Wikipedia sowiki https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogga_Hore MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.24 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Portal Portal talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 4142 311199 309685 2026-10-26T20:42:27Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 311199 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Khilaafadii Cabaasiyiinta''' (Af-[[Carabi]] الدولة العباسية) Waa magaca looyaqaano Khilaafada islaamka iyo qoyskii labaad oo kala danbeeyay,waana silsilada xukun ee labaad ee ugu dheer Xukuumadaihii soo maray islaamka.waxaa ka dheeraa [[Dawlada Cosmaniya]] cabaasiyiintu waxa ay jabiyeen oo ka adkaadeen [[Khilaafadii Umawiyiinta]],waxa ay dabarjareen oo cidhibtireen dhamaan Qoys[[Khilaafadii Umawiyiinta|Umawiyiinta]], baaqigii kahadhay khilaafadii umiyiintu waxa uu u yaacay dhanka dhulkii la odhan jiray [[Andalus]] halkaas oo ay dawlad ka samysteen. {{Infobox Former Country | native_name = الخلافة العباسية | conventional_long_name = Khilaafda Cabaasiyiinta | common_name = خلافت عباسیہ | continent = Afroasia | region = مشرق وسطیٰ | status = | government_type = Khilaafo | life_span = 25 ta [[Janaayo]] 750-10 ka [[febraayo]] 1258 | year_start = 25 [[Janawari]] 750 | year_end = 10 [[Febraayo]] 1258 | p1 = Dowladii Umawiyiinta | flag_p1 = Umayyad Flag.svg | flag_p4 = | s1 = Boqortooyada tataarka | flag_s1 = | s2 = Dawladii faadumiyiinta | flag_s2 = Rectangular green flag.svg | s3 = Dawladii Mamaaliikta | flag_s3 = Mameluke Flag.svg | s4 = Safaariyiimta | flag_s4 = | image_map = Abbasid Caliphate most extant.png | image_map_caption = Abbasid Caliphate (light and dark green) at its greatest extent, c. 850. Territories in dark green were lost early on. | capital = [[Baqdaad]] | common_languages = [[Af-Carabi]], [[Af-Arman]],[[Af-Faarisi]] [[Af-Kurdi]], [[Af-Barbar]]; [[Af-Giriig]]; [[Af-Hebrow]]; [[Af-joorjiya]]; [[Af-Turki]].:: <ref>http://www.tarihimiz.net/v3/Haberler/Tarih/Abbasiler-devrinde-turklerin-etkinligi-ve-hizmetleri.html {{Wayback|url=http://www.tarihimiz.net/v3/Haberler/Tarih/Abbasiler-devrinde-turklerin-etkinligi-ve-hizmetleri.html |date=20120425235457 }} {{tr icon}} Abbasiler devrinde türklerin etkinliği ve hizmetleri</ref><ref>http://www.genbilim.com/content/view/4930/190/ {{Wayback|url=http://www.genbilim.com/content/view/4930/190/ |date=20130813212557 }} {{tr icon}} Abbasiler</ref><ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=http://lalishduhok.org/lalish/26/E/L%2026%20E%20_%202.pdf |access-date=2023-05-15 |archive-date=2008-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120130103/http://lalishduhok.org/lalish/26/E/L%2026%20E%20_%202.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | religion = [[Sunni islaam]] | currency = [[Diinaar Cabaasi]] | leader1 = [[Abuu cabaas alsafaax]] | year_leader1 = 750–754 | leader2 = [[Haaruun Alrashiid]] | year_leader2 = 786–809 | leader3 = [[ Mustansir bilaah]] | year_leader3 = 1261–1262 | leader4 = [[Mustacsim bilaah]] | year_leader4 = 1242–1258 | title_leader = [[Amiir al-mu'miniin]]¹ | stat_area1 = 10,000,000 | stat_pop1 = 50,000,000 | footnotes = ¹ [[Amiir mu’miniin]]، [[Khaliif]] | today = {{flag|Afghanistan}}<br />{{flag|Aljeeriya}}<br />{{flag|Andorra}}<br />{{flag|Armenia}}<br />{{flag|Azerbaijan}}<br />{{flag|Bahrain}}<br />{{flag|China}}<br />{{flag|Cyprus}}<br />{{flag|Masar}}<br />{{flag|France}}<br />{{flag|Georgia}}<br />{{flag|Gibraltar}} ([[Uk]])<br />{{flag|Greece}}<br />{{flag|Iran}}<br />{{flag|Ciraaq}}<br />{{flag|Israaiil}}<br />{{flag|Italy}}<br />{{flag|Jordan}}<br />{{flag|Kazakhstan}}<br />{{flag|Kuwait}}<br />{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}<br />{{flag|Lubnaan}}<br />{{flag|Liibiya}}<br />{{flag|Malta}}<br />{{flag|Morocco}}<br />{{flag| Cumaan}}<br />{{flag|Bakistaan}}<br />{{Falastiin}}<br />{{flag|Portugal}}<br />{{flag|Qatar}}<br />{{flag|Russia}}<br />{{flag| Saudi Arabia}}<br />{{flag|Spain}}<br />{{flag|Suuriya}}<br />{{flag|Tajikistan}}<br />{{flag|Tunisia}}<br />{{flag|Turkey}}<br />{{flag|Turkmenistan}}<br />{{flag| United Arab Emirates }}<br />{{flag|Uzbekistan}}<br /> {{flag|Yaman}} }} dawlada Cabaasiyiintu waxa ay ka aasaasay dad kasoojeeda kii ugu yaraa adeeradii [[Nabi Muxamed S.C.W.]] oo ahaa [[cabaas bin Cabdul mudalib]] ale raali haka noqdee, markii ay dawladan aasaasayeen waxa ay taakulo kaheleen.shacabkii looyaqaanay [[Furus|furuska]].kuwaas oo ay cadaawada ka dhexeeaysay [[Dowladii Umawiyiinta|Umawiyiinta]], sidoo kale cabaasiyiintu waxa ay adeegsadeen shiicada si ay uga taqalusaan [[Dowladii Umawiyiinta|Dawladii Umawiyiinta.]] Cabaasiyiinta kadib markii ay kacaankoodaas ku guulaysteen waxay dhiseen caasimaddoodii [[Baqdaad]] . Ayadoo noqotay magaalo kulansatay cilim iyo aqoonyahano, waxa ay xarun u hayd dawlad cabaasiyiinta ilaa ee [[tataarka]] ee ka dumiyaan khilaafda. Mudo 500 sano ee jireen cabaasiyiinta waxaa talada qabtay 37 khaliif oo ugu dambeeyay [[mustacsim bilaah]] oo dileen [[tataarka]] kadib waxey u guureen [[masar]] waxaana khilaafda sii jirtay [[1517]] markaas oo [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]] la wreegeen khilaafda. ==Asaaskii dawlada== === Dacwada Cabaasiyiinta === waxay bilaabatay Dacawada Cabaasiyiinta sanadkii [[100H]], waxaana dhidibada u aasay oo mudo maamulaayay [[muxamad bin cali|Muxamad bin Cali]] aabaha [[Abuu cabaas alsafaax|Abuu Cabaas]] iyo [[Abuu jacfar almansuur|Abuu Jacfar]], si qarsoodi ah ayaa dadka loogu yeeraayay inay garab istaagaan cabaasiyiinta, [[muxamad bin cali|Muxamad bin Cali]] wuxuu dhintay [[125H]] waxaana hogaaminta kaga dambeeyay wiilkiis [[Ibraahiim al imaam|ibraahiim Al-imaam]], markuu dhintay [[hishaam bin cabdilmalik|Hishaam bin Cabdi Malik]] 743 waxaa sii xumaatay xaalada [[Dowladii Umawiyiinta|Dawlada Umawiyiinta]], waxaa dawlada asiibay khilaaf gudaha ah, burbur iyo dhaqaalihii oo aad u xumaaday taas oo awood siisay xisbiyadii iyo Dhaqdhaqaaqyadii mucaaridka ahaa ee kasoo horjeeday jirtaankeeda, kuwaas oo ku baahsanaa dhulka dawlada gaar ahaan dhulalka [[Ciraaq]] iyo [[Iiraan]], Cabaasiyiinta oo ka faaideesanaya ayaa labalaabeen dacwada, [[129H]] ayuu amray [[Ibraahiim al imaam|ibraahiim Al-imaam]] in la muujiyo dacwada, [[abuu Muslim khuraasaani|Abuu Muslim Khuraasaani]] ayuuna u diray mandiqada [[Khuraasaan]], waxa uuna faray la dagaalanka umawiyiinta, [[Abuu Muslim khuraasaani|Abuu Muslim Khuraasaani]] waxa uu gaaray guulo badan meelo badan ayuu qabsaday, laakin waxaa dhacday khaliifka Umawiyiinta [[marwaan ximaar|Marwaan Ximaar]] inuu gacanta ku dhigo [[Ibraahiim al imaam|ibraahiim Al-imaam]] xabsigana dhigo, intaa la xerin [[Ibraahiim al imaam|ibraahiim Al-imaam]] wuxuu u dardaarmay [[Abuu cabaas alsafaax|Abuu Cabaas Al-Safaax]] inuu hor boodo dacwada una raro qoyskiisa [[Ciraaq]]. ===Curashada Dawlada Cabaasiyiinta === [[Ibraahiim al imaam|Ibraahiim Al-imaam]] xabsiga ayuu ku dhintay [[132H]], [[abuu cabaas alsafaax|Abuu Cabaas Al-Safaax]] wuxuu u guuray asaga iyo qooskiisa [[Kuufa]], [[Ciraaq]]. Kacdoonka Cabaasiyiinta wuxuu soo hooyay guulo badan [[Khuraasaan]] iyo [[Ciraaq]] ayaa ka baxday gacanta umawiyiinta, sanadkii [[132H]] ku beegan 750 miiladi ayaa [[abuu cabaas alsafaax|Abuu Cabaas Al-Safaax]] magaalada [[kuufa]] loogu doortay khaliifka cabaasiyiinta ee koowaad, waxa uu soo jeediyay [[Abuu cabaas alsafaax|Abuu Cabaas]] khudbad oo ku sheegay inay xaq u leeyihiin [[Khilaafada Islaamka|khilaafada]]. === Burburka Umawiyiinta === [[Abuu cabaas alsafaax|Abuu Cabaas]] waxa uu u xil saaray adeerkii [[cabdulaahi bin cali|Cabdulaahi bin Cali]] la dagaalanka [[marwaan ximaar|Marwaan Ximaar]] khaliifka ugu dambeeyay umawiyiinta oo ciidan badan aruursaday, waxey ku kulmeen [[dagaalkii zaab|Dagaalkii Zaab]], dagaalka oo aad u kululaa ayaa waxaa lagu jabiyay [[Dowladii Umawiyiinta|Umawiyiinta]] <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=</nowiki>https://brockhaus.de/ecs/enzy/article/abdallah-ibn-ali%7Cعنوان=معلومات عن عبد الله بن علي بن عبد الله على موقع brockhaus.de|ناشر=brockhaus.de|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021041602/https://brockhaus.de/ecs/enzy/article/abdallah-ibn-ali%7C<nowiki>}}</nowiki></ref>, [[marwaan ximaar|Marwaan Ximaar]] ayaa ka cararay meesha wuxuu tagay [[Dimishiq]] ka dib [[Masar]] ayuu sii aaday, [[cabdulaahi bin cali|Cabdulaahi bin Cali]] wuxuu awooday inuu galo [[Dimishiq]] waxa uuna ka geestay xasuuq ba'an oo ku bartimaameestay Qoyska Umawiyiinta iyo taageerayaashood. Cabaasiyiinta ayaa sii bursaday Marwaan [[saalax bin cali|Saalax bin Cali]] guuto uu watay ayaana loo diray inay daba galaan, waxey ku guuleesteen inay dilaan [[marwaan ximaar|Marwaan Ximaar]] == Taariikhda Dawlada == === xiliga cabaasiyiinta koowaad 750-861 === [[abuu cabaas alsafaax|Abuu Cabaas Al-Safaax]] wuxuu ku dhintay [[Anbaar]] 754, waxaana xilka kaga dambeeyay walaalkiis [[abuu jacfar almansuur|Abuu Jacfar Al-Mansuur]] kaas oo awooday inuu xididaha dawlada cusub adkeeyo waxa uu wajahday balaawgiisa kacdoono badan oo ka mid ahaa kacdoonka adeerkii [[Cabdulaahi bin Cali]] iyo kii [[Maxamad Nafsu zakiya]] kuwaas oo dhamaan ka wada takhalusay sidoo kale [[abuu Muslim khuraasaani|Abuu Muslim Khuraasaani]] ayuu dilay, waxa uuna sidaas ku noqday hogaamiya deysan, waxaa lagu tilmaamaa inuu ahaa aasaasaha rasmiga ee Cabaasiyiinta, magaalada [[Baqdaad]] ayuu dhisay intii u dhaxeesay 766 waxa uuna ka dhigay caasimadiisa cusub<ref name="مولد تلقائيا2">كتاب دليل خارطة بغداد المفصل - تأليف الدكتور مصطفى جواد والدكتور أحمد سوسة - مطبعة المجمع العلمي العراقي - بغداد - 1958 م. كتاب العباسيون الاوائل - تأليف الدكتور فاروق عمر فوزي - لندن -1977</ref>, sanadkii 775 ayuu [[Abuu jacfar almansuur|abuu jacfar]] dhintay xili uu gudanaayay [[xajka]], wiilkiis muxamad al-mahdi ayaa khilaafda qabtay waxa uuna sii waday hagaajinta dawlada iyo daneenta beeraha iyo dadka fuqarada 785 ayuu dhintay, Kadib markii uu dhintay [[Maxamad al-mahdi|Maxamad Al-mahdi]] sanadkii 785 waxa talada qabtay wiilkiisii [[Muusa al-Haadi|Musa al-Hadi]] laakiin xukunkiisu ma siidheeraan isna waxa uu geeriyooday sanadkii xigay ee 786, jagadana waxa ka dhaxlay walaalkii [[Haaruun Alrashiid]] haaruun waxa uu bilaabay in uu gudaha dawlada horumar kusameeyo, waxa uu dhisay Masaajido waawayn iyo qasriyo aad u bilicsan, waxaa lagu tilmaamaa waqtigiisa xiligii dahabiga ee dawlada<ref>كتاب "Islamic History- A New Interpretation" (مطبعة جامعة كمبريدج 1980م) للدكتور محمد عبد الحى شعبان، جامعة إكستر البريطانية أستاذ التاريخ الإسلامي ورئيس قسم اللغة العربية ومدير مركز دراسات الخليج العربي، ص 23</ref>, xiligigiisii ayay ahayd markii uguhoraysay ee dawladu ay isticmaasho Shamaca amaba ifka loogu talo galay in lagu qurxiyo wadooyinka waawayn iyo goobaha dawlada ee gaarka ah.waxaa hore u maray waxbarashada iyo Tiknoolejiga iyo cilmiga [[Xiddigis]]ka waxa la ikhtiraacay waxyaabo badan oo ay kamidtahay saacada biyaha, waxaa kale oo ay dawladu horumarisay [[beeraha]] iyo sidii loo sii horumarinlahaa waxa ay dawladu samaysay Buundooyin iyo biyo xidheeno waawayn iyo goobo loogu talagalay in beeraha lagawaraabiyo. [[Haaruun Alrashiid|Haaruun]] markii hore wuxuu ku tiirsanaa qoyska baraamika kuwaas oo arimaha dawlada u dhiibay, balse mar dambe ayuu ku jeestay oo laayay <ref>[http://www.islamstory.com/%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9-%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AF خلافة هارون الرشيد] {{Wayback|url=http://www.islamstory.com/%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9-%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AF |date=20200319163112 }}، قصة الإسلام، 24 شباط 2011. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319163112/http://islamstory.com/|date=19 مارس 2020}}</ref>, wuxuu ahaa haaruun inuu xiligii aabihiis weeraray [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|biriizanda]] asigoo ku qasbay inay jizyo bixiyaan, balse markii uu yimid [[nuqfuur]] wuxuu diiday jizyada haaruun ayaa ku duulay 806 waxa uuna gaarsiiyay khasaaro xun asigoona duldhigay nuqfuur shuruud adag<ref>هارون الرشيد, الخليفة المظلوم, ص 120- 121 , محمد الزين والشيخ محمد القطان, مكتبة السندس 1989</ref>, [[shaaralmaan]] imbiraadoorka rooman muqadaska ayaa la sameeyay [[Haaruun Alrashiid|haaruun]] xiriir saaxibtinimo, waxayna is dhaafsadeen safiiro iyo hadiyado <ref name="books.google.com2">[http://books.google.com/books?id=5qNgiv-ZOEAC&pg=PA179 ''Charlemagne, Muhammad, and the Arab roots of capitalism'' by Gene W. Heck] p.179-181 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227022505/https://books.google.com/books?id=5qNgiv-ZOEAC&pg=PA179|date=27 فبراير 2017}}</ref>. [[Haaruun Alrashiid|Haaruun al-rashiid]] waxa oo dhintay 193H\809. dhimashadiisa ka dib waxaa dhashay dagaal u dhaxeeya labadiis wiil [[Al-amiin|amiin]] iyo [[ma'muun]] oo qaatay afar sano ilaa markii dambe laga dilo [[Al-amiin|amiin]] 813 oona [[ma'muun]] xilka qabto <ref>[https://www.bawazir.com/Abbasid-caliphate/al-mamoun-bin-haroun-al-rasheed.htm عبد الله المأمون] {{Wayback|url=https://www.bawazir.com/Abbasid-caliphate/al-mamoun-bin-haroun-al-rasheed.htm |date=20200623062312 }}، موق أسرة آل باوزير، 24 شباط 2011. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623062312/http://www.bawazir.com/Abbasid-caliphate/al-mamoun-bin-haroun-al-rasheed.htm|date=23 يونيو 2020}} {{وصلة مكسورة|تاريخ=2020-08-02|bot=JarBot}}</ref>, waxa aad u hormaray waqtigii [[ma'muun]] culuumta waxaa laga soo tarjamay afafka [[Af-Faarisi|faarisiga]] [[Af-Giriiga|gariiga]] [[At suryaan|suryaaniga]] <ref>[http://terezia.org/section.php?id=633 الفكر السرياني وأثره على الفكر العربي] {{Wayback|url=http://terezia.org/section.php?id=633 |date=20160305171114 }}، موقع كنيسة القديسة تريزا في حلب، 24 شباط 2011. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315002645/http://terezia.org/section.php?id=633|date=15 مارس 2020}} {{وصلة مكسورة|تاريخ=2020-10-13|bot=JarBot}}</ref> [[ma'muun]] wuxuu ahaa inuu dhaxal suge ka dhigtay [[caliyu ridaa|Cali Ridaa]] oo ka mid ahaa calawiyiinta waxa uuna ku badalay astaantii cabaasiyiinta mida calawiyiinta, taas oo sababtay in dad badan ee ka caroodaan <ref>El–Hibri, “The Empire in Iraq”, ''Cambridge History of Islam'', <bdi>285–287, 407–408, 420</bdi>.</ref>, balse markuu dhintay [[caliyu ridaa|Cali Ridaa]] 203H waxa oo. ku soo laabtay astaanta cabaasiyiinta. [[Ma'muun]] wuxuu waayihiisa dambe ku qasbay culumada inee dhahaan [[Qur'aan|quraanka]] waa makhluuq taasi oo ah fikir [[Muctazilo|muctazilada]] qabaan waxa uuna imtixaanay dad badan<ref>[http://terezia.org/section.php?id=633 خلق القرآن وقدمه] {{Wayback|url=http://terezia.org/section.php?id=633 |date=20160305171114 }}، إسلام أون لاين، 24 شباط 2011. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315002645/http://terezia.org/section.php?id=633|date=15 مارس 2020}} {{وصلة مكسورة|تاريخ=2020-10-13|bot=JarBot}}</ref>, wuxuu dhintay [[ma'muun]] 218H\833 [[muctasim bilaah]] ayaana xilka qabtay, kaas oo xilka haayay 8 sano waxa oona waqti dheer ku bixiyay soo afjarida kacdoonkii [[Baabaka al-khurami|baabaka al khurami]] ee majuusiga ahaa <ref>[https://www.arab-ency.com/?module=pnEncyclopedia&func=display_term&id=4192 ثورة بابك الخرمي]، الموسوعة العربية، 24 شباط 2011. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623045514/https://www.arab-ency.com/?module=pnEncyclopedia&func=display_term&id=4192|date=23 يونيو 2020}}</ref>, [[Muctasim bilaah|muctasim]] waxa oo aad u badsaday ciidan turki ah <ref name="ReferenceA">في التاريخ العباسي والأندلسي، الدكتور [[أحمد مختار العبادي]] ص117</ref> [[baqdaad]] markay anfici weesay waxa oo dhisay magaalada [[samaara]] caasimad ayuuna ka yeeshay. imbiraadoorka biriizanda toofiil ayaa weeraro ku qaaday dhulka muslimiinta, [[Muctasim bilaah|muctasim]] oo ka jawaabaya ayaa sanadii 838 ku duulay [[camuuriya]] oo ahayd magaalada ugu muhiimsan [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|biriizanda]] waxa oona dudunshay gabi ahaanteedba <ref name="البداية والنهاية لابن كثير">[[البداية والنهاية لابن كثير]]</ref>, [[Muctasim bilaah|muctasim]] waxa oo dhintay 842, wiilkiis alwaasiq ayaa xilka uga dambeeyay wuxuuna dhintay asna 847, [[mutawakil cala laah|Mutawakil Cala laah]] ayaa xilka qabtay kaasi oo ahaa kii ugu dambeeyay khulafada cabaasiyiinta ee xooga lahaa, waxaa ugu caansan oo sameeyay waa inuu [[Muctazilo|Muctazilada]] qadka ka saaray [[Ahlu sunno waljamaaca|Alsunadana]] soo dhaweeyay, turkida ayaa dileen asaga iyo wasiirkiis [[fatax bin khaan|Fatax bin Khaan]] 247H\ 861 === Xiligii labaad ee Cabaasiyiinta 861-945 === dhimashada [[Mutawakil cala laah|Mutawakil]] kadib waxey gashay daciifnimo waxaana awooda oo dhan u gacan gashay talyaasha turkida, waxey ka yeesheen khulafada ciyaar ciyaar, [[Mutawakil cala laah|Mutawakil]] kadib waxey dileen afartii khaliif ee ku xigay kuwaas oo kala ahaa [[muntasir bilaah|Mustansir bilaah]], [[Mustaciin bilaah]], [[Muctaz bilaah]] iyo [[Muhtadi bilaah]], kadib waxaa la xilka qabtay [[almuctamad cala laah|Al-Muctamad cala laah]], sidoo kale waxaa sii batay kacdoonada ey wajajaheeso dawlada, waxaa ugu caansanaa [[Kacdoonkii zanj]], kaa oo bilaawday sanadkii 255H\869 waxeyna ka geestaan fasaad magaalooyin badan<ref>[http://www.hanein.info/vb/showthread.php?t=125521&page=1 ثورة الزنج في البصرة] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hanein.info/vb/showthread.php?t=125521&page=1 |date=20200328160336 }}، شبكة حنين، 28 شباط 2011. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328160336/http://www.hanein.info/vb/showthread.php?t=125521&page=1|date=28 مارس 2020}} {{وصلة مكسورة|تاريخ=2020-08-02|bot=JarBot}}</ref>, dawlada ayaa ku bixisay dadaal badan iyo qarashaad badan ilaa ay ka soo afjareen 270H\883, markuu yimid [[muctadad bilaah]] xilka 892, waxaa soo noolaatay heybada dawlada, wuxuuna sameeyay dhaqdhqaaq badan oo suura galiay inuu soo ceshado gobolada qaar ee weesay dawlada, wiilkiis [[Muktafi bilaah]] oo xilka uga dambeeyay ayaa meesha kasii waday dadaalada dib u soo celinta awooda dawlada, wuxuu dagaalo la galay [[Qaraamidada]] oo ahaayeen urur ddidanaa dawlada, markuu dhintay [[Muktafi biaah|Muktafi]] 908dii waxaa xilka qabtay [[Muqtadir bilaah]] oo ahaa canug yar 13jir ah, waxaa durbadii halaabay nadaamkii foodada ayaa soo laabatay, qaraamidada ayaa sii awoodeesteen sanadkii 317H xaramka ayee dadka xajinaayo ku laayaan [[Xajar aswad|Xajar aswadka]] ayeyna la baxeen oo qaateen waxaa la waayay cid xajisa, sidoo kale dawladaha goosanaayo ayaa aad u batay, [[Dawladii faadumiyiinta|Faadumiyiinta]] ayaa lawareegeen [[Magrib (Gobol)|Magrib]] 296H, dawladaha goostay waxaa ka mid ahaa [[Dawladii safaariyiinta|Safaariyiinta]], [[Dawladii saamaaniyiinta|saamaaniyiinta]], [[Dawladii Buweehiyiinta|Buweehiyiinta]], [[Dawladii xamadaaniyiinta|xamadaaniyiinta]] iyo [[Dawladii ikhsheediyiinta|ikhsheediyiinta]], faragalinta ee talyaasha ku haayaan dawlada ayaa korortay, muqtadir wuxuu wajahay sedex afgambi, kii ugu dambeeyay ayuu ku dhintay 320H, === Xlligii sedexaad ee Cabaasiyiinta (buweehiyiinta) 945-1055 === [[Dawladii Buweehiyiinta|Buweehiyiinta]] oo ahaayeen dawlad [[Shiica|shiico]] ah oo [[iiraan]] ka jirtay ayaa awoodeen inay qabsadaan [[Baqdaad]] 945 waxeyna ka dhigeen [[Khulafadii Cabaasiyiinta|khaliifka Cabaasiga]] sawir camal, awoodii maamulka oo dhan ayagaa qabsadeen, qaab dulinimo ayee kula dhaqmeen khulafada heer waxey gaareen ay khulafada midkee doonaan xilka ka qaadaan mid kalana keenaan <ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://islamstory.com/ar/artical/3408424/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%B3%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86 |access-date=2022-09-12 |archive-date=2022-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912150216/https://islamstory.com/ar/artical/3408424/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%B3%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>, Talyihii ugu horeeyay ee buweehiyiinta [[mucizu dawla|Mucizu Dawla]] wuxuu xilka ka siibay khaliifka Cabaasiga [[Mustakfi bilaah]] indhaha ayuuna ka riday ka dib xabsi buu galiyay ilaa uu ka dhintay<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|عنوان=التاريخ الأموي والعباسي|ناشر=مطبعة مركز جامعة القاهرة للتعليم المفتوح|مؤلف1=د. هاشم عبد الراضي|مؤلف2=أ.د. طه عبد المقصود أبو عُبَيّة|لغة=العربية|مكان=مصر|صفحة=211</ref>. Fitnada ayaa meel kasta ka bilaabatay, dawlada dhan waxey gashay daganaan la'aan, mar ay buweehiyiinta iyo xamadaaniyiinta is dagaalaan iyo mar ay daylam iyo turkida gudaha [[baqdaad]] isku dagaalaan, waqtigii [[cadudu dawla|Cadudu Dawla]] (367H-373H) xoogaa jawiga wuu dagay, laankin markuu dhintay fitnadii wey soo noqotay ilmihiis ayaa xilka isku qabsadeen, boqorkii [[Salaajiqada waaween|Salaajiqada]] [[Dogrol bek]] ayaa damac ka galay ciraaq, waxa uu la soo dhaqaaqay ciidan turki ah oo fara badan, dagaal culus ka dib [[baqdaad]] ayuu galay, waxa uuna soo dhameeyay xukunkii Buweehiyiinta<ref name=":2">{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://resalapost.com/2021/03/21/%d8%a7%d8%ac%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ac%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%b2%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%b7%d8%ba%d8%b1%d9%84-%d8%a8%d9%83-%d9%88%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b3/|عنوان=د{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. علي محمّد الصلابيّ - اجتماع السلاجقة على زعامة طغرل بك وتوسع دولتهم|موقع=رسالة بوست|لغة=ar|تاريخ الوصول=2021-05-23|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322095229/https://resalapost.com/2021/03/21/%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B2%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%B7%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%83-%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3/%7C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE أرشيف=2021-03-22</ref> === Xilligii afaraad ee cabaasiyiinta (salaajiqada) 1055-1157 === Sanadkii 1055 ayuu [[Dogrol bek]] soo galay [[Baqdaad]] waxaana loo caleemo saaray Suldaan<ref>[http://www.islamstory.com/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%82%D8%A9 الدولة السلجوقية] {{Wayback|url=http://www.islamstory.com/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%82%D8%A9 |date=20200308171537 }}، قصة الإسلام، 1 آذار 2011. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308171537/http://islamstory.com/|date=8 مارس 2020}}</ref>, [[Khulafadii Cabaasiyiinta|Khaliifka Cabaasiyiinta]] ee waqtigaas wuxuu ahaa [[al-qaaim bi amri laah|Al-Qaaim bi amri laah]], [[Salaajiqada waaween|Salaajiqada]] waxba kama duwaneen [[Dawladii Buweehiyiinta|Buweehiyiinta]] oo wax awood ah uma ogoleen khulafada balse xushmad fiican bay u haayeen maadaama ay ahaayeen kuwa suni ah, xukunkii [[Salaajiqada waaween|Salaajiqada]] aad buu u balaartay waxey ka qabsadeen [[Dawladii faadumiyiinta|Faadumiyiinta]] [[Shaam]]<ref name="]بلاد الشام">كتاب "تاريخ السلاجقة في بلاد الشام" ص28 وص29.</ref> sidoo kale [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|Dawlada Ruum]] ayee ku jabiyeen [[dagaalkii mulaadkarad|Dagaalkii Mulaadkarad]] 1071, dhulka [[Anatooliya|Anadool]] ayee gudaha u galeen ilaa [[Izniik|Niiqiya]], waqtigii [[Suldaan Malik shaah|Malik Shaah]] ayee gaareen [[Salaajiqada waaween|Salaajiqada]] heerkii ugu sareeyay ee awooda, waziirkiisa [[Nadaamul Mulki]] ayaa lagu xasuustaa sida uu aqoonta u taageeri jiray iyo dugsiyadii badnaa uu dhisay ee loogu magacdaray, [[Suldaan Malik shaah|Malik Shaah]] markuu dhintay 1092 waxaa bilaawday dagaalo lgu hoobtay oo dhex mara wiilashiis [[burkiyaaruuq|Barkiyaaruuq]] iyo [[Maxamuud bin malik shaah|Maxamuud]] <ref>{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.hadigh.al-eman.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%20%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86%20%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%89%20%D8%A8%D9%80%20%C2%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1%20%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A3%20%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%20%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AC%D9%85%20%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%20%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%20%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%85%20%D9%85%D9%86%20%D8%B0%D9%88%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1%C2%BB%20(%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AE%D8%A9%20%D9%85%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AD%D8%A9)/%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%20%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%20%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%20%D9%88%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%20%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%87%20%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF./i863&d1155166&c&p1|عنوان=فصل: وفاة السلطان ملك شاه وملك ابنه محمود.{{!}}نداء الإيمان|موقع=www.hadigh.al-eman.com|تاريخ الوصول=2020-11-15|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115142321/http://www.hadigh.al-eman.com/الكتب/تاريخ%20ابن%20خلدون%20المسمى%20بـ%20«العبر%20وديوان%20المبتدأ%20والخبر%20في%20أيام%20العرب%20والعجم%20والبربر%20ومن%20عاصرهم%20من%20ذوي%20السلطان%20الأكبر»%20(نسخة%20منقحة)/وفاة%20السلطان%20ملك%20شاه%20وملك%20ابنه%20محمود./i863&d1155166&c&p1|تاريخ أرشيف=15 نوفمبر 2020</ref>. Waxyaabaha casrigaan uu la gaar yahay waa bilaabashada [[weerarada saliibiyiinta|Weerarada Saliibiyiinta]], sanadkii 1097 ayuu soo gaaray [[Shaam]] [[weerarkii koowaad ee saliibiyiinta]] waxeyna qabseed magaalooyin badan oo ka mid tahay [[Qudus]] ka dib xasuuq arxan daro oo ka geesteen<ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|الأخير1=Fulk (or Fulcher) of Chartres, "Gesta Francorum Jerusalem Expugnantium [The Deeds of the Franks Who Attacked Jerusalem]"|الأول1=republished|editor1-last=Krey|editor1-first=August C.|editor2-last=Duncan|editor2-first=Frederick|عنوان=Parallel Source Problems in Medieval History|تاريخ=1912|ناشر=Harper & Brothers|مكان=New York|صفحات=109–115|مسار=</nowiki>http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/cde-jlem.html#fulcher1%7Cتاريخ الوصول=14 June 2019|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814175951/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/cde-jlem.html%7Cتاريخ أرشيف=14 أغسطس 2014}}</ref><ref><nowiki>&lt;nowiki&gt;{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</</nowiki>[[وليم الصوري|الصوري، وليم]]|مؤلف2=ترجمة: د. حسن حبشي|عنوان=الحُرُوب الصليبيَّة|المجلد=الجُزء الثاني|صفحة=127 - 128|سنة=[[1992]]|ناشر=[[الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب|الهيئة المصريَّة العامَّة للكتاب]]|مكان=[[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|مسار=https://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=https://books-library.net/files/books-library.net-01181305Hr4A5.pdf&hl=ar%7Cمسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228164042/https://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=https://books-library.net/files/books-library.net-01181305Hr4A5.pdf&hl=ar%7Cتاريخ أرشيف=28 ديسمبر 2021</ref>, saliibiyiinta waxey ka dhiseen shaam afar imaaradood. Khilaafaadka u dhaxeeya qoyska [[Salaajiqada waaween|salaajiqada]] ayaa sii kordhay dagaalo aa tiro lahayna wey dhexmareen dhowr jeer ayaa la go'doomiyay [[baqdaad]], [[Mustarshid bilaah]] khaliifka cabaasiyiinta ayaa isku dayay inuu soo ceshado awooda khulafada, wuxuu bilaabay olole ka dhan ah salaajiqada balse sanadkii 1135 ayaa lagu jabiyay dagaal uu la galay suldaan [[Mascuud bin maxamad bin malik shaah|Mascuud]], gacanta ayaana lagu dhigay waana la dilay<ref>[http://www.hanein.info/vb/showthread.php?t=118017&page=1 المسترشد بالله] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hanein.info/vb/showthread.php?t=118017&page=1 |date=20200328160330 }}، موقع حنين، 6 آذار 2011. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328160330/http://www.hanein.info/vb/showthread.php?t=118017&page=1|date=28 مارس 2020}} {{وصلة مكسورة|تاريخ=2020-08-02|bot=JarBot}}</ref> wiilkiis [[Al-raashid bilaah|Al-raashid]] oo xilka uga dambeeyay ayaa sii amba qaaday ololihii ka dhanka ahaa salaajiqada asna waa laga adkaaday<ref>[https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&ID=4769&idfrom=0&idto=0&flag=1&bk_no=60&ayano=0&surano=0&bookhad=0 أمير المؤمنين الراشد بالله]، إسلام ويب، 6 آذار 2011. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623041658/https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&ID=4769&idfrom=0&idto=0&flag=1&bk_no=60&ayano=0&surano=0&bookhad=0|date=23 يونيو 2020}} </ref>. === Xiliga shanaad ee cabaasiyiinta 1157-1258 === [[Muqtafi bi amri laah]] ayaa rumeeyay dadaaladii khulafada ka horeeyay, heybadii khilaafda ayuu xoogaa soo celiay, wuxuu ka dhigay khilaafada mid xur u ah maamulka [[Baqdaad]] iyo deegaanada ku hareersan, halka gobolada kale ay u raacsanaayeen Cabaasiyiinta magac ahaan, sanadkii 1171 [[Masar]] ayaa looga khudbeeyay cabaasiyiinta kadib markii ay dhacday [[dawladii faadumiyiinta|Dawladii Faadumiyiinta]]. [[Dawlada ayuubiyiinta|Ayuubiyiinta]] oo horkacaayay [[Salaaxudiin al-Ayyuubi|Salaaxudiin Ayuubi]] ayaa dagaalo la galeen saliibiyiinta waxeyna ka xoreryeen [[Qudus]] iyo deegaano badan 1187, sidoo kale waxey hor istaageen [[weerarkii sedexaad ee saliibiyiinta|Weerarkii Sedexaad ee Saliibiyiinta]] <ref>[http://www.discover-syria.com/bank/118 الأيوبيون]، اكتشف سوريا، 3 آذار 2011. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525093119/http://www.discover-syria.com/|date=25 مايو 2020}}</ref> [[Tataarka]] wuxuu ahaa inuu dhisay sanadkii 1206 dawlad awood badan oo qabsatay badanaa dhulka [[Yuruaasiya|yuro-aasiya]] oo ku jirto [[Shiinaha]] iyo [[Ruushka]], waxa uu burburiyay [[Dawladii khawaarzimiyiinta]] ee islaamiga ahayd 1220dii, intaas ka dib [[Khulafadii Cabaasiyiinta|Khulafada Cabaasiyiinta]] cabsi xoogan ayaa soo food saartay, sanadkii 1242 waxaa [[Khilaafada Islaamka|khilaafada]] qabtay khaliif daciif ahaa oo [[Mustacsim bilaah]] la dhaho, wuxuu waziir ka dhigtay [[ibnu calqami]] oo xirirr dhaw la lahaa [[Tataarka]], wasiirkan ayaa ku kacay khayaano wuxuu u fududeeyay [[Tataarka]] inay qabsadaan [[baqdaad]], hogaamiyihii [[Tataarka]] [[Huulaaku Khan|Howlaakuu]] ayaa ciidan badan soo hor dhoobay [[Baqdaad]] 5ta [[Febraayo|febraay]] 1258, waxeyna ka hareereeyeen magaalada dhinac walba, khaliifka ayaa isku dayay wadahadalo balse [[Huulaaku Khan|Howlaakuu]] wuu ka diiday, waxeyna galeen magaalada 10ka [[Febraayo|Febraay]] ayagoo ka geestay xasuuq aa horay loo arag, tiro kor u dhaafeeso labo milyan oo qof ayee dileen oo ku jiro khaliifkii [[Baqdaad]] [[Mustacsim bilaah]]<ref>[https://www.strategypage.com/articles/default.asp?target=mongol.htm&target=mongol.htm جيوش المغول حتى معركة عين جالوت (بالإنجليزية)]، موقع صفحة استراتيجية، 6 آذار 2011. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222032735/https://www.strategypage.com/articles/default.asp?target=mongol.htm&target=mongol.htm|date=22 ديسمبر 2019}}</ref><ref>[http://www.aljahraa.com/home/2010-05-18-11-30-10/286-%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A.html سقوط بغداد نهاية الحضارة] {{Wayback|url=http://www.aljahraa.com/home/2010-05-18-11-30-10/286-%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A.html |date=20120118124832 }}، الجهراء الثقافية، 6 آذار 2011. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118124832/http://www.aljahraa.com/home/2010-05-18-11-30-10/286-%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A.html|date=18 يناير 2012}}</ref>. ==Cabaasiyiinta Masar== [[Dawlada ayuubiyiinta|Ayuubiyiinta]] waxey dhamaatay dawladooda 1250 waxaana badalay [[Dawladii Mamaaliikta|mamaaliikta]] oo ahaayeen asal ahaan adoomo, xukuumada mamaaliikta ayaa awooday iney ku jabiso [[Tataarka]] [[Macrakadii Ceyn Jaaluut|Dagaalkii Ceynu Jaaluut]] 3 [[Sebteembar|Sebetembar]] 1260 dhulka [[Shaam]] ayeena ka xoreryeen, sidaas ayee uga badbaadiyeen [[Islaam|islaamka]] halistii [[tataarka]]. waxaa soo gaaray [[masar]] axmad oo walaal la ahaa khaliifka cabaasiyiinta [[Mustansir bilaah|mustansir]], suldaan [[Daahir beebaris|daahir Beebaris]] ayaa soo dhaweeyay waxaa loo doortay khaliif 1261dii, [[Axmad al-mustansir|mustansir]] ayaa asna loogu yeeray, suldaanka ayaa siiyay ciidamo badan soo u soo ceshado [[baqdaad]], balse isla sanadkaas dagaal oo la galay [[tataarka]] ayaa lagu waayay <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مسار=</nowiki>https://archive.org/download/olomnasb_ymail_20160508/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AC%D8%B1%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%81.pdf%7Cعنوان=بحر الأنساب المسمى بالمشجر الكشاف|تاريخ=|موقع=المدينة المنورة|ناشر=مكتبة الملك عبدالعزيز بالمدينة المنورة (مخطوط) - إضافة النسابة اللغوي محمد بن مرتضى الزبيدي الحسيني|مكان=المنلكة العربية السعودية|تاريخ الوصول=|الأخير=الحسيني النجفي|الأول=إبن عميد|</ref><ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=</nowiki>http://alalbayt.com/?p=1110%7Cعنوان=موقع {{Wayback|url=http://alalbayt.com/?p=1110%7Cعنوان=موقع |date=20190413084955 }} آل البيت يخاطب آل البيت حول العالم » جذوة الاقتباس في نسب بني العباس|موقع=alalbayt.com|تاريخ الوصول=2018-11-28|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413084955/http://alalbayt.com/?p=1110%7C</ref>. Waxaa sidoo kale yimid axmad bin xasan oo ka mid ahaa qoyska cabaasiyiinta khaliif ayaa loo doortay [[Axmad al-mustansir|mustansir]] kadib waxa loogu yeeray [[Al-Xaakim bi amri laah.|xaakim bi amri laah]]. Cabaasiyiinta [[masar]] aad bay u yareed inay soo fara gishadaan arimaha siyaasada kaliya doorkood wuxuu ku ekaa inay xoojiyaan sharcnimada salaadiinta mamaaliikta kuwaas oo heysteen awooda maamulka, suldaanka wuxuu u baahnaa inuu ka helo aqoonsi xaga khaliifka Khilaafada cabaasiyiinta ee [[masar]] waxey jirtay ilaa 1517 markaas oo suldaanka [[cusmaaniyiinta]] [[Saliim koowaad|saliim]] uu dumiyay xukunka [[Dawladii Mamaaliikta|mamaaliikta]] ee ka jiray [[shaam]] iyo [[masar]], khaliifka ugu dambeeyay cabaasiyiinta [[mutawakil cala laah sedexaad]] ayaa uga dagay khilaafada suldaan [[Saliim koowaad|saliim]]. Guud ahaan [[cabaasiyiinta masar]] waxey jireen 256 sano waxaana khilaafada qabtay 17 khaliif. ==Khulafada Cabaasiyiinta== [[File:Abbasids.png|thumb|]] {| width=75% class="wikitable" ! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=1% | # ! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=5% | khaliifka ! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=5% | mudada xilka |- | 1||align="center"| [[abuu cabaas alsafaax|Abuu Cabaas Al-Safaax]] || align="center" |750-754 |- | 2||align="center"| [[abuu jacfar almansuur|Abuu Jacfar Al-Mansuur]] || align="center" |754-775 |- | 3||align="center"| [[Maxamad al-mahdi|Maxamad al-Mahdi]]|| align="center" |775-786 |- | 4||align="center"| [[Muusa al-haadi|Muusa Al-Haadi]]|| align="center" |786-787 |- | 5||align="center"| [[Haaruun Alrashiid|Haaruun Al-Rashiid]]|| align="center" |787-809 |- | 6||align="center"| [[Al-amiin|Maxamad Al-Amiin]]|| align="center" |809-814 |- | 7||align="center"| [[Ma'muun]]|| align="center" |814-833 |- | 8||align="center"| [[Muctasim bilaah]] || align="center"|833 842 |- | 9||align="center"| [[alwaasiq bilaah|Al-Waasiq bilaah]]|| align="center"|842-847 |- | 10||align="center"| [[mutawakil cala laah|Mutawakil Cala laah]]|| align="center"|847-862 |- | 11||align="center"| [[Muntasir bilaah]] || align="center"| 862-862 |- | 12||align="center"| [[Mustaciin bilaah]] || align="center"| 862-866 |- | 13||align="center"|[[Muctaz bilaah]] || align="center"| 866-869 |- | 14||align="center"| [[Muhtadi bilaah]]|| align="center" | 869-870 |- | 15||align="center"| [[Muctamad cala laah]]|| align="center" | 870-892 |- | 16||align="center"| [[Muctadad cala laah]]|| align="center" |892-908 |- | 17||align="center"| [[Muktafi bilaah]]|| align="center" | 902-908 |- | 18||align="center"| [[al muqtadir bilaah|Al-Muqtadir bilaah]] || align="center"| 908-932 |- | 19||align="center"| [[alqaahir bilaah]] || align="center"|932-934 |- | 20||align="center"| [[al raadi bilaah]] || align="center"|934-940 |- | 21||align="center"| [[al mutaqi lilaah]]|| align="center"| 940-944 |- | 22||align="center"| [[al mustakfi bilaah]] || align="center"|944-946 |- | 23||align="center"| [[al mudiic lilaah]]|| align="center"|946-974 |- | 24||align="center"| [[al daaic lilaah]] || align="center"|974-991 |- | 25||align="center"| [[al qaadir bilaah]]|| align="center"|991-1031 |- | 26||align="center"| [[al qaaim bi amri laah]]|| align="center"|1031-1075 |- | 27||align="center"| [[al muqtadi bi amri laah]] || align="center"|1075 -1094 |- | 28||align="center"| [[al mustadhir bilaah]] || align="center"|1094-1118 |- | 29||align="center"| [[al mutarshid bilaah]]|| align="center"|1118-1135 |- | 30||align="center"| [[al raashid bilaah]]|| align="center"|1135-1136 |- | 31||align="center"| [[al muqtafi li amri laah]] || align="center"|1136-1160 |- | 32||align="center"| [[almustanjid bilaah]]|| align="center"|1160-1170 |- | 33||align="center"| [[almustadii bilaah]]|| align="center"|1170-1180 |- | 34||align="center"| [[al naasir lidiini laah]] || align="center"|1180-1225 |- | 35||align="center"|[[al daahir bilaah]]|| align="center"|1225-1226 |- | 36||align="center"| [[mustansir bilaah]]|| align="center"|1226-1242 |- | 37||align="center"|[[mustacsim bilaah]] || align="center"|1242-1258 |} ==Xigasho== [[Category:Taariikhda Ciraaq]] [[Category:Islaam]] [[Category:Taariikh]] 22jkr1aan9e2fnm38a1kg88cgio5bgt 0 6713 311206 295114 2026-10-27T06:45:28Z ~2026-57304-63 48032 311206 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Post-socialist Somalia military factions (early 90s).png|thumb|jabhadaha Soomaaliyeed]] '''USC''', waxey eheedes urur siyaasadeed oo ka jirtay dalka [[Soomaali]] xaq u dirir ah oo riday nidaam kii regime maxamed siyad bare lkn qabqab lahaal dagaal oo hab qabiil ahaana u daagalamayay ayaa jabhadayn ku bilabay mudane gen caydiid o O uu ugu horeyo xukuumadii Manafeesto Jifoyinka: *1=Hqbar GIDIR *2=Murusade *3=Abgaal *4=Xawadle *5=duduble 54jtlpdto9mta2yh5v7rku6m30t6tmg 311207 311206 2026-10-27T06:48:13Z ~2026-57304-63 48032 311207 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Post-socialist Somalia military factions (early 90s).png|thumb|jabhadaha Soomaaliyeed]] '''USC''', waxey eheed urur siyaasadeed oo ka jirtay dalka [[Soomaali]] xaq u dirir ah oo riday nidaam kii regime maxamed siyad bare lkn qabqab lahaal dagaal oo hab qabiil ahaana u daagalamayay ayaa jabhadayn ku bilabay mudane gen caydiid o O uu ugu horeyo xukuumadii Manafeesto Jifoyinka: *1=Hqbar GIDIR *2=Murusade *3=Abgaal *4=Xawadle *5=duduble *6= soomali weyn aex9ifwfn45k0mnyikzj72vlynw1yzc 311208 311207 2026-10-27T06:48:40Z ~2026-57304-63 48032 311208 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Post-socialist Somalia military factions (early 90s).png|thumb|jabhadaha Soomaaliyeed]] '''USC''', waxey eheed urur siyaasadeed oo ka jirtay dalka [[Soomaali]] xaq u dirir ah oo riday nidaam kii regime maxamed siyad bare lkn qabqab lahaal dagaal oo hab qabiil ahaana u daagalamayay ayaa jabhadayn ku bilabay mudane gen caydiid o O uu ugu horeyo xukuumadii Manafeesto Jifoyinka: *1=Hqbar GIDIR *2=Murusade *3=Abgaal *4=Xawadle *5=duduble 7gcdp3139kzff6998ubtrr12euod54u 311209 311208 2026-10-27T09:48:58Z Isma4l 41797 311209 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox political party | colorcode = {{party color|United Somali Congress}} | name = Golaha Midnimada Soomaaliyeed | leader1_title = Taliyaha/Hoggaamiyaha | leader1_name = [[Maxamed Faarax Caydiid]],<ref>{{cite news|title=United Nations Consolidated Inter-Agency Appeal for Somalia|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/library/appeals/som99.pdf|publisher=[[OCHA]]|date=1998|access-date=May 23, 2007|archive-date=September 27, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190021/http://www.reliefweb.int/library/appeals/som99.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br /> | native_name = Golaha Midnimada Soomaaliyeed | logo = File:USC emblem.svg | foundation = {{Start date and age|1987}} | dissolution = {{End date and age|2000}} | affiliation1_title = Kooxda | affiliation1 = [[Hawiye]] | headquarters = [[Muqdisho]] | ideology = [[Dagaal ka dhan ah shantiimada|Kacaan-diid maantiilayn (Anti-communism)]]<br> [[Siyaad Barre|Siyaad Barre-diid]]<br>[[Hawiye|Danta Hawiye]] <br> [[Wadaniyadda Soomaaliyeed]]<br> [[Soomaaliweyn]] | international = | colours = {{Color box|{{party color|United Somali Congress}}|border=darkgray}} [[Madow|Cagaar]] | country = Soomaaliya }} '''Golaha Midnimada Soomaaliyeed''' ('''USC''', {{Langx|so|Golaha Midnimada Soomaaliyeed}}) wuxuu ahaa mid ka mid ah ururradii jabhadaha waaweynaa ee ka jiray [[Soomaaliya]]. Waxaa la aasaasay 1989-kii, wuxuuna door muhiim ah ka qaatay raggidii dowladdii [[Maxamed Siyaad Barre|Siyaad Barre]] ee 1991-kii. Ka dib dagaallo hoose oo dhexmaray, USC wuxuu ka dib u kala jabay laba garab oo ay hoggaaminayeen [[Maxamed Faarax Caydiid]] iyo [[Cali Mahdi Maxamed]]. Labadaba Cali Mahdi iyo Caydiid waxay sheegteen inay hoggaaminayaan dowlado midnimo qarameed, mid kastana wuxuu u tartamayay inuu hoggaamiyo dib-u-dhiska dowladdii Soomaaliya.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Ingiriis |first=Mohamed Haji |title=The Suicidal State in Somalia : The Rise and Fall of the Siad Barre Regime (1969-1991) |publisher=UPA |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-7618-6719-7 |oclc=951539094}}</ref> Isku day ay ku doonayeen inay ku ballaariyaan taageerada saldhigyadooda iyagoo gaashaanbuursanaya kooxo kale oo hubaysan iyo kooxo siyaasadeed, garabkii USC ee Caydiid wuxuu u isbeddelay garabka [[Isbahaysiga Qaranka Soomaaliyeed]] (SNA), halka garabkii Mahdi wuxuu noqday [[Isbahaysiga Badbaadinta Soomaaliyeed]] (SSA). Markay taariikhdu ahayd 2000, markii la aasaasay [[Dowladda Kumeelgaarka ah]] (TNG), waxaa la bilaabay geeddi-socod ka-dhigista hubka, waxaana hoggaamiyayaashii hore ee USC ka mid ah lagu daray maamulkii cusub ee kumeelgaarka ahaa. == Taariikh == [[File:USC 1990 Political Programme.png|thumb|Barnaamijka Siyaasadeed ee USC ee 1990]] [[File:USC 1990 Political Programme.jpg|thumb|Barnaamijka Siyaasadeed ee USC ee 1990]] Dhammasadkii 1980-aadkii, maamulkii Barre wuxuu noqday mid aad u saameyn badan oo la neceb yahay. Dowladda waxay qaadatay hannaan aad u adag, jabhado uu dhiirrigelinayo maamulkii Hantiwadaagga ee [[Etiopia|Etoobiya]] ee [[Derg]] ayaa ka dhashay dalka dhan.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Biddle |first=Stephen D |title=Nonstate warfare : the military methods of guerillas, warlords, and militias |date=26 July 2022 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-21666-9 |page=184 |oclc=1328017938 }}</ref> Maadaama uu ahaa xubin ka tirsan qabiilka [[Hawiye]], ofisiyaal sare oo dowladeed iyo ciyaaryahan milatari oo khibrad leh, Caydiid waxaa loo arkay doorasho dabiici ah oo lagu caawinayo hoggaaminta ololaha milatari ee Golaha Midnimada Soomaaliyeed ee ka dhanka ah maamulka, markaana si dhakhso ah ayaa looga dhaadhiciyay inuu ka soo tago [[New Delhi]] oo uu ku laabto Soomaaliya.<ref name=":8" /> === Aasaaskii === Saldhiggeedu uu u badnaa qabiilka [[Hawiye]], Golaha Midnimada Soomaaliyeed waxaa lagu aasaasay magaalada [[Ruma|Rome]] 7 Janaayo 1989-kii iyadoo uu aasaasay [[Cali Maxamed Osoble|Cali Maxamed Osoble (Cali Wardhiigley)]], oo ahaa madaxweyne ku xigeenkii [[Jabhaddeynta Dhaqdhaqaaqa Qaranka Soomaaliyeed]] (SNM) ee Isaaqu hoggaaminayay 1984 ilaa 1987.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Bakonyi |first1=Jutta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-QjKAwAAQBAJ&dq=usc+copied+snm&pg=PA46 |title=A Micro-Sociology of Violence: Deciphering patterns and dynamics of collective violence |last2=Guevara |first2=Berit Bliesemann de |date=2014-06-11 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-97796-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Clapham |first=Christopher S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mkeCIJQwPkEC&dq=ali+wardhigley+1987&pg=PA76 |title=African Guerrillas |date=1998 |publisher=James Currey |isbn=978-0-85255-815-7 |language=en}}</ref> USC waxay tusaale ka qaadatay qaab-dhismeedka ururka iyo hannaanka abaabulka ee SNM,<ref name=":0" /> intii ka dhimanayd dagaalkana, SNM waxay gawaarida hawada iyo hub muhiim ah iyo rasaas ka taageeri jirtay USC, kuwaas oo USC aysan awoodin inay si fudud ku hesho.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O6xb2c8b6uoC&q=snm+leadership+was+generous+enough |title=The Weekly Review |date=1993 |publisher=Stellascope Limited |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dualeh |first=Hussein Ali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXYwAQAAIAAJ&q=snm+airlift+usc |title=From Barre to Aideed: Somalia : the Agony of a Nation |date=1994 |publisher=Stellagraphics Limited |isbn=978-9966-834-40-9 |language=en}}</ref> Ingasta oo xubnaheeda badankood ay marka hore ka bilaabeen xulafo ka tirsan [[SODAF]], [[Jabhadda Badbaadinta Dimoqraadiga Soomaaliyeed|SSDF]] iyo [[Jabhaddeynta Dhaqdhaqaaqa Qaranka Soomaaliyeed|SNM]], USC ee Rome waxay lahayd barnaamij siyaasadeed iyada u gaar ah oo bixinaya hab baahsan oo lagaga jawaabayo cabashada sii kordhaysa ee ka dhanka ah dowladda dhexe ka dib 10 sano oo mucaaradato jabhadeed ah.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Society, Security, Sovereignty and the State in Somalia From Statelessness to Statelessness? |year=1992 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5vVyAAAAMAAJ&dq=multi-party&pg=PA208 |page=208 |isbn=9789057270383 |last1=Brons |first1=Maria |publisher=International Books |access-date=March 9, 2023 |archive-date=May 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518122900/https://books.google.com/books?id=5vVyAAAAMAAJ&dq=multi-party&pg=PA208 |url-status=live }}</ref> <blockquote>"USC waxay habayn doontaa siyaasadaha qaranka, xeeladaha iyo qorshayaasha hawlgalka si si hufan loo aasaaso oo loo adkeeyo Dowladda Dhexe ee Federaalka ah iyo baarlamaan kuraas la doortay oo si dhab ah u matala dhammaan muwaadiniinta Soomaaliyeed. Sidoo kale aasaasidda mabda'a maamul goboleedka u gaarka ah. Tani waxay caawin doontaa in la dhiso maamul baahsan oo nidaamsan oo loogu talagalay hay'adaha dowladda ayna taageerto qorshaynta iyo go'aan-qaadashada maxalliga ah, dadaallada bulshada iyo ka-qaybgalka taas oo dambeyntii horseedi doonta in dadku isku ku kalsoonaadaan dhinacyada oo dhan ee siyaasadda, bulshada iyo dhaqaalaha"</blockquote> Garabka ciidanka ee USC waxaa la aasaasay dhamaadkii 1989-kii magaalada [[Mustahiil]], oo ah deegaan Hawiye oo ka tirsan [[Etiopia|Etoobiya]], waxaana hoggaaminayay [[Seneraal|General]] [[Maxamed Faarax Caydiid]] ilaa uu ka dhimanayo 1996-kii.<ref name="UNappA">{{Citation |mode=cs1 |section=Appendix A: Main Events in Somalia's History |page=105 |title=United Nations Consolidated Inter-Agency Appeal for Somalia |publisher=[[OCHA]] |location=Geneva |date=December 1998 |url=http://www.reliefweb.int/library/appeals/som99.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040124205607/http://www.reliefweb.int/library/appeals/som99.pdf |archive-date=2004-01-24}}</ref> Maadaama uu ahaa xubin ka tirsan qabiilka [[Hawiye]], ofisiyaal sare oo dowladeed iyo ciyaaryahan milatari oo khibrad leh, Caydiid waxaa loo arkay doorasho dabiici ah oo lagu caawinayo hoggaaminta ololaha milatari ee Golaha Midnimada Soomaaliyeed ee ka dhanka ah maamulka, markaana si dhakhso ah ayaa looga dhaadhiciyay inuu ka soo tago xilka danjiraha [[New Delhi]] oo uu ku laabto Soomaaliya si uu uga qaybqaato [[Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya|Rebellion-ka Soomaaliyeed]].{{Sfn|Drysdale|1994|pp=20–28}} === Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya iyo burburkii maamulkii Barre === Ka dib ka-goosashadii Caydiid, wuxuu casuumaad ka helay Madaxweynaha Etoobiya [[Mengistu Haile Mariam]], oo Caydiid siiyay ruqsad uu ku aasaaso oo ku maamulo hawlgal milatari oo USC ah oo ka dhex bilaabma dhulka Etoobiya.{{Sfn|Drysdale|1994|pp=20–28}} Saldhigyada buuraha ee dhow xudduudda Soomaaliya iyo Etoobiya, wuxuu ka bilaabay hoggaaminta weerarkii ugu dambeeyay ee milatari ee Golaha Midnimada Soomaaliyeed ee cusub si loo qabto Muqdisho oo maamulka la rigo.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Richburg |first=Keith |date=8 September 1992 |title=AIDEED: WARLORD IN A FAMISHED LAND |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1992/09/08/aideed-warlord-in-a-famished-land/071be58c-f5fb-47ef-92df-b1197b638ee7/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522135256/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1992/09/08/aideed-warlord-in-a-famished-land/071be58c-f5fb-47ef-92df-b1197b638ee7/ |archive-date=22 May 2024 |access-date=2 September 2022 |newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref> USC waxay waqtigaas u kala jabtay saddex garab: USC-Rome, USC-Mogadishu, ka dibna waxaa ku xigay USC-Ethiopia; maadaama labada meelood ee hore aysan ahayn meel habboon oo la kaga bilaabi karo raggida maamulkii Barre. [[Cali Mahdi Maxamed]], oo ahaa xubin saameyn leh oo ka tirsan golaha oo dambe noqday la-tartamaha ugu weyn ee Caydiid, wuxuu soo dhoweyn waayay ka-qaybgalka Caydiid ee USC wuxuuna taageeray garabka Rome ee Golaha, kuwaas oo sidoo kale necebaa Caydiid. Calaamadaha ugu horreeyay ee kala-jeedsashada dhexdeeda USC waxay yimaadeen Juun 1990-kii, markii Mahdi iyo garabka USC-Rome ay diideen doorashadii Caydiid loogu doortay gudoomiyaha USC, iyagoo ka hortagay ansaxnimada codka.{{Sfn|Drysdale|1994|pp=15–16}} Isla bishaas Caydiid wuxuu sii maray inuu aasaaso gaashaanbuur milatari oo uu la samaystay jabhaddii waqooyiga ee [[Jabhaddeynta Dhaqdhaqaaqa Qaranka Soomaaliyeed]] (SNM) iyo [[Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaaliyeed]] (SPM). Oktoobar 1990-kii, SNM, SPM iyo USC waxay saxixeen heshiis ah inaan la samayn haba yaraatee wax wadahadallo nabad ah ilaa la rigo maamulka Barre oo dhan. Waxay sidoo kale ku heshiiyeen inay aasaasaan dowlad kumeelgaar ah ka dib raggidda Barre, ka dibna la qabto doorashooyin.{{Sfn|Drysdale|1994|pp=20–28}} Nofeembar 1990-kii, warkii ahaa in ciidamada USC ee Gen. Caydiid ay ka adkaadeen ciidankii 21-aad ee Madaxweyne [[Maxamed Siyaad Barre|Siyaad Barre]] ee gobollada [[Mudug]], [[Galguduud]] iyo [[Hiiraan]] wuxuu ku qanciyay kuwo badan in dagaal ka dhaco [[Muqdisho]] uu yahay mid dhow, taas oo keentay in dadka rayidka ah ee magaalada ay bilaabaan inay si dhakhso ah u hubaystaan.{{Sfn|Drysdale|1994|pp=20–28}} Tani, oo la socota hawgallada ururrada kale ee jabhadaha, waxay dambeyntii horseeday bixitaankii buuxay ee [[Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya]], burburkii tartiib-tartiibka ahaa ee [[Ciidanka Xoogga Land Soomaaliyeed]], iyo raggidii maamulkii Barre ee Muqdisho 26 Janaayo 1991-kii. Ka dib noqoshada [[faaruqa awoodda]] ee ka dhalatay dhicitaankii Barre, xaaladda Soomaaliya waxay bilaabtay inay si dhakhso ah uga baxdo maamulka, ka dibna garabyada jabhadaha waxay bilaabeen inay u dagaallamaan maamulida haraagii dowladdii Soomaaliya. Ugu dambeyntii, kala-jabsanaanta u dhaxeysa labada garab ee ugu waaweyn ee Golaha Midnimada Soomaaliyeed (USC), oo ay hoggaaminayeen Caydiid iyo la-tartamihiisa [[Cali Mahdi Maxamed|Cali Mahdi]], waxay horseeday dagaal culus iyadoo qaybo waaweyn oo Muqdisho ah ay sidaas darteed ku burbureen markii labada garab ay isku dayeen inay maamulaan magaalada.<ref name="Lirs">Library Information and Research Service, ''The Middle East: Abstracts and Index'', Volume 2, (Library Information and Research Service: 1999), p. 327.</ref><ref name="Ahmed">{{cite web |last=Ahmed III |first=Abdul |title=Brothers in Arms Part Forces I |url=http://wardheernews.com/Articles_2011/Oct/29_Brothers_in_Army_abdul.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503221634/http://www.wardheernews.com/Articles_2011/Oct/29_Brothers_in_Army_abdul.pdf |archive-date=3 May 2012 |access-date=28 February 2012 |publisher=WardheerNews}}</ref> Labadaba Cali Mahdi iyo Caydiid waxay sheegteen inay hoggaaminayaan dowlado midnimo qarameed, mid kastana wuxuu u tartamayay inuu hoggaamiyo dib-u-dhiska dowladdii Soomaaliya.<ref name=":7" /> Guulaha milatari ee USC<ref>{{Cite book|title=Somalia: Information on the situation in Baidoa and El Wak from 1991 to 1993, and in El Wak in 1996|last=Of Immigration|first=Board|year=1993|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6abb12e.html|access-date=August 28, 2023|archive-date=September 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915175416/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6abb12e.html|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=Violations of the Rules Applicable in Non-International Armed Conflicts and Their Possible Causes|last=Alasow|first=Omar|year=2010|publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-18988-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TfN5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA34}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Clausewitz and African War, Politics and Strategy in Liberia and Somalia|last=Duyvesteyn|first=Isabelle|year=2010|url=https://postimg.cc/cgGjK65v|access-date=August 28, 2023|archive-date=August 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828012202/https://postimg.cc/cgGjK65v|url-status=live}}</ref> waxay ahaayeen kuwo muhiim ah oo horseeday raggidii dowladdii Barre 26-kii Janaayo 1991-kii, iyadoo taliyihii uu u cararay dibad-joog Ekeeniya. In kasta oo Dowladda Ekeeniya ay milatari ahaan taageeraysay Barre dagaalkii uu ku jiray USC ka hor iyo ka dib raggidiisa,<ref>{{cite book|last=Report|first=Daily|title=Daily Report Africa (Sub-Sahara) Issues|date=1992|publisher=Foreign Broadcast Information Service|page=4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s64xH9RRIXoC&dq=Siad+Barre&pg=RA7-PA4}}</ref> USC waxay eryatay ciidamadii Barre ilaa Ekeeniya iyadoo keentay khilaaf diblomaasiyadeed iyo milatari oo dheeraa oo ay la yeesheen Madaxweyne [[Daniel Arap Moi]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Review|first=The Weekly|title=The Weekly Review|date=1992|publisher=Stellascope Limited|page=36|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ElRfjvSzhSYC&dq=united+somali+congress&pg=RA16-PA36|access-date=March 9, 2023|archive-date=April 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405061833/https://books.google.com/books?id=ElRfjvSzhSYC&dq=united+somali+congress&pg=RA16-PA36|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Review|first=The Weekly|title=The Weekly Review|date=1992|publisher=Stellascope Limited|page=37|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ElRfjvSzhSYC&dq=Usc&pg=RA16-PA36|access-date=March 9, 2023|archive-date=April 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405061832/https://books.google.com/books?id=ElRfjvSzhSYC&dq=Usc&pg=RA16-PA36|url-status=live}}</ref> ka hor inta aan looga soo jeedin ururkii OAU ee waqtigaas inuu ku nghỉyo Lagos, Nayjeeriya. Guushaas ka dib si kastaba ha ahaatee, USC waxay ku dhibtootay inay maamusho heshiis siyaasadeed oo ay la gasho la-tartamayaasheeda, [[Jabhaddeynta Dhaqdhaqaaqa Qaranka Soomaaliyeed|SNM]], [[Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaaliyeed|SPM]] iyo [[Jabhadda Badbaadinta Dimoqraadiga Soomaaliyeed|SSDF]], waxayna sidoo kale u kala jabtay dhexdeeda hoggaankeeda ka dib markii [[Cali Mahdi Maxamed]] la kaga dhawaaqay Madaxweyne kumeelgaar ah. === Kala-jabsanaantii Caydiid iyo Cali Mahdi === Labadaba Cali Mahdi iyo Caydiid waxay sheegteen inay hoggaaminayaan dowlado midnimo qarameed, mid kastana wuxuu u tartamayay inuu hoggaamiyo dib-u-dhiska dowladdii Soomaaliya.<ref name=":7" /> Markii la magacaabay Cali Mahdi Maxamed oo ah Madaxweyne, USC waxay u kala jabtay laba. USC/SNA waxay ka soo baxday Maxamed Caydiid hoostiisa iyo Golaha Midnimada Soomaaliyeed/Isbahaysiga Badbaadinta Soomaaliyeed (USC/SSA) ee Cali Mahdi Maxamed. USC/SNA waxay gashay maamulka wiilkii Maxamed Caydiid, [[Xuseen Maxamed Faarax Caydiid]] ka dib dhimashadii aabihiis 1996-kii. USC/SSA dambeyntii waxay gashay maamulka Gudoomiye ku xigeenka, [[Muuse Suudi Yalahow]]. Labadaba garabyada USC waxay nabad kesheen keshiis bishii Juun 1997-kii, inkasta oo tani ay keentay kala-jabsanaan violently ah oo dhexmartay Yalahow iyo Cali Mahdi Maxamed, dagaalkana wuxuu ka sii socday Muqdisho. Ugu dambeyntii, labadaba Xuseen Caydiid iyo Yalahow waxay dub-u-heshiiyeen oo ay ku qoob-galeen [[Golaha Dib-u-heshiisiinta iyo Dib-u-dhiska Soomaaliyeed]] (SRRC) 2002-kii, iyagoo ka hortagaya [[Dowladda Kumeelgaarka ah]] (TNG). Tani waxay keentay khilaaf u dhexeeya taageerayaasha USC/SSA ee Yalahow iyo [[Cumar Maxamuud Finnish]] (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaanno Mahmud Muhammad Finish), oo sii taageerayay TNG. Dagaalka u dhexeeya labada wuxuu dhimasho badan ka geystay [[Muqdisho]].<ref name=AT-LEAST-12-KILLED-IN-MOGADISHU-FIGHTING>{{cite news |title=SOMALIA: At least 12 killed in Mogadishu fighting |url=http://www.preventgenocide.org/prevent/news-monitor/2002feb.htm |publisher=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]] |date=February 26, 2002 |access-date=February 7, 2007 |archive-date=April 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405051331/http://www.preventgenocide.org/prevent/news-monitor/2002feb.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Sannadkii 2001-dii, Xuseen Caydiid wuxuu aasaasay [[Golaha Dib-u-heshiisiinta iyo Dib-u-dhiska Soomaaliyeed]] (SRRC), oo ahaa urur mucaarad ah oo hubaysan oo cusub. Isagoo ka soo baxay Isbahaysiga Qaranka Soomaaliyeed, waxaa markii hore loo aasaasay inuu ka hortago [[Dowladda Kumeelgaarka ah]] (TNG) ee curdinka ahayd iyo [[Isbahaysiga Dooxada Juba]] (JVA) muddadii 2001–2004. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dambeyntii wuxuu xalliyay khilaafaadkii uu la lahaa dowladda 2003-dii, iyadoo hoggaamiyayaal dhex-dhexaad ah oo ka mid ah lagu daray maamulkii cusub ee kumeelgaarka ahaa. == Dadka muhiimka ah == * [[Cali Maxamed Osoble|Cali Maxamed Osoble ( Cali Wardhiigley )]] * [[Maxamed Faarax Caydiid]] * [[Cali Mahdi Maxamed]] * [[Cusmaan Xaashi Raage (Faroolle)]] * [[Maxamed Afrax Qanyare]] * [[Muuse Nuur Amiin]] * [[Muuse Suudi Yalahow]] * [[Cumar Maxamuud Finnish]] == Jadwalka Taariikheed ee USC == * 1987–1991 Aasaaskii USC ilaa raggidii Siyaad Barre * 1991–1992 [[Maxamed Faarax Caydiid]] (USC Caydiid) vs. [[Cali Mahdi Maxamed]] (USC Mahdi) ilaa aasaaskii USC/SNA * 1992–1995 USC/SNA iyo USC/SSA vs hawlgalkii Qaramada Midoobay * 1995–1998 USC/SNA vs. USC/SSA ka dib bixitaankii Qaramada Midoobay ilaa dib-u-heshiisiintii * 1998–2001 Dagaalka hoose ee USC/SSA ee u dhexeeyay [[Cali Mahdi Maxamed]] iyo [[Muuse Suudi Yalahow]] * 2001–2002 Dagaalka hoose ee USC/SSA ee u dhexeeyay [[Muuse Suudi Yalahow]] (SRRC) vs. [[Cumar Maxamuud Finnish]] (TNG) * 2003–Dhowr taliye oo USC ah waxay ka dhigeen hubka maleeshiyadooda; kuwo ka mid ah waxaa lagu daray dowladdii cusub ee kumeelgaarka ahayd == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Siyaasadda Soomaaliya]] * [[Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya]] * [[Garabyadii Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya]] == Tixraacyada == {{Reflist}} === Ilaha === * {{Cite book |last=Drysdale |first=John |author-link=John Drysdale (historian) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IXYwAQAAIAAJ |title=Whatever Happened to Somalia?: A tale of tragic blunders |publisher=Haan |year=1994 |isbn=1874209510}} == Xiriiriyeyaasha dibadda == *[http://www.hawiyeactiongroup.org/ HAG – Hawiye Action Group] *Dagne, Ted (2002). "[https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/7959.pdf Africa and the War on Terrorism]". ''CRS Report for Congress'', Washington (DC):Library of Congress. 88cfd2w8v5ca0uvallsv0dzne4umncl 311210 311209 2026-10-27T09:49:10Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 311210 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox political party | colorcode = {{party color|United Somali Congress}} | name = Golaha Midnimada Soomaaliyeed | leader1_title = Taliyaha/Hoggaamiyaha | leader1_name = [[Maxamed Faarax Caydiid]],<ref>{{cite news|title=United Nations Consolidated Inter-Agency Appeal for Somalia|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/library/appeals/som99.pdf|publisher=[[OCHA]]|date=1998|access-date=May 23, 2007|archive-date=September 27, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190021/http://www.reliefweb.int/library/appeals/som99.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br /> | native_name = Golaha Midnimada Soomaaliyeed | logo = File:USC emblem.svg | foundation = {{Start date and age|1987}} | dissolution = {{End date and age|2000}} | affiliation1_title = Kooxda | affiliation1 = [[Hawiye]] | headquarters = [[Muqdisho]] | ideology = [[Dagaal ka dhan ah shantiimada|Kacaan-diid maantiilayn]]<br> [[Siyaad Barre|Siyaad Barre-diid]]<br>[[Hawiye|Danta Hawiye]] <br> [[Wadaniyadda Soomaaliyeed]]<br> [[Soomaaliweyn]] | international = | colours = {{Color box|{{party color|United Somali Congress}}|border=darkgray}} [[Madow|Cagaar]] | country = Soomaaliya }} '''Golaha Midnimada Soomaaliyeed''' ('''USC''', {{Langx|so|Golaha Midnimada Soomaaliyeed}}) wuxuu ahaa mid ka mid ah ururradii jabhadaha waaweynaa ee ka jiray [[Soomaaliya]]. Waxaa la aasaasay 1989-kii, wuxuuna door muhiim ah ka qaatay raggidii dowladdii [[Maxamed Siyaad Barre|Siyaad Barre]] ee 1991-kii. Ka dib dagaallo hoose oo dhexmaray, USC wuxuu ka dib u kala jabay laba garab oo ay hoggaaminayeen [[Maxamed Faarax Caydiid]] iyo [[Cali Mahdi Maxamed]]. Labadaba Cali Mahdi iyo Caydiid waxay sheegteen inay hoggaaminayaan dowlado midnimo qarameed, mid kastana wuxuu u tartamayay inuu hoggaamiyo dib-u-dhiska dowladdii Soomaaliya.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Ingiriis |first=Mohamed Haji |title=The Suicidal State in Somalia : The Rise and Fall of the Siad Barre Regime (1969-1991) |publisher=UPA |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-7618-6719-7 |oclc=951539094}}</ref> Isku day ay ku doonayeen inay ku ballaariyaan taageerada saldhigyadooda iyagoo gaashaanbuursanaya kooxo kale oo hubaysan iyo kooxo siyaasadeed, garabkii USC ee Caydiid wuxuu u isbeddelay garabka [[Isbahaysiga Qaranka Soomaaliyeed]] (SNA), halka garabkii Mahdi wuxuu noqday [[Isbahaysiga Badbaadinta Soomaaliyeed]] (SSA). Markay taariikhdu ahayd 2000, markii la aasaasay [[Dowladda Kumeelgaarka ah]] (TNG), waxaa la bilaabay geeddi-socod ka-dhigista hubka, waxaana hoggaamiyayaashii hore ee USC ka mid ah lagu daray maamulkii cusub ee kumeelgaarka ahaa. == Taariikh == [[File:USC 1990 Political Programme.png|thumb|Barnaamijka Siyaasadeed ee USC ee 1990]] [[File:USC 1990 Political Programme.jpg|thumb|Barnaamijka Siyaasadeed ee USC ee 1990]] Dhammasadkii 1980-aadkii, maamulkii Barre wuxuu noqday mid aad u saameyn badan oo la neceb yahay. Dowladda waxay qaadatay hannaan aad u adag, jabhado uu dhiirrigelinayo maamulkii Hantiwadaagga ee [[Etiopia|Etoobiya]] ee [[Derg]] ayaa ka dhashay dalka dhan.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Biddle |first=Stephen D |title=Nonstate warfare : the military methods of guerillas, warlords, and militias |date=26 July 2022 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-21666-9 |page=184 |oclc=1328017938 }}</ref> Maadaama uu ahaa xubin ka tirsan qabiilka [[Hawiye]], ofisiyaal sare oo dowladeed iyo ciyaaryahan milatari oo khibrad leh, Caydiid waxaa loo arkay doorasho dabiici ah oo lagu caawinayo hoggaaminta ololaha milatari ee Golaha Midnimada Soomaaliyeed ee ka dhanka ah maamulka, markaana si dhakhso ah ayaa looga dhaadhiciyay inuu ka soo tago [[New Delhi]] oo uu ku laabto Soomaaliya.<ref name=":8" /> === Aasaaskii === Saldhiggeedu uu u badnaa qabiilka [[Hawiye]], Golaha Midnimada Soomaaliyeed waxaa lagu aasaasay magaalada [[Ruma|Rome]] 7 Janaayo 1989-kii iyadoo uu aasaasay [[Cali Maxamed Osoble|Cali Maxamed Osoble (Cali Wardhiigley)]], oo ahaa madaxweyne ku xigeenkii [[Jabhaddeynta Dhaqdhaqaaqa Qaranka Soomaaliyeed]] (SNM) ee Isaaqu hoggaaminayay 1984 ilaa 1987.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Bakonyi |first1=Jutta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-QjKAwAAQBAJ&dq=usc+copied+snm&pg=PA46 |title=A Micro-Sociology of Violence: Deciphering patterns and dynamics of collective violence |last2=Guevara |first2=Berit Bliesemann de |date=2014-06-11 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-97796-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Clapham |first=Christopher S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mkeCIJQwPkEC&dq=ali+wardhigley+1987&pg=PA76 |title=African Guerrillas |date=1998 |publisher=James Currey |isbn=978-0-85255-815-7 |language=en}}</ref> USC waxay tusaale ka qaadatay qaab-dhismeedka ururka iyo hannaanka abaabulka ee SNM,<ref name=":0" /> intii ka dhimanayd dagaalkana, SNM waxay gawaarida hawada iyo hub muhiim ah iyo rasaas ka taageeri jirtay USC, kuwaas oo USC aysan awoodin inay si fudud ku hesho.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O6xb2c8b6uoC&q=snm+leadership+was+generous+enough |title=The Weekly Review |date=1993 |publisher=Stellascope Limited |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dualeh |first=Hussein Ali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXYwAQAAIAAJ&q=snm+airlift+usc |title=From Barre to Aideed: Somalia : the Agony of a Nation |date=1994 |publisher=Stellagraphics Limited |isbn=978-9966-834-40-9 |language=en}}</ref> Ingasta oo xubnaheeda badankood ay marka hore ka bilaabeen xulafo ka tirsan [[SODAF]], [[Jabhadda Badbaadinta Dimoqraadiga Soomaaliyeed|SSDF]] iyo [[Jabhaddeynta Dhaqdhaqaaqa Qaranka Soomaaliyeed|SNM]], USC ee Rome waxay lahayd barnaamij siyaasadeed iyada u gaar ah oo bixinaya hab baahsan oo lagaga jawaabayo cabashada sii kordhaysa ee ka dhanka ah dowladda dhexe ka dib 10 sano oo mucaaradato jabhadeed ah.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Society, Security, Sovereignty and the State in Somalia From Statelessness to Statelessness? |year=1992 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5vVyAAAAMAAJ&dq=multi-party&pg=PA208 |page=208 |isbn=9789057270383 |last1=Brons |first1=Maria |publisher=International Books |access-date=March 9, 2023 |archive-date=May 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518122900/https://books.google.com/books?id=5vVyAAAAMAAJ&dq=multi-party&pg=PA208 |url-status=live }}</ref> <blockquote>"USC waxay habayn doontaa siyaasadaha qaranka, xeeladaha iyo qorshayaasha hawlgalka si si hufan loo aasaaso oo loo adkeeyo Dowladda Dhexe ee Federaalka ah iyo baarlamaan kuraas la doortay oo si dhab ah u matala dhammaan muwaadiniinta Soomaaliyeed. Sidoo kale aasaasidda mabda'a maamul goboleedka u gaarka ah. Tani waxay caawin doontaa in la dhiso maamul baahsan oo nidaamsan oo loogu talagalay hay'adaha dowladda ayna taageerto qorshaynta iyo go'aan-qaadashada maxalliga ah, dadaallada bulshada iyo ka-qaybgalka taas oo dambeyntii horseedi doonta in dadku isku ku kalsoonaadaan dhinacyada oo dhan ee siyaasadda, bulshada iyo dhaqaalaha"</blockquote> Garabka ciidanka ee USC waxaa la aasaasay dhamaadkii 1989-kii magaalada [[Mustahiil]], oo ah deegaan Hawiye oo ka tirsan [[Etiopia|Etoobiya]], waxaana hoggaaminayay [[Seneraal|General]] [[Maxamed Faarax Caydiid]] ilaa uu ka dhimanayo 1996-kii.<ref name="UNappA">{{Citation |mode=cs1 |section=Appendix A: Main Events in Somalia's History |page=105 |title=United Nations Consolidated Inter-Agency Appeal for Somalia |publisher=[[OCHA]] |location=Geneva |date=December 1998 |url=http://www.reliefweb.int/library/appeals/som99.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040124205607/http://www.reliefweb.int/library/appeals/som99.pdf |archive-date=2004-01-24}}</ref> Maadaama uu ahaa xubin ka tirsan qabiilka [[Hawiye]], ofisiyaal sare oo dowladeed iyo ciyaaryahan milatari oo khibrad leh, Caydiid waxaa loo arkay doorasho dabiici ah oo lagu caawinayo hoggaaminta ololaha milatari ee Golaha Midnimada Soomaaliyeed ee ka dhanka ah maamulka, markaana si dhakhso ah ayaa looga dhaadhiciyay inuu ka soo tago xilka danjiraha [[New Delhi]] oo uu ku laabto Soomaaliya si uu uga qaybqaato [[Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya|Rebellion-ka Soomaaliyeed]].{{Sfn|Drysdale|1994|pp=20–28}} === Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya iyo burburkii maamulkii Barre === Ka dib ka-goosashadii Caydiid, wuxuu casuumaad ka helay Madaxweynaha Etoobiya [[Mengistu Haile Mariam]], oo Caydiid siiyay ruqsad uu ku aasaaso oo ku maamulo hawlgal milatari oo USC ah oo ka dhex bilaabma dhulka Etoobiya.{{Sfn|Drysdale|1994|pp=20–28}} Saldhigyada buuraha ee dhow xudduudda Soomaaliya iyo Etoobiya, wuxuu ka bilaabay hoggaaminta weerarkii ugu dambeeyay ee milatari ee Golaha Midnimada Soomaaliyeed ee cusub si loo qabto Muqdisho oo maamulka la rigo.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Richburg |first=Keith |date=8 September 1992 |title=AIDEED: WARLORD IN A FAMISHED LAND |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1992/09/08/aideed-warlord-in-a-famished-land/071be58c-f5fb-47ef-92df-b1197b638ee7/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522135256/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1992/09/08/aideed-warlord-in-a-famished-land/071be58c-f5fb-47ef-92df-b1197b638ee7/ |archive-date=22 May 2024 |access-date=2 September 2022 |newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref> USC waxay waqtigaas u kala jabtay saddex garab: USC-Rome, USC-Mogadishu, ka dibna waxaa ku xigay USC-Ethiopia; maadaama labada meelood ee hore aysan ahayn meel habboon oo la kaga bilaabi karo raggida maamulkii Barre. [[Cali Mahdi Maxamed]], oo ahaa xubin saameyn leh oo ka tirsan golaha oo dambe noqday la-tartamaha ugu weyn ee Caydiid, wuxuu soo dhoweyn waayay ka-qaybgalka Caydiid ee USC wuxuuna taageeray garabka Rome ee Golaha, kuwaas oo sidoo kale necebaa Caydiid. Calaamadaha ugu horreeyay ee kala-jeedsashada dhexdeeda USC waxay yimaadeen Juun 1990-kii, markii Mahdi iyo garabka USC-Rome ay diideen doorashadii Caydiid loogu doortay gudoomiyaha USC, iyagoo ka hortagay ansaxnimada codka.{{Sfn|Drysdale|1994|pp=15–16}} Isla bishaas Caydiid wuxuu sii maray inuu aasaaso gaashaanbuur milatari oo uu la samaystay jabhaddii waqooyiga ee [[Jabhaddeynta Dhaqdhaqaaqa Qaranka Soomaaliyeed]] (SNM) iyo [[Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaaliyeed]] (SPM). Oktoobar 1990-kii, SNM, SPM iyo USC waxay saxixeen heshiis ah inaan la samayn haba yaraatee wax wadahadallo nabad ah ilaa la rigo maamulka Barre oo dhan. Waxay sidoo kale ku heshiiyeen inay aasaasaan dowlad kumeelgaar ah ka dib raggidda Barre, ka dibna la qabto doorashooyin.{{Sfn|Drysdale|1994|pp=20–28}} Nofeembar 1990-kii, warkii ahaa in ciidamada USC ee Gen. Caydiid ay ka adkaadeen ciidankii 21-aad ee Madaxweyne [[Maxamed Siyaad Barre|Siyaad Barre]] ee gobollada [[Mudug]], [[Galguduud]] iyo [[Hiiraan]] wuxuu ku qanciyay kuwo badan in dagaal ka dhaco [[Muqdisho]] uu yahay mid dhow, taas oo keentay in dadka rayidka ah ee magaalada ay bilaabaan inay si dhakhso ah u hubaystaan.{{Sfn|Drysdale|1994|pp=20–28}} Tani, oo la socota hawgallada ururrada kale ee jabhadaha, waxay dambeyntii horseeday bixitaankii buuxay ee [[Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya]], burburkii tartiib-tartiibka ahaa ee [[Ciidanka Xoogga Land Soomaaliyeed]], iyo raggidii maamulkii Barre ee Muqdisho 26 Janaayo 1991-kii. Ka dib noqoshada [[faaruqa awoodda]] ee ka dhalatay dhicitaankii Barre, xaaladda Soomaaliya waxay bilaabtay inay si dhakhso ah uga baxdo maamulka, ka dibna garabyada jabhadaha waxay bilaabeen inay u dagaallamaan maamulida haraagii dowladdii Soomaaliya. Ugu dambeyntii, kala-jabsanaanta u dhaxeysa labada garab ee ugu waaweyn ee Golaha Midnimada Soomaaliyeed (USC), oo ay hoggaaminayeen Caydiid iyo la-tartamihiisa [[Cali Mahdi Maxamed|Cali Mahdi]], waxay horseeday dagaal culus iyadoo qaybo waaweyn oo Muqdisho ah ay sidaas darteed ku burbureen markii labada garab ay isku dayeen inay maamulaan magaalada.<ref name="Lirs">Library Information and Research Service, ''The Middle East: Abstracts and Index'', Volume 2, (Library Information and Research Service: 1999), p. 327.</ref><ref name="Ahmed">{{cite web |last=Ahmed III |first=Abdul |title=Brothers in Arms Part Forces I |url=http://wardheernews.com/Articles_2011/Oct/29_Brothers_in_Army_abdul.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503221634/http://www.wardheernews.com/Articles_2011/Oct/29_Brothers_in_Army_abdul.pdf |archive-date=3 May 2012 |access-date=28 February 2012 |publisher=WardheerNews}}</ref> Labadaba Cali Mahdi iyo Caydiid waxay sheegteen inay hoggaaminayaan dowlado midnimo qarameed, mid kastana wuxuu u tartamayay inuu hoggaamiyo dib-u-dhiska dowladdii Soomaaliya.<ref name=":7" /> Guulaha milatari ee USC<ref>{{Cite book|title=Somalia: Information on the situation in Baidoa and El Wak from 1991 to 1993, and in El Wak in 1996|last=Of Immigration|first=Board|year=1993|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6abb12e.html|access-date=August 28, 2023|archive-date=September 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915175416/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6abb12e.html|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=Violations of the Rules Applicable in Non-International Armed Conflicts and Their Possible Causes|last=Alasow|first=Omar|year=2010|publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-18988-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TfN5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA34}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Clausewitz and African War, Politics and Strategy in Liberia and Somalia|last=Duyvesteyn|first=Isabelle|year=2010|url=https://postimg.cc/cgGjK65v|access-date=August 28, 2023|archive-date=August 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828012202/https://postimg.cc/cgGjK65v|url-status=live}}</ref> waxay ahaayeen kuwo muhiim ah oo horseeday raggidii dowladdii Barre 26-kii Janaayo 1991-kii, iyadoo taliyihii uu u cararay dibad-joog Ekeeniya. In kasta oo Dowladda Ekeeniya ay milatari ahaan taageeraysay Barre dagaalkii uu ku jiray USC ka hor iyo ka dib raggidiisa,<ref>{{cite book|last=Report|first=Daily|title=Daily Report Africa (Sub-Sahara) Issues|date=1992|publisher=Foreign Broadcast Information Service|page=4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s64xH9RRIXoC&dq=Siad+Barre&pg=RA7-PA4}}</ref> USC waxay eryatay ciidamadii Barre ilaa Ekeeniya iyadoo keentay khilaaf diblomaasiyadeed iyo milatari oo dheeraa oo ay la yeesheen Madaxweyne [[Daniel Arap Moi]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Review|first=The Weekly|title=The Weekly Review|date=1992|publisher=Stellascope Limited|page=36|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ElRfjvSzhSYC&dq=united+somali+congress&pg=RA16-PA36|access-date=March 9, 2023|archive-date=April 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405061833/https://books.google.com/books?id=ElRfjvSzhSYC&dq=united+somali+congress&pg=RA16-PA36|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Review|first=The Weekly|title=The Weekly Review|date=1992|publisher=Stellascope Limited|page=37|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ElRfjvSzhSYC&dq=Usc&pg=RA16-PA36|access-date=March 9, 2023|archive-date=April 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405061832/https://books.google.com/books?id=ElRfjvSzhSYC&dq=Usc&pg=RA16-PA36|url-status=live}}</ref> ka hor inta aan looga soo jeedin ururkii OAU ee waqtigaas inuu ku nghỉyo Lagos, Nayjeeriya. Guushaas ka dib si kastaba ha ahaatee, USC waxay ku dhibtootay inay maamusho heshiis siyaasadeed oo ay la gasho la-tartamayaasheeda, [[Jabhaddeynta Dhaqdhaqaaqa Qaranka Soomaaliyeed|SNM]], [[Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaaliyeed|SPM]] iyo [[Jabhadda Badbaadinta Dimoqraadiga Soomaaliyeed|SSDF]], waxayna sidoo kale u kala jabtay dhexdeeda hoggaankeeda ka dib markii [[Cali Mahdi Maxamed]] la kaga dhawaaqay Madaxweyne kumeelgaar ah. === Kala-jabsanaantii Caydiid iyo Cali Mahdi === Labadaba Cali Mahdi iyo Caydiid waxay sheegteen inay hoggaaminayaan dowlado midnimo qarameed, mid kastana wuxuu u tartamayay inuu hoggaamiyo dib-u-dhiska dowladdii Soomaaliya.<ref name=":7" /> Markii la magacaabay Cali Mahdi Maxamed oo ah Madaxweyne, USC waxay u kala jabtay laba. USC/SNA waxay ka soo baxday Maxamed Caydiid hoostiisa iyo Golaha Midnimada Soomaaliyeed/Isbahaysiga Badbaadinta Soomaaliyeed (USC/SSA) ee Cali Mahdi Maxamed. USC/SNA waxay gashay maamulka wiilkii Maxamed Caydiid, [[Xuseen Maxamed Faarax Caydiid]] ka dib dhimashadii aabihiis 1996-kii. USC/SSA dambeyntii waxay gashay maamulka Gudoomiye ku xigeenka, [[Muuse Suudi Yalahow]]. Labadaba garabyada USC waxay nabad kesheen keshiis bishii Juun 1997-kii, inkasta oo tani ay keentay kala-jabsanaan violently ah oo dhexmartay Yalahow iyo Cali Mahdi Maxamed, dagaalkana wuxuu ka sii socday Muqdisho. Ugu dambeyntii, labadaba Xuseen Caydiid iyo Yalahow waxay dub-u-heshiiyeen oo ay ku qoob-galeen [[Golaha Dib-u-heshiisiinta iyo Dib-u-dhiska Soomaaliyeed]] (SRRC) 2002-kii, iyagoo ka hortagaya [[Dowladda Kumeelgaarka ah]] (TNG). Tani waxay keentay khilaaf u dhexeeya taageerayaasha USC/SSA ee Yalahow iyo [[Cumar Maxamuud Finnish]] (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaanno Mahmud Muhammad Finish), oo sii taageerayay TNG. Dagaalka u dhexeeya labada wuxuu dhimasho badan ka geystay [[Muqdisho]].<ref name=AT-LEAST-12-KILLED-IN-MOGADISHU-FIGHTING>{{cite news |title=SOMALIA: At least 12 killed in Mogadishu fighting |url=http://www.preventgenocide.org/prevent/news-monitor/2002feb.htm |publisher=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]] |date=February 26, 2002 |access-date=February 7, 2007 |archive-date=April 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405051331/http://www.preventgenocide.org/prevent/news-monitor/2002feb.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Sannadkii 2001-dii, Xuseen Caydiid wuxuu aasaasay [[Golaha Dib-u-heshiisiinta iyo Dib-u-dhiska Soomaaliyeed]] (SRRC), oo ahaa urur mucaarad ah oo hubaysan oo cusub. Isagoo ka soo baxay Isbahaysiga Qaranka Soomaaliyeed, waxaa markii hore loo aasaasay inuu ka hortago [[Dowladda Kumeelgaarka ah]] (TNG) ee curdinka ahayd iyo [[Isbahaysiga Dooxada Juba]] (JVA) muddadii 2001–2004. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dambeyntii wuxuu xalliyay khilaafaadkii uu la lahaa dowladda 2003-dii, iyadoo hoggaamiyayaal dhex-dhexaad ah oo ka mid ah lagu daray maamulkii cusub ee kumeelgaarka ahaa. == Dadka muhiimka ah == * [[Cali Maxamed Osoble|Cali Maxamed Osoble ( Cali Wardhiigley )]] * [[Maxamed Faarax Caydiid]] * [[Cali Mahdi Maxamed]] * [[Cusmaan Xaashi Raage (Faroolle)]] * [[Maxamed Afrax Qanyare]] * [[Muuse Nuur Amiin]] * [[Muuse Suudi Yalahow]] * [[Cumar Maxamuud Finnish]] == Jadwalka Taariikheed ee USC == * 1987–1991 Aasaaskii USC ilaa raggidii Siyaad Barre * 1991–1992 [[Maxamed Faarax Caydiid]] (USC Caydiid) vs. [[Cali Mahdi Maxamed]] (USC Mahdi) ilaa aasaaskii USC/SNA * 1992–1995 USC/SNA iyo USC/SSA vs hawlgalkii Qaramada Midoobay * 1995–1998 USC/SNA vs. USC/SSA ka dib bixitaankii Qaramada Midoobay ilaa dib-u-heshiisiintii * 1998–2001 Dagaalka hoose ee USC/SSA ee u dhexeeyay [[Cali Mahdi Maxamed]] iyo [[Muuse Suudi Yalahow]] * 2001–2002 Dagaalka hoose ee USC/SSA ee u dhexeeyay [[Muuse Suudi Yalahow]] (SRRC) vs. [[Cumar Maxamuud Finnish]] (TNG) * 2003–Dhowr taliye oo USC ah waxay ka dhigeen hubka maleeshiyadooda; kuwo ka mid ah waxaa lagu daray dowladdii cusub ee kumeelgaarka ahayd == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Siyaasadda Soomaaliya]] * [[Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya]] * [[Garabyadii Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya]] == Tixraacyada == {{Reflist}} === Ilaha === * {{Cite book |last=Drysdale |first=John |author-link=John Drysdale (historian) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IXYwAQAAIAAJ |title=Whatever Happened to Somalia?: A tale of tragic blunders |publisher=Haan |year=1994 |isbn=1874209510}} == Xiriiriyeyaasha dibadda == *[http://www.hawiyeactiongroup.org/ HAG – Hawiye Action Group] *Dagne, Ted (2002). "[https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/7959.pdf Africa and the War on Terrorism]". ''CRS Report for Congress'', Washington (DC):Library of Congress. sextvwz0vdnarerm4hcif447vrqesfc 311211 311210 2026-10-27T09:49:24Z Isma4l 41797 311211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox political party | colorcode = {{party color|United Somali Congress}} | name = Golaha Midnimada Soomaaliyeed | leader1_title = Taliyaha/Hoggaamiyaha | leader1_name = [[Maxamed Faarax Caydiid]],<ref>{{cite news|title=United Nations Consolidated Inter-Agency Appeal for Somalia|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/library/appeals/som99.pdf|publisher=[[OCHA]]|date=1998|access-date=May 23, 2007|archive-date=September 27, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190021/http://www.reliefweb.int/library/appeals/som99.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br /> | native_name = Golaha Midnimada Soomaaliyeed | logo = File:USC emblem.svg | foundation = {{Start date and age|1987}} | dissolution = {{End date and age|2000}} | affiliation1_title = Kooxda | affiliation1 = [[Hawiye]] | headquarters = [[Muqdisho]] | ideology = [[Dagaal ka dhan ah shantiimada|Kacaan-diid maantiilayn]]<br> [[Siyaad Barre|Siyaad Barre-diid]]<br>[[Hawiye|Danta Hawiye]] <br> [[Wadaniyadda Soomaaliyeed]]<br> [[Soomaaliweyn]] | international = | colours = {{Color box|{{party color|United Somali Congress}}|border=darkgray}} [[Madow|Cagaar]] | country = Soomaaliya }} '''Golaha Midnimada Soomaaliyeed''' ('''USC''', {{Langx|so|Golaha Midnimada Soomaaliyeed}}) wuxuu ahaa mid ka mid ah ururradii jabhadaha waaweynaa ee ka jiray [[Soomaaliya]]. Waxaa la aasaasay 1989-kii, wuxuuna door muhiim ah ka qaatay raggidii dowladdii [[Maxamed Siyaad Barre|Siyaad Barre]] ee 1991-kii. Ka dib dagaallo hoose oo dhexmaray, USC wuxuu ka dib u kala jabay laba garab oo ay hoggaaminayeen [[Maxamed Faarax Caydiid]] iyo [[Cali Mahdi Maxamed]]. Labadaba Cali Mahdi iyo Caydiid waxay sheegteen inay hoggaaminayaan dowlado midnimo qarameed, mid kastana wuxuu u tartamayay inuu hoggaamiyo dib-u-dhiska dowladdii Soomaaliya.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Ingiriis |first=Mohamed Haji |title=The Suicidal State in Somalia : The Rise and Fall of the Siad Barre Regime (1969-1991) |publisher=UPA |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-7618-6719-7 |oclc=951539094}}</ref> Isku day ay ku doonayeen inay ku ballaariyaan taageerada saldhigyadooda iyagoo gaashaanbuursanaya kooxo kale oo hubaysan iyo kooxo siyaasadeed, garabkii USC ee Caydiid wuxuu u isbeddelay garabka [[Isbahaysiga Qaranka Soomaaliyeed]] (SNA), halka garabkii Mahdi wuxuu noqday [[Isbahaysiga Badbaadinta Soomaaliyeed]] (SSA). Markay taariikhdu ahayd 2000, markii la aasaasay [[Dowladda Kumeelgaarka ah]] (TNG), waxaa la bilaabay geeddi-socod ka-dhigista hubka, waxaana hoggaamiyayaashii hore ee USC ka mid ah lagu daray maamulkii cusub ee kumeelgaarka ahaa. == Taariikh == [[File:USC 1990 Political Programme.png|thumb|Barnaamijka Siyaasadeed ee USC ee 1990]] [[File:USC 1990 Political Programme.jpg|thumb|Barnaamijka Siyaasadeed ee USC ee 1990]] Dhammasadkii 1980-aadkii, maamulkii Barre wuxuu noqday mid aad u saameyn badan oo la neceb yahay. Dowladda waxay qaadatay hannaan aad u adag, jabhado uu dhiirrigelinayo maamulkii Hantiwadaagga ee [[Etiopia|Etoobiya]] ee [[Derg]] ayaa ka dhashay dalka dhan.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Biddle |first=Stephen D |title=Nonstate warfare : the military methods of guerillas, warlords, and militias |date=26 July 2022 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-21666-9 |page=184 |oclc=1328017938 }}</ref> Maadaama uu ahaa xubin ka tirsan qabiilka [[Hawiye]], ofisiyaal sare oo dowladeed iyo ciyaaryahan milatari oo khibrad leh, Caydiid waxaa loo arkay doorasho dabiici ah oo lagu caawinayo hoggaaminta ololaha milatari ee Golaha Midnimada Soomaaliyeed ee ka dhanka ah maamulka, markaana si dhakhso ah ayaa looga dhaadhiciyay inuu ka soo tago [[New Delhi]] oo uu ku laabto Soomaaliya.<ref name=":8" /> === Aasaaskii === Saldhiggeedu uu u badnaa qabiilka [[Hawiye]], Golaha Midnimada Soomaaliyeed waxaa lagu aasaasay magaalada [[Ruma|Rome]] 7 Janaayo 1989-kii iyadoo uu aasaasay [[Cali Maxamed Osoble|Cali Maxamed Osoble (Cali Wardhiigley)]], oo ahaa madaxweyne ku xigeenkii [[Jabhaddeynta Dhaqdhaqaaqa Qaranka Soomaaliyeed]] (SNM) ee Isaaqu hoggaaminayay 1984 ilaa 1987.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Bakonyi |first1=Jutta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-QjKAwAAQBAJ&dq=usc+copied+snm&pg=PA46 |title=A Micro-Sociology of Violence: Deciphering patterns and dynamics of collective violence |last2=Guevara |first2=Berit Bliesemann de |date=2014-06-11 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-97796-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Clapham |first=Christopher S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mkeCIJQwPkEC&dq=ali+wardhigley+1987&pg=PA76 |title=African Guerrillas |date=1998 |publisher=James Currey |isbn=978-0-85255-815-7 |language=en}}</ref> USC waxay tusaale ka qaadatay qaab-dhismeedka ururka iyo hannaanka abaabulka ee SNM,<ref name=":0" /> intii ka dhimanayd dagaalkana, SNM waxay gawaarida hawada iyo hub muhiim ah iyo rasaas ka taageeri jirtay USC, kuwaas oo USC aysan awoodin inay si fudud ku hesho.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O6xb2c8b6uoC&q=snm+leadership+was+generous+enough |title=The Weekly Review |date=1993 |publisher=Stellascope Limited |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dualeh |first=Hussein Ali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXYwAQAAIAAJ&q=snm+airlift+usc |title=From Barre to Aideed: Somalia : the Agony of a Nation |date=1994 |publisher=Stellagraphics Limited |isbn=978-9966-834-40-9 |language=en}}</ref> Ingasta oo xubnaheeda badankood ay marka hore ka bilaabeen xulafo ka tirsan [[SODAF]], [[Jabhadda Badbaadinta Dimoqraadiga Soomaaliyeed|SSDF]] iyo [[Jabhaddeynta Dhaqdhaqaaqa Qaranka Soomaaliyeed|SNM]], USC ee Rome waxay lahayd barnaamij siyaasadeed iyada u gaar ah oo bixinaya hab baahsan oo lagaga jawaabayo cabashada sii kordhaysa ee ka dhanka ah dowladda dhexe ka dib 10 sano oo mucaaradato jabhadeed ah.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Society, Security, Sovereignty and the State in Somalia From Statelessness to Statelessness? |year=1992 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5vVyAAAAMAAJ&dq=multi-party&pg=PA208 |page=208 |isbn=9789057270383 |last1=Brons |first1=Maria |publisher=International Books |access-date=March 9, 2023 |archive-date=May 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518122900/https://books.google.com/books?id=5vVyAAAAMAAJ&dq=multi-party&pg=PA208 |url-status=live }}</ref> <blockquote>"USC waxay habayn doontaa siyaasadaha qaranka, xeeladaha iyo qorshayaasha hawlgalka si si hufan loo aasaaso oo loo adkeeyo Dowladda Dhexe ee Federaalka ah iyo baarlamaan kuraas la doortay oo si dhab ah u matala dhammaan muwaadiniinta Soomaaliyeed. Sidoo kale aasaasidda mabda'a maamul goboleedka u gaarka ah. Tani waxay caawin doontaa in la dhiso maamul baahsan oo nidaamsan oo loogu talagalay hay'adaha dowladda ayna taageerto qorshaynta iyo go'aan-qaadashada maxalliga ah, dadaallada bulshada iyo ka-qaybgalka taas oo dambeyntii horseedi doonta in dadku isku ku kalsoonaadaan dhinacyada oo dhan ee siyaasadda, bulshada iyo dhaqaalaha"</blockquote> Garabka ciidanka ee USC waxaa la aasaasay dhamaadkii 1989-kii magaalada [[Mustahiil]], oo ah deegaan Hawiye oo ka tirsan [[Etiopia|Etoobiya]], waxaana hoggaaminayay [[Seneraal|General]] [[Maxamed Faarax Caydiid]] ilaa uu ka dhimanayo 1996-kii.<ref name="UNappA">{{Citation |mode=cs1 |section=Appendix A: Main Events in Somalia's History |page=105 |title=United Nations Consolidated Inter-Agency Appeal for Somalia |publisher=[[OCHA]] |location=Geneva |date=December 1998 |url=http://www.reliefweb.int/library/appeals/som99.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040124205607/http://www.reliefweb.int/library/appeals/som99.pdf |archive-date=2004-01-24}}</ref> Maadaama uu ahaa xubin ka tirsan qabiilka [[Hawiye]], ofisiyaal sare oo dowladeed iyo ciyaaryahan milatari oo khibrad leh, Caydiid waxaa loo arkay doorasho dabiici ah oo lagu caawinayo hoggaaminta ololaha milatari ee Golaha Midnimada Soomaaliyeed ee ka dhanka ah maamulka, markaana si dhakhso ah ayaa looga dhaadhiciyay inuu ka soo tago xilka danjiraha [[New Delhi]] oo uu ku laabto Soomaaliya si uu uga qaybqaato [[Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya|Rebellion-ka Soomaaliyeed]].{{Sfn|Drysdale|1994|pp=20–28}} === Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya iyo burburkii maamulkii Barre === Ka dib ka-goosashadii Caydiid, wuxuu casuumaad ka helay Madaxweynaha Etoobiya [[Mengistu Haile Mariam]], oo Caydiid siiyay ruqsad uu ku aasaaso oo ku maamulo hawlgal milatari oo USC ah oo ka dhex bilaabma dhulka Etoobiya.{{Sfn|Drysdale|1994|pp=20–28}} Saldhigyada buuraha ee dhow xudduudda Soomaaliya iyo Etoobiya, wuxuu ka bilaabay hoggaaminta weerarkii ugu dambeeyay ee milatari ee Golaha Midnimada Soomaaliyeed ee cusub si loo qabto Muqdisho oo maamulka la rigo.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Richburg |first=Keith |date=8 September 1992 |title=AIDEED: WARLORD IN A FAMISHED LAND |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1992/09/08/aideed-warlord-in-a-famished-land/071be58c-f5fb-47ef-92df-b1197b638ee7/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522135256/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1992/09/08/aideed-warlord-in-a-famished-land/071be58c-f5fb-47ef-92df-b1197b638ee7/ |archive-date=22 May 2024 |access-date=2 September 2022 |newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref> USC waxay waqtigaas u kala jabtay saddex garab: USC-Rome, USC-Mogadishu, ka dibna waxaa ku xigay USC-Ethiopia; maadaama labada meelood ee hore aysan ahayn meel habboon oo la kaga bilaabi karo raggida maamulkii Barre. [[Cali Mahdi Maxamed]], oo ahaa xubin saameyn leh oo ka tirsan golaha oo dambe noqday la-tartamaha ugu weyn ee Caydiid, wuxuu soo dhoweyn waayay ka-qaybgalka Caydiid ee USC wuxuuna taageeray garabka Rome ee Golaha, kuwaas oo sidoo kale necebaa Caydiid. Calaamadaha ugu horreeyay ee kala-jeedsashada dhexdeeda USC waxay yimaadeen Juun 1990-kii, markii Mahdi iyo garabka USC-Rome ay diideen doorashadii Caydiid loogu doortay gudoomiyaha USC, iyagoo ka hortagay ansaxnimada codka.{{Sfn|Drysdale|1994|pp=15–16}} Isla bishaas Caydiid wuxuu sii maray inuu aasaaso gaashaanbuur milatari oo uu la samaystay jabhaddii waqooyiga ee [[Jabhaddeynta Dhaqdhaqaaqa Qaranka Soomaaliyeed]] (SNM) iyo [[Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaaliyeed]] (SPM). Oktoobar 1990-kii, SNM, SPM iyo USC waxay saxixeen heshiis ah inaan la samayn haba yaraatee wax wadahadallo nabad ah ilaa la rigo maamulka Barre oo dhan. Waxay sidoo kale ku heshiiyeen inay aasaasaan dowlad kumeelgaar ah ka dib raggidda Barre, ka dibna la qabto doorashooyin.{{Sfn|Drysdale|1994|pp=20–28}} Nofeembar 1990-kii, warkii ahaa in ciidamada USC ee Gen. Caydiid ay ka adkaadeen ciidankii 21-aad ee Madaxweyne [[Maxamed Siyaad Barre|Siyaad Barre]] ee gobollada [[Mudug]], [[Galguduud]] iyo [[Hiiraan]] wuxuu ku qanciyay kuwo badan in dagaal ka dhaco [[Muqdisho]] uu yahay mid dhow, taas oo keentay in dadka rayidka ah ee magaalada ay bilaabaan inay si dhakhso ah u hubaystaan.{{Sfn|Drysdale|1994|pp=20–28}} Tani, oo la socota hawgallada ururrada kale ee jabhadaha, waxay dambeyntii horseeday bixitaankii buuxay ee [[Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya]], burburkii tartiib-tartiibka ahaa ee [[Ciidanka Xoogga Land Soomaaliyeed]], iyo raggidii maamulkii Barre ee Muqdisho 26 Janaayo 1991-kii. Ka dib noqoshada [[faaruqa awoodda]] ee ka dhalatay dhicitaankii Barre, xaaladda Soomaaliya waxay bilaabtay inay si dhakhso ah uga baxdo maamulka, ka dibna garabyada jabhadaha waxay bilaabeen inay u dagaallamaan maamulida haraagii dowladdii Soomaaliya. Ugu dambeyntii, kala-jabsanaanta u dhaxeysa labada garab ee ugu waaweyn ee Golaha Midnimada Soomaaliyeed (USC), oo ay hoggaaminayeen Caydiid iyo la-tartamihiisa [[Cali Mahdi Maxamed|Cali Mahdi]], waxay horseeday dagaal culus iyadoo qaybo waaweyn oo Muqdisho ah ay sidaas darteed ku burbureen markii labada garab ay isku dayeen inay maamulaan magaalada.<ref name="Lirs">Library Information and Research Service, ''The Middle East: Abstracts and Index'', Volume 2, (Library Information and Research Service: 1999), p. 327.</ref><ref name="Ahmed">{{cite web |last=Ahmed III |first=Abdul |title=Brothers in Arms Part Forces I |url=http://wardheernews.com/Articles_2011/Oct/29_Brothers_in_Army_abdul.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503221634/http://www.wardheernews.com/Articles_2011/Oct/29_Brothers_in_Army_abdul.pdf |archive-date=3 May 2012 |access-date=28 February 2012 |publisher=WardheerNews}}</ref> Labadaba Cali Mahdi iyo Caydiid waxay sheegteen inay hoggaaminayaan dowlado midnimo qarameed, mid kastana wuxuu u tartamayay inuu hoggaamiyo dib-u-dhiska dowladdii Soomaaliya.<ref name=":7" /> Guulaha milatari ee USC<ref>{{Cite book|title=Somalia: Information on the situation in Baidoa and El Wak from 1991 to 1993, and in El Wak in 1996|last=Of Immigration|first=Board|year=1993|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6abb12e.html|access-date=August 28, 2023|archive-date=September 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915175416/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6abb12e.html|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=Violations of the Rules Applicable in Non-International Armed Conflicts and Their Possible Causes|last=Alasow|first=Omar|year=2010|publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-18988-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TfN5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA34}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Clausewitz and African War, Politics and Strategy in Liberia and Somalia|last=Duyvesteyn|first=Isabelle|year=2010|url=https://postimg.cc/cgGjK65v|access-date=August 28, 2023|archive-date=August 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828012202/https://postimg.cc/cgGjK65v|url-status=live}}</ref> waxay ahaayeen kuwo muhiim ah oo horseeday raggidii dowladdii Barre 26-kii Janaayo 1991-kii, iyadoo taliyihii uu u cararay dibad-joog Ekeeniya. In kasta oo Dowladda Ekeeniya ay milatari ahaan taageeraysay Barre dagaalkii uu ku jiray USC ka hor iyo ka dib raggidiisa,<ref>{{cite book|last=Report|first=Daily|title=Daily Report Africa (Sub-Sahara) Issues|date=1992|publisher=Foreign Broadcast Information Service|page=4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s64xH9RRIXoC&dq=Siad+Barre&pg=RA7-PA4}}</ref> USC waxay eryatay ciidamadii Barre ilaa Ekeeniya iyadoo keentay khilaaf diblomaasiyadeed iyo milatari oo dheeraa oo ay la yeesheen Madaxweyne [[Daniel Arap Moi]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Review|first=The Weekly|title=The Weekly Review|date=1992|publisher=Stellascope Limited|page=36|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ElRfjvSzhSYC&dq=united+somali+congress&pg=RA16-PA36|access-date=March 9, 2023|archive-date=April 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405061833/https://books.google.com/books?id=ElRfjvSzhSYC&dq=united+somali+congress&pg=RA16-PA36|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Review|first=The Weekly|title=The Weekly Review|date=1992|publisher=Stellascope Limited|page=37|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ElRfjvSzhSYC&dq=Usc&pg=RA16-PA36|access-date=March 9, 2023|archive-date=April 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405061832/https://books.google.com/books?id=ElRfjvSzhSYC&dq=Usc&pg=RA16-PA36|url-status=live}}</ref> ka hor inta aan looga soo jeedin ururkii OAU ee waqtigaas inuu ku nghỉyo Lagos, Nayjeeriya. Guushaas ka dib si kastaba ha ahaatee, USC waxay ku dhibtootay inay maamusho heshiis siyaasadeed oo ay la gasho la-tartamayaasheeda, [[Jabhaddeynta Dhaqdhaqaaqa Qaranka Soomaaliyeed|SNM]], [[Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaaliyeed|SPM]] iyo [[Jabhadda Badbaadinta Dimoqraadiga Soomaaliyeed|SSDF]], waxayna sidoo kale u kala jabtay dhexdeeda hoggaankeeda ka dib markii [[Cali Mahdi Maxamed]] la kaga dhawaaqay Madaxweyne kumeelgaar ah. === Kala-jabsanaantii Caydiid iyo Cali Mahdi === Labadaba Cali Mahdi iyo Caydiid waxay sheegteen inay hoggaaminayaan dowlado midnimo qarameed, mid kastana wuxuu u tartamayay inuu hoggaamiyo dib-u-dhiska dowladdii Soomaaliya.<ref name=":7" /> Markii la magacaabay Cali Mahdi Maxamed oo ah Madaxweyne, USC waxay u kala jabtay laba. USC/SNA waxay ka soo baxday Maxamed Caydiid hoostiisa iyo Golaha Midnimada Soomaaliyeed/Isbahaysiga Badbaadinta Soomaaliyeed (USC/SSA) ee Cali Mahdi Maxamed. USC/SNA waxay gashay maamulka wiilkii Maxamed Caydiid, [[Xuseen Maxamed Faarax Caydiid]] ka dib dhimashadii aabihiis 1996-kii. USC/SSA dambeyntii waxay gashay maamulka Gudoomiye ku xigeenka, [[Muuse Suudi Yalahow]]. Labadaba garabyada USC waxay nabad kesheen keshiis bishii Juun 1997-kii, inkasta oo tani ay keentay kala-jabsanaan violently ah oo dhexmartay Yalahow iyo Cali Mahdi Maxamed, dagaalkana wuxuu ka sii socday Muqdisho. Ugu dambeyntii, labadaba Xuseen Caydiid iyo Yalahow waxay dub-u-heshiiyeen oo ay ku qoob-galeen [[Golaha Dib-u-heshiisiinta iyo Dib-u-dhiska Soomaaliyeed]] (SRRC) 2002-kii, iyagoo ka hortagaya [[Dowladda Kumeelgaarka ah]] (TNG). Tani waxay keentay khilaaf u dhexeeya taageerayaasha USC/SSA ee Yalahow iyo [[Cumar Maxamuud Finnish]] (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaanno Mahmud Muhammad Finish), oo sii taageerayay TNG. Dagaalka u dhexeeya labada wuxuu dhimasho badan ka geystay [[Muqdisho]].<ref name=AT-LEAST-12-KILLED-IN-MOGADISHU-FIGHTING>{{cite news |title=SOMALIA: At least 12 killed in Mogadishu fighting |url=http://www.preventgenocide.org/prevent/news-monitor/2002feb.htm |publisher=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]] |date=February 26, 2002 |access-date=February 7, 2007 |archive-date=April 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405051331/http://www.preventgenocide.org/prevent/news-monitor/2002feb.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Sannadkii 2001-dii, Xuseen Caydiid wuxuu aasaasay [[Golaha Dib-u-heshiisiinta iyo Dib-u-dhiska Soomaaliyeed]] (SRRC), oo ahaa urur mucaarad ah oo hubaysan oo cusub. Isagoo ka soo baxay Isbahaysiga Qaranka Soomaaliyeed, waxaa markii hore loo aasaasay inuu ka hortago [[Dowladda Kumeelgaarka ah]] (TNG) ee curdinka ahayd iyo [[Isbahaysiga Dooxada Juba]] (JVA) muddadii 2001–2004. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dambeyntii wuxuu xalliyay khilaafaadkii uu la lahaa dowladda 2003-dii, iyadoo hoggaamiyayaal dhex-dhexaad ah oo ka mid ah lagu daray maamulkii cusub ee kumeelgaarka ahaa. == Dadka muhiimka ah == * [[Cali Maxamed Osoble|Cali Maxamed Osoble ( Cali Wardhiigley )]] * [[Maxamed Faarax Caydiid]] * [[Cali Mahdi Maxamed]] * [[Cusmaan Xaashi Raage (Faroolle)]] * [[Maxamed Afrax Qanyare]] * [[Muuse Nuur Amiin]] * [[Muuse Suudi Yalahow]] * [[Cumar Maxamuud Finnish]] == Jadwalka Taariikheed ee USC == * 1987–1991 Aasaaskii USC ilaa raggidii Siyaad Barre * 1991–1992 [[Maxamed Faarax Caydiid]] (USC Caydiid) vs. [[Cali Mahdi Maxamed]] (USC Mahdi) ilaa aasaaskii USC/SNA * 1992–1995 USC/SNA iyo USC/SSA vs hawlgalkii Qaramada Midoobay * 1995–1998 USC/SNA vs. USC/SSA ka dib bixitaankii Qaramada Midoobay ilaa dib-u-heshiisiintii * 1998–2001 Dagaalka hoose ee USC/SSA ee u dhexeeyay [[Cali Mahdi Maxamed]] iyo [[Muuse Suudi Yalahow]] * 2001–2002 Dagaalka hoose ee USC/SSA ee u dhexeeyay [[Muuse Suudi Yalahow]] (SRRC) vs. [[Cumar Maxamuud Finnish]] (TNG) * 2003–Dhowr taliye oo USC ah waxay ka dhigeen hubka maleeshiyadooda; kuwo ka mid ah waxaa lagu daray dowladdii cusub ee kumeelgaarka ahayd == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Siyaasadda Soomaaliya]] == Tixraacyada == {{Reflist}} === Ilaha === * {{Cite book |last=Drysdale |first=John |author-link=John Drysdale (historian) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IXYwAQAAIAAJ |title=Whatever Happened to Somalia?: A tale of tragic blunders |publisher=Haan |year=1994 |isbn=1874209510}} == Xiriiriyeyaasha dibadda == *[http://www.hawiyeactiongroup.org/ HAG – Hawiye Action Group] *Dagne, Ted (2002). "[https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/7959.pdf Africa and the War on Terrorism]". ''CRS Report for Congress'', Washington (DC):Library of Congress. t92ruxu8iyfvcy0nn13gmq9fcjzkxgk 0 22862 311204 298499 2026-10-27T00:49:02Z ~2026-57419-95 48029 /* English Version */ 311204 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Reer Aw Xasan''' waa beel ka mida beelaha soomaaliyeed, lehna taariikh fac-weyn oo ku qotonta hoggaanka diinta, cilmiga iyo adeegga bulshada. Taariikh ahaan, beeshani waxay caan ku ahayd soo saarista culumo, macallimiin iyo hoggaamiyeyaal bulsho oo door muuqda ka qaatay fidinta diinta iyo horumarinta waxbarashada. Sidoo kale, waxay saameyn la taaban karo ku leeyihiin siyaasadda iyo arrimaha bulshada ee Soomaaliya. == Qaybaha Beesha == Beesha Reer Aw Xasan waxay si rasmi ah ugu kala baxdaa '''laba farac oo waaweyn''': === 1. Reer Aw Saacid === Reer Aw Saacid '''Jilib-hoosaadyada Reer Aw Saacid:''' * Reer Aw Xuuriye * Reer Aw Kheyre * Reer Aw Hilowle * Maxamed Aw Saacid '''Deegaannada Reer Aw Saacid:''' Inta badan waxay deggan yihiin gobollada '''Shabeellaha Hoose''', gaar ahaan: * Qoryooley * Afgooye Sidoo kale, waxay ku nool yihiin waqooyi-bari Kenya, gaar ahaan: * Mandheera * Qalaaliyow ---- === 2. Reer Aw Nuur === '''Jilib-hoosaadyada Reer Aw Nuur:''' * Reer Aw Mahdi * Reer Aw Cilmi * Reer Udgoone '''Deegaannada Reer Aw Nuur:''' Waxay inta badan deggan yihiin: * Beledweyne iyo qaybo kale oo ka tirsan gobolka Hiiraan * Feer Feer iyo deegaano kale oo ka tirsan Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya * Koonfurta Soomaaliya, sida Gobolka shabellada hoose, Jubbaland, Banadir iyo Kenya ---- ---- == English Version == '''Reer Aw Xasan''' is a respected clan , known for its rich historical legacy in religious leadership, scholarship, and community service. Historically, members of this clan have played a significant role as Islamic scholars, teachers, and community leaders. They have also maintained a visible influence in Somali social and political affairs. == Clan Structure == The Reer Aw Xasan clan is officially divided into '''two main branches''': === 1. Reer Aw Saacid === Reer Aw Saacid is the '''eldest son (Curadka Reer Aw Xasan)''' and represents the largest branch of the clan. '''Sub-clans of Reer Aw Saacid:''' * Reer Aw Xuuriye * Reer Aw Kheyre * Reer Aw Hilowle * Mohamed Aw Saacid '''Geographical Distribution of Reer Aw Saacid:''' They predominantly inhabit the Lower Shabelle region of Somalia, particularly: * Qoryooley * Afgooye They are also found in northeastern Kenya, especially: * Mandheera * Qalaaliyow ---- === 2. Reer Aw Nuur === Reer Aw Nuur is the second major branch of the Reer Aw Xasan clan. '''Sub-clans of Reer Aw Nuur:''' * Reer Aw Mahdi * Reer Aw Cilmi * Reer Udgoone '''Geographical Distribution of Reer Aw Nuur:''' They mainly inhabit parts of the Hiiraan region in Somalia, particularly: * Beledweyne They are also present in the Somali Region of Ethiopia, including: * Feer Feer ndmhh9uwh2bi26dpznmoo8a5tyy5r4k 311205 311204 2026-10-27T04:02:23Z Isma4l 41797 311205 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Reer Aw Xasan''' waa beel ka mida beelaha soomaaliyeed, lehna taariikh fac-weyn oo ku qotonta hoggaanka diinta, cilmiga iyo adeegga bulshada. Taariikh ahaan, beeshani waxay caan ku ahayd soo saarista culumo, macallimiin iyo hoggaamiyeyaal bulsho oo door muuqda ka qaatay fidinta diinta iyo horumarinta waxbarashada. Sidoo kale, waxay saameyn la taaban karo ku leeyihiin siyaasadda iyo arrimaha bulshada ee Soomaaliya. == Qaybaha Beesha == Beesha Reer Aw Xasan waxay si rasmi ah ugu kala baxdaa '''laba farac oo waaweyn''': === 1. Reer Aw Saacid === Reer Aw Saacid '''Jilib-hoosaadyada Reer Aw Saacid:''' * Reer Aw Xuuriye * Reer Aw Kheyre * Reer Aw Hilowle * Maxamed Aw Saacid '''Deegaannada Reer Aw Saacid:''' Inta badan waxay deggan yihiin gobollada '''Shabeellaha Hoose''', gaar ahaan: * Qoryooley * Afgooye Sidoo kale, waxay ku nool yihiin waqooyi-bari Kenya, gaar ahaan: * Mandheera * Qalaaliyow ---- === 2. Reer Aw Nuur === '''Jilib-hoosaadyada Reer Aw Nuur:''' * Reer Aw Mahdi * Reer Aw Cilmi * Reer Udgoone '''Deegaannada Reer Aw Nuur:''' Waxay inta badan deggan yihiin: * Beledweyne iyo qaybo kale oo ka tirsan gobolka Hiiraan * Feer Feer iyo deegaano kale oo ka tirsan Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya * Koonfurta Soomaaliya, sida Gobolka shabellada hoose, Jubbaland, Banadir iyo Kenya ==Tixraac== {{Gumud}} nsptf1bi5l3qf65awkf9ht7w5k463px 0 37206 311198 277531 2026-10-26T19:37:30Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 311198 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda shacabka Bangaladhesh | common_name = Bangaladhesh | native_name ={{lang|bn|বাংলাদেশ}} | image_flag = Flag of Bangladesh.svg | image_coat = National emblem of Bangladesh.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | other_symbol = | other_symbol_type = | national_anthem = {{native phrase|bn|"[[Amar Sonar Bangla]]"|italics=off}}<br />{{small|"My Golden Bengal"}}<br /> <br /><center>[[File:Amar Sonar Bangla - official vocal music of the National anthem of Bangladesh.ogg]]</center> ---- {{center|'''March:''' "[[Notuner Gaan]]"<br />{{small|"The Song of Youth"}}<ref name="national march">{{cite web|title=NATIONAL SYMBOLS→National march|work=Bangladesh Tourism Board|location=Bangladesh|publisher=Ministry of Civil Aviation & Tourism|url=http://visitbangladesh.gov.bd/about-bangladesh/national-symbol/|quote=In 13 January 1972, the ministry of Bangladesh has adopted this song as a national marching song on its first meeting after the country's independence.|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|access-date=28 Bisha Lixaad 2018|archive-date=28 Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228040953/http://visitbangladesh.gov.bd/about-bangladesh/national-symbol/|dead-url=yes}}</ref>}} | image_map = Bangladesh (orthographic projection).svg | map_width = 220px | capital = [[Dhaka]] | coordinates = {{Coord|23|42|N|90|21|E|type:city}} | largest_city = Dhaka | official_languages = [[Bengali]]<ref name="bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd">{{cite book|title=The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh|chapter=Article 3. The state language|url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/sections_detail.php?id=367&sections_id=24550|website=bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd|publisher=Ministry of Law, The People's Republic of Bangladesh|accessdate=1 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805014802/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/sections_detail.php?id=367&sections_id=24550|archive-date=5 Bisha Sideedaad 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |90% [[Islam]] {{small|(Official)}} |9.5% [[Hinduism]] |0.3% [[Buddhism]] |0.2% [[Christianity]]}} | religion_year = 2011<ref name="বাংলাদেশ"/> | ethnic_groups = {{vunblist | 98% [[Bengalis]] | {{collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%; |title= 2% Minorities | [[Chakma people|Chakmas]] | [[Biharis in Bangladesh|Biharis]] | [[Marma people|Marmas]] | [[Santhal people|Santhals]] | [[Mro people|Mros]] | [[Tanchangya people|Tanchangyas]] | [[Bawm people|Bawms]] | [[Tripuri people|Tripuris]] | [[Khumi people|Khumis]] | [[Kuki people|Kukis]] | [[Garo people|Garos]] | [[Bisnupriya Manipuri people|Bisnupriya Manipuris]] | [[Indians in Bangladesh|Indians]] | [[Chinese people in Bangladesh|Chinese]] }} }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2011<ref name="বাংলাদেশকে জানুন">{{cite web |url=http://www.bangladesh.gov.bd/site/page/812d94a8-0376-4579-a8f1-a1f66fa5df5d/বাংলাদেশকে-জানুন |script-title=জানুন |language=bn |trans-title=Discover Bangladesh |publisher=National Web Portal of Bangladesh |accessdate=13 February 2015}}</ref> | demonym = [[Bangladeshi]] | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Bangladesh|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Maxamed Shahaabudiin]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh|Ra'iisul wasaare]] | leader_name2 = [[Maxamed Yuunus]] | leader_title3 = [[Speaker of the Jatiya Sangsad|House Speaker]] | leader_name3 = [[Shirin Sharmin Chaudhury|Shirin Chaudhury]] | leader_title4 = [[Chief Justice of Bangladesh|Chief Justice]] | leader_name4 = [[Syed Mahmud Hossain]] | legislature = [[Jatiya Sangsad]] | sovereignty_type = <div style="text-align: left;">[[History of Bangladesh|Formation]] and [[Bangladesh Liberation War|independence]]</div> | established_event1 = [[East Bengal]] | established_date1 = 14 August 1947 | established_event2 = [[East Pakistan]] | established_date2 = 14 October 1955 | established_event3 = [[Proclamation of Bangladeshi Independence|Independence]] | established_date3 = 26 March 1971 | established_event4 = [[Victory day of Bangladesh|Recognized]] | established_date4 = 16 December 1971 | established_event5 = [[Constitution of Bangladesh|Constitution]] | established_date5 = 4 November 1972 | area_km2 = 147,570<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dghs.gov.bd/images/docs/Publicaations/HB%202016%20_2nd_edition_13_01_17.pdf |title=Health Bulletin 2016 |website=Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS) |page=13 |access-date=11 September 2017 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=13 Bisha Lixaad 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613050056/http://dghs.gov.bd/images/docs/Publicaations/HB%202016%20_2nd_edition_13_01_17.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | area_rank = 92nd | area_sq_mi = 56,992.54 <!--Don't remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 6.4 | population_estimate = {{UN_Population|Bangladesh}}{{UN_Population|ref}} | population_census = 149,772,364<ref>[http://www.bbs.gov.bd/Home.aspx Data] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bbs.gov.bd/Home.aspx |date=20110904045106 }} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904045106/http://www.bbs.gov.bd/Home.aspx |date=4 September 2011 }}. Census – Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.</ref> | population_estimate_year = {{UN_Population|Year}} | population_estimate_rank = 8th | population_census_year = 2011 | population_census_rank = 8th | population_density_km2 = 1,106 | population_density_sq_mi = 2,864.5 | population_density_rank = 10th | GDP_PPP = $751.949 billion<ref name="imf">{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=21&pr.y=6&sy=2016&ey=2023&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=513&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Bangladesh|work=World Economic Outlook Database|publisher=[[IMF]] }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_rank = 31st | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $4,561<ref name="imf"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 139th | GDP_nominal = $357.817 billion<ref name="imf"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2018 | GDP_nominal_rank = 43rd | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $1,754<ref name="imf"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 148th | Gini = 32.1 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2010 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=[[World Bank]] |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209003326/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |archivedate=9 February 2015 |accessdate=2 March 2011 }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.579 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015 <!--Please use the year to which the HDI data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=Human Development Report 2016 |date=2016 |accessdate=6 April 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> | HDI_rank = {{ordinal|139}} | currency = [[Bangladeshi taka|Taka]] ({{lang|bn|৳}}) | currency_code = BDT | time_zone = [[Bangladesh Standard Time|BST]] | utc_offset = +6 | date_format = {{unbulleted list |dd-mm-yyyy |[[Bengali Era|BS]]&nbsp;{{lang|bn|দদ-মম-বববব}} {{small|([[Common Era|CE]]−594)}}}} | drives_on = [[Right- and left-hand traffic#Bangladesh|left]] | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Bangladesh|+880]] | cctld = [[.bd]]<br />{{lang|bn|[[.bangla|.বাংলা]]}} | official_website = {{URL|bangladesh.gov.bd}} | area_magnitude = | footnote = }} [[File:Bangladesh (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|200px|Bangaladhesh]] '''Bangaladhesh''' ([[Bengali]]: বাংলাদেশ; {{lang-ar|بنغلاديش}}) sida dowliga ah loo yaqaano '''Jamhuuriyadda shacabka Bangaladhesh''' waa wadan ku yaalo [[Koonfur]]ta Aasiya. wadanka markiisa hore waxaa ladhihi jiray '''Baribakistaan''' waxii kahoreeyay 1971. wadanka waxoo xuduud la leeyahay, wadanka [[Hindiya]] oo ka xigta [[Galbeed|galbeedka]],[[Waqooyi|waqooyiga]] iyo [[Bari|bariga]], wadanka [[Burma]] waxoo ka xigaa bariga, [[Koonfur|koonfuta]] neh waxaa ka xiga [[Badweynta Hindiya]]. [[File:Awesome look of Lalbagh Fort.jpg|thumb|right|195px|]] [[Bangladhesh]] waxa ay xoriyada ka qaadatay dalka [[Bakistaan]] sanadku markuu aha 1971, ka dib dagaal dheer oo ay wadeen kooxda goolwadayaasha [[Bangladhesh]]. Bangladhesh waa wadan dhaqaale ahaan aad u liita waxaa jira dadyoow ka soo jeeda wadankan oo ku firdhamay aduunka. Dalka Jamhuuriyada Bangladhesh waxa uu kamid yahay dalalka ku yaala qaarada Asiya waxana uu xuduud la wadaaga dalalka ay kamid yihiin Hindiya, Burma iyo Nabal. Dhinaca koonfureedna waxa uu xuuduud kala wadaaga [[Badwaynta Hindiya]]. Waana mid kamid ah wadamada la yidhaa koonfur bari Asiya.Caasimadda dalka [[Bangladhesh]] waxa la yidhaa Dhaka. * [https://www.jw.org/en/jehovahs-witnesses/activities/ministry/jehovahs-witnesses-learn-bengali/ Why Learn Bengali?] == Bedda == Dhulka uu ku fadhiyo dalka Bangaladhesh waa 55,598.71 oo (mayl laba jibaaran) una dhiganta 144,000.00 oo (kiilimirir laba jibaaran). Bangaladhesh waxa uu ku dhowyahay bedka gobolka (Wisconsin) ee dalka Maraykanka. == Dadka == Dadka reer Bangaladhesh waxa ay tiradoodu kor u dhaafataa 163-milyan oo ruux, waana tirakbookii laqaaday sanadkii 2017-kii. == Afka == Luuqadaha lagaga hadlo dalka waxa ugu horeysa luuqada maxaliga ah ee Bangla waxana soo raacda luuqada ingiiska oo ah afka dalkii gacanta ku hayay Bangaladhesh xiligii gumaysiga. Diinta:Diimaha laga aaminsan yahay gudaha dalka Bangaladhesh waxa ugu badan dadka haysta diinta Islaamka oo gaadhaya 83%, halka diinta Hinduugu ay dadka haystaa gaadhaan boqolkiiba 16%, dadka soo hadhayna waxa ay hasytaan diimo kale. Cimriga: Rajada nolosha ee dadka ku dhaqan dalka Bangaladhesh ayaa waxa ay celcilis ahaan gaadhaan 60-sano oo ragg iyo dumarba ah. == Dawlada == Dawladda dalka Bangaladhesh waa dowlad Baarlamaani ah (parliamentary democracy). Lacagta: Lacagta laga isticmaalo dalka waxa la yidhaa taka (Tk). == Warshadaha == Dalka Jamhuuriyada Bangaladhesh waxa uu hodan ku yahay warshadaha waxana kamid ah waxayaabaha ay soo saaraan warshadadaha ku yaal Bangaladhesh, dharka, waraaqaaha, sonkorta, cudbiga, sibidhka, laydhka iyo qayb kamid ah Technolig-yada. == Magaloka == [[File:Dhaka (62).JPG|thumb|193px|right|Vista de Dhaka.]] [[File:Rajoshik.jpg|thumb|right|195px|]] [[File:Bangladeshi_Biryani.jpg|thumb|right|196px|]] [[File:Kamalpur_Railway_Station,_Dhaka_01.jpg|thumb|right|197px|]] beeraha waxa si balaadhan looga beeraa midho badan oo uu ugu horeeyo geedka caanka ka ah qaarada Eshiya ee Bariiska. Waxa kale oo ka baxa beeraha dalka Bangaladhesh Shaaha, Qamadiga, Sonkor- khaanka, Tubaakada, khudrada, iyo saliida. == Xoolaha == waxa laga dhaqdaa dalka Bangaladhesh xoolo kala duwan waxana jira goobo lagu xaananeeyo digaaga. Dhulka la istimcaalo ee dalka Bangaladhesh waa boqolkiiba 73% kamid ah cabirka guud ee dalka. == Khayraadka == Khayraadka dabiiciga ah ee Bangaladhesh Gaaska dabiiciga ah, Geedka timber-ka iyo dhuxul dhagaxda. ==Xubinka Tahay== * [[IMF]]*` *''[[ Bankiga Aduunka]]''* * *'''[[Qaramada Midoobay]]'''* *` ==Daadka Degaan Bangladesh== * {{Flag|Pakistan}} 3000+ * {{Flag|Jordan}} 200+ * {{Flag|Saudi Arabia}} 100+ * {{Flag|Australia}} 200+ {{Dalalka Aasiya}} ==Sido kale fiiri== * [[Hindiya]] * [[Australia]] *[[Bangladesh Visa Dalalka|Bangaladhesh Visa Dalalka]] [[Category:Bangladesh]] bohpm0xii2qxeyg4dm0qlnzyywtyqq7 0 41875 311197 277679 2026-10-26T19:03:01Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 311197 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Af-Bangalaa | altname = Bangla | nativename = {{lang|bn|বাংলা}} | pronunciation = {{IPA-bn|ˈbaŋla||Bn-বাংলা.oga}} | region = [[Bangaladhesh]] iyo [[Hindiya]] | ethnicity = [[Bengalis]] | speakers = 250{{ndash}}300{{nbsp}}million | date = 2017 | ref = <ref>{{cite book|title=The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh|chapter=Article 3. The state language|url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/sections_detail.php?id=367&sections_id=24550|website=bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd|publisher=Ministry of Law, The People's Republic of Bangladesh|accessdate=1 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805014802/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/sections_detail.php?id=367&sections_id=24550|archive-date=5 Bisha Sideedaad 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Scheduled Languages in descending order of speaker's strength - 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]|date=29 June 2018}}</ref><ref name=EthnologueSp>{{e21|ben|Bengali}}</ref> | speakers2 = ([[first language|L1]] plus [[Second language|L2]] speakers) | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] | fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] | fam4 = [[Magadhi Prakrit]] | fam5 = [[Eastern Indic|Eastern Zone (Magadhan)]] | fam6 = [[Bengali-Assamese]] | ancestor = [[Abahattha]] | ancestor2 = Old Bengali | dia1 = see [[Bengali dialects]] | script = [[Eastern Nagari script]] ([[Bengali alphabet]])<br />[[Bengali Braille]] | sign = Bengali signed forms<ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/251910320/Bangla-Sign-Language-Dictionary |access-date=2022-10-22 |archive-date=2021-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308161943/https://www.scribd.com/doc/251910320/Bangla-Sign-Language-Dictionary |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | nation = {{BAN|Bangladesh}}<br />{{IND|India}} (in [[West Bengal]], [[Tripura]] and [[Barak Valley]]) | agency = [[Bangla Academy]]<br />[[Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi]] | iso1 = bn | iso2 = ben | iso3 = ben | lingua = [http://www.linguasphere.info/lcontao/tl_files/pdf/master/OL-SITE%201999-2000%20MASTER%20ONE%20Sectors%205-Zones%2055-59.pdf <code>59-AAF-u</code>] | image = বাংলা.svg | imagesize = 200px | imagecaption = "Bangla" in [[Bengali script]] | map = Bengalispeaking region.png | mapcaption = Bengali speaking region of [[South Asia]] | map2 = Bengali-world.svg | mapcaption2 = Bengali speakers around the world | notice = IPA | glotto = beng1280 | glottorefname = Bengali }} '''Af-Bangalaa''' (/ bɛnɡɔːli /), oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano Bangla (UK: / bʌŋlɜːr /; বাংলা), waa luqad Indo-Aryan ku hadasha Koonfurta Aasiya. Waa luqadda rasmiga ah ee ugu ballaaran ee Bangladesh, halka kan labaadna looga hadlo 22 luqadood oo ah jadwalka Hindiya, oo ka dambeeya Hindi. Luuqada rasmiga ah ee rasmiga ah ee Bangladesh waa bangiga casriga ah ee Bangladesh (Bariishal). Waxay u adeegtaa sida lingua franca ee qaranka, iyadoo 98% Bangladeshis ay si fiican ugu hadli jireen Bangladesh (oo ay ku jiraan lahjadaha) sida luqadooda koowaad. Gudaha India, Bangladesh waa luqadda rasmiga ah ee gobolada West Bengal, Tripura iyo dooxada Barak ee gobolka Assam. Waxaa sidoo kale laga hadlay qeybo kala duwan oo ka mid ah dooxada Brahmaputra ee Assam. Sidoo kale waa luqada ugu badan ee lagu hadlo ee ku yaalla xuduudaha Andaman iyo Nicobar ee Bay of Bengal, waxayna ku hadlaan beelaha laga tirada badan yahay ee gobollada kale oo ay ka mid yihiin Jharkhand, Bihar, Mizoram, Meghalaya, iyo Odisha. Qiyaastii 250-300 milyan wadarta guud ee ku hadla adduunka oo dhan, Bangladesh waxaa badanaa lagu tiriyaa sida ugu badan ee lagu hadlo afafka hooyo ee dunida ugu weyn. Qaamuusyada laga soo bilaabo qarnigii 20aad waxay u dhigantaa in ka badan kala badh erayada Bangladeshga erayada afka hooyo (sida, ereyada Sanskrit oo isbeddel ah, ereyo Sanskrit ereyo ah, iyo ereyada luuqadaha non-Indo-Yurub), boqolkiiba 30 waxay ahaayeen ereyada aan lagu qorin Sanskrit , iyo inta ka hartay erayada shisheeye Dominant ee ugu dambeysay ee Faarax, kaas oo sidoo kale ahaa ilaha naxwaha qaar ka mid ah. Daraasadihii ugu dambeeyey waxay soo jeediyeen in isticmaalka erayada ajaanibta iyo ajnabiga ay sii kordhayaan, badanaa sababta oo ah waxay doorbidaan kuwa ku hadla afafka Bengaaliga ee qaabka isdhaafka. ==Waddanmaha Hadalka Bangali== {{Flag|Pakistan}} {{commons|বাংলাদেশ}} * [https://www.jw.org/bn/লাইব্রেরি/ Bangladesh] {{Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka}} * [[Nancowry]] hs2t51yjygb1rynjvdojffvg7stlcsz 0 42931 311200 285428 2026-10-26T22:39:01Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 311200 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox model | name = Lara Stone | image = Lara Stone NYC.jpg | caption = Stone at Fashion Week NYC Sanadkii 2011 | birth_name = Lara Catherina Stone | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|12|20|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Geldrop]], Netherlands<ref name="nymag">{{cite web |url=http://nymag.com/fashion/models/lstone/larastone/ |title=Lara Stone – Model Profile |access-date=27 December 2007 |work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |archive-date=23 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923045217/http://nymag.com/fashion/models/lstone/larastone/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | occupation = Model | ethnicity = | spouse = {{unbulleted list | {{marriage|[[David Walliams]]|16 May 2010|2015|reason=divorced}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Little Britain actor David Walliams and model Lara Stone granted 'quickie' divorce|url=http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/celebrity-life/little-britain-actor-david-walliams-and-model-lara-stone-granted-quickie-divorce/story-fnk825aa-1227522010274|access-date=10 September 2015|work=News|archive-date=2 Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102064045/http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/celebrity-life/little-britain-actor-david-walliams-and-model-lara-stone-granted-quickie-divorce/story-fnk825aa-1227522010274|url-status=dead}}</ref> | {{marriage|David Grievson|17 July 2021}} }} | children = 2 | height = {{height|m=1.77}}<ref>{{FMD model|lara_stone}}</ref> | hair_colour = Huruud | eye_colour = Bunni-cagaar ah | years_active = 1999–hadda | agency = {{Plainlist| * [[Libaaxyada (wakalada)|Libaaxyada]] (New York) * [[Maamulka Elite Model ]] (Paris) * Maamulka Aragtida https://perspectivemanagement.co.uk/lara-stone <ref>{{cite web|url=https://models.com/models/lara-stone|title=Lara Stone|website=Model.com|access-date = 11 August 2024}}</ref>}} }} '''Lara Catherina Stone''' (waxay dhalatay 20 Diseembar 1983) waa moodeel Nederlaan ah. Waxaa la ogaaday da'da 12 ee Metro Paris ka dibna waxay ka qayb qaadatay tartanka Elite Model Look at 15. Stone ayaa ka soo muuqday daboolka W iyo Vogue waxayna la shaqeysay noocyo kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan Fendi , Chanel , Prada , Louis Vuitton , iyo Versace . Waxa matalay Libaaxyada , Models IMG , iyo Maaraynta Model Elite . ==Nolosha hore== Stone wuxuu ku dhashay Geldrop wuxuuna ku koray Mierlo , oo ah magaalo yar oo Nederlaan ah . Hooyadeed, Kathryna, waa Dutch , aabaheed, Michael Stone, waa Ingiriis . Waxaa laga helay Metro-ga Paris iyada oo fasax la joogta qoyskeeda markii ay ahayd 12. Waxay ka qayb qaadatay tartanka Elite Model Look 1999 markii ay ahayd 15, iyo in kasta oo aysan ku guuleysan, waxay soo jiidatay dareenka madaxda Elite, kuwaas oo u saxiixay hay'addooda qaabeynta ==Xirfadda qaabaynta== ===Horumarka: 2006-2008=== Ka dib markii ay ka tagtay Elite, Stone waxay la saxeexatay IMG Models adduunka oo dhan 2006 Bishii Janaayo, waxay samaysay ciyaarteedii ugu horeysay ee catwalk ee Riccardo Tisci's Givenchy couture shows, inta lagu guda jiro Toddobaadka Fashion Paris . Sannadkaas ka dib, waxay heshiis gaar ah la gashay Calvin Klein Bishii Maarso 2007, Stone wuxuu ka soo muuqday tifaftirka Vogue Paris waxaana lagu soo bandhigay daboolka majaladda Abriil. Cathy Horyn oo naqdisay moodada New York Times ayaa ugu yeertay Stone "qaabka-ka-hortagga Waxay sidoo kale ku jirtay kaalinta 2aad ee "Tobanka Model ee ugu sarreeya ee la daawado" ee New York Magazine toddobaadka Fashion Week . Dhagaxu wuxuu ku socday bandhigyada naqshadeeyayaasha oo ay ku jiraan Giles Deacon , Isabel Marant , Christopher Kane , Fendi, iyo MaxMara , waxaana loo xiray Chanel, Diesel , Marc Jacobs, Stella McCartney, iyo Balmain . Waxay heshiis "semi-gaar ah" la saxiixatay Prada 2008. Ololaheedii gu'ga/xagaaga 2008 waxaa ka mid ahaa Givenchy, Belstaff , Just Cavalli , iyo H&M. Ololaheedii dayrta/jiilaalka 2008 waxaa ka mid ahaa Calvin Klein, Givenchy, Belstaff, Hugo Boss , Calvin Klein Cosmetics, iyo Jil Sander . Stone wuxuu ahaa mid ka mid ah moodooyinka loo doortay inay ku jiraan mid ka mid ah afar iyo tobanka jaldal ee majaladda V cadadkeeda Sebtembar 2008. ===2009- hadda=== Daabacaadda Feebaraayo 2009 ee Vogue Paris , oo ku soo bandhigtay Stone on daboolka, waxay sheegtay in aanay jeclayn dhabbaha dayuuradaha iyo in cagaheeda yar yar ee aan caadiga ahayn ee qofka cabbirkeedu aanu ku habboonayn kabaha. Dhagaxa ayaa lagu soo bandhigay bogga August 2009 ee W , iyada oo ku dhawaaqaysa "Fashion's It Girl " iyo sababaha ay tahay wejiga iyo jirka aadka loo doonayo ee ganacsiga. Vogue Paris waxay magacawday mid ka mid ah moodooyinka 30 ee ugu sarreeya 2000-meeyadii Stone waxa ay samaysay kulankii ugu horeeyay ee American Vogue ee May 2009 daboolka iyada oo ay weheliso Liya Kebede , Anna Jagodzinska , Natalia Vodianova , Caroline Trentini , Jourdan Dunn , Raquel Zimmermann , Sasha Pivovarova , Natasha Poly , Karen Elson , iyo Isabeli Fontana oo ah mid ka mid ah "Fatana" Waxa kale oo ay ahayd arrin gaar ah sababtoo ah daboolka ayaa soo bandhigay moodooyinka halkii laga heli lahaa dadka caanka ah Muran caalami ah ayaa ka dhashay markii ay ka soo muuqatay tifaftirka wargeyska Faransiiska ee Vogue Oktoobar 2009 iyada oo wejigeeda iyo jidhkeedu madoobaanayaan 2010, Stone wuxuu bedelay Sasha Pivovarova oo ah wejiga cusub ee Prada ee udgoonka Infusion d'Iris, oo uu toogtay Steven Meisel . Ololaheedii kale ee gu'ga / xagaaga waxaa ka mid ahaa Louis Vuitton, Versus by Versace Fragrance, Jaeger , iyo H&M . Isla sannadkaan muuqaalkeedu wuxuu kiciyay isbeddel ku yimaadda: timo cadcad, ilka-jeexan, moodooyinka bushimaha waaweyn sida Georgia May Jagger , Lindsey Wixson , iyo Ashley Smith . Muuqaalku xitaa wuxuu dhiirigeliyay Tyra Banks si ay u yeeshaan farqiga iliga tartame ee balaariyay wareegga 15 ee Modelka Sare ee Ameerika ee Xiga . Stone saxiixay heshiis gaar ah Calvin Klein Inc. , samaynta model 26-sano jir ah wejiga Calvin Klein Collection , CK Calvin Klein , iyo Calvin Klein Jeans ee dayrta 2010. Waxay calaamadisay markii ugu horeysay ee sano ee guriga fashion ayaa doortay in ay isticmaalaan hal model saddex ka mid ah calaamadaha ay, iyo Stone noqon lahaa mid gaar ah si ay CKI iyo dayrta muuqaalka dhammaan app dayrta. Dhammaadkii sanadka, waxay ku guulaysatay Abaalmarinta Fashion-ka ee Ingiriiska ee sanadka 2010. Stone waxaa lagu soo bandhigay jadwalka Pirelli 2010 ee uu sawiray Terry Richardson , iyo sidoo kale nooca 2011 ee uu toogtay Karl Lagerfeld . Stone wuxuu qayb ka ahaa daboolka badan ee Vogue UK 95kii sano ee la daabacay, isagoo soo degay mid ka mid ah saddexda Maajo 2011 ee dabbaaldegga arooska Amiir William ee Wales iyo Kate Middleton . Waxay ka doodday Forbes ' Liiska moodooyinka ugu dakhli-sarreeya adduunka , darajada No. 7, iyada oo lagu qiyaasay dakhliga soo galay $4.5 milyan tan iyo bishii Maajo ee sannadkii hore (2010-2011). 2012 Stone ayaa mar kale ka muuqday jadwalka Pirelli, oo uu sawiray Mario Sorrenti. Waxay sidoo kale ahayd wejiga Calvin Klein ee 2012 ololihii dharka hoostiisa. Stone waxa uu ku jiray kaalinta #1 ee model.com liiska "Top 50 Models" laga soo bilaabo Gu'gii 2010 ilaa Xagaaga 2012 ka hor inta aysan u dhaqaaqin liiskooda "Icons Industry" waxayna sidoo kale gashay kaalinta 9-aad ee ugu galmoodka badan liiska ugu sareeya ee moodooyinka galmada. Bishii Maarso 2014, Stone ayaa mar kale ka soo muuqday daboolka Vogue Paris iyo, Abriil, American Harper's Bazaar . Bishii Maarso 2015, Stone wuxuu ka soo muuqday mid ka mid ah saddexda dabool ee Vogue Paris oo ay weheliyaan Kate Moss iyo Daria Werbowy Stone sidoo kale wuxuu ku jiray daboolka Agoosto ee British Vogue , oo uu toogtay Mario Testino ==Xirfadda jilitaanka== 2016, Stone wuxuu ka soo muuqday muuqaalka Mandie Fletcher ee Absolutely Fabulous: Filimka Isla sanadkaas, Stone wuxuu la jilay Yvan Attal , Mathilde Bisson, Arthur Igual iyo Akaji Maro filimka gaaban En Moi (" In Me ") oo ay maamusho Laetitia Casta . Filimka waxaa loo doortay xafladda xiritaanka qaybta todobaadka dhaleeceynta ee Bandhigga Filimka Cannes 2016 ==Nolosha gaarka ah== Bishii Disembar 2009 ee Vogue UK , Stone waxay sheegtay inay ku socoto baxnaanin bukaan-jiifka khamriga horaantii sanadka Stone bilaabay shukaansi majaajiliiste Ingiriisi David Walliams bishii Sebtembar 2009. Waxay ku hawlanaayeen Janaayo 2010 waxayna ku guursadeen Hotel Claridge ee London 16 May 2010. 6 May 2013, Stone waxay dhashay wiil, Alfred. Waxaa la soo wariyay 4-tii Maarso 2015 in, ka dib shan sano oo guur ah, lammaanuhu waxay go'aansadeen inay isku dayaan inay kala tagaan, ka dib markii ay "kala fogaadeen 9kii Sebtembar 2015, Walliams ayaa ka gudbiyay furriinka Stone, isaga oo tixraacaya "dhaqan aan macquul ahayn". Lammaanaha ayaa la siiyay amar nisi maalintii xigtay, kala diri guurka lix toddobaad ka dib taariikhda xereynta Markay ahayd 17 Luulyo 2021, waxay guursatay horumariyaha hantida David Grievson. ==Filmography== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Sannadka ! Ciwaanka ! Doorka ! Agaasime ! class="unsortable" | Xusuusin |- |rowspan=2| 2016 | ''[[En Moi]]''<br>''In Me'' | The actress<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20160418-trio-top-actresses-make-directorial-debuts-cannes|title=Trio of top actresses make directorial debuts at Cannes|first1=Fiachra|last1=Gibbons|date=18 April 2016|access-date=1 May 2016|work=[[Agence France-Presse]], [[France 24]]|quote=Casta's "En Moi" (In Me) is about an actress struggling to relate to real life on a film set|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418202212/http://www.france24.com/en/20160418-trio-top-actresses-make-directorial-debuts-cannes|archive-date=18 April 2016}}</ref> | [[Laetitia Casta]] | [[2016 Cannes Film Festival#Critics' Week|Cannes Critics' Week]] |- | ''[[Absolutely Fabulous: The Movie]]'' | Herself | [[Mandie Fletcher]] | cameo appearance |} ==Tixraac== [http://nymag.com/daily/fashion/2007/08/the_top_ten_models_to_watch_th.html "Tobanka nooc ee ugu sarreeya ee la daawado usbuucan Fashion-ka"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20101018081307/http://nymag.com/daily/fashion/2008/09/v_mag_slideshow.html "Ogle 'V' Magazine's Afar iyo Tobnaad Moodooyinka Daboolka Cusub"] [https://www.forbes.com/2011/05/05/top-earning-models_slide_14.html "Qaabka ugu Dakhliga badan Adduunka"] [http://nymag.com/daily/fashion/2010/03/lara_stone_replaces_sasha_pivo.html "Dhagaxa Lara wuxuu ku bedelay Sasha Pivovarova Ololaha Prada; Akon ee isaga iyo udgoonkeeda hadda waa la heli karaa"] [http://www.wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/phoebe-philo-named-designer-of-the-year-at-british-fashion-awards-3397931 "Phoebe Philo oo loo magacaabay naqshadeeyaha sanadka ee Abaalmarinta Fashion-ka Ingiriiska"] [http://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/absolutely-fabulous-the-movie-celebrity-cameos-kate-moss-alexa-chung-lara-stone-10418347/ "Celebrity Cameos ayaa shaaca laga qaaday"Absolutely Fabulous: Filimka"] [https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/david-walliams-lara-stones-marriage-6416813 "David Walliams iyo Lara Stone guurkooda waxa uu dhacay 60 furiinka labaad"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160418202212/http://www.france24.com/en/20160418-trio-top-actresses-make-directorial-debuts-cannes "Saddex ka mid ah atariishooyinka ugu sarreeya ayaa ka soo muuqday Cannes"]{{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== {{Commons|Category:Lara Stone|Lara Stone}} [https://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/lara_stone/ Lara Stone] oo ku taal Tusaha Model Fashion [[imdbname:3893361|Lara Stone]] ee [[Internet Movie Database|IMDb]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20140704003254/http://www.style.com/peopleparties/modelsearch/person3653 Sawirada Lara Stone] Style.com (la kaydiyay) [http://nymag.com/fashion/models/lstone/larastone/ Lara Stone] {{Wayback|url=http://nymag.com/fashion/models/lstone/larastone/ |date=20120923045217 }} ee NYmag.com b5zu2wf3yk4rgmrrsqkrc2r9jo4kl6v 0 43358 311201 310631 2026-10-26T23:04:47Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 311201 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | image = Miah Madden headshot.jpg | caption = Madden Sannadkii 2020 | birth_name = Miah Grace Madden | birth_date = | birth_place = [[Sydney]], [[New South Wales]], Australia | education = [[Iskuulka St Catherine's , Waverley]] | alma_mater = | occupation = Jilaa, soo bandhige | years_active = 2012–hada | relatives = [[Madeleine Madden]] (Walaashiis badh) | website = }} '''Miah Grace Madden''' waa jilaa iyo soo bandhige Australian ah. Waxay shaqadeeda ku bilawday jilaa caruurnimo filimka Sapphires (2012) iyo taxanaha Telefishanka ABC ee Gods of Wheat Street (2014). Waxay tan iyo markaas xiddig ku lahayd taxanaha ABC Me The Unlisted (2019), 10 Shake series Dive Club (2021), iyo Network 10 iyo Paramount + taxanaha warqadaha Dolls (2023). ==Nolosha hore iyo waxbarashada== Miah Grace Madden waxay ku dhalatay Sydney waxayna ka timid Rose Bay , xaafad bari ka xigta Sydney. Iyadu waa ina Lee Madden, oo ahaa nin Gadigal ah oo leh qaar ka mid ah hiddaha Bundjalung , iyo Belinda Kirkpatrick. Aabaheed ayaa ku dhintay shil baabuur sanadkii 2003 markaas oo Miah ay ahayd laba jir, hooyadeedna ay uur lahayd walaasheed Ruby Iyadu waa walaashii ka yar ee Madeleine Madden Waxay dhigatay St Catherine's School, Waverley . ==Xirfad== Madden waxay bilawday shaqadeeda iyada oo ku ciyaareysa nooca ka yar ee Jessica Mauboy jilaha filimka 2012 ee Sapphires . Waxay mar kale ku jawaabtay Mauboy da'yar iyada oo ku jirta " Weligaa isku mid ha noqon " muqaal muusig Waxay ku soo degtay doorkeedii ugu horreeyay ee telefishinka sida Athena Freeburn ee riwaayadda ABC TV Gods of Wheat Street . Madden wuxuu ciyaaray Abriil Tucker filimka 2017 ee Maalinta Australia . Waxay ka soo muuqatay taxanaha NITV 2018 Little J & Big Cuz . 2019 iyo 2020, Madden waxa uu jilay laba taxane ah oo khayaali sayniska carruurta ah: taxanaha ABC Me The Unlisted (2019) sida Kymara iyo 9Go! taxanaha Ciyaartoyga 2037 (2020) sida Kite Waxay martigelisay xilli ciyaareedkii saddexaad ee taxanaha Nickelodeon Australia Crash the Bash waxayna door soo noqnoqonaysa ku lahayd riwaayadaha majaajilada ah ee ABC Me Mustangs FC . 2021, Madden waxa uu u jilay sidii Maddie ee 10 Shake teen series Dive Club wuxuuna ku biiray jilayaasha fantasy Nickelodeon Xafiiska Waxyaabaha Sixirka sidii Tayla Devlin xilligeedii labaad. 2023, Madden waxa uu u jilay sidii Charlie Levett ee Shabakadda 10 iyo taxanaha riwaayadaha ee Paramount+ Warqad Dolls . ==Filmography== ===Filim=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Sannadka ! Ciwaanka ! Doorka ! class="unsortable" | Xusuusin |- | 2012 | ''[[The Sapphires (film)|The Sapphires]]'' | Young Julie | |- | 2013 | ''The Darkside'' | | |- | 2017 | ''[[Australia Day (film)|Australia Day]]'' | April Tucker | |- |} ===Telefishanka=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Sanadka ! Ciwaanka ! Doorka ! class="unsortable" | Xusuusin |- | 2013 | ''[[Redfern Now]]'' | Young Mattie | Episode: "Consequences" |- |rowspan="2" | 2014 | ''[[The Moodys]]'' | Billy | Episode: "Australia Day" |- | ''[[The Gods of Wheat Street]]'' | Athena Freeburn | Main role |- | 2016 | ''[[Hyde & Seek]]'' | Alicia | 1 episode |- | 2018 | ''[[Little J & Big Cuz]]'' | Monti | |- |rowspan="3" | 2019 | ''[[Mustangs FC]]'' | Jas | Recurring role |- | ''Crash the Bash'' | Herself / Host | |- | ''[[The Unlisted]]'' | Kymara | Main role |- | 2020–2021 | ''[[The Gamers 2037]]'' | Kite | Main role |- |rowspan="2" | 2021 | ''[[Dive Club]]'' | Maddie | Main role |- | ''[[The Bureau of Magical Things]]'' | Tayla Devlin | Recurring role (season 2) |- | 2023 | ''[[The Clearing (TV series)|The Clearing]]'' | Max Dhurrkay | 6 episodes |- | 2023 | ''[[Paper Dolls (Australian TV series)|Paper Dolls]]'' | Charlie Levett | 8 episodes |} ==Tixraac== [https://singlemothersurvivalguide.libsyn.com/episode-150 "Sheekada Belinda Kirkpatrick: Carmal laga dhintay iyadoo uur leh iyo hooyada ilaa 18 bilood jir"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20220702024257/https://stcatherines.nsw.edu.au/news-events/Latest/school-news/Pages/Miah-Madden-OG-2019-partnered-with-UN-Women-Australia.aspx "Miah Madden (OG 2019) waxay iskaashi la samaysay UN Women Australia ololahoodii ugu dambeeyay"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20140313115204/http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/music/australias-pop-princess-jess-mauboy-unveils-her-demons-in-new-single-never-be-the-same/story-e6frfn09-1226852907010 "Amiirad Pop-ka Australiya Jess Mauboy ayaa shayaadiinta ku soo bandhigtay hal-abuur cusub waligaa isku mid ha noqon] [https://www.kzone.com.au/article/escape-the-game-with-miah-madden-from-the-gamers-2037-560342 "Ka baxso ciyaarta Miah Madden oo ka socota Ciyaartoyga 2037"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.kzone.com.au/article/escape-the-game-with-miah-madden-from-the-gamers-2037-560342 |date=20210819002114 }} [https://10play.com.au/10-play-trending/articles/dive-club-miah-madden-gets-dropped-in-the-deep-end/tpa210526ozycx "Dive Club: Miah Madden Ayaa Lagu Riday Dhamaadka Qoto Dheer] [https://www.screenhub.com.au/news/news/paper-dolls-australian-original-series-lands-on-paramount-2630770/ "Dolls Waraaqaha: Taxanaha asalka ah ee Australiyaanka ah waxay ku degeen Paramount+ | ScreenHub Australia - Filimada & Shaqooyinka Telefishinada, Wararka, Dib u Eegida & Xogta Warshadaha Shaashada"] [[imdbtitle:19358544|Caruusadaha Warqadaha (Taxanaha TV-ga 2023- )]] ==Xiriirinta dibadda== [[imdbname:4783752|Miah Madden]] ee [[Internet Movie Database|IMDb]] 6uf0n00anm2luod1mm8mrmabscrjyfj 0 45899 311203 292091 2026-10-27T00:10:39Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 311203 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox academic | name = Sophia Obiajulu Ogwude | image = | occupation = Tacliimeed | alma_mater = [[Jaamacadda Nayjeeriya]] | discipline = Aqoonyahan Ingiriisi iyo Suugaanta Isbarbardhigga ah | workplaces = Jaamacadda Abuja | honorific_prefix = Barefisoor }} '''Sophia Obiajulu Ogwude''' waa bare sare oo reer Nayjeeriya ah oo ku takhasustay Ingiriisiga iyo Suugaanta Isbarbardhigga ee Kulliyadda Farshaxanka, Jaamacadda Abuja , Gwagwalada. ==Waxbarashada== Ogwude waxaa la guddoonsiiyay Deeqda Waxbarasho ee Gaarka ah ee Dumarka ee Gobolka Bendel si ay u dhigato Jaamacadda Nigeria sanadkii 1973 Waxay ka qalin jabisay Jaamacadda Nigeria sanadkii 1977 iyadoo haysata shahaadada koowaad ee Ingiriisiga. Waxay u gudubtay Jaamacadda Ahmadu Bello, Zaria, si ay u hesho Shahaadada Sare ee Shahaadada, oo ay ka heshay Noofambar 1981. Ogwude waxay heshay Deeq Waxbarasho oo Dowladda Federaalka ah oo ay ku qaadatay shahaadada Masterka ee Suugaanta Isbarbardhigga ah ee Jaamacadda Ibadan bishii Nofeembar, 1984. Iyada oo haysatay Shahaadada Kulliyadda Daraasaadka Sare, Abaalmarinta Deeqda Waxbarasho ee Zaria, waxay PhD ku qaadatay Ingiriisiga Jaamacadda Ahmadu Bello, Zaria, bishii Janaayo 1990. ==Tixraac== [https://web.archive.org/web/20260519012439/https://education.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/2021-Directory-of-Full-Professors-in-the-Nigerian-University-System-FINAL.pdf "Tusmada Macallimiinta Buuxa ee Nidaamka Jaamacadaha Nigeria] [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1yUECjHzIFKFwtxxVxvyrdpVsOU_d2VhL/view?usp=sharing&usp=embed_facebook "SOPHIA OBIAULU OGWUDE CURRICULUM VITAE.pdf"] [https://www.flowtechenergy.com/news/industry-news/the-race-for-africas-biggest-literary-prizes-begins/ "Tartanka Abaalmarinta Suugaanta ugu Weyn Afrika ayaa Bilaabanaya"] mfcenpr5ilhkyaangoi3x2s7012iar3