololeedyada== Soo-koobid qodobada muhiimka ah ee [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Lead section|tilmaanta ugu weyn]] ee arrintan: * Agabka laga helay ilo lagu kalsoonaan karo ee ku saabsan khilaafaadka encyclopedia-ahaan khuseeya laguma qariyo hordhaca mana loo oggolaado inay xoog saaraan; hordhacu waa inuu si sax ah u soo koobaa maqaalka guud ahaan. * Dhacdooyinka ugu dambeeyay ee saameeya mawduuca waxaa lagu hayaa aragti taariikhi ah; kii ugu dambeeyay ma aha qasab inuu noqdo kan ugu muhiimsan. Dheellitir macluumaadka cusub kii hore, adigoo siinaya dhammaan macluumaadka [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Undue weight|miisaanka habboon]]. * [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a blog, web hosting service, social networking service, or memorial site|Wikipedia ma aha goob xusuus ah]]; marka mawduucu dhinto, hordhacu ma aha inuu si xagjir ah isu beddelo, mana aha inuu degto dhimashada. * [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons#Privacy of personal information and using primary sources|Ha isticmaalin ilaha koowaad]] faahfaahinta gaarka ah ee ku saabsan dadka nool, oo ay ku jiraan taariikhaha dhalashada. {{crossref|Wixii macluumaad dheeraad ah ee ku saabsan hordhacyada taariikh-nololeedka guud ahaan, eeg tilmaanta ugu weyn: [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography]]}} ===Jumlada koowaad ee taariikh-nololeedyada=== {{shortcut|MOS:BIOFIRSTSENTENCE}} {{details|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Opening paragraph}} Hoos [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Opening paragraph|tilmaanta ugu weyn]] ee arrintan, baaraagaraafka hordhaca ah ee maqaal taariikh-nololeed ah waa inuu si dhex-dhexaad ah u sifeeyaa qofka, bixiyaa macnaha guud, dejiyaa [[Wikipedia:Notability|muhiimadda]] oo uu sharraxaa sababta qofku u yahay mid muhiim ah, isla markaana uu ka turjumaa dheelitirka ilaha lagu kalsoonaan karo. Jumlada koowaad waa inay caadi ahaan sheegtaa: #[[Name|Magaca(yada)]] iyo [[title|cinwaanka(yada)]], haddii ay jiraan {{crossref|(sidoo kale eeg [[WP:NCNOB]])}}. Maareynta magaca mawduuca waxaa lagu daboolaa hoos [[MOS:NAMES]]. #Taariikhaha dhalashada iyo dhimashada (haddii laga helo [[Wikipedia:No original research#Primary, secondary and tertiary sources|ilaha labaad]]{{snd}}ha isticmaalin [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons#Privacy of personal information and using primary sources|ilaha koowaad taariikhaha dhalashada ee dadka nool]] ёr faahfaahinta gaarka ah ee iyaga ku saabsan). Haddii taariikhaha maalinta-bishii-sannadka ee gaarka ah ee dhalashada/dhimashada lagu bixiyo meel kale maqaalka, markaas sannad{{ndash}}sannad fudud ayaa ku filnaan kara inuu bixiyo macnaha guud. #Macnaha guud (goobta, dhalashada, iwm.) ee hawlaha ka dhigay qofka mid muhiim ah. #Hal, ёr malaha in ka badan, [[Wikipedia:Notability#General notability guideline|boosashooyin muhiim ah]], hawlo, ёr doorar uu qofku haystay, iyadoo laga fogaanayo [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Puffery|subjective]] ёr [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Contentious labels|contentious]] ereyo. #Sababta ugu weyn ee qofku u yahay [[Wikipedia:Notability (people)|muhiim]] (guul muhiim ah, rikoodh, iwm.) Si kastaba ha ahaatee, isku day inaadan culaysin jumlada koowaad adigoo sharraxaya wax kasta oo muhiim ah oo ku saabsan mawduuca; halkaas, ku faafi macluumaadka khuseeya qaybta hordhaca ah. Tusaalooyin: {{block indent|'''Cleopatra VII Philopator'''{{efn|{{langx|grc|Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ}}}} (69 – 12 Agoosto 30&nbsp;BC), waxay ahayd boqoradda [[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Boqortooyada Ptolemaic]] ee Egypt, iyo taliyaheedii ugu dambeeyay ee shaqeynayay. {{pb}} '''Cesar Estrada Chavez''' (31 Maarso 1927 – 23 Abriil 1993) wuxuu ahaa hoggaamiye shaqaale Maraykan ah iyo u dooodaha xuquuqda madنية oo, [[Dolores Huerta]] la jirta, ka wada-aasaasay [[National Farm Workers Association|Ururka Shaqaalaha Beeraha Qaranka]], kaas oo dambe noqday [[United Farm Workers|Shaqaalaha Beeraha ee Midowday]] (UFW)&nbsp;... {{pb}} '''François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand''' (26 Oktoobar 1916 – 8 Janaayo 1996) wuxuu ahaa [[President of France|Madaxweynaha Faransiiska]] laga soo bilaabo 1981 ilaa 1995,&nbsp;... {{pb}} '''Sir Lewis Carl Davidson Hamilton''' (dhashay 7 Janaayo 1985) waa darawal tartanka British ah&nbsp;... }} ===Magacyada kale ee taariikh-nololeedka=== {{main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biographies#Names}} Tilmaamaha aas-aasiga ah ee magacyada taariikh-nololeedka waxaa lagu soo koobay hoos; [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biographies#Names|tilmaanta ugu weyn]] ee arrintan waxay bixisaa faahfaahin dheeraad ah. * In kasta oo foomka [[Wikipedia:Remember the reader|si fudud loo aqoonsan karo]] ee magaca loo adeegsado cinwaanka [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography|maqaal taariikh-nololeed]], foomamka magaca oo buuxa waxaa lagu isticmaali karaa hordhaca hordhaca ah. Tusaale ahaan, maqaalka [[Paul McCartney]], qoraalka hordhucu wuxuu ka bilaabmaa: "{{xt|'''Sir James Paul McCartney'''}} ...". * Magaca qofka waxaa lagu soo bandhigayaa buuxa haddii la ogyahay, oo ay ku jiraan magac kasta oo la soo gaabiyay ёr laga tago cinwaanka maqaalka. Tusaale ahaan, maqaalka ku saabsan [[Calvin Coolidge]] wuxuu bixiyaa magaciisa sida {{xt|'''John Calvin Coolidge Jr.'''}} * Haddii qofku badalo magaciisa buuxa waqti ka mid ah dhalashada ka dib, magaca dhalashada waxaa la bixin karaa sidoo kale, haddii ay khusayso. Tusaale ahaan, hordhacu wuxuu xusi karaa magaca dhalashada haweeneyda markii ay jiraan arrimo khuseeya ka hor intaysan noqon mid muhiim ah magaceeda guurka hoostiisa; sidoo kale hordhaca maqaalka [[Caitlyn Jenner]] waxaa ku jira magaceeda dhalashada {{xt|'''William Bruce Jenner'''}} sababtoo ah waxay sidoo kale ahayd mid muhiim ah magacaas hoostiisa. * Haddii [[hypocorism]] (yarayn) oo ku caan ah Ingiriisiga ama Soomaaliga inta badan loo adeegsado mawduuca halkii magac la bixiyay, {{em|ma aha}} in lagu dhex daro magaca ama lagu bixiyo ka dib, tusaale ahaan [[Tom Hopper]] wuxuu leeyahay si fudud {{xt|'''Thomas Edward Hopper'''}}. ** Sidoo kale waa kuwo la aqbali karo qaababka sida {{xt|'''Alessandro di Mariano di Vanni Filipepi''', oo loo yaqaanno '''Sandro Botticelli'''}}, marka ay khuseeyaan. Hypocorisms-ka {{em|ma aha}} in lagu dhex daro calaamadaha oraahda. * Haddii qofku si caadi ah loogu yaqaanno [[nickname|naanaysta]] (aan ahayn hypocorism), waxaa lagu soo bandhigayaa inta u dhaxeysa calaamadaha oraahda ee raacaya magaca la bixiyay ama bilowga ugu dambeeya, sida [[Bunny Berigan]], oo leh {{xt|'''Roland Bernard '''"'''Bunny'''"''' Berigan'''}}. Calaamadaha oraahdu ma aha kuwo farta buuran. <!--This summary should be checked periodically to ensure it accurately summarizes the relevant material at MOS:BIO.--> ==<span class="anchor" id="LEADALT"></span>Magacyada kale== <!-- Wikipedia:Article_titles#Treatment_of_alternative_names links here --> {{shortcut|MOS:LEADALT|MOS:ALTNAME}} {{see also|Wikipedia:Article titles#Treatment of alternative names|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Names}} [[File:Article title versus first sentence (new).png|300px|thumb|[[Wikipedia:Article titles|'''Cinwaanka maqaalka''']] wuxuu ka muuqdaa dusha sare ee daaqadda birawsarka akhristaha iyo madax heerka 1 ah oo weyn oo ka sarreeya qoraalka la tifatiri karo ee maqaalka, oo halkan lagu wareejiyay casaan madow. Magaca ёr magacyada lagu bixiyo jumlada koowaad mar walba ma waafaqaan cinwaanka maqaalka. Boggan wuxuu talo bixinayaa waxyaabaha ku jira jumlada koowaad, ma aha cinwaanka maqaalka.]] Naqshadaynta barnaamijka Wikipedia, maqaalku wuxuu yeelan karaa oo keliya hal cinwaan. Marka cinwaankani yahay magac, magacyada kale ee muhiimka ah ee mawduuca waa in la xusaa maqaalka dhexdiisa. Kuwan waxaa ku jiri kara higaadyo beddel ah, foomam dhaadheer ёr gaaban, magacyada taariikhiga ah, iyo magacyada muhiimka ah ee luqadaha kale. Dhab ahaantii, magacyada kale waxaa lagu adeegsan karaa qoraalka maqaalka macnaha guud halka ay ka yihiin kuwo ku habboon magaca loo adeegsaday cinwaanka maqaalka. Tusaale ahaan, magaalada hadda loo yaqaanno "[[Gdańsk]]" waxaa loogu yeeri karaa "Danzig" macnaha guud ee taariikhda ku habboon. Tifatiraha wuxuu u baahan yahay inuu dheelitiro rabitaanka ah in la kordhiyo macluumaadka la heli karo ee akhristaha iyo baahida loo qabo in la ilaaliyo akhriska. Adeegso mabda'an si aad u go'aansato in aad xusto magacyada kale jumlada koowaad, meel kale maqaalka dhexdiisa, ёr in aadan xusin gabi ahaanba.{{clear}} {| class="wikitable" |+Qaababka loo soo bandhigo magacyo badan !Ikhtiyaarka !Tusaale !Goorta la adeegsanayo |- |Jumlada koowaad |'''Kuki''' ([[American English|Ingiriisiga Maraykanka]]) ama '''biscuit''' ([[British English|Ingiriisiga British]]) waa cunto la dubay... |Ugu fiican marka ay jiraan hal ёr laba magac oo beddel ah oo keliya |- |[[parentheses|Khaanadaha wareegsan]] |'''Munich''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|juː|n|ɪ|k}} {{respell|MEW|nik}}; {{langx|de|München}} {{IPA|de|ˈmʏnçn̩||De-München2.ogg}}; {{langx|bar|Minga}} {{IPA|bar|ˈmɪŋ(ː)ɐ||Bar-München.ogg}}) waa magaalada... |Ugu caansan marka ay jiraan hal ёr laba magac oo aan Ingiriis ahayn, oo si caadi ah loo adeegsado gaabisyada iyo magacyadii hore |- |Xusuus-qoraal |'''Gdańsk'''{{efn-lg |1=<nowiki /> * Ku dhawaaqid: ** {{IPA|pl|ˈɡdãj̃sk|audio=LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-Gdańsk.wav|label=Polish:}} mararka qaarkood {{IPA|pl|ˈɡdaɲsk||audio=Pl-Gdańsk.ogg}} ** {{IPA|en-GB|ɡəˈdænsk}} {{respell|gə|DANSK}} ** {{IPA|en-US|ɡəˈdɑːnsk}} {{respell|gə|DAHNSK}}<ref>{{cite web |title=the definition of gdansk |url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/gdansk |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> * Magacyada kale: ** {{langx|csb|Gduńsk}} {{IPA|csb|ɡduɲsk|}}<ref name="Stefan Ramułt 1893">Stefan Ramułt, ''Słownik języka pomorskiego, czyli kaszubskiego'', Kraków 1893, Gdańsk 2003, ISBN 83-87408-64-6.</ref> ** {{langx|de|Danzig}} {{IPA|de|ˈdantsɪç||De-Danzig2.ogg}} ёr {{IPA|de|ˈdantsɪk||De-Danzig3.ogg}} ** {{langx|la|Gedania}}, {{Langx|la|Gedanium|label=none}} ёr {{Langx|la|Dantiscum|label=none}}.<ref name="Johann Georg Theodor Grässe 1861, p. 71, 237">Johann Georg Theodor Grässe, ''Orbis latinus oder Verzeichniss der lateinischen Benennungen der bekanntesten Städte etc., Meere, Seen, Berge und Flüsse in allen Theilen der Erde nebst einem deutsch-lateinischen Register derselben''. T. Ein Supplement zu jedem lateinischen und geographischen Wörterbuche. Dresden: G. Schönfeld's Buchhandlung (C. A. Werner), 1861, p. 71, 237.</ref>}} waa magaalada... {{notelist-lg}} |U fiican agabka adag |- |Khaanadda macluumaadka |{{Infobox medical condition | name = Cudurka coronavirus 2019<br />(COVID-19) | synonyms = COVID, coronavirus-ka | pronounce = {{ubl|{{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|r|oʊ|n|ə|v|aɪ|r|ə|s}}|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|oʊ|v|ᵻ|d|n|aɪ|n|ˈ|t|iː|n|,_|ˌ|k|ɒ|v|ᵻ|d|-}} }} }} |Waxtar leh marka ay jiraan tiro badan oo magacyo beddel ah iyo ku dhawaaqid |} ===Isticmaalka qaybaha kala gooni ah=== Haddii ay jiraan saddex ёr in ka badan magacyo beddel ah, laguma dari karo jumlada koowaad maaddaama tani ay abuurayso buuxdhaaf. Halkaas, magacyada waxaa la siin karaa xusuus-qoraal, ёr loo wareejin karaa meel kale maqaalka dhexdiisa sida qaybta "Names" ёr "Etymology". Sida reeban, magac rasmi ah oo deegaan ah oo ka duwan magaca Ingiriisiga ee si ballaaran loo aqbalay waa in lagu hayaa hordhaca. [[Archaism|Magacyada qadiimiga ah]], oo ay ku jiraan magacyada la adeegsaday ka hor [[English orthography#History of the English spelling system|habaynta higaada Ingiriisiga]] waa in si cad loogu calaamadiyaa sidaas, t.s., ([[archaism|qadiimi:]] magac), mana aha in la dhex dhigo jumlada koowaad. ===Luqadaha kale<span class="anchor" id="Foreign language"></span>=== {{see also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Non-English names}} {{shortcut|MOS:LEADLANG}} Heerarka magacaabista Wikipedia [[Wikipedia:Article titles#Foreign names and anglicization|waxay kugula talinayaan in la adeegsado Ingiriisiga ama Soomaaliga]]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, halka mawduuca maqaalku uu si wanaagsan looga yaqaan ilaha Ingiriisiga magaciisa aan Ingiriisiga ahayn (tusaale ahaan, [[Taj Mahal]], [[Champs-Élysées]]), cinwaanka aan Ingiriisiga ahayn ayaa ku habboon maqaalka. Magacyada aan Ingiriisiga ahayn ee {{em|khuseeya}}, sida kuwa dadka aan ku qorin magacyadooda Ingiriis, waa la dhiirrigeliyaa. Adeegsiga luqadaha kale jumlada koowaad, eeg {{slink||Inclusion of foreign equivalents}} kor ku xusan. ==<span class="anchor" id="Stubs"></span>Maqaallada gaagaaban== {{shortcut|MOS:LEADSTUB|MOS:NOLEAD}} {{seealso|WP:OVERSECTION}} Haddii maqaalku yahay [[Wikipedia:Stub|stub]] oo uusan lahayn madax qaybo, qaybta hordhaca ah malaha waa lagama maarmaan. In kasta oo Wikipedia ay dhiirrigeliso ballaarinta stub-yada, tani waxay noqon kartaa mid aan suurtagal ahayn haddii macluumaadka laga helay ilo lagu kalsoonaan karo aysan jirin. Marka maqaalka si ku filan loo ballaariyo, caadi ahaan ilaa 400 ёr 500 eray, tifatirayaashu waa inay tixgeliyaan soo bandhigida madaxyada qaybaha iyo ka saarista kala-soocidda stub-ka. Maqaallada ka gaaban hordhaca si wanaagsan loo qoray caadi ahaan uma baahna hordhac. ==Dhererka== {{shortcut|MOS:LEADLENGTH|MOS:LONGLEAD}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Infobox too large}} Dhererka habboon ee qaybta hordhaca ah waxay ku xiran tahay kakanaanta mawduuca iyo horumarinta maqaalka. Aad u gaaban waxay ka dhigaysaa akhristaha mid aan qancin; aad u dheer waa mid cabsi gelinaysa, adag in la akhriyo, waxayna sababi kartaa in akhristaha uu waayo xiisaha badhtamaha. Talooyinkan ayaa laga yaabaa inay waxtar yeeshaan: * Dhererku waa inuu waafaqaa filashada akhristayaasha ee ah soo-koobid gaaban, laakiin waxtar leh oo dhammaystiran oo ku saabsan mawduuca. * Hordhacyada badankooda ee si wanaagsan loo qoray waxay noqon kuwo ka dheer ilaa 100 eray, iyadoo hordhacyada badankooda ee [[Wikipedia:Featured articles|maqaallada la soo xulay]] ay ka kooban yihiin ilaa 250 ilaa 400 eray. Qaybaha hordhaca ah ee ka turjumaya ёr ballaarinaya qaybaha maqaallada kale waxaa lagaga hadlayaa [[Wikipedia:Summary style|Qaabka soo-koobidda]]. Heerarka saxafada ee qaybaha hordhaca ah waxaa lagu falanqeeyaa maqaalka [[News style|Qaabka wararka]]. ==Tifatiridda qaybta hordhaca== Isticmaalayaasha oo dhami waxay tifatiri karaan hordhaca iyagoo gujinaya xiriiriyaha tifatiridda ee maqaalka oo dhan. Sida caadiga ah, ma jiro xiriiriye tifatirid oo gaar ah oo loogu talagalay qaybta hordhaca ah, laakiin isticmaalayaasha diiwaangashan waxay ku heli karaan iyagoo awood u siinaya mid ёr labadaba [[Help:Preferences|dookhyada]] soo socda (labaduba waxay u baahan yihiin JavaScript): *{{myprefs|Gadgets|Appearance|check=Kudar xiriiriye [edit] ah qaybta hordhaca ah ee bogga}} *{{myprefs|Editing|General options|check=Awood u sii tifatiridda qaybta adigoo midigta ku gujinaya madaxyada qaybaha}} Beddelka kiis-arki ah oo aan u baahnayn in la beddelo dookhyada waa in la gujiyo badhanka tifatiridda ee mid ka mid ah qaybaha kale maqaalka dhexdiisa, ka dibna beddelo weedha ugu dambeysa ee URL-ka una beddelo "section=0" oo ku dhufo soo noqoshada. Taasi waxay furi doontaa qaybta hordhaca ah tifatirid. ==<span class="anchor" id="Comparison to news style"></span>Isbarbar dhigga hordhaca qaabka wararka== {{Shortcut|MOS:NOTLEDE|MOS:DONTTEASE}} Qaybaha hordhaca ah ee Wikipedia laguma qoro [[news style|qaabka wararka]]. In kasta oo ay jiraan xoogaa isku mid ah, sida in marka hore la geliyo macluumaadka ugu muhiimsan iyo in loo suurtogeliyo akhristaha kasta inuu fahmo mawduuca xataa haddii ay akhriyaan hordhaca oo keliya, waxaa jira xoogaa kala duwanaansho ah. [[Lead paragraph|Baaraagaraafka hordhaca ah]] (mararka qaarkood loo higaadiyo "[[wikt:lede#Etymology 2|lede]]"){{efn-ua|Eeg [[WP:NOTALEDE]] wadahadalkii hore ee sababta "lede" looga fogaado hagahan; marka la soo koobo: waxay bixisaa aragti khaldan oo ku saabsan ujeedada, dabeecadda, iyo qaabka hordhacyada Wikipedia.}} ee saxaafadda wargeysku waa soo-koobid la isku daray oo keliya xaqiiqooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee sheekada. Xaqiiqooyinkan aasaasiga ah mararka qaarkood waxaa loo tixraacaa sida "[[five Ws|shan W]]: ''yaa'', ''waxa'', ''goorma'', ''halka'', iyo ''sababta''". Hordhacyada saxaafaddu caadi ahaan waa hal ёr laba jumladood oo keliya oo dherer ah. Dhanka kale, maqaallada Wikipedia, jumlada koowaad waa caadi ahaan qeexitaan, hordhacu waa ka dheer yahay, oo ugu dambeyntii wuxuu bixiyaa macluumaad badan, maaddaama ujeeddadiisu ay tahay in la soo koobo maqaalka, ee aysan ahayn in la soo bandhigo oo keliya. {| class="wikitable" |+ Isbarbar dhigga hordhacyada saxaafadda iyo encyclopedia ee [[Bhopal disaster|masiibada Bhopal]] |- ! Hordhaca saxaafadda ! Hordhaca encyclopedia |- |width="50%" valign="top"|Gaaska sunta ah ee ka soo daadanaya warshad sunta cayayaanka ah oo ay leedahay Maraykanka oo ku taal bartamaha India ayaa dilay ugu yaraan 410 qof habeenimadii, dad badanna ay hurdaan, ayay saraakiishu yiraahdeen maanta. Ugu yaraan 12,000 ayaa la sheegay inay ku dhaawacmeen masiibada magaalada Bhopal, 2,000 oo ka mid ah эй la dhigay cusbitaalka. <br/><small>—Hazarika, Sanjoy (3 Disembar 1984) [http://www.nytimes.com/1984/12/04/world/gas-leak-in-india-kills-at-least-410-in-city-of-bhopal.html "Gas leak in city kills at least 410 in city of Bhopal"] ''The New York Times''</small> |width="50%" valign="top"|{{Transclude lead excerpt | Bhopal disaster | paragraphs= 1 | errors= | more=no}} |} ==Nadiifinta== Liiska fariimaha tamsallada ee la xiriira nadiifinta qaybaha hordhaca ah, eeg [[Template:Introduction cleanup templates]]. Tifatirayaasha waxaa lagu dhiirrigelinayaa inay hagaajiyaan hordhacyada halkii ay si fudud u calaamadin lahaayeen. ==Xusuusin== {{notelist-ua}} ===Xusuusin gaar ah oo sharraxaad ah=== <!-- In order to be able to display the content of the verbatim wikicode of the source article in the example of the Spanish-American War this special section was created, to avoid changing it with the use of ref which was necessary to be displayed with reflist--> {{notelist}} ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} pn7ozfn2ko8q5io1h9kt0lyfvk56kbh 10 53652 310815 2026-10-24T11:04:17Z Isma4l 41797 Bog loo bedeley [[Template:MoS guideline]] 310815 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:MoS guideline]] p7cltsbow5d8dfwe2c4yebl5pl89o42 4 53653 310819 2026-10-24T11:07:33Z Isma4l 41797 Bog loo bedeley [[Wikipedia:Buugga Hab qoraalka/Qaybta Hordhaca]] 310819 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Buugga Hab qoraalka/Qaybta Hordhaca]] nsllw99ws1ha89kkbbf5y53f0u2zfkx 0 53655 310826 2026-10-24T11:41:36Z 2RandomUsername 47349 2RandomUsername la wareejiyay bogga [[Somali Premier League]] ilaa [[Heerka Koowaad ee Soomaali]] iyadoo la dul mariyay sii toosin 310826 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Heerka Koowaad ee Soomaali]] {{Redirect category shell| {{R from move}} }} emzrab63l6b4crr1m8bk8fm3mwkjqzp