Template:Tirtir

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  |&amp;#32;Shuruudaha saxda ah, eeg [[Wikipedia:Tirtirid degdeg ah|CSD]]| Fadlan xaqiiji in sababtaadu ay ku saleysan tahay mid ka mid ah [[Wikipedia:Tirtirid degdeg ah|shuruudaha tirtiridda degdegga ah]]. Ku beddel sumaddan &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Tirtir|&lt;/nowiki&gt;1=''sabab qaar ka mid ah''&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
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  |&amp;#32;Shuruudaha saxda ah, eeg [[Wikipedia:Tirtirid degdeg ah|CSD]]| Fadlan xaqiiji in sababtaadu ay ku saleysan tahay mid ka mid ah [[Wikipedia:Tirtirid degdeg ah|shuruudaha tirtiridda degdegga ah]]. Ku beddel sumaddan &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Tirtir|&lt;/nowiki&gt;1=''sabab qaar ka mid ah''&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
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  <page>
    <title>Ciyaaraha</title>
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      <text bytes="1365" sha1="pqyk4kfpxkrgeuyhh681s5i1zmorse1" xml:space="preserve">'''Bardooddan''' ([[Af-Ingiriisi]]: sport) waa madadaallo waqtiga la isku dhaafiyo, marmarka qaarkoodna loo adeegsado in wax la isku baro. Waxay leedahay xeerar la raaco oo la isku ogyahay. Bardooddanaha qaarkood waa caam oo adduunka oo dhan baa laga adeegsadaa, waxaana ka mid ah kubaddaha kala duwan (kubadda cagta, kubbadda kolayga, kubadda shabagga, kubbadda gacanta); dabbaasha, orodka iwm. Waxaase jira bardooddano dhaqameedyo u gaar ah bulshooyinka qaarkood.

Bardooddan soomaalida waxaa ka mid ah shaxda, [[layli goobalay]]da (leelo googabalay), riyo ka dhalista, jarta, iyo kuwo kale oo badan. Bardoodanahaas waxaa loo yaqaannaa ciyaar dhaqameedyo waxayna soomaalidu la wadaagtaa bulshooyin kale oo qaaradda afrika ka mid ah.
Dhacdooyinka layaabka leh ee ciyaaraha somalida waxaa kamid ah in uu yahay wiil soomaali ah xidiga kaso muuqday kursiga keydka inta ey dhisantahay hayada bardooddanka ee FIFA, xiddigaan somaliga ah ayaa lagu magacaabaa ISAAQ ABDI MOHAMED oo ah xidig bardooddan kubada gacanta sido kalana ka qeyb galaybtartano caalami ah o ey somaliya ka qeyb gashay ISAAQ mar ey noo suura gashay inan wax weydiino arrintaa ayaa waxa uu noo sheegay inuu aaad ugu faraxsanyhy recordka sido kale uu doonaayo inuu difaacan doono inta uu janis u helayo.

==Bardooddanada Dunida==

* [[FIVB]]
* [[FIBA]]
* [[FIFA]]
* [[ICC]]


[[Category:Ciyaaraha| ]]</text>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Isma4l la wareejiyay bogga [[Bardooddan]] ilaa [[Ciyaaraha]] iyadoo la dul mariyay sii toosin iyadoon laga tegin sii toosin: waan saxay magac</comment>
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      <text bytes="1365" sha1="pqyk4kfpxkrgeuyhh681s5i1zmorse1" xml:space="preserve">'''Bardooddan''' ([[Af-Ingiriisi]]: sport) waa madadaallo waqtiga la isku dhaafiyo, marmarka qaarkoodna loo adeegsado in wax la isku baro. Waxay leedahay xeerar la raaco oo la isku ogyahay. Bardooddanaha qaarkood waa caam oo adduunka oo dhan baa laga adeegsadaa, waxaana ka mid ah kubaddaha kala duwan (kubadda cagta, kubbadda kolayga, kubadda shabagga, kubbadda gacanta); dabbaasha, orodka iwm. Waxaase jira bardooddano dhaqameedyo u gaar ah bulshooyinka qaarkood.

Bardooddan soomaalida waxaa ka mid ah shaxda, [[layli goobalay]]da (leelo googabalay), riyo ka dhalista, jarta, iyo kuwo kale oo badan. Bardoodanahaas waxaa loo yaqaannaa ciyaar dhaqameedyo waxayna soomaalidu la wadaagtaa bulshooyin kale oo qaaradda afrika ka mid ah.
Dhacdooyinka layaabka leh ee ciyaaraha somalida waxaa kamid ah in uu yahay wiil soomaali ah xidiga kaso muuqday kursiga keydka inta ey dhisantahay hayada bardooddanka ee FIFA, xiddigaan somaliga ah ayaa lagu magacaabaa ISAAQ ABDI MOHAMED oo ah xidig bardooddan kubada gacanta sido kalana ka qeyb galaybtartano caalami ah o ey somaliya ka qeyb gashay ISAAQ mar ey noo suura gashay inan wax weydiino arrintaa ayaa waxa uu noo sheegay inuu aaad ugu faraxsanyhy recordka sido kale uu doonaayo inuu difaacan doono inta uu janis u helayo.

==Bardooddanada Dunida==

* [[FIVB]]
* [[FIBA]]
* [[FIFA]]
* [[ICC]]


[[Category:Ciyaaraha| ]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <comment>Hagaajin</comment>
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      <text bytes="78534" sha1="js5ls6fglgs0k6e7btbpl6bhg6u6axo" xml:space="preserve">[[File:2015 29 Somali National Team-1 (21007355596).jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|right|Ciyaartoyda kooxda kubadda cagta qaranka [[Soomaaliya]] intii lagu jiray tababarkii [[2015]] ]]
[[File:London Marathon 2005 at Blackfriars.jpg|thumb|Orodka London Marathon 2005: orodada, noocyadooda kala duwan, waxay u taagan yihiin nooca ugu duugga badan uguna jilicsan ciyaaraha.]]

'''Ciyaaraha''' ({{lang-en|Sport}}) waa dhaqdhaqaaq jirkaga ah ama ciyaar, oo inta badan tartan iyo habaysan ah, oo ilaaliya ama hagaajiya awoodda jirrka iyo xirfadaha. Ciyaaruhu waxay bixin karaan baashaal ciyaartoyda iyo madadaalo daawadayaasha. Tirada ciyaartoyda ciyaar gaar ah waxay ka bilaaban kartaa boqolaal qof illaa hal qof oo keliya.

Dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka wuxuu ku xiran yahay dhinacyo kala duwan oo caafimaadka iyo cimri dheerida ah. Heerarka sare ee dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka waxay ku xiran yihiin khatar hoose oo dhimashada dhammaan sababaha iyo dhimashada cudurrada wadnaha, istaroogga iskeemikada, iyo wadne xanuunka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kraus2019&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Kraus | first1 = William E. | last2 = Powell | first2 = Kenneth E. | last3 = Haskell | first3 = William L. | last4 = Janz | first4 = Kathleen F. | last5 = Campbell | first5 = Wayne W. | last6 = Jakicic | first6 = John M. | last7 = Troiano | first7 = Richard P. | title = Physical activity, all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, and cardiovascular disease | journal = Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise | volume = 51 | issue = 6 | pages = 1270 | date = 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka wuxuu sidoo kale ku xiran yahay hoos u dhaca astaamaha niyad-jabka, walwalka, iyo iztiroobka nafsiga ah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh2023&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Singh | first1 = Ben | last2 = Olds | first2 = Timothy | last3 = Curtis | first3 = Rachel | last4 = Dumuid | first4 = Dorothea | last5 = Virgara | first5 = Rosa | last6 = Watson | first6 = Amanda | last7 = Szeto | first7 = Kimberley | title = Effectiveness of physical activity interventions for improving depression, anxiety and distress: an overview of systematic reviews | journal = British Journal of Sports Medicine | volume = 57 | issue = 18 | pages = 1203-1209 | date = 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Munro2026&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Munro | first1 = Neil Richard | last2 = Teague | first2 = Samantha | last3 = Somoray | first3 = Klaire | last4 = Simpson | first4 = Aaron | last5 = Budden | first5 = Timothy | last6 = Jackson | first6 = Ben | last7 = Rebar | first7 = Amanda | last8 = Dimmock | first8 = James | title = Effect of exercise on depression and anxiety symptoms: systematic umbrella review with meta-meta-analysis | journal = British Journal of Sports Medicine | volume = 60 | issue = 8 | pages = 590-599 | date = 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Noetel2024&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Noetel | first1 = Michael | last2 = Sanders | first2 = Taren | last3 = Gallardo-Gómez | first3 = Daniel | last4 = Taylor | first4 = Paul | last5 = del Pozo Cruz | first5 = Borja | last6 = Van Den Hoek | first6 = Daniel | last7 = Smith | first7 = Jordan J. | title = Effect of exercise for depression: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials | journal = BMJ | volume = 384 | date = 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Gaar ahaan, jimicsiga aerobikada, yoogada, iyo jimicsiga noocyada badan leh ayaa loo helay in ay waxtar u leeyihiin hoos u dhicida astaamaha niyad-jabka umusha ka dib.&lt;ref name=&quot;Campos-Marin2025&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Campos-Marin | first1 = Álvaro | last2 = García-Muñoz | first2 = Cristina | last3 = Matias-Soto | first3 = Javier | last4 = Martinez-Calderon | first4 = Javier | title = What interventions focused on physical activity could improve postpartum depression symptoms? An overview of systematic reviews with meta-analysis | journal = Healthcare | volume = 13 | issue = 12 | pages = 1419 | date = 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tartamada ciyaaruhu waxay isticmaali karaan nooca koox ama qof keliya, waxayna noqon karaan kuwo furan, oo u oggolaanaya tiro ballaaran oo ciyaartoy ah, ama kuwo xiran, oo ku xaddidaya kaparticipatinka kooxo gaar ah ama kuwa la casuumay. Tartamadu waxay oggolaan karaan &quot;barbardhac&quot;, oo aysan ka jirin hal guuleyste; kuwo kale waxay bixiyaan hababka barbardhac-jebinta si loo xaqiijiyo in uu jiro hal guuleyste oo keliya. Waxaa sidoo kale loo dhabar-adkeyn karaa nooca tartanka (tournament), oo soo saaraya horyaal. Liigyo badan oo ciyaareed waxay samaysan karaan horyaal sannadle ah iyagoo dhisaya ciyaaro xilliga caadiga ah ee ciyaaraha, oo ay la socdaan xaaladaha qaar ciyaaraha kama-dambaysta ah (playoffs).

Ciyaaraha guud ahaan waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay nidaam dhaqdhaqaaqyo ku dhisnaa ciyaartoynimada jirka ama xirfadda jirka, iyadoo tartamada waaweyni ay oggol yihiin oo keliya ciyaaraha buuxiya qeexiddaan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.olympic.org/sports |title=List of Summer and Winter Olympic Sports and Events |publisher=The Olympic Movement |date=14 November 2018 |access-date=5 March 2012 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225174712/https://www.olympic.org/sports%20 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ururada qaar, sida Golaha Yurub, waxay ka reebayaan dhaqdhaqaaqyada aan lahayn wax walbo oo jirka ah nooca ciyaaraha.&lt;ref name=council/&gt; Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tiro dhaqdhaqaaqyo tartan ah, laakiin aan ahayn kuwo jirka ah, waxay sheegtaan aqoonsi sida ciyaaraha maanka. Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee Olimbikada oo kormeera Ciyaaraha Olimbikada wuxuu u aqoonsan yahay shataraanka iyo bridge-ka ciyaaro ahaan. SportAccord, oo ah ururka xiriirada ciyaaraha caalamiga ah, wuxuu aqoonsan yahay shanta ciyaarood oo aan ahayn kuwo jirka ah: shataraanka, bridge-ka, checkers (draughts), Go iyo xiangqi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |publisher=SportAccord |title=World Mind Games |url=http://www.sportaccord.com/en/multi-sports-games/index.php?idIndex=35&amp;idContent=658 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508021848/http://www.sportaccord.com/en/multi-sports-games/index.php?idIndex=35&amp;idContent=658 |archive-date=8 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |publisher=SportAccord |title=Members |url=http://www.sportaccord.com/en/members/index.php?idContent=644&amp;idIndex=32 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507073823/http://www.sportaccord.com/en/members/index.php?idContent=644&amp;idIndex=32 |archive-date=7 May 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay xaddidaan tirada ciyaaraha maanka ee loo oggolaan karo ciyaaro ahaan.&lt;ref name=sportaccord/&gt; Ciyaaraha guud ahaan waxaa maamula xeerar ama caadooyin, oo u adeega xaqiijinta tartan caadil ah. Guushu waxay ku go'aansami kartaa matalaadaha jirka sida dhibcaha goolasha ama goynta xariiqda marka ugu horreysa. Waxaa sidoo kale go'aamin kara garsoorayaal dhibcaha ka bixinaya waxqabadka ciyaaraha, oo ay ku jiraan xaalado ujeeddo leh ama kuwo fikrad ah sida waxqabadka farsamada ama saamaynta incaamka artistique.

Diiwaanka waxqabadka inta badan waa la dhowraa, ciyaaraha caanka ahna, macluumaadkan waxaa laga yaabaa in si ballaaran looga dhawaaqo ama looga warramo wararka ciyaaraha. Ciyaaruhu sidoo kale waa il muhiim ah oo madadaalo u ah dadka aan kaparticipatgaraynayn, iyadoo ciyaaraha daawashada ay soo jiitaan dad badan garoomada ciyaaraha, oo ay gaaraan dhagaystayaal ballaaran oo maraya teevishanka ama radayowga. Khamaarka ciyaaraha xaaladaha qaar si daran ayaa loo maamulaa, xaaladaha kalena waa qayb ka mid ah ciyaaraha.

Sida ku cad A.T. Kearney, oo ah shirkad la-talinta, kiiska ciyaaraha ee caalamiga ah wuxuu qiimihiisu yahay ilaa $620 bilyan marka la joogo 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/news/international/21585012-sportswomen-are-beginning-score-more-commercial-goalsbut-they-still-have-lot-ground |title=Women in sport: Game, sex and match |newspaper=The Economist |date=7 September 2013 |access-date=14 September 2017 |archive-date=2 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802224933/http://www.economist.com/news/international/21585012-sportswomen-are-beginning-score-more-commercial-goalsbut-they-still-have-lot-ground |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaarta ugu helitaanka iyo ku practice-garaynta badan dunida waa orodka, halka kubbadda cagtu ay tahay ciyaarta daawashada ugu caansan.&lt;ref name=&quot;wa&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-are-the-most-popular-sports-in-the-world.html |title=The Most Popular Sports in the World |date=2018 |website=www.worldatlas.com |publisher=World Atlas |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817161238/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-are-the-most-popular-sports-in-the-world.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ujeeddada iyo adeegsiga==
===Etimoolojiga===
Ereyga &quot;sport&quot; wuxuu ka yimid Faransiiskii Hore desport oo dhahaya &quot;waqti firaaqo&quot;, iyadoo qeexiddii ugu duugnayd ee Ingiriisida ee qarnigii 1300 ay ahayd &quot;wax kasta oo aadamuhu u arko kuwo xiiso leh ama madadaalo leh&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=sport&amp;searchmode=none |title=sport (n.) |access-date=20 April 2008 |first=Douglas |last=Harper |work=Online Etymological Dictionary |archive-date=11 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111214311/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=sport&amp;searchmode=none |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ujeedooyinka kale waxaa ka mid ah khamaarka iyo dhacdooyinka loo sameeyay ujeeddada khamaarka; ugaarsiga; iyo ciyaaraha iyo baashaalka, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa u baahan jimicsi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged |publisher=G&amp;C Merriam Company |location=Springfield, MA |page=2206 |year=1967}}&lt;/ref&gt; Roget's wuxuu qeexayaa ciyaaraha sida &quot;dhaqdhaqaaq loo sameeyo nasasho iyo madadaalo&quot; iyadoo synonyms-ku ay ku jiraan madadaalo iyo firaaqo-wadaag.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Roget's II: The New Thesaurus|edition =3rd|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |url=https://archive.org/details/rogetsiiinewthes00houg |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-618-25414-9 |url-access=registration }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sida loo magacaabo===
Ereyga kali ah ee &quot;sport&quot; waxaa loo isticmaalaa lahjadaha Ingiriisida badankood si loogu qeexo fikradda guud, tusaale &quot;carruurta kaparticipatgaraynaysa ciyaaraha&quot;, iyadoo &quot;sports&quot; loo isticmaalo si loogu qeexo dhaqdhaqaaqyo badan, tusaale &quot;kubbadda cagta iyo rugby waa ciyaaraha ugu caansan Ingriiska&quot;. Ingiriisida Mareykanka waxay isticmaashaa &quot;sports&quot; labada macnaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sport vs sports – Usage Notes |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/sport-s-sports |publisher=Cambridge University Press |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sport |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sport |publisher=Merriam-Webster |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Qeexidda===
{{see also|Game#Definitions}}
[[File:ChessStartingPosition.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee Olimbikada wuxuu u aqoonsan yahay ciyaaraha guddiga qaar ka mid ah ciyaaro ahaan, oo uu ku jiro shataraanka.]]
[[File:Showjumping white horse.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|Boodidda fardaha, oo ah ciyaar fardoolay ah]]
Qeexidda saxda ah ee ka soocaysa ciyaarta dhaqdhaqaaqyada kale ee firaaqada waxay ku kala duwan tahay ilaha. Midda ugu dhow heshiis caalami ah oo ku saabsan qeexidda waxaa bixiya Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Xiriirada Ciyaaraha Caalamiga ah (GAISF), oo ah ururka dhammaan xiriirada ciyaaraha caalamiga ah ee ugu waaweyn (oo ay ku jiraan kubbadda cagta, ciyaaraha fudud, baaskiil wadida, tennis-ka, ciyaaraha fardoolayda, iyo kuwo kale), saas darteedna waa maamulaha rasmiga ah ee ciyaaraha caalamiga ah.

GAISF wuxuu isticmaalaa shuruudaha soo socda, wuxueena go'aamiyaa in ciyaartu tahay inay:&lt;ref name=sportaccord/&gt;
* leedahay walab tartanka ah
* aysan wax ku nool ah dhib u geysanayn
* aysan ku tiirsanayn qalab uu bixiyo hal alaab-qeybiye oo keliya (oo ay ka reeban yihiin ciyaaraha iska lahaanshaha ah sida kubbadda cagta arena)
* aysan ku tiirsanayn wax &quot;nasiib&quot; ah oo gaar ahaan loogu talagalay ciyaarta.

Waxay sidoo kale aqoonsan yihiin in ciyaartu noqon karto ku dhawaad jirka (sida rugby ama ciyaaraha fudud), ku dhawaad maanka (sida shataraanka ama Go), ku dhawaad matoorada (sida Formula 1 ama doonyaha matoorka), ku dhawaad iskudubaridka iyo xirfadda (sida snooker iyo ciyaaraha kale ee cue-ka), ama ku dhawaad kuwa xayawaanku taageeraan (sida ciyaaraha fardoolayda).&lt;ref name=sportaccord/&gt;

Koodinta ciyaaraha maanka ee gudaha qeexidda ciyaaraha lama wada aqbalin, taas oo keentay lchallenge-yo sharci ah oo ka yimid maamulada maamula marka loo eego in loo diaday maalgelinta loo hayo ciyaaraha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |work=BBC News |title=Judicial review of 'sport' or 'game' decision begins |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-34320201 |date=22 September 2015 |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-date=23 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023020304/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-34320201 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Laakiin iyadoo GAISF ay aqoonsan tahay tiro yar oo ciyaaraha maanka ah, ma furaan in ay kaparticipat-geliyaan ciyaaro kale oo maanka ah.

Waxaa jiray kordho adeegsiga ereyga &quot;sport&quot; ee ku saabsan ciyaaro ballaaran oo aan ahayn kuwo jirka ah sida ciyaaraha fiidiyowga, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano esports (ka yimid &quot;ciyaaraha elektaroonigga ah&quot;), gaar ahaan sababtoo ah baaxadda weyn ee kaparticipatinka iyo tartanka habaysan, laakiin kuwan si ballaaran looma aqoonsana ururada ciyaaraha ee waaweyn. Sida ku cad Golaha Yurub, Axdiga Ciyaaraha Yurub, maqaalka 2.i, &quot;'Sport' waa dhammaan noocyada dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka oo, troo kaparticipatinka caadiga ah ama habaysan, haysata ujeedo lagu muujinayo ama lagu hagaajinayo fayowida jirka iyo wanaagga maanka, dhisida xiriirada bulshada ama helitaanka natiijooyinka tartanka heerarka dhan.&quot;&lt;ref name=council/&gt;

===Tartanka===
[[File:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb|left|Orodka fardaha]]

Waxaa jira fikrado iska soo horjeeda oo ku saabsan muhiimadda tartanka uu u leeyahay walaxda qeexaysa ciyaarta, iyadoo ku dhawaad dhammaan ciyaaraha xirfadlaha ah ay ku jiraan tartan, maamulada maamulana ay u baahan yihiin tartan inay tahay shuruud ka hor aqoonsiga Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee Olimbikada (IOC) ama GAISF.&lt;ref name=sportaccord/&gt;

Ururada kale waxay u doodaan ballaadhinta qeexidda ciyaaraha si ay u noqoto dhammaan noocyada dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka, oo aysan ahayn oo keliya dhacdooyinka habaysan ama tartanka ah. Tusaale ahaan, Axdiga Ciyaaraha ee Golaha Yurub wuxuu qeexayaa &quot;sport&quot; sida: &quot;dhammaan noocyada dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka oo, troo kaparticipatinka caadiga ah ama habaysan, looga dan leeyahay ilaalinta ama hagaajinta fayowida jirka iyo wanaagga maanka, dhisida xiriirada bulshada ama helitaanka natiijooyinka tartanka heerarka dhan&quot;, iyadoo si cad u dhexgalinaysa jimicsiga baashaalka ah ee loo sameeyo kaliya baashaal ahaan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=Jun 2022 |title=Revised European Sports Charter – Article 2 |url=https://rm.coe.int/revised-european-sports-charter-web-a6/1680a7534b |publisher=Council of Europe |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title= The Development and Prospects for Community Action in the Field of Sport |date=29 September 1998 |url=https://ec.europa.eu/assets/eac/sport/library/documents/doc252_en.pdf |publisher=European Commission |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Si loo ballaadhiyo kaparticipatinka, oo loo yareeyo saamaynta laga helayo guuldarada ciyaartoyda aan awoodda badan lahayn, waxaa jiray soo-bandhigidda dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka oo aan ahayn tartan ee dhacdooyinka tartanka ah ee caadiga ah sida maalmaha ciyaaraha ee dugsiyada, inkasta oo dhaqdhaqaaqyada noocan oo kale ah ay noqon karaan kuwo muran dhaliya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Front |first=Rebecca |work=The Guardian |title=A little competition |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/jul/17/school-sport-competitive-children-achievement-ambition |date=17 July 2011 |access-date=13 December 2016 |archive-date=15 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315143528/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/jul/17/school-sport-competitive-children-achievement-ambition |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |publisher=ParentDish |title=Why parents hate school sports day |last=Scrimgeour |first=Heidi |date=17 June 2011 |url=http://www.parentdish.co.uk/2011/06/17/why-parents-hate-school-sports-day/ |access-date=11 June 2012 |archive-date=24 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024182750/http://www.parentdish.co.uk/2011/06/17/why-parents-hate-school-sports-day/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dhacdooyinka tartanka ah, ciyaartoyda waxaa lagu qiimeeyaa ama lagu kala saaraa ku dhisnaanta &quot;natiijadooda&quot; iyadoo inta badan loo qeybiyo kooxo leh waxqabad loo siman yahay, tusaale, jinsiga, miisaanka iyo da'da. Qiyaasta natiijadu waxay noqon kartaa ku dhawaad ujeeddo ama fikrad, oo lagu saxo &quot;handicaps&quot; ama ganaaxyo. Tartanka orodka, tusaale ahaan, waqtiga lagu dhameeyay wadada waa qiyaas ujeeddo ah. Jimnaastikada ama quusida, natiijada waxaa go'aamiya garsoorayaal, sidaas darteedna waa fikrad. Waxaa jira heerar garsoorid dhex-dhexaad ah oo u dhexeya feerka iyo ciyaaraha la isku daray ee dagaalka, oo haddii aysan labada ciyaartoy midna guul helin ka hor waqtiga xaddidan, natiijada waxaa go'aamiya kaararka dhibcaha garsoorayaasha. Feerka, saddex garsoore ayaa si madax-bannaan dhibcaha uga bixiya wareeg kasta, iyadoo la raacayo shuruudaha sida feerida nadiifka ah, weerarka waxtarka leh, maamulka garoonka iyo doofaaca.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ABC Uniform Championship Rules |url=https://www.ibf-usba-boxing.com/wp-content/uploads/ABCUniformChampionshipRules.pdf |publisher=Association of Boxing Commissions |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Taariikhda==
{{Main article|History of sport}}
[[File:Roman bronze copy of Myron’s Discobolos, 2nd century CE (Glyptothek Munich).jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Naxaas Roomaan ah oo laga sameeyay Discobolos ee Myron, qarnigii 2aad AD]]
[[File:Participants with the Water Warrior class perform squats prior to entering the pool at Camp Foster, Okinawa, Japan, July 6, 2011 110706-M-VD776-004 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Snoorkeler-ku waxay sameynayaan jimicsiga squats ka hor inta aysan galin barkadda ee saldhigga ciidanka Mareykanka, 2011.]]

Shaqooyinka gacanta iyo dhismayaasha waxay tilmaamayaan ciyaaraha Shiinaha sida ay ahayd 2000 BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://chineseculture.about.com/library/weekly/aa032301a.htm |title=Sports History in China |author1=Ye Qinfa |access-date=15 October 2006 |archive-date=3 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303183246/http://chineseculture.about.com/library/weekly/aa032301a.htm |url-status=deviated }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jimnaastikada waxay u muuqataa in ay caan ka ahayd waagii duugga ahaa ee Shiinaha. Taallooyinka Fircooniga waxay tilmaamaan in tiro ciyaaro ah, oo ay ku jiraan dabaasha iyo kaluumeysiga, ay ahaayeen kuwo si wanaagsan u horumaray oo maamulan kumanaan sano ka hor Masartii Hore.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ioa.leeds.ac.uk/1980s/84085.htm |title=84.85-90 History of Sports in Ancient Egypt |first1=Ahmed D. |last1=Touny |website=Proceedings of the International Olympic Academy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029232515/http://www.ioa.leeds.ac.uk/1980s/84085.htm |archive-date=29 October 2006 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha kale ee Masar waxaa ka mid ahaa tuurista waranka, boodada dheer, iyo legdinta. Ciyaaraha Beershiyo ee Hore sida sanka ee soo jireenka ah ee Iiraan ee Zoorkhaneh waxay lahayd xiriir dhow oo ku saabsan xirfadaha dagaalka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.kuwait-info.com/newsnew/NewsDetails1.asp?id=78319&amp;dt=10/13/2006&amp;ntype=World |title=Ancient sport still flexing its muscles in Iran |website=kuwait-info.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070326081959/http://www.kuwait-info.com/newsnew/NewsDetails1.asp?id=78319&amp;dt=10%2F13%2F2006&amp;ntype=World |archive-date=26 March 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha kale ee ka yimid Beershiyadii Hore waxaa ka mid ah polo iyo jousting. Ciyaaraha soo jireenka ah ee Hindiya ee kala duwan sida Kho kho iyo Kabaddi waxaa la ciyaarayay kumanaan sano. Kabaddi waxaa loo ciyaarayay malaha sida u-diyaargarowga ugaarsiga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=kabaddi {{!}} sport |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/kabaddi |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Bruno Senna 2006 Australian Grand Prix.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|Ciyaaraha matoorada leh waxay soo muuqdeen tan iyo markii ay timid waagii casriga ahaa.]]

Tiro ballaaran oo ciyaaro ah ayaa horay loo dhisay waagii Gariikii Hore, dhaqanka ciidankana iyo horumarka ciyaaraha ee Gariiga waxay saameeyeen midba midka kale si weyn. Ciyaaruhu waxay noqdeen qayb aad u muhiim ah oo ka mid ah dhaqankooda taas oo keentay in Gariigu ay dhiisaha Ciyaaraha Olimbikada, oo waagii duugga ahaa lagu qaban jiray afar sano kasta tuulo yar oo ku taalla Peloponnesus oo loo yaqaanay Olympia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/ancient/index_uk.asp|title=Ancient Olympic Games|date=30 July 2018|access-date=15 October 2006|archive-date=28 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090928011744/http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/ancient/index_uk.asp|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciyaaraha waxaa sii kordhayay habaynta iyo maamulidda tan iyo waagii Olimbikadii Hore illaa qarniga hadda jira. Warshadaysashadu waxay keenay gaadiidka matoorada leh iyo kordhinta waqtiga firaaqada, oo u oggolaanaya dadka in ay kaparticipat-gelaan oo ay raacaan ciyaaraha daawashada oo ay kaparticipat-gelaan dhaqdhaqaaqyada ciyaartoyda. Isbeddelladan waxay sii socdeen iyadoo ay timid warbaahinta weyn iyo xiriirka caalamiga ah. Xirfaddnimadu waxay noqotay mid caan ah, iyadoo sii kordhinaysa caannimada ciyaaraha, maadaama taageerayaasha ciyaaruhu ay raacayeen guulaha ciyaartoyda xirfadlayaasha ah – iyagoo oo dhami ku raaxaysanayay jimicsiga iyo tartanka ku xiran kaparticipatinka amateerka ee ciyaaraha. Tan iyo markii uu karraday qarniga 21aad, waxaa jiray doode ka dhan ah in dadka transgender-ka ah ee ciyaartoyda ah ay awood u leeyihiin in ay kaparticipat-gelaan dhacdooyinka ciyaaraha ee u dhigma jinsigooda cusub.&lt;ref&gt;''Sport and the Law: Historical and Cultural Intersections'', p. 111, Sarah K. Fields (2014){{ISBN?}}|&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ciyaarta caadiga ah (Fair play)==
===Dhaqanka ciyaartoyda===
{{Main article|Sportsmanship}}
{{See also|Gamesmanship|Winning isn't everything; it's the only thing}}

Dhaqanka ciyaartoyda waa dabeecad u doodeysa ciyaarta caadiga ah, edebta ka dhaxaysa kooxda iyo kaadhibka, dhaqanka anshaxa leh iyo daacadnimada, iyo sharafka guusha ama guuldarada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?va=sportsmanship |publisher=Merriam-Webster |title=Sportsmanship |access-date=15 October 2006 |archive-date=28 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928231236/http://www.merriam.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?va=sportsmanship |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Fish |first1=Joel |last2=Magee |first2=Susan |year=2003 |title=101 Ways to Be a Terrific Sports Parent |publisher=Fireside |page=168}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Lacey |first=David |date=10 November 2007 |url=http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/11/10/it_takes_a_bad_loser_to_become.html |title=It takes a bad loser to become a good winner |work=The Guardian |access-date=28 October 2009 |archive-date=13 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113021424/http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/11/10/it_takes_a_bad_loser_to_become.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dhaqanka ciyaartoyda wuxuu muujinayaa rabitaan ama ruux in dhaqdhaqaaqa loogu raaxaysan doono ujeedadiisa lafahaadeed. Fikirka caanka ah ee uu qoray weriyaha ciyaaraha Grantland Rice, ee ah &quot;ma aha inaad guuleysato ama guuldarraysato, laakiin waa sida aad u ciyaarto ciyaarta&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Rice, Grantland |url=https://tshf.net/halloffame/rice-grantland/ |publisher=Tennessee Sports Hall of Fame |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo caqiidada Olimbikada casriga ah ee uu muujiyay aasaasaheeda Pierre de Coubertin: &quot;Waxyaabaha ugu muhiimsan Ciyaaraha Olimbikada ma aha guusha laakiin waa kaparticipatinka,&quot; waa muujinta caadiga ah ee fikirkan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Fundamentals of Olympic Values Education |publisher=International Olympic Committee |url=https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/Documents/Document-Set-Teachers-The-Main-Olympic-Topics/Olympism-and-the-Olympic-Movement.pdf |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Khayaanada===
{{see also|Match fixing|cheating}}
Mabaadi'da muhiimka ah ee ciyaaraha waxaa ka mid ah in natiijadu aysan noqon ku dhisnaan hore, iyo dhammaan ciyaartoydu inay lahaadaan fursad loo siman yahay oo ay ku guuleystaan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=European Sports Charter, Article 3|url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/sport/european-sports-charter|publisher=Council of Europe|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Xeerarka iyo shuruucda waxaa dhisay maamulada maamula si loo xaqiijiyo ciyaar caadil ah iyo daacadnimo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=International Charter of Physical Education, Physical Activity and Sport, Article 10|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000235409|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ciyaartoydu mararka kaar ayaa jebiya xeerarkan si ay u helaan faa'iido aan caadil ahayn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Fair play and the competitive spirit|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000093013|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciyaartoydu waxay khayaani karaan si ay u kordhiyaan fursadahooda guusha, si ay u helaan faa'iido lacageed ama faa'iido kale.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Global Report on Corruption in Sport|url=https://www.unodc.org/documents/corruption/Publications/2022/Global_Report_on_Corruption_in_Sport_Full_report.pdf|publisher=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Caannimada khamaarka ee ku saabsan natiijooyinka ciyaaraha waxay abuurtaa dhiirigelin lagu sameeyo hagaajinta ciyaarta (match fixing), oo hal ama ka badan oo ciyaartoy ahi ay ku heshiiyaan in ay go'aamiyaan natiijooyinka ka hor halkii ay si daacad ah u tartami lahaayeen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Staying on Side: How to Stop Match-Fixing|url=https://images.transparencycdn.org/images/2014_Stop_MatchFixing_EN.pdf|publisher=Transparency International|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Doping-ka iyo dawooyinka===
{{main article|Use of performance-enhancing drugs in sport}}
Dabeecadda tartanka ah ee ciyaaraha waxay dhiirigelisaa ciyaartoyda qaar in ay isku dayaan in ay hagaajiyaan waxqabadkooda troo dawooyinka, ama habab kale sida kordhinta tirada dhiigga ee jirkooda troo habab dadku sameeyeen.&lt;ref name=&quot;Baron2007&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Baron |first1=David A. |last2=Martin |first2=David M. |last3=Abol Magd |first3=Samir |title=Doping in sports and its spread to at-risk populations: an international review |journal=World Psychiatry |year=2007 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=118–123 |pmid=18235871|pmc=2219897 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dhammaan ciyaaraha uu aqoonsan yahay IOC, ama SportAccord, waxaa loo baahan yahay in ay sameeyaan barnaamij tijaabo ah, iyagoo raadinaya liiska dawooyinka la mamnuucay, iyadoo ganaaxyo ama joojin loo dhigay ciyaartoyda ku tijaabo-gala nooca togan ee walxaha la mamnuucay.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Prohibited List |url=https://www.wada-ama.org/en/prohibited-list |publisher=World Anti-Doping Agency |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=World Anti-Doping Code |url=https://www.wada-ama.org/en/what-we-do/world-anti-doping-code |publisher=World Anti-Doping Agency |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Dagaalka===
Dagaalka ciyaaraha wuxuu ku jiraa ka tallaabida xariiqda u dhexaysa tartanka caadiga ah iyo dagaalka muuqda ee ujeeddada leh. Ciyaartoyda, tababarayaasha, taageerayaasha, iyo waalidiintu mararka kaar waxay sameeyaan dhaqan dagaal ah oo ku saabsan dadka ama hantida, iyagoo muujinaya daacadnimo, maamul, carro, ama dabaaldeg oo la khalday. Rabshadaha ama hooliganism-ka oo ay sameeyaan taageerayaashu gaar ahaan waa dhibaato ka jirta tartamada ciyaaraha ee heer qaran iyo kuwo caalami ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Russell |first=Gareth |title=Sport riots: A social–psychological review |journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior |year=2004 |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=353–378|doi=10.1016/S1359-1789(03)00031-4 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Guide on the Security of Major Sporting Events |url=https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/sites/www.un.org.counterterrorism/files/211006_guide_on_security_major_sporting_events_web.pdf |publisher=United Nations |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Participatinka==
===Participatinka jinsiga===
{{see also|Women's sports}}
[[File:100 metres race winner Sina Schielke (192) and the other Runners - ISTAF 2006 - Berlin, 3 September.jpg|thumb|Ciyaartoyda dumarka ah ee heerka caalamiga ah ee ISTAF Berlin, 2006]]
Participatinka dumarka ee ciyaaraha wuu kordhay iyada oo la kordhiyay fursadaha iyo aqoonsiga kordhaya ee faa'iidooyinka dhaqdhaqaaqa ciyaartoyda ee horumarka carruurta iyo fayowida jirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Eime |first1=Rochelle M. |last2=Young |first2=Janet A. |last3=Harvey |first3=Jack T. |last4=Charity |first4=Melanie J. |last5=Payne |first5=Warren R. |title=A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for children and adolescents |journal=International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity |year=2013 |volume=10 |issue=98 |page=98 |doi=10.1186/1479-5868-10-98|doi-access=free |pmid=23945179 |pmc=3751802 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Inkasta oo ay jiraan faa'iidooyinkan, farqiga jinsiga wuu sii jiraa. Heerka Olimbikada, dumarku waxay ahaayeen 49% oo ku taalla Tokyo 2020,&lt;ref name=&quot;RioTokyoWSF&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Paris 2024 should see gender parity – WSF study |url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/paris-2024-should-see-gender-parity-wsf-study-2022-04-21/ |publisher=Reuters |date=2022-04-21 |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; iyagoo gaadhay 50 % oo buuxa oo isu dhigma oo ku taalla Paris 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;GenderParity2024&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Reid |first=Helen |title=Women athletes say the work isn't over after Olympics gender parity |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/olympics/women-athletes-say-work-isnt-over-after-olympics-gender-parity-2024-07-28/ |publisher=Reuters |date=2024-07-28 |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Laakiin baadhitaannada caalamiga ah waxay sheegaan oo keliya 20% oo dumar ah oo ka aghb 31% oo ragg ah in ay kaparticipat-gelaan dhaqdhaqaaqa ciyaaraha bishii,&lt;ref name=&quot;YouGovGap&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Shah |first=Kineree |title=The great divide – exploring the gender gap in sports viewership |url=https://business.yougov.com/content/46311-the-great-divide-exploring-gender-gap-in-sports-viewership |publisher=YouGov |date=2023-03-10 |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ururka Caafimaadka Dduunka wuxuu xussayaa in dumarku ay 5 percentage points ka hooseeyaan ragga marka loo eego in ay buuxiyaan shuruudaha dhaqdhaqaaqa la soo jeediyay.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHOActivity&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Physical activity fact sheet |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciyaaraha qaar waa jinsiga la isku daray, oo oggolaanaya, ama xitaa u baahan, ragga iyo dumarka in ay ku ciyaaraan koox ka mid ah. Hal tusaale oo tan ah waa Baseball5, oo ah ciyaartii ugu horreysay ee jinsiga la isku daray ee loo oggolaado Olimbikada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Debut of Baseball5 at Youth Olympic Games postponed as next YOG shifted from 2022 to 2026 |url=http://www.wbsc.org/en/news/debut-of-baseball5-at-youth-olympic-games-postponed-as-next-yog-shifted-from-2022-to-2026 |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=World Baseball Softball Confederation |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Participatinka dhallinyarada===
{{main|Youth sports}}
{{See also|College sports}}
Ciyaaraha dhallinyarada waxay u bixiyaan carruurta fursado baashaal, isku xidhka bulshada, dhisida xiriirada ciyaartoyda kale, fayowida jirka, iyo deeqaha waxbarasho ee ciyaartoyda. U doodayaasha waxbarashada iyo dagaalka ka dhanka ah dawooyinka waxay dhiirigeliyaan ciyaaraha dhallinyarada si ay uga baxaan kaparticipatinka waxbarashada oo ay uga dagaallamaan ganacsiga dawooyinka ee sharci-darro ah. Sida ku cad Xarunta Cilmi-baadhista Dhaawaca iyo Siyaasadda ee Cusbitaalka Carruurta ee Qaranka, khatarta ugu weyn ee ciyaaraha dhallinyarada waa dhimasho ama dhaawac daran oo uu ku jiro concussion. Khatarahan waxay ka yimaadaan orodka, kubbadda koleyga, kubbadda cagta, volleyball-ka, gridiron-ka, jimnaastikada, iyo ice hockey.&lt;ref&gt;[https://healthland.time.com/2009/08/04/why-are-more-kids-getting-hurt-in-gym-class/ &quot;Gym class injuries up 150% between 1997 and 2007&quot;], ''Time'', 4 August 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha dhallinyarada ee US waa $15 bilyan oo vaza ah oo ay ku jiraan qalabka illaa tababarka gaarka ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last1=Gregory |first1=Sean |title=How Kids' Sports Became a $15 Billion Industry |url=https://time.com/4913687/how-kids-sports-became-15-billion-industry/ |access-date=24 August 2017 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=24 August 2017 |archive-date=24 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824112734/http://time.com/4913687/how-kids-sports-became-15-billion-industry/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Participatinka dadka naqada ah===
{{see also|Parasports|Paralympic Games}}
[[File:David Bizet - Marathon de Paris 2014.jpg|thumb|Orodiyaha wuxuu si saaxiibtinimo ah ugu taabanayaa garabka orodiyaha kursiga curyaanka inta lagu jiro Marathon-ka Paris 2014.]]

Ciyaaraha dadka naqada ah ama ciyaaraha la waafajiyay waxaa ciyaara dad leh naqadnimo, oo ay ku jiraan naqadnimada jirka iyo naqadnimada maanka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Para Sport |url=https://www.paralympic.org/paralympic-sport |publisher=International Paralympic Committee |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maadaama kuwo badan oo kuwan ka mid ah ay ku dhisnaayeen ciyaaraha jira oo la waafajiyay si loo buuxiyo baahida dadka leh naqadnimada, mararka kaar waxaa loo yaqaanaa ciyaaraha la waafajiyay.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Misener |first1=Laura |last2=Kissack |first2=Travis |title=Social inclusion through sport: Community coaching and participation of people with disabilities in sport |journal=Sport Management Review |year=2010 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=49–67 |doi=10.1016/j.smr.2009.10.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhammaan ciyaaraha dadka naqada ah ma aha kuwo la waafajiyay; tiro gaar ah oo loogu talagalay dadka leh naqadnimada ma laha wax u dhigma ciyaaraha dadka caadiga ah, sida goalball iyo boccia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sitting Volleyball, Goalball and Boccia |url=https://www.paralympic.org/sports |publisher=International Paralympic Committee |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Participatinka dadka waaweyn===
{{see also|Masters athletics|Masters cycling|Masters swimming}}
[[File:Pickleball Players.jpg|thumb|right|Pickleball waa ciyaar gaar ahaan u soo jiidasho badan dadka waaweyn.]]
'''Ciyaaraha Masters-ka''', '''ciyaaraha senior-ka''', ama '''ciyaaraha veteran-ka''' waa qeyb da'da ah oo ciyaaraha ah, oo inta badan ku jirta kooxaha da'da 35 iyo ka weyn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/veterans-and-masters-sport|title=Story: Veterans and masters sport|publisher=govt.nz|access-date=28 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waxay khuseyn kartaa dhaqdhaqaaqyada ciyaaraha oo aan la beddelin ama la waafajiyay, oo leh ama aan lahayn tartamo.

'''Tartamada'''
* World Masters Games oo la habayeeyay tan iyo 1985 afar sano kasta.
* European Masters Games oo la habayeeyay markii ugu horreysay 2008 oo markaas ka dib afar sano kasta.
* Senior Olympics (Senior Games)
* USATF Masters Outdoor Championships oo bilaabatay 1968
* USATF Masters Indoor Championships oo bilaabatay 1975
* World Masters Athletics Championships oo bilaabatay 1975

===Participatinka daawadayaasha===
{{Main article|Spectator sport}}
{{See also|Sports fandom}}
[[File:1906 Athens stadium.jpg|thumb|right|Daawadayaasha Ciyaaraha Olimbikada ee aan rasmiga ahayn ee 1906]]

Qaybta tartanka ee ciyaaraha, iyada oo la socota soo jiidashada quruxda ee dhinacyada qaar, waxay keentay dhacdooyinka ciyaaraha daawashada. Ciyaaraha amateerka iyo xirfadlaha ah waxay soo jiitaan dhagaystayaal toos ah oo ku yaalla garoomada iyo troo warbaahinta – radayowga, teevishanka iyo intarneedka – oo mid kasta oo kuwan ka mid ah uu ka qaadi karo lacagaha sida tikidhada ama isdhaafsiga pay-per-view.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=Spectator sport |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/spectator-sport |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Liigyada ciyaaraha iyo tartamadu waxay bixiyaan hababka habaysan ee ugu muhiimsan ee tartanka caadiga ah ee u dhexeya kooxaha ama ciyaartoyda gaarka ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Fort |first= Rodney D |title=Sports Economics |publisher=Prentice Hall |year=2015 |isbn=9780130850911}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dhacdooyinka sare waxay amraan dhagaystayaal waaweyn, iyagoo dhiirigeliya heshiisyo waaweyn oo xuquuqda warbaahinta ah. Ciyaarta kama-dambaysta ah ee Koobka Duunka FIFA 2006 waxay soo jiitatay in ka badan 700 milyan oo daawadayaal ah oo duunka oo dhan ah,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=2006 FIFA World Cup™ Media Report |url=http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/germany2006/organisation/media/media-reports.html |publisher=FIFA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101000000/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/germany2006/organisation/media/media-reports.html |access-date=2025-05-02|archive-date=1 January 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ciyaarta kama-dambaysta ah ee Koobka Duunka ee Cricket 2011 waxaa daawaday noin 135 milyan oo daawadayaal ah oo ku taalla Hindiya oo keliya.&lt;ref name=&quot;CWC2011&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=135 mn saw World Cup final: TAM |date=10 April 2011 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/135-mn-saw-World-Cup-final-TAM/Article1-683623.aspx |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=2025-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803013151/http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/135-mn-saw-World-Cup-final-TAM/Article1-683623.aspx |archive-date=2013-08-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mareykanka, Super Bowl wuxuu ku jiraa nooca teevishanka sannadlaha ah ee ugu daawashada badan, iyadoo Super Bowl XLIX ee 2015 uu lahaa averiiji 114 milyan oo daawadayaal ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Nielsen |title=Super Bowl XLIX Sets U.S. Viewership Record |url=http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/news/2015/super-bowl-xlix-most-watched-telecast-in-u-s--history.html |publisher=Nielsen |date=2015-02-02 |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Axadda Super Bowl waxaa loo arkaa fasax qaran oo aan rasmi ahayn, iyo 2015 booska xayeysiiska ee 30-ilbiriqsi ah waxaa lagu iibiyay noin US$4.5 milyan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Super Bowl Ads Cost US$4.5M for 30-Second Spot |url=https://adage.com/article/media/super-bowl-ads-cost-4-5m-30-spot/296163 |publisher=Ad Age |date=2015-01-30 |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Amateer iyo xirfadle==
{{See also|Professional sport|Amateur sport}}
[[File:Volleyball-5 (9786053885).jpg|thumb|Kooxda volleyball-ka ee dumarka ee jaamacadda Mareykanka]]
Ciyaaraha waxaa loo samayn karaa nooc amateer, xirfadle ama xirfadle Dhexe ah, iyada oo ku xiran haddii ciyaartoyda loo dhiirigeliyo kaparticipatinka (inta badan troo bixinta lacagta ama mushaharka). Participatinka amateerka ee ciyaaraha heerarka hoose inta badan loo yaqaan &quot;ciyaaraha xididdada&quot; (grassroots sport).&lt;ref name=&quot;council&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;White Paper&quot;&gt;{{cite web |publisher=European Commission |title=The White Paper on Sport |url=http://ec.europa.eu/sport/white-paper/index_en.htm |access-date=11 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916202200/http://ec.europa.eu/sport/white-paper/index_en.htm |archive-date=16 September 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Caannimada ciyaaraha daawashada oo ah firaaqo u ah dadka aan kaparticipat-gelaayn waxay keentay in ciyaaruhu ay noqdaan ganacsi weyn oo madax-bannaan, tanina waxay dhiirigelisay dhaqanka ciyaaraha xirfadlaha ah ee bixiya lacagaha sare, oo ciyaartoyda waxqabadka sare leh lagu abaalmariyo lacag ka badan mushaharka averiijiga ah, oo gaari karta milyan oo doolar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |magazine=Sports Illustrated |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/specials/fortunate50-2011/index.html |title=Fortunate 50 2011 |last=Freedman |first=Jonah |access-date=5 March 2012 |archive-date=29 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429050301/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/specials/fortunate50-2011/index.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciyaaraha qaar, ama tartamada gaarka ah ee ku jira ciyaaraha, waxay haystaan siyaasad ah oggolaanshaha ciyaaraha amateerka oo keliya. Ciyaaraha Olimbikada waxay ku bilaabmeen mabda'a tartanka amateerka iyadoo kuwa ciyaarta u ciyaara si xirfadle ah loo arkayay in ay leeyihiin faa'iido aan caadil ahayn marka loo eego kuwa u ciyaara kaliya sida hiwaayad.&lt;ref name=OIdeology&gt;{{cite book |last=Eassom |first=Simon |title=Critical Reflections on Olympic Ideology |year=1994 |location=Ontario |publisher=The Centre for Olympic Studies |pages=120–123 |isbn=978-0-7714-1697-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tan iyo 1971, ciyaartoyda Olimbikada waxaa loo oggolaaday in ay helaan lacag iyo kafaalo-qaad (sponsorship),&lt;ref name=&quot;InfoPlease&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.infoplease.com/spot/olympic-athletes.html |title=Olympic Athletes |publisher=Info Please |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=16 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616042315/http://www.infoplease.com/spot/olympic-athletes.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; iyadoo tan iyo 1986, IOC ay go'aansatay in ay ka dhigto dhammaan ciyaartoyda xirfadlayaasha ah kuwo u qalma Olimbikada,&lt;ref name=&quot;InfoPlease&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/22/opinion/greene-olympics-amateurs/ |title=What changed the Olympics forever |publisher=CNN |date=23 July 2012 |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=15 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615122848/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/22/opinion/greene-olympics-amateurs/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; iyadoo laga reebayo feerka,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/13894/olympic-boxing-must-remain-amateur-despite-moves-to-turn-it-professional-states-warren- |title=Olympic boxing must remain amateur despite moves to turn it professional states Warren |publisher=Inside the Games |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=15 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615044539/http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/13894/olympic-boxing-must-remain-amateur-despite-moves-to-turn-it-professional-states-warren- |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=njefAgAAQBAJ&amp;q=only+amateur+boxers+at+olympics&amp;pg=PA400 |title=Historical Dictionary of Boxing |last1=Grasso |first1=John |date=2013 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |access-date=13 June 2015 |isbn=978-0-8108-7867-9 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417060735/https://books.google.com/books?id=njefAgAAQBAJ&amp;q=only+amateur+boxers+at+olympics&amp;pg=PA400 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo legdinta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1529280-olympic-wrestling-is-important-for-pro-wrestlers-and-its-fans |title=Olympic Wrestling Is Important for Pro Wrestling and Its Fans|author-first1=John|author-last1=Canton|publisher=Bleacher Report |date=14 February 2013 |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=16 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616155635/http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1529280-olympic-wrestling-is-important-for-pro-wrestlers-and-its-fans |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2WYEAAAAMBAJ&amp;q=only+amateur+wrestlers+at+olympics&amp;pg=PA24 |title=Boys' Life |date=August 1988 |page=24 |access-date=13 June 2015 |publisher=Boy Scouts of America, Inc. |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417073533/https://books.google.com/books?id=2WYEAAAAMBAJ&amp;q=only+amateur+wrestlers+at+olympics&amp;pg=PA24 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Teknoolojiga==
[[File:Third umpire lights at Melbourne Cricket Ground.JPG|thumb|Muuqaalkan ku yaalla Melbourne Cricket Ground wuxuu tilmaamayaa go'aanka garsooraha saddexaad uu sameeyo ka dib marka dib loo eego.]]
Teknoolojigu wuxuu ka ciyaaraa qayb muhiim ah ciyaaraha casriga ah. Waa qayb loo baahan yahay oo ka mid ah ciyaaraha qaar (sida ciyaaraha matoorada), waxaana loo isticmaalaa kuwo kale si loo hagaajiyo waxqabadka. Ciyaaraha qaar waxay sidoo kale isticmaalaan si loogu oggolaado go'aan-gaarida ka baxsan garoonka.

Aqoonta ciyaaraha (sports science) waxaa lagu dabaqi karaa goobaha oo ay ku jiraan waxqabadka ciyaartoyda, sida isticmaalka falanqaynta fiidiyowga si loo hagaajiyo farsamada, ama qalabka, sida hagaajinta kabaha orodka ama dharka dabaasha ee tartanka. Injineernimada ciyaaraha waxay soo muuqatay sida qeyb aqooneed 1998 iyada oo kordhinaysa diiradda oo aysan ahayn oo keliya dhiisida walxaha laakiin sidoo kale isticmaalka teknoolojiga ee ciyaaraha, ka yimid falanqaynta iyo data-da weyn illaa teknoolojiga la xerto.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaining Steam in Sports Technology&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Gaining Steam in Sports Technology |url=https://alum.mit.edu/pages/sliceofmit/2014/06/17/mit-steam-sports-technology/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714150052/https://alum.mit.edu/pages/sliceofmit/2014/06/17/mit-steam-sports-technology/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 |website=Slice of MIT |access-date=3 January 2015 |ref=Slice of MIT}}&lt;/ref&gt; Si loo maamulo saamaynta teknoolojiga ee ciyaarta caadiga ah, maamulada maamula inta badan waxay leeyihiin xeerar gaar ah oo loo dhigay si loo maamulo saamaynta faa'iidada farsamada ee u dhexaysa ciyaartoyda. Tusaale ahaan, 2010, dharka dabaasha ee buuxa oo aan ahayn textile-ka waxaa mamnuucay FINA, maadaama ay hagaajinayeen waxqabadka dabaalyada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/swimming/8161867.stm |title=Hi-tech suits banned from January |publisher=BBC Sport |date=31 July 2009 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908051335/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/swimming/8161867.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/full-body-swimsuit-now-banned-professional-swimmers/story?id=9437780 |first=Kristina |last=Wong |title=Full Body Swimsuit Now Banned for Professional Swimmers |work=ABC News |date=4 January 2010 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=7 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607200059/http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/full-body-swimsuit-now-banned-professional-swimmers/story?id=9437780 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kordhinta teknoolojiga waxay sidoo kale oggolaatay go'aano badan oo ciyaaraha ah in la qaato, ama dib loo eego, ka baxsan garoonka, iyadoo maamule kale uu isticmaalayo muujinta fiidiyowga tooska ah si uu u sameeyo go'aano. Ciyaaraha qaar, ciyaartoydu hadda waxay kaparticipat-geli karaan go'aanada ay sameeyeen maamuladu. Kubbadda cagta, teknoolojiga xariiqda goolka wuxuu sameeyaa go'aano ku saabsan haddii kubbadu ay goysay xariiqda goolka ama aysan goyn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=FIFA |title=Testing Manual |journal=FIFA Quality Programme for Goal Line Technology |year=2012 |url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifaqualityprogramme/goal-linetechnology/01/66/02/89/glt_testing_manual_2012.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030143223/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifaqualityprogramme/goal-linetechnology/01/66/02/89/glt%5Ftesting%5Fmanual%5F2012.pdf|archive-date=30 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Teknoolojigu ma aha mid khasab ah,&lt;ref name=IFABofficial&gt;{{cite web |title=IFAB makes three unanimous historic decisions |url=https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2012/m=7/news=ifab-makes-three-unanimous-historic-decisions-1660541.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507234418/http://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2012/m=7/news=ifab-makes-three-unanimous-historic-decisions-1660541.html |archive-date=7 May 2015 |publisher=FIFA |access-date=23 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; laakiin waxaa loo isticmaalay Koobka Duunka FIFA 2014 ee Brazil,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2014/m=4/news=goal-line-technology-set-ahead-fifa-world-cup-2311481.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511001351/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2014/m=4/news=goal-line-technology-set-ahead-fifa-world-cup-2311481.html |archive-date=11 May 2014 |title=Goal-line technology set up ahead of FIFA World Cup |date=1 April 2014 |publisher=FIFA |access-date=9 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo Koobka Duunka ee Dumarka ee FIFA 2015 ee Canada,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/y=2015/m=3/news=hawk-eye-confirmed-as-goal-line-technology-provider-for-canada-2015-2580727.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331170115/http://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/y=2015/m=3/news=hawk-eye-confirmed-as-goal-line-technology-provider-for-canada-2015-2580727.html |archive-date=31 March 2015 |title=Hawk-Eye confirmed as goal-line technology provider for Canada 2015 |date=31 March 2015 |publisher=[[FIFA]] |access-date=2 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; sida lagu isticmaalay Premier League tan iyo 2013–14,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC_Premier&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/22107409 |title=Goal-line technology: Premier League votes in favour for 2013–14 |publisher=BBC |date=11 April 2013 |access-date=11 April 2013 |archive-date=11 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411143514/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/22107409 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo Bundesliga tan iyo 2015–16.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.carlyleobserver.com/sports/bundesliga-approves-hawk-eye-goal-line-technology-for-new-season-1.1650074 |title=Bundesliga approves Hawk-Eye goal-line technology for new season |work=Carlyle Observer |access-date=9 June 2015 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029003339/https://www.carlyleobserver.com/sports/bundesliga-approves-hawk-eye-goal-line-technology-for-new-season-1.1650074 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; NFL-ka, garsooruhu wuxuu kordhin karaa dib u eegis ka timaada goobta dib u eegiska, ama tababaraha wuxuu soo saari karaa challenge si loo dib u eego ciyaarta iyadoo la isticmaalayo muujinta. Go'aanka kama-dambaysta ah wuxuu ku jiraa garsooraha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nfl.com/news/nfl-approves-rule-to-change-replay-process-0ap2000000336662 |title=NFL approves rule to change replay process |publisher=Business Insider |date=20 July 2011 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608173617/http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap2000000336662/article/nfl-approves-rule-to-change-replay-process |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Garsooraha fiidiyowga (caadi ahaan loo yaqaan Television Match Official ama TMO) wuxuu sidoo kale isticmaali karaa muujinta si uu u caawiyo go'aan-gaarida rugby-ga (labada liig iyo union).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rugbyworld.com/news/blogs/television-match-official-when-can-they-rule-14818 |title=Television Match Official – when can they rule |publisher=Rugby World |date=20 August 2011 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608222853/http://www.rugbyworld.com/news/blogs/television-match-official-when-can-they-rule-14818 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/club/9488451/New-rules-for-Television-Match-Officials-will-not-make-game-boring-to-watch-insist-rugby-chiefs.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/club/9488451/New-rules-for-Television-Match-Officials-will-not-make-game-boring-to-watch-insist-rugby-chiefs.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=New rules for Television Match Officials will not make game boring to watch, insist rugby chiefs |work=The Telegraph |date=20 August 2012 |access-date=8 June 2015|last1=Cleary |first1=Mick }}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cricket-ka caalamiga ah, garsooruhu wuxuu kordhin karaa go'aanka garsooraha saddexaad, garsooraha saddexaadna wuxuu sameeyaa go'aanka kama-dambaysta ah.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC Umpire&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/rules_and_equipment/4183398.stm |title=The role of cricket umpires |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=8 June 2015 |date=26 August 2005 |archive-date=2 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302114814/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/rules_and_equipment/4183398.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Top End&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/sport/cricket/technology.htm |title=Cricket Technology |publisher=Top End Sports |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608175247/http://www.topendsports.com/sport/cricket/technology.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tan iyo 2008, nidaamka dib u eegiska go'aanka ee ciyaartoyda si loo dib u eego go'aanada waxaa lagu soo bandhigay oo lagu isticmaalay tartamada uu maamulo ICC, iyo ikhtiyaar ahaan ciyaaraha kale.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC Umpire&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/cricket/controversial-drs-to-be-used-in-2015-icc-world-cup_1538054.html |title=Controversial DRS to be used in 2015 ICC World Cup |publisher=Zee News |date=29 January 2015 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608222859/http://zeenews.india.com/sports/cricket/controversial-drs-to-be-used-in-2015-icc-world-cup_1538054.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyada oo ku xiran warbaahinta martigalisa, tiro teknoolojiyo oo kala duwan ayaa lagu isticmaalaa inta lagu jiro dib u eegiska garsooraha ama ciyaartoyda, oo ay ku jiraan muujinta tooska ah, Hawk-Eye, Hot Spot iyo Real Time Snickometer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015/content/story/827213.html |title=Hawkeye, Realtime Snicko for World Cup |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=7 February 2015 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=10 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610075356/http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015/content/story/827213.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/icc-world-cup-3-top-reasons-why-did-not-use-hotspot-as-part-of-drs/20150213.htm |title=3 Top reasons why ICC did not use 'Hotspot' as part of DRS |newspaper=Rediff |publisher=Rediff cricket |date=13 February 2015 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608195717/http://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/icc-world-cup-3-top-reasons-why-did-not-use-hotspot-as-part-of-drs/20150213.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Hawk-Eye waxaa sidoo kale lagu isticmaalaa tennis-ka si loogu tartamo go'aanada garsoorida.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Almog |first1=David |last2=Gauriot |first2=Romain |last3=Page |first3=Lionel |last4=Martin |first4=Daniel |title=AI Has Entered the Court. Is This Changing Umpires' Calls? |url=https://insight.kellogg.northwestern.edu/article/ai-has-entered-the-court-is-this-changing-umpires-calls |website=Kellogg Insight |publisher=Kellogg School of Management |access-date=23 February 2026 |language=en |date=1 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/7305404.stm |title=Hawk-Eye challenge rules unified |date=19 March 2008 |access-date=22 August 2008 |work=BBC News |archive-date=23 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080323085536/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7305404.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ciyaaraha iyo waxbarashada ==
Cilmi-baadhisu waxay soo jeedinaysaa in ciyaaruhu ay leeyihiin awood ay ku xidhaan dhallinyarada iyo tusaalayaasha togan ee dadka waaweyn oo ay bixiyaan fursado horumarineed oo togan, sida ay u dhiirigeliyaan barashada iyo dabaqidda xirfadaha nolosha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fraser-Thomas |first1=Jessica L. |last2=Côté |first2=Jean |last3=Deakin |first3=Janice |date=2005 |title=Youth sport programs: an avenue to foster positive youth development |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/43501126 |journal=Physical Education &amp; Sport Pedagogy |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=19–40 |doi=10.1080/1740898042000334890 |hdl=1974/14425 |issn=1740-8989|hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=UNESCO|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366771|title=Strengthening the rule of law through education: a guide for policymakers|publisher=UNESCO|year=2019|isbn=978-92-3-100308-0|access-date=9 March 2020|archive-date=25 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225195201/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366771|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sannadaha dhow isticmaalka ciyaaraha si loo yareeyo dambiyada, sida in looga hortago xagjirnimada dagaalka ah iyo xagjirnimada, wuxuu noqday mid caan ah, gaar ahaan sida qalab lagu hagaajinayo kalsoonida nafta, kor loogu qaado xiriirada bulshada oo la siiyo ciyaartoyda dareen ujeeddo leh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ma jiro caddeyn heersare ah oo muujinaysa waxtarka dhiirigelinta lagu kordhinayo kaparticipatinka ciyaaraha ee bulshada ee ciyaaraha sida ololaha warbaahinta weyn, fadhiyada waxbarashada, iyo isbeddellada siyaasadda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Priest |first1=N |last2=Armstrong |first2=R |last3=Doyle |first3=J |last4=Waters |first4=E |date=16 July 2008 |title=Interventions Implemented Through Sporting Organisations for Increasing Participation in Sport |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=3 |article-number=CD004812 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004812.pub3 |pmid=18646112 |hdl-access=free |hdl=1885/285237|issn = 1464-780X }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sidoo kale ma jiraan wax barasho heersare ah oo baadhaya saamaynta dhiirigelinta noocan oo kale ah oo ku saabsan dhiirigelinta isbeddelka dhaqanka caafimaadka ee bulshada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |first1=Priest |last1=N |first2=Armstrong |last2=R |first3=Doyle |last3=J |first4=Water |last4=E |title=Policy Interventions Implemented Through Sporting Organisations for Promoting Healthy Behaviour Change |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |date=16 July 2008 |volume=2008 |issue=3 |article-number=CD004809 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004809.pub3 |pmid=18646111 |pmc=6464902}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shahaadooyinka waxbarashada waxaa lagu heli karaa ciyaaraha: tusaale ahaan, aqoonta ciyaaraha waa qeyb aqooneed oo si wanaagsan u dhisnaa. UK, BTEC National Diploma ku saabsan Tababarka Ciyaaraha iyo Horumarinta waxaa bixiya Pearson Education.&lt;ref&gt;Pearson Education, [https://qualifications.pearson.com/en/qualifications/btec-nationals/sports-coaching-and-development-2019.html Sports Coaching and Development (2019)], accessed on 29 August 2025&lt;/ref&gt; Waxaa jira afar shahaado oo ku jira qoyskan:
*Extended Certificate in Sports Coaching
*Foundation Diploma in Sports Coaching and Development
*Diploma in Sports Coaching and Development
*Extended Diploma in Sports Coaching and Development.&lt;ref&gt;Pearson Education, [https://qualifications.pearson.com/content/dam/pdf/BTEC-Nationals/sports-coaching-and-development/2019/specification-and-sample-assessments/btec-nats-non-measures-sports-coaching-and-development-spec.pdf Pearson BTEC Level 3 Nationals in Sports Coaching], accessed on 18 June 2022&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ciyaaraha iyo fayowida jirka ==
Ciyaaraha ku jira jimicsiga jirka waxay leeyihiin saamayn togan oo ku saabsan heerarka fayowida ee ciyaartoyda. Dhinacyada guud, heerarka sare ee xoogga, xawaaraha, dulqaadka iyo dabacsanaanta waxaa lagu heli karaa iyada oo la waafajinayo baahida ciyaarta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bangsbo J.; Kissow J.; Hostrup M. |title=Speed Endurance Training to Improve Performance |journal=Scandinavian Journal of Medicine &amp; Science in Sports |date=July 2025 |volume=35 |issue=7 |doi=10.1111/sms.70091 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40576293/ |access-date=22 October 2026|pmc=12203883 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tusaale ahaan, qof wuxuu noqon karaa mid xoog badan oo leh heerarka sare ee dulqaadka troo legdinta ama mid dabacsan troo ciyaarida kubbadda koleyga. Ciyaaraha kala duwan waxay hagaajin karaan awoodaha jirka ee ciyaartoyga habab kala duwan. Walxaha xoogga, xawaaraha, dulqaadka iyo dabacsanaanta oo lagu isticmaalo ciyaaraha, oo lagu hagaajiyo, waxaa sidoo kale kordhin kara jimicsiga tababarka gaarka ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bill Foran; Robin Pound |title=Complete Conditioning for Basketball |date=2007 |publisher=Human Kinetics |location=Champaign |isbn=978-0-4354-6516-2 |page=171}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hagaajinta lagu helay jimicsigan waxay ka dib hagaajin kartaa awoodda ciyaartoyga ee uu ku ciyaaro ciyaarta. Tusaale jimicsiga dabacsanaanta, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano drill, waa marka qof waddo dabacsanaan ah oo ku taalla dhulka uu ku socdo. Qofku wuxuu boodayaa kor iyo horay si hal cag ay ugu jirto gudaha geeska wadada cagna ay ka baxsan tahay. Waxay ka dib boodayaan kor iyo horay mar kale si cagta ku jirta gudaha iyo cagta ka baxsan geeska ay isbeddelaan i.e. cagta bidix ee gudaha iyadoo cagta xaq a ay ka baxsan tahay, ka dib cagta xaq a ee gudaha iyadoo cagta bidix ay ka baxsan tahay iyo siday u socoto waddada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bill Foran; Robin Pound |title=Complete Conditioning for Basketball |date=2007 |publisher=Human Kinetics |location=Champaign |isbn=978-0-4354-6516-2 |page=175}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tani waxay caawisaa hagaajinta heerka guud ee dabacsanaanta sababtoo ah dabacsanaantu waa muhiim kubbadda koleyga waxay sidoo kale hagaajisaa awoodda kubbadda koleyga. Jimicsiga dabacsanaanta waxaa loo waafajin karaa si dhaqdhaqaaqyada lagu sameeyo ay ugu dhowaadaan kuwa lagu isticmaalo inta ay socoto ciyaartu. Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay in nooca dabacsanaanta ee la dhisay uu yahay mid loo wareejin karo tartanka dhabta ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bill Foran; Robin Pound |title=Complete Conditioning for Basketball |date=2007 |publisher=Human Kinetics |location=Champaign |isbn=978-0-4354-6516-2 |page=172}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tusaalihii hore, dhaqdhaqaaqa degdega ah iyo dhigista cagaha wuxuu dhisaa dhaqdhaqaaqa cagaha degdega ah oo loo baahan yahay ciyaarta kubbadda koleyga.

Barnaamijyada tababarka ciyaaraha waxay ku jiraan sameynta xirfadaha gaarka ah ee ciyaartaas i.e. tababarka kubbadda cagta wuxuu ku jiri karaa baasitaanka kubbadda oo lagu celceliyo, iyo hagaajinta fayowida jirka guud iyo awoodda i.e. orodka wareegyada garoonka. Labada diiradood ee tababarkan waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu dhigo qof mid waxtar badan leh ciyaartaas iyadoo lagu hagaajinayo awoodooda ay ku buuxinayaan oo ay uga baxayaan dhibaatooyinka ay bixiso.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Micheli |first1=Lyle J. |title=Encyclopedia of Sport Medicine |date=2011 |publisher=Sage Publications |location=Thousand Oaks |isbn=978-1-4129-6115-8 |chapter=Speed, Agility, and Speed Endurance Development}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Siyaasadda==
{{Main article|Politics and sports}}
{{See also|Sportswashing|Sociology of sport}}

Benito Mussolini wuxuu isticmaalay Koobka Duunka FIFA 1934, oo lagu qabtay Talyaaniga, si uu u muujiyo Talyaaniga Fascist-ka ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWj7BgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA28 |title=Soccer Vs. the State: Tackling Football and Radical Politics |last1=Kuhn |first1=Gabriel |date=2011 |page=28 |publisher=PM Press |access-date=8 June 2015 |isbn=978-1-60486-053-5 |archive-date=16 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216073648/https://books.google.com/books?id=HWj7BgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA28 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;World Fascism&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvD2rZSVau4C&amp;pg=PA630 |title=World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1 |last1=Blamires |first1=Cyprian |date=2006 |pages=630–632 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |access-date=8 June 2015 |isbn=978-1-57607-940-9 |archive-date=13 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213050912/https://books.google.com/books?id=nvD2rZSVau4C&amp;pg=PA630 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Adolf Hitler wuxuu isticmaalay Ciyaaraha Olimbikada Xagaaga 1936 ee lagu qabtay Berlin, iyo Ciyaaraha Olimbikada Jiilaalka 1936 ee lagu qabtay Garmisch-Partenkirchen, si uu u dhiirigeliyo caqiidada Nazi-ga ee sareynta dadka Aryan-ka, iyo hooseynta Yuhuudda iyo &quot;kuwa kale oo aan la rabin&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;World Fascism&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sociology Sport&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uKarC6oX3P8C&amp;q=hitler+used+1936+olympics+to+promote+ideology&amp;pg=PT32 |title=The Sociology of Sport and Physical Education |last1=Saxena |first1=Anurag |year=2001 |publisher=Pinnacle Technology |access-date=8 June 2015 |isbn=978-1-61820-468-4 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jarmalku wuxuu isticmaalay Olimbikada si uu u muujiyo muuqaal nabad ah iyadoo hoose si qarsoodi ah loogu diyaargarobayay dagaal.&lt;ref&gt;''Kulttuurivihkot'' 1 2009 Berliinin olympialaiset 1936 Poliittisen viattomuuden menetys Jouko Jokisalo 28–29{{in lang|fi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Markii apartheid uu ahaa siyaasadda rasmiga ah ee Koonfur Afrika, tiro ciyaartoy ah, gaar ahaan rugby union-ka, waxay qaateen dhabar-adayg ah in aysan ka muuqan ciyaaraha tartanka ah ee halkaas ka jira. Kuwa qaar waxay u arkaan in tani ay ahayd waxtar waxtar leh oo ku saabsan dhammaadka apartheid, kuwa kalena waxay u arkaan in ay sii dheeraysay oo ay sii xoojisay saamaynteeda ugu darayd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Sport and apartheid|journal=History Compass|volume=3|pages= **|doi=10.1111/j.1478-0542.2005.00165.x|year = 2005|last1 = Merrett|first1 = Christopher}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Taariikhda Ireland, ciyaaraha Gaelic waxay ku xirnaayeen waddaniyadda dhaqanka. Illaa bartamihii qarnigii 20aad qof waa la mamnuuci karay in uu ciyaaro Gaelic football, hurling, ama ciyaaraha kale oo maamulo Ururka Ciyaaraha Gaelic (GAA) haddii uu ciyaaro ama taageero kubbadda cagta, ama ciyaaraha kale oo loo arko in ay ka yimaadeen Ingriiska. GAA waxay mamnuucday ciyaarida kubbadda cagta iyo rugby union-ka garoomada Gaelic. Mamnuucan, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano Xeerka 42,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fulton |first1=Gareth |last2=Bairner |first2=Alan |year=2007 |title=Sport, Space and National Identity in Ireland: The GAA, Croke Park and Rule&amp;nbsp;42. |journal=Space &amp; Polity |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=55–74 |doi=10.1080/13562570701406592 |s2cid=143213001 }}&lt;/ref&gt; weli waa lagu dhaqmaa, laakiin waa la beddelay si loogu oggolaado kubbadda cagta iyo rugby-ga in lagu ciyaaro Croke Park iyadoo Lansdowne Road dib loo dhisayay iyadoo loo beddelayo Aviva Stadium. Xeerka 21 hoostiisa, GAA waxay mamnuucday xubnaha ciidamada nabadgelyada Ingriiska iyo xubnaha Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) in ay ciyaaraan ciyaaraha Gaelic, laakiin karradkii Heshiiskii Jimcaha Wanaagsanaa ee 1998 wuxuu keenay ka saarida mamnuucan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=50th anniversary of abolition of 'The Ban' offers pause for perspective |url=https://www.gaa.ie/news/50th-anniversary-of-abolition-of-the-ban-offers-pause-for-perspective/ |access-date=2 July 2023 |website=www.gaa.ie |date=9 April 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Waddaniyaddu inta badan waxay ka muuqataa raadinta ciyaaraha ama warbixinteeda: ciyaartoydu waxay ku tartamaan kooxaha qaranka, oo weriyayaasha ama dhagaystayaashu inta badan waxay qaataan fikrado leexsan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Arnold|first=Richard|title=Nationalism and Sport: A Review of the Field|journal=Nationalities Papers|year=2020|volume=49|issue=1|pages=2–11|doi=10.1017/nps.2020.9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mararka kaar, fardhadan waxay u beddelataa dagaal u dhexeya ciyaartoyda ama daawadayaasha, sida inta lagu jiro Dagaalkii Kubbadda Cagta ee 1969 ee u dhexeyay El Salvador iyo Honduras, oo ah dagaal uu kiciyay rabshadaha ku taalla kaparticipatinka Koobka Duunka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Jennings|first=Andrew|title=Has football ever started a war?|work=The Guardian|date=2007-02-21|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2007/feb/21/theknowledge.sport|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dhacdooyinkan waxaa loo arkaa kuwo ka dhan ah ruuxa muhiimka ah ee ciyaaraha—kaas oo ah, in loogu tartamo ujeedadeeda lafahaadeed iyo baashaalka ciyaartoyda. Siyaasadda iyo ciyaaruhu waxay si xanuun badan u isku arkeen Olimbikadii Munich 1972, markii dagaalyahanno Falastiiniyiin ah ay ka soo galeen Tuulada Olimbikada, iyagoo la haystayaal u qaday xubnaha kooxda Israa'iil, iyagoo aakhirkiina dilay 11 ciyaartoy oo loo yaqaano gumaadkii Munich.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|publisher=Reuters|title=Paris ceremony honours Israeli athletes killed in 1972 Munich Games attack|date=2024-08-06|url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/olympics/paris-ceremony-honours-israeli-athletes-killed-1972-munich-games-attack-2024-08-06/|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Barashada doorashooyinka US waxay muujisay in natiijada dhacdooyinka ciyaaruhu ay saamayso natiijooyinka. Barasho lagu daabacay Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences waxay muujisay in marka kooxda gurigu ay guuleysato ciyaarta ka hor doorashada, murashaxiinta maamulka ku jira ay kordhin karaan saamigooda codadka 1.5%. Guuldaradu waxay lahayd saamayn iska soo horjeeda, saamayntanina waa ka weyn tahay kooxaha sare ama guulaha iyo guuldarooyinka aan la filayn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Will Ohio State's Football Team Decide Who Wins the White House? |author1=Tyler Cowen |author2=Kevin Grier |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |date=24 October 2012 |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2012/10/how_the_presidential_race_between_barack_obama_and_mitt_romney_could_be.html |access-date=29 December 2013 |archive-date=30 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233509/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2012/10/how_the_presidential_race_between_barack_obama_and_mitt_romney_could_be.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Marka Washington Commanders ay guuleystaan ciyaartooda kama-dambaysta ah ka hor doorashada, markaas madaxweynaha maamulka ku jira wuxuu leeyahay fursad ka badan oo uu ku guuleysto, haddii ay guuldarraystaana, murashaxa mucaaradka wuxuu leeyahay fursad ka badan oo uu ku guuleysto; tani waxay noqotay mid loo yaqaan Xeerka Redskins.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/football-insider/wp/2012/11/03/will-redskins-rule-again-determine-outcome-of-presidential-election/ |title=Will Redskins Rule again determine outcome of presidential election? |author=Mike Jones |date=3 November 2012 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=14 September 2017 |archive-date=7 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107110626/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/football-insider/wp/2012/11/03/will-redskins-rule-again-determine-outcome-of-presidential-election/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espnfrontrow.com/2012/10/redskins-rule-mnfs-hirdt-on-intersection-of-football-politics/ |title='Redskins Rule': MNF's Hirdt on intersection of football &amp; politics |work=ESPN Front Row |date=30 October 2012 |access-date=12 June 2015 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032035/http://www.espnfrontrow.com/2012/10/redskins-rule-mnfs-hirdt-on-intersection-of-football-politics/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sida keenista maamulida iyo hoos-u-dhicida dadka===
Étienne de La Boétie, qoraalkiisa Discourse on Voluntary Servitude wuxuu ku qeexayaa ciyaaraha daawashada sida habab ay kalitalisyadu ku maamulaan dadkooda iyagoo ka leexinaya diiradda.
&lt;blockquote&gt;
Ha u malaynina in uu jiro shimbir si fudud loo qabto decoy-ga, ama samayn kasta oo si degdeg ah ku xiranta jillaabka troo sedka gooryaanka ah, ka sii badan dhammaan doqoomadan saboolka ah oo si caqli badan loogu khayay addoonsiga...waxay isu oggolaadaan in la qabto si degdeg ah marka la joogo taabashada yar ee rabitaankooda. Ciyaaraha, riwaayadaha, daawashada, gladiators, xayawaanka yaabka leh, biladaha, sawirrada, iyo daroogooyinka kale oo noocan oo kale ah, kuwani waxay u ahaayeen dadkii duugga ahaa sedka loo adeegsado addoonsiga, qiimaha xorriyaddooda, qalabka kalitalisnimada. Troo kuwan...dhiirigelinta kalitalisyadii duugga ahaa waxay si guul leh ugu seexiyeen dadkooda madaxa hoostiisa, iyadoo dadkii wareeray, ay ku sasabmeen madadaalada iyo baashaalka been-abuurka ah ee ka muuqday eygooda ka hor, ay barteen adheecsiga si fudud...sida carruurta yaryari ay u bartaan akhriska iyagoo eegaya buugaagta sawirrada dhalaalaya.&lt;ref&gt;Étienne de La Boétie, ''Discourse on Voluntary Servitude'' (1549), Part 2&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;Intii uu socday maamulkii Ingriiska ee Bengal, ciyaaraha Ingriiska iyo Yurub waxay bilaabeen in ay beddelaan ciyaaraha soo jireenka ah ee Bengal, taas oo keentay in la lumiyo dhaqankii hoose.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/904168|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126161837/https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/904168|title=Disappearance of Traditional games by the imitation of Colonial Culture through the Historical parameters of Cultural Colonialism|archive-date=26 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801043229/https://dergipark.org.tr/|title=Ana Sayfa » DergiPark|archive-date=1 August 2019|website=dergipark.org.tr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jarmalkii Bari oo ay maamulayeen shuuciyadu, tan iyo 1970-yadii illaa 1990, 'noin 3,000 oo caawiyayaal aan rasmi ahayn ayaa lagu isticmaalay sannad kasta ciyaaraha heerka sare ah, oo ay ku jiraan ciyaartoy badan oo kubbadda cagta ah, taageerayaal iyo garsoorayaal'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Mike Dennis |first1=Norman LaPorte |title=State and Minorities in Communist East Germany |date=2011 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-0-857-45-195-8 |page=125 |chapter=Football fans, hooligans and the state}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ujeedooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee Stasi ay ku dhistay nidaamkan ballaaran ee caawiyayaasha ah waxay ahayd in ka hortag lagaga sameeyo ciyaartoyda in ay u baxsadaan Galbeedka, iyagoo isticmaalaya labada hab ee ilaalinta iyo caddadinta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Mike Dennis |first1=Norman LaPorte |title=State and Minorities in Communist East Germany |date=2011 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-0-857-45-195-8 |page=125 |chapter=Football fans, hooligans and the state}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Fikradaha diinta==
{{main|New Testament athletic metaphors}}
[[File:Panathenaic amphora Kleophrades Louvre F277.jpg|thumb|Orodka cagaha wuxuu ahaa hal dhacdo oo loo go'aamiyay Zeus. Panathenaic amphora, Kleophrades painter, Circa 500 BC, Louvre museum.]]
Ciyaaruhu waxay ahaayeen nooc muhiim ah oo cibaado ah Diinta Gariigii Hore. Ciyaaraha Olimbikada ee duugga ahaa waxaa lagu qaban jiray maamuuska ilaaha sare, Zeus, iyadoo lagu muujinayo noocyo kala duwan oo u-go'aaminta diinta ah ee isaga iyo ilaahyada kale.&lt;ref&gt;Gardinier, Norman E., 'The Olympic Festival' in ''Greek Athletic Sports and Festivals'', London: MacMillan, 1910, p.195&lt;/ref&gt; Gariig badan ayaa u safrayay si ay u eegaan ciyaaraha, iyadoo isku-darka socdaalka diinta iyo ciyaaraha uu u served-garaynayay sida hab lagu maamulayo midnimadooda oo hal dad ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Harker |first1=Barry H. |title=Strange Fire: Christianity and the Rise of Modern Olympianism |date=2006 |publisher=Hartland Publications |location=Rapidan |isbn=0-923309-39-X |page=75 |chapter=6: Olympia and Jerusalem}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku-practice-garaynta tartamada ciyaaraha waxaa dhaleeceeyay mufakiriinta Masiixiga ah oo loo arkayay nooc sanam-caabudid ah, oo &quot;aadamuhu uu is-sareeyo, is-caabudo, is-saciifiyo oo is-abaalmariyo.&quot;&lt;ref name=Watson1&gt;''Sports and Christianity: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives'', Nick J. Watson, ed. (Routledge: 2013), p. 178.&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha waxaa loo arkaa kuwo dhaleeceeyayaashan ay u arkaan muujinta &quot;kibri wadajir ah&quot; iyo &quot;is-ilaahaysi qaran&quot; oo awoodaha aadamaha lagu sanam-caabudo iyada oo laga tagayo cibaadada diinta.&lt;ref name=Watson1/&gt;

Tertullian wuxuu dhaleeceeyay waxqabadka ciyaaraha ee maalmihiisii, wuxueena ku insisted-garaynayay &quot;dhammaan qalabka nooca ciyaaraha wuxuu ku dhisnaa sanam-caabudid.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Tertullian, ''De spectaculis'', Chapter 4.&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha, wuxuu leeyahay Tertullian, waxay kiciyaan dareenno la yaab leh oo ka baxsan dabeecadda deggen ee uu dhisay Masiixiga:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
Ilaah wuxuu nagu amray inaan u dhaqanno si deggen, si tartiib ah, si ka samaysan nabad, iyadoo uu la joogo Ruhal Qudus-ka, sababtoo ah waxyaabahani oo keliya waxay ku habboon yihiin wanaagga Dabeecaddiisa, iyadoo leh debecsanaanteisa iyo dareenkiisa. ... Hagaag, sida ay tani ugu habboonaan doontaa ciyaaraha? Sababtoo ah ciyaartu mar walba waxay keentaa iztiroob ruuxi ah, sababtoo ah halka ay ka jirto baashaal, waxaa ka jira dareen adag oo bixinaya baashaalka; halka ay ka jirto dareen adag, waxaa ka jira tartan oo siinaya kuleylkiisa. Ka dibna, marka aad leedahay tartan, waxaad leedahay carro, qadhaadh, xanaaq iyo calool-xumo, iyadoo dhammaan waxyaabaha xun ay ka soo bayaan kuwan – oo dhan si buuxda oo ka baxsan diinta Masiixa.&lt;ref&gt;''De spectaculis'' Chapter 15.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
Wadaaddada Masiixiga ee dhaqdhaqaaqa Wesleyan-Holiness waxay ka soo horjeedaan daawashada ama kaparticipatinka ciyaaraha xirfadlaha ah, iyagoo raba in liigyada ciyaaraha xirfadlaha ah ay nijaaseeyaan Sabtida, oo ay la tartamaan u-go'aaminta Masiixiga ee Ilaah, muujiyaan la'aanta xishoodka ee dharka ciyaartoyda iyo cheerleaders-ka, oo ay ku xirnaadaan dagaal iyo isticmaalka dhaaraha ee u dhexeya ciyaartoy badan, oo ay dhiirigeliyaan khamaarka, sida khamriga iyo dawooyinka kale ee dhacdooyinka ciyaaraha, oo ka dhan ah u-go'aaminta teetotalism-ka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Handel2020&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Handel |first1=Paul S. |title=Reasons Why Organized Sports Are Not Pleasing to God |date=2020 |publisher=Immanuel Missionary Church |page=4 |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Xigashooyinka==
{{Reflist}}

===Ilaha===
* European Commission (2007), ''The White Paper on Sport''
* Council of Europe (2001), ''The European sport charter''
*{{Free-content attribution
| title = Strengthening the rule of law through education: a guide for policymakers
| publisher = UNESCO
| page numbers =
| documentURL = https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366771
| license statement URL =
| license = CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO
}}

==Sii akhriso==
{{Sister project links|Sports|voy=Sport}}
* ''The Meaning of Sports'' by Michael Mandel (PublicAffairs, {{ISBN|1-58648-252-1}}).
* [https://www.tandfonline.com/journals/rjps20 ''Journal of the Philosophy of Sport'']
* Sullivan, George. ''The Complete Sports Dictionary''. New York: Scholastic Book Services, 1979. p.&amp;nbsp;199. {{ISBN|0-590-05731-6}}

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      <text bytes="78418" sha1="ix5pq4e5g3uncfvpkka8ye2ecql2k9p" xml:space="preserve">[[File:2015 29 Somali National Team-1 (21007355596).jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|right|Ciyaartoyda kooxda kubadda cagta qaranka [[Soomaaliya]] intii lagu jiray tababarkii [[2015]] ]]
[[File:London Marathon 2005 at Blackfriars.jpg|thumb|Orodka London Marathon 2005: orodada, noocyadooda kala duwan, waxay u taagan yihiin nooca ugu duugga badan uguna jilicsan ciyaaraha.]]

'''Ciyaaraha''' ({{lang-en|Sport}}) waa dhaqdhaqaaq jirkaga ah ama ciyaar, oo inta badan tartan iyo habaysan ah, oo ilaaliya ama hagaajiya awoodda jirrka iyo xirfadaha. Ciyaaruhu waxay bixin karaan baashaal ciyaartoyda iyo madadaalo daawadayaasha. Tirada ciyaartoyda ciyaar gaar ah waxay ka bilaaban kartaa boqolaal qof illaa hal qof oo keliya.

Dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka wuxuu ku xiran yahay dhinacyo kala duwan oo caafimaadka iyo cimri dheerida ah. Heerarka sare ee dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka waxay ku xiran yihiin khatar hoose oo dhimashada dhammaan sababaha iyo dhimashada cudurrada wadnaha, istaroogga iskeemikada, iyo wadne xanuunka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kraus2019&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Kraus | first1 = William E. | last2 = Powell | first2 = Kenneth E. | last3 = Haskell | first3 = William L. | last4 = Janz | first4 = Kathleen F. | last5 = Campbell | first5 = Wayne W. | last6 = Jakicic | first6 = John M. | last7 = Troiano | first7 = Richard P. | title = Physical activity, all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, and cardiovascular disease | journal = Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise | volume = 51 | issue = 6 | pages = 1270 | date = 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka wuxuu sidoo kale ku xiran yahay hoos u dhaca astaamaha niyad-jabka, walwalka, iyo iztiroobka nafsiga ah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh2023&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Singh | first1 = Ben | last2 = Olds | first2 = Timothy | last3 = Curtis | first3 = Rachel | last4 = Dumuid | first4 = Dorothea | last5 = Virgara | first5 = Rosa | last6 = Watson | first6 = Amanda | last7 = Szeto | first7 = Kimberley | title = Effectiveness of physical activity interventions for improving depression, anxiety and distress: an overview of systematic reviews | journal = British Journal of Sports Medicine | volume = 57 | issue = 18 | pages = 1203-1209 | date = 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Munro2026&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Munro | first1 = Neil Richard | last2 = Teague | first2 = Samantha | last3 = Somoray | first3 = Klaire | last4 = Simpson | first4 = Aaron | last5 = Budden | first5 = Timothy | last6 = Jackson | first6 = Ben | last7 = Rebar | first7 = Amanda | last8 = Dimmock | first8 = James | title = Effect of exercise on depression and anxiety symptoms: systematic umbrella review with meta-meta-analysis | journal = British Journal of Sports Medicine | volume = 60 | issue = 8 | pages = 590-599 | date = 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Noetel2024&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Noetel | first1 = Michael | last2 = Sanders | first2 = Taren | last3 = Gallardo-Gómez | first3 = Daniel | last4 = Taylor | first4 = Paul | last5 = del Pozo Cruz | first5 = Borja | last6 = Van Den Hoek | first6 = Daniel | last7 = Smith | first7 = Jordan J. | title = Effect of exercise for depression: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials | journal = BMJ | volume = 384 | date = 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Gaar ahaan, jimicsiga aerobikada, yoogada, iyo jimicsiga noocyada badan leh ayaa loo helay in ay waxtar u leeyihiin hoos u dhicida astaamaha niyad-jabka umusha ka dib.&lt;ref name=&quot;Campos-Marin2025&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Campos-Marin | first1 = Álvaro | last2 = García-Muñoz | first2 = Cristina | last3 = Matias-Soto | first3 = Javier | last4 = Martinez-Calderon | first4 = Javier | title = What interventions focused on physical activity could improve postpartum depression symptoms? An overview of systematic reviews with meta-analysis | journal = Healthcare | volume = 13 | issue = 12 | pages = 1419 | date = 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tartamada ciyaaruhu waxay isticmaali karaan nooca koox ama qof keliya, waxayna noqon karaan kuwo furan, oo u oggolaanaya tiro ballaaran oo ciyaartoy ah, ama kuwo xiran, oo ku xaddidaya kaparticipatinka kooxo gaar ah ama kuwa la casuumay. Tartamadu waxay oggolaan karaan &quot;barbardhac&quot;, oo aysan ka jirin hal guuleyste; kuwo kale waxay bixiyaan hababka barbardhac-jebinta si loo xaqiijiyo in uu jiro hal guuleyste oo keliya. Waxaa sidoo kale loo dhabar-adkeyn karaa nooca tartanka (tournament), oo soo saaraya horyaal. Liigyo badan oo ciyaareed waxay samaysan karaan horyaal sannadle ah iyagoo dhisaya ciyaaro xilliga caadiga ah ee ciyaaraha, oo ay la socdaan xaaladaha qaar ciyaaraha kama-dambaysta ah (playoffs).

Ciyaaraha guud ahaan waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay nidaam dhaqdhaqaaqyo ku dhisnaa ciyaartoynimada jirka ama xirfadda jirka, iyadoo tartamada waaweyni ay oggol yihiin oo keliya ciyaaraha buuxiya qeexiddaan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.olympic.org/sports |title=List of Summer and Winter Olympic Sports and Events |publisher=The Olympic Movement |date=14 November 2018 |access-date=5 March 2012 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225174712/https://www.olympic.org/sports%20 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ururada qaar, sida Golaha Yurub, waxay ka reebayaan dhaqdhaqaaqyada aan lahayn wax walbo oo jirka ah nooca ciyaaraha.&lt;ref name=council/&gt; Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tiro dhaqdhaqaaqyo tartan ah, laakiin aan ahayn kuwo jirka ah, waxay sheegtaan aqoonsi sida ciyaaraha maanka. Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee Olimbikada oo kormeera Ciyaaraha Olimbikada wuxuu u aqoonsan yahay shataraanka iyo bridge-ka ciyaaro ahaan. SportAccord, oo ah ururka xiriirada ciyaaraha caalamiga ah, wuxuu aqoonsan yahay shanta ciyaarood oo aan ahayn kuwo jirka ah: shataraanka, bridge-ka, checkers (draughts), Go iyo xiangqi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |publisher=SportAccord |title=World Mind Games |url=http://www.sportaccord.com/en/multi-sports-games/index.php?idIndex=35&amp;idContent=658 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508021848/http://www.sportaccord.com/en/multi-sports-games/index.php?idIndex=35&amp;idContent=658 |archive-date=8 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |publisher=SportAccord |title=Members |url=http://www.sportaccord.com/en/members/index.php?idContent=644&amp;idIndex=32 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507073823/http://www.sportaccord.com/en/members/index.php?idContent=644&amp;idIndex=32 |archive-date=7 May 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay xaddidaan tirada ciyaaraha maanka ee loo oggolaan karo ciyaaro ahaan.&lt;ref name=sportaccord/&gt; Ciyaaraha guud ahaan waxaa maamula xeerar ama caadooyin, oo u adeega xaqiijinta tartan caadil ah. Guushu waxay ku go'aansami kartaa matalaadaha jirka sida dhibcaha goolasha ama goynta xariiqda marka ugu horreysa. Waxaa sidoo kale go'aamin kara garsoorayaal dhibcaha ka bixinaya waxqabadka ciyaaraha, oo ay ku jiraan xaalado ujeeddo leh ama kuwo fikrad ah sida waxqabadka farsamada ama saamaynta incaamka artistique.

Diiwaanka waxqabadka inta badan waa la dhowraa, ciyaaraha caanka ahna, macluumaadkan waxaa laga yaabaa in si ballaaran looga dhawaaqo ama looga warramo wararka ciyaaraha. Ciyaaruhu sidoo kale waa il muhiim ah oo madadaalo u ah dadka aan kaparticipatgaraynayn, iyadoo ciyaaraha daawashada ay soo jiitaan dad badan garoomada ciyaaraha, oo ay gaaraan dhagaystayaal ballaaran oo maraya teevishanka ama radayowga. Khamaarka ciyaaraha xaaladaha qaar si daran ayaa loo maamulaa, xaaladaha kalena waa qayb ka mid ah ciyaaraha.

Sida ku cad A.T. Kearney, oo ah shirkad la-talinta, kiiska ciyaaraha ee caalamiga ah wuxuu qiimihiisu yahay ilaa $620 bilyan marka la joogo 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/news/international/21585012-sportswomen-are-beginning-score-more-commercial-goalsbut-they-still-have-lot-ground |title=Women in sport: Game, sex and match |newspaper=The Economist |date=7 September 2013 |access-date=14 September 2017 |archive-date=2 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802224933/http://www.economist.com/news/international/21585012-sportswomen-are-beginning-score-more-commercial-goalsbut-they-still-have-lot-ground |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaarta ugu helitaanka iyo ku practice-garaynta badan dunida waa orodka, halka kubbadda cagtu ay tahay ciyaarta daawashada ugu caansan.&lt;ref name=&quot;wa&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-are-the-most-popular-sports-in-the-world.html |title=The Most Popular Sports in the World |date=2018 |website=www.worldatlas.com |publisher=World Atlas |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817161238/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-are-the-most-popular-sports-in-the-world.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ujeeddada iyo adeegsiga==
===Etimoolojiga===
Ereyga &quot;sport&quot; wuxuu ka yimid Faransiiskii Hore desport oo dhahaya &quot;waqti firaaqo&quot;, iyadoo qeexiddii ugu duugnayd ee Ingiriisida ee qarnigii 1300 ay ahayd &quot;wax kasta oo aadamuhu u arko kuwo xiiso leh ama madadaalo leh&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=sport&amp;searchmode=none |title=sport (n.) |access-date=20 April 2008 |first=Douglas |last=Harper |work=Online Etymological Dictionary |archive-date=11 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111214311/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=sport&amp;searchmode=none |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ujeedooyinka kale waxaa ka mid ah khamaarka iyo dhacdooyinka loo sameeyay ujeeddada khamaarka; ugaarsiga; iyo ciyaaraha iyo baashaalka, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa u baahan jimicsi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged |publisher=G&amp;C Merriam Company |location=Springfield, MA |page=2206 |year=1967}}&lt;/ref&gt; Roget's wuxuu qeexayaa ciyaaraha sida &quot;dhaqdhaqaaq loo sameeyo nasasho iyo madadaalo&quot; iyadoo synonyms-ku ay ku jiraan madadaalo iyo firaaqo-wadaag.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Roget's II: The New Thesaurus|edition =3rd|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |url=https://archive.org/details/rogetsiiinewthes00houg |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-618-25414-9 |url-access=registration }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sida loo magacaabo===
Ereyga kali ah ee &quot;sport&quot; waxaa loo isticmaalaa lahjadaha Ingiriisida badankood si loogu qeexo fikradda guud, tusaale &quot;carruurta kaparticipatgaraynaysa ciyaaraha&quot;, iyadoo &quot;sports&quot; loo isticmaalo si loogu qeexo dhaqdhaqaaqyo badan, tusaale &quot;kubbadda cagta iyo rugby waa ciyaaraha ugu caansan Ingriiska&quot;. Ingiriisida Mareykanka waxay isticmaashaa &quot;sports&quot; labada macnaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sport vs sports – Usage Notes |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/sport-s-sports |publisher=Cambridge University Press |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sport |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sport |publisher=Merriam-Webster |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Qeexidda===
{{see also|Game#Definitions}}
[[File:ChessStartingPosition.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee Olimbikada wuxuu u aqoonsan yahay ciyaaraha guddiga qaar ka mid ah ciyaaro ahaan, oo uu ku jiro shataraanka.]]
[[File:Showjumping white horse.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|Boodidda fardaha, oo ah ciyaar fardoolay ah]]
Qeexidda saxda ah ee ka soocaysa ciyaarta dhaqdhaqaaqyada kale ee firaaqada waxay ku kala duwan tahay ilaha. Midda ugu dhow heshiis caalami ah oo ku saabsan qeexidda waxaa bixiya Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Xiriirada Ciyaaraha Caalamiga ah (GAISF), oo ah ururka dhammaan xiriirada ciyaaraha caalamiga ah ee ugu waaweyn (oo ay ku jiraan kubbadda cagta, ciyaaraha fudud, baaskiil wadida, tennis-ka, ciyaaraha fardoolayda, iyo kuwo kale), saas darteedna waa maamulaha rasmiga ah ee ciyaaraha caalamiga ah.

GAISF wuxuu isticmaalaa shuruudaha soo socda, wuxueena go'aamiyaa in ciyaartu tahay inay:&lt;ref name=sportaccord/&gt;
* leedahay walab tartanka ah
* aysan wax ku nool ah dhib u geysanayn
* aysan ku tiirsanayn qalab uu bixiyo hal alaab-qeybiye oo keliya (oo ay ka reeban yihiin ciyaaraha iska lahaanshaha ah sida kubbadda cagta arena)
* aysan ku tiirsanayn wax &quot;nasiib&quot; ah oo gaar ahaan loogu talagalay ciyaarta.

Waxay sidoo kale aqoonsan yihiin in ciyaartu noqon karto ku dhawaad jirka (sida rugby ama ciyaaraha fudud), ku dhawaad maanka (sida shataraanka ama Go), ku dhawaad matoorada (sida Formula 1 ama doonyaha matoorka), ku dhawaad iskudubaridka iyo xirfadda (sida snooker iyo ciyaaraha kale ee cue-ka), ama ku dhawaad kuwa xayawaanku taageeraan (sida ciyaaraha fardoolayda).&lt;ref name=sportaccord/&gt;

Koodinta ciyaaraha maanka ee gudaha qeexidda ciyaaraha lama wada aqbalin, taas oo keentay lchallenge-yo sharci ah oo ka yimid maamulada maamula marka loo eego in loo diaday maalgelinta loo hayo ciyaaraha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |work=BBC News |title=Judicial review of 'sport' or 'game' decision begins |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-34320201 |date=22 September 2015 |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-date=23 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023020304/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-34320201 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Laakiin iyadoo GAISF ay aqoonsan tahay tiro yar oo ciyaaraha maanka ah, ma furaan in ay kaparticipat-geliyaan ciyaaro kale oo maanka ah.

Waxaa jiray kordho adeegsiga ereyga &quot;sport&quot; ee ku saabsan ciyaaro ballaaran oo aan ahayn kuwo jirka ah sida ciyaaraha fiidiyowga, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano esports (ka yimid &quot;ciyaaraha elektaroonigga ah&quot;), gaar ahaan sababtoo ah baaxadda weyn ee kaparticipatinka iyo tartanka habaysan, laakiin kuwan si ballaaran looma aqoonsana ururada ciyaaraha ee waaweyn. Sida ku cad Golaha Yurub, Axdiga Ciyaaraha Yurub, maqaalka 2.i, &quot;'Sport' waa dhammaan noocyada dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka oo, troo kaparticipatinka caadiga ah ama habaysan, haysata ujeedo lagu muujinayo ama lagu hagaajinayo fayowida jirka iyo wanaagga maanka, dhisida xiriirada bulshada ama helitaanka natiijooyinka tartanka heerarka dhan.&quot;&lt;ref name=council/&gt;

===Tartanka===
[[File:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb|left|Orodka fardaha]]

Waxaa jira fikrado iska soo horjeeda oo ku saabsan muhiimadda tartanka uu u leeyahay walaxda qeexaysa ciyaarta, iyadoo ku dhawaad dhammaan ciyaaraha xirfadlaha ah ay ku jiraan tartan, maamulada maamulana ay u baahan yihiin tartan inay tahay shuruud ka hor aqoonsiga Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee Olimbikada (IOC) ama GAISF.&lt;ref name=sportaccord/&gt;

Ururada kale waxay u doodaan ballaadhinta qeexidda ciyaaraha si ay u noqoto dhammaan noocyada dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka, oo aysan ahayn oo keliya dhacdooyinka habaysan ama tartanka ah. Tusaale ahaan, Axdiga Ciyaaraha ee Golaha Yurub wuxuu qeexayaa &quot;sport&quot; sida: &quot;dhammaan noocyada dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka oo, troo kaparticipatinka caadiga ah ama habaysan, looga dan leeyahay ilaalinta ama hagaajinta fayowida jirka iyo wanaagga maanka, dhisida xiriirada bulshada ama helitaanka natiijooyinka tartanka heerarka dhan&quot;, iyadoo si cad u dhexgalinaysa jimicsiga baashaalka ah ee loo sameeyo kaliya baashaal ahaan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=Jun 2022 |title=Revised European Sports Charter – Article 2 |url=https://rm.coe.int/revised-european-sports-charter-web-a6/1680a7534b |publisher=Council of Europe |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title= The Development and Prospects for Community Action in the Field of Sport |date=29 September 1998 |url=https://ec.europa.eu/assets/eac/sport/library/documents/doc252_en.pdf |publisher=European Commission |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Si loo ballaadhiyo kaparticipatinka, oo loo yareeyo saamaynta laga helayo guuldarada ciyaartoyda aan awoodda badan lahayn, waxaa jiray soo-bandhigidda dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka oo aan ahayn tartan ee dhacdooyinka tartanka ah ee caadiga ah sida maalmaha ciyaaraha ee dugsiyada, inkasta oo dhaqdhaqaaqyada noocan oo kale ah ay noqon karaan kuwo muran dhaliya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Front |first=Rebecca |work=The Guardian |title=A little competition |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/jul/17/school-sport-competitive-children-achievement-ambition |date=17 July 2011 |access-date=13 December 2016 |archive-date=15 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315143528/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/jul/17/school-sport-competitive-children-achievement-ambition |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |publisher=ParentDish |title=Why parents hate school sports day |last=Scrimgeour |first=Heidi |date=17 June 2011 |url=http://www.parentdish.co.uk/2011/06/17/why-parents-hate-school-sports-day/ |access-date=11 June 2012 |archive-date=24 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024182750/http://www.parentdish.co.uk/2011/06/17/why-parents-hate-school-sports-day/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dhacdooyinka tartanka ah, ciyaartoyda waxaa lagu qiimeeyaa ama lagu kala saaraa ku dhisnaanta &quot;natiijadooda&quot; iyadoo inta badan loo qeybiyo kooxo leh waxqabad loo siman yahay, tusaale, jinsiga, miisaanka iyo da'da. Qiyaasta natiijadu waxay noqon kartaa ku dhawaad ujeeddo ama fikrad, oo lagu saxo &quot;handicaps&quot; ama ganaaxyo. Tartanka orodka, tusaale ahaan, waqtiga lagu dhameeyay wadada waa qiyaas ujeeddo ah. Jimnaastikada ama quusida, natiijada waxaa go'aamiya garsoorayaal, sidaas darteedna waa fikrad. Waxaa jira heerar garsoorid dhex-dhexaad ah oo u dhexeya feerka iyo ciyaaraha la isku daray ee dagaalka, oo haddii aysan labada ciyaartoy midna guul helin ka hor waqtiga xaddidan, natiijada waxaa go'aamiya kaararka dhibcaha garsoorayaasha. Feerka, saddex garsoore ayaa si madax-bannaan dhibcaha uga bixiya wareeg kasta, iyadoo la raacayo shuruudaha sida feerida nadiifka ah, weerarka waxtarka leh, maamulka garoonka iyo doofaaca.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ABC Uniform Championship Rules |url=https://www.ibf-usba-boxing.com/wp-content/uploads/ABCUniformChampionshipRules.pdf |publisher=Association of Boxing Commissions |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Taariikhda==
{{Main article|History of sport}}
[[File:Roman bronze copy of Myron’s Discobolos, 2nd century CE (Glyptothek Munich).jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Naxaas Roomaan ah oo laga sameeyay Discobolos ee Myron, qarnigii 2aad AD]]
[[File:Participants with the Water Warrior class perform squats prior to entering the pool at Camp Foster, Okinawa, Japan, July 6, 2011 110706-M-VD776-004 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Snoorkeler-ku waxay sameynayaan jimicsiga squats ka hor inta aysan galin barkadda ee saldhigga ciidanka Mareykanka, 2011.]]

Shaqooyinka gacanta iyo dhismayaasha waxay tilmaamayaan ciyaaraha Shiinaha sida ay ahayd 2000 BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://chineseculture.about.com/library/weekly/aa032301a.htm |title=Sports History in China |author1=Ye Qinfa |access-date=15 October 2006 |archive-date=3 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303183246/http://chineseculture.about.com/library/weekly/aa032301a.htm |url-status=deviated }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jimnaastikada waxay u muuqataa in ay caan ka ahayd waagii duugga ahaa ee Shiinaha. Taallooyinka Fircooniga waxay tilmaamaan in tiro ciyaaro ah, oo ay ku jiraan dabaasha iyo kaluumeysiga, ay ahaayeen kuwo si wanaagsan u horumaray oo maamulan kumanaan sano ka hor Masartii Hore.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ioa.leeds.ac.uk/1980s/84085.htm |title=84.85-90 History of Sports in Ancient Egypt |first1=Ahmed D. |last1=Touny |website=Proceedings of the International Olympic Academy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029232515/http://www.ioa.leeds.ac.uk/1980s/84085.htm |archive-date=29 October 2006 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha kale ee Masar waxaa ka mid ahaa tuurista waranka, boodada dheer, iyo legdinta. Ciyaaraha Beershiyo ee Hore sida sanka ee soo jireenka ah ee Iiraan ee Zoorkhaneh waxay lahayd xiriir dhow oo ku saabsan xirfadaha dagaalka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.kuwait-info.com/newsnew/NewsDetails1.asp?id=78319&amp;dt=10/13/2006&amp;ntype=World |title=Ancient sport still flexing its muscles in Iran |website=kuwait-info.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070326081959/http://www.kuwait-info.com/newsnew/NewsDetails1.asp?id=78319&amp;dt=10%2F13%2F2006&amp;ntype=World |archive-date=26 March 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha kale ee ka yimid Beershiyadii Hore waxaa ka mid ah polo iyo jousting. Ciyaaraha soo jireenka ah ee Hindiya ee kala duwan sida Kho kho iyo Kabaddi waxaa la ciyaarayay kumanaan sano. Kabaddi waxaa loo ciyaarayay malaha sida u-diyaargarowga ugaarsiga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=kabaddi {{!}} sport |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/kabaddi |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Bruno Senna 2006 Australian Grand Prix.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|Ciyaaraha matoorada leh waxay soo muuqdeen tan iyo markii ay timid waagii casriga ahaa.]]

Tiro ballaaran oo ciyaaro ah ayaa horay loo dhisay waagii Gariikii Hore, dhaqanka ciidankana iyo horumarka ciyaaraha ee Gariiga waxay saameeyeen midba midka kale si weyn. Ciyaaruhu waxay noqdeen qayb aad u muhiim ah oo ka mid ah dhaqankooda taas oo keentay in Gariigu ay dhiisaha Ciyaaraha Olimbikada, oo waagii duugga ahaa lagu qaban jiray afar sano kasta tuulo yar oo ku taalla Peloponnesus oo loo yaqaanay Olympia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/ancient/index_uk.asp|title=Ancient Olympic Games|date=30 July 2018|access-date=15 October 2006|archive-date=28 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090928011744/http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/ancient/index_uk.asp|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciyaaraha waxaa sii kordhayay habaynta iyo maamulidda tan iyo waagii Olimbikadii Hore illaa qarniga hadda jira. Warshadaysashadu waxay keenay gaadiidka matoorada leh iyo kordhinta waqtiga firaaqada, oo u oggolaanaya dadka in ay kaparticipat-gelaan oo ay raacaan ciyaaraha daawashada oo ay kaparticipat-gelaan dhaqdhaqaaqyada ciyaartoyda. Isbeddelladan waxay sii socdeen iyadoo ay timid warbaahinta weyn iyo xiriirka caalamiga ah. Xirfaddnimadu waxay noqotay mid caan ah, iyadoo sii kordhinaysa caannimada ciyaaraha, maadaama taageerayaasha ciyaaruhu ay raacayeen guulaha ciyaartoyda xirfadlayaasha ah – iyagoo oo dhami ku raaxaysanayay jimicsiga iyo tartanka ku xiran kaparticipatinka amateerka ee ciyaaraha. Tan iyo markii uu karraday qarniga 21aad, waxaa jiray doode ka dhan ah in dadka transgender-ka ah ee ciyaartoyda ah ay awood u leeyihiin in ay kaparticipat-gelaan dhacdooyinka ciyaaraha ee u dhigma jinsigooda cusub.&lt;ref&gt;''Sport and the Law: Historical and Cultural Intersections'', p. 111, Sarah K. Fields (2014){{ISBN?}}|&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ciyaarta caadiga ah==
===Dhaqanka ciyaartoyda===
Dhaqanka ciyaartoyda waa dabeecad u doodeysa ciyaarta caadiga ah, edebta ka dhaxaysa kooxda iyo kaadhibka, dhaqanka anshaxa leh iyo daacadnimada, iyo sharafka guusha ama guuldarada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?va=sportsmanship |publisher=Merriam-Webster |title=Sportsmanship |access-date=15 October 2006 |archive-date=28 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928231236/http://www.merriam.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?va=sportsmanship |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Fish |first1=Joel |last2=Magee |first2=Susan |year=2003 |title=101 Ways to Be a Terrific Sports Parent |publisher=Fireside |page=168}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Lacey |first=David |date=10 November 2007 |url=http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/11/10/it_takes_a_bad_loser_to_become.html |title=It takes a bad loser to become a good winner |work=The Guardian |access-date=28 October 2009 |archive-date=13 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113021424/http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/11/10/it_takes_a_bad_loser_to_become.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dhaqanka ciyaartoyda wuxuu muujinayaa rabitaan ama ruux in dhaqdhaqaaqa loogu raaxaysan doono ujeedadiisa lafahaadeed. Fikirka caanka ah ee uu qoray weriyaha ciyaaraha Grantland Rice, ee ah &quot;ma aha inaad guuleysato ama guuldarraysato, laakiin waa sida aad u ciyaarto ciyaarta&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Rice, Grantland |url=https://tshf.net/halloffame/rice-grantland/ |publisher=Tennessee Sports Hall of Fame |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo caqiidada Olimbikada casriga ah ee uu muujiyay aasaasaheeda Pierre de Coubertin: &quot;Waxyaabaha ugu muhiimsan Ciyaaraha Olimbikada ma aha guusha laakiin waa kaparticipatinka,&quot; waa muujinta caadiga ah ee fikirkan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Fundamentals of Olympic Values Education |publisher=International Olympic Committee |url=https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/Documents/Document-Set-Teachers-The-Main-Olympic-Topics/Olympism-and-the-Olympic-Movement.pdf |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Khayaanada===
{{see also|Match fixing|cheating}}
Mabaadi'da muhiimka ah ee ciyaaraha waxaa ka mid ah in natiijadu aysan noqon ku dhisnaan hore, iyo dhammaan ciyaartoydu inay lahaadaan fursad loo siman yahay oo ay ku guuleystaan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=European Sports Charter, Article 3|url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/sport/european-sports-charter|publisher=Council of Europe|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Xeerarka iyo shuruucda waxaa dhisay maamulada maamula si loo xaqiijiyo ciyaar caadil ah iyo daacadnimo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=International Charter of Physical Education, Physical Activity and Sport, Article 10|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000235409|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ciyaartoydu mararka kaar ayaa jebiya xeerarkan si ay u helaan faa'iido aan caadil ahayn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Fair play and the competitive spirit|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000093013|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciyaartoydu waxay khayaani karaan si ay u kordhiyaan fursadahooda guusha, si ay u helaan faa'iido lacageed ama faa'iido kale.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Global Report on Corruption in Sport|url=https://www.unodc.org/documents/corruption/Publications/2022/Global_Report_on_Corruption_in_Sport_Full_report.pdf|publisher=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Caannimada khamaarka ee ku saabsan natiijooyinka ciyaaraha waxay abuurtaa dhiirigelin lagu sameeyo hagaajinta ciyaarta (match fixing), oo hal ama ka badan oo ciyaartoy ahi ay ku heshiiyaan in ay go'aamiyaan natiijooyinka ka hor halkii ay si daacad ah u tartami lahaayeen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Staying on Side: How to Stop Match-Fixing|url=https://images.transparencycdn.org/images/2014_Stop_MatchFixing_EN.pdf|publisher=Transparency International|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Doping-ka iyo dawooyinka===
{{main article|Use of performance-enhancing drugs in sport}}
Dabeecadda tartanka ah ee ciyaaraha waxay dhiirigelisaa ciyaartoyda qaar in ay isku dayaan in ay hagaajiyaan waxqabadkooda troo dawooyinka, ama habab kale sida kordhinta tirada dhiigga ee jirkooda troo habab dadku sameeyeen.&lt;ref name=&quot;Baron2007&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Baron |first1=David A. |last2=Martin |first2=David M. |last3=Abol Magd |first3=Samir |title=Doping in sports and its spread to at-risk populations: an international review |journal=World Psychiatry |year=2007 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=118–123 |pmid=18235871|pmc=2219897 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dhammaan ciyaaraha uu aqoonsan yahay IOC, ama SportAccord, waxaa loo baahan yahay in ay sameeyaan barnaamij tijaabo ah, iyagoo raadinaya liiska dawooyinka la mamnuucay, iyadoo ganaaxyo ama joojin loo dhigay ciyaartoyda ku tijaabo-gala nooca togan ee walxaha la mamnuucay.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Prohibited List |url=https://www.wada-ama.org/en/prohibited-list |publisher=World Anti-Doping Agency |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=World Anti-Doping Code |url=https://www.wada-ama.org/en/what-we-do/world-anti-doping-code |publisher=World Anti-Doping Agency |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Dagaalka===
Dagaalka ciyaaraha wuxuu ku jiraa ka tallaabida xariiqda u dhexaysa tartanka caadiga ah iyo dagaalka muuqda ee ujeeddada leh. Ciyaartoyda, tababarayaasha, taageerayaasha, iyo waalidiintu mararka kaar waxay sameeyaan dhaqan dagaal ah oo ku saabsan dadka ama hantida, iyagoo muujinaya daacadnimo, maamul, carro, ama dabaaldeg oo la khalday. Rabshadaha ama hooliganism-ka oo ay sameeyaan taageerayaashu gaar ahaan waa dhibaato ka jirta tartamada ciyaaraha ee heer qaran iyo kuwo caalami ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Russell |first=Gareth |title=Sport riots: A social–psychological review |journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior |year=2004 |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=353–378|doi=10.1016/S1359-1789(03)00031-4 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Guide on the Security of Major Sporting Events |url=https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/sites/www.un.org.counterterrorism/files/211006_guide_on_security_major_sporting_events_web.pdf |publisher=United Nations |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Participatinka==
===Participatinka jinsiga===
{{see also|Women's sports}}
[[File:100 metres race winner Sina Schielke (192) and the other Runners - ISTAF 2006 - Berlin, 3 September.jpg|thumb|Ciyaartoyda dumarka ah ee heerka caalamiga ah ee ISTAF Berlin, 2006]]
Participatinka dumarka ee ciyaaraha wuu kordhay iyada oo la kordhiyay fursadaha iyo aqoonsiga kordhaya ee faa'iidooyinka dhaqdhaqaaqa ciyaartoyda ee horumarka carruurta iyo fayowida jirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Eime |first1=Rochelle M. |last2=Young |first2=Janet A. |last3=Harvey |first3=Jack T. |last4=Charity |first4=Melanie J. |last5=Payne |first5=Warren R. |title=A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for children and adolescents |journal=International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity |year=2013 |volume=10 |issue=98 |page=98 |doi=10.1186/1479-5868-10-98|doi-access=free |pmid=23945179 |pmc=3751802 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Inkasta oo ay jiraan faa'iidooyinkan, farqiga jinsiga wuu sii jiraa. Heerka Olimbikada, dumarku waxay ahaayeen 49% oo ku taalla Tokyo 2020,&lt;ref name=&quot;RioTokyoWSF&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Paris 2024 should see gender parity – WSF study |url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/paris-2024-should-see-gender-parity-wsf-study-2022-04-21/ |publisher=Reuters |date=2022-04-21 |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; iyagoo gaadhay 50 % oo buuxa oo isu dhigma oo ku taalla Paris 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;GenderParity2024&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Reid |first=Helen |title=Women athletes say the work isn't over after Olympics gender parity |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/olympics/women-athletes-say-work-isnt-over-after-olympics-gender-parity-2024-07-28/ |publisher=Reuters |date=2024-07-28 |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Laakiin baadhitaannada caalamiga ah waxay sheegaan oo keliya 20% oo dumar ah oo ka aghb 31% oo ragg ah in ay kaparticipat-gelaan dhaqdhaqaaqa ciyaaraha bishii,&lt;ref name=&quot;YouGovGap&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Shah |first=Kineree |title=The great divide – exploring the gender gap in sports viewership |url=https://business.yougov.com/content/46311-the-great-divide-exploring-gender-gap-in-sports-viewership |publisher=YouGov |date=2023-03-10 |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ururka Caafimaadka Dduunka wuxuu xussayaa in dumarku ay 5 percentage points ka hooseeyaan ragga marka loo eego in ay buuxiyaan shuruudaha dhaqdhaqaaqa la soo jeediyay.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHOActivity&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Physical activity fact sheet |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciyaaraha qaar waa jinsiga la isku daray, oo oggolaanaya, ama xitaa u baahan, ragga iyo dumarka in ay ku ciyaaraan koox ka mid ah. Hal tusaale oo tan ah waa Baseball5, oo ah ciyaartii ugu horreysay ee jinsiga la isku daray ee loo oggolaado Olimbikada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Debut of Baseball5 at Youth Olympic Games postponed as next YOG shifted from 2022 to 2026 |url=http://www.wbsc.org/en/news/debut-of-baseball5-at-youth-olympic-games-postponed-as-next-yog-shifted-from-2022-to-2026 |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=World Baseball Softball Confederation |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Participatinka dhallinyarada===
{{main|Youth sports}}
{{See also|College sports}}
Ciyaaraha dhallinyarada waxay u bixiyaan carruurta fursado baashaal, isku xidhka bulshada, dhisida xiriirada ciyaartoyda kale, fayowida jirka, iyo deeqaha waxbarasho ee ciyaartoyda. U doodayaasha waxbarashada iyo dagaalka ka dhanka ah dawooyinka waxay dhiirigeliyaan ciyaaraha dhallinyarada si ay uga baxaan kaparticipatinka waxbarashada oo ay uga dagaallamaan ganacsiga dawooyinka ee sharci-darro ah. Sida ku cad Xarunta Cilmi-baadhista Dhaawaca iyo Siyaasadda ee Cusbitaalka Carruurta ee Qaranka, khatarta ugu weyn ee ciyaaraha dhallinyarada waa dhimasho ama dhaawac daran oo uu ku jiro concussion. Khatarahan waxay ka yimaadaan orodka, kubbadda koleyga, kubbadda cagta, volleyball-ka, gridiron-ka, jimnaastikada, iyo ice hockey.&lt;ref&gt;[https://healthland.time.com/2009/08/04/why-are-more-kids-getting-hurt-in-gym-class/ &quot;Gym class injuries up 150% between 1997 and 2007&quot;], ''Time'', 4 August 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha dhallinyarada ee US waa $15 bilyan oo vaza ah oo ay ku jiraan qalabka illaa tababarka gaarka ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last1=Gregory |first1=Sean |title=How Kids' Sports Became a $15 Billion Industry |url=https://time.com/4913687/how-kids-sports-became-15-billion-industry/ |access-date=24 August 2017 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=24 August 2017 |archive-date=24 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824112734/http://time.com/4913687/how-kids-sports-became-15-billion-industry/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Participatinka dadka naqada ah===
{{see also|Parasports|Paralympic Games}}
[[File:David Bizet - Marathon de Paris 2014.jpg|thumb|Orodiyaha wuxuu si saaxiibtinimo ah ugu taabanayaa garabka orodiyaha kursiga curyaanka inta lagu jiro Marathon-ka Paris 2014.]]

Ciyaaraha dadka naqada ah ama ciyaaraha la waafajiyay waxaa ciyaara dad leh naqadnimo, oo ay ku jiraan naqadnimada jirka iyo naqadnimada maanka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Para Sport |url=https://www.paralympic.org/paralympic-sport |publisher=International Paralympic Committee |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maadaama kuwo badan oo kuwan ka mid ah ay ku dhisnaayeen ciyaaraha jira oo la waafajiyay si loo buuxiyo baahida dadka leh naqadnimada, mararka kaar waxaa loo yaqaanaa ciyaaraha la waafajiyay.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Misener |first1=Laura |last2=Kissack |first2=Travis |title=Social inclusion through sport: Community coaching and participation of people with disabilities in sport |journal=Sport Management Review |year=2010 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=49–67 |doi=10.1016/j.smr.2009.10.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhammaan ciyaaraha dadka naqada ah ma aha kuwo la waafajiyay; tiro gaar ah oo loogu talagalay dadka leh naqadnimada ma laha wax u dhigma ciyaaraha dadka caadiga ah, sida goalball iyo boccia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sitting Volleyball, Goalball and Boccia |url=https://www.paralympic.org/sports |publisher=International Paralympic Committee |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Participatinka dadka waaweyn===
{{see also|Masters athletics|Masters cycling|Masters swimming}}
[[File:Pickleball Players.jpg|thumb|right|Pickleball waa ciyaar gaar ahaan u soo jiidasho badan dadka waaweyn.]]
'''Ciyaaraha Masters-ka''', '''ciyaaraha senior-ka''', ama '''ciyaaraha veteran-ka''' waa qeyb da'da ah oo ciyaaraha ah, oo inta badan ku jirta kooxaha da'da 35 iyo ka weyn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/veterans-and-masters-sport|title=Story: Veterans and masters sport|publisher=govt.nz|access-date=28 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waxay khuseyn kartaa dhaqdhaqaaqyada ciyaaraha oo aan la beddelin ama la waafajiyay, oo leh ama aan lahayn tartamo.

'''Tartamada'''
* World Masters Games oo la habayeeyay tan iyo 1985 afar sano kasta.
* European Masters Games oo la habayeeyay markii ugu horreysay 2008 oo markaas ka dib afar sano kasta.
* Senior Olympics (Senior Games)
* USATF Masters Outdoor Championships oo bilaabatay 1968
* USATF Masters Indoor Championships oo bilaabatay 1975
* World Masters Athletics Championships oo bilaabatay 1975

===Participatinka daawadayaasha===
{{Main article|Spectator sport}}
{{See also|Sports fandom}}
[[File:1906 Athens stadium.jpg|thumb|right|Daawadayaasha Ciyaaraha Olimbikada ee aan rasmiga ahayn ee 1906]]

Qaybta tartanka ee ciyaaraha, iyada oo la socota soo jiidashada quruxda ee dhinacyada qaar, waxay keentay dhacdooyinka ciyaaraha daawashada. Ciyaaraha amateerka iyo xirfadlaha ah waxay soo jiitaan dhagaystayaal toos ah oo ku yaalla garoomada iyo troo warbaahinta – radayowga, teevishanka iyo intarneedka – oo mid kasta oo kuwan ka mid ah uu ka qaadi karo lacagaha sida tikidhada ama isdhaafsiga pay-per-view.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=Spectator sport |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/spectator-sport |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Liigyada ciyaaraha iyo tartamadu waxay bixiyaan hababka habaysan ee ugu muhiimsan ee tartanka caadiga ah ee u dhexeya kooxaha ama ciyaartoyda gaarka ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Fort |first= Rodney D |title=Sports Economics |publisher=Prentice Hall |year=2015 |isbn=9780130850911}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dhacdooyinka sare waxay amraan dhagaystayaal waaweyn, iyagoo dhiirigeliya heshiisyo waaweyn oo xuquuqda warbaahinta ah. Ciyaarta kama-dambaysta ah ee Koobka Duunka FIFA 2006 waxay soo jiitatay in ka badan 700 milyan oo daawadayaal ah oo duunka oo dhan ah,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=2006 FIFA World Cup™ Media Report |url=http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/germany2006/organisation/media/media-reports.html |publisher=FIFA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101000000/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/germany2006/organisation/media/media-reports.html |access-date=2025-05-02|archive-date=1 January 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ciyaarta kama-dambaysta ah ee Koobka Duunka ee Cricket 2011 waxaa daawaday noin 135 milyan oo daawadayaal ah oo ku taalla Hindiya oo keliya.&lt;ref name=&quot;CWC2011&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=135 mn saw World Cup final: TAM |date=10 April 2011 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/135-mn-saw-World-Cup-final-TAM/Article1-683623.aspx |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=2025-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803013151/http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/135-mn-saw-World-Cup-final-TAM/Article1-683623.aspx |archive-date=2013-08-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mareykanka, Super Bowl wuxuu ku jiraa nooca teevishanka sannadlaha ah ee ugu daawashada badan, iyadoo Super Bowl XLIX ee 2015 uu lahaa averiiji 114 milyan oo daawadayaal ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Nielsen |title=Super Bowl XLIX Sets U.S. Viewership Record |url=http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/news/2015/super-bowl-xlix-most-watched-telecast-in-u-s--history.html |publisher=Nielsen |date=2015-02-02 |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Axadda Super Bowl waxaa loo arkaa fasax qaran oo aan rasmi ahayn, iyo 2015 booska xayeysiiska ee 30-ilbiriqsi ah waxaa lagu iibiyay noin US$4.5 milyan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Super Bowl Ads Cost US$4.5M for 30-Second Spot |url=https://adage.com/article/media/super-bowl-ads-cost-4-5m-30-spot/296163 |publisher=Ad Age |date=2015-01-30 |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Amateer iyo xirfadle==
{{See also|Professional sport|Amateur sport}}
[[File:Volleyball-5 (9786053885).jpg|thumb|Kooxda volleyball-ka ee dumarka ee jaamacadda Mareykanka]]
Ciyaaraha waxaa loo samayn karaa nooc amateer, xirfadle ama xirfadle Dhexe ah, iyada oo ku xiran haddii ciyaartoyda loo dhiirigeliyo kaparticipatinka (inta badan troo bixinta lacagta ama mushaharka). Participatinka amateerka ee ciyaaraha heerarka hoose inta badan loo yaqaan &quot;ciyaaraha xididdada&quot; (grassroots sport).&lt;ref name=&quot;council&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;White Paper&quot;&gt;{{cite web |publisher=European Commission |title=The White Paper on Sport |url=http://ec.europa.eu/sport/white-paper/index_en.htm |access-date=11 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916202200/http://ec.europa.eu/sport/white-paper/index_en.htm |archive-date=16 September 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Caannimada ciyaaraha daawashada oo ah firaaqo u ah dadka aan kaparticipat-gelaayn waxay keentay in ciyaaruhu ay noqdaan ganacsi weyn oo madax-bannaan, tanina waxay dhiirigelisay dhaqanka ciyaaraha xirfadlaha ah ee bixiya lacagaha sare, oo ciyaartoyda waxqabadka sare leh lagu abaalmariyo lacag ka badan mushaharka averiijiga ah, oo gaari karta milyan oo doolar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |magazine=Sports Illustrated |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/specials/fortunate50-2011/index.html |title=Fortunate 50 2011 |last=Freedman |first=Jonah |access-date=5 March 2012 |archive-date=29 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429050301/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/specials/fortunate50-2011/index.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciyaaraha qaar, ama tartamada gaarka ah ee ku jira ciyaaraha, waxay haystaan siyaasad ah oggolaanshaha ciyaaraha amateerka oo keliya. Ciyaaraha Olimbikada waxay ku bilaabmeen mabda'a tartanka amateerka iyadoo kuwa ciyaarta u ciyaara si xirfadle ah loo arkayay in ay leeyihiin faa'iido aan caadil ahayn marka loo eego kuwa u ciyaara kaliya sida hiwaayad.&lt;ref name=OIdeology&gt;{{cite book |last=Eassom |first=Simon |title=Critical Reflections on Olympic Ideology |year=1994 |location=Ontario |publisher=The Centre for Olympic Studies |pages=120–123 |isbn=978-0-7714-1697-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tan iyo 1971, ciyaartoyda Olimbikada waxaa loo oggolaaday in ay helaan lacag iyo kafaalo-qaad (sponsorship),&lt;ref name=&quot;InfoPlease&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.infoplease.com/spot/olympic-athletes.html |title=Olympic Athletes |publisher=Info Please |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=16 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616042315/http://www.infoplease.com/spot/olympic-athletes.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; iyadoo tan iyo 1986, IOC ay go'aansatay in ay ka dhigto dhammaan ciyaartoyda xirfadlayaasha ah kuwo u qalma Olimbikada,&lt;ref name=&quot;InfoPlease&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/22/opinion/greene-olympics-amateurs/ |title=What changed the Olympics forever |publisher=CNN |date=23 July 2012 |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=15 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615122848/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/22/opinion/greene-olympics-amateurs/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; iyadoo laga reebayo feerka,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/13894/olympic-boxing-must-remain-amateur-despite-moves-to-turn-it-professional-states-warren- |title=Olympic boxing must remain amateur despite moves to turn it professional states Warren |publisher=Inside the Games |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=15 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615044539/http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/13894/olympic-boxing-must-remain-amateur-despite-moves-to-turn-it-professional-states-warren- |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=njefAgAAQBAJ&amp;q=only+amateur+boxers+at+olympics&amp;pg=PA400 |title=Historical Dictionary of Boxing |last1=Grasso |first1=John |date=2013 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |access-date=13 June 2015 |isbn=978-0-8108-7867-9 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417060735/https://books.google.com/books?id=njefAgAAQBAJ&amp;q=only+amateur+boxers+at+olympics&amp;pg=PA400 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo legdinta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1529280-olympic-wrestling-is-important-for-pro-wrestlers-and-its-fans |title=Olympic Wrestling Is Important for Pro Wrestling and Its Fans|author-first1=John|author-last1=Canton|publisher=Bleacher Report |date=14 February 2013 |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=16 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616155635/http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1529280-olympic-wrestling-is-important-for-pro-wrestlers-and-its-fans |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2WYEAAAAMBAJ&amp;q=only+amateur+wrestlers+at+olympics&amp;pg=PA24 |title=Boys' Life |date=August 1988 |page=24 |access-date=13 June 2015 |publisher=Boy Scouts of America, Inc. |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417073533/https://books.google.com/books?id=2WYEAAAAMBAJ&amp;q=only+amateur+wrestlers+at+olympics&amp;pg=PA24 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Teknoolojiga==
[[File:Third umpire lights at Melbourne Cricket Ground.JPG|thumb|Muuqaalkan ku yaalla Melbourne Cricket Ground wuxuu tilmaamayaa go'aanka garsooraha saddexaad uu sameeyo ka dib marka dib loo eego.]]
Teknoolojigu wuxuu ka ciyaaraa qayb muhiim ah ciyaaraha casriga ah. Waa qayb loo baahan yahay oo ka mid ah ciyaaraha qaar (sida ciyaaraha matoorada), waxaana loo isticmaalaa kuwo kale si loo hagaajiyo waxqabadka. Ciyaaraha qaar waxay sidoo kale isticmaalaan si loogu oggolaado go'aan-gaarida ka baxsan garoonka.

Aqoonta ciyaaraha (sports science) waxaa lagu dabaqi karaa goobaha oo ay ku jiraan waxqabadka ciyaartoyda, sida isticmaalka falanqaynta fiidiyowga si loo hagaajiyo farsamada, ama qalabka, sida hagaajinta kabaha orodka ama dharka dabaasha ee tartanka. Injineernimada ciyaaraha waxay soo muuqatay sida qeyb aqooneed 1998 iyada oo kordhinaysa diiradda oo aysan ahayn oo keliya dhiisida walxaha laakiin sidoo kale isticmaalka teknoolojiga ee ciyaaraha, ka yimid falanqaynta iyo data-da weyn illaa teknoolojiga la xerto.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaining Steam in Sports Technology&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Gaining Steam in Sports Technology |url=https://alum.mit.edu/pages/sliceofmit/2014/06/17/mit-steam-sports-technology/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714150052/https://alum.mit.edu/pages/sliceofmit/2014/06/17/mit-steam-sports-technology/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 |website=Slice of MIT |access-date=3 January 2015 |ref=Slice of MIT}}&lt;/ref&gt; Si loo maamulo saamaynta teknoolojiga ee ciyaarta caadiga ah, maamulada maamula inta badan waxay leeyihiin xeerar gaar ah oo loo dhigay si loo maamulo saamaynta faa'iidada farsamada ee u dhexaysa ciyaartoyda. Tusaale ahaan, 2010, dharka dabaasha ee buuxa oo aan ahayn textile-ka waxaa mamnuucay FINA, maadaama ay hagaajinayeen waxqabadka dabaalyada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/swimming/8161867.stm |title=Hi-tech suits banned from January |publisher=BBC Sport |date=31 July 2009 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908051335/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/swimming/8161867.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/full-body-swimsuit-now-banned-professional-swimmers/story?id=9437780 |first=Kristina |last=Wong |title=Full Body Swimsuit Now Banned for Professional Swimmers |work=ABC News |date=4 January 2010 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=7 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607200059/http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/full-body-swimsuit-now-banned-professional-swimmers/story?id=9437780 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kordhinta teknoolojiga waxay sidoo kale oggolaatay go'aano badan oo ciyaaraha ah in la qaato, ama dib loo eego, ka baxsan garoonka, iyadoo maamule kale uu isticmaalayo muujinta fiidiyowga tooska ah si uu u sameeyo go'aano. Ciyaaraha qaar, ciyaartoydu hadda waxay kaparticipat-geli karaan go'aanada ay sameeyeen maamuladu. Kubbadda cagta, teknoolojiga xariiqda goolka wuxuu sameeyaa go'aano ku saabsan haddii kubbadu ay goysay xariiqda goolka ama aysan goyn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=FIFA |title=Testing Manual |journal=FIFA Quality Programme for Goal Line Technology |year=2012 |url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifaqualityprogramme/goal-linetechnology/01/66/02/89/glt_testing_manual_2012.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030143223/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifaqualityprogramme/goal-linetechnology/01/66/02/89/glt%5Ftesting%5Fmanual%5F2012.pdf|archive-date=30 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Teknoolojigu ma aha mid khasab ah,&lt;ref name=IFABofficial&gt;{{cite web |title=IFAB makes three unanimous historic decisions |url=https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2012/m=7/news=ifab-makes-three-unanimous-historic-decisions-1660541.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507234418/http://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2012/m=7/news=ifab-makes-three-unanimous-historic-decisions-1660541.html |archive-date=7 May 2015 |publisher=FIFA |access-date=23 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; laakiin waxaa loo isticmaalay Koobka Duunka FIFA 2014 ee Brazil,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2014/m=4/news=goal-line-technology-set-ahead-fifa-world-cup-2311481.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511001351/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2014/m=4/news=goal-line-technology-set-ahead-fifa-world-cup-2311481.html |archive-date=11 May 2014 |title=Goal-line technology set up ahead of FIFA World Cup |date=1 April 2014 |publisher=FIFA |access-date=9 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo Koobka Duunka ee Dumarka ee FIFA 2015 ee Canada,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/y=2015/m=3/news=hawk-eye-confirmed-as-goal-line-technology-provider-for-canada-2015-2580727.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331170115/http://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/y=2015/m=3/news=hawk-eye-confirmed-as-goal-line-technology-provider-for-canada-2015-2580727.html |archive-date=31 March 2015 |title=Hawk-Eye confirmed as goal-line technology provider for Canada 2015 |date=31 March 2015 |publisher=[[FIFA]] |access-date=2 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; sida lagu isticmaalay Premier League tan iyo 2013–14,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC_Premier&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/22107409 |title=Goal-line technology: Premier League votes in favour for 2013–14 |publisher=BBC |date=11 April 2013 |access-date=11 April 2013 |archive-date=11 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411143514/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/22107409 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo Bundesliga tan iyo 2015–16.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.carlyleobserver.com/sports/bundesliga-approves-hawk-eye-goal-line-technology-for-new-season-1.1650074 |title=Bundesliga approves Hawk-Eye goal-line technology for new season |work=Carlyle Observer |access-date=9 June 2015 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029003339/https://www.carlyleobserver.com/sports/bundesliga-approves-hawk-eye-goal-line-technology-for-new-season-1.1650074 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; NFL-ka, garsooruhu wuxuu kordhin karaa dib u eegis ka timaada goobta dib u eegiska, ama tababaraha wuxuu soo saari karaa challenge si loo dib u eego ciyaarta iyadoo la isticmaalayo muujinta. Go'aanka kama-dambaysta ah wuxuu ku jiraa garsooraha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nfl.com/news/nfl-approves-rule-to-change-replay-process-0ap2000000336662 |title=NFL approves rule to change replay process |publisher=Business Insider |date=20 July 2011 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608173617/http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap2000000336662/article/nfl-approves-rule-to-change-replay-process |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Garsooraha fiidiyowga (caadi ahaan loo yaqaan Television Match Official ama TMO) wuxuu sidoo kale isticmaali karaa muujinta si uu u caawiyo go'aan-gaarida rugby-ga (labada liig iyo union).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rugbyworld.com/news/blogs/television-match-official-when-can-they-rule-14818 |title=Television Match Official – when can they rule |publisher=Rugby World |date=20 August 2011 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608222853/http://www.rugbyworld.com/news/blogs/television-match-official-when-can-they-rule-14818 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/club/9488451/New-rules-for-Television-Match-Officials-will-not-make-game-boring-to-watch-insist-rugby-chiefs.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/club/9488451/New-rules-for-Television-Match-Officials-will-not-make-game-boring-to-watch-insist-rugby-chiefs.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=New rules for Television Match Officials will not make game boring to watch, insist rugby chiefs |work=The Telegraph |date=20 August 2012 |access-date=8 June 2015|last1=Cleary |first1=Mick }}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cricket-ka caalamiga ah, garsooruhu wuxuu kordhin karaa go'aanka garsooraha saddexaad, garsooraha saddexaadna wuxuu sameeyaa go'aanka kama-dambaysta ah.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC Umpire&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/rules_and_equipment/4183398.stm |title=The role of cricket umpires |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=8 June 2015 |date=26 August 2005 |archive-date=2 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302114814/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/rules_and_equipment/4183398.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Top End&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/sport/cricket/technology.htm |title=Cricket Technology |publisher=Top End Sports |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608175247/http://www.topendsports.com/sport/cricket/technology.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tan iyo 2008, nidaamka dib u eegiska go'aanka ee ciyaartoyda si loo dib u eego go'aanada waxaa lagu soo bandhigay oo lagu isticmaalay tartamada uu maamulo ICC, iyo ikhtiyaar ahaan ciyaaraha kale.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC Umpire&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/cricket/controversial-drs-to-be-used-in-2015-icc-world-cup_1538054.html |title=Controversial DRS to be used in 2015 ICC World Cup |publisher=Zee News |date=29 January 2015 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608222859/http://zeenews.india.com/sports/cricket/controversial-drs-to-be-used-in-2015-icc-world-cup_1538054.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyada oo ku xiran warbaahinta martigalisa, tiro teknoolojiyo oo kala duwan ayaa lagu isticmaalaa inta lagu jiro dib u eegiska garsooraha ama ciyaartoyda, oo ay ku jiraan muujinta tooska ah, Hawk-Eye, Hot Spot iyo Real Time Snickometer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015/content/story/827213.html |title=Hawkeye, Realtime Snicko for World Cup |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=7 February 2015 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=10 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610075356/http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015/content/story/827213.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/icc-world-cup-3-top-reasons-why-did-not-use-hotspot-as-part-of-drs/20150213.htm |title=3 Top reasons why ICC did not use 'Hotspot' as part of DRS |newspaper=Rediff |publisher=Rediff cricket |date=13 February 2015 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608195717/http://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/icc-world-cup-3-top-reasons-why-did-not-use-hotspot-as-part-of-drs/20150213.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Hawk-Eye waxaa sidoo kale lagu isticmaalaa tennis-ka si loogu tartamo go'aanada garsoorida.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Almog |first1=David |last2=Gauriot |first2=Romain |last3=Page |first3=Lionel |last4=Martin |first4=Daniel |title=AI Has Entered the Court. Is This Changing Umpires' Calls? |url=https://insight.kellogg.northwestern.edu/article/ai-has-entered-the-court-is-this-changing-umpires-calls |website=Kellogg Insight |publisher=Kellogg School of Management |access-date=23 February 2026 |language=en |date=1 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/7305404.stm |title=Hawk-Eye challenge rules unified |date=19 March 2008 |access-date=22 August 2008 |work=BBC News |archive-date=23 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080323085536/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7305404.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ciyaaraha iyo waxbarashada ==
Cilmi-baadhisu waxay soo jeedinaysaa in ciyaaruhu ay leeyihiin awood ay ku xidhaan dhallinyarada iyo tusaalayaasha togan ee dadka waaweyn oo ay bixiyaan fursado horumarineed oo togan, sida ay u dhiirigeliyaan barashada iyo dabaqidda xirfadaha nolosha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fraser-Thomas |first1=Jessica L. |last2=Côté |first2=Jean |last3=Deakin |first3=Janice |date=2005 |title=Youth sport programs: an avenue to foster positive youth development |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/43501126 |journal=Physical Education &amp; Sport Pedagogy |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=19–40 |doi=10.1080/1740898042000334890 |hdl=1974/14425 |issn=1740-8989|hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=UNESCO|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366771|title=Strengthening the rule of law through education: a guide for policymakers|publisher=UNESCO|year=2019|isbn=978-92-3-100308-0|access-date=9 March 2020|archive-date=25 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225195201/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366771|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sannadaha dhow isticmaalka ciyaaraha si loo yareeyo dambiyada, sida in looga hortago xagjirnimada dagaalka ah iyo xagjirnimada, wuxuu noqday mid caan ah, gaar ahaan sida qalab lagu hagaajinayo kalsoonida nafta, kor loogu qaado xiriirada bulshada oo la siiyo ciyaartoyda dareen ujeeddo leh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ma jiro caddeyn heersare ah oo muujinaysa waxtarka dhiirigelinta lagu kordhinayo kaparticipatinka ciyaaraha ee bulshada ee ciyaaraha sida ololaha warbaahinta weyn, fadhiyada waxbarashada, iyo isbeddellada siyaasadda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Priest |first1=N |last2=Armstrong |first2=R |last3=Doyle |first3=J |last4=Waters |first4=E |date=16 July 2008 |title=Interventions Implemented Through Sporting Organisations for Increasing Participation in Sport |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=3 |article-number=CD004812 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004812.pub3 |pmid=18646112 |hdl-access=free |hdl=1885/285237|issn = 1464-780X }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sidoo kale ma jiraan wax barasho heersare ah oo baadhaya saamaynta dhiirigelinta noocan oo kale ah oo ku saabsan dhiirigelinta isbeddelka dhaqanka caafimaadka ee bulshada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |first1=Priest |last1=N |first2=Armstrong |last2=R |first3=Doyle |last3=J |first4=Water |last4=E |title=Policy Interventions Implemented Through Sporting Organisations for Promoting Healthy Behaviour Change |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |date=16 July 2008 |volume=2008 |issue=3 |article-number=CD004809 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004809.pub3 |pmid=18646111 |pmc=6464902}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shahaadooyinka waxbarashada waxaa lagu heli karaa ciyaaraha: tusaale ahaan, aqoonta ciyaaraha waa qeyb aqooneed oo si wanaagsan u dhisnaa. UK, BTEC National Diploma ku saabsan Tababarka Ciyaaraha iyo Horumarinta waxaa bixiya Pearson Education.&lt;ref&gt;Pearson Education, [https://qualifications.pearson.com/en/qualifications/btec-nationals/sports-coaching-and-development-2019.html Sports Coaching and Development (2019)], accessed on 29 August 2025&lt;/ref&gt; Waxaa jira afar shahaado oo ku jira qoyskan:
*Extended Certificate in Sports Coaching
*Foundation Diploma in Sports Coaching and Development
*Diploma in Sports Coaching and Development
*Extended Diploma in Sports Coaching and Development.&lt;ref&gt;Pearson Education, [https://qualifications.pearson.com/content/dam/pdf/BTEC-Nationals/sports-coaching-and-development/2019/specification-and-sample-assessments/btec-nats-non-measures-sports-coaching-and-development-spec.pdf Pearson BTEC Level 3 Nationals in Sports Coaching], accessed on 18 June 2022&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ciyaaraha iyo fayowida jirka ==
Ciyaaraha ku jira jimicsiga jirka waxay leeyihiin saamayn togan oo ku saabsan heerarka fayowida ee ciyaartoyda. Dhinacyada guud, heerarka sare ee xoogga, xawaaraha, dulqaadka iyo dabacsanaanta waxaa lagu heli karaa iyada oo la waafajinayo baahida ciyaarta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bangsbo J.; Kissow J.; Hostrup M. |title=Speed Endurance Training to Improve Performance |journal=Scandinavian Journal of Medicine &amp; Science in Sports |date=July 2025 |volume=35 |issue=7 |doi=10.1111/sms.70091 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40576293/ |access-date=22 October 2026|pmc=12203883 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tusaale ahaan, qof wuxuu noqon karaa mid xoog badan oo leh heerarka sare ee dulqaadka troo legdinta ama mid dabacsan troo ciyaarida kubbadda koleyga. Ciyaaraha kala duwan waxay hagaajin karaan awoodaha jirka ee ciyaartoyga habab kala duwan. Walxaha xoogga, xawaaraha, dulqaadka iyo dabacsanaanta oo lagu isticmaalo ciyaaraha, oo lagu hagaajiyo, waxaa sidoo kale kordhin kara jimicsiga tababarka gaarka ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bill Foran; Robin Pound |title=Complete Conditioning for Basketball |date=2007 |publisher=Human Kinetics |location=Champaign |isbn=978-0-4354-6516-2 |page=171}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hagaajinta lagu helay jimicsigan waxay ka dib hagaajin kartaa awoodda ciyaartoyga ee uu ku ciyaaro ciyaarta. Tusaale jimicsiga dabacsanaanta, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano drill, waa marka qof waddo dabacsanaan ah oo ku taalla dhulka uu ku socdo. Qofku wuxuu boodayaa kor iyo horay si hal cag ay ugu jirto gudaha geeska wadada cagna ay ka baxsan tahay. Waxay ka dib boodayaan kor iyo horay mar kale si cagta ku jirta gudaha iyo cagta ka baxsan geeska ay isbeddelaan i.e. cagta bidix ee gudaha iyadoo cagta xaq a ay ka baxsan tahay, ka dib cagta xaq a ee gudaha iyadoo cagta bidix ay ka baxsan tahay iyo siday u socoto waddada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bill Foran; Robin Pound |title=Complete Conditioning for Basketball |date=2007 |publisher=Human Kinetics |location=Champaign |isbn=978-0-4354-6516-2 |page=175}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tani waxay caawisaa hagaajinta heerka guud ee dabacsanaanta sababtoo ah dabacsanaantu waa muhiim kubbadda koleyga waxay sidoo kale hagaajisaa awoodda kubbadda koleyga. Jimicsiga dabacsanaanta waxaa loo waafajin karaa si dhaqdhaqaaqyada lagu sameeyo ay ugu dhowaadaan kuwa lagu isticmaalo inta ay socoto ciyaartu. Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay in nooca dabacsanaanta ee la dhisay uu yahay mid loo wareejin karo tartanka dhabta ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bill Foran; Robin Pound |title=Complete Conditioning for Basketball |date=2007 |publisher=Human Kinetics |location=Champaign |isbn=978-0-4354-6516-2 |page=172}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tusaalihii hore, dhaqdhaqaaqa degdega ah iyo dhigista cagaha wuxuu dhisaa dhaqdhaqaaqa cagaha degdega ah oo loo baahan yahay ciyaarta kubbadda koleyga.

Barnaamijyada tababarka ciyaaraha waxay ku jiraan sameynta xirfadaha gaarka ah ee ciyaartaas i.e. tababarka kubbadda cagta wuxuu ku jiri karaa baasitaanka kubbadda oo lagu celceliyo, iyo hagaajinta fayowida jirka guud iyo awoodda i.e. orodka wareegyada garoonka. Labada diiradood ee tababarkan waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu dhigo qof mid waxtar badan leh ciyaartaas iyadoo lagu hagaajinayo awoodooda ay ku buuxinayaan oo ay uga baxayaan dhibaatooyinka ay bixiso.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Micheli |first1=Lyle J. |title=Encyclopedia of Sport Medicine |date=2011 |publisher=Sage Publications |location=Thousand Oaks |isbn=978-1-4129-6115-8 |chapter=Speed, Agility, and Speed Endurance Development}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Siyaasadda==
{{Main article|Politics and sports}}
{{See also|Sportswashing|Sociology of sport}}

Benito Mussolini wuxuu isticmaalay Koobka Duunka FIFA 1934, oo lagu qabtay Talyaaniga, si uu u muujiyo Talyaaniga Fascist-ka ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWj7BgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA28 |title=Soccer Vs. the State: Tackling Football and Radical Politics |last1=Kuhn |first1=Gabriel |date=2011 |page=28 |publisher=PM Press |access-date=8 June 2015 |isbn=978-1-60486-053-5 |archive-date=16 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216073648/https://books.google.com/books?id=HWj7BgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA28 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;World Fascism&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvD2rZSVau4C&amp;pg=PA630 |title=World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1 |last1=Blamires |first1=Cyprian |date=2006 |pages=630–632 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |access-date=8 June 2015 |isbn=978-1-57607-940-9 |archive-date=13 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213050912/https://books.google.com/books?id=nvD2rZSVau4C&amp;pg=PA630 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Adolf Hitler wuxuu isticmaalay Ciyaaraha Olimbikada Xagaaga 1936 ee lagu qabtay Berlin, iyo Ciyaaraha Olimbikada Jiilaalka 1936 ee lagu qabtay Garmisch-Partenkirchen, si uu u dhiirigeliyo caqiidada Nazi-ga ee sareynta dadka Aryan-ka, iyo hooseynta Yuhuudda iyo &quot;kuwa kale oo aan la rabin&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;World Fascism&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sociology Sport&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uKarC6oX3P8C&amp;q=hitler+used+1936+olympics+to+promote+ideology&amp;pg=PT32 |title=The Sociology of Sport and Physical Education |last1=Saxena |first1=Anurag |year=2001 |publisher=Pinnacle Technology |access-date=8 June 2015 |isbn=978-1-61820-468-4 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jarmalku wuxuu isticmaalay Olimbikada si uu u muujiyo muuqaal nabad ah iyadoo hoose si qarsoodi ah loogu diyaargarobayay dagaal.&lt;ref&gt;''Kulttuurivihkot'' 1 2009 Berliinin olympialaiset 1936 Poliittisen viattomuuden menetys Jouko Jokisalo 28–29{{in lang|fi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Markii apartheid uu ahaa siyaasadda rasmiga ah ee Koonfur Afrika, tiro ciyaartoy ah, gaar ahaan rugby union-ka, waxay qaateen dhabar-adayg ah in aysan ka muuqan ciyaaraha tartanka ah ee halkaas ka jira. Kuwa qaar waxay u arkaan in tani ay ahayd waxtar waxtar leh oo ku saabsan dhammaadka apartheid, kuwa kalena waxay u arkaan in ay sii dheeraysay oo ay sii xoojisay saamaynteeda ugu darayd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Sport and apartheid|journal=History Compass|volume=3|pages= **|doi=10.1111/j.1478-0542.2005.00165.x|year = 2005|last1 = Merrett|first1 = Christopher}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Taariikhda Ireland, ciyaaraha Gaelic waxay ku xirnaayeen waddaniyadda dhaqanka. Illaa bartamihii qarnigii 20aad qof waa la mamnuuci karay in uu ciyaaro Gaelic football, hurling, ama ciyaaraha kale oo maamulo Ururka Ciyaaraha Gaelic (GAA) haddii uu ciyaaro ama taageero kubbadda cagta, ama ciyaaraha kale oo loo arko in ay ka yimaadeen Ingriiska. GAA waxay mamnuucday ciyaarida kubbadda cagta iyo rugby union-ka garoomada Gaelic. Mamnuucan, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano Xeerka 42,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fulton |first1=Gareth |last2=Bairner |first2=Alan |year=2007 |title=Sport, Space and National Identity in Ireland: The GAA, Croke Park and Rule&amp;nbsp;42. |journal=Space &amp; Polity |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=55–74 |doi=10.1080/13562570701406592 |s2cid=143213001 }}&lt;/ref&gt; weli waa lagu dhaqmaa, laakiin waa la beddelay si loogu oggolaado kubbadda cagta iyo rugby-ga in lagu ciyaaro Croke Park iyadoo Lansdowne Road dib loo dhisayay iyadoo loo beddelayo Aviva Stadium. Xeerka 21 hoostiisa, GAA waxay mamnuucday xubnaha ciidamada nabadgelyada Ingriiska iyo xubnaha Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) in ay ciyaaraan ciyaaraha Gaelic, laakiin karradkii Heshiiskii Jimcaha Wanaagsanaa ee 1998 wuxuu keenay ka saarida mamnuucan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=50th anniversary of abolition of 'The Ban' offers pause for perspective |url=https://www.gaa.ie/news/50th-anniversary-of-abolition-of-the-ban-offers-pause-for-perspective/ |access-date=2 July 2023 |website=www.gaa.ie |date=9 April 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Waddaniyaddu inta badan waxay ka muuqataa raadinta ciyaaraha ama warbixinteeda: ciyaartoydu waxay ku tartamaan kooxaha qaranka, oo weriyayaasha ama dhagaystayaashu inta badan waxay qaataan fikrado leexsan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Arnold|first=Richard|title=Nationalism and Sport: A Review of the Field|journal=Nationalities Papers|year=2020|volume=49|issue=1|pages=2–11|doi=10.1017/nps.2020.9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mararka kaar, fardhadan waxay u beddelataa dagaal u dhexeya ciyaartoyda ama daawadayaasha, sida inta lagu jiro Dagaalkii Kubbadda Cagta ee 1969 ee u dhexeyay El Salvador iyo Honduras, oo ah dagaal uu kiciyay rabshadaha ku taalla kaparticipatinka Koobka Duunka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Jennings|first=Andrew|title=Has football ever started a war?|work=The Guardian|date=2007-02-21|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2007/feb/21/theknowledge.sport|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dhacdooyinkan waxaa loo arkaa kuwo ka dhan ah ruuxa muhiimka ah ee ciyaaraha—kaas oo ah, in loogu tartamo ujeedadeeda lafahaadeed iyo baashaalka ciyaartoyda. Siyaasadda iyo ciyaaruhu waxay si xanuun badan u isku arkeen Olimbikadii Munich 1972, markii dagaalyahanno Falastiiniyiin ah ay ka soo galeen Tuulada Olimbikada, iyagoo la haystayaal u qaday xubnaha kooxda Israa'iil, iyagoo aakhirkiina dilay 11 ciyaartoy oo loo yaqaano gumaadkii Munich.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|publisher=Reuters|title=Paris ceremony honours Israeli athletes killed in 1972 Munich Games attack|date=2024-08-06|url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/olympics/paris-ceremony-honours-israeli-athletes-killed-1972-munich-games-attack-2024-08-06/|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Barashada doorashooyinka US waxay muujisay in natiijada dhacdooyinka ciyaaruhu ay saamayso natiijooyinka. Barasho lagu daabacay Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences waxay muujisay in marka kooxda gurigu ay guuleysato ciyaarta ka hor doorashada, murashaxiinta maamulka ku jira ay kordhin karaan saamigooda codadka 1.5%. Guuldaradu waxay lahayd saamayn iska soo horjeeda, saamayntanina waa ka weyn tahay kooxaha sare ama guulaha iyo guuldarooyinka aan la filayn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Will Ohio State's Football Team Decide Who Wins the White House? |author1=Tyler Cowen |author2=Kevin Grier |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |date=24 October 2012 |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2012/10/how_the_presidential_race_between_barack_obama_and_mitt_romney_could_be.html |access-date=29 December 2013 |archive-date=30 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233509/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2012/10/how_the_presidential_race_between_barack_obama_and_mitt_romney_could_be.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Marka Washington Commanders ay guuleystaan ciyaartooda kama-dambaysta ah ka hor doorashada, markaas madaxweynaha maamulka ku jira wuxuu leeyahay fursad ka badan oo uu ku guuleysto, haddii ay guuldarraystaana, murashaxa mucaaradka wuxuu leeyahay fursad ka badan oo uu ku guuleysto; tani waxay noqotay mid loo yaqaan Xeerka Redskins.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/football-insider/wp/2012/11/03/will-redskins-rule-again-determine-outcome-of-presidential-election/ |title=Will Redskins Rule again determine outcome of presidential election? |author=Mike Jones |date=3 November 2012 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=14 September 2017 |archive-date=7 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107110626/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/football-insider/wp/2012/11/03/will-redskins-rule-again-determine-outcome-of-presidential-election/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espnfrontrow.com/2012/10/redskins-rule-mnfs-hirdt-on-intersection-of-football-politics/ |title='Redskins Rule': MNF's Hirdt on intersection of football &amp; politics |work=ESPN Front Row |date=30 October 2012 |access-date=12 June 2015 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032035/http://www.espnfrontrow.com/2012/10/redskins-rule-mnfs-hirdt-on-intersection-of-football-politics/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sida keenista maamulida iyo hoos-u-dhicida dadka===
Étienne de La Boétie, qoraalkiisa Discourse on Voluntary Servitude wuxuu ku qeexayaa ciyaaraha daawashada sida habab ay kalitalisyadu ku maamulaan dadkooda iyagoo ka leexinaya diiradda.
&lt;blockquote&gt;
Ha u malaynina in uu jiro shimbir si fudud loo qabto decoy-ga, ama samayn kasta oo si degdeg ah ku xiranta jillaabka troo sedka gooryaanka ah, ka sii badan dhammaan doqoomadan saboolka ah oo si caqli badan loogu khayay addoonsiga...waxay isu oggolaadaan in la qabto si degdeg ah marka la joogo taabashada yar ee rabitaankooda. Ciyaaraha, riwaayadaha, daawashada, gladiators, xayawaanka yaabka leh, biladaha, sawirrada, iyo daroogooyinka kale oo noocan oo kale ah, kuwani waxay u ahaayeen dadkii duugga ahaa sedka loo adeegsado addoonsiga, qiimaha xorriyaddooda, qalabka kalitalisnimada. Troo kuwan...dhiirigelinta kalitalisyadii duugga ahaa waxay si guul leh ugu seexiyeen dadkooda madaxa hoostiisa, iyadoo dadkii wareeray, ay ku sasabmeen madadaalada iyo baashaalka been-abuurka ah ee ka muuqday eygooda ka hor, ay barteen adheecsiga si fudud...sida carruurta yaryari ay u bartaan akhriska iyagoo eegaya buugaagta sawirrada dhalaalaya.&lt;ref&gt;Étienne de La Boétie, ''Discourse on Voluntary Servitude'' (1549), Part 2&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;Intii uu socday maamulkii Ingriiska ee Bengal, ciyaaraha Ingriiska iyo Yurub waxay bilaabeen in ay beddelaan ciyaaraha soo jireenka ah ee Bengal, taas oo keentay in la lumiyo dhaqankii hoose.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/904168|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126161837/https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/904168|title=Disappearance of Traditional games by the imitation of Colonial Culture through the Historical parameters of Cultural Colonialism|archive-date=26 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801043229/https://dergipark.org.tr/|title=Ana Sayfa » DergiPark|archive-date=1 August 2019|website=dergipark.org.tr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jarmalkii Bari oo ay maamulayeen shuuciyadu, tan iyo 1970-yadii illaa 1990, 'noin 3,000 oo caawiyayaal aan rasmi ahayn ayaa lagu isticmaalay sannad kasta ciyaaraha heerka sare ah, oo ay ku jiraan ciyaartoy badan oo kubbadda cagta ah, taageerayaal iyo garsoorayaal'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Mike Dennis |first1=Norman LaPorte |title=State and Minorities in Communist East Germany |date=2011 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-0-857-45-195-8 |page=125 |chapter=Football fans, hooligans and the state}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ujeedooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee Stasi ay ku dhistay nidaamkan ballaaran ee caawiyayaasha ah waxay ahayd in ka hortag lagaga sameeyo ciyaartoyda in ay u baxsadaan Galbeedka, iyagoo isticmaalaya labada hab ee ilaalinta iyo caddadinta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Mike Dennis |first1=Norman LaPorte |title=State and Minorities in Communist East Germany |date=2011 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-0-857-45-195-8 |page=125 |chapter=Football fans, hooligans and the state}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Fikradaha diinta==
{{main|New Testament athletic metaphors}}
[[File:Panathenaic amphora Kleophrades Louvre F277.jpg|thumb|Orodka cagaha wuxuu ahaa hal dhacdo oo loo go'aamiyay Zeus. Panathenaic amphora, Kleophrades painter, Circa 500 BC, Louvre museum.]]
Ciyaaruhu waxay ahaayeen nooc muhiim ah oo cibaado ah Diinta Gariigii Hore. Ciyaaraha Olimbikada ee duugga ahaa waxaa lagu qaban jiray maamuuska ilaaha sare, Zeus, iyadoo lagu muujinayo noocyo kala duwan oo u-go'aaminta diinta ah ee isaga iyo ilaahyada kale.&lt;ref&gt;Gardinier, Norman E., 'The Olympic Festival' in ''Greek Athletic Sports and Festivals'', London: MacMillan, 1910, p.195&lt;/ref&gt; Gariig badan ayaa u safrayay si ay u eegaan ciyaaraha, iyadoo isku-darka socdaalka diinta iyo ciyaaraha uu u served-garaynayay sida hab lagu maamulayo midnimadooda oo hal dad ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Harker |first1=Barry H. |title=Strange Fire: Christianity and the Rise of Modern Olympianism |date=2006 |publisher=Hartland Publications |location=Rapidan |isbn=0-923309-39-X |page=75 |chapter=6: Olympia and Jerusalem}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku-practice-garaynta tartamada ciyaaraha waxaa dhaleeceeyay mufakiriinta Masiixiga ah oo loo arkayay nooc sanam-caabudid ah, oo &quot;aadamuhu uu is-sareeyo, is-caabudo, is-saciifiyo oo is-abaalmariyo.&quot;&lt;ref name=Watson1&gt;''Sports and Christianity: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives'', Nick J. Watson, ed. (Routledge: 2013), p. 178.&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha waxaa loo arkaa kuwo dhaleeceeyayaashan ay u arkaan muujinta &quot;kibri wadajir ah&quot; iyo &quot;is-ilaahaysi qaran&quot; oo awoodaha aadamaha lagu sanam-caabudo iyada oo laga tagayo cibaadada diinta.&lt;ref name=Watson1/&gt;

Tertullian wuxuu dhaleeceeyay waxqabadka ciyaaraha ee maalmihiisii, wuxueena ku insisted-garaynayay &quot;dhammaan qalabka nooca ciyaaraha wuxuu ku dhisnaa sanam-caabudid.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Tertullian, ''De spectaculis'', Chapter 4.&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha, wuxuu leeyahay Tertullian, waxay kiciyaan dareenno la yaab leh oo ka baxsan dabeecadda deggen ee uu dhisay Masiixiga:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
Ilaah wuxuu nagu amray inaan u dhaqanno si deggen, si tartiib ah, si ka samaysan nabad, iyadoo uu la joogo Ruhal Qudus-ka, sababtoo ah waxyaabahani oo keliya waxay ku habboon yihiin wanaagga Dabeecaddiisa, iyadoo leh debecsanaanteisa iyo dareenkiisa. ... Hagaag, sida ay tani ugu habboonaan doontaa ciyaaraha? Sababtoo ah ciyaartu mar walba waxay keentaa iztiroob ruuxi ah, sababtoo ah halka ay ka jirto baashaal, waxaa ka jira dareen adag oo bixinaya baashaalka; halka ay ka jirto dareen adag, waxaa ka jira tartan oo siinaya kuleylkiisa. Ka dibna, marka aad leedahay tartan, waxaad leedahay carro, qadhaadh, xanaaq iyo calool-xumo, iyadoo dhammaan waxyaabaha xun ay ka soo bayaan kuwan – oo dhan si buuxda oo ka baxsan diinta Masiixa.&lt;ref&gt;''De spectaculis'' Chapter 15.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
Wadaaddada Masiixiga ee dhaqdhaqaaqa Wesleyan-Holiness waxay ka soo horjeedaan daawashada ama kaparticipatinka ciyaaraha xirfadlaha ah, iyagoo raba in liigyada ciyaaraha xirfadlaha ah ay nijaaseeyaan Sabtida, oo ay la tartamaan u-go'aaminta Masiixiga ee Ilaah, muujiyaan la'aanta xishoodka ee dharka ciyaartoyda iyo cheerleaders-ka, oo ay ku xirnaadaan dagaal iyo isticmaalka dhaaraha ee u dhexeya ciyaartoy badan, oo ay dhiirigeliyaan khamaarka, sida khamriga iyo dawooyinka kale ee dhacdooyinka ciyaaraha, oo ka dhan ah u-go'aaminta teetotalism-ka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Handel2020&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Handel |first1=Paul S. |title=Reasons Why Organized Sports Are Not Pleasing to God |date=2020 |publisher=Immanuel Missionary Church |page=4 |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Xigashooyinka==
{{Reflist}}

===Ilaha===
* European Commission (2007), ''The White Paper on Sport''
* Council of Europe (2001), ''The European sport charter''
*{{Free-content attribution
| title = Strengthening the rule of law through education: a guide for policymakers
| publisher = UNESCO
| page numbers =
| documentURL = https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366771
| license statement URL =
| license = CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO
}}

==Sii akhriso==
{{Sister project links|Sports|voy=Sport}}
* ''The Meaning of Sports'' by Michael Mandel (PublicAffairs, {{ISBN|1-58648-252-1}}).
* [https://www.tandfonline.com/journals/rjps20 ''Journal of the Philosophy of Sport'']
* Sullivan, George. ''The Complete Sports Dictionary''. New York: Scholastic Book Services, 1979. p.&amp;nbsp;199. {{ISBN|0-590-05731-6}}

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      <text bytes="78396" sha1="dhxxlswjjofd2xlsf90dgtawl996pjn" xml:space="preserve">[[File:2015 29 Somali National Team-1 (21007355596).jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|right|Ciyaartoyda kooxda kubadda cagta qaranka [[Soomaaliya]] intii lagu jiray tababarkii [[2015]] ]]
[[File:London Marathon 2005 at Blackfriars.jpg|thumb|Orodka London Marathon 2005: orodada, noocyadooda kala duwan, waxay u taagan yihiin nooca ugu duugga badan uguna jilicsan ciyaaraha.]]

'''Ciyaaraha''' ({{lang-en|Sport}}) waa dhaqdhaqaaq jirkaga ah ama ciyaar, oo inta badan tartan iyo habaysan ah, oo ilaaliya ama hagaajiya awoodda jirrka iyo xirfadaha. Ciyaaruhu waxay bixin karaan baashaal ciyaartoyda iyo madadaalo daawadayaasha. Tirada ciyaartoyda ciyaar gaar ah waxay ka bilaaban kartaa boqolaal qof illaa hal qof oo keliya.

Dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka wuxuu ku xiran yahay dhinacyo kala duwan oo caafimaadka iyo cimri dheerida ah. Heerarka sare ee dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka waxay ku xiran yihiin khatar hoose oo dhimashada dhammaan sababaha iyo dhimashada cudurrada wadnaha, istaroogga iskeemikada, iyo wadne xanuunka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kraus2019&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Kraus | first1 = William E. | last2 = Powell | first2 = Kenneth E. | last3 = Haskell | first3 = William L. | last4 = Janz | first4 = Kathleen F. | last5 = Campbell | first5 = Wayne W. | last6 = Jakicic | first6 = John M. | last7 = Troiano | first7 = Richard P. | title = Physical activity, all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, and cardiovascular disease | journal = Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise | volume = 51 | issue = 6 | pages = 1270 | date = 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka wuxuu sidoo kale ku xiran yahay hoos u dhaca astaamaha niyad-jabka, walwalka, iyo iztiroobka nafsiga ah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh2023&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Singh | first1 = Ben | last2 = Olds | first2 = Timothy | last3 = Curtis | first3 = Rachel | last4 = Dumuid | first4 = Dorothea | last5 = Virgara | first5 = Rosa | last6 = Watson | first6 = Amanda | last7 = Szeto | first7 = Kimberley | title = Effectiveness of physical activity interventions for improving depression, anxiety and distress: an overview of systematic reviews | journal = British Journal of Sports Medicine | volume = 57 | issue = 18 | pages = 1203-1209 | date = 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Munro2026&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Munro | first1 = Neil Richard | last2 = Teague | first2 = Samantha | last3 = Somoray | first3 = Klaire | last4 = Simpson | first4 = Aaron | last5 = Budden | first5 = Timothy | last6 = Jackson | first6 = Ben | last7 = Rebar | first7 = Amanda | last8 = Dimmock | first8 = James | title = Effect of exercise on depression and anxiety symptoms: systematic umbrella review with meta-meta-analysis | journal = British Journal of Sports Medicine | volume = 60 | issue = 8 | pages = 590-599 | date = 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Noetel2024&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Noetel | first1 = Michael | last2 = Sanders | first2 = Taren | last3 = Gallardo-Gómez | first3 = Daniel | last4 = Taylor | first4 = Paul | last5 = del Pozo Cruz | first5 = Borja | last6 = Van Den Hoek | first6 = Daniel | last7 = Smith | first7 = Jordan J. | title = Effect of exercise for depression: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials | journal = BMJ | volume = 384 | date = 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Gaar ahaan, jimicsiga aerobikada, yoogada, iyo jimicsiga noocyada badan leh ayaa loo helay in ay waxtar u leeyihiin hoos u dhicida astaamaha niyad-jabka umusha ka dib.&lt;ref name=&quot;Campos-Marin2025&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Campos-Marin | first1 = Álvaro | last2 = García-Muñoz | first2 = Cristina | last3 = Matias-Soto | first3 = Javier | last4 = Martinez-Calderon | first4 = Javier | title = What interventions focused on physical activity could improve postpartum depression symptoms? An overview of systematic reviews with meta-analysis | journal = Healthcare | volume = 13 | issue = 12 | pages = 1419 | date = 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tartamada ciyaaruhu waxay isticmaali karaan nooca koox ama qof keliya, waxayna noqon karaan kuwo furan, oo u oggolaanaya tiro ballaaran oo ciyaartoy ah, ama kuwo xiran, oo ku xaddidaya kaparticipatinka kooxo gaar ah ama kuwa la casuumay. Tartamadu waxay oggolaan karaan &quot;barbardhac&quot;, oo aysan ka jirin hal guuleyste; kuwo kale waxay bixiyaan hababka barbardhac-jebinta si loo xaqiijiyo in uu jiro hal guuleyste oo keliya. Waxaa sidoo kale loo dhabar-adkeyn karaa nooca tartanka (tournament), oo soo saaraya horyaal. Liigyo badan oo ciyaareed waxay samaysan karaan horyaal sannadle ah iyagoo dhisaya ciyaaro xilliga caadiga ah ee ciyaaraha, oo ay la socdaan xaaladaha qaar ciyaaraha kama-dambaysta ah (playoffs).

Ciyaaraha guud ahaan waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay nidaam dhaqdhaqaaqyo ku dhisnaa ciyaartoynimada jirka ama xirfadda jirka, iyadoo tartamada waaweyni ay oggol yihiin oo keliya ciyaaraha buuxiya qeexiddaan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.olympic.org/sports |title=List of Summer and Winter Olympic Sports and Events |publisher=The Olympic Movement |date=14 November 2018 |access-date=5 March 2012 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225174712/https://www.olympic.org/sports%20 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ururada qaar, sida Golaha Yurub, waxay ka reebayaan dhaqdhaqaaqyada aan lahayn wax walbo oo jirka ah nooca ciyaaraha.&lt;ref name=council/&gt; Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tiro dhaqdhaqaaqyo tartan ah, laakiin aan ahayn kuwo jirka ah, waxay sheegtaan aqoonsi sida ciyaaraha maanka. Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee Olimbikada oo kormeera Ciyaaraha Olimbikada wuxuu u aqoonsan yahay shataraanka iyo bridge-ka ciyaaro ahaan. SportAccord, oo ah ururka xiriirada ciyaaraha caalamiga ah, wuxuu aqoonsan yahay shanta ciyaarood oo aan ahayn kuwo jirka ah: shataraanka, bridge-ka, checkers (draughts), Go iyo xiangqi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |publisher=SportAccord |title=World Mind Games |url=http://www.sportaccord.com/en/multi-sports-games/index.php?idIndex=35&amp;idContent=658 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508021848/http://www.sportaccord.com/en/multi-sports-games/index.php?idIndex=35&amp;idContent=658 |archive-date=8 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |publisher=SportAccord |title=Members |url=http://www.sportaccord.com/en/members/index.php?idContent=644&amp;idIndex=32 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507073823/http://www.sportaccord.com/en/members/index.php?idContent=644&amp;idIndex=32 |archive-date=7 May 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay xaddidaan tirada ciyaaraha maanka ee loo oggolaan karo ciyaaro ahaan.&lt;ref name=sportaccord/&gt; Ciyaaraha guud ahaan waxaa maamula xeerar ama caadooyin, oo u adeega xaqiijinta tartan caadil ah. Guushu waxay ku go'aansami kartaa matalaadaha jirka sida dhibcaha goolasha ama goynta xariiqda marka ugu horreysa. Waxaa sidoo kale go'aamin kara garsoorayaal dhibcaha ka bixinaya waxqabadka ciyaaraha, oo ay ku jiraan xaalado ujeeddo leh ama kuwo fikrad ah sida waxqabadka farsamada ama saamaynta incaamka artistique.

Diiwaanka waxqabadka inta badan waa la dhowraa, ciyaaraha caanka ahna, macluumaadkan waxaa laga yaabaa in si ballaaran looga dhawaaqo ama looga warramo wararka ciyaaraha. Ciyaaruhu sidoo kale waa il muhiim ah oo madadaalo u ah dadka aan kaparticipatgaraynayn, iyadoo ciyaaraha daawashada ay soo jiitaan dad badan garoomada ciyaaraha, oo ay gaaraan dhagaystayaal ballaaran oo maraya teevishanka ama radayowga. Khamaarka ciyaaraha xaaladaha qaar si daran ayaa loo maamulaa, xaaladaha kalena waa qayb ka mid ah ciyaaraha.

Sida ku cad A.T. Kearney, oo ah shirkad la-talinta, kiiska ciyaaraha ee caalamiga ah wuxuu qiimihiisu yahay ilaa $620 bilyan marka la joogo 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/news/international/21585012-sportswomen-are-beginning-score-more-commercial-goalsbut-they-still-have-lot-ground |title=Women in sport: Game, sex and match |newspaper=The Economist |date=7 September 2013 |access-date=14 September 2017 |archive-date=2 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802224933/http://www.economist.com/news/international/21585012-sportswomen-are-beginning-score-more-commercial-goalsbut-they-still-have-lot-ground |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaarta ugu helitaanka iyo ku practice-garaynta badan dunida waa orodka, halka kubbadda cagtu ay tahay ciyaarta daawashada ugu caansan.&lt;ref name=&quot;wa&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-are-the-most-popular-sports-in-the-world.html |title=The Most Popular Sports in the World |date=2018 |website=www.worldatlas.com |publisher=World Atlas |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817161238/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-are-the-most-popular-sports-in-the-world.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ujeeddada iyo adeegsiga==
===Etimoolojiga===
Ereyga &quot;sport&quot; wuxuu ka yimid Faransiiskii Hore desport oo dhahaya &quot;waqti firaaqo&quot;, iyadoo qeexiddii ugu duugnayd ee Ingiriisida ee qarnigii 1300 ay ahayd &quot;wax kasta oo aadamuhu u arko kuwo xiiso leh ama madadaalo leh&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=sport&amp;searchmode=none |title=sport (n.) |access-date=20 April 2008 |first=Douglas |last=Harper |work=Online Etymological Dictionary |archive-date=11 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111214311/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=sport&amp;searchmode=none |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ujeedooyinka kale waxaa ka mid ah khamaarka iyo dhacdooyinka loo sameeyay ujeeddada khamaarka; ugaarsiga; iyo ciyaaraha iyo baashaalka, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa u baahan jimicsi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged |publisher=G&amp;C Merriam Company |location=Springfield, MA |page=2206 |year=1967}}&lt;/ref&gt; Roget's wuxuu qeexayaa ciyaaraha sida &quot;dhaqdhaqaaq loo sameeyo nasasho iyo madadaalo&quot; iyadoo synonyms-ku ay ku jiraan madadaalo iyo firaaqo-wadaag.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Roget's II: The New Thesaurus|edition =3rd|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |url=https://archive.org/details/rogetsiiinewthes00houg |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-618-25414-9 |url-access=registration }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sida loo magacaabo===
Ereyga kali ah ee &quot;sport&quot; waxaa loo isticmaalaa lahjadaha Ingiriisida badankood si loogu qeexo fikradda guud, tusaale &quot;carruurta kaparticipatgaraynaysa ciyaaraha&quot;, iyadoo &quot;sports&quot; loo isticmaalo si loogu qeexo dhaqdhaqaaqyo badan, tusaale &quot;kubbadda cagta iyo rugby waa ciyaaraha ugu caansan Ingriiska&quot;. Ingiriisida Mareykanka waxay isticmaashaa &quot;sports&quot; labada macnaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sport vs sports – Usage Notes |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/sport-s-sports |publisher=Cambridge University Press |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sport |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sport |publisher=Merriam-Webster |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Qeexidda===
{{see also|Game#Definitions}}
[[File:ChessStartingPosition.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee Olimbikada wuxuu u aqoonsan yahay ciyaaraha guddiga qaar ka mid ah ciyaaro ahaan, oo uu ku jiro shataraanka.]]
[[File:Showjumping white horse.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|Boodidda fardaha, oo ah ciyaar fardoolay ah]]
Qeexidda saxda ah ee ka soocaysa ciyaarta dhaqdhaqaaqyada kale ee firaaqada waxay ku kala duwan tahay ilaha. Midda ugu dhow heshiis caalami ah oo ku saabsan qeexidda waxaa bixiya Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Xiriirada Ciyaaraha Caalamiga ah (GAISF), oo ah ururka dhammaan xiriirada ciyaaraha caalamiga ah ee ugu waaweyn (oo ay ku jiraan kubbadda cagta, ciyaaraha fudud, baaskiil wadida, tennis-ka, ciyaaraha fardoolayda, iyo kuwo kale), saas darteedna waa maamulaha rasmiga ah ee ciyaaraha caalamiga ah.

GAISF wuxuu isticmaalaa shuruudaha soo socda, wuxueena go'aamiyaa in ciyaartu tahay inay:&lt;ref name=sportaccord/&gt;
* leedahay walab tartanka ah
* aysan wax ku nool ah dhib u geysanayn
* aysan ku tiirsanayn qalab uu bixiyo hal alaab-qeybiye oo keliya (oo ay ka reeban yihiin ciyaaraha iska lahaanshaha ah sida kubbadda cagta arena)
* aysan ku tiirsanayn wax &quot;nasiib&quot; ah oo gaar ahaan loogu talagalay ciyaarta.

Waxay sidoo kale aqoonsan yihiin in ciyaartu noqon karto ku dhawaad jirka (sida rugby ama ciyaaraha fudud), ku dhawaad maanka (sida shataraanka ama Go), ku dhawaad matoorada (sida Formula 1 ama doonyaha matoorka), ku dhawaad iskudubaridka iyo xirfadda (sida snooker iyo ciyaaraha kale ee cue-ka), ama ku dhawaad kuwa xayawaanku taageeraan (sida ciyaaraha fardoolayda).&lt;ref name=sportaccord/&gt;

Koodinta ciyaaraha maanka ee gudaha qeexidda ciyaaraha lama wada aqbalin, taas oo keentay lchallenge-yo sharci ah oo ka yimid maamulada maamula marka loo eego in loo diaday maalgelinta loo hayo ciyaaraha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |work=BBC News |title=Judicial review of 'sport' or 'game' decision begins |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-34320201 |date=22 September 2015 |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-date=23 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023020304/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-34320201 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Laakiin iyadoo GAISF ay aqoonsan tahay tiro yar oo ciyaaraha maanka ah, ma furaan in ay kaparticipat-geliyaan ciyaaro kale oo maanka ah.

Waxaa jiray kordho adeegsiga ereyga &quot;sport&quot; ee ku saabsan ciyaaro ballaaran oo aan ahayn kuwo jirka ah sida ciyaaraha fiidiyowga, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano esports (ka yimid &quot;ciyaaraha elektaroonigga ah&quot;), gaar ahaan sababtoo ah baaxadda weyn ee kaparticipatinka iyo tartanka habaysan, laakiin kuwan si ballaaran looma aqoonsana ururada ciyaaraha ee waaweyn. Sida ku cad Golaha Yurub, Axdiga Ciyaaraha Yurub, maqaalka 2.i, &quot;'Sport' waa dhammaan noocyada dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka oo, troo kaparticipatinka caadiga ah ama habaysan, haysata ujeedo lagu muujinayo ama lagu hagaajinayo fayowida jirka iyo wanaagga maanka, dhisida xiriirada bulshada ama helitaanka natiijooyinka tartanka heerarka dhan.&quot;&lt;ref name=council/&gt;

===Tartanka===
[[File:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb|left|Orodka fardaha]]

Waxaa jira fikrado iska soo horjeeda oo ku saabsan muhiimadda tartanka uu u leeyahay walaxda qeexaysa ciyaarta, iyadoo ku dhawaad dhammaan ciyaaraha xirfadlaha ah ay ku jiraan tartan, maamulada maamulana ay u baahan yihiin tartan inay tahay shuruud ka hor aqoonsiga Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee Olimbikada (IOC) ama GAISF.&lt;ref name=sportaccord/&gt;

Ururada kale waxay u doodaan ballaadhinta qeexidda ciyaaraha si ay u noqoto dhammaan noocyada dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka, oo aysan ahayn oo keliya dhacdooyinka habaysan ama tartanka ah. Tusaale ahaan, Axdiga Ciyaaraha ee Golaha Yurub wuxuu qeexayaa &quot;sport&quot; sida: &quot;dhammaan noocyada dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka oo, troo kaparticipatinka caadiga ah ama habaysan, looga dan leeyahay ilaalinta ama hagaajinta fayowida jirka iyo wanaagga maanka, dhisida xiriirada bulshada ama helitaanka natiijooyinka tartanka heerarka dhan&quot;, iyadoo si cad u dhexgalinaysa jimicsiga baashaalka ah ee loo sameeyo kaliya baashaal ahaan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=Jun 2022 |title=Revised European Sports Charter – Article 2 |url=https://rm.coe.int/revised-european-sports-charter-web-a6/1680a7534b |publisher=Council of Europe |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title= The Development and Prospects for Community Action in the Field of Sport |date=29 September 1998 |url=https://ec.europa.eu/assets/eac/sport/library/documents/doc252_en.pdf |publisher=European Commission |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Si loo ballaadhiyo kaparticipatinka, oo loo yareeyo saamaynta laga helayo guuldarada ciyaartoyda aan awoodda badan lahayn, waxaa jiray soo-bandhigidda dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka oo aan ahayn tartan ee dhacdooyinka tartanka ah ee caadiga ah sida maalmaha ciyaaraha ee dugsiyada, inkasta oo dhaqdhaqaaqyada noocan oo kale ah ay noqon karaan kuwo muran dhaliya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Front |first=Rebecca |work=The Guardian |title=A little competition |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/jul/17/school-sport-competitive-children-achievement-ambition |date=17 July 2011 |access-date=13 December 2016 |archive-date=15 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315143528/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/jul/17/school-sport-competitive-children-achievement-ambition |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |publisher=ParentDish |title=Why parents hate school sports day |last=Scrimgeour |first=Heidi |date=17 June 2011 |url=http://www.parentdish.co.uk/2011/06/17/why-parents-hate-school-sports-day/ |access-date=11 June 2012 |archive-date=24 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024182750/http://www.parentdish.co.uk/2011/06/17/why-parents-hate-school-sports-day/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dhacdooyinka tartanka ah, ciyaartoyda waxaa lagu qiimeeyaa ama lagu kala saaraa ku dhisnaanta &quot;natiijadooda&quot; iyadoo inta badan loo qeybiyo kooxo leh waxqabad loo siman yahay, tusaale, jinsiga, miisaanka iyo da'da. Qiyaasta natiijadu waxay noqon kartaa ku dhawaad ujeeddo ama fikrad, oo lagu saxo &quot;handicaps&quot; ama ganaaxyo. Tartanka orodka, tusaale ahaan, waqtiga lagu dhameeyay wadada waa qiyaas ujeeddo ah. Jimnaastikada ama quusida, natiijada waxaa go'aamiya garsoorayaal, sidaas darteedna waa fikrad. Waxaa jira heerar garsoorid dhex-dhexaad ah oo u dhexeya feerka iyo ciyaaraha la isku daray ee dagaalka, oo haddii aysan labada ciyaartoy midna guul helin ka hor waqtiga xaddidan, natiijada waxaa go'aamiya kaararka dhibcaha garsoorayaasha. Feerka, saddex garsoore ayaa si madax-bannaan dhibcaha uga bixiya wareeg kasta, iyadoo la raacayo shuruudaha sida feerida nadiifka ah, weerarka waxtarka leh, maamulka garoonka iyo doofaaca.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ABC Uniform Championship Rules |url=https://www.ibf-usba-boxing.com/wp-content/uploads/ABCUniformChampionshipRules.pdf |publisher=Association of Boxing Commissions |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Taariikhda==
{{Main article|History of sport}}
[[File:Roman bronze copy of Myron’s Discobolos, 2nd century CE (Glyptothek Munich).jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Naxaas Roomaan ah oo laga sameeyay Discobolos ee Myron, qarnigii 2aad AD]]
[[File:Participants with the Water Warrior class perform squats prior to entering the pool at Camp Foster, Okinawa, Japan, July 6, 2011 110706-M-VD776-004 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Snoorkeler-ku waxay sameynayaan jimicsiga squats ka hor inta aysan galin barkadda ee saldhigga ciidanka Mareykanka, 2011.]]

Shaqooyinka gacanta iyo dhismayaasha waxay tilmaamayaan ciyaaraha Shiinaha sida ay ahayd 2000 BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://chineseculture.about.com/library/weekly/aa032301a.htm |title=Sports History in China |author1=Ye Qinfa |access-date=15 October 2006 |archive-date=3 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303183246/http://chineseculture.about.com/library/weekly/aa032301a.htm |url-status=deviated }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jimnaastikada waxay u muuqataa in ay caan ka ahayd waagii duugga ahaa ee Shiinaha. Taallooyinka Fircooniga waxay tilmaamaan in tiro ciyaaro ah, oo ay ku jiraan dabaasha iyo kaluumeysiga, ay ahaayeen kuwo si wanaagsan u horumaray oo maamulan kumanaan sano ka hor Masartii Hore.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ioa.leeds.ac.uk/1980s/84085.htm |title=84.85-90 History of Sports in Ancient Egypt |first1=Ahmed D. |last1=Touny |website=Proceedings of the International Olympic Academy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029232515/http://www.ioa.leeds.ac.uk/1980s/84085.htm |archive-date=29 October 2006 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha kale ee Masar waxaa ka mid ahaa tuurista waranka, boodada dheer, iyo legdinta. Ciyaaraha Beershiyo ee Hore sida sanka ee soo jireenka ah ee Iiraan ee Zoorkhaneh waxay lahayd xiriir dhow oo ku saabsan xirfadaha dagaalka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.kuwait-info.com/newsnew/NewsDetails1.asp?id=78319&amp;dt=10/13/2006&amp;ntype=World |title=Ancient sport still flexing its muscles in Iran |website=kuwait-info.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070326081959/http://www.kuwait-info.com/newsnew/NewsDetails1.asp?id=78319&amp;dt=10%2F13%2F2006&amp;ntype=World |archive-date=26 March 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha kale ee ka yimid Beershiyadii Hore waxaa ka mid ah polo iyo jousting. Ciyaaraha soo jireenka ah ee Hindiya ee kala duwan sida Kho kho iyo Kabaddi waxaa la ciyaarayay kumanaan sano. Kabaddi waxaa loo ciyaarayay malaha sida u-diyaargarowga ugaarsiga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=kabaddi {{!}} sport |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/kabaddi |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Bruno Senna 2006 Australian Grand Prix.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|Ciyaaraha matoorada leh waxay soo muuqdeen tan iyo markii ay timid waagii casriga ahaa.]]

Tiro ballaaran oo ciyaaro ah ayaa horay loo dhisay waagii Gariikii Hore, dhaqanka ciidankana iyo horumarka ciyaaraha ee Gariiga waxay saameeyeen midba midka kale si weyn. Ciyaaruhu waxay noqdeen qayb aad u muhiim ah oo ka mid ah dhaqankooda taas oo keentay in Gariigu ay dhiisaha Ciyaaraha Olimbikada, oo waagii duugga ahaa lagu qaban jiray afar sano kasta tuulo yar oo ku taalla Peloponnesus oo loo yaqaanay Olympia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/ancient/index_uk.asp|title=Ancient Olympic Games|date=30 July 2018|access-date=15 October 2006|archive-date=28 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090928011744/http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/ancient/index_uk.asp|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciyaaraha waxaa sii kordhayay habaynta iyo maamulidda tan iyo waagii Olimbikadii Hore illaa qarniga hadda jira. Warshadaysashadu waxay keenay gaadiidka matoorada leh iyo kordhinta waqtiga firaaqada, oo u oggolaanaya dadka in ay kaparticipat-gelaan oo ay raacaan ciyaaraha daawashada oo ay kaparticipat-gelaan dhaqdhaqaaqyada ciyaartoyda. Isbeddelladan waxay sii socdeen iyadoo ay timid warbaahinta weyn iyo xiriirka caalamiga ah. Xirfaddnimadu waxay noqotay mid caan ah, iyadoo sii kordhinaysa caannimada ciyaaraha, maadaama taageerayaasha ciyaaruhu ay raacayeen guulaha ciyaartoyda xirfadlayaasha ah – iyagoo oo dhami ku raaxaysanayay jimicsiga iyo tartanka ku xiran kaparticipatinka amateerka ee ciyaaraha. Tan iyo markii uu karraday qarniga 21aad, waxaa jiray doode ka dhan ah in dadka transgender-ka ah ee ciyaartoyda ah ay awood u leeyihiin in ay kaparticipat-gelaan dhacdooyinka ciyaaraha ee u dhigma jinsigooda cusub.&lt;ref&gt;''Sport and the Law: Historical and Cultural Intersections'', p. 111, Sarah K. Fields (2014){{ISBN?}}|&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ciyaarta caadiga ah==
===Dhaqanka ciyaartoyda===
Dhaqanka ciyaartoyda waa dabeecad u doodeysa ciyaarta caadiga ah, edebta ka dhaxaysa kooxda iyo kaadhibka, dhaqanka anshaxa leh iyo daacadnimada, iyo sharafka guusha ama guuldarada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?va=sportsmanship |publisher=Merriam-Webster |title=Sportsmanship |access-date=15 October 2006 |archive-date=28 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928231236/http://www.merriam.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?va=sportsmanship |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Fish |first1=Joel |last2=Magee |first2=Susan |year=2003 |title=101 Ways to Be a Terrific Sports Parent |publisher=Fireside |page=168}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Lacey |first=David |date=10 November 2007 |url=http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/11/10/it_takes_a_bad_loser_to_become.html |title=It takes a bad loser to become a good winner |work=The Guardian |access-date=28 October 2009 |archive-date=13 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113021424/http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/11/10/it_takes_a_bad_loser_to_become.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dhaqanka ciyaartoyda wuxuu muujinayaa rabitaan ama ruux in dhaqdhaqaaqa loogu raaxaysan doono ujeedadiisa lafahaadeed. Fikirka caanka ah ee uu qoray weriyaha ciyaaraha Grantland Rice, ee ah &quot;ma aha inaad guuleysato ama guuldarraysato, laakiin waa sida aad u ciyaarto ciyaarta&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Rice, Grantland |url=https://tshf.net/halloffame/rice-grantland/ |publisher=Tennessee Sports Hall of Fame |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo caqiidada Olimbikada casriga ah ee uu muujiyay aasaasaheeda Pierre de Coubertin: &quot;Waxyaabaha ugu muhiimsan Ciyaaraha Olimbikada ma aha guusha laakiin waa kaparticipatinka,&quot; waa muujinta caadiga ah ee fikirkan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Fundamentals of Olympic Values Education |publisher=International Olympic Committee |url=https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/Documents/Document-Set-Teachers-The-Main-Olympic-Topics/Olympism-and-the-Olympic-Movement.pdf |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Khayaanada===
{{see also|Match fixing|cheating}}
Mabaadi'da muhiimka ah ee ciyaaraha waxaa ka mid ah in natiijadu aysan noqon ku dhisnaan hore, iyo dhammaan ciyaartoydu inay lahaadaan fursad loo siman yahay oo ay ku guuleystaan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=European Sports Charter, Article 3|url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/sport/european-sports-charter|publisher=Council of Europe|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Xeerarka iyo shuruucda waxaa dhisay maamulada maamula si loo xaqiijiyo ciyaar caadil ah iyo daacadnimo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=International Charter of Physical Education, Physical Activity and Sport, Article 10|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000235409|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ciyaartoydu mararka kaar ayaa jebiya xeerarkan si ay u helaan faa'iido aan caadil ahayn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Fair play and the competitive spirit|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000093013|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciyaartoydu waxay khayaani karaan si ay u kordhiyaan fursadahooda guusha, si ay u helaan faa'iido lacageed ama faa'iido kale.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Global Report on Corruption in Sport|url=https://www.unodc.org/documents/corruption/Publications/2022/Global_Report_on_Corruption_in_Sport_Full_report.pdf|publisher=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Caannimada khamaarka ee ku saabsan natiijooyinka ciyaaraha waxay abuurtaa dhiirigelin lagu sameeyo hagaajinta ciyaarta (match fixing), oo hal ama ka badan oo ciyaartoy ahi ay ku heshiiyaan in ay go'aamiyaan natiijooyinka ka hor halkii ay si daacad ah u tartami lahaayeen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Staying on Side: How to Stop Match-Fixing|url=https://images.transparencycdn.org/images/2014_Stop_MatchFixing_EN.pdf|publisher=Transparency International|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Doping-ka iyo dawooyinka===
{{main article|Use of performance-enhancing drugs in sport}}
Dabeecadda tartanka ah ee ciyaaraha waxay dhiirigelisaa ciyaartoyda qaar in ay isku dayaan in ay hagaajiyaan waxqabadkooda troo dawooyinka, ama habab kale sida kordhinta tirada dhiigga ee jirkooda troo habab dadku sameeyeen.&lt;ref name=&quot;Baron2007&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Baron |first1=David A. |last2=Martin |first2=David M. |last3=Abol Magd |first3=Samir |title=Doping in sports and its spread to at-risk populations: an international review |journal=World Psychiatry |year=2007 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=118–123 |pmid=18235871|pmc=2219897 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dhammaan ciyaaraha uu aqoonsan yahay IOC, ama SportAccord, waxaa loo baahan yahay in ay sameeyaan barnaamij tijaabo ah, iyagoo raadinaya liiska dawooyinka la mamnuucay, iyadoo ganaaxyo ama joojin loo dhigay ciyaartoyda ku tijaabo-gala nooca togan ee walxaha la mamnuucay.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Prohibited List |url=https://www.wada-ama.org/en/prohibited-list |publisher=World Anti-Doping Agency |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=World Anti-Doping Code |url=https://www.wada-ama.org/en/what-we-do/world-anti-doping-code |publisher=World Anti-Doping Agency |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Dagaalka===
Dagaalka ciyaaraha wuxuu ku jiraa ka tallaabida xariiqda u dhexaysa tartanka caadiga ah iyo dagaalka muuqda ee ujeeddada leh. Ciyaartoyda, tababarayaasha, taageerayaasha, iyo waalidiintu mararka kaar waxay sameeyaan dhaqan dagaal ah oo ku saabsan dadka ama hantida, iyagoo muujinaya daacadnimo, maamul, carro, ama dabaaldeg oo la khalday. Rabshadaha ama hooliganism-ka oo ay sameeyaan taageerayaashu gaar ahaan waa dhibaato ka jirta tartamada ciyaaraha ee heer qaran iyo kuwo caalami ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Russell |first=Gareth |title=Sport riots: A social–psychological review |journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior |year=2004 |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=353–378|doi=10.1016/S1359-1789(03)00031-4 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Guide on the Security of Major Sporting Events |url=https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/sites/www.un.org.counterterrorism/files/211006_guide_on_security_major_sporting_events_web.pdf |publisher=United Nations |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ka qaybqaadashada==
===Ka qaybqaadashada jinsiga===
[[File:100 metres race winner Sina Schielke (192) and the other Runners - ISTAF 2006 - Berlin, 3 September.jpg|thumb|Ciyaartoyda dumarka ah ee heerka caalamiga ah ee ISTAF Berlin, 2006]]
Participatinka dumarka ee ciyaaraha wuu kordhay iyada oo la kordhiyay fursadaha iyo aqoonsiga kordhaya ee faa'iidooyinka dhaqdhaqaaqa ciyaartoyda ee horumarka carruurta iyo fayowida jirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Eime |first1=Rochelle M. |last2=Young |first2=Janet A. |last3=Harvey |first3=Jack T. |last4=Charity |first4=Melanie J. |last5=Payne |first5=Warren R. |title=A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for children and adolescents |journal=International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity |year=2013 |volume=10 |issue=98 |page=98 |doi=10.1186/1479-5868-10-98|doi-access=free |pmid=23945179 |pmc=3751802 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Inkasta oo ay jiraan faa'iidooyinkan, farqiga jinsiga wuu sii jiraa. Heerka Olimbikada, dumarku waxay ahaayeen 49% oo ku taalla Tokyo 2020,&lt;ref name=&quot;RioTokyoWSF&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Paris 2024 should see gender parity – WSF study |url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/paris-2024-should-see-gender-parity-wsf-study-2022-04-21/ |publisher=Reuters |date=2022-04-21 |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; iyagoo gaadhay 50 % oo buuxa oo isu dhigma oo ku taalla Paris 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;GenderParity2024&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Reid |first=Helen |title=Women athletes say the work isn't over after Olympics gender parity |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/olympics/women-athletes-say-work-isnt-over-after-olympics-gender-parity-2024-07-28/ |publisher=Reuters |date=2024-07-28 |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Laakiin baadhitaannada caalamiga ah waxay sheegaan oo keliya 20% oo dumar ah oo ka aghb 31% oo ragg ah in ay kaparticipat-gelaan dhaqdhaqaaqa ciyaaraha bishii,&lt;ref name=&quot;YouGovGap&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Shah |first=Kineree |title=The great divide – exploring the gender gap in sports viewership |url=https://business.yougov.com/content/46311-the-great-divide-exploring-gender-gap-in-sports-viewership |publisher=YouGov |date=2023-03-10 |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ururka Caafimaadka Dduunka wuxuu xussayaa in dumarku ay 5 percentage points ka hooseeyaan ragga marka loo eego in ay buuxiyaan shuruudaha dhaqdhaqaaqa la soo jeediyay.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHOActivity&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Physical activity fact sheet |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciyaaraha qaar waa jinsiga la isku daray, oo oggolaanaya, ama xitaa u baahan, ragga iyo dumarka in ay ku ciyaaraan koox ka mid ah. Hal tusaale oo tan ah waa Baseball5, oo ah ciyaartii ugu horreysay ee jinsiga la isku daray ee loo oggolaado Olimbikada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Debut of Baseball5 at Youth Olympic Games postponed as next YOG shifted from 2022 to 2026 |url=http://www.wbsc.org/en/news/debut-of-baseball5-at-youth-olympic-games-postponed-as-next-yog-shifted-from-2022-to-2026 |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=World Baseball Softball Confederation |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Participatinka dhallinyarada===
{{main|Youth sports}}
{{See also|College sports}}
Ciyaaraha dhallinyarada waxay u bixiyaan carruurta fursado baashaal, isku xidhka bulshada, dhisida xiriirada ciyaartoyda kale, fayowida jirka, iyo deeqaha waxbarasho ee ciyaartoyda. U doodayaasha waxbarashada iyo dagaalka ka dhanka ah dawooyinka waxay dhiirigeliyaan ciyaaraha dhallinyarada si ay uga baxaan kaparticipatinka waxbarashada oo ay uga dagaallamaan ganacsiga dawooyinka ee sharci-darro ah. Sida ku cad Xarunta Cilmi-baadhista Dhaawaca iyo Siyaasadda ee Cusbitaalka Carruurta ee Qaranka, khatarta ugu weyn ee ciyaaraha dhallinyarada waa dhimasho ama dhaawac daran oo uu ku jiro concussion. Khatarahan waxay ka yimaadaan orodka, kubbadda koleyga, kubbadda cagta, volleyball-ka, gridiron-ka, jimnaastikada, iyo ice hockey.&lt;ref&gt;[https://healthland.time.com/2009/08/04/why-are-more-kids-getting-hurt-in-gym-class/ &quot;Gym class injuries up 150% between 1997 and 2007&quot;], ''Time'', 4 August 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha dhallinyarada ee US waa $15 bilyan oo vaza ah oo ay ku jiraan qalabka illaa tababarka gaarka ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last1=Gregory |first1=Sean |title=How Kids' Sports Became a $15 Billion Industry |url=https://time.com/4913687/how-kids-sports-became-15-billion-industry/ |access-date=24 August 2017 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=24 August 2017 |archive-date=24 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824112734/http://time.com/4913687/how-kids-sports-became-15-billion-industry/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Participatinka dadka naqada ah===
{{see also|Parasports|Paralympic Games}}
[[File:David Bizet - Marathon de Paris 2014.jpg|thumb|Orodiyaha wuxuu si saaxiibtinimo ah ugu taabanayaa garabka orodiyaha kursiga curyaanka inta lagu jiro Marathon-ka Paris 2014.]]

Ciyaaraha dadka naqada ah ama ciyaaraha la waafajiyay waxaa ciyaara dad leh naqadnimo, oo ay ku jiraan naqadnimada jirka iyo naqadnimada maanka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Para Sport |url=https://www.paralympic.org/paralympic-sport |publisher=International Paralympic Committee |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maadaama kuwo badan oo kuwan ka mid ah ay ku dhisnaayeen ciyaaraha jira oo la waafajiyay si loo buuxiyo baahida dadka leh naqadnimada, mararka kaar waxaa loo yaqaanaa ciyaaraha la waafajiyay.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Misener |first1=Laura |last2=Kissack |first2=Travis |title=Social inclusion through sport: Community coaching and participation of people with disabilities in sport |journal=Sport Management Review |year=2010 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=49–67 |doi=10.1016/j.smr.2009.10.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhammaan ciyaaraha dadka naqada ah ma aha kuwo la waafajiyay; tiro gaar ah oo loogu talagalay dadka leh naqadnimada ma laha wax u dhigma ciyaaraha dadka caadiga ah, sida goalball iyo boccia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sitting Volleyball, Goalball and Boccia |url=https://www.paralympic.org/sports |publisher=International Paralympic Committee |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Participatinka dadka waaweyn===
{{see also|Masters athletics|Masters cycling|Masters swimming}}
[[File:Pickleball Players.jpg|thumb|right|Pickleball waa ciyaar gaar ahaan u soo jiidasho badan dadka waaweyn.]]
'''Ciyaaraha Masters-ka''', '''ciyaaraha senior-ka''', ama '''ciyaaraha veteran-ka''' waa qeyb da'da ah oo ciyaaraha ah, oo inta badan ku jirta kooxaha da'da 35 iyo ka weyn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/veterans-and-masters-sport|title=Story: Veterans and masters sport|publisher=govt.nz|access-date=28 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waxay khuseyn kartaa dhaqdhaqaaqyada ciyaaraha oo aan la beddelin ama la waafajiyay, oo leh ama aan lahayn tartamo.

'''Tartamada'''
* World Masters Games oo la habayeeyay tan iyo 1985 afar sano kasta.
* European Masters Games oo la habayeeyay markii ugu horreysay 2008 oo markaas ka dib afar sano kasta.
* Senior Olympics (Senior Games)
* USATF Masters Outdoor Championships oo bilaabatay 1968
* USATF Masters Indoor Championships oo bilaabatay 1975
* World Masters Athletics Championships oo bilaabatay 1975

===Participatinka daawadayaasha===
{{Main article|Spectator sport}}
{{See also|Sports fandom}}
[[File:1906 Athens stadium.jpg|thumb|right|Daawadayaasha Ciyaaraha Olimbikada ee aan rasmiga ahayn ee 1906]]

Qaybta tartanka ee ciyaaraha, iyada oo la socota soo jiidashada quruxda ee dhinacyada qaar, waxay keentay dhacdooyinka ciyaaraha daawashada. Ciyaaraha amateerka iyo xirfadlaha ah waxay soo jiitaan dhagaystayaal toos ah oo ku yaalla garoomada iyo troo warbaahinta – radayowga, teevishanka iyo intarneedka – oo mid kasta oo kuwan ka mid ah uu ka qaadi karo lacagaha sida tikidhada ama isdhaafsiga pay-per-view.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=Spectator sport |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/spectator-sport |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Liigyada ciyaaraha iyo tartamadu waxay bixiyaan hababka habaysan ee ugu muhiimsan ee tartanka caadiga ah ee u dhexeya kooxaha ama ciyaartoyda gaarka ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Fort |first= Rodney D |title=Sports Economics |publisher=Prentice Hall |year=2015 |isbn=9780130850911}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dhacdooyinka sare waxay amraan dhagaystayaal waaweyn, iyagoo dhiirigeliya heshiisyo waaweyn oo xuquuqda warbaahinta ah. Ciyaarta kama-dambaysta ah ee Koobka Duunka FIFA 2006 waxay soo jiitatay in ka badan 700 milyan oo daawadayaal ah oo duunka oo dhan ah,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=2006 FIFA World Cup™ Media Report |url=http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/germany2006/organisation/media/media-reports.html |publisher=FIFA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101000000/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/germany2006/organisation/media/media-reports.html |access-date=2025-05-02|archive-date=1 January 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ciyaarta kama-dambaysta ah ee Koobka Duunka ee Cricket 2011 waxaa daawaday noin 135 milyan oo daawadayaal ah oo ku taalla Hindiya oo keliya.&lt;ref name=&quot;CWC2011&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=135 mn saw World Cup final: TAM |date=10 April 2011 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/135-mn-saw-World-Cup-final-TAM/Article1-683623.aspx |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=2025-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803013151/http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/135-mn-saw-World-Cup-final-TAM/Article1-683623.aspx |archive-date=2013-08-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mareykanka, Super Bowl wuxuu ku jiraa nooca teevishanka sannadlaha ah ee ugu daawashada badan, iyadoo Super Bowl XLIX ee 2015 uu lahaa averiiji 114 milyan oo daawadayaal ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Nielsen |title=Super Bowl XLIX Sets U.S. Viewership Record |url=http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/news/2015/super-bowl-xlix-most-watched-telecast-in-u-s--history.html |publisher=Nielsen |date=2015-02-02 |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Axadda Super Bowl waxaa loo arkaa fasax qaran oo aan rasmi ahayn, iyo 2015 booska xayeysiiska ee 30-ilbiriqsi ah waxaa lagu iibiyay noin US$4.5 milyan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Super Bowl Ads Cost US$4.5M for 30-Second Spot |url=https://adage.com/article/media/super-bowl-ads-cost-4-5m-30-spot/296163 |publisher=Ad Age |date=2015-01-30 |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Amateer iyo xirfadle==
{{See also|Professional sport|Amateur sport}}
[[File:Volleyball-5 (9786053885).jpg|thumb|Kooxda volleyball-ka ee dumarka ee jaamacadda Mareykanka]]
Ciyaaraha waxaa loo samayn karaa nooc amateer, xirfadle ama xirfadle Dhexe ah, iyada oo ku xiran haddii ciyaartoyda loo dhiirigeliyo kaparticipatinka (inta badan troo bixinta lacagta ama mushaharka). Participatinka amateerka ee ciyaaraha heerarka hoose inta badan loo yaqaan &quot;ciyaaraha xididdada&quot; (grassroots sport).&lt;ref name=&quot;council&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;White Paper&quot;&gt;{{cite web |publisher=European Commission |title=The White Paper on Sport |url=http://ec.europa.eu/sport/white-paper/index_en.htm |access-date=11 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916202200/http://ec.europa.eu/sport/white-paper/index_en.htm |archive-date=16 September 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Caannimada ciyaaraha daawashada oo ah firaaqo u ah dadka aan kaparticipat-gelaayn waxay keentay in ciyaaruhu ay noqdaan ganacsi weyn oo madax-bannaan, tanina waxay dhiirigelisay dhaqanka ciyaaraha xirfadlaha ah ee bixiya lacagaha sare, oo ciyaartoyda waxqabadka sare leh lagu abaalmariyo lacag ka badan mushaharka averiijiga ah, oo gaari karta milyan oo doolar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |magazine=Sports Illustrated |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/specials/fortunate50-2011/index.html |title=Fortunate 50 2011 |last=Freedman |first=Jonah |access-date=5 March 2012 |archive-date=29 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429050301/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/specials/fortunate50-2011/index.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciyaaraha qaar, ama tartamada gaarka ah ee ku jira ciyaaraha, waxay haystaan siyaasad ah oggolaanshaha ciyaaraha amateerka oo keliya. Ciyaaraha Olimbikada waxay ku bilaabmeen mabda'a tartanka amateerka iyadoo kuwa ciyaarta u ciyaara si xirfadle ah loo arkayay in ay leeyihiin faa'iido aan caadil ahayn marka loo eego kuwa u ciyaara kaliya sida hiwaayad.&lt;ref name=OIdeology&gt;{{cite book |last=Eassom |first=Simon |title=Critical Reflections on Olympic Ideology |year=1994 |location=Ontario |publisher=The Centre for Olympic Studies |pages=120–123 |isbn=978-0-7714-1697-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tan iyo 1971, ciyaartoyda Olimbikada waxaa loo oggolaaday in ay helaan lacag iyo kafaalo-qaad (sponsorship),&lt;ref name=&quot;InfoPlease&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.infoplease.com/spot/olympic-athletes.html |title=Olympic Athletes |publisher=Info Please |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=16 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616042315/http://www.infoplease.com/spot/olympic-athletes.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; iyadoo tan iyo 1986, IOC ay go'aansatay in ay ka dhigto dhammaan ciyaartoyda xirfadlayaasha ah kuwo u qalma Olimbikada,&lt;ref name=&quot;InfoPlease&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/22/opinion/greene-olympics-amateurs/ |title=What changed the Olympics forever |publisher=CNN |date=23 July 2012 |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=15 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615122848/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/22/opinion/greene-olympics-amateurs/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; iyadoo laga reebayo feerka,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/13894/olympic-boxing-must-remain-amateur-despite-moves-to-turn-it-professional-states-warren- |title=Olympic boxing must remain amateur despite moves to turn it professional states Warren |publisher=Inside the Games |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=15 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615044539/http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/13894/olympic-boxing-must-remain-amateur-despite-moves-to-turn-it-professional-states-warren- |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=njefAgAAQBAJ&amp;q=only+amateur+boxers+at+olympics&amp;pg=PA400 |title=Historical Dictionary of Boxing |last1=Grasso |first1=John |date=2013 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |access-date=13 June 2015 |isbn=978-0-8108-7867-9 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417060735/https://books.google.com/books?id=njefAgAAQBAJ&amp;q=only+amateur+boxers+at+olympics&amp;pg=PA400 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo legdinta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1529280-olympic-wrestling-is-important-for-pro-wrestlers-and-its-fans |title=Olympic Wrestling Is Important for Pro Wrestling and Its Fans|author-first1=John|author-last1=Canton|publisher=Bleacher Report |date=14 February 2013 |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=16 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616155635/http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1529280-olympic-wrestling-is-important-for-pro-wrestlers-and-its-fans |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2WYEAAAAMBAJ&amp;q=only+amateur+wrestlers+at+olympics&amp;pg=PA24 |title=Boys' Life |date=August 1988 |page=24 |access-date=13 June 2015 |publisher=Boy Scouts of America, Inc. |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417073533/https://books.google.com/books?id=2WYEAAAAMBAJ&amp;q=only+amateur+wrestlers+at+olympics&amp;pg=PA24 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Teknoolojiga==
[[File:Third umpire lights at Melbourne Cricket Ground.JPG|thumb|Muuqaalkan ku yaalla Melbourne Cricket Ground wuxuu tilmaamayaa go'aanka garsooraha saddexaad uu sameeyo ka dib marka dib loo eego.]]
Teknoolojigu wuxuu ka ciyaaraa qayb muhiim ah ciyaaraha casriga ah. Waa qayb loo baahan yahay oo ka mid ah ciyaaraha qaar (sida ciyaaraha matoorada), waxaana loo isticmaalaa kuwo kale si loo hagaajiyo waxqabadka. Ciyaaraha qaar waxay sidoo kale isticmaalaan si loogu oggolaado go'aan-gaarida ka baxsan garoonka.

Aqoonta ciyaaraha (sports science) waxaa lagu dabaqi karaa goobaha oo ay ku jiraan waxqabadka ciyaartoyda, sida isticmaalka falanqaynta fiidiyowga si loo hagaajiyo farsamada, ama qalabka, sida hagaajinta kabaha orodka ama dharka dabaasha ee tartanka. Injineernimada ciyaaraha waxay soo muuqatay sida qeyb aqooneed 1998 iyada oo kordhinaysa diiradda oo aysan ahayn oo keliya dhiisida walxaha laakiin sidoo kale isticmaalka teknoolojiga ee ciyaaraha, ka yimid falanqaynta iyo data-da weyn illaa teknoolojiga la xerto.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaining Steam in Sports Technology&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Gaining Steam in Sports Technology |url=https://alum.mit.edu/pages/sliceofmit/2014/06/17/mit-steam-sports-technology/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714150052/https://alum.mit.edu/pages/sliceofmit/2014/06/17/mit-steam-sports-technology/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 |website=Slice of MIT |access-date=3 January 2015 |ref=Slice of MIT}}&lt;/ref&gt; Si loo maamulo saamaynta teknoolojiga ee ciyaarta caadiga ah, maamulada maamula inta badan waxay leeyihiin xeerar gaar ah oo loo dhigay si loo maamulo saamaynta faa'iidada farsamada ee u dhexaysa ciyaartoyda. Tusaale ahaan, 2010, dharka dabaasha ee buuxa oo aan ahayn textile-ka waxaa mamnuucay FINA, maadaama ay hagaajinayeen waxqabadka dabaalyada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/swimming/8161867.stm |title=Hi-tech suits banned from January |publisher=BBC Sport |date=31 July 2009 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908051335/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/swimming/8161867.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/full-body-swimsuit-now-banned-professional-swimmers/story?id=9437780 |first=Kristina |last=Wong |title=Full Body Swimsuit Now Banned for Professional Swimmers |work=ABC News |date=4 January 2010 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=7 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607200059/http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/full-body-swimsuit-now-banned-professional-swimmers/story?id=9437780 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kordhinta teknoolojiga waxay sidoo kale oggolaatay go'aano badan oo ciyaaraha ah in la qaato, ama dib loo eego, ka baxsan garoonka, iyadoo maamule kale uu isticmaalayo muujinta fiidiyowga tooska ah si uu u sameeyo go'aano. Ciyaaraha qaar, ciyaartoydu hadda waxay kaparticipat-geli karaan go'aanada ay sameeyeen maamuladu. Kubbadda cagta, teknoolojiga xariiqda goolka wuxuu sameeyaa go'aano ku saabsan haddii kubbadu ay goysay xariiqda goolka ama aysan goyn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=FIFA |title=Testing Manual |journal=FIFA Quality Programme for Goal Line Technology |year=2012 |url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifaqualityprogramme/goal-linetechnology/01/66/02/89/glt_testing_manual_2012.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030143223/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifaqualityprogramme/goal-linetechnology/01/66/02/89/glt%5Ftesting%5Fmanual%5F2012.pdf|archive-date=30 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Teknoolojigu ma aha mid khasab ah,&lt;ref name=IFABofficial&gt;{{cite web |title=IFAB makes three unanimous historic decisions |url=https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2012/m=7/news=ifab-makes-three-unanimous-historic-decisions-1660541.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507234418/http://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2012/m=7/news=ifab-makes-three-unanimous-historic-decisions-1660541.html |archive-date=7 May 2015 |publisher=FIFA |access-date=23 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; laakiin waxaa loo isticmaalay Koobka Duunka FIFA 2014 ee Brazil,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2014/m=4/news=goal-line-technology-set-ahead-fifa-world-cup-2311481.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511001351/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2014/m=4/news=goal-line-technology-set-ahead-fifa-world-cup-2311481.html |archive-date=11 May 2014 |title=Goal-line technology set up ahead of FIFA World Cup |date=1 April 2014 |publisher=FIFA |access-date=9 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo Koobka Duunka ee Dumarka ee FIFA 2015 ee Canada,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/y=2015/m=3/news=hawk-eye-confirmed-as-goal-line-technology-provider-for-canada-2015-2580727.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331170115/http://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/y=2015/m=3/news=hawk-eye-confirmed-as-goal-line-technology-provider-for-canada-2015-2580727.html |archive-date=31 March 2015 |title=Hawk-Eye confirmed as goal-line technology provider for Canada 2015 |date=31 March 2015 |publisher=[[FIFA]] |access-date=2 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; sida lagu isticmaalay Premier League tan iyo 2013–14,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC_Premier&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/22107409 |title=Goal-line technology: Premier League votes in favour for 2013–14 |publisher=BBC |date=11 April 2013 |access-date=11 April 2013 |archive-date=11 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411143514/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/22107409 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo Bundesliga tan iyo 2015–16.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.carlyleobserver.com/sports/bundesliga-approves-hawk-eye-goal-line-technology-for-new-season-1.1650074 |title=Bundesliga approves Hawk-Eye goal-line technology for new season |work=Carlyle Observer |access-date=9 June 2015 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029003339/https://www.carlyleobserver.com/sports/bundesliga-approves-hawk-eye-goal-line-technology-for-new-season-1.1650074 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; NFL-ka, garsooruhu wuxuu kordhin karaa dib u eegis ka timaada goobta dib u eegiska, ama tababaraha wuxuu soo saari karaa challenge si loo dib u eego ciyaarta iyadoo la isticmaalayo muujinta. Go'aanka kama-dambaysta ah wuxuu ku jiraa garsooraha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nfl.com/news/nfl-approves-rule-to-change-replay-process-0ap2000000336662 |title=NFL approves rule to change replay process |publisher=Business Insider |date=20 July 2011 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608173617/http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap2000000336662/article/nfl-approves-rule-to-change-replay-process |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Garsooraha fiidiyowga (caadi ahaan loo yaqaan Television Match Official ama TMO) wuxuu sidoo kale isticmaali karaa muujinta si uu u caawiyo go'aan-gaarida rugby-ga (labada liig iyo union).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rugbyworld.com/news/blogs/television-match-official-when-can-they-rule-14818 |title=Television Match Official – when can they rule |publisher=Rugby World |date=20 August 2011 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608222853/http://www.rugbyworld.com/news/blogs/television-match-official-when-can-they-rule-14818 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/club/9488451/New-rules-for-Television-Match-Officials-will-not-make-game-boring-to-watch-insist-rugby-chiefs.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/club/9488451/New-rules-for-Television-Match-Officials-will-not-make-game-boring-to-watch-insist-rugby-chiefs.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=New rules for Television Match Officials will not make game boring to watch, insist rugby chiefs |work=The Telegraph |date=20 August 2012 |access-date=8 June 2015|last1=Cleary |first1=Mick }}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cricket-ka caalamiga ah, garsooruhu wuxuu kordhin karaa go'aanka garsooraha saddexaad, garsooraha saddexaadna wuxuu sameeyaa go'aanka kama-dambaysta ah.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC Umpire&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/rules_and_equipment/4183398.stm |title=The role of cricket umpires |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=8 June 2015 |date=26 August 2005 |archive-date=2 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302114814/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/rules_and_equipment/4183398.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Top End&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/sport/cricket/technology.htm |title=Cricket Technology |publisher=Top End Sports |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608175247/http://www.topendsports.com/sport/cricket/technology.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tan iyo 2008, nidaamka dib u eegiska go'aanka ee ciyaartoyda si loo dib u eego go'aanada waxaa lagu soo bandhigay oo lagu isticmaalay tartamada uu maamulo ICC, iyo ikhtiyaar ahaan ciyaaraha kale.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC Umpire&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/cricket/controversial-drs-to-be-used-in-2015-icc-world-cup_1538054.html |title=Controversial DRS to be used in 2015 ICC World Cup |publisher=Zee News |date=29 January 2015 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608222859/http://zeenews.india.com/sports/cricket/controversial-drs-to-be-used-in-2015-icc-world-cup_1538054.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyada oo ku xiran warbaahinta martigalisa, tiro teknoolojiyo oo kala duwan ayaa lagu isticmaalaa inta lagu jiro dib u eegiska garsooraha ama ciyaartoyda, oo ay ku jiraan muujinta tooska ah, Hawk-Eye, Hot Spot iyo Real Time Snickometer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015/content/story/827213.html |title=Hawkeye, Realtime Snicko for World Cup |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=7 February 2015 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=10 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610075356/http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015/content/story/827213.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/icc-world-cup-3-top-reasons-why-did-not-use-hotspot-as-part-of-drs/20150213.htm |title=3 Top reasons why ICC did not use 'Hotspot' as part of DRS |newspaper=Rediff |publisher=Rediff cricket |date=13 February 2015 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608195717/http://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/icc-world-cup-3-top-reasons-why-did-not-use-hotspot-as-part-of-drs/20150213.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Hawk-Eye waxaa sidoo kale lagu isticmaalaa tennis-ka si loogu tartamo go'aanada garsoorida.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Almog |first1=David |last2=Gauriot |first2=Romain |last3=Page |first3=Lionel |last4=Martin |first4=Daniel |title=AI Has Entered the Court. Is This Changing Umpires' Calls? |url=https://insight.kellogg.northwestern.edu/article/ai-has-entered-the-court-is-this-changing-umpires-calls |website=Kellogg Insight |publisher=Kellogg School of Management |access-date=23 February 2026 |language=en |date=1 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/7305404.stm |title=Hawk-Eye challenge rules unified |date=19 March 2008 |access-date=22 August 2008 |work=BBC News |archive-date=23 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080323085536/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7305404.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ciyaaraha iyo waxbarashada ==
Cilmi-baadhisu waxay soo jeedinaysaa in ciyaaruhu ay leeyihiin awood ay ku xidhaan dhallinyarada iyo tusaalayaasha togan ee dadka waaweyn oo ay bixiyaan fursado horumarineed oo togan, sida ay u dhiirigeliyaan barashada iyo dabaqidda xirfadaha nolosha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fraser-Thomas |first1=Jessica L. |last2=Côté |first2=Jean |last3=Deakin |first3=Janice |date=2005 |title=Youth sport programs: an avenue to foster positive youth development |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/43501126 |journal=Physical Education &amp; Sport Pedagogy |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=19–40 |doi=10.1080/1740898042000334890 |hdl=1974/14425 |issn=1740-8989|hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=UNESCO|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366771|title=Strengthening the rule of law through education: a guide for policymakers|publisher=UNESCO|year=2019|isbn=978-92-3-100308-0|access-date=9 March 2020|archive-date=25 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225195201/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366771|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sannadaha dhow isticmaalka ciyaaraha si loo yareeyo dambiyada, sida in looga hortago xagjirnimada dagaalka ah iyo xagjirnimada, wuxuu noqday mid caan ah, gaar ahaan sida qalab lagu hagaajinayo kalsoonida nafta, kor loogu qaado xiriirada bulshada oo la siiyo ciyaartoyda dareen ujeeddo leh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ma jiro caddeyn heersare ah oo muujinaysa waxtarka dhiirigelinta lagu kordhinayo kaparticipatinka ciyaaraha ee bulshada ee ciyaaraha sida ololaha warbaahinta weyn, fadhiyada waxbarashada, iyo isbeddellada siyaasadda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Priest |first1=N |last2=Armstrong |first2=R |last3=Doyle |first3=J |last4=Waters |first4=E |date=16 July 2008 |title=Interventions Implemented Through Sporting Organisations for Increasing Participation in Sport |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=3 |article-number=CD004812 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004812.pub3 |pmid=18646112 |hdl-access=free |hdl=1885/285237|issn = 1464-780X }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sidoo kale ma jiraan wax barasho heersare ah oo baadhaya saamaynta dhiirigelinta noocan oo kale ah oo ku saabsan dhiirigelinta isbeddelka dhaqanka caafimaadka ee bulshada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |first1=Priest |last1=N |first2=Armstrong |last2=R |first3=Doyle |last3=J |first4=Water |last4=E |title=Policy Interventions Implemented Through Sporting Organisations for Promoting Healthy Behaviour Change |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |date=16 July 2008 |volume=2008 |issue=3 |article-number=CD004809 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004809.pub3 |pmid=18646111 |pmc=6464902}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shahaadooyinka waxbarashada waxaa lagu heli karaa ciyaaraha: tusaale ahaan, aqoonta ciyaaraha waa qeyb aqooneed oo si wanaagsan u dhisnaa. UK, BTEC National Diploma ku saabsan Tababarka Ciyaaraha iyo Horumarinta waxaa bixiya Pearson Education.&lt;ref&gt;Pearson Education, [https://qualifications.pearson.com/en/qualifications/btec-nationals/sports-coaching-and-development-2019.html Sports Coaching and Development (2019)], accessed on 29 August 2025&lt;/ref&gt; Waxaa jira afar shahaado oo ku jira qoyskan:
*Extended Certificate in Sports Coaching
*Foundation Diploma in Sports Coaching and Development
*Diploma in Sports Coaching and Development
*Extended Diploma in Sports Coaching and Development.&lt;ref&gt;Pearson Education, [https://qualifications.pearson.com/content/dam/pdf/BTEC-Nationals/sports-coaching-and-development/2019/specification-and-sample-assessments/btec-nats-non-measures-sports-coaching-and-development-spec.pdf Pearson BTEC Level 3 Nationals in Sports Coaching], accessed on 18 June 2022&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ciyaaraha iyo fayowida jirka ==
Ciyaaraha ku jira jimicsiga jirka waxay leeyihiin saamayn togan oo ku saabsan heerarka fayowida ee ciyaartoyda. Dhinacyada guud, heerarka sare ee xoogga, xawaaraha, dulqaadka iyo dabacsanaanta waxaa lagu heli karaa iyada oo la waafajinayo baahida ciyaarta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bangsbo J.; Kissow J.; Hostrup M. |title=Speed Endurance Training to Improve Performance |journal=Scandinavian Journal of Medicine &amp; Science in Sports |date=July 2025 |volume=35 |issue=7 |doi=10.1111/sms.70091 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40576293/ |access-date=22 October 2026|pmc=12203883 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tusaale ahaan, qof wuxuu noqon karaa mid xoog badan oo leh heerarka sare ee dulqaadka troo legdinta ama mid dabacsan troo ciyaarida kubbadda koleyga. Ciyaaraha kala duwan waxay hagaajin karaan awoodaha jirka ee ciyaartoyga habab kala duwan. Walxaha xoogga, xawaaraha, dulqaadka iyo dabacsanaanta oo lagu isticmaalo ciyaaraha, oo lagu hagaajiyo, waxaa sidoo kale kordhin kara jimicsiga tababarka gaarka ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bill Foran; Robin Pound |title=Complete Conditioning for Basketball |date=2007 |publisher=Human Kinetics |location=Champaign |isbn=978-0-4354-6516-2 |page=171}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hagaajinta lagu helay jimicsigan waxay ka dib hagaajin kartaa awoodda ciyaartoyga ee uu ku ciyaaro ciyaarta. Tusaale jimicsiga dabacsanaanta, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano drill, waa marka qof waddo dabacsanaan ah oo ku taalla dhulka uu ku socdo. Qofku wuxuu boodayaa kor iyo horay si hal cag ay ugu jirto gudaha geeska wadada cagna ay ka baxsan tahay. Waxay ka dib boodayaan kor iyo horay mar kale si cagta ku jirta gudaha iyo cagta ka baxsan geeska ay isbeddelaan i.e. cagta bidix ee gudaha iyadoo cagta xaq a ay ka baxsan tahay, ka dib cagta xaq a ee gudaha iyadoo cagta bidix ay ka baxsan tahay iyo siday u socoto waddada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bill Foran; Robin Pound |title=Complete Conditioning for Basketball |date=2007 |publisher=Human Kinetics |location=Champaign |isbn=978-0-4354-6516-2 |page=175}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tani waxay caawisaa hagaajinta heerka guud ee dabacsanaanta sababtoo ah dabacsanaantu waa muhiim kubbadda koleyga waxay sidoo kale hagaajisaa awoodda kubbadda koleyga. Jimicsiga dabacsanaanta waxaa loo waafajin karaa si dhaqdhaqaaqyada lagu sameeyo ay ugu dhowaadaan kuwa lagu isticmaalo inta ay socoto ciyaartu. Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay in nooca dabacsanaanta ee la dhisay uu yahay mid loo wareejin karo tartanka dhabta ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bill Foran; Robin Pound |title=Complete Conditioning for Basketball |date=2007 |publisher=Human Kinetics |location=Champaign |isbn=978-0-4354-6516-2 |page=172}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tusaalihii hore, dhaqdhaqaaqa degdega ah iyo dhigista cagaha wuxuu dhisaa dhaqdhaqaaqa cagaha degdega ah oo loo baahan yahay ciyaarta kubbadda koleyga.

Barnaamijyada tababarka ciyaaraha waxay ku jiraan sameynta xirfadaha gaarka ah ee ciyaartaas i.e. tababarka kubbadda cagta wuxuu ku jiri karaa baasitaanka kubbadda oo lagu celceliyo, iyo hagaajinta fayowida jirka guud iyo awoodda i.e. orodka wareegyada garoonka. Labada diiradood ee tababarkan waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu dhigo qof mid waxtar badan leh ciyaartaas iyadoo lagu hagaajinayo awoodooda ay ku buuxinayaan oo ay uga baxayaan dhibaatooyinka ay bixiso.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Micheli |first1=Lyle J. |title=Encyclopedia of Sport Medicine |date=2011 |publisher=Sage Publications |location=Thousand Oaks |isbn=978-1-4129-6115-8 |chapter=Speed, Agility, and Speed Endurance Development}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Siyaasadda==
{{Main article|Politics and sports}}
{{See also|Sportswashing|Sociology of sport}}

Benito Mussolini wuxuu isticmaalay Koobka Duunka FIFA 1934, oo lagu qabtay Talyaaniga, si uu u muujiyo Talyaaniga Fascist-ka ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWj7BgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA28 |title=Soccer Vs. the State: Tackling Football and Radical Politics |last1=Kuhn |first1=Gabriel |date=2011 |page=28 |publisher=PM Press |access-date=8 June 2015 |isbn=978-1-60486-053-5 |archive-date=16 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216073648/https://books.google.com/books?id=HWj7BgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA28 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;World Fascism&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvD2rZSVau4C&amp;pg=PA630 |title=World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1 |last1=Blamires |first1=Cyprian |date=2006 |pages=630–632 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |access-date=8 June 2015 |isbn=978-1-57607-940-9 |archive-date=13 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213050912/https://books.google.com/books?id=nvD2rZSVau4C&amp;pg=PA630 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Adolf Hitler wuxuu isticmaalay Ciyaaraha Olimbikada Xagaaga 1936 ee lagu qabtay Berlin, iyo Ciyaaraha Olimbikada Jiilaalka 1936 ee lagu qabtay Garmisch-Partenkirchen, si uu u dhiirigeliyo caqiidada Nazi-ga ee sareynta dadka Aryan-ka, iyo hooseynta Yuhuudda iyo &quot;kuwa kale oo aan la rabin&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;World Fascism&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sociology Sport&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uKarC6oX3P8C&amp;q=hitler+used+1936+olympics+to+promote+ideology&amp;pg=PT32 |title=The Sociology of Sport and Physical Education |last1=Saxena |first1=Anurag |year=2001 |publisher=Pinnacle Technology |access-date=8 June 2015 |isbn=978-1-61820-468-4 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jarmalku wuxuu isticmaalay Olimbikada si uu u muujiyo muuqaal nabad ah iyadoo hoose si qarsoodi ah loogu diyaargarobayay dagaal.&lt;ref&gt;''Kulttuurivihkot'' 1 2009 Berliinin olympialaiset 1936 Poliittisen viattomuuden menetys Jouko Jokisalo 28–29{{in lang|fi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Markii apartheid uu ahaa siyaasadda rasmiga ah ee Koonfur Afrika, tiro ciyaartoy ah, gaar ahaan rugby union-ka, waxay qaateen dhabar-adayg ah in aysan ka muuqan ciyaaraha tartanka ah ee halkaas ka jira. Kuwa qaar waxay u arkaan in tani ay ahayd waxtar waxtar leh oo ku saabsan dhammaadka apartheid, kuwa kalena waxay u arkaan in ay sii dheeraysay oo ay sii xoojisay saamaynteeda ugu darayd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Sport and apartheid|journal=History Compass|volume=3|pages= **|doi=10.1111/j.1478-0542.2005.00165.x|year = 2005|last1 = Merrett|first1 = Christopher}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Taariikhda Ireland, ciyaaraha Gaelic waxay ku xirnaayeen waddaniyadda dhaqanka. Illaa bartamihii qarnigii 20aad qof waa la mamnuuci karay in uu ciyaaro Gaelic football, hurling, ama ciyaaraha kale oo maamulo Ururka Ciyaaraha Gaelic (GAA) haddii uu ciyaaro ama taageero kubbadda cagta, ama ciyaaraha kale oo loo arko in ay ka yimaadeen Ingriiska. GAA waxay mamnuucday ciyaarida kubbadda cagta iyo rugby union-ka garoomada Gaelic. Mamnuucan, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano Xeerka 42,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fulton |first1=Gareth |last2=Bairner |first2=Alan |year=2007 |title=Sport, Space and National Identity in Ireland: The GAA, Croke Park and Rule&amp;nbsp;42. |journal=Space &amp; Polity |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=55–74 |doi=10.1080/13562570701406592 |s2cid=143213001 }}&lt;/ref&gt; weli waa lagu dhaqmaa, laakiin waa la beddelay si loogu oggolaado kubbadda cagta iyo rugby-ga in lagu ciyaaro Croke Park iyadoo Lansdowne Road dib loo dhisayay iyadoo loo beddelayo Aviva Stadium. Xeerka 21 hoostiisa, GAA waxay mamnuucday xubnaha ciidamada nabadgelyada Ingriiska iyo xubnaha Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) in ay ciyaaraan ciyaaraha Gaelic, laakiin karradkii Heshiiskii Jimcaha Wanaagsanaa ee 1998 wuxuu keenay ka saarida mamnuucan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=50th anniversary of abolition of 'The Ban' offers pause for perspective |url=https://www.gaa.ie/news/50th-anniversary-of-abolition-of-the-ban-offers-pause-for-perspective/ |access-date=2 July 2023 |website=www.gaa.ie |date=9 April 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Waddaniyaddu inta badan waxay ka muuqataa raadinta ciyaaraha ama warbixinteeda: ciyaartoydu waxay ku tartamaan kooxaha qaranka, oo weriyayaasha ama dhagaystayaashu inta badan waxay qaataan fikrado leexsan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Arnold|first=Richard|title=Nationalism and Sport: A Review of the Field|journal=Nationalities Papers|year=2020|volume=49|issue=1|pages=2–11|doi=10.1017/nps.2020.9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mararka kaar, fardhadan waxay u beddelataa dagaal u dhexeya ciyaartoyda ama daawadayaasha, sida inta lagu jiro Dagaalkii Kubbadda Cagta ee 1969 ee u dhexeyay El Salvador iyo Honduras, oo ah dagaal uu kiciyay rabshadaha ku taalla kaparticipatinka Koobka Duunka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Jennings|first=Andrew|title=Has football ever started a war?|work=The Guardian|date=2007-02-21|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2007/feb/21/theknowledge.sport|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dhacdooyinkan waxaa loo arkaa kuwo ka dhan ah ruuxa muhiimka ah ee ciyaaraha—kaas oo ah, in loogu tartamo ujeedadeeda lafahaadeed iyo baashaalka ciyaartoyda. Siyaasadda iyo ciyaaruhu waxay si xanuun badan u isku arkeen Olimbikadii Munich 1972, markii dagaalyahanno Falastiiniyiin ah ay ka soo galeen Tuulada Olimbikada, iyagoo la haystayaal u qaday xubnaha kooxda Israa'iil, iyagoo aakhirkiina dilay 11 ciyaartoy oo loo yaqaano gumaadkii Munich.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|publisher=Reuters|title=Paris ceremony honours Israeli athletes killed in 1972 Munich Games attack|date=2024-08-06|url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/olympics/paris-ceremony-honours-israeli-athletes-killed-1972-munich-games-attack-2024-08-06/|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Barashada doorashooyinka US waxay muujisay in natiijada dhacdooyinka ciyaaruhu ay saamayso natiijooyinka. Barasho lagu daabacay Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences waxay muujisay in marka kooxda gurigu ay guuleysato ciyaarta ka hor doorashada, murashaxiinta maamulka ku jira ay kordhin karaan saamigooda codadka 1.5%. Guuldaradu waxay lahayd saamayn iska soo horjeeda, saamayntanina waa ka weyn tahay kooxaha sare ama guulaha iyo guuldarooyinka aan la filayn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Will Ohio State's Football Team Decide Who Wins the White House? |author1=Tyler Cowen |author2=Kevin Grier |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |date=24 October 2012 |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2012/10/how_the_presidential_race_between_barack_obama_and_mitt_romney_could_be.html |access-date=29 December 2013 |archive-date=30 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233509/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2012/10/how_the_presidential_race_between_barack_obama_and_mitt_romney_could_be.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Marka Washington Commanders ay guuleystaan ciyaartooda kama-dambaysta ah ka hor doorashada, markaas madaxweynaha maamulka ku jira wuxuu leeyahay fursad ka badan oo uu ku guuleysto, haddii ay guuldarraystaana, murashaxa mucaaradka wuxuu leeyahay fursad ka badan oo uu ku guuleysto; tani waxay noqotay mid loo yaqaan Xeerka Redskins.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/football-insider/wp/2012/11/03/will-redskins-rule-again-determine-outcome-of-presidential-election/ |title=Will Redskins Rule again determine outcome of presidential election? |author=Mike Jones |date=3 November 2012 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=14 September 2017 |archive-date=7 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107110626/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/football-insider/wp/2012/11/03/will-redskins-rule-again-determine-outcome-of-presidential-election/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espnfrontrow.com/2012/10/redskins-rule-mnfs-hirdt-on-intersection-of-football-politics/ |title='Redskins Rule': MNF's Hirdt on intersection of football &amp; politics |work=ESPN Front Row |date=30 October 2012 |access-date=12 June 2015 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032035/http://www.espnfrontrow.com/2012/10/redskins-rule-mnfs-hirdt-on-intersection-of-football-politics/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sida keenista maamulida iyo hoos-u-dhicida dadka===
Étienne de La Boétie, qoraalkiisa Discourse on Voluntary Servitude wuxuu ku qeexayaa ciyaaraha daawashada sida habab ay kalitalisyadu ku maamulaan dadkooda iyagoo ka leexinaya diiradda.
&lt;blockquote&gt;
Ha u malaynina in uu jiro shimbir si fudud loo qabto decoy-ga, ama samayn kasta oo si degdeg ah ku xiranta jillaabka troo sedka gooryaanka ah, ka sii badan dhammaan doqoomadan saboolka ah oo si caqli badan loogu khayay addoonsiga...waxay isu oggolaadaan in la qabto si degdeg ah marka la joogo taabashada yar ee rabitaankooda. Ciyaaraha, riwaayadaha, daawashada, gladiators, xayawaanka yaabka leh, biladaha, sawirrada, iyo daroogooyinka kale oo noocan oo kale ah, kuwani waxay u ahaayeen dadkii duugga ahaa sedka loo adeegsado addoonsiga, qiimaha xorriyaddooda, qalabka kalitalisnimada. Troo kuwan...dhiirigelinta kalitalisyadii duugga ahaa waxay si guul leh ugu seexiyeen dadkooda madaxa hoostiisa, iyadoo dadkii wareeray, ay ku sasabmeen madadaalada iyo baashaalka been-abuurka ah ee ka muuqday eygooda ka hor, ay barteen adheecsiga si fudud...sida carruurta yaryari ay u bartaan akhriska iyagoo eegaya buugaagta sawirrada dhalaalaya.&lt;ref&gt;Étienne de La Boétie, ''Discourse on Voluntary Servitude'' (1549), Part 2&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;Intii uu socday maamulkii Ingriiska ee Bengal, ciyaaraha Ingriiska iyo Yurub waxay bilaabeen in ay beddelaan ciyaaraha soo jireenka ah ee Bengal, taas oo keentay in la lumiyo dhaqankii hoose.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/904168|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126161837/https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/904168|title=Disappearance of Traditional games by the imitation of Colonial Culture through the Historical parameters of Cultural Colonialism|archive-date=26 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801043229/https://dergipark.org.tr/|title=Ana Sayfa » DergiPark|archive-date=1 August 2019|website=dergipark.org.tr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jarmalkii Bari oo ay maamulayeen shuuciyadu, tan iyo 1970-yadii illaa 1990, 'noin 3,000 oo caawiyayaal aan rasmi ahayn ayaa lagu isticmaalay sannad kasta ciyaaraha heerka sare ah, oo ay ku jiraan ciyaartoy badan oo kubbadda cagta ah, taageerayaal iyo garsoorayaal'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Mike Dennis |first1=Norman LaPorte |title=State and Minorities in Communist East Germany |date=2011 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-0-857-45-195-8 |page=125 |chapter=Football fans, hooligans and the state}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ujeedooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee Stasi ay ku dhistay nidaamkan ballaaran ee caawiyayaasha ah waxay ahayd in ka hortag lagaga sameeyo ciyaartoyda in ay u baxsadaan Galbeedka, iyagoo isticmaalaya labada hab ee ilaalinta iyo caddadinta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Mike Dennis |first1=Norman LaPorte |title=State and Minorities in Communist East Germany |date=2011 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-0-857-45-195-8 |page=125 |chapter=Football fans, hooligans and the state}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Fikradaha diinta==
{{main|New Testament athletic metaphors}}
[[File:Panathenaic amphora Kleophrades Louvre F277.jpg|thumb|Orodka cagaha wuxuu ahaa hal dhacdo oo loo go'aamiyay Zeus. Panathenaic amphora, Kleophrades painter, Circa 500 BC, Louvre museum.]]
Ciyaaruhu waxay ahaayeen nooc muhiim ah oo cibaado ah Diinta Gariigii Hore. Ciyaaraha Olimbikada ee duugga ahaa waxaa lagu qaban jiray maamuuska ilaaha sare, Zeus, iyadoo lagu muujinayo noocyo kala duwan oo u-go'aaminta diinta ah ee isaga iyo ilaahyada kale.&lt;ref&gt;Gardinier, Norman E., 'The Olympic Festival' in ''Greek Athletic Sports and Festivals'', London: MacMillan, 1910, p.195&lt;/ref&gt; Gariig badan ayaa u safrayay si ay u eegaan ciyaaraha, iyadoo isku-darka socdaalka diinta iyo ciyaaraha uu u served-garaynayay sida hab lagu maamulayo midnimadooda oo hal dad ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Harker |first1=Barry H. |title=Strange Fire: Christianity and the Rise of Modern Olympianism |date=2006 |publisher=Hartland Publications |location=Rapidan |isbn=0-923309-39-X |page=75 |chapter=6: Olympia and Jerusalem}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku-practice-garaynta tartamada ciyaaraha waxaa dhaleeceeyay mufakiriinta Masiixiga ah oo loo arkayay nooc sanam-caabudid ah, oo &quot;aadamuhu uu is-sareeyo, is-caabudo, is-saciifiyo oo is-abaalmariyo.&quot;&lt;ref name=Watson1&gt;''Sports and Christianity: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives'', Nick J. Watson, ed. (Routledge: 2013), p. 178.&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha waxaa loo arkaa kuwo dhaleeceeyayaashan ay u arkaan muujinta &quot;kibri wadajir ah&quot; iyo &quot;is-ilaahaysi qaran&quot; oo awoodaha aadamaha lagu sanam-caabudo iyada oo laga tagayo cibaadada diinta.&lt;ref name=Watson1/&gt;

Tertullian wuxuu dhaleeceeyay waxqabadka ciyaaraha ee maalmihiisii, wuxueena ku insisted-garaynayay &quot;dhammaan qalabka nooca ciyaaraha wuxuu ku dhisnaa sanam-caabudid.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Tertullian, ''De spectaculis'', Chapter 4.&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha, wuxuu leeyahay Tertullian, waxay kiciyaan dareenno la yaab leh oo ka baxsan dabeecadda deggen ee uu dhisay Masiixiga:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
Ilaah wuxuu nagu amray inaan u dhaqanno si deggen, si tartiib ah, si ka samaysan nabad, iyadoo uu la joogo Ruhal Qudus-ka, sababtoo ah waxyaabahani oo keliya waxay ku habboon yihiin wanaagga Dabeecaddiisa, iyadoo leh debecsanaanteisa iyo dareenkiisa. ... Hagaag, sida ay tani ugu habboonaan doontaa ciyaaraha? Sababtoo ah ciyaartu mar walba waxay keentaa iztiroob ruuxi ah, sababtoo ah halka ay ka jirto baashaal, waxaa ka jira dareen adag oo bixinaya baashaalka; halka ay ka jirto dareen adag, waxaa ka jira tartan oo siinaya kuleylkiisa. Ka dibna, marka aad leedahay tartan, waxaad leedahay carro, qadhaadh, xanaaq iyo calool-xumo, iyadoo dhammaan waxyaabaha xun ay ka soo bayaan kuwan – oo dhan si buuxda oo ka baxsan diinta Masiixa.&lt;ref&gt;''De spectaculis'' Chapter 15.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
Wadaaddada Masiixiga ee dhaqdhaqaaqa Wesleyan-Holiness waxay ka soo horjeedaan daawashada ama kaparticipatinka ciyaaraha xirfadlaha ah, iyagoo raba in liigyada ciyaaraha xirfadlaha ah ay nijaaseeyaan Sabtida, oo ay la tartamaan u-go'aaminta Masiixiga ee Ilaah, muujiyaan la'aanta xishoodka ee dharka ciyaartoyda iyo cheerleaders-ka, oo ay ku xirnaadaan dagaal iyo isticmaalka dhaaraha ee u dhexeya ciyaartoy badan, oo ay dhiirigeliyaan khamaarka, sida khamriga iyo dawooyinka kale ee dhacdooyinka ciyaaraha, oo ka dhan ah u-go'aaminta teetotalism-ka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Handel2020&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Handel |first1=Paul S. |title=Reasons Why Organized Sports Are Not Pleasing to God |date=2020 |publisher=Immanuel Missionary Church |page=4 |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Xigashooyinka==
{{Reflist}}

===Ilaha===
* European Commission (2007), ''The White Paper on Sport''
* Council of Europe (2001), ''The European sport charter''
*{{Free-content attribution
| title = Strengthening the rule of law through education: a guide for policymakers
| publisher = UNESCO
| page numbers =
| documentURL = https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366771
| license statement URL =
| license = CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO
}}

==Sii akhriso==
{{Sister project links|Sports|voy=Sport}}
* ''The Meaning of Sports'' by Michael Mandel (PublicAffairs, {{ISBN|1-58648-252-1}}).
* [https://www.tandfonline.com/journals/rjps20 ''Journal of the Philosophy of Sport'']
* Sullivan, George. ''The Complete Sports Dictionary''. New York: Scholastic Book Services, 1979. p.&amp;nbsp;199. {{ISBN|0-590-05731-6}}

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      <text bytes="78351" sha1="e66d1qyekezc88tgnqzs9mdrd1h97a0" xml:space="preserve">[[File:2015 29 Somali National Team-1 (21007355596).jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|right|Ciyaartoyda kooxda kubadda cagta qaranka [[Soomaaliya]] intii lagu jiray tababarkii [[2015]] ]]
[[File:London Marathon 2005 at Blackfriars.jpg|thumb|Orodka London Marathon 2005: orodada, noocyadooda kala duwan, waxay u taagan yihiin nooca ugu duugga badan uguna jilicsan ciyaaraha.]]

'''Ciyaaraha''' ({{lang-en|Sport}}) waa dhaqdhaqaaq jirkaga ah ama ciyaar, oo inta badan tartan iyo habaysan ah, oo ilaaliya ama hagaajiya awoodda jirrka iyo xirfadaha. Ciyaaruhu waxay bixin karaan baashaal ciyaartoyda iyo madadaalo daawadayaasha. Tirada ciyaartoyda ciyaar gaar ah waxay ka bilaaban kartaa boqolaal qof illaa hal qof oo keliya.

Dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka wuxuu ku xiran yahay dhinacyo kala duwan oo caafimaadka iyo cimri dheerida ah. Heerarka sare ee dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka waxay ku xiran yihiin khatar hoose oo dhimashada dhammaan sababaha iyo dhimashada cudurrada wadnaha, istaroogga iskeemikada, iyo wadne xanuunka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kraus2019&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Kraus | first1 = William E. | last2 = Powell | first2 = Kenneth E. | last3 = Haskell | first3 = William L. | last4 = Janz | first4 = Kathleen F. | last5 = Campbell | first5 = Wayne W. | last6 = Jakicic | first6 = John M. | last7 = Troiano | first7 = Richard P. | title = Physical activity, all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, and cardiovascular disease | journal = Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise | volume = 51 | issue = 6 | pages = 1270 | date = 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka wuxuu sidoo kale ku xiran yahay hoos u dhaca astaamaha niyad-jabka, walwalka, iyo iztiroobka nafsiga ah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh2023&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Singh | first1 = Ben | last2 = Olds | first2 = Timothy | last3 = Curtis | first3 = Rachel | last4 = Dumuid | first4 = Dorothea | last5 = Virgara | first5 = Rosa | last6 = Watson | first6 = Amanda | last7 = Szeto | first7 = Kimberley | title = Effectiveness of physical activity interventions for improving depression, anxiety and distress: an overview of systematic reviews | journal = British Journal of Sports Medicine | volume = 57 | issue = 18 | pages = 1203-1209 | date = 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Munro2026&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Munro | first1 = Neil Richard | last2 = Teague | first2 = Samantha | last3 = Somoray | first3 = Klaire | last4 = Simpson | first4 = Aaron | last5 = Budden | first5 = Timothy | last6 = Jackson | first6 = Ben | last7 = Rebar | first7 = Amanda | last8 = Dimmock | first8 = James | title = Effect of exercise on depression and anxiety symptoms: systematic umbrella review with meta-meta-analysis | journal = British Journal of Sports Medicine | volume = 60 | issue = 8 | pages = 590-599 | date = 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Noetel2024&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Noetel | first1 = Michael | last2 = Sanders | first2 = Taren | last3 = Gallardo-Gómez | first3 = Daniel | last4 = Taylor | first4 = Paul | last5 = del Pozo Cruz | first5 = Borja | last6 = Van Den Hoek | first6 = Daniel | last7 = Smith | first7 = Jordan J. | title = Effect of exercise for depression: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials | journal = BMJ | volume = 384 | date = 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Gaar ahaan, jimicsiga aerobikada, yoogada, iyo jimicsiga noocyada badan leh ayaa loo helay in ay waxtar u leeyihiin hoos u dhicida astaamaha niyad-jabka umusha ka dib.&lt;ref name=&quot;Campos-Marin2025&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Campos-Marin | first1 = Álvaro | last2 = García-Muñoz | first2 = Cristina | last3 = Matias-Soto | first3 = Javier | last4 = Martinez-Calderon | first4 = Javier | title = What interventions focused on physical activity could improve postpartum depression symptoms? An overview of systematic reviews with meta-analysis | journal = Healthcare | volume = 13 | issue = 12 | pages = 1419 | date = 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tartamada ciyaaruhu waxay isticmaali karaan nooca koox ama qof keliya, waxayna noqon karaan kuwo furan, oo u oggolaanaya tiro ballaaran oo ciyaartoy ah, ama kuwo xiran, oo ku xaddidaya kaparticipatinka kooxo gaar ah ama kuwa la casuumay. Tartamadu waxay oggolaan karaan &quot;barbardhac&quot;, oo aysan ka jirin hal guuleyste; kuwo kale waxay bixiyaan hababka barbardhac-jebinta si loo xaqiijiyo in uu jiro hal guuleyste oo keliya. Waxaa sidoo kale loo dhabar-adkeyn karaa nooca tartanka (tournament), oo soo saaraya horyaal. Liigyo badan oo ciyaareed waxay samaysan karaan horyaal sannadle ah iyagoo dhisaya ciyaaro xilliga caadiga ah ee ciyaaraha, oo ay la socdaan xaaladaha qaar ciyaaraha kama-dambaysta ah (playoffs).

Ciyaaraha guud ahaan waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay nidaam dhaqdhaqaaqyo ku dhisnaa ciyaartoynimada jirka ama xirfadda jirka, iyadoo tartamada waaweyni ay oggol yihiin oo keliya ciyaaraha buuxiya qeexiddaan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.olympic.org/sports |title=List of Summer and Winter Olympic Sports and Events |publisher=The Olympic Movement |date=14 November 2018 |access-date=5 March 2012 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225174712/https://www.olympic.org/sports%20 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ururada qaar, sida Golaha Yurub, waxay ka reebayaan dhaqdhaqaaqyada aan lahayn wax walbo oo jirka ah nooca ciyaaraha.&lt;ref name=council/&gt; Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tiro dhaqdhaqaaqyo tartan ah, laakiin aan ahayn kuwo jirka ah, waxay sheegtaan aqoonsi sida ciyaaraha maanka. Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee Olimbikada oo kormeera Ciyaaraha Olimbikada wuxuu u aqoonsan yahay shataraanka iyo bridge-ka ciyaaro ahaan. SportAccord, oo ah ururka xiriirada ciyaaraha caalamiga ah, wuxuu aqoonsan yahay shanta ciyaarood oo aan ahayn kuwo jirka ah: shataraanka, bridge-ka, checkers (draughts), Go iyo xiangqi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |publisher=SportAccord |title=World Mind Games |url=http://www.sportaccord.com/en/multi-sports-games/index.php?idIndex=35&amp;idContent=658 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508021848/http://www.sportaccord.com/en/multi-sports-games/index.php?idIndex=35&amp;idContent=658 |archive-date=8 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |publisher=SportAccord |title=Members |url=http://www.sportaccord.com/en/members/index.php?idContent=644&amp;idIndex=32 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507073823/http://www.sportaccord.com/en/members/index.php?idContent=644&amp;idIndex=32 |archive-date=7 May 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay xaddidaan tirada ciyaaraha maanka ee loo oggolaan karo ciyaaro ahaan.&lt;ref name=sportaccord/&gt; Ciyaaraha guud ahaan waxaa maamula xeerar ama caadooyin, oo u adeega xaqiijinta tartan caadil ah. Guushu waxay ku go'aansami kartaa matalaadaha jirka sida dhibcaha goolasha ama goynta xariiqda marka ugu horreysa. Waxaa sidoo kale go'aamin kara garsoorayaal dhibcaha ka bixinaya waxqabadka ciyaaraha, oo ay ku jiraan xaalado ujeeddo leh ama kuwo fikrad ah sida waxqabadka farsamada ama saamaynta incaamka artistique.

Diiwaanka waxqabadka inta badan waa la dhowraa, ciyaaraha caanka ahna, macluumaadkan waxaa laga yaabaa in si ballaaran looga dhawaaqo ama looga warramo wararka ciyaaraha. Ciyaaruhu sidoo kale waa il muhiim ah oo madadaalo u ah dadka aan kaparticipatgaraynayn, iyadoo ciyaaraha daawashada ay soo jiitaan dad badan garoomada ciyaaraha, oo ay gaaraan dhagaystayaal ballaaran oo maraya teevishanka ama radayowga. Khamaarka ciyaaraha xaaladaha qaar si daran ayaa loo maamulaa, xaaladaha kalena waa qayb ka mid ah ciyaaraha.

Sida ku cad A.T. Kearney, oo ah shirkad la-talinta, kiiska ciyaaraha ee caalamiga ah wuxuu qiimihiisu yahay ilaa $620 bilyan marka la joogo 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/news/international/21585012-sportswomen-are-beginning-score-more-commercial-goalsbut-they-still-have-lot-ground |title=Women in sport: Game, sex and match |newspaper=The Economist |date=7 September 2013 |access-date=14 September 2017 |archive-date=2 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802224933/http://www.economist.com/news/international/21585012-sportswomen-are-beginning-score-more-commercial-goalsbut-they-still-have-lot-ground |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaarta ugu helitaanka iyo ku practice-garaynta badan dunida waa orodka, halka kubbadda cagtu ay tahay ciyaarta daawashada ugu caansan.&lt;ref name=&quot;wa&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-are-the-most-popular-sports-in-the-world.html |title=The Most Popular Sports in the World |date=2018 |website=www.worldatlas.com |publisher=World Atlas |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817161238/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-are-the-most-popular-sports-in-the-world.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ujeeddada iyo adeegsiga==
===Etimoolojiga===
Ereyga &quot;sport&quot; wuxuu ka yimid Faransiiskii Hore desport oo dhahaya &quot;waqti firaaqo&quot;, iyadoo qeexiddii ugu duugnayd ee Ingiriisida ee qarnigii 1300 ay ahayd &quot;wax kasta oo aadamuhu u arko kuwo xiiso leh ama madadaalo leh&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=sport&amp;searchmode=none |title=sport (n.) |access-date=20 April 2008 |first=Douglas |last=Harper |work=Online Etymological Dictionary |archive-date=11 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111214311/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=sport&amp;searchmode=none |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ujeedooyinka kale waxaa ka mid ah khamaarka iyo dhacdooyinka loo sameeyay ujeeddada khamaarka; ugaarsiga; iyo ciyaaraha iyo baashaalka, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa u baahan jimicsi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged |publisher=G&amp;C Merriam Company |location=Springfield, MA |page=2206 |year=1967}}&lt;/ref&gt; Roget's wuxuu qeexayaa ciyaaraha sida &quot;dhaqdhaqaaq loo sameeyo nasasho iyo madadaalo&quot; iyadoo synonyms-ku ay ku jiraan madadaalo iyo firaaqo-wadaag.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Roget's II: The New Thesaurus|edition =3rd|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |url=https://archive.org/details/rogetsiiinewthes00houg |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-618-25414-9 |url-access=registration }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sida loo magacaabo===
Ereyga kali ah ee &quot;sport&quot; waxaa loo isticmaalaa lahjadaha Ingiriisida badankood si loogu qeexo fikradda guud, tusaale &quot;carruurta kaparticipatgaraynaysa ciyaaraha&quot;, iyadoo &quot;sports&quot; loo isticmaalo si loogu qeexo dhaqdhaqaaqyo badan, tusaale &quot;kubbadda cagta iyo rugby waa ciyaaraha ugu caansan Ingriiska&quot;. Ingiriisida Mareykanka waxay isticmaashaa &quot;sports&quot; labada macnaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sport vs sports – Usage Notes |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/sport-s-sports |publisher=Cambridge University Press |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sport |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sport |publisher=Merriam-Webster |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Qeexidda===
{{see also|Game#Definitions}}
[[File:ChessStartingPosition.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee Olimbikada wuxuu u aqoonsan yahay ciyaaraha guddiga qaar ka mid ah ciyaaro ahaan, oo uu ku jiro shataraanka.]]
[[File:Showjumping white horse.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|Boodidda fardaha, oo ah ciyaar fardoolay ah]]
Qeexidda saxda ah ee ka soocaysa ciyaarta dhaqdhaqaaqyada kale ee firaaqada waxay ku kala duwan tahay ilaha. Midda ugu dhow heshiis caalami ah oo ku saabsan qeexidda waxaa bixiya Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Xiriirada Ciyaaraha Caalamiga ah (GAISF), oo ah ururka dhammaan xiriirada ciyaaraha caalamiga ah ee ugu waaweyn (oo ay ku jiraan kubbadda cagta, ciyaaraha fudud, baaskiil wadida, tennis-ka, ciyaaraha fardoolayda, iyo kuwo kale), saas darteedna waa maamulaha rasmiga ah ee ciyaaraha caalamiga ah.

GAISF wuxuu isticmaalaa shuruudaha soo socda, wuxueena go'aamiyaa in ciyaartu tahay inay:&lt;ref name=sportaccord/&gt;
* leedahay walab tartanka ah
* aysan wax ku nool ah dhib u geysanayn
* aysan ku tiirsanayn qalab uu bixiyo hal alaab-qeybiye oo keliya (oo ay ka reeban yihiin ciyaaraha iska lahaanshaha ah sida kubbadda cagta arena)
* aysan ku tiirsanayn wax &quot;nasiib&quot; ah oo gaar ahaan loogu talagalay ciyaarta.

Waxay sidoo kale aqoonsan yihiin in ciyaartu noqon karto ku dhawaad jirka (sida rugby ama ciyaaraha fudud), ku dhawaad maanka (sida shataraanka ama Go), ku dhawaad matoorada (sida Formula 1 ama doonyaha matoorka), ku dhawaad iskudubaridka iyo xirfadda (sida snooker iyo ciyaaraha kale ee cue-ka), ama ku dhawaad kuwa xayawaanku taageeraan (sida ciyaaraha fardoolayda).&lt;ref name=sportaccord/&gt;

Koodinta ciyaaraha maanka ee gudaha qeexidda ciyaaraha lama wada aqbalin, taas oo keentay lchallenge-yo sharci ah oo ka yimid maamulada maamula marka loo eego in loo diaday maalgelinta loo hayo ciyaaraha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |work=BBC News |title=Judicial review of 'sport' or 'game' decision begins |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-34320201 |date=22 September 2015 |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-date=23 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023020304/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-34320201 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Laakiin iyadoo GAISF ay aqoonsan tahay tiro yar oo ciyaaraha maanka ah, ma furaan in ay kaparticipat-geliyaan ciyaaro kale oo maanka ah.

Waxaa jiray kordho adeegsiga ereyga &quot;sport&quot; ee ku saabsan ciyaaro ballaaran oo aan ahayn kuwo jirka ah sida ciyaaraha fiidiyowga, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano esports (ka yimid &quot;ciyaaraha elektaroonigga ah&quot;), gaar ahaan sababtoo ah baaxadda weyn ee kaparticipatinka iyo tartanka habaysan, laakiin kuwan si ballaaran looma aqoonsana ururada ciyaaraha ee waaweyn. Sida ku cad Golaha Yurub, Axdiga Ciyaaraha Yurub, maqaalka 2.i, &quot;'Sport' waa dhammaan noocyada dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka oo, troo kaparticipatinka caadiga ah ama habaysan, haysata ujeedo lagu muujinayo ama lagu hagaajinayo fayowida jirka iyo wanaagga maanka, dhisida xiriirada bulshada ama helitaanka natiijooyinka tartanka heerarka dhan.&quot;&lt;ref name=council/&gt;

===Tartanka===
[[File:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb|left|Orodka fardaha]]

Waxaa jira fikrado iska soo horjeeda oo ku saabsan muhiimadda tartanka uu u leeyahay walaxda qeexaysa ciyaarta, iyadoo ku dhawaad dhammaan ciyaaraha xirfadlaha ah ay ku jiraan tartan, maamulada maamulana ay u baahan yihiin tartan inay tahay shuruud ka hor aqoonsiga Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee Olimbikada (IOC) ama GAISF.&lt;ref name=sportaccord/&gt;

Ururada kale waxay u doodaan ballaadhinta qeexidda ciyaaraha si ay u noqoto dhammaan noocyada dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka, oo aysan ahayn oo keliya dhacdooyinka habaysan ama tartanka ah. Tusaale ahaan, Axdiga Ciyaaraha ee Golaha Yurub wuxuu qeexayaa &quot;sport&quot; sida: &quot;dhammaan noocyada dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka oo, troo kaparticipatinka caadiga ah ama habaysan, looga dan leeyahay ilaalinta ama hagaajinta fayowida jirka iyo wanaagga maanka, dhisida xiriirada bulshada ama helitaanka natiijooyinka tartanka heerarka dhan&quot;, iyadoo si cad u dhexgalinaysa jimicsiga baashaalka ah ee loo sameeyo kaliya baashaal ahaan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=Jun 2022 |title=Revised European Sports Charter – Article 2 |url=https://rm.coe.int/revised-european-sports-charter-web-a6/1680a7534b |publisher=Council of Europe |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title= The Development and Prospects for Community Action in the Field of Sport |date=29 September 1998 |url=https://ec.europa.eu/assets/eac/sport/library/documents/doc252_en.pdf |publisher=European Commission |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Si loo ballaadhiyo kaparticipatinka, oo loo yareeyo saamaynta laga helayo guuldarada ciyaartoyda aan awoodda badan lahayn, waxaa jiray soo-bandhigidda dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka oo aan ahayn tartan ee dhacdooyinka tartanka ah ee caadiga ah sida maalmaha ciyaaraha ee dugsiyada, inkasta oo dhaqdhaqaaqyada noocan oo kale ah ay noqon karaan kuwo muran dhaliya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Front |first=Rebecca |work=The Guardian |title=A little competition |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/jul/17/school-sport-competitive-children-achievement-ambition |date=17 July 2011 |access-date=13 December 2016 |archive-date=15 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315143528/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/jul/17/school-sport-competitive-children-achievement-ambition |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |publisher=ParentDish |title=Why parents hate school sports day |last=Scrimgeour |first=Heidi |date=17 June 2011 |url=http://www.parentdish.co.uk/2011/06/17/why-parents-hate-school-sports-day/ |access-date=11 June 2012 |archive-date=24 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024182750/http://www.parentdish.co.uk/2011/06/17/why-parents-hate-school-sports-day/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dhacdooyinka tartanka ah, ciyaartoyda waxaa lagu qiimeeyaa ama lagu kala saaraa ku dhisnaanta &quot;natiijadooda&quot; iyadoo inta badan loo qeybiyo kooxo leh waxqabad loo siman yahay, tusaale, jinsiga, miisaanka iyo da'da. Qiyaasta natiijadu waxay noqon kartaa ku dhawaad ujeeddo ama fikrad, oo lagu saxo &quot;handicaps&quot; ama ganaaxyo. Tartanka orodka, tusaale ahaan, waqtiga lagu dhameeyay wadada waa qiyaas ujeeddo ah. Jimnaastikada ama quusida, natiijada waxaa go'aamiya garsoorayaal, sidaas darteedna waa fikrad. Waxaa jira heerar garsoorid dhex-dhexaad ah oo u dhexeya feerka iyo ciyaaraha la isku daray ee dagaalka, oo haddii aysan labada ciyaartoy midna guul helin ka hor waqtiga xaddidan, natiijada waxaa go'aamiya kaararka dhibcaha garsoorayaasha. Feerka, saddex garsoore ayaa si madax-bannaan dhibcaha uga bixiya wareeg kasta, iyadoo la raacayo shuruudaha sida feerida nadiifka ah, weerarka waxtarka leh, maamulka garoonka iyo doofaaca.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ABC Uniform Championship Rules |url=https://www.ibf-usba-boxing.com/wp-content/uploads/ABCUniformChampionshipRules.pdf |publisher=Association of Boxing Commissions |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Taariikhda==
{{Main article|History of sport}}
[[File:Roman bronze copy of Myron’s Discobolos, 2nd century CE (Glyptothek Munich).jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Naxaas Roomaan ah oo laga sameeyay Discobolos ee Myron, qarnigii 2aad AD]]
[[File:Participants with the Water Warrior class perform squats prior to entering the pool at Camp Foster, Okinawa, Japan, July 6, 2011 110706-M-VD776-004 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Snoorkeler-ku waxay sameynayaan jimicsiga squats ka hor inta aysan galin barkadda ee saldhigga ciidanka Mareykanka, 2011.]]

Shaqooyinka gacanta iyo dhismayaasha waxay tilmaamayaan ciyaaraha Shiinaha sida ay ahayd 2000 BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://chineseculture.about.com/library/weekly/aa032301a.htm |title=Sports History in China |author1=Ye Qinfa |access-date=15 October 2006 |archive-date=3 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303183246/http://chineseculture.about.com/library/weekly/aa032301a.htm |url-status=deviated }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jimnaastikada waxay u muuqataa in ay caan ka ahayd waagii duugga ahaa ee Shiinaha. Taallooyinka Fircooniga waxay tilmaamaan in tiro ciyaaro ah, oo ay ku jiraan dabaasha iyo kaluumeysiga, ay ahaayeen kuwo si wanaagsan u horumaray oo maamulan kumanaan sano ka hor Masartii Hore.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ioa.leeds.ac.uk/1980s/84085.htm |title=84.85-90 History of Sports in Ancient Egypt |first1=Ahmed D. |last1=Touny |website=Proceedings of the International Olympic Academy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029232515/http://www.ioa.leeds.ac.uk/1980s/84085.htm |archive-date=29 October 2006 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha kale ee Masar waxaa ka mid ahaa tuurista waranka, boodada dheer, iyo legdinta. Ciyaaraha Beershiyo ee Hore sida sanka ee soo jireenka ah ee Iiraan ee Zoorkhaneh waxay lahayd xiriir dhow oo ku saabsan xirfadaha dagaalka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.kuwait-info.com/newsnew/NewsDetails1.asp?id=78319&amp;dt=10/13/2006&amp;ntype=World |title=Ancient sport still flexing its muscles in Iran |website=kuwait-info.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070326081959/http://www.kuwait-info.com/newsnew/NewsDetails1.asp?id=78319&amp;dt=10%2F13%2F2006&amp;ntype=World |archive-date=26 March 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha kale ee ka yimid Beershiyadii Hore waxaa ka mid ah polo iyo jousting. Ciyaaraha soo jireenka ah ee Hindiya ee kala duwan sida Kho kho iyo Kabaddi waxaa la ciyaarayay kumanaan sano. Kabaddi waxaa loo ciyaarayay malaha sida u-diyaargarowga ugaarsiga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=kabaddi {{!}} sport |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/kabaddi |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Bruno Senna 2006 Australian Grand Prix.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|Ciyaaraha matoorada leh waxay soo muuqdeen tan iyo markii ay timid waagii casriga ahaa.]]

Tiro ballaaran oo ciyaaro ah ayaa horay loo dhisay waagii Gariikii Hore, dhaqanka ciidankana iyo horumarka ciyaaraha ee Gariiga waxay saameeyeen midba midka kale si weyn. Ciyaaruhu waxay noqdeen qayb aad u muhiim ah oo ka mid ah dhaqankooda taas oo keentay in Gariigu ay dhiisaha Ciyaaraha Olimbikada, oo waagii duugga ahaa lagu qaban jiray afar sano kasta tuulo yar oo ku taalla Peloponnesus oo loo yaqaanay Olympia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/ancient/index_uk.asp|title=Ancient Olympic Games|date=30 July 2018|access-date=15 October 2006|archive-date=28 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090928011744/http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/ancient/index_uk.asp|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciyaaraha waxaa sii kordhayay habaynta iyo maamulidda tan iyo waagii Olimbikadii Hore illaa qarniga hadda jira. Warshadaysashadu waxay keenay gaadiidka matoorada leh iyo kordhinta waqtiga firaaqada, oo u oggolaanaya dadka in ay kaparticipat-gelaan oo ay raacaan ciyaaraha daawashada oo ay kaparticipat-gelaan dhaqdhaqaaqyada ciyaartoyda. Isbeddelladan waxay sii socdeen iyadoo ay timid warbaahinta weyn iyo xiriirka caalamiga ah. Xirfaddnimadu waxay noqotay mid caan ah, iyadoo sii kordhinaysa caannimada ciyaaraha, maadaama taageerayaasha ciyaaruhu ay raacayeen guulaha ciyaartoyda xirfadlayaasha ah – iyagoo oo dhami ku raaxaysanayay jimicsiga iyo tartanka ku xiran kaparticipatinka amateerka ee ciyaaraha. Tan iyo markii uu karraday qarniga 21aad, waxaa jiray doode ka dhan ah in dadka transgender-ka ah ee ciyaartoyda ah ay awood u leeyihiin in ay kaparticipat-gelaan dhacdooyinka ciyaaraha ee u dhigma jinsigooda cusub.&lt;ref&gt;''Sport and the Law: Historical and Cultural Intersections'', p. 111, Sarah K. Fields (2014){{ISBN?}}|&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ciyaarta caadiga ah==
===Dhaqanka ciyaartoyda===
Dhaqanka ciyaartoyda waa dabeecad u doodeysa ciyaarta caadiga ah, edebta ka dhaxaysa kooxda iyo kaadhibka, dhaqanka anshaxa leh iyo daacadnimada, iyo sharafka guusha ama guuldarada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?va=sportsmanship |publisher=Merriam-Webster |title=Sportsmanship |access-date=15 October 2006 |archive-date=28 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928231236/http://www.merriam.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?va=sportsmanship |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Fish |first1=Joel |last2=Magee |first2=Susan |year=2003 |title=101 Ways to Be a Terrific Sports Parent |publisher=Fireside |page=168}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Lacey |first=David |date=10 November 2007 |url=http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/11/10/it_takes_a_bad_loser_to_become.html |title=It takes a bad loser to become a good winner |work=The Guardian |access-date=28 October 2009 |archive-date=13 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113021424/http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/11/10/it_takes_a_bad_loser_to_become.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dhaqanka ciyaartoyda wuxuu muujinayaa rabitaan ama ruux in dhaqdhaqaaqa loogu raaxaysan doono ujeedadiisa lafahaadeed. Fikirka caanka ah ee uu qoray weriyaha ciyaaraha Grantland Rice, ee ah &quot;ma aha inaad guuleysato ama guuldarraysato, laakiin waa sida aad u ciyaarto ciyaarta&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Rice, Grantland |url=https://tshf.net/halloffame/rice-grantland/ |publisher=Tennessee Sports Hall of Fame |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo caqiidada Olimbikada casriga ah ee uu muujiyay aasaasaheeda Pierre de Coubertin: &quot;Waxyaabaha ugu muhiimsan Ciyaaraha Olimbikada ma aha guusha laakiin waa kaparticipatinka,&quot; waa muujinta caadiga ah ee fikirkan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Fundamentals of Olympic Values Education |publisher=International Olympic Committee |url=https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/Documents/Document-Set-Teachers-The-Main-Olympic-Topics/Olympism-and-the-Olympic-Movement.pdf |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Khayaanada===
{{see also|Match fixing|cheating}}
Mabaadi'da muhiimka ah ee ciyaaraha waxaa ka mid ah in natiijadu aysan noqon ku dhisnaan hore, iyo dhammaan ciyaartoydu inay lahaadaan fursad loo siman yahay oo ay ku guuleystaan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=European Sports Charter, Article 3|url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/sport/european-sports-charter|publisher=Council of Europe|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Xeerarka iyo shuruucda waxaa dhisay maamulada maamula si loo xaqiijiyo ciyaar caadil ah iyo daacadnimo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=International Charter of Physical Education, Physical Activity and Sport, Article 10|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000235409|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ciyaartoydu mararka kaar ayaa jebiya xeerarkan si ay u helaan faa'iido aan caadil ahayn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Fair play and the competitive spirit|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000093013|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciyaartoydu waxay khayaani karaan si ay u kordhiyaan fursadahooda guusha, si ay u helaan faa'iido lacageed ama faa'iido kale.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Global Report on Corruption in Sport|url=https://www.unodc.org/documents/corruption/Publications/2022/Global_Report_on_Corruption_in_Sport_Full_report.pdf|publisher=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Caannimada khamaarka ee ku saabsan natiijooyinka ciyaaraha waxay abuurtaa dhiirigelin lagu sameeyo hagaajinta ciyaarta (match fixing), oo hal ama ka badan oo ciyaartoy ahi ay ku heshiiyaan in ay go'aamiyaan natiijooyinka ka hor halkii ay si daacad ah u tartami lahaayeen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Staying on Side: How to Stop Match-Fixing|url=https://images.transparencycdn.org/images/2014_Stop_MatchFixing_EN.pdf|publisher=Transparency International|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Doping-ka iyo dawooyinka===
{{main article|Use of performance-enhancing drugs in sport}}
Dabeecadda tartanka ah ee ciyaaraha waxay dhiirigelisaa ciyaartoyda qaar in ay isku dayaan in ay hagaajiyaan waxqabadkooda troo dawooyinka, ama habab kale sida kordhinta tirada dhiigga ee jirkooda troo habab dadku sameeyeen.&lt;ref name=&quot;Baron2007&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Baron |first1=David A. |last2=Martin |first2=David M. |last3=Abol Magd |first3=Samir |title=Doping in sports and its spread to at-risk populations: an international review |journal=World Psychiatry |year=2007 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=118–123 |pmid=18235871|pmc=2219897 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dhammaan ciyaaraha uu aqoonsan yahay IOC, ama SportAccord, waxaa loo baahan yahay in ay sameeyaan barnaamij tijaabo ah, iyagoo raadinaya liiska dawooyinka la mamnuucay, iyadoo ganaaxyo ama joojin loo dhigay ciyaartoyda ku tijaabo-gala nooca togan ee walxaha la mamnuucay.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Prohibited List |url=https://www.wada-ama.org/en/prohibited-list |publisher=World Anti-Doping Agency |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=World Anti-Doping Code |url=https://www.wada-ama.org/en/what-we-do/world-anti-doping-code |publisher=World Anti-Doping Agency |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Dagaalka===
Dagaalka ciyaaraha wuxuu ku jiraa ka tallaabida xariiqda u dhexaysa tartanka caadiga ah iyo dagaalka muuqda ee ujeeddada leh. Ciyaartoyda, tababarayaasha, taageerayaasha, iyo waalidiintu mararka kaar waxay sameeyaan dhaqan dagaal ah oo ku saabsan dadka ama hantida, iyagoo muujinaya daacadnimo, maamul, carro, ama dabaaldeg oo la khalday. Rabshadaha ama hooliganism-ka oo ay sameeyaan taageerayaashu gaar ahaan waa dhibaato ka jirta tartamada ciyaaraha ee heer qaran iyo kuwo caalami ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Russell |first=Gareth |title=Sport riots: A social–psychological review |journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior |year=2004 |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=353–378|doi=10.1016/S1359-1789(03)00031-4 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Guide on the Security of Major Sporting Events |url=https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/sites/www.un.org.counterterrorism/files/211006_guide_on_security_major_sporting_events_web.pdf |publisher=United Nations |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ka qaybqaadashada==
===Ka qaybqaadashada jinsiga===
[[File:100 metres race winner Sina Schielke (192) and the other Runners - ISTAF 2006 - Berlin, 3 September.jpg|thumb|Ciyaartoyda dumarka ah ee heerka caalamiga ah ee ISTAF Berlin, 2006]]
Participatinka dumarka ee ciyaaraha wuu kordhay iyada oo la kordhiyay fursadaha iyo aqoonsiga kordhaya ee faa'iidooyinka dhaqdhaqaaqa ciyaartoyda ee horumarka carruurta iyo fayowida jirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Eime |first1=Rochelle M. |last2=Young |first2=Janet A. |last3=Harvey |first3=Jack T. |last4=Charity |first4=Melanie J. |last5=Payne |first5=Warren R. |title=A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for children and adolescents |journal=International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity |year=2013 |volume=10 |issue=98 |page=98 |doi=10.1186/1479-5868-10-98|doi-access=free |pmid=23945179 |pmc=3751802 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Inkasta oo ay jiraan faa'iidooyinkan, farqiga jinsiga wuu sii jiraa. Heerka Olimbikada, dumarku waxay ahaayeen 49% oo ku taalla Tokyo 2020,&lt;ref name=&quot;RioTokyoWSF&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Paris 2024 should see gender parity – WSF study |url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/paris-2024-should-see-gender-parity-wsf-study-2022-04-21/ |publisher=Reuters |date=2022-04-21 |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; iyagoo gaadhay 50 % oo buuxa oo isu dhigma oo ku taalla Paris 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;GenderParity2024&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Reid |first=Helen |title=Women athletes say the work isn't over after Olympics gender parity |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/olympics/women-athletes-say-work-isnt-over-after-olympics-gender-parity-2024-07-28/ |publisher=Reuters |date=2024-07-28 |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Laakiin baadhitaannada caalamiga ah waxay sheegaan oo keliya 20% oo dumar ah oo ka aghb 31% oo ragg ah in ay kaparticipat-gelaan dhaqdhaqaaqa ciyaaraha bishii,&lt;ref name=&quot;YouGovGap&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Shah |first=Kineree |title=The great divide – exploring the gender gap in sports viewership |url=https://business.yougov.com/content/46311-the-great-divide-exploring-gender-gap-in-sports-viewership |publisher=YouGov |date=2023-03-10 |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ururka Caafimaadka Dduunka wuxuu xussayaa in dumarku ay 5 percentage points ka hooseeyaan ragga marka loo eego in ay buuxiyaan shuruudaha dhaqdhaqaaqa la soo jeediyay.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHOActivity&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Physical activity fact sheet |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciyaaraha qaar waa jinsiga la isku daray, oo oggolaanaya, ama xitaa u baahan, ragga iyo dumarka in ay ku ciyaaraan koox ka mid ah. Hal tusaale oo tan ah waa Baseball5, oo ah ciyaartii ugu horreysay ee jinsiga la isku daray ee loo oggolaado Olimbikada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Debut of Baseball5 at Youth Olympic Games postponed as next YOG shifted from 2022 to 2026 |url=http://www.wbsc.org/en/news/debut-of-baseball5-at-youth-olympic-games-postponed-as-next-yog-shifted-from-2022-to-2026 |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=World Baseball Softball Confederation |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Participatinka dhallinyarada===
{{main|Youth sports}}
{{See also|College sports}}
Ciyaaraha dhallinyarada waxay u bixiyaan carruurta fursado baashaal, isku xidhka bulshada, dhisida xiriirada ciyaartoyda kale, fayowida jirka, iyo deeqaha waxbarasho ee ciyaartoyda. U doodayaasha waxbarashada iyo dagaalka ka dhanka ah dawooyinka waxay dhiirigeliyaan ciyaaraha dhallinyarada si ay uga baxaan kaparticipatinka waxbarashada oo ay uga dagaallamaan ganacsiga dawooyinka ee sharci-darro ah. Sida ku cad Xarunta Cilmi-baadhista Dhaawaca iyo Siyaasadda ee Cusbitaalka Carruurta ee Qaranka, khatarta ugu weyn ee ciyaaraha dhallinyarada waa dhimasho ama dhaawac daran oo uu ku jiro concussion. Khatarahan waxay ka yimaadaan orodka, kubbadda koleyga, kubbadda cagta, volleyball-ka, gridiron-ka, jimnaastikada, iyo ice hockey.&lt;ref&gt;[https://healthland.time.com/2009/08/04/why-are-more-kids-getting-hurt-in-gym-class/ &quot;Gym class injuries up 150% between 1997 and 2007&quot;], ''Time'', 4 August 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha dhallinyarada ee US waa $15 bilyan oo vaza ah oo ay ku jiraan qalabka illaa tababarka gaarka ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last1=Gregory |first1=Sean |title=How Kids' Sports Became a $15 Billion Industry |url=https://time.com/4913687/how-kids-sports-became-15-billion-industry/ |access-date=24 August 2017 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=24 August 2017 |archive-date=24 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824112734/http://time.com/4913687/how-kids-sports-became-15-billion-industry/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Participatinka dadka naqada ah===
{{see also|Parasports|Paralympic Games}}
[[File:David Bizet - Marathon de Paris 2014.jpg|thumb|Orodiyaha wuxuu si saaxiibtinimo ah ugu taabanayaa garabka orodiyaha kursiga curyaanka inta lagu jiro Marathon-ka Paris 2014.]]

Ciyaaraha dadka naqada ah ama ciyaaraha la waafajiyay waxaa ciyaara dad leh naqadnimo, oo ay ku jiraan naqadnimada jirka iyo naqadnimada maanka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Para Sport |url=https://www.paralympic.org/paralympic-sport |publisher=International Paralympic Committee |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maadaama kuwo badan oo kuwan ka mid ah ay ku dhisnaayeen ciyaaraha jira oo la waafajiyay si loo buuxiyo baahida dadka leh naqadnimada, mararka kaar waxaa loo yaqaanaa ciyaaraha la waafajiyay.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Misener |first1=Laura |last2=Kissack |first2=Travis |title=Social inclusion through sport: Community coaching and participation of people with disabilities in sport |journal=Sport Management Review |year=2010 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=49–67 |doi=10.1016/j.smr.2009.10.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhammaan ciyaaraha dadka naqada ah ma aha kuwo la waafajiyay; tiro gaar ah oo loogu talagalay dadka leh naqadnimada ma laha wax u dhigma ciyaaraha dadka caadiga ah, sida goalball iyo boccia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sitting Volleyball, Goalball and Boccia |url=https://www.paralympic.org/sports |publisher=International Paralympic Committee |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Participatinka dadka waaweyn===
{{see also|Masters athletics|Masters cycling|Masters swimming}}
[[File:Pickleball Players.jpg|thumb|right|Pickleball waa ciyaar gaar ahaan u soo jiidasho badan dadka waaweyn.]]
'''Ciyaaraha Masters-ka''', '''ciyaaraha senior-ka''', ama '''ciyaaraha veteran-ka''' waa qeyb da'da ah oo ciyaaraha ah, oo inta badan ku jirta kooxaha da'da 35 iyo ka weyn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/veterans-and-masters-sport|title=Story: Veterans and masters sport|publisher=govt.nz|access-date=28 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waxay khuseyn kartaa dhaqdhaqaaqyada ciyaaraha oo aan la beddelin ama la waafajiyay, oo leh ama aan lahayn tartamo.

'''Tartamada'''
* World Masters Games oo la habayeeyay tan iyo 1985 afar sano kasta.
* European Masters Games oo la habayeeyay markii ugu horreysay 2008 oo markaas ka dib afar sano kasta.
* Senior Olympics (Senior Games)
* USATF Masters Outdoor Championships oo bilaabatay 1968
* USATF Masters Indoor Championships oo bilaabatay 1975
* World Masters Athletics Championships oo bilaabatay 1975

===Participatinka daawadayaasha===
{{Main article|Spectator sport}}
{{See also|Sports fandom}}
[[File:1906 Athens stadium.jpg|thumb|right|Daawadayaasha Ciyaaraha Olimbikada ee aan rasmiga ahayn ee 1906]]

Qaybta tartanka ee ciyaaraha, iyada oo la socota soo jiidashada quruxda ee dhinacyada qaar, waxay keentay dhacdooyinka ciyaaraha daawashada. Ciyaaraha amateerka iyo xirfadlaha ah waxay soo jiitaan dhagaystayaal toos ah oo ku yaalla garoomada iyo troo warbaahinta – radayowga, teevishanka iyo intarneedka – oo mid kasta oo kuwan ka mid ah uu ka qaadi karo lacagaha sida tikidhada ama isdhaafsiga pay-per-view.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=Spectator sport |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/spectator-sport |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Liigyada ciyaaraha iyo tartamadu waxay bixiyaan hababka habaysan ee ugu muhiimsan ee tartanka caadiga ah ee u dhexeya kooxaha ama ciyaartoyda gaarka ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Fort |first= Rodney D |title=Sports Economics |publisher=Prentice Hall |year=2015 |isbn=9780130850911}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dhacdooyinka sare waxay amraan dhagaystayaal waaweyn, iyagoo dhiirigeliya heshiisyo waaweyn oo xuquuqda warbaahinta ah. Ciyaarta kama-dambaysta ah ee Koobka Duunka FIFA 2006 waxay soo jiitatay in ka badan 700 milyan oo daawadayaal ah oo duunka oo dhan ah,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=2006 FIFA World Cup™ Media Report |url=http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/germany2006/organisation/media/media-reports.html |publisher=FIFA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101000000/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/germany2006/organisation/media/media-reports.html |access-date=2025-05-02|archive-date=1 January 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ciyaarta kama-dambaysta ah ee Koobka Duunka ee Cricket 2011 waxaa daawaday noin 135 milyan oo daawadayaal ah oo ku taalla Hindiya oo keliya.&lt;ref name=&quot;CWC2011&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=135 mn saw World Cup final: TAM |date=10 April 2011 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/135-mn-saw-World-Cup-final-TAM/Article1-683623.aspx |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=2025-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803013151/http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/135-mn-saw-World-Cup-final-TAM/Article1-683623.aspx |archive-date=2013-08-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mareykanka, Super Bowl wuxuu ku jiraa nooca teevishanka sannadlaha ah ee ugu daawashada badan, iyadoo Super Bowl XLIX ee 2015 uu lahaa averiiji 114 milyan oo daawadayaal ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Nielsen |title=Super Bowl XLIX Sets U.S. Viewership Record |url=http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/news/2015/super-bowl-xlix-most-watched-telecast-in-u-s--history.html |publisher=Nielsen |date=2015-02-02 |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Axadda Super Bowl waxaa loo arkaa fasax qaran oo aan rasmi ahayn, iyo 2015 booska xayeysiiska ee 30-ilbiriqsi ah waxaa lagu iibiyay noin US$4.5 milyan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Super Bowl Ads Cost US$4.5M for 30-Second Spot |url=https://adage.com/article/media/super-bowl-ads-cost-4-5m-30-spot/296163 |publisher=Ad Age |date=2015-01-30 |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Hiwaayad iyo xirfadle==
[[File:Volleyball-5 (9786053885).jpg|thumb|Kooxda volleyball-ka ee dumarka ee jaamacadda Mareykanka]]
Ciyaaraha waxaa loo samayn karaa nooc amateer, xirfadle ama xirfadle Dhexe ah, iyada oo ku xiran haddii ciyaartoyda loo dhiirigeliyo kaparticipatinka (inta badan troo bixinta lacagta ama mushaharka). Participatinka amateerka ee ciyaaraha heerarka hoose inta badan loo yaqaan &quot;ciyaaraha xididdada&quot; (grassroots sport).&lt;ref name=&quot;council&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;White Paper&quot;&gt;{{cite web |publisher=European Commission |title=The White Paper on Sport |url=http://ec.europa.eu/sport/white-paper/index_en.htm |access-date=11 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916202200/http://ec.europa.eu/sport/white-paper/index_en.htm |archive-date=16 September 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Caannimada ciyaaraha daawashada oo ah firaaqo u ah dadka aan kaparticipat-gelaayn waxay keentay in ciyaaruhu ay noqdaan ganacsi weyn oo madax-bannaan, tanina waxay dhiirigelisay dhaqanka ciyaaraha xirfadlaha ah ee bixiya lacagaha sare, oo ciyaartoyda waxqabadka sare leh lagu abaalmariyo lacag ka badan mushaharka averiijiga ah, oo gaari karta milyan oo doolar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |magazine=Sports Illustrated |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/specials/fortunate50-2011/index.html |title=Fortunate 50 2011 |last=Freedman |first=Jonah |access-date=5 March 2012 |archive-date=29 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429050301/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/specials/fortunate50-2011/index.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciyaaraha qaar, ama tartamada gaarka ah ee ku jira ciyaaraha, waxay haystaan siyaasad ah oggolaanshaha ciyaaraha amateerka oo keliya. Ciyaaraha Olimbikada waxay ku bilaabmeen mabda'a tartanka amateerka iyadoo kuwa ciyaarta u ciyaara si xirfadle ah loo arkayay in ay leeyihiin faa'iido aan caadil ahayn marka loo eego kuwa u ciyaara kaliya sida hiwaayad.&lt;ref name=OIdeology&gt;{{cite book |last=Eassom |first=Simon |title=Critical Reflections on Olympic Ideology |year=1994 |location=Ontario |publisher=The Centre for Olympic Studies |pages=120–123 |isbn=978-0-7714-1697-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tan iyo 1971, ciyaartoyda Olimbikada waxaa loo oggolaaday in ay helaan lacag iyo kafaalo-qaad (sponsorship),&lt;ref name=&quot;InfoPlease&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.infoplease.com/spot/olympic-athletes.html |title=Olympic Athletes |publisher=Info Please |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=16 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616042315/http://www.infoplease.com/spot/olympic-athletes.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; iyadoo tan iyo 1986, IOC ay go'aansatay in ay ka dhigto dhammaan ciyaartoyda xirfadlayaasha ah kuwo u qalma Olimbikada,&lt;ref name=&quot;InfoPlease&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/22/opinion/greene-olympics-amateurs/ |title=What changed the Olympics forever |publisher=CNN |date=23 July 2012 |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=15 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615122848/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/22/opinion/greene-olympics-amateurs/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; iyadoo laga reebayo feerka,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/13894/olympic-boxing-must-remain-amateur-despite-moves-to-turn-it-professional-states-warren- |title=Olympic boxing must remain amateur despite moves to turn it professional states Warren |publisher=Inside the Games |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=15 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615044539/http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/13894/olympic-boxing-must-remain-amateur-despite-moves-to-turn-it-professional-states-warren- |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=njefAgAAQBAJ&amp;q=only+amateur+boxers+at+olympics&amp;pg=PA400 |title=Historical Dictionary of Boxing |last1=Grasso |first1=John |date=2013 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |access-date=13 June 2015 |isbn=978-0-8108-7867-9 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417060735/https://books.google.com/books?id=njefAgAAQBAJ&amp;q=only+amateur+boxers+at+olympics&amp;pg=PA400 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo legdinta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1529280-olympic-wrestling-is-important-for-pro-wrestlers-and-its-fans |title=Olympic Wrestling Is Important for Pro Wrestling and Its Fans|author-first1=John|author-last1=Canton|publisher=Bleacher Report |date=14 February 2013 |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=16 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616155635/http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1529280-olympic-wrestling-is-important-for-pro-wrestlers-and-its-fans |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2WYEAAAAMBAJ&amp;q=only+amateur+wrestlers+at+olympics&amp;pg=PA24 |title=Boys' Life |date=August 1988 |page=24 |access-date=13 June 2015 |publisher=Boy Scouts of America, Inc. |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417073533/https://books.google.com/books?id=2WYEAAAAMBAJ&amp;q=only+amateur+wrestlers+at+olympics&amp;pg=PA24 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Teknoolojiga==
[[File:Third umpire lights at Melbourne Cricket Ground.JPG|thumb|Muuqaalkan ku yaalla Melbourne Cricket Ground wuxuu tilmaamayaa go'aanka garsooraha saddexaad uu sameeyo ka dib marka dib loo eego.]]
Teknoolojigu wuxuu ka ciyaaraa qayb muhiim ah ciyaaraha casriga ah. Waa qayb loo baahan yahay oo ka mid ah ciyaaraha qaar (sida ciyaaraha matoorada), waxaana loo isticmaalaa kuwo kale si loo hagaajiyo waxqabadka. Ciyaaraha qaar waxay sidoo kale isticmaalaan si loogu oggolaado go'aan-gaarida ka baxsan garoonka.

Aqoonta ciyaaraha (sports science) waxaa lagu dabaqi karaa goobaha oo ay ku jiraan waxqabadka ciyaartoyda, sida isticmaalka falanqaynta fiidiyowga si loo hagaajiyo farsamada, ama qalabka, sida hagaajinta kabaha orodka ama dharka dabaasha ee tartanka. Injineernimada ciyaaraha waxay soo muuqatay sida qeyb aqooneed 1998 iyada oo kordhinaysa diiradda oo aysan ahayn oo keliya dhiisida walxaha laakiin sidoo kale isticmaalka teknoolojiga ee ciyaaraha, ka yimid falanqaynta iyo data-da weyn illaa teknoolojiga la xerto.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaining Steam in Sports Technology&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Gaining Steam in Sports Technology |url=https://alum.mit.edu/pages/sliceofmit/2014/06/17/mit-steam-sports-technology/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714150052/https://alum.mit.edu/pages/sliceofmit/2014/06/17/mit-steam-sports-technology/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 |website=Slice of MIT |access-date=3 January 2015 |ref=Slice of MIT}}&lt;/ref&gt; Si loo maamulo saamaynta teknoolojiga ee ciyaarta caadiga ah, maamulada maamula inta badan waxay leeyihiin xeerar gaar ah oo loo dhigay si loo maamulo saamaynta faa'iidada farsamada ee u dhexaysa ciyaartoyda. Tusaale ahaan, 2010, dharka dabaasha ee buuxa oo aan ahayn textile-ka waxaa mamnuucay FINA, maadaama ay hagaajinayeen waxqabadka dabaalyada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/swimming/8161867.stm |title=Hi-tech suits banned from January |publisher=BBC Sport |date=31 July 2009 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908051335/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/swimming/8161867.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/full-body-swimsuit-now-banned-professional-swimmers/story?id=9437780 |first=Kristina |last=Wong |title=Full Body Swimsuit Now Banned for Professional Swimmers |work=ABC News |date=4 January 2010 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=7 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607200059/http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/full-body-swimsuit-now-banned-professional-swimmers/story?id=9437780 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kordhinta teknoolojiga waxay sidoo kale oggolaatay go'aano badan oo ciyaaraha ah in la qaato, ama dib loo eego, ka baxsan garoonka, iyadoo maamule kale uu isticmaalayo muujinta fiidiyowga tooska ah si uu u sameeyo go'aano. Ciyaaraha qaar, ciyaartoydu hadda waxay kaparticipat-geli karaan go'aanada ay sameeyeen maamuladu. Kubbadda cagta, teknoolojiga xariiqda goolka wuxuu sameeyaa go'aano ku saabsan haddii kubbadu ay goysay xariiqda goolka ama aysan goyn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=FIFA |title=Testing Manual |journal=FIFA Quality Programme for Goal Line Technology |year=2012 |url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifaqualityprogramme/goal-linetechnology/01/66/02/89/glt_testing_manual_2012.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030143223/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifaqualityprogramme/goal-linetechnology/01/66/02/89/glt%5Ftesting%5Fmanual%5F2012.pdf|archive-date=30 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Teknoolojigu ma aha mid khasab ah,&lt;ref name=IFABofficial&gt;{{cite web |title=IFAB makes three unanimous historic decisions |url=https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2012/m=7/news=ifab-makes-three-unanimous-historic-decisions-1660541.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507234418/http://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2012/m=7/news=ifab-makes-three-unanimous-historic-decisions-1660541.html |archive-date=7 May 2015 |publisher=FIFA |access-date=23 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; laakiin waxaa loo isticmaalay Koobka Duunka FIFA 2014 ee Brazil,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2014/m=4/news=goal-line-technology-set-ahead-fifa-world-cup-2311481.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511001351/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2014/m=4/news=goal-line-technology-set-ahead-fifa-world-cup-2311481.html |archive-date=11 May 2014 |title=Goal-line technology set up ahead of FIFA World Cup |date=1 April 2014 |publisher=FIFA |access-date=9 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo Koobka Duunka ee Dumarka ee FIFA 2015 ee Canada,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/y=2015/m=3/news=hawk-eye-confirmed-as-goal-line-technology-provider-for-canada-2015-2580727.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331170115/http://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/y=2015/m=3/news=hawk-eye-confirmed-as-goal-line-technology-provider-for-canada-2015-2580727.html |archive-date=31 March 2015 |title=Hawk-Eye confirmed as goal-line technology provider for Canada 2015 |date=31 March 2015 |publisher=[[FIFA]] |access-date=2 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; sida lagu isticmaalay Premier League tan iyo 2013–14,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC_Premier&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/22107409 |title=Goal-line technology: Premier League votes in favour for 2013–14 |publisher=BBC |date=11 April 2013 |access-date=11 April 2013 |archive-date=11 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411143514/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/22107409 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo Bundesliga tan iyo 2015–16.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.carlyleobserver.com/sports/bundesliga-approves-hawk-eye-goal-line-technology-for-new-season-1.1650074 |title=Bundesliga approves Hawk-Eye goal-line technology for new season |work=Carlyle Observer |access-date=9 June 2015 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029003339/https://www.carlyleobserver.com/sports/bundesliga-approves-hawk-eye-goal-line-technology-for-new-season-1.1650074 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; NFL-ka, garsooruhu wuxuu kordhin karaa dib u eegis ka timaada goobta dib u eegiska, ama tababaraha wuxuu soo saari karaa challenge si loo dib u eego ciyaarta iyadoo la isticmaalayo muujinta. Go'aanka kama-dambaysta ah wuxuu ku jiraa garsooraha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nfl.com/news/nfl-approves-rule-to-change-replay-process-0ap2000000336662 |title=NFL approves rule to change replay process |publisher=Business Insider |date=20 July 2011 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608173617/http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap2000000336662/article/nfl-approves-rule-to-change-replay-process |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Garsooraha fiidiyowga (caadi ahaan loo yaqaan Television Match Official ama TMO) wuxuu sidoo kale isticmaali karaa muujinta si uu u caawiyo go'aan-gaarida rugby-ga (labada liig iyo union).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rugbyworld.com/news/blogs/television-match-official-when-can-they-rule-14818 |title=Television Match Official – when can they rule |publisher=Rugby World |date=20 August 2011 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608222853/http://www.rugbyworld.com/news/blogs/television-match-official-when-can-they-rule-14818 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/club/9488451/New-rules-for-Television-Match-Officials-will-not-make-game-boring-to-watch-insist-rugby-chiefs.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/club/9488451/New-rules-for-Television-Match-Officials-will-not-make-game-boring-to-watch-insist-rugby-chiefs.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=New rules for Television Match Officials will not make game boring to watch, insist rugby chiefs |work=The Telegraph |date=20 August 2012 |access-date=8 June 2015|last1=Cleary |first1=Mick }}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cricket-ka caalamiga ah, garsooruhu wuxuu kordhin karaa go'aanka garsooraha saddexaad, garsooraha saddexaadna wuxuu sameeyaa go'aanka kama-dambaysta ah.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC Umpire&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/rules_and_equipment/4183398.stm |title=The role of cricket umpires |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=8 June 2015 |date=26 August 2005 |archive-date=2 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302114814/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/rules_and_equipment/4183398.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Top End&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/sport/cricket/technology.htm |title=Cricket Technology |publisher=Top End Sports |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608175247/http://www.topendsports.com/sport/cricket/technology.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tan iyo 2008, nidaamka dib u eegiska go'aanka ee ciyaartoyda si loo dib u eego go'aanada waxaa lagu soo bandhigay oo lagu isticmaalay tartamada uu maamulo ICC, iyo ikhtiyaar ahaan ciyaaraha kale.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC Umpire&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/cricket/controversial-drs-to-be-used-in-2015-icc-world-cup_1538054.html |title=Controversial DRS to be used in 2015 ICC World Cup |publisher=Zee News |date=29 January 2015 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608222859/http://zeenews.india.com/sports/cricket/controversial-drs-to-be-used-in-2015-icc-world-cup_1538054.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyada oo ku xiran warbaahinta martigalisa, tiro teknoolojiyo oo kala duwan ayaa lagu isticmaalaa inta lagu jiro dib u eegiska garsooraha ama ciyaartoyda, oo ay ku jiraan muujinta tooska ah, Hawk-Eye, Hot Spot iyo Real Time Snickometer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015/content/story/827213.html |title=Hawkeye, Realtime Snicko for World Cup |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=7 February 2015 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=10 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610075356/http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015/content/story/827213.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/icc-world-cup-3-top-reasons-why-did-not-use-hotspot-as-part-of-drs/20150213.htm |title=3 Top reasons why ICC did not use 'Hotspot' as part of DRS |newspaper=Rediff |publisher=Rediff cricket |date=13 February 2015 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608195717/http://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/icc-world-cup-3-top-reasons-why-did-not-use-hotspot-as-part-of-drs/20150213.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Hawk-Eye waxaa sidoo kale lagu isticmaalaa tennis-ka si loogu tartamo go'aanada garsoorida.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Almog |first1=David |last2=Gauriot |first2=Romain |last3=Page |first3=Lionel |last4=Martin |first4=Daniel |title=AI Has Entered the Court. Is This Changing Umpires' Calls? |url=https://insight.kellogg.northwestern.edu/article/ai-has-entered-the-court-is-this-changing-umpires-calls |website=Kellogg Insight |publisher=Kellogg School of Management |access-date=23 February 2026 |language=en |date=1 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/7305404.stm |title=Hawk-Eye challenge rules unified |date=19 March 2008 |access-date=22 August 2008 |work=BBC News |archive-date=23 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080323085536/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7305404.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ciyaaraha iyo waxbarashada ==
Cilmi-baadhisu waxay soo jeedinaysaa in ciyaaruhu ay leeyihiin awood ay ku xidhaan dhallinyarada iyo tusaalayaasha togan ee dadka waaweyn oo ay bixiyaan fursado horumarineed oo togan, sida ay u dhiirigeliyaan barashada iyo dabaqidda xirfadaha nolosha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fraser-Thomas |first1=Jessica L. |last2=Côté |first2=Jean |last3=Deakin |first3=Janice |date=2005 |title=Youth sport programs: an avenue to foster positive youth development |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/43501126 |journal=Physical Education &amp; Sport Pedagogy |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=19–40 |doi=10.1080/1740898042000334890 |hdl=1974/14425 |issn=1740-8989|hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=UNESCO|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366771|title=Strengthening the rule of law through education: a guide for policymakers|publisher=UNESCO|year=2019|isbn=978-92-3-100308-0|access-date=9 March 2020|archive-date=25 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225195201/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366771|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sannadaha dhow isticmaalka ciyaaraha si loo yareeyo dambiyada, sida in looga hortago xagjirnimada dagaalka ah iyo xagjirnimada, wuxuu noqday mid caan ah, gaar ahaan sida qalab lagu hagaajinayo kalsoonida nafta, kor loogu qaado xiriirada bulshada oo la siiyo ciyaartoyda dareen ujeeddo leh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ma jiro caddeyn heersare ah oo muujinaysa waxtarka dhiirigelinta lagu kordhinayo kaparticipatinka ciyaaraha ee bulshada ee ciyaaraha sida ololaha warbaahinta weyn, fadhiyada waxbarashada, iyo isbeddellada siyaasadda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Priest |first1=N |last2=Armstrong |first2=R |last3=Doyle |first3=J |last4=Waters |first4=E |date=16 July 2008 |title=Interventions Implemented Through Sporting Organisations for Increasing Participation in Sport |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=3 |article-number=CD004812 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004812.pub3 |pmid=18646112 |hdl-access=free |hdl=1885/285237|issn = 1464-780X }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sidoo kale ma jiraan wax barasho heersare ah oo baadhaya saamaynta dhiirigelinta noocan oo kale ah oo ku saabsan dhiirigelinta isbeddelka dhaqanka caafimaadka ee bulshada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |first1=Priest |last1=N |first2=Armstrong |last2=R |first3=Doyle |last3=J |first4=Water |last4=E |title=Policy Interventions Implemented Through Sporting Organisations for Promoting Healthy Behaviour Change |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |date=16 July 2008 |volume=2008 |issue=3 |article-number=CD004809 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004809.pub3 |pmid=18646111 |pmc=6464902}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shahaadooyinka waxbarashada waxaa lagu heli karaa ciyaaraha: tusaale ahaan, aqoonta ciyaaraha waa qeyb aqooneed oo si wanaagsan u dhisnaa. UK, BTEC National Diploma ku saabsan Tababarka Ciyaaraha iyo Horumarinta waxaa bixiya Pearson Education.&lt;ref&gt;Pearson Education, [https://qualifications.pearson.com/en/qualifications/btec-nationals/sports-coaching-and-development-2019.html Sports Coaching and Development (2019)], accessed on 29 August 2025&lt;/ref&gt; Waxaa jira afar shahaado oo ku jira qoyskan:
*Extended Certificate in Sports Coaching
*Foundation Diploma in Sports Coaching and Development
*Diploma in Sports Coaching and Development
*Extended Diploma in Sports Coaching and Development.&lt;ref&gt;Pearson Education, [https://qualifications.pearson.com/content/dam/pdf/BTEC-Nationals/sports-coaching-and-development/2019/specification-and-sample-assessments/btec-nats-non-measures-sports-coaching-and-development-spec.pdf Pearson BTEC Level 3 Nationals in Sports Coaching], accessed on 18 June 2022&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ciyaaraha iyo fayowida jirka ==
Ciyaaraha ku jira jimicsiga jirka waxay leeyihiin saamayn togan oo ku saabsan heerarka fayowida ee ciyaartoyda. Dhinacyada guud, heerarka sare ee xoogga, xawaaraha, dulqaadka iyo dabacsanaanta waxaa lagu heli karaa iyada oo la waafajinayo baahida ciyaarta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bangsbo J.; Kissow J.; Hostrup M. |title=Speed Endurance Training to Improve Performance |journal=Scandinavian Journal of Medicine &amp; Science in Sports |date=July 2025 |volume=35 |issue=7 |doi=10.1111/sms.70091 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40576293/ |access-date=22 October 2026|pmc=12203883 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tusaale ahaan, qof wuxuu noqon karaa mid xoog badan oo leh heerarka sare ee dulqaadka troo legdinta ama mid dabacsan troo ciyaarida kubbadda koleyga. Ciyaaraha kala duwan waxay hagaajin karaan awoodaha jirka ee ciyaartoyga habab kala duwan. Walxaha xoogga, xawaaraha, dulqaadka iyo dabacsanaanta oo lagu isticmaalo ciyaaraha, oo lagu hagaajiyo, waxaa sidoo kale kordhin kara jimicsiga tababarka gaarka ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bill Foran; Robin Pound |title=Complete Conditioning for Basketball |date=2007 |publisher=Human Kinetics |location=Champaign |isbn=978-0-4354-6516-2 |page=171}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hagaajinta lagu helay jimicsigan waxay ka dib hagaajin kartaa awoodda ciyaartoyga ee uu ku ciyaaro ciyaarta. Tusaale jimicsiga dabacsanaanta, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano drill, waa marka qof waddo dabacsanaan ah oo ku taalla dhulka uu ku socdo. Qofku wuxuu boodayaa kor iyo horay si hal cag ay ugu jirto gudaha geeska wadada cagna ay ka baxsan tahay. Waxay ka dib boodayaan kor iyo horay mar kale si cagta ku jirta gudaha iyo cagta ka baxsan geeska ay isbeddelaan i.e. cagta bidix ee gudaha iyadoo cagta xaq a ay ka baxsan tahay, ka dib cagta xaq a ee gudaha iyadoo cagta bidix ay ka baxsan tahay iyo siday u socoto waddada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bill Foran; Robin Pound |title=Complete Conditioning for Basketball |date=2007 |publisher=Human Kinetics |location=Champaign |isbn=978-0-4354-6516-2 |page=175}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tani waxay caawisaa hagaajinta heerka guud ee dabacsanaanta sababtoo ah dabacsanaantu waa muhiim kubbadda koleyga waxay sidoo kale hagaajisaa awoodda kubbadda koleyga. Jimicsiga dabacsanaanta waxaa loo waafajin karaa si dhaqdhaqaaqyada lagu sameeyo ay ugu dhowaadaan kuwa lagu isticmaalo inta ay socoto ciyaartu. Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay in nooca dabacsanaanta ee la dhisay uu yahay mid loo wareejin karo tartanka dhabta ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bill Foran; Robin Pound |title=Complete Conditioning for Basketball |date=2007 |publisher=Human Kinetics |location=Champaign |isbn=978-0-4354-6516-2 |page=172}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tusaalihii hore, dhaqdhaqaaqa degdega ah iyo dhigista cagaha wuxuu dhisaa dhaqdhaqaaqa cagaha degdega ah oo loo baahan yahay ciyaarta kubbadda koleyga.

Barnaamijyada tababarka ciyaaraha waxay ku jiraan sameynta xirfadaha gaarka ah ee ciyaartaas i.e. tababarka kubbadda cagta wuxuu ku jiri karaa baasitaanka kubbadda oo lagu celceliyo, iyo hagaajinta fayowida jirka guud iyo awoodda i.e. orodka wareegyada garoonka. Labada diiradood ee tababarkan waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu dhigo qof mid waxtar badan leh ciyaartaas iyadoo lagu hagaajinayo awoodooda ay ku buuxinayaan oo ay uga baxayaan dhibaatooyinka ay bixiso.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Micheli |first1=Lyle J. |title=Encyclopedia of Sport Medicine |date=2011 |publisher=Sage Publications |location=Thousand Oaks |isbn=978-1-4129-6115-8 |chapter=Speed, Agility, and Speed Endurance Development}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Siyaasadda==
{{Main article|Politics and sports}}
{{See also|Sportswashing|Sociology of sport}}

Benito Mussolini wuxuu isticmaalay Koobka Duunka FIFA 1934, oo lagu qabtay Talyaaniga, si uu u muujiyo Talyaaniga Fascist-ka ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWj7BgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA28 |title=Soccer Vs. the State: Tackling Football and Radical Politics |last1=Kuhn |first1=Gabriel |date=2011 |page=28 |publisher=PM Press |access-date=8 June 2015 |isbn=978-1-60486-053-5 |archive-date=16 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216073648/https://books.google.com/books?id=HWj7BgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA28 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;World Fascism&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvD2rZSVau4C&amp;pg=PA630 |title=World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1 |last1=Blamires |first1=Cyprian |date=2006 |pages=630–632 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |access-date=8 June 2015 |isbn=978-1-57607-940-9 |archive-date=13 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213050912/https://books.google.com/books?id=nvD2rZSVau4C&amp;pg=PA630 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Adolf Hitler wuxuu isticmaalay Ciyaaraha Olimbikada Xagaaga 1936 ee lagu qabtay Berlin, iyo Ciyaaraha Olimbikada Jiilaalka 1936 ee lagu qabtay Garmisch-Partenkirchen, si uu u dhiirigeliyo caqiidada Nazi-ga ee sareynta dadka Aryan-ka, iyo hooseynta Yuhuudda iyo &quot;kuwa kale oo aan la rabin&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;World Fascism&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sociology Sport&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uKarC6oX3P8C&amp;q=hitler+used+1936+olympics+to+promote+ideology&amp;pg=PT32 |title=The Sociology of Sport and Physical Education |last1=Saxena |first1=Anurag |year=2001 |publisher=Pinnacle Technology |access-date=8 June 2015 |isbn=978-1-61820-468-4 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jarmalku wuxuu isticmaalay Olimbikada si uu u muujiyo muuqaal nabad ah iyadoo hoose si qarsoodi ah loogu diyaargarobayay dagaal.&lt;ref&gt;''Kulttuurivihkot'' 1 2009 Berliinin olympialaiset 1936 Poliittisen viattomuuden menetys Jouko Jokisalo 28–29{{in lang|fi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Markii apartheid uu ahaa siyaasadda rasmiga ah ee Koonfur Afrika, tiro ciyaartoy ah, gaar ahaan rugby union-ka, waxay qaateen dhabar-adayg ah in aysan ka muuqan ciyaaraha tartanka ah ee halkaas ka jira. Kuwa qaar waxay u arkaan in tani ay ahayd waxtar waxtar leh oo ku saabsan dhammaadka apartheid, kuwa kalena waxay u arkaan in ay sii dheeraysay oo ay sii xoojisay saamaynteeda ugu darayd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Sport and apartheid|journal=History Compass|volume=3|pages= **|doi=10.1111/j.1478-0542.2005.00165.x|year = 2005|last1 = Merrett|first1 = Christopher}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Taariikhda Ireland, ciyaaraha Gaelic waxay ku xirnaayeen waddaniyadda dhaqanka. Illaa bartamihii qarnigii 20aad qof waa la mamnuuci karay in uu ciyaaro Gaelic football, hurling, ama ciyaaraha kale oo maamulo Ururka Ciyaaraha Gaelic (GAA) haddii uu ciyaaro ama taageero kubbadda cagta, ama ciyaaraha kale oo loo arko in ay ka yimaadeen Ingriiska. GAA waxay mamnuucday ciyaarida kubbadda cagta iyo rugby union-ka garoomada Gaelic. Mamnuucan, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano Xeerka 42,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fulton |first1=Gareth |last2=Bairner |first2=Alan |year=2007 |title=Sport, Space and National Identity in Ireland: The GAA, Croke Park and Rule&amp;nbsp;42. |journal=Space &amp; Polity |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=55–74 |doi=10.1080/13562570701406592 |s2cid=143213001 }}&lt;/ref&gt; weli waa lagu dhaqmaa, laakiin waa la beddelay si loogu oggolaado kubbadda cagta iyo rugby-ga in lagu ciyaaro Croke Park iyadoo Lansdowne Road dib loo dhisayay iyadoo loo beddelayo Aviva Stadium. Xeerka 21 hoostiisa, GAA waxay mamnuucday xubnaha ciidamada nabadgelyada Ingriiska iyo xubnaha Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) in ay ciyaaraan ciyaaraha Gaelic, laakiin karradkii Heshiiskii Jimcaha Wanaagsanaa ee 1998 wuxuu keenay ka saarida mamnuucan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=50th anniversary of abolition of 'The Ban' offers pause for perspective |url=https://www.gaa.ie/news/50th-anniversary-of-abolition-of-the-ban-offers-pause-for-perspective/ |access-date=2 July 2023 |website=www.gaa.ie |date=9 April 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Waddaniyaddu inta badan waxay ka muuqataa raadinta ciyaaraha ama warbixinteeda: ciyaartoydu waxay ku tartamaan kooxaha qaranka, oo weriyayaasha ama dhagaystayaashu inta badan waxay qaataan fikrado leexsan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Arnold|first=Richard|title=Nationalism and Sport: A Review of the Field|journal=Nationalities Papers|year=2020|volume=49|issue=1|pages=2–11|doi=10.1017/nps.2020.9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mararka kaar, fardhadan waxay u beddelataa dagaal u dhexeya ciyaartoyda ama daawadayaasha, sida inta lagu jiro Dagaalkii Kubbadda Cagta ee 1969 ee u dhexeyay El Salvador iyo Honduras, oo ah dagaal uu kiciyay rabshadaha ku taalla kaparticipatinka Koobka Duunka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Jennings|first=Andrew|title=Has football ever started a war?|work=The Guardian|date=2007-02-21|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2007/feb/21/theknowledge.sport|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dhacdooyinkan waxaa loo arkaa kuwo ka dhan ah ruuxa muhiimka ah ee ciyaaraha—kaas oo ah, in loogu tartamo ujeedadeeda lafahaadeed iyo baashaalka ciyaartoyda. Siyaasadda iyo ciyaaruhu waxay si xanuun badan u isku arkeen Olimbikadii Munich 1972, markii dagaalyahanno Falastiiniyiin ah ay ka soo galeen Tuulada Olimbikada, iyagoo la haystayaal u qaday xubnaha kooxda Israa'iil, iyagoo aakhirkiina dilay 11 ciyaartoy oo loo yaqaano gumaadkii Munich.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|publisher=Reuters|title=Paris ceremony honours Israeli athletes killed in 1972 Munich Games attack|date=2024-08-06|url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/olympics/paris-ceremony-honours-israeli-athletes-killed-1972-munich-games-attack-2024-08-06/|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Barashada doorashooyinka US waxay muujisay in natiijada dhacdooyinka ciyaaruhu ay saamayso natiijooyinka. Barasho lagu daabacay Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences waxay muujisay in marka kooxda gurigu ay guuleysato ciyaarta ka hor doorashada, murashaxiinta maamulka ku jira ay kordhin karaan saamigooda codadka 1.5%. Guuldaradu waxay lahayd saamayn iska soo horjeeda, saamayntanina waa ka weyn tahay kooxaha sare ama guulaha iyo guuldarooyinka aan la filayn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Will Ohio State's Football Team Decide Who Wins the White House? |author1=Tyler Cowen |author2=Kevin Grier |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |date=24 October 2012 |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2012/10/how_the_presidential_race_between_barack_obama_and_mitt_romney_could_be.html |access-date=29 December 2013 |archive-date=30 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233509/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2012/10/how_the_presidential_race_between_barack_obama_and_mitt_romney_could_be.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Marka Washington Commanders ay guuleystaan ciyaartooda kama-dambaysta ah ka hor doorashada, markaas madaxweynaha maamulka ku jira wuxuu leeyahay fursad ka badan oo uu ku guuleysto, haddii ay guuldarraystaana, murashaxa mucaaradka wuxuu leeyahay fursad ka badan oo uu ku guuleysto; tani waxay noqotay mid loo yaqaan Xeerka Redskins.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/football-insider/wp/2012/11/03/will-redskins-rule-again-determine-outcome-of-presidential-election/ |title=Will Redskins Rule again determine outcome of presidential election? |author=Mike Jones |date=3 November 2012 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=14 September 2017 |archive-date=7 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107110626/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/football-insider/wp/2012/11/03/will-redskins-rule-again-determine-outcome-of-presidential-election/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espnfrontrow.com/2012/10/redskins-rule-mnfs-hirdt-on-intersection-of-football-politics/ |title='Redskins Rule': MNF's Hirdt on intersection of football &amp; politics |work=ESPN Front Row |date=30 October 2012 |access-date=12 June 2015 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032035/http://www.espnfrontrow.com/2012/10/redskins-rule-mnfs-hirdt-on-intersection-of-football-politics/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sida keenista maamulida iyo hoos-u-dhicida dadka===
Étienne de La Boétie, qoraalkiisa Discourse on Voluntary Servitude wuxuu ku qeexayaa ciyaaraha daawashada sida habab ay kalitalisyadu ku maamulaan dadkooda iyagoo ka leexinaya diiradda.
&lt;blockquote&gt;
Ha u malaynina in uu jiro shimbir si fudud loo qabto decoy-ga, ama samayn kasta oo si degdeg ah ku xiranta jillaabka troo sedka gooryaanka ah, ka sii badan dhammaan doqoomadan saboolka ah oo si caqli badan loogu khayay addoonsiga...waxay isu oggolaadaan in la qabto si degdeg ah marka la joogo taabashada yar ee rabitaankooda. Ciyaaraha, riwaayadaha, daawashada, gladiators, xayawaanka yaabka leh, biladaha, sawirrada, iyo daroogooyinka kale oo noocan oo kale ah, kuwani waxay u ahaayeen dadkii duugga ahaa sedka loo adeegsado addoonsiga, qiimaha xorriyaddooda, qalabka kalitalisnimada. Troo kuwan...dhiirigelinta kalitalisyadii duugga ahaa waxay si guul leh ugu seexiyeen dadkooda madaxa hoostiisa, iyadoo dadkii wareeray, ay ku sasabmeen madadaalada iyo baashaalka been-abuurka ah ee ka muuqday eygooda ka hor, ay barteen adheecsiga si fudud...sida carruurta yaryari ay u bartaan akhriska iyagoo eegaya buugaagta sawirrada dhalaalaya.&lt;ref&gt;Étienne de La Boétie, ''Discourse on Voluntary Servitude'' (1549), Part 2&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;Intii uu socday maamulkii Ingriiska ee Bengal, ciyaaraha Ingriiska iyo Yurub waxay bilaabeen in ay beddelaan ciyaaraha soo jireenka ah ee Bengal, taas oo keentay in la lumiyo dhaqankii hoose.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/904168|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126161837/https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/904168|title=Disappearance of Traditional games by the imitation of Colonial Culture through the Historical parameters of Cultural Colonialism|archive-date=26 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801043229/https://dergipark.org.tr/|title=Ana Sayfa » DergiPark|archive-date=1 August 2019|website=dergipark.org.tr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jarmalkii Bari oo ay maamulayeen shuuciyadu, tan iyo 1970-yadii illaa 1990, 'noin 3,000 oo caawiyayaal aan rasmi ahayn ayaa lagu isticmaalay sannad kasta ciyaaraha heerka sare ah, oo ay ku jiraan ciyaartoy badan oo kubbadda cagta ah, taageerayaal iyo garsoorayaal'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Mike Dennis |first1=Norman LaPorte |title=State and Minorities in Communist East Germany |date=2011 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-0-857-45-195-8 |page=125 |chapter=Football fans, hooligans and the state}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ujeedooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee Stasi ay ku dhistay nidaamkan ballaaran ee caawiyayaasha ah waxay ahayd in ka hortag lagaga sameeyo ciyaartoyda in ay u baxsadaan Galbeedka, iyagoo isticmaalaya labada hab ee ilaalinta iyo caddadinta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Mike Dennis |first1=Norman LaPorte |title=State and Minorities in Communist East Germany |date=2011 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-0-857-45-195-8 |page=125 |chapter=Football fans, hooligans and the state}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Fikradaha diinta==
{{main|New Testament athletic metaphors}}
[[File:Panathenaic amphora Kleophrades Louvre F277.jpg|thumb|Orodka cagaha wuxuu ahaa hal dhacdo oo loo go'aamiyay Zeus. Panathenaic amphora, Kleophrades painter, Circa 500 BC, Louvre museum.]]
Ciyaaruhu waxay ahaayeen nooc muhiim ah oo cibaado ah Diinta Gariigii Hore. Ciyaaraha Olimbikada ee duugga ahaa waxaa lagu qaban jiray maamuuska ilaaha sare, Zeus, iyadoo lagu muujinayo noocyo kala duwan oo u-go'aaminta diinta ah ee isaga iyo ilaahyada kale.&lt;ref&gt;Gardinier, Norman E., 'The Olympic Festival' in ''Greek Athletic Sports and Festivals'', London: MacMillan, 1910, p.195&lt;/ref&gt; Gariig badan ayaa u safrayay si ay u eegaan ciyaaraha, iyadoo isku-darka socdaalka diinta iyo ciyaaraha uu u served-garaynayay sida hab lagu maamulayo midnimadooda oo hal dad ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Harker |first1=Barry H. |title=Strange Fire: Christianity and the Rise of Modern Olympianism |date=2006 |publisher=Hartland Publications |location=Rapidan |isbn=0-923309-39-X |page=75 |chapter=6: Olympia and Jerusalem}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku-practice-garaynta tartamada ciyaaraha waxaa dhaleeceeyay mufakiriinta Masiixiga ah oo loo arkayay nooc sanam-caabudid ah, oo &quot;aadamuhu uu is-sareeyo, is-caabudo, is-saciifiyo oo is-abaalmariyo.&quot;&lt;ref name=Watson1&gt;''Sports and Christianity: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives'', Nick J. Watson, ed. (Routledge: 2013), p. 178.&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha waxaa loo arkaa kuwo dhaleeceeyayaashan ay u arkaan muujinta &quot;kibri wadajir ah&quot; iyo &quot;is-ilaahaysi qaran&quot; oo awoodaha aadamaha lagu sanam-caabudo iyada oo laga tagayo cibaadada diinta.&lt;ref name=Watson1/&gt;

Tertullian wuxuu dhaleeceeyay waxqabadka ciyaaraha ee maalmihiisii, wuxueena ku insisted-garaynayay &quot;dhammaan qalabka nooca ciyaaraha wuxuu ku dhisnaa sanam-caabudid.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Tertullian, ''De spectaculis'', Chapter 4.&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha, wuxuu leeyahay Tertullian, waxay kiciyaan dareenno la yaab leh oo ka baxsan dabeecadda deggen ee uu dhisay Masiixiga:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
Ilaah wuxuu nagu amray inaan u dhaqanno si deggen, si tartiib ah, si ka samaysan nabad, iyadoo uu la joogo Ruhal Qudus-ka, sababtoo ah waxyaabahani oo keliya waxay ku habboon yihiin wanaagga Dabeecaddiisa, iyadoo leh debecsanaanteisa iyo dareenkiisa. ... Hagaag, sida ay tani ugu habboonaan doontaa ciyaaraha? Sababtoo ah ciyaartu mar walba waxay keentaa iztiroob ruuxi ah, sababtoo ah halka ay ka jirto baashaal, waxaa ka jira dareen adag oo bixinaya baashaalka; halka ay ka jirto dareen adag, waxaa ka jira tartan oo siinaya kuleylkiisa. Ka dibna, marka aad leedahay tartan, waxaad leedahay carro, qadhaadh, xanaaq iyo calool-xumo, iyadoo dhammaan waxyaabaha xun ay ka soo bayaan kuwan – oo dhan si buuxda oo ka baxsan diinta Masiixa.&lt;ref&gt;''De spectaculis'' Chapter 15.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
Wadaaddada Masiixiga ee dhaqdhaqaaqa Wesleyan-Holiness waxay ka soo horjeedaan daawashada ama kaparticipatinka ciyaaraha xirfadlaha ah, iyagoo raba in liigyada ciyaaraha xirfadlaha ah ay nijaaseeyaan Sabtida, oo ay la tartamaan u-go'aaminta Masiixiga ee Ilaah, muujiyaan la'aanta xishoodka ee dharka ciyaartoyda iyo cheerleaders-ka, oo ay ku xirnaadaan dagaal iyo isticmaalka dhaaraha ee u dhexeya ciyaartoy badan, oo ay dhiirigeliyaan khamaarka, sida khamriga iyo dawooyinka kale ee dhacdooyinka ciyaaraha, oo ka dhan ah u-go'aaminta teetotalism-ka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Handel2020&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Handel |first1=Paul S. |title=Reasons Why Organized Sports Are Not Pleasing to God |date=2020 |publisher=Immanuel Missionary Church |page=4 |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Xigashooyinka==
{{Reflist}}

===Ilaha===
* European Commission (2007), ''The White Paper on Sport''
* Council of Europe (2001), ''The European sport charter''
*{{Free-content attribution
| title = Strengthening the rule of law through education: a guide for policymakers
| publisher = UNESCO
| page numbers =
| documentURL = https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366771
| license statement URL =
| license = CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO
}}

==Sii akhriso==
{{Sister project links|Sports|voy=Sport}}
* ''The Meaning of Sports'' by Michael Mandel (PublicAffairs, {{ISBN|1-58648-252-1}}).
* [https://www.tandfonline.com/journals/rjps20 ''Journal of the Philosophy of Sport'']
* Sullivan, George. ''The Complete Sports Dictionary''. New York: Scholastic Book Services, 1979. p.&amp;nbsp;199. {{ISBN|0-590-05731-6}}

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      <text bytes="78349" sha1="m5sgpzkp27gzuqx60m3g3w6fwn9vwol" xml:space="preserve">[[File:2015 29 Somali National Team-1 (21007355596).jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|right|Ciyaartoyda kooxda kubadda cagta qaranka [[Soomaaliya]] intii lagu jiray tababarkii [[2015]] ]]
[[File:London Marathon 2005 at Blackfriars.jpg|thumb|Orodka London Marathon 2005: orodada, noocyadooda kala duwan, waxay u taagan yihiin nooca ugu duugga badan uguna jilicsan ciyaaraha.]]

'''Ciyaaraha''' ({{lang-en|Sport}}) waa dhaqdhaqaaq jirkaga ah ama ciyaar, oo inta badan tartan iyo habaysan ah, oo ilaaliya ama hagaajiya awoodda jirrka iyo xirfadaha. Ciyaaruhu waxay bixin karaan baashaal ciyaartoyda iyo madadaalo daawadayaasha. Tirada ciyaartoyda ciyaar gaar ah waxay ka bilaaban kartaa boqolaal qof illaa hal qof oo keliya.

Dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka wuxuu ku xiran yahay dhinacyo kala duwan oo caafimaadka iyo cimri dheerida ah. Heerarka sare ee dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka waxay ku xiran yihiin khatar hoose oo dhimashada dhammaan sababaha iyo dhimashada cudurrada wadnaha, istaroogga iskeemikada, iyo wadne xanuunka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kraus2019&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Kraus | first1 = William E. | last2 = Powell | first2 = Kenneth E. | last3 = Haskell | first3 = William L. | last4 = Janz | first4 = Kathleen F. | last5 = Campbell | first5 = Wayne W. | last6 = Jakicic | first6 = John M. | last7 = Troiano | first7 = Richard P. | title = Physical activity, all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, and cardiovascular disease | journal = Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise | volume = 51 | issue = 6 | pages = 1270 | date = 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka wuxuu sidoo kale ku xiran yahay hoos u dhaca astaamaha niyad-jabka, walwalka, iyo iztiroobka nafsiga ah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh2023&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Singh | first1 = Ben | last2 = Olds | first2 = Timothy | last3 = Curtis | first3 = Rachel | last4 = Dumuid | first4 = Dorothea | last5 = Virgara | first5 = Rosa | last6 = Watson | first6 = Amanda | last7 = Szeto | first7 = Kimberley | title = Effectiveness of physical activity interventions for improving depression, anxiety and distress: an overview of systematic reviews | journal = British Journal of Sports Medicine | volume = 57 | issue = 18 | pages = 1203-1209 | date = 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Munro2026&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Munro | first1 = Neil Richard | last2 = Teague | first2 = Samantha | last3 = Somoray | first3 = Klaire | last4 = Simpson | first4 = Aaron | last5 = Budden | first5 = Timothy | last6 = Jackson | first6 = Ben | last7 = Rebar | first7 = Amanda | last8 = Dimmock | first8 = James | title = Effect of exercise on depression and anxiety symptoms: systematic umbrella review with meta-meta-analysis | journal = British Journal of Sports Medicine | volume = 60 | issue = 8 | pages = 590-599 | date = 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Noetel2024&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Noetel | first1 = Michael | last2 = Sanders | first2 = Taren | last3 = Gallardo-Gómez | first3 = Daniel | last4 = Taylor | first4 = Paul | last5 = del Pozo Cruz | first5 = Borja | last6 = Van Den Hoek | first6 = Daniel | last7 = Smith | first7 = Jordan J. | title = Effect of exercise for depression: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials | journal = BMJ | volume = 384 | date = 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Gaar ahaan, jimicsiga aerobikada, yoogada, iyo jimicsiga noocyada badan leh ayaa loo helay in ay waxtar u leeyihiin hoos u dhicida astaamaha niyad-jabka umusha ka dib.&lt;ref name=&quot;Campos-Marin2025&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Campos-Marin | first1 = Álvaro | last2 = García-Muñoz | first2 = Cristina | last3 = Matias-Soto | first3 = Javier | last4 = Martinez-Calderon | first4 = Javier | title = What interventions focused on physical activity could improve postpartum depression symptoms? An overview of systematic reviews with meta-analysis | journal = Healthcare | volume = 13 | issue = 12 | pages = 1419 | date = 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tartamada ciyaaruhu waxay isticmaali karaan nooca koox ama qof keliya, waxayna noqon karaan kuwo furan, oo u oggolaanaya tiro ballaaran oo ciyaartoy ah, ama kuwo xiran, oo ku xaddidaya kaparticipatinka kooxo gaar ah ama kuwa la casuumay. Tartamadu waxay oggolaan karaan &quot;barbardhac&quot;, oo aysan ka jirin hal guuleyste; kuwo kale waxay bixiyaan hababka barbardhac-jebinta si loo xaqiijiyo in uu jiro hal guuleyste oo keliya. Waxaa sidoo kale loo dhabar-adkeyn karaa nooca tartanka, oo soo saaraya horyaal. Liigyo badan oo ciyaareed waxay samaysan karaan horyaal sannadle ah iyagoo dhisaya ciyaaro xilliga caadiga ah ee ciyaaraha, oo ay la socdaan xaaladaha qaar ciyaaraha kama-dambaysta ah .

Ciyaaraha guud ahaan waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay nidaam dhaqdhaqaaqyo ku dhisnaa ciyaartoynimada jirka ama xirfadda jirka, iyadoo tartamada waaweyni ay oggol yihiin oo keliya ciyaaraha buuxiya qeexiddaan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.olympic.org/sports |title=List of Summer and Winter Olympic Sports and Events |publisher=The Olympic Movement |date=14 November 2018 |access-date=5 March 2012 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225174712/https://www.olympic.org/sports%20 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ururada qaar, sida Golaha Yurub, waxay ka reebayaan dhaqdhaqaaqyada aan lahayn wax walbo oo jirka ah nooca ciyaaraha.&lt;ref name=&quot;council&quot;&gt;Qoraalka tixraaca&lt;/ref&gt; Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tiro dhaqdhaqaaqyo tartan ah, laakiin aan ahayn kuwo jirka ah, waxay sheegtaan aqoonsi sida ciyaaraha maanka. Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee Olimbikada oo kormeera Ciyaaraha Olombikada wuxuu u aqoonsan yahay shataraanka iyo bridge-ka ciyaaro ahaan. SportAccord, oo ah ururka xiriirada ciyaaraha caalamiga ah, wuxuu aqoonsan yahay shanta ciyaarood oo aan ahayn kuwo jirka ah: shataraanka, buundo, checkers (draughts), Go iyo xiangqi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |publisher=SportAccord |title=World Mind Games |url=http://www.sportaccord.com/en/multi-sports-games/index.php?idIndex=35&amp;idContent=658 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508021848/http://www.sportaccord.com/en/multi-sports-games/index.php?idIndex=35&amp;idContent=658 |archive-date=8 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |publisher=SportAccord |title=Members |url=http://www.sportaccord.com/en/members/index.php?idContent=644&amp;idIndex=32 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507073823/http://www.sportaccord.com/en/members/index.php?idContent=644&amp;idIndex=32 |archive-date=7 May 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay xaddidaan tirada ciyaaraha maanka ee loo oggolaan karo ciyaaro ahaan.&lt;ref name=sportaccord/&gt; Ciyaaraha guud ahaan waxaa maamula xeerar ama caadooyin, oo u adeega xaqiijinta tartan caadil ah. Guushu waxay ku go'aansami kartaa matalaadaha jirka sida dhibcaha goolasha ama goynta xariiqda marka ugu horreysa. Waxaa sidoo kale go'aamin kara garsoorayaal dhibcaha ka bixinaya waxqabadka ciyaaraha, oo ay ku jiraan xaalado ujeeddo leh ama kuwo fikrad ah sida waxqabadka farsamada ama saamaynta incaamka artistique.

Diiwaanka waxqabadka inta badan waa la dhowraa, ciyaaraha caanka ahna, macluumaadkan waxaa laga yaabaa in si ballaaran looga dhawaaqo ama looga warramo wararka ciyaaraha. Ciyaaruhu sidoo kale waa il muhiim ah oo madadaalo u ah dadka aan kaparticipatgaraynayn, iyadoo ciyaaraha daawashada ay soo jiitaan dad badan garoomada ciyaaraha, oo ay gaaraan dhagaystayaal ballaaran oo maraya teevishanka ama radayowga. Khamaarka ciyaaraha xaaladaha qaar si daran ayaa loo maamulaa, xaaladaha kalena waa qayb ka mid ah ciyaaraha.

Sida ku cad A.T. Kearney, oo ah shirkad la-talinta, kiiska ciyaaraha ee caalamiga ah wuxuu qiimihiisu yahay ilaa $620 bilyan marka la joogo 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/news/international/21585012-sportswomen-are-beginning-score-more-commercial-goalsbut-they-still-have-lot-ground |title=Women in sport: Game, sex and match |newspaper=The Economist |date=7 September 2013 |access-date=14 September 2017 |archive-date=2 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802224933/http://www.economist.com/news/international/21585012-sportswomen-are-beginning-score-more-commercial-goalsbut-they-still-have-lot-ground |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaarta ugu helitaanka iyo ku practice-garaynta badan dunida waa orodka, halka kubbadda cagtu ay tahay ciyaarta daawashada ugu caansan.&lt;ref name=&quot;wa&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-are-the-most-popular-sports-in-the-world.html |title=The Most Popular Sports in the World |date=2018 |website=www.worldatlas.com |publisher=World Atlas |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817161238/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-are-the-most-popular-sports-in-the-world.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ujeeddada iyo adeegsiga==
===Etimoolojiga===
Ereyga &quot;sport&quot; wuxuu ka yimid Faransiiskii Hore desport oo dhahaya &quot;waqti firaaqo&quot;, iyadoo qeexiddii ugu duugnayd ee Ingiriisida ee qarnigii 1300 ay ahayd &quot;wax kasta oo aadamuhu u arko kuwo xiiso leh ama madadaalo leh&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=sport&amp;searchmode=none |title=sport (n.) |access-date=20 April 2008 |first=Douglas |last=Harper |work=Online Etymological Dictionary |archive-date=11 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111214311/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=sport&amp;searchmode=none |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ujeedooyinka kale waxaa ka mid ah khamaarka iyo dhacdooyinka loo sameeyay ujeeddada khamaarka; ugaarsiga; iyo ciyaaraha iyo baashaalka, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa u baahan jimicsi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged |publisher=G&amp;C Merriam Company |location=Springfield, MA |page=2206 |year=1967}}&lt;/ref&gt; Roget's wuxuu qeexayaa ciyaaraha sida &quot;dhaqdhaqaaq loo sameeyo nasasho iyo madadaalo&quot; iyadoo synonyms-ku ay ku jiraan madadaalo iyo firaaqo-wadaag.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Roget's II: The New Thesaurus|edition =3rd|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |url=https://archive.org/details/rogetsiiinewthes00houg |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-618-25414-9 |url-access=registration }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sida loo magacaabo===
Ereyga kali ah ee &quot;sport&quot; waxaa loo isticmaalaa lahjadaha Ingiriisida badankood si loogu qeexo fikradda guud, tusaale &quot;carruurta kaparticipatgaraynaysa ciyaaraha&quot;, iyadoo &quot;sports&quot; loo isticmaalo si loogu qeexo dhaqdhaqaaqyo badan, tusaale &quot;kubbadda cagta iyo rugby waa ciyaaraha ugu caansan Ingriiska&quot;. Ingiriisida Mareykanka waxay isticmaashaa &quot;sports&quot; labada macnaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sport vs sports – Usage Notes |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/sport-s-sports |publisher=Cambridge University Press |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sport |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sport |publisher=Merriam-Webster |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Qeexidda===
{{see also|Game#Definitions}}
[[File:ChessStartingPosition.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee Olimbikada wuxuu u aqoonsan yahay ciyaaraha guddiga qaar ka mid ah ciyaaro ahaan, oo uu ku jiro shataraanka.]]
[[File:Showjumping white horse.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|Boodidda fardaha, oo ah ciyaar fardoolay ah]]
Qeexidda saxda ah ee ka soocaysa ciyaarta dhaqdhaqaaqyada kale ee firaaqada waxay ku kala duwan tahay ilaha. Midda ugu dhow heshiis caalami ah oo ku saabsan qeexidda waxaa bixiya Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Xiriirada Ciyaaraha Caalamiga ah (GAISF), oo ah ururka dhammaan xiriirada ciyaaraha caalamiga ah ee ugu waaweyn (oo ay ku jiraan kubbadda cagta, ciyaaraha fudud, baaskiil wadida, tennis-ka, ciyaaraha fardoolayda, iyo kuwo kale), saas darteedna waa maamulaha rasmiga ah ee ciyaaraha caalamiga ah.

GAISF wuxuu isticmaalaa shuruudaha soo socda, wuxueena go'aamiyaa in ciyaartu tahay inay:&lt;ref name=sportaccord/&gt;
* leedahay walab tartanka ah
* aysan wax ku nool ah dhib u geysanayn
* aysan ku tiirsanayn qalab uu bixiyo hal alaab-qeybiye oo keliya (oo ay ka reeban yihiin ciyaaraha iska lahaanshaha ah sida kubbadda cagta arena)
* aysan ku tiirsanayn wax &quot;nasiib&quot; ah oo gaar ahaan loogu talagalay ciyaarta.

Waxay sidoo kale aqoonsan yihiin in ciyaartu noqon karto ku dhawaad jirka (sida rugby ama ciyaaraha fudud), ku dhawaad maanka (sida shataraanka ama Go), ku dhawaad matoorada (sida Formula 1 ama doonyaha matoorka), ku dhawaad iskudubaridka iyo xirfadda (sida snooker iyo ciyaaraha kale ee cue-ka), ama ku dhawaad kuwa xayawaanku taageeraan (sida ciyaaraha fardoolayda).&lt;ref name=sportaccord/&gt;

Koodinta ciyaaraha maanka ee gudaha qeexidda ciyaaraha lama wada aqbalin, taas oo keentay lchallenge-yo sharci ah oo ka yimid maamulada maamula marka loo eego in loo diaday maalgelinta loo hayo ciyaaraha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |work=BBC News |title=Judicial review of 'sport' or 'game' decision begins |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-34320201 |date=22 September 2015 |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-date=23 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023020304/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-34320201 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Laakiin iyadoo GAISF ay aqoonsan tahay tiro yar oo ciyaaraha maanka ah, ma furaan in ay kaparticipat-geliyaan ciyaaro kale oo maanka ah.

Waxaa jiray kordho adeegsiga ereyga &quot;sport&quot; ee ku saabsan ciyaaro ballaaran oo aan ahayn kuwo jirka ah sida ciyaaraha fiidiyowga, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano esports (ka yimid &quot;ciyaaraha elektaroonigga ah&quot;), gaar ahaan sababtoo ah baaxadda weyn ee kaparticipatinka iyo tartanka habaysan, laakiin kuwan si ballaaran looma aqoonsana ururada ciyaaraha ee waaweyn. Sida ku cad Golaha Yurub, Axdiga Ciyaaraha Yurub, maqaalka 2.i, &quot;'Sport' waa dhammaan noocyada dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka oo, troo kaparticipatinka caadiga ah ama habaysan, haysata ujeedo lagu muujinayo ama lagu hagaajinayo fayowida jirka iyo wanaagga maanka, dhisida xiriirada bulshada ama helitaanka natiijooyinka tartanka heerarka dhan.&quot;&lt;ref name=council/&gt;

===Tartanka===
[[File:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb|left|Orodka fardaha]]

Waxaa jira fikrado iska soo horjeeda oo ku saabsan muhiimadda tartanka uu u leeyahay walaxda qeexaysa ciyaarta, iyadoo ku dhawaad dhammaan ciyaaraha xirfadlaha ah ay ku jiraan tartan, maamulada maamulana ay u baahan yihiin tartan inay tahay shuruud ka hor aqoonsiga Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee Olimbikada (IOC) ama GAISF.&lt;ref name=sportaccord/&gt;

Ururada kale waxay u doodaan ballaadhinta qeexidda ciyaaraha si ay u noqoto dhammaan noocyada dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka, oo aysan ahayn oo keliya dhacdooyinka habaysan ama tartanka ah. Tusaale ahaan, Axdiga Ciyaaraha ee Golaha Yurub wuxuu qeexayaa &quot;sport&quot; sida: &quot;dhammaan noocyada dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka oo, troo kaparticipatinka caadiga ah ama habaysan, looga dan leeyahay ilaalinta ama hagaajinta fayowida jirka iyo wanaagga maanka, dhisida xiriirada bulshada ama helitaanka natiijooyinka tartanka heerarka dhan&quot;, iyadoo si cad u dhexgalinaysa jimicsiga baashaalka ah ee loo sameeyo kaliya baashaal ahaan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=Jun 2022 |title=Revised European Sports Charter – Article 2 |url=https://rm.coe.int/revised-european-sports-charter-web-a6/1680a7534b |publisher=Council of Europe |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title= The Development and Prospects for Community Action in the Field of Sport |date=29 September 1998 |url=https://ec.europa.eu/assets/eac/sport/library/documents/doc252_en.pdf |publisher=European Commission |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Si loo ballaadhiyo kaparticipatinka, oo loo yareeyo saamaynta laga helayo guuldarada ciyaartoyda aan awoodda badan lahayn, waxaa jiray soo-bandhigidda dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka oo aan ahayn tartan ee dhacdooyinka tartanka ah ee caadiga ah sida maalmaha ciyaaraha ee dugsiyada, inkasta oo dhaqdhaqaaqyada noocan oo kale ah ay noqon karaan kuwo muran dhaliya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Front |first=Rebecca |work=The Guardian |title=A little competition |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/jul/17/school-sport-competitive-children-achievement-ambition |date=17 July 2011 |access-date=13 December 2016 |archive-date=15 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315143528/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/jul/17/school-sport-competitive-children-achievement-ambition |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |publisher=ParentDish |title=Why parents hate school sports day |last=Scrimgeour |first=Heidi |date=17 June 2011 |url=http://www.parentdish.co.uk/2011/06/17/why-parents-hate-school-sports-day/ |access-date=11 June 2012 |archive-date=24 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024182750/http://www.parentdish.co.uk/2011/06/17/why-parents-hate-school-sports-day/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dhacdooyinka tartanka ah, ciyaartoyda waxaa lagu qiimeeyaa ama lagu kala saaraa ku dhisnaanta &quot;natiijadooda&quot; iyadoo inta badan loo qeybiyo kooxo leh waxqabad loo siman yahay, tusaale, jinsiga, miisaanka iyo da'da. Qiyaasta natiijadu waxay noqon kartaa ku dhawaad ujeeddo ama fikrad, oo lagu saxo &quot;handicaps&quot; ama ganaaxyo. Tartanka orodka, tusaale ahaan, waqtiga lagu dhameeyay wadada waa qiyaas ujeeddo ah. Jimnaastikada ama quusida, natiijada waxaa go'aamiya garsoorayaal, sidaas darteedna waa fikrad. Waxaa jira heerar garsoorid dhex-dhexaad ah oo u dhexeya feerka iyo ciyaaraha la isku daray ee dagaalka, oo haddii aysan labada ciyaartoy midna guul helin ka hor waqtiga xaddidan, natiijada waxaa go'aamiya kaararka dhibcaha garsoorayaasha. Feerka, saddex garsoore ayaa si madax-bannaan dhibcaha uga bixiya wareeg kasta, iyadoo la raacayo shuruudaha sida feerida nadiifka ah, weerarka waxtarka leh, maamulka garoonka iyo doofaaca.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ABC Uniform Championship Rules |url=https://www.ibf-usba-boxing.com/wp-content/uploads/ABCUniformChampionshipRules.pdf |publisher=Association of Boxing Commissions |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Taariikhda==
{{Main article|History of sport}}
[[File:Roman bronze copy of Myron’s Discobolos, 2nd century CE (Glyptothek Munich).jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Naxaas Roomaan ah oo laga sameeyay Discobolos ee Myron, qarnigii 2aad AD]]
[[File:Participants with the Water Warrior class perform squats prior to entering the pool at Camp Foster, Okinawa, Japan, July 6, 2011 110706-M-VD776-004 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Snoorkeler-ku waxay sameynayaan jimicsiga squats ka hor inta aysan galin barkadda ee saldhigga ciidanka Mareykanka, 2011.]]

Shaqooyinka gacanta iyo dhismayaasha waxay tilmaamayaan ciyaaraha Shiinaha sida ay ahayd 2000 BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://chineseculture.about.com/library/weekly/aa032301a.htm |title=Sports History in China |author1=Ye Qinfa |access-date=15 October 2006 |archive-date=3 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303183246/http://chineseculture.about.com/library/weekly/aa032301a.htm |url-status=deviated }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jimnaastikada waxay u muuqataa in ay caan ka ahayd waagii duugga ahaa ee Shiinaha. Taallooyinka Fircooniga waxay tilmaamaan in tiro ciyaaro ah, oo ay ku jiraan dabaasha iyo kaluumeysiga, ay ahaayeen kuwo si wanaagsan u horumaray oo maamulan kumanaan sano ka hor Masartii Hore.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ioa.leeds.ac.uk/1980s/84085.htm |title=84.85-90 History of Sports in Ancient Egypt |first1=Ahmed D. |last1=Touny |website=Proceedings of the International Olympic Academy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029232515/http://www.ioa.leeds.ac.uk/1980s/84085.htm |archive-date=29 October 2006 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha kale ee Masar waxaa ka mid ahaa tuurista waranka, boodada dheer, iyo legdinta. Ciyaaraha Beershiyo ee Hore sida sanka ee soo jireenka ah ee Iiraan ee Zoorkhaneh waxay lahayd xiriir dhow oo ku saabsan xirfadaha dagaalka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.kuwait-info.com/newsnew/NewsDetails1.asp?id=78319&amp;dt=10/13/2006&amp;ntype=World |title=Ancient sport still flexing its muscles in Iran |website=kuwait-info.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070326081959/http://www.kuwait-info.com/newsnew/NewsDetails1.asp?id=78319&amp;dt=10%2F13%2F2006&amp;ntype=World |archive-date=26 March 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha kale ee ka yimid Beershiyadii Hore waxaa ka mid ah polo iyo jousting. Ciyaaraha soo jireenka ah ee Hindiya ee kala duwan sida Kho kho iyo Kabaddi waxaa la ciyaarayay kumanaan sano. Kabaddi waxaa loo ciyaarayay malaha sida u-diyaargarowga ugaarsiga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=kabaddi {{!}} sport |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/kabaddi |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Bruno Senna 2006 Australian Grand Prix.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|Ciyaaraha matoorada leh waxay soo muuqdeen tan iyo markii ay timid waagii casriga ahaa.]]

Tiro ballaaran oo ciyaaro ah ayaa horay loo dhisay waagii Gariikii Hore, dhaqanka ciidankana iyo horumarka ciyaaraha ee Gariiga waxay saameeyeen midba midka kale si weyn. Ciyaaruhu waxay noqdeen qayb aad u muhiim ah oo ka mid ah dhaqankooda taas oo keentay in Gariigu ay dhiisaha Ciyaaraha Olimbikada, oo waagii duugga ahaa lagu qaban jiray afar sano kasta tuulo yar oo ku taalla Peloponnesus oo loo yaqaanay Olympia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/ancient/index_uk.asp|title=Ancient Olympic Games|date=30 July 2018|access-date=15 October 2006|archive-date=28 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090928011744/http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/ancient/index_uk.asp|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciyaaraha waxaa sii kordhayay habaynta iyo maamulidda tan iyo waagii Olimbikadii Hore illaa qarniga hadda jira. Warshadaysashadu waxay keenay gaadiidka matoorada leh iyo kordhinta waqtiga firaaqada, oo u oggolaanaya dadka in ay kaparticipat-gelaan oo ay raacaan ciyaaraha daawashada oo ay kaparticipat-gelaan dhaqdhaqaaqyada ciyaartoyda. Isbeddelladan waxay sii socdeen iyadoo ay timid warbaahinta weyn iyo xiriirka caalamiga ah. Xirfaddnimadu waxay noqotay mid caan ah, iyadoo sii kordhinaysa caannimada ciyaaraha, maadaama taageerayaasha ciyaaruhu ay raacayeen guulaha ciyaartoyda xirfadlayaasha ah – iyagoo oo dhami ku raaxaysanayay jimicsiga iyo tartanka ku xiran kaparticipatinka amateerka ee ciyaaraha. Tan iyo markii uu karraday qarniga 21aad, waxaa jiray doode ka dhan ah in dadka transgender-ka ah ee ciyaartoyda ah ay awood u leeyihiin in ay kaparticipat-gelaan dhacdooyinka ciyaaraha ee u dhigma jinsigooda cusub.&lt;ref&gt;''Sport and the Law: Historical and Cultural Intersections'', p. 111, Sarah K. Fields (2014){{ISBN?}}|&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ciyaarta caadiga ah==
===Dhaqanka ciyaartoyda===
Dhaqanka ciyaartoyda waa dabeecad u doodeysa ciyaarta caadiga ah, edebta ka dhaxaysa kooxda iyo kaadhibka, dhaqanka anshaxa leh iyo daacadnimada, iyo sharafka guusha ama guuldarada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?va=sportsmanship |publisher=Merriam-Webster |title=Sportsmanship |access-date=15 October 2006 |archive-date=28 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928231236/http://www.merriam.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?va=sportsmanship |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Fish |first1=Joel |last2=Magee |first2=Susan |year=2003 |title=101 Ways to Be a Terrific Sports Parent |publisher=Fireside |page=168}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Lacey |first=David |date=10 November 2007 |url=http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/11/10/it_takes_a_bad_loser_to_become.html |title=It takes a bad loser to become a good winner |work=The Guardian |access-date=28 October 2009 |archive-date=13 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113021424/http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/11/10/it_takes_a_bad_loser_to_become.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dhaqanka ciyaartoyda wuxuu muujinayaa rabitaan ama ruux in dhaqdhaqaaqa loogu raaxaysan doono ujeedadiisa lafahaadeed. Fikirka caanka ah ee uu qoray weriyaha ciyaaraha Grantland Rice, ee ah &quot;ma aha inaad guuleysato ama guuldarraysato, laakiin waa sida aad u ciyaarto ciyaarta&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Rice, Grantland |url=https://tshf.net/halloffame/rice-grantland/ |publisher=Tennessee Sports Hall of Fame |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo caqiidada Olimbikada casriga ah ee uu muujiyay aasaasaheeda Pierre de Coubertin: &quot;Waxyaabaha ugu muhiimsan Ciyaaraha Olimbikada ma aha guusha laakiin waa kaparticipatinka,&quot; waa muujinta caadiga ah ee fikirkan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Fundamentals of Olympic Values Education |publisher=International Olympic Committee |url=https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/Documents/Document-Set-Teachers-The-Main-Olympic-Topics/Olympism-and-the-Olympic-Movement.pdf |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Khayaanada===
{{see also|Match fixing|cheating}}
Mabaadi'da muhiimka ah ee ciyaaraha waxaa ka mid ah in natiijadu aysan noqon ku dhisnaan hore, iyo dhammaan ciyaartoydu inay lahaadaan fursad loo siman yahay oo ay ku guuleystaan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=European Sports Charter, Article 3|url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/sport/european-sports-charter|publisher=Council of Europe|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Xeerarka iyo shuruucda waxaa dhisay maamulada maamula si loo xaqiijiyo ciyaar caadil ah iyo daacadnimo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=International Charter of Physical Education, Physical Activity and Sport, Article 10|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000235409|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ciyaartoydu mararka kaar ayaa jebiya xeerarkan si ay u helaan faa'iido aan caadil ahayn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Fair play and the competitive spirit|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000093013|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciyaartoydu waxay khayaani karaan si ay u kordhiyaan fursadahooda guusha, si ay u helaan faa'iido lacageed ama faa'iido kale.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Global Report on Corruption in Sport|url=https://www.unodc.org/documents/corruption/Publications/2022/Global_Report_on_Corruption_in_Sport_Full_report.pdf|publisher=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Caannimada khamaarka ee ku saabsan natiijooyinka ciyaaraha waxay abuurtaa dhiirigelin lagu sameeyo hagaajinta ciyaarta (match fixing), oo hal ama ka badan oo ciyaartoy ahi ay ku heshiiyaan in ay go'aamiyaan natiijooyinka ka hor halkii ay si daacad ah u tartami lahaayeen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Staying on Side: How to Stop Match-Fixing|url=https://images.transparencycdn.org/images/2014_Stop_MatchFixing_EN.pdf|publisher=Transparency International|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Doping-ka iyo dawooyinka===
{{main article|Use of performance-enhancing drugs in sport}}
Dabeecadda tartanka ah ee ciyaaraha waxay dhiirigelisaa ciyaartoyda qaar in ay isku dayaan in ay hagaajiyaan waxqabadkooda troo dawooyinka, ama habab kale sida kordhinta tirada dhiigga ee jirkooda troo habab dadku sameeyeen.&lt;ref name=&quot;Baron2007&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Baron |first1=David A. |last2=Martin |first2=David M. |last3=Abol Magd |first3=Samir |title=Doping in sports and its spread to at-risk populations: an international review |journal=World Psychiatry |year=2007 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=118–123 |pmid=18235871|pmc=2219897 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dhammaan ciyaaraha uu aqoonsan yahay IOC, ama SportAccord, waxaa loo baahan yahay in ay sameeyaan barnaamij tijaabo ah, iyagoo raadinaya liiska dawooyinka la mamnuucay, iyadoo ganaaxyo ama joojin loo dhigay ciyaartoyda ku tijaabo-gala nooca togan ee walxaha la mamnuucay.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Prohibited List |url=https://www.wada-ama.org/en/prohibited-list |publisher=World Anti-Doping Agency |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=World Anti-Doping Code |url=https://www.wada-ama.org/en/what-we-do/world-anti-doping-code |publisher=World Anti-Doping Agency |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Dagaalka===
Dagaalka ciyaaraha wuxuu ku jiraa ka tallaabida xariiqda u dhexaysa tartanka caadiga ah iyo dagaalka muuqda ee ujeeddada leh. Ciyaartoyda, tababarayaasha, taageerayaasha, iyo waalidiintu mararka kaar waxay sameeyaan dhaqan dagaal ah oo ku saabsan dadka ama hantida, iyagoo muujinaya daacadnimo, maamul, carro, ama dabaaldeg oo la khalday. Rabshadaha ama hooliganism-ka oo ay sameeyaan taageerayaashu gaar ahaan waa dhibaato ka jirta tartamada ciyaaraha ee heer qaran iyo kuwo caalami ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Russell |first=Gareth |title=Sport riots: A social–psychological review |journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior |year=2004 |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=353–378|doi=10.1016/S1359-1789(03)00031-4 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Guide on the Security of Major Sporting Events |url=https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/sites/www.un.org.counterterrorism/files/211006_guide_on_security_major_sporting_events_web.pdf |publisher=United Nations |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ka qaybqaadashada==
===Ka qaybqaadashada jinsiga===
[[File:100 metres race winner Sina Schielke (192) and the other Runners - ISTAF 2006 - Berlin, 3 September.jpg|thumb|Ciyaartoyda dumarka ah ee heerka caalamiga ah ee ISTAF Berlin, 2006]]
Participatinka dumarka ee ciyaaraha wuu kordhay iyada oo la kordhiyay fursadaha iyo aqoonsiga kordhaya ee faa'iidooyinka dhaqdhaqaaqa ciyaartoyda ee horumarka carruurta iyo fayowida jirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Eime |first1=Rochelle M. |last2=Young |first2=Janet A. |last3=Harvey |first3=Jack T. |last4=Charity |first4=Melanie J. |last5=Payne |first5=Warren R. |title=A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for children and adolescents |journal=International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity |year=2013 |volume=10 |issue=98 |page=98 |doi=10.1186/1479-5868-10-98|doi-access=free |pmid=23945179 |pmc=3751802 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Inkasta oo ay jiraan faa'iidooyinkan, farqiga jinsiga wuu sii jiraa. Heerka Olimbikada, dumarku waxay ahaayeen 49% oo ku taalla Tokyo 2020,&lt;ref name=&quot;RioTokyoWSF&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Paris 2024 should see gender parity – WSF study |url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/paris-2024-should-see-gender-parity-wsf-study-2022-04-21/ |publisher=Reuters |date=2022-04-21 |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; iyagoo gaadhay 50 % oo buuxa oo isu dhigma oo ku taalla Paris 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;GenderParity2024&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Reid |first=Helen |title=Women athletes say the work isn't over after Olympics gender parity |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/olympics/women-athletes-say-work-isnt-over-after-olympics-gender-parity-2024-07-28/ |publisher=Reuters |date=2024-07-28 |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Laakiin baadhitaannada caalamiga ah waxay sheegaan oo keliya 20% oo dumar ah oo ka aghb 31% oo ragg ah in ay kaparticipat-gelaan dhaqdhaqaaqa ciyaaraha bishii,&lt;ref name=&quot;YouGovGap&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Shah |first=Kineree |title=The great divide – exploring the gender gap in sports viewership |url=https://business.yougov.com/content/46311-the-great-divide-exploring-gender-gap-in-sports-viewership |publisher=YouGov |date=2023-03-10 |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ururka Caafimaadka Dduunka wuxuu xussayaa in dumarku ay 5 percentage points ka hooseeyaan ragga marka loo eego in ay buuxiyaan shuruudaha dhaqdhaqaaqa la soo jeediyay.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHOActivity&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Physical activity fact sheet |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciyaaraha qaar waa jinsiga la isku daray, oo oggolaanaya, ama xitaa u baahan, ragga iyo dumarka in ay ku ciyaaraan koox ka mid ah. Hal tusaale oo tan ah waa Baseball5, oo ah ciyaartii ugu horreysay ee jinsiga la isku daray ee loo oggolaado Olimbikada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Debut of Baseball5 at Youth Olympic Games postponed as next YOG shifted from 2022 to 2026 |url=http://www.wbsc.org/en/news/debut-of-baseball5-at-youth-olympic-games-postponed-as-next-yog-shifted-from-2022-to-2026 |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=World Baseball Softball Confederation |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Participatinka dhallinyarada===
{{main|Youth sports}}
{{See also|College sports}}
Ciyaaraha dhallinyarada waxay u bixiyaan carruurta fursado baashaal, isku xidhka bulshada, dhisida xiriirada ciyaartoyda kale, fayowida jirka, iyo deeqaha waxbarasho ee ciyaartoyda. U doodayaasha waxbarashada iyo dagaalka ka dhanka ah dawooyinka waxay dhiirigeliyaan ciyaaraha dhallinyarada si ay uga baxaan kaparticipatinka waxbarashada oo ay uga dagaallamaan ganacsiga dawooyinka ee sharci-darro ah. Sida ku cad Xarunta Cilmi-baadhista Dhaawaca iyo Siyaasadda ee Cusbitaalka Carruurta ee Qaranka, khatarta ugu weyn ee ciyaaraha dhallinyarada waa dhimasho ama dhaawac daran oo uu ku jiro concussion. Khatarahan waxay ka yimaadaan orodka, kubbadda koleyga, kubbadda cagta, volleyball-ka, gridiron-ka, jimnaastikada, iyo ice hockey.&lt;ref&gt;[https://healthland.time.com/2009/08/04/why-are-more-kids-getting-hurt-in-gym-class/ &quot;Gym class injuries up 150% between 1997 and 2007&quot;], ''Time'', 4 August 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha dhallinyarada ee US waa $15 bilyan oo vaza ah oo ay ku jiraan qalabka illaa tababarka gaarka ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last1=Gregory |first1=Sean |title=How Kids' Sports Became a $15 Billion Industry |url=https://time.com/4913687/how-kids-sports-became-15-billion-industry/ |access-date=24 August 2017 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=24 August 2017 |archive-date=24 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824112734/http://time.com/4913687/how-kids-sports-became-15-billion-industry/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Participatinka dadka naqada ah===
{{see also|Parasports|Paralympic Games}}
[[File:David Bizet - Marathon de Paris 2014.jpg|thumb|Orodiyaha wuxuu si saaxiibtinimo ah ugu taabanayaa garabka orodiyaha kursiga curyaanka inta lagu jiro Marathon-ka Paris 2014.]]

Ciyaaraha dadka naqada ah ama ciyaaraha la waafajiyay waxaa ciyaara dad leh naqadnimo, oo ay ku jiraan naqadnimada jirka iyo naqadnimada maanka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Para Sport |url=https://www.paralympic.org/paralympic-sport |publisher=International Paralympic Committee |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maadaama kuwo badan oo kuwan ka mid ah ay ku dhisnaayeen ciyaaraha jira oo la waafajiyay si loo buuxiyo baahida dadka leh naqadnimada, mararka kaar waxaa loo yaqaanaa ciyaaraha la waafajiyay.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Misener |first1=Laura |last2=Kissack |first2=Travis |title=Social inclusion through sport: Community coaching and participation of people with disabilities in sport |journal=Sport Management Review |year=2010 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=49–67 |doi=10.1016/j.smr.2009.10.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhammaan ciyaaraha dadka naqada ah ma aha kuwo la waafajiyay; tiro gaar ah oo loogu talagalay dadka leh naqadnimada ma laha wax u dhigma ciyaaraha dadka caadiga ah, sida goalball iyo boccia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sitting Volleyball, Goalball and Boccia |url=https://www.paralympic.org/sports |publisher=International Paralympic Committee |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Participatinka dadka waaweyn===
{{see also|Masters athletics|Masters cycling|Masters swimming}}
[[File:Pickleball Players.jpg|thumb|right|Pickleball waa ciyaar gaar ahaan u soo jiidasho badan dadka waaweyn.]]
'''Ciyaaraha Masters-ka''', '''ciyaaraha senior-ka''', ama '''ciyaaraha veteran-ka''' waa qeyb da'da ah oo ciyaaraha ah, oo inta badan ku jirta kooxaha da'da 35 iyo ka weyn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/veterans-and-masters-sport|title=Story: Veterans and masters sport|publisher=govt.nz|access-date=28 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waxay khuseyn kartaa dhaqdhaqaaqyada ciyaaraha oo aan la beddelin ama la waafajiyay, oo leh ama aan lahayn tartamo.

'''Tartamada'''
* World Masters Games oo la habayeeyay tan iyo 1985 afar sano kasta.
* European Masters Games oo la habayeeyay markii ugu horreysay 2008 oo markaas ka dib afar sano kasta.
* Senior Olympics (Senior Games)
* USATF Masters Outdoor Championships oo bilaabatay 1968
* USATF Masters Indoor Championships oo bilaabatay 1975
* World Masters Athletics Championships oo bilaabatay 1975

===Participatinka daawadayaasha===
{{Main article|Spectator sport}}
{{See also|Sports fandom}}
[[File:1906 Athens stadium.jpg|thumb|right|Daawadayaasha Ciyaaraha Olimbikada ee aan rasmiga ahayn ee 1906]]

Qaybta tartanka ee ciyaaraha, iyada oo la socota soo jiidashada quruxda ee dhinacyada qaar, waxay keentay dhacdooyinka ciyaaraha daawashada. Ciyaaraha amateerka iyo xirfadlaha ah waxay soo jiitaan dhagaystayaal toos ah oo ku yaalla garoomada iyo troo warbaahinta – radayowga, teevishanka iyo intarneedka – oo mid kasta oo kuwan ka mid ah uu ka qaadi karo lacagaha sida tikidhada ama isdhaafsiga pay-per-view.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=Spectator sport |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/spectator-sport |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Liigyada ciyaaraha iyo tartamadu waxay bixiyaan hababka habaysan ee ugu muhiimsan ee tartanka caadiga ah ee u dhexeya kooxaha ama ciyaartoyda gaarka ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Fort |first= Rodney D |title=Sports Economics |publisher=Prentice Hall |year=2015 |isbn=9780130850911}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dhacdooyinka sare waxay amraan dhagaystayaal waaweyn, iyagoo dhiirigeliya heshiisyo waaweyn oo xuquuqda warbaahinta ah. Ciyaarta kama-dambaysta ah ee Koobka Duunka FIFA 2006 waxay soo jiitatay in ka badan 700 milyan oo daawadayaal ah oo duunka oo dhan ah,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=2006 FIFA World Cup™ Media Report |url=http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/germany2006/organisation/media/media-reports.html |publisher=FIFA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101000000/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/germany2006/organisation/media/media-reports.html |access-date=2025-05-02|archive-date=1 January 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ciyaarta kama-dambaysta ah ee Koobka Duunka ee Cricket 2011 waxaa daawaday noin 135 milyan oo daawadayaal ah oo ku taalla Hindiya oo keliya.&lt;ref name=&quot;CWC2011&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=135 mn saw World Cup final: TAM |date=10 April 2011 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/135-mn-saw-World-Cup-final-TAM/Article1-683623.aspx |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=2025-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803013151/http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/135-mn-saw-World-Cup-final-TAM/Article1-683623.aspx |archive-date=2013-08-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mareykanka, Super Bowl wuxuu ku jiraa nooca teevishanka sannadlaha ah ee ugu daawashada badan, iyadoo Super Bowl XLIX ee 2015 uu lahaa averiiji 114 milyan oo daawadayaal ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Nielsen |title=Super Bowl XLIX Sets U.S. Viewership Record |url=http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/news/2015/super-bowl-xlix-most-watched-telecast-in-u-s--history.html |publisher=Nielsen |date=2015-02-02 |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Axadda Super Bowl waxaa loo arkaa fasax qaran oo aan rasmi ahayn, iyo 2015 booska xayeysiiska ee 30-ilbiriqsi ah waxaa lagu iibiyay noin US$4.5 milyan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Super Bowl Ads Cost US$4.5M for 30-Second Spot |url=https://adage.com/article/media/super-bowl-ads-cost-4-5m-30-spot/296163 |publisher=Ad Age |date=2015-01-30 |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Hiwaayad iyo xirfadle==
[[File:Volleyball-5 (9786053885).jpg|thumb|Kooxda volleyball-ka ee dumarka ee jaamacadda Mareykanka]]
Ciyaaraha waxaa loo samayn karaa nooc amateer, xirfadle ama xirfadle Dhexe ah, iyada oo ku xiran haddii ciyaartoyda loo dhiirigeliyo kaparticipatinka (inta badan troo bixinta lacagta ama mushaharka). Participatinka amateerka ee ciyaaraha heerarka hoose inta badan loo yaqaan &quot;ciyaaraha xididdada&quot; (grassroots sport).&lt;ref name=&quot;council&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;White Paper&quot;&gt;{{cite web |publisher=European Commission |title=The White Paper on Sport |url=http://ec.europa.eu/sport/white-paper/index_en.htm |access-date=11 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916202200/http://ec.europa.eu/sport/white-paper/index_en.htm |archive-date=16 September 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Caannimada ciyaaraha daawashada oo ah firaaqo u ah dadka aan kaparticipat-gelaayn waxay keentay in ciyaaruhu ay noqdaan ganacsi weyn oo madax-bannaan, tanina waxay dhiirigelisay dhaqanka ciyaaraha xirfadlaha ah ee bixiya lacagaha sare, oo ciyaartoyda waxqabadka sare leh lagu abaalmariyo lacag ka badan mushaharka averiijiga ah, oo gaari karta milyan oo doolar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |magazine=Sports Illustrated |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/specials/fortunate50-2011/index.html |title=Fortunate 50 2011 |last=Freedman |first=Jonah |access-date=5 March 2012 |archive-date=29 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429050301/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/specials/fortunate50-2011/index.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciyaaraha qaar, ama tartamada gaarka ah ee ku jira ciyaaraha, waxay haystaan siyaasad ah oggolaanshaha ciyaaraha amateerka oo keliya. Ciyaaraha Olimbikada waxay ku bilaabmeen mabda'a tartanka amateerka iyadoo kuwa ciyaarta u ciyaara si xirfadle ah loo arkayay in ay leeyihiin faa'iido aan caadil ahayn marka loo eego kuwa u ciyaara kaliya sida hiwaayad.&lt;ref name=OIdeology&gt;{{cite book |last=Eassom |first=Simon |title=Critical Reflections on Olympic Ideology |year=1994 |location=Ontario |publisher=The Centre for Olympic Studies |pages=120–123 |isbn=978-0-7714-1697-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tan iyo 1971, ciyaartoyda Olimbikada waxaa loo oggolaaday in ay helaan lacag iyo kafaalo-qaad (sponsorship),&lt;ref name=&quot;InfoPlease&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.infoplease.com/spot/olympic-athletes.html |title=Olympic Athletes |publisher=Info Please |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=16 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616042315/http://www.infoplease.com/spot/olympic-athletes.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; iyadoo tan iyo 1986, IOC ay go'aansatay in ay ka dhigto dhammaan ciyaartoyda xirfadlayaasha ah kuwo u qalma Olimbikada,&lt;ref name=&quot;InfoPlease&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/22/opinion/greene-olympics-amateurs/ |title=What changed the Olympics forever |publisher=CNN |date=23 July 2012 |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=15 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615122848/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/22/opinion/greene-olympics-amateurs/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; iyadoo laga reebayo feerka,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/13894/olympic-boxing-must-remain-amateur-despite-moves-to-turn-it-professional-states-warren- |title=Olympic boxing must remain amateur despite moves to turn it professional states Warren |publisher=Inside the Games |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=15 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615044539/http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/13894/olympic-boxing-must-remain-amateur-despite-moves-to-turn-it-professional-states-warren- |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=njefAgAAQBAJ&amp;q=only+amateur+boxers+at+olympics&amp;pg=PA400 |title=Historical Dictionary of Boxing |last1=Grasso |first1=John |date=2013 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |access-date=13 June 2015 |isbn=978-0-8108-7867-9 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417060735/https://books.google.com/books?id=njefAgAAQBAJ&amp;q=only+amateur+boxers+at+olympics&amp;pg=PA400 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo legdinta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1529280-olympic-wrestling-is-important-for-pro-wrestlers-and-its-fans |title=Olympic Wrestling Is Important for Pro Wrestling and Its Fans|author-first1=John|author-last1=Canton|publisher=Bleacher Report |date=14 February 2013 |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=16 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616155635/http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1529280-olympic-wrestling-is-important-for-pro-wrestlers-and-its-fans |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2WYEAAAAMBAJ&amp;q=only+amateur+wrestlers+at+olympics&amp;pg=PA24 |title=Boys' Life |date=August 1988 |page=24 |access-date=13 June 2015 |publisher=Boy Scouts of America, Inc. |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417073533/https://books.google.com/books?id=2WYEAAAAMBAJ&amp;q=only+amateur+wrestlers+at+olympics&amp;pg=PA24 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Teknoolojiga==
[[File:Third umpire lights at Melbourne Cricket Ground.JPG|thumb|Muuqaalkan ku yaalla Melbourne Cricket Ground wuxuu tilmaamayaa go'aanka garsooraha saddexaad uu sameeyo ka dib marka dib loo eego.]]
Teknoolojigu wuxuu ka ciyaaraa qayb muhiim ah ciyaaraha casriga ah. Waa qayb loo baahan yahay oo ka mid ah ciyaaraha qaar (sida ciyaaraha matoorada), waxaana loo isticmaalaa kuwo kale si loo hagaajiyo waxqabadka. Ciyaaraha qaar waxay sidoo kale isticmaalaan si loogu oggolaado go'aan-gaarida ka baxsan garoonka.

Aqoonta ciyaaraha (sports science) waxaa lagu dabaqi karaa goobaha oo ay ku jiraan waxqabadka ciyaartoyda, sida isticmaalka falanqaynta fiidiyowga si loo hagaajiyo farsamada, ama qalabka, sida hagaajinta kabaha orodka ama dharka dabaasha ee tartanka. Injineernimada ciyaaraha waxay soo muuqatay sida qeyb aqooneed 1998 iyada oo kordhinaysa diiradda oo aysan ahayn oo keliya dhiisida walxaha laakiin sidoo kale isticmaalka teknoolojiga ee ciyaaraha, ka yimid falanqaynta iyo data-da weyn illaa teknoolojiga la xerto.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaining Steam in Sports Technology&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Gaining Steam in Sports Technology |url=https://alum.mit.edu/pages/sliceofmit/2014/06/17/mit-steam-sports-technology/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714150052/https://alum.mit.edu/pages/sliceofmit/2014/06/17/mit-steam-sports-technology/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 |website=Slice of MIT |access-date=3 January 2015 |ref=Slice of MIT}}&lt;/ref&gt; Si loo maamulo saamaynta teknoolojiga ee ciyaarta caadiga ah, maamulada maamula inta badan waxay leeyihiin xeerar gaar ah oo loo dhigay si loo maamulo saamaynta faa'iidada farsamada ee u dhexaysa ciyaartoyda. Tusaale ahaan, 2010, dharka dabaasha ee buuxa oo aan ahayn textile-ka waxaa mamnuucay FINA, maadaama ay hagaajinayeen waxqabadka dabaalyada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/swimming/8161867.stm |title=Hi-tech suits banned from January |publisher=BBC Sport |date=31 July 2009 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908051335/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/swimming/8161867.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/full-body-swimsuit-now-banned-professional-swimmers/story?id=9437780 |first=Kristina |last=Wong |title=Full Body Swimsuit Now Banned for Professional Swimmers |work=ABC News |date=4 January 2010 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=7 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607200059/http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/full-body-swimsuit-now-banned-professional-swimmers/story?id=9437780 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kordhinta teknoolojiga waxay sidoo kale oggolaatay go'aano badan oo ciyaaraha ah in la qaato, ama dib loo eego, ka baxsan garoonka, iyadoo maamule kale uu isticmaalayo muujinta fiidiyowga tooska ah si uu u sameeyo go'aano. Ciyaaraha qaar, ciyaartoydu hadda waxay kaparticipat-geli karaan go'aanada ay sameeyeen maamuladu. Kubbadda cagta, teknoolojiga xariiqda goolka wuxuu sameeyaa go'aano ku saabsan haddii kubbadu ay goysay xariiqda goolka ama aysan goyn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=FIFA |title=Testing Manual |journal=FIFA Quality Programme for Goal Line Technology |year=2012 |url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifaqualityprogramme/goal-linetechnology/01/66/02/89/glt_testing_manual_2012.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030143223/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifaqualityprogramme/goal-linetechnology/01/66/02/89/glt%5Ftesting%5Fmanual%5F2012.pdf|archive-date=30 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Teknoolojigu ma aha mid khasab ah,&lt;ref name=IFABofficial&gt;{{cite web |title=IFAB makes three unanimous historic decisions |url=https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2012/m=7/news=ifab-makes-three-unanimous-historic-decisions-1660541.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507234418/http://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2012/m=7/news=ifab-makes-three-unanimous-historic-decisions-1660541.html |archive-date=7 May 2015 |publisher=FIFA |access-date=23 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; laakiin waxaa loo isticmaalay Koobka Duunka FIFA 2014 ee Brazil,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2014/m=4/news=goal-line-technology-set-ahead-fifa-world-cup-2311481.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511001351/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2014/m=4/news=goal-line-technology-set-ahead-fifa-world-cup-2311481.html |archive-date=11 May 2014 |title=Goal-line technology set up ahead of FIFA World Cup |date=1 April 2014 |publisher=FIFA |access-date=9 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo Koobka Duunka ee Dumarka ee FIFA 2015 ee Canada,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/y=2015/m=3/news=hawk-eye-confirmed-as-goal-line-technology-provider-for-canada-2015-2580727.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331170115/http://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/y=2015/m=3/news=hawk-eye-confirmed-as-goal-line-technology-provider-for-canada-2015-2580727.html |archive-date=31 March 2015 |title=Hawk-Eye confirmed as goal-line technology provider for Canada 2015 |date=31 March 2015 |publisher=[[FIFA]] |access-date=2 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; sida lagu isticmaalay Premier League tan iyo 2013–14,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC_Premier&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/22107409 |title=Goal-line technology: Premier League votes in favour for 2013–14 |publisher=BBC |date=11 April 2013 |access-date=11 April 2013 |archive-date=11 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411143514/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/22107409 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo Bundesliga tan iyo 2015–16.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.carlyleobserver.com/sports/bundesliga-approves-hawk-eye-goal-line-technology-for-new-season-1.1650074 |title=Bundesliga approves Hawk-Eye goal-line technology for new season |work=Carlyle Observer |access-date=9 June 2015 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029003339/https://www.carlyleobserver.com/sports/bundesliga-approves-hawk-eye-goal-line-technology-for-new-season-1.1650074 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; NFL-ka, garsooruhu wuxuu kordhin karaa dib u eegis ka timaada goobta dib u eegiska, ama tababaraha wuxuu soo saari karaa challenge si loo dib u eego ciyaarta iyadoo la isticmaalayo muujinta. Go'aanka kama-dambaysta ah wuxuu ku jiraa garsooraha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nfl.com/news/nfl-approves-rule-to-change-replay-process-0ap2000000336662 |title=NFL approves rule to change replay process |publisher=Business Insider |date=20 July 2011 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608173617/http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap2000000336662/article/nfl-approves-rule-to-change-replay-process |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Garsooraha fiidiyowga (caadi ahaan loo yaqaan Television Match Official ama TMO) wuxuu sidoo kale isticmaali karaa muujinta si uu u caawiyo go'aan-gaarida rugby-ga (labada liig iyo union).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rugbyworld.com/news/blogs/television-match-official-when-can-they-rule-14818 |title=Television Match Official – when can they rule |publisher=Rugby World |date=20 August 2011 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608222853/http://www.rugbyworld.com/news/blogs/television-match-official-when-can-they-rule-14818 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/club/9488451/New-rules-for-Television-Match-Officials-will-not-make-game-boring-to-watch-insist-rugby-chiefs.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/club/9488451/New-rules-for-Television-Match-Officials-will-not-make-game-boring-to-watch-insist-rugby-chiefs.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=New rules for Television Match Officials will not make game boring to watch, insist rugby chiefs |work=The Telegraph |date=20 August 2012 |access-date=8 June 2015|last1=Cleary |first1=Mick }}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cricket-ka caalamiga ah, garsooruhu wuxuu kordhin karaa go'aanka garsooraha saddexaad, garsooraha saddexaadna wuxuu sameeyaa go'aanka kama-dambaysta ah.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC Umpire&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/rules_and_equipment/4183398.stm |title=The role of cricket umpires |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=8 June 2015 |date=26 August 2005 |archive-date=2 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302114814/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/rules_and_equipment/4183398.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Top End&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/sport/cricket/technology.htm |title=Cricket Technology |publisher=Top End Sports |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608175247/http://www.topendsports.com/sport/cricket/technology.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tan iyo 2008, nidaamka dib u eegiska go'aanka ee ciyaartoyda si loo dib u eego go'aanada waxaa lagu soo bandhigay oo lagu isticmaalay tartamada uu maamulo ICC, iyo ikhtiyaar ahaan ciyaaraha kale.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC Umpire&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/cricket/controversial-drs-to-be-used-in-2015-icc-world-cup_1538054.html |title=Controversial DRS to be used in 2015 ICC World Cup |publisher=Zee News |date=29 January 2015 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608222859/http://zeenews.india.com/sports/cricket/controversial-drs-to-be-used-in-2015-icc-world-cup_1538054.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyada oo ku xiran warbaahinta martigalisa, tiro teknoolojiyo oo kala duwan ayaa lagu isticmaalaa inta lagu jiro dib u eegiska garsooraha ama ciyaartoyda, oo ay ku jiraan muujinta tooska ah, Hawk-Eye, Hot Spot iyo Real Time Snickometer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015/content/story/827213.html |title=Hawkeye, Realtime Snicko for World Cup |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=7 February 2015 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=10 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610075356/http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015/content/story/827213.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/icc-world-cup-3-top-reasons-why-did-not-use-hotspot-as-part-of-drs/20150213.htm |title=3 Top reasons why ICC did not use 'Hotspot' as part of DRS |newspaper=Rediff |publisher=Rediff cricket |date=13 February 2015 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608195717/http://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/icc-world-cup-3-top-reasons-why-did-not-use-hotspot-as-part-of-drs/20150213.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Hawk-Eye waxaa sidoo kale lagu isticmaalaa tennis-ka si loogu tartamo go'aanada garsoorida.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Almog |first1=David |last2=Gauriot |first2=Romain |last3=Page |first3=Lionel |last4=Martin |first4=Daniel |title=AI Has Entered the Court. Is This Changing Umpires' Calls? |url=https://insight.kellogg.northwestern.edu/article/ai-has-entered-the-court-is-this-changing-umpires-calls |website=Kellogg Insight |publisher=Kellogg School of Management |access-date=23 February 2026 |language=en |date=1 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/7305404.stm |title=Hawk-Eye challenge rules unified |date=19 March 2008 |access-date=22 August 2008 |work=BBC News |archive-date=23 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080323085536/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7305404.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ciyaaraha iyo waxbarashada ==
Cilmi-baadhisu waxay soo jeedinaysaa in ciyaaruhu ay leeyihiin awood ay ku xidhaan dhallinyarada iyo tusaalayaasha togan ee dadka waaweyn oo ay bixiyaan fursado horumarineed oo togan, sida ay u dhiirigeliyaan barashada iyo dabaqidda xirfadaha nolosha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fraser-Thomas |first1=Jessica L. |last2=Côté |first2=Jean |last3=Deakin |first3=Janice |date=2005 |title=Youth sport programs: an avenue to foster positive youth development |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/43501126 |journal=Physical Education &amp; Sport Pedagogy |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=19–40 |doi=10.1080/1740898042000334890 |hdl=1974/14425 |issn=1740-8989|hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=UNESCO|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366771|title=Strengthening the rule of law through education: a guide for policymakers|publisher=UNESCO|year=2019|isbn=978-92-3-100308-0|access-date=9 March 2020|archive-date=25 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225195201/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366771|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sannadaha dhow isticmaalka ciyaaraha si loo yareeyo dambiyada, sida in looga hortago xagjirnimada dagaalka ah iyo xagjirnimada, wuxuu noqday mid caan ah, gaar ahaan sida qalab lagu hagaajinayo kalsoonida nafta, kor loogu qaado xiriirada bulshada oo la siiyo ciyaartoyda dareen ujeeddo leh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ma jiro caddeyn heersare ah oo muujinaysa waxtarka dhiirigelinta lagu kordhinayo kaparticipatinka ciyaaraha ee bulshada ee ciyaaraha sida ololaha warbaahinta weyn, fadhiyada waxbarashada, iyo isbeddellada siyaasadda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Priest |first1=N |last2=Armstrong |first2=R |last3=Doyle |first3=J |last4=Waters |first4=E |date=16 July 2008 |title=Interventions Implemented Through Sporting Organisations for Increasing Participation in Sport |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=3 |article-number=CD004812 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004812.pub3 |pmid=18646112 |hdl-access=free |hdl=1885/285237|issn = 1464-780X }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sidoo kale ma jiraan wax barasho heersare ah oo baadhaya saamaynta dhiirigelinta noocan oo kale ah oo ku saabsan dhiirigelinta isbeddelka dhaqanka caafimaadka ee bulshada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |first1=Priest |last1=N |first2=Armstrong |last2=R |first3=Doyle |last3=J |first4=Water |last4=E |title=Policy Interventions Implemented Through Sporting Organisations for Promoting Healthy Behaviour Change |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |date=16 July 2008 |volume=2008 |issue=3 |article-number=CD004809 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004809.pub3 |pmid=18646111 |pmc=6464902}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shahaadooyinka waxbarashada waxaa lagu heli karaa ciyaaraha: tusaale ahaan, aqoonta ciyaaraha waa qeyb aqooneed oo si wanaagsan u dhisnaa. UK, BTEC National Diploma ku saabsan Tababarka Ciyaaraha iyo Horumarinta waxaa bixiya Pearson Education.&lt;ref&gt;Pearson Education, [https://qualifications.pearson.com/en/qualifications/btec-nationals/sports-coaching-and-development-2019.html Sports Coaching and Development (2019)], accessed on 29 August 2025&lt;/ref&gt; Waxaa jira afar shahaado oo ku jira qoyskan:
*Extended Certificate in Sports Coaching
*Foundation Diploma in Sports Coaching and Development
*Diploma in Sports Coaching and Development
*Extended Diploma in Sports Coaching and Development.&lt;ref&gt;Pearson Education, [https://qualifications.pearson.com/content/dam/pdf/BTEC-Nationals/sports-coaching-and-development/2019/specification-and-sample-assessments/btec-nats-non-measures-sports-coaching-and-development-spec.pdf Pearson BTEC Level 3 Nationals in Sports Coaching], accessed on 18 June 2022&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ciyaaraha iyo fayowida jirka ==
Ciyaaraha ku jira jimicsiga jirka waxay leeyihiin saamayn togan oo ku saabsan heerarka fayowida ee ciyaartoyda. Dhinacyada guud, heerarka sare ee xoogga, xawaaraha, dulqaadka iyo dabacsanaanta waxaa lagu heli karaa iyada oo la waafajinayo baahida ciyaarta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bangsbo J.; Kissow J.; Hostrup M. |title=Speed Endurance Training to Improve Performance |journal=Scandinavian Journal of Medicine &amp; Science in Sports |date=July 2025 |volume=35 |issue=7 |doi=10.1111/sms.70091 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40576293/ |access-date=22 October 2026|pmc=12203883 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tusaale ahaan, qof wuxuu noqon karaa mid xoog badan oo leh heerarka sare ee dulqaadka troo legdinta ama mid dabacsan troo ciyaarida kubbadda koleyga. Ciyaaraha kala duwan waxay hagaajin karaan awoodaha jirka ee ciyaartoyga habab kala duwan. Walxaha xoogga, xawaaraha, dulqaadka iyo dabacsanaanta oo lagu isticmaalo ciyaaraha, oo lagu hagaajiyo, waxaa sidoo kale kordhin kara jimicsiga tababarka gaarka ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bill Foran; Robin Pound |title=Complete Conditioning for Basketball |date=2007 |publisher=Human Kinetics |location=Champaign |isbn=978-0-4354-6516-2 |page=171}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hagaajinta lagu helay jimicsigan waxay ka dib hagaajin kartaa awoodda ciyaartoyga ee uu ku ciyaaro ciyaarta. Tusaale jimicsiga dabacsanaanta, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano drill, waa marka qof waddo dabacsanaan ah oo ku taalla dhulka uu ku socdo. Qofku wuxuu boodayaa kor iyo horay si hal cag ay ugu jirto gudaha geeska wadada cagna ay ka baxsan tahay. Waxay ka dib boodayaan kor iyo horay mar kale si cagta ku jirta gudaha iyo cagta ka baxsan geeska ay isbeddelaan i.e. cagta bidix ee gudaha iyadoo cagta xaq a ay ka baxsan tahay, ka dib cagta xaq a ee gudaha iyadoo cagta bidix ay ka baxsan tahay iyo siday u socoto waddada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bill Foran; Robin Pound |title=Complete Conditioning for Basketball |date=2007 |publisher=Human Kinetics |location=Champaign |isbn=978-0-4354-6516-2 |page=175}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tani waxay caawisaa hagaajinta heerka guud ee dabacsanaanta sababtoo ah dabacsanaantu waa muhiim kubbadda koleyga waxay sidoo kale hagaajisaa awoodda kubbadda koleyga. Jimicsiga dabacsanaanta waxaa loo waafajin karaa si dhaqdhaqaaqyada lagu sameeyo ay ugu dhowaadaan kuwa lagu isticmaalo inta ay socoto ciyaartu. Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay in nooca dabacsanaanta ee la dhisay uu yahay mid loo wareejin karo tartanka dhabta ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bill Foran; Robin Pound |title=Complete Conditioning for Basketball |date=2007 |publisher=Human Kinetics |location=Champaign |isbn=978-0-4354-6516-2 |page=172}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tusaalihii hore, dhaqdhaqaaqa degdega ah iyo dhigista cagaha wuxuu dhisaa dhaqdhaqaaqa cagaha degdega ah oo loo baahan yahay ciyaarta kubbadda koleyga.

Barnaamijyada tababarka ciyaaraha waxay ku jiraan sameynta xirfadaha gaarka ah ee ciyaartaas i.e. tababarka kubbadda cagta wuxuu ku jiri karaa baasitaanka kubbadda oo lagu celceliyo, iyo hagaajinta fayowida jirka guud iyo awoodda i.e. orodka wareegyada garoonka. Labada diiradood ee tababarkan waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu dhigo qof mid waxtar badan leh ciyaartaas iyadoo lagu hagaajinayo awoodooda ay ku buuxinayaan oo ay uga baxayaan dhibaatooyinka ay bixiso.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Micheli |first1=Lyle J. |title=Encyclopedia of Sport Medicine |date=2011 |publisher=Sage Publications |location=Thousand Oaks |isbn=978-1-4129-6115-8 |chapter=Speed, Agility, and Speed Endurance Development}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Siyaasadda==
{{Main article|Politics and sports}}
{{See also|Sportswashing|Sociology of sport}}

Benito Mussolini wuxuu isticmaalay Koobka Duunka FIFA 1934, oo lagu qabtay Talyaaniga, si uu u muujiyo Talyaaniga Fascist-ka ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWj7BgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA28 |title=Soccer Vs. the State: Tackling Football and Radical Politics |last1=Kuhn |first1=Gabriel |date=2011 |page=28 |publisher=PM Press |access-date=8 June 2015 |isbn=978-1-60486-053-5 |archive-date=16 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216073648/https://books.google.com/books?id=HWj7BgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA28 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;World Fascism&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvD2rZSVau4C&amp;pg=PA630 |title=World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1 |last1=Blamires |first1=Cyprian |date=2006 |pages=630–632 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |access-date=8 June 2015 |isbn=978-1-57607-940-9 |archive-date=13 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213050912/https://books.google.com/books?id=nvD2rZSVau4C&amp;pg=PA630 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Adolf Hitler wuxuu isticmaalay Ciyaaraha Olimbikada Xagaaga 1936 ee lagu qabtay Berlin, iyo Ciyaaraha Olimbikada Jiilaalka 1936 ee lagu qabtay Garmisch-Partenkirchen, si uu u dhiirigeliyo caqiidada Nazi-ga ee sareynta dadka Aryan-ka, iyo hooseynta Yuhuudda iyo &quot;kuwa kale oo aan la rabin&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;World Fascism&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sociology Sport&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uKarC6oX3P8C&amp;q=hitler+used+1936+olympics+to+promote+ideology&amp;pg=PT32 |title=The Sociology of Sport and Physical Education |last1=Saxena |first1=Anurag |year=2001 |publisher=Pinnacle Technology |access-date=8 June 2015 |isbn=978-1-61820-468-4 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jarmalku wuxuu isticmaalay Olimbikada si uu u muujiyo muuqaal nabad ah iyadoo hoose si qarsoodi ah loogu diyaargarobayay dagaal.&lt;ref&gt;''Kulttuurivihkot'' 1 2009 Berliinin olympialaiset 1936 Poliittisen viattomuuden menetys Jouko Jokisalo 28–29{{in lang|fi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Markii apartheid uu ahaa siyaasadda rasmiga ah ee Koonfur Afrika, tiro ciyaartoy ah, gaar ahaan rugby union-ka, waxay qaateen dhabar-adayg ah in aysan ka muuqan ciyaaraha tartanka ah ee halkaas ka jira. Kuwa qaar waxay u arkaan in tani ay ahayd waxtar waxtar leh oo ku saabsan dhammaadka apartheid, kuwa kalena waxay u arkaan in ay sii dheeraysay oo ay sii xoojisay saamaynteeda ugu darayd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Sport and apartheid|journal=History Compass|volume=3|pages= **|doi=10.1111/j.1478-0542.2005.00165.x|year = 2005|last1 = Merrett|first1 = Christopher}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Taariikhda Ireland, ciyaaraha Gaelic waxay ku xirnaayeen waddaniyadda dhaqanka. Illaa bartamihii qarnigii 20aad qof waa la mamnuuci karay in uu ciyaaro Gaelic football, hurling, ama ciyaaraha kale oo maamulo Ururka Ciyaaraha Gaelic (GAA) haddii uu ciyaaro ama taageero kubbadda cagta, ama ciyaaraha kale oo loo arko in ay ka yimaadeen Ingriiska. GAA waxay mamnuucday ciyaarida kubbadda cagta iyo rugby union-ka garoomada Gaelic. Mamnuucan, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano Xeerka 42,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fulton |first1=Gareth |last2=Bairner |first2=Alan |year=2007 |title=Sport, Space and National Identity in Ireland: The GAA, Croke Park and Rule&amp;nbsp;42. |journal=Space &amp; Polity |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=55–74 |doi=10.1080/13562570701406592 |s2cid=143213001 }}&lt;/ref&gt; weli waa lagu dhaqmaa, laakiin waa la beddelay si loogu oggolaado kubbadda cagta iyo rugby-ga in lagu ciyaaro Croke Park iyadoo Lansdowne Road dib loo dhisayay iyadoo loo beddelayo Aviva Stadium. Xeerka 21 hoostiisa, GAA waxay mamnuucday xubnaha ciidamada nabadgelyada Ingriiska iyo xubnaha Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) in ay ciyaaraan ciyaaraha Gaelic, laakiin karradkii Heshiiskii Jimcaha Wanaagsanaa ee 1998 wuxuu keenay ka saarida mamnuucan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=50th anniversary of abolition of 'The Ban' offers pause for perspective |url=https://www.gaa.ie/news/50th-anniversary-of-abolition-of-the-ban-offers-pause-for-perspective/ |access-date=2 July 2023 |website=www.gaa.ie |date=9 April 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Waddaniyaddu inta badan waxay ka muuqataa raadinta ciyaaraha ama warbixinteeda: ciyaartoydu waxay ku tartamaan kooxaha qaranka, oo weriyayaasha ama dhagaystayaashu inta badan waxay qaataan fikrado leexsan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Arnold|first=Richard|title=Nationalism and Sport: A Review of the Field|journal=Nationalities Papers|year=2020|volume=49|issue=1|pages=2–11|doi=10.1017/nps.2020.9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mararka kaar, fardhadan waxay u beddelataa dagaal u dhexeya ciyaartoyda ama daawadayaasha, sida inta lagu jiro Dagaalkii Kubbadda Cagta ee 1969 ee u dhexeyay El Salvador iyo Honduras, oo ah dagaal uu kiciyay rabshadaha ku taalla kaparticipatinka Koobka Duunka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Jennings|first=Andrew|title=Has football ever started a war?|work=The Guardian|date=2007-02-21|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2007/feb/21/theknowledge.sport|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dhacdooyinkan waxaa loo arkaa kuwo ka dhan ah ruuxa muhiimka ah ee ciyaaraha—kaas oo ah, in loogu tartamo ujeedadeeda lafahaadeed iyo baashaalka ciyaartoyda. Siyaasadda iyo ciyaaruhu waxay si xanuun badan u isku arkeen Olimbikadii Munich 1972, markii dagaalyahanno Falastiiniyiin ah ay ka soo galeen Tuulada Olimbikada, iyagoo la haystayaal u qaday xubnaha kooxda Israa'iil, iyagoo aakhirkiina dilay 11 ciyaartoy oo loo yaqaano gumaadkii Munich.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|publisher=Reuters|title=Paris ceremony honours Israeli athletes killed in 1972 Munich Games attack|date=2024-08-06|url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/olympics/paris-ceremony-honours-israeli-athletes-killed-1972-munich-games-attack-2024-08-06/|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Barashada doorashooyinka US waxay muujisay in natiijada dhacdooyinka ciyaaruhu ay saamayso natiijooyinka. Barasho lagu daabacay Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences waxay muujisay in marka kooxda gurigu ay guuleysato ciyaarta ka hor doorashada, murashaxiinta maamulka ku jira ay kordhin karaan saamigooda codadka 1.5%. Guuldaradu waxay lahayd saamayn iska soo horjeeda, saamayntanina waa ka weyn tahay kooxaha sare ama guulaha iyo guuldarooyinka aan la filayn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Will Ohio State's Football Team Decide Who Wins the White House? |author1=Tyler Cowen |author2=Kevin Grier |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |date=24 October 2012 |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2012/10/how_the_presidential_race_between_barack_obama_and_mitt_romney_could_be.html |access-date=29 December 2013 |archive-date=30 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233509/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2012/10/how_the_presidential_race_between_barack_obama_and_mitt_romney_could_be.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Marka Washington Commanders ay guuleystaan ciyaartooda kama-dambaysta ah ka hor doorashada, markaas madaxweynaha maamulka ku jira wuxuu leeyahay fursad ka badan oo uu ku guuleysto, haddii ay guuldarraystaana, murashaxa mucaaradka wuxuu leeyahay fursad ka badan oo uu ku guuleysto; tani waxay noqotay mid loo yaqaan Xeerka Redskins.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/football-insider/wp/2012/11/03/will-redskins-rule-again-determine-outcome-of-presidential-election/ |title=Will Redskins Rule again determine outcome of presidential election? |author=Mike Jones |date=3 November 2012 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=14 September 2017 |archive-date=7 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107110626/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/football-insider/wp/2012/11/03/will-redskins-rule-again-determine-outcome-of-presidential-election/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espnfrontrow.com/2012/10/redskins-rule-mnfs-hirdt-on-intersection-of-football-politics/ |title='Redskins Rule': MNF's Hirdt on intersection of football &amp; politics |work=ESPN Front Row |date=30 October 2012 |access-date=12 June 2015 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032035/http://www.espnfrontrow.com/2012/10/redskins-rule-mnfs-hirdt-on-intersection-of-football-politics/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sida keenista maamulida iyo hoos-u-dhicida dadka===
Étienne de La Boétie, qoraalkiisa Discourse on Voluntary Servitude wuxuu ku qeexayaa ciyaaraha daawashada sida habab ay kalitalisyadu ku maamulaan dadkooda iyagoo ka leexinaya diiradda.
&lt;blockquote&gt;
Ha u malaynina in uu jiro shimbir si fudud loo qabto decoy-ga, ama samayn kasta oo si degdeg ah ku xiranta jillaabka troo sedka gooryaanka ah, ka sii badan dhammaan doqoomadan saboolka ah oo si caqli badan loogu khayay addoonsiga...waxay isu oggolaadaan in la qabto si degdeg ah marka la joogo taabashada yar ee rabitaankooda. Ciyaaraha, riwaayadaha, daawashada, gladiators, xayawaanka yaabka leh, biladaha, sawirrada, iyo daroogooyinka kale oo noocan oo kale ah, kuwani waxay u ahaayeen dadkii duugga ahaa sedka loo adeegsado addoonsiga, qiimaha xorriyaddooda, qalabka kalitalisnimada. Troo kuwan...dhiirigelinta kalitalisyadii duugga ahaa waxay si guul leh ugu seexiyeen dadkooda madaxa hoostiisa, iyadoo dadkii wareeray, ay ku sasabmeen madadaalada iyo baashaalka been-abuurka ah ee ka muuqday eygooda ka hor, ay barteen adheecsiga si fudud...sida carruurta yaryari ay u bartaan akhriska iyagoo eegaya buugaagta sawirrada dhalaalaya.&lt;ref&gt;Étienne de La Boétie, ''Discourse on Voluntary Servitude'' (1549), Part 2&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;Intii uu socday maamulkii Ingriiska ee Bengal, ciyaaraha Ingriiska iyo Yurub waxay bilaabeen in ay beddelaan ciyaaraha soo jireenka ah ee Bengal, taas oo keentay in la lumiyo dhaqankii hoose.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/904168|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126161837/https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/904168|title=Disappearance of Traditional games by the imitation of Colonial Culture through the Historical parameters of Cultural Colonialism|archive-date=26 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801043229/https://dergipark.org.tr/|title=Ana Sayfa » DergiPark|archive-date=1 August 2019|website=dergipark.org.tr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jarmalkii Bari oo ay maamulayeen shuuciyadu, tan iyo 1970-yadii illaa 1990, 'noin 3,000 oo caawiyayaal aan rasmi ahayn ayaa lagu isticmaalay sannad kasta ciyaaraha heerka sare ah, oo ay ku jiraan ciyaartoy badan oo kubbadda cagta ah, taageerayaal iyo garsoorayaal'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Mike Dennis |first1=Norman LaPorte |title=State and Minorities in Communist East Germany |date=2011 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-0-857-45-195-8 |page=125 |chapter=Football fans, hooligans and the state}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ujeedooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee Stasi ay ku dhistay nidaamkan ballaaran ee caawiyayaasha ah waxay ahayd in ka hortag lagaga sameeyo ciyaartoyda in ay u baxsadaan Galbeedka, iyagoo isticmaalaya labada hab ee ilaalinta iyo caddadinta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Mike Dennis |first1=Norman LaPorte |title=State and Minorities in Communist East Germany |date=2011 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-0-857-45-195-8 |page=125 |chapter=Football fans, hooligans and the state}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Fikradaha diinta==
{{main|New Testament athletic metaphors}}
[[File:Panathenaic amphora Kleophrades Louvre F277.jpg|thumb|Orodka cagaha wuxuu ahaa hal dhacdo oo loo go'aamiyay Zeus. Panathenaic amphora, Kleophrades painter, Circa 500 BC, Louvre museum.]]
Ciyaaruhu waxay ahaayeen nooc muhiim ah oo cibaado ah Diinta Gariigii Hore. Ciyaaraha Olimbikada ee duugga ahaa waxaa lagu qaban jiray maamuuska ilaaha sare, Zeus, iyadoo lagu muujinayo noocyo kala duwan oo u-go'aaminta diinta ah ee isaga iyo ilaahyada kale.&lt;ref&gt;Gardinier, Norman E., 'The Olympic Festival' in ''Greek Athletic Sports and Festivals'', London: MacMillan, 1910, p.195&lt;/ref&gt; Gariig badan ayaa u safrayay si ay u eegaan ciyaaraha, iyadoo isku-darka socdaalka diinta iyo ciyaaraha uu u served-garaynayay sida hab lagu maamulayo midnimadooda oo hal dad ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Harker |first1=Barry H. |title=Strange Fire: Christianity and the Rise of Modern Olympianism |date=2006 |publisher=Hartland Publications |location=Rapidan |isbn=0-923309-39-X |page=75 |chapter=6: Olympia and Jerusalem}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku-practice-garaynta tartamada ciyaaraha waxaa dhaleeceeyay mufakiriinta Masiixiga ah oo loo arkayay nooc sanam-caabudid ah, oo &quot;aadamuhu uu is-sareeyo, is-caabudo, is-saciifiyo oo is-abaalmariyo.&quot;&lt;ref name=Watson1&gt;''Sports and Christianity: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives'', Nick J. Watson, ed. (Routledge: 2013), p. 178.&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha waxaa loo arkaa kuwo dhaleeceeyayaashan ay u arkaan muujinta &quot;kibri wadajir ah&quot; iyo &quot;is-ilaahaysi qaran&quot; oo awoodaha aadamaha lagu sanam-caabudo iyada oo laga tagayo cibaadada diinta.&lt;ref name=Watson1/&gt;

Tertullian wuxuu dhaleeceeyay waxqabadka ciyaaraha ee maalmihiisii, wuxueena ku insisted-garaynayay &quot;dhammaan qalabka nooca ciyaaraha wuxuu ku dhisnaa sanam-caabudid.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Tertullian, ''De spectaculis'', Chapter 4.&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha, wuxuu leeyahay Tertullian, waxay kiciyaan dareenno la yaab leh oo ka baxsan dabeecadda deggen ee uu dhisay Masiixiga:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
Ilaah wuxuu nagu amray inaan u dhaqanno si deggen, si tartiib ah, si ka samaysan nabad, iyadoo uu la joogo Ruhal Qudus-ka, sababtoo ah waxyaabahani oo keliya waxay ku habboon yihiin wanaagga Dabeecaddiisa, iyadoo leh debecsanaanteisa iyo dareenkiisa. ... Hagaag, sida ay tani ugu habboonaan doontaa ciyaaraha? Sababtoo ah ciyaartu mar walba waxay keentaa iztiroob ruuxi ah, sababtoo ah halka ay ka jirto baashaal, waxaa ka jira dareen adag oo bixinaya baashaalka; halka ay ka jirto dareen adag, waxaa ka jira tartan oo siinaya kuleylkiisa. Ka dibna, marka aad leedahay tartan, waxaad leedahay carro, qadhaadh, xanaaq iyo calool-xumo, iyadoo dhammaan waxyaabaha xun ay ka soo bayaan kuwan – oo dhan si buuxda oo ka baxsan diinta Masiixa.&lt;ref&gt;''De spectaculis'' Chapter 15.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
Wadaaddada Masiixiga ee dhaqdhaqaaqa Wesleyan-Holiness waxay ka soo horjeedaan daawashada ama kaparticipatinka ciyaaraha xirfadlaha ah, iyagoo raba in liigyada ciyaaraha xirfadlaha ah ay nijaaseeyaan Sabtida, oo ay la tartamaan u-go'aaminta Masiixiga ee Ilaah, muujiyaan la'aanta xishoodka ee dharka ciyaartoyda iyo cheerleaders-ka, oo ay ku xirnaadaan dagaal iyo isticmaalka dhaaraha ee u dhexeya ciyaartoy badan, oo ay dhiirigeliyaan khamaarka, sida khamriga iyo dawooyinka kale ee dhacdooyinka ciyaaraha, oo ka dhan ah u-go'aaminta teetotalism-ka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Handel2020&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Handel |first1=Paul S. |title=Reasons Why Organized Sports Are Not Pleasing to God |date=2020 |publisher=Immanuel Missionary Church |page=4 |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Xigashooyinka==
{{Reflist}}

===Ilaha===
* European Commission (2007), ''The White Paper on Sport''
* Council of Europe (2001), ''The European sport charter''
*{{Free-content attribution
| title = Strengthening the rule of law through education: a guide for policymakers
| publisher = UNESCO
| page numbers =
| documentURL = https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366771
| license statement URL =
| license = CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO
}}

==Sii akhriso==
{{Sister project links|Sports|voy=Sport}}
* ''The Meaning of Sports'' by Michael Mandel (PublicAffairs, {{ISBN|1-58648-252-1}}).
* [https://www.tandfonline.com/journals/rjps20 ''Journal of the Philosophy of Sport'']
* Sullivan, George. ''The Complete Sports Dictionary''. New York: Scholastic Book Services, 1979. p.&amp;nbsp;199. {{ISBN|0-590-05731-6}}

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      <text bytes="78346" sha1="8yvmcz3x3q9726ynjaqt975e6o0tizg" xml:space="preserve">[[File:2015 29 Somali National Team-1 (21007355596).jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|right|Ciyaartoyda kooxda kubadda cagta qaranka [[Soomaaliya]] intii lagu jiray tababarkii [[2015]] ]]
[[File:London Marathon 2005 at Blackfriars.jpg|thumb|Orodka London Marathon 2005: orodada, noocyadooda kala duwan, waxay u taagan yihiin nooca ugu duugga badan uguna jilicsan ciyaaraha.]]

'''Ciyaaraha''' ({{lang-en|Sport}}) waa dhaqdhaqaaq jirkaga ah ama ciyaar, oo inta badan tartan iyo habaysan ah, oo ilaaliya ama hagaajiya awoodda jirrka iyo xirfadaha. Ciyaaruhu waxay bixin karaan baashaal ciyaartoyda iyo madadaalo daawadayaasha. Tirada ciyaartoyda ciyaar gaar ah waxay ka bilaaban kartaa boqolaal qof illaa hal qof oo keliya.

Dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka wuxuu ku xiran yahay dhinacyo kala duwan oo caafimaadka iyo cimri dheerida ah. Heerarka sare ee dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka waxay ku xiran yihiin khatar hoose oo dhimashada dhammaan sababaha iyo dhimashada cudurrada wadnaha, istaroogga iskeemikada, iyo wadne xanuunka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kraus2019&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Kraus | first1 = William E. | last2 = Powell | first2 = Kenneth E. | last3 = Haskell | first3 = William L. | last4 = Janz | first4 = Kathleen F. | last5 = Campbell | first5 = Wayne W. | last6 = Jakicic | first6 = John M. | last7 = Troiano | first7 = Richard P. | title = Physical activity, all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, and cardiovascular disease | journal = Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise | volume = 51 | issue = 6 | pages = 1270 | date = 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka wuxuu sidoo kale ku xiran yahay hoos u dhaca astaamaha niyad-jabka, walwalka, iyo iztiroobka nafsiga ah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh2023&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Singh | first1 = Ben | last2 = Olds | first2 = Timothy | last3 = Curtis | first3 = Rachel | last4 = Dumuid | first4 = Dorothea | last5 = Virgara | first5 = Rosa | last6 = Watson | first6 = Amanda | last7 = Szeto | first7 = Kimberley | title = Effectiveness of physical activity interventions for improving depression, anxiety and distress: an overview of systematic reviews | journal = British Journal of Sports Medicine | volume = 57 | issue = 18 | pages = 1203-1209 | date = 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Munro2026&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Munro | first1 = Neil Richard | last2 = Teague | first2 = Samantha | last3 = Somoray | first3 = Klaire | last4 = Simpson | first4 = Aaron | last5 = Budden | first5 = Timothy | last6 = Jackson | first6 = Ben | last7 = Rebar | first7 = Amanda | last8 = Dimmock | first8 = James | title = Effect of exercise on depression and anxiety symptoms: systematic umbrella review with meta-meta-analysis | journal = British Journal of Sports Medicine | volume = 60 | issue = 8 | pages = 590-599 | date = 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Noetel2024&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Noetel | first1 = Michael | last2 = Sanders | first2 = Taren | last3 = Gallardo-Gómez | first3 = Daniel | last4 = Taylor | first4 = Paul | last5 = del Pozo Cruz | first5 = Borja | last6 = Van Den Hoek | first6 = Daniel | last7 = Smith | first7 = Jordan J. | title = Effect of exercise for depression: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials | journal = BMJ | volume = 384 | date = 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Gaar ahaan, jimicsiga aerobikada, yoogada, iyo jimicsiga noocyada badan leh ayaa loo helay in ay waxtar u leeyihiin hoos u dhicida astaamaha niyad-jabka umusha ka dib.&lt;ref name=&quot;Campos-Marin2025&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Campos-Marin | first1 = Álvaro | last2 = García-Muñoz | first2 = Cristina | last3 = Matias-Soto | first3 = Javier | last4 = Martinez-Calderon | first4 = Javier | title = What interventions focused on physical activity could improve postpartum depression symptoms? An overview of systematic reviews with meta-analysis | journal = Healthcare | volume = 13 | issue = 12 | pages = 1419 | date = 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tartamada ciyaaruhu waxay isticmaali karaan nooca koox ama qof keliya, waxayna noqon karaan kuwo furan, oo u oggolaanaya tiro ballaaran oo ciyaartoy ah, ama kuwo xiran, oo ku xaddidaya kaparticipatinka kooxo gaar ah ama kuwa la casuumay. Tartamadu waxay oggolaan karaan &quot;barbardhac&quot;, oo aysan ka jirin hal guuleyste; kuwo kale waxay bixiyaan hababka barbardhac-jebinta si loo xaqiijiyo in uu jiro hal guuleyste oo keliya. Waxaa sidoo kale loo dhabar-adkeyn karaa nooca tartanka, oo soo saaraya horyaal. Liigyo badan oo ciyaareed waxay samaysan karaan horyaal sannadle ah iyagoo dhisaya ciyaaro xilliga caadiga ah ee ciyaaraha, oo ay la socdaan xaaladaha qaar ciyaaraha kama-dambaysta ah .

Ciyaaraha guud ahaan waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay nidaam dhaqdhaqaaqyo ku dhisnaa ciyaartoynimada jirka ama xirfadda jirka, iyadoo tartamada waaweyni ay oggol yihiin oo keliya ciyaaraha buuxiya qeexiddaan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.olympic.org/sports |title=List of Summer and Winter Olympic Sports and Events |publisher=The Olympic Movement |date=14 November 2018 |access-date=5 March 2012 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225174712/https://www.olympic.org/sports%20 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ururada qaar, sida Golaha Yurub, waxay ka reebayaan dhaqdhaqaaqyada aan lahayn wax walbo oo jirka ah nooca ciyaaraha.&lt;ref name=&quot;council&quot;&gt;Qoraalka tixraaca&lt;/ref&gt; Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tiro dhaqdhaqaaqyo tartan ah, laakiin aan ahayn kuwo jirka ah, waxay sheegtaan aqoonsi sida ciyaaraha maanka. Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee Olimbikada oo kormeera Ciyaaraha Olombikada wuxuu u aqoonsan yahay shataraanka iyo bridge-ka ciyaaro ahaan. SportAccord, oo ah ururka xiriirada ciyaaraha caalamiga ah, wuxuu aqoonsan yahay shanta ciyaarood oo aan ahayn kuwo jirka ah: shataraanka, buundo, checkers, Go iyo xiangqi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |publisher=SportAccord |title=World Mind Games |url=http://www.sportaccord.com/en/multi-sports-games/index.php?idIndex=35&amp;idContent=658 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508021848/http://www.sportaccord.com/en/multi-sports-games/index.php?idIndex=35&amp;idContent=658 |archive-date=8 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |publisher=SportAccord |title=Members |url=http://www.sportaccord.com/en/members/index.php?idContent=644&amp;idIndex=32 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507073823/http://www.sportaccord.com/en/members/index.php?idContent=644&amp;idIndex=32 |archive-date=7 May 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay xaddidaan tirada ciyaaraha maanka ee loo oggolaan karo ciyaaro ahaan.&lt;ref name=&quot;sportaccord&quot;&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha guud ahaan waxaa maamula xeerar ama caadooyin, oo u adeega xaqiijinta tartan caadil ah. Guushu waxay ku go'aansami kartaa matalaadaha jirka sida dhibcaha goolasha ama goynta xariiqda marka ugu horreysa. Waxaa sidoo kale go'aamin kara garsoorayaal dhibcaha ka bixinaya waxqabadka ciyaaraha, oo ay ku jiraan xaalado ujeeddo leh ama kuwo fikrad ah sida waxqabadka farsamada ama saamaynta incaamka artistique.

Diiwaanka waxqabadka inta badan waa la dhowraa, ciyaaraha caanka ahna, macluumaadkan waxaa laga yaabaa in si ballaaran looga dhawaaqo ama looga warramo wararka ciyaaraha. Ciyaaruhu sidoo kale waa il muhiim ah oo madadaalo u ah dadka aan kaparticipatgaraynayn, iyadoo ciyaaraha daawashada ay soo jiitaan dad badan garoomada ciyaaraha, oo ay gaaraan dhagaystayaal ballaaran oo maraya teevishanka ama radayowga. Khamaarka ciyaaraha xaaladaha qaar si daran ayaa loo maamulaa, xaaladaha kalena waa qayb ka mid ah ciyaaraha.

Sida ku cad A.T. Kearney, oo ah shirkad la-talinta, kiiska ciyaaraha ee caalamiga ah wuxuu qiimihiisu yahay ilaa $620 bilyan marka la joogo 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/news/international/21585012-sportswomen-are-beginning-score-more-commercial-goalsbut-they-still-have-lot-ground |title=Women in sport: Game, sex and match |newspaper=The Economist |date=7 September 2013 |access-date=14 September 2017 |archive-date=2 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802224933/http://www.economist.com/news/international/21585012-sportswomen-are-beginning-score-more-commercial-goalsbut-they-still-have-lot-ground |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaarta ugu helitaanka iyo ku practice-garaynta badan dunida waa orodka, halka kubbadda cagtu ay tahay ciyaarta daawashada ugu caansan.&lt;ref name=&quot;wa&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-are-the-most-popular-sports-in-the-world.html |title=The Most Popular Sports in the World |date=2018 |website=www.worldatlas.com |publisher=World Atlas |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817161238/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-are-the-most-popular-sports-in-the-world.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ujeeddada iyo adeegsiga==
===Etimoolojiga===
Ereyga &quot;sport&quot; wuxuu ka yimid Faransiiskii Hore desport oo dhahaya &quot;waqti firaaqo&quot;, iyadoo qeexiddii ugu duugnayd ee Ingiriisida ee qarnigii 1300 ay ahayd &quot;wax kasta oo aadamuhu u arko kuwo xiiso leh ama madadaalo leh&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=sport&amp;searchmode=none |title=sport (n.) |access-date=20 April 2008 |first=Douglas |last=Harper |work=Online Etymological Dictionary |archive-date=11 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111214311/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=sport&amp;searchmode=none |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ujeedooyinka kale waxaa ka mid ah khamaarka iyo dhacdooyinka loo sameeyay ujeeddada khamaarka; ugaarsiga; iyo ciyaaraha iyo baashaalka, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa u baahan jimicsi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged |publisher=G&amp;C Merriam Company |location=Springfield, MA |page=2206 |year=1967}}&lt;/ref&gt; Roget's wuxuu qeexayaa ciyaaraha sida &quot;dhaqdhaqaaq loo sameeyo nasasho iyo madadaalo&quot; iyadoo synonyms-ku ay ku jiraan madadaalo iyo firaaqo-wadaag.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Roget's II: The New Thesaurus|edition =3rd|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |url=https://archive.org/details/rogetsiiinewthes00houg |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-618-25414-9 |url-access=registration }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sida loo magacaabo===
Ereyga kali ah ee &quot;sport&quot; waxaa loo isticmaalaa lahjadaha Ingiriisida badankood si loogu qeexo fikradda guud, tusaale &quot;carruurta kaparticipatgaraynaysa ciyaaraha&quot;, iyadoo &quot;sports&quot; loo isticmaalo si loogu qeexo dhaqdhaqaaqyo badan, tusaale &quot;kubbadda cagta iyo rugby waa ciyaaraha ugu caansan Ingriiska&quot;. Ingiriisida Mareykanka waxay isticmaashaa &quot;sports&quot; labada macnaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sport vs sports – Usage Notes |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/sport-s-sports |publisher=Cambridge University Press |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sport |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sport |publisher=Merriam-Webster |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Qeexidda===
{{see also|Game#Definitions}}
[[File:ChessStartingPosition.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee Olimbikada wuxuu u aqoonsan yahay ciyaaraha guddiga qaar ka mid ah ciyaaro ahaan, oo uu ku jiro shataraanka.]]
[[File:Showjumping white horse.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|Boodidda fardaha, oo ah ciyaar fardoolay ah]]
Qeexidda saxda ah ee ka soocaysa ciyaarta dhaqdhaqaaqyada kale ee firaaqada waxay ku kala duwan tahay ilaha. Midda ugu dhow heshiis caalami ah oo ku saabsan qeexidda waxaa bixiya Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Xiriirada Ciyaaraha Caalamiga ah (GAISF), oo ah ururka dhammaan xiriirada ciyaaraha caalamiga ah ee ugu waaweyn (oo ay ku jiraan kubbadda cagta, ciyaaraha fudud, baaskiil wadida, tennis-ka, ciyaaraha fardoolayda, iyo kuwo kale), saas darteedna waa maamulaha rasmiga ah ee ciyaaraha caalamiga ah.

GAISF wuxuu isticmaalaa shuruudaha soo socda, wuxueena go'aamiyaa in ciyaartu tahay inay:&lt;ref name=sportaccord/&gt;
* leedahay walab tartanka ah
* aysan wax ku nool ah dhib u geysanayn
* aysan ku tiirsanayn qalab uu bixiyo hal alaab-qeybiye oo keliya (oo ay ka reeban yihiin ciyaaraha iska lahaanshaha ah sida kubbadda cagta arena)
* aysan ku tiirsanayn wax &quot;nasiib&quot; ah oo gaar ahaan loogu talagalay ciyaarta.

Waxay sidoo kale aqoonsan yihiin in ciyaartu noqon karto ku dhawaad jirka (sida rugby ama ciyaaraha fudud), ku dhawaad maanka (sida shataraanka ama Go), ku dhawaad matoorada (sida Formula 1 ama doonyaha matoorka), ku dhawaad iskudubaridka iyo xirfadda (sida snooker iyo ciyaaraha kale ee cue-ka), ama ku dhawaad kuwa xayawaanku taageeraan (sida ciyaaraha fardoolayda).&lt;ref name=sportaccord/&gt;

Koodinta ciyaaraha maanka ee gudaha qeexidda ciyaaraha lama wada aqbalin, taas oo keentay lchallenge-yo sharci ah oo ka yimid maamulada maamula marka loo eego in loo diaday maalgelinta loo hayo ciyaaraha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |work=BBC News |title=Judicial review of 'sport' or 'game' decision begins |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-34320201 |date=22 September 2015 |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-date=23 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023020304/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-34320201 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Laakiin iyadoo GAISF ay aqoonsan tahay tiro yar oo ciyaaraha maanka ah, ma furaan in ay kaparticipat-geliyaan ciyaaro kale oo maanka ah.

Waxaa jiray kordho adeegsiga ereyga &quot;sport&quot; ee ku saabsan ciyaaro ballaaran oo aan ahayn kuwo jirka ah sida ciyaaraha fiidiyowga, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano esports (ka yimid &quot;ciyaaraha elektaroonigga ah&quot;), gaar ahaan sababtoo ah baaxadda weyn ee kaparticipatinka iyo tartanka habaysan, laakiin kuwan si ballaaran looma aqoonsana ururada ciyaaraha ee waaweyn. Sida ku cad Golaha Yurub, Axdiga Ciyaaraha Yurub, maqaalka 2.i, &quot;'Sport' waa dhammaan noocyada dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka oo, troo kaparticipatinka caadiga ah ama habaysan, haysata ujeedo lagu muujinayo ama lagu hagaajinayo fayowida jirka iyo wanaagga maanka, dhisida xiriirada bulshada ama helitaanka natiijooyinka tartanka heerarka dhan.&quot;&lt;ref name=council/&gt;

===Tartanka===
[[File:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb|left|Orodka fardaha]]

Waxaa jira fikrado iska soo horjeeda oo ku saabsan muhiimadda tartanka uu u leeyahay walaxda qeexaysa ciyaarta, iyadoo ku dhawaad dhammaan ciyaaraha xirfadlaha ah ay ku jiraan tartan, maamulada maamulana ay u baahan yihiin tartan inay tahay shuruud ka hor aqoonsiga Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee Olimbikada (IOC) ama GAISF.&lt;ref name=sportaccord/&gt;

Ururada kale waxay u doodaan ballaadhinta qeexidda ciyaaraha si ay u noqoto dhammaan noocyada dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka, oo aysan ahayn oo keliya dhacdooyinka habaysan ama tartanka ah. Tusaale ahaan, Axdiga Ciyaaraha ee Golaha Yurub wuxuu qeexayaa &quot;sport&quot; sida: &quot;dhammaan noocyada dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka oo, troo kaparticipatinka caadiga ah ama habaysan, looga dan leeyahay ilaalinta ama hagaajinta fayowida jirka iyo wanaagga maanka, dhisida xiriirada bulshada ama helitaanka natiijooyinka tartanka heerarka dhan&quot;, iyadoo si cad u dhexgalinaysa jimicsiga baashaalka ah ee loo sameeyo kaliya baashaal ahaan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=Jun 2022 |title=Revised European Sports Charter – Article 2 |url=https://rm.coe.int/revised-european-sports-charter-web-a6/1680a7534b |publisher=Council of Europe |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title= The Development and Prospects for Community Action in the Field of Sport |date=29 September 1998 |url=https://ec.europa.eu/assets/eac/sport/library/documents/doc252_en.pdf |publisher=European Commission |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Si loo ballaadhiyo kaparticipatinka, oo loo yareeyo saamaynta laga helayo guuldarada ciyaartoyda aan awoodda badan lahayn, waxaa jiray soo-bandhigidda dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka oo aan ahayn tartan ee dhacdooyinka tartanka ah ee caadiga ah sida maalmaha ciyaaraha ee dugsiyada, inkasta oo dhaqdhaqaaqyada noocan oo kale ah ay noqon karaan kuwo muran dhaliya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Front |first=Rebecca |work=The Guardian |title=A little competition |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/jul/17/school-sport-competitive-children-achievement-ambition |date=17 July 2011 |access-date=13 December 2016 |archive-date=15 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315143528/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/jul/17/school-sport-competitive-children-achievement-ambition |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |publisher=ParentDish |title=Why parents hate school sports day |last=Scrimgeour |first=Heidi |date=17 June 2011 |url=http://www.parentdish.co.uk/2011/06/17/why-parents-hate-school-sports-day/ |access-date=11 June 2012 |archive-date=24 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024182750/http://www.parentdish.co.uk/2011/06/17/why-parents-hate-school-sports-day/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dhacdooyinka tartanka ah, ciyaartoyda waxaa lagu qiimeeyaa ama lagu kala saaraa ku dhisnaanta &quot;natiijadooda&quot; iyadoo inta badan loo qeybiyo kooxo leh waxqabad loo siman yahay, tusaale, jinsiga, miisaanka iyo da'da. Qiyaasta natiijadu waxay noqon kartaa ku dhawaad ujeeddo ama fikrad, oo lagu saxo &quot;handicaps&quot; ama ganaaxyo. Tartanka orodka, tusaale ahaan, waqtiga lagu dhameeyay wadada waa qiyaas ujeeddo ah. Jimnaastikada ama quusida, natiijada waxaa go'aamiya garsoorayaal, sidaas darteedna waa fikrad. Waxaa jira heerar garsoorid dhex-dhexaad ah oo u dhexeya feerka iyo ciyaaraha la isku daray ee dagaalka, oo haddii aysan labada ciyaartoy midna guul helin ka hor waqtiga xaddidan, natiijada waxaa go'aamiya kaararka dhibcaha garsoorayaasha. Feerka, saddex garsoore ayaa si madax-bannaan dhibcaha uga bixiya wareeg kasta, iyadoo la raacayo shuruudaha sida feerida nadiifka ah, weerarka waxtarka leh, maamulka garoonka iyo doofaaca.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ABC Uniform Championship Rules |url=https://www.ibf-usba-boxing.com/wp-content/uploads/ABCUniformChampionshipRules.pdf |publisher=Association of Boxing Commissions |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Taariikhda==
{{Main article|History of sport}}
[[File:Roman bronze copy of Myron’s Discobolos, 2nd century CE (Glyptothek Munich).jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Naxaas Roomaan ah oo laga sameeyay Discobolos ee Myron, qarnigii 2aad AD]]
[[File:Participants with the Water Warrior class perform squats prior to entering the pool at Camp Foster, Okinawa, Japan, July 6, 2011 110706-M-VD776-004 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Snoorkeler-ku waxay sameynayaan jimicsiga squats ka hor inta aysan galin barkadda ee saldhigga ciidanka Mareykanka, 2011.]]

Shaqooyinka gacanta iyo dhismayaasha waxay tilmaamayaan ciyaaraha Shiinaha sida ay ahayd 2000 BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://chineseculture.about.com/library/weekly/aa032301a.htm |title=Sports History in China |author1=Ye Qinfa |access-date=15 October 2006 |archive-date=3 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303183246/http://chineseculture.about.com/library/weekly/aa032301a.htm |url-status=deviated }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jimnaastikada waxay u muuqataa in ay caan ka ahayd waagii duugga ahaa ee Shiinaha. Taallooyinka Fircooniga waxay tilmaamaan in tiro ciyaaro ah, oo ay ku jiraan dabaasha iyo kaluumeysiga, ay ahaayeen kuwo si wanaagsan u horumaray oo maamulan kumanaan sano ka hor Masartii Hore.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ioa.leeds.ac.uk/1980s/84085.htm |title=84.85-90 History of Sports in Ancient Egypt |first1=Ahmed D. |last1=Touny |website=Proceedings of the International Olympic Academy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029232515/http://www.ioa.leeds.ac.uk/1980s/84085.htm |archive-date=29 October 2006 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha kale ee Masar waxaa ka mid ahaa tuurista waranka, boodada dheer, iyo legdinta. Ciyaaraha Beershiyo ee Hore sida sanka ee soo jireenka ah ee Iiraan ee Zoorkhaneh waxay lahayd xiriir dhow oo ku saabsan xirfadaha dagaalka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.kuwait-info.com/newsnew/NewsDetails1.asp?id=78319&amp;dt=10/13/2006&amp;ntype=World |title=Ancient sport still flexing its muscles in Iran |website=kuwait-info.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070326081959/http://www.kuwait-info.com/newsnew/NewsDetails1.asp?id=78319&amp;dt=10%2F13%2F2006&amp;ntype=World |archive-date=26 March 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha kale ee ka yimid Beershiyadii Hore waxaa ka mid ah polo iyo jousting. Ciyaaraha soo jireenka ah ee Hindiya ee kala duwan sida Kho kho iyo Kabaddi waxaa la ciyaarayay kumanaan sano. Kabaddi waxaa loo ciyaarayay malaha sida u-diyaargarowga ugaarsiga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=kabaddi {{!}} sport |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/kabaddi |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Bruno Senna 2006 Australian Grand Prix.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|Ciyaaraha matoorada leh waxay soo muuqdeen tan iyo markii ay timid waagii casriga ahaa.]]

Tiro ballaaran oo ciyaaro ah ayaa horay loo dhisay waagii Gariikii Hore, dhaqanka ciidankana iyo horumarka ciyaaraha ee Gariiga waxay saameeyeen midba midka kale si weyn. Ciyaaruhu waxay noqdeen qayb aad u muhiim ah oo ka mid ah dhaqankooda taas oo keentay in Gariigu ay dhiisaha Ciyaaraha Olimbikada, oo waagii duugga ahaa lagu qaban jiray afar sano kasta tuulo yar oo ku taalla Peloponnesus oo loo yaqaanay Olympia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/ancient/index_uk.asp|title=Ancient Olympic Games|date=30 July 2018|access-date=15 October 2006|archive-date=28 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090928011744/http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/ancient/index_uk.asp|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciyaaraha waxaa sii kordhayay habaynta iyo maamulidda tan iyo waagii Olimbikadii Hore illaa qarniga hadda jira. Warshadaysashadu waxay keenay gaadiidka matoorada leh iyo kordhinta waqtiga firaaqada, oo u oggolaanaya dadka in ay kaparticipat-gelaan oo ay raacaan ciyaaraha daawashada oo ay kaparticipat-gelaan dhaqdhaqaaqyada ciyaartoyda. Isbeddelladan waxay sii socdeen iyadoo ay timid warbaahinta weyn iyo xiriirka caalamiga ah. Xirfaddnimadu waxay noqotay mid caan ah, iyadoo sii kordhinaysa caannimada ciyaaraha, maadaama taageerayaasha ciyaaruhu ay raacayeen guulaha ciyaartoyda xirfadlayaasha ah – iyagoo oo dhami ku raaxaysanayay jimicsiga iyo tartanka ku xiran kaparticipatinka amateerka ee ciyaaraha. Tan iyo markii uu karraday qarniga 21aad, waxaa jiray doode ka dhan ah in dadka transgender-ka ah ee ciyaartoyda ah ay awood u leeyihiin in ay kaparticipat-gelaan dhacdooyinka ciyaaraha ee u dhigma jinsigooda cusub.&lt;ref&gt;''Sport and the Law: Historical and Cultural Intersections'', p. 111, Sarah K. Fields (2014){{ISBN?}}|&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ciyaarta caadiga ah==
===Dhaqanka ciyaartoyda===
Dhaqanka ciyaartoyda waa dabeecad u doodeysa ciyaarta caadiga ah, edebta ka dhaxaysa kooxda iyo kaadhibka, dhaqanka anshaxa leh iyo daacadnimada, iyo sharafka guusha ama guuldarada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?va=sportsmanship |publisher=Merriam-Webster |title=Sportsmanship |access-date=15 October 2006 |archive-date=28 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928231236/http://www.merriam.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?va=sportsmanship |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Fish |first1=Joel |last2=Magee |first2=Susan |year=2003 |title=101 Ways to Be a Terrific Sports Parent |publisher=Fireside |page=168}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Lacey |first=David |date=10 November 2007 |url=http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/11/10/it_takes_a_bad_loser_to_become.html |title=It takes a bad loser to become a good winner |work=The Guardian |access-date=28 October 2009 |archive-date=13 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113021424/http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/11/10/it_takes_a_bad_loser_to_become.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dhaqanka ciyaartoyda wuxuu muujinayaa rabitaan ama ruux in dhaqdhaqaaqa loogu raaxaysan doono ujeedadiisa lafahaadeed. Fikirka caanka ah ee uu qoray weriyaha ciyaaraha Grantland Rice, ee ah &quot;ma aha inaad guuleysato ama guuldarraysato, laakiin waa sida aad u ciyaarto ciyaarta&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Rice, Grantland |url=https://tshf.net/halloffame/rice-grantland/ |publisher=Tennessee Sports Hall of Fame |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo caqiidada Olimbikada casriga ah ee uu muujiyay aasaasaheeda Pierre de Coubertin: &quot;Waxyaabaha ugu muhiimsan Ciyaaraha Olimbikada ma aha guusha laakiin waa kaparticipatinka,&quot; waa muujinta caadiga ah ee fikirkan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Fundamentals of Olympic Values Education |publisher=International Olympic Committee |url=https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/Documents/Document-Set-Teachers-The-Main-Olympic-Topics/Olympism-and-the-Olympic-Movement.pdf |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Khayaanada===
{{see also|Match fixing|cheating}}
Mabaadi'da muhiimka ah ee ciyaaraha waxaa ka mid ah in natiijadu aysan noqon ku dhisnaan hore, iyo dhammaan ciyaartoydu inay lahaadaan fursad loo siman yahay oo ay ku guuleystaan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=European Sports Charter, Article 3|url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/sport/european-sports-charter|publisher=Council of Europe|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Xeerarka iyo shuruucda waxaa dhisay maamulada maamula si loo xaqiijiyo ciyaar caadil ah iyo daacadnimo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=International Charter of Physical Education, Physical Activity and Sport, Article 10|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000235409|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ciyaartoydu mararka kaar ayaa jebiya xeerarkan si ay u helaan faa'iido aan caadil ahayn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Fair play and the competitive spirit|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000093013|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciyaartoydu waxay khayaani karaan si ay u kordhiyaan fursadahooda guusha, si ay u helaan faa'iido lacageed ama faa'iido kale.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Global Report on Corruption in Sport|url=https://www.unodc.org/documents/corruption/Publications/2022/Global_Report_on_Corruption_in_Sport_Full_report.pdf|publisher=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Caannimada khamaarka ee ku saabsan natiijooyinka ciyaaraha waxay abuurtaa dhiirigelin lagu sameeyo hagaajinta ciyaarta (match fixing), oo hal ama ka badan oo ciyaartoy ahi ay ku heshiiyaan in ay go'aamiyaan natiijooyinka ka hor halkii ay si daacad ah u tartami lahaayeen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Staying on Side: How to Stop Match-Fixing|url=https://images.transparencycdn.org/images/2014_Stop_MatchFixing_EN.pdf|publisher=Transparency International|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Doping-ka iyo dawooyinka===
{{main article|Use of performance-enhancing drugs in sport}}
Dabeecadda tartanka ah ee ciyaaraha waxay dhiirigelisaa ciyaartoyda qaar in ay isku dayaan in ay hagaajiyaan waxqabadkooda troo dawooyinka, ama habab kale sida kordhinta tirada dhiigga ee jirkooda troo habab dadku sameeyeen.&lt;ref name=&quot;Baron2007&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Baron |first1=David A. |last2=Martin |first2=David M. |last3=Abol Magd |first3=Samir |title=Doping in sports and its spread to at-risk populations: an international review |journal=World Psychiatry |year=2007 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=118–123 |pmid=18235871|pmc=2219897 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dhammaan ciyaaraha uu aqoonsan yahay IOC, ama SportAccord, waxaa loo baahan yahay in ay sameeyaan barnaamij tijaabo ah, iyagoo raadinaya liiska dawooyinka la mamnuucay, iyadoo ganaaxyo ama joojin loo dhigay ciyaartoyda ku tijaabo-gala nooca togan ee walxaha la mamnuucay.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Prohibited List |url=https://www.wada-ama.org/en/prohibited-list |publisher=World Anti-Doping Agency |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=World Anti-Doping Code |url=https://www.wada-ama.org/en/what-we-do/world-anti-doping-code |publisher=World Anti-Doping Agency |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Dagaalka===
Dagaalka ciyaaraha wuxuu ku jiraa ka tallaabida xariiqda u dhexaysa tartanka caadiga ah iyo dagaalka muuqda ee ujeeddada leh. Ciyaartoyda, tababarayaasha, taageerayaasha, iyo waalidiintu mararka kaar waxay sameeyaan dhaqan dagaal ah oo ku saabsan dadka ama hantida, iyagoo muujinaya daacadnimo, maamul, carro, ama dabaaldeg oo la khalday. Rabshadaha ama hooliganism-ka oo ay sameeyaan taageerayaashu gaar ahaan waa dhibaato ka jirta tartamada ciyaaraha ee heer qaran iyo kuwo caalami ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Russell |first=Gareth |title=Sport riots: A social–psychological review |journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior |year=2004 |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=353–378|doi=10.1016/S1359-1789(03)00031-4 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Guide on the Security of Major Sporting Events |url=https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/sites/www.un.org.counterterrorism/files/211006_guide_on_security_major_sporting_events_web.pdf |publisher=United Nations |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ka qaybqaadashada==
===Ka qaybqaadashada jinsiga===
[[File:100 metres race winner Sina Schielke (192) and the other Runners - ISTAF 2006 - Berlin, 3 September.jpg|thumb|Ciyaartoyda dumarka ah ee heerka caalamiga ah ee ISTAF Berlin, 2006]]
Participatinka dumarka ee ciyaaraha wuu kordhay iyada oo la kordhiyay fursadaha iyo aqoonsiga kordhaya ee faa'iidooyinka dhaqdhaqaaqa ciyaartoyda ee horumarka carruurta iyo fayowida jirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Eime |first1=Rochelle M. |last2=Young |first2=Janet A. |last3=Harvey |first3=Jack T. |last4=Charity |first4=Melanie J. |last5=Payne |first5=Warren R. |title=A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for children and adolescents |journal=International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity |year=2013 |volume=10 |issue=98 |page=98 |doi=10.1186/1479-5868-10-98|doi-access=free |pmid=23945179 |pmc=3751802 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Inkasta oo ay jiraan faa'iidooyinkan, farqiga jinsiga wuu sii jiraa. Heerka Olimbikada, dumarku waxay ahaayeen 49% oo ku taalla Tokyo 2020,&lt;ref name=&quot;RioTokyoWSF&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Paris 2024 should see gender parity – WSF study |url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/paris-2024-should-see-gender-parity-wsf-study-2022-04-21/ |publisher=Reuters |date=2022-04-21 |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; iyagoo gaadhay 50 % oo buuxa oo isu dhigma oo ku taalla Paris 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;GenderParity2024&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Reid |first=Helen |title=Women athletes say the work isn't over after Olympics gender parity |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/olympics/women-athletes-say-work-isnt-over-after-olympics-gender-parity-2024-07-28/ |publisher=Reuters |date=2024-07-28 |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Laakiin baadhitaannada caalamiga ah waxay sheegaan oo keliya 20% oo dumar ah oo ka aghb 31% oo ragg ah in ay kaparticipat-gelaan dhaqdhaqaaqa ciyaaraha bishii,&lt;ref name=&quot;YouGovGap&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Shah |first=Kineree |title=The great divide – exploring the gender gap in sports viewership |url=https://business.yougov.com/content/46311-the-great-divide-exploring-gender-gap-in-sports-viewership |publisher=YouGov |date=2023-03-10 |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ururka Caafimaadka Dduunka wuxuu xussayaa in dumarku ay 5 percentage points ka hooseeyaan ragga marka loo eego in ay buuxiyaan shuruudaha dhaqdhaqaaqa la soo jeediyay.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHOActivity&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Physical activity fact sheet |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciyaaraha qaar waa jinsiga la isku daray, oo oggolaanaya, ama xitaa u baahan, ragga iyo dumarka in ay ku ciyaaraan koox ka mid ah. Hal tusaale oo tan ah waa Baseball5, oo ah ciyaartii ugu horreysay ee jinsiga la isku daray ee loo oggolaado Olimbikada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Debut of Baseball5 at Youth Olympic Games postponed as next YOG shifted from 2022 to 2026 |url=http://www.wbsc.org/en/news/debut-of-baseball5-at-youth-olympic-games-postponed-as-next-yog-shifted-from-2022-to-2026 |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=World Baseball Softball Confederation |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Participatinka dhallinyarada===
{{main|Youth sports}}
{{See also|College sports}}
Ciyaaraha dhallinyarada waxay u bixiyaan carruurta fursado baashaal, isku xidhka bulshada, dhisida xiriirada ciyaartoyda kale, fayowida jirka, iyo deeqaha waxbarasho ee ciyaartoyda. U doodayaasha waxbarashada iyo dagaalka ka dhanka ah dawooyinka waxay dhiirigeliyaan ciyaaraha dhallinyarada si ay uga baxaan kaparticipatinka waxbarashada oo ay uga dagaallamaan ganacsiga dawooyinka ee sharci-darro ah. Sida ku cad Xarunta Cilmi-baadhista Dhaawaca iyo Siyaasadda ee Cusbitaalka Carruurta ee Qaranka, khatarta ugu weyn ee ciyaaraha dhallinyarada waa dhimasho ama dhaawac daran oo uu ku jiro concussion. Khatarahan waxay ka yimaadaan orodka, kubbadda koleyga, kubbadda cagta, volleyball-ka, gridiron-ka, jimnaastikada, iyo ice hockey.&lt;ref&gt;[https://healthland.time.com/2009/08/04/why-are-more-kids-getting-hurt-in-gym-class/ &quot;Gym class injuries up 150% between 1997 and 2007&quot;], ''Time'', 4 August 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha dhallinyarada ee US waa $15 bilyan oo vaza ah oo ay ku jiraan qalabka illaa tababarka gaarka ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last1=Gregory |first1=Sean |title=How Kids' Sports Became a $15 Billion Industry |url=https://time.com/4913687/how-kids-sports-became-15-billion-industry/ |access-date=24 August 2017 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=24 August 2017 |archive-date=24 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824112734/http://time.com/4913687/how-kids-sports-became-15-billion-industry/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Participatinka dadka naqada ah===
{{see also|Parasports|Paralympic Games}}
[[File:David Bizet - Marathon de Paris 2014.jpg|thumb|Orodiyaha wuxuu si saaxiibtinimo ah ugu taabanayaa garabka orodiyaha kursiga curyaanka inta lagu jiro Marathon-ka Paris 2014.]]

Ciyaaraha dadka naqada ah ama ciyaaraha la waafajiyay waxaa ciyaara dad leh naqadnimo, oo ay ku jiraan naqadnimada jirka iyo naqadnimada maanka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Para Sport |url=https://www.paralympic.org/paralympic-sport |publisher=International Paralympic Committee |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maadaama kuwo badan oo kuwan ka mid ah ay ku dhisnaayeen ciyaaraha jira oo la waafajiyay si loo buuxiyo baahida dadka leh naqadnimada, mararka kaar waxaa loo yaqaanaa ciyaaraha la waafajiyay.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Misener |first1=Laura |last2=Kissack |first2=Travis |title=Social inclusion through sport: Community coaching and participation of people with disabilities in sport |journal=Sport Management Review |year=2010 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=49–67 |doi=10.1016/j.smr.2009.10.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhammaan ciyaaraha dadka naqada ah ma aha kuwo la waafajiyay; tiro gaar ah oo loogu talagalay dadka leh naqadnimada ma laha wax u dhigma ciyaaraha dadka caadiga ah, sida goalball iyo boccia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sitting Volleyball, Goalball and Boccia |url=https://www.paralympic.org/sports |publisher=International Paralympic Committee |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Participatinka dadka waaweyn===
{{see also|Masters athletics|Masters cycling|Masters swimming}}
[[File:Pickleball Players.jpg|thumb|right|Pickleball waa ciyaar gaar ahaan u soo jiidasho badan dadka waaweyn.]]
'''Ciyaaraha Masters-ka''', '''ciyaaraha senior-ka''', ama '''ciyaaraha veteran-ka''' waa qeyb da'da ah oo ciyaaraha ah, oo inta badan ku jirta kooxaha da'da 35 iyo ka weyn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/veterans-and-masters-sport|title=Story: Veterans and masters sport|publisher=govt.nz|access-date=28 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waxay khuseyn kartaa dhaqdhaqaaqyada ciyaaraha oo aan la beddelin ama la waafajiyay, oo leh ama aan lahayn tartamo.

'''Tartamada'''
* World Masters Games oo la habayeeyay tan iyo 1985 afar sano kasta.
* European Masters Games oo la habayeeyay markii ugu horreysay 2008 oo markaas ka dib afar sano kasta.
* Senior Olympics (Senior Games)
* USATF Masters Outdoor Championships oo bilaabatay 1968
* USATF Masters Indoor Championships oo bilaabatay 1975
* World Masters Athletics Championships oo bilaabatay 1975

===Participatinka daawadayaasha===
{{Main article|Spectator sport}}
{{See also|Sports fandom}}
[[File:1906 Athens stadium.jpg|thumb|right|Daawadayaasha Ciyaaraha Olimbikada ee aan rasmiga ahayn ee 1906]]

Qaybta tartanka ee ciyaaraha, iyada oo la socota soo jiidashada quruxda ee dhinacyada qaar, waxay keentay dhacdooyinka ciyaaraha daawashada. Ciyaaraha amateerka iyo xirfadlaha ah waxay soo jiitaan dhagaystayaal toos ah oo ku yaalla garoomada iyo troo warbaahinta – radayowga, teevishanka iyo intarneedka – oo mid kasta oo kuwan ka mid ah uu ka qaadi karo lacagaha sida tikidhada ama isdhaafsiga pay-per-view.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=Spectator sport |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/spectator-sport |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Liigyada ciyaaraha iyo tartamadu waxay bixiyaan hababka habaysan ee ugu muhiimsan ee tartanka caadiga ah ee u dhexeya kooxaha ama ciyaartoyda gaarka ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Fort |first= Rodney D |title=Sports Economics |publisher=Prentice Hall |year=2015 |isbn=9780130850911}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dhacdooyinka sare waxay amraan dhagaystayaal waaweyn, iyagoo dhiirigeliya heshiisyo waaweyn oo xuquuqda warbaahinta ah. Ciyaarta kama-dambaysta ah ee Koobka Duunka FIFA 2006 waxay soo jiitatay in ka badan 700 milyan oo daawadayaal ah oo duunka oo dhan ah,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=2006 FIFA World Cup™ Media Report |url=http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/germany2006/organisation/media/media-reports.html |publisher=FIFA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101000000/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/germany2006/organisation/media/media-reports.html |access-date=2025-05-02|archive-date=1 January 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ciyaarta kama-dambaysta ah ee Koobka Duunka ee Cricket 2011 waxaa daawaday noin 135 milyan oo daawadayaal ah oo ku taalla Hindiya oo keliya.&lt;ref name=&quot;CWC2011&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=135 mn saw World Cup final: TAM |date=10 April 2011 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/135-mn-saw-World-Cup-final-TAM/Article1-683623.aspx |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=2025-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803013151/http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/135-mn-saw-World-Cup-final-TAM/Article1-683623.aspx |archive-date=2013-08-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mareykanka, Super Bowl wuxuu ku jiraa nooca teevishanka sannadlaha ah ee ugu daawashada badan, iyadoo Super Bowl XLIX ee 2015 uu lahaa averiiji 114 milyan oo daawadayaal ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Nielsen |title=Super Bowl XLIX Sets U.S. Viewership Record |url=http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/news/2015/super-bowl-xlix-most-watched-telecast-in-u-s--history.html |publisher=Nielsen |date=2015-02-02 |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Axadda Super Bowl waxaa loo arkaa fasax qaran oo aan rasmi ahayn, iyo 2015 booska xayeysiiska ee 30-ilbiriqsi ah waxaa lagu iibiyay noin US$4.5 milyan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Super Bowl Ads Cost US$4.5M for 30-Second Spot |url=https://adage.com/article/media/super-bowl-ads-cost-4-5m-30-spot/296163 |publisher=Ad Age |date=2015-01-30 |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Hiwaayad iyo xirfadle==
[[File:Volleyball-5 (9786053885).jpg|thumb|Kooxda volleyball-ka ee dumarka ee jaamacadda Mareykanka]]
Ciyaaraha waxaa loo samayn karaa nooc amateer, xirfadle ama xirfadle Dhexe ah, iyada oo ku xiran haddii ciyaartoyda loo dhiirigeliyo kaparticipatinka (inta badan troo bixinta lacagta ama mushaharka). Participatinka amateerka ee ciyaaraha heerarka hoose inta badan loo yaqaan &quot;ciyaaraha xididdada&quot; (grassroots sport).&lt;ref name=&quot;council&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;White Paper&quot;&gt;{{cite web |publisher=European Commission |title=The White Paper on Sport |url=http://ec.europa.eu/sport/white-paper/index_en.htm |access-date=11 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916202200/http://ec.europa.eu/sport/white-paper/index_en.htm |archive-date=16 September 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Caannimada ciyaaraha daawashada oo ah firaaqo u ah dadka aan kaparticipat-gelaayn waxay keentay in ciyaaruhu ay noqdaan ganacsi weyn oo madax-bannaan, tanina waxay dhiirigelisay dhaqanka ciyaaraha xirfadlaha ah ee bixiya lacagaha sare, oo ciyaartoyda waxqabadka sare leh lagu abaalmariyo lacag ka badan mushaharka averiijiga ah, oo gaari karta milyan oo doolar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |magazine=Sports Illustrated |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/specials/fortunate50-2011/index.html |title=Fortunate 50 2011 |last=Freedman |first=Jonah |access-date=5 March 2012 |archive-date=29 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429050301/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/specials/fortunate50-2011/index.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciyaaraha qaar, ama tartamada gaarka ah ee ku jira ciyaaraha, waxay haystaan siyaasad ah oggolaanshaha ciyaaraha amateerka oo keliya. Ciyaaraha Olimbikada waxay ku bilaabmeen mabda'a tartanka amateerka iyadoo kuwa ciyaarta u ciyaara si xirfadle ah loo arkayay in ay leeyihiin faa'iido aan caadil ahayn marka loo eego kuwa u ciyaara kaliya sida hiwaayad.&lt;ref name=OIdeology&gt;{{cite book |last=Eassom |first=Simon |title=Critical Reflections on Olympic Ideology |year=1994 |location=Ontario |publisher=The Centre for Olympic Studies |pages=120–123 |isbn=978-0-7714-1697-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tan iyo 1971, ciyaartoyda Olimbikada waxaa loo oggolaaday in ay helaan lacag iyo kafaalo-qaad (sponsorship),&lt;ref name=&quot;InfoPlease&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.infoplease.com/spot/olympic-athletes.html |title=Olympic Athletes |publisher=Info Please |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=16 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616042315/http://www.infoplease.com/spot/olympic-athletes.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; iyadoo tan iyo 1986, IOC ay go'aansatay in ay ka dhigto dhammaan ciyaartoyda xirfadlayaasha ah kuwo u qalma Olimbikada,&lt;ref name=&quot;InfoPlease&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/22/opinion/greene-olympics-amateurs/ |title=What changed the Olympics forever |publisher=CNN |date=23 July 2012 |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=15 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615122848/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/22/opinion/greene-olympics-amateurs/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; iyadoo laga reebayo feerka,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/13894/olympic-boxing-must-remain-amateur-despite-moves-to-turn-it-professional-states-warren- |title=Olympic boxing must remain amateur despite moves to turn it professional states Warren |publisher=Inside the Games |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=15 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615044539/http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/13894/olympic-boxing-must-remain-amateur-despite-moves-to-turn-it-professional-states-warren- |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=njefAgAAQBAJ&amp;q=only+amateur+boxers+at+olympics&amp;pg=PA400 |title=Historical Dictionary of Boxing |last1=Grasso |first1=John |date=2013 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |access-date=13 June 2015 |isbn=978-0-8108-7867-9 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417060735/https://books.google.com/books?id=njefAgAAQBAJ&amp;q=only+amateur+boxers+at+olympics&amp;pg=PA400 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo legdinta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1529280-olympic-wrestling-is-important-for-pro-wrestlers-and-its-fans |title=Olympic Wrestling Is Important for Pro Wrestling and Its Fans|author-first1=John|author-last1=Canton|publisher=Bleacher Report |date=14 February 2013 |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=16 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616155635/http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1529280-olympic-wrestling-is-important-for-pro-wrestlers-and-its-fans |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2WYEAAAAMBAJ&amp;q=only+amateur+wrestlers+at+olympics&amp;pg=PA24 |title=Boys' Life |date=August 1988 |page=24 |access-date=13 June 2015 |publisher=Boy Scouts of America, Inc. |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417073533/https://books.google.com/books?id=2WYEAAAAMBAJ&amp;q=only+amateur+wrestlers+at+olympics&amp;pg=PA24 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Teknoolojiga==
[[File:Third umpire lights at Melbourne Cricket Ground.JPG|thumb|Muuqaalkan ku yaalla Melbourne Cricket Ground wuxuu tilmaamayaa go'aanka garsooraha saddexaad uu sameeyo ka dib marka dib loo eego.]]
Teknoolojigu wuxuu ka ciyaaraa qayb muhiim ah ciyaaraha casriga ah. Waa qayb loo baahan yahay oo ka mid ah ciyaaraha qaar (sida ciyaaraha matoorada), waxaana loo isticmaalaa kuwo kale si loo hagaajiyo waxqabadka. Ciyaaraha qaar waxay sidoo kale isticmaalaan si loogu oggolaado go'aan-gaarida ka baxsan garoonka.

Aqoonta ciyaaraha (sports science) waxaa lagu dabaqi karaa goobaha oo ay ku jiraan waxqabadka ciyaartoyda, sida isticmaalka falanqaynta fiidiyowga si loo hagaajiyo farsamada, ama qalabka, sida hagaajinta kabaha orodka ama dharka dabaasha ee tartanka. Injineernimada ciyaaraha waxay soo muuqatay sida qeyb aqooneed 1998 iyada oo kordhinaysa diiradda oo aysan ahayn oo keliya dhiisida walxaha laakiin sidoo kale isticmaalka teknoolojiga ee ciyaaraha, ka yimid falanqaynta iyo data-da weyn illaa teknoolojiga la xerto.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaining Steam in Sports Technology&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Gaining Steam in Sports Technology |url=https://alum.mit.edu/pages/sliceofmit/2014/06/17/mit-steam-sports-technology/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714150052/https://alum.mit.edu/pages/sliceofmit/2014/06/17/mit-steam-sports-technology/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 |website=Slice of MIT |access-date=3 January 2015 |ref=Slice of MIT}}&lt;/ref&gt; Si loo maamulo saamaynta teknoolojiga ee ciyaarta caadiga ah, maamulada maamula inta badan waxay leeyihiin xeerar gaar ah oo loo dhigay si loo maamulo saamaynta faa'iidada farsamada ee u dhexaysa ciyaartoyda. Tusaale ahaan, 2010, dharka dabaasha ee buuxa oo aan ahayn textile-ka waxaa mamnuucay FINA, maadaama ay hagaajinayeen waxqabadka dabaalyada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/swimming/8161867.stm |title=Hi-tech suits banned from January |publisher=BBC Sport |date=31 July 2009 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908051335/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/swimming/8161867.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/full-body-swimsuit-now-banned-professional-swimmers/story?id=9437780 |first=Kristina |last=Wong |title=Full Body Swimsuit Now Banned for Professional Swimmers |work=ABC News |date=4 January 2010 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=7 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607200059/http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/full-body-swimsuit-now-banned-professional-swimmers/story?id=9437780 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kordhinta teknoolojiga waxay sidoo kale oggolaatay go'aano badan oo ciyaaraha ah in la qaato, ama dib loo eego, ka baxsan garoonka, iyadoo maamule kale uu isticmaalayo muujinta fiidiyowga tooska ah si uu u sameeyo go'aano. Ciyaaraha qaar, ciyaartoydu hadda waxay kaparticipat-geli karaan go'aanada ay sameeyeen maamuladu. Kubbadda cagta, teknoolojiga xariiqda goolka wuxuu sameeyaa go'aano ku saabsan haddii kubbadu ay goysay xariiqda goolka ama aysan goyn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=FIFA |title=Testing Manual |journal=FIFA Quality Programme for Goal Line Technology |year=2012 |url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifaqualityprogramme/goal-linetechnology/01/66/02/89/glt_testing_manual_2012.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030143223/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifaqualityprogramme/goal-linetechnology/01/66/02/89/glt%5Ftesting%5Fmanual%5F2012.pdf|archive-date=30 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Teknoolojigu ma aha mid khasab ah,&lt;ref name=IFABofficial&gt;{{cite web |title=IFAB makes three unanimous historic decisions |url=https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2012/m=7/news=ifab-makes-three-unanimous-historic-decisions-1660541.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507234418/http://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2012/m=7/news=ifab-makes-three-unanimous-historic-decisions-1660541.html |archive-date=7 May 2015 |publisher=FIFA |access-date=23 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; laakiin waxaa loo isticmaalay Koobka Duunka FIFA 2014 ee Brazil,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2014/m=4/news=goal-line-technology-set-ahead-fifa-world-cup-2311481.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511001351/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2014/m=4/news=goal-line-technology-set-ahead-fifa-world-cup-2311481.html |archive-date=11 May 2014 |title=Goal-line technology set up ahead of FIFA World Cup |date=1 April 2014 |publisher=FIFA |access-date=9 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo Koobka Duunka ee Dumarka ee FIFA 2015 ee Canada,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/y=2015/m=3/news=hawk-eye-confirmed-as-goal-line-technology-provider-for-canada-2015-2580727.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331170115/http://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/y=2015/m=3/news=hawk-eye-confirmed-as-goal-line-technology-provider-for-canada-2015-2580727.html |archive-date=31 March 2015 |title=Hawk-Eye confirmed as goal-line technology provider for Canada 2015 |date=31 March 2015 |publisher=[[FIFA]] |access-date=2 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; sida lagu isticmaalay Premier League tan iyo 2013–14,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC_Premier&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/22107409 |title=Goal-line technology: Premier League votes in favour for 2013–14 |publisher=BBC |date=11 April 2013 |access-date=11 April 2013 |archive-date=11 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411143514/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/22107409 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo Bundesliga tan iyo 2015–16.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.carlyleobserver.com/sports/bundesliga-approves-hawk-eye-goal-line-technology-for-new-season-1.1650074 |title=Bundesliga approves Hawk-Eye goal-line technology for new season |work=Carlyle Observer |access-date=9 June 2015 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029003339/https://www.carlyleobserver.com/sports/bundesliga-approves-hawk-eye-goal-line-technology-for-new-season-1.1650074 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; NFL-ka, garsooruhu wuxuu kordhin karaa dib u eegis ka timaada goobta dib u eegiska, ama tababaraha wuxuu soo saari karaa challenge si loo dib u eego ciyaarta iyadoo la isticmaalayo muujinta. Go'aanka kama-dambaysta ah wuxuu ku jiraa garsooraha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nfl.com/news/nfl-approves-rule-to-change-replay-process-0ap2000000336662 |title=NFL approves rule to change replay process |publisher=Business Insider |date=20 July 2011 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608173617/http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap2000000336662/article/nfl-approves-rule-to-change-replay-process |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Garsooraha fiidiyowga (caadi ahaan loo yaqaan Television Match Official ama TMO) wuxuu sidoo kale isticmaali karaa muujinta si uu u caawiyo go'aan-gaarida rugby-ga (labada liig iyo union).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rugbyworld.com/news/blogs/television-match-official-when-can-they-rule-14818 |title=Television Match Official – when can they rule |publisher=Rugby World |date=20 August 2011 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608222853/http://www.rugbyworld.com/news/blogs/television-match-official-when-can-they-rule-14818 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/club/9488451/New-rules-for-Television-Match-Officials-will-not-make-game-boring-to-watch-insist-rugby-chiefs.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/club/9488451/New-rules-for-Television-Match-Officials-will-not-make-game-boring-to-watch-insist-rugby-chiefs.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=New rules for Television Match Officials will not make game boring to watch, insist rugby chiefs |work=The Telegraph |date=20 August 2012 |access-date=8 June 2015|last1=Cleary |first1=Mick }}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cricket-ka caalamiga ah, garsooruhu wuxuu kordhin karaa go'aanka garsooraha saddexaad, garsooraha saddexaadna wuxuu sameeyaa go'aanka kama-dambaysta ah.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC Umpire&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/rules_and_equipment/4183398.stm |title=The role of cricket umpires |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=8 June 2015 |date=26 August 2005 |archive-date=2 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302114814/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/rules_and_equipment/4183398.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Top End&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/sport/cricket/technology.htm |title=Cricket Technology |publisher=Top End Sports |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608175247/http://www.topendsports.com/sport/cricket/technology.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tan iyo 2008, nidaamka dib u eegiska go'aanka ee ciyaartoyda si loo dib u eego go'aanada waxaa lagu soo bandhigay oo lagu isticmaalay tartamada uu maamulo ICC, iyo ikhtiyaar ahaan ciyaaraha kale.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC Umpire&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/cricket/controversial-drs-to-be-used-in-2015-icc-world-cup_1538054.html |title=Controversial DRS to be used in 2015 ICC World Cup |publisher=Zee News |date=29 January 2015 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608222859/http://zeenews.india.com/sports/cricket/controversial-drs-to-be-used-in-2015-icc-world-cup_1538054.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyada oo ku xiran warbaahinta martigalisa, tiro teknoolojiyo oo kala duwan ayaa lagu isticmaalaa inta lagu jiro dib u eegiska garsooraha ama ciyaartoyda, oo ay ku jiraan muujinta tooska ah, Hawk-Eye, Hot Spot iyo Real Time Snickometer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015/content/story/827213.html |title=Hawkeye, Realtime Snicko for World Cup |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=7 February 2015 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=10 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610075356/http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015/content/story/827213.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/icc-world-cup-3-top-reasons-why-did-not-use-hotspot-as-part-of-drs/20150213.htm |title=3 Top reasons why ICC did not use 'Hotspot' as part of DRS |newspaper=Rediff |publisher=Rediff cricket |date=13 February 2015 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608195717/http://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/icc-world-cup-3-top-reasons-why-did-not-use-hotspot-as-part-of-drs/20150213.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Hawk-Eye waxaa sidoo kale lagu isticmaalaa tennis-ka si loogu tartamo go'aanada garsoorida.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Almog |first1=David |last2=Gauriot |first2=Romain |last3=Page |first3=Lionel |last4=Martin |first4=Daniel |title=AI Has Entered the Court. Is This Changing Umpires' Calls? |url=https://insight.kellogg.northwestern.edu/article/ai-has-entered-the-court-is-this-changing-umpires-calls |website=Kellogg Insight |publisher=Kellogg School of Management |access-date=23 February 2026 |language=en |date=1 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/7305404.stm |title=Hawk-Eye challenge rules unified |date=19 March 2008 |access-date=22 August 2008 |work=BBC News |archive-date=23 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080323085536/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7305404.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ciyaaraha iyo waxbarashada ==
Cilmi-baadhisu waxay soo jeedinaysaa in ciyaaruhu ay leeyihiin awood ay ku xidhaan dhallinyarada iyo tusaalayaasha togan ee dadka waaweyn oo ay bixiyaan fursado horumarineed oo togan, sida ay u dhiirigeliyaan barashada iyo dabaqidda xirfadaha nolosha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fraser-Thomas |first1=Jessica L. |last2=Côté |first2=Jean |last3=Deakin |first3=Janice |date=2005 |title=Youth sport programs: an avenue to foster positive youth development |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/43501126 |journal=Physical Education &amp; Sport Pedagogy |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=19–40 |doi=10.1080/1740898042000334890 |hdl=1974/14425 |issn=1740-8989|hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=UNESCO|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366771|title=Strengthening the rule of law through education: a guide for policymakers|publisher=UNESCO|year=2019|isbn=978-92-3-100308-0|access-date=9 March 2020|archive-date=25 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225195201/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366771|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sannadaha dhow isticmaalka ciyaaraha si loo yareeyo dambiyada, sida in looga hortago xagjirnimada dagaalka ah iyo xagjirnimada, wuxuu noqday mid caan ah, gaar ahaan sida qalab lagu hagaajinayo kalsoonida nafta, kor loogu qaado xiriirada bulshada oo la siiyo ciyaartoyda dareen ujeeddo leh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ma jiro caddeyn heersare ah oo muujinaysa waxtarka dhiirigelinta lagu kordhinayo kaparticipatinka ciyaaraha ee bulshada ee ciyaaraha sida ololaha warbaahinta weyn, fadhiyada waxbarashada, iyo isbeddellada siyaasadda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Priest |first1=N |last2=Armstrong |first2=R |last3=Doyle |first3=J |last4=Waters |first4=E |date=16 July 2008 |title=Interventions Implemented Through Sporting Organisations for Increasing Participation in Sport |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=3 |article-number=CD004812 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004812.pub3 |pmid=18646112 |hdl-access=free |hdl=1885/285237|issn = 1464-780X }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sidoo kale ma jiraan wax barasho heersare ah oo baadhaya saamaynta dhiirigelinta noocan oo kale ah oo ku saabsan dhiirigelinta isbeddelka dhaqanka caafimaadka ee bulshada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |first1=Priest |last1=N |first2=Armstrong |last2=R |first3=Doyle |last3=J |first4=Water |last4=E |title=Policy Interventions Implemented Through Sporting Organisations for Promoting Healthy Behaviour Change |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |date=16 July 2008 |volume=2008 |issue=3 |article-number=CD004809 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004809.pub3 |pmid=18646111 |pmc=6464902}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shahaadooyinka waxbarashada waxaa lagu heli karaa ciyaaraha: tusaale ahaan, aqoonta ciyaaraha waa qeyb aqooneed oo si wanaagsan u dhisnaa. UK, BTEC National Diploma ku saabsan Tababarka Ciyaaraha iyo Horumarinta waxaa bixiya Pearson Education.&lt;ref&gt;Pearson Education, [https://qualifications.pearson.com/en/qualifications/btec-nationals/sports-coaching-and-development-2019.html Sports Coaching and Development (2019)], accessed on 29 August 2025&lt;/ref&gt; Waxaa jira afar shahaado oo ku jira qoyskan:
*Extended Certificate in Sports Coaching
*Foundation Diploma in Sports Coaching and Development
*Diploma in Sports Coaching and Development
*Extended Diploma in Sports Coaching and Development.&lt;ref&gt;Pearson Education, [https://qualifications.pearson.com/content/dam/pdf/BTEC-Nationals/sports-coaching-and-development/2019/specification-and-sample-assessments/btec-nats-non-measures-sports-coaching-and-development-spec.pdf Pearson BTEC Level 3 Nationals in Sports Coaching], accessed on 18 June 2022&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ciyaaraha iyo fayowida jirka ==
Ciyaaraha ku jira jimicsiga jirka waxay leeyihiin saamayn togan oo ku saabsan heerarka fayowida ee ciyaartoyda. Dhinacyada guud, heerarka sare ee xoogga, xawaaraha, dulqaadka iyo dabacsanaanta waxaa lagu heli karaa iyada oo la waafajinayo baahida ciyaarta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bangsbo J.; Kissow J.; Hostrup M. |title=Speed Endurance Training to Improve Performance |journal=Scandinavian Journal of Medicine &amp; Science in Sports |date=July 2025 |volume=35 |issue=7 |doi=10.1111/sms.70091 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40576293/ |access-date=22 October 2026|pmc=12203883 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tusaale ahaan, qof wuxuu noqon karaa mid xoog badan oo leh heerarka sare ee dulqaadka troo legdinta ama mid dabacsan troo ciyaarida kubbadda koleyga. Ciyaaraha kala duwan waxay hagaajin karaan awoodaha jirka ee ciyaartoyga habab kala duwan. Walxaha xoogga, xawaaraha, dulqaadka iyo dabacsanaanta oo lagu isticmaalo ciyaaraha, oo lagu hagaajiyo, waxaa sidoo kale kordhin kara jimicsiga tababarka gaarka ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bill Foran; Robin Pound |title=Complete Conditioning for Basketball |date=2007 |publisher=Human Kinetics |location=Champaign |isbn=978-0-4354-6516-2 |page=171}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hagaajinta lagu helay jimicsigan waxay ka dib hagaajin kartaa awoodda ciyaartoyga ee uu ku ciyaaro ciyaarta. Tusaale jimicsiga dabacsanaanta, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano drill, waa marka qof waddo dabacsanaan ah oo ku taalla dhulka uu ku socdo. Qofku wuxuu boodayaa kor iyo horay si hal cag ay ugu jirto gudaha geeska wadada cagna ay ka baxsan tahay. Waxay ka dib boodayaan kor iyo horay mar kale si cagta ku jirta gudaha iyo cagta ka baxsan geeska ay isbeddelaan i.e. cagta bidix ee gudaha iyadoo cagta xaq a ay ka baxsan tahay, ka dib cagta xaq a ee gudaha iyadoo cagta bidix ay ka baxsan tahay iyo siday u socoto waddada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bill Foran; Robin Pound |title=Complete Conditioning for Basketball |date=2007 |publisher=Human Kinetics |location=Champaign |isbn=978-0-4354-6516-2 |page=175}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tani waxay caawisaa hagaajinta heerka guud ee dabacsanaanta sababtoo ah dabacsanaantu waa muhiim kubbadda koleyga waxay sidoo kale hagaajisaa awoodda kubbadda koleyga. Jimicsiga dabacsanaanta waxaa loo waafajin karaa si dhaqdhaqaaqyada lagu sameeyo ay ugu dhowaadaan kuwa lagu isticmaalo inta ay socoto ciyaartu. Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay in nooca dabacsanaanta ee la dhisay uu yahay mid loo wareejin karo tartanka dhabta ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bill Foran; Robin Pound |title=Complete Conditioning for Basketball |date=2007 |publisher=Human Kinetics |location=Champaign |isbn=978-0-4354-6516-2 |page=172}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tusaalihii hore, dhaqdhaqaaqa degdega ah iyo dhigista cagaha wuxuu dhisaa dhaqdhaqaaqa cagaha degdega ah oo loo baahan yahay ciyaarta kubbadda koleyga.

Barnaamijyada tababarka ciyaaraha waxay ku jiraan sameynta xirfadaha gaarka ah ee ciyaartaas i.e. tababarka kubbadda cagta wuxuu ku jiri karaa baasitaanka kubbadda oo lagu celceliyo, iyo hagaajinta fayowida jirka guud iyo awoodda i.e. orodka wareegyada garoonka. Labada diiradood ee tababarkan waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu dhigo qof mid waxtar badan leh ciyaartaas iyadoo lagu hagaajinayo awoodooda ay ku buuxinayaan oo ay uga baxayaan dhibaatooyinka ay bixiso.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Micheli |first1=Lyle J. |title=Encyclopedia of Sport Medicine |date=2011 |publisher=Sage Publications |location=Thousand Oaks |isbn=978-1-4129-6115-8 |chapter=Speed, Agility, and Speed Endurance Development}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Siyaasadda==
{{Main article|Politics and sports}}
{{See also|Sportswashing|Sociology of sport}}

Benito Mussolini wuxuu isticmaalay Koobka Duunka FIFA 1934, oo lagu qabtay Talyaaniga, si uu u muujiyo Talyaaniga Fascist-ka ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWj7BgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA28 |title=Soccer Vs. the State: Tackling Football and Radical Politics |last1=Kuhn |first1=Gabriel |date=2011 |page=28 |publisher=PM Press |access-date=8 June 2015 |isbn=978-1-60486-053-5 |archive-date=16 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216073648/https://books.google.com/books?id=HWj7BgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA28 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;World Fascism&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvD2rZSVau4C&amp;pg=PA630 |title=World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1 |last1=Blamires |first1=Cyprian |date=2006 |pages=630–632 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |access-date=8 June 2015 |isbn=978-1-57607-940-9 |archive-date=13 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213050912/https://books.google.com/books?id=nvD2rZSVau4C&amp;pg=PA630 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Adolf Hitler wuxuu isticmaalay Ciyaaraha Olimbikada Xagaaga 1936 ee lagu qabtay Berlin, iyo Ciyaaraha Olimbikada Jiilaalka 1936 ee lagu qabtay Garmisch-Partenkirchen, si uu u dhiirigeliyo caqiidada Nazi-ga ee sareynta dadka Aryan-ka, iyo hooseynta Yuhuudda iyo &quot;kuwa kale oo aan la rabin&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;World Fascism&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sociology Sport&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uKarC6oX3P8C&amp;q=hitler+used+1936+olympics+to+promote+ideology&amp;pg=PT32 |title=The Sociology of Sport and Physical Education |last1=Saxena |first1=Anurag |year=2001 |publisher=Pinnacle Technology |access-date=8 June 2015 |isbn=978-1-61820-468-4 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jarmalku wuxuu isticmaalay Olimbikada si uu u muujiyo muuqaal nabad ah iyadoo hoose si qarsoodi ah loogu diyaargarobayay dagaal.&lt;ref&gt;''Kulttuurivihkot'' 1 2009 Berliinin olympialaiset 1936 Poliittisen viattomuuden menetys Jouko Jokisalo 28–29{{in lang|fi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Markii apartheid uu ahaa siyaasadda rasmiga ah ee Koonfur Afrika, tiro ciyaartoy ah, gaar ahaan rugby union-ka, waxay qaateen dhabar-adayg ah in aysan ka muuqan ciyaaraha tartanka ah ee halkaas ka jira. Kuwa qaar waxay u arkaan in tani ay ahayd waxtar waxtar leh oo ku saabsan dhammaadka apartheid, kuwa kalena waxay u arkaan in ay sii dheeraysay oo ay sii xoojisay saamaynteeda ugu darayd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Sport and apartheid|journal=History Compass|volume=3|pages= **|doi=10.1111/j.1478-0542.2005.00165.x|year = 2005|last1 = Merrett|first1 = Christopher}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Taariikhda Ireland, ciyaaraha Gaelic waxay ku xirnaayeen waddaniyadda dhaqanka. Illaa bartamihii qarnigii 20aad qof waa la mamnuuci karay in uu ciyaaro Gaelic football, hurling, ama ciyaaraha kale oo maamulo Ururka Ciyaaraha Gaelic (GAA) haddii uu ciyaaro ama taageero kubbadda cagta, ama ciyaaraha kale oo loo arko in ay ka yimaadeen Ingriiska. GAA waxay mamnuucday ciyaarida kubbadda cagta iyo rugby union-ka garoomada Gaelic. Mamnuucan, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano Xeerka 42,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fulton |first1=Gareth |last2=Bairner |first2=Alan |year=2007 |title=Sport, Space and National Identity in Ireland: The GAA, Croke Park and Rule&amp;nbsp;42. |journal=Space &amp; Polity |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=55–74 |doi=10.1080/13562570701406592 |s2cid=143213001 }}&lt;/ref&gt; weli waa lagu dhaqmaa, laakiin waa la beddelay si loogu oggolaado kubbadda cagta iyo rugby-ga in lagu ciyaaro Croke Park iyadoo Lansdowne Road dib loo dhisayay iyadoo loo beddelayo Aviva Stadium. Xeerka 21 hoostiisa, GAA waxay mamnuucday xubnaha ciidamada nabadgelyada Ingriiska iyo xubnaha Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) in ay ciyaaraan ciyaaraha Gaelic, laakiin karradkii Heshiiskii Jimcaha Wanaagsanaa ee 1998 wuxuu keenay ka saarida mamnuucan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=50th anniversary of abolition of 'The Ban' offers pause for perspective |url=https://www.gaa.ie/news/50th-anniversary-of-abolition-of-the-ban-offers-pause-for-perspective/ |access-date=2 July 2023 |website=www.gaa.ie |date=9 April 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Waddaniyaddu inta badan waxay ka muuqataa raadinta ciyaaraha ama warbixinteeda: ciyaartoydu waxay ku tartamaan kooxaha qaranka, oo weriyayaasha ama dhagaystayaashu inta badan waxay qaataan fikrado leexsan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Arnold|first=Richard|title=Nationalism and Sport: A Review of the Field|journal=Nationalities Papers|year=2020|volume=49|issue=1|pages=2–11|doi=10.1017/nps.2020.9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mararka kaar, fardhadan waxay u beddelataa dagaal u dhexeya ciyaartoyda ama daawadayaasha, sida inta lagu jiro Dagaalkii Kubbadda Cagta ee 1969 ee u dhexeyay El Salvador iyo Honduras, oo ah dagaal uu kiciyay rabshadaha ku taalla kaparticipatinka Koobka Duunka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Jennings|first=Andrew|title=Has football ever started a war?|work=The Guardian|date=2007-02-21|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2007/feb/21/theknowledge.sport|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dhacdooyinkan waxaa loo arkaa kuwo ka dhan ah ruuxa muhiimka ah ee ciyaaraha—kaas oo ah, in loogu tartamo ujeedadeeda lafahaadeed iyo baashaalka ciyaartoyda. Siyaasadda iyo ciyaaruhu waxay si xanuun badan u isku arkeen Olimbikadii Munich 1972, markii dagaalyahanno Falastiiniyiin ah ay ka soo galeen Tuulada Olimbikada, iyagoo la haystayaal u qaday xubnaha kooxda Israa'iil, iyagoo aakhirkiina dilay 11 ciyaartoy oo loo yaqaano gumaadkii Munich.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|publisher=Reuters|title=Paris ceremony honours Israeli athletes killed in 1972 Munich Games attack|date=2024-08-06|url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/olympics/paris-ceremony-honours-israeli-athletes-killed-1972-munich-games-attack-2024-08-06/|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Barashada doorashooyinka US waxay muujisay in natiijada dhacdooyinka ciyaaruhu ay saamayso natiijooyinka. Barasho lagu daabacay Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences waxay muujisay in marka kooxda gurigu ay guuleysato ciyaarta ka hor doorashada, murashaxiinta maamulka ku jira ay kordhin karaan saamigooda codadka 1.5%. Guuldaradu waxay lahayd saamayn iska soo horjeeda, saamayntanina waa ka weyn tahay kooxaha sare ama guulaha iyo guuldarooyinka aan la filayn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Will Ohio State's Football Team Decide Who Wins the White House? |author1=Tyler Cowen |author2=Kevin Grier |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |date=24 October 2012 |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2012/10/how_the_presidential_race_between_barack_obama_and_mitt_romney_could_be.html |access-date=29 December 2013 |archive-date=30 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233509/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2012/10/how_the_presidential_race_between_barack_obama_and_mitt_romney_could_be.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Marka Washington Commanders ay guuleystaan ciyaartooda kama-dambaysta ah ka hor doorashada, markaas madaxweynaha maamulka ku jira wuxuu leeyahay fursad ka badan oo uu ku guuleysto, haddii ay guuldarraystaana, murashaxa mucaaradka wuxuu leeyahay fursad ka badan oo uu ku guuleysto; tani waxay noqotay mid loo yaqaan Xeerka Redskins.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/football-insider/wp/2012/11/03/will-redskins-rule-again-determine-outcome-of-presidential-election/ |title=Will Redskins Rule again determine outcome of presidential election? |author=Mike Jones |date=3 November 2012 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=14 September 2017 |archive-date=7 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107110626/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/football-insider/wp/2012/11/03/will-redskins-rule-again-determine-outcome-of-presidential-election/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espnfrontrow.com/2012/10/redskins-rule-mnfs-hirdt-on-intersection-of-football-politics/ |title='Redskins Rule': MNF's Hirdt on intersection of football &amp; politics |work=ESPN Front Row |date=30 October 2012 |access-date=12 June 2015 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032035/http://www.espnfrontrow.com/2012/10/redskins-rule-mnfs-hirdt-on-intersection-of-football-politics/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sida keenista maamulida iyo hoos-u-dhicida dadka===
Étienne de La Boétie, qoraalkiisa Discourse on Voluntary Servitude wuxuu ku qeexayaa ciyaaraha daawashada sida habab ay kalitalisyadu ku maamulaan dadkooda iyagoo ka leexinaya diiradda.
&lt;blockquote&gt;
Ha u malaynina in uu jiro shimbir si fudud loo qabto decoy-ga, ama samayn kasta oo si degdeg ah ku xiranta jillaabka troo sedka gooryaanka ah, ka sii badan dhammaan doqoomadan saboolka ah oo si caqli badan loogu khayay addoonsiga...waxay isu oggolaadaan in la qabto si degdeg ah marka la joogo taabashada yar ee rabitaankooda. Ciyaaraha, riwaayadaha, daawashada, gladiators, xayawaanka yaabka leh, biladaha, sawirrada, iyo daroogooyinka kale oo noocan oo kale ah, kuwani waxay u ahaayeen dadkii duugga ahaa sedka loo adeegsado addoonsiga, qiimaha xorriyaddooda, qalabka kalitalisnimada. Troo kuwan...dhiirigelinta kalitalisyadii duugga ahaa waxay si guul leh ugu seexiyeen dadkooda madaxa hoostiisa, iyadoo dadkii wareeray, ay ku sasabmeen madadaalada iyo baashaalka been-abuurka ah ee ka muuqday eygooda ka hor, ay barteen adheecsiga si fudud...sida carruurta yaryari ay u bartaan akhriska iyagoo eegaya buugaagta sawirrada dhalaalaya.&lt;ref&gt;Étienne de La Boétie, ''Discourse on Voluntary Servitude'' (1549), Part 2&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;Intii uu socday maamulkii Ingriiska ee Bengal, ciyaaraha Ingriiska iyo Yurub waxay bilaabeen in ay beddelaan ciyaaraha soo jireenka ah ee Bengal, taas oo keentay in la lumiyo dhaqankii hoose.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/904168|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126161837/https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/904168|title=Disappearance of Traditional games by the imitation of Colonial Culture through the Historical parameters of Cultural Colonialism|archive-date=26 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801043229/https://dergipark.org.tr/|title=Ana Sayfa » DergiPark|archive-date=1 August 2019|website=dergipark.org.tr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jarmalkii Bari oo ay maamulayeen shuuciyadu, tan iyo 1970-yadii illaa 1990, 'noin 3,000 oo caawiyayaal aan rasmi ahayn ayaa lagu isticmaalay sannad kasta ciyaaraha heerka sare ah, oo ay ku jiraan ciyaartoy badan oo kubbadda cagta ah, taageerayaal iyo garsoorayaal'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Mike Dennis |first1=Norman LaPorte |title=State and Minorities in Communist East Germany |date=2011 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-0-857-45-195-8 |page=125 |chapter=Football fans, hooligans and the state}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ujeedooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee Stasi ay ku dhistay nidaamkan ballaaran ee caawiyayaasha ah waxay ahayd in ka hortag lagaga sameeyo ciyaartoyda in ay u baxsadaan Galbeedka, iyagoo isticmaalaya labada hab ee ilaalinta iyo caddadinta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Mike Dennis |first1=Norman LaPorte |title=State and Minorities in Communist East Germany |date=2011 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-0-857-45-195-8 |page=125 |chapter=Football fans, hooligans and the state}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Fikradaha diinta==
{{main|New Testament athletic metaphors}}
[[File:Panathenaic amphora Kleophrades Louvre F277.jpg|thumb|Orodka cagaha wuxuu ahaa hal dhacdo oo loo go'aamiyay Zeus. Panathenaic amphora, Kleophrades painter, Circa 500 BC, Louvre museum.]]
Ciyaaruhu waxay ahaayeen nooc muhiim ah oo cibaado ah Diinta Gariigii Hore. Ciyaaraha Olimbikada ee duugga ahaa waxaa lagu qaban jiray maamuuska ilaaha sare, Zeus, iyadoo lagu muujinayo noocyo kala duwan oo u-go'aaminta diinta ah ee isaga iyo ilaahyada kale.&lt;ref&gt;Gardinier, Norman E., 'The Olympic Festival' in ''Greek Athletic Sports and Festivals'', London: MacMillan, 1910, p.195&lt;/ref&gt; Gariig badan ayaa u safrayay si ay u eegaan ciyaaraha, iyadoo isku-darka socdaalka diinta iyo ciyaaraha uu u served-garaynayay sida hab lagu maamulayo midnimadooda oo hal dad ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Harker |first1=Barry H. |title=Strange Fire: Christianity and the Rise of Modern Olympianism |date=2006 |publisher=Hartland Publications |location=Rapidan |isbn=0-923309-39-X |page=75 |chapter=6: Olympia and Jerusalem}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku-practice-garaynta tartamada ciyaaraha waxaa dhaleeceeyay mufakiriinta Masiixiga ah oo loo arkayay nooc sanam-caabudid ah, oo &quot;aadamuhu uu is-sareeyo, is-caabudo, is-saciifiyo oo is-abaalmariyo.&quot;&lt;ref name=Watson1&gt;''Sports and Christianity: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives'', Nick J. Watson, ed. (Routledge: 2013), p. 178.&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha waxaa loo arkaa kuwo dhaleeceeyayaashan ay u arkaan muujinta &quot;kibri wadajir ah&quot; iyo &quot;is-ilaahaysi qaran&quot; oo awoodaha aadamaha lagu sanam-caabudo iyada oo laga tagayo cibaadada diinta.&lt;ref name=Watson1/&gt;

Tertullian wuxuu dhaleeceeyay waxqabadka ciyaaraha ee maalmihiisii, wuxueena ku insisted-garaynayay &quot;dhammaan qalabka nooca ciyaaraha wuxuu ku dhisnaa sanam-caabudid.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Tertullian, ''De spectaculis'', Chapter 4.&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha, wuxuu leeyahay Tertullian, waxay kiciyaan dareenno la yaab leh oo ka baxsan dabeecadda deggen ee uu dhisay Masiixiga:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
Ilaah wuxuu nagu amray inaan u dhaqanno si deggen, si tartiib ah, si ka samaysan nabad, iyadoo uu la joogo Ruhal Qudus-ka, sababtoo ah waxyaabahani oo keliya waxay ku habboon yihiin wanaagga Dabeecaddiisa, iyadoo leh debecsanaanteisa iyo dareenkiisa. ... Hagaag, sida ay tani ugu habboonaan doontaa ciyaaraha? Sababtoo ah ciyaartu mar walba waxay keentaa iztiroob ruuxi ah, sababtoo ah halka ay ka jirto baashaal, waxaa ka jira dareen adag oo bixinaya baashaalka; halka ay ka jirto dareen adag, waxaa ka jira tartan oo siinaya kuleylkiisa. Ka dibna, marka aad leedahay tartan, waxaad leedahay carro, qadhaadh, xanaaq iyo calool-xumo, iyadoo dhammaan waxyaabaha xun ay ka soo bayaan kuwan – oo dhan si buuxda oo ka baxsan diinta Masiixa.&lt;ref&gt;''De spectaculis'' Chapter 15.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
Wadaaddada Masiixiga ee dhaqdhaqaaqa Wesleyan-Holiness waxay ka soo horjeedaan daawashada ama kaparticipatinka ciyaaraha xirfadlaha ah, iyagoo raba in liigyada ciyaaraha xirfadlaha ah ay nijaaseeyaan Sabtida, oo ay la tartamaan u-go'aaminta Masiixiga ee Ilaah, muujiyaan la'aanta xishoodka ee dharka ciyaartoyda iyo cheerleaders-ka, oo ay ku xirnaadaan dagaal iyo isticmaalka dhaaraha ee u dhexeya ciyaartoy badan, oo ay dhiirigeliyaan khamaarka, sida khamriga iyo dawooyinka kale ee dhacdooyinka ciyaaraha, oo ka dhan ah u-go'aaminta teetotalism-ka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Handel2020&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Handel |first1=Paul S. |title=Reasons Why Organized Sports Are Not Pleasing to God |date=2020 |publisher=Immanuel Missionary Church |page=4 |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Xigashooyinka==
{{Reflist}}

===Ilaha===
* European Commission (2007), ''The White Paper on Sport''
* Council of Europe (2001), ''The European sport charter''
*{{Free-content attribution
| title = Strengthening the rule of law through education: a guide for policymakers
| publisher = UNESCO
| page numbers =
| documentURL = https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366771
| license statement URL =
| license = CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO
}}

==Sii akhriso==
{{Sister project links|Sports|voy=Sport}}
* ''The Meaning of Sports'' by Michael Mandel (PublicAffairs, {{ISBN|1-58648-252-1}}).
* [https://www.tandfonline.com/journals/rjps20 ''Journal of the Philosophy of Sport'']
* Sullivan, George. ''The Complete Sports Dictionary''. New York: Scholastic Book Services, 1979. p.&amp;nbsp;199. {{ISBN|0-590-05731-6}}

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      <text bytes="78362" sha1="ecp567i03f1ithiphohyjcerb7r5rzd" xml:space="preserve">[[File:2015 29 Somali National Team-1 (21007355596).jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|right|Ciyaartoyda kooxda kubadda cagta qaranka [[Soomaaliya]] intii lagu jiray tababarkii [[2015]] ]]
[[File:London Marathon 2005 at Blackfriars.jpg|thumb|Orodka London Marathon 2005: orodada, noocyadooda kala duwan, waxay u taagan yihiin nooca ugu duugga badan uguna jilicsan ciyaaraha.]]

'''Ciyaaraha''' ({{lang-en|Sport}}) waa dhaqdhaqaaq jirkaga ah ama ciyaar, oo inta badan tartan iyo habaysan ah, oo ilaaliya ama hagaajiya awoodda jirrka iyo xirfadaha. Ciyaaruhu waxay bixin karaan baashaal ciyaartoyda iyo madadaalo daawadayaasha. Tirada ciyaartoyda ciyaar gaar ah waxay ka bilaaban kartaa boqolaal qof illaa hal qof oo keliya.

Dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka wuxuu ku xiran yahay dhinacyo kala duwan oo caafimaadka iyo cimri dheerida ah. Heerarka sare ee dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka waxay ku xiran yihiin khatar hoose oo dhimashada dhammaan sababaha iyo dhimashada cudurrada wadnaha, istaroogga iskeemikada, iyo wadne xanuunka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kraus2019&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Kraus | first1 = William E. | last2 = Powell | first2 = Kenneth E. | last3 = Haskell | first3 = William L. | last4 = Janz | first4 = Kathleen F. | last5 = Campbell | first5 = Wayne W. | last6 = Jakicic | first6 = John M. | last7 = Troiano | first7 = Richard P. | title = Physical activity, all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, and cardiovascular disease | journal = Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise | volume = 51 | issue = 6 | pages = 1270 | date = 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka wuxuu sidoo kale ku xiran yahay hoos u dhaca astaamaha niyad-jabka, walwalka, iyo iztiroobka nafsiga ah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh2023&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Singh | first1 = Ben | last2 = Olds | first2 = Timothy | last3 = Curtis | first3 = Rachel | last4 = Dumuid | first4 = Dorothea | last5 = Virgara | first5 = Rosa | last6 = Watson | first6 = Amanda | last7 = Szeto | first7 = Kimberley | title = Effectiveness of physical activity interventions for improving depression, anxiety and distress: an overview of systematic reviews | journal = British Journal of Sports Medicine | volume = 57 | issue = 18 | pages = 1203-1209 | date = 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Munro2026&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Munro | first1 = Neil Richard | last2 = Teague | first2 = Samantha | last3 = Somoray | first3 = Klaire | last4 = Simpson | first4 = Aaron | last5 = Budden | first5 = Timothy | last6 = Jackson | first6 = Ben | last7 = Rebar | first7 = Amanda | last8 = Dimmock | first8 = James | title = Effect of exercise on depression and anxiety symptoms: systematic umbrella review with meta-meta-analysis | journal = British Journal of Sports Medicine | volume = 60 | issue = 8 | pages = 590-599 | date = 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Noetel2024&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Noetel | first1 = Michael | last2 = Sanders | first2 = Taren | last3 = Gallardo-Gómez | first3 = Daniel | last4 = Taylor | first4 = Paul | last5 = del Pozo Cruz | first5 = Borja | last6 = Van Den Hoek | first6 = Daniel | last7 = Smith | first7 = Jordan J. | title = Effect of exercise for depression: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials | journal = BMJ | volume = 384 | date = 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Gaar ahaan, jimicsiga aerobikada, yoogada, iyo jimicsiga noocyada badan leh ayaa loo helay in ay waxtar u leeyihiin hoos u dhicida astaamaha niyad-jabka umusha ka dib.&lt;ref name=&quot;Campos-Marin2025&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Campos-Marin | first1 = Álvaro | last2 = García-Muñoz | first2 = Cristina | last3 = Matias-Soto | first3 = Javier | last4 = Martinez-Calderon | first4 = Javier | title = What interventions focused on physical activity could improve postpartum depression symptoms? An overview of systematic reviews with meta-analysis | journal = Healthcare | volume = 13 | issue = 12 | pages = 1419 | date = 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tartamada ciyaaruhu waxay isticmaali karaan nooca koox ama qof keliya, waxayna noqon karaan kuwo furan, oo u oggolaanaya tiro ballaaran oo ciyaartoy ah, ama kuwo xiran, oo ku xaddidaya kaparticipatinka kooxo gaar ah ama kuwa la casuumay. Tartamadu waxay oggolaan karaan &quot;barbardhac&quot;, oo aysan ka jirin hal guuleyste; kuwo kale waxay bixiyaan hababka barbardhac-jebinta si loo xaqiijiyo in uu jiro hal guuleyste oo keliya. Waxaa sidoo kale loo dhabar-adkeyn karaa nooca tartanka, oo soo saaraya horyaal. Liigyo badan oo ciyaareed waxay samaysan karaan horyaal sannadle ah iyagoo dhisaya ciyaaro xilliga caadiga ah ee ciyaaraha, oo ay la socdaan xaaladaha qaar ciyaaraha kama-dambaysta ah .

Ciyaaraha guud ahaan waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay nidaam dhaqdhaqaaqyo ku dhisnaa ciyaartoynimada jirka ama xirfadda jirka, iyadoo tartamada waaweyni ay oggol yihiin oo keliya ciyaaraha buuxiya qeexiddaan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.olympic.org/sports |title=List of Summer and Winter Olympic Sports and Events |publisher=The Olympic Movement |date=14 November 2018 |access-date=5 March 2012 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225174712/https://www.olympic.org/sports%20 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ururada qaar, sida Golaha Yurub, waxay ka reebayaan dhaqdhaqaaqyada aan lahayn wax walbo oo jirka ah nooca ciyaaraha.&lt;ref name=&quot;council&quot;&gt;Qoraalka tixraaca&lt;/ref&gt; Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tiro dhaqdhaqaaqyo tartan ah, laakiin aan ahayn kuwo jirka ah, waxay sheegtaan aqoonsi sida ciyaaraha maanka. Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee Olimbikada oo kormeera Ciyaaraha Olombikada wuxuu u aqoonsan yahay shataraanka iyo bridge-ka ciyaaro ahaan. SportAccord, oo ah ururka xiriirada ciyaaraha caalamiga ah, wuxuu aqoonsan yahay shanta ciyaarood oo aan ahayn kuwo jirka ah: shataraanka, buundo, checkers, Go iyo xiangqi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |publisher=SportAccord |title=World Mind Games |url=http://www.sportaccord.com/en/multi-sports-games/index.php?idIndex=35&amp;idContent=658 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508021848/http://www.sportaccord.com/en/multi-sports-games/index.php?idIndex=35&amp;idContent=658 |archive-date=8 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |publisher=SportAccord |title=Members |url=http://www.sportaccord.com/en/members/index.php?idContent=644&amp;idIndex=32 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507073823/http://www.sportaccord.com/en/members/index.php?idContent=644&amp;idIndex=32 |archive-date=7 May 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay xaddidaan tirada ciyaaraha maanka ee loo oggolaan karo ciyaaro ahaan.&lt;ref name=&quot;sportaccord&quot;&gt;Qoraalka tixraaca&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha guud ahaan waxaa maamula xeerar ama caadooyin, oo u adeega xaqiijinta tartan caadil ah. Guushu waxay ku go'aansami kartaa matalaadaha jirka sida dhibcaha goolasha ama goynta xariiqda marka ugu horreysa. Waxaa sidoo kale go'aamin kara garsoorayaal dhibcaha ka bixinaya waxqabadka ciyaaraha, oo ay ku jiraan xaalado ujeeddo leh ama kuwo fikrad ah sida waxqabadka farsamada ama saamaynta incaamka artistique.

Diiwaanka waxqabadka inta badan waa la dhowraa, ciyaaraha caanka ahna, macluumaadkan waxaa laga yaabaa in si ballaaran looga dhawaaqo ama looga warramo wararka ciyaaraha. Ciyaaruhu sidoo kale waa il muhiim ah oo madadaalo u ah dadka aan kaparticipatgaraynayn, iyadoo ciyaaraha daawashada ay soo jiitaan dad badan garoomada ciyaaraha, oo ay gaaraan dhagaystayaal ballaaran oo maraya teevishanka ama radayowga. Khamaarka ciyaaraha xaaladaha qaar si daran ayaa loo maamulaa, xaaladaha kalena waa qayb ka mid ah ciyaaraha.

Sida ku cad A.T. Kearney, oo ah shirkad la-talinta, kiiska ciyaaraha ee caalamiga ah wuxuu qiimihiisu yahay ilaa $620 bilyan marka la joogo 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/news/international/21585012-sportswomen-are-beginning-score-more-commercial-goalsbut-they-still-have-lot-ground |title=Women in sport: Game, sex and match |newspaper=The Economist |date=7 September 2013 |access-date=14 September 2017 |archive-date=2 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802224933/http://www.economist.com/news/international/21585012-sportswomen-are-beginning-score-more-commercial-goalsbut-they-still-have-lot-ground |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaarta ugu helitaanka iyo ku practice-garaynta badan dunida waa orodka, halka kubbadda cagtu ay tahay ciyaarta daawashada ugu caansan.&lt;ref name=&quot;wa&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-are-the-most-popular-sports-in-the-world.html |title=The Most Popular Sports in the World |date=2018 |website=www.worldatlas.com |publisher=World Atlas |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817161238/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-are-the-most-popular-sports-in-the-world.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ujeeddada iyo adeegsiga==
===Etimoolojiga===
Ereyga &quot;sport&quot; wuxuu ka yimid Faransiiskii Hore desport oo dhahaya &quot;waqti firaaqo&quot;, iyadoo qeexiddii ugu duugnayd ee Ingiriisida ee qarnigii 1300 ay ahayd &quot;wax kasta oo aadamuhu u arko kuwo xiiso leh ama madadaalo leh&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=sport&amp;searchmode=none |title=sport (n.) |access-date=20 April 2008 |first=Douglas |last=Harper |work=Online Etymological Dictionary |archive-date=11 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111214311/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=sport&amp;searchmode=none |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ujeedooyinka kale waxaa ka mid ah khamaarka iyo dhacdooyinka loo sameeyay ujeeddada khamaarka; ugaarsiga; iyo ciyaaraha iyo baashaalka, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa u baahan jimicsi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged |publisher=G&amp;C Merriam Company |location=Springfield, MA |page=2206 |year=1967}}&lt;/ref&gt; Roget's wuxuu qeexayaa ciyaaraha sida &quot;dhaqdhaqaaq loo sameeyo nasasho iyo madadaalo&quot; iyadoo synonyms-ku ay ku jiraan madadaalo iyo firaaqo-wadaag.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Roget's II: The New Thesaurus|edition =3rd|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |url=https://archive.org/details/rogetsiiinewthes00houg |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-618-25414-9 |url-access=registration }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sida loo magacaabo===
Ereyga kali ah ee &quot;sport&quot; waxaa loo isticmaalaa lahjadaha Ingiriisida badankood si loogu qeexo fikradda guud, tusaale &quot;carruurta kaparticipatgaraynaysa ciyaaraha&quot;, iyadoo &quot;sports&quot; loo isticmaalo si loogu qeexo dhaqdhaqaaqyo badan, tusaale &quot;kubbadda cagta iyo rugby waa ciyaaraha ugu caansan Ingriiska&quot;. Ingiriisida Mareykanka waxay isticmaashaa &quot;sports&quot; labada macnaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sport vs sports – Usage Notes |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/sport-s-sports |publisher=Cambridge University Press |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sport |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sport |publisher=Merriam-Webster |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Qeexidda===
{{see also|Game#Definitions}}
[[File:ChessStartingPosition.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee Olimbikada wuxuu u aqoonsan yahay ciyaaraha guddiga qaar ka mid ah ciyaaro ahaan, oo uu ku jiro shataraanka.]]
[[File:Showjumping white horse.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|Boodidda fardaha, oo ah ciyaar fardoolay ah]]
Qeexidda saxda ah ee ka soocaysa ciyaarta dhaqdhaqaaqyada kale ee firaaqada waxay ku kala duwan tahay ilaha. Midda ugu dhow heshiis caalami ah oo ku saabsan qeexidda waxaa bixiya Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Xiriirada Ciyaaraha Caalamiga ah (GAISF), oo ah ururka dhammaan xiriirada ciyaaraha caalamiga ah ee ugu waaweyn (oo ay ku jiraan kubbadda cagta, ciyaaraha fudud, baaskiil wadida, tennis-ka, ciyaaraha fardoolayda, iyo kuwo kale), saas darteedna waa maamulaha rasmiga ah ee ciyaaraha caalamiga ah.

GAISF wuxuu isticmaalaa shuruudaha soo socda, wuxueena go'aamiyaa in ciyaartu tahay inay:&lt;ref name=sportaccord/&gt;
* leedahay walab tartanka ah
* aysan wax ku nool ah dhib u geysanayn
* aysan ku tiirsanayn qalab uu bixiyo hal alaab-qeybiye oo keliya (oo ay ka reeban yihiin ciyaaraha iska lahaanshaha ah sida kubbadda cagta arena)
* aysan ku tiirsanayn wax &quot;nasiib&quot; ah oo gaar ahaan loogu talagalay ciyaarta.

Waxay sidoo kale aqoonsan yihiin in ciyaartu noqon karto ku dhawaad jirka (sida rugby ama ciyaaraha fudud), ku dhawaad maanka (sida shataraanka ama Go), ku dhawaad matoorada (sida Formula 1 ama doonyaha matoorka), ku dhawaad iskudubaridka iyo xirfadda (sida snooker iyo ciyaaraha kale ee cue-ka), ama ku dhawaad kuwa xayawaanku taageeraan (sida ciyaaraha fardoolayda).&lt;ref name=sportaccord/&gt;

Koodinta ciyaaraha maanka ee gudaha qeexidda ciyaaraha lama wada aqbalin, taas oo keentay lchallenge-yo sharci ah oo ka yimid maamulada maamula marka loo eego in loo diaday maalgelinta loo hayo ciyaaraha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |work=BBC News |title=Judicial review of 'sport' or 'game' decision begins |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-34320201 |date=22 September 2015 |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-date=23 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023020304/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-34320201 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Laakiin iyadoo GAISF ay aqoonsan tahay tiro yar oo ciyaaraha maanka ah, ma furaan in ay kaparticipat-geliyaan ciyaaro kale oo maanka ah.

Waxaa jiray kordho adeegsiga ereyga &quot;sport&quot; ee ku saabsan ciyaaro ballaaran oo aan ahayn kuwo jirka ah sida ciyaaraha fiidiyowga, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano esports (ka yimid &quot;ciyaaraha elektaroonigga ah&quot;), gaar ahaan sababtoo ah baaxadda weyn ee kaparticipatinka iyo tartanka habaysan, laakiin kuwan si ballaaran looma aqoonsana ururada ciyaaraha ee waaweyn. Sida ku cad Golaha Yurub, Axdiga Ciyaaraha Yurub, maqaalka 2.i, &quot;'Sport' waa dhammaan noocyada dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka oo, troo kaparticipatinka caadiga ah ama habaysan, haysata ujeedo lagu muujinayo ama lagu hagaajinayo fayowida jirka iyo wanaagga maanka, dhisida xiriirada bulshada ama helitaanka natiijooyinka tartanka heerarka dhan.&quot;&lt;ref name=council/&gt;

===Tartanka===
[[File:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb|left|Orodka fardaha]]

Waxaa jira fikrado iska soo horjeeda oo ku saabsan muhiimadda tartanka uu u leeyahay walaxda qeexaysa ciyaarta, iyadoo ku dhawaad dhammaan ciyaaraha xirfadlaha ah ay ku jiraan tartan, maamulada maamulana ay u baahan yihiin tartan inay tahay shuruud ka hor aqoonsiga Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee Olimbikada (IOC) ama GAISF.&lt;ref name=sportaccord/&gt;

Ururada kale waxay u doodaan ballaadhinta qeexidda ciyaaraha si ay u noqoto dhammaan noocyada dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka, oo aysan ahayn oo keliya dhacdooyinka habaysan ama tartanka ah. Tusaale ahaan, Axdiga Ciyaaraha ee Golaha Yurub wuxuu qeexayaa &quot;sport&quot; sida: &quot;dhammaan noocyada dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka oo, troo kaparticipatinka caadiga ah ama habaysan, looga dan leeyahay ilaalinta ama hagaajinta fayowida jirka iyo wanaagga maanka, dhisida xiriirada bulshada ama helitaanka natiijooyinka tartanka heerarka dhan&quot;, iyadoo si cad u dhexgalinaysa jimicsiga baashaalka ah ee loo sameeyo kaliya baashaal ahaan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=Jun 2022 |title=Revised European Sports Charter – Article 2 |url=https://rm.coe.int/revised-european-sports-charter-web-a6/1680a7534b |publisher=Council of Europe |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title= The Development and Prospects for Community Action in the Field of Sport |date=29 September 1998 |url=https://ec.europa.eu/assets/eac/sport/library/documents/doc252_en.pdf |publisher=European Commission |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Si loo ballaadhiyo kaparticipatinka, oo loo yareeyo saamaynta laga helayo guuldarada ciyaartoyda aan awoodda badan lahayn, waxaa jiray soo-bandhigidda dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka oo aan ahayn tartan ee dhacdooyinka tartanka ah ee caadiga ah sida maalmaha ciyaaraha ee dugsiyada, inkasta oo dhaqdhaqaaqyada noocan oo kale ah ay noqon karaan kuwo muran dhaliya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Front |first=Rebecca |work=The Guardian |title=A little competition |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/jul/17/school-sport-competitive-children-achievement-ambition |date=17 July 2011 |access-date=13 December 2016 |archive-date=15 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315143528/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/jul/17/school-sport-competitive-children-achievement-ambition |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |publisher=ParentDish |title=Why parents hate school sports day |last=Scrimgeour |first=Heidi |date=17 June 2011 |url=http://www.parentdish.co.uk/2011/06/17/why-parents-hate-school-sports-day/ |access-date=11 June 2012 |archive-date=24 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024182750/http://www.parentdish.co.uk/2011/06/17/why-parents-hate-school-sports-day/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dhacdooyinka tartanka ah, ciyaartoyda waxaa lagu qiimeeyaa ama lagu kala saaraa ku dhisnaanta &quot;natiijadooda&quot; iyadoo inta badan loo qeybiyo kooxo leh waxqabad loo siman yahay, tusaale, jinsiga, miisaanka iyo da'da. Qiyaasta natiijadu waxay noqon kartaa ku dhawaad ujeeddo ama fikrad, oo lagu saxo &quot;handicaps&quot; ama ganaaxyo. Tartanka orodka, tusaale ahaan, waqtiga lagu dhameeyay wadada waa qiyaas ujeeddo ah. Jimnaastikada ama quusida, natiijada waxaa go'aamiya garsoorayaal, sidaas darteedna waa fikrad. Waxaa jira heerar garsoorid dhex-dhexaad ah oo u dhexeya feerka iyo ciyaaraha la isku daray ee dagaalka, oo haddii aysan labada ciyaartoy midna guul helin ka hor waqtiga xaddidan, natiijada waxaa go'aamiya kaararka dhibcaha garsoorayaasha. Feerka, saddex garsoore ayaa si madax-bannaan dhibcaha uga bixiya wareeg kasta, iyadoo la raacayo shuruudaha sida feerida nadiifka ah, weerarka waxtarka leh, maamulka garoonka iyo doofaaca.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ABC Uniform Championship Rules |url=https://www.ibf-usba-boxing.com/wp-content/uploads/ABCUniformChampionshipRules.pdf |publisher=Association of Boxing Commissions |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Taariikhda==
{{Main article|History of sport}}
[[File:Roman bronze copy of Myron’s Discobolos, 2nd century CE (Glyptothek Munich).jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Naxaas Roomaan ah oo laga sameeyay Discobolos ee Myron, qarnigii 2aad AD]]
[[File:Participants with the Water Warrior class perform squats prior to entering the pool at Camp Foster, Okinawa, Japan, July 6, 2011 110706-M-VD776-004 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Snoorkeler-ku waxay sameynayaan jimicsiga squats ka hor inta aysan galin barkadda ee saldhigga ciidanka Mareykanka, 2011.]]

Shaqooyinka gacanta iyo dhismayaasha waxay tilmaamayaan ciyaaraha Shiinaha sida ay ahayd 2000 BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://chineseculture.about.com/library/weekly/aa032301a.htm |title=Sports History in China |author1=Ye Qinfa |access-date=15 October 2006 |archive-date=3 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303183246/http://chineseculture.about.com/library/weekly/aa032301a.htm |url-status=deviated }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jimnaastikada waxay u muuqataa in ay caan ka ahayd waagii duugga ahaa ee Shiinaha. Taallooyinka Fircooniga waxay tilmaamaan in tiro ciyaaro ah, oo ay ku jiraan dabaasha iyo kaluumeysiga, ay ahaayeen kuwo si wanaagsan u horumaray oo maamulan kumanaan sano ka hor Masartii Hore.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ioa.leeds.ac.uk/1980s/84085.htm |title=84.85-90 History of Sports in Ancient Egypt |first1=Ahmed D. |last1=Touny |website=Proceedings of the International Olympic Academy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029232515/http://www.ioa.leeds.ac.uk/1980s/84085.htm |archive-date=29 October 2006 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha kale ee Masar waxaa ka mid ahaa tuurista waranka, boodada dheer, iyo legdinta. Ciyaaraha Beershiyo ee Hore sida sanka ee soo jireenka ah ee Iiraan ee Zoorkhaneh waxay lahayd xiriir dhow oo ku saabsan xirfadaha dagaalka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.kuwait-info.com/newsnew/NewsDetails1.asp?id=78319&amp;dt=10/13/2006&amp;ntype=World |title=Ancient sport still flexing its muscles in Iran |website=kuwait-info.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070326081959/http://www.kuwait-info.com/newsnew/NewsDetails1.asp?id=78319&amp;dt=10%2F13%2F2006&amp;ntype=World |archive-date=26 March 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha kale ee ka yimid Beershiyadii Hore waxaa ka mid ah polo iyo jousting. Ciyaaraha soo jireenka ah ee Hindiya ee kala duwan sida Kho kho iyo Kabaddi waxaa la ciyaarayay kumanaan sano. Kabaddi waxaa loo ciyaarayay malaha sida u-diyaargarowga ugaarsiga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=kabaddi {{!}} sport |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/kabaddi |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Bruno Senna 2006 Australian Grand Prix.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|Ciyaaraha matoorada leh waxay soo muuqdeen tan iyo markii ay timid waagii casriga ahaa.]]

Tiro ballaaran oo ciyaaro ah ayaa horay loo dhisay waagii Gariikii Hore, dhaqanka ciidankana iyo horumarka ciyaaraha ee Gariiga waxay saameeyeen midba midka kale si weyn. Ciyaaruhu waxay noqdeen qayb aad u muhiim ah oo ka mid ah dhaqankooda taas oo keentay in Gariigu ay dhiisaha Ciyaaraha Olimbikada, oo waagii duugga ahaa lagu qaban jiray afar sano kasta tuulo yar oo ku taalla Peloponnesus oo loo yaqaanay Olympia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/ancient/index_uk.asp|title=Ancient Olympic Games|date=30 July 2018|access-date=15 October 2006|archive-date=28 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090928011744/http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/ancient/index_uk.asp|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciyaaraha waxaa sii kordhayay habaynta iyo maamulidda tan iyo waagii Olimbikadii Hore illaa qarniga hadda jira. Warshadaysashadu waxay keenay gaadiidka matoorada leh iyo kordhinta waqtiga firaaqada, oo u oggolaanaya dadka in ay kaparticipat-gelaan oo ay raacaan ciyaaraha daawashada oo ay kaparticipat-gelaan dhaqdhaqaaqyada ciyaartoyda. Isbeddelladan waxay sii socdeen iyadoo ay timid warbaahinta weyn iyo xiriirka caalamiga ah. Xirfaddnimadu waxay noqotay mid caan ah, iyadoo sii kordhinaysa caannimada ciyaaraha, maadaama taageerayaasha ciyaaruhu ay raacayeen guulaha ciyaartoyda xirfadlayaasha ah – iyagoo oo dhami ku raaxaysanayay jimicsiga iyo tartanka ku xiran kaparticipatinka amateerka ee ciyaaraha. Tan iyo markii uu karraday qarniga 21aad, waxaa jiray doode ka dhan ah in dadka transgender-ka ah ee ciyaartoyda ah ay awood u leeyihiin in ay kaparticipat-gelaan dhacdooyinka ciyaaraha ee u dhigma jinsigooda cusub.&lt;ref&gt;''Sport and the Law: Historical and Cultural Intersections'', p. 111, Sarah K. Fields (2014){{ISBN?}}|&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ciyaarta caadiga ah==
===Dhaqanka ciyaartoyda===
Dhaqanka ciyaartoyda waa dabeecad u doodeysa ciyaarta caadiga ah, edebta ka dhaxaysa kooxda iyo kaadhibka, dhaqanka anshaxa leh iyo daacadnimada, iyo sharafka guusha ama guuldarada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?va=sportsmanship |publisher=Merriam-Webster |title=Sportsmanship |access-date=15 October 2006 |archive-date=28 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928231236/http://www.merriam.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?va=sportsmanship |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Fish |first1=Joel |last2=Magee |first2=Susan |year=2003 |title=101 Ways to Be a Terrific Sports Parent |publisher=Fireside |page=168}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Lacey |first=David |date=10 November 2007 |url=http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/11/10/it_takes_a_bad_loser_to_become.html |title=It takes a bad loser to become a good winner |work=The Guardian |access-date=28 October 2009 |archive-date=13 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113021424/http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/11/10/it_takes_a_bad_loser_to_become.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dhaqanka ciyaartoyda wuxuu muujinayaa rabitaan ama ruux in dhaqdhaqaaqa loogu raaxaysan doono ujeedadiisa lafahaadeed. Fikirka caanka ah ee uu qoray weriyaha ciyaaraha Grantland Rice, ee ah &quot;ma aha inaad guuleysato ama guuldarraysato, laakiin waa sida aad u ciyaarto ciyaarta&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Rice, Grantland |url=https://tshf.net/halloffame/rice-grantland/ |publisher=Tennessee Sports Hall of Fame |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo caqiidada Olimbikada casriga ah ee uu muujiyay aasaasaheeda Pierre de Coubertin: &quot;Waxyaabaha ugu muhiimsan Ciyaaraha Olimbikada ma aha guusha laakiin waa kaparticipatinka,&quot; waa muujinta caadiga ah ee fikirkan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Fundamentals of Olympic Values Education |publisher=International Olympic Committee |url=https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/Documents/Document-Set-Teachers-The-Main-Olympic-Topics/Olympism-and-the-Olympic-Movement.pdf |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Khayaanada===
{{see also|Match fixing|cheating}}
Mabaadi'da muhiimka ah ee ciyaaraha waxaa ka mid ah in natiijadu aysan noqon ku dhisnaan hore, iyo dhammaan ciyaartoydu inay lahaadaan fursad loo siman yahay oo ay ku guuleystaan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=European Sports Charter, Article 3|url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/sport/european-sports-charter|publisher=Council of Europe|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Xeerarka iyo shuruucda waxaa dhisay maamulada maamula si loo xaqiijiyo ciyaar caadil ah iyo daacadnimo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=International Charter of Physical Education, Physical Activity and Sport, Article 10|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000235409|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ciyaartoydu mararka kaar ayaa jebiya xeerarkan si ay u helaan faa'iido aan caadil ahayn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Fair play and the competitive spirit|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000093013|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciyaartoydu waxay khayaani karaan si ay u kordhiyaan fursadahooda guusha, si ay u helaan faa'iido lacageed ama faa'iido kale.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Global Report on Corruption in Sport|url=https://www.unodc.org/documents/corruption/Publications/2022/Global_Report_on_Corruption_in_Sport_Full_report.pdf|publisher=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Caannimada khamaarka ee ku saabsan natiijooyinka ciyaaraha waxay abuurtaa dhiirigelin lagu sameeyo hagaajinta ciyaarta (match fixing), oo hal ama ka badan oo ciyaartoy ahi ay ku heshiiyaan in ay go'aamiyaan natiijooyinka ka hor halkii ay si daacad ah u tartami lahaayeen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Staying on Side: How to Stop Match-Fixing|url=https://images.transparencycdn.org/images/2014_Stop_MatchFixing_EN.pdf|publisher=Transparency International|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Doping-ka iyo dawooyinka===
{{main article|Use of performance-enhancing drugs in sport}}
Dabeecadda tartanka ah ee ciyaaraha waxay dhiirigelisaa ciyaartoyda qaar in ay isku dayaan in ay hagaajiyaan waxqabadkooda troo dawooyinka, ama habab kale sida kordhinta tirada dhiigga ee jirkooda troo habab dadku sameeyeen.&lt;ref name=&quot;Baron2007&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Baron |first1=David A. |last2=Martin |first2=David M. |last3=Abol Magd |first3=Samir |title=Doping in sports and its spread to at-risk populations: an international review |journal=World Psychiatry |year=2007 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=118–123 |pmid=18235871|pmc=2219897 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dhammaan ciyaaraha uu aqoonsan yahay IOC, ama SportAccord, waxaa loo baahan yahay in ay sameeyaan barnaamij tijaabo ah, iyagoo raadinaya liiska dawooyinka la mamnuucay, iyadoo ganaaxyo ama joojin loo dhigay ciyaartoyda ku tijaabo-gala nooca togan ee walxaha la mamnuucay.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Prohibited List |url=https://www.wada-ama.org/en/prohibited-list |publisher=World Anti-Doping Agency |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=World Anti-Doping Code |url=https://www.wada-ama.org/en/what-we-do/world-anti-doping-code |publisher=World Anti-Doping Agency |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Dagaalka===
Dagaalka ciyaaraha wuxuu ku jiraa ka tallaabida xariiqda u dhexaysa tartanka caadiga ah iyo dagaalka muuqda ee ujeeddada leh. Ciyaartoyda, tababarayaasha, taageerayaasha, iyo waalidiintu mararka kaar waxay sameeyaan dhaqan dagaal ah oo ku saabsan dadka ama hantida, iyagoo muujinaya daacadnimo, maamul, carro, ama dabaaldeg oo la khalday. Rabshadaha ama hooliganism-ka oo ay sameeyaan taageerayaashu gaar ahaan waa dhibaato ka jirta tartamada ciyaaraha ee heer qaran iyo kuwo caalami ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Russell |first=Gareth |title=Sport riots: A social–psychological review |journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior |year=2004 |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=353–378|doi=10.1016/S1359-1789(03)00031-4 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Guide on the Security of Major Sporting Events |url=https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/sites/www.un.org.counterterrorism/files/211006_guide_on_security_major_sporting_events_web.pdf |publisher=United Nations |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ka qaybqaadashada==
===Ka qaybqaadashada jinsiga===
[[File:100 metres race winner Sina Schielke (192) and the other Runners - ISTAF 2006 - Berlin, 3 September.jpg|thumb|Ciyaartoyda dumarka ah ee heerka caalamiga ah ee ISTAF Berlin, 2006]]
Participatinka dumarka ee ciyaaraha wuu kordhay iyada oo la kordhiyay fursadaha iyo aqoonsiga kordhaya ee faa'iidooyinka dhaqdhaqaaqa ciyaartoyda ee horumarka carruurta iyo fayowida jirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Eime |first1=Rochelle M. |last2=Young |first2=Janet A. |last3=Harvey |first3=Jack T. |last4=Charity |first4=Melanie J. |last5=Payne |first5=Warren R. |title=A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for children and adolescents |journal=International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity |year=2013 |volume=10 |issue=98 |page=98 |doi=10.1186/1479-5868-10-98|doi-access=free |pmid=23945179 |pmc=3751802 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Inkasta oo ay jiraan faa'iidooyinkan, farqiga jinsiga wuu sii jiraa. Heerka Olimbikada, dumarku waxay ahaayeen 49% oo ku taalla Tokyo 2020,&lt;ref name=&quot;RioTokyoWSF&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Paris 2024 should see gender parity – WSF study |url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/paris-2024-should-see-gender-parity-wsf-study-2022-04-21/ |publisher=Reuters |date=2022-04-21 |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; iyagoo gaadhay 50 % oo buuxa oo isu dhigma oo ku taalla Paris 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;GenderParity2024&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Reid |first=Helen |title=Women athletes say the work isn't over after Olympics gender parity |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/olympics/women-athletes-say-work-isnt-over-after-olympics-gender-parity-2024-07-28/ |publisher=Reuters |date=2024-07-28 |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Laakiin baadhitaannada caalamiga ah waxay sheegaan oo keliya 20% oo dumar ah oo ka aghb 31% oo ragg ah in ay kaparticipat-gelaan dhaqdhaqaaqa ciyaaraha bishii,&lt;ref name=&quot;YouGovGap&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Shah |first=Kineree |title=The great divide – exploring the gender gap in sports viewership |url=https://business.yougov.com/content/46311-the-great-divide-exploring-gender-gap-in-sports-viewership |publisher=YouGov |date=2023-03-10 |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ururka Caafimaadka Dduunka wuxuu xussayaa in dumarku ay 5 percentage points ka hooseeyaan ragga marka loo eego in ay buuxiyaan shuruudaha dhaqdhaqaaqa la soo jeediyay.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHOActivity&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Physical activity fact sheet |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciyaaraha qaar waa jinsiga la isku daray, oo oggolaanaya, ama xitaa u baahan, ragga iyo dumarka in ay ku ciyaaraan koox ka mid ah. Hal tusaale oo tan ah waa Baseball5, oo ah ciyaartii ugu horreysay ee jinsiga la isku daray ee loo oggolaado Olimbikada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Debut of Baseball5 at Youth Olympic Games postponed as next YOG shifted from 2022 to 2026 |url=http://www.wbsc.org/en/news/debut-of-baseball5-at-youth-olympic-games-postponed-as-next-yog-shifted-from-2022-to-2026 |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=World Baseball Softball Confederation |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Participatinka dhallinyarada===
{{main|Youth sports}}
{{See also|College sports}}
Ciyaaraha dhallinyarada waxay u bixiyaan carruurta fursado baashaal, isku xidhka bulshada, dhisida xiriirada ciyaartoyda kale, fayowida jirka, iyo deeqaha waxbarasho ee ciyaartoyda. U doodayaasha waxbarashada iyo dagaalka ka dhanka ah dawooyinka waxay dhiirigeliyaan ciyaaraha dhallinyarada si ay uga baxaan kaparticipatinka waxbarashada oo ay uga dagaallamaan ganacsiga dawooyinka ee sharci-darro ah. Sida ku cad Xarunta Cilmi-baadhista Dhaawaca iyo Siyaasadda ee Cusbitaalka Carruurta ee Qaranka, khatarta ugu weyn ee ciyaaraha dhallinyarada waa dhimasho ama dhaawac daran oo uu ku jiro concussion. Khatarahan waxay ka yimaadaan orodka, kubbadda koleyga, kubbadda cagta, volleyball-ka, gridiron-ka, jimnaastikada, iyo ice hockey.&lt;ref&gt;[https://healthland.time.com/2009/08/04/why-are-more-kids-getting-hurt-in-gym-class/ &quot;Gym class injuries up 150% between 1997 and 2007&quot;], ''Time'', 4 August 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha dhallinyarada ee US waa $15 bilyan oo vaza ah oo ay ku jiraan qalabka illaa tababarka gaarka ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last1=Gregory |first1=Sean |title=How Kids' Sports Became a $15 Billion Industry |url=https://time.com/4913687/how-kids-sports-became-15-billion-industry/ |access-date=24 August 2017 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=24 August 2017 |archive-date=24 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824112734/http://time.com/4913687/how-kids-sports-became-15-billion-industry/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Participatinka dadka naqada ah===
{{see also|Parasports|Paralympic Games}}
[[File:David Bizet - Marathon de Paris 2014.jpg|thumb|Orodiyaha wuxuu si saaxiibtinimo ah ugu taabanayaa garabka orodiyaha kursiga curyaanka inta lagu jiro Marathon-ka Paris 2014.]]

Ciyaaraha dadka naqada ah ama ciyaaraha la waafajiyay waxaa ciyaara dad leh naqadnimo, oo ay ku jiraan naqadnimada jirka iyo naqadnimada maanka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Para Sport |url=https://www.paralympic.org/paralympic-sport |publisher=International Paralympic Committee |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maadaama kuwo badan oo kuwan ka mid ah ay ku dhisnaayeen ciyaaraha jira oo la waafajiyay si loo buuxiyo baahida dadka leh naqadnimada, mararka kaar waxaa loo yaqaanaa ciyaaraha la waafajiyay.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Misener |first1=Laura |last2=Kissack |first2=Travis |title=Social inclusion through sport: Community coaching and participation of people with disabilities in sport |journal=Sport Management Review |year=2010 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=49–67 |doi=10.1016/j.smr.2009.10.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhammaan ciyaaraha dadka naqada ah ma aha kuwo la waafajiyay; tiro gaar ah oo loogu talagalay dadka leh naqadnimada ma laha wax u dhigma ciyaaraha dadka caadiga ah, sida goalball iyo boccia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sitting Volleyball, Goalball and Boccia |url=https://www.paralympic.org/sports |publisher=International Paralympic Committee |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Participatinka dadka waaweyn===
{{see also|Masters athletics|Masters cycling|Masters swimming}}
[[File:Pickleball Players.jpg|thumb|right|Pickleball waa ciyaar gaar ahaan u soo jiidasho badan dadka waaweyn.]]
'''Ciyaaraha Masters-ka''', '''ciyaaraha senior-ka''', ama '''ciyaaraha veteran-ka''' waa qeyb da'da ah oo ciyaaraha ah, oo inta badan ku jirta kooxaha da'da 35 iyo ka weyn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/veterans-and-masters-sport|title=Story: Veterans and masters sport|publisher=govt.nz|access-date=28 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waxay khuseyn kartaa dhaqdhaqaaqyada ciyaaraha oo aan la beddelin ama la waafajiyay, oo leh ama aan lahayn tartamo.

'''Tartamada'''
* World Masters Games oo la habayeeyay tan iyo 1985 afar sano kasta.
* European Masters Games oo la habayeeyay markii ugu horreysay 2008 oo markaas ka dib afar sano kasta.
* Senior Olympics (Senior Games)
* USATF Masters Outdoor Championships oo bilaabatay 1968
* USATF Masters Indoor Championships oo bilaabatay 1975
* World Masters Athletics Championships oo bilaabatay 1975

===Participatinka daawadayaasha===
{{Main article|Spectator sport}}
{{See also|Sports fandom}}
[[File:1906 Athens stadium.jpg|thumb|right|Daawadayaasha Ciyaaraha Olimbikada ee aan rasmiga ahayn ee 1906]]

Qaybta tartanka ee ciyaaraha, iyada oo la socota soo jiidashada quruxda ee dhinacyada qaar, waxay keentay dhacdooyinka ciyaaraha daawashada. Ciyaaraha amateerka iyo xirfadlaha ah waxay soo jiitaan dhagaystayaal toos ah oo ku yaalla garoomada iyo troo warbaahinta – radayowga, teevishanka iyo intarneedka – oo mid kasta oo kuwan ka mid ah uu ka qaadi karo lacagaha sida tikidhada ama isdhaafsiga pay-per-view.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=Spectator sport |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/spectator-sport |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Liigyada ciyaaraha iyo tartamadu waxay bixiyaan hababka habaysan ee ugu muhiimsan ee tartanka caadiga ah ee u dhexeya kooxaha ama ciyaartoyda gaarka ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Fort |first= Rodney D |title=Sports Economics |publisher=Prentice Hall |year=2015 |isbn=9780130850911}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dhacdooyinka sare waxay amraan dhagaystayaal waaweyn, iyagoo dhiirigeliya heshiisyo waaweyn oo xuquuqda warbaahinta ah. Ciyaarta kama-dambaysta ah ee Koobka Duunka FIFA 2006 waxay soo jiitatay in ka badan 700 milyan oo daawadayaal ah oo duunka oo dhan ah,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=2006 FIFA World Cup™ Media Report |url=http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/germany2006/organisation/media/media-reports.html |publisher=FIFA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101000000/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/germany2006/organisation/media/media-reports.html |access-date=2025-05-02|archive-date=1 January 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ciyaarta kama-dambaysta ah ee Koobka Duunka ee Cricket 2011 waxaa daawaday noin 135 milyan oo daawadayaal ah oo ku taalla Hindiya oo keliya.&lt;ref name=&quot;CWC2011&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=135 mn saw World Cup final: TAM |date=10 April 2011 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/135-mn-saw-World-Cup-final-TAM/Article1-683623.aspx |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=2025-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803013151/http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/135-mn-saw-World-Cup-final-TAM/Article1-683623.aspx |archive-date=2013-08-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mareykanka, Super Bowl wuxuu ku jiraa nooca teevishanka sannadlaha ah ee ugu daawashada badan, iyadoo Super Bowl XLIX ee 2015 uu lahaa averiiji 114 milyan oo daawadayaal ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Nielsen |title=Super Bowl XLIX Sets U.S. Viewership Record |url=http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/news/2015/super-bowl-xlix-most-watched-telecast-in-u-s--history.html |publisher=Nielsen |date=2015-02-02 |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Axadda Super Bowl waxaa loo arkaa fasax qaran oo aan rasmi ahayn, iyo 2015 booska xayeysiiska ee 30-ilbiriqsi ah waxaa lagu iibiyay noin US$4.5 milyan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Super Bowl Ads Cost US$4.5M for 30-Second Spot |url=https://adage.com/article/media/super-bowl-ads-cost-4-5m-30-spot/296163 |publisher=Ad Age |date=2015-01-30 |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Hiwaayad iyo xirfadle==
[[File:Volleyball-5 (9786053885).jpg|thumb|Kooxda volleyball-ka ee dumarka ee jaamacadda Mareykanka]]
Ciyaaraha waxaa loo samayn karaa nooc amateer, xirfadle ama xirfadle Dhexe ah, iyada oo ku xiran haddii ciyaartoyda loo dhiirigeliyo kaparticipatinka (inta badan troo bixinta lacagta ama mushaharka). Participatinka amateerka ee ciyaaraha heerarka hoose inta badan loo yaqaan &quot;ciyaaraha xididdada&quot; (grassroots sport).&lt;ref name=&quot;council&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;White Paper&quot;&gt;{{cite web |publisher=European Commission |title=The White Paper on Sport |url=http://ec.europa.eu/sport/white-paper/index_en.htm |access-date=11 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916202200/http://ec.europa.eu/sport/white-paper/index_en.htm |archive-date=16 September 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Caannimada ciyaaraha daawashada oo ah firaaqo u ah dadka aan kaparticipat-gelaayn waxay keentay in ciyaaruhu ay noqdaan ganacsi weyn oo madax-bannaan, tanina waxay dhiirigelisay dhaqanka ciyaaraha xirfadlaha ah ee bixiya lacagaha sare, oo ciyaartoyda waxqabadka sare leh lagu abaalmariyo lacag ka badan mushaharka averiijiga ah, oo gaari karta milyan oo doolar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |magazine=Sports Illustrated |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/specials/fortunate50-2011/index.html |title=Fortunate 50 2011 |last=Freedman |first=Jonah |access-date=5 March 2012 |archive-date=29 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429050301/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/specials/fortunate50-2011/index.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciyaaraha qaar, ama tartamada gaarka ah ee ku jira ciyaaraha, waxay haystaan siyaasad ah oggolaanshaha ciyaaraha amateerka oo keliya. Ciyaaraha Olimbikada waxay ku bilaabmeen mabda'a tartanka amateerka iyadoo kuwa ciyaarta u ciyaara si xirfadle ah loo arkayay in ay leeyihiin faa'iido aan caadil ahayn marka loo eego kuwa u ciyaara kaliya sida hiwaayad.&lt;ref name=OIdeology&gt;{{cite book |last=Eassom |first=Simon |title=Critical Reflections on Olympic Ideology |year=1994 |location=Ontario |publisher=The Centre for Olympic Studies |pages=120–123 |isbn=978-0-7714-1697-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tan iyo 1971, ciyaartoyda Olimbikada waxaa loo oggolaaday in ay helaan lacag iyo kafaalo-qaad (sponsorship),&lt;ref name=&quot;InfoPlease&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.infoplease.com/spot/olympic-athletes.html |title=Olympic Athletes |publisher=Info Please |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=16 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616042315/http://www.infoplease.com/spot/olympic-athletes.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; iyadoo tan iyo 1986, IOC ay go'aansatay in ay ka dhigto dhammaan ciyaartoyda xirfadlayaasha ah kuwo u qalma Olimbikada,&lt;ref name=&quot;InfoPlease&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/22/opinion/greene-olympics-amateurs/ |title=What changed the Olympics forever |publisher=CNN |date=23 July 2012 |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=15 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615122848/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/22/opinion/greene-olympics-amateurs/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; iyadoo laga reebayo feerka,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/13894/olympic-boxing-must-remain-amateur-despite-moves-to-turn-it-professional-states-warren- |title=Olympic boxing must remain amateur despite moves to turn it professional states Warren |publisher=Inside the Games |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=15 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615044539/http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/13894/olympic-boxing-must-remain-amateur-despite-moves-to-turn-it-professional-states-warren- |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=njefAgAAQBAJ&amp;q=only+amateur+boxers+at+olympics&amp;pg=PA400 |title=Historical Dictionary of Boxing |last1=Grasso |first1=John |date=2013 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |access-date=13 June 2015 |isbn=978-0-8108-7867-9 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417060735/https://books.google.com/books?id=njefAgAAQBAJ&amp;q=only+amateur+boxers+at+olympics&amp;pg=PA400 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo legdinta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1529280-olympic-wrestling-is-important-for-pro-wrestlers-and-its-fans |title=Olympic Wrestling Is Important for Pro Wrestling and Its Fans|author-first1=John|author-last1=Canton|publisher=Bleacher Report |date=14 February 2013 |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=16 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616155635/http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1529280-olympic-wrestling-is-important-for-pro-wrestlers-and-its-fans |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2WYEAAAAMBAJ&amp;q=only+amateur+wrestlers+at+olympics&amp;pg=PA24 |title=Boys' Life |date=August 1988 |page=24 |access-date=13 June 2015 |publisher=Boy Scouts of America, Inc. |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417073533/https://books.google.com/books?id=2WYEAAAAMBAJ&amp;q=only+amateur+wrestlers+at+olympics&amp;pg=PA24 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Teknoolojiga==
[[File:Third umpire lights at Melbourne Cricket Ground.JPG|thumb|Muuqaalkan ku yaalla Melbourne Cricket Ground wuxuu tilmaamayaa go'aanka garsooraha saddexaad uu sameeyo ka dib marka dib loo eego.]]
Teknoolojigu wuxuu ka ciyaaraa qayb muhiim ah ciyaaraha casriga ah. Waa qayb loo baahan yahay oo ka mid ah ciyaaraha qaar (sida ciyaaraha matoorada), waxaana loo isticmaalaa kuwo kale si loo hagaajiyo waxqabadka. Ciyaaraha qaar waxay sidoo kale isticmaalaan si loogu oggolaado go'aan-gaarida ka baxsan garoonka.

Aqoonta ciyaaraha (sports science) waxaa lagu dabaqi karaa goobaha oo ay ku jiraan waxqabadka ciyaartoyda, sida isticmaalka falanqaynta fiidiyowga si loo hagaajiyo farsamada, ama qalabka, sida hagaajinta kabaha orodka ama dharka dabaasha ee tartanka. Injineernimada ciyaaraha waxay soo muuqatay sida qeyb aqooneed 1998 iyada oo kordhinaysa diiradda oo aysan ahayn oo keliya dhiisida walxaha laakiin sidoo kale isticmaalka teknoolojiga ee ciyaaraha, ka yimid falanqaynta iyo data-da weyn illaa teknoolojiga la xerto.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaining Steam in Sports Technology&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Gaining Steam in Sports Technology |url=https://alum.mit.edu/pages/sliceofmit/2014/06/17/mit-steam-sports-technology/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714150052/https://alum.mit.edu/pages/sliceofmit/2014/06/17/mit-steam-sports-technology/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 |website=Slice of MIT |access-date=3 January 2015 |ref=Slice of MIT}}&lt;/ref&gt; Si loo maamulo saamaynta teknoolojiga ee ciyaarta caadiga ah, maamulada maamula inta badan waxay leeyihiin xeerar gaar ah oo loo dhigay si loo maamulo saamaynta faa'iidada farsamada ee u dhexaysa ciyaartoyda. Tusaale ahaan, 2010, dharka dabaasha ee buuxa oo aan ahayn textile-ka waxaa mamnuucay FINA, maadaama ay hagaajinayeen waxqabadka dabaalyada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/swimming/8161867.stm |title=Hi-tech suits banned from January |publisher=BBC Sport |date=31 July 2009 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908051335/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/swimming/8161867.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/full-body-swimsuit-now-banned-professional-swimmers/story?id=9437780 |first=Kristina |last=Wong |title=Full Body Swimsuit Now Banned for Professional Swimmers |work=ABC News |date=4 January 2010 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=7 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607200059/http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/full-body-swimsuit-now-banned-professional-swimmers/story?id=9437780 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kordhinta teknoolojiga waxay sidoo kale oggolaatay go'aano badan oo ciyaaraha ah in la qaato, ama dib loo eego, ka baxsan garoonka, iyadoo maamule kale uu isticmaalayo muujinta fiidiyowga tooska ah si uu u sameeyo go'aano. Ciyaaraha qaar, ciyaartoydu hadda waxay kaparticipat-geli karaan go'aanada ay sameeyeen maamuladu. Kubbadda cagta, teknoolojiga xariiqda goolka wuxuu sameeyaa go'aano ku saabsan haddii kubbadu ay goysay xariiqda goolka ama aysan goyn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=FIFA |title=Testing Manual |journal=FIFA Quality Programme for Goal Line Technology |year=2012 |url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifaqualityprogramme/goal-linetechnology/01/66/02/89/glt_testing_manual_2012.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030143223/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifaqualityprogramme/goal-linetechnology/01/66/02/89/glt%5Ftesting%5Fmanual%5F2012.pdf|archive-date=30 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Teknoolojigu ma aha mid khasab ah,&lt;ref name=IFABofficial&gt;{{cite web |title=IFAB makes three unanimous historic decisions |url=https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2012/m=7/news=ifab-makes-three-unanimous-historic-decisions-1660541.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507234418/http://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2012/m=7/news=ifab-makes-three-unanimous-historic-decisions-1660541.html |archive-date=7 May 2015 |publisher=FIFA |access-date=23 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; laakiin waxaa loo isticmaalay Koobka Duunka FIFA 2014 ee Brazil,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2014/m=4/news=goal-line-technology-set-ahead-fifa-world-cup-2311481.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511001351/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2014/m=4/news=goal-line-technology-set-ahead-fifa-world-cup-2311481.html |archive-date=11 May 2014 |title=Goal-line technology set up ahead of FIFA World Cup |date=1 April 2014 |publisher=FIFA |access-date=9 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo Koobka Duunka ee Dumarka ee FIFA 2015 ee Canada,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/y=2015/m=3/news=hawk-eye-confirmed-as-goal-line-technology-provider-for-canada-2015-2580727.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331170115/http://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/y=2015/m=3/news=hawk-eye-confirmed-as-goal-line-technology-provider-for-canada-2015-2580727.html |archive-date=31 March 2015 |title=Hawk-Eye confirmed as goal-line technology provider for Canada 2015 |date=31 March 2015 |publisher=[[FIFA]] |access-date=2 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; sida lagu isticmaalay Premier League tan iyo 2013–14,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC_Premier&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/22107409 |title=Goal-line technology: Premier League votes in favour for 2013–14 |publisher=BBC |date=11 April 2013 |access-date=11 April 2013 |archive-date=11 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411143514/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/22107409 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo Bundesliga tan iyo 2015–16.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.carlyleobserver.com/sports/bundesliga-approves-hawk-eye-goal-line-technology-for-new-season-1.1650074 |title=Bundesliga approves Hawk-Eye goal-line technology for new season |work=Carlyle Observer |access-date=9 June 2015 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029003339/https://www.carlyleobserver.com/sports/bundesliga-approves-hawk-eye-goal-line-technology-for-new-season-1.1650074 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; NFL-ka, garsooruhu wuxuu kordhin karaa dib u eegis ka timaada goobta dib u eegiska, ama tababaraha wuxuu soo saari karaa challenge si loo dib u eego ciyaarta iyadoo la isticmaalayo muujinta. Go'aanka kama-dambaysta ah wuxuu ku jiraa garsooraha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nfl.com/news/nfl-approves-rule-to-change-replay-process-0ap2000000336662 |title=NFL approves rule to change replay process |publisher=Business Insider |date=20 July 2011 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608173617/http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap2000000336662/article/nfl-approves-rule-to-change-replay-process |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Garsooraha fiidiyowga (caadi ahaan loo yaqaan Television Match Official ama TMO) wuxuu sidoo kale isticmaali karaa muujinta si uu u caawiyo go'aan-gaarida rugby-ga (labada liig iyo union).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rugbyworld.com/news/blogs/television-match-official-when-can-they-rule-14818 |title=Television Match Official – when can they rule |publisher=Rugby World |date=20 August 2011 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608222853/http://www.rugbyworld.com/news/blogs/television-match-official-when-can-they-rule-14818 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/club/9488451/New-rules-for-Television-Match-Officials-will-not-make-game-boring-to-watch-insist-rugby-chiefs.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/club/9488451/New-rules-for-Television-Match-Officials-will-not-make-game-boring-to-watch-insist-rugby-chiefs.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=New rules for Television Match Officials will not make game boring to watch, insist rugby chiefs |work=The Telegraph |date=20 August 2012 |access-date=8 June 2015|last1=Cleary |first1=Mick }}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cricket-ka caalamiga ah, garsooruhu wuxuu kordhin karaa go'aanka garsooraha saddexaad, garsooraha saddexaadna wuxuu sameeyaa go'aanka kama-dambaysta ah.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC Umpire&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/rules_and_equipment/4183398.stm |title=The role of cricket umpires |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=8 June 2015 |date=26 August 2005 |archive-date=2 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302114814/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/rules_and_equipment/4183398.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Top End&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/sport/cricket/technology.htm |title=Cricket Technology |publisher=Top End Sports |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608175247/http://www.topendsports.com/sport/cricket/technology.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tan iyo 2008, nidaamka dib u eegiska go'aanka ee ciyaartoyda si loo dib u eego go'aanada waxaa lagu soo bandhigay oo lagu isticmaalay tartamada uu maamulo ICC, iyo ikhtiyaar ahaan ciyaaraha kale.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC Umpire&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/cricket/controversial-drs-to-be-used-in-2015-icc-world-cup_1538054.html |title=Controversial DRS to be used in 2015 ICC World Cup |publisher=Zee News |date=29 January 2015 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608222859/http://zeenews.india.com/sports/cricket/controversial-drs-to-be-used-in-2015-icc-world-cup_1538054.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyada oo ku xiran warbaahinta martigalisa, tiro teknoolojiyo oo kala duwan ayaa lagu isticmaalaa inta lagu jiro dib u eegiska garsooraha ama ciyaartoyda, oo ay ku jiraan muujinta tooska ah, Hawk-Eye, Hot Spot iyo Real Time Snickometer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015/content/story/827213.html |title=Hawkeye, Realtime Snicko for World Cup |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=7 February 2015 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=10 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610075356/http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015/content/story/827213.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/icc-world-cup-3-top-reasons-why-did-not-use-hotspot-as-part-of-drs/20150213.htm |title=3 Top reasons why ICC did not use 'Hotspot' as part of DRS |newspaper=Rediff |publisher=Rediff cricket |date=13 February 2015 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608195717/http://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/icc-world-cup-3-top-reasons-why-did-not-use-hotspot-as-part-of-drs/20150213.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Hawk-Eye waxaa sidoo kale lagu isticmaalaa tennis-ka si loogu tartamo go'aanada garsoorida.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Almog |first1=David |last2=Gauriot |first2=Romain |last3=Page |first3=Lionel |last4=Martin |first4=Daniel |title=AI Has Entered the Court. Is This Changing Umpires' Calls? |url=https://insight.kellogg.northwestern.edu/article/ai-has-entered-the-court-is-this-changing-umpires-calls |website=Kellogg Insight |publisher=Kellogg School of Management |access-date=23 February 2026 |language=en |date=1 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/7305404.stm |title=Hawk-Eye challenge rules unified |date=19 March 2008 |access-date=22 August 2008 |work=BBC News |archive-date=23 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080323085536/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7305404.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ciyaaraha iyo waxbarashada ==
Cilmi-baadhisu waxay soo jeedinaysaa in ciyaaruhu ay leeyihiin awood ay ku xidhaan dhallinyarada iyo tusaalayaasha togan ee dadka waaweyn oo ay bixiyaan fursado horumarineed oo togan, sida ay u dhiirigeliyaan barashada iyo dabaqidda xirfadaha nolosha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fraser-Thomas |first1=Jessica L. |last2=Côté |first2=Jean |last3=Deakin |first3=Janice |date=2005 |title=Youth sport programs: an avenue to foster positive youth development |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/43501126 |journal=Physical Education &amp; Sport Pedagogy |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=19–40 |doi=10.1080/1740898042000334890 |hdl=1974/14425 |issn=1740-8989|hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=UNESCO|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366771|title=Strengthening the rule of law through education: a guide for policymakers|publisher=UNESCO|year=2019|isbn=978-92-3-100308-0|access-date=9 March 2020|archive-date=25 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225195201/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366771|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sannadaha dhow isticmaalka ciyaaraha si loo yareeyo dambiyada, sida in looga hortago xagjirnimada dagaalka ah iyo xagjirnimada, wuxuu noqday mid caan ah, gaar ahaan sida qalab lagu hagaajinayo kalsoonida nafta, kor loogu qaado xiriirada bulshada oo la siiyo ciyaartoyda dareen ujeeddo leh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ma jiro caddeyn heersare ah oo muujinaysa waxtarka dhiirigelinta lagu kordhinayo kaparticipatinka ciyaaraha ee bulshada ee ciyaaraha sida ololaha warbaahinta weyn, fadhiyada waxbarashada, iyo isbeddellada siyaasadda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Priest |first1=N |last2=Armstrong |first2=R |last3=Doyle |first3=J |last4=Waters |first4=E |date=16 July 2008 |title=Interventions Implemented Through Sporting Organisations for Increasing Participation in Sport |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=3 |article-number=CD004812 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004812.pub3 |pmid=18646112 |hdl-access=free |hdl=1885/285237|issn = 1464-780X }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sidoo kale ma jiraan wax barasho heersare ah oo baadhaya saamaynta dhiirigelinta noocan oo kale ah oo ku saabsan dhiirigelinta isbeddelka dhaqanka caafimaadka ee bulshada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |first1=Priest |last1=N |first2=Armstrong |last2=R |first3=Doyle |last3=J |first4=Water |last4=E |title=Policy Interventions Implemented Through Sporting Organisations for Promoting Healthy Behaviour Change |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |date=16 July 2008 |volume=2008 |issue=3 |article-number=CD004809 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004809.pub3 |pmid=18646111 |pmc=6464902}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shahaadooyinka waxbarashada waxaa lagu heli karaa ciyaaraha: tusaale ahaan, aqoonta ciyaaraha waa qeyb aqooneed oo si wanaagsan u dhisnaa. UK, BTEC National Diploma ku saabsan Tababarka Ciyaaraha iyo Horumarinta waxaa bixiya Pearson Education.&lt;ref&gt;Pearson Education, [https://qualifications.pearson.com/en/qualifications/btec-nationals/sports-coaching-and-development-2019.html Sports Coaching and Development (2019)], accessed on 29 August 2025&lt;/ref&gt; Waxaa jira afar shahaado oo ku jira qoyskan:
*Extended Certificate in Sports Coaching
*Foundation Diploma in Sports Coaching and Development
*Diploma in Sports Coaching and Development
*Extended Diploma in Sports Coaching and Development.&lt;ref&gt;Pearson Education, [https://qualifications.pearson.com/content/dam/pdf/BTEC-Nationals/sports-coaching-and-development/2019/specification-and-sample-assessments/btec-nats-non-measures-sports-coaching-and-development-spec.pdf Pearson BTEC Level 3 Nationals in Sports Coaching], accessed on 18 June 2022&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ciyaaraha iyo fayowida jirka ==
Ciyaaraha ku jira jimicsiga jirka waxay leeyihiin saamayn togan oo ku saabsan heerarka fayowida ee ciyaartoyda. Dhinacyada guud, heerarka sare ee xoogga, xawaaraha, dulqaadka iyo dabacsanaanta waxaa lagu heli karaa iyada oo la waafajinayo baahida ciyaarta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bangsbo J.; Kissow J.; Hostrup M. |title=Speed Endurance Training to Improve Performance |journal=Scandinavian Journal of Medicine &amp; Science in Sports |date=July 2025 |volume=35 |issue=7 |doi=10.1111/sms.70091 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40576293/ |access-date=22 October 2026|pmc=12203883 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tusaale ahaan, qof wuxuu noqon karaa mid xoog badan oo leh heerarka sare ee dulqaadka troo legdinta ama mid dabacsan troo ciyaarida kubbadda koleyga. Ciyaaraha kala duwan waxay hagaajin karaan awoodaha jirka ee ciyaartoyga habab kala duwan. Walxaha xoogga, xawaaraha, dulqaadka iyo dabacsanaanta oo lagu isticmaalo ciyaaraha, oo lagu hagaajiyo, waxaa sidoo kale kordhin kara jimicsiga tababarka gaarka ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bill Foran; Robin Pound |title=Complete Conditioning for Basketball |date=2007 |publisher=Human Kinetics |location=Champaign |isbn=978-0-4354-6516-2 |page=171}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hagaajinta lagu helay jimicsigan waxay ka dib hagaajin kartaa awoodda ciyaartoyga ee uu ku ciyaaro ciyaarta. Tusaale jimicsiga dabacsanaanta, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano drill, waa marka qof waddo dabacsanaan ah oo ku taalla dhulka uu ku socdo. Qofku wuxuu boodayaa kor iyo horay si hal cag ay ugu jirto gudaha geeska wadada cagna ay ka baxsan tahay. Waxay ka dib boodayaan kor iyo horay mar kale si cagta ku jirta gudaha iyo cagta ka baxsan geeska ay isbeddelaan i.e. cagta bidix ee gudaha iyadoo cagta xaq a ay ka baxsan tahay, ka dib cagta xaq a ee gudaha iyadoo cagta bidix ay ka baxsan tahay iyo siday u socoto waddada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bill Foran; Robin Pound |title=Complete Conditioning for Basketball |date=2007 |publisher=Human Kinetics |location=Champaign |isbn=978-0-4354-6516-2 |page=175}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tani waxay caawisaa hagaajinta heerka guud ee dabacsanaanta sababtoo ah dabacsanaantu waa muhiim kubbadda koleyga waxay sidoo kale hagaajisaa awoodda kubbadda koleyga. Jimicsiga dabacsanaanta waxaa loo waafajin karaa si dhaqdhaqaaqyada lagu sameeyo ay ugu dhowaadaan kuwa lagu isticmaalo inta ay socoto ciyaartu. Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay in nooca dabacsanaanta ee la dhisay uu yahay mid loo wareejin karo tartanka dhabta ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bill Foran; Robin Pound |title=Complete Conditioning for Basketball |date=2007 |publisher=Human Kinetics |location=Champaign |isbn=978-0-4354-6516-2 |page=172}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tusaalihii hore, dhaqdhaqaaqa degdega ah iyo dhigista cagaha wuxuu dhisaa dhaqdhaqaaqa cagaha degdega ah oo loo baahan yahay ciyaarta kubbadda koleyga.

Barnaamijyada tababarka ciyaaraha waxay ku jiraan sameynta xirfadaha gaarka ah ee ciyaartaas i.e. tababarka kubbadda cagta wuxuu ku jiri karaa baasitaanka kubbadda oo lagu celceliyo, iyo hagaajinta fayowida jirka guud iyo awoodda i.e. orodka wareegyada garoonka. Labada diiradood ee tababarkan waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu dhigo qof mid waxtar badan leh ciyaartaas iyadoo lagu hagaajinayo awoodooda ay ku buuxinayaan oo ay uga baxayaan dhibaatooyinka ay bixiso.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Micheli |first1=Lyle J. |title=Encyclopedia of Sport Medicine |date=2011 |publisher=Sage Publications |location=Thousand Oaks |isbn=978-1-4129-6115-8 |chapter=Speed, Agility, and Speed Endurance Development}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Siyaasadda==
{{Main article|Politics and sports}}
{{See also|Sportswashing|Sociology of sport}}

Benito Mussolini wuxuu isticmaalay Koobka Duunka FIFA 1934, oo lagu qabtay Talyaaniga, si uu u muujiyo Talyaaniga Fascist-ka ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWj7BgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA28 |title=Soccer Vs. the State: Tackling Football and Radical Politics |last1=Kuhn |first1=Gabriel |date=2011 |page=28 |publisher=PM Press |access-date=8 June 2015 |isbn=978-1-60486-053-5 |archive-date=16 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216073648/https://books.google.com/books?id=HWj7BgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA28 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;World Fascism&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvD2rZSVau4C&amp;pg=PA630 |title=World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1 |last1=Blamires |first1=Cyprian |date=2006 |pages=630–632 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |access-date=8 June 2015 |isbn=978-1-57607-940-9 |archive-date=13 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213050912/https://books.google.com/books?id=nvD2rZSVau4C&amp;pg=PA630 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Adolf Hitler wuxuu isticmaalay Ciyaaraha Olimbikada Xagaaga 1936 ee lagu qabtay Berlin, iyo Ciyaaraha Olimbikada Jiilaalka 1936 ee lagu qabtay Garmisch-Partenkirchen, si uu u dhiirigeliyo caqiidada Nazi-ga ee sareynta dadka Aryan-ka, iyo hooseynta Yuhuudda iyo &quot;kuwa kale oo aan la rabin&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;World Fascism&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sociology Sport&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uKarC6oX3P8C&amp;q=hitler+used+1936+olympics+to+promote+ideology&amp;pg=PT32 |title=The Sociology of Sport and Physical Education |last1=Saxena |first1=Anurag |year=2001 |publisher=Pinnacle Technology |access-date=8 June 2015 |isbn=978-1-61820-468-4 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jarmalku wuxuu isticmaalay Olimbikada si uu u muujiyo muuqaal nabad ah iyadoo hoose si qarsoodi ah loogu diyaargarobayay dagaal.&lt;ref&gt;''Kulttuurivihkot'' 1 2009 Berliinin olympialaiset 1936 Poliittisen viattomuuden menetys Jouko Jokisalo 28–29{{in lang|fi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Markii apartheid uu ahaa siyaasadda rasmiga ah ee Koonfur Afrika, tiro ciyaartoy ah, gaar ahaan rugby union-ka, waxay qaateen dhabar-adayg ah in aysan ka muuqan ciyaaraha tartanka ah ee halkaas ka jira. Kuwa qaar waxay u arkaan in tani ay ahayd waxtar waxtar leh oo ku saabsan dhammaadka apartheid, kuwa kalena waxay u arkaan in ay sii dheeraysay oo ay sii xoojisay saamaynteeda ugu darayd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Sport and apartheid|journal=History Compass|volume=3|pages= **|doi=10.1111/j.1478-0542.2005.00165.x|year = 2005|last1 = Merrett|first1 = Christopher}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Taariikhda Ireland, ciyaaraha Gaelic waxay ku xirnaayeen waddaniyadda dhaqanka. Illaa bartamihii qarnigii 20aad qof waa la mamnuuci karay in uu ciyaaro Gaelic football, hurling, ama ciyaaraha kale oo maamulo Ururka Ciyaaraha Gaelic (GAA) haddii uu ciyaaro ama taageero kubbadda cagta, ama ciyaaraha kale oo loo arko in ay ka yimaadeen Ingriiska. GAA waxay mamnuucday ciyaarida kubbadda cagta iyo rugby union-ka garoomada Gaelic. Mamnuucan, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano Xeerka 42,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fulton |first1=Gareth |last2=Bairner |first2=Alan |year=2007 |title=Sport, Space and National Identity in Ireland: The GAA, Croke Park and Rule&amp;nbsp;42. |journal=Space &amp; Polity |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=55–74 |doi=10.1080/13562570701406592 |s2cid=143213001 }}&lt;/ref&gt; weli waa lagu dhaqmaa, laakiin waa la beddelay si loogu oggolaado kubbadda cagta iyo rugby-ga in lagu ciyaaro Croke Park iyadoo Lansdowne Road dib loo dhisayay iyadoo loo beddelayo Aviva Stadium. Xeerka 21 hoostiisa, GAA waxay mamnuucday xubnaha ciidamada nabadgelyada Ingriiska iyo xubnaha Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) in ay ciyaaraan ciyaaraha Gaelic, laakiin karradkii Heshiiskii Jimcaha Wanaagsanaa ee 1998 wuxuu keenay ka saarida mamnuucan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=50th anniversary of abolition of 'The Ban' offers pause for perspective |url=https://www.gaa.ie/news/50th-anniversary-of-abolition-of-the-ban-offers-pause-for-perspective/ |access-date=2 July 2023 |website=www.gaa.ie |date=9 April 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Waddaniyaddu inta badan waxay ka muuqataa raadinta ciyaaraha ama warbixinteeda: ciyaartoydu waxay ku tartamaan kooxaha qaranka, oo weriyayaasha ama dhagaystayaashu inta badan waxay qaataan fikrado leexsan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Arnold|first=Richard|title=Nationalism and Sport: A Review of the Field|journal=Nationalities Papers|year=2020|volume=49|issue=1|pages=2–11|doi=10.1017/nps.2020.9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mararka kaar, fardhadan waxay u beddelataa dagaal u dhexeya ciyaartoyda ama daawadayaasha, sida inta lagu jiro Dagaalkii Kubbadda Cagta ee 1969 ee u dhexeyay El Salvador iyo Honduras, oo ah dagaal uu kiciyay rabshadaha ku taalla kaparticipatinka Koobka Duunka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Jennings|first=Andrew|title=Has football ever started a war?|work=The Guardian|date=2007-02-21|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2007/feb/21/theknowledge.sport|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dhacdooyinkan waxaa loo arkaa kuwo ka dhan ah ruuxa muhiimka ah ee ciyaaraha—kaas oo ah, in loogu tartamo ujeedadeeda lafahaadeed iyo baashaalka ciyaartoyda. Siyaasadda iyo ciyaaruhu waxay si xanuun badan u isku arkeen Olimbikadii Munich 1972, markii dagaalyahanno Falastiiniyiin ah ay ka soo galeen Tuulada Olimbikada, iyagoo la haystayaal u qaday xubnaha kooxda Israa'iil, iyagoo aakhirkiina dilay 11 ciyaartoy oo loo yaqaano gumaadkii Munich.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|publisher=Reuters|title=Paris ceremony honours Israeli athletes killed in 1972 Munich Games attack|date=2024-08-06|url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/olympics/paris-ceremony-honours-israeli-athletes-killed-1972-munich-games-attack-2024-08-06/|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Barashada doorashooyinka US waxay muujisay in natiijada dhacdooyinka ciyaaruhu ay saamayso natiijooyinka. Barasho lagu daabacay Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences waxay muujisay in marka kooxda gurigu ay guuleysato ciyaarta ka hor doorashada, murashaxiinta maamulka ku jira ay kordhin karaan saamigooda codadka 1.5%. Guuldaradu waxay lahayd saamayn iska soo horjeeda, saamayntanina waa ka weyn tahay kooxaha sare ama guulaha iyo guuldarooyinka aan la filayn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Will Ohio State's Football Team Decide Who Wins the White House? |author1=Tyler Cowen |author2=Kevin Grier |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |date=24 October 2012 |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2012/10/how_the_presidential_race_between_barack_obama_and_mitt_romney_could_be.html |access-date=29 December 2013 |archive-date=30 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233509/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2012/10/how_the_presidential_race_between_barack_obama_and_mitt_romney_could_be.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Marka Washington Commanders ay guuleystaan ciyaartooda kama-dambaysta ah ka hor doorashada, markaas madaxweynaha maamulka ku jira wuxuu leeyahay fursad ka badan oo uu ku guuleysto, haddii ay guuldarraystaana, murashaxa mucaaradka wuxuu leeyahay fursad ka badan oo uu ku guuleysto; tani waxay noqotay mid loo yaqaan Xeerka Redskins.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/football-insider/wp/2012/11/03/will-redskins-rule-again-determine-outcome-of-presidential-election/ |title=Will Redskins Rule again determine outcome of presidential election? |author=Mike Jones |date=3 November 2012 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=14 September 2017 |archive-date=7 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107110626/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/football-insider/wp/2012/11/03/will-redskins-rule-again-determine-outcome-of-presidential-election/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espnfrontrow.com/2012/10/redskins-rule-mnfs-hirdt-on-intersection-of-football-politics/ |title='Redskins Rule': MNF's Hirdt on intersection of football &amp; politics |work=ESPN Front Row |date=30 October 2012 |access-date=12 June 2015 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032035/http://www.espnfrontrow.com/2012/10/redskins-rule-mnfs-hirdt-on-intersection-of-football-politics/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sida keenista maamulida iyo hoos-u-dhicida dadka===
Étienne de La Boétie, qoraalkiisa Discourse on Voluntary Servitude wuxuu ku qeexayaa ciyaaraha daawashada sida habab ay kalitalisyadu ku maamulaan dadkooda iyagoo ka leexinaya diiradda.
&lt;blockquote&gt;
Ha u malaynina in uu jiro shimbir si fudud loo qabto decoy-ga, ama samayn kasta oo si degdeg ah ku xiranta jillaabka troo sedka gooryaanka ah, ka sii badan dhammaan doqoomadan saboolka ah oo si caqli badan loogu khayay addoonsiga...waxay isu oggolaadaan in la qabto si degdeg ah marka la joogo taabashada yar ee rabitaankooda. Ciyaaraha, riwaayadaha, daawashada, gladiators, xayawaanka yaabka leh, biladaha, sawirrada, iyo daroogooyinka kale oo noocan oo kale ah, kuwani waxay u ahaayeen dadkii duugga ahaa sedka loo adeegsado addoonsiga, qiimaha xorriyaddooda, qalabka kalitalisnimada. Troo kuwan...dhiirigelinta kalitalisyadii duugga ahaa waxay si guul leh ugu seexiyeen dadkooda madaxa hoostiisa, iyadoo dadkii wareeray, ay ku sasabmeen madadaalada iyo baashaalka been-abuurka ah ee ka muuqday eygooda ka hor, ay barteen adheecsiga si fudud...sida carruurta yaryari ay u bartaan akhriska iyagoo eegaya buugaagta sawirrada dhalaalaya.&lt;ref&gt;Étienne de La Boétie, ''Discourse on Voluntary Servitude'' (1549), Part 2&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;Intii uu socday maamulkii Ingriiska ee Bengal, ciyaaraha Ingriiska iyo Yurub waxay bilaabeen in ay beddelaan ciyaaraha soo jireenka ah ee Bengal, taas oo keentay in la lumiyo dhaqankii hoose.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/904168|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126161837/https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/904168|title=Disappearance of Traditional games by the imitation of Colonial Culture through the Historical parameters of Cultural Colonialism|archive-date=26 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801043229/https://dergipark.org.tr/|title=Ana Sayfa » DergiPark|archive-date=1 August 2019|website=dergipark.org.tr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jarmalkii Bari oo ay maamulayeen shuuciyadu, tan iyo 1970-yadii illaa 1990, 'noin 3,000 oo caawiyayaal aan rasmi ahayn ayaa lagu isticmaalay sannad kasta ciyaaraha heerka sare ah, oo ay ku jiraan ciyaartoy badan oo kubbadda cagta ah, taageerayaal iyo garsoorayaal'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Mike Dennis |first1=Norman LaPorte |title=State and Minorities in Communist East Germany |date=2011 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-0-857-45-195-8 |page=125 |chapter=Football fans, hooligans and the state}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ujeedooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee Stasi ay ku dhistay nidaamkan ballaaran ee caawiyayaasha ah waxay ahayd in ka hortag lagaga sameeyo ciyaartoyda in ay u baxsadaan Galbeedka, iyagoo isticmaalaya labada hab ee ilaalinta iyo caddadinta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Mike Dennis |first1=Norman LaPorte |title=State and Minorities in Communist East Germany |date=2011 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-0-857-45-195-8 |page=125 |chapter=Football fans, hooligans and the state}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Fikradaha diinta==
{{main|New Testament athletic metaphors}}
[[File:Panathenaic amphora Kleophrades Louvre F277.jpg|thumb|Orodka cagaha wuxuu ahaa hal dhacdo oo loo go'aamiyay Zeus. Panathenaic amphora, Kleophrades painter, Circa 500 BC, Louvre museum.]]
Ciyaaruhu waxay ahaayeen nooc muhiim ah oo cibaado ah Diinta Gariigii Hore. Ciyaaraha Olimbikada ee duugga ahaa waxaa lagu qaban jiray maamuuska ilaaha sare, Zeus, iyadoo lagu muujinayo noocyo kala duwan oo u-go'aaminta diinta ah ee isaga iyo ilaahyada kale.&lt;ref&gt;Gardinier, Norman E., 'The Olympic Festival' in ''Greek Athletic Sports and Festivals'', London: MacMillan, 1910, p.195&lt;/ref&gt; Gariig badan ayaa u safrayay si ay u eegaan ciyaaraha, iyadoo isku-darka socdaalka diinta iyo ciyaaraha uu u served-garaynayay sida hab lagu maamulayo midnimadooda oo hal dad ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Harker |first1=Barry H. |title=Strange Fire: Christianity and the Rise of Modern Olympianism |date=2006 |publisher=Hartland Publications |location=Rapidan |isbn=0-923309-39-X |page=75 |chapter=6: Olympia and Jerusalem}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku-practice-garaynta tartamada ciyaaraha waxaa dhaleeceeyay mufakiriinta Masiixiga ah oo loo arkayay nooc sanam-caabudid ah, oo &quot;aadamuhu uu is-sareeyo, is-caabudo, is-saciifiyo oo is-abaalmariyo.&quot;&lt;ref name=Watson1&gt;''Sports and Christianity: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives'', Nick J. Watson, ed. (Routledge: 2013), p. 178.&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha waxaa loo arkaa kuwo dhaleeceeyayaashan ay u arkaan muujinta &quot;kibri wadajir ah&quot; iyo &quot;is-ilaahaysi qaran&quot; oo awoodaha aadamaha lagu sanam-caabudo iyada oo laga tagayo cibaadada diinta.&lt;ref name=Watson1/&gt;

Tertullian wuxuu dhaleeceeyay waxqabadka ciyaaraha ee maalmihiisii, wuxueena ku insisted-garaynayay &quot;dhammaan qalabka nooca ciyaaraha wuxuu ku dhisnaa sanam-caabudid.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Tertullian, ''De spectaculis'', Chapter 4.&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha, wuxuu leeyahay Tertullian, waxay kiciyaan dareenno la yaab leh oo ka baxsan dabeecadda deggen ee uu dhisay Masiixiga:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
Ilaah wuxuu nagu amray inaan u dhaqanno si deggen, si tartiib ah, si ka samaysan nabad, iyadoo uu la joogo Ruhal Qudus-ka, sababtoo ah waxyaabahani oo keliya waxay ku habboon yihiin wanaagga Dabeecaddiisa, iyadoo leh debecsanaanteisa iyo dareenkiisa. ... Hagaag, sida ay tani ugu habboonaan doontaa ciyaaraha? Sababtoo ah ciyaartu mar walba waxay keentaa iztiroob ruuxi ah, sababtoo ah halka ay ka jirto baashaal, waxaa ka jira dareen adag oo bixinaya baashaalka; halka ay ka jirto dareen adag, waxaa ka jira tartan oo siinaya kuleylkiisa. Ka dibna, marka aad leedahay tartan, waxaad leedahay carro, qadhaadh, xanaaq iyo calool-xumo, iyadoo dhammaan waxyaabaha xun ay ka soo bayaan kuwan – oo dhan si buuxda oo ka baxsan diinta Masiixa.&lt;ref&gt;''De spectaculis'' Chapter 15.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
Wadaaddada Masiixiga ee dhaqdhaqaaqa Wesleyan-Holiness waxay ka soo horjeedaan daawashada ama kaparticipatinka ciyaaraha xirfadlaha ah, iyagoo raba in liigyada ciyaaraha xirfadlaha ah ay nijaaseeyaan Sabtida, oo ay la tartamaan u-go'aaminta Masiixiga ee Ilaah, muujiyaan la'aanta xishoodka ee dharka ciyaartoyda iyo cheerleaders-ka, oo ay ku xirnaadaan dagaal iyo isticmaalka dhaaraha ee u dhexeya ciyaartoy badan, oo ay dhiirigeliyaan khamaarka, sida khamriga iyo dawooyinka kale ee dhacdooyinka ciyaaraha, oo ka dhan ah u-go'aaminta teetotalism-ka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Handel2020&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Handel |first1=Paul S. |title=Reasons Why Organized Sports Are Not Pleasing to God |date=2020 |publisher=Immanuel Missionary Church |page=4 |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Xigashooyinka==
{{Reflist}}

===Ilaha===
* European Commission (2007), ''The White Paper on Sport''
* Council of Europe (2001), ''The European sport charter''
*{{Free-content attribution
| title = Strengthening the rule of law through education: a guide for policymakers
| publisher = UNESCO
| page numbers =
| documentURL = https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366771
| license statement URL =
| license = CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO
}}

==Sii akhriso==
{{Sister project links|Sports|voy=Sport}}
* ''The Meaning of Sports'' by Michael Mandel (PublicAffairs, {{ISBN|1-58648-252-1}}).
* [https://www.tandfonline.com/journals/rjps20 ''Journal of the Philosophy of Sport'']
* Sullivan, George. ''The Complete Sports Dictionary''. New York: Scholastic Book Services, 1979. p.&amp;nbsp;199. {{ISBN|0-590-05731-6}}

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      <text bytes="78358" sha1="t3ln10r754oo4y5ugzxt4kbjub5iusi" xml:space="preserve">[[File:2015 29 Somali National Team-1 (21007355596).jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|right|Ciyaartoyda kooxda kubadda cagta qaranka [[Soomaaliya]] intii lagu jiray tababarkii [[2015]] ]]
[[File:London Marathon 2005 at Blackfriars.jpg|thumb|Orodka London Marathon 2005: orodada, noocyadooda kala duwan, waxay u taagan yihiin nooca ugu duugga badan uguna jilicsan ciyaaraha.]]

'''Ciyaaraha''' ({{lang-en|Sport}}) waa dhaqdhaqaaq jirkaga ah ama ciyaar, oo inta badan tartan iyo habaysan ah, oo ilaaliya ama hagaajiya awoodda jirrka iyo xirfadaha. Ciyaaruhu waxay bixin karaan baashaal ciyaartoyda iyo madadaalo daawadayaasha. Tirada ciyaartoyda ciyaar gaar ah waxay ka bilaaban kartaa boqolaal qof illaa hal qof oo keliya.

Dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka wuxuu ku xiran yahay dhinacyo kala duwan oo caafimaadka iyo cimri dheerida ah. Heerarka sare ee dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka waxay ku xiran yihiin khatar hoose oo dhimashada dhammaan sababaha iyo dhimashada cudurrada wadnaha, istaroogga iskeemikada, iyo wadne xanuunka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kraus2019&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Kraus | first1 = William E. | last2 = Powell | first2 = Kenneth E. | last3 = Haskell | first3 = William L. | last4 = Janz | first4 = Kathleen F. | last5 = Campbell | first5 = Wayne W. | last6 = Jakicic | first6 = John M. | last7 = Troiano | first7 = Richard P. | title = Physical activity, all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, and cardiovascular disease | journal = Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise | volume = 51 | issue = 6 | pages = 1270 | date = 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka wuxuu sidoo kale ku xiran yahay hoos u dhaca astaamaha niyad-jabka, walwalka, iyo iztiroobka nafsiga ah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh2023&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Singh | first1 = Ben | last2 = Olds | first2 = Timothy | last3 = Curtis | first3 = Rachel | last4 = Dumuid | first4 = Dorothea | last5 = Virgara | first5 = Rosa | last6 = Watson | first6 = Amanda | last7 = Szeto | first7 = Kimberley | title = Effectiveness of physical activity interventions for improving depression, anxiety and distress: an overview of systematic reviews | journal = British Journal of Sports Medicine | volume = 57 | issue = 18 | pages = 1203-1209 | date = 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Munro2026&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Munro | first1 = Neil Richard | last2 = Teague | first2 = Samantha | last3 = Somoray | first3 = Klaire | last4 = Simpson | first4 = Aaron | last5 = Budden | first5 = Timothy | last6 = Jackson | first6 = Ben | last7 = Rebar | first7 = Amanda | last8 = Dimmock | first8 = James | title = Effect of exercise on depression and anxiety symptoms: systematic umbrella review with meta-meta-analysis | journal = British Journal of Sports Medicine | volume = 60 | issue = 8 | pages = 590-599 | date = 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Noetel2024&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Noetel | first1 = Michael | last2 = Sanders | first2 = Taren | last3 = Gallardo-Gómez | first3 = Daniel | last4 = Taylor | first4 = Paul | last5 = del Pozo Cruz | first5 = Borja | last6 = Van Den Hoek | first6 = Daniel | last7 = Smith | first7 = Jordan J. | title = Effect of exercise for depression: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials | journal = BMJ | volume = 384 | date = 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Gaar ahaan, jimicsiga aerobikada, yoogada, iyo jimicsiga noocyada badan leh ayaa loo helay in ay waxtar u leeyihiin hoos u dhicida astaamaha niyad-jabka umusha ka dib.&lt;ref name=&quot;Campos-Marin2025&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Campos-Marin | first1 = Álvaro | last2 = García-Muñoz | first2 = Cristina | last3 = Matias-Soto | first3 = Javier | last4 = Martinez-Calderon | first4 = Javier | title = What interventions focused on physical activity could improve postpartum depression symptoms? An overview of systematic reviews with meta-analysis | journal = Healthcare | volume = 13 | issue = 12 | pages = 1419 | date = 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tartamada ciyaaruhu waxay isticmaali karaan nooca koox ama qof keliya, waxayna noqon karaan kuwo furan, oo u oggolaanaya tiro ballaaran oo ciyaartoy ah, ama kuwo xiran, oo ku xaddidaya kaparticipatinka kooxo gaar ah ama kuwa la casuumay. Tartamadu waxay oggolaan karaan &quot;barbardhac&quot;, oo aysan ka jirin hal guuleyste; kuwo kale waxay bixiyaan hababka barbardhac-jebinta si loo xaqiijiyo in uu jiro hal guuleyste oo keliya. Waxaa sidoo kale loo dhabar-adkeyn karaa nooca tartanka, oo soo saaraya horyaal. Liigyo badan oo ciyaareed waxay samaysan karaan horyaal sannadle ah iyagoo dhisaya ciyaaro xilliga caadiga ah ee ciyaaraha, oo ay la socdaan xaaladaha qaar ciyaaraha kama-dambaysta ah .

Ciyaaraha guud ahaan waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay nidaam dhaqdhaqaaqyo ku dhisnaa ciyaartoynimada jirka ama xirfadda jirka, iyadoo tartamada waaweyni ay oggol yihiin oo keliya ciyaaraha buuxiya qeexiddaan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.olympic.org/sports |title=List of Summer and Winter Olympic Sports and Events |publisher=The Olympic Movement |date=14 November 2018 |access-date=5 March 2012 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225174712/https://www.olympic.org/sports%20 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ururada qaar, sida Golaha Yurub, waxay ka reebayaan dhaqdhaqaaqyada aan lahayn wax walbo oo jirka ah nooca ciyaaraha.&lt;ref name=&quot;council&quot;&gt;Qoraalka tixraaca&lt;/ref&gt; Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tiro dhaqdhaqaaqyo tartan ah, laakiin aan ahayn kuwo jirka ah, waxay sheegtaan aqoonsi sida ciyaaraha maanka. Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee Olimbikada oo kormeera Ciyaaraha Olombikada wuxuu u aqoonsan yahay shataraanka iyo bridge-ka ciyaaro ahaan. SportAccord, oo ah ururka xiriirada ciyaaraha caalamiga ah, wuxuu aqoonsan yahay shanta ciyaarood oo aan ahayn kuwo jirka ah: shataraanka, buundo, checkers, Go iyo xiangqi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |publisher=SportAccord |title=World Mind Games |url=http://www.sportaccord.com/en/multi-sports-games/index.php?idIndex=35&amp;idContent=658 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508021848/http://www.sportaccord.com/en/multi-sports-games/index.php?idIndex=35&amp;idContent=658 |archive-date=8 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |publisher=SportAccord |title=Members |url=http://www.sportaccord.com/en/members/index.php?idContent=644&amp;idIndex=32 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507073823/http://www.sportaccord.com/en/members/index.php?idContent=644&amp;idIndex=32 |archive-date=7 May 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay xaddidaan tirada ciyaaraha maanka ee loo oggolaan karo ciyaaro ahaan.&lt;ref name=&quot;sportaccord&quot;&gt;Qoraalka tixraaca&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha guud ahaan waxaa maamula xeerar ama caadooyin, oo u adeega xaqiijinta tartan caadil ah. Guushu waxay ku go'aansami kartaa matalaadaha jirka sida dhibcaha goolasha ama goynta xariiqda marka ugu horreysa. Waxaa sidoo kale go'aamin kara garsoorayaal dhibcaha ka bixinaya waxqabadka ciyaaraha, oo ay ku jiraan xaalado ujeeddo leh ama kuwo fikrad ah sida waxqabadka farsamada ama saamaynta incaamka artistique.

Diiwaanka waxqabadka inta badan waa la dhowraa, ciyaaraha caanka ahna, macluumaadkan waxaa laga yaabaa in si ballaaran looga dhawaaqo ama looga warramo wararka ciyaaraha. Ciyaaruhu sidoo kale waa il muhiim ah oo madadaalo u ah dadka aan kaparticipatgaraynayn, iyadoo ciyaaraha daawashada ay soo jiitaan dad badan garoomada ciyaaraha, oo ay gaaraan dhagaystayaal ballaaran oo maraya teevishanka ama radayowga. Khamaarka ciyaaraha xaaladaha qaar si daran ayaa loo maamulaa, xaaladaha kalena waa qayb ka mid ah ciyaaraha.

Sida ku cad A.T. Kearney, oo ah shirkad la-talinta, kiiska ciyaaraha ee caalamiga ah wuxuu qiimihiisu yahay ilaa $620 bilyan marka la joogo 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/news/international/21585012-sportswomen-are-beginning-score-more-commercial-goalsbut-they-still-have-lot-ground |title=Women in sport: Game, sex and match |newspaper=The Economist |date=7 September 2013 |access-date=14 September 2017 |archive-date=2 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802224933/http://www.economist.com/news/international/21585012-sportswomen-are-beginning-score-more-commercial-goalsbut-they-still-have-lot-ground |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaarta ugu helitaanka iyo ku practice-garaynta badan dunida waa orodka, halka kubbadda cagtu ay tahay ciyaarta daawashada ugu caansan.&lt;ref name=&quot;wa&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-are-the-most-popular-sports-in-the-world.html |title=The Most Popular Sports in the World |date=2018 |website=www.worldatlas.com |publisher=World Atlas |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817161238/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-are-the-most-popular-sports-in-the-world.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ujeeddada iyo adeegsiga==
===Etimoolojiga===
Ereyga &quot;sport&quot; wuxuu ka yimid Faransiiskii Hore desport oo dhahaya &quot;waqti firaaqo&quot;, iyadoo qeexiddii ugu duugnayd ee Ingiriisida ee qarnigii 1300 ay ahayd &quot;wax kasta oo aadamuhu u arko kuwo xiiso leh ama madadaalo leh&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=sport&amp;searchmode=none |title=sport (n.) |access-date=20 April 2008 |first=Douglas |last=Harper |work=Online Etymological Dictionary |archive-date=11 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111214311/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=sport&amp;searchmode=none |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ujeedooyinka kale waxaa ka mid ah khamaarka iyo dhacdooyinka loo sameeyay ujeeddada khamaarka; ugaarsiga; iyo ciyaaraha iyo baashaalka, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa u baahan jimicsi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged |publisher=G&amp;C Merriam Company |location=Springfield, MA |page=2206 |year=1967}}&lt;/ref&gt; Roget's wuxuu qeexayaa ciyaaraha sida &quot;dhaqdhaqaaq loo sameeyo nasasho iyo madadaalo&quot; iyadoo synonyms-ku ay ku jiraan madadaalo iyo firaaqo-wadaag.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Roget's II: The New Thesaurus|edition =3rd|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |url=https://archive.org/details/rogetsiiinewthes00houg |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-618-25414-9 |url-access=registration }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sida loo magacaabo===
Ereyga kali ah ee &quot;sport&quot; waxaa loo isticmaalaa lahjadaha Ingiriisida badankood si loogu qeexo fikradda guud, tusaale &quot;carruurta kaparticipatgaraynaysa ciyaaraha&quot;, iyadoo &quot;sports&quot; loo isticmaalo si loogu qeexo dhaqdhaqaaqyo badan, tusaale &quot;kubbadda cagta iyo rugby waa ciyaaraha ugu caansan Ingriiska&quot;. Ingiriisida Mareykanka waxay isticmaashaa &quot;sports&quot; labada macnaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sport vs sports – Usage Notes |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/sport-s-sports |publisher=Cambridge University Press |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sport |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sport |publisher=Merriam-Webster |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Qeexidda===
{{see also|Game#Definitions}}
[[File:ChessStartingPosition.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee Olimbikada wuxuu u aqoonsan yahay ciyaaraha guddiga qaar ka mid ah ciyaaro ahaan, oo uu ku jiro shataraanka.]]
[[File:Showjumping white horse.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|Boodidda fardaha, oo ah ciyaar fardoolay ah]]
Qeexidda saxda ah ee ka soocaysa ciyaarta dhaqdhaqaaqyada kale ee firaaqada waxay ku kala duwan tahay ilaha. Midda ugu dhow heshiis caalami ah oo ku saabsan qeexidda waxaa bixiya Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Xiriirada Ciyaaraha Caalamiga ah (GAISF), oo ah ururka dhammaan xiriirada ciyaaraha caalamiga ah ee ugu waaweyn (oo ay ku jiraan kubbadda cagta, ciyaaraha fudud, baaskiil wadida, tennis-ka, ciyaaraha fardoolayda, iyo kuwo kale), saas darteedna waa maamulaha rasmiga ah ee ciyaaraha caalamiga ah.

GAISF wuxuu isticmaalaa shuruudaha soo socda, wuxueena go'aamiyaa in ciyaartu tahay inay:&lt;ref name=sportaccord/&gt;
* leedahay walab tartanka ah
* aysan wax ku nool ah dhib u geysanayn
* aysan ku tiirsanayn qalab uu bixiyo hal alaab-qeybiye oo keliya (oo ay ka reeban yihiin ciyaaraha iska lahaanshaha ah sida kubbadda cagta arena)
* aysan ku tiirsanayn wax &quot;nasiib&quot; ah oo gaar ahaan loogu talagalay ciyaarta.

Waxay sidoo kale aqoonsan yihiin in ciyaartu noqon karto ku dhawaad jirka (sida rugby ama ciyaaraha fudud), ku dhawaad maanka (sida shataraanka ama Go), ku dhawaad matoorada (sida Formula 1 ama doonyaha matoorka), ku dhawaad iskudubaridka iyo xirfadda (sida snooker iyo ciyaaraha kale ee cue-ka), ama ku dhawaad kuwa xayawaanku taageeraan (sida ciyaaraha fardoolayda).&lt;ref name=sportaccord/&gt;

Koodinta ciyaaraha maanka ee gudaha qeexidda ciyaaraha lama wada aqbalin, taas oo keentay lchallenge-yo sharci ah oo ka yimid maamulada maamula marka loo eego in loo diaday maalgelinta loo hayo ciyaaraha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |work=BBC News |title=Judicial review of 'sport' or 'game' decision begins |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-34320201 |date=22 September 2015 |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-date=23 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023020304/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-34320201 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Laakiin iyadoo GAISF ay aqoonsan tahay tiro yar oo ciyaaraha maanka ah, ma furaan in ay kaparticipat-geliyaan ciyaaro kale oo maanka ah.

Waxaa jiray kordho adeegsiga ereyga &quot;sport&quot; ee ku saabsan ciyaaro ballaaran oo aan ahayn kuwo jirka ah sida ciyaaraha fiidiyowga, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano esports (ka yimid &quot;ciyaaraha elektaroonigga ah&quot;), gaar ahaan sababtoo ah baaxadda weyn ee kaparticipatinka iyo tartanka habaysan, laakiin kuwan si ballaaran looma aqoonsana ururada ciyaaraha ee waaweyn. Sida ku cad Golaha Yurub, Axdiga Ciyaaraha Yurub, maqaalka 2.i, &quot;'Sport' waa dhammaan noocyada dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka oo, troo kaparticipatinka caadiga ah ama habaysan, haysata ujeedo lagu muujinayo ama lagu hagaajinayo fayowida jirka iyo wanaagga maanka, dhisida xiriirada bulshada ama helitaanka natiijooyinka tartanka heerarka dhan.&quot;&lt;ref name=council/&gt;

===Tartanka===
[[File:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb|left|Orodka fardaha]]

Waxaa jira fikrado iska soo horjeeda oo ku saabsan muhiimadda tartanka uu u leeyahay walaxda qeexaysa ciyaarta, iyadoo ku dhawaad dhammaan ciyaaraha xirfadlaha ah ay ku jiraan tartan, maamulada maamulana ay u baahan yihiin tartan inay tahay shuruud ka hor aqoonsiga Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee Olimbikada (IOC) ama GAISF.&lt;ref name=sportaccord/&gt;

Ururada kale waxay u doodaan ballaadhinta qeexidda ciyaaraha si ay u noqoto dhammaan noocyada dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka, oo aysan ahayn oo keliya dhacdooyinka habaysan ama tartanka ah. Tusaale ahaan, Axdiga Ciyaaraha ee Golaha Yurub wuxuu qeexayaa &quot;sport&quot; sida: &quot;dhammaan noocyada dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka oo, troo kaparticipatinka caadiga ah ama habaysan, looga dan leeyahay ilaalinta ama hagaajinta fayowida jirka iyo wanaagga maanka, dhisida xiriirada bulshada ama helitaanka natiijooyinka tartanka heerarka dhan&quot;, iyadoo si cad u dhexgalinaysa jimicsiga baashaalka ah ee loo sameeyo kaliya baashaal ahaan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=Jun 2022 |title=Revised European Sports Charter – Article 2 |url=https://rm.coe.int/revised-european-sports-charter-web-a6/1680a7534b |publisher=Council of Europe |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title= The Development and Prospects for Community Action in the Field of Sport |date=29 September 1998 |url=https://ec.europa.eu/assets/eac/sport/library/documents/doc252_en.pdf |publisher=European Commission |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Si loo ballaadhiyo kaparticipatinka, oo loo yareeyo saamaynta laga helayo guuldarada ciyaartoyda aan awoodda badan lahayn, waxaa jiray soo-bandhigidda dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka oo aan ahayn tartan ee dhacdooyinka tartanka ah ee caadiga ah sida maalmaha ciyaaraha ee dugsiyada, inkasta oo dhaqdhaqaaqyada noocan oo kale ah ay noqon karaan kuwo muran dhaliya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Front |first=Rebecca |work=The Guardian |title=A little competition |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/jul/17/school-sport-competitive-children-achievement-ambition |date=17 July 2011 |access-date=13 December 2016 |archive-date=15 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315143528/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/jul/17/school-sport-competitive-children-achievement-ambition |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |publisher=ParentDish |title=Why parents hate school sports day |last=Scrimgeour |first=Heidi |date=17 June 2011 |url=http://www.parentdish.co.uk/2011/06/17/why-parents-hate-school-sports-day/ |access-date=11 June 2012 |archive-date=24 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024182750/http://www.parentdish.co.uk/2011/06/17/why-parents-hate-school-sports-day/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dhacdooyinka tartanka ah, ciyaartoyda waxaa lagu qiimeeyaa ama lagu kala saaraa ku dhisnaanta &quot;natiijadooda&quot; iyadoo inta badan loo qeybiyo kooxo leh waxqabad loo siman yahay, tusaale, jinsiga, miisaanka iyo da'da. Qiyaasta natiijadu waxay noqon kartaa ku dhawaad ujeeddo ama fikrad, oo lagu saxo &quot;handicaps&quot; ama ganaaxyo. Tartanka orodka, tusaale ahaan, waqtiga lagu dhameeyay wadada waa qiyaas ujeeddo ah. Jimnaastikada ama quusida, natiijada waxaa go'aamiya garsoorayaal, sidaas darteedna waa fikrad. Waxaa jira heerar garsoorid dhex-dhexaad ah oo u dhexeya feerka iyo ciyaaraha la isku daray ee dagaalka, oo haddii aysan labada ciyaartoy midna guul helin ka hor waqtiga xaddidan, natiijada waxaa go'aamiya kaararka dhibcaha garsoorayaasha. Feerka, saddex garsoore ayaa si madax-bannaan dhibcaha uga bixiya wareeg kasta, iyadoo la raacayo shuruudaha sida feerida nadiifka ah, weerarka waxtarka leh, maamulka garoonka iyo doofaaca.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ABC Uniform Championship Rules |url=https://www.ibf-usba-boxing.com/wp-content/uploads/ABCUniformChampionshipRules.pdf |publisher=Association of Boxing Commissions |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Taariikhda==
{{Main article|History of sport}}
[[File:Roman bronze copy of Myron’s Discobolos, 2nd century CE (Glyptothek Munich).jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Naxaas Roomaan ah oo laga sameeyay Discobolos ee Myron, qarnigii 2aad AD]]
[[File:Participants with the Water Warrior class perform squats prior to entering the pool at Camp Foster, Okinawa, Japan, July 6, 2011 110706-M-VD776-004 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Snoorkeler-ku waxay sameynayaan jimicsiga squats ka hor inta aysan galin barkadda ee saldhigga ciidanka Mareykanka, 2011.]]

Shaqooyinka gacanta iyo dhismayaasha waxay tilmaamayaan ciyaaraha Shiinaha sida ay ahayd 2000 BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://chineseculture.about.com/library/weekly/aa032301a.htm |title=Sports History in China |author1=Ye Qinfa |access-date=15 October 2006 |archive-date=3 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303183246/http://chineseculture.about.com/library/weekly/aa032301a.htm |url-status=deviated }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jimnaastikada waxay u muuqataa in ay caan ka ahayd waagii duugga ahaa ee Shiinaha. Taallooyinka Fircooniga waxay tilmaamaan in tiro ciyaaro ah, oo ay ku jiraan dabaasha iyo kaluumeysiga, ay ahaayeen kuwo si wanaagsan u horumaray oo maamulan kumanaan sano ka hor Masartii Hore.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ioa.leeds.ac.uk/1980s/84085.htm |title=84.85-90 History of Sports in Ancient Egypt |first1=Ahmed D. |last1=Touny |website=Proceedings of the International Olympic Academy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029232515/http://www.ioa.leeds.ac.uk/1980s/84085.htm |archive-date=29 October 2006 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha kale ee Masar waxaa ka mid ahaa tuurista waranka, boodada dheer, iyo legdinta. Ciyaaraha Beershiyo ee Hore sida sanka ee soo jireenka ah ee Iiraan ee Zoorkhaneh waxay lahayd xiriir dhow oo ku saabsan xirfadaha dagaalka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.kuwait-info.com/newsnew/NewsDetails1.asp?id=78319&amp;dt=10/13/2006&amp;ntype=World |title=Ancient sport still flexing its muscles in Iran |website=kuwait-info.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070326081959/http://www.kuwait-info.com/newsnew/NewsDetails1.asp?id=78319&amp;dt=10%2F13%2F2006&amp;ntype=World |archive-date=26 March 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha kale ee ka yimid Beershiyadii Hore waxaa ka mid ah polo iyo jousting. Ciyaaraha soo jireenka ah ee Hindiya ee kala duwan sida Kho kho iyo Kabaddi waxaa la ciyaarayay kumanaan sano. Kabaddi waxaa loo ciyaarayay malaha sida u-diyaargarowga ugaarsiga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=kabaddi {{!}} sport |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/kabaddi |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Bruno Senna 2006 Australian Grand Prix.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|Ciyaaraha matoorada leh waxay soo muuqdeen tan iyo markii ay timid waagii casriga ahaa.]]

Tiro ballaaran oo ciyaaro ah ayaa horay loo dhisay waagii Gariikii Hore, dhaqanka ciidankana iyo horumarka ciyaaraha ee Gariiga waxay saameeyeen midba midka kale si weyn. Ciyaaruhu waxay noqdeen qayb aad u muhiim ah oo ka mid ah dhaqankooda taas oo keentay in Gariigu ay dhiisaha Ciyaaraha Olimbikada, oo waagii duugga ahaa lagu qaban jiray afar sano kasta tuulo yar oo ku taalla Peloponnesus oo loo yaqaanay Olympia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/ancient/index_uk.asp|title=Ancient Olympic Games|date=30 July 2018|access-date=15 October 2006|archive-date=28 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090928011744/http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/ancient/index_uk.asp|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciyaaraha waxaa sii kordhayay habaynta iyo maamulidda tan iyo waagii Olimbikadii Hore illaa qarniga hadda jira. Warshadaysashadu waxay keenay gaadiidka matoorada leh iyo kordhinta waqtiga firaaqada, oo u oggolaanaya dadka in ay kaparticipat-gelaan oo ay raacaan ciyaaraha daawashada oo ay kaparticipat-gelaan dhaqdhaqaaqyada ciyaartoyda. Isbeddelladan waxay sii socdeen iyadoo ay timid warbaahinta weyn iyo xiriirka caalamiga ah. Xirfaddnimadu waxay noqotay mid caan ah, iyadoo sii kordhinaysa caannimada ciyaaraha, maadaama taageerayaasha ciyaaruhu ay raacayeen guulaha ciyaartoyda xirfadlayaasha ah – iyagoo oo dhami ku raaxaysanayay jimicsiga iyo tartanka ku xiran kaparticipatinka amateerka ee ciyaaraha. Tan iyo markii uu karraday qarniga 21aad, waxaa jiray doode ka dhan ah in dadka transgender-ka ah ee ciyaartoyda ah ay awood u leeyihiin in ay kaparticipat-gelaan dhacdooyinka ciyaaraha ee u dhigma jinsigooda cusub.&lt;ref&gt;''Sport and the Law: Historical and Cultural Intersections'', p. 111, Sarah K. Fields (2014){{ISBN?}}|&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ciyaarta caadiga ah==
===Dhaqanka ciyaartoyda===
Dhaqanka ciyaartoyda waa dabeecad u doodeysa ciyaarta caadiga ah, edebta ka dhaxaysa kooxda iyo kaadhibka, dhaqanka anshaxa leh iyo daacadnimada, iyo sharafka guusha ama guuldarada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?va=sportsmanship |publisher=Merriam-Webster |title=Sportsmanship |access-date=15 October 2006 |archive-date=28 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928231236/http://www.merriam.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?va=sportsmanship |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Fish |first1=Joel |last2=Magee |first2=Susan |year=2003 |title=101 Ways to Be a Terrific Sports Parent |publisher=Fireside |page=168}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Lacey |first=David |date=10 November 2007 |url=http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/11/10/it_takes_a_bad_loser_to_become.html |title=It takes a bad loser to become a good winner |work=The Guardian |access-date=28 October 2009 |archive-date=13 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113021424/http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/11/10/it_takes_a_bad_loser_to_become.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dhaqanka ciyaartoyda wuxuu muujinayaa rabitaan ama ruux in dhaqdhaqaaqa loogu raaxaysan doono ujeedadiisa lafahaadeed. Fikirka caanka ah ee uu qoray weriyaha ciyaaraha Grantland Rice, ee ah &quot;ma aha inaad guuleysato ama guuldarraysato, laakiin waa sida aad u ciyaarto ciyaarta&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Rice, Grantland |url=https://tshf.net/halloffame/rice-grantland/ |publisher=Tennessee Sports Hall of Fame |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo caqiidada Olimbikada casriga ah ee uu muujiyay aasaasaheeda Pierre de Coubertin: &quot;Waxyaabaha ugu muhiimsan Ciyaaraha Olimbikada ma aha guusha laakiin waa kaparticipatinka,&quot; waa muujinta caadiga ah ee fikirkan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Fundamentals of Olympic Values Education |publisher=International Olympic Committee |url=https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/Documents/Document-Set-Teachers-The-Main-Olympic-Topics/Olympism-and-the-Olympic-Movement.pdf |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Khayaanada===
{{see also|Match fixing|cheating}}
Mabaadi'da muhiimka ah ee ciyaaraha waxaa ka mid ah in natiijadu aysan noqon ku dhisnaan hore, iyo dhammaan ciyaartoydu inay lahaadaan fursad loo siman yahay oo ay ku guuleystaan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=European Sports Charter, Article 3|url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/sport/european-sports-charter|publisher=Council of Europe|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Xeerarka iyo shuruucda waxaa dhisay maamulada maamula si loo xaqiijiyo ciyaar caadil ah iyo daacadnimo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=International Charter of Physical Education, Physical Activity and Sport, Article 10|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000235409|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ciyaartoydu mararka kaar ayaa jebiya xeerarkan si ay u helaan faa'iido aan caadil ahayn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Fair play and the competitive spirit|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000093013|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciyaartoydu waxay khayaani karaan si ay u kordhiyaan fursadahooda guusha, si ay u helaan faa'iido lacageed ama faa'iido kale.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Global Report on Corruption in Sport|url=https://www.unodc.org/documents/corruption/Publications/2022/Global_Report_on_Corruption_in_Sport_Full_report.pdf|publisher=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Caannimada khamaarka ee ku saabsan natiijooyinka ciyaaraha waxay abuurtaa dhiirigelin lagu sameeyo hagaajinta ciyaarta (match fixing), oo hal ama ka badan oo ciyaartoy ahi ay ku heshiiyaan in ay go'aamiyaan natiijooyinka ka hor halkii ay si daacad ah u tartami lahaayeen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Staying on Side: How to Stop Match-Fixing|url=https://images.transparencycdn.org/images/2014_Stop_MatchFixing_EN.pdf|publisher=Transparency International|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Doping-ka iyo dawooyinka===
{{main article|Use of performance-enhancing drugs in sport}}
Dabeecadda tartanka ah ee ciyaaraha waxay dhiirigelisaa ciyaartoyda qaar in ay isku dayaan in ay hagaajiyaan waxqabadkooda troo dawooyinka, ama habab kale sida kordhinta tirada dhiigga ee jirkooda troo habab dadku sameeyeen.&lt;ref name=&quot;Baron2007&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Baron |first1=David A. |last2=Martin |first2=David M. |last3=Abol Magd |first3=Samir |title=Doping in sports and its spread to at-risk populations: an international review |journal=World Psychiatry |year=2007 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=118–123 |pmid=18235871|pmc=2219897 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dhammaan ciyaaraha uu aqoonsan yahay IOC, ama SportAccord, waxaa loo baahan yahay in ay sameeyaan barnaamij tijaabo ah, iyagoo raadinaya liiska dawooyinka la mamnuucay, iyadoo ganaaxyo ama joojin loo dhigay ciyaartoyda ku tijaabo-gala nooca togan ee walxaha la mamnuucay.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Prohibited List |url=https://www.wada-ama.org/en/prohibited-list |publisher=World Anti-Doping Agency |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=World Anti-Doping Code |url=https://www.wada-ama.org/en/what-we-do/world-anti-doping-code |publisher=World Anti-Doping Agency |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Dagaalka===
Dagaalka ciyaaraha wuxuu ku jiraa ka tallaabida xariiqda u dhexaysa tartanka caadiga ah iyo dagaalka muuqda ee ujeeddada leh. Ciyaartoyda, tababarayaasha, taageerayaasha, iyo waalidiintu mararka kaar waxay sameeyaan dhaqan dagaal ah oo ku saabsan dadka ama hantida, iyagoo muujinaya daacadnimo, maamul, carro, ama dabaaldeg oo la khalday. Rabshadaha ama hooliganism-ka oo ay sameeyaan taageerayaashu gaar ahaan waa dhibaato ka jirta tartamada ciyaaraha ee heer qaran iyo kuwo caalami ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Russell |first=Gareth |title=Sport riots: A social–psychological review |journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior |year=2004 |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=353–378|doi=10.1016/S1359-1789(03)00031-4 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Guide on the Security of Major Sporting Events |url=https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/sites/www.un.org.counterterrorism/files/211006_guide_on_security_major_sporting_events_web.pdf |publisher=United Nations |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ka qaybqaadashada==
===Ka qaybqaadashada jinsiga===
[[File:100 metres race winner Sina Schielke (192) and the other Runners - ISTAF 2006 - Berlin, 3 September.jpg|thumb|Ciyaartoyda dumarka ah ee heerka caalamiga ah ee ISTAF Berlin, 2006]]
Participatinka dumarka ee ciyaaraha wuu kordhay iyada oo la kordhiyay fursadaha iyo aqoonsiga kordhaya ee faa'iidooyinka dhaqdhaqaaqa ciyaartoyda ee horumarka carruurta iyo fayowida jirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Eime |first1=Rochelle M. |last2=Young |first2=Janet A. |last3=Harvey |first3=Jack T. |last4=Charity |first4=Melanie J. |last5=Payne |first5=Warren R. |title=A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for children and adolescents |journal=International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity |year=2013 |volume=10 |issue=98 |page=98 |doi=10.1186/1479-5868-10-98|doi-access=free |pmid=23945179 |pmc=3751802 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Inkasta oo ay jiraan faa'iidooyinkan, farqiga jinsiga wuu sii jiraa. Heerka Olimbikada, dumarku waxay ahaayeen 49% oo ku taalla Tokyo 2020,&lt;ref name=&quot;RioTokyoWSF&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Paris 2024 should see gender parity – WSF study |url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/paris-2024-should-see-gender-parity-wsf-study-2022-04-21/ |publisher=Reuters |date=2022-04-21 |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; iyagoo gaadhay 50 % oo buuxa oo isu dhigma oo ku taalla Paris 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;GenderParity2024&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Reid |first=Helen |title=Women athletes say the work isn't over after Olympics gender parity |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/olympics/women-athletes-say-work-isnt-over-after-olympics-gender-parity-2024-07-28/ |publisher=Reuters |date=2024-07-28 |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Laakiin baadhitaannada caalamiga ah waxay sheegaan oo keliya 20% oo dumar ah oo ka aghb 31% oo ragg ah in ay kaparticipat-gelaan dhaqdhaqaaqa ciyaaraha bishii,&lt;ref name=&quot;YouGovGap&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Shah |first=Kineree |title=The great divide – exploring the gender gap in sports viewership |url=https://business.yougov.com/content/46311-the-great-divide-exploring-gender-gap-in-sports-viewership |publisher=YouGov |date=2023-03-10 |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ururka Caafimaadka Dduunka wuxuu xussayaa in dumarku ay 5 percentage points ka hooseeyaan ragga marka loo eego in ay buuxiyaan shuruudaha dhaqdhaqaaqa la soo jeediyay.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHOActivity&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Physical activity fact sheet |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciyaaraha qaar waa jinsiga la isku daray, oo oggolaanaya, ama xitaa u baahan, ragga iyo dumarka in ay ku ciyaaraan koox ka mid ah. Hal tusaale oo tan ah waa Baseball5, oo ah ciyaartii ugu horreysay ee jinsiga la isku daray ee loo oggolaado Olimbikada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Debut of Baseball5 at Youth Olympic Games postponed as next YOG shifted from 2022 to 2026 |url=http://www.wbsc.org/en/news/debut-of-baseball5-at-youth-olympic-games-postponed-as-next-yog-shifted-from-2022-to-2026 |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=World Baseball Softball Confederation |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Participatinka dhallinyarada===
{{main|Youth sports}}
{{See also|College sports}}
Ciyaaraha dhallinyarada waxay u bixiyaan carruurta fursado baashaal, isku xidhka bulshada, dhisida xiriirada ciyaartoyda kale, fayowida jirka, iyo deeqaha waxbarasho ee ciyaartoyda. U doodayaasha waxbarashada iyo dagaalka ka dhanka ah dawooyinka waxay dhiirigeliyaan ciyaaraha dhallinyarada si ay uga baxaan kaparticipatinka waxbarashada oo ay uga dagaallamaan ganacsiga dawooyinka ee sharci-darro ah. Sida ku cad Xarunta Cilmi-baadhista Dhaawaca iyo Siyaasadda ee Cusbitaalka Carruurta ee Qaranka, khatarta ugu weyn ee ciyaaraha dhallinyarada waa dhimasho ama dhaawac daran oo uu ku jiro concussion. Khatarahan waxay ka yimaadaan orodka, kubbadda koleyga, kubbadda cagta, volleyball-ka, gridiron-ka, jimnaastikada, iyo ice hockey.&lt;ref&gt;[https://healthland.time.com/2009/08/04/why-are-more-kids-getting-hurt-in-gym-class/ &quot;Gym class injuries up 150% between 1997 and 2007&quot;], ''Time'', 4 August 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha dhallinyarada ee US waa $15 bilyan oo vaza ah oo ay ku jiraan qalabka illaa tababarka gaarka ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last1=Gregory |first1=Sean |title=How Kids' Sports Became a $15 Billion Industry |url=https://time.com/4913687/how-kids-sports-became-15-billion-industry/ |access-date=24 August 2017 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=24 August 2017 |archive-date=24 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824112734/http://time.com/4913687/how-kids-sports-became-15-billion-industry/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Participatinka dadka naqada ah===
{{see also|Parasports|Paralympic Games}}
[[File:David Bizet - Marathon de Paris 2014.jpg|thumb|Orodiyaha wuxuu si saaxiibtinimo ah ugu taabanayaa garabka orodiyaha kursiga curyaanka inta lagu jiro Marathon-ka Paris 2014.]]

Ciyaaraha dadka naqada ah ama ciyaaraha la waafajiyay waxaa ciyaara dad leh naqadnimo, oo ay ku jiraan naqadnimada jirka iyo naqadnimada maanka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Para Sport |url=https://www.paralympic.org/paralympic-sport |publisher=International Paralympic Committee |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maadaama kuwo badan oo kuwan ka mid ah ay ku dhisnaayeen ciyaaraha jira oo la waafajiyay si loo buuxiyo baahida dadka leh naqadnimada, mararka kaar waxaa loo yaqaanaa ciyaaraha la waafajiyay.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Misener |first1=Laura |last2=Kissack |first2=Travis |title=Social inclusion through sport: Community coaching and participation of people with disabilities in sport |journal=Sport Management Review |year=2010 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=49–67 |doi=10.1016/j.smr.2009.10.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhammaan ciyaaraha dadka naqada ah ma aha kuwo la waafajiyay; tiro gaar ah oo loogu talagalay dadka leh naqadnimada ma laha wax u dhigma ciyaaraha dadka caadiga ah, sida goalball iyo boccia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sitting Volleyball, Goalball and Boccia |url=https://www.paralympic.org/sports |publisher=International Paralympic Committee |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Participatinka dadka waaweyn===
{{see also|Masters athletics|Masters cycling|Masters swimming}}
[[File:Pickleball Players.jpg|thumb|right|Pickleball waa ciyaar gaar ahaan u soo jiidasho badan dadka waaweyn.]]
'''Ciyaaraha Masters-ka''', '''ciyaaraha senior-ka''', ama '''ciyaaraha veteran-ka''' waa qeyb da'da ah oo ciyaaraha ah, oo inta badan ku jirta kooxaha da'da 35 iyo ka weyn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/veterans-and-masters-sport|title=Story: Veterans and masters sport|publisher=govt.nz|access-date=28 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waxay khuseyn kartaa dhaqdhaqaaqyada ciyaaraha oo aan la beddelin ama la waafajiyay, oo leh ama aan lahayn tartamo.

'''Tartamada'''
* World Masters Games oo la habayeeyay tan iyo 1985 afar sano kasta.
* European Masters Games oo la habayeeyay markii ugu horreysay 2008 oo markaas ka dib afar sano kasta.
* Senior Olympics (Senior Games)
* USATF Masters Outdoor Championships oo bilaabatay 1968
* USATF Masters Indoor Championships oo bilaabatay 1975
* World Masters Athletics Championships oo bilaabatay 1975

===Participatinka daawadayaasha===
{{Main article|Spectator sport}}
{{See also|Sports fandom}}
[[File:1906 Athens stadium.jpg|thumb|right|Daawadayaasha Ciyaaraha Olimbikada ee aan rasmiga ahayn ee 1906]]

Qaybta tartanka ee ciyaaraha, iyada oo la socota soo jiidashada quruxda ee dhinacyada qaar, waxay keentay dhacdooyinka ciyaaraha daawashada. Ciyaaraha amateerka iyo xirfadlaha ah waxay soo jiitaan dhagaystayaal toos ah oo ku yaalla garoomada iyo troo warbaahinta – radayowga, teevishanka iyo intarneedka – oo mid kasta oo kuwan ka mid ah uu ka qaadi karo lacagaha sida tikidhada ama isdhaafsiga pay-per-view.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=Spectator sport |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/spectator-sport |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Liigyada ciyaaraha iyo tartamadu waxay bixiyaan hababka habaysan ee ugu muhiimsan ee tartanka caadiga ah ee u dhexeya kooxaha ama ciyaartoyda gaarka ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Fort |first= Rodney D |title=Sports Economics |publisher=Prentice Hall |year=2015 |isbn=9780130850911}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dhacdooyinka sare waxay amraan dhagaystayaal waaweyn, iyagoo dhiirigeliya heshiisyo waaweyn oo xuquuqda warbaahinta ah. Ciyaarta kama-dambaysta ah ee Koobka Duunka FIFA 2006 waxay soo jiitatay in ka badan 700 milyan oo daawadayaal ah oo duunka oo dhan ah,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=2006 FIFA World Cup™ Media Report |url=http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/germany2006/organisation/media/media-reports.html |publisher=FIFA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101000000/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/germany2006/organisation/media/media-reports.html |access-date=2025-05-02|archive-date=1 January 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ciyaarta kama-dambaysta ah ee Koobka Duunka ee Cricket 2011 waxaa daawaday noin 135 milyan oo daawadayaal ah oo ku taalla Hindiya oo keliya.&lt;ref name=&quot;CWC2011&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=135 mn saw World Cup final: TAM |date=10 April 2011 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/135-mn-saw-World-Cup-final-TAM/Article1-683623.aspx |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=2025-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803013151/http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/135-mn-saw-World-Cup-final-TAM/Article1-683623.aspx |archive-date=2013-08-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mareykanka, Super Bowl wuxuu ku jiraa nooca teevishanka sannadlaha ah ee ugu daawashada badan, iyadoo Super Bowl XLIX ee 2015 uu lahaa averiiji 114 milyan oo daawadayaal ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Nielsen |title=Super Bowl XLIX Sets U.S. Viewership Record |url=http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/news/2015/super-bowl-xlix-most-watched-telecast-in-u-s--history.html |publisher=Nielsen |date=2015-02-02 |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Axadda Super Bowl waxaa loo arkaa fasax qaran oo aan rasmi ahayn, iyo 2015 booska xayeysiiska ee 30-ilbiriqsi ah waxaa lagu iibiyay noin US$4.5 milyan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Super Bowl Ads Cost US$4.5M for 30-Second Spot |url=https://adage.com/article/media/super-bowl-ads-cost-4-5m-30-spot/296163 |publisher=Ad Age |date=2015-01-30 |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Hiwaayad iyo xirfadle==
[[File:Volleyball-5 (9786053885).jpg|thumb|Kooxda volleyball-ka ee dumarka ee jaamacadda Mareykanka]]
Ciyaaraha waxaa loo samayn karaa nooc amateer, xirfadle ama xirfadle Dhexe ah, iyada oo ku xiran haddii ciyaartoyda loo dhiirigeliyo kaparticipatinka (inta badan troo bixinta lacagta ama mushaharka). Participatinka amateerka ee ciyaaraha heerarka hoose inta badan loo yaqaan &quot;ciyaaraha xididdada&quot; (grassroots sport).&lt;ref name=&quot;council&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;White Paper&quot;&gt;{{cite web |publisher=European Commission |title=The White Paper on Sport |url=http://ec.europa.eu/sport/white-paper/index_en.htm |access-date=11 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916202200/http://ec.europa.eu/sport/white-paper/index_en.htm |archive-date=16 September 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Caannimada ciyaaraha daawashada oo ah firaaqo u ah dadka aan kaparticipat-gelaayn waxay keentay in ciyaaruhu ay noqdaan ganacsi weyn oo madax-bannaan, tanina waxay dhiirigelisay dhaqanka ciyaaraha xirfadlaha ah ee bixiya lacagaha sare, oo ciyaartoyda waxqabadka sare leh lagu abaalmariyo lacag ka badan mushaharka averiijiga ah, oo gaari karta milyan oo doolar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |magazine=Sports Illustrated |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/specials/fortunate50-2011/index.html |title=Fortunate 50 2011 |last=Freedman |first=Jonah |access-date=5 March 2012 |archive-date=29 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429050301/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/specials/fortunate50-2011/index.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciyaaraha qaar, ama tartamada gaarka ah ee ku jira ciyaaraha, waxay haystaan siyaasad ah oggolaanshaha ciyaaraha amateerka oo keliya. Ciyaaraha Olimbikada waxay ku bilaabmeen mabda'a tartanka amateerka iyadoo kuwa ciyaarta u ciyaara si xirfadle ah loo arkayay in ay leeyihiin faa'iido aan caadil ahayn marka loo eego kuwa u ciyaara kaliya sida hiwaayad.&lt;ref name=OIdeology&gt;{{cite book |last=Eassom |first=Simon |title=Critical Reflections on Olympic Ideology |year=1994 |location=Ontario |publisher=The Centre for Olympic Studies |pages=120–123 |isbn=978-0-7714-1697-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tan iyo 1971, ciyaartoyda Olimbikada waxaa loo oggolaaday in ay helaan lacag iyo kafaalo-qaad (sponsorship),&lt;ref name=&quot;InfoPlease&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.infoplease.com/spot/olympic-athletes.html |title=Olympic Athletes |publisher=Info Please |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=16 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616042315/http://www.infoplease.com/spot/olympic-athletes.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; iyadoo tan iyo 1986, IOC ay go'aansatay in ay ka dhigto dhammaan ciyaartoyda xirfadlayaasha ah kuwo u qalma Olimbikada,&lt;ref name=&quot;InfoPlease&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/22/opinion/greene-olympics-amateurs/ |title=What changed the Olympics forever |publisher=CNN |date=23 July 2012 |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=15 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615122848/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/22/opinion/greene-olympics-amateurs/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; iyadoo laga reebayo feerka,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/13894/olympic-boxing-must-remain-amateur-despite-moves-to-turn-it-professional-states-warren- |title=Olympic boxing must remain amateur despite moves to turn it professional states Warren |publisher=Inside the Games |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=15 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615044539/http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/13894/olympic-boxing-must-remain-amateur-despite-moves-to-turn-it-professional-states-warren- |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=njefAgAAQBAJ&amp;q=only+amateur+boxers+at+olympics&amp;pg=PA400 |title=Historical Dictionary of Boxing |last1=Grasso |first1=John |date=2013 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |access-date=13 June 2015 |isbn=978-0-8108-7867-9 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417060735/https://books.google.com/books?id=njefAgAAQBAJ&amp;q=only+amateur+boxers+at+olympics&amp;pg=PA400 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo legdinta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1529280-olympic-wrestling-is-important-for-pro-wrestlers-and-its-fans |title=Olympic Wrestling Is Important for Pro Wrestling and Its Fans|author-first1=John|author-last1=Canton|publisher=Bleacher Report |date=14 February 2013 |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=16 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616155635/http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1529280-olympic-wrestling-is-important-for-pro-wrestlers-and-its-fans |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2WYEAAAAMBAJ&amp;q=only+amateur+wrestlers+at+olympics&amp;pg=PA24 |title=Boys' Life |date=August 1988 |page=24 |access-date=13 June 2015 |publisher=Boy Scouts of America, Inc. |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417073533/https://books.google.com/books?id=2WYEAAAAMBAJ&amp;q=only+amateur+wrestlers+at+olympics&amp;pg=PA24 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Teknoolojiga==
[[File:Third umpire lights at Melbourne Cricket Ground.JPG|thumb|Muuqaalkan ku yaalla Melbourne Cricket Ground wuxuu tilmaamayaa go'aanka garsooraha saddexaad uu sameeyo ka dib marka dib loo eego.]]
Teknoolojigu wuxuu ka ciyaaraa qayb muhiim ah ciyaaraha casriga ah. Waa qayb loo baahan yahay oo ka mid ah ciyaaraha qaar (sida ciyaaraha matoorada), waxaana loo isticmaalaa kuwo kale si loo hagaajiyo waxqabadka. Ciyaaraha qaar waxay sidoo kale isticmaalaan si loogu oggolaado go'aan-gaarida ka baxsan garoonka.

Aqoonta ciyaaraha (sports science) waxaa lagu dabaqi karaa goobaha oo ay ku jiraan waxqabadka ciyaartoyda, sida isticmaalka falanqaynta fiidiyowga si loo hagaajiyo farsamada, ama qalabka, sida hagaajinta kabaha orodka ama dharka dabaasha ee tartanka. Injineernimada ciyaaraha waxay soo muuqatay sida qeyb aqooneed 1998 iyada oo kordhinaysa diiradda oo aysan ahayn oo keliya dhiisida walxaha laakiin sidoo kale isticmaalka teknoolojiga ee ciyaaraha, ka yimid falanqaynta iyo data-da weyn illaa teknoolojiga la xerto.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaining Steam in Sports Technology&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Gaining Steam in Sports Technology |url=https://alum.mit.edu/pages/sliceofmit/2014/06/17/mit-steam-sports-technology/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714150052/https://alum.mit.edu/pages/sliceofmit/2014/06/17/mit-steam-sports-technology/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 |website=Slice of MIT |access-date=3 January 2015 |ref=Slice of MIT}}&lt;/ref&gt; Si loo maamulo saamaynta teknoolojiga ee ciyaarta caadiga ah, maamulada maamula inta badan waxay leeyihiin xeerar gaar ah oo loo dhigay si loo maamulo saamaynta faa'iidada farsamada ee u dhexaysa ciyaartoyda. Tusaale ahaan, 2010, dharka dabaasha ee buuxa oo aan ahayn textile-ka waxaa mamnuucay FINA, maadaama ay hagaajinayeen waxqabadka dabaalyada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/swimming/8161867.stm |title=Hi-tech suits banned from January |publisher=BBC Sport |date=31 July 2009 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908051335/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/swimming/8161867.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/full-body-swimsuit-now-banned-professional-swimmers/story?id=9437780 |first=Kristina |last=Wong |title=Full Body Swimsuit Now Banned for Professional Swimmers |work=ABC News |date=4 January 2010 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=7 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607200059/http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/full-body-swimsuit-now-banned-professional-swimmers/story?id=9437780 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kordhinta teknoolojiga waxay sidoo kale oggolaatay go'aano badan oo ciyaaraha ah in la qaato, ama dib loo eego, ka baxsan garoonka, iyadoo maamule kale uu isticmaalayo muujinta fiidiyowga tooska ah si uu u sameeyo go'aano. Ciyaaraha qaar, ciyaartoydu hadda waxay kaparticipat-geli karaan go'aanada ay sameeyeen maamuladu. Kubbadda cagta, teknoolojiga xariiqda goolka wuxuu sameeyaa go'aano ku saabsan haddii kubbadu ay goysay xariiqda goolka ama aysan goyn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=FIFA |title=Testing Manual |journal=FIFA Quality Programme for Goal Line Technology |year=2012 |url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifaqualityprogramme/goal-linetechnology/01/66/02/89/glt_testing_manual_2012.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030143223/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifaqualityprogramme/goal-linetechnology/01/66/02/89/glt%5Ftesting%5Fmanual%5F2012.pdf|archive-date=30 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Teknoolojigu ma aha mid khasab ah,&lt;ref name=IFABofficial&gt;{{cite web |title=IFAB makes three unanimous historic decisions |url=https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2012/m=7/news=ifab-makes-three-unanimous-historic-decisions-1660541.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507234418/http://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2012/m=7/news=ifab-makes-three-unanimous-historic-decisions-1660541.html |archive-date=7 May 2015 |publisher=FIFA |access-date=23 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; laakiin waxaa loo isticmaalay Koobka Duunka FIFA 2014 ee Brazil,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2014/m=4/news=goal-line-technology-set-ahead-fifa-world-cup-2311481.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511001351/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2014/m=4/news=goal-line-technology-set-ahead-fifa-world-cup-2311481.html |archive-date=11 May 2014 |title=Goal-line technology set up ahead of FIFA World Cup |date=1 April 2014 |publisher=FIFA |access-date=9 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo Koobka Duunka ee Dumarka ee FIFA 2015 ee Canada,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/y=2015/m=3/news=hawk-eye-confirmed-as-goal-line-technology-provider-for-canada-2015-2580727.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331170115/http://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/y=2015/m=3/news=hawk-eye-confirmed-as-goal-line-technology-provider-for-canada-2015-2580727.html |archive-date=31 March 2015 |title=Hawk-Eye confirmed as goal-line technology provider for Canada 2015 |date=31 March 2015 |publisher=[[FIFA]] |access-date=2 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; sida lagu isticmaalay Premier League tan iyo 2013–14,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC_Premier&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/22107409 |title=Goal-line technology: Premier League votes in favour for 2013–14 |publisher=BBC |date=11 April 2013 |access-date=11 April 2013 |archive-date=11 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411143514/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/22107409 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo Bundesliga tan iyo 2015–16.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.carlyleobserver.com/sports/bundesliga-approves-hawk-eye-goal-line-technology-for-new-season-1.1650074 |title=Bundesliga approves Hawk-Eye goal-line technology for new season |work=Carlyle Observer |access-date=9 June 2015 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029003339/https://www.carlyleobserver.com/sports/bundesliga-approves-hawk-eye-goal-line-technology-for-new-season-1.1650074 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; NFL-ka, garsooruhu wuxuu kordhin karaa dib u eegis ka timaada goobta dib u eegiska, ama tababaraha wuxuu soo saari karaa challenge si loo dib u eego ciyaarta iyadoo la isticmaalayo muujinta. Go'aanka kama-dambaysta ah wuxuu ku jiraa garsooraha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nfl.com/news/nfl-approves-rule-to-change-replay-process-0ap2000000336662 |title=NFL approves rule to change replay process |publisher=Business Insider |date=20 July 2011 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608173617/http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap2000000336662/article/nfl-approves-rule-to-change-replay-process |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Garsooraha fiidiyowga (caadi ahaan loo yaqaan Television Match Official ama TMO) wuxuu sidoo kale isticmaali karaa muujinta si uu u caawiyo go'aan-gaarida rugby-ga (labada liig iyo union).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rugbyworld.com/news/blogs/television-match-official-when-can-they-rule-14818 |title=Television Match Official – when can they rule |publisher=Rugby World |date=20 August 2011 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608222853/http://www.rugbyworld.com/news/blogs/television-match-official-when-can-they-rule-14818 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/club/9488451/New-rules-for-Television-Match-Officials-will-not-make-game-boring-to-watch-insist-rugby-chiefs.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/club/9488451/New-rules-for-Television-Match-Officials-will-not-make-game-boring-to-watch-insist-rugby-chiefs.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=New rules for Television Match Officials will not make game boring to watch, insist rugby chiefs |work=The Telegraph |date=20 August 2012 |access-date=8 June 2015|last1=Cleary |first1=Mick }}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cricket-ka caalamiga ah, garsooruhu wuxuu kordhin karaa go'aanka garsooraha saddexaad, garsooraha saddexaadna wuxuu sameeyaa go'aanka kama-dambaysta ah.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC Umpire&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/rules_and_equipment/4183398.stm |title=The role of cricket umpires |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=8 June 2015 |date=26 August 2005 |archive-date=2 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302114814/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/rules_and_equipment/4183398.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Top End&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/sport/cricket/technology.htm |title=Cricket Technology |publisher=Top End Sports |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608175247/http://www.topendsports.com/sport/cricket/technology.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tan iyo 2008, nidaamka dib u eegiska go'aanka ee ciyaartoyda si loo dib u eego go'aanada waxaa lagu soo bandhigay oo lagu isticmaalay tartamada uu maamulo ICC, iyo ikhtiyaar ahaan ciyaaraha kale.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC Umpire&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/cricket/controversial-drs-to-be-used-in-2015-icc-world-cup_1538054.html |title=Controversial DRS to be used in 2015 ICC World Cup |publisher=Zee News |date=29 January 2015 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608222859/http://zeenews.india.com/sports/cricket/controversial-drs-to-be-used-in-2015-icc-world-cup_1538054.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyada oo ku xiran warbaahinta martigalisa, tiro teknoolojiyo oo kala duwan ayaa lagu isticmaalaa inta lagu jiro dib u eegiska garsooraha ama ciyaartoyda, oo ay ku jiraan muujinta tooska ah, Hawk-Eye, Hot Spot iyo Real Time Snickometer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015/content/story/827213.html |title=Hawkeye, Realtime Snicko for World Cup |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=7 February 2015 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=10 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610075356/http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015/content/story/827213.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/icc-world-cup-3-top-reasons-why-did-not-use-hotspot-as-part-of-drs/20150213.htm |title=3 Top reasons why ICC did not use 'Hotspot' as part of DRS |newspaper=Rediff |publisher=Rediff cricket |date=13 February 2015 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608195717/http://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/icc-world-cup-3-top-reasons-why-did-not-use-hotspot-as-part-of-drs/20150213.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Hawk-Eye waxaa sidoo kale lagu isticmaalaa tennis-ka si loogu tartamo go'aanada garsoorida.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Almog |first1=David |last2=Gauriot |first2=Romain |last3=Page |first3=Lionel |last4=Martin |first4=Daniel |title=AI Has Entered the Court. Is This Changing Umpires' Calls? |url=https://insight.kellogg.northwestern.edu/article/ai-has-entered-the-court-is-this-changing-umpires-calls |website=Kellogg Insight |publisher=Kellogg School of Management |access-date=23 February 2026 |language=en |date=1 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/7305404.stm |title=Hawk-Eye challenge rules unified |date=19 March 2008 |access-date=22 August 2008 |work=BBC News |archive-date=23 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080323085536/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7305404.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ciyaaraha iyo waxbarashada ==
Cilmi-baadhisu waxay soo jeedinaysaa in ciyaaruhu ay leeyihiin awood ay ku xidhaan dhallinyarada iyo tusaalayaasha togan ee dadka waaweyn oo ay bixiyaan fursado horumarineed oo togan, sida ay u dhiirigeliyaan barashada iyo dabaqidda xirfadaha nolosha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fraser-Thomas |first1=Jessica L. |last2=Côté |first2=Jean |last3=Deakin |first3=Janice |date=2005 |title=Youth sport programs: an avenue to foster positive youth development |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/43501126 |journal=Physical Education &amp; Sport Pedagogy |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=19–40 |doi=10.1080/1740898042000334890 |hdl=1974/14425 |issn=1740-8989|hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=UNESCO|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366771|title=Strengthening the rule of law through education: a guide for policymakers|publisher=UNESCO|year=2019|isbn=978-92-3-100308-0|access-date=9 March 2020|archive-date=25 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225195201/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366771|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sannadaha dhow isticmaalka ciyaaraha si loo yareeyo dambiyada, sida in looga hortago xagjirnimada dagaalka ah iyo xagjirnimada, wuxuu noqday mid caan ah, gaar ahaan sida qalab lagu hagaajinayo kalsoonida nafta, kor loogu qaado xiriirada bulshada oo la siiyo ciyaartoyda dareen ujeeddo leh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ma jiro caddeyn heersare ah oo muujinaysa waxtarka dhiirigelinta lagu kordhinayo kaparticipatinka ciyaaraha ee bulshada ee ciyaaraha sida ololaha warbaahinta weyn, fadhiyada waxbarashada, iyo isbeddellada siyaasadda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Priest |first1=N |last2=Armstrong |first2=R |last3=Doyle |first3=J |last4=Waters |first4=E |date=16 July 2008 |title=Interventions Implemented Through Sporting Organisations for Increasing Participation in Sport |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=3 |article-number=CD004812 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004812.pub3 |pmid=18646112 |hdl-access=free |hdl=1885/285237|issn = 1464-780X }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sidoo kale ma jiraan wax barasho heersare ah oo baadhaya saamaynta dhiirigelinta noocan oo kale ah oo ku saabsan dhiirigelinta isbeddelka dhaqanka caafimaadka ee bulshada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |first1=Priest |last1=N |first2=Armstrong |last2=R |first3=Doyle |last3=J |first4=Water |last4=E |title=Policy Interventions Implemented Through Sporting Organisations for Promoting Healthy Behaviour Change |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |date=16 July 2008 |volume=2008 |issue=3 |article-number=CD004809 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004809.pub3 |pmid=18646111 |pmc=6464902}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shahaadooyinka waxbarashada waxaa lagu heli karaa ciyaaraha: tusaale ahaan, aqoonta ciyaaraha waa qeyb aqooneed oo si wanaagsan u dhisnaa. UK, BTEC National Diploma ku saabsan Tababarka Ciyaaraha iyo Horumarinta waxaa bixiya Pearson Education.&lt;ref&gt;Pearson Education, [https://qualifications.pearson.com/en/qualifications/btec-nationals/sports-coaching-and-development-2019.html Sports Coaching and Development (2019)], accessed on 29 August 2025&lt;/ref&gt; Waxaa jira afar shahaado oo ku jira qoyskan:
*Extended Certificate in Sports Coaching
*Foundation Diploma in Sports Coaching and Development
*Diploma in Sports Coaching and Development
*Extended Diploma in Sports Coaching and Development.&lt;ref&gt;Pearson Education, [https://qualifications.pearson.com/content/dam/pdf/BTEC-Nationals/sports-coaching-and-development/2019/specification-and-sample-assessments/btec-nats-non-measures-sports-coaching-and-development-spec.pdf Pearson BTEC Level 3 Nationals in Sports Coaching], accessed on 18 June 2022&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ciyaaraha iyo jir dhiska ==
Ciyaaraha ku jira jimicsiga jirka waxay leeyihiin saamayn togan oo ku saabsan heerarka fayowida ee ciyaartoyda. Dhinacyada guud, heerarka sare ee xoogga, xawaaraha, dulqaadka iyo dabacsanaanta waxaa lagu heli karaa iyada oo la waafajinayo baahida ciyaarta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bangsbo J.; Kissow J.; Hostrup M. |title=Speed Endurance Training to Improve Performance |journal=Scandinavian Journal of Medicine &amp; Science in Sports |date=July 2025 |volume=35 |issue=7 |doi=10.1111/sms.70091 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40576293/ |access-date=22 October 2026|pmc=12203883 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tusaale ahaan, qof wuxuu noqon karaa mid xoog badan oo leh heerarka sare ee dulqaadka troo legdinta ama mid dabacsan troo ciyaarida kubbadda koleyga. Ciyaaraha kala duwan waxay hagaajin karaan awoodaha jirka ee ciyaartoyga habab kala duwan. Walxaha xoogga, xawaaraha, dulqaadka iyo dabacsanaanta oo lagu isticmaalo ciyaaraha, oo lagu hagaajiyo, waxaa sidoo kale kordhin kara jimicsiga tababarka gaarka ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bill Foran; Robin Pound |title=Complete Conditioning for Basketball |date=2007 |publisher=Human Kinetics |location=Champaign |isbn=978-0-4354-6516-2 |page=171}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hagaajinta lagu helay jimicsigan waxay ka dib hagaajin kartaa awoodda ciyaartoyga ee uu ku ciyaaro ciyaarta. Tusaale jimicsiga dabacsanaanta, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano drill, waa marka qof waddo dabacsanaan ah oo ku taalla dhulka uu ku socdo. Qofku wuxuu boodayaa kor iyo horay si hal cag ay ugu jirto gudaha geeska wadada cagna ay ka baxsan tahay. Waxay ka dib boodayaan kor iyo horay mar kale si cagta ku jirta gudaha iyo cagta ka baxsan geeska ay isbeddelaan i.e. cagta bidix ee gudaha iyadoo cagta xaq a ay ka baxsan tahay, ka dib cagta xaq a ee gudaha iyadoo cagta bidix ay ka baxsan tahay iyo siday u socoto waddada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bill Foran; Robin Pound |title=Complete Conditioning for Basketball |date=2007 |publisher=Human Kinetics |location=Champaign |isbn=978-0-4354-6516-2 |page=175}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tani waxay caawisaa hagaajinta heerka guud ee dabacsanaanta sababtoo ah dabacsanaantu waa muhiim kubbadda koleyga waxay sidoo kale hagaajisaa awoodda kubbadda koleyga. Jimicsiga dabacsanaanta waxaa loo waafajin karaa si dhaqdhaqaaqyada lagu sameeyo ay ugu dhowaadaan kuwa lagu isticmaalo inta ay socoto ciyaartu. Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay in nooca dabacsanaanta ee la dhisay uu yahay mid loo wareejin karo tartanka dhabta ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bill Foran; Robin Pound |title=Complete Conditioning for Basketball |date=2007 |publisher=Human Kinetics |location=Champaign |isbn=978-0-4354-6516-2 |page=172}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tusaalihii hore, dhaqdhaqaaqa degdega ah iyo dhigista cagaha wuxuu dhisaa dhaqdhaqaaqa cagaha degdega ah oo loo baahan yahay ciyaarta kubbadda koleyga.

Barnaamijyada tababarka ciyaaraha waxay ku jiraan sameynta xirfadaha gaarka ah ee ciyaartaas i.e. tababarka kubbadda cagta wuxuu ku jiri karaa baasitaanka kubbadda oo lagu celceliyo, iyo hagaajinta fayowida jirka guud iyo awoodda i.e. orodka wareegyada garoonka. Labada diiradood ee tababarkan waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu dhigo qof mid waxtar badan leh ciyaartaas iyadoo lagu hagaajinayo awoodooda ay ku buuxinayaan oo ay uga baxayaan dhibaatooyinka ay bixiso.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Micheli |first1=Lyle J. |title=Encyclopedia of Sport Medicine |date=2011 |publisher=Sage Publications |location=Thousand Oaks |isbn=978-1-4129-6115-8 |chapter=Speed, Agility, and Speed Endurance Development}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Siyaasadda==
{{Main article|Politics and sports}}
{{See also|Sportswashing|Sociology of sport}}

Benito Mussolini wuxuu isticmaalay Koobka Duunka FIFA 1934, oo lagu qabtay Talyaaniga, si uu u muujiyo Talyaaniga Fascist-ka ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWj7BgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA28 |title=Soccer Vs. the State: Tackling Football and Radical Politics |last1=Kuhn |first1=Gabriel |date=2011 |page=28 |publisher=PM Press |access-date=8 June 2015 |isbn=978-1-60486-053-5 |archive-date=16 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216073648/https://books.google.com/books?id=HWj7BgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA28 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;World Fascism&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvD2rZSVau4C&amp;pg=PA630 |title=World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1 |last1=Blamires |first1=Cyprian |date=2006 |pages=630–632 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |access-date=8 June 2015 |isbn=978-1-57607-940-9 |archive-date=13 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213050912/https://books.google.com/books?id=nvD2rZSVau4C&amp;pg=PA630 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Adolf Hitler wuxuu isticmaalay Ciyaaraha Olimbikada Xagaaga 1936 ee lagu qabtay Berlin, iyo Ciyaaraha Olimbikada Jiilaalka 1936 ee lagu qabtay Garmisch-Partenkirchen, si uu u dhiirigeliyo caqiidada Nazi-ga ee sareynta dadka Aryan-ka, iyo hooseynta Yuhuudda iyo &quot;kuwa kale oo aan la rabin&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;World Fascism&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sociology Sport&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uKarC6oX3P8C&amp;q=hitler+used+1936+olympics+to+promote+ideology&amp;pg=PT32 |title=The Sociology of Sport and Physical Education |last1=Saxena |first1=Anurag |year=2001 |publisher=Pinnacle Technology |access-date=8 June 2015 |isbn=978-1-61820-468-4 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jarmalku wuxuu isticmaalay Olimbikada si uu u muujiyo muuqaal nabad ah iyadoo hoose si qarsoodi ah loogu diyaargarobayay dagaal.&lt;ref&gt;''Kulttuurivihkot'' 1 2009 Berliinin olympialaiset 1936 Poliittisen viattomuuden menetys Jouko Jokisalo 28–29{{in lang|fi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Markii apartheid uu ahaa siyaasadda rasmiga ah ee Koonfur Afrika, tiro ciyaartoy ah, gaar ahaan rugby union-ka, waxay qaateen dhabar-adayg ah in aysan ka muuqan ciyaaraha tartanka ah ee halkaas ka jira. Kuwa qaar waxay u arkaan in tani ay ahayd waxtar waxtar leh oo ku saabsan dhammaadka apartheid, kuwa kalena waxay u arkaan in ay sii dheeraysay oo ay sii xoojisay saamaynteeda ugu darayd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Sport and apartheid|journal=History Compass|volume=3|pages= **|doi=10.1111/j.1478-0542.2005.00165.x|year = 2005|last1 = Merrett|first1 = Christopher}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Taariikhda Ireland, ciyaaraha Gaelic waxay ku xirnaayeen waddaniyadda dhaqanka. Illaa bartamihii qarnigii 20aad qof waa la mamnuuci karay in uu ciyaaro Gaelic football, hurling, ama ciyaaraha kale oo maamulo Ururka Ciyaaraha Gaelic (GAA) haddii uu ciyaaro ama taageero kubbadda cagta, ama ciyaaraha kale oo loo arko in ay ka yimaadeen Ingriiska. GAA waxay mamnuucday ciyaarida kubbadda cagta iyo rugby union-ka garoomada Gaelic. Mamnuucan, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano Xeerka 42,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fulton |first1=Gareth |last2=Bairner |first2=Alan |year=2007 |title=Sport, Space and National Identity in Ireland: The GAA, Croke Park and Rule&amp;nbsp;42. |journal=Space &amp; Polity |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=55–74 |doi=10.1080/13562570701406592 |s2cid=143213001 }}&lt;/ref&gt; weli waa lagu dhaqmaa, laakiin waa la beddelay si loogu oggolaado kubbadda cagta iyo rugby-ga in lagu ciyaaro Croke Park iyadoo Lansdowne Road dib loo dhisayay iyadoo loo beddelayo Aviva Stadium. Xeerka 21 hoostiisa, GAA waxay mamnuucday xubnaha ciidamada nabadgelyada Ingriiska iyo xubnaha Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) in ay ciyaaraan ciyaaraha Gaelic, laakiin karradkii Heshiiskii Jimcaha Wanaagsanaa ee 1998 wuxuu keenay ka saarida mamnuucan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=50th anniversary of abolition of 'The Ban' offers pause for perspective |url=https://www.gaa.ie/news/50th-anniversary-of-abolition-of-the-ban-offers-pause-for-perspective/ |access-date=2 July 2023 |website=www.gaa.ie |date=9 April 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Waddaniyaddu inta badan waxay ka muuqataa raadinta ciyaaraha ama warbixinteeda: ciyaartoydu waxay ku tartamaan kooxaha qaranka, oo weriyayaasha ama dhagaystayaashu inta badan waxay qaataan fikrado leexsan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Arnold|first=Richard|title=Nationalism and Sport: A Review of the Field|journal=Nationalities Papers|year=2020|volume=49|issue=1|pages=2–11|doi=10.1017/nps.2020.9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mararka kaar, fardhadan waxay u beddelataa dagaal u dhexeya ciyaartoyda ama daawadayaasha, sida inta lagu jiro Dagaalkii Kubbadda Cagta ee 1969 ee u dhexeyay El Salvador iyo Honduras, oo ah dagaal uu kiciyay rabshadaha ku taalla kaparticipatinka Koobka Duunka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Jennings|first=Andrew|title=Has football ever started a war?|work=The Guardian|date=2007-02-21|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2007/feb/21/theknowledge.sport|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dhacdooyinkan waxaa loo arkaa kuwo ka dhan ah ruuxa muhiimka ah ee ciyaaraha—kaas oo ah, in loogu tartamo ujeedadeeda lafahaadeed iyo baashaalka ciyaartoyda. Siyaasadda iyo ciyaaruhu waxay si xanuun badan u isku arkeen Olimbikadii Munich 1972, markii dagaalyahanno Falastiiniyiin ah ay ka soo galeen Tuulada Olimbikada, iyagoo la haystayaal u qaday xubnaha kooxda Israa'iil, iyagoo aakhirkiina dilay 11 ciyaartoy oo loo yaqaano gumaadkii Munich.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|publisher=Reuters|title=Paris ceremony honours Israeli athletes killed in 1972 Munich Games attack|date=2024-08-06|url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/olympics/paris-ceremony-honours-israeli-athletes-killed-1972-munich-games-attack-2024-08-06/|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Barashada doorashooyinka US waxay muujisay in natiijada dhacdooyinka ciyaaruhu ay saamayso natiijooyinka. Barasho lagu daabacay Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences waxay muujisay in marka kooxda gurigu ay guuleysato ciyaarta ka hor doorashada, murashaxiinta maamulka ku jira ay kordhin karaan saamigooda codadka 1.5%. Guuldaradu waxay lahayd saamayn iska soo horjeeda, saamayntanina waa ka weyn tahay kooxaha sare ama guulaha iyo guuldarooyinka aan la filayn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Will Ohio State's Football Team Decide Who Wins the White House? |author1=Tyler Cowen |author2=Kevin Grier |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |date=24 October 2012 |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2012/10/how_the_presidential_race_between_barack_obama_and_mitt_romney_could_be.html |access-date=29 December 2013 |archive-date=30 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233509/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2012/10/how_the_presidential_race_between_barack_obama_and_mitt_romney_could_be.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Marka Washington Commanders ay guuleystaan ciyaartooda kama-dambaysta ah ka hor doorashada, markaas madaxweynaha maamulka ku jira wuxuu leeyahay fursad ka badan oo uu ku guuleysto, haddii ay guuldarraystaana, murashaxa mucaaradka wuxuu leeyahay fursad ka badan oo uu ku guuleysto; tani waxay noqotay mid loo yaqaan Xeerka Redskins.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/football-insider/wp/2012/11/03/will-redskins-rule-again-determine-outcome-of-presidential-election/ |title=Will Redskins Rule again determine outcome of presidential election? |author=Mike Jones |date=3 November 2012 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=14 September 2017 |archive-date=7 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107110626/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/football-insider/wp/2012/11/03/will-redskins-rule-again-determine-outcome-of-presidential-election/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espnfrontrow.com/2012/10/redskins-rule-mnfs-hirdt-on-intersection-of-football-politics/ |title='Redskins Rule': MNF's Hirdt on intersection of football &amp; politics |work=ESPN Front Row |date=30 October 2012 |access-date=12 June 2015 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032035/http://www.espnfrontrow.com/2012/10/redskins-rule-mnfs-hirdt-on-intersection-of-football-politics/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sida keenista maamulida iyo hoos-u-dhicida dadka===
Étienne de La Boétie, qoraalkiisa Discourse on Voluntary Servitude wuxuu ku qeexayaa ciyaaraha daawashada sida habab ay kalitalisyadu ku maamulaan dadkooda iyagoo ka leexinaya diiradda.
&lt;blockquote&gt;
Ha u malaynina in uu jiro shimbir si fudud loo qabto decoy-ga, ama samayn kasta oo si degdeg ah ku xiranta jillaabka troo sedka gooryaanka ah, ka sii badan dhammaan doqoomadan saboolka ah oo si caqli badan loogu khayay addoonsiga...waxay isu oggolaadaan in la qabto si degdeg ah marka la joogo taabashada yar ee rabitaankooda. Ciyaaraha, riwaayadaha, daawashada, gladiators, xayawaanka yaabka leh, biladaha, sawirrada, iyo daroogooyinka kale oo noocan oo kale ah, kuwani waxay u ahaayeen dadkii duugga ahaa sedka loo adeegsado addoonsiga, qiimaha xorriyaddooda, qalabka kalitalisnimada. Troo kuwan...dhiirigelinta kalitalisyadii duugga ahaa waxay si guul leh ugu seexiyeen dadkooda madaxa hoostiisa, iyadoo dadkii wareeray, ay ku sasabmeen madadaalada iyo baashaalka been-abuurka ah ee ka muuqday eygooda ka hor, ay barteen adheecsiga si fudud...sida carruurta yaryari ay u bartaan akhriska iyagoo eegaya buugaagta sawirrada dhalaalaya.&lt;ref&gt;Étienne de La Boétie, ''Discourse on Voluntary Servitude'' (1549), Part 2&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;Intii uu socday maamulkii Ingriiska ee Bengal, ciyaaraha Ingriiska iyo Yurub waxay bilaabeen in ay beddelaan ciyaaraha soo jireenka ah ee Bengal, taas oo keentay in la lumiyo dhaqankii hoose.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/904168|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126161837/https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/904168|title=Disappearance of Traditional games by the imitation of Colonial Culture through the Historical parameters of Cultural Colonialism|archive-date=26 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801043229/https://dergipark.org.tr/|title=Ana Sayfa » DergiPark|archive-date=1 August 2019|website=dergipark.org.tr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jarmalkii Bari oo ay maamulayeen shuuciyadu, tan iyo 1970-yadii illaa 1990, 'noin 3,000 oo caawiyayaal aan rasmi ahayn ayaa lagu isticmaalay sannad kasta ciyaaraha heerka sare ah, oo ay ku jiraan ciyaartoy badan oo kubbadda cagta ah, taageerayaal iyo garsoorayaal'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Mike Dennis |first1=Norman LaPorte |title=State and Minorities in Communist East Germany |date=2011 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-0-857-45-195-8 |page=125 |chapter=Football fans, hooligans and the state}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ujeedooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee Stasi ay ku dhistay nidaamkan ballaaran ee caawiyayaasha ah waxay ahayd in ka hortag lagaga sameeyo ciyaartoyda in ay u baxsadaan Galbeedka, iyagoo isticmaalaya labada hab ee ilaalinta iyo caddadinta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Mike Dennis |first1=Norman LaPorte |title=State and Minorities in Communist East Germany |date=2011 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-0-857-45-195-8 |page=125 |chapter=Football fans, hooligans and the state}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Fikradaha diinta==
{{main|New Testament athletic metaphors}}
[[File:Panathenaic amphora Kleophrades Louvre F277.jpg|thumb|Orodka cagaha wuxuu ahaa hal dhacdo oo loo go'aamiyay Zeus. Panathenaic amphora, Kleophrades painter, Circa 500 BC, Louvre museum.]]
Ciyaaruhu waxay ahaayeen nooc muhiim ah oo cibaado ah Diinta Gariigii Hore. Ciyaaraha Olimbikada ee duugga ahaa waxaa lagu qaban jiray maamuuska ilaaha sare, Zeus, iyadoo lagu muujinayo noocyo kala duwan oo u-go'aaminta diinta ah ee isaga iyo ilaahyada kale.&lt;ref&gt;Gardinier, Norman E., 'The Olympic Festival' in ''Greek Athletic Sports and Festivals'', London: MacMillan, 1910, p.195&lt;/ref&gt; Gariig badan ayaa u safrayay si ay u eegaan ciyaaraha, iyadoo isku-darka socdaalka diinta iyo ciyaaraha uu u served-garaynayay sida hab lagu maamulayo midnimadooda oo hal dad ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Harker |first1=Barry H. |title=Strange Fire: Christianity and the Rise of Modern Olympianism |date=2006 |publisher=Hartland Publications |location=Rapidan |isbn=0-923309-39-X |page=75 |chapter=6: Olympia and Jerusalem}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku-practice-garaynta tartamada ciyaaraha waxaa dhaleeceeyay mufakiriinta Masiixiga ah oo loo arkayay nooc sanam-caabudid ah, oo &quot;aadamuhu uu is-sareeyo, is-caabudo, is-saciifiyo oo is-abaalmariyo.&quot;&lt;ref name=Watson1&gt;''Sports and Christianity: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives'', Nick J. Watson, ed. (Routledge: 2013), p. 178.&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha waxaa loo arkaa kuwo dhaleeceeyayaashan ay u arkaan muujinta &quot;kibri wadajir ah&quot; iyo &quot;is-ilaahaysi qaran&quot; oo awoodaha aadamaha lagu sanam-caabudo iyada oo laga tagayo cibaadada diinta.&lt;ref name=Watson1/&gt;

Tertullian wuxuu dhaleeceeyay waxqabadka ciyaaraha ee maalmihiisii, wuxueena ku insisted-garaynayay &quot;dhammaan qalabka nooca ciyaaraha wuxuu ku dhisnaa sanam-caabudid.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Tertullian, ''De spectaculis'', Chapter 4.&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha, wuxuu leeyahay Tertullian, waxay kiciyaan dareenno la yaab leh oo ka baxsan dabeecadda deggen ee uu dhisay Masiixiga:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
Ilaah wuxuu nagu amray inaan u dhaqanno si deggen, si tartiib ah, si ka samaysan nabad, iyadoo uu la joogo Ruhal Qudus-ka, sababtoo ah waxyaabahani oo keliya waxay ku habboon yihiin wanaagga Dabeecaddiisa, iyadoo leh debecsanaanteisa iyo dareenkiisa. ... Hagaag, sida ay tani ugu habboonaan doontaa ciyaaraha? Sababtoo ah ciyaartu mar walba waxay keentaa iztiroob ruuxi ah, sababtoo ah halka ay ka jirto baashaal, waxaa ka jira dareen adag oo bixinaya baashaalka; halka ay ka jirto dareen adag, waxaa ka jira tartan oo siinaya kuleylkiisa. Ka dibna, marka aad leedahay tartan, waxaad leedahay carro, qadhaadh, xanaaq iyo calool-xumo, iyadoo dhammaan waxyaabaha xun ay ka soo bayaan kuwan – oo dhan si buuxda oo ka baxsan diinta Masiixa.&lt;ref&gt;''De spectaculis'' Chapter 15.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
Wadaaddada Masiixiga ee dhaqdhaqaaqa Wesleyan-Holiness waxay ka soo horjeedaan daawashada ama kaparticipatinka ciyaaraha xirfadlaha ah, iyagoo raba in liigyada ciyaaraha xirfadlaha ah ay nijaaseeyaan Sabtida, oo ay la tartamaan u-go'aaminta Masiixiga ee Ilaah, muujiyaan la'aanta xishoodka ee dharka ciyaartoyda iyo cheerleaders-ka, oo ay ku xirnaadaan dagaal iyo isticmaalka dhaaraha ee u dhexeya ciyaartoy badan, oo ay dhiirigeliyaan khamaarka, sida khamriga iyo dawooyinka kale ee dhacdooyinka ciyaaraha, oo ka dhan ah u-go'aaminta teetotalism-ka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Handel2020&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Handel |first1=Paul S. |title=Reasons Why Organized Sports Are Not Pleasing to God |date=2020 |publisher=Immanuel Missionary Church |page=4 |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Xigashooyinka==
{{Reflist}}

===Ilaha===
* European Commission (2007), ''The White Paper on Sport''
* Council of Europe (2001), ''The European sport charter''
*{{Free-content attribution
| title = Strengthening the rule of law through education: a guide for policymakers
| publisher = UNESCO
| page numbers =
| documentURL = https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366771
| license statement URL =
| license = CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO
}}

==Sii akhriso==
{{Sister project links|Sports|voy=Sport}}
* ''The Meaning of Sports'' by Michael Mandel (PublicAffairs, {{ISBN|1-58648-252-1}}).
* [https://www.tandfonline.com/journals/rjps20 ''Journal of the Philosophy of Sport'']
* Sullivan, George. ''The Complete Sports Dictionary''. New York: Scholastic Book Services, 1979. p.&amp;nbsp;199. {{ISBN|0-590-05731-6}}

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      <text bytes="78358" sha1="6ax4exr8atyzhlc5er0iovppt9pacn4" xml:space="preserve">[[File:2015 29 Somali National Team-1 (21007355596).jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|right|Ciyaartoyda kooxda kubadda cagta qaranka [[Soomaaliya]] intii lagu jiray tababarkii [[2015]] ]]
[[File:London Marathon 2005 at Blackfriars.jpg|thumb|Orodka London Marathon 2005: orodada, noocyadooda kala duwan, waxay u taagan yihiin nooca ugu duugga badan uguna jilicsan ciyaaraha.]]

'''Ciyaaraha''' ({{lang-en|Sport}}) waa dhaqdhaqaaq jirkaga ah ama ciyaar, oo inta badan tartan iyo habaysan ah, oo ilaaliya ama hagaajiya awoodda jirrka iyo xirfadaha. Ciyaaruhu waxay bixin karaan baashaal ciyaartoyda iyo madadaalo daawadayaasha. Tirada ciyaartoyda ciyaar gaar ah waxay ka bilaaban kartaa boqolaal qof illaa hal qof oo keliya.

Dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka wuxuu ku xiran yahay dhinacyo kala duwan oo caafimaadka iyo cimri dheerida ah. Heerarka sare ee dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka waxay ku xiran yihiin khatar hoose oo dhimashada dhammaan sababaha iyo dhimashada cudurrada wadnaha, istaroogga iskeemikada, iyo wadne xanuunka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kraus2019&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Kraus | first1 = William E. | last2 = Powell | first2 = Kenneth E. | last3 = Haskell | first3 = William L. | last4 = Janz | first4 = Kathleen F. | last5 = Campbell | first5 = Wayne W. | last6 = Jakicic | first6 = John M. | last7 = Troiano | first7 = Richard P. | title = Physical activity, all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, and cardiovascular disease | journal = Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise | volume = 51 | issue = 6 | pages = 1270 | date = 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka wuxuu sidoo kale ku xiran yahay hoos u dhaca astaamaha niyad-jabka, walwalka, iyo iztiroobka nafsiga ah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh2023&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Singh | first1 = Ben | last2 = Olds | first2 = Timothy | last3 = Curtis | first3 = Rachel | last4 = Dumuid | first4 = Dorothea | last5 = Virgara | first5 = Rosa | last6 = Watson | first6 = Amanda | last7 = Szeto | first7 = Kimberley | title = Effectiveness of physical activity interventions for improving depression, anxiety and distress: an overview of systematic reviews | journal = British Journal of Sports Medicine | volume = 57 | issue = 18 | pages = 1203-1209 | date = 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Munro2026&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Munro | first1 = Neil Richard | last2 = Teague | first2 = Samantha | last3 = Somoray | first3 = Klaire | last4 = Simpson | first4 = Aaron | last5 = Budden | first5 = Timothy | last6 = Jackson | first6 = Ben | last7 = Rebar | first7 = Amanda | last8 = Dimmock | first8 = James | title = Effect of exercise on depression and anxiety symptoms: systematic umbrella review with meta-meta-analysis | journal = British Journal of Sports Medicine | volume = 60 | issue = 8 | pages = 590-599 | date = 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Noetel2024&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Noetel | first1 = Michael | last2 = Sanders | first2 = Taren | last3 = Gallardo-Gómez | first3 = Daniel | last4 = Taylor | first4 = Paul | last5 = del Pozo Cruz | first5 = Borja | last6 = Van Den Hoek | first6 = Daniel | last7 = Smith | first7 = Jordan J. | title = Effect of exercise for depression: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials | journal = BMJ | volume = 384 | date = 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Gaar ahaan, jimicsiga aerobikada, yoogada, iyo jimicsiga noocyada badan leh ayaa loo helay in ay waxtar u leeyihiin hoos u dhicida astaamaha niyad-jabka umusha ka dib.&lt;ref name=&quot;Campos-Marin2025&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Campos-Marin | first1 = Álvaro | last2 = García-Muñoz | first2 = Cristina | last3 = Matias-Soto | first3 = Javier | last4 = Martinez-Calderon | first4 = Javier | title = What interventions focused on physical activity could improve postpartum depression symptoms? An overview of systematic reviews with meta-analysis | journal = Healthcare | volume = 13 | issue = 12 | pages = 1419 | date = 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tartamada ciyaaruhu waxay isticmaali karaan nooca koox ama qof keliya, waxayna noqon karaan kuwo furan, oo u oggolaanaya tiro ballaaran oo ciyaartoy ah, ama kuwo xiran, oo ku xaddidaya kaparticipatinka kooxo gaar ah ama kuwa la casuumay. Tartamadu waxay oggolaan karaan &quot;barbardhac&quot;, oo aysan ka jirin hal guuleyste; kuwo kale waxay bixiyaan hababka barbardhac-jebinta si loo xaqiijiyo in uu jiro hal guuleyste oo keliya. Waxaa sidoo kale loo dhabar-adkeyn karaa nooca tartanka, oo soo saaraya horyaal. Liigyo badan oo ciyaareed waxay samaysan karaan horyaal sannadle ah iyagoo dhisaya ciyaaro xilliga caadiga ah ee ciyaaraha, oo ay la socdaan xaaladaha qaar ciyaaraha kama-dambaysta ah .

Ciyaaraha guud ahaan waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay nidaam dhaqdhaqaaqyo ku dhisnaa ciyaartoynimada jirka ama xirfadda jirka, iyadoo tartamada waaweyni ay oggol yihiin oo keliya ciyaaraha buuxiya qeexiddaan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.olympic.org/sports |title=List of Summer and Winter Olympic Sports and Events |publisher=The Olympic Movement |date=14 November 2018 |access-date=5 March 2012 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225174712/https://www.olympic.org/sports%20 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ururada qaar, sida Golaha Yurub, waxay ka reebayaan dhaqdhaqaaqyada aan lahayn wax walbo oo jirka ah nooca ciyaaraha.&lt;ref name=&quot;council&quot;&gt;Qoraalka tixraaca&lt;/ref&gt; Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tiro dhaqdhaqaaqyo tartan ah, laakiin aan ahayn kuwo jirka ah, waxay sheegtaan aqoonsi sida ciyaaraha maanka. Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee Olimbikada oo kormeera Ciyaaraha Olombikada wuxuu u aqoonsan yahay shataraanka iyo bridge-ka ciyaaro ahaan. SportAccord, oo ah ururka xiriirada ciyaaraha caalamiga ah, wuxuu aqoonsan yahay shanta ciyaarood oo aan ahayn kuwo jirka ah: shataraanka, buundo, checkers, Go iyo xiangqi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |publisher=SportAccord |title=World Mind Games |url=http://www.sportaccord.com/en/multi-sports-games/index.php?idIndex=35&amp;idContent=658 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508021848/http://www.sportaccord.com/en/multi-sports-games/index.php?idIndex=35&amp;idContent=658 |archive-date=8 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |publisher=SportAccord |title=Members |url=http://www.sportaccord.com/en/members/index.php?idContent=644&amp;idIndex=32 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507073823/http://www.sportaccord.com/en/members/index.php?idContent=644&amp;idIndex=32 |archive-date=7 May 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay xaddidaan tirada ciyaaraha maanka ee loo oggolaan karo ciyaaro ahaan.&lt;ref name=&quot;sportaccord&quot;&gt;Qoraalka tixraaca&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha guud ahaan waxaa maamula xeerar ama caadooyin, oo u adeega xaqiijinta tartan caadil ah. Guushu waxay ku go'aansami kartaa matalaadaha jirka sida dhibcaha goolasha ama goynta xariiqda marka ugu horreysa. Waxaa sidoo kale go'aamin kara garsoorayaal dhibcaha ka bixinaya waxqabadka ciyaaraha, oo ay ku jiraan xaalado ujeeddo leh ama kuwo fikrad ah sida waxqabadka farsamada ama saamaynta incaamka artistique.

Diiwaanka waxqabadka inta badan waa la dhowraa, ciyaaraha caanka ahna, macluumaadkan waxaa laga yaabaa in si ballaaran looga dhawaaqo ama looga warramo wararka ciyaaraha. Ciyaaruhu sidoo kale waa il muhiim ah oo madadaalo u ah dadka aan kaparticipatgaraynayn, iyadoo ciyaaraha daawashada ay soo jiitaan dad badan garoomada ciyaaraha, oo ay gaaraan dhagaystayaal ballaaran oo maraya teevishanka ama radayowga. Khamaarka ciyaaraha xaaladaha qaar si daran ayaa loo maamulaa, xaaladaha kalena waa qayb ka mid ah ciyaaraha.

Sida ku cad A.T. Kearney, oo ah shirkad la-talinta, kiiska ciyaaraha ee caalamiga ah wuxuu qiimihiisu yahay ilaa $620 bilyan marka la joogo 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/news/international/21585012-sportswomen-are-beginning-score-more-commercial-goalsbut-they-still-have-lot-ground |title=Women in sport: Game, sex and match |newspaper=The Economist |date=7 September 2013 |access-date=14 September 2017 |archive-date=2 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802224933/http://www.economist.com/news/international/21585012-sportswomen-are-beginning-score-more-commercial-goalsbut-they-still-have-lot-ground |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaarta ugu helitaanka iyo ku practice-garaynta badan dunida waa orodka, halka kubbadda cagtu ay tahay ciyaarta daawashada ugu caansan.&lt;ref name=&quot;wa&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-are-the-most-popular-sports-in-the-world.html |title=The Most Popular Sports in the World |date=2018 |website=www.worldatlas.com |publisher=World Atlas |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817161238/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-are-the-most-popular-sports-in-the-world.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ujeeddada iyo adeegsiga==
===Etimoolojiga===
Ereyga &quot;sport&quot; wuxuu ka yimid Faransiiskii Hore desport oo dhahaya &quot;waqti firaaqo&quot;, iyadoo qeexiddii ugu duugnayd ee Ingiriisida ee qarnigii 1300 ay ahayd &quot;wax kasta oo aadamuhu u arko kuwo xiiso leh ama madadaalo leh&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=sport&amp;searchmode=none |title=sport (n.) |access-date=20 April 2008 |first=Douglas |last=Harper |work=Online Etymological Dictionary |archive-date=11 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111214311/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=sport&amp;searchmode=none |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ujeedooyinka kale waxaa ka mid ah khamaarka iyo dhacdooyinka loo sameeyay ujeeddada khamaarka; ugaarsiga; iyo ciyaaraha iyo baashaalka, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa u baahan jimicsi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged |publisher=G&amp;C Merriam Company |location=Springfield, MA |page=2206 |year=1967}}&lt;/ref&gt; Roget's wuxuu qeexayaa ciyaaraha sida &quot;dhaqdhaqaaq loo sameeyo nasasho iyo madadaalo&quot; iyadoo synonyms-ku ay ku jiraan madadaalo iyo firaaqo-wadaag.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Roget's II: The New Thesaurus|edition =3rd|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |url=https://archive.org/details/rogetsiiinewthes00houg |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-618-25414-9 |url-access=registration }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sida loo magacaabo===
Ereyga kali ah ee &quot;sport&quot; waxaa loo isticmaalaa lahjadaha Ingiriisida badankood si loogu qeexo fikradda guud, tusaale &quot;carruurta kaparticipatgaraynaysa ciyaaraha&quot;, iyadoo &quot;sports&quot; loo isticmaalo si loogu qeexo dhaqdhaqaaqyo badan, tusaale &quot;kubbadda cagta iyo rugby waa ciyaaraha ugu caansan Ingriiska&quot;. Ingiriisida Mareykanka waxay isticmaashaa &quot;sports&quot; labada macnaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sport vs sports – Usage Notes |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/sport-s-sports |publisher=Cambridge University Press |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sport |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sport |publisher=Merriam-Webster |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Qeexidda===
{{see also|Game#Definitions}}
[[File:ChessStartingPosition.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee Olimbikada wuxuu u aqoonsan yahay ciyaaraha guddiga qaar ka mid ah ciyaaro ahaan, oo uu ku jiro shataraanka.]]
[[File:Showjumping white horse.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|Boodidda fardaha, oo ah ciyaar fardoolay ah]]
Qeexidda saxda ah ee ka soocaysa ciyaarta dhaqdhaqaaqyada kale ee firaaqada waxay ku kala duwan tahay ilaha. Midda ugu dhow heshiis caalami ah oo ku saabsan qeexidda waxaa bixiya Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Xiriirada Ciyaaraha Caalamiga ah (GAISF), oo ah ururka dhammaan xiriirada ciyaaraha caalamiga ah ee ugu waaweyn (oo ay ku jiraan kubbadda cagta, ciyaaraha fudud, baaskiil wadida, tennis-ka, ciyaaraha fardoolayda, iyo kuwo kale), saas darteedna waa maamulaha rasmiga ah ee ciyaaraha caalamiga ah.

GAISF wuxuu isticmaalaa shuruudaha soo socda, wuxueena go'aamiyaa in ciyaartu tahay inay:&lt;ref name=sportaccord/&gt;
* leedahay walab tartanka ah
* aysan wax ku nool ah dhib u geysanayn
* aysan ku tiirsanayn qalab uu bixiyo hal alaab-qeybiye oo keliya (oo ay ka reeban yihiin ciyaaraha iska lahaanshaha ah sida kubbadda cagta arena)
* aysan ku tiirsanayn wax &quot;nasiib&quot; ah oo gaar ahaan loogu talagalay ciyaarta.

Waxay sidoo kale aqoonsan yihiin in ciyaartu noqon karto ku dhawaad jirka (sida rugby ama ciyaaraha fudud), ku dhawaad maanka (sida shataraanka ama Go), ku dhawaad matoorada (sida Formula 1 ama doonyaha matoorka), ku dhawaad iskudubaridka iyo xirfadda (sida snooker iyo ciyaaraha kale ee cue-ka), ama ku dhawaad kuwa xayawaanku taageeraan (sida ciyaaraha fardoolayda).&lt;ref name=sportaccord/&gt;

Koodinta ciyaaraha maanka ee gudaha qeexidda ciyaaraha lama wada aqbalin, taas oo keentay lchallenge-yo sharci ah oo ka yimid maamulada maamula marka loo eego in loo diaday maalgelinta loo hayo ciyaaraha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |work=BBC News |title=Judicial review of 'sport' or 'game' decision begins |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-34320201 |date=22 September 2015 |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-date=23 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023020304/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-34320201 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Laakiin iyadoo GAISF ay aqoonsan tahay tiro yar oo ciyaaraha maanka ah, ma furaan in ay kaparticipat-geliyaan ciyaaro kale oo maanka ah.

Waxaa jiray kordho adeegsiga ereyga &quot;sport&quot; ee ku saabsan ciyaaro ballaaran oo aan ahayn kuwo jirka ah sida ciyaaraha fiidiyowga, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano esports (ka yimid &quot;ciyaaraha elektaroonigga ah&quot;), gaar ahaan sababtoo ah baaxadda weyn ee kaparticipatinka iyo tartanka habaysan, laakiin kuwan si ballaaran looma aqoonsana ururada ciyaaraha ee waaweyn. Sida ku cad Golaha Yurub, Axdiga Ciyaaraha Yurub, maqaalka 2.i, &quot;'Sport' waa dhammaan noocyada dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka oo, troo kaparticipatinka caadiga ah ama habaysan, haysata ujeedo lagu muujinayo ama lagu hagaajinayo fayowida jirka iyo wanaagga maanka, dhisida xiriirada bulshada ama helitaanka natiijooyinka tartanka heerarka dhan.&quot;&lt;ref name=council/&gt;

===Tartanka===
[[File:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb|left|Orodka fardaha]]

Waxaa jira fikrado iska soo horjeeda oo ku saabsan muhiimadda tartanka uu u leeyahay walaxda qeexaysa ciyaarta, iyadoo ku dhawaad dhammaan ciyaaraha xirfadlaha ah ay ku jiraan tartan, maamulada maamulana ay u baahan yihiin tartan inay tahay shuruud ka hor aqoonsiga Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee Olimbikada (IOC) ama GAISF.&lt;ref name=sportaccord/&gt;

Ururada kale waxay u doodaan ballaadhinta qeexidda ciyaaraha si ay u noqoto dhammaan noocyada dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka, oo aysan ahayn oo keliya dhacdooyinka habaysan ama tartanka ah. Tusaale ahaan, Axdiga Ciyaaraha ee Golaha Yurub wuxuu qeexayaa &quot;sport&quot; sida: &quot;dhammaan noocyada dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka oo, troo kaparticipatinka caadiga ah ama habaysan, looga dan leeyahay ilaalinta ama hagaajinta fayowida jirka iyo wanaagga maanka, dhisida xiriirada bulshada ama helitaanka natiijooyinka tartanka heerarka dhan&quot;, iyadoo si cad u dhexgalinaysa jimicsiga baashaalka ah ee loo sameeyo kaliya baashaal ahaan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=Jun 2022 |title=Revised European Sports Charter – Article 2 |url=https://rm.coe.int/revised-european-sports-charter-web-a6/1680a7534b |publisher=Council of Europe |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title= The Development and Prospects for Community Action in the Field of Sport |date=29 September 1998 |url=https://ec.europa.eu/assets/eac/sport/library/documents/doc252_en.pdf |publisher=European Commission |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Si loo ballaadhiyo kaparticipatinka, oo loo yareeyo saamaynta laga helayo guuldarada ciyaartoyda aan awoodda badan lahayn, waxaa jiray soo-bandhigidda dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka oo aan ahayn tartan ee dhacdooyinka tartanka ah ee caadiga ah sida maalmaha ciyaaraha ee dugsiyada, inkasta oo dhaqdhaqaaqyada noocan oo kale ah ay noqon karaan kuwo muran dhaliya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Front |first=Rebecca |work=The Guardian |title=A little competition |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/jul/17/school-sport-competitive-children-achievement-ambition |date=17 July 2011 |access-date=13 December 2016 |archive-date=15 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315143528/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/jul/17/school-sport-competitive-children-achievement-ambition |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |publisher=ParentDish |title=Why parents hate school sports day |last=Scrimgeour |first=Heidi |date=17 June 2011 |url=http://www.parentdish.co.uk/2011/06/17/why-parents-hate-school-sports-day/ |access-date=11 June 2012 |archive-date=24 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024182750/http://www.parentdish.co.uk/2011/06/17/why-parents-hate-school-sports-day/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dhacdooyinka tartanka ah, ciyaartoyda waxaa lagu qiimeeyaa ama lagu kala saaraa ku dhisnaanta &quot;natiijadooda&quot; iyadoo inta badan loo qeybiyo kooxo leh waxqabad loo siman yahay, tusaale, jinsiga, miisaanka iyo da'da. Qiyaasta natiijadu waxay noqon kartaa ku dhawaad ujeeddo ama fikrad, oo lagu saxo &quot;handicaps&quot; ama ganaaxyo. Tartanka orodka, tusaale ahaan, waqtiga lagu dhameeyay wadada waa qiyaas ujeeddo ah. Jimnaastikada ama quusida, natiijada waxaa go'aamiya garsoorayaal, sidaas darteedna waa fikrad. Waxaa jira heerar garsoorid dhex-dhexaad ah oo u dhexeya feerka iyo ciyaaraha la isku daray ee dagaalka, oo haddii aysan labada ciyaartoy midna guul helin ka hor waqtiga xaddidan, natiijada waxaa go'aamiya kaararka dhibcaha garsoorayaasha. Feerka, saddex garsoore ayaa si madax-bannaan dhibcaha uga bixiya wareeg kasta, iyadoo la raacayo shuruudaha sida feerida nadiifka ah, weerarka waxtarka leh, maamulka garoonka iyo doofaaca.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ABC Uniform Championship Rules |url=https://www.ibf-usba-boxing.com/wp-content/uploads/ABCUniformChampionshipRules.pdf |publisher=Association of Boxing Commissions |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Taariikhda==
{{Main article|History of sport}}
[[File:Roman bronze copy of Myron’s Discobolos, 2nd century CE (Glyptothek Munich).jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Naxaas Roomaan ah oo laga sameeyay Discobolos ee Myron, qarnigii 2aad AD]]
[[File:Participants with the Water Warrior class perform squats prior to entering the pool at Camp Foster, Okinawa, Japan, July 6, 2011 110706-M-VD776-004 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Snoorkeler-ku waxay sameynayaan jimicsiga squats ka hor inta aysan galin barkadda ee saldhigga ciidanka Mareykanka, 2011.]]

Shaqooyinka gacanta iyo dhismayaasha waxay tilmaamayaan ciyaaraha Shiinaha sida ay ahayd 2000 BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://chineseculture.about.com/library/weekly/aa032301a.htm |title=Sports History in China |author1=Ye Qinfa |access-date=15 October 2006 |archive-date=3 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303183246/http://chineseculture.about.com/library/weekly/aa032301a.htm |url-status=deviated }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jimnaastikada waxay u muuqataa in ay caan ka ahayd waagii duugga ahaa ee Shiinaha. Taallooyinka Fircooniga waxay tilmaamaan in tiro ciyaaro ah, oo ay ku jiraan dabaasha iyo kaluumeysiga, ay ahaayeen kuwo si wanaagsan u horumaray oo maamulan kumanaan sano ka hor Masartii Hore.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ioa.leeds.ac.uk/1980s/84085.htm |title=84.85-90 History of Sports in Ancient Egypt |first1=Ahmed D. |last1=Touny |website=Proceedings of the International Olympic Academy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029232515/http://www.ioa.leeds.ac.uk/1980s/84085.htm |archive-date=29 October 2006 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha kale ee Masar waxaa ka mid ahaa tuurista waranka, boodada dheer, iyo legdinta. Ciyaaraha Beershiyo ee Hore sida sanka ee soo jireenka ah ee Iiraan ee Zoorkhaneh waxay lahayd xiriir dhow oo ku saabsan xirfadaha dagaalka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.kuwait-info.com/newsnew/NewsDetails1.asp?id=78319&amp;dt=10/13/2006&amp;ntype=World |title=Ancient sport still flexing its muscles in Iran |website=kuwait-info.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070326081959/http://www.kuwait-info.com/newsnew/NewsDetails1.asp?id=78319&amp;dt=10%2F13%2F2006&amp;ntype=World |archive-date=26 March 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha kale ee ka yimid Beershiyadii Hore waxaa ka mid ah polo iyo jousting. Ciyaaraha soo jireenka ah ee Hindiya ee kala duwan sida Kho kho iyo Kabaddi waxaa la ciyaarayay kumanaan sano. Kabaddi waxaa loo ciyaarayay malaha sida u-diyaargarowga ugaarsiga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=kabaddi {{!}} sport |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/kabaddi |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Bruno Senna 2006 Australian Grand Prix.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|Ciyaaraha matoorada leh waxay soo muuqdeen tan iyo markii ay timid waagii casriga ahaa.]]

Tiro ballaaran oo ciyaaro ah ayaa horay loo dhisay waagii Gariikii Hore, dhaqanka ciidankana iyo horumarka ciyaaraha ee Gariiga waxay saameeyeen midba midka kale si weyn. Ciyaaruhu waxay noqdeen qayb aad u muhiim ah oo ka mid ah dhaqankooda taas oo keentay in Gariigu ay dhiisaha Ciyaaraha Olimbikada, oo waagii duugga ahaa lagu qaban jiray afar sano kasta tuulo yar oo ku taalla Peloponnesus oo loo yaqaanay Olympia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/ancient/index_uk.asp|title=Ancient Olympic Games|date=30 July 2018|access-date=15 October 2006|archive-date=28 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090928011744/http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/ancient/index_uk.asp|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciyaaraha waxaa sii kordhayay habaynta iyo maamulidda tan iyo waagii Olimbikadii Hore illaa qarniga hadda jira. Warshadaysashadu waxay keenay gaadiidka matoorada leh iyo kordhinta waqtiga firaaqada, oo u oggolaanaya dadka in ay kaparticipat-gelaan oo ay raacaan ciyaaraha daawashada oo ay kaparticipat-gelaan dhaqdhaqaaqyada ciyaartoyda. Isbeddelladan waxay sii socdeen iyadoo ay timid warbaahinta weyn iyo xiriirka caalamiga ah. Xirfaddnimadu waxay noqotay mid caan ah, iyadoo sii kordhinaysa caannimada ciyaaraha, maadaama taageerayaasha ciyaaruhu ay raacayeen guulaha ciyaartoyda xirfadlayaasha ah – iyagoo oo dhami ku raaxaysanayay jimicsiga iyo tartanka ku xiran kaparticipatinka amateerka ee ciyaaraha. Tan iyo markii uu karraday qarniga 21aad, waxaa jiray doode ka dhan ah in dadka transgender-ka ah ee ciyaartoyda ah ay awood u leeyihiin in ay kaparticipat-gelaan dhacdooyinka ciyaaraha ee u dhigma jinsigooda cusub.&lt;ref&gt;''Sport and the Law: Historical and Cultural Intersections'', p. 111, Sarah K. Fields (2014){{ISBN?}}|&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ciyaarta caadiga ah==
===Dhaqanka ciyaartoyda===
Dhaqanka ciyaartoyda waa dabeecad u doodeysa ciyaarta caadiga ah, edebta ka dhaxaysa kooxda iyo kaadhibka, dhaqanka anshaxa leh iyo daacadnimada, iyo sharafka guusha ama guuldarada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?va=sportsmanship |publisher=Merriam-Webster |title=Sportsmanship |access-date=15 October 2006 |archive-date=28 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928231236/http://www.merriam.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?va=sportsmanship |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Fish |first1=Joel |last2=Magee |first2=Susan |year=2003 |title=101 Ways to Be a Terrific Sports Parent |publisher=Fireside |page=168}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Lacey |first=David |date=10 November 2007 |url=http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/11/10/it_takes_a_bad_loser_to_become.html |title=It takes a bad loser to become a good winner |work=The Guardian |access-date=28 October 2009 |archive-date=13 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113021424/http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/11/10/it_takes_a_bad_loser_to_become.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dhaqanka ciyaartoyda wuxuu muujinayaa rabitaan ama ruux in dhaqdhaqaaqa loogu raaxaysan doono ujeedadiisa lafahaadeed. Fikirka caanka ah ee uu qoray weriyaha ciyaaraha Grantland Rice, ee ah &quot;ma aha inaad guuleysato ama guuldarraysato, laakiin waa sida aad u ciyaarto ciyaarta&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Rice, Grantland |url=https://tshf.net/halloffame/rice-grantland/ |publisher=Tennessee Sports Hall of Fame |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo caqiidada Olimbikada casriga ah ee uu muujiyay aasaasaheeda Pierre de Coubertin: &quot;Waxyaabaha ugu muhiimsan Ciyaaraha Olimbikada ma aha guusha laakiin waa kaparticipatinka,&quot; waa muujinta caadiga ah ee fikirkan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Fundamentals of Olympic Values Education |publisher=International Olympic Committee |url=https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/Documents/Document-Set-Teachers-The-Main-Olympic-Topics/Olympism-and-the-Olympic-Movement.pdf |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Khayaanada===
{{see also|Match fixing|cheating}}
Mabaadi'da muhiimka ah ee ciyaaraha waxaa ka mid ah in natiijadu aysan noqon ku dhisnaan hore, iyo dhammaan ciyaartoydu inay lahaadaan fursad loo siman yahay oo ay ku guuleystaan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=European Sports Charter, Article 3|url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/sport/european-sports-charter|publisher=Council of Europe|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Xeerarka iyo shuruucda waxaa dhisay maamulada maamula si loo xaqiijiyo ciyaar caadil ah iyo daacadnimo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=International Charter of Physical Education, Physical Activity and Sport, Article 10|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000235409|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ciyaartoydu mararka kaar ayaa jebiya xeerarkan si ay u helaan faa'iido aan caadil ahayn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Fair play and the competitive spirit|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000093013|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciyaartoydu waxay khayaani karaan si ay u kordhiyaan fursadahooda guusha, si ay u helaan faa'iido lacageed ama faa'iido kale.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Global Report on Corruption in Sport|url=https://www.unodc.org/documents/corruption/Publications/2022/Global_Report_on_Corruption_in_Sport_Full_report.pdf|publisher=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Caannimada khamaarka ee ku saabsan natiijooyinka ciyaaraha waxay abuurtaa dhiirigelin lagu sameeyo hagaajinta ciyaarta (match fixing), oo hal ama ka badan oo ciyaartoy ahi ay ku heshiiyaan in ay go'aamiyaan natiijooyinka ka hor halkii ay si daacad ah u tartami lahaayeen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Staying on Side: How to Stop Match-Fixing|url=https://images.transparencycdn.org/images/2014_Stop_MatchFixing_EN.pdf|publisher=Transparency International|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Doping-ka iyo dawooyinka===
{{main article|Use of performance-enhancing drugs in sport}}
Dabeecadda tartanka ah ee ciyaaraha waxay dhiirigelisaa ciyaartoyda qaar in ay isku dayaan in ay hagaajiyaan waxqabadkooda troo dawooyinka, ama habab kale sida kordhinta tirada dhiigga ee jirkooda troo habab dadku sameeyeen.&lt;ref name=&quot;Baron2007&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Baron |first1=David A. |last2=Martin |first2=David M. |last3=Abol Magd |first3=Samir |title=Doping in sports and its spread to at-risk populations: an international review |journal=World Psychiatry |year=2007 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=118–123 |pmid=18235871|pmc=2219897 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dhammaan ciyaaraha uu aqoonsan yahay IOC, ama SportAccord, waxaa loo baahan yahay in ay sameeyaan barnaamij tijaabo ah, iyagoo raadinaya liiska dawooyinka la mamnuucay, iyadoo ganaaxyo ama joojin loo dhigay ciyaartoyda ku tijaabo-gala nooca togan ee walxaha la mamnuucay.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Prohibited List |url=https://www.wada-ama.org/en/prohibited-list |publisher=World Anti-Doping Agency |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=World Anti-Doping Code |url=https://www.wada-ama.org/en/what-we-do/world-anti-doping-code |publisher=World Anti-Doping Agency |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Dagaalka===
Dagaalka ciyaaraha wuxuu ku jiraa ka tallaabida xariiqda u dhexaysa tartanka caadiga ah iyo dagaalka muuqda ee ujeeddada leh. Ciyaartoyda, tababarayaasha, taageerayaasha, iyo waalidiintu mararka kaar waxay sameeyaan dhaqan dagaal ah oo ku saabsan dadka ama hantida, iyagoo muujinaya daacadnimo, maamul, carro, ama dabaaldeg oo la khalday. Rabshadaha ama hooliganism-ka oo ay sameeyaan taageerayaashu gaar ahaan waa dhibaato ka jirta tartamada ciyaaraha ee heer qaran iyo kuwo caalami ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Russell |first=Gareth |title=Sport riots: A social–psychological review |journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior |year=2004 |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=353–378|doi=10.1016/S1359-1789(03)00031-4 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Guide on the Security of Major Sporting Events |url=https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/sites/www.un.org.counterterrorism/files/211006_guide_on_security_major_sporting_events_web.pdf |publisher=United Nations |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ka qaybqaadashada==
===Ka qaybqaadashada jinsiga===
[[File:100 metres race winner Sina Schielke (192) and the other Runners - ISTAF 2006 - Berlin, 3 September.jpg|thumb|Ciyaartoyda dumarka ah ee heerka caalamiga ah ee ISTAF Berlin, 2006]]
Participatinka dumarka ee ciyaaraha wuu kordhay iyada oo la kordhiyay fursadaha iyo aqoonsiga kordhaya ee faa'iidooyinka dhaqdhaqaaqa ciyaartoyda ee horumarka carruurta iyo fayowida jirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Eime |first1=Rochelle M. |last2=Young |first2=Janet A. |last3=Harvey |first3=Jack T. |last4=Charity |first4=Melanie J. |last5=Payne |first5=Warren R. |title=A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for children and adolescents |journal=International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity |year=2013 |volume=10 |issue=98 |page=98 |doi=10.1186/1479-5868-10-98|doi-access=free |pmid=23945179 |pmc=3751802 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Inkasta oo ay jiraan faa'iidooyinkan, farqiga jinsiga wuu sii jiraa. Heerka Olimbikada, dumarku waxay ahaayeen 49% oo ku taalla Tokyo 2020,&lt;ref name=&quot;RioTokyoWSF&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Paris 2024 should see gender parity – WSF study |url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/paris-2024-should-see-gender-parity-wsf-study-2022-04-21/ |publisher=Reuters |date=2022-04-21 |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; iyagoo gaadhay 50 % oo buuxa oo isu dhigma oo ku taalla Paris 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;GenderParity2024&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Reid |first=Helen |title=Women athletes say the work isn't over after Olympics gender parity |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/olympics/women-athletes-say-work-isnt-over-after-olympics-gender-parity-2024-07-28/ |publisher=Reuters |date=2024-07-28 |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Laakiin baadhitaannada caalamiga ah waxay sheegaan oo keliya 20% oo dumar ah oo ka aghb 31% oo ragg ah in ay kaparticipat-gelaan dhaqdhaqaaqa ciyaaraha bishii,&lt;ref name=&quot;YouGovGap&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Shah |first=Kineree |title=The great divide – exploring the gender gap in sports viewership |url=https://business.yougov.com/content/46311-the-great-divide-exploring-gender-gap-in-sports-viewership |publisher=YouGov |date=2023-03-10 |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ururka Caafimaadka Dduunka wuxuu xussayaa in dumarku ay 5 percentage points ka hooseeyaan ragga marka loo eego in ay buuxiyaan shuruudaha dhaqdhaqaaqa la soo jeediyay.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHOActivity&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Physical activity fact sheet |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciyaaraha qaar waa jinsiga la isku daray, oo oggolaanaya, ama xitaa u baahan, ragga iyo dumarka in ay ku ciyaaraan koox ka mid ah. Hal tusaale oo tan ah waa Baseball5, oo ah ciyaartii ugu horreysay ee jinsiga la isku daray ee loo oggolaado Olimbikada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Debut of Baseball5 at Youth Olympic Games postponed as next YOG shifted from 2022 to 2026 |url=http://www.wbsc.org/en/news/debut-of-baseball5-at-youth-olympic-games-postponed-as-next-yog-shifted-from-2022-to-2026 |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=World Baseball Softball Confederation |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Participatinka dhallinyarada===
{{main|Youth sports}}
{{See also|College sports}}
Ciyaaraha dhallinyarada waxay u bixiyaan carruurta fursado baashaal, isku xidhka bulshada, dhisida xiriirada ciyaartoyda kale, fayowida jirka, iyo deeqaha waxbarasho ee ciyaartoyda. U doodayaasha waxbarashada iyo dagaalka ka dhanka ah dawooyinka waxay dhiirigeliyaan ciyaaraha dhallinyarada si ay uga baxaan kaparticipatinka waxbarashada oo ay uga dagaallamaan ganacsiga dawooyinka ee sharci-darro ah. Sida ku cad Xarunta Cilmi-baadhista Dhaawaca iyo Siyaasadda ee Cusbitaalka Carruurta ee Qaranka, khatarta ugu weyn ee ciyaaraha dhallinyarada waa dhimasho ama dhaawac daran oo uu ku jiro concussion. Khatarahan waxay ka yimaadaan orodka, kubbadda koleyga, kubbadda cagta, volleyball-ka, gridiron-ka, jimnaastikada, iyo ice hockey.&lt;ref&gt;[https://healthland.time.com/2009/08/04/why-are-more-kids-getting-hurt-in-gym-class/ &quot;Gym class injuries up 150% between 1997 and 2007&quot;], ''Time'', 4 August 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha dhallinyarada ee US waa $15 bilyan oo vaza ah oo ay ku jiraan qalabka illaa tababarka gaarka ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last1=Gregory |first1=Sean |title=How Kids' Sports Became a $15 Billion Industry |url=https://time.com/4913687/how-kids-sports-became-15-billion-industry/ |access-date=24 August 2017 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=24 August 2017 |archive-date=24 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824112734/http://time.com/4913687/how-kids-sports-became-15-billion-industry/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Participatinka dadka naqada ah===
{{see also|Parasports|Paralympic Games}}
[[File:David Bizet - Marathon de Paris 2014.jpg|thumb|Orodiyaha wuxuu si saaxiibtinimo ah ugu taabanayaa garabka orodiyaha kursiga curyaanka inta lagu jiro Marathon-ka Paris 2014.]]

Ciyaaraha dadka naqada ah ama ciyaaraha la waafajiyay waxaa ciyaara dad leh naqadnimo, oo ay ku jiraan naqadnimada jirka iyo naqadnimada maanka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Para Sport |url=https://www.paralympic.org/paralympic-sport |publisher=International Paralympic Committee |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maadaama kuwo badan oo kuwan ka mid ah ay ku dhisnaayeen ciyaaraha jira oo la waafajiyay si loo buuxiyo baahida dadka leh naqadnimada, mararka kaar waxaa loo yaqaanaa ciyaaraha la waafajiyay.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Misener |first1=Laura |last2=Kissack |first2=Travis |title=Social inclusion through sport: Community coaching and participation of people with disabilities in sport |journal=Sport Management Review |year=2010 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=49–67 |doi=10.1016/j.smr.2009.10.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhammaan ciyaaraha dadka naqada ah ma aha kuwo la waafajiyay; tiro gaar ah oo loogu talagalay dadka leh naqadnimada ma laha wax u dhigma ciyaaraha dadka caadiga ah, sida goalball iyo boccia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sitting Volleyball, Goalball and Boccia |url=https://www.paralympic.org/sports |publisher=International Paralympic Committee |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Participatinka dadka waaweyn===
{{see also|Masters athletics|Masters cycling|Masters swimming}}
[[File:Pickleball Players.jpg|thumb|right|Pickleball waa ciyaar gaar ahaan u soo jiidasho badan dadka waaweyn.]]
'''Ciyaaraha Masters-ka''', '''ciyaaraha senior-ka''', ama '''ciyaaraha veteran-ka''' waa qeyb da'da ah oo ciyaaraha ah, oo inta badan ku jirta kooxaha da'da 35 iyo ka weyn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/veterans-and-masters-sport|title=Story: Veterans and masters sport|publisher=govt.nz|access-date=28 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waxay khuseyn kartaa dhaqdhaqaaqyada ciyaaraha oo aan la beddelin ama la waafajiyay, oo leh ama aan lahayn tartamo.

'''Tartamada'''
* World Masters Games oo la habayeeyay tan iyo 1985 afar sano kasta.
* European Masters Games oo la habayeeyay markii ugu horreysay 2008 oo markaas ka dib afar sano kasta.
* Senior Olympics (Senior Games)
* USATF Masters Outdoor Championships oo bilaabatay 1968
* USATF Masters Indoor Championships oo bilaabatay 1975
* World Masters Athletics Championships oo bilaabatay 1975

===Participatinka daawadayaasha===
{{Main article|Spectator sport}}
{{See also|Sports fandom}}
[[File:1906 Athens stadium.jpg|thumb|right|Daawadayaasha Ciyaaraha Olimbikada ee aan rasmiga ahayn ee 1906]]

Qaybta tartanka ee ciyaaraha, iyada oo la socota soo jiidashada quruxda ee dhinacyada qaar, waxay keentay dhacdooyinka ciyaaraha daawashada. Ciyaaraha amateerka iyo xirfadlaha ah waxay soo jiitaan dhagaystayaal toos ah oo ku yaalla garoomada iyo troo warbaahinta – radayowga, teevishanka iyo intarneedka – oo mid kasta oo kuwan ka mid ah uu ka qaadi karo lacagaha sida tikidhada ama isdhaafsiga pay-per-view.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=Spectator sport |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/spectator-sport |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Liigyada ciyaaraha iyo tartamadu waxay bixiyaan hababka habaysan ee ugu muhiimsan ee tartanka caadiga ah ee u dhexeya kooxaha ama ciyaartoyda gaarka ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Fort |first= Rodney D |title=Sports Economics |publisher=Prentice Hall |year=2015 |isbn=9780130850911}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dhacdooyinka sare waxay amraan dhagaystayaal waaweyn, iyagoo dhiirigeliya heshiisyo waaweyn oo xuquuqda warbaahinta ah. Ciyaarta kama-dambaysta ah ee Koobka Duunka FIFA 2006 waxay soo jiitatay in ka badan 700 milyan oo daawadayaal ah oo duunka oo dhan ah,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=2006 FIFA World Cup™ Media Report |url=http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/germany2006/organisation/media/media-reports.html |publisher=FIFA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101000000/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/germany2006/organisation/media/media-reports.html |access-date=2025-05-02|archive-date=1 January 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ciyaarta kama-dambaysta ah ee Koobka Duunka ee Cricket 2011 waxaa daawaday noin 135 milyan oo daawadayaal ah oo ku taalla Hindiya oo keliya.&lt;ref name=&quot;CWC2011&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=135 mn saw World Cup final: TAM |date=10 April 2011 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/135-mn-saw-World-Cup-final-TAM/Article1-683623.aspx |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=2025-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803013151/http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/135-mn-saw-World-Cup-final-TAM/Article1-683623.aspx |archive-date=2013-08-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mareykanka, Super Bowl wuxuu ku jiraa nooca teevishanka sannadlaha ah ee ugu daawashada badan, iyadoo Super Bowl XLIX ee 2015 uu lahaa averiiji 114 milyan oo daawadayaal ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Nielsen |title=Super Bowl XLIX Sets U.S. Viewership Record |url=http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/news/2015/super-bowl-xlix-most-watched-telecast-in-u-s--history.html |publisher=Nielsen |date=2015-02-02 |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Axadda Super Bowl waxaa loo arkaa fasax qaran oo aan rasmi ahayn, iyo 2015 booska xayeysiiska ee 30-ilbiriqsi ah waxaa lagu iibiyay noin US$4.5 milyan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Super Bowl Ads Cost US$4.5M for 30-Second Spot |url=https://adage.com/article/media/super-bowl-ads-cost-4-5m-30-spot/296163 |publisher=Ad Age |date=2015-01-30 |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Hiwaayad iyo xirfadle==
[[File:Volleyball-5 (9786053885).jpg|thumb|Kooxda volleyball-ka ee dumarka ee jaamacadda Mareykanka]]
Ciyaaraha waxaa loo samayn karaa nooc amateer, xirfadle ama xirfadle Dhexe ah, iyada oo ku xiran haddii ciyaartoyda loo dhiirigeliyo kaparticipatinka (inta badan troo bixinta lacagta ama mushaharka). Participatinka amateerka ee ciyaaraha heerarka hoose inta badan loo yaqaan &quot;ciyaaraha xididdada&quot; (grassroots sport).&lt;ref name=&quot;council&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;White Paper&quot;&gt;{{cite web |publisher=European Commission |title=The White Paper on Sport |url=http://ec.europa.eu/sport/white-paper/index_en.htm |access-date=11 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916202200/http://ec.europa.eu/sport/white-paper/index_en.htm |archive-date=16 September 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Caannimada ciyaaraha daawashada oo ah firaaqo u ah dadka aan kaparticipat-gelaayn waxay keentay in ciyaaruhu ay noqdaan ganacsi weyn oo madax-bannaan, tanina waxay dhiirigelisay dhaqanka ciyaaraha xirfadlaha ah ee bixiya lacagaha sare, oo ciyaartoyda waxqabadka sare leh lagu abaalmariyo lacag ka badan mushaharka averiijiga ah, oo gaari karta milyan oo doolar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |magazine=Sports Illustrated |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/specials/fortunate50-2011/index.html |title=Fortunate 50 2011 |last=Freedman |first=Jonah |access-date=5 March 2012 |archive-date=29 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429050301/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/specials/fortunate50-2011/index.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciyaaraha qaar, ama tartamada gaarka ah ee ku jira ciyaaraha, waxay haystaan siyaasad ah oggolaanshaha ciyaaraha amateerka oo keliya. Ciyaaraha Olimbikada waxay ku bilaabmeen mabda'a tartanka amateerka iyadoo kuwa ciyaarta u ciyaara si xirfadle ah loo arkayay in ay leeyihiin faa'iido aan caadil ahayn marka loo eego kuwa u ciyaara kaliya sida hiwaayad.&lt;ref name=OIdeology&gt;{{cite book |last=Eassom |first=Simon |title=Critical Reflections on Olympic Ideology |year=1994 |location=Ontario |publisher=The Centre for Olympic Studies |pages=120–123 |isbn=978-0-7714-1697-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tan iyo 1971, ciyaartoyda Olimbikada waxaa loo oggolaaday in ay helaan lacag iyo kafaalo-qaad (sponsorship),&lt;ref name=&quot;InfoPlease&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.infoplease.com/spot/olympic-athletes.html |title=Olympic Athletes |publisher=Info Please |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=16 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616042315/http://www.infoplease.com/spot/olympic-athletes.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; iyadoo tan iyo 1986, IOC ay go'aansatay in ay ka dhigto dhammaan ciyaartoyda xirfadlayaasha ah kuwo u qalma Olimbikada,&lt;ref name=&quot;InfoPlease&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/22/opinion/greene-olympics-amateurs/ |title=What changed the Olympics forever |publisher=CNN |date=23 July 2012 |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=15 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615122848/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/22/opinion/greene-olympics-amateurs/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; iyadoo laga reebayo feerka,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/13894/olympic-boxing-must-remain-amateur-despite-moves-to-turn-it-professional-states-warren- |title=Olympic boxing must remain amateur despite moves to turn it professional states Warren |publisher=Inside the Games |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=15 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615044539/http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/13894/olympic-boxing-must-remain-amateur-despite-moves-to-turn-it-professional-states-warren- |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=njefAgAAQBAJ&amp;q=only+amateur+boxers+at+olympics&amp;pg=PA400 |title=Historical Dictionary of Boxing |last1=Grasso |first1=John |date=2013 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |access-date=13 June 2015 |isbn=978-0-8108-7867-9 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417060735/https://books.google.com/books?id=njefAgAAQBAJ&amp;q=only+amateur+boxers+at+olympics&amp;pg=PA400 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo legdinta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1529280-olympic-wrestling-is-important-for-pro-wrestlers-and-its-fans |title=Olympic Wrestling Is Important for Pro Wrestling and Its Fans|author-first1=John|author-last1=Canton|publisher=Bleacher Report |date=14 February 2013 |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=16 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616155635/http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1529280-olympic-wrestling-is-important-for-pro-wrestlers-and-its-fans |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2WYEAAAAMBAJ&amp;q=only+amateur+wrestlers+at+olympics&amp;pg=PA24 |title=Boys' Life |date=August 1988 |page=24 |access-date=13 June 2015 |publisher=Boy Scouts of America, Inc. |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417073533/https://books.google.com/books?id=2WYEAAAAMBAJ&amp;q=only+amateur+wrestlers+at+olympics&amp;pg=PA24 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tiknoolojiga==
[[File:Third umpire lights at Melbourne Cricket Ground.JPG|thumb|Muuqaalkan ku yaalla Melbourne Cricket Ground wuxuu tilmaamayaa go'aanka garsooraha saddexaad uu sameeyo ka dib marka dib loo eego.]]
Teknoolojigu wuxuu ka ciyaaraa qayb muhiim ah ciyaaraha casriga ah. Waa qayb loo baahan yahay oo ka mid ah ciyaaraha qaar (sida ciyaaraha matoorada), waxaana loo isticmaalaa kuwo kale si loo hagaajiyo waxqabadka. Ciyaaraha qaar waxay sidoo kale isticmaalaan si loogu oggolaado go'aan-gaarida ka baxsan garoonka.

Aqoonta ciyaaraha (sports science) waxaa lagu dabaqi karaa goobaha oo ay ku jiraan waxqabadka ciyaartoyda, sida isticmaalka falanqaynta fiidiyowga si loo hagaajiyo farsamada, ama qalabka, sida hagaajinta kabaha orodka ama dharka dabaasha ee tartanka. Injineernimada ciyaaraha waxay soo muuqatay sida qeyb aqooneed 1998 iyada oo kordhinaysa diiradda oo aysan ahayn oo keliya dhiisida walxaha laakiin sidoo kale isticmaalka teknoolojiga ee ciyaaraha, ka yimid falanqaynta iyo data-da weyn illaa teknoolojiga la xerto.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaining Steam in Sports Technology&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Gaining Steam in Sports Technology |url=https://alum.mit.edu/pages/sliceofmit/2014/06/17/mit-steam-sports-technology/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714150052/https://alum.mit.edu/pages/sliceofmit/2014/06/17/mit-steam-sports-technology/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 |website=Slice of MIT |access-date=3 January 2015 |ref=Slice of MIT}}&lt;/ref&gt; Si loo maamulo saamaynta teknoolojiga ee ciyaarta caadiga ah, maamulada maamula inta badan waxay leeyihiin xeerar gaar ah oo loo dhigay si loo maamulo saamaynta faa'iidada farsamada ee u dhexaysa ciyaartoyda. Tusaale ahaan, 2010, dharka dabaasha ee buuxa oo aan ahayn textile-ka waxaa mamnuucay FINA, maadaama ay hagaajinayeen waxqabadka dabaalyada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/swimming/8161867.stm |title=Hi-tech suits banned from January |publisher=BBC Sport |date=31 July 2009 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908051335/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/swimming/8161867.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/full-body-swimsuit-now-banned-professional-swimmers/story?id=9437780 |first=Kristina |last=Wong |title=Full Body Swimsuit Now Banned for Professional Swimmers |work=ABC News |date=4 January 2010 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=7 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607200059/http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/full-body-swimsuit-now-banned-professional-swimmers/story?id=9437780 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kordhinta teknoolojiga waxay sidoo kale oggolaatay go'aano badan oo ciyaaraha ah in la qaato, ama dib loo eego, ka baxsan garoonka, iyadoo maamule kale uu isticmaalayo muujinta fiidiyowga tooska ah si uu u sameeyo go'aano. Ciyaaraha qaar, ciyaartoydu hadda waxay kaparticipat-geli karaan go'aanada ay sameeyeen maamuladu. Kubbadda cagta, teknoolojiga xariiqda goolka wuxuu sameeyaa go'aano ku saabsan haddii kubbadu ay goysay xariiqda goolka ama aysan goyn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=FIFA |title=Testing Manual |journal=FIFA Quality Programme for Goal Line Technology |year=2012 |url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifaqualityprogramme/goal-linetechnology/01/66/02/89/glt_testing_manual_2012.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030143223/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifaqualityprogramme/goal-linetechnology/01/66/02/89/glt%5Ftesting%5Fmanual%5F2012.pdf|archive-date=30 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Teknoolojigu ma aha mid khasab ah,&lt;ref name=IFABofficial&gt;{{cite web |title=IFAB makes three unanimous historic decisions |url=https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2012/m=7/news=ifab-makes-three-unanimous-historic-decisions-1660541.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507234418/http://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2012/m=7/news=ifab-makes-three-unanimous-historic-decisions-1660541.html |archive-date=7 May 2015 |publisher=FIFA |access-date=23 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; laakiin waxaa loo isticmaalay Koobka Duunka FIFA 2014 ee Brazil,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2014/m=4/news=goal-line-technology-set-ahead-fifa-world-cup-2311481.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511001351/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2014/m=4/news=goal-line-technology-set-ahead-fifa-world-cup-2311481.html |archive-date=11 May 2014 |title=Goal-line technology set up ahead of FIFA World Cup |date=1 April 2014 |publisher=FIFA |access-date=9 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo Koobka Duunka ee Dumarka ee FIFA 2015 ee Canada,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/y=2015/m=3/news=hawk-eye-confirmed-as-goal-line-technology-provider-for-canada-2015-2580727.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331170115/http://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/y=2015/m=3/news=hawk-eye-confirmed-as-goal-line-technology-provider-for-canada-2015-2580727.html |archive-date=31 March 2015 |title=Hawk-Eye confirmed as goal-line technology provider for Canada 2015 |date=31 March 2015 |publisher=[[FIFA]] |access-date=2 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; sida lagu isticmaalay Premier League tan iyo 2013–14,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC_Premier&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/22107409 |title=Goal-line technology: Premier League votes in favour for 2013–14 |publisher=BBC |date=11 April 2013 |access-date=11 April 2013 |archive-date=11 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411143514/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/22107409 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo Bundesliga tan iyo 2015–16.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.carlyleobserver.com/sports/bundesliga-approves-hawk-eye-goal-line-technology-for-new-season-1.1650074 |title=Bundesliga approves Hawk-Eye goal-line technology for new season |work=Carlyle Observer |access-date=9 June 2015 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029003339/https://www.carlyleobserver.com/sports/bundesliga-approves-hawk-eye-goal-line-technology-for-new-season-1.1650074 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; NFL-ka, garsooruhu wuxuu kordhin karaa dib u eegis ka timaada goobta dib u eegiska, ama tababaraha wuxuu soo saari karaa challenge si loo dib u eego ciyaarta iyadoo la isticmaalayo muujinta. Go'aanka kama-dambaysta ah wuxuu ku jiraa garsooraha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nfl.com/news/nfl-approves-rule-to-change-replay-process-0ap2000000336662 |title=NFL approves rule to change replay process |publisher=Business Insider |date=20 July 2011 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608173617/http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap2000000336662/article/nfl-approves-rule-to-change-replay-process |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Garsooraha fiidiyowga (caadi ahaan loo yaqaan Television Match Official ama TMO) wuxuu sidoo kale isticmaali karaa muujinta si uu u caawiyo go'aan-gaarida rugby-ga (labada liig iyo union).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rugbyworld.com/news/blogs/television-match-official-when-can-they-rule-14818 |title=Television Match Official – when can they rule |publisher=Rugby World |date=20 August 2011 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608222853/http://www.rugbyworld.com/news/blogs/television-match-official-when-can-they-rule-14818 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/club/9488451/New-rules-for-Television-Match-Officials-will-not-make-game-boring-to-watch-insist-rugby-chiefs.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/club/9488451/New-rules-for-Television-Match-Officials-will-not-make-game-boring-to-watch-insist-rugby-chiefs.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=New rules for Television Match Officials will not make game boring to watch, insist rugby chiefs |work=The Telegraph |date=20 August 2012 |access-date=8 June 2015|last1=Cleary |first1=Mick }}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cricket-ka caalamiga ah, garsooruhu wuxuu kordhin karaa go'aanka garsooraha saddexaad, garsooraha saddexaadna wuxuu sameeyaa go'aanka kama-dambaysta ah.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC Umpire&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/rules_and_equipment/4183398.stm |title=The role of cricket umpires |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=8 June 2015 |date=26 August 2005 |archive-date=2 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302114814/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/rules_and_equipment/4183398.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Top End&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/sport/cricket/technology.htm |title=Cricket Technology |publisher=Top End Sports |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608175247/http://www.topendsports.com/sport/cricket/technology.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tan iyo 2008, nidaamka dib u eegiska go'aanka ee ciyaartoyda si loo dib u eego go'aanada waxaa lagu soo bandhigay oo lagu isticmaalay tartamada uu maamulo ICC, iyo ikhtiyaar ahaan ciyaaraha kale.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC Umpire&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/cricket/controversial-drs-to-be-used-in-2015-icc-world-cup_1538054.html |title=Controversial DRS to be used in 2015 ICC World Cup |publisher=Zee News |date=29 January 2015 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608222859/http://zeenews.india.com/sports/cricket/controversial-drs-to-be-used-in-2015-icc-world-cup_1538054.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyada oo ku xiran warbaahinta martigalisa, tiro teknoolojiyo oo kala duwan ayaa lagu isticmaalaa inta lagu jiro dib u eegiska garsooraha ama ciyaartoyda, oo ay ku jiraan muujinta tooska ah, Hawk-Eye, Hot Spot iyo Real Time Snickometer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015/content/story/827213.html |title=Hawkeye, Realtime Snicko for World Cup |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=7 February 2015 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=10 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610075356/http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015/content/story/827213.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/icc-world-cup-3-top-reasons-why-did-not-use-hotspot-as-part-of-drs/20150213.htm |title=3 Top reasons why ICC did not use 'Hotspot' as part of DRS |newspaper=Rediff |publisher=Rediff cricket |date=13 February 2015 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608195717/http://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/icc-world-cup-3-top-reasons-why-did-not-use-hotspot-as-part-of-drs/20150213.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Hawk-Eye waxaa sidoo kale lagu isticmaalaa tennis-ka si loogu tartamo go'aanada garsoorida.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Almog |first1=David |last2=Gauriot |first2=Romain |last3=Page |first3=Lionel |last4=Martin |first4=Daniel |title=AI Has Entered the Court. Is This Changing Umpires' Calls? |url=https://insight.kellogg.northwestern.edu/article/ai-has-entered-the-court-is-this-changing-umpires-calls |website=Kellogg Insight |publisher=Kellogg School of Management |access-date=23 February 2026 |language=en |date=1 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/7305404.stm |title=Hawk-Eye challenge rules unified |date=19 March 2008 |access-date=22 August 2008 |work=BBC News |archive-date=23 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080323085536/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7305404.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ciyaaraha iyo waxbarashada ==
Cilmi-baadhisu waxay soo jeedinaysaa in ciyaaruhu ay leeyihiin awood ay ku xidhaan dhallinyarada iyo tusaalayaasha togan ee dadka waaweyn oo ay bixiyaan fursado horumarineed oo togan, sida ay u dhiirigeliyaan barashada iyo dabaqidda xirfadaha nolosha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fraser-Thomas |first1=Jessica L. |last2=Côté |first2=Jean |last3=Deakin |first3=Janice |date=2005 |title=Youth sport programs: an avenue to foster positive youth development |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/43501126 |journal=Physical Education &amp; Sport Pedagogy |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=19–40 |doi=10.1080/1740898042000334890 |hdl=1974/14425 |issn=1740-8989|hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=UNESCO|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366771|title=Strengthening the rule of law through education: a guide for policymakers|publisher=UNESCO|year=2019|isbn=978-92-3-100308-0|access-date=9 March 2020|archive-date=25 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225195201/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366771|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sannadaha dhow isticmaalka ciyaaraha si loo yareeyo dambiyada, sida in looga hortago xagjirnimada dagaalka ah iyo xagjirnimada, wuxuu noqday mid caan ah, gaar ahaan sida qalab lagu hagaajinayo kalsoonida nafta, kor loogu qaado xiriirada bulshada oo la siiyo ciyaartoyda dareen ujeeddo leh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ma jiro caddeyn heersare ah oo muujinaysa waxtarka dhiirigelinta lagu kordhinayo kaparticipatinka ciyaaraha ee bulshada ee ciyaaraha sida ololaha warbaahinta weyn, fadhiyada waxbarashada, iyo isbeddellada siyaasadda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Priest |first1=N |last2=Armstrong |first2=R |last3=Doyle |first3=J |last4=Waters |first4=E |date=16 July 2008 |title=Interventions Implemented Through Sporting Organisations for Increasing Participation in Sport |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=3 |article-number=CD004812 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004812.pub3 |pmid=18646112 |hdl-access=free |hdl=1885/285237|issn = 1464-780X }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sidoo kale ma jiraan wax barasho heersare ah oo baadhaya saamaynta dhiirigelinta noocan oo kale ah oo ku saabsan dhiirigelinta isbeddelka dhaqanka caafimaadka ee bulshada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |first1=Priest |last1=N |first2=Armstrong |last2=R |first3=Doyle |last3=J |first4=Water |last4=E |title=Policy Interventions Implemented Through Sporting Organisations for Promoting Healthy Behaviour Change |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |date=16 July 2008 |volume=2008 |issue=3 |article-number=CD004809 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004809.pub3 |pmid=18646111 |pmc=6464902}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shahaadooyinka waxbarashada waxaa lagu heli karaa ciyaaraha: tusaale ahaan, aqoonta ciyaaraha waa qeyb aqooneed oo si wanaagsan u dhisnaa. UK, BTEC National Diploma ku saabsan Tababarka Ciyaaraha iyo Horumarinta waxaa bixiya Pearson Education.&lt;ref&gt;Pearson Education, [https://qualifications.pearson.com/en/qualifications/btec-nationals/sports-coaching-and-development-2019.html Sports Coaching and Development (2019)], accessed on 29 August 2025&lt;/ref&gt; Waxaa jira afar shahaado oo ku jira qoyskan:
*Extended Certificate in Sports Coaching
*Foundation Diploma in Sports Coaching and Development
*Diploma in Sports Coaching and Development
*Extended Diploma in Sports Coaching and Development.&lt;ref&gt;Pearson Education, [https://qualifications.pearson.com/content/dam/pdf/BTEC-Nationals/sports-coaching-and-development/2019/specification-and-sample-assessments/btec-nats-non-measures-sports-coaching-and-development-spec.pdf Pearson BTEC Level 3 Nationals in Sports Coaching], accessed on 18 June 2022&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ciyaaraha iyo jir dhiska ==
Ciyaaraha ku jira jimicsiga jirka waxay leeyihiin saamayn togan oo ku saabsan heerarka fayowida ee ciyaartoyda. Dhinacyada guud, heerarka sare ee xoogga, xawaaraha, dulqaadka iyo dabacsanaanta waxaa lagu heli karaa iyada oo la waafajinayo baahida ciyaarta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bangsbo J.; Kissow J.; Hostrup M. |title=Speed Endurance Training to Improve Performance |journal=Scandinavian Journal of Medicine &amp; Science in Sports |date=July 2025 |volume=35 |issue=7 |doi=10.1111/sms.70091 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40576293/ |access-date=22 October 2026|pmc=12203883 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tusaale ahaan, qof wuxuu noqon karaa mid xoog badan oo leh heerarka sare ee dulqaadka troo legdinta ama mid dabacsan troo ciyaarida kubbadda koleyga. Ciyaaraha kala duwan waxay hagaajin karaan awoodaha jirka ee ciyaartoyga habab kala duwan. Walxaha xoogga, xawaaraha, dulqaadka iyo dabacsanaanta oo lagu isticmaalo ciyaaraha, oo lagu hagaajiyo, waxaa sidoo kale kordhin kara jimicsiga tababarka gaarka ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bill Foran; Robin Pound |title=Complete Conditioning for Basketball |date=2007 |publisher=Human Kinetics |location=Champaign |isbn=978-0-4354-6516-2 |page=171}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hagaajinta lagu helay jimicsigan waxay ka dib hagaajin kartaa awoodda ciyaartoyga ee uu ku ciyaaro ciyaarta. Tusaale jimicsiga dabacsanaanta, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano drill, waa marka qof waddo dabacsanaan ah oo ku taalla dhulka uu ku socdo. Qofku wuxuu boodayaa kor iyo horay si hal cag ay ugu jirto gudaha geeska wadada cagna ay ka baxsan tahay. Waxay ka dib boodayaan kor iyo horay mar kale si cagta ku jirta gudaha iyo cagta ka baxsan geeska ay isbeddelaan i.e. cagta bidix ee gudaha iyadoo cagta xaq a ay ka baxsan tahay, ka dib cagta xaq a ee gudaha iyadoo cagta bidix ay ka baxsan tahay iyo siday u socoto waddada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bill Foran; Robin Pound |title=Complete Conditioning for Basketball |date=2007 |publisher=Human Kinetics |location=Champaign |isbn=978-0-4354-6516-2 |page=175}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tani waxay caawisaa hagaajinta heerka guud ee dabacsanaanta sababtoo ah dabacsanaantu waa muhiim kubbadda koleyga waxay sidoo kale hagaajisaa awoodda kubbadda koleyga. Jimicsiga dabacsanaanta waxaa loo waafajin karaa si dhaqdhaqaaqyada lagu sameeyo ay ugu dhowaadaan kuwa lagu isticmaalo inta ay socoto ciyaartu. Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay in nooca dabacsanaanta ee la dhisay uu yahay mid loo wareejin karo tartanka dhabta ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bill Foran; Robin Pound |title=Complete Conditioning for Basketball |date=2007 |publisher=Human Kinetics |location=Champaign |isbn=978-0-4354-6516-2 |page=172}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tusaalihii hore, dhaqdhaqaaqa degdega ah iyo dhigista cagaha wuxuu dhisaa dhaqdhaqaaqa cagaha degdega ah oo loo baahan yahay ciyaarta kubbadda koleyga.

Barnaamijyada tababarka ciyaaraha waxay ku jiraan sameynta xirfadaha gaarka ah ee ciyaartaas i.e. tababarka kubbadda cagta wuxuu ku jiri karaa baasitaanka kubbadda oo lagu celceliyo, iyo hagaajinta fayowida jirka guud iyo awoodda i.e. orodka wareegyada garoonka. Labada diiradood ee tababarkan waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu dhigo qof mid waxtar badan leh ciyaartaas iyadoo lagu hagaajinayo awoodooda ay ku buuxinayaan oo ay uga baxayaan dhibaatooyinka ay bixiso.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Micheli |first1=Lyle J. |title=Encyclopedia of Sport Medicine |date=2011 |publisher=Sage Publications |location=Thousand Oaks |isbn=978-1-4129-6115-8 |chapter=Speed, Agility, and Speed Endurance Development}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Siyaasadda==
{{Main article|Politics and sports}}
{{See also|Sportswashing|Sociology of sport}}

Benito Mussolini wuxuu isticmaalay Koobka Duunka FIFA 1934, oo lagu qabtay Talyaaniga, si uu u muujiyo Talyaaniga Fascist-ka ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWj7BgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA28 |title=Soccer Vs. the State: Tackling Football and Radical Politics |last1=Kuhn |first1=Gabriel |date=2011 |page=28 |publisher=PM Press |access-date=8 June 2015 |isbn=978-1-60486-053-5 |archive-date=16 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216073648/https://books.google.com/books?id=HWj7BgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA28 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;World Fascism&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvD2rZSVau4C&amp;pg=PA630 |title=World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1 |last1=Blamires |first1=Cyprian |date=2006 |pages=630–632 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |access-date=8 June 2015 |isbn=978-1-57607-940-9 |archive-date=13 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213050912/https://books.google.com/books?id=nvD2rZSVau4C&amp;pg=PA630 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Adolf Hitler wuxuu isticmaalay Ciyaaraha Olimbikada Xagaaga 1936 ee lagu qabtay Berlin, iyo Ciyaaraha Olimbikada Jiilaalka 1936 ee lagu qabtay Garmisch-Partenkirchen, si uu u dhiirigeliyo caqiidada Nazi-ga ee sareynta dadka Aryan-ka, iyo hooseynta Yuhuudda iyo &quot;kuwa kale oo aan la rabin&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;World Fascism&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sociology Sport&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uKarC6oX3P8C&amp;q=hitler+used+1936+olympics+to+promote+ideology&amp;pg=PT32 |title=The Sociology of Sport and Physical Education |last1=Saxena |first1=Anurag |year=2001 |publisher=Pinnacle Technology |access-date=8 June 2015 |isbn=978-1-61820-468-4 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jarmalku wuxuu isticmaalay Olimbikada si uu u muujiyo muuqaal nabad ah iyadoo hoose si qarsoodi ah loogu diyaargarobayay dagaal.&lt;ref&gt;''Kulttuurivihkot'' 1 2009 Berliinin olympialaiset 1936 Poliittisen viattomuuden menetys Jouko Jokisalo 28–29{{in lang|fi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Markii apartheid uu ahaa siyaasadda rasmiga ah ee Koonfur Afrika, tiro ciyaartoy ah, gaar ahaan rugby union-ka, waxay qaateen dhabar-adayg ah in aysan ka muuqan ciyaaraha tartanka ah ee halkaas ka jira. Kuwa qaar waxay u arkaan in tani ay ahayd waxtar waxtar leh oo ku saabsan dhammaadka apartheid, kuwa kalena waxay u arkaan in ay sii dheeraysay oo ay sii xoojisay saamaynteeda ugu darayd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Sport and apartheid|journal=History Compass|volume=3|pages= **|doi=10.1111/j.1478-0542.2005.00165.x|year = 2005|last1 = Merrett|first1 = Christopher}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Taariikhda Ireland, ciyaaraha Gaelic waxay ku xirnaayeen waddaniyadda dhaqanka. Illaa bartamihii qarnigii 20aad qof waa la mamnuuci karay in uu ciyaaro Gaelic football, hurling, ama ciyaaraha kale oo maamulo Ururka Ciyaaraha Gaelic (GAA) haddii uu ciyaaro ama taageero kubbadda cagta, ama ciyaaraha kale oo loo arko in ay ka yimaadeen Ingriiska. GAA waxay mamnuucday ciyaarida kubbadda cagta iyo rugby union-ka garoomada Gaelic. Mamnuucan, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano Xeerka 42,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fulton |first1=Gareth |last2=Bairner |first2=Alan |year=2007 |title=Sport, Space and National Identity in Ireland: The GAA, Croke Park and Rule&amp;nbsp;42. |journal=Space &amp; Polity |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=55–74 |doi=10.1080/13562570701406592 |s2cid=143213001 }}&lt;/ref&gt; weli waa lagu dhaqmaa, laakiin waa la beddelay si loogu oggolaado kubbadda cagta iyo rugby-ga in lagu ciyaaro Croke Park iyadoo Lansdowne Road dib loo dhisayay iyadoo loo beddelayo Aviva Stadium. Xeerka 21 hoostiisa, GAA waxay mamnuucday xubnaha ciidamada nabadgelyada Ingriiska iyo xubnaha Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) in ay ciyaaraan ciyaaraha Gaelic, laakiin karradkii Heshiiskii Jimcaha Wanaagsanaa ee 1998 wuxuu keenay ka saarida mamnuucan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=50th anniversary of abolition of 'The Ban' offers pause for perspective |url=https://www.gaa.ie/news/50th-anniversary-of-abolition-of-the-ban-offers-pause-for-perspective/ |access-date=2 July 2023 |website=www.gaa.ie |date=9 April 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Waddaniyaddu inta badan waxay ka muuqataa raadinta ciyaaraha ama warbixinteeda: ciyaartoydu waxay ku tartamaan kooxaha qaranka, oo weriyayaasha ama dhagaystayaashu inta badan waxay qaataan fikrado leexsan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Arnold|first=Richard|title=Nationalism and Sport: A Review of the Field|journal=Nationalities Papers|year=2020|volume=49|issue=1|pages=2–11|doi=10.1017/nps.2020.9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mararka kaar, fardhadan waxay u beddelataa dagaal u dhexeya ciyaartoyda ama daawadayaasha, sida inta lagu jiro Dagaalkii Kubbadda Cagta ee 1969 ee u dhexeyay El Salvador iyo Honduras, oo ah dagaal uu kiciyay rabshadaha ku taalla kaparticipatinka Koobka Duunka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Jennings|first=Andrew|title=Has football ever started a war?|work=The Guardian|date=2007-02-21|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2007/feb/21/theknowledge.sport|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dhacdooyinkan waxaa loo arkaa kuwo ka dhan ah ruuxa muhiimka ah ee ciyaaraha—kaas oo ah, in loogu tartamo ujeedadeeda lafahaadeed iyo baashaalka ciyaartoyda. Siyaasadda iyo ciyaaruhu waxay si xanuun badan u isku arkeen Olimbikadii Munich 1972, markii dagaalyahanno Falastiiniyiin ah ay ka soo galeen Tuulada Olimbikada, iyagoo la haystayaal u qaday xubnaha kooxda Israa'iil, iyagoo aakhirkiina dilay 11 ciyaartoy oo loo yaqaano gumaadkii Munich.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|publisher=Reuters|title=Paris ceremony honours Israeli athletes killed in 1972 Munich Games attack|date=2024-08-06|url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/olympics/paris-ceremony-honours-israeli-athletes-killed-1972-munich-games-attack-2024-08-06/|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Barashada doorashooyinka US waxay muujisay in natiijada dhacdooyinka ciyaaruhu ay saamayso natiijooyinka. Barasho lagu daabacay Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences waxay muujisay in marka kooxda gurigu ay guuleysato ciyaarta ka hor doorashada, murashaxiinta maamulka ku jira ay kordhin karaan saamigooda codadka 1.5%. Guuldaradu waxay lahayd saamayn iska soo horjeeda, saamayntanina waa ka weyn tahay kooxaha sare ama guulaha iyo guuldarooyinka aan la filayn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Will Ohio State's Football Team Decide Who Wins the White House? |author1=Tyler Cowen |author2=Kevin Grier |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |date=24 October 2012 |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2012/10/how_the_presidential_race_between_barack_obama_and_mitt_romney_could_be.html |access-date=29 December 2013 |archive-date=30 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233509/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2012/10/how_the_presidential_race_between_barack_obama_and_mitt_romney_could_be.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Marka Washington Commanders ay guuleystaan ciyaartooda kama-dambaysta ah ka hor doorashada, markaas madaxweynaha maamulka ku jira wuxuu leeyahay fursad ka badan oo uu ku guuleysto, haddii ay guuldarraystaana, murashaxa mucaaradka wuxuu leeyahay fursad ka badan oo uu ku guuleysto; tani waxay noqotay mid loo yaqaan Xeerka Redskins.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/football-insider/wp/2012/11/03/will-redskins-rule-again-determine-outcome-of-presidential-election/ |title=Will Redskins Rule again determine outcome of presidential election? |author=Mike Jones |date=3 November 2012 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=14 September 2017 |archive-date=7 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107110626/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/football-insider/wp/2012/11/03/will-redskins-rule-again-determine-outcome-of-presidential-election/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espnfrontrow.com/2012/10/redskins-rule-mnfs-hirdt-on-intersection-of-football-politics/ |title='Redskins Rule': MNF's Hirdt on intersection of football &amp; politics |work=ESPN Front Row |date=30 October 2012 |access-date=12 June 2015 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032035/http://www.espnfrontrow.com/2012/10/redskins-rule-mnfs-hirdt-on-intersection-of-football-politics/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sida keenista maamulida iyo hoos-u-dhicida dadka===
Étienne de La Boétie, qoraalkiisa Discourse on Voluntary Servitude wuxuu ku qeexayaa ciyaaraha daawashada sida habab ay kalitalisyadu ku maamulaan dadkooda iyagoo ka leexinaya diiradda.
&lt;blockquote&gt;
Ha u malaynina in uu jiro shimbir si fudud loo qabto decoy-ga, ama samayn kasta oo si degdeg ah ku xiranta jillaabka troo sedka gooryaanka ah, ka sii badan dhammaan doqoomadan saboolka ah oo si caqli badan loogu khayay addoonsiga...waxay isu oggolaadaan in la qabto si degdeg ah marka la joogo taabashada yar ee rabitaankooda. Ciyaaraha, riwaayadaha, daawashada, gladiators, xayawaanka yaabka leh, biladaha, sawirrada, iyo daroogooyinka kale oo noocan oo kale ah, kuwani waxay u ahaayeen dadkii duugga ahaa sedka loo adeegsado addoonsiga, qiimaha xorriyaddooda, qalabka kalitalisnimada. Troo kuwan...dhiirigelinta kalitalisyadii duugga ahaa waxay si guul leh ugu seexiyeen dadkooda madaxa hoostiisa, iyadoo dadkii wareeray, ay ku sasabmeen madadaalada iyo baashaalka been-abuurka ah ee ka muuqday eygooda ka hor, ay barteen adheecsiga si fudud...sida carruurta yaryari ay u bartaan akhriska iyagoo eegaya buugaagta sawirrada dhalaalaya.&lt;ref&gt;Étienne de La Boétie, ''Discourse on Voluntary Servitude'' (1549), Part 2&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;Intii uu socday maamulkii Ingriiska ee Bengal, ciyaaraha Ingriiska iyo Yurub waxay bilaabeen in ay beddelaan ciyaaraha soo jireenka ah ee Bengal, taas oo keentay in la lumiyo dhaqankii hoose.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/904168|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126161837/https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/904168|title=Disappearance of Traditional games by the imitation of Colonial Culture through the Historical parameters of Cultural Colonialism|archive-date=26 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801043229/https://dergipark.org.tr/|title=Ana Sayfa » DergiPark|archive-date=1 August 2019|website=dergipark.org.tr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jarmalkii Bari oo ay maamulayeen shuuciyadu, tan iyo 1970-yadii illaa 1990, 'noin 3,000 oo caawiyayaal aan rasmi ahayn ayaa lagu isticmaalay sannad kasta ciyaaraha heerka sare ah, oo ay ku jiraan ciyaartoy badan oo kubbadda cagta ah, taageerayaal iyo garsoorayaal'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Mike Dennis |first1=Norman LaPorte |title=State and Minorities in Communist East Germany |date=2011 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-0-857-45-195-8 |page=125 |chapter=Football fans, hooligans and the state}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ujeedooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee Stasi ay ku dhistay nidaamkan ballaaran ee caawiyayaasha ah waxay ahayd in ka hortag lagaga sameeyo ciyaartoyda in ay u baxsadaan Galbeedka, iyagoo isticmaalaya labada hab ee ilaalinta iyo caddadinta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Mike Dennis |first1=Norman LaPorte |title=State and Minorities in Communist East Germany |date=2011 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-0-857-45-195-8 |page=125 |chapter=Football fans, hooligans and the state}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Fikradaha diinta==
{{main|New Testament athletic metaphors}}
[[File:Panathenaic amphora Kleophrades Louvre F277.jpg|thumb|Orodka cagaha wuxuu ahaa hal dhacdo oo loo go'aamiyay Zeus. Panathenaic amphora, Kleophrades painter, Circa 500 BC, Louvre museum.]]
Ciyaaruhu waxay ahaayeen nooc muhiim ah oo cibaado ah Diinta Gariigii Hore. Ciyaaraha Olimbikada ee duugga ahaa waxaa lagu qaban jiray maamuuska ilaaha sare, Zeus, iyadoo lagu muujinayo noocyo kala duwan oo u-go'aaminta diinta ah ee isaga iyo ilaahyada kale.&lt;ref&gt;Gardinier, Norman E., 'The Olympic Festival' in ''Greek Athletic Sports and Festivals'', London: MacMillan, 1910, p.195&lt;/ref&gt; Gariig badan ayaa u safrayay si ay u eegaan ciyaaraha, iyadoo isku-darka socdaalka diinta iyo ciyaaraha uu u served-garaynayay sida hab lagu maamulayo midnimadooda oo hal dad ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Harker |first1=Barry H. |title=Strange Fire: Christianity and the Rise of Modern Olympianism |date=2006 |publisher=Hartland Publications |location=Rapidan |isbn=0-923309-39-X |page=75 |chapter=6: Olympia and Jerusalem}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku-practice-garaynta tartamada ciyaaraha waxaa dhaleeceeyay mufakiriinta Masiixiga ah oo loo arkayay nooc sanam-caabudid ah, oo &quot;aadamuhu uu is-sareeyo, is-caabudo, is-saciifiyo oo is-abaalmariyo.&quot;&lt;ref name=Watson1&gt;''Sports and Christianity: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives'', Nick J. Watson, ed. (Routledge: 2013), p. 178.&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha waxaa loo arkaa kuwo dhaleeceeyayaashan ay u arkaan muujinta &quot;kibri wadajir ah&quot; iyo &quot;is-ilaahaysi qaran&quot; oo awoodaha aadamaha lagu sanam-caabudo iyada oo laga tagayo cibaadada diinta.&lt;ref name=Watson1/&gt;

Tertullian wuxuu dhaleeceeyay waxqabadka ciyaaraha ee maalmihiisii, wuxueena ku insisted-garaynayay &quot;dhammaan qalabka nooca ciyaaraha wuxuu ku dhisnaa sanam-caabudid.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Tertullian, ''De spectaculis'', Chapter 4.&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha, wuxuu leeyahay Tertullian, waxay kiciyaan dareenno la yaab leh oo ka baxsan dabeecadda deggen ee uu dhisay Masiixiga:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
Ilaah wuxuu nagu amray inaan u dhaqanno si deggen, si tartiib ah, si ka samaysan nabad, iyadoo uu la joogo Ruhal Qudus-ka, sababtoo ah waxyaabahani oo keliya waxay ku habboon yihiin wanaagga Dabeecaddiisa, iyadoo leh debecsanaanteisa iyo dareenkiisa. ... Hagaag, sida ay tani ugu habboonaan doontaa ciyaaraha? Sababtoo ah ciyaartu mar walba waxay keentaa iztiroob ruuxi ah, sababtoo ah halka ay ka jirto baashaal, waxaa ka jira dareen adag oo bixinaya baashaalka; halka ay ka jirto dareen adag, waxaa ka jira tartan oo siinaya kuleylkiisa. Ka dibna, marka aad leedahay tartan, waxaad leedahay carro, qadhaadh, xanaaq iyo calool-xumo, iyadoo dhammaan waxyaabaha xun ay ka soo bayaan kuwan – oo dhan si buuxda oo ka baxsan diinta Masiixa.&lt;ref&gt;''De spectaculis'' Chapter 15.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
Wadaaddada Masiixiga ee dhaqdhaqaaqa Wesleyan-Holiness waxay ka soo horjeedaan daawashada ama kaparticipatinka ciyaaraha xirfadlaha ah, iyagoo raba in liigyada ciyaaraha xirfadlaha ah ay nijaaseeyaan Sabtida, oo ay la tartamaan u-go'aaminta Masiixiga ee Ilaah, muujiyaan la'aanta xishoodka ee dharka ciyaartoyda iyo cheerleaders-ka, oo ay ku xirnaadaan dagaal iyo isticmaalka dhaaraha ee u dhexeya ciyaartoy badan, oo ay dhiirigeliyaan khamaarka, sida khamriga iyo dawooyinka kale ee dhacdooyinka ciyaaraha, oo ka dhan ah u-go'aaminta teetotalism-ka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Handel2020&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Handel |first1=Paul S. |title=Reasons Why Organized Sports Are Not Pleasing to God |date=2020 |publisher=Immanuel Missionary Church |page=4 |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Xigashooyinka==
{{Reflist}}

===Ilaha===
* European Commission (2007), ''The White Paper on Sport''
* Council of Europe (2001), ''The European sport charter''
*{{Free-content attribution
| title = Strengthening the rule of law through education: a guide for policymakers
| publisher = UNESCO
| page numbers =
| documentURL = https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366771
| license statement URL =
| license = CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO
}}

==Sii akhriso==
{{Sister project links|Sports|voy=Sport}}
* ''The Meaning of Sports'' by Michael Mandel (PublicAffairs, {{ISBN|1-58648-252-1}}).
* [https://www.tandfonline.com/journals/rjps20 ''Journal of the Philosophy of Sport'']
* Sullivan, George. ''The Complete Sports Dictionary''. New York: Scholastic Book Services, 1979. p.&amp;nbsp;199. {{ISBN|0-590-05731-6}}

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      <text bytes="78480" sha1="6xjad49id2idhdwpispw2biv96s3xbd" xml:space="preserve">[[File:2015 29 Somali National Team-1 (21007355596).jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|right|Ciyaartoyda kooxda kubadda cagta qaranka [[Soomaaliya]] intii lagu jiray tababarkii [[2015]] ]]
[[File:London Marathon 2005 at Blackfriars.jpg|thumb|Orodka London Marathon 2005: orodada, noocyadooda kala duwan, waxay u taagan yihiin nooca ugu duugga badan uguna jilicsan ciyaaraha.]]

'''Ciyaaraha''' ({{lang-en|Sport}}) waa dhaqdhaqaaq jirkaga ah ama ciyaar, oo inta badan tartan iyo habaysan ah, oo ilaaliya ama hagaajiya awoodda jirrka iyo xirfadaha. Ciyaaruhu waxay bixin karaan baashaal ciyaartoyda iyo madadaalo daawadayaasha. Tirada ciyaartoyda ciyaar gaar ah waxay ka bilaaban kartaa boqolaal qof illaa hal qof oo keliya.

Dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka wuxuu ku xiran yahay dhinacyo kala duwan oo caafimaadka iyo cimri dheerida ah. Heerarka sare ee dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka waxay ku xiran yihiin khatar hoose oo dhimashada dhammaan sababaha iyo dhimashada cudurrada wadnaha, istaroogga iskeemikada, iyo wadne xanuunka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kraus2019&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Kraus | first1 = William E. | last2 = Powell | first2 = Kenneth E. | last3 = Haskell | first3 = William L. | last4 = Janz | first4 = Kathleen F. | last5 = Campbell | first5 = Wayne W. | last6 = Jakicic | first6 = John M. | last7 = Troiano | first7 = Richard P. | title = Physical activity, all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, and cardiovascular disease | journal = Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise | volume = 51 | issue = 6 | pages = 1270 | date = 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka wuxuu sidoo kale ku xiran yahay hoos u dhaca astaamaha niyad-jabka, walwalka, iyo iztiroobka nafsiga ah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh2023&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Singh | first1 = Ben | last2 = Olds | first2 = Timothy | last3 = Curtis | first3 = Rachel | last4 = Dumuid | first4 = Dorothea | last5 = Virgara | first5 = Rosa | last6 = Watson | first6 = Amanda | last7 = Szeto | first7 = Kimberley | title = Effectiveness of physical activity interventions for improving depression, anxiety and distress: an overview of systematic reviews | journal = British Journal of Sports Medicine | volume = 57 | issue = 18 | pages = 1203-1209 | date = 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Munro2026&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Munro | first1 = Neil Richard | last2 = Teague | first2 = Samantha | last3 = Somoray | first3 = Klaire | last4 = Simpson | first4 = Aaron | last5 = Budden | first5 = Timothy | last6 = Jackson | first6 = Ben | last7 = Rebar | first7 = Amanda | last8 = Dimmock | first8 = James | title = Effect of exercise on depression and anxiety symptoms: systematic umbrella review with meta-meta-analysis | journal = British Journal of Sports Medicine | volume = 60 | issue = 8 | pages = 590-599 | date = 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Noetel2024&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Noetel | first1 = Michael | last2 = Sanders | first2 = Taren | last3 = Gallardo-Gómez | first3 = Daniel | last4 = Taylor | first4 = Paul | last5 = del Pozo Cruz | first5 = Borja | last6 = Van Den Hoek | first6 = Daniel | last7 = Smith | first7 = Jordan J. | title = Effect of exercise for depression: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials | journal = BMJ | volume = 384 | date = 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Gaar ahaan, jimicsiga aerobikada, yoogada, iyo jimicsiga noocyada badan leh ayaa loo helay in ay waxtar u leeyihiin hoos u dhicida astaamaha niyad-jabka umusha ka dib.&lt;ref name=&quot;Campos-Marin2025&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Campos-Marin | first1 = Álvaro | last2 = García-Muñoz | first2 = Cristina | last3 = Matias-Soto | first3 = Javier | last4 = Martinez-Calderon | first4 = Javier | title = What interventions focused on physical activity could improve postpartum depression symptoms? An overview of systematic reviews with meta-analysis | journal = Healthcare | volume = 13 | issue = 12 | pages = 1419 | date = 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tartamada ciyaaruhu waxay isticmaali karaan nooca koox ama qof keliya, waxayna noqon karaan kuwo furan, oo u oggolaanaya tiro ballaaran oo ciyaartoy ah, ama kuwo xiran, oo ku xaddidaya kaparticipatinka kooxo gaar ah ama kuwa la casuumay. Tartamadu waxay oggolaan karaan &quot;barbardhac&quot;, oo aysan ka jirin hal guuleyste; kuwo kale waxay bixiyaan hababka barbardhac-jebinta si loo xaqiijiyo in uu jiro hal guuleyste oo keliya. Waxaa sidoo kale loo dhabar-adkeyn karaa nooca tartanka, oo soo saaraya horyaal. Liigyo badan oo ciyaareed waxay samaysan karaan horyaal sannadle ah iyagoo dhisaya ciyaaro xilliga caadiga ah ee ciyaaraha, oo ay la socdaan xaaladaha qaar ciyaaraha kama-dambaysta ah .

Ciyaaraha guud ahaan waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay nidaam dhaqdhaqaaqyo ku dhisnaa ciyaartoynimada jirka ama xirfadda jirka, iyadoo tartamada waaweyni ay oggol yihiin oo keliya ciyaaraha buuxiya qeexiddaan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.olympic.org/sports |title=List of Summer and Winter Olympic Sports and Events |publisher=The Olympic Movement |date=14 November 2018 |access-date=5 March 2012 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225174712/https://www.olympic.org/sports%20 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ururada qaar, sida Golaha Yurub, waxay ka reebayaan dhaqdhaqaaqyada aan lahayn wax walbo oo jirka ah nooca ciyaaraha.&lt;ref name=&quot;council&quot;&gt;Qoraalka tixraaca&lt;/ref&gt; Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tiro dhaqdhaqaaqyo tartan ah, laakiin aan ahayn kuwo jirka ah, waxay sheegtaan aqoonsi sida ciyaaraha maanka. Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee Olimbikada oo kormeera Ciyaaraha Olombikada wuxuu u aqoonsan yahay shataraanka iyo bridge-ka ciyaaro ahaan. SportAccord, oo ah ururka xiriirada ciyaaraha caalamiga ah, wuxuu aqoonsan yahay shanta ciyaarood oo aan ahayn kuwo jirka ah: shataraanka, buundo, checkers, Go iyo xiangqi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |publisher=SportAccord |title=World Mind Games |url=http://www.sportaccord.com/en/multi-sports-games/index.php?idIndex=35&amp;idContent=658 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508021848/http://www.sportaccord.com/en/multi-sports-games/index.php?idIndex=35&amp;idContent=658 |archive-date=8 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |publisher=SportAccord |title=Members |url=http://www.sportaccord.com/en/members/index.php?idContent=644&amp;idIndex=32 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507073823/http://www.sportaccord.com/en/members/index.php?idContent=644&amp;idIndex=32 |archive-date=7 May 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay xaddidaan tirada ciyaaraha maanka ee loo oggolaan karo ciyaaro ahaan.&lt;ref name=&quot;sportaccord&quot;&gt;Qoraalka tixraaca&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha guud ahaan waxaa maamula xeerar ama caadooyin, oo u adeega xaqiijinta tartan caadil ah. Guushu waxay ku go'aansami kartaa matalaadaha jirka sida dhibcaha goolasha ama goynta xariiqda marka ugu horreysa. Waxaa sidoo kale go'aamin kara garsoorayaal dhibcaha ka bixinaya waxqabadka ciyaaraha, oo ay ku jiraan xaalado ujeeddo leh ama kuwo fikrad ah sida waxqabadka farsamada ama saamaynta incaamka artistique.

Diiwaanka waxqabadka inta badan waa la dhowraa, ciyaaraha caanka ahna, macluumaadkan waxaa laga yaabaa in si ballaaran looga dhawaaqo ama looga warramo wararka ciyaaraha. Ciyaaruhu sidoo kale waa il muhiim ah oo madadaalo u ah dadka aan kaparticipatgaraynayn, iyadoo ciyaaraha daawashada ay soo jiitaan dad badan garoomada ciyaaraha, oo ay gaaraan dhagaystayaal ballaaran oo maraya teevishanka ama radayowga. Khamaarka ciyaaraha xaaladaha qaar si daran ayaa loo maamulaa, xaaladaha kalena waa qayb ka mid ah ciyaaraha.

Sida ku cad A.T. Kearney, oo ah shirkad la-talinta, kiiska ciyaaraha ee caalamiga ah wuxuu qiimihiisu yahay ilaa $620 bilyan marka la joogo 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/news/international/21585012-sportswomen-are-beginning-score-more-commercial-goalsbut-they-still-have-lot-ground |title=Women in sport: Game, sex and match |newspaper=The Economist |date=7 September 2013 |access-date=14 September 2017 |archive-date=2 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802224933/http://www.economist.com/news/international/21585012-sportswomen-are-beginning-score-more-commercial-goalsbut-they-still-have-lot-ground |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaarta ugu helitaanka iyo ku practice-garaynta badan dunida waa orodka, halka kubbadda cagtu ay tahay ciyaarta daawashada ugu caansan.&lt;ref name=&quot;wa&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-are-the-most-popular-sports-in-the-world.html |title=The Most Popular Sports in the World |date=2018 |website=www.worldatlas.com |publisher=World Atlas |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817161238/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-are-the-most-popular-sports-in-the-world.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ujeeddada iyo adeegsiga==
===Etimoolojiga===
Ereyga &quot;sport&quot; wuxuu ka yimid Faransiiskii Hore desport oo dhahaya &quot;waqti firaaqo&quot;, iyadoo qeexiddii ugu duugnayd ee Ingiriisida ee qarnigii 1300 ay ahayd &quot;wax kasta oo aadamuhu u arko kuwo xiiso leh ama madadaalo leh&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=sport&amp;searchmode=none |title=sport (n.) |access-date=20 April 2008 |first=Douglas |last=Harper |work=Online Etymological Dictionary |archive-date=11 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111214311/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=sport&amp;searchmode=none |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ujeedooyinka kale waxaa ka mid ah khamaarka iyo dhacdooyinka loo sameeyay ujeeddada khamaarka; ugaarsiga; iyo ciyaaraha iyo baashaalka, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa u baahan jimicsi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged |publisher=G&amp;C Merriam Company |location=Springfield, MA |page=2206 |year=1967}}&lt;/ref&gt; Roget's wuxuu qeexayaa ciyaaraha sida &quot;dhaqdhaqaaq loo sameeyo nasasho iyo madadaalo&quot; iyadoo synonyms-ku ay ku jiraan madadaalo iyo firaaqo-wadaag.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Roget's II: The New Thesaurus|edition =3rd|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |url=https://archive.org/details/rogetsiiinewthes00houg |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-618-25414-9 |url-access=registration }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sida loo magacaabo===
Ereyga kali ah ee &quot;sport&quot; waxaa loo isticmaalaa lahjadaha Ingiriisida badankood si loogu qeexo fikradda guud, tusaale &quot;carruurta kaparticipatgaraynaysa ciyaaraha&quot;, iyadoo &quot;sports&quot; loo isticmaalo si loogu qeexo dhaqdhaqaaqyo badan, tusaale &quot;kubbadda cagta iyo rugby waa ciyaaraha ugu caansan Ingriiska&quot;. Ingiriisida Mareykanka waxay isticmaashaa &quot;sports&quot; labada macnaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sport vs sports – Usage Notes |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/sport-s-sports |publisher=Cambridge University Press |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sport |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sport |publisher=Merriam-Webster |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Qeexidda===
{{see also|Game#Definitions}}
[[File:ChessStartingPosition.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee Olimbikada wuxuu u aqoonsan yahay ciyaaraha guddiga qaar ka mid ah ciyaaro ahaan, oo uu ku jiro shataraanka.]]
[[File:Showjumping white horse.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|Boodidda fardaha, oo ah ciyaar fardoolay ah]]
Qeexidda saxda ah ee ka soocaysa ciyaarta dhaqdhaqaaqyada kale ee firaaqada waxay ku kala duwan tahay ilaha. Midda ugu dhow heshiis caalami ah oo ku saabsan qeexidda waxaa bixiya Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Xiriirada Ciyaaraha Caalamiga ah (GAISF), oo ah ururka dhammaan xiriirada ciyaaraha caalamiga ah ee ugu waaweyn (oo ay ku jiraan kubbadda cagta, ciyaaraha fudud, baaskiil wadida, tennis-ka, ciyaaraha fardoolayda, iyo kuwo kale), saas darteedna waa maamulaha rasmiga ah ee ciyaaraha caalamiga ah.

GAISF wuxuu isticmaalaa shuruudaha soo socda, wuxueena go'aamiyaa in ciyaartu tahay inay:&lt;ref name=sportaccord/&gt;
* leedahay walab tartanka ah
* aysan wax ku nool ah dhib u geysanayn
* aysan ku tiirsanayn qalab uu bixiyo hal alaab-qeybiye oo keliya (oo ay ka reeban yihiin ciyaaraha iska lahaanshaha ah sida kubbadda cagta arena)
* aysan ku tiirsanayn wax &quot;nasiib&quot; ah oo gaar ahaan loogu talagalay ciyaarta.

Waxay sidoo kale aqoonsan yihiin in ciyaartu noqon karto ku dhawaad jirka (sida rugby ama ciyaaraha fudud), ku dhawaad maanka (sida shataraanka ama Go), ku dhawaad matoorada (sida Formula 1 ama doonyaha matoorka), ku dhawaad iskudubaridka iyo xirfadda (sida snooker iyo ciyaaraha kale ee cue-ka), ama ku dhawaad kuwa xayawaanku taageeraan (sida ciyaaraha fardoolayda).&lt;ref name=sportaccord/&gt;

Koodinta ciyaaraha maanka ee gudaha qeexidda ciyaaraha lama wada aqbalin, taas oo keentay lchallenge-yo sharci ah oo ka yimid maamulada maamula marka loo eego in loo diaday maalgelinta loo hayo ciyaaraha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |work=BBC News |title=Judicial review of 'sport' or 'game' decision begins |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-34320201 |date=22 September 2015 |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-date=23 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023020304/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-34320201 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Laakiin iyadoo GAISF ay aqoonsan tahay tiro yar oo ciyaaraha maanka ah, ma furaan in ay kaparticipat-geliyaan ciyaaro kale oo maanka ah.

Waxaa jiray kordho adeegsiga ereyga &quot;sport&quot; ee ku saabsan ciyaaro ballaaran oo aan ahayn kuwo jirka ah sida ciyaaraha fiidiyowga, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano esports (ka yimid &quot;ciyaaraha elektaroonigga ah&quot;), gaar ahaan sababtoo ah baaxadda weyn ee kaparticipatinka iyo tartanka habaysan, laakiin kuwan si ballaaran looma aqoonsana ururada ciyaaraha ee waaweyn. Sida ku cad Golaha Yurub, Axdiga Ciyaaraha Yurub, maqaalka 2.i, &quot;'Sport' waa dhammaan noocyada dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka oo, troo kaparticipatinka caadiga ah ama habaysan, haysata ujeedo lagu muujinayo ama lagu hagaajinayo fayowida jirka iyo wanaagga maanka, dhisida xiriirada bulshada ama helitaanka natiijooyinka tartanka heerarka dhan.&quot;&lt;ref name=council/&gt;

===Tartanka===
[[File:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb|left|Orodka fardaha]]

Waxaa jira fikrado iska soo horjeeda oo ku saabsan muhiimadda tartanka uu u leeyahay walaxda qeexaysa ciyaarta, iyadoo ku dhawaad dhammaan ciyaaraha xirfadlaha ah ay ku jiraan tartan, maamulada maamulana ay u baahan yihiin tartan inay tahay shuruud ka hor aqoonsiga Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee Olimbikada (IOC) ama GAISF.&lt;ref name=sportaccord/&gt;

Ururada kale waxay u doodaan ballaadhinta qeexidda ciyaaraha si ay u noqoto dhammaan noocyada dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka, oo aysan ahayn oo keliya dhacdooyinka habaysan ama tartanka ah. Tusaale ahaan, Axdiga Ciyaaraha ee Golaha Yurub wuxuu qeexayaa &quot;sport&quot; sida: &quot;dhammaan noocyada dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka oo, troo kaparticipatinka caadiga ah ama habaysan, looga dan leeyahay ilaalinta ama hagaajinta fayowida jirka iyo wanaagga maanka, dhisida xiriirada bulshada ama helitaanka natiijooyinka tartanka heerarka dhan&quot;, iyadoo si cad u dhexgalinaysa jimicsiga baashaalka ah ee loo sameeyo kaliya baashaal ahaan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=Jun 2022 |title=Revised European Sports Charter – Article 2 |url=https://rm.coe.int/revised-european-sports-charter-web-a6/1680a7534b |publisher=Council of Europe |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title= The Development and Prospects for Community Action in the Field of Sport |date=29 September 1998 |url=https://ec.europa.eu/assets/eac/sport/library/documents/doc252_en.pdf |publisher=European Commission |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Si loo ballaadhiyo kaparticipatinka, oo loo yareeyo saamaynta laga helayo guuldarada ciyaartoyda aan awoodda badan lahayn, waxaa jiray soo-bandhigidda dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka oo aan ahayn tartan ee dhacdooyinka tartanka ah ee caadiga ah sida maalmaha ciyaaraha ee dugsiyada, inkasta oo dhaqdhaqaaqyada noocan oo kale ah ay noqon karaan kuwo muran dhaliya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Front |first=Rebecca |work=The Guardian |title=A little competition |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/jul/17/school-sport-competitive-children-achievement-ambition |date=17 July 2011 |access-date=13 December 2016 |archive-date=15 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315143528/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/jul/17/school-sport-competitive-children-achievement-ambition |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |publisher=ParentDish |title=Why parents hate school sports day |last=Scrimgeour |first=Heidi |date=17 June 2011 |url=http://www.parentdish.co.uk/2011/06/17/why-parents-hate-school-sports-day/ |access-date=11 June 2012 |archive-date=24 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024182750/http://www.parentdish.co.uk/2011/06/17/why-parents-hate-school-sports-day/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dhacdooyinka tartanka ah, ciyaartoyda waxaa lagu qiimeeyaa ama lagu kala saaraa ku dhisnaanta &quot;natiijadooda&quot; iyadoo inta badan loo qeybiyo kooxo leh waxqabad loo siman yahay, tusaale, jinsiga, miisaanka iyo da'da. Qiyaasta natiijadu waxay noqon kartaa ku dhawaad ujeeddo ama fikrad, oo lagu saxo &quot;handicaps&quot; ama ganaaxyo. Tartanka orodka, tusaale ahaan, waqtiga lagu dhameeyay wadada waa qiyaas ujeeddo ah. Jimnaastikada ama quusida, natiijada waxaa go'aamiya garsoorayaal, sidaas darteedna waa fikrad. Waxaa jira heerar garsoorid dhex-dhexaad ah oo u dhexeya feerka iyo ciyaaraha la isku daray ee dagaalka, oo haddii aysan labada ciyaartoy midna guul helin ka hor waqtiga xaddidan, natiijada waxaa go'aamiya kaararka dhibcaha garsoorayaasha. Feerka, saddex garsoore ayaa si madax-bannaan dhibcaha uga bixiya wareeg kasta, iyadoo la raacayo shuruudaha sida feerida nadiifka ah, weerarka waxtarka leh, maamulka garoonka iyo doofaaca.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ABC Uniform Championship Rules |url=https://www.ibf-usba-boxing.com/wp-content/uploads/ABCUniformChampionshipRules.pdf |publisher=Association of Boxing Commissions |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Taariikhda==
{{Main article|History of sport}}
[[File:Roman bronze copy of Myron’s Discobolos, 2nd century CE (Glyptothek Munich).jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Naxaas Roomaan ah oo laga sameeyay Discobolos ee Myron, qarnigii 2aad AD]]
[[File:Participants with the Water Warrior class perform squats prior to entering the pool at Camp Foster, Okinawa, Japan, July 6, 2011 110706-M-VD776-004 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Snoorkeler-ku waxay sameynayaan jimicsiga squats ka hor inta aysan galin barkadda ee saldhigga ciidanka Mareykanka, 2011.]]

Shaqooyinka gacanta iyo dhismayaasha waxay tilmaamayaan ciyaaraha Shiinaha sida ay ahayd 2000 BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://chineseculture.about.com/library/weekly/aa032301a.htm |title=Sports History in China |author1=Ye Qinfa |access-date=15 October 2006 |archive-date=3 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303183246/http://chineseculture.about.com/library/weekly/aa032301a.htm |url-status=deviated }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jimnaastikada waxay u muuqataa in ay caan ka ahayd waagii duugga ahaa ee Shiinaha. Taallooyinka Fircooniga waxay tilmaamaan in tiro ciyaaro ah, oo ay ku jiraan dabaasha iyo kaluumeysiga, ay ahaayeen kuwo si wanaagsan u horumaray oo maamulan kumanaan sano ka hor Masartii Hore.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ioa.leeds.ac.uk/1980s/84085.htm |title=84.85-90 History of Sports in Ancient Egypt |first1=Ahmed D. |last1=Touny |website=Proceedings of the International Olympic Academy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029232515/http://www.ioa.leeds.ac.uk/1980s/84085.htm |archive-date=29 October 2006 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha kale ee Masar waxaa ka mid ahaa tuurista waranka, boodada dheer, iyo legdinta. Ciyaaraha Beershiyo ee Hore sida sanka ee soo jireenka ah ee Iiraan ee Zoorkhaneh waxay lahayd xiriir dhow oo ku saabsan xirfadaha dagaalka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.kuwait-info.com/newsnew/NewsDetails1.asp?id=78319&amp;dt=10/13/2006&amp;ntype=World |title=Ancient sport still flexing its muscles in Iran |website=kuwait-info.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070326081959/http://www.kuwait-info.com/newsnew/NewsDetails1.asp?id=78319&amp;dt=10%2F13%2F2006&amp;ntype=World |archive-date=26 March 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha kale ee ka yimid Beershiyadii Hore waxaa ka mid ah polo iyo jousting. Ciyaaraha soo jireenka ah ee Hindiya ee kala duwan sida Kho kho iyo Kabaddi waxaa la ciyaarayay kumanaan sano. Kabaddi waxaa loo ciyaarayay malaha sida u-diyaargarowga ugaarsiga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=kabaddi {{!}} sport |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/kabaddi |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Bruno Senna 2006 Australian Grand Prix.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|Ciyaaraha matoorada leh waxay soo muuqdeen tan iyo markii ay timid waagii casriga ahaa.]]

Tiro ballaaran oo ciyaaro ah ayaa horay loo dhisay waagii Gariikii Hore, dhaqanka ciidankana iyo horumarka ciyaaraha ee Gariiga waxay saameeyeen midba midka kale si weyn. Ciyaaruhu waxay noqdeen qayb aad u muhiim ah oo ka mid ah dhaqankooda taas oo keentay in Gariigu ay dhiisaha Ciyaaraha Olimbikada, oo waagii duugga ahaa lagu qaban jiray afar sano kasta tuulo yar oo ku taalla Peloponnesus oo loo yaqaanay Olympia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/ancient/index_uk.asp|title=Ancient Olympic Games|date=30 July 2018|access-date=15 October 2006|archive-date=28 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090928011744/http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/ancient/index_uk.asp|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciyaaraha waxaa sii kordhayay habaynta iyo maamulidda tan iyo waagii Olimbikadii Hore illaa qarniga hadda jira. Warshadaysashadu waxay keenay gaadiidka matoorada leh iyo kordhinta waqtiga firaaqada, oo u oggolaanaya dadka in ay kaparticipat-gelaan oo ay raacaan ciyaaraha daawashada oo ay kaparticipat-gelaan dhaqdhaqaaqyada ciyaartoyda. Isbeddelladan waxay sii socdeen iyadoo ay timid warbaahinta weyn iyo xiriirka caalamiga ah. Xirfaddnimadu waxay noqotay mid caan ah, iyadoo sii kordhinaysa caannimada ciyaaraha, maadaama taageerayaasha ciyaaruhu ay raacayeen guulaha ciyaartoyda xirfadlayaasha ah – iyagoo oo dhami ku raaxaysanayay jimicsiga iyo tartanka ku xiran kaparticipatinka amateerka ee ciyaaraha. Tan iyo markii uu karraday qarniga 21aad, waxaa jiray doode ka dhan ah in dadka transgender-ka ah ee ciyaartoyda ah ay awood u leeyihiin in ay kaparticipat-gelaan dhacdooyinka ciyaaraha ee u dhigma jinsigooda cusub.&lt;ref&gt;''Sport and the Law: Historical and Cultural Intersections'', p. 111, Sarah K. Fields (2014){{ISBN?}}|&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ciyaarta caadiga ah==
===Dhaqanka ciyaartoyda===
Dhaqanka ciyaartoyda waa dabeecad u doodeysa ciyaarta caadiga ah, edebta ka dhaxaysa kooxda iyo kaadhibka, dhaqanka anshaxa leh iyo daacadnimada, iyo sharafka guusha ama guuldarada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?va=sportsmanship |publisher=Merriam-Webster |title=Sportsmanship |access-date=15 October 2006 |archive-date=28 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928231236/http://www.merriam.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?va=sportsmanship |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Fish |first1=Joel |last2=Magee |first2=Susan |year=2003 |title=101 Ways to Be a Terrific Sports Parent |publisher=Fireside |page=168}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Lacey |first=David |date=10 November 2007 |url=http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/11/10/it_takes_a_bad_loser_to_become.html |title=It takes a bad loser to become a good winner |work=The Guardian |access-date=28 October 2009 |archive-date=13 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113021424/http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/11/10/it_takes_a_bad_loser_to_become.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dhaqanka ciyaartoyda wuxuu muujinayaa rabitaan ama ruux in dhaqdhaqaaqa loogu raaxaysan doono ujeedadiisa lafahaadeed. Fikirka caanka ah ee uu qoray weriyaha ciyaaraha Grantland Rice, ee ah &quot;ma aha inaad guuleysato ama guuldarraysato, laakiin waa sida aad u ciyaarto ciyaarta&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Rice, Grantland |url=https://tshf.net/halloffame/rice-grantland/ |publisher=Tennessee Sports Hall of Fame |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo caqiidada Olimbikada casriga ah ee uu muujiyay aasaasaheeda Pierre de Coubertin: &quot;Waxyaabaha ugu muhiimsan Ciyaaraha Olimbikada ma aha guusha laakiin waa kaparticipatinka,&quot; waa muujinta caadiga ah ee fikirkan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Fundamentals of Olympic Values Education |publisher=International Olympic Committee |url=https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/Documents/Document-Set-Teachers-The-Main-Olympic-Topics/Olympism-and-the-Olympic-Movement.pdf |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Khayaanada===
{{see also|Match fixing|cheating}}
Mabaadi'da muhiimka ah ee ciyaaraha waxaa ka mid ah in natiijadu aysan noqon ku dhisnaan hore, iyo dhammaan ciyaartoydu inay lahaadaan fursad loo siman yahay oo ay ku guuleystaan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=European Sports Charter, Article 3|url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/sport/european-sports-charter|publisher=Council of Europe|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Xeerarka iyo shuruucda waxaa dhisay maamulada maamula si loo xaqiijiyo ciyaar caadil ah iyo daacadnimo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=International Charter of Physical Education, Physical Activity and Sport, Article 10|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000235409|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ciyaartoydu mararka kaar ayaa jebiya xeerarkan si ay u helaan faa'iido aan caadil ahayn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Fair play and the competitive spirit|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000093013|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciyaartoydu waxay khayaani karaan si ay u kordhiyaan fursadahooda guusha, si ay u helaan faa'iido lacageed ama faa'iido kale.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Global Report on Corruption in Sport|url=https://www.unodc.org/documents/corruption/Publications/2022/Global_Report_on_Corruption_in_Sport_Full_report.pdf|publisher=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Caannimada khamaarka ee ku saabsan natiijooyinka ciyaaraha waxay abuurtaa dhiirigelin lagu sameeyo hagaajinta ciyaarta (match fixing), oo hal ama ka badan oo ciyaartoy ahi ay ku heshiiyaan in ay go'aamiyaan natiijooyinka ka hor halkii ay si daacad ah u tartami lahaayeen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Staying on Side: How to Stop Match-Fixing|url=https://images.transparencycdn.org/images/2014_Stop_MatchFixing_EN.pdf|publisher=Transparency International|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Doping-ka iyo dawooyinka===
{{main article|Use of performance-enhancing drugs in sport}}
Dabeecadda tartanka ah ee ciyaaraha waxay dhiirigelisaa ciyaartoyda qaar in ay isku dayaan in ay hagaajiyaan waxqabadkooda troo dawooyinka, ama habab kale sida kordhinta tirada dhiigga ee jirkooda troo habab dadku sameeyeen.&lt;ref name=&quot;Baron2007&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Baron |first1=David A. |last2=Martin |first2=David M. |last3=Abol Magd |first3=Samir |title=Doping in sports and its spread to at-risk populations: an international review |journal=World Psychiatry |year=2007 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=118–123 |pmid=18235871|pmc=2219897 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dhammaan ciyaaraha uu aqoonsan yahay IOC, ama SportAccord, waxaa loo baahan yahay in ay sameeyaan barnaamij tijaabo ah, iyagoo raadinaya liiska dawooyinka la mamnuucay, iyadoo ganaaxyo ama joojin loo dhigay ciyaartoyda ku tijaabo-gala nooca togan ee walxaha la mamnuucay.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Prohibited List |url=https://www.wada-ama.org/en/prohibited-list |publisher=World Anti-Doping Agency |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=World Anti-Doping Code |url=https://www.wada-ama.org/en/what-we-do/world-anti-doping-code |publisher=World Anti-Doping Agency |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Dagaalka===
Dagaalka ciyaaraha wuxuu ku jiraa ka tallaabida xariiqda u dhexaysa tartanka caadiga ah iyo dagaalka muuqda ee ujeeddada leh. Ciyaartoyda, tababarayaasha, taageerayaasha, iyo waalidiintu mararka kaar waxay sameeyaan dhaqan dagaal ah oo ku saabsan dadka ama hantida, iyagoo muujinaya daacadnimo, maamul, carro, ama dabaaldeg oo la khalday. Rabshadaha ama hooliganism-ka oo ay sameeyaan taageerayaashu gaar ahaan waa dhibaato ka jirta tartamada ciyaaraha ee heer qaran iyo kuwo caalami ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Russell |first=Gareth |title=Sport riots: A social–psychological review |journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior |year=2004 |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=353–378|doi=10.1016/S1359-1789(03)00031-4 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Guide on the Security of Major Sporting Events |url=https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/sites/www.un.org.counterterrorism/files/211006_guide_on_security_major_sporting_events_web.pdf |publisher=United Nations |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ka qaybqaadashada==
===Ka qaybqaadashada jinsiga===
[[File:100 metres race winner Sina Schielke (192) and the other Runners - ISTAF 2006 - Berlin, 3 September.jpg|thumb|Ciyaartoyda dumarka ah ee heerka caalamiga ah ee ISTAF Berlin, 2006]]
Participatinka dumarka ee ciyaaraha wuu kordhay iyada oo la kordhiyay fursadaha iyo aqoonsiga kordhaya ee faa'iidooyinka dhaqdhaqaaqa ciyaartoyda ee horumarka carruurta iyo fayowida jirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Eime |first1=Rochelle M. |last2=Young |first2=Janet A. |last3=Harvey |first3=Jack T. |last4=Charity |first4=Melanie J. |last5=Payne |first5=Warren R. |title=A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for children and adolescents |journal=International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity |year=2013 |volume=10 |issue=98 |page=98 |doi=10.1186/1479-5868-10-98|doi-access=free |pmid=23945179 |pmc=3751802 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Inkasta oo ay jiraan faa'iidooyinkan, farqiga jinsiga wuu sii jiraa. Heerka Olimbikada, dumarku waxay ahaayeen 49% oo ku taalla Tokyo 2020,&lt;ref name=&quot;RioTokyoWSF&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Paris 2024 should see gender parity – WSF study |url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/paris-2024-should-see-gender-parity-wsf-study-2022-04-21/ |publisher=Reuters |date=2022-04-21 |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; iyagoo gaadhay 50 % oo buuxa oo isu dhigma oo ku taalla Paris 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;GenderParity2024&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Reid |first=Helen |title=Women athletes say the work isn't over after Olympics gender parity |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/olympics/women-athletes-say-work-isnt-over-after-olympics-gender-parity-2024-07-28/ |publisher=Reuters |date=2024-07-28 |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Laakiin baadhitaannada caalamiga ah waxay sheegaan oo keliya 20% oo dumar ah oo ka aghb 31% oo ragg ah in ay kaparticipat-gelaan dhaqdhaqaaqa ciyaaraha bishii,&lt;ref name=&quot;YouGovGap&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Shah |first=Kineree |title=The great divide – exploring the gender gap in sports viewership |url=https://business.yougov.com/content/46311-the-great-divide-exploring-gender-gap-in-sports-viewership |publisher=YouGov |date=2023-03-10 |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ururka Caafimaadka Dduunka wuxuu xussayaa in dumarku ay 5 percentage points ka hooseeyaan ragga marka loo eego in ay buuxiyaan shuruudaha dhaqdhaqaaqa la soo jeediyay.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHOActivity&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Physical activity fact sheet |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciyaaraha qaar waa jinsiga la isku daray, oo oggolaanaya, ama xitaa u baahan, ragga iyo dumarka in ay ku ciyaaraan koox ka mid ah. Hal tusaale oo tan ah waa Baseball5, oo ah ciyaartii ugu horreysay ee jinsiga la isku daray ee loo oggolaado Olimbikada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Debut of Baseball5 at Youth Olympic Games postponed as next YOG shifted from 2022 to 2026 |url=http://www.wbsc.org/en/news/debut-of-baseball5-at-youth-olympic-games-postponed-as-next-yog-shifted-from-2022-to-2026 |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=World Baseball Softball Confederation |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Participatinka dhallinyarada===
{{main|Youth sports}}
{{See also|College sports}}
Ciyaaraha dhallinyarada waxay u bixiyaan carruurta fursado baashaal, isku xidhka bulshada, dhisida xiriirada ciyaartoyda kale, fayowida jirka, iyo deeqaha waxbarasho ee ciyaartoyda. U doodayaasha waxbarashada iyo dagaalka ka dhanka ah dawooyinka waxay dhiirigeliyaan ciyaaraha dhallinyarada si ay uga baxaan kaparticipatinka waxbarashada oo ay uga dagaallamaan ganacsiga dawooyinka ee sharci-darro ah. Sida ku cad Xarunta Cilmi-baadhista Dhaawaca iyo Siyaasadda ee Cusbitaalka Carruurta ee Qaranka, khatarta ugu weyn ee ciyaaraha dhallinyarada waa dhimasho ama dhaawac daran oo uu ku jiro concussion. Khatarahan waxay ka yimaadaan orodka, kubbadda koleyga, kubbadda cagta, volleyball-ka, gridiron-ka, jimnaastikada, iyo ice hockey.&lt;ref&gt;[https://healthland.time.com/2009/08/04/why-are-more-kids-getting-hurt-in-gym-class/ &quot;Gym class injuries up 150% between 1997 and 2007&quot;] {{Wayback|url=https://healthland.time.com/2009/08/04/why-are-more-kids-getting-hurt-in-gym-class/ |date=20250331145225 }}, ''Time'', 4 August 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha dhallinyarada ee US waa $15 bilyan oo vaza ah oo ay ku jiraan qalabka illaa tababarka gaarka ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last1=Gregory |first1=Sean |title=How Kids' Sports Became a $15 Billion Industry |url=https://time.com/4913687/how-kids-sports-became-15-billion-industry/ |access-date=24 August 2017 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=24 August 2017 |archive-date=24 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824112734/http://time.com/4913687/how-kids-sports-became-15-billion-industry/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Participatinka dadka naqada ah===
{{see also|Parasports|Paralympic Games}}
[[File:David Bizet - Marathon de Paris 2014.jpg|thumb|Orodiyaha wuxuu si saaxiibtinimo ah ugu taabanayaa garabka orodiyaha kursiga curyaanka inta lagu jiro Marathon-ka Paris 2014.]]

Ciyaaraha dadka naqada ah ama ciyaaraha la waafajiyay waxaa ciyaara dad leh naqadnimo, oo ay ku jiraan naqadnimada jirka iyo naqadnimada maanka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Para Sport |url=https://www.paralympic.org/paralympic-sport |publisher=International Paralympic Committee |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maadaama kuwo badan oo kuwan ka mid ah ay ku dhisnaayeen ciyaaraha jira oo la waafajiyay si loo buuxiyo baahida dadka leh naqadnimada, mararka kaar waxaa loo yaqaanaa ciyaaraha la waafajiyay.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Misener |first1=Laura |last2=Kissack |first2=Travis |title=Social inclusion through sport: Community coaching and participation of people with disabilities in sport |journal=Sport Management Review |year=2010 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=49–67 |doi=10.1016/j.smr.2009.10.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhammaan ciyaaraha dadka naqada ah ma aha kuwo la waafajiyay; tiro gaar ah oo loogu talagalay dadka leh naqadnimada ma laha wax u dhigma ciyaaraha dadka caadiga ah, sida goalball iyo boccia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sitting Volleyball, Goalball and Boccia |url=https://www.paralympic.org/sports |publisher=International Paralympic Committee |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Participatinka dadka waaweyn===
{{see also|Masters athletics|Masters cycling|Masters swimming}}
[[File:Pickleball Players.jpg|thumb|right|Pickleball waa ciyaar gaar ahaan u soo jiidasho badan dadka waaweyn.]]
'''Ciyaaraha Masters-ka''', '''ciyaaraha senior-ka''', ama '''ciyaaraha veteran-ka''' waa qeyb da'da ah oo ciyaaraha ah, oo inta badan ku jirta kooxaha da'da 35 iyo ka weyn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/veterans-and-masters-sport|title=Story: Veterans and masters sport|publisher=govt.nz|access-date=28 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waxay khuseyn kartaa dhaqdhaqaaqyada ciyaaraha oo aan la beddelin ama la waafajiyay, oo leh ama aan lahayn tartamo.

'''Tartamada'''
* World Masters Games oo la habayeeyay tan iyo 1985 afar sano kasta.
* European Masters Games oo la habayeeyay markii ugu horreysay 2008 oo markaas ka dib afar sano kasta.
* Senior Olympics (Senior Games)
* USATF Masters Outdoor Championships oo bilaabatay 1968
* USATF Masters Indoor Championships oo bilaabatay 1975
* World Masters Athletics Championships oo bilaabatay 1975

===Participatinka daawadayaasha===
{{Main article|Spectator sport}}
{{See also|Sports fandom}}
[[File:1906 Athens stadium.jpg|thumb|right|Daawadayaasha Ciyaaraha Olimbikada ee aan rasmiga ahayn ee 1906]]

Qaybta tartanka ee ciyaaraha, iyada oo la socota soo jiidashada quruxda ee dhinacyada qaar, waxay keentay dhacdooyinka ciyaaraha daawashada. Ciyaaraha amateerka iyo xirfadlaha ah waxay soo jiitaan dhagaystayaal toos ah oo ku yaalla garoomada iyo troo warbaahinta – radayowga, teevishanka iyo intarneedka – oo mid kasta oo kuwan ka mid ah uu ka qaadi karo lacagaha sida tikidhada ama isdhaafsiga pay-per-view.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=Spectator sport |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/spectator-sport |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Liigyada ciyaaraha iyo tartamadu waxay bixiyaan hababka habaysan ee ugu muhiimsan ee tartanka caadiga ah ee u dhexeya kooxaha ama ciyaartoyda gaarka ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Fort |first= Rodney D |title=Sports Economics |publisher=Prentice Hall |year=2015 |isbn=9780130850911}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dhacdooyinka sare waxay amraan dhagaystayaal waaweyn, iyagoo dhiirigeliya heshiisyo waaweyn oo xuquuqda warbaahinta ah. Ciyaarta kama-dambaysta ah ee Koobka Duunka FIFA 2006 waxay soo jiitatay in ka badan 700 milyan oo daawadayaal ah oo duunka oo dhan ah,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=2006 FIFA World Cup™ Media Report |url=http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/germany2006/organisation/media/media-reports.html |publisher=FIFA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101000000/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/germany2006/organisation/media/media-reports.html |access-date=2025-05-02|archive-date=1 January 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ciyaarta kama-dambaysta ah ee Koobka Duunka ee Cricket 2011 waxaa daawaday noin 135 milyan oo daawadayaal ah oo ku taalla Hindiya oo keliya.&lt;ref name=&quot;CWC2011&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=135 mn saw World Cup final: TAM |date=10 April 2011 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/135-mn-saw-World-Cup-final-TAM/Article1-683623.aspx |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=2025-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803013151/http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/135-mn-saw-World-Cup-final-TAM/Article1-683623.aspx |archive-date=2013-08-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mareykanka, Super Bowl wuxuu ku jiraa nooca teevishanka sannadlaha ah ee ugu daawashada badan, iyadoo Super Bowl XLIX ee 2015 uu lahaa averiiji 114 milyan oo daawadayaal ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Nielsen |title=Super Bowl XLIX Sets U.S. Viewership Record |url=http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/news/2015/super-bowl-xlix-most-watched-telecast-in-u-s--history.html |publisher=Nielsen |date=2015-02-02 |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Axadda Super Bowl waxaa loo arkaa fasax qaran oo aan rasmi ahayn, iyo 2015 booska xayeysiiska ee 30-ilbiriqsi ah waxaa lagu iibiyay noin US$4.5 milyan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Super Bowl Ads Cost US$4.5M for 30-Second Spot |url=https://adage.com/article/media/super-bowl-ads-cost-4-5m-30-spot/296163 |publisher=Ad Age |date=2015-01-30 |access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Hiwaayad iyo xirfadle==
[[File:Volleyball-5 (9786053885).jpg|thumb|Kooxda volleyball-ka ee dumarka ee jaamacadda Mareykanka]]
Ciyaaraha waxaa loo samayn karaa nooc amateer, xirfadle ama xirfadle Dhexe ah, iyada oo ku xiran haddii ciyaartoyda loo dhiirigeliyo kaparticipatinka (inta badan troo bixinta lacagta ama mushaharka). Participatinka amateerka ee ciyaaraha heerarka hoose inta badan loo yaqaan &quot;ciyaaraha xididdada&quot; (grassroots sport).&lt;ref name=&quot;council&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;White Paper&quot;&gt;{{cite web |publisher=European Commission |title=The White Paper on Sport |url=http://ec.europa.eu/sport/white-paper/index_en.htm |access-date=11 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916202200/http://ec.europa.eu/sport/white-paper/index_en.htm |archive-date=16 September 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Caannimada ciyaaraha daawashada oo ah firaaqo u ah dadka aan kaparticipat-gelaayn waxay keentay in ciyaaruhu ay noqdaan ganacsi weyn oo madax-bannaan, tanina waxay dhiirigelisay dhaqanka ciyaaraha xirfadlaha ah ee bixiya lacagaha sare, oo ciyaartoyda waxqabadka sare leh lagu abaalmariyo lacag ka badan mushaharka averiijiga ah, oo gaari karta milyan oo doolar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |magazine=Sports Illustrated |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/specials/fortunate50-2011/index.html |title=Fortunate 50 2011 |last=Freedman |first=Jonah |access-date=5 March 2012 |archive-date=29 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429050301/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/specials/fortunate50-2011/index.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciyaaraha qaar, ama tartamada gaarka ah ee ku jira ciyaaraha, waxay haystaan siyaasad ah oggolaanshaha ciyaaraha amateerka oo keliya. Ciyaaraha Olimbikada waxay ku bilaabmeen mabda'a tartanka amateerka iyadoo kuwa ciyaarta u ciyaara si xirfadle ah loo arkayay in ay leeyihiin faa'iido aan caadil ahayn marka loo eego kuwa u ciyaara kaliya sida hiwaayad.&lt;ref name=OIdeology&gt;{{cite book |last=Eassom |first=Simon |title=Critical Reflections on Olympic Ideology |year=1994 |location=Ontario |publisher=The Centre for Olympic Studies |pages=120–123 |isbn=978-0-7714-1697-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tan iyo 1971, ciyaartoyda Olimbikada waxaa loo oggolaaday in ay helaan lacag iyo kafaalo-qaad (sponsorship),&lt;ref name=&quot;InfoPlease&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.infoplease.com/spot/olympic-athletes.html |title=Olympic Athletes |publisher=Info Please |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=16 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616042315/http://www.infoplease.com/spot/olympic-athletes.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; iyadoo tan iyo 1986, IOC ay go'aansatay in ay ka dhigto dhammaan ciyaartoyda xirfadlayaasha ah kuwo u qalma Olimbikada,&lt;ref name=&quot;InfoPlease&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/22/opinion/greene-olympics-amateurs/ |title=What changed the Olympics forever |publisher=CNN |date=23 July 2012 |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=15 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615122848/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/22/opinion/greene-olympics-amateurs/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; iyadoo laga reebayo feerka,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/13894/olympic-boxing-must-remain-amateur-despite-moves-to-turn-it-professional-states-warren- |title=Olympic boxing must remain amateur despite moves to turn it professional states Warren |publisher=Inside the Games |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=15 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615044539/http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/13894/olympic-boxing-must-remain-amateur-despite-moves-to-turn-it-professional-states-warren- |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=njefAgAAQBAJ&amp;q=only+amateur+boxers+at+olympics&amp;pg=PA400 |title=Historical Dictionary of Boxing |last1=Grasso |first1=John |date=2013 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |access-date=13 June 2015 |isbn=978-0-8108-7867-9 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417060735/https://books.google.com/books?id=njefAgAAQBAJ&amp;q=only+amateur+boxers+at+olympics&amp;pg=PA400 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo legdinta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1529280-olympic-wrestling-is-important-for-pro-wrestlers-and-its-fans |title=Olympic Wrestling Is Important for Pro Wrestling and Its Fans|author-first1=John|author-last1=Canton|publisher=Bleacher Report |date=14 February 2013 |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=16 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616155635/http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1529280-olympic-wrestling-is-important-for-pro-wrestlers-and-its-fans |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2WYEAAAAMBAJ&amp;q=only+amateur+wrestlers+at+olympics&amp;pg=PA24 |title=Boys' Life |date=August 1988 |page=24 |access-date=13 June 2015 |publisher=Boy Scouts of America, Inc. |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417073533/https://books.google.com/books?id=2WYEAAAAMBAJ&amp;q=only+amateur+wrestlers+at+olympics&amp;pg=PA24 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tiknoolojiga==
[[File:Third umpire lights at Melbourne Cricket Ground.JPG|thumb|Muuqaalkan ku yaalla Melbourne Cricket Ground wuxuu tilmaamayaa go'aanka garsooraha saddexaad uu sameeyo ka dib marka dib loo eego.]]
Teknoolojigu wuxuu ka ciyaaraa qayb muhiim ah ciyaaraha casriga ah. Waa qayb loo baahan yahay oo ka mid ah ciyaaraha qaar (sida ciyaaraha matoorada), waxaana loo isticmaalaa kuwo kale si loo hagaajiyo waxqabadka. Ciyaaraha qaar waxay sidoo kale isticmaalaan si loogu oggolaado go'aan-gaarida ka baxsan garoonka.

Aqoonta ciyaaraha (sports science) waxaa lagu dabaqi karaa goobaha oo ay ku jiraan waxqabadka ciyaartoyda, sida isticmaalka falanqaynta fiidiyowga si loo hagaajiyo farsamada, ama qalabka, sida hagaajinta kabaha orodka ama dharka dabaasha ee tartanka. Injineernimada ciyaaraha waxay soo muuqatay sida qeyb aqooneed 1998 iyada oo kordhinaysa diiradda oo aysan ahayn oo keliya dhiisida walxaha laakiin sidoo kale isticmaalka teknoolojiga ee ciyaaraha, ka yimid falanqaynta iyo data-da weyn illaa teknoolojiga la xerto.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaining Steam in Sports Technology&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Gaining Steam in Sports Technology |url=https://alum.mit.edu/pages/sliceofmit/2014/06/17/mit-steam-sports-technology/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714150052/https://alum.mit.edu/pages/sliceofmit/2014/06/17/mit-steam-sports-technology/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 |website=Slice of MIT |access-date=3 January 2015 |ref=Slice of MIT}}&lt;/ref&gt; Si loo maamulo saamaynta teknoolojiga ee ciyaarta caadiga ah, maamulada maamula inta badan waxay leeyihiin xeerar gaar ah oo loo dhigay si loo maamulo saamaynta faa'iidada farsamada ee u dhexaysa ciyaartoyda. Tusaale ahaan, 2010, dharka dabaasha ee buuxa oo aan ahayn textile-ka waxaa mamnuucay FINA, maadaama ay hagaajinayeen waxqabadka dabaalyada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/swimming/8161867.stm |title=Hi-tech suits banned from January |publisher=BBC Sport |date=31 July 2009 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908051335/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/swimming/8161867.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/full-body-swimsuit-now-banned-professional-swimmers/story?id=9437780 |first=Kristina |last=Wong |title=Full Body Swimsuit Now Banned for Professional Swimmers |work=ABC News |date=4 January 2010 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=7 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607200059/http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/full-body-swimsuit-now-banned-professional-swimmers/story?id=9437780 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kordhinta teknoolojiga waxay sidoo kale oggolaatay go'aano badan oo ciyaaraha ah in la qaato, ama dib loo eego, ka baxsan garoonka, iyadoo maamule kale uu isticmaalayo muujinta fiidiyowga tooska ah si uu u sameeyo go'aano. Ciyaaraha qaar, ciyaartoydu hadda waxay kaparticipat-geli karaan go'aanada ay sameeyeen maamuladu. Kubbadda cagta, teknoolojiga xariiqda goolka wuxuu sameeyaa go'aano ku saabsan haddii kubbadu ay goysay xariiqda goolka ama aysan goyn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=FIFA |title=Testing Manual |journal=FIFA Quality Programme for Goal Line Technology |year=2012 |url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifaqualityprogramme/goal-linetechnology/01/66/02/89/glt_testing_manual_2012.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030143223/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifaqualityprogramme/goal-linetechnology/01/66/02/89/glt%5Ftesting%5Fmanual%5F2012.pdf|archive-date=30 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Teknoolojigu ma aha mid khasab ah,&lt;ref name=IFABofficial&gt;{{cite web |title=IFAB makes three unanimous historic decisions |url=https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2012/m=7/news=ifab-makes-three-unanimous-historic-decisions-1660541.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507234418/http://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2012/m=7/news=ifab-makes-three-unanimous-historic-decisions-1660541.html |archive-date=7 May 2015 |publisher=FIFA |access-date=23 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; laakiin waxaa loo isticmaalay Koobka Duunka FIFA 2014 ee Brazil,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2014/m=4/news=goal-line-technology-set-ahead-fifa-world-cup-2311481.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511001351/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2014/m=4/news=goal-line-technology-set-ahead-fifa-world-cup-2311481.html |archive-date=11 May 2014 |title=Goal-line technology set up ahead of FIFA World Cup |date=1 April 2014 |publisher=FIFA |access-date=9 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo Koobka Duunka ee Dumarka ee FIFA 2015 ee Canada,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/y=2015/m=3/news=hawk-eye-confirmed-as-goal-line-technology-provider-for-canada-2015-2580727.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331170115/http://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/y=2015/m=3/news=hawk-eye-confirmed-as-goal-line-technology-provider-for-canada-2015-2580727.html |archive-date=31 March 2015 |title=Hawk-Eye confirmed as goal-line technology provider for Canada 2015 |date=31 March 2015 |publisher=[[FIFA]] |access-date=2 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; sida lagu isticmaalay Premier League tan iyo 2013–14,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC_Premier&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/22107409 |title=Goal-line technology: Premier League votes in favour for 2013–14 |publisher=BBC |date=11 April 2013 |access-date=11 April 2013 |archive-date=11 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411143514/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/22107409 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo Bundesliga tan iyo 2015–16.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.carlyleobserver.com/sports/bundesliga-approves-hawk-eye-goal-line-technology-for-new-season-1.1650074 |title=Bundesliga approves Hawk-Eye goal-line technology for new season |work=Carlyle Observer |access-date=9 June 2015 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029003339/https://www.carlyleobserver.com/sports/bundesliga-approves-hawk-eye-goal-line-technology-for-new-season-1.1650074 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; NFL-ka, garsooruhu wuxuu kordhin karaa dib u eegis ka timaada goobta dib u eegiska, ama tababaraha wuxuu soo saari karaa challenge si loo dib u eego ciyaarta iyadoo la isticmaalayo muujinta. Go'aanka kama-dambaysta ah wuxuu ku jiraa garsooraha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nfl.com/news/nfl-approves-rule-to-change-replay-process-0ap2000000336662 |title=NFL approves rule to change replay process |publisher=Business Insider |date=20 July 2011 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608173617/http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap2000000336662/article/nfl-approves-rule-to-change-replay-process |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Garsooraha fiidiyowga (caadi ahaan loo yaqaan Television Match Official ama TMO) wuxuu sidoo kale isticmaali karaa muujinta si uu u caawiyo go'aan-gaarida rugby-ga (labada liig iyo union).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rugbyworld.com/news/blogs/television-match-official-when-can-they-rule-14818 |title=Television Match Official – when can they rule |publisher=Rugby World |date=20 August 2011 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608222853/http://www.rugbyworld.com/news/blogs/television-match-official-when-can-they-rule-14818 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/club/9488451/New-rules-for-Television-Match-Officials-will-not-make-game-boring-to-watch-insist-rugby-chiefs.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/club/9488451/New-rules-for-Television-Match-Officials-will-not-make-game-boring-to-watch-insist-rugby-chiefs.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=New rules for Television Match Officials will not make game boring to watch, insist rugby chiefs |work=The Telegraph |date=20 August 2012 |access-date=8 June 2015|last1=Cleary |first1=Mick }}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cricket-ka caalamiga ah, garsooruhu wuxuu kordhin karaa go'aanka garsooraha saddexaad, garsooraha saddexaadna wuxuu sameeyaa go'aanka kama-dambaysta ah.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC Umpire&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/rules_and_equipment/4183398.stm |title=The role of cricket umpires |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=8 June 2015 |date=26 August 2005 |archive-date=2 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302114814/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/rules_and_equipment/4183398.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Top End&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/sport/cricket/technology.htm |title=Cricket Technology |publisher=Top End Sports |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608175247/http://www.topendsports.com/sport/cricket/technology.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tan iyo 2008, nidaamka dib u eegiska go'aanka ee ciyaartoyda si loo dib u eego go'aanada waxaa lagu soo bandhigay oo lagu isticmaalay tartamada uu maamulo ICC, iyo ikhtiyaar ahaan ciyaaraha kale.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC Umpire&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/cricket/controversial-drs-to-be-used-in-2015-icc-world-cup_1538054.html |title=Controversial DRS to be used in 2015 ICC World Cup |publisher=Zee News |date=29 January 2015 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608222859/http://zeenews.india.com/sports/cricket/controversial-drs-to-be-used-in-2015-icc-world-cup_1538054.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyada oo ku xiran warbaahinta martigalisa, tiro teknoolojiyo oo kala duwan ayaa lagu isticmaalaa inta lagu jiro dib u eegiska garsooraha ama ciyaartoyda, oo ay ku jiraan muujinta tooska ah, Hawk-Eye, Hot Spot iyo Real Time Snickometer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015/content/story/827213.html |title=Hawkeye, Realtime Snicko for World Cup |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=7 February 2015 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=10 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610075356/http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015/content/story/827213.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/icc-world-cup-3-top-reasons-why-did-not-use-hotspot-as-part-of-drs/20150213.htm |title=3 Top reasons why ICC did not use 'Hotspot' as part of DRS |newspaper=Rediff |publisher=Rediff cricket |date=13 February 2015 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608195717/http://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/icc-world-cup-3-top-reasons-why-did-not-use-hotspot-as-part-of-drs/20150213.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Hawk-Eye waxaa sidoo kale lagu isticmaalaa tennis-ka si loogu tartamo go'aanada garsoorida.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Almog |first1=David |last2=Gauriot |first2=Romain |last3=Page |first3=Lionel |last4=Martin |first4=Daniel |title=AI Has Entered the Court. Is This Changing Umpires' Calls? |url=https://insight.kellogg.northwestern.edu/article/ai-has-entered-the-court-is-this-changing-umpires-calls |website=Kellogg Insight |publisher=Kellogg School of Management |access-date=23 February 2026 |language=en |date=1 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/7305404.stm |title=Hawk-Eye challenge rules unified |date=19 March 2008 |access-date=22 August 2008 |work=BBC News |archive-date=23 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080323085536/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7305404.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ciyaaraha iyo waxbarashada ==
Cilmi-baadhisu waxay soo jeedinaysaa in ciyaaruhu ay leeyihiin awood ay ku xidhaan dhallinyarada iyo tusaalayaasha togan ee dadka waaweyn oo ay bixiyaan fursado horumarineed oo togan, sida ay u dhiirigeliyaan barashada iyo dabaqidda xirfadaha nolosha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fraser-Thomas |first1=Jessica L. |last2=Côté |first2=Jean |last3=Deakin |first3=Janice |date=2005 |title=Youth sport programs: an avenue to foster positive youth development |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/43501126 |journal=Physical Education &amp; Sport Pedagogy |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=19–40 |doi=10.1080/1740898042000334890 |hdl=1974/14425 |issn=1740-8989|hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=UNESCO|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366771|title=Strengthening the rule of law through education: a guide for policymakers|publisher=UNESCO|year=2019|isbn=978-92-3-100308-0|access-date=9 March 2020|archive-date=25 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225195201/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366771|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sannadaha dhow isticmaalka ciyaaraha si loo yareeyo dambiyada, sida in looga hortago xagjirnimada dagaalka ah iyo xagjirnimada, wuxuu noqday mid caan ah, gaar ahaan sida qalab lagu hagaajinayo kalsoonida nafta, kor loogu qaado xiriirada bulshada oo la siiyo ciyaartoyda dareen ujeeddo leh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ma jiro caddeyn heersare ah oo muujinaysa waxtarka dhiirigelinta lagu kordhinayo kaparticipatinka ciyaaraha ee bulshada ee ciyaaraha sida ololaha warbaahinta weyn, fadhiyada waxbarashada, iyo isbeddellada siyaasadda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Priest |first1=N |last2=Armstrong |first2=R |last3=Doyle |first3=J |last4=Waters |first4=E |date=16 July 2008 |title=Interventions Implemented Through Sporting Organisations for Increasing Participation in Sport |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=3 |article-number=CD004812 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004812.pub3 |pmid=18646112 |hdl-access=free |hdl=1885/285237|issn = 1464-780X }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sidoo kale ma jiraan wax barasho heersare ah oo baadhaya saamaynta dhiirigelinta noocan oo kale ah oo ku saabsan dhiirigelinta isbeddelka dhaqanka caafimaadka ee bulshada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |first1=Priest |last1=N |first2=Armstrong |last2=R |first3=Doyle |last3=J |first4=Water |last4=E |title=Policy Interventions Implemented Through Sporting Organisations for Promoting Healthy Behaviour Change |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |date=16 July 2008 |volume=2008 |issue=3 |article-number=CD004809 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004809.pub3 |pmid=18646111 |pmc=6464902}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shahaadooyinka waxbarashada waxaa lagu heli karaa ciyaaraha: tusaale ahaan, aqoonta ciyaaraha waa qeyb aqooneed oo si wanaagsan u dhisnaa. UK, BTEC National Diploma ku saabsan Tababarka Ciyaaraha iyo Horumarinta waxaa bixiya Pearson Education.&lt;ref&gt;Pearson Education, [https://qualifications.pearson.com/en/qualifications/btec-nationals/sports-coaching-and-development-2019.html Sports Coaching and Development (2019)], accessed on 29 August 2025&lt;/ref&gt; Waxaa jira afar shahaado oo ku jira qoyskan:
*Extended Certificate in Sports Coaching
*Foundation Diploma in Sports Coaching and Development
*Diploma in Sports Coaching and Development
*Extended Diploma in Sports Coaching and Development.&lt;ref&gt;Pearson Education, [https://qualifications.pearson.com/content/dam/pdf/BTEC-Nationals/sports-coaching-and-development/2019/specification-and-sample-assessments/btec-nats-non-measures-sports-coaching-and-development-spec.pdf Pearson BTEC Level 3 Nationals in Sports Coaching], accessed on 18 June 2022&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ciyaaraha iyo jir dhiska ==
Ciyaaraha ku jira jimicsiga jirka waxay leeyihiin saamayn togan oo ku saabsan heerarka fayowida ee ciyaartoyda. Dhinacyada guud, heerarka sare ee xoogga, xawaaraha, dulqaadka iyo dabacsanaanta waxaa lagu heli karaa iyada oo la waafajinayo baahida ciyaarta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bangsbo J.; Kissow J.; Hostrup M. |title=Speed Endurance Training to Improve Performance |journal=Scandinavian Journal of Medicine &amp; Science in Sports |date=July 2025 |volume=35 |issue=7 |doi=10.1111/sms.70091 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40576293/ |access-date=22 October 2026|pmc=12203883 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tusaale ahaan, qof wuxuu noqon karaa mid xoog badan oo leh heerarka sare ee dulqaadka troo legdinta ama mid dabacsan troo ciyaarida kubbadda koleyga. Ciyaaraha kala duwan waxay hagaajin karaan awoodaha jirka ee ciyaartoyga habab kala duwan. Walxaha xoogga, xawaaraha, dulqaadka iyo dabacsanaanta oo lagu isticmaalo ciyaaraha, oo lagu hagaajiyo, waxaa sidoo kale kordhin kara jimicsiga tababarka gaarka ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bill Foran; Robin Pound |title=Complete Conditioning for Basketball |date=2007 |publisher=Human Kinetics |location=Champaign |isbn=978-0-4354-6516-2 |page=171}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hagaajinta lagu helay jimicsigan waxay ka dib hagaajin kartaa awoodda ciyaartoyga ee uu ku ciyaaro ciyaarta. Tusaale jimicsiga dabacsanaanta, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano drill, waa marka qof waddo dabacsanaan ah oo ku taalla dhulka uu ku socdo. Qofku wuxuu boodayaa kor iyo horay si hal cag ay ugu jirto gudaha geeska wadada cagna ay ka baxsan tahay. Waxay ka dib boodayaan kor iyo horay mar kale si cagta ku jirta gudaha iyo cagta ka baxsan geeska ay isbeddelaan i.e. cagta bidix ee gudaha iyadoo cagta xaq a ay ka baxsan tahay, ka dib cagta xaq a ee gudaha iyadoo cagta bidix ay ka baxsan tahay iyo siday u socoto waddada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bill Foran; Robin Pound |title=Complete Conditioning for Basketball |date=2007 |publisher=Human Kinetics |location=Champaign |isbn=978-0-4354-6516-2 |page=175}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tani waxay caawisaa hagaajinta heerka guud ee dabacsanaanta sababtoo ah dabacsanaantu waa muhiim kubbadda koleyga waxay sidoo kale hagaajisaa awoodda kubbadda koleyga. Jimicsiga dabacsanaanta waxaa loo waafajin karaa si dhaqdhaqaaqyada lagu sameeyo ay ugu dhowaadaan kuwa lagu isticmaalo inta ay socoto ciyaartu. Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay in nooca dabacsanaanta ee la dhisay uu yahay mid loo wareejin karo tartanka dhabta ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bill Foran; Robin Pound |title=Complete Conditioning for Basketball |date=2007 |publisher=Human Kinetics |location=Champaign |isbn=978-0-4354-6516-2 |page=172}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tusaalihii hore, dhaqdhaqaaqa degdega ah iyo dhigista cagaha wuxuu dhisaa dhaqdhaqaaqa cagaha degdega ah oo loo baahan yahay ciyaarta kubbadda koleyga.

Barnaamijyada tababarka ciyaaraha waxay ku jiraan sameynta xirfadaha gaarka ah ee ciyaartaas i.e. tababarka kubbadda cagta wuxuu ku jiri karaa baasitaanka kubbadda oo lagu celceliyo, iyo hagaajinta fayowida jirka guud iyo awoodda i.e. orodka wareegyada garoonka. Labada diiradood ee tababarkan waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu dhigo qof mid waxtar badan leh ciyaartaas iyadoo lagu hagaajinayo awoodooda ay ku buuxinayaan oo ay uga baxayaan dhibaatooyinka ay bixiso.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Micheli |first1=Lyle J. |title=Encyclopedia of Sport Medicine |date=2011 |publisher=Sage Publications |location=Thousand Oaks |isbn=978-1-4129-6115-8 |chapter=Speed, Agility, and Speed Endurance Development}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Siyaasadda==
{{Main article|Politics and sports}}
{{See also|Sportswashing|Sociology of sport}}

Benito Mussolini wuxuu isticmaalay Koobka Duunka FIFA 1934, oo lagu qabtay Talyaaniga, si uu u muujiyo Talyaaniga Fascist-ka ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWj7BgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA28 |title=Soccer Vs. the State: Tackling Football and Radical Politics |last1=Kuhn |first1=Gabriel |date=2011 |page=28 |publisher=PM Press |access-date=8 June 2015 |isbn=978-1-60486-053-5 |archive-date=16 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216073648/https://books.google.com/books?id=HWj7BgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA28 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;World Fascism&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvD2rZSVau4C&amp;pg=PA630 |title=World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1 |last1=Blamires |first1=Cyprian |date=2006 |pages=630–632 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |access-date=8 June 2015 |isbn=978-1-57607-940-9 |archive-date=13 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213050912/https://books.google.com/books?id=nvD2rZSVau4C&amp;pg=PA630 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Adolf Hitler wuxuu isticmaalay Ciyaaraha Olimbikada Xagaaga 1936 ee lagu qabtay Berlin, iyo Ciyaaraha Olimbikada Jiilaalka 1936 ee lagu qabtay Garmisch-Partenkirchen, si uu u dhiirigeliyo caqiidada Nazi-ga ee sareynta dadka Aryan-ka, iyo hooseynta Yuhuudda iyo &quot;kuwa kale oo aan la rabin&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;World Fascism&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sociology Sport&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uKarC6oX3P8C&amp;q=hitler+used+1936+olympics+to+promote+ideology&amp;pg=PT32 |title=The Sociology of Sport and Physical Education |last1=Saxena |first1=Anurag |year=2001 |publisher=Pinnacle Technology |access-date=8 June 2015 |isbn=978-1-61820-468-4 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jarmalku wuxuu isticmaalay Olimbikada si uu u muujiyo muuqaal nabad ah iyadoo hoose si qarsoodi ah loogu diyaargarobayay dagaal.&lt;ref&gt;''Kulttuurivihkot'' 1 2009 Berliinin olympialaiset 1936 Poliittisen viattomuuden menetys Jouko Jokisalo 28–29{{in lang|fi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Markii apartheid uu ahaa siyaasadda rasmiga ah ee Koonfur Afrika, tiro ciyaartoy ah, gaar ahaan rugby union-ka, waxay qaateen dhabar-adayg ah in aysan ka muuqan ciyaaraha tartanka ah ee halkaas ka jira. Kuwa qaar waxay u arkaan in tani ay ahayd waxtar waxtar leh oo ku saabsan dhammaadka apartheid, kuwa kalena waxay u arkaan in ay sii dheeraysay oo ay sii xoojisay saamaynteeda ugu darayd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Sport and apartheid|journal=History Compass|volume=3|pages= **|doi=10.1111/j.1478-0542.2005.00165.x|year = 2005|last1 = Merrett|first1 = Christopher}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Taariikhda Ireland, ciyaaraha Gaelic waxay ku xirnaayeen waddaniyadda dhaqanka. Illaa bartamihii qarnigii 20aad qof waa la mamnuuci karay in uu ciyaaro Gaelic football, hurling, ama ciyaaraha kale oo maamulo Ururka Ciyaaraha Gaelic (GAA) haddii uu ciyaaro ama taageero kubbadda cagta, ama ciyaaraha kale oo loo arko in ay ka yimaadeen Ingriiska. GAA waxay mamnuucday ciyaarida kubbadda cagta iyo rugby union-ka garoomada Gaelic. Mamnuucan, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano Xeerka 42,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fulton |first1=Gareth |last2=Bairner |first2=Alan |year=2007 |title=Sport, Space and National Identity in Ireland: The GAA, Croke Park and Rule&amp;nbsp;42. |journal=Space &amp; Polity |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=55–74 |doi=10.1080/13562570701406592 |s2cid=143213001 }}&lt;/ref&gt; weli waa lagu dhaqmaa, laakiin waa la beddelay si loogu oggolaado kubbadda cagta iyo rugby-ga in lagu ciyaaro Croke Park iyadoo Lansdowne Road dib loo dhisayay iyadoo loo beddelayo Aviva Stadium. Xeerka 21 hoostiisa, GAA waxay mamnuucday xubnaha ciidamada nabadgelyada Ingriiska iyo xubnaha Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) in ay ciyaaraan ciyaaraha Gaelic, laakiin karradkii Heshiiskii Jimcaha Wanaagsanaa ee 1998 wuxuu keenay ka saarida mamnuucan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=50th anniversary of abolition of 'The Ban' offers pause for perspective |url=https://www.gaa.ie/news/50th-anniversary-of-abolition-of-the-ban-offers-pause-for-perspective/ |access-date=2 July 2023 |website=www.gaa.ie |date=9 April 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Waddaniyaddu inta badan waxay ka muuqataa raadinta ciyaaraha ama warbixinteeda: ciyaartoydu waxay ku tartamaan kooxaha qaranka, oo weriyayaasha ama dhagaystayaashu inta badan waxay qaataan fikrado leexsan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Arnold|first=Richard|title=Nationalism and Sport: A Review of the Field|journal=Nationalities Papers|year=2020|volume=49|issue=1|pages=2–11|doi=10.1017/nps.2020.9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mararka kaar, fardhadan waxay u beddelataa dagaal u dhexeya ciyaartoyda ama daawadayaasha, sida inta lagu jiro Dagaalkii Kubbadda Cagta ee 1969 ee u dhexeyay El Salvador iyo Honduras, oo ah dagaal uu kiciyay rabshadaha ku taalla kaparticipatinka Koobka Duunka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Jennings|first=Andrew|title=Has football ever started a war?|work=The Guardian|date=2007-02-21|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2007/feb/21/theknowledge.sport|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dhacdooyinkan waxaa loo arkaa kuwo ka dhan ah ruuxa muhiimka ah ee ciyaaraha—kaas oo ah, in loogu tartamo ujeedadeeda lafahaadeed iyo baashaalka ciyaartoyda. Siyaasadda iyo ciyaaruhu waxay si xanuun badan u isku arkeen Olimbikadii Munich 1972, markii dagaalyahanno Falastiiniyiin ah ay ka soo galeen Tuulada Olimbikada, iyagoo la haystayaal u qaday xubnaha kooxda Israa'iil, iyagoo aakhirkiina dilay 11 ciyaartoy oo loo yaqaano gumaadkii Munich.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|publisher=Reuters|title=Paris ceremony honours Israeli athletes killed in 1972 Munich Games attack|date=2024-08-06|url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/olympics/paris-ceremony-honours-israeli-athletes-killed-1972-munich-games-attack-2024-08-06/|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Barashada doorashooyinka US waxay muujisay in natiijada dhacdooyinka ciyaaruhu ay saamayso natiijooyinka. Barasho lagu daabacay Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences waxay muujisay in marka kooxda gurigu ay guuleysato ciyaarta ka hor doorashada, murashaxiinta maamulka ku jira ay kordhin karaan saamigooda codadka 1.5%. Guuldaradu waxay lahayd saamayn iska soo horjeeda, saamayntanina waa ka weyn tahay kooxaha sare ama guulaha iyo guuldarooyinka aan la filayn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Will Ohio State's Football Team Decide Who Wins the White House? |author1=Tyler Cowen |author2=Kevin Grier |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |date=24 October 2012 |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2012/10/how_the_presidential_race_between_barack_obama_and_mitt_romney_could_be.html |access-date=29 December 2013 |archive-date=30 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233509/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2012/10/how_the_presidential_race_between_barack_obama_and_mitt_romney_could_be.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Marka Washington Commanders ay guuleystaan ciyaartooda kama-dambaysta ah ka hor doorashada, markaas madaxweynaha maamulka ku jira wuxuu leeyahay fursad ka badan oo uu ku guuleysto, haddii ay guuldarraystaana, murashaxa mucaaradka wuxuu leeyahay fursad ka badan oo uu ku guuleysto; tani waxay noqotay mid loo yaqaan Xeerka Redskins.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/football-insider/wp/2012/11/03/will-redskins-rule-again-determine-outcome-of-presidential-election/ |title=Will Redskins Rule again determine outcome of presidential election? |author=Mike Jones |date=3 November 2012 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=14 September 2017 |archive-date=7 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107110626/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/football-insider/wp/2012/11/03/will-redskins-rule-again-determine-outcome-of-presidential-election/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espnfrontrow.com/2012/10/redskins-rule-mnfs-hirdt-on-intersection-of-football-politics/ |title='Redskins Rule': MNF's Hirdt on intersection of football &amp; politics |work=ESPN Front Row |date=30 October 2012 |access-date=12 June 2015 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032035/http://www.espnfrontrow.com/2012/10/redskins-rule-mnfs-hirdt-on-intersection-of-football-politics/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sida keenista maamulida iyo hoos-u-dhicida dadka===
Étienne de La Boétie, qoraalkiisa Discourse on Voluntary Servitude wuxuu ku qeexayaa ciyaaraha daawashada sida habab ay kalitalisyadu ku maamulaan dadkooda iyagoo ka leexinaya diiradda.
&lt;blockquote&gt;
Ha u malaynina in uu jiro shimbir si fudud loo qabto decoy-ga, ama samayn kasta oo si degdeg ah ku xiranta jillaabka troo sedka gooryaanka ah, ka sii badan dhammaan doqoomadan saboolka ah oo si caqli badan loogu khayay addoonsiga...waxay isu oggolaadaan in la qabto si degdeg ah marka la joogo taabashada yar ee rabitaankooda. Ciyaaraha, riwaayadaha, daawashada, gladiators, xayawaanka yaabka leh, biladaha, sawirrada, iyo daroogooyinka kale oo noocan oo kale ah, kuwani waxay u ahaayeen dadkii duugga ahaa sedka loo adeegsado addoonsiga, qiimaha xorriyaddooda, qalabka kalitalisnimada. Troo kuwan...dhiirigelinta kalitalisyadii duugga ahaa waxay si guul leh ugu seexiyeen dadkooda madaxa hoostiisa, iyadoo dadkii wareeray, ay ku sasabmeen madadaalada iyo baashaalka been-abuurka ah ee ka muuqday eygooda ka hor, ay barteen adheecsiga si fudud...sida carruurta yaryari ay u bartaan akhriska iyagoo eegaya buugaagta sawirrada dhalaalaya.&lt;ref&gt;Étienne de La Boétie, ''Discourse on Voluntary Servitude'' (1549), Part 2&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;Intii uu socday maamulkii Ingriiska ee Bengal, ciyaaraha Ingriiska iyo Yurub waxay bilaabeen in ay beddelaan ciyaaraha soo jireenka ah ee Bengal, taas oo keentay in la lumiyo dhaqankii hoose.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/904168|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126161837/https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/904168|title=Disappearance of Traditional games by the imitation of Colonial Culture through the Historical parameters of Cultural Colonialism|archive-date=26 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801043229/https://dergipark.org.tr/|title=Ana Sayfa » DergiPark|archive-date=1 August 2019|website=dergipark.org.tr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jarmalkii Bari oo ay maamulayeen shuuciyadu, tan iyo 1970-yadii illaa 1990, 'noin 3,000 oo caawiyayaal aan rasmi ahayn ayaa lagu isticmaalay sannad kasta ciyaaraha heerka sare ah, oo ay ku jiraan ciyaartoy badan oo kubbadda cagta ah, taageerayaal iyo garsoorayaal'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Mike Dennis |first1=Norman LaPorte |title=State and Minorities in Communist East Germany |date=2011 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-0-857-45-195-8 |page=125 |chapter=Football fans, hooligans and the state}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ujeedooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee Stasi ay ku dhistay nidaamkan ballaaran ee caawiyayaasha ah waxay ahayd in ka hortag lagaga sameeyo ciyaartoyda in ay u baxsadaan Galbeedka, iyagoo isticmaalaya labada hab ee ilaalinta iyo caddadinta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Mike Dennis |first1=Norman LaPorte |title=State and Minorities in Communist East Germany |date=2011 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-0-857-45-195-8 |page=125 |chapter=Football fans, hooligans and the state}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Fikradaha diinta==
{{main|New Testament athletic metaphors}}
[[File:Panathenaic amphora Kleophrades Louvre F277.jpg|thumb|Orodka cagaha wuxuu ahaa hal dhacdo oo loo go'aamiyay Zeus. Panathenaic amphora, Kleophrades painter, Circa 500 BC, Louvre museum.]]
Ciyaaruhu waxay ahaayeen nooc muhiim ah oo cibaado ah Diinta Gariigii Hore. Ciyaaraha Olimbikada ee duugga ahaa waxaa lagu qaban jiray maamuuska ilaaha sare, Zeus, iyadoo lagu muujinayo noocyo kala duwan oo u-go'aaminta diinta ah ee isaga iyo ilaahyada kale.&lt;ref&gt;Gardinier, Norman E., 'The Olympic Festival' in ''Greek Athletic Sports and Festivals'', London: MacMillan, 1910, p.195&lt;/ref&gt; Gariig badan ayaa u safrayay si ay u eegaan ciyaaraha, iyadoo isku-darka socdaalka diinta iyo ciyaaraha uu u served-garaynayay sida hab lagu maamulayo midnimadooda oo hal dad ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Harker |first1=Barry H. |title=Strange Fire: Christianity and the Rise of Modern Olympianism |date=2006 |publisher=Hartland Publications |location=Rapidan |isbn=0-923309-39-X |page=75 |chapter=6: Olympia and Jerusalem}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku-practice-garaynta tartamada ciyaaraha waxaa dhaleeceeyay mufakiriinta Masiixiga ah oo loo arkayay nooc sanam-caabudid ah, oo &quot;aadamuhu uu is-sareeyo, is-caabudo, is-saciifiyo oo is-abaalmariyo.&quot;&lt;ref name=Watson1&gt;''Sports and Christianity: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives'', Nick J. Watson, ed. (Routledge: 2013), p. 178.&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha waxaa loo arkaa kuwo dhaleeceeyayaashan ay u arkaan muujinta &quot;kibri wadajir ah&quot; iyo &quot;is-ilaahaysi qaran&quot; oo awoodaha aadamaha lagu sanam-caabudo iyada oo laga tagayo cibaadada diinta.&lt;ref name=Watson1/&gt;

Tertullian wuxuu dhaleeceeyay waxqabadka ciyaaraha ee maalmihiisii, wuxueena ku insisted-garaynayay &quot;dhammaan qalabka nooca ciyaaraha wuxuu ku dhisnaa sanam-caabudid.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Tertullian, ''De spectaculis'', Chapter 4.&lt;/ref&gt; Ciyaaraha, wuxuu leeyahay Tertullian, waxay kiciyaan dareenno la yaab leh oo ka baxsan dabeecadda deggen ee uu dhisay Masiixiga:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
Ilaah wuxuu nagu amray inaan u dhaqanno si deggen, si tartiib ah, si ka samaysan nabad, iyadoo uu la joogo Ruhal Qudus-ka, sababtoo ah waxyaabahani oo keliya waxay ku habboon yihiin wanaagga Dabeecaddiisa, iyadoo leh debecsanaanteisa iyo dareenkiisa. ... Hagaag, sida ay tani ugu habboonaan doontaa ciyaaraha? Sababtoo ah ciyaartu mar walba waxay keentaa iztiroob ruuxi ah, sababtoo ah halka ay ka jirto baashaal, waxaa ka jira dareen adag oo bixinaya baashaalka; halka ay ka jirto dareen adag, waxaa ka jira tartan oo siinaya kuleylkiisa. Ka dibna, marka aad leedahay tartan, waxaad leedahay carro, qadhaadh, xanaaq iyo calool-xumo, iyadoo dhammaan waxyaabaha xun ay ka soo bayaan kuwan – oo dhan si buuxda oo ka baxsan diinta Masiixa.&lt;ref&gt;''De spectaculis'' Chapter 15.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
Wadaaddada Masiixiga ee dhaqdhaqaaqa Wesleyan-Holiness waxay ka soo horjeedaan daawashada ama kaparticipatinka ciyaaraha xirfadlaha ah, iyagoo raba in liigyada ciyaaraha xirfadlaha ah ay nijaaseeyaan Sabtida, oo ay la tartamaan u-go'aaminta Masiixiga ee Ilaah, muujiyaan la'aanta xishoodka ee dharka ciyaartoyda iyo cheerleaders-ka, oo ay ku xirnaadaan dagaal iyo isticmaalka dhaaraha ee u dhexeya ciyaartoy badan, oo ay dhiirigeliyaan khamaarka, sida khamriga iyo dawooyinka kale ee dhacdooyinka ciyaaraha, oo ka dhan ah u-go'aaminta teetotalism-ka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Handel2020&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Handel |first1=Paul S. |title=Reasons Why Organized Sports Are Not Pleasing to God |date=2020 |publisher=Immanuel Missionary Church |page=4 |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Xigashooyinka==
{{Reflist}}

===Ilaha===
* European Commission (2007), ''The White Paper on Sport''
* Council of Europe (2001), ''The European sport charter''
*{{Free-content attribution
| title = Strengthening the rule of law through education: a guide for policymakers
| publisher = UNESCO
| page numbers =
| documentURL = https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366771
| license statement URL =
| license = CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO
}}

==Sii akhriso==
{{Sister project links|Sports|voy=Sport}}
* ''The Meaning of Sports'' by Michael Mandel (PublicAffairs, {{ISBN|1-58648-252-1}}).
* [https://www.tandfonline.com/journals/rjps20 ''Journal of the Philosophy of Sport'']
* Sullivan, George. ''The Complete Sports Dictionary''. New York: Scholastic Book Services, 1979. p.&amp;nbsp;199. {{ISBN|0-590-05731-6}}

{{Authority control}}</text>
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    <title>Google</title>
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      <text bytes="12065" sha1="jew0p7rb3roq3lvmjef8ie97p60zw4i" xml:space="preserve">::''Kani waa maqaal ku saabsan shirkada Google. Aalada wax baarista [[internet]]ka fiiri [[Raadinta Google]].''
{{Coord|37.422|-122.084058|display=title}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Shirkada Google LLc.
| logo = [[File:Google 2015 logo.svg|250px]]
| slogan = 
| image = Googlelogo.png
| image_caption = The Googleplex, Google's original and largest corporate campus
| type = U Furan Bulshada
| traded_as = ganacsi aad u macaash badan
| parent = Shirkada Alphabet
| industry = {{plainlist|
* [[Internet]]
* [[Software|software koombuyuterada]]
* Adeega Isgaadhsiinta
}}
| foundation = {{start date and age|1998|09|4}}&lt;!-- Do not change this to September 27: every year they celebrate at a different date, but the company was founded on September 4. Also, do not add that it is x years old as Google is, obviously, not a human and therefore the age is not very relevant. --&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Menlo Park, Kaliforniya&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Company|url=http://www.google.com/intl/en/about/company/|publisher=Google|accessdate=January 16, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Claburn|first=Thomas|title=Google Founded By Sergey Brin, Larry Page... And Hubert Chang?!?|url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/internet/google/210603678|publisher=InformationWeek|accessdate=August 31, 2011|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=Bisha Lixaad 28, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628231125/http://www.informationweek.com/news/internet/google/210603678|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| founders = {{plainlist|
* Larry Page
* Sergey Brin
}}
| location_city = Qasriga Googleplex, Kaliforniya
| location_country = [[Mareykanka]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.google.com/about/jobs/locations/ |title=Locations - Google Jobs |publisher=Google.com |accessdate=September 27, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|coordinates={{coord|37.422|-122.084058|display=inline,title}}
| area_served = Caalamka oo dhan
| key_people = {{unbulleted list|&lt;!-- No, Sundar Pichai is not CEO yet; he will only assume the position when the Alphabet restructuring is completed, so don't insert the future as if they are present facts, please. --&gt;Larry Page (Maamule sare)|Sergey Brin (Xoghayaha Google X)|Eric Schmid (Agaasimaha Guud)|Ruth Porat (CFO)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.google.co.uk/intl/en/about/company/facts/management/ |title=Management Team - Company - Google}}&lt;/ref&gt;|Sundar Pichai (Hogaanka Wax soo saarka)}}
| products = ''See'' [[Google|Tirada Soo Saarka Google]]
| revenue = {{nowrap|{{increase}} [[dollar|US$]]66.001 &amp; Billions: (2014)&lt;ref name='xbrlus_3'&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1288776/000128877614000020/0001288776-14-000020-index.htm |title=Google Inc. 2013 Annual Report Form (10-K) |publisher=United States Securities and Exchange Commission |format=XBRL |date=February 12, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| operating_income = {{nowrap|{{increase}} US$16.496 &amp; Billions: (2014)&lt;ref name='xbrlus_3'/&gt;}}
| net_income = {{nowrap|{{increase}} US$14.444 &amp; Billions: (2014)&lt;ref name='xbrlus_3'/&gt;}}
| assets = {{nowrap|{{increase}} US$131.133 &amp; Billions: (2014)&lt;ref name='xbrlus_3'/&gt;}}
| equity = {{nowrap|{{increase}} US$104.5 &amp; Billions: (2014)&lt;ref name='xbrlus_3'/&gt;}}
| num_employees = 57,148 (Q2 2015)&lt;ref name= 10K&gt;{{cite web|url=http://investor.google.com/earnings/2015/Q2_google_earnings.html |title=Google Inc. Announces Second Quarter and Fiscal Year 2015 Results| publisher = Google}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| subsid = Tirada xubnaha maamulka
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.google.com}}
| footnotes =&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://investor.google.com/proxy.html|title=Google Inc. Annual Reports |date=July 28, 2014|publisher=Google Inc.|accessdate=August 29, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
[[File:Googleplex-Patio-Aug-2014.JPG|thumb|Xaruntii ugu horeeysay ee shirkada Google]]

'''Google LLC''' ([[Carabi]]: أو قوقل, أو جوجل ama ,أغوغل) loogu dhawaaqo ''&quot;Guugal&quot;'' ama ''&quot;Quuqal&quot;''  ama &quot;Juujal&quot;: waa shirkad [[Maraykanka|Ameerikaan]] ah, bilyandheer ah oo sameeysa, soo saarta, iibisa aaladaha ku xidhiidha [[internet]]ka. Sidoo kale shirkadani waxay ka ganacsataa xayaysiiska, iidhehda, kireeynta websiteyada, softwareyada, raadinta akhbaarta iyo waxyaabo kale oo badan.&lt;ref name=&quot;See: List of Google products&quot;&gt;Fiiri: List of Google products.&lt;/ref&gt; Google waxaa la sameeyay dhamaadkii sanadkii 1998kii, waxaa sameeyay laba nin oo lakala yiraahdo Larry Page iyo Sergey Brin oo ahaa laba arday oo '''Yahuud''' ahaa oo wax ka baran jiray Jaamacadda '''Stanford''' ee kutaala dalka [[Maraykanka]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brin|first=Sergey|author-link=Sergey Brin|last2=Page|first2=Lawrence|author-link2=Larry Page|year=1998|title=The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual Web search engine|url=http://infolab.stanford.edu/pub/papers/google.pdf|journal=Computer Networks and ISDN Systems|volume=30|issue=1–7|pages=107–117|citeseerx=10.1.1.115.5930|doi=10.1016/S0169-7552(98)00110-X|access-date=2019-12-17|archive-date=2015-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927004511/http://infolab.stanford.edu/pub/papers/google.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Barroso |first=L.A. |last2=Dean |first2=J. |last3=Holzle |first3=U. |date=April 29, 2003 |title=Web search for a planet: the google cluster architecture |journal=IEEE Micro |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=22–28 |doi=10.1109/mm.2003.1196112 |quote=We believe that the best price/performance tradeoff for our applications comes from fashioning a reliable computing infrastructure from clusters of unreliable commodity PCs.|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/8db8e53c92af2f97974707119525aa089f6ed53a }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Labadan nin wadajir ahaan waxay leeyihiin 14% dhaqaalaha shirkada, laakiin waxay maamulaan 56%, taasi oo awood buuxda u siinaysa jiheynta iyo gacan ku heynta shirkada.&lt;ref name=&quot;financialtables&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://investor.google.com/fin_data.html |title=Financial Tables |publisher=Google, Inc. |accessdate=May 2, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Online Ads Give Google Huge Gain in Profit |first=David A. |last=Vise |url=|newspaper=The Washington Post |date=October 21, 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shirkadani google waxay maamushaa 64% raadinta onlineka (online search) ee internetka caalamka, taasi oo ka dhigeysa mida koowaad ee ugu awooda badan waxbaaritaanka internetka ee aduunka. 
Adeegyada shirkada google waxaa ka mid ah aalada '''[[Raadinta Google]]''' (google search), warqaadaha '''[[Gmail]]''', aalad wax lagu keydsho ee [[Google Drive]], adeegyada xafiiska ee loo yaqaan Google Docs, barta bulshada ee [[Google+]], [[sawir]]aan, fariimo, softwareka '''[[Android]]''', aalada Chrome-ka, OS (operating system), turjumaad, iyo adeegyo badan oo kala duwan oo dhamaantood la xidhiidha internetka.&lt;ref name=&quot;corporate&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.google.com/corporate/ |title=Google Corporate Information |publisher=Google, Inc. |accessdate=February 14, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
Shirkada google waxay sidoo kale leedahay websiteka sawir-socdaha ee '''[[youtube]]'''ka iyo barta wax-qoraalka ee blogger-ka loo yaqaano. Intaasi waxaa dheer in google ay ku soo baxdo in ka badan 150 luuqadood kuwaasi oo uu ka mid yahay luuqada [[Af Soomaali]]ga.
Bishan [[Agoosto]] 2015ka, shirkada google waxay ku dhawaaqdey ineey sameeysay shirkad waalid u noqoneysa dhamaan shirkadaha iyo wakaaladaha ku abtirsada google, midaasi oo loogu magac daray Alphabet Inc.&lt;ref name=&quot;Alphabet-WSJ&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/google-creates-new-company-alphabet-1439240645 | title=Google Creates Parent Company Called Alphabet in Restructuring | publisher=Dow Jones &amp; Company, Inc. | work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] | date=August 10, 2015 | accessdate=August 11, 2015 | author1=Rushe, Dominic | author2=Thielman, Sam}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Alphabet-NYT&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/11/technology/google-alphabet-restructuring.html?_r=0 | title=Google to Reorganize in Move to Keep Its Lead as an Innovator | publisher=The New York Times Company | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=August 10, 2015 | accessdate=August 11, 2015 | author=Dougherty, Conor}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Mareegta===
* [https://www.google.so/?gws_rd=ssl Google Soomaaliya]
* [http://www.google.com/webhp?hl=so Google Caalami ah]

=Taariikhda=
=Adeega Google=
==Raadinta Google==
{{Infobox website 
| logo           = [[File:Google 2015 logo.svg|220px]]
| screenshot     = [[File:Google web search.png|300px]]
| caption        = Barta Raadinta Google
| collapsible    = yes
| collapsetext   = Barta Internetka
| url            = {{URL|www.google.com}} ([[Mareykanka]]) 
| ganacsi        = Haa
| type           = [[Bar Wax Raadin]]
| language       = 123 luuqadood
| ipv6           = Yes, by arrangement&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.google.com/intl/en/ipv6/|title=Google over IPv6|accessdate=December 8, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; or [http://ipv6.google.com/ ipv6.google.com]
| registration   = [7Ikhtiyaar ]]
| programming language = [[Python (programming language)|Python]], [[C (programming language)|C]], [[C++]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://infolab.stanford.edu/~backrub/google.html | title=The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine | publisher=Computer Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA | accessdate=January 27, 2009 | archive-date=Bisha Afraad 25, 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425160729/http://infolab.stanford.edu/~backrub/google.html | url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;   
| owner          = [[Google]]
| launch date    = {{start date|1997|9|15}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://reports.internic.net/cgi/whois?whois_nic=google.com&amp;type=domain | title=WHOIS | accessdate=January 27, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| current status = Hada shaqeeynaya
| revenue        = Xayaysiis
| slogan         =
| alexa          = {{Steady}} 1 ({{as of|2015|April|25|alt=April 2015}})&lt;ref name=&quot;alexa&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/google.com |title= Google.com Site Info |publisher= [[Alexa Internet]] |accessdate= 25 April 2015 |ciwaan= Nuqul Archive |archive-date= 26 Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151226074120/http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/google.com |dead-url= yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!--Updated monthly by OKBot.--&gt;
}}

'''[[Barta Raadinta Google LLc]]''' ([[google search]]) waa aalad cilmiyeeysan oo loo isticmaalo wax raadinta barta [[internet]]ka midaasi ooy leedahay [[Shirkada Google]] ee xarunteedu tahay gobolka Kalifoorniya ee wadanka [[Maraykanka]].]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.alexa.com/topsites/category/Computers/Internet/Searching/Search_Engines |title=Alexa Top Sites By Category - Search Engine Ranking |accessdate=May 16, 2013 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=Bisha Shanaad 7, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507063628/http://www.alexa.com/topsites/category/Computers/Internet/Searching/Search_Engines |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; handling more than three billion searches each day.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-23866614 Digital Indians: Ben Gomes]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://searchenginewatch.com/showPage.html?page=3630718 |title=Almost 12 Billion U.S. Searches Conducted in July |publisher=SearchEngineWatch |date=September 2, 2008 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |access-date=August 16, 2015 |archive-date=September 12, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912104253/http://searchenginewatch.com/showPage.html?page=3630718 |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Barta Raadinta Google, ciwaankeedu yahay [https://www.google.com google.com], waa mishiinka waxraadinta ugu horeeya dhamaan aaladaha internetka ee [[duni]]da, taasi oo lagu qiyaaso in google leedahay 64% dhamaan wax baadhitaanka caalamka. In ku dhow sadex bilyan oo raadin ayaa barta google qaabishaa maalin kasta.
Boga wax raadinta ee google wuxuu ku salaysan yahay nidaam loo yaqaano &quot;PageRank&quot; taasi oo u suurtogelisa in ay si fudud iskugu keento hal bog akhbaar aad u badan oo ku keydsan meelo kala duwan oo kala fog iyo wakhtiyo kala duwan.

=Shirkada Google=
=Qoraalo La Xidhiidha=
*[[Alphabet]] Inc.
**Google Pixel Pro.
**[[Youtube]].
*https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/12/24/russian-court-fines-alphabet-google-meta-platform

=Tixraac=
{{Reflist}}

{{gumud}}

[[Category:Internet]]</text>
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    <title>Concepción</title>
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'''Concepción''' waa [[magaalo|Caasimada]] labaad ee dalka [[Jili]], sidoo kale waa caasimada [[Gobolka - biobio]] ama gobolka VIII.Magaaladaan waxaa degan dad gaaraayo ilaa 292,589 oo qof.Magaaladaan waxee daris la tahay [[Badweynta Baasifik]].


== Taariikh ==
&lt;gallery perrow=4&gt;
File:|
File:Arco de Medicina UdeC.jpg|
File:Moderno Edificio en Concepción.jpg|
File:Desembocadura del Biobío.jpg|
File:Ex Catedral de Concepción.jpg|
File:Biobus01.jpg|
File:Hotel El Araucano.JPG|
File:Plaza de Armas Concepción.jpg|
&lt;/gallery&gt;

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100211124604/http://www.concepcion.cl/ Official Website]

{{Commonscat|Concepcion, Chile}}

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| official_name          = Yubbe
| other_name             = 
| native_name            = 
| nickname               = 
| type                   = Magaalo
| motto                  = 
[[File:Yube town.jpg|thumb]]
| image_flag             = 
| flag_size              = 
| image_seal             = 
| seal_size              = 
| image_map              = 
| map_size               = 
| map_caption            = 
| pushpin_map            = Sanaag#Somalia
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| pushpin_map_size       = 
| pushpin_caption        = Sida ay ku leedahay Sanaag
| subdivision_type       = Dalka
| subdivision_name       = {{flag|Somalia}}
| subdivision_type1      = [[Gobolada Soomaaliya|Gobolka]]
| subdivision_name1      = [[Sanaag]]
| subdivision_type2      = [[Gobolada Soomaaliya|Degmada]]
| subdivision_name2      = [[Degmada Ceerigaabo|Ceerigaabo]]
| government_footnotes   = 
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| leader_title           = 
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| established_title      = 
| established_date       = 
| area_magnitude         = 
| unit_pref              = Metric
| area_footnotes         = 
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| area_land_km2          = 
| population_as_of       = 2002&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=unicef |date=September 2002 |url=https://www.fsnau.org/downloads/Sanaag%20Survey%20-%20May%202002.pdf |title=SANAAG REGION NUTRITION SURVEY REPORT |accessdate=2021-07-11 |archive-date=2021-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711080102/https://www.fsnau.org/downloads/Sanaag%20Survey%20-%20May%202002.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_footnotes   = 
| population_note        = 
| population_total       = 2000
| population_density_km2 = 
| time_zone              = [[East Africa Time|EAT]]
| utc_offset             = +3
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'''Yubbe''' (sidoo kale loo yaqaano '''Yobe''', '''Yube''', '''Yubeh''' iyo '''Yubbe Tug'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Speke&quot;/&gt;) waa magaalo ku taal gobolka [[Sanaag]] ee maamul gobolka waqooyi-bari ee Soomaaliya.[[Somalia|Soomaaliya]] waxay ku claiming gacan ku haynta deegaanka. Bishi Janaayo 2023, waxaa la sheegay in ciidamada Somaliland ay ka baxeen magaalada.&lt;ref name=&quot;Map&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://puntlandpost.net/2023/01/26/ciidamada-somaliland-oo-xalay-isaga-baxay-degaanka-yubbe-ee-gobolka-sanaag/ |title=Ciidamada Somaliland oo xalay isaga baxay degaanka Yubbe ee Gobolka Sanaag – Puntland Post |access-date=2024-01-13 |archive-date=2024-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113201138/https://puntlandpost.net/2023/01/26/ciidamada-somaliland-oo-xalay-isaga-baxay-degaanka-yubbe-ee-gobolka-sanaag/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sidoo kale marka loo eego warbixinnada bishii Awstaba 2025, dowladda Puntland waxay ciidamada beelaha ee Yubbe ku dartay ciidamadeeda qayb ka ah Hawlgalka [[Cal Madow]].&lt;ref name=&quot;HorseedMedia2025&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://horseedmedia.net/yubbe-puntland-ayaa-qaramaysay-ciidamo-beeleedyo-qayb-ka-noqonaya-hawlgalka-cal-madaw/410528/ |title=Yubbe: Puntland ayaa qaramaysay ciidamo beeleedyo qayb ka noqonaya hawlgalka Cal-madaw. |trans-title=Yubbe: Puntland has nationalized clan militias to become part of the Cal-madaw operation. |newspaper=Horseed Media |date=2025-08-06 |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=so}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Taariikhda==
===Aaroolajiyada===
Magaalo saxara ah oo ay inta badan degan yihiin reer guuraa, Yubbe waxay guri u tahay dhismayaal badan oo taariikhi ah. Markii uu booqday deegaanka qarnigii 19-aad, sahamiyihii Ingiriiska ahaa ee [[John Hanning Speke]] wuxuu sharraxay inuu arkay [[Tumulus|xabaalo-buureedyo]] kala duwan. Kuwaas oo uu ka warbixiyay in mid ka mid ah uu ku jiraa &quot;qol godan oo ay taageerayaan tiirar alwaax ah, oo hoostooda, oo dhulka ku aasnaa, ay ku jireen dheryo dhoobo ah oo kala duwan, qadaadiic rasaas ah, fargeeto dahab ah sida ay dumarka Hindida ah ee Muslimka ah ku xirtaan sanka, iyo hanti kale oo kala duwan.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Speke&quot;&gt;John Hanning Speke, ''What led to the discovery of the source of the Nile'', (Blackwood: 1864), p.68.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya===
{{Location map+|Somaliland|width=300|float=right| relief = 1
|caption=Khariidadda xiriirka. Y=Yubbe, H=[[Hadaftimo]], B=[[Badhan, Sanaag|Badhan]].
|places=
  {{Location map~|Somaliland|lat_deg=10.7475|lon_deg=47.919167|position=top|label=Y}}
  {{Location map~|Somaliland|lat_deg=10.766667|lon_deg=48.1|position=bottom|label=[[Hadaftimo|H]]}}
  {{Location map~|Somaliland|lat_deg=8.475556|lon_deg=47.358333|position=bottom|label=[[Las Anod]]}}
  {{Location map~|Somaliland|lat_deg=10.616667|lon_deg=47.366667|position=bottom|label=[[Erigavo]]}}
  {{Location map~|Somaliland|lat_deg=10.713889|lon_deg=48.334722|position=bottom|label=[[Badhan, Sanaag|B]]}}

}}

Bishii June 18, 1991, wax yyar ka dib markii uu starts Dagaalkii sokeeye ee Soomaaliya, shir beeleed ayaa ka dhacay Yubbe ka dib markii uu baaq u ka soo baxay [[Warsangali|Warsangeli]] calan Aaqil Bashiir oo ku socday garaadka [[Habar Yoonis]] WARSAME HERSI (Yubbe 1). Shirkaas waxaa lagu meelmariyay go'aan lagu joojinayo colada laguna wadaagayo dhulka daaqa. Shirweynihii Oktoobar 6–9 (Yubbe 2) wuxuu dhaliyay xabad-joojin iyo heshiis xudduud oo u dhexeeya beelaha Warsangeli iyo Habar Yoonis.&lt;ref name=ip2008&gt;{{Cite web |author=Academy for Peace and Development |date=April 2008 |url=https://www.interpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/2008_SomS_Interpeace_APD_Statebuilding_EN.pdf |title=THE SEARCH FOR PEACE |accessdate=2021-05-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bishii June 1993, shir ay yeesheen Warsangari oo ka dhacay [[Hadaftimo]] iyo beesha Habar Yoonis ayaa lagu qabtay Yubbe (Yubbe 3), waxaana lagu go'aamiyay in beesha Habar Yoonis ay shir ku qabato [[Erigavo|Ceerigaabo]] kaas oo dhammaan ergooyinka beelaha Sanaag, harayna kuwa la tartamaya ee [[Habr Je'lo|Habar Jeclo]] iyo [[Dhulbahante]], loogu yeeri doono.&lt;ref name=ip2008/&gt;

Sannadkii 2006, biyo la'aan daran ayaa ku dhacday Sanaag, waxaana la ogaaday in ceel ku yaal tuulada Yubbe uu ka shaqayn waayay biyo la'aanta daran dhiirigelinteeda darted.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=reliefweb |date=2006-12-31 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/somaliland-assistance-bulletin-oct-dec-2006 |title=Somaliland assistance bulletin Oct - Dec 2006 |accessdate=2021-05-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Muran Puntland iyo Somaliland===
Sannadkii 2007, xurgufta u dhaxaysa Puntland iyo Somaliland ayaa cirka isku sharaxday markii ciidanka Somaliland ay ka faa'iideysteen khilaafaadka gudaha Puntland si ay u qabsadaan [[Las Anod|Laascaanood]] ([[Puntland–Somaliland dispute|Muranka Puntland–Somaliland]].)

Bishii Oktoobar 2015, gudoomiyihii Komishanka Doorashooyinka Somaliland ee gobolka Sanaag ayaa lagu afduubay Yubbe oo loo kaxaystay magaalada Puntland maamusho ee [[Badhan, Sanaag|Badhan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Mas'uuliyiin lagu afduubtay Sanaag |newspaper=BBC |date=2015-10-18 |url=https://www.bbc.com/somali/war/2015/10/151018_afduub |accessdate=2021-05-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bishii Maarso 2019, ciidamada Somaliland waxay xireen isku socodka gaadiidka ee u dhexeeya Yubbe iyo [[Hadaftimo]]. Dadka deegaanka ayaa dibad-bax ka dhan ah horumarka ciidamada Somaliland sameeyay.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Somaliland oo joojisay dhaq dhaqaaqa Gaadiidka ka dhex shaqeyn jiray Hadaaftimo iyo deegaanka Yubbe. |newspaper=Somaliweyn |date=2019-03-14 |url=http://www.somaliweyn.org/2019/03/14/somaliland-oo-joojisay-dhaq-dhaqaaqa-gaadiidka-ka-dhex-shaqeyn-jiray-hadaaftimo-iyo-deegaanka-yubbe/ |accessdate=2021-05-22 |archive-date=2021-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614212445/http://www.somaliweyn.org/2019/03/14/somaliland-oo-joojisay-dhaq-dhaqaaqa-gaadiidka-ka-dhex-shaqeyn-jiray-hadaaftimo-iyo-deegaanka-yubbe/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Odayaasha Ceerigaabo ayaa si hoose u kulmay si ay ugu baaqaan in ciidanka Somaliland ay ka baxaan Yubbe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Sanaag: Odayaasha Ceerigaabo oo isku afgartay in Ciidanka Somaliland ka baxaan Yubbe |newspaper=Mustaqbal media |date=2019-03-26 |url=https://mustaqbalmedia.net/so/sanaag-odayaasha-ceerigaabo-oo-isku-afgartay-in-ciidanka-somaliland-ka-baxaan-yubbe/ |accessdate=2021-05-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bishii Awstaba 2019, gudoomiyaha Puntland u magacawday gobolka Sanaag ayaa sheegay in &quot;ciidanka Somaliland ay ka baxeen gobolka Sanaag, marka laga reebo Yubbe, oo maleeshiyada dhanka Puntland la qarameeyay.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=GUDDOOMIYE CALI SOOMAALI: &quot;SOMALILAND YUBBE OO CIIDAMO AAN REER SANAAG AHAYN JOOGAAN AYEY KA JOOGTAA GOBOLKA&quot; |newspaper=Puntland post |date=2019-08-27 |url=https://puntlandpost.net/2019/08/27/guddoomiye-cali-somalilandsomaliland-yubbe-oo-ciidamo-aan-reer-sanaag-ahayn-joogaan-ayey-ka-joogtaa-gobolka/ |accessdate=2021-05-23 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bishii November 2019, dadka deegaanka Yubbe waxay arkeen koox ka tirsan [[al-Shabaab (Somalia)|Al-Shabaab]] oo ku sugan deegaanka Ga'an-Marodi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Al-Shabaab fighters cross to Somaliland for first time |newspaper=Somali Affairs |date=2019-11-20 |url=https://www.somaliaffairs.com/news/al-shabaab-fighters-cross-to-somaliland-for-first-time/ |accessdate=2021-05-23 |archive-date=2021-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523003856/https://www.somaliaffairs.com/news/al-shabaab-fighters-cross-to-somaliland-for-first-time/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bishii Feberaayo 2020, ciidamada Somaliland ee ka socday Yubbe waxay dagaal la galeen ciidamada Puntland ee ku sugan tuulada Kadhada oo 18 kiiloometer u jirta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Somaliland, Puntland forces clash in Sanaag Region |newspaper=Somaliland |date=2020-02-26 |url=https://www.somaliland.com/news/somaliland/somaliland-puntland-forces-clash-in-sanaag-region/ |accessdate=2021-05-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dagaalka ka dib, ciidamada Puntland waxay sheegteen guul ay ka gaareen ciidamada Somaliland, iyagoo qabsaday maxaabiis iyo gaadiid milatari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Somalia - Puntland in guerra contro il Somaliland |newspaper=Africa |date=2020-02-28 |url=https://www.africarivista.it/somalia-puntland-in-guerra-contro-il-somaliland/153930/ |accessdate=2021-05-23 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bishii Maarso 2021, gudoomiyaha Somaliland u magacawday gobolka Sanaag oo ku nool Ceerigaabo ayaa ugu baaqay dadka deegaanka Yubbe inay kala shaqeeyaan, maadaama isbitaal umuliso oo loo qorsheeyay iyo mashaariic kale oo horumarineer oo Yubbe ka socday ay hakat galeen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Gudoomiyaha Gobolka Sanaag Oo Xadhiga Ka Jaray Mashaariic Horumarineed Oo Xukuumadda Somaliland Ka Hirgelisay Degaanka Yubbe Ee Gobolkaas. |newspaper=warfaafintajsl.com |date=2021-03-19 |url=https://warfaafintajsl.com/Solna/gudoomiyaha-gobolka-sanaag-oo-xadhiga-ka-jaray-mashaariic-horumarineed-oo-xukuumadda-somaliland-ka-hirgelisay-degaanka-yubbe-ee-gobolkaas/ |accessdate=2021-05-23 |archive-date=2021-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523010852/https://warfaafintajsl.com/Solna/gudoomiyaha-gobolka-sanaag-oo-xadhiga-ka-jaray-mashaariic-horumarineed-oo-xukuumadda-somaliland-ka-hirgelisay-degaanka-yubbe-ee-gobolkaas/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bishii Janaayo 2023, ciidanka Somaliland waxay ka baxeen Yubbe.&lt;ref name=mo20230126&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://muqdisho.online/ciidamada-somaliland-oo-isaga-baxay-degaanka-yubbe-ee-gobolka-sanaag/|title=Ciidamada Somaliland oo isaga baxay degaanka Yubbe ee Gobolka Sanaag|trans-title=Somaliland forces withdrew from Yubbe area of Sanaag region|author=Cabdifatax Ibrahim|date=2023-01-26|work=Muqdisho Online|access-date=2024-01-15|archive-date=2024-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115124149/https://muqdisho.online/ciidamada-somaliland-oo-isaga-baxay-degaanka-yubbe-ee-gobolka-sanaag/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bishii Abriil 2024, Wasiirka Gaadiidka iyo Horumarinta Jidadka ee Somaliland ayaa dhagax dhigay waddada xiriirisa Yubbe iyo Ceerigaabo oo ku taal [[Erigavo|Ceerigaabo]], wuxuuna ugu baaqay dadka deegaanka Yubbe inay ka qayb qaataan dhismaha waddada oo ay bixiyaan dhaqaalaha ku baxaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;SomalilandStandard2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://somalilandstandard.com/erigavo-yubbe-road-to-be-constructed/ |title=Erigavo-Yubbe road to be constructed |website=Somaliland Standard |date=2024-04-27 |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bishii Awstaba 2025, dowladda Puntland ayaa lagu soo waramayaa in ay ciidamada beelaha Yubbe ku dartay ciidamadeeda qayb ka ah Hawlgalka [[Cal Madow]].&lt;ref name=&quot;SomalilandStandard2024&quot;/&gt;

==Tirakoobka Dadka==
Magaalada waxaa dega beelaha Maxamuud Xarri ee Nuux Cumar (Warsangeli) iyo Hinjiye (Maxamuud Xarri) .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hunt|first=John Anthony|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aAhBAQAAIAAJ|title=A General Survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950: Final Report on &quot;An Economic Survey and Reconnaissance of the British Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950,&quot; Colonial Development and Welfare Scheme D. 484|date=1951|publisher=To be purchased from the Chief Secretary}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Sidoo kale eeg==
{{Portal|Somalia}}

==Xusuusin==
{{Reflist}}

==Tixraac==
*[http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=427062&amp;fid=5792&amp;c=somalia Yube, Soomaaliya]</text>
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{{#if:$1|{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Special:Upload|&lt;div id=&quot;contentSub2&quot;&gt;Gudagalaha tirtiridda: &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Special:Log/delete|page=File:{{urlencode:$1}}}} Wikipedia] / [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ALog&amp;type=delete&amp;page=File%3A{{urlencode:$1}} Commons]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;}}}}
'''''Hoos waxaa ku yaalla foomka gelinta faylasha ee ugu muhiimsan. Si aad u isticmaasho interface fudud iyo tilmaamo gaar ah, adeegso [[Wikipedia:File Upload Wizard]].'''''
&lt;div style=&quot;border: 1px solid #c8d0df; background-color: var(--background-color-progressive-subtle, #f1f4fd); color: inherit; padding: 10px 30px; margin: 0 auto;&quot;&gt;
Tillaabooyinka lagu darayo sawir, fayl cod ah ama fayl muuqaal ah Wikipedia:
# '''Inta badan sawirada iyo faylasha warbaahinta ee laga helo internetka kuma habboona in loo isticmaalo Wikipedia.''' Fadlan hubi in faylka la soo gelinayo uu u qalmo Wikipedia ka hor inta aadan soo gelin, haddii aad shaki qabtidna [[:en:Wikipedia:Media copyright questions|weydiiso]]. Faylka aad soo gelinayso ma yahay mid [[Soosaarid xor ah|xor ah]]? Haddii uusan ahayn, ma buuxiyaa shuruudaha ku xusan [[Wikipedia:Shuruudaha nuxurka aan xorta ahayn]]?
# Dooro magac ku habboon oo sifaynaya faylka aad soo gelinayso. Tusaale ahaan, &quot;bisad.jpg&quot; waa mid xun, halka &quot;Bisad gaaban oo Soomaaliyeed oo hurudda.jpg&quot; ay tahay mid wanaagsan.
# Bixi macluumaad aas aasi ah oo ku saabsan faylka la soo gelinayo. Halkee buu ka yimid? Yaa sameeyay oo xaggee iyo goorma? Maxay tahay sawirkan ama muuqaalkan? Haddii uu yahay sawir ama fayl aan xor ahayn, maxaa yeelay uu u buuxiyay shuruudaha macluumaadka aan xorta ahayn? {{tl|Information}} waa tusmo wanaagsan oo loo adeegsado ujeeddadan.
# Bixi macluumaadka xuquuqda daabacaadda ee faylka la soo gelinayo, ha ahaato liiska hoos-u-dhaca ah ama liisaska ku yaalla [[:en:Wikipedia:Image copyright tags|Wikipedia:Calaamadaha xuquuqda daabacaadda sawirrada]]. Haddii aadan helin wax ku habboon, fadlan ku weydiiso [[:en:Wikipedia:Media copyright questions|Wikipedia: Su'aalaha xuquuqda daabacaadda warbaahinta]] ka hor inta aadan soo gelin.
# Guji &quot;Soo geli faylka&quot;. Ka dib marka aad soo geliso, ku dar faylka maqaalka. Eeg [[:en:Wikipedia:Uploading images#Adding images to article|wixii faahfaahin ah]].

Wixii guudmarka ah ee ku saabsan adeegsiga faylasha warbaahinta ee Wikipedia, eeg [[:en:Wikipedia:Creation and usage of media files|Wikipedia: Abuuritaanka iyo isticmaalka faylasha warbaahinta]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Xeerka adeegsiga sawirada]].&lt;br /&gt;Haddii aad geliso wax ku jira qeybta guud ama ruqsadda Creative Commons, ruqsaddaasi waa mid aan dib loogaga laaban karin.
&lt;/div&gt;
'''''Fiiro gaar ah:''' Wixii su'aalo ama faallooyin ah ee ku saabsan foomamka gelinta ee kala duwan, fadlan u tag '''[[:en:Wikipedia:Media copyright questions|Wikipedia: Su'aalaha xuquuqda daabacaadda warbaahinta]].'''''
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      <text bytes="9814" sha1="5nmnnsjt73fe9ad4miuyaaq9pey9wl4" xml:space="preserve">'''Luis Alberto Suárez Díaz''' waa ciyaryahan 
u dhashay dalka Uruguay oo haatan ka
tirsan Kooxda Premier League ka ciyaarta
ee ''[[Liverpool]]'', luuqada Spanishka
dhawaaqa Suarez waa oraah
ah '''[ˈlwis ˈswares]'''.
24 January 1987 ayay aheyd
markii uu dhashay Luis Alberto
Suárez Díaz waxana ay aheyd
maalintii ugu wanagsaneyd
'''labada Lamaane ee iska dhalay'''.
Markii da’diisa 19 Jir ay aheyd
Luis Alberto Suárez Díaz wuxuu
u xir xirtay dalka '''Netherlands'''
Isagoo ku biiray kooxda
'''FC Groningen''', kaddib Suarez
waxaa uu ku biiray '''kooxda AJax Sanadkii 2007'''.
Intii lagu jiray sanadkii 2008
Suarez waxaa loo magacaabey
inuu yahey '''Ciyaaryahanka
sanadka''' ee koooxdiisa Ajax,
sanado kadibna waxaa loo dortay gool magafe Suarez '''kabtanka''' kooxda Ajax, 35 gool ayuuna ku hantay gool dhalinta
Horyaalka Holland 33 kulan uu usaftay.
'''Luis Alberto waxaa loo
magacaabay Ciyaaryahanka Sanadka ee horyaalka Holland''',
49 gool ayuu shabaqa ku
xareeyay tartamadii kala
duwaanaa ee uu AJax u saftay. Sanadkii 2010-2011.
Suarez waxaa uu dhaliyay goolkiisii
boqolaad ee '''Ajax''' Isagoo ku biiray Ciyaaryahano badan oo AJax soo maray goolasha boqoleyda u dhaliyay kooxdaas,
sida '''Johan Cruyff, Marco van Basten iyo Dennis Bergkamp'''.
'''Bishii January Sanadkii 2011 Suarez ayaa €26.5 Million''' ugu wareegay kooxda England ee Liverpool, waxaana xilligaas ay aheyd waqti kooxda Reds ay ka
taalay una baahnayd Jillaaga Garomada ee Suarez.
'''Suárez ayaa ka caawiyay
Liverpool in kaalinta Lixaad''' uu keeno durba halka markii uu ku
soo biirayay Liverpool ay
dhextaaley '''Kaalinta 12-aad''' ee Premier league, waliba hal bil gudaheed ayuu howshaa oo dhan ku qabtay waana ku cusbaa qaab ciyaareedka
'''Horyaalka England''' oo ka duwan kana adag kuwa '''Yurub'''.
February 2012 Suarez ayaa kula guuleysatay '''Liverpool koobkiisii''' ugu horeeyey kaas oo ahaa
'''koobka Football League Cup Final ama Carling Cup'''. '''Suárez ayaa koobka Adduunka 2010''' qeyb libaax ugula qeyb qaatay xulka dalkiisa Uruguay oo kaalinta Afaraad kasoo gashay Tartankaas, waxaana uu dhaliyay
Saddex gool '''iyadoo lagu Xusuusanayo goolkii gacanta uu ku bixiyay madaxa xoogan oo Ghana wareega sideedda ay ka dhalin lahaayeen Uruguay''' waqti dheeri ah oo lagu darayna lagu reebay '''Ghana'''.
'''W/D''': '''Abdimajid Sheikh Adan'''allinka cusub uu durbaba
uu kabtanka kooxda uu ka
wareejiyay Thomas Vermaelen
oo Arsenal ku biiray.bay Kabtan
Jadiidka ah ee Ajax, wixii
markaas ka dambeeyayna
Suarez waxaa uu bilaabay
Saddex dhalis ama Afar, guud
ahaana 35 gool ayuu dhaliyay
33 ciyaar waxaana uu qaatay
gool dhalinta horyaalka
Eredivisie isagoo loo caleema
saaray ciyaaryahanka sanadka
Ajax iyo kan horyaalka Holland.
Suarez maaqalinta ayuu ugu
dhacay Liverpool , intii uu
joogay Ajax waxaa uu u
dhaliyay 111 gool 159 ciyaar ee
uu saftay, waxaana loo
aqoonsaday ka mid noqoshada
rug cadaayadii kooxda soo
maray sida Van Basten,
Bergkamp, Frank de Boer iyo
Henk ten Cate.
Waqtigiisii Liverpool
Xilli Ciyaareedkii 2010–2011
Suarez ayaa heshiis shan Sano
iyo bar u saxiixay Liverpool
kaas oo gaaraya ilaa sanadka
2016, waxaana uu ahaa
Ciyaaryahankii ugu qiimaha
badnaa ee Liverpool ay soo
iibsato ilaa mardambe oo Andy
Carroll (£35 Million) ay kula soo
wareegeen.
Suarez ayaa horayba Liverpool
uga codsaday Lambarka uu
aadka u qadariyo ee 7 oo
Kooxdaan ay u soo xirteen
Macallinkiisii xiligaa Kenny
Dalglish iyo Kevin Keegan oo ah
rug cadayaal.
Suarez ayaa Kulankiisii ugu
horreeyay Liverpool u saftay 2
bishii February markaas Anfield
ay 2-0 uga badiyeen kooxda
Stoke City, bedel ayuu ku soo
galay ciyaarta waxaana uu
dhaliyay goolka labaad ee
Ciyaarta 63 daqiiqo.
Wuxuu noqday mid ka mid ah
xiddigihii Liverpool soo maray
maxaa yeelay Liverpool waxaa
uu ka caawiyay hal bil
gudaheed in kaalinta 12-aad uu
ka soo jiido uuna keeno tan
Lixaad ee Premier league kuna
dhameystaan darajadaas
Horyaalka socday.
Sanadkii 2010-2011 waxaa uu
ku dhameystay Afar gool 13
Ciyaar oo uu saftay.
Ciyaaryahanka reer Uruguay
ayaa ka niyad jabay Liverpool in
kaalinta Siddeedaad ay ku
dhameysato sanadka
2011-2012 waxaana uu u
arkay Liverpool koox hor u
socod aan la hayn.
Suarez ayaa dhaliyay
Saddexdiisii gool oo xiriir ah ee
ugu horreeyay Liverpool inta uu
la joogay Ciyaar ka dhacday
garoonka Carrow Road oo
Norwich City uu ku qash
qashaaday.
Koobka Carling Cup ayuu la
qaaday Mudada uu Liverpool uu
la joogo kaalinta Lixaad ayuuna
kasoo galay Suarez sanadkii
2011 abaalmarinta Laacibka
Dunida ee FIFA, FIFA Ballon d’Or
Laakiin Sanadkaas Faddeexad
ayuu luguha la galay kaddib
markii uu midab takooray oo
uu aflagaado kala dul dhacay
yarka gaaban ee Daafaca France
Patrice Evra
intii lagu guda Jiray
Ciyaartii October ay kala
horyimaadeen Wiilasha uu
horkaco Ferguson ee Man
United.
Suarez dhaqan Xumidiisa
waxaa lagu ganaaxay siddeed
Ciyaar inuu galin garoomada
iyo Lacag dhan £40,000 kun.
Ganaaxiisa marka uu soo
dhameystay Lugtii Labaad oo
kooxahan ay Ciyaareen
February ayuu diiday inuu
gacan qaado Evra kaddib
Tababaraha Liverpool Dalglish
ayaa ku qasbay inuu gacan
qaado dhigiisa oo uu raali
geliyo.
6-dii bishii January 2013 Suarez
ayaa dhaliyay gool lagu
murmay
oo gacata uu ugu dhaliyay
Ciyaar 2-1 Liverpool ay dirqi
ugu fakatay kooxda Mansfield
Town oo FA Cup ay ku
tartamayeen, macallinkiisa
Rodgers ayaa difaacay Suarez
halka Macallinka Mansfield Paul
Cox uu ka horyimid qiyaanada
xiddiga jilliinka ku sameeya
garoomada.
19-kii January waxaa uu
dhaliyay Suarez goolkiisii 7-aad
Saddex Ciyaar oo kaliya uu ka
horyimid kooxda Norwich
kaddib 5-0 oo ay uga
faraxasheen, todobaad
kaddibna Suarez ayaa markiisii
ugu horreysay noqday
kabtanka Liverpool Ciyaar ka
tirsan wareegga Afarta FA Cup
oo Oldham ay wajaheen hase
ahaatee waa uu ku asbaxay oo
Oldham ayaa Liverpool ku
qaarijisay 2-3.
2-dii Bishii March Suarez ayaa
Saddex gool ugu waqlalay
Liverpool Ciyaartii 4-0 Wigan ay
ugu adkaadeen, waxaana uu
markaas noqday Ciyaaryahankii
Saddexaad ee Liverpool soo
mara oo hal xilli ciyareed 20
gool ka dhaliya Premier league
kaddib Robbie Fowler iyo
Fernando Torres oo Liverpool
goolashaas ugu deeqay.
10-kii bishii March Suarez ayaa
dhaliyay goolkiisii 50-aad ee
Tartamada oo dhan Liverpool
uu u saxiixo tan iyo markii uu
ku soo biiray, isagoo ka qeyb
qaatay goolashii Tottenham oo
maara loo waayay 3-2 ay ugu
adeegtaan,12 kulan oo isku
xigana bilaa guuldaro ayay
ahayd Liverpool wax u
dhaawadana waa la waayay.
Xirfadiisa Xulka
Suarez ayaa 8 February 2007 u
saftay xulka darajada koowaad
Uruguay marka kana 3-1 ayay
ku suul dareen xulka Colombia,
garoonka ayaa laga saaray
daqiiqadii 85-aad oo uu qaatay
Jaalihii labaad kaas oo rooso u
dhigma.
Suarez ayaa dhaliyay shan gool
19 kulan oo uu xulkiiisa kala
qeyb galay Isreeb reebkii
koobka adduunka 2010.
June 2010 Tababaraha Uruguay
Óscar
Tabárez ayaa Suarez ku
daray 23-ka Ciyaaryahan ee
koobka adduunka uga qeyb
galaya, 0-0 waxaa ay la galeen
France, 3-0 South Africa ayay
guul uga gaareen.
Uruguay ayaa Wareega 16 ku
reebay South Korea 2-1, Suarez
ayaana dhaliyay goolashaas
labada ah, Tan iyo 1970-kiina
markii ugu horreysay ayay
Uruguay u soo baxeen
wareegga siddeed dhamaadka.
Layaabka koobkaas ayaa waxaa
uu ahaa kaddib madax halis ah
oo Dominic Adiyiah oo Ghana
uu ku tuuray goolka Uruguay
uu Suarez gacanta ku soo
celiyay, Suarez garoonka ayaa
laga saaray waxaana rigoorada
Ghana ka qasaariyay Asamoah
Gyan, Suarez ayaa u dabaal
dagay xulkiisa inuu ka
badbaadiyay haritaanka
koobka, 4-2 ayayna Rigoorayaal
Ghana isaga reebeen una soo
talaabeen Semi Finalka
Tartanka.
Noloshiisa qaaska ah
Suarez waxaa uu ku dhashay
Magaalada Salto ee dalka
Uruguay, waa Da’da afaraad 7
Wiilal Walaalo ah oo wada
dhashay, waxaa ay isaga iyo
Ehelkiisa ay u safreen
Magaalada Montevideo
Markaas oo da’diisu ahayd 7-jir.
Waalidiintiisa Suarez waa ay
kala tageen Isagoo jira 9 sano,
waxaa uu la noolaa hooyadii
iyo Walaalihii laakiin Aabihii
waa uu xiriirin jiray.
Montevideo waa uu ku
hormariyay waayihiisa ciyaaro
ee wado ku ciyaarka, markii uu
11 jir ahaa waxaa lagu
casuumay inuu ka qeyb galo
xerada tababarka xulka da’yarta
dalkiisa, kama uusan qeyb galin,
maxaa
yeelay mahaysan kabo
uu ku ciyaaro, walalkii ka weyn
isaga Paolo Suárez waa
ciyaaryahan qatar ah kana
ciyaaro dalka El Salvador.
Sanadkii 2009, waxaa uu
guursaday gabadhii ay
saaxiibada wada ahaayeen
waagii carruurnimadooda,
waxaa ay dhalatay gabadhoodii
ugu horreysay ee Delfina 5
August 2010.
Markii Suarez uu ka qeyb galay
Ciyaarayaha koobka adduunka
ee South Africa waxaa uu
noqday raggii kulugta lahaa
barnaamij sadaqo bixin oo lagu
taakuleynayo danyarta Africa.
Koobabkii uu kula guuleystay
xulkiisa iyo kooxihii uu soo
maray
Kooxda Ajax
Primera División (1): 2005–06
Eredivisie (1): 2010–11
KNVB Cup (1): 2009–10
Saddex koob
Kooxda Liverpool
League Cup (1): 2011–12
hal koob
Xulkiisa Uruguay
Copa América (1): 2011
hal koob
Guud ahaan koobabka uu ku
guuleystay waa Shan koob
Abaalmarinta shaqsiga ah ee uu
ku guuleystay
Dutch Footballer of the Year (1):
2009–10
Copa América Player of the
Tournament (1): 2011
Eredivisie Golden Boot (1):
2009–10
Ajax Player of the Year (2):
2008–09, 2009–10
Ajax Top Goalscorer (2): 2008–
09, 2009–10
KNVB Cup Top Goalscorer (1):
2009–10
Premier League Golden Boot
Landmark Award 10 (1): 2012–
13
Premier League Golden Boot
Landmark Award 20 (1): 2012–
13
Standard Chartered Liverpool
Player of the Month (10): March
2011, May 2011, August 2011,
September 2011, October 2011,
April 2012, September 2012,
October 2012, December 2012,
February 2013.
Intaa ayaan kusoo
gabagabaynaynaa guud ahaan
Taariikhdii Ciyaaryahan Luis
Alberto Suárez Díaz, waxaana
idiin ballan qaadeynaa in
Taariikhda Ciyaaryahannada
aan mid mid idin kugu soo
gudbin doono inshaa Allaah.
W/Q: Maxamed Qadar Ibraahim
Daahir
GOOLFM Muqdisho
Aragtidiinu waa muhim</text>
      <sha1>5nmnnsjt73fe9ad4miuyaaq9pey9wl4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Licenses</title>
    <ns>8</ns>
    <id>15116</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311362</id>
      <parentid>132876</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-30T06:56:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>311362</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4609" sha1="az4xq7yqh3l0e4drszmfie4y0761d3f" xml:space="preserve">*subst:No license from license selector|Ma aqaan|Ma aqaan shatiga
*subst:No license from license selector|Somewebsite|Sawirka meel ayaan ka helay
*subst:Permission from license selector|Milkiilaha xuquuqda daabacaaddu wuxuu ii oggolaaday inaan shaqadan ku isticmaalo oo keliya maqaallada Wikipedia
*subst:Non-commercial from license selector|Milkiilaha xuquuqda daabacaaddu wuxuu oggol yahay in shaqadan loo isticmaalo oo keliya ujeeddooyin aan ganacsi ahayn iyo/ama waxbarasho
* Shaqadaada gaarka ah:
** Oggolow isticmaalka aan ganacsi ahayn, isticmaalka ganacsi iyo wax-ka-beddelka, haddii dadka kale ku xusaan oo ay isla shatiga ku wadaagaan:
*** self|cc-by-sa-4.0|Shaqadayda gaarka ah, Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0
*** self|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0|Shaqadayda gaarka ah, shatiyo badan oo leh CC-BY-SA-4.0 iyo noocyadii hore
*** self|cc-by-sa-4.0|GFDL|migration=not-eligible|Shaqadayda gaarka ah, shatiyo badan oo leh CC-BY-SA-4.0 iyo GFDL
** Oggolow isticmaalka aan ganacsi ahayn, isticmaalka ganacsi iyo wax-ka-beddelka, haddii dadka kale ku xusaan:
*** self|cc-by-4.0|Shaqadayda gaarka ah, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
** Xuquuq kasta ha la dhowro:
*** self|cc-zero|Shaqadayda gaarka ah, ku sii dayn Domain-ka Dadweynaha iyadoo la adeegsanayo shatiga CC-Zero
* Si xor ah loo shatiyeeyay:
** cc-by-sa-4.0|Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0
** cc-by-4.0|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
** cc-by-sa-2.0|Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0
** cc-by-2.0|Creative Commons Attribution 2.0
** Wikipedia-screenshot|Sawirka shaashadda bogga Wikipedia
* Domain-ka Dadweynaha:
** Xuquuqda daabacaaddu way dhacday:
*** PD-old|Qoraagu wuxuu dhintay in ka badan 100 sano ka hor
*** PD-art|- Sawirka shaqo laba-cabbir ah oo qoraageedu dhintay in ka badan 100 sano ka hor
*** PD-US-expired|Markii ugu horreysay waxaa lagu daabacay Maraykanka ka hor 1-da Janaayo 1931
** Xuquuqda daabacaaddu ma khusayso:
*** PD-USGov|Shaqo ay samaysay hay'ad ka tirsan dowladda Maraykanka
*** PD-text|Noocyada far-qoraalka ee fudud, erayo gaar ah ama qaabab joomatari
*** PD-textlogo|Astaamo ka kooban oo keliya noocyo far-qoraal oo fudud, erayo gaar ah ama qaabab joomatari
* Adeegsiga caddaaladda ah ee aan la aqbali karin:
**subst:rfu|Sawirka qof nool oo loo adeegsaday si caddaalad ah
**subst:rfu|Sawirka dhisme jira oo loo adeegsaday si caddaalad ah
* Aan xor ahayn / adeegsiga caddaaladda ah - akhri WP:NONFREE ka hor intaadan adeegsan mid ka mid ah summadahan:
** Non-free 2D art|Farshaxan laba-cabbir ah
** Non-free 3D art|Farshaxan saddex-cabbir ah
** Non-free computer icon|Astaanta kombiyuutarka
** Non-free currency|Lacag laga yaabo inay leedahay xuquuq daabacaad
** Non-free biog-pic|Qof dhintay
** Non-free logo|Astaan
** Non-free audio sample|Qayb muusig ah
** Non-free promotional|Qalab xayeysiis ah
** Non-free stamp|Shaabad boosto, halka xuquuqda daabacaaddu ay ku xiran tahay waddanka
*** Non-free USGov-USPS stamp|- Shaabad boosto oo Maraykan ah oo la soo saaray 1978 ama ka dib
** Non-free historic image|Dhacdo taariikhi ah oo muhiim ah
** Daboollada:
*** Non-free album cover|Daboolka albamka ama hees gaar ah
*** Non-free board game cover|Daboolka ciyaarta looxa
*** Non-free book cover|Daboolka buugga
*** Non-free comic|Waxyaabaha buugga majaajillada ah
*** Non-free video cover|Daboolka DVD, Blu-Ray Disc, cajalad muuqaal ah iwm.
*** Non-free game cover|Daboolka ciyaarta fiidyowga
*** Non-free magazine cover|Daboolka majaladda (waxaa lagu isticmaali karaa oo keliya maqaalka ku saabsan majaladda)
*** Non-free newspaper image|Daboolka wargeyska
** Boodhadhka:
*** Non-free poster|Nooc kasta oo boodh ah
** Sawirrada shaashadda:
*** Non-free film screenshot|Sawirka shaashadda filim
*** Non-free television screenshot|Sawirka shaashadda telefishinka
*** Non-free title-card|Kaarka cinwaanka filim ama taxane telefishin
*** Non-free game screenshot|Sawirka shaashadda ciyaar kombiyuutar ama ciyaar fiidyow
*** Non-free music video screenshot|Sawirka shaashadda fiidyow muusig ama xayeysiis muusig
*** Non-free software screenshot|Sawirka shaashadda barnaamij kombiyuutar
**** Non-free Microsoft screenshot|- Sawirka shaashadda badeecad Microsoft ah
**** Non-free software screenshot|Sawirrada shaashadda barnaamijyada Windows|- Sawirka shaashadda barnaamij Windows ah
**** Non-free software screenshot|Sawirrada shaashadda barnaamijyada Mac|- Sawirka shaashadda barnaamij Mac OS ah
**** Non-free software screenshot|Sawirrada shaashadda barnaamijyada Linux|- Sawirka shaashadda barnaamij Linux ah
*** Non-free web screenshot|Sawirka shaashadda qaab-dhismeedka mareeg</text>
      <sha1>az4xq7yqh3l0e4drszmfie4y0761d3f</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:File Upload Wizard</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>16045</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311367</id>
      <parentid>275371</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-30T07:38:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>311367</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="57491" sha1="oryt2sdvyhzim3elcak2jq3kvnpq6dw" xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;fuwStartScriptLink&quot; class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;{{Shortcut|WP:FUW}}
Waad ku mahadsan tahay inaad diyaar u tahay inaad ku biiriso sawir ama fayl kale oo warbaahineed oo lagu isticmaalo Wikipedia. Saaxirkani wuxuu kugu hagayaa su'aalo taxane ah oo kaa codsanaya macluumaadka ku habboon ee ku saabsan xuquuqda daabacaadda iyo halka fayl kasta laga helay. Fadlan hubi inaad fahantay [[Wikipedia:Copyrights|xuquuqda daabacaadda]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Image use policy|siyaasadda isticmaalka sawirrada]] ka hor intaadan sii wadin.


&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;{{Clickable button 2|commons:Special:UploadWizard|Soo geli faylkaaga ama fayl shati xor ah leh|class=mw-ui-progressive|style=border-radius:4px; font-size:1.5em;}}

Faylasha waxaa lagu soo geliyaa [[Wikipedia:Wikimedia Commons|Wikimedia Commons]]

{{break}}

{{Clickable button 2|Upload a non-free file|url={{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|withJS=MediaWiki:FileUploadWizard.js&amp;withCSS=MediaWiki:FileUploadWizard.css}}|style=border-radius:4px; font-size:1.5em; color:var(--color-progressive, #36c);}} 

Faylasha waxaa si toos ah loogu soo geliyaa Wikipedia-da Af-Soomaali; waana inay buuxiyaan [[Wikipedia:Non-free content|shuruudaha nuxurka aan xorta ahayn]].

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
{{noscript|1=
&lt;div id=&quot;warningNoJavaScript&quot; class=&quot;uploadWarning&quot;&gt;
'''JavaScript ma aadan hawlgelin'''

Waan ka xunnahay, si aad u isticmaasho qoraalkan faylasha lagu soo geliyo, waa in JavaScript la hawlgeliyaa. Weli waxaad isticmaali kartaa bogga caadiga ah ee [[Special:Upload]] si aad faylasha ugu soo geliso Wikipedia-da Af-Soomaali adigoon adeegsan JavaScript.
&lt;/div&gt;
}}
&lt;div id=&quot;warningLoggedOut&quot; class=&quot;uploadWarning&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;&gt;
'''Hadda ma aadan soo gelin akoonkaaga.'''

Waan ka xunnahay, si aad u isticmaasho qoraalkan faylasha lagu soo geliyo oo aad faylal u soo geliso, waa inaad ku soo gashaa akoonkaaga magaca leh. Fadlan '''&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Special:UserLogin|returnto=Wikipedia%3AFile+Upload+Wizard&amp;returntoquery=withJS%3DMediaWiki%253AFileUploadWizard.js}} soo gal]&lt;/span&gt;''' ka dibna mar kale isku day.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;warningNotConfirmed&quot; class=&quot;uploadWarning&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;&gt;
'''Akoonkaaga weli lama xaqiijin.'''

Waan ka xunnahay, si aad faylal ugu soo geliso Wikipedia-da Af-Ingiriisiga, waxaad u baahan tahay [[WP:AUTOCONFIRM|akoon la xaqiijiyay]]. Caadi ahaan, akoonkaaga si toos ah ayaa loo xaqiijinayaa marka aad samayso 10 wax-ka-beddel oo ay ka soo wareegaan afar maalmood maalintii aad akoonka samaysay.

Waxaa laga yaabaa inaad horeba faylal ugu soo gelin karto [[:commons:|Wikimedia Commons]], laakiin weli kuma samayn kartid Wikipedia-da Af-Soomaali. Haddii faylka aad doonayso inaad soo geliso uu leeyahay shati xor ah, fadlan tag Commons oo halkaas ku soo geli.

'''Fiiro gaar ah:''' Haddii aadan doonayn inaad sugto ilaa akoonkaaga si toos ah loo xaqiijinayo, waxaad qof kale ka codsan kartaa inuu fayl kuu soo geliyo adigoo adeegsanaya [[Wikipedia:Files for upload]].

&lt;small&gt;Xaalado aad dhif u ah, maamule ayaa gacanta ku xaqiijin kara akoonkaaga marka codsi laga gudbiyo [[Wikipedia:Requests for permissions/Confirmed]].&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;UploadScriptArea&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;placeholderTargetForm&quot; class=&quot;uploadScriptSection&quot;&gt;

==Tallaabada 1: Dooro faylkaaga==
{|
|-
|class=&quot;uwLegend&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Faylka:&lt;/span&gt;
|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderfile&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Ka dooro fayl kombiyuutarkaaga. Cabbirka ugu badan ee faylku waa 100 MB.&lt;br/&gt;Noocyada faylasha la oggol yahay: png, gif, jpg, jpeg, xcf, pdf, mid, mp3, mpeg, mpg, ogg, ogv, opus, svg, djvu, tiff, tif, oga, flac, wav, wave, webm, webp.&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderapiAction&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderapiFormat&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderapiFilename&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderapiText&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderapiComment&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderapiToken&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderapiIgnorewarnings&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderapiWatch&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderTargetIFrame&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;placeholderScriptForm&quot;&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;UploadScriptStep1&quot; class=&quot;uploadScriptSection&quot;&gt;
==Tallaabada 2: Sharax faylkaaga==
{|
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Fadlan sii faylka magac cad oo qeexaya, kaas oo lagu aqoonsan doono Wikipedia.
|-
|class=&quot;uwLegend&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderInputName&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Magacani waa inuu gaar u ahaadaa dhammaan Wikipedia, sidaas darteed ka dhig mid xog badan xambaarsan oo si fudud loo aqoonsan karo.&lt;br/&gt;Dhib ma leh haddii aad isticmaasho magac dheer. Waxa kale oo uu ka koobnaan karaa firaaqooyin, hakadyo iyo inta badan calaamadaha kale ee qoraalka.&lt;br/&gt;Fadlan sidoo kale ogow in magacyada faylasha ay kala saaraan xarafka weyn iyo kan yar, marka laga reebo xarafka ugu horreeya.&lt;br/&gt;'''Tusaale wanaagsan:''' &quot;City of London, skyline from London City Hall, Oct 2008.jpg&quot;. '''Tusaale xun''': &quot;Skyline.jpg&quot;, &quot;DSC0001234.jpg&quot;.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
|-
|}
&lt;div id=&quot;warningIllegalChars&quot; class=&quot;uploadWarning&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;&gt;
Waan ka xunnahay, sababo farsamo awgood xarfo iyo isku-dar xarfo gaar ah qaarkood laguma isticmaali karo magaca faylka. Tani waxay si gaar ah u khusaysaa '''#&amp;nbsp;&lt;&amp;nbsp;&gt;&amp;nbsp;[&amp;nbsp;]&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;:&amp;nbsp;{&amp;nbsp;}&amp;nbsp;/&amp;nbsp;''' iyo '''&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''. Magaca faylkaaga waa la beddelay si looga fogaado xarafahan. Fadlan hubi in magaca cusub uu sax yahay.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;warningBadFilename&quot; class=&quot;uploadWarning&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;&gt;
Magaca faylka aad dooratay wuxuu u muuqdaa mid aad u gaaban ama aan si gaar ah wax u qeexayn. Fadlan ha isticmaalin:
*Magacyo ka kooban oo keliya erayo guud oo wax qeexaya (tusaale ahaan, &quot;Sunset.jpg&quot;, &quot;Townhall.jpg&quot;)
*Magacyo ka kooban oo keliya magaca hore ama magaca dambe ee qofka, marka magacaasi ay u badan tahay inay wadaagaan dad badan (tusaale ahaan, &quot;John.jpg&quot;, &quot;Miller.jpg&quot;)
*Magacyo ka kooban tirooyin keliya, kuwaas oo inta badan ay sameeyaan kamaradaha dhijitaalka ah (&quot;DSC_001234&quot;, &quot;IMGP0345&quot;), ama xarfo aan kala sooc lahayn sida kuwa mararka qaarkood laga helo internetka (&quot;30996951316264l.jpg&quot;)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;warningImageOnCommons&quot; class=&quot;uploadWarning&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;warningImageThumb&quot; float=&quot;right&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;fuwOutLink&quot;&gt;[[File:Example.jpg|thumb|right|[[:File:Example.jpg|Fayl hore u jiray]].&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Qofkii ugu dambeeyay ee soo geliyay waa &lt;span id=&quot;existingImageUploader&quot;&gt;Isticmaale tusaale ah&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/small&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
'''Fayl magacan wata ayaa hore uga jira Commons!'''

Haddii aad faylkaaga ku soo geliso magacan, waxaad qarin doontaa faylka hore u jiray, taasoo ka dhigaysa mid aan la heli karin. Faylkaaga cusub ayaa ka muuqan doona dhammaan meelihii markii hore laga adeegsan jiray faylkii hore.

Tani ma aha in la sameeyo, marka laga reebo xaalado aad dhif u ah oo gaar ah.

Fadlan ha ku soo gelin faylkaaga magacan, haddii aadan si dhab ah u hubin waxa aad samaynayso. Halkii, u dooro faylkaaga cusub magac kale.

Haddii aad doonayso inaad faylka jira ku beddesho nuqul la hagaajiyay oo aan muran ka taagnayn oo isla shaqada ah, fadlan tag Commons oo halkaas ku soo geli, halkii aad ka isticmaali lahayd Wikipedia-da Af-Ingiriisiga.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;warningImageExists&quot; class=&quot;uploadWarning&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;&gt;
'''Fayl magacan wata ayaa hore u jiray.'''

Haddii aad faylkaaga ku soo geliso magacan, waxaad dul qori doontaa faylka hore u jiray. Faylkaaga cusub ayaa ka muuqan doona dhammaan meelihii markii hore laga adeegsan jiray faylkii hore. Fadlan ha samayn tan, haddii aadan haysan sabab wanaagsan:
{|
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNoOverwrite&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|'''Maya''', ma doonayo inaan dul qoro faylka jira. Waxaan dooran doonaa magac kale oo faylkayga cusub ah.
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderOverwriteSame&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|'''Haa''', waxaan doonayaa inaan dul qoro faylka jira. Faylkaygu waa nuqul cusub, la hagaajiyay oo aan muran ka taagnayn oo isla shaqada ah. Bogga sharraxaadda ee hore, oo ay ku jiraan macluumaadka halka laga helay iyo xuquuqda daabacaadda, weli wuu saxnaan doonaa nuqulka cusub, waana la sii haysan karaa.
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderOverwriteDifferent&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|'''Haa''', waxaan doonayaa inaan dul qoro faylka jira, waxaanan adeegsan doonaa saaxirkan si aan ugu daro sharraxaad cusub iyo macluumaad cusub oo ku saabsan halka laga helay. Nuqulkii hore anigaa lahaa, ama waxaan hubiyay in qofkii ama dadkii hore u soo geliyay aysan diidnayn beddelkan.
|-
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;UploadScriptStep2&quot;&gt;
{|
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Fadlan bixi sharraxaad kooban oo ku saabsan waxa faylkani ka kooban yahay.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Macluumaadkan waxaa lagu kaydin doonaa laguna soo bandhigi doonaa bogga sharraxaadda faylka. Waa muhiim in tafatirayaasha kale ay fahmi karaan waxa faylkani ku saabsan yahay.&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;uwLegend&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderInputDesc&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Maxuu faylkani muujinayaa? Muxuu sawirku, jaantusku ama duubistu ku saabsan yahay?&lt;br/&gt;Waxay faa'iido yeelanaysaa haddii aad sidoo kale ku darto &lt;span class=&quot;fuwOutLink&quot;&gt;[[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet#Internal link|xiriiriye wiki ah]]&lt;/span&gt; oo ku socda maqaalka aad doonayso inaad ku isticmaasho.&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;UploadScriptStep3&quot; class=&quot;uploadScriptSection&quot;&gt;
==Tallaabada 3: Bixi macluumaadka halka laga helay iyo xuquuqda daabacaadda==

&lt;p id=&quot;stepC_Start&quot;&gt;Aad bay muhiim u tahay inaad si taxaddar leh u akhrido xulashooyinka iyo su'aalaha soo socda, isla markaana aad si daacad ah u bixiso dhammaan macluumaadka loo baahan yahay.&lt;/p&gt;

{|
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderOptionFree&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|'''Tani waa shaqo xor ah.''' &lt;br/&gt;Waxaan caddayn karaa inay sharci ahaan sax tahay in qof kastaa u isticmaalo, Wikipedia iyo meelo kaleba, ujeeddo kasta.
&lt;div class=&quot;optionGroup&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot; id=&quot;detailsFreeStatus&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;uploadWarning&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot; id=&quot;warningWhyNotCommons&quot;&gt;
'''Waad ku mahadsan tahay inaad diyaar u tahay inaad soo geliso shaqo xor ah.'''

Wikipedia waxay jeceshahay faylasha xorta ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaan aad ugu farxi lahayn haddii aad ku soo geliso mashruuca walaalkeen ee &lt;span class=&quot;fuwOutLink&quot;&gt;[[:commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]&lt;/span&gt;.
Faylasha lagu soo geliyo Commons waxaa isla markiiba laga isticmaali karaa halkan Wikipedia iyo sidoo kale dhammaan mashaariicda walaalaha ah. Soo gelinta faylasha Commons waxay u shaqaysaa si la mid ah tan halkan. Akoonkaaga Wikipedia si toos ah ayuu uga shaqayn doonaa Commons sidoo kale.

[[File:Gtk-dialog-info.svg|30px|link=]] &lt;big&gt;'''Fadlan ka fiirso inaad &lt;span class=&quot;fuwOutLink&quot;&gt;[[:commons:Special:UploadWizard|faylkaaga ku soo geliso Commons]]&lt;/span&gt;.'''&lt;/big&gt;

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, haddii aad doorbidayso inaad halkan ku soo geliso, waad sii wadi kartaa adigoo adeegsanaya foomkan. Waxa kale oo aad marka hore foomkan u isticmaali kartaa inaad ku ururiso macluumaadka faylkaaga, ka dibna halkan uga gudbiso Commons.
&lt;/div&gt;
{|
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Xaaladda xuquuqda daabacaadda:&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderOptionOwnWork&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Faylkani waa '''shaqadayda gaarka ah oo gebi ahaanba aan anigu sameeyay.'''&lt;br/&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;smallNoteOwnWork&quot;&gt;Anigaa leh xuquuqda daabacaadda. Anigaa ka sameeyay bilow ilaa dhammaad, anigoon koobiyeeyn ama ku darin shaqo hal-abuur leh oo qof kale leeyahay, waxaana diyaar u ahay inaan ku sii daayo shati xor ah.&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;uploadDetails&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot; id=&quot;detailsOwnWork&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;uploadWarning&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot; id=&quot;warningOwnWork&quot;&gt;
Fadlan ogow in marka aan nidhaahno &quot;gebi ahaanba anigu sameeyay&quot; aan si dhab ah taas uga jeedno.

'''Ha''' u isticmaalin qaybtan mid ka mid ah waxyaabahan soo socda:
* Sawir ama sawir-qaadis aad ka samaysay rinjiyeyn, sawir gacmeed, bog daabacan ama shay kale oo markii hore qof kale sameeyay. Xuquuqda daabacaaddu waxay leedahay qofkii asalka ahaa ee sameeyay, adiga ma lihid.
* Sawir shaashadeed ama nooc kale oo laga qabtay fiidiyow, shaashad kombiyuutar, barnaamij telefishin ama nooc kale oo warbaahin muuqaal ah.
* Sawir aad samaysay adigoo wax ka beddelay ama koobiyeeyay sawir kale, ama isku daray dhowr sawir oo hore u jiray oo qof kale sameeyay.
* Sawir uu qof kale ku siiyay.
* Sawir aad meel ka heshay internetka.

Tafatirayaasha si been ah ugu sheegta in waxyaabahan ay yihiin &quot;shaqadooda gaarka ah&quot; '''waxaa laga xannibi doonaa wax-ka-beddelka'''.
&lt;/div&gt;
{|
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Fadlan sharax sida iyo goorta aad samaysay shaygan.
|-
|class=&quot;uwLegend&quot;|Sidee?
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderOwnWorkCreation&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|&amp;nbsp;
|&lt;small&gt;(tusaale ahaan: Xaggee iyo munaasabad noocee ah ayaad sawirkan ka qaaday? Sidee ayaad u samaysay jaantuskan? iwm.)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Taariikhda&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderDate&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|&amp;nbsp;
|&lt;small&gt;(haddii ay suurtagal tahay isticmaal qaabka YYYY-MM-DD).&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|Daabacaad:
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderOwnWorkPublication&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Halkan ku sheeg haddii aad hore shaygan meel kale ugu daabacday, tusaale ahaan mareegtaada gaarka ah, akoonkaaga Flickr ama Facebook, iwm., adigoo bixinaya xiriiriye.&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Waa muhiim inaad shaqadan ku sii dayso shati xor ah, kaas oo qof kasta u oggolaanaya inuu u isticmaalo ujeeddo kasta, oo ay ku jiraan ujeeddooyinka ganacsi iyo kuwa aan ganacsiga ahayn, iyo inuu wax ka beddelo. Shatigani lama burin karo.
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot; id=&quot;placeholderOwnWorkLicense&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderOptionThirdParty&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
|Faylkan '''milkiilihiisa ayaa i siiyay.'''&lt;br/&gt;Milkiilaha xuquuqda daabacaadda ee faylkan ayaa ii oggolaaday inaan ku soo geliyo Wikipedia. Waxaan keeni karaa caddayn muujinaysa inuu oggolaaday in lagu sii daayo shati xor ah, si qof kasta ugu isticmaali karo si xor ah iyo ujeeddo kasta.
&lt;div class=&quot;uploadDetails&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot; id=&quot;detailsThirdParty&quot;&gt;
{|
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Fadlan sharax cidda leh shaqadan iyo sida aad uga heshay.
|-
|class=&quot;uwLegend&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Milkiilaha/qoraaga:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderAuthor&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;uwLegend&quot;|Taariikhda&lt;br/&gt;samaynta:
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderThirdPartyDate&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Isha:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderSource&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Xaggee ayaad ka heshay faylka? (tusaale ahaan, waxaa laga heli karaa internetka; shaqsi ahaan ayaa la ii soo diray …)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Oggolaanshaha:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderPermission&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Sidee ayaad ku heshay oggolaanshaha? (tusaale ahaan: iimayl ahaan, shaqsi ahaan, waxaan u shaqeeyaa milkiilaha …)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Milkiilaha xuquuqda daabacaaddu wuxuu doortay shatiga soo socda:
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Shatiga:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderThirdPartyLicense&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;Mid kale: &lt;span id=&quot;placeholderThirdPartyOtherLicense&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Caddaynta:&lt;/span&gt;
|
{|
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderThirdPartyEvidenceOptionLink&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Qoraalka shatiga waxaa laga heli karaa internetka halkan:&lt;br/&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderThirdPartyEvidenceLink&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderThirdPartyEvidenceOptionOTRS&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Heshiiska shatiga waxaa loo gudbiyay kooxda mutadawiciinta ee Wikimedia ee ka jawaabta codsiyada, cinwaanka &quot;permissions-en@wikimedia.org&quot;.&lt;br/&gt;Lambarka codsiga OTRS: &lt;span id=&quot;placeholderThirdPartyOTRSTicket&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderThirdPartyEvidenceOptionOTRSForthcoming&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Shatiga weli lama gudbin, laakiin dhawaan ayaan gudbin doonaa ama waxaan milkiilaha ka codsan doonaa inuu soo diro.
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderThirdPartyEvidenceOptionNone&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Hadda ma hayo caddaynta, laakiin waan bixin doonaa haddii la iga codsado.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Fiiro gaar ah: Faylasha aan lahayn oggolaansho la xaqiijin karo waa la tirtiri karaa. Waxaa kuu wanaagsan inaad marka hore hesho caddaynta oggolaanshaha.&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|}
|-
|}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderOptionFreeWebsite&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
|Faylkani '''wuxuu ka yimid ilo la daabacay oo xor ah.'''&lt;br/&gt;Waxaan ka soo qaatay mareeg ama ilo kale oo la daabacay, halkaas oo qoraagu si cad ugu sii daayay shati xor ah oo qof kasta u oggolaanaya inuu si xor ah dib ugu isticmaalo.
&lt;div class=&quot;uploadDetails&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot; id=&quot;detailsFreeWebsite&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;uploadWarning&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot; id=&quot;warningFreeWebsite&quot;&gt;
Qaybtan isticmaal '''oo keliya''' haddii isha laga helay uu ku jiro '''qoraal shati-bixin oo cad'''.

Mareegtu waa inay si cad u sheegtaa in sawirka lagu sii daayay shati oggolaanaya in si xor ah dib loogu isticmaalo ujeeddo kasta, tusaale ahaan shatiga Creative Commons Attribution. Waa inaad si sax ah u tilmaami kartaa meesha lagu sheegay arrintan.

Haddii mareegta isha laga helay aysan si cad u sheegin arrintan, fadlan '''ha soo gelin faylka'''.
&lt;/div&gt;
{|
|-
|class=&quot;uwLegend&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Qoraaga/milkiilaha:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderFreeWebsiteAuthor&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;uwLegend&quot;|Taariikhda&lt;br/&gt;samaynta:
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderFreeWebsiteDate&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Isha:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderFreeWebsiteSource&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Ilaha internetka: fadlan bixi xiriiriye bogga HTML ee mareegta oo faylka laga heli karo (&quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://... .html&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;), hana bixin xiriiriye toos ah oo ku socda faylka sawirka laftiisa (&quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://... .jpg&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;).&lt;br/&gt;Ilaha daabacan: bixi macluumaadka buuxa ee tixraaca buugga (qoraa, cinwaan, daabace, sannad, bog, iwm.)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Milkiilaha xuquuqda daabacaaddu wuxuu u doortay faylkan shatiga soo socda:
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Shatiga:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderFreeWebsiteLicense&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;Mid kale: &lt;span id=&quot;placeholderFreeWebsiteOtherLicense&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Caddaynta:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderFreeWebsitePermission&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;Bixi xiriiriye muujinaya meesha uu qoraagu '''si cad ugu sheegay''' in faylka lagu sii daayay shati xor ah.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(haddii aan lagu arki karin bogga isha laga helay laftiisa).&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderOptionPDOld&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Shaqadani '''aad bay u duugowday, xuquuqdeedii daabacaadduna way dhacday.'''&lt;br/&gt;Kani waa sawir duug ah, ama sawir laga qaaday rinjiyeyn, sawir gacmeed ama wax kale oo duug ah. Waxaan bixin karaa macluumaad ku filan oo ku saabsan qoraaga iyo taariikhda halka uu ka yimid si aan u caddeeyo inay da' ahaan gaartay heer ay xuquuqdeeda daabacaaddu ku dhacdo. Hadda waxay sharci ahaan ku jirtaa &lt;span class=&quot;fuwOutLink&quot;&gt;[[Public Domain]]&lt;/span&gt;.
&lt;div class=&quot;uploadDetails&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot; id=&quot;detailsPDOld&quot;&gt;
{|
|-
|class=&quot;uwLegend&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Qoraagii&lt;br/&gt;asalka ahaa:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderPDOldAuthor&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Fadlan sheeg qoraagii asalka ahaa ee shaqadan.&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;uwLegend&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Muddada nolosha:&lt;/span&gt;
|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderPDOldAuthorLifetime&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Sheeg taariikhda dhimashada, haddii ay khusayso xaaladda Domain-ka Dadweynaha.&lt;br/&gt;Xaalado badan, waa inaan hubinnaa in qoraagu dhintay ka hor sannad cayiman, inta badanna ka hor {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}}.&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Daabacaaddii&lt;br/&gt;asalka ahayd:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderPublication&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Bixi macluumaadka ugu badan ee suurtagalka ah ee ku saabsan waqtiga iyo goobta markii ugu horreysay shaqadan lagu daabacay. Daabacaadaha qoraalka ah: bixi macluumaadka buuxa ee tixraaca buugga.&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Taariikhda&lt;br/&gt;daabacaadda:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderPDOldDate&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Bixi taariikhda markii ugu horreysay la daabacay, iyo taariikhda la sameeyay haddii ay ka duwan tahay.&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Isha&lt;br/&gt;tooska ah:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderPDOldSource&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Si sax ah u sheeg meesha aad ka heshay faylkan. &lt;br/&gt;Ilaha internetka: fadlan bixi xiriiriye bogga HTML ee mareegta oo faylka laga heli karo (&quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://... .html&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;), hana bixin xiriiriye toos ah oo ku socda faylka sawirka laftiisa (&quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://... .jpg&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;).&lt;br/&gt;Ilaha daabacan: bixi macluumaadka buuxa ee tixraaca buugga (qoraa, cinwaan, daabace, sannad, bog, iwm.)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Xaaladda&lt;br/&gt;Domain-ka Dadweynaha:&lt;/span&gt;
|Shaqadani way ka xorowday dhammaan xuquuqaha daabacaadda sababtoo ah:
{|
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderPDUSExpired&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Waxaa la sameeyay oo '''markii ugu horreysay la daabacay ka hor {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}}''', sidaas darteed waxay ku jirtaa Domain-ka Dadweynaha ee Maraykanka.
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderPDURAA&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Waxaa '''markii ugu horreysay lagu daabacay meel ka baxsan Maraykanka''', waxayna ku jirtay Domain-ka Dadweynaha waddankii ay asal ahaan ka timid taariikhda &quot;&lt;span class=&quot;fuwOutLink&quot;&gt;[[Uruguay Round Agreements Act|taariikhda URAA]]&lt;/span&gt;&quot;.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Waddamada badankood, tani waxay ka dhigan tahay in qoraagu dhintay 70 sano ka hor 1-da Janaayo 1996, taas oo ah ka hor 1926. Fadlan ka raadi xeerarka xuquuqda daabacaadda ee waddanka gaarka ah [http://copyright.cornell.edu/resources/publicdomain.cfm].&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderPDFormality&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Waxaa '''markii ugu horreysay lagu daabacay Maraykanka ka hor 1989''', xuquuqdeedii daabacaadduna way dhacday sababtoo ah waxaa la daabacay iyada oo aan lahayn ogeysiis xuquuqda daabacaadda ah iyo/ama aan la samayn diiwaangelintii xuquuqda daabacaadda ee loo baahnaa.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Fadlan ka raadi xeerarka saxda ah [http://copyright.cornell.edu/resources/publicdomain.cfm].&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderPDOldOther&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Xuquuqdeedii daabacaaddu waxay ku dhacday sabab kale. [Fadlan hoos ku sharax].
|-
|}
|-
|class=&quot;uwLegend&quot;|Sharaxaad:
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderPDOldPermission&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Fadlan bixi caddayn kasta oo loo baahan yahay si loo xaqiijiyo xaaladda Domain-ka Dadweynaha.&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderOptionPDOther&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Faylkani '''wuxuu ku jiraa Domain-ka Dadweynaha''' sabab kale awgeed.&lt;br/&gt;Waxaan caddayn karaa in shaqadani sharci ahaan ku jirto Domain-ka Dadweynaha, taas oo macnaheedu yahay in aanu jirin qof leh xuquuqda daabacaadda. Tani waxay ku imaan kartaa sababo kala duwan, tusaale ahaan in ay samaysay dowladda federaalka Maraykanka, ama inay aad u fudud tahay oo aysan yeelan karin xuquuq daabacaad.
&lt;div class=&quot;uploadWarning&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot; id=&quot;warningPDOther&quot;&gt;
'''Domain-ka Dadweynaha''' waxaa loola jeedaa in aanu jirin qof leh xuquuqda daabacaadda ee shaqadan. '''Macnaheedu ma aha''' oo keliya in si xor ah looga daawan karo meel internetka ah ama in dad badan ay isticmaaleen.

Qaybtan '''looma isticmaalo''' sawirrada aad si fudud meel internetka ah uga heshay. Inta badan sawirrada internetka waxay leeyihiin xuquuq daabacaad, qof ayaana iska leh, xitaa haddii aad aaminsan tahay in milkiiluhu aanu dan ka lahayn xuquuqdaas. Haddii ay ku jirto Domain-ka Dadweynaha, waa inaad tilmaami kartaa sharci dhab ah oo sababaya arrintaas. Haddii aadan tilmaami karin sharci noocaas ah oo aad sawirka meel uun ka heshay, markaa '''fadlan ha soo gelin.'''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;uploadDetails&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot; id=&quot;detailsPDOther&quot;&gt;
{|
|-
|class=&quot;uwLegend&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Qoraaga:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderPDOtherAuthor&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Fadlan sheeg qoraagii asalka ahaa ee shaqadan.&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Isha:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderPDOtherSource&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Si sax ah u sheeg meesha aad ka heshay faylkan. &lt;br/&gt;Ilaha internetka: fadlan bixi xiriiriye bogga HTML ee mareegta oo faylka laga heli karo (&quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://... .html&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;), hana bixin xiriiriye toos ah oo ku socda faylka sawirka laftiisa (&quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://... .jpg&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;).&lt;br/&gt;Ilaha daabacan: bixi macluumaadka buuxa ee tixraaca buugga (qoraa, cinwaan, daabace, sannad, bog, iwm.)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;uwLegend&quot;|Taariikhda&lt;br/&gt;samaynta:
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderPDOtherDate&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Xaaladda&lt;br/&gt;Domain-ka Dadweynaha:&lt;/span&gt;
|Shaqadani way ka xorowday dhammaan xuquuqaha daabacaadda sababtoo ah:
{|
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderPDOtherUSGov&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Waxaa sameeyay hay'ad ka tirsan dowladda federaalka Maraykanka.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Tani '''ma khusayso''' [[Copyright status of work by U.S. subnational governments|inta badan hay'adaha dowlad-goboleedyada iyo dowladaha hoose ee Maraykanka]], mana khusayso dowladaha waddamada kale!&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderUSGovLicense&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderPDOtherOfficial&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Waa shay rasmi ah oo dowladeed, sida calan, astaan dowladeed, lacag waraaq ah ama shaabad boosto, oo ka yimid waddan ay shayada noocaas ahi ka reeban yihiin xuquuqda daabacaadda sida uu dhigayo sharciga waddankaas.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Tani '''ma khusayso''' dhammaan waddamada, sidoo kalena badanaa ma khusayso '''dhammaan''' daabacaadaha! (Tusaale ahaan, badanaa ma khusayso sawirrada xayeysiiska ee fudud ee lagu daabaco mareegaha dowladeed.) Fadlan ka raadi xeerarka xuquuqda daabacaadda ee waddanka laga hadlayo. Haddii waddanku aanu lahayn xeer ka reebitaan oo khuseeya shaygan, u gudub qaybta &quot;[[#Non-free section|shaqooyinka xuquuqdooda daabacaaddu aanay xor ahayn]]&quot; ee hoose.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Sharaxaad:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span id=&quot;placeholderPDOfficialPermission&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Ku dar sharraxaad ama caddayn kasta oo loo baahan yahay si loo xaqiijiyo sheegashadaada kore. Haddii ay suurtagal tahay, soo xig oo bixi xiriiriye ku socda sharciga khuseeya.&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderPDOtherSimple&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Aad buu u fudud yahay oo uma qalmo xuquuqda daabacaadda.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Tani badanaa waxay khusaysaa oo keliya sawirrada ka kooban qaabab joomatari oo fudud iyo/ama dhowr xaraf ama eray, ama waxyaabo ay ka mid yihiin qaacidooyinka xisaabta ama kiimikada. Waxay khusayn kartaa astaamo aad u fudud oo aan lahayn qaybo sawireed oo adag. '''Marnaba''' ma khusayso sawirrada la qaaday!&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot; id=&quot;placeholderIneligibleLicense&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderPDOtherOther&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Waxay ku jirtaa Domain-ka Dadweynaha sabab kale awgeed.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Sharaxaad:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span id=&quot;placeholderPDOtherPermission&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|}
|-
|}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
|}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderOptionNonFree&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|&lt;span id=&quot;Non-free section&quot;&gt;'''Tani waa shaqo leh xuquuq daabacaad oo aan xor ahayn, laakiin waxaan aaminsanahay in isticmaalkeedu yahay mid caddaalad ah.'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;Waxaan akhriyay xeerarka Wikipedia ee ku saabsan '''&lt;span class=&quot;fuwOutLink&quot;&gt;[[WP:NFC|Nuxurka aan xorta ahayn]]&lt;/span&gt;''', waxaanan diyaar u ahay inaan sharaxo sida isticmaalka faylkani u buuxinayo shuruudaha halkaas lagu qeexay. '''Ma aha''' sawir ay leedahay wakaalad warbaahineed ama wakaalad sawirro (tusaale ahaan, [[Associated Press|AP]] ama [[Getty Images]]).

&lt;div class=&quot;uploadWarning&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot; id=&quot;warningNF&quot;&gt;
[[File:Gtk-dialog-info.svg|15px|link=]] Fadlan xusuusnow inaad u baahan doonto inaad caddayso in:
*Faylku ka qaban doono shaqo muhiim ah maqaal gaar ah; &lt;small class=&quot;fuwOutLink&quot;&gt;([[WP:NFCC#8|NFCC8]])&lt;/small&gt;
*Aan lagu beddeli karin sawir kale oo xor ah oo la samayn karo; &lt;small  class=&quot;fuwOutLink&quot;&gt;([[WP:NFCC#1|NFCC1]])&lt;/small&gt;
*Isticmaalkeedu aanu si xun u saamaynayn danaha ganacsi ee milkiilaha; &lt;small class=&quot;fuwOutLink&quot;&gt;([[WP:NFCC#2|NFCC2]])&lt;/small&gt;
*Aan la isticmaalayn wax ka badan inta loo baahan yahay oo ah nuxur aan xor ahayn. &lt;small class=&quot;fuwOutLink&quot;&gt;([[WP:NFCC#3|NFCC3]])&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;detailsNFArticle&quot; class=&quot;optionGroup&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;&gt;
Faylkan waxaa lagu isticmaali doonaa maqaalka soo socda:

&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot; id=&quot;placeholderNFArticle&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Geli magaca saxda ah ee hal maqaal oo Wikipedia ah, adigoon isticmaalin qawsyada &lt;nowiki&gt;[[...]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; iyo koodhka xiriiriyaha &quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/...&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;.&lt;br/&gt;Waa inuu noqdaa maqaal dhab ah, ee ma aha bog wada-hadal, tusmo, bog isticmaale, iwm. &lt;br/&gt;Haddii aad qorshaynayso inaad faylka ku isticmaasho wax ka badan hal maqaal, halkan ku sheeg hal maqaal oo keliya. Kadib marka aad faylka soo geliso, fur bogga sharraxaadda sawirka si aad wax uga beddesho, kuna dar sharraxaadahaaga gaarka ah ee maqaal kasta oo dheeraad ah gacanta.&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;NFArticleOK&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;&gt;
[[File:Gtk-ok.svg|15px|link=]] '''&lt;span class=&quot;fuwOutLink&quot;&gt;[[Example]]&lt;/span&gt;''' – maqaalku waa sax.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;warningNFArticleNotFound&quot; class=&quot;uploadWarning&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;&gt;
[[File:Gtk-dialog-warning.svg|20px|link=]] '''Maqaalkani ma jiro!'''

Maqaalka &lt;span class=&quot;fuwOutLink&quot;&gt;[[Example]]&lt;/span&gt; lama helin.

Fadlan hubi higgaadda, oo hubi inaad geliso magaca maqaal jira oo aad faylkan ku dari doonto.

Haddii kani yahay maqaal aad qorshaynayso inaad qorto oo keliya, fadlan marka hore qor maqaalka, ka dibna soo geli faylka.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;warningNFArticleNotMainspace&quot; class=&quot;uploadWarning&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot; &gt;
[[File:Gtk-dialog-warning.svg|20px|link=]] '''Kani ma aha maqaal dhab ah oo encyclopedia ah!'''

Bogga &lt;span class=&quot;fuwOutLink&quot;&gt;[[Example]]&lt;/span&gt; kuma jiro meel magaca maqaalka ugu weyn. Faylasha aan xorta ahayn waxaa lagu isticmaali karaa oo keliya bogagga maqaalada ee meesha magaca ugu weyn, lagumana isticmaali karo bog isticmaale, bog wada-hadal, tusmo, iwm.

Fadlan faylkan soo geli oo keliya haddii lagu isticmaali doono maqaal dhab ah.

&lt;div id=&quot;warningUserspaceDraft&quot;&gt;
Haddii boggani yahay qabyo maqaal oo ku jira goobtaada isticmaalaha, waan ka xunnahay, laakiin waa inaan kaa codsanno inaad sugto ilaa boggu diyaar noqdo oo loo raro meesha magaca maqaalka ugu weyn. Faylka soo geli oo keliya marka taas la sameeyo.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;warningNFArticleDab&quot; class=&quot;uploadWarning&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;&gt;
[[File:Gtk-dialog-warning.svg|20px|link=]] '''Kani waa bog kala saarid!'''

Bogga &lt;span class=&quot;fuwOutLink&quot;&gt;[[Example]]&lt;/span&gt; ma aha maqaal dhab ah, balse waa bog kala saarid oo tilmaamaya dhowr bog oo kale.

Fadlan hubi oo geli cinwaanka saxda ah ee maqaalka aad ula jeedday.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;detailsNFWorkType&quot; class=&quot;optionGroup&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;&gt;
{|
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Sababta isticmaalka nuxurka aan xorta ahayn&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderOptionNFSubject&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Sawirkani '''waa shayga looga hadlayo maqaalka.'''&lt;br/&gt;Kani waa farshaxan ama sawir leh xuquuq daabacaad, sawirka laftiisuna waa mawduuca looga hadlayo maqaalka. Wadahadalku wuxuu ku saabsan yahay sawirka ama rinjiyeynta lafteeda, ma aha oo keliya shayga ama qofka ay muujinayso.
&lt;div class=&quot;uploadDetails&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot; id=&quot;detailsNFSubject&quot;&gt;
{|
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Midkee ka mid ah xulashooyinkan ayaa sida ugu fiican u qeexaya shaygan?
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot; id=&quot;placeholderNFSubjectLicense&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Yaa sameeyay shaqadan?
|-
|class=&quot;uwLegend&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Qoraaga/milkiilaha:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFSubjectAuthor&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|Taariikhda:
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFSubjectDate&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Isha:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFSubjectSource&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Si sax ah u sheeg meesha aad ka heshay faylkan. &lt;br/&gt;Ilaha internetka: fadlan bixi xiriiriye bogga HTML ee mareegta oo faylka laga heli karo (&quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://... .html&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;), hana bixin xiriiriye toos ah oo ku socda faylka sawirka laftiisa (&quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://... .jpg&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;).&lt;br/&gt;Ilaha daabacan: bixi macluumaadka buuxa ee tixraaca buugga (qoraa, cinwaan, daabace, sannad, bog, iwm.)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|}
{|
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Isticmaalka:&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFSubjectCheckDedicated&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Maqaalka oo dhan wuxuu si gaar ah ugu saabsan yahay ka doodista sawirkan ama rinjiyeyntan gaarka ah. ('''Ma aha''' oo keliya inuu ku saabsan yahay qofka ama shayga sawirku muujinayo.)
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFSubjectCheckDiscussed&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Maqaalkani wuxuu si qoto dheer oo encyclopedia ah uga hadlayaa sawirkan ama rinjiyeyntan gaarka ah ('''ma aha''' oo keliya qofka ama shayga uu muujinayo). Sawirkan si gaar ah ayaa loogu baahan yahay inuu taageero qodobkan soo socda:&lt;br/&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFSubjectPurpose&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;warningNFSubject&quot; class=&quot;uploadWarning&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;&gt;
Haddii labadaas hadal midkoodna aanu khusayn, fadlan '''ha soo gelin sawirkan.'''

Qaybtan looma isticmaalo sawirrada loo adeegsanayo oo keliya inay tusaale u noqdaan maqaal ku saabsan qof ama shay, iyagoo muujinaya sida qofka ama shaygu u egyahay.
&lt;/div&gt;
|-   
|}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderOptionNF3D&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Kani waa '''muuqaal muujinaya shaqo ama dhisme saddex-cabbir ah oo leh xuquuq daabacaad''', kaas oo ah shayga looga hadlayo maqaalka.&lt;br/&gt;Kani waa sawir ama nooc kale oo muujinaya shaqo hal-abuur leh oo saddex-cabbir ah oo leh xuquuq daabacaad, sida taallo ama shaqo dhisme. Maqaalku wuxuu ka kooban yahay dood ku saabsan shaqadaas oo u baahan in sawir lagu muujiyo. Sawirku laftiisu waa xor, ama waxaa bixiyay qofkii sameeyay farshaxanka.
&lt;div class=&quot;uploadDetails&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot; id=&quot;detailsNF3D&quot;&gt;
{|
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Midkee ka mid ah xulashooyinkan ayaa sida ugu fiican u qeexaya shaygan?
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot; id=&quot;placeholderNF3DLicense&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Marka hore sharax cidda samaysay '''shaqada asalka ah''' ee la muujinayo:
|-
|class=&quot;uwLegend&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Sameeyaha:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNF3DCreator&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|Taariikhda:
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNF3DOrigDate&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|}
{|
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Isticmaalka:&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNF3DCheckDedicated&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Maqaalka oo dhan wuxuu si gaar ah ugu saabsan yahay shaqadan.
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNF3DCheckDiscussed&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Maqaalkani wuxuu si qoto dheer oo encyclopedia ah uga hadlayaa shaqadan. Sawirka si gaar ah ayaa loogu baahan yahay inuu taageero qodobkan soo socda:&lt;br/&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNF3DPurpose&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}
{|
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Hadda sharax cidda samaysay '''sawirka''':
|-
|class=&quot;uwLegend&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Qoraaga:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNF3DAuthor&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|Taariikhda:
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNF3DDate&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Isha:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNF3DSource&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Si sax ah u sheeg meesha aad ka heshay faylkan.&lt;br/&gt;Ilaha internetka: fadlan bixi xiriiriye bogga HTML ee mareegta oo faylka laga heli karo (&quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://... .html&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;), hana bixin xiriiriye toos ah oo ku socda faylka sawirka laftiisa (&quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://... .jpg&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;).&lt;br/&gt;Ilaha daabacan: bixi macluumaadka buuxa ee tixraaca buugga (qoraa, cinwaan, daabace, sannad, bog, iwm.)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|}
{|
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Xaaladda sawirka&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNF3DOptionSame&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Sawirka waxaa sameeyay oo daabacay isla qoraaga leh xuquuqda shayga asalka ah, mana jiro muuqaal kale oo si habboon loo samayn karo.
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNF3DOptionFree&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Qoraaga sawirku wuxuu shaqada sawireed ku sii daayay shati xor ah, ama waxay ku jirtaa Domain-ka Dadweynaha:&lt;br/&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot; id=&quot;placeholderNF3DPermission&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Sheeg shatiga ama sharax xaaladda Domain-ka Dadweynaha, adigoo ku daraya caddayn kasta oo loo baahan yahay si xaaladda shatiga loo xaqiijin karo.&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderOptionNFExcerpt&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Kani waa '''qayb laga soo qaatay shaqo leh xuquuq daabacaad'''.&lt;br/&gt;Kani waa qayb laga soo qaatay shaqo leh xuquuq daabacaad, tusaale ahaan sawir shaashadeed laga qaaday filim ama barnaamij telefishin, qayb ka mid ah buug majaajillo ah, ama muunad cod oo laga soo qaatay hees. Joogitaankiisa waxaa loo baahan yahay si uu u taageero dood naqdiyeed oo cad oo ku jirta maqaal la xiriira shaqadaas ama qofka ama dadka sameeyay.
&lt;div class=&quot;uploadDetails&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot; id=&quot;detailsNFExcerpt&quot;&gt;
{|
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Midkee ka mid ah xulashooyinkan ayaa sida ugu fiican u qeexaya shaygan?
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot; id=&quot;placeholderNFExcerptLicense&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Qoraaga:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFExcerptAuthor&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(qoraaga / milkiilaha xuquuqda daabacaadda ee shaqada asalka ah)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|Taariikhda&lt;br/&gt;samaynta:
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFExcerptDate&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Isha:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFExcerptSource&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(xaggee si sax ah ayaad uga heshay faylkan?)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Fadlan sharax waxa saxda ah ee maqaalka ku jira ee aad doonayso inaad ku muujiso faylkan.
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFExcerptPurpose&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Caadi ahaan, sawirka waa in loo adeegsadaa taageeridda arrin gaar ah oo maqaalka lagaga hadlayo.&lt;br/&gt;Fadlan si cad oo faahfaahsan u sharax. Ha koobiyeeyn qoraallo guud oo meel kale laga soo qaatay. Erayadaada ku sheeg waxa faylkan gaarka ahi ka qaban doono maqaalkan gaarka ah.&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Haddii loo baahdo, fadlan sharax sababta ujeeddadan aan lagu gaari karin qoraal keliya.
|-
|&amp;nbsp;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFExcerptReplaceable&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderOptionNFCover&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Kani waa '''sawirka daboolka rasmiga ah''' ee shaqo.&lt;br/&gt;Kani waa daboolka ama jaakadda buugga, daboolka CD ama fiidiyow, boodhka rasmiga ah ee filim, ama shay la mid ah. Waxaa lagu dari doonaa habka ugu muhiimsan ee muuqaal ahaan lagu aqoonsado shaqadaas, waxaana la dhigi doonaa qaybta sare ee maqaalka ku saabsan buugga, filimka, iwm. &lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Fiiro gaar ah: Haddii aad qorshaynayso inaad u isticmaasho ujeeddo kale oo aan tan ahayn, fadlan calaamadee sanduuqa &quot;nooc kale oo shaqo aan xor ahayn&quot; ee hoose.&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;uploadDetails&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot; id=&quot;detailsNFCover&quot;&gt;
{|
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Midkee ka mid ah xulashooyinkan ayaa sida ugu fiican u qeexaya shaygan?
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot; id=&quot;placeholderNFCoverLicense&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Qoraaga:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFCoverAuthor&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(qoraaga / milkiilaha xuquuqda daabacaadda ee shaqada asalka ah)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|Taariikhda&lt;br/&gt;daabacaadda:
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFCoverDate&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Isha:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFCoverSource&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(xaggee si sax ah ayaad uga heshay faylkan?)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot; id=&quot;placeholderNFCoverCheckDedicated&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Sawirkan waxaa loo muujin doonaa habka ugu muhiimsan ee muuqaal ahaan lagu aqoonsado shaqada, waxaana la dhigi doonaa qaybta sare ee maqaalka u gaar ah shaqadaas.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Waxaa lagu dari doonaa sabab sharciyeed oo caadi ah oo ku habboon noocan isticmaalka ah. Haddii aad qorshaynayso inaad faylka u isticmaasho ujeeddo kale, fadlan '''ha''' isticmaalin qaybtan, balse isticmaal qaybta hoose ee lagu magacaabay &quot;nooc kale oo shaqo aan xor ahayn&quot;.&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderOptionNFLogo&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Kani waa '''astaanta urur''', shirkad, summad ganacsi, iwm.&lt;br/&gt;Kani waa astaan rasmi ah oo hay'ad ka tirsan oo ah mawduuca maqaalka Wikipedia. Waxaa loo isticmaali doonaa habka ugu muhiimsan ee muuqaal ahaan lagu aqoonsado hay'addaas, waxaana la dhigi doonaa qaybta sare ee maqaalka laga hadlayo. &lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Fiiro gaar ah: Haddii aad qorshaynayso inaad u isticmaasho ujeeddo kale oo aan tan ahayn, fadlan calaamadee sanduuqa &quot;nooc kale oo shaqo aan xor ahayn&quot; ee hoose.&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;uploadDetails&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot; id=&quot;detailsNFLogo&quot;&gt;
{|
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Midkee ka mid ah xulashooyinkan ayaa sida ugu fiican u qeexaya shaygan?
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot; id=&quot;placeholderNFLogoLicense&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Isha:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFLogoSource&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(xaggee si sax ah ayaad uga heshay faylkan?)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|td colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot; id=&quot;placeholderNFLogoCheckDedicated&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Sawirkan waxaa loo muujin doonaa habka ugu muhiimsan ee muuqaal ahaan lagu aqoonsado hay'adda, waxaana la dhigi doonaa qaybta sare ee maqaalka u gaarka ah hay'addaas.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Waxaa lagu dari doonaa sabab sharciyeed oo caadi ah oo ku habboon noocan isticmaalka ah. Haddii aad qorshaynayso inaad faylka u isticmaasho ujeeddo kale, fadlan '''ha''' isticmaalin qaybtan, balse isticmaal qaybta hoose ee lagu magacaabay &quot;nooc kale oo shaqo aan xor ahayn&quot;.&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderOptionNFPortrait&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Kani waa '''sawir taariikhi ah oo qof dhintay muujinaya'''.&lt;br/&gt;Kani waa sawir taariikhi ah ama muuqaal kale oo muujinaya qof aan hadda noolayn. Waxaa loo isticmaali doonaa habka ugu muhiimsan ee muuqaal ahaan loogu aqoonsado qofka maqaalka isaga ku saabsan.
&lt;div class=&quot;uploadDetails&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot; id=&quot;detailsNFPortrait&quot;&gt;
{|
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Wuxuu dhintay tan iyo:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFPortraitDeceased&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Noocan faylka ah badanaa waxaa lagu isticmaali karaa oo keliya dadka aan hadda noolayn.)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Qoraaga:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFPortraitAuthor&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Yaa sameeyay sawirkan?)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Daabacaaddii&lt;br/&gt;asalka ahayd:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFPortraitPublication&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Xaggee, goorma iyo sidee ayaa sawirkan markii ugu horreysay loo daabacay?)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|Taariikhda&lt;br/&gt;daabacaadda:
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFPortraitDate&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Isha:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFPortraitSource&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Xaggee si sax ah ayaad uga heshay faylkan?)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot; id=&quot;placeholderNFPortraitCheckDedicated&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Sawirkan waxaa loo muujin doonaa habka ugu muhiimsan ee muuqaal ahaan loogu aqoonsado qofka, waxaana la dhigi doonaa qaybta sare ee maqaalka isaga ku saabsan.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Waxaa lagu dari doonaa sabab sharciyeed oo caadi ah oo ku habboon noocan isticmaalka ah. Haddii aad qorshaynayso inaad faylka u isticmaasho ujeeddo kale, fadlan '''ha''' isticmaalin qaybtan, balse isticmaal qaybta hoose ee lagu magacaabay &quot;nooc kale oo shaqo aan xor ahayn&quot;.&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Fadlan sharax sababta aan loo heli karin beddel xor ah oo sawirkan ah.
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFPortraitReplaceable&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Dadka dhowaan dhintay: Ma samaysay dadaal macquul ah si aad u hesho dad laga yaabo inay hayaan sawirro qofkan ah oo diyaar u noqon kara inay mid sii daayaan?&lt;br/&gt;Dadka noolaa horraantii ilaa bartamihii qarnigii 20aad: Ma tixgelisay inay jiri karto sawir duug ah oo xuquuqdiisii daabacaaddu dhacday oo hadda ku jira Domain-ka Dadweynaha?&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Fadlan sharax sababta aad ugu kalsoon tahay in isticmaalkeenna faylkani aanu waxyeello u geysan doonin fursadaha ganacsi ee milkiilaha.
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFPortraitCommercial&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Caadi ahaan ma isticmaalno fayl haddii milkiiluhu leeyahay dan ganacsi oo suurtagal ah oo ku saabsan isticmaalka faylka, haddii isticmaalkayaguna uu la tartami lahaa doorkii suuqa ee asalka ahaa.&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderOptionNFMisc&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Kani waa '''nooc kale oo shaqo aan xor ahayn''' oo aan aaminsanahay in isticmaalkiisu yahay mid caddaalad ah.&lt;br/&gt;Kani waa shaqo leh xuquuq daabacaad oo aan isticmaalkeedu ku jirin mid ka mid ah qaybaha kore. Waxaan akhriyay xeerarka Wikipedia ee ku saabsan &lt;span class=&quot;fuwOutLink&quot;&gt;[[Wikipedia:Non-free content|nuxurka aan xorta ahayn]]&lt;/span&gt;, waxaanan sharxi doonaa sida faylkani u buuxinayo dhammaan shuruudaha halkaas lagu qeexay.
&lt;div class=&quot;uploadDetails&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot; id=&quot;detailsNFMisc&quot;&gt;
{|
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Midkee ka mid ah xulashooyinkan ayaa sida ugu fiican u qeexaya shaygan?
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot; id=&quot;placeholderNFMiscLicense&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;uwLegend&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Qoraaga:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFMiscAuthor&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Yaa sameeyay sawirkan?)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Daabacaaddii&lt;br/&gt;asalka ahayd:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFMiscPublication&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Xaggee, goorma iyo sidee ayaa sawirkan markii ugu horreysay loo daabacay?)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|Taariikhda&lt;br/&gt;daabacaadda:
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFMiscDate&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Isha:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFMiscSource&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Xaggee si sax ah ayaad uga heshay faylkan?)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Fadlan sharax ujeeddada saxda ah ee faylkani ka qaban doono maqaalka.
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFPurpose&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Fadlan si cad oo faahfaahsan u sharax. Ha koobiyeeyn qoraallo guud oo meel kale laga soo qaatay. Erayadaada ku sheeg waxa faylkan gaarka ahi ka qaban doono maqaalkan gaarka ah. Sharaxaaddaadu waa inay si cad u muujisaa sababta uu maqaalku si weyn uga liidan lahaa haddii faylkan la waayo.&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Fadlan sharax sababta ujeeddadan aan lagu gaari karin qoraal keliya.
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFReplaceableText&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Fadlan sharax sababta ujeeddadan aan lagu gaari karin sawir kale oo xor ah oo la heli karo ama la samayn karo.
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFReplaceable&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Si fayl loogu aqoonsado mid la beddeli karo, muhiim ma aha in beddel ku habboon uu hadda jiro. Xitaa haddii ay suurtagal tahay oo keliya in beddel la samayn karo, ma isticmaali doonno faylka aan xorta ahayn.&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Fadlan sharax sababta aad ugu kalsoon tahay in isticmaalkeenna faylkani aanu waxyeello u geysan doonin fursadaha ganacsi ee milkiilaha.
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFCommercial&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Caadi ahaan ma isticmaalno fayl haddii milkiiluhu leeyahay dan ganacsi oo suurtagal ah oo ku saabsan isticmaalka faylka, haddii isticmaalkayaguna uu la tartami lahaa doorkii suuqa ee asalka ahaa.&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|}
{|style=&quot;width:100%&quot; id=&quot;NFMinimalitySection&quot;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Xusuusnow in isticmaalka faylasha aan xorta ahayn uu ahaado '''mid xaddidan oo keliya inta loo baahan yahay.''' Tani waxay yeelan kartaa dhowr macne:

{{smalldiv|
*Ha isticmaalin faylal ka badan inta loo baahan yahay maqaal ama mawduuc kasta
*Ha ku isticmaalin isla faylka maqaal ka badan inta loo baahan yahay
*Ha isticmaalin qaybo ka waaweyn inta loo baahan yahay oo laga soo qaatay hal shaqo
*Ha isticmaalin sawirro leh xallin ka sarreysa inta loo baahan yahay}}

Iyadoo taas la tixgelinayo, fadlan sharax sida isticmaalka faylkani u ahaan doono mid xaddidan oo keliya inta loo baahan yahay.
|-
|class=&quot;uwLegend&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFMinimality&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Shuruudo gaar ah oo ku saabsan isha iyo shatiga (ikhtiyaari)
|-
|class=&quot;uwLegend&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFExtraLicense&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|}
{|style=&quot;width:100%&quot; id=&quot;AnyOtherInfo&quot;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Ma jiraa macluumaad kale oo dheeraad ah oo khuseeya faylkan?
|-
|class=&quot;uwLegend&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderAnyOther&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;div id=&quot;fuwSubmitHost&quot;&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;fuwSubmit&quot; style=&quot;border:1px solid var(--border-color-success,#099979);color:inherit;background:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);margin:0.5em;padding:0.5em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;EditSummaryDiv&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;&gt;
{|
|class=&quot;uwLegend&quot;|Soo koobidda wax-ka-beddelka:
|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderEditSummary&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Sharaxaad kooban oo ku saabsan sababta aad u dul qorayso faylkan. Tan laguma kaydin doono bogga sharraxaadda, balse waxaa lagu muujin doonaa taariikhda wax-ka-beddelka.&lt;/small&gt;
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;sendToCommons&quot;&gt;
{|
|style=&quot;width:12em;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderCommonsButton&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; 
|'''Haa''', waxaan doonayaa in faylkan isla markiiba laga heli karo dhammaan mashaariicda Wikimedia, dhammaan luqadaha. Waxaan ku soo gelin doonaa '''Wikimedia Commons'''. &lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Gujinta badhankan waxay kuu gudbin doontaa bog ku yaal Commons. Tani waxay shaqaynaysaa oo keliya haddii aad hore halkaas uga soo gashay akoonkaaga, taas oo ay u badan tahay inay sidaas tahay. Ka eeg &lt;span class=&quot;fuwOutLink&quot; id=&quot;commonsLoginLink&quot;&gt;[[:commons:Special:UserLogin|halkan]]&lt;/span&gt; si aad u hubiso inaad soo gashay iyo in kale.&lt;/small&gt;
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
{|
|style=&quot;width:12em;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderSubmitButton&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|&lt;span id=&quot;fuwSubmitText&quot;&gt;'''Maya''', waxaan doonayaa inaan faylkan halkan si maxalli ah ugu soo geliyo.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Sidan waxaa lagu isticmaali karaa oo keliya Wikipedia-da Af-Ingiriisiga. Waxaan kugu boorrinaynaa inaad ku soo geliso Commons, haddii aysan jirin sabab aad u wanaagsan oo ay tahay inuu halkan ku ekaado. Badanaa faylasha maxalliga ah ee noocan ah waxaa loo guuriyaa Commons si meelo kale loogu isticmaalo, dabadeedna halkan ayaa laga tirtiraa, taasoo shaqo dheeraad ah u keenaysa mutadawiciinta kale. Haddii aadan doonayn in faylkaaga loo guuriyo Commons oo halkan laga tirtiro, ka fiirso inaad ku darto summadda &amp;#123;&amp;#123;Keep local&amp;#125;&amp;#125;.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderResetButton1&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Dib u deji foomkan oo dib u bilow.
|}
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|-
|}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
|}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderOptionNoGood&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|'''Faylkani kuma habboona midkoodna qaybaha kore.''' &lt;br/&gt;Faylkani uma muuqdo inuu ku jiro mid ka mid ah qaybaha kore, ama ma hubo xaaladdiisa. Waxaan faylkan meel ka helay, laakiin si dhab ah uma aqaan cidda samaysay ama cidda iska leh, ama waxaa sameeyay wakaalad warbaahineed ama wakaalad sawirro (tusaale ahaan, [[Associated Press|AP]] ama [[Getty Images]]).
&lt;div class=&quot;uploadWarning&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot; id=&quot;warningNoGood&quot;&gt;
Hagaag, aad baan uga xunnahay, laakiin haddii aadan hubin xaaladda xuquuqda daabacaadda ee faylkan, ama uusan ku habboonayn mid ka mid ah kooxaha kore, markaa:

&lt;big&gt;'''Fadlan ha soo gelin.'''&lt;/big&gt;

Runtii, fadlan ha soo gelin. Xitaa haddii aad u malaynayso inuu wax weyn ku soo kordhin lahaa maqaal. Waxaan si dhab ah ugu dhaqannaa xeerarkan xuquuqda daabacaadda ee Wikipedia. Ogow in warbaahinta ''loo qaato'' inay si buuxda u leedahay xuquuq daabacaad ilaa si kale loo caddeeyo; masuuliyadda caddayntuna waxay saaran tahay qofka faylka soo gelinaya.

Gaar ahaan, fadlan ha soo gelin:
*Fayl kasta oo aad si fudud uga heshay mareeg, adigoon garanayn cidda qoraagiisa ama milkiilaha xuquuqda daabacaaddu yahay.
*Fayl kasta oo aad meel ka heshay, xitaa haddii aad haysato sabab wanaagsan oo aad ku aaminsan tahay in milkiilaha xuquuqda daabacaaddu aanu dhibsanayn isticmaalkeenna, balse aadan haysan qoraal shati-bixin oo cad oo isaga ka yimid.
*Fayl kasta oo milkiilayaashiisu u sii daayeen ujeeddooyin xayeysiis, balse aan lahayn shati gebi ahaanba xor ah oo oggolaanaya in si xor ah dib loogu isticmaalo ujeeddo kasta.
*Fayl kasta oo lagu sheegay inuu ka yimid wakaalad sawirro ganacsi, sida Reuters, AP ama Getty Images. Faylasha noocan ah badanaa lama isticmaali karo xitaa iyadoo la raacayo xeerarka &quot;Isticmaalka caddaaladda ah&quot;, marka laga reebo xaalado dhif ah.
*Fayl kasta oo shati ahaan loogu oggolaaday in lagu isticmaalo Wikipedia oo keliya, ama xor ah balse shatigiisa xorta ahi aanu oggolayn isticmaalka ganacsi.

Haddii aad wax shaki ah qabto, fadlan talo weydii qaar ka mid ah tafatirayaasha khibradda leh ka hor intaadan faylka soo gelin. Dadku waxay ku farxi doonaan inay kaa caawiyaan &lt;span class=&quot;fuwOutLink&quot;&gt;[[Wikipedia:Media copyright questions]]&lt;/span&gt;. Waad ku mahadsan tahay.
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
|}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;placeholderTestForm&quot; style=&quot;border:2px solid green;padding:0.5em;margin:0.5em;background:#D0D0D0;display:none;&quot;&gt;

==Horudhac (tijaabo)==
Kani waa xogta la gudbin doono si faylka loo soo geliyo:
{|
|-
|Magaca faylka:||&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderSandboxFilename&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|Soo koobidda wax-ka-beddelka:||&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderSandboxSummary&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|Qoraalka:||&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderSandboxText&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|}
&lt;!-- Meelaha qarsoon ee foomka wax-ka-beddelka sanduuqa tijaabada --&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderSandboxToken&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderSandboxTitle&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderSandboxRecreate&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;!-- dhammaadka meelaha qarsoon --&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;fuwWaiting&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;&gt;
==Faylka ayaa la soo gelinayaa==
Faylkaaga ayaa la soo gelinayaa.

Tani waxay qaadan kartaa hal ama laba daqiiqo, iyadoo ku xiran cabbirka faylka iyo xawaaraha xiriirkaaga internetka.

Marka soo gelintu dhammaato, waxaad faylkaaga cusub ka heli doontaa xiriiriyahan:

&lt;span id=&quot;fuwSuccessLink&quot;&gt;'''[[:File:Example.jpg]]'''&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;fuwSuccess&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;&gt;
==Faylka si guul leh ayaa loo soo geliyay==
&lt;div id=&quot;successThumb&quot; style=&quot;float:right;display:none;&quot;&gt;[[File:Example.jpg]]&lt;/div&gt;
Faylkaaga si guul leh ayaa loo soo geliyay, waxaana hadda laga heli karaa halkan:

&lt;span id=&quot;fuwSuccessLink2&quot;&gt;'''[[:File:Example.jpg]]'''&lt;/span&gt;

Fadlan raac xiriiriyaha oo hubi in bogga sharraxaadda sawirku ka kooban yahay dhammaan macluumaadkii aad doonaysay inaad ku darto.

Haddii aad doonayso inaad beddesho sharraxaadda, tag bogga sawirka, guji tab-ka &quot;wax ka beddel&quot; ee ku yaal qaybta sare ee bogga, dabadeedna wax uga beddel sida aad bog kasta oo kale wax uga beddeli lahayd. Mar kale ha isticmaalin foomkan faylka lagu soo geliyo, haddii aadan doonayn inaad faylka dhabta ah ku beddesho nuqul cusub.

Si aad faylkan ugu darto maqaal, waxaad isticmaali kartaa koodh la mid ah kan soo socda:
 &lt;nowiki&gt;[[&lt;/nowiki&gt;File:&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderExFilename1&quot;&gt;Example.jpg&lt;/span&gt;|thumb|right|halkan geli qoraalka sharraxaadda&lt;nowiki&gt;]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Haddii aad doonayso inaad qoraalka ku samayso xiriiriye faylka ku socda adigoon sawirka laftiisa muujin, tusaale ahaan marka aad sawirka kaga hadlayso bog wada-hadal, waxaad isticmaali kartaa kan soo socda (calaamadee &quot;:&quot; ka dambeeya qawska hore!):
 &lt;nowiki&gt;[[&lt;/nowiki&gt;:File:&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderExFilename2&quot;&gt;Example.jpg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Eeg [[Wikipedia:Picture tutorial]] si aad u hesho caawimaad faahfaahsan oo ku saabsan sida sawirrada loogu daro bogagga iyo sida loo meeleeyo.

'''Waad ku mahadsan tahay isticmaalka Saaxirka Faylasha lagu soo Geliyo.'''&lt;br/&gt;Fadlan ra'yigaaga, faallooyinkaaga, warbixinnada khaladaadka ama talooyinka ku dhaaf [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|bogga wada-hadalka]].

&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderResetButton2&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;fuwFooter&quot; style=&quot;padding-bottom:1.5em;&quot;&gt;

{{Navbox
| name = Uploading media files
| state = plain
| bodyclass = plainlist
| style = width:auto;
| navbar = plain
| title = Soo gelinta faylasha warbaahinta
| list1 =
 {{Navbox with columns |child
  | state = plain
  | style = padding-bottom:0.6em;
  | colstyle = font-size:110%;text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;
  | col1header = [[Wikimedia Commons|Commons]]
  | col1 = &lt;div style=&quot;width:14.0em;margin:0 auto;&quot;&gt;
* {{longitem|style=line-height:1.1em;padding:0.5em 0|[[:Commons:Special:UploadWizard|Saaxirka Commons]]&lt;br/&gt;{{smaller|(waxaa lagula talinayaa faylasha xorta ah)}}}}
* {{longitem|style=line-height:1.1em;padding-bottom:0.5em|[[:Commons:Special:Upload|Foomka caadiga ah ee Commons]]&lt;br/&gt;{{smaller|(isticmaalayaasha khibradda leh)}}}}
* [[:Commons:Commons:Upload|Foomkii hore]]
&lt;/div&gt;
  | col2header = Wikipedia
  | col2 = &lt;div style=&quot;width:14.0em;margin:0 auto;&quot;&gt;
* {{longitem|style=line-height:1.1em;padding:0.5em 0|[[Wikipedia:Files for upload|Habka ''Faylasha la soo gelinayo'']]&lt;br/&gt;{{smaller|(waxaa lagula talinayaa isticmaalayaasha cusub)}}}}
* {{longitem|style=line-height:1.1em;padding-bottom:0.5em|[[Special:Upload|Foomka caadiga ah ee faylasha maxalliga ah lagu soo geliyo]]&lt;br/&gt;{{smaller|(isticmaalayaasha khibradda leh)}}}}
* [[Wikipedia:Upload/old|Foomkii hore ee hagitaanka]]
&lt;/div&gt;
 }}

| group2 = Caawimaad iyo tilmaamo
| list2style = padding-right:1.25em;
| list2 = {{startflatlist}}
* &lt;span class=&quot;fuwOutLink&quot;&gt;[[Wikipedia:Media copyright questions|Weydii su'aalaha xuquuqda daabacaadda]]&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span class=&quot;fuwOutLink&quot;&gt;[[Wikipedia:Image use policy|Siyaasadda isticmaalka sawirrada]]&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span class=&quot;fuwOutLink&quot;&gt;[[WP:NFC|Nuxurka aan xorta ahayn]]&lt;/span&gt;
{{endflatlist}}

| group3 = Saaxirkan
| list3 = {{startflatlist}}
* &lt;span class=&quot;fuwOutLink&quot;&gt;[[:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc|Dukumentiyada]]&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span class=&quot;fuwOutLink&quot;&gt;[[:MediaWiki:FileUploadWizard.js|Qoraalka barnaamijka]]&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span class=&quot;fuwOutLink&quot;&gt;[[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Ka wada hadal]]&lt;/span&gt;
{{endflatlist}}
}}
&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>oryt2sdvyhzim3elcak2jq3kvnpq6dw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>311368</id>
      <parentid>311367</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-30T07:41:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>311368</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="57225" sha1="1dzs08qfp0ok0x0gn3nnuqo0i1pq4og" xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;fuwStartScriptLink&quot; class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;{{Shortcut|WP:FUW}}
Waad ku mahadsan tahay inaad diyaar u tahay inaad ku biiriso sawir ama fayl kale oo warbaahineed oo lagu isticmaalo Wikipedia. Saaxirkani wuxugu hagayaa su'aalo taxane ah oo kaa codsanaya macluumaadka ku habboon ee ku saabsan xuquuqda daabacaadda iyo halka fayl kasta laga helay. Fadlan hubi inaad fahantay [[Wikipedia:Copyrights|xuquuqda daabacaadda]] iyo [[Wikipedia:Image use policy|siyaasadda isticmaalka sawirrada]] ka hor intaadan sii wadin.


&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;{{Clickable button 2|commons:Special:UploadWizard|Soo geli faylkaaga ama fayl shati xor ah leh|class=mw-ui-progressive|style=border-radius:4px; font-size:1.5em;}}

Faylasha waxaa lagu soo geliyaa [[Wikipedia:Wikimedia Commons|Wikimedia Commons]]

{{break}}

{{Clickable button 2|Soo geli fayl aan xor ahayn|url={{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|withJS=MediaWiki:FileUploadWizard.js&amp;withCSS=MediaWiki:FileUploadWizard.css}}|style=border-radius:4px; font-size:1.5em; color:var(--color-progressive, #36c);}} 

Faylasha waxaa si toos ah loogu soo geliyaa Wikipedia-da Af-Soomaali; waana inay buuxiyaan [[Wikipedia:Non-free content|shuruudaha nuxurka aan xorta ahayn]].

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
{{noscript|1=
&lt;div id=&quot;warningNoJavaScript&quot; class=&quot;uploadWarning&quot;&gt;
'''JavaScript ma aadan hawlgelin'''

Waan ka xunnahay, si aad u isticmaasho qoraalkan faylasha lagu soo geliyo, waa in JavaScript la hawlgeliyaa. Weli waxaad isticmaali kartaa bogga caadiga ah ee [[Special:Upload]] si aad faylasha ugu soo geliso Wikipedia-da Af-Soomaali adigoon adeegsan JavaScript.
&lt;/div&gt;
}}
&lt;div id=&quot;warningLoggedOut&quot; class=&quot;uploadWarning&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;&gt;
'''Hadda ma aadan soo gelin akoonkaaga.'''

Waan ka xunnahay, si aad u isticmaasho qoraalkan faylasha lagu soo geliyo oo aad faylal u soo geliso, waa inaad ku soo gashaa akoonkaaga magaca leh. Fadlan '''&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Special:UserLogin|returnto=Wikipedia%3AFile+Upload+Wizard&amp;returntoquery=withJS%3DMediaWiki%253AFileUploadWizard.js}} soo gal]&lt;/span&gt;''' ka dibna mar kale isku day.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;warningNotConfirmed&quot; class=&quot;uploadWarning&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;&gt;
'''Akoonkaaga weli lama xaqiijin.'''

Waan ka xunnahay, si aad faylal ugu soo geliso Wikipedia-da Af-Soomaali, waxaad u baahan tahay [[WP:AUTOCONFIRM|akoon la xaqiijiyay]]. Caadi ahaan, akoonkaaga si toos ah ayaa loo xaqiijinayaa marka aad samayso wax-ka-beddelka loo baahan yahay.

Waxaa laga yaabaa inaad horeba faylal ugu soo gelin karto [[:commons:|Wikimedia Commons]], laakiin weli kuma samayn kartid Wikipedia-da Af-Soomaali. Haddii faylka aad doonayso inaad soo geliso uu leeyahay shati xor ah, fadlan tag Commons oo halkaas ku soo geli.

'''Fiiro gaar ah:''' Haddii aadan doonayn inaad sugto ilaa akoonkaaga si toos ah loo xaqiijinayo, waxaad qof kale ka codsan kartaa inuu fayl kuu soo geliyo.

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;UploadScriptArea&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;placeholderTargetForm&quot; class=&quot;uploadScriptSection&quot;&gt;

==Tallaabada 1: Dooro faylkaaga==
{|
|-
|class=&quot;uwLegend&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Faylka:&lt;/span&gt;
|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderfile&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Ka dooro fayl kombiyuutarkaaga. Cabbirka ugu badan ee faylku waa 100 MB.&lt;br/&gt;Noocyada faylasha la oggol yahay: png, gif, jpg, jpeg, xcf, pdf, mid, mp3, mpeg, mpg, ogg, ogv, opus, svg, djvu, tiff, tif, oga, flac, wav, wave, webm, webp.&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderapiAction&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderapiFormat&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderapiFilename&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderapiText&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderapiComment&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderapiToken&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderapiIgnorewarnings&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderapiWatch&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderTargetIFrame&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;placeholderScriptForm&quot;&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;UploadScriptStep1&quot; class=&quot;uploadScriptSection&quot;&gt;
==Tallaabada 2: Sharax faylkaaga==
{|
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Fadlan sii faylka magac cad oo qeexaya, kaas oo lagu aqoonsan doono Wikipedia.
|-
|class=&quot;uwLegend&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderInputName&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Magacani waa inuu gaar u ahaadaa dhammaan Wikipedia, sidaas darteed ka dhig mid xog badan xambaarsan oo si fudud loo aqoonsan karo.&lt;br/&gt;Dhib ma leh haddii aad isticmaasho magac dheer. Waxa kale oo uu ka koobnaan karaa firaaqooyin, hakadyo iyo inta badan calaamadaha kale ee qoraalka.&lt;br/&gt;Fadlan sidoo kale ogow in magacyada faylasha ay kala saaraan xarafka weyn iyo kan yar, marka laga reebo xarafka ugu horreeya.&lt;br/&gt;'''Tusaale wanaagsan:''' &quot;City of London, skyline from London City Hall, Oct 2008.jpg&quot;. '''Tusaale xun''': &quot;Skyline.jpg&quot;, &quot;DSC0001234.jpg&quot;.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
|-
|}
&lt;div id=&quot;warningIllegalChars&quot; class=&quot;uploadWarning&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;&gt;
Waan ka xunnahay, sababo farsamo awgood xarfo iyo isku-dar xarfo gaar ah qaarkood laguma isticmaali karo magaca faylka. Tani waxay si gaar ah u khusaysaa '''#&amp;nbsp;&lt;&amp;nbsp;&gt;&amp;nbsp;[&amp;nbsp;]&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;:&amp;nbsp;{&amp;nbsp;}&amp;nbsp;/&amp;nbsp;''' iyo '''&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''. Magaca faylkaaga waa la beddelay si looga fogaado xarafahan. Fadlan hubi in magaca cusub uu sax yahay.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;warningBadFilename&quot; class=&quot;uploadWarning&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;&gt;
Magaca faylka aad dooratay wuxuu u muuqdaa mid aad u gaaban ama aan si gaar ah wax u qeexayn. Fadlan ha isticmaalin:
*Magacyo ka kooban oo keliya erayo guud oo wax qeexaya (tusaale ahaan, &quot;Sunset.jpg&quot;, &quot;Townhall.jpg&quot;)
*Magacyo ka kooban oo keliya magaca hore ama magaca dambe ee qofka, marka magacaasi ay u badan tahay inay wadaagaan dad badan (tusaale ahaan, &quot;John.jpg&quot;, &quot;Miller.jpg&quot;)
*Magacyo ka kooban tirooyin keliya, kuwaas oo inta badan ay sameeyaan kamaradaha dhijitaalka ah (&quot;DSC_001234&quot;, &quot;IMGP0345&quot;), ama xarfo aan kala sooc lahayn sida kuwa mararka qaarkood laga helo internetka (&quot;30996951316264l.jpg&quot;)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;warningImageOnCommons&quot; class=&quot;uploadWarning&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;warningImageThumb&quot; float=&quot;right&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;fuwOutLink&quot;&gt;[[File:Example.jpg|thumb|right|[[:File:Example.jpg|Fayl hore u jiray]].&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Qofkii ugu dambeeyay ee soo geliyay waa &lt;span id=&quot;existingImageUploader&quot;&gt;Isticmaale tusaale ah&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/small&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
'''Fayl magacan wata ayaa hore uga jira Commons!'''

Haddii aad faylkaaga ku soo geliso magacan, waxaad qarin doontaa faylka hore u jiray, taasoo ka dhigaysa mid aan la heli karin. Faylkaaga cusub ayaa ka muuqan doona dhammaan meelihii markii hore laga adeegsan jiray faylkii hore.

Tani ma aha in la sameeyo, marka laga reebo xaalado aad dhif u ah oo gaar ah.

Fadlan ha ku soo gelin faylkaaga magacan, haddii aadan si dhab ah u hubin waxa aad samaynayso. Halkii, u dooro faylkaaga cusub magac kale.

Haddii aad doonayso inaad faylka jira ku beddesho nuqul la hagaajiyay oo aan muran ka taagnayn oo isla shaqada ah, fadlan tag Commons oo halkaas ku soo geli, halkii aad ka isticmaali lahayd Wikipedia-da Af-Ingiriisiga.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;warningImageExists&quot; class=&quot;uploadWarning&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;&gt;
'''Fayl magacan wata ayaa hore u jiray.'''

Haddii aad faylkaaga ku soo geliso magacan, waxaad dul qori doontaa faylka hore u jiray. Faylkaaga cusub ayaa ka muuqan doona dhammaan meelihii markii hore laga adeegsan jiray faylkii hore. Fadlan ha samayn tan, haddii aadan haysan sabab wanaagsan:
{|
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNoOverwrite&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|'''Maya''', ma doonayo inaan dul qoro faylka jira. Waxaan dooran doonaa magac kale oo faylkayga cusub ah.
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderOverwriteSame&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|'''Haa''', waxaan doonayaa inaan dul qoro faylka jira. Faylkaygu waa nuqul cusub, la hagaajiyay oo aan muran ka taagnayn oo isla shaqada ah. Bogga sharraxaadda ee hore, oo ay ku jiraan macluumaadka halka laga helay iyo xuquuqda daabacaadda, weli wuu saxnaan doonaa nuqulka cusub, waana la sii haysan karaa.
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderOverwriteDifferent&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|'''Haa''', waxaan doonayaa inaan dul qoro faylka jira, waxaanan adeegsan doonaa saaxirkan si aan ugu daro sharraxaad cusub iyo macluumaad cusub oo ku saabsan halka laga helay. Nuqulkii hore anigaa lahaa, ama waxaan hubiyay in qofkii ama dadkii hore u soo geliyay aysan diidnayn beddelkan.
|-
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;UploadScriptStep2&quot;&gt;
{|
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Fadlan bixi sharraxaad kooban oo ku saabsan waxa faylkani ka kooban yahay.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Macluumaadkan waxaa lagu kaydin doonaa laguna soo bandhigi doonaa bogga sharraxaadda faylka. Waa muhiim in tafatirayaasha kale ay fahmi karaan waxa faylkani ku saabsan yahay.&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;uwLegend&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderInputDesc&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Maxuu faylkani muujinayaa? Muxuu sawirku, jaantusku ama duubistu ku saabsan yahay?&lt;br/&gt;Waxay faa'iido yeelanaysaa haddii aad sidoo kale ku darto &lt;span class=&quot;fuwOutLink&quot;&gt;[[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet#Internal link|xiriiriye wiki ah]]&lt;/span&gt; oo ku socda maqaalka aad doonayso inaad ku isticmaasho.&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;UploadScriptStep3&quot; class=&quot;uploadScriptSection&quot;&gt;
==Tallaabada 3: Bixi macluumaadka halka laga helay iyo xuquuqda daabacaadda==

&lt;p id=&quot;stepC_Start&quot;&gt;Aad bay muhiim u tahay inaad si taxaddar leh u akhrido xulashooyinka iyo su'aalaha soo socda, isla markaana aad si daacad ah u bixiso dhammaan macluumaadka loo baahan yahay.&lt;/p&gt;

{|
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderOptionFree&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|'''Tani waa shaqo xor ah.''' &lt;br/&gt;Waxaan caddayn karaa inay sharci ahaan sax tahay in qof kastaa u isticmaalo, Wikipedia iyo meelo kaleba, ujeeddo kasta.
&lt;div class=&quot;optionGroup&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot; id=&quot;detailsFreeStatus&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;uploadWarning&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot; id=&quot;warningWhyNotCommons&quot;&gt;
'''Waad ku mahadsan tahay inaad diyaar u tahay inaad soo geliso shaqo xor ah.'''

Wikipedia waxay jeceshahay faylasha xorta ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaan aad ugu farxi lahayn haddii aad ku soo geliso mashruuca walaalkeen ee &lt;span class=&quot;fuwOutLink&quot;&gt;[[:commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]&lt;/span&gt;.
Faylasha lagu soo geliyo Commons waxaa isla markiiba laga isticmaali karaa halkan Wikipedia iyo sidoo kale dhammaan mashaariicda walaalaha ah. Soo gelinta faylasha Commons waxay u shaqaysaa si la mid ah tan halkan. Akoonkaaga Wikipedia si toos ah ayuu uga shaqayn doonaa Commons sidoo kale.

[[File:Gtk-dialog-info.svg|30px|link=]] &lt;big&gt;'''Fadlan ka fiirso inaad &lt;span class=&quot;fuwOutLink&quot;&gt;[[:commons:Special:UploadWizard|faylkaaga ku soo geliso Commons]]&lt;/span&gt;.'''&lt;/big&gt;

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, haddii aad doorbidayso inaad halkan ku soo geliso, waad sii wadi kartaa adigoo adeegsanaya foomkan. Waxa kale oo aad marka hore foomkan u isticmaali kartaa inaad ku ururiso macluumaadka faylkaaga, ka dibna halkan uga gudbiso Commons.
&lt;/div&gt;
{|
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Xaaladda xuquuqda daabacaadda:&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderOptionOwnWork&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Faylkani waa '''shaqadayda gaarka ah oo gebi ahaanba aan anigu sameeyay.'''&lt;br/&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;smallNoteOwnWork&quot;&gt;Anigaa leh xuquuqda daabacaadda. Anigaa ka sameeyay bilow ilaa dhammaad, anigoon koobiyeeyn ama ku darin shaqo hal-abuur leh oo qof kale leeyahay, waxaana diyaar u ahay inaan ku sii daayo shati xor ah.&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;uploadDetails&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot; id=&quot;detailsOwnWork&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;uploadWarning&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot; id=&quot;warningOwnWork&quot;&gt;
Fadlan ogow in marka aan nidhaahno &quot;gebi ahaanba anigu sameeyay&quot; aan si dhab ah taas uga jeedno.

'''Ha''' u isticmaalin qaybtan mid ka mid ah waxyaabahan soo socda:
* Sawir ama sawir-qaadis aad ka samaysay rinjiyeyn, sawir gacmeed, bog daabacan ama shay kale oo markii hore qof kale sameeyay. Xuquuqda daabacaaddu waxay leedahay qofkii asalka ahaa ee sameeyay, adiga ma lihid.
* Sawir shaashadeed ama nooc kale oo laga qabtay fiidiyow, shaashad kombiyuutar, barnaamij telefishin ama nooc kale oo warbaahin muuqaal ah.
* Sawir aad samaysay adigoo wax ka beddelay ama koobiyeeyay sawir kale, ama isku daray dhowr sawir oo hore u jiray oo qof kale sameeyay.
* Sawir uu qof kale ku siiyay.
* Sawir aad meel ka heshay internetka.

Tafatirayaasha si been ah ugu sheegta in waxyaabahan ay yihiin &quot;shaqadooda gaarka ah&quot; '''waxaa laga xannibi doonaa wax-ka-beddelka'''.
&lt;/div&gt;
{|
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Fadlan sharax sida iyo goorta aad samaysay shaygan.
|-
|class=&quot;uwLegend&quot;|Sidee?
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderOwnWorkCreation&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|&amp;nbsp;
|&lt;small&gt;(tusaale ahaan: Xaggee iyo munaasabad noocee ah ayaad sawirkan ka qaaday? Sidee ayaad u samaysay jaantuskan? iwm.)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Taariikhda&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderDate&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|&amp;nbsp;
|&lt;small&gt;(haddii ay suurtagal tahay isticmaal qaabka YYYY-MM-DD).&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|Daabacaad:
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderOwnWorkPublication&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Halkan ku sheeg haddii aad hore shaygan meel kale ugu daabacday, tusaale ahaan mareegtaada gaarka ah, akoonkaaga Flickr ama Facebook, iwm., adigoo bixinaya xiriiriye.&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Waa muhiim inaad shaqadan ku sii dayso shati xor ah, kaas oo qof kasta u oggolaanaya inuu u isticmaalo ujeeddo kasta, oo ay ku jiraan ujeeddooyinka ganacsi iyo kuwa aan ganacsiga ahayn, iyo inuu wax ka beddelo. Shatigani lama burin karo.
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot; id=&quot;placeholderOwnWorkLicense&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderOptionThirdParty&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
|Faylkan '''milkiilihiisa ayaa i siiyay.'''&lt;br/&gt;Milkiilaha xuquuqda daabacaadda ee faylkan ayaa ii oggolaaday inaan ku soo geliyo Wikipedia. Waxaan keeni karaa caddayn muujinaysa inuu oggolaaday in lagu sii daayo shati xor ah, si qof kasta ugu isticmaali karo si xor ah iyo ujeeddo kasta.
&lt;div class=&quot;uploadDetails&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot; id=&quot;detailsThirdParty&quot;&gt;
{|
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Fadlan sharax cidda leh shaqadan iyo sida aad uga heshay.
|-
|class=&quot;uwLegend&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Milkiilaha/qoraaga:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderAuthor&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;uwLegend&quot;|Taariikhda&lt;br/&gt;samaynta:
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderThirdPartyDate&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Isha:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderSource&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Xaggee ayaad ka heshay faylka? (tusaale ahaan, waxaa laga heli karaa internetka; shaqsi ahaan ayaa la ii soo diray …)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Oggolaanshaha:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderPermission&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Sidee ayaad ku heshay oggolaanshaha? (tusaale ahaan: iimayl ahaan, shaqsi ahaan, waxaan u shaqeeyaa milkiilaha …)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Milkiilaha xuquuqda daabacaaddu wuxuu doortay shatiga soo socda:
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Shatiga:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderThirdPartyLicense&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;Mid kale: &lt;span id=&quot;placeholderThirdPartyOtherLicense&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Caddaynta:&lt;/span&gt;
|
{|
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderThirdPartyEvidenceOptionLink&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Qoraalka shatiga waxaa laga heli karaa internetka halkan:&lt;br/&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderThirdPartyEvidenceLink&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderThirdPartyEvidenceOptionOTRS&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Heshiiska shatiga waxaa loo gudbiyay kooxda mutadawiciinta ee Wikimedia ee ka jawaabta codsiyada, cinwaanka &quot;permissions-en@wikimedia.org&quot;.&lt;br/&gt;Lambarka codsiga OTRS: &lt;span id=&quot;placeholderThirdPartyOTRSTicket&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderThirdPartyEvidenceOptionOTRSForthcoming&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Shatiga weli lama gudbin, laakiin dhawaan ayaan gudbin doonaa ama waxaan milkiilaha ka codsan doonaa inuu soo diro.
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderThirdPartyEvidenceOptionNone&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Hadda ma hayo caddaynta, laakiin waan bixin doonaa haddii la iga codsado.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Fiiro gaar ah: Faylasha aan lahayn oggolaansho la xaqiijin karo waa la tirtiri karaa. Waxaa kuu wanaagsan inaad marka hore hesho caddaynta oggolaanshaha.&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|}
|-
|}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderOptionFreeWebsite&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
|Faylkani '''wuxuu ka yimid ilo la daabacay oo xor ah.'''&lt;br/&gt;Waxaan ka soo qaatay mareeg ama ilo kale oo la daabacay, halkaas oo qoraagu si cad ugu sii daayay shati xor ah oo qof kasta u oggolaanaya inuu si xor ah dib ugu isticmaalo.
&lt;div class=&quot;uploadDetails&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot; id=&quot;detailsFreeWebsite&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;uploadWarning&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot; id=&quot;warningFreeWebsite&quot;&gt;
Qaybtan isticmaal '''oo keliya''' haddii isha laga helay uu ku jiro '''qoraal shati-bixin oo cad'''.

Mareegtu waa inay si cad u sheegtaa in sawirka lagu sii daayay shati oggolaanaya in si xor ah dib loogu isticmaalo ujeeddo kasta, tusaale ahaan shatiga Creative Commons Attribution. Waa inaad si sax ah u tilmaami kartaa meesha lagu sheegay arrintan.

Haddii mareegta isha laga helay aysan si cad u sheegin arrintan, fadlan '''ha soo gelin faylka'''.
&lt;/div&gt;
{|
|-
|class=&quot;uwLegend&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Qoraaga/milkiilaha:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderFreeWebsiteAuthor&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;uwLegend&quot;|Taariikhda&lt;br/&gt;samaynta:
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderFreeWebsiteDate&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Isha:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderFreeWebsiteSource&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Ilaha internetka: fadlan bixi xiriiriye bogga HTML ee mareegta oo faylka laga heli karo (&quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://... .html&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;), hana bixin xiriiriye toos ah oo ku socda faylka sawirka laftiisa (&quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://... .jpg&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;).&lt;br/&gt;Ilaha daabacan: bixi macluumaadka buuxa ee tixraaca buugga (qoraa, cinwaan, daabace, sannad, bog, iwm.)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Milkiilaha xuquuqda daabacaaddu wuxuu u doortay faylkan shatiga soo socda:
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Shatiga:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderFreeWebsiteLicense&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;Mid kale: &lt;span id=&quot;placeholderFreeWebsiteOtherLicense&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Caddaynta:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderFreeWebsitePermission&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;Bixi xiriiriye muujinaya meesha uu qoraagu '''si cad ugu sheegay''' in faylka lagu sii daayay shati xor ah.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(haddii aan lagu arki karin bogga isha laga helay laftiisa).&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderOptionPDOld&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Shaqadani '''aad bay u duugowday, xuquuqdeedii daabacaadduna way dhacday.'''&lt;br/&gt;Kani waa sawir duug ah, ama sawir laga qaaday rinjiyeyn, sawir gacmeed ama wax kale oo duug ah. Waxaan bixin karaa macluumaad ku filan oo ku saabsan qoraaga iyo taariikhda halka uu ka yimid si aan u caddeeyo inay da' ahaan gaartay heer ay xuquuqdeeda daabacaaddu ku dhacdo. Hadda waxay sharci ahaan ku jirtaa &lt;span class=&quot;fuwOutLink&quot;&gt;[[Public Domain]]&lt;/span&gt;.
&lt;div class=&quot;uploadDetails&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot; id=&quot;detailsPDOld&quot;&gt;
{|
|-
|class=&quot;uwLegend&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Qoraagii&lt;br/&gt;asalka ahaa:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderPDOldAuthor&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Fadlan sheeg qoraagii asalka ahaa ee shaqadan.&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;uwLegend&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Muddada nolosha:&lt;/span&gt;
|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderPDOldAuthorLifetime&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Sheeg taariikhda dhimashada, haddii ay khusayso xaaladda Domain-ka Dadweynaha.&lt;br/&gt;Xaalado badan, waa inaan hubinnaa in qoraagu dhintay ka hor sannad cayiman, inta badanna ka hor {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}}.&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Daabacaaddii&lt;br/&gt;asalka ahayd:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderPublication&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Bixi macluumaadka ugu badan ee suurtagalka ah ee ku saabsan waqtiga iyo goobta markii ugu horreysay shaqadan lagu daabacay. Daabacaadaha qoraalka ah: bixi macluumaadka buuxa ee tixraaca buugga.&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Taariikhda&lt;br/&gt;daabacaadda:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderPDOldDate&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Bixi taariikhda markii ugu horreysay la daabacay, iyo taariikhda la sameeyay haddii ay ka duwan tahay.&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Isha&lt;br/&gt;tooska ah:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderPDOldSource&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Si sax ah u sheeg meesha aad ka heshay faylkan. &lt;br/&gt;Ilaha internetka: fadlan bixi xiriiriye bogga HTML ee mareegta oo faylka laga heli karo (&quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://... .html&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;), hana bixin xiriiriye toos ah oo ku socda faylka sawirka laftiisa (&quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://... .jpg&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;).&lt;br/&gt;Ilaha daabacan: bixi macluumaadka buuxa ee tixraaca buugga (qoraa, cinwaan, daabace, sannad, bog, iwm.)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Xaaladda&lt;br/&gt;Domain-ka Dadweynaha:&lt;/span&gt;
|Shaqadani way ka xorowday dhammaan xuquuqaha daabacaadda sababtoo ah:
{|
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderPDUSExpired&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Waxaa la sameeyay oo '''markii ugu horreysay la daabacay ka hor {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}}''', sidaas darteed waxay ku jirtaa Domain-ka Dadweynaha ee Maraykanka.
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderPDURAA&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Waxaa '''markii ugu horreysay lagu daabacay meel ka baxsan Maraykanka''', waxayna ku jirtay Domain-ka Dadweynaha waddankii ay asal ahaan ka timid taariikhda &quot;&lt;span class=&quot;fuwOutLink&quot;&gt;[[Uruguay Round Agreements Act|taariikhda URAA]]&lt;/span&gt;&quot;.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Waddamada badankood, tani waxay ka dhigan tahay in qoraagu dhintay 70 sano ka hor 1-da Janaayo 1996, taas oo ah ka hor 1926. Fadlan ka raadi xeerarka xuquuqda daabacaadda ee waddanka gaarka ah [http://copyright.cornell.edu/resources/publicdomain.cfm].&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderPDFormality&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Waxaa '''markii ugu horreysay lagu daabacay Maraykanka ka hor 1989''', xuquuqdeedii daabacaadduna way dhacday sababtoo ah waxaa la daabacay iyada oo aan lahayn ogeysiis xuquuqda daabacaadda ah iyo/ama aan la samayn diiwaangelintii xuquuqda daabacaadda ee loo baahnaa.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Fadlan ka raadi xeerarka saxda ah [http://copyright.cornell.edu/resources/publicdomain.cfm].&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderPDOldOther&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Xuquuqdeedii daabacaaddu waxay ku dhacday sabab kale. [Fadlan hoos ku sharax].
|-
|}
|-
|class=&quot;uwLegend&quot;|Sharaxaad:
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderPDOldPermission&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Fadlan bixi caddayn kasta oo loo baahan yahay si loo xaqiijiyo xaaladda Domain-ka Dadweynaha.&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderOptionPDOther&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Faylkani '''wuxuu ku jiraa Domain-ka Dadweynaha''' sabab kale awgeed.&lt;br/&gt;Waxaan caddayn karaa in shaqadani sharci ahaan ku jirto Domain-ka Dadweynaha, taas oo macnaheedu yahay in aanu jirin qof leh xuquuqda daabacaadda. Tani waxay ku imaan kartaa sababo kala duwan, tusaale ahaan in ay samaysay dowladda federaalka Maraykanka, ama inay aad u fudud tahay oo aysan yeelan karin xuquuq daabacaad.
&lt;div class=&quot;uploadWarning&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot; id=&quot;warningPDOther&quot;&gt;
'''Domain-ka Dadweynaha''' waxaa loola jeedaa in aanu jirin qof leh xuquuqda daabacaadda ee shaqadan. '''Macnaheedu ma aha''' oo keliya in si xor ah looga daawan karo meel internetka ah ama in dad badan ay isticmaaleen.

Qaybtan '''looma isticmaalo''' sawirrada aad si fudud meel internetka ah uga heshay. Inta badan sawirrada internetka waxay leeyihiin xuquuq daabacaad, qof ayaana iska leh, xitaa haddii aad aaminsan tahay in milkiiluhu aanu dan ka lahayn xuquuqdaas. Haddii ay ku jirto Domain-ka Dadweynaha, waa inaad tilmaami kartaa sharci dhab ah oo sababaya arrintaas. Haddii aadan tilmaami karin sharci noocaas ah oo aad sawirka meel uun ka heshay, markaa '''fadlan ha soo gelin.'''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;uploadDetails&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot; id=&quot;detailsPDOther&quot;&gt;
{|
|-
|class=&quot;uwLegend&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Qoraaga:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderPDOtherAuthor&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Fadlan sheeg qoraagii asalka ahaa ee shaqadan.&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Isha:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderPDOtherSource&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Si sax ah u sheeg meesha aad ka heshay faylkan. &lt;br/&gt;Ilaha internetka: fadlan bixi xiriiriye bogga HTML ee mareegta oo faylka laga heli karo (&quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://... .html&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;), hana bixin xiriiriye toos ah oo ku socda faylka sawirka laftiisa (&quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://... .jpg&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;).&lt;br/&gt;Ilaha daabacan: bixi macluumaadka buuxa ee tixraaca buugga (qoraa, cinwaan, daabace, sannad, bog, iwm.)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;uwLegend&quot;|Taariikhda&lt;br/&gt;samaynta:
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderPDOtherDate&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Xaaladda&lt;br/&gt;Domain-ka Dadweynaha:&lt;/span&gt;
|Shaqadani way ka xorowday dhammaan xuquuqaha daabacaadda sababtoo ah:
{|
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderPDOtherUSGov&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Waxaa sameeyay hay'ad ka tirsan dowladda federaalka Maraykanka.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Tani '''ma khusayso''' [[Copyright status of work by U.S. subnational governments|inta badan hay'adaha dowlad-goboleedyada iyo dowladaha hoose ee Maraykanka]], mana khusayso dowladaha waddamada kale!&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderUSGovLicense&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderPDOtherOfficial&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Waa shay rasmi ah oo dowladeed, sida calan, astaan dowladeed, lacag waraaq ah ama shaabad boosto, oo ka yimid waddan ay shayada noocaas ahi ka reeban yihiin xuquuqda daabacaadda sida uu dhigayo sharciga waddankaas.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Tani '''ma khusayso''' dhammaan waddamada, sidoo kalena badanaa ma khusayso '''dhammaan''' daabacaadaha! (Tusaale ahaan, badanaa ma khusayso sawirrada xayeysiiska ee fudud ee lagu daabaco mareegaha dowladeed.) Fadlan ka raadi xeerarka xuquuqda daabacaadda ee waddanka laga hadlayo. Haddii waddanku aanu lahayn xeer ka reebitaan oo khuseeya shaygan, u gudub qaybta &quot;[[#Non-free section|shaqooyinka xuquuqdooda daabacaaddu aanay xor ahayn]]&quot; ee hoose.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Sharaxaad:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span id=&quot;placeholderPDOfficialPermission&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Ku dar sharraxaad ama caddayn kasta oo loo baahan yahay si loo xaqiijiyo sheegashadaada kore. Haddii ay suurtagal tahay, soo xig oo bixi xiriiriye ku socda sharciga khuseeya.&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderPDOtherSimple&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Aad buu u fudud yahay oo uma qalmo xuquuqda daabacaadda.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Tani badanaa waxay khusaysaa oo keliya sawirrada ka kooban qaabab joomatari oo fudud iyo/ama dhowr xaraf ama eray, ama waxyaabo ay ka mid yihiin qaacidooyinka xisaabta ama kiimikada. Waxay khusayn kartaa astaamo aad u fudud oo aan lahayn qaybo sawireed oo adag. '''Marnaba''' ma khusayso sawirrada la qaaday!&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot; id=&quot;placeholderIneligibleLicense&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderPDOtherOther&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Waxay ku jirtaa Domain-ka Dadweynaha sabab kale awgeed.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Sharaxaad:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span id=&quot;placeholderPDOtherPermission&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|}
|-
|}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
|}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderOptionNonFree&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|&lt;span id=&quot;Non-free section&quot;&gt;'''Tani waa shaqo leh xuquuq daabacaad oo aan xor ahayn, laakiin waxaan aaminsanahay in isticmaalkeedu yahay mid caddaalad ah.'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;Waxaan akhriyay xeerarka Wikipedia ee ku saabsan '''&lt;span class=&quot;fuwOutLink&quot;&gt;[[WP:NFC|Nuxurka aan xorta ahayn]]&lt;/span&gt;''', waxaanan diyaar u ahay inaan sharaxo sida isticmaalka faylkani u buuxinayo shuruudaha halkaas lagu qeexay. '''Ma aha''' sawir ay leedahay wakaalad warbaahineed ama wakaalad sawirro (tusaale ahaan, [[Associated Press|AP]] ama [[Getty Images]]).

&lt;div class=&quot;uploadWarning&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot; id=&quot;warningNF&quot;&gt;
[[File:Gtk-dialog-info.svg|15px|link=]] Fadlan xusuusnow inaad u baahan doonto inaad caddayso in:
*Faylku ka qaban doono shaqo muhiim ah maqaal gaar ah; &lt;small class=&quot;fuwOutLink&quot;&gt;([[WP:NFCC#8|NFCC8]])&lt;/small&gt;
*Aan lagu beddeli karin sawir kale oo xor ah oo la samayn karo; &lt;small  class=&quot;fuwOutLink&quot;&gt;([[WP:NFCC#1|NFCC1]])&lt;/small&gt;
*Isticmaalkeedu aanu si xun u saamaynayn danaha ganacsi ee milkiilaha; &lt;small class=&quot;fuwOutLink&quot;&gt;([[WP:NFCC#2|NFCC2]])&lt;/small&gt;
*Aan la isticmaalayn wax ka badan inta loo baahan yahay oo ah nuxur aan xor ahayn. &lt;small class=&quot;fuwOutLink&quot;&gt;([[WP:NFCC#3|NFCC3]])&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;detailsNFArticle&quot; class=&quot;optionGroup&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;&gt;
Faylkan waxaa lagu isticmaali doonaa maqaalka soo socda:

&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot; id=&quot;placeholderNFArticle&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Geli magaca saxda ah ee hal maqaal oo Wikipedia ah, adigoon isticmaalin qawsyada &lt;nowiki&gt;[[...]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; iyo koodhka xiriiriyaha &quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/...&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;.&lt;br/&gt;Waa inuu noqdaa maqaal dhab ah, ee ma aha bog wada-hadal, tusmo, bog isticmaale, iwm. &lt;br/&gt;Haddii aad qorshaynayso inaad faylka ku isticmaasho wax ka badan hal maqaal, halkan ku sheeg hal maqaal oo keliya. Kadib marka aad faylka soo geliso, fur bogga sharraxaadda sawirka si aad wax uga beddesho, kuna dar sharraxaadahaaga gaarka ah ee maqaal kasta oo dheeraad ah gacanta.&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;NFArticleOK&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;&gt;
[[File:Gtk-ok.svg|15px|link=]] '''&lt;span class=&quot;fuwOutLink&quot;&gt;[[Example]]&lt;/span&gt;''' – maqaalku waa sax.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;warningNFArticleNotFound&quot; class=&quot;uploadWarning&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;&gt;
[[File:Gtk-dialog-warning.svg|20px|link=]] '''Maqaalkani ma jiro!'''

Maqaalka &lt;span class=&quot;fuwOutLink&quot;&gt;[[Example]]&lt;/span&gt; lama helin.

Fadlan hubi higgaadda, oo hubi inaad geliso magaca maqaal jira oo aad faylkan ku dari doonto.

Haddii kani yahay maqaal aad qorshaynayso inaad qorto oo keliya, fadlan marka hore qor maqaalka, ka dibna soo geli faylka.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;warningNFArticleNotMainspace&quot; class=&quot;uploadWarning&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot; &gt;
[[File:Gtk-dialog-warning.svg|20px|link=]] '''Kani ma aha maqaal dhab ah oo encyclopedia ah!'''

Bogga &lt;span class=&quot;fuwOutLink&quot;&gt;[[Example]]&lt;/span&gt; kuma jiro meel magaca maqaalka ugu weyn. Faylasha aan xorta ahayn waxaa lagu isticmaali karaa oo keliya bogagga maqaalada ee meesha magaca ugu weyn, lagumana isticmaali karo bog isticmaale, bog wada-hadal, tusmo, iwm.

Fadlan faylkan soo geli oo keliya haddii lagu isticmaali doono maqaal dhab ah.

&lt;div id=&quot;warningUserspaceDraft&quot;&gt;
Haddii boggani yahay qabyo maqaal oo ku jira goobtaada isticmaalaha, waan ka xunnahay, laakiin waa inaan kaa codsanno inaad sugto ilaa boggu diyaar noqdo oo loo raro meesha magaca maqaalka ugu weyn. Faylka soo geli oo keliya marka taas la sameeyo.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;warningNFArticleDab&quot; class=&quot;uploadWarning&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;&gt;
[[File:Gtk-dialog-warning.svg|20px|link=]] '''Kani waa bog kala saarid!'''

Bogga &lt;span class=&quot;fuwOutLink&quot;&gt;[[Example]]&lt;/span&gt; ma aha maqaal dhab ah, balse waa bog kala saarid oo tilmaamaya dhowr bog oo kale.

Fadlan hubi oo geli cinwaanka saxda ah ee maqaalka aad ula jeedday.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;detailsNFWorkType&quot; class=&quot;optionGroup&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;&gt;
{|
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Sababta isticmaalka nuxurka aan xorta ahayn&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderOptionNFSubject&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Sawirkani '''waa shayga looga hadlayo maqaalka.'''&lt;br/&gt;Kani waa farshaxan ama sawir leh xuquuq daabacaad, sawirka laftiisuna waa mawduuca looga hadlayo maqaalka. Wadahadalku wuxuu ku saabsan yahay sawirka ama rinjiyeynta lafteeda, ma aha oo keliya shayga ama qofka ay muujinayso.
&lt;div class=&quot;uploadDetails&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot; id=&quot;detailsNFSubject&quot;&gt;
{|
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Midkee ka mid ah xulashooyinkan ayaa sida ugu fiican u qeexaya shaygan?
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot; id=&quot;placeholderNFSubjectLicense&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Yaa sameeyay shaqadan?
|-
|class=&quot;uwLegend&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Qoraaga/milkiilaha:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFSubjectAuthor&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|Taariikhda:
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFSubjectDate&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Isha:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFSubjectSource&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Si sax ah u sheeg meesha aad ka heshay faylkan. &lt;br/&gt;Ilaha internetka: fadlan bixi xiriiriye bogga HTML ee mareegta oo faylka laga heli karo (&quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://... .html&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;), hana bixin xiriiriye toos ah oo ku socda faylka sawirka laftiisa (&quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://... .jpg&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;).&lt;br/&gt;Ilaha daabacan: bixi macluumaadka buuxa ee tixraaca buugga (qoraa, cinwaan, daabace, sannad, bog, iwm.)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|}
{|
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Isticmaalka:&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFSubjectCheckDedicated&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Maqaalka oo dhan wuxuu si gaar ah ugu saabsan yahay ka doodista sawirkan ama rinjiyeyntan gaarka ah. ('''Ma aha''' oo keliya inuu ku saabsan yahay qofka ama shayga sawirku muujinayo.)
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFSubjectCheckDiscussed&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Maqaalkani wuxuu si qoto dheer oo encyclopedia ah uga hadlayaa sawirkan ama rinjiyeyntan gaarka ah ('''ma aha''' oo keliya qofka ama shayga uu muujinayo). Sawirkan si gaar ah ayaa loogu baahan yahay inuu taageero qodobkan soo socda:&lt;br/&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFSubjectPurpose&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;warningNFSubject&quot; class=&quot;uploadWarning&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;&gt;
Haddii labadaas hadal midkoodna aanu khusayn, fadlan '''ha soo gelin sawirkan.'''

Qaybtan looma isticmaalo sawirrada loo adeegsanayo oo keliya inay tusaale u noqdaan maqaal ku saabsan qof ama shay, iyagoo muujinaya sida qofka ama shaygu u egyahay.
&lt;/div&gt;
|-   
|}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderOptionNF3D&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Kani waa '''muuqaal muujinaya shaqo ama dhisme saddex-cabbir ah oo leh xuquuq daabacaad''', kaas oo ah shayga looga hadlayo maqaalka.&lt;br/&gt;Kani waa sawir ama nooc kale oo muujinaya shaqo hal-abuur leh oo saddex-cabbir ah oo leh xuquuq daabacaad, sida taallo ama shaqo dhisme. Maqaalku wuxuu ka kooban yahay dood ku saabsan shaqadaas oo u baahan in sawir lagu muujiyo. Sawirku laftiisu waa xor, ama waxaa bixiyay qofkii sameeyay farshaxanka.
&lt;div class=&quot;uploadDetails&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot; id=&quot;detailsNF3D&quot;&gt;
{|
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Midkee ka mid ah xulashooyinkan ayaa sida ugu fiican u qeexaya shaygan?
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot; id=&quot;placeholderNF3DLicense&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Marka hore sharax cidda samaysay '''shaqada asalka ah''' ee la muujinayo:
|-
|class=&quot;uwLegend&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Sameeyaha:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNF3DCreator&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|Taariikhda:
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNF3DOrigDate&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|}
{|
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Isticmaalka:&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNF3DCheckDedicated&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Maqaalka oo dhan wuxuu si gaar ah ugu saabsan yahay shaqadan.
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNF3DCheckDiscussed&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Maqaalkani wuxuu si qoto dheer oo encyclopedia ah uga hadlayaa shaqadan. Sawirka si gaar ah ayaa loogu baahan yahay inuu taageero qodobkan soo socda:&lt;br/&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNF3DPurpose&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}
{|
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Hadda sharax cidda samaysay '''sawirka''':
|-
|class=&quot;uwLegend&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Qoraaga:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNF3DAuthor&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|Taariikhda:
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNF3DDate&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Isha:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNF3DSource&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Si sax ah u sheeg meesha aad ka heshay faylkan.&lt;br/&gt;Ilaha internetka: fadlan bixi xiriiriye bogga HTML ee mareegta oo faylka laga heli karo (&quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://... .html&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;), hana bixin xiriiriye toos ah oo ku socda faylka sawirka laftiisa (&quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://... .jpg&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;).&lt;br/&gt;Ilaha daabacan: bixi macluumaadka buuxa ee tixraaca buugga (qoraa, cinwaan, daabace, sannad, bog, iwm.)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|}
{|
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Xaaladda sawirka&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNF3DOptionSame&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Sawirka waxaa sameeyay oo daabacay isla qoraaga leh xuquuqda shayga asalka ah, mana jiro muuqaal kale oo si habboon loo samayn karo.
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNF3DOptionFree&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Qoraaga sawirku wuxuu shaqada sawireed ku sii daayay shati xor ah, ama waxay ku jirtaa Domain-ka Dadweynaha:&lt;br/&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot; id=&quot;placeholderNF3DPermission&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Sheeg shatiga ama sharax xaaladda Domain-ka Dadweynaha, adigoo ku daraya caddayn kasta oo loo baahan yahay si xaaladda shatiga loo xaqiijin karo.&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderOptionNFExcerpt&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Kani waa '''qayb laga soo qaatay shaqo leh xuquuq daabacaad'''.&lt;br/&gt;Kani waa qayb laga soo qaatay shaqo leh xuquuq daabacaad, tusaale ahaan sawir shaashadeed laga qaaday filim ama barnaamij telefishin, qayb ka mid ah buug majaajillo ah, ama muunad cod oo laga soo qaatay hees. Joogitaankiisa waxaa loo baahan yahay si uu u taageero dood naqdiyeed oo cad oo ku jirta maqaal la xiriira shaqadaas ama qofka ama dadka sameeyay.
&lt;div class=&quot;uploadDetails&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot; id=&quot;detailsNFExcerpt&quot;&gt;
{|
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Midkee ka mid ah xulashooyinkan ayaa sida ugu fiican u qeexaya shaygan?
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot; id=&quot;placeholderNFExcerptLicense&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Qoraaga:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFExcerptAuthor&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(qoraaga / milkiilaha xuquuqda daabacaadda ee shaqada asalka ah)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|Taariikhda&lt;br/&gt;samaynta:
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFExcerptDate&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Isha:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFExcerptSource&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(xaggee si sax ah ayaad uga heshay faylkan?)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Fadlan sharax waxa saxda ah ee maqaalka ku jira ee aad doonayso inaad ku muujiso faylkan.
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFExcerptPurpose&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Caadi ahaan, sawirka waa in loo adeegsadaa taageeridda arrin gaar ah oo maqaalka lagaga hadlayo.&lt;br/&gt;Fadlan si cad oo faahfaahsan u sharax. Ha koobiyeeyn qoraallo guud oo meel kale laga soo qaatay. Erayadaada ku sheeg waxa faylkan gaarka ahi ka qaban doono maqaalkan gaarka ah.&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Haddii loo baahdo, fadlan sharax sababta ujeeddadan aan lagu gaari karin qoraal keliya.
|-
|&amp;nbsp;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFExcerptReplaceable&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderOptionNFCover&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Kani waa '''sawirka daboolka rasmiga ah''' ee shaqo.&lt;br/&gt;Kani waa daboolka ama jaakadda buugga, daboolka CD ama fiidiyow, boodhka rasmiga ah ee filim, ama shay la mid ah. Waxaa lagu dari doonaa habka ugu muhiimsan ee muuqaal ahaan lagu aqoonsado shaqadaas, waxaana la dhigi doonaa qaybta sare ee maqaalka ku saabsan buugga, filimka, iwm. &lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Fiiro gaar ah: Haddii aad qorshaynayso inaad u isticmaasho ujeeddo kale oo aan tan ahayn, fadlan calaamadee sanduuqa &quot;nooc kale oo shaqo aan xor ahayn&quot; ee hoose.&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;uploadDetails&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot; id=&quot;detailsNFCover&quot;&gt;
{|
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Midkee ka mid ah xulashooyinkan ayaa sida ugu fiican u qeexaya shaygan?
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot; id=&quot;placeholderNFCoverLicense&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Qoraaga:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFCoverAuthor&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(qoraaga / milkiilaha xuquuqda daabacaadda ee shaqada asalka ah)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|Taariikhda&lt;br/&gt;daabacaadda:
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFCoverDate&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Isha:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFCoverSource&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(xaggee si sax ah ayaad uga heshay faylkan?)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot; id=&quot;placeholderNFCoverCheckDedicated&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Sawirkan waxaa loo muujin doonaa habka ugu muhiimsan ee muuqaal ahaan lagu aqoonsado shaqada, waxaana la dhigi doonaa qaybta sare ee maqaalka u gaar ah shaqadaas.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Waxaa lagu dari doonaa sabab sharciyeed oo caadi ah oo ku habboon noocan isticmaalka ah. Haddii aad qorshaynayso inaad faylka u isticmaasho ujeeddo kale, fadlan '''ha''' isticmaalin qaybtan, balse isticmaal qaybta hoose ee lagu magacaabay &quot;nooc kale oo shaqo aan xor ahayn&quot;.&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderOptionNFLogo&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Kani waa '''astaanta urur''', shirkad, summad ganacsi, iwm.&lt;br/&gt;Kani waa astaan rasmi ah oo hay'ad ka tirsan oo ah mawduuca maqaalka Wikipedia. Waxaa loo isticmaali doonaa habka ugu muhiimsan ee muuqaal ahaan lagu aqoonsado hay'addaas, waxaana la dhigi doonaa qaybta sare ee maqaalka laga hadlayo. &lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Fiiro gaar ah: Haddii aad qorshaynayso inaad u isticmaasho ujeeddo kale oo aan tan ahayn, fadlan calaamadee sanduuqa &quot;nooc kale oo shaqo aan xor ahayn&quot; ee hoose.&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;uploadDetails&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot; id=&quot;detailsNFLogo&quot;&gt;
{|
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Midkee ka mid ah xulashooyinkan ayaa sida ugu fiican u qeexaya shaygan?
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot; id=&quot;placeholderNFLogoLicense&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Isha:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFLogoSource&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(xaggee si sax ah ayaad uga heshay faylkan?)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|td colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot; id=&quot;placeholderNFLogoCheckDedicated&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Sawirkan waxaa loo muujin doonaa habka ugu muhiimsan ee muuqaal ahaan lagu aqoonsado hay'adda, waxaana la dhigi doonaa qaybta sare ee maqaalka u gaarka ah hay'addaas.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Waxaa lagu dari doonaa sabab sharciyeed oo caadi ah oo ku habboon noocan isticmaalka ah. Haddii aad qorshaynayso inaad faylka u isticmaasho ujeeddo kale, fadlan '''ha''' isticmaalin qaybtan, balse isticmaal qaybta hoose ee lagu magacaabay &quot;nooc kale oo shaqo aan xor ahayn&quot;.&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderOptionNFPortrait&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Kani waa '''sawir taariikhi ah oo qof dhintay muujinaya'''.&lt;br/&gt;Kani waa sawir taariikhi ah ama muuqaal kale oo muujinaya qof aan hadda noolayn. Waxaa loo isticmaali doonaa habka ugu muhiimsan ee muuqaal ahaan loogu aqoonsado qofka maqaalka isaga ku saabsan.
&lt;div class=&quot;uploadDetails&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot; id=&quot;detailsNFPortrait&quot;&gt;
{|
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Wuxuu dhintay tan iyo:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFPortraitDeceased&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Noocan faylka ah badanaa waxaa lagu isticmaali karaa oo keliya dadka aan hadda noolayn.)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Qoraaga:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFPortraitAuthor&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Yaa sameeyay sawirkan?)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Daabacaaddii&lt;br/&gt;asalka ahayd:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFPortraitPublication&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Xaggee, goorma iyo sidee ayaa sawirkan markii ugu horreysay loo daabacay?)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|Taariikhda&lt;br/&gt;daabacaadda:
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFPortraitDate&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Isha:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFPortraitSource&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Xaggee si sax ah ayaad uga heshay faylkan?)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot; id=&quot;placeholderNFPortraitCheckDedicated&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Sawirkan waxaa loo muujin doonaa habka ugu muhiimsan ee muuqaal ahaan loogu aqoonsado qofka, waxaana la dhigi doonaa qaybta sare ee maqaalka isaga ku saabsan.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Waxaa lagu dari doonaa sabab sharciyeed oo caadi ah oo ku habboon noocan isticmaalka ah. Haddii aad qorshaynayso inaad faylka u isticmaasho ujeeddo kale, fadlan '''ha''' isticmaalin qaybtan, balse isticmaal qaybta hoose ee lagu magacaabay &quot;nooc kale oo shaqo aan xor ahayn&quot;.&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Fadlan sharax sababta aan loo heli karin beddel xor ah oo sawirkan ah.
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFPortraitReplaceable&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Dadka dhowaan dhintay: Ma samaysay dadaal macquul ah si aad u hesho dad laga yaabo inay hayaan sawirro qofkan ah oo diyaar u noqon kara inay mid sii daayaan?&lt;br/&gt;Dadka noolaa horraantii ilaa bartamihii qarnigii 20aad: Ma tixgelisay inay jiri karto sawir duug ah oo xuquuqdiisii daabacaaddu dhacday oo hadda ku jira Domain-ka Dadweynaha?&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Fadlan sharax sababta aad ugu kalsoon tahay in isticmaalkeenna faylkani aanu waxyeello u geysan doonin fursadaha ganacsi ee milkiilaha.
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFPortraitCommercial&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Caadi ahaan ma isticmaalno fayl haddii milkiiluhu leeyahay dan ganacsi oo suurtagal ah oo ku saabsan isticmaalka faylka, haddii isticmaalkayaguna uu la tartami lahaa doorkii suuqa ee asalka ahaa.&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderOptionNFMisc&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Kani waa '''nooc kale oo shaqo aan xor ahayn''' oo aan aaminsanahay in isticmaalkiisu yahay mid caddaalad ah.&lt;br/&gt;Kani waa shaqo leh xuquuq daabacaad oo aan isticmaalkeedu ku jirin mid ka mid ah qaybaha kore. Waxaan akhriyay xeerarka Wikipedia ee ku saabsan &lt;span class=&quot;fuwOutLink&quot;&gt;[[Wikipedia:Non-free content|nuxurka aan xorta ahayn]]&lt;/span&gt;, waxaanan sharxi doonaa sida faylkani u buuxinayo dhammaan shuruudaha halkaas lagu qeexay.
&lt;div class=&quot;uploadDetails&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot; id=&quot;detailsNFMisc&quot;&gt;
{|
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Midkee ka mid ah xulashooyinkan ayaa sida ugu fiican u qeexaya shaygan?
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot; id=&quot;placeholderNFMiscLicense&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;uwLegend&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Qoraaga:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFMiscAuthor&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Yaa sameeyay sawirkan?)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Daabacaaddii&lt;br/&gt;asalka ahayd:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFMiscPublication&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Xaggee, goorma iyo sidee ayaa sawirkan markii ugu horreysay loo daabacay?)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|Taariikhda&lt;br/&gt;daabacaadda:
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFMiscDate&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;Isha:&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFMiscSource&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Xaggee si sax ah ayaad uga heshay faylkan?)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Fadlan sharax ujeeddada saxda ah ee faylkani ka qaban doono maqaalka.
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFPurpose&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Fadlan si cad oo faahfaahsan u sharax. Ha koobiyeeyn qoraallo guud oo meel kale laga soo qaatay. Erayadaada ku sheeg waxa faylkan gaarka ahi ka qaban doono maqaalkan gaarka ah. Sharaxaaddaadu waa inay si cad u muujisaa sababta uu maqaalku si weyn uga liidan lahaa haddii faylkan la waayo.&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Fadlan sharax sababta ujeeddadan aan lagu gaari karin qoraal keliya.
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFReplaceableText&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Fadlan sharax sababta ujeeddadan aan lagu gaari karin sawir kale oo xor ah oo la heli karo ama la samayn karo.
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFReplaceable&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Si fayl loogu aqoonsado mid la beddeli karo, muhiim ma aha in beddel ku habboon uu hadda jiro. Xitaa haddii ay suurtagal tahay oo keliya in beddel la samayn karo, ma isticmaali doonno faylka aan xorta ahayn.&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Fadlan sharax sababta aad ugu kalsoon tahay in isticmaalkeenna faylkani aanu waxyeello u geysan doonin fursadaha ganacsi ee milkiilaha.
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFCommercial&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Caadi ahaan ma isticmaalno fayl haddii milkiiluhu leeyahay dan ganacsi oo suurtagal ah oo ku saabsan isticmaalka faylka, haddii isticmaalkayaguna uu la tartami lahaa doorkii suuqa ee asalka ahaa.&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|}
{|style=&quot;width:100%&quot; id=&quot;NFMinimalitySection&quot;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Xusuusnow in isticmaalka faylasha aan xorta ahayn uu ahaado '''mid xaddidan oo keliya inta loo baahan yahay.''' Tani waxay yeelan kartaa dhowr macne:

{{smalldiv|
*Ha isticmaalin faylal ka badan inta loo baahan yahay maqaal ama mawduuc kasta
*Ha ku isticmaalin isla faylka maqaal ka badan inta loo baahan yahay
*Ha isticmaalin qaybo ka waaweyn inta loo baahan yahay oo laga soo qaatay hal shaqo
*Ha isticmaalin sawirro leh xallin ka sarreysa inta loo baahan yahay}}

Iyadoo taas la tixgelinayo, fadlan sharax sida isticmaalka faylkani u ahaan doono mid xaddidan oo keliya inta loo baahan yahay.
|-
|class=&quot;uwLegend&quot;|&lt;span class=&quot;uwObligatory&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFMinimality&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Shuruudo gaar ah oo ku saabsan isha iyo shatiga (ikhtiyaari)
|-
|class=&quot;uwLegend&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderNFExtraLicense&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|}
{|style=&quot;width:100%&quot; id=&quot;AnyOtherInfo&quot;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Ma jiraa macluumaad kale oo dheeraad ah oo khuseeya faylkan?
|-
|class=&quot;uwLegend&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderAnyOther&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;div id=&quot;fuwSubmitHost&quot;&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;fuwSubmit&quot; style=&quot;border:1px solid var(--border-color-success,#099979);color:inherit;background:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);margin:0.5em;padding:0.5em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;EditSummaryDiv&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;&gt;
{|
|class=&quot;uwLegend&quot;|Soo koobidda wax-ka-beddelka:
|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderEditSummary&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Sharaxaad kooban oo ku saabsan sababta aad u dul qorayso faylkan. Tan laguma kaydin doono bogga sharraxaadda, balse waxaa lagu muujin doonaa taariikhda wax-ka-beddelka.&lt;/small&gt;
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;sendToCommons&quot;&gt;
{|
|style=&quot;width:12em;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderCommonsButton&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; 
|'''Haa''', waxaan doonayaa in faylkan isla markiiba laga heli karo dhammaan mashaariicda Wikimedia, dhammaan luqadaha. Waxaan ku soo gelin doonaa '''Wikimedia Commons'''. &lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Gujinta badhankan waxay kuu gudbin doontaa bog ku yaal Commons. Tani waxay shaqaynaysaa oo keliya haddii aad hore halkaas uga soo gashay akoonkaaga, taas oo ay u badan tahay inay sidaas tahay. Ka eeg &lt;span class=&quot;fuwOutLink&quot; id=&quot;commonsLoginLink&quot;&gt;[[:commons:Special:UserLogin|halkan]]&lt;/span&gt; si aad u hubiso inaad soo gashay iyo in kale.&lt;/small&gt;
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
{|
|style=&quot;width:12em;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderSubmitButton&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|&lt;span id=&quot;fuwSubmitText&quot;&gt;'''Maya''', waxaan doonayaa inaan faylkan halkan si maxalli ah ugu soo geliyo.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Sidan waxaa lagu isticmaali karaa oo keliya Wikipedia-da Af-Ingiriisiga. Waxaan kugu boorrinaynaa inaad ku soo geliso Commons, haddii aysan jirin sabab aad u wanaagsan oo ay tahay inuu halkan ku ekaado. Badanaa faylasha maxalliga ah ee noocan ah waxaa loo guuriyaa Commons si meelo kale loogu isticmaalo, dabadeedna halkan ayaa laga tirtiraa, taasoo shaqo dheeraad ah u keenaysa mutadawiciinta kale. Haddii aadan doonayn in faylkaaga loo guuriyo Commons oo halkan laga tirtiro, ka fiirso inaad ku darto summadda &amp;#123;&amp;#123;Keep local&amp;#125;&amp;#125;.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderResetButton1&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|Dib u deji foomkan oo dib u bilow.
|}
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|-
|}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
|}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderOptionNoGood&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|'''Faylkani kuma habboona midkoodna qaybaha kore.''' &lt;br/&gt;Faylkani uma muuqdo inuu ku jiro mid ka mid ah qaybaha kore, ama ma hubo xaaladdiisa. Waxaan faylkan meel ka helay, laakiin si dhab ah uma aqaan cidda samaysay ama cidda iska leh, ama waxaa sameeyay wakaalad warbaahineed ama wakaalad sawirro (tusaale ahaan, [[Associated Press|AP]] ama [[Getty Images]]).
&lt;div class=&quot;uploadWarning&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot; id=&quot;warningNoGood&quot;&gt;
Hagaag, aad baan uga xunnahay, laakiin haddii aadan hubin xaaladda xuquuqda daabacaadda ee faylkan, ama uusan ku habboonayn mid ka mid ah kooxaha kore, markaa:

&lt;big&gt;'''Fadlan ha soo gelin.'''&lt;/big&gt;

Runtii, fadlan ha soo gelin. Xitaa haddii aad u malaynayso inuu wax weyn ku soo kordhin lahaa maqaal. Waxaan si dhab ah ugu dhaqannaa xeerarkan xuquuqda daabacaadda ee Wikipedia. Ogow in warbaahinta ''loo qaato'' inay si buuxda u leedahay xuquuq daabacaad ilaa si kale loo caddeeyo; masuuliyadda caddayntuna waxay saaran tahay qofka faylka soo gelinaya.

Gaar ahaan, fadlan ha soo gelin:
*Fayl kasta oo aad si fudud uga heshay mareeg, adigoon garanayn cidda qoraagiisa ama milkiilaha xuquuqda daabacaaddu yahay.
*Fayl kasta oo aad meel ka heshay, xitaa haddii aad haysato sabab wanaagsan oo aad ku aaminsan tahay in milkiilaha xuquuqda daabacaaddu aanu dhibsanayn isticmaalkeenna, balse aadan haysan qoraal shati-bixin oo cad oo isaga ka yimid.
*Fayl kasta oo milkiilayaashiisu u sii daayeen ujeeddooyin xayeysiis, balse aan lahayn shati gebi ahaanba xor ah oo oggolaanaya in si xor ah dib loogu isticmaalo ujeeddo kasta.
*Fayl kasta oo lagu sheegay inuu ka yimid wakaalad sawirro ganacsi, sida Reuters, AP ama Getty Images. Faylasha noocan ah badanaa lama isticmaali karo xitaa iyadoo la raacayo xeerarka &quot;Isticmaalka caddaaladda ah&quot;, marka laga reebo xaalado dhif ah.
*Fayl kasta oo shati ahaan loogu oggolaaday in lagu isticmaalo Wikipedia oo keliya, ama xor ah balse shatigiisa xorta ahi aanu oggolayn isticmaalka ganacsi.

Haddii aad wax shaki ah qabto, fadlan talo weydii qaar ka mid ah tafatirayaasha khibradda leh ka hor intaadan faylka soo gelin. Dadku waxay ku farxi doonaan inay kaa caawiyaan &lt;span class=&quot;fuwOutLink&quot;&gt;[[Wikipedia:Media copyright questions]]&lt;/span&gt;. Waad ku mahadsan tahay.
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
|}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;placeholderTestForm&quot; style=&quot;border:2px solid green;padding:0.5em;margin:0.5em;background:#D0D0D0;display:none;&quot;&gt;

==Horudhac (tijaabo)==
Kani waa xogta la gudbin doono si faylka loo soo geliyo:
{|
|-
|Magaca faylka:||&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderSandboxFilename&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|Soo koobidda wax-ka-beddelka:||&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderSandboxSummary&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|Qoraalka:||&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderSandboxText&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|}
&lt;!-- Meelaha qarsoon ee foomka wax-ka-beddelka sanduuqa tijaabada --&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderSandboxToken&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderSandboxTitle&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderSandboxRecreate&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;!-- dhammaadka meelaha qarsoon --&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;fuwWaiting&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;&gt;
==Faylka ayaa la soo gelinayaa==
Faylkaaga ayaa la soo gelinayaa.

Tani waxay qaadan kartaa hal ama laba daqiiqo, iyadoo ku xiran cabbirka faylka iyo xawaaraha xiriirkaaga internetka.

Marka soo gelintu dhammaato, waxaad faylkaaga cusub ka heli doontaa xiriiriyahan:

&lt;span id=&quot;fuwSuccessLink&quot;&gt;'''[[:File:Example.jpg]]'''&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;fuwSuccess&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;&gt;
==Faylka si guul leh ayaa loo soo geliyay==
&lt;div id=&quot;successThumb&quot; style=&quot;float:right;display:none;&quot;&gt;[[File:Example.jpg]]&lt;/div&gt;
Faylkaaga si guul leh ayaa loo soo geliyay, waxaana hadda laga heli karaa halkan:

&lt;span id=&quot;fuwSuccessLink2&quot;&gt;'''[[:File:Example.jpg]]'''&lt;/span&gt;

Fadlan raac xiriiriyaha oo hubi in bogga sharraxaadda sawirku ka kooban yahay dhammaan macluumaadkii aad doonaysay inaad ku darto.

Haddii aad doonayso inaad beddesho sharraxaadda, tag bogga sawirka, guji tab-ka &quot;wax ka beddel&quot; ee ku yaal qaybta sare ee bogga, dabadeedna wax uga beddel sida aad bog kasta oo kale wax uga beddeli lahayd. Mar kale ha isticmaalin foomkan faylka lagu soo geliyo, haddii aadan doonayn inaad faylka dhabta ah ku beddesho nuqul cusub.

Si aad faylkan ugu darto maqaal, waxaad isticmaali kartaa koodh la mid ah kan soo socda:
 &lt;nowiki&gt;[[&lt;/nowiki&gt;File:&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderExFilename1&quot;&gt;Example.jpg&lt;/span&gt;|thumb|right|halkan geli qoraalka sharraxaadda&lt;nowiki&gt;]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Haddii aad doonayso inaad qoraalka ku samayso xiriiriye faylka ku socda adigoon sawirka laftiisa muujin, tusaale ahaan marka aad sawirka kaga hadlayso bog wada-hadal, waxaad isticmaali kartaa kan soo socda (calaamadee &quot;:&quot; ka dambeeya qawska hore!):
 &lt;nowiki&gt;[[&lt;/nowiki&gt;:File:&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderExFilename2&quot;&gt;Example.jpg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Eeg [[Wikipedia:Picture tutorial]] si aad u hesho caawimaad faahfaahsan oo ku saabsan sida sawirrada loogu daro bogagga iyo sida loo meeleeyo.

'''Waad ku mahadsan tahay isticmaalka Saaxirka Faylasha lagu soo Geliyo.'''&lt;br/&gt;Fadlan ra'yigaaga, faallooyinkaaga, warbixinnada khaladaadka ama talooyinka ku dhaaf [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|bogga wada-hadalka]].

&lt;span id=&quot;placeholderResetButton2&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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{{Navbox
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* {{longitem|style=line-height:1.1em;padding-bottom:0.5em|[[:Commons:Special:Upload|Foomka caadiga ah ee Commons]]&lt;br/&gt;{{smaller|(isticmaalayaasha khibradda leh)}}}}
* [[:Commons:Commons:Upload|Foomkii hore]]
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* [[Wikipedia:Upload/old|Foomkii hore ee hagitaanka]]
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| group2 = Caawimaad iyo tilmaamo
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* &lt;span class=&quot;fuwOutLink&quot;&gt;[[Wikipedia:Media copyright questions|Weydii su'aalaha xuquuqda daabacaadda]]&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span class=&quot;fuwOutLink&quot;&gt;[[Wikipedia:Image use policy|Siyaasadda isticmaalka sawirrada]]&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span class=&quot;fuwOutLink&quot;&gt;[[WP:NFC|Nuxurka aan xorta ahayn]]&lt;/span&gt;
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* &lt;span class=&quot;fuwOutLink&quot;&gt;[[:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc|Dukumentiyada]]&lt;/span&gt;
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      <sha1>1dzs08qfp0ok0x0gn3nnuqo0i1pq4og</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Baltimore</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>17366</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311277</id>
      <parentid>306010</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T19:34:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>28368</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
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      <text bytes="18643" sha1="n6zf6nbrzrzais8chflkvmxn18pzrz9" xml:space="preserve">::''Kani waa maqaal ku saabsan magaalada Baltimore, Maryland, Maraykanka. 
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Baltimore, [[Maryland]]
|official_name = Caasimada Baltimore
|settlement_type = [[Caasimad|Caasimada Madaxbanaan]]
|nickname = Caasimada Degan,&lt;ref name=nicknames&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.redorbit.com/news/business/511672/baltimores_new_bait_the_city_is_about_to_unveil_a/index.html |title=Baltimore's New Bait: The City is About to Unveil a New Slogan, 'Get In On It,' Meant to Intrigue Visitors |accessdate=November 28, 2008 |last=Donovan |first=Doug |date=May 20, 2006 |work=The Baltimore Sun |archive-date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225032310/https://www.redorbit.com/news/business/511672/baltimores_new_bait_the_city_is_about_to_unveil_a/index.html |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mobtown,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.citypaper.com/arts/story.asp?id=9176|title=Mob Rules|last=Smith|first=Van|date=October 6, 2004|work=Baltimore City Paper|accessdate=January 24, 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090112080752/http://www.citypaper.com/arts/story.asp?id=9176| archivedate= January 12, 2009 | deadurl= no}}&lt;/ref&gt; B'more,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news | last=Kane | first=Gregory | url=http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/columns/gregory-kane/Dispatch-from-Bodymore-Murderland-48061142.html | work=Washington Examiner | title=Dispatch from Bodymore, Murderland | date=June 15, 2009 | ciwaan=Nuqul Archive | access-date=September 7, 2015 | archive-date=January 17, 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117090911/http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/columns/gregory-kane/Dispatch-from-Bodymore-Murderland-48061142.html | dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dhulkii Nolosha Raaxada Leh,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.citypaper.com/search/bcp-cms-1-1212892-migrated-story-cp-20111005-featu-20111005,0,7897129.story |publisher=City Paper |title=Hugh Sisson brought the brewpub to Baltimore. Then he really learned about the beer business |date=October 5, 2011 |author=Jenn Ladd }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Caasimada ugu Horaysa,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://mht.maryland.gov/heritageareas_baltimore.html |title=Baltimore Heritage Area|accessdate=March 30, 2011 |publisher=Maryland Historical Trust |date=February 11, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://baltimore.org/about-baltimore/baltimore-firsts/|title=Baltimore: A City of Firsts|work=Visit Baltimore|accessdate=March 30, 2011|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=March 16, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316030004/http://baltimore.org/about-baltimore/baltimore-firsts|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Caasimada Taarikhiga,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.citypaper.com/bob/story.asp?id=10574 |title=Best Monument |accessdate=September 19, 2007 |date=September 21, 2005 |work=2005 Baltimore Living Winners |publisher=Baltimore City Paper | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071012081217/http://citypaper.com/bob/story.asp?id=10574| archivedate= October 12, 2007 | deadurl= no}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ravenstown,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://preview.baltimoreravens.com/Ravenstown/Ravenstown.aspx |title=Ravenstown |accessdate=June 7, 2008 |publisher=Baltimore Ravens |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=July 23, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723122211/http://preview.baltimoreravens.com/Ravenstown/Ravenstown.aspx |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;Caasimada Jirta&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://baltimorecitypolicehistory.com/citypolice/baltimore-fun-facts.html|title=Baltimore Fun Facts: Historical Trivia|accessdate=January 4, 2013|publisher=Baltimore City Police|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=Bisha Saddexaad 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324082504/https://baltimorecitypolicehistory.com/citypolice/baltimore-fun-facts.html|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|motto = &quot;Caasimada ugu wacan Ameerika&quot;,&lt;ref name=nicknames /&gt; &quot;Kaalay oo hel.&quot;,&lt;ref name=nicknames /&gt; &quot;Caasimada wax akhrida&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Maestretti|first1=Danielle|title=Baltimore: The City That Reads|url=http://www.utne.com/media/baltimore-the-city-that-reads.aspx#axzz35wXaAdIu|publisher=UTNE Reader|accessdate=June 28, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Aamin&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/02/us/in-baltimore-slogan-collides-with-reality.html?pagewanted=all&amp;src=pm|title=In Baltimore, Slogan Collides with Reality|work=The New York Times|date=September 2, 2003|author=Jeffrey Gettleman}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|image_skyline = BaltimoreC12.png
|imagesize =
|image_caption = Farasmagaalka Baltimore, Emerson Bromo-Seltzer Tower, Pennsylvania Station, M&amp;T Bank Stadium, (Ravens Stadium), [[Dekad|Gudaha Dekada]] iyo [[biyo|Xarunta Biyo ku noosha Baltimore]], Haalka caasimada Baltimore, [[George Washington|Taalada Washington]]
|image_map = Map of Maryland highlighting Baltimore City.svg
|mapsize = 250x200px
|map_caption = Meesha ka dhacdo Baltimore [[Maryland|gobolka Maryland]]
|image_flag = Flag of Baltimore City.svg
|image_seal = Seal of Baltimore, Maryland.svg
|pushpin_map = USA
|pushpin_label = Baltimore
|pushpin_label_position = right
|pushpin_mapsize = 550
|pushpin_map_caption = Meesha kaga taalo [[Maraykanka]]
|coordinates_region = USA
|subdivision_type = Wadanka
|subdivision_type1 = [[Gobol]]ka
|subdivision_type2 = [[Caasimad]]
|subdivision_name = {{nowrap|{{flag|United States|name=United States of America|size=23px}}}}
|subdivision_name1 = Maryland
|subdivision_name2 = {{Flagicon image|Flag of Baltimore, Maryland.svg|size=23px}} Baltimore
|established_title = La aasaasay
|established_date = 1729
|established_title2 = Dowlad-hoose
|established_date2 = 1796–1797
|established_title3 = [[Caasimad|Caasimad Madaxbanaan]]
|established_date3 = 1851
|named_for = Sesilius Kalvert, (1605–1675)
|government_type = Golaha Duqa-magaalada
|governing_body = Golaha Dowlada Hoose Baltimore
|leader_title = [[Baltimore, Maryland|Duqa-magaalada]]
|leader_name = Stephanie C. Rawlings-Blake (D)
|leader_title1 = [[Degmo|Goalaha Degmada Caasimada]]
|leader_name1 = {{Collapsible list
 |title = Xubnaha Golaha |bullets=yes
 |frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;
 |list_style= text-align:left;display:yes;
 |1= Bernard C. Young (Madaxweyne)
 |2= James B. Kraft (1)
 |3= Brandon M. Scott (2)
 |4= Robert W. Curran (3)
 |5= Bill Henry (4)
 |6= Rochelle &quot;Rikki&quot; Spector (5)
 |7= Sharon Green Middleton (6)
 |8= Nick Mosby (7)
 |9= Helen L. Holton (8)
 |10 = William &quot;Pete&quot; Welch (9)
 |11 = Edward L. Reisinger (10)
 |12 = William H. Cole IV (11)
 |13 = Carl Stokes (12)
 |14 = Warren Branch (13)
 |15 = Mary Pat Clarke (14)
 }}
|leader_title2 = [[Baltimore, Maryland|Aqalka Wakiilada]]
|leader_name2 = {{Collapsible list
 |title = Delegates|bullets=yes
 |frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;
 |list_style = text-align:left;display:yes;
 |1 = Frank M. Conaway, Jr. (40) 
 |2 = Antonio Hayes (40) 
 |3 = Barbara A. Robinson (40) 
 |4 = Jill P. Carter (41) 
 |5 = Nathaniel T. Oaks (41) 
 |6 = Samuel I. Rosenberg (41) 
 |7 = Curt Anderson (43) 
 |8 = Maggie McIntosh (43) 
 |9 = Mary L. Washington (43) 
 |10 = Keith E. Haynes (44A) 
 |11 = Talmadge Branch (45) 
 |12 = Cheryl Glenn (45) 
 |13 = Cory V. McCray (45) 
 |14 = Luke Clippinger (46) 
 |15 = Peter A. Hammen (46) 
 |16 = Brooke Lierman (46) 
 }}
|leader_title3 = [[Maraykanka|Xubnaha Guurtida]]
|leader_name3 = {{Collapsible list
 |title = State senators|bullets=yes
 |frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;
 |list_style= text-align:left;display:yes;
 |1 = Catherine E. Pugh (40) 
 |2 = Lisa A. Gladden (41) 
 |3 = Joan Carter Conway (43) 
 |4 = Shirley Nathan-Pulliam (44) 
 |5 = Nathaniel J. McFadden (45) 
 |6 = Bill Ferguson (46) 
 }}
|leader_title4 = [[Baarlamaan|Aqalka Baarlamaanka]]
|leader_name4 = {{Collapsible list
 |title = Representatives|bullets=yes
 |frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;
 |list_style = text-align:left;display:yes;
 |1 = Dutch Ruppersberger (2) 
 |2 = John Sarbanes (3) 
 |3 = Elijah Cummings (7) 
 }}
|unit_pref = Imperial
|area_magnitude = 
|area_total_sq_mi = 92.1
|area_land_sq_mi = 80.9
|area_water_sq_mi = 11.1
|area_water_percent = 12.1
|area_urban_sq_mi = 
|area_urban_km2 = 
|area_metro_km2 = 
|area_metro_sq_mi = 
|area_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;gazetteer&quot; /&gt;
|elevation_footnotes = &lt;ref name=elevation&gt;{{cite web |url={{Gnis3|0597040}} |title=USGS detail on Baltimore |accessdate=October 23, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|elevation_ft = 33
|elevation_m = 10
|population_as_of = [[Baltimore, Maryland|2010]]
|population_est = 622793
|pop_est_as_of = 2014
|pop_est_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;2014 Pop Estimate&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Population Estimates|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2014/SUB-EST2014-3.html|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=June 24, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_footnotes = &lt;ref name =&quot;FactFinder&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=American FactFinder|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=October 13, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_total = 620961
|population_rank = US: [[26]]aad
|population_urban = 2,203,663 (US: [[19]]aad)
|population_metro = 2,785,874 (US: [[20]]aad)
|population_blank1_title = [[Maraykanka|CSA]]
|population_blank1 = 9,443,180 (US: [[4]]aad)
|population_density_sq_mi = 7,671.5
|population_density_km2 = 2,962.6
|population_blank2_title = Shacabka
|population_blank2 = Baltimorean
|timezone = [[Wakhti|EST]]
|utc_offset = -5
|timezone_DST = [[UTC|EDT]]
|utc_offset_DST = -4
|latd= 39 | latm= 17 | latNS=N
|longd= 76 | longm= 37 | longEW=W
|coordinates_type = type:city(650000)_region:US
|coordinates_display = inline,title
|postal_code_type = ZIP Kodh
|postal_code = {{collapsible list
|title = Zip codes&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://zip4.usps.com/zip4/citytown.jsp|publisher=USPS|title=Zip Code Lookup|accessdate=October 13, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;
|list_style = text-align:center;display:none
|21201–21231, 21233–21237, 21239–21241, 21244, 21250–21252, 21263–21265, 21268, 21270, 21273–21275, 21278–21290, 21297–21298}}
|area_code = Area code 410, Area code 443, Area code 667
|blank_name = [[Baltimore, [[Maryland]]|FIPS code]]
|blank_info = 24-04000
|blank1_name = [[Juquraafi|Astaanta GNIS]] 
|blank1_info = 0597040
|website = [http://www.baltimorecity.gov/ City of Baltimore]
|footnotes = 
}}

'''Baltimore''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɔː|l|t|ɨ|ˌ|m|ɔr}}) waa [[magaalo|magaalada]] ugu weyn [[gobol]]ka [[Maryland]] ee wadanka [[Maraykanka]], waa magaalada [[26]]aad ee ugu [[dad|shacabka]] badan leh, iyo [[caasimad]] ugu weyn ee madaxbanaan.

Caasimada Baltimore waxaa la aasaasay sanadkii 1729kii, waana [[dekad]]a labaad ee ugu weyn [[gobol]]ada xiga [[Badweynta Atlaantik]].&lt;ref name=Hughes&gt;{{cite web|last=Hughes|first=Joseph R.|title=Inland port gives Baltimore strategic shipping advantages|url=http://washingtonexaminer.com/inland-port-gives-baltimore-strategic-shipping-advantages|work=Washington Examiner|accessdate=June 23, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sidoo kale dekeda magaalda Baltimore waxay waayo ahaan jirtey mida labaad ee ugu soo dejinta iyo dhoofinta badan wadanka Maraykanka, taasi ooy ku xidhnaayeen waxsoo saar faro badan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Baltimore Heritage Area|url=http://mht.maryland.gov/heritageareas_baltimore.html|publisher=Maryland Historical Trust|accessdate=December 30, 2011|date=February 11, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ka dib markii ay soo waajahde dib udhac xaga wax soo saarka ah iyo [[wershad]]aha ayaa magaalada Baltimore waxay culeska saartey dhaqaalaha, caafimaadka iyo waxbarashada, kuwaasi oo maanta ah midhaha ugu wacan ee caasimadu ka hesho dhaqaalaha iyo lacagta. Waxaa magaaladan ku yaala cusbitaalo waaweyn oo tayo heersar ah leh, iyo machadyo caalami ah oo ku takhasusay kuliyado kala duwan oo waxbarashad iyo [[cilmi]]baadhista ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.baltimoredevelopment.com/major-employers |title=Major Employers &amp;#124; Baltimore Development Corporation |publisher=Baltimoredevelopment.com |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725000755/http://www.baltimoredevelopment.com/major-employers |archivedate=July 25, 2010 |accessdate=July 8, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Baltimore in 1752.png|thumb|left|Magaalada Baltimore sanadkii 1752]]
Magaalada Baltimore waxaa ku dhaqan dad gaadhaya ilaa 622,104 (tirokoob la sameeyay 2013kii), halka marka lagu daro nawaaxigeeda ama Baltimore metropolitan ay leedahay shacab bulsho dhan 2.7 milyan, taasi oo ka dhigaysa magaaldan mida [[20]]aad ee ugu shacabka badan wadanka Maraykanka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Metro Area Factsheet: Baltimore, Maryland PMSA|url=http://www.fairus.org/site/PageNavigator/facts/local_data_md_baltimore|publisher=FAIR US|accessdate=December 31, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/metro/totals/2013/index.html|title=Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]]|accessdate=October 13, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dadka caanka ah ee ku dhaqan Baltimore waxaa ka mid ah [[hees]]ayaal badan oo qaada heesaha jazzka, rockyga iyo rapka. Sidoo kale waxaa degan magaaldan tiro [[atoore]]yaal iyo [[jilaa]] ah oo soo saara [[filim]]aan iyo music videos. Dadka la taaban karo waxaa ka mid ah ninkii sameeyay &quot;Heesta Calanka Maraykanka&quot; oo lagu magacaabo Fransis Skot Key.&lt;ref name=&quot;baltimore.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://baltimore.org/about-baltimore |title=About Baltimore |publisher=Baltimore.org |deadurl=yes |accessdate=July 8, 2013 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=July 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725215715/http://baltimore.org/about-baltimore }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Downtown Baltimore from World Trade Center.jpg|thumb|left|Farasmagaalka Baltimore 2011]]

Guud ahaan, ilaa rubuc bulshada magaalada Baltimore waa [[saynis]]yahano, injineero, [[xisaab]]yahano, teknoolijiyiin, [[macalim]]iin, khubaro, [[aqoon]]yano, profosseero iyo [[arday]] qalin-jebin rabta.&lt;ref name=&quot;baltimore.org&quot;/&gt;
Taasi waxay cadayn u tahay sida bulshada Baltimore u daneeyso aqoonta iyo waxbarashada, heer sarena uga gaadheen. 


=Bulshada Baltimore=


Tirokoobtii sanadka 2010, waxaa lagu ogaaday in shacabka Baltimore yahay 620,961, taasi oo ah 4.6% hoos u dhac ah marka la barbar-dhigo tirokoobtii 2000; taasi oo laga wewel qabo in sanadaha soo socda hoos u sii socdo. Tirada is-dhintey waxay saamayn ku yeelatay 23% hoos u dhac [[ilmo|ilmaha]] da'doodu u dhaxayso [[5|5 jir]] ilaa [[17|17 sano jir]].&lt;ref name=sherman2015&gt;{{cite news |author=Sherman, Natalie |title=City hopes to get more families to stay |url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/business/real-estate/wonk/bs-bz-schools-leaving-20150417-story.html#page=1 |work=[[Baltim. Sun|The Baltimore Sun]] |date=April 17, 2015 |accessdate=April 19, 2015 |archive-date=Bisha Tobnaad 4, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004013738/http://www.baltimoresun.com/business/real-estate/wonk/bs-bz-schools-leaving-20150417-story.html#page=1 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
Dadaal badan oo xaga dhaqaalaha iyo waxbarashada ooy dowlada Baltimore gashay ka dib, sanadkii 2012ka tirokoob la sameeyay waxaa lagu ogaaday in tirada bulshada Baltimore kor u soo kacday, waxaa la helay 621,342; taasi oo ah 1,100 qof korodh. Waana markii ugu horeeysay ee tiro intaas le'eg ku soo korodha magaalada tan iyo ilaa 1950kii.&lt;ref name=kilar2013&gt;{{cite news |date=March 14, 2013 |author=Kilar, Steve |url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2013-03-14/news/bs-bz-baltimore-population-grows-20130314_1_decades-of-population-decline-mayor-stephanie-rawlings-blake-seema-d-iyer |title=Baltimore's population up, following decades of loss |work=[[Baltim. Sun|The Baltimore Sun]] |deadurl=yes |accessdate=July 8, 2013 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 5, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105162816/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2013-03-14/news/bs-bz-baltimore-population-grows-20130314_1_decades-of-population-decline-mayor-stephanie-rawlings-blake-seema-d-iyer }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=litten2015&gt;{{cite news
 |author=Litten, Kevin |title=This map shows the gentrification of Baltimore's neighborhoods over 20 years |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/baltimore/blog/real-estate/2015/03/this-map-shows-the-gentrification-of-baltimores.html |accessdate=April 19, 2015 |work=[[Baltim. Bus. J.|Baltimore Business Journal]] |date=March 9, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sida lagu xusay tirokoob kale ooy dowlada Maraykanku samaysay sanadkii 2010ka, 63.7% bulshada Baltimore waa [[Dadka Madoow]], 29.6% [[Dadka Cad]], 0.4% [[Hindida Cas]], 2.3% [[Aasiya]]n, 1.8% dadka kale iyo xoogaa yar oo ka soo jeeda [[gasiirad]]aha ka baxsan Maraykanka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/24/2404000.html |title=Baltimore (city), Maryland |work=State &amp; County QuickFacts |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |accessdate=April 23, 2012 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=May 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515122423/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/24/2404000.html |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;| &lt;center&gt;'''Qoloyinka Bulshada Baltimore Maryland (2010)&lt;/center&gt;'''
|-
! Qolo !! Shacabka !! % Wadarta
|-
| Wadar || 620,961 || 100
|-
| [[Afrikan Ameerikan]] || 395,781 || 63
|-
| [[Dadka Cad|Cadan]] || 183,830 || 29
|-
| [[Aasiya|Aasiyan]] || 14,548 || 2
|-
| [[Maraykan|Labo qolo iskugu jira]] || 12,955 || 2
|-
| [[Ameerika|Inta kale]] || 11,303 || 1
|-
| [[Hindida Cas]] || 2,270 || &lt; 1%
|-
| [[Maraykanka|Dhowr nooc iskugu jira]] || 1,402 || &lt; 1%
|-
| [[Hawaii|U dhashay Hawaii]] [[gasiirad|Gasiiradaha Basifik]] || 274 || &lt; 1%
|-
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://suburbanstats.org/area/maryland/baltimore| title=Baltimore Maryland Population Statistics | publisher=US Census Bureau | accessdate=March 15, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

=Muuqaalka Baltimore=

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:BaltimoreNationalAquarium.JPG|Xarunta dalxiiska iyo damaashaadka Baltimore
File:Parkside1.jpg|Xaafada Belair-Edison, Baltimore
|Farasmagaalka Baltimore
File:Woodberry07.JPG|Woodberry, Baltimore
File:Pier 5 and the Power Plant Building in SE Baltimore by Don Ramey Logan.jpg|Deegaanada soo jiidashada leh
File:Res Hill HD Baltimore.JPG|Xaafada Reservoir Hill, Baltimore
File:Station North Arts District Baltimore Chas St.jpg|Xaafada Station North
File:Fells Point A.JPG|Deegaanka Fells Point, Baltimore
File:GoodwoodGardens.jpg|Beerta Roland Park, Baltimore
|Waverly, Baltimore 
&lt;/gallery&gt;


[[File:Downtown Baltimore from World Trade Center.jpg|thumb|Farasmagaalka Baltimore iyo xarunta ganacsiga (2011)]]

=Magaalooyinka Maraykanka=
{{Magaalooyinka Maraykanka}}
{{Gobolada Maraykanka}}

=Tixraac=
{{Reflist}}


[[Category:Maraykanka]]
[[Category:Dad]]</text>
      <sha1>n6zf6nbrzrzais8chflkvmxn18pzrz9</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bortland, Oregon</title>
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      <text bytes="19222" sha1="7gpuqjxl0m3sujtudn1iadpgk03psie" xml:space="preserve">::''Kani waa maqaal ku saabsan caasimada Portland, Oregon, Maraykanka. Haku khaldin caasimada [[Portland, Maine]].
::''Boga &quot;Portland&quot; waxaa laga soo toosiyay halkan.
{{Infobox settlement
|name                     = Bortland, Oregon
|official_name            = Caasimada Bortland
|settlement_type          = [[Caasimad]]
|nickname                 = &lt;!-- do not add nicknames without reviewing discussion on talk page first --&gt; &quot;Caasimada Ubaxa&quot;; &quot;Stumptown&quot;; &quot;PDX&quot;; fiiri [[magac|naaneysaha Bortland]] ayagoo dhamaystiran.
|image_skyline            = Portland OR Montage.png
|imagesize                = 295px
|image_caption            = Kor ilaa hoos, midig ilaa bidix: Muuqaalka hawada sare ee koonfurgalbeed Bortland; [[Buundo|Buundada St. Johns]]; [[Beer|Beerta Caalamita Rose Test]]; [[Dugsi|Reed College]]; boosteejo [[Tareen|Tareenka fudud MAX Rail]]; Haalka xafladaha Arlene Schnitzer; iyo Huteelka Benson Hotel
|image_flag               = Flag of Portland, Oregon.svg 
|image_seal               = Seal of Portland, Oregon.svg
|image_map                = Multnomah County Oregon Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Portland Highlighted.svg
|map_caption              = Meesha Bortland kaga taalo [[Portland|Degmada Multnomah]] iyo gobolka [[Oregon]]
|pushpin_map              = USA
|pushpin_map_caption      = Meesha kaga taalo wadanka Maraykanka
|subdivision_type         = [[Wadan]]
|subdivision_type1        = [[Gobol]]
|subdivision_type2        = [[Degmo]]oyin
|subdivision_name         = [[Maraykanka]]
|subdivision_name1        = [[Oregon]]
|subdivision_name2        = [[Portland|Multnomah]], [[USA|Washington]], [[Degmo|Clackamas]]
|government_type          = [[caasimad|Maamulka Caasimada]]
|leader_title             = Duqa-magaalada
|leader_name              = Jarlie Hales&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.portlandonline.com/index.cfm?c=25999|title=Elected Officials|accessdate=September 18, 2014|year=2014|publisher=City of Portland, Oregon|archive-date=Bisha Sideedaad 30, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830051921/http://www.portlandonline.com/index.cfm?c=25999|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Dimuqraadi|D]])
|leader_title1            = Golaha
|leader_name1             = Steve Novick&lt;br /&gt;Dan Saltzman&lt;br /&gt;Nick Fish&lt;br /&gt;Amanda Fritz
|leader_title2            = Auditor
|leader_name2             = LaVonne Griffin-Valade
|established_title        = La aasaasay
|established_title2       = [[Dowlad|Dowlad hoose]]
|established_date         = 1845
|established_date2        = Febraayo 8, 1851
|named_for                = [[Portland, Maine]]
&lt;!-- Area --&gt;
|unit_pref                = Imperial
|area_footnotes           = 
|area_magnitude           = 
|area_total_km2           = 376
|area_land_km2            = 346
|area_water_km2           = 30
|area_total_sq_mi         = 145
|area_land_sq_mi          = 133
|area_water_sq_mi         = 12
&lt;!-- Population --&gt;
|population_as_of         = [[2010]]
|population_est           = 619360
|pop_est_as_of            = 2014
|pop_est_footnotes        = &lt;ref name=&quot;2014 Pop Estimate&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Population Estimates|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2014/SUB-EST2014-3.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=May 21, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_footnotes     = &lt;ref name=&quot;FactFinder&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=American FactFinder|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=January 4, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_total         = 583776
|population_rank          = US: [[28]]aad
|population_density_km2   = 1689.2
|population_density_sq_mi = 4375.1
|population_urban         = 1,849,898 (US: [[24]]aad)
|population_metro         = 2,348,247 (US: [[24]]aad)
|population_blank2_title  = [[USA|CSA]]
|population_blank2        = 3,022,178 (US: [[17]]aad)
|population_demonym       = Portlander
|timezone                 = [[Wakhti|PST]]
|utc_offset               = -8
|timezone_DST             = [[UTC|PDT]]
|utc_offset_DST           = -7
|postal_code_type         = ZIP kode
|postal_code              = 97086-97299
|area_code                = Area kodes 503 iyo 971
|latd= 45 |latm= 31 |lats= 12 |latNS=N
|longd= 122 |longm= 40 |longs= 55 |longEW=W
|coordinates_display      = inline,title
|coordinates_type         = type:city(568380)_region:US-OR_source:gnis-1136645
|elevation_ft             = 50&amp;nbsp;ft &lt;br/&gt; ''Ugu sareeysa'': 1188&amp;nbsp;ft&lt;br/&gt;9936 NW Wind Ridge Dr.&lt;br/&gt;{{coord|45.55873|-122.77854|type:landmark_region:US-OR_elevation:390|name=Portland highest elevation}}&lt;ref&gt;http://www.portlandoregon.gov/bps/article/51672&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;br/&gt; ''Ugu hooseysa'': 0.62&amp;nbsp;ft &lt;br/&gt; Webiga Kolumbiya &amp; Webiga Willamette&lt;br/&gt;Low water 1/7/ 1937&lt;ref&gt;[http://water.weather.gov/ahps2/hydrograph.php?wfo=pqr&amp;gage=vapw1&amp;hydro_type=0 Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service: Portland: Columbia River at Vancouver] {{Wayback|url=http://water.weather.gov/ahps2/hydrograph.php?wfo=pqr&amp;gage=vapw1&amp;hydro_type=0 |date=20130511105309 }}. Water.weather.gov. Retrieved on September 6, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{coord|45.65096|-122.76289|type:landmark_region:US-OR_elevation:-0.3|name=Portland lowest elevation}}
|elevation_m              = 15.2
|blank_name               = [[USA|FIPS kode]]
|blank_info               = 41-59000
|blank1_name              = [[Juquraafi|Muuqaalka GNIS]]
|blank1_info              = 1136645&lt;ref name=&quot;GR3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://geonames.usgs.gov|accessdate=January 31, 2008|title=US Board on Geographic Names|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|date=October 25, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|website                  = {{URL|http://www.portlandoregon.gov}}
|footnotes                = 
}}

'''Bortland''' ([[ingiriis]]: Portland; [[carabi]]: بورتلاند) waa [[caasimad]] ku taala [[gobol]]ka [[Oregon]] ee wadanka [[Maraykanka]], iyo fadhiga [[dowlad]]a [[Portland|Degmada Multnomah]], taasi oo dhacda meel u dhow dooxada [[Webi|Webiga Willamette]] iyo [[Wabi|Webiga Kolumbiyaa]]. 
Sida lagu sheegay tirokoob dowlada dhexe Maraykanku samaysay [[sanad|horaantii sanadka 2010ka]] caasimada Bortland waxaa ku noolaa [[dad|bulsho]] dhan 583,776,&lt;ref name=&quot;prc&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pdx.edu/sites/www.pdx.edu.prc/files/media_assets/2010_PL94_cities_M-P_updated.pdf|format=PDF|title=2010 Census profiles: Oregon cities alphabetically M-P|publisher=Portland State University Population Research Center|accessdate=March 7, 2013|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=October 22, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022125343/http://www.pdx.edu/sites/www.pdx.edu.prc/files/media_assets/2010_PL94_cities_M-P_updated.pdf|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; taasi oo tirokoob labaad lagu sheegay ineey noqdeen 619,360 sanadkii 2014.
Bortland waa [[28|caasimada 28aad ee ugu shacabka badan]] magaalooyinka wadanka Maraykanka. Qiyaas ahaan ilaa 2,348,247 oo dad ah ayaa ku dhaqan Bortland metropolitan waa sida lagu xusay tirokoob ay sameeysay dowlada deegaanku sanadkii 2014ka. Sidoo kale waxaa tirokoobta lagu ogaaday in Bortland iyo nawaaxigeedu noqonayaan deegaanka 24aad ee ugu shacabka badan wadanka, taasi oo gabi ahaan leh dad gaadhaya ilaa 3,022,178.

Caasimada Bortland waxaa la aasaasay [[sanad|sanadkii 1851kii]] meel u dhow dooxada Oregon Trail ee iskuxidha galbeedka iyo badhtamaha Maraykanka.&lt;ref name=&quot;GR6&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx|accessdate=June 7, 2011|title=Find a County|publisher=National Association of Counties}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nidaamka maamulka dowlada caasimadu waa mid ah ''Gole Caasimad'' ka kooban shan qof kuwaasi oo hoostaga duqa-magaalada. Waxaa iyaguna jira golo dhexe oo la soo doorto afartii sano mar kuwaasi oo ka masuul ah deegaanka Bortland metropolitan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.citylab.com/politics/2012/03/only-elected-regional-government-us/1371/|title=The Only Elected Regional Government in the US|accessdate=February 25, 2015|author=Nate Berg|date=March 1, 2012|publisher=City Lab|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=Bisha Labaad 26, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226092530/http://www.citylab.com/politics/2012/03/only-elected-regional-government-us/1371/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
Guud ahaan maamulka caasimada iyo nawaaxigeeda waxaa lagu amaanaa horumarka iyo qorshe wanaaga ay u dhiseen deegaanada Bortland iyo nawaaxigeeda.&lt;ref name=&quot;smartplan&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title = The &quot;Smart Growth&quot; Debate Continues | publisher = Urban Mobility Corporation | date = May–June 2003 | url = http://www.innobriefs.com/editor/20030423smartgrowth.html | accessdate = November 7, 2006 | ciwaan = Nuqul Archive | archive-date = August 6, 2012 | archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/69hdOobtC?url=http://www.innobriefs.com/editor/20030423smartgrowth.html | dead-url = yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Caasimadani waxay ka mid tahay meelaha ugu [[cagaar]]san wadanka Maraykanka, taasi oo in badan amaan loogu soo jeediyo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.grist.org/article/cities3|title=15 Green Cities |accessdate=June 23, 2010 |author=Kate Sheppard |date=July 19, 2007 |publisher=Environmental News and Commentary}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Juquraafi]] ahaan, caasimada Bortland waxay dhacdaa deegaanada dooxada Willamette ee gobolka [[USA|Waqooyigalbeed Baasifig]]; meel u dhaxaysa [[Badweynta Baasifik]] iyo [[buur|Buuraha Kaskade]]. Caasimadu waxay leedahay [[cimilo]] degan, diirimaad ah, qalalan wakhtiga [[gu']]ga, qaboow dhexdhexaad ah wakhtiyada [[jiilaal]]ka ah. Jawiga noocaas ah wuxuu u suurtogeliyay [[beer]]ida [[Ubax]]a ay caasimadu caanka ku tahay. Naaneysaha Bortland waxaa ka mid ah &quot;Caasimada Ubaxa&quot; taasi oo laga soo xigtay beeraha badan ee ubaxa ka baxa Bortland iyo agagaarkeeda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.frommers.com/articles/1721.html |title=Portland, Oregon: Green City of Roses &amp;#124; Frommers.com |publisher=Frommers.com |accessdate=October 20, 2008 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=Bisha Koobaad 7, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107121014/http://www.frommers.com/articles/1721.html |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761561539/portland.html |title=Portland&amp;nbsp;– MSN Encarta |publisher=Encarta.msn.com |archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20091029125320/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761561539/Portland.html |archivedate=October 29, 2009 |=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029125320/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761561539/portland.html }} {{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761561539/portland.html |access-date=2026-10-29 |archive-date=2009-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029125320/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761561539/portland.html |url-status=dead}} {{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761561539/portland.html |access-date=2015-09-16 |archive-date=2009-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029125320/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761561539/portland.html |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
Sidoo kale Caasimada Bortland waxay caan ku tahay xarakaadka dibada (outdoor activities) sida cabitaanka [[bun]]ka, [[koofi]]ga, sharaabka fudud, [[khamri]]ga iyo noocyada kale ee la cabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;10Best.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.10best.com/destinations/oregon/portland/nightlife/brew-pubs/ |title=Best Local Brewpubs in Beertown (AKA Portland) |publisher=10Best.com |accessdate=February 25, 2015 |archive-date=Bisha Labaad 26, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226055713/http://www.10best.com/destinations/oregon/portland/nightlife/brew-pubs/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;8 Best Beertowns in the USA&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/05/06/travel/usa-beer-towns/ |title=8 Best Beertowns in the USA |publisher=CNN.com |accessdate=February 25, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gadling.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://gadling.com/2010/02/26/best-cities-wold-drinking-beer/ |title=The Best Cities in the World for Drinking Beer |publisher=Gadling.com |accessdate=February 25, 2015 |archive-date=Bisha Labaad 26, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226084803/http://gadling.com/2010/02/26/best-cities-wold-drinking-beer/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The 10 Best Cities for Beer Lovers&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bustle.com/articles/18032-the-10-best-cities-for-beer-lovers-these-towns-know-how-to-brew |title=The 10 Best Cities for Beer Lovers |publisher=Bustle.com |accessdate=February 25, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beer Drinking in Portland, Oregon&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.beertutor.com/city_guides/portland.shtml |title=Beer Drinking in Portland, Oregon |publisher=BeerTutor.com |accessdate=February 25, 2015 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=Bisha Labaad 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224201542/http://www.beertutor.com/city_guides/portland.shtml |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; 


=Taariikh=

[[File:Portland, Oregon, in 1898 - Herbert A. Hale.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sawir]] hore magaalada Bortland 1898]]

Ka hor intaanay iman muhaajiriintii reer [[Yurub]] ee deegaanka qabsaday, waxaa [[qarni|mudo labo qarni ah]] ku noolaa deegaanka Bortland iyo agagaarkeeda [[Degmo|Degmada Multnomah]] dadka asal ahaan loogu tagay [[Ameerika|qaarada Ameerika]] ee loo yaqaano [[Hindida Cas]]. [[Qabiil|Labad Qabiil]] ee ugu badnaa waa ''Beesha Jinook'' (''Upper Chinook Indians'') iyo ''Beesha Multnomah'', kuwaasi oo soo raacaan ''Qabiilka Kaskade'' (''Cascades Indians'') waloow aanay ku badneyn deegaanka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Marschner |first=Janice |title=Oregon 1859: a snapshot in time |year=2008 |publisher=Timber Press |page=187 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=1-UW6M_gw48C&amp;pg=PA187&amp;dq=history+of+portland+before+europeans+indians#v=onepage&amp;q=history of portland before europeans indians&amp;f=false |isbn=978-0-88192-873-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, goortii ay bilaabantey [[dahab|bililiqadii dahabka galbeedka]] ayaa waxaa deegaanada galbeedka Oregon yimiday dad badan oo guuraya kuwaasi oo qaar ka mid ahni sanadkii 1830kii aasaaseen tuulo yar oo markii dambe la baxdey magaca Bortland.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Orloff |first=Chet |year=2004 |title=Maintaining Eden: John Charles Olmsted and the Portland Park System |journal=Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers |volume=66 |pages=114–119 |doi=10.1353/pcg.2004.0006 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
Taageero xoogan ooy ka heleen dowlada Maraykanka iyo ciidamada qalabka siday ee ku sugnaa deegaanadaasi ayaa waxay suurtogelisay in degayaashii ugu horeeyay ka aasaasan Bortland iyo agagaarkeeda [[beer]]o iyo dhaqashada [[xoolo|xoolaha]].

Markay taariikhdu ahayd Febraayo 8, 1851dii waxaa lagu dhawaaqay dowlada-hoose ee magaalada Bortland taasi oo wakhtigaagi lahady shacab dhan 800 qof.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027/twps0027.html Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990]. ''U.S. Bureau of the Census&amp;nbsp;– Population Division''.&lt;/ref&gt; 
Waxaana wakhtigaasi la dhisay huteelo, jaraa'id, makiinado wax ridqa iyo adeeg fudud oo caasimadu leedahay.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/fodors/top/features/travel/destinations/unitedstates/oregon/portland/fdrs_feat_121_5.html?n=Top%2FFeatures%2FTravel%2FDestinations%2FUnited+States%2FOregon%2FPortland|work=The New York Times|title=The Shanghai Tunnels|author=Kennedy, Sarah|accessdate=2014-09-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=Bulshada=
[[File:Portland population growth.png|thumb|left|Graf muujinaya koritaanka bulshada Bortland tan iyo biloowgii caasimada]]

Tirokoob dowlada dhexe samaysay [[sanad|sanadkii 2010ka]] waxaa lagu ogaaday in caasimada Bortland ku dhaqan tahay bulsho gaadhaysa 583,776 kuwaasi oo u habaysan 235,508 qoys. Cufka bulashada Bortland waxaa lagu sheegay 4,375.2 qof halkii mayl labo laaban (per one square mile). Sidoo kale waxaa jiray 265,439 oo aqal taasi oo keenaysa iskucelcelis ah 1989.4 qof halkii mayl labo laaban (1,236.3/km²). Dhinaca kale, koritaanka bulshada caasimada Bortland wuxuu kordhay ilaa 10.3% sanadihii u dhexeeyay 2000 iyo 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/41/4159000.html |title=US Census Bureau State &amp; County |publisher=Quickfacts.census.gov |accessdate=September 15, 2013 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=August 6, 2012 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/69hd3i5Qq?url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/41/4159000.html |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sida la saadaalinayo waxaa la filayaa in bulshada caasimada Bortland sii badan doonto ama labolaabmi doonto 50ka sano ee soo socda.&lt;ref name=&quot;pt_growth&quot;&gt;{{cite news | title = Metro takes long view of growth | url = http://thetribonline.net/news/story.php?story_id=121200846357363500 | last = Law | first = Steve | newspaper = Portland Tribune | date = May 29, 2008 | accessdate = December 5, 2012 | ciwaan = Nuqul Archive | archive-date = Bisha Koobaad 15, 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130115201800/http://thetribonline.net/news/story.php?story_id=121200846357363500 | dead-url = yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Guud ahaan, tirokoobtu waxay bulshada Bortland u kala saartay in 76.1% yihiin [[Dadka Cad|Cadaan]] (taasi oo u dhiganta 444,254 qof), 7.1% [[Aasiya]]an (ilaa 41,448 qof), 6.3% [[Afrikan Ameerikan|Dadka Madoow ama Afrikan Ameerikan]] (una dhiganta tiro dhan 36,778 qof), 1.0% [[Hindida Cas|Dadka Asal ahaan loogu yimid Ameerika]] (5,838), 0.5% Gasiiradaha Baasifiga (2,919), 4.7% dad ka dhashay labo ama ka badan jinsiyadood (24,437) iyo 5.0% bulshooyinka kale ah (28,987).&lt;ref name=&quot;quickfacts.census.gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/41/4159000.html |title=Portland (city) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau |publisher=Quickfacts.census.gov |accessdate=October 17, 2012 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=August 6, 2012 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/69hd3i5Qq?url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/41/4159000.html |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Waxaa intaas dheer ilaa 9.4% ah [[Latino|Hispanik ama Latino]] iyo guud ahaan dadka Latino, nooc kasta ooy yihiin (54,840). Cadaanka aan Hispanik ahayn waa ilaa 72.2% bulshada magaalada, taasi oo ka dhigeysa qoomiyada ugu badan deegaankaasi.&lt;ref name=&quot;quickfacts.census.gov&quot; /&gt;

=Muuqaalka=

&lt;gallery&gt;

File:Mt. St. Helens, Mt Rainier, Seen from Mount Calvary Cemetery (Portland, Oregon).jpg|
File:Portland.png|
File:Vanport flood overturned cars.jpg|
File:Multnomah Stadium 1973-02.jpg|

File:Arlene Schnitzer Concert Hall.jpg

File:Hollywood Theatre (Portland, Oregon) at night, 2011.jpg

File:Laurelhurst Theater neon sign - side view at night.jpg

File:Avalon Theatre, Belmont, Portland, OR 2012.JPG

File:Moreland Theater.jpg
File:OMSI entrance outside - Portland, Oregon.JPG
File:Bagdad Theater.jpg
File:White Stag sign (night).jpg
&lt;/gallery&gt;
[[File:PortlandOR allbridges.jpg|1000px|thumb|center|Farasmagaalka Bortland]]
[[File:HawthorneBridge-Pano.jpg|1000px|align-cap=center|thumb|center|Caasimada Bortland]]
[[File:Portland_Night_panorama.jpg|1000px|align-cap=center|thumb|center|Bilicda Caasimada Bortland ee habeenkii]]
[[File:WillametteRvrPano edit.jpg|1000px|align-cap=center|thumb|center|Muuqal Bortland]]

=Magaalooyinka Maraykanka=
{{Magaalooyinka Maraykanka}}
{{Gobolada Maraykanka}}
=Tixraac=
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Maraykanka]]
[[Category:Ameerika]]
[[Category:Magaalo]]
[[Category:Dad]]</text>
      <sha1>7gpuqjxl0m3sujtudn1iadpgk03psie</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sacab</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>17863</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311353</id>
      <parentid>220860</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-30T02:35:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>28368</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>311353</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2179" sha1="ga0fr4wpivaj4l5e01pu2q76ao010pw" xml:space="preserve">::''Haku khaldin [[sacab (gacan)]]

'''Sacab''' ({{lang-en|''clap''}}) waa [[cod|shanqadha]] ay sameeyaan marka la iskudhufto [[sacab (gacan)|gacmaha]]. Dadku inta ugu badan waxay sacbiyaan marka wax dhiirigelinayaan, amaanayaan, iyo u muujinayaan ogolaansho. Sidoo kale sacabka waxaa lagu daraa [[hees]]aha si uu dhadhan ugu sameeyo.


=Isticmaalka Muusiga=

[[Muusig]]a ay ka mid tahay [[qaaci]]ga iyo [[qaraami]]ga waxaa caan ku ah sacab-tumista si loogu macaaneeyo heesta.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://robpaterson.com/works-notes/voices.html Voices] {{Wayback|url=http://robpaterson.com/works-notes/voices.html |date=20080516072623 }}&quot;, ''RobPaterson.com''.&lt;/ref&gt;

=Caafimaadka=
Sida lagu sheegay [[cilmi]]baadhis dhowaan la sameeyay, sacab-tumistu waxay caawisaa [[jidh]]ka [[dad]]ka. Waxaa la sheegay in sacbintu u fiican tahay isla markaana caawiso [[dhiig|wareega dhiiga]].

=Laxan saarista=
Sacabka waxaa inta ugu badan lagu isticmaala marka hees cusub laxan la saarayo. [[Tix]] hees ah marka loo sameeynayo dhawaaq waxaa la tuntaa sacab si shanqadh la jaanqaadi karta loo helo.

=Aduunyada=
Markeey taariikhdu ahayd 5tii  Maay 2014, nin lagu magacaabo Eli Bishop oo ku nool magaalada [[Boston]] wadanka [[Maraykanka]] wuxuu sameeyay rikhoodhkii ugu badnaa ee sacab tumista caalamka. Ninkani wuxuu halkii daqiiqo garaacay 1020 sacab.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Most claps in a minute|url = http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/most-claps-in-a-minute|accessdate = 2015-09-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=Qoraalo La Xidhiidha=
*[[Heeso Soomaali]]
*[[gitaar]]
*[[turunbo]]
*[[narso]]
*[[durbaan]]
*[[biyaano]]
*[[gabay]]
*[[hees]]
*[[laxan]]
*[[muusig]]
*[[qaaci]]
*[[qaraami]]

= Maahmaahyadii =
„Dadyowga oo dhammow, kulligiin sacabka tuma,
Oo Ilaah cod guuleed ugu qayliya.”


=Linkiyo Banaanka=
* Brown, T. Pierce (2002). &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110711113210/http://www.gospelgazette.com/gazette/2002/sep/page17.htm Is Clapping Hands in Worship Appropriate?]&quot;, ''GospelGazette.com''.

=Tixraac=
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hees]]
[[Category:Fan iyo Suugaan]]
[[Category:Hiddo iyo dhaqan]]
[[Category: Muusiga]]
[[Category:Gabayada]]
[[Category: Filimaanta]]
[[Category: Qalabka Muusiga]]</text>
      <sha1>ga0fr4wpivaj4l5e01pu2q76ao010pw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:Infobox military conflict</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>19926</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311300</id>
      <parentid>293362</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T21:23:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>311300</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="8784" sha1="jpi14knjfz6cwr55e0prqlx29wvucic" xml:space="preserve">require('strict')

local infoboxStyle = mw.loadData('Module:WPMILHIST Infobox style')
local templatestyles = 'Module:Infobox military conflict/styles.css'
local imf = require('Module:Infobox mapframe')

local IMC = {}
IMC.__index = IMC

function IMC:renderPerCombatant(builder, headerText, prefix, suffix)
	prefix = prefix or ''
	suffix = suffix or ''
	local colspans = {}
	
	-- This may result in colspans[1] getting set twice, but
	-- this is no big deal. The second set will be correct.
	local lastCombatant = 1
	
	for i = 1,self.combatants do
		if self.args[prefix .. i .. suffix] then
			colspans[lastCombatant] = i - lastCombatant
			lastCombatant = i
		end
	end

	local jointText = self.args[prefix .. (self.combatants + 1) .. suffix]
	
	if headerText and (colspans[1] or jointText) then
		builder:tag('tr')
			:tag('th')
				:attr('colspan', self.combatants)
				:cssText(infoboxStyle.header_raw)
				:wikitext(headerText)
	end

	-- The only time colspans[1] wouldn't be set is if no
	-- combatant has a field with the given prefix and suffix.
	if colspans[1] then
		-- Since each found argument set the colspan for the previous
		-- one, the final one wasn't set above, so set it now.
		colspans[lastCombatant] = self.combatants - lastCombatant + 1
		builder = builder:tag('tr')
		for i = 1,self.combatants do
			-- At this point, colspans[i] will be set for i=1 unconditionally, and for
			-- any other value of i where self.args[prefix .. i .. suffix] is set.
			if colspans[i] then
				builder:tag('td')
					-- don't bother emitting colspan=&quot;1&quot;
					:attr('colspan', colspans[i] ~= 1 and colspans[i] or nil)
					:css('width', math.floor(100 / self.combatants * colspans[i] + 0.5) .. '%')
					-- no border on the right of the rightmost column
					:css('border-right', i ~= lastCombatant and infoboxStyle.internal_border or nil)
					-- no padding on the left of the leftmost column
					:css('padding-left', i ~= 1 and '0.25em' or nil)
					-- don't show the border if we're directly under a header
					:css('border-top', not headerText and infoboxStyle.internal_border or nil)
					:newline()
					:wikitext(self.args[prefix .. i .. suffix])
			end
		end
	end

	if jointText then
		builder:tag('tr')
			:tag('td')
				:attr('colspan', self.combatants)
				:css('text-align', 'center')
				-- don't show the border if we're directly under a header
				:css('border-top', (not headerText or colspans[1]) and infoboxStyle.internal_border or nil)
				:newline()
				:wikitext(jointText)
	end
end

function IMC:renderHeaderTable(builder)
	builder = builder:tag('table')
		:css('width', '100%')
		:css('margin', 0)
		:css('padding', 0)
		:css('border', 0)
		:css('display', 'inline-table')

	if self.args.date then
		builder:tag('tr')
			:tag('th')
				:css('padding-right', '1em')
				:wikitext('Taariikhda')
			:done()
			:tag('td')
				:wikitext(self.args.date)
	end

	builder = builder:tag('tr')
		:tag('th')
			:css('padding-right', '1em')
			:wikitext('Goobta')
		:done()
		:tag('td')
			:tag('div')
				:addClass('location')
				:wikitext(self.args.place or '{&amp;#123;{place}&amp;#125;}') -- hack so that people who don't know Lua know that this parameter is required
			:done()
	if self.args.coordinates then
		builder:wikitext(self.args.coordinates)
	end
	builder = builder:done():done()

	-- only for &quot;Putsch&quot;
    if self.args.action then
		builder:tag('tr')
			:tag('th')
				:css('padding-right', '1em')
				:wikitext(self.args.action and 'Tallaabada')
			:done()
			:tag('td')
				:wikitext(self.args.action)
	end

	if self.args.status or self.args.result then
		builder:tag('tr')
			:tag('th')
				:css('padding-right', '1em')
				:wikitext(self.args.status and 'Sida ay tahay' or 'Natiijada')
			:done()
			:tag('td')
				:addClass('status')
				:newline()
				:wikitext(self.args.status or self.args.result)
	end

	if self.args.territory then
		builder:tag('tr')
			:tag('th')
				:css('padding-right', '1em')
				:wikitext('Isbeddellada&lt;br /&gt;dhulalka')
			:done()
			:tag('td')
				:newline()
				:wikitext(self.args.territory)
	end
end

function IMC:render()
	local builder = mw.html.create()
	if self.args.campaignbox then
		-- this should be the same as using {{stack|clear=right|...}}
		builder:wikitext(self.frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'stack begin', args = { clear='true'} })
	end
	builder = builder:tag('table')
		:addClass('infobox vevent')
		:cssText(infoboxStyle.main_box_raw)
		:css('width', self.args.width or nil)

	builder:tag('tr')
		:tag('th')
			:addClass('summary')
			:attr('colspan', self.combatants)
			:cssText(infoboxStyle.header_raw)
			:wikitext(self.args.conflict or mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text)
	if self.args.partof then
		builder:tag('tr')
			:tag('td')
				:attr('colspan', self.combatants)
				:cssText(infoboxStyle.sub_header_raw)
				:wikitext('Qayb ka mid ah ' .. self.args.partof)
	end
	if self.args.image then
		builder:tag('tr')
			:tag('td')
				:attr('colspan', self.combatants)
				:cssText(infoboxStyle.image_box_raw)
				:wikitext(string.format('%s%s%s',
					require('Module:InfoboxImage').InfoboxImage{args = {
						image = self.args.image,
						size = self.args.image_size,
						sizedefault = 'frameless',
						upright = self.args.image_upright or 1.2,
						alt = self.args.alt
					}},
					self.args.caption and '&lt;br /&gt;' or '',
					self.args.caption or ''
				))
	end
	self:renderHeaderTable(builder:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', self.combatants))
	self:renderPerCombatant(builder, self.args.combatants_header or 'Qeybaha dagaallamay', 'combatant')
	-- can be un-hardcoded once gerrit:165108 is merged
	for _,v in ipairs{'a','b','c','d','e'} do
		self:renderPerCombatant(builder, nil, 'combatant', v)
	end
	
	self:renderPerCombatant(builder, self.args.commanders_header or 'Taliyayaasha iyo hoggaamiyayaasha', 'commander')
	for _,v in ipairs{'a','b','c','d'} do
		self:renderPerCombatant(builder, nil, 'commander', v)
	end
	
	self:renderPerCombatant(builder, self.args.units_header or 'Qeybaha ku dhex jiray', 'units')
	self:renderPerCombatant(builder, self.args.strengths_header or 'Awoodda', 'strength')
	self:renderPerCombatant(builder, self.args.polstrengths_header or 'Taageerada siyaasadeed', 'polstrength')
	self:renderPerCombatant(builder, self.args.milstrengths_header or 'Taageerada ciudanka', 'milstrength')
	self:renderPerCombatant(builder, self.args.casualties_header or 'Khasaaraha', 'casualties')

	if self.args.notes then
		builder:tag('tr')
			:tag('td')
				:attr('colspan', self.combatants)
				:css('border-top', infoboxStyle.section_border)
				:newline()
				:wikitext(self.args.notes)
	end

	if self.args.map_type and self.args.coordinates then
		builder:tag('tr')
			:tag('td')
				:attr('colspan', self.combatants)
				:css('border-top', infoboxStyle.internal_border)
				:node(require('Module:Location map').main(self.frame, {
					self.args.map_type,
					relief = self.args.map_relief,
					coordinates = self.args.coordinates,
					width = self.args.map_size or 220,
					float = 'center',
					border = 'none',
					mark = self.args.map_mark,
					marksize = self.args.map_marksize or 8,
					label = self.args.map_label,
					alt = self.args.map_alt,
					caption = self.args.map_caption or ('Goobta uu ka dhacay ' 
						.. (require('Module:Location map').data(self.frame, {self.args.map_type, 'name'})))
				}))
	end
	if self.args.coordinates then
		self.frame.args.onByDefault = tostring(not self.args.map_type)
		builder:tag('tr')
			:tag('td')
				:attr('colspan', self.combatants)
				:css('border-top', infoboxStyle.internal_border)
				:node(imf.auto(self.frame))
		builder:tag('tr')
			:tag('td')
				:attr('colspan', self.combatants)
				:css('text-align', 'center')
				:node(imf.autocaption(self.frame))
	end

	builder = builder:done()
	if self.args.campaignbox then
		builder = builder:done()
		builder:wikitext(self.args.campaignbox .. self.frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'stack end'})
	end
	return builder
end

function IMC.new(frame, args)
	if not args then
		args = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs(frame, {wrappers = 'Template:Infobox military conflict'})
	end
	local obj = {
		frame = frame,
		args = args
	}

	-- until gerrit:165108 is merged, there's still a cap on combatants, but as soon as it merges, we can update this little bit of code to uncap it
	-- also, don't try to make this more efficient, or references could be in the wrong order
	obj.combatants = 2
	for _,v in ipairs{'', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd'} do
		for i = 1,5 do
			if args['combatant' .. i .. v] then
				obj.combatants = math.max(obj.combatants, i)
			end
		end
	end

	return setmetatable(obj, IMC)
end

local p = {}

function p.main(frame)
	return frame:extensionTag{ name = 'templatestyles', args = { src = templatestyles} } .. tostring(IMC.new(frame):render())
end

return p</text>
      <sha1>jpi14knjfz6cwr55e0prqlx29wvucic</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:Convert/text</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>20526</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311302</id>
      <parentid>162016</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T21:26:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>311302</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="19713" sha1="8m007l7jx7mdwwt2dfy66a3yo6no2nr" xml:space="preserve">-- Text used by Module:Convert for enwiki.
-- This is a separate module to simplify translation for use on another wiki.
-- See [[:en:Template:Convert/Transwiki guide]] if copying to another wiki.

-- Some units accept an SI prefix before the unit code, such as &quot;kg&quot; for kilogram.
local SIprefixes = {
	-- The prefix field is what the prefix should be, if different from the prefix used.
	['Q'] = { exponent = 30, name = 'quetta',                 },
	['R'] = { exponent = 27, name = 'ronna',                  },
	['Y'] = { exponent = 24, name = 'yotta',                  },
	['Z'] = { exponent = 21, name = 'zetta',                  },
	['E'] = { exponent = 18, name = 'exa'  ,                  },
	['P'] = { exponent = 15, name = 'peta' ,                  },
	['T'] = { exponent = 12, name = 'tera' ,                  },
	['G'] = { exponent =  9, name = 'giga' ,                  },
	['M'] = { exponent =  6, name = 'mega' ,                  },
	['k'] = { exponent =  3, name = 'kilo' ,                  },
	['h'] = { exponent =  2, name = 'hecto',                  },
	['da']= { exponent =  1, name = 'deca' , name_us = 'deka' },
	['d'] = { exponent = -1, name = 'deci' ,                  },
	['c'] = { exponent = -2, name = 'centi',                  },
	['m'] = { exponent = -3, name = 'milli',                  },
	['μ'] = { exponent = -6, name = 'micro',                  },  -- key = 'GREEK SMALL LETTER MU' (U+03BC) utf-8 CE BC
	['µ'] = { exponent = -6, name = 'micro', prefix = 'μ'     },  -- key = 'MICRO SIGN' (U+00B5) utf-8 C2 B5
	['u'] = { exponent = -6, name = 'micro', prefix = 'μ'     },  -- not an SI prefix, but allow for people typing this
	['n'] = { exponent = -9, name = 'nano' ,                  },
	['p'] = { exponent =-12, name = 'pico' ,                  },
	['f'] = { exponent =-15, name = 'femto',                  },
	['a'] = { exponent =-18, name = 'atto' ,                  },
	['z'] = { exponent =-21, name = 'zepto',                  },
	['y'] = { exponent =-24, name = 'yocto',                  },
	['r'] = { exponent =-27, name = 'ronto',                  },
	['q'] = { exponent =-30, name = 'quecto',                 },
}

-- Some units can be qualified with one of the following prefixes, when linked.
local customary_units = {
	{ &quot;US&quot;, link = &quot;United States customary units&quot; },
	{ &quot;U.S.&quot;, link = &quot;United States customary units&quot; },
	{ &quot;imperial&quot;, link = &quot;Imperial units&quot; },
	{ &quot;imp&quot;, link = &quot;Imperial units&quot; },
}

-- Names when using engineering notation (a prefix of &quot;eN&quot; where N is a number; example &quot;e6km&quot;).
-- key = { &quot;name&quot;, link = &quot;article title&quot;, exponent = numeric_key_value }
-- If lk=on and link is defined, the name of the number will appear as a link.
local eng_scales = {
	[&quot;3&quot;]  = { &quot;thousand&quot;, exponent = 3 },
	[&quot;6&quot;]  = { &quot;million&quot;, exponent = 6 },
	[&quot;9&quot;]  = { &quot;billion&quot;, link = &quot;1000000000 (number)&quot;, exponent = 9 },
	[&quot;12&quot;] = { &quot;trillion&quot;, link = &quot;1000000000000 (number)&quot;, exponent = 12 },
	[&quot;15&quot;] = { &quot;quadrillion&quot;, link = &quot;1000000000000000 (number)&quot;, exponent = 15 },
}

local all_categories = {
	unit = &quot;[[Category:Convert errors]]&quot;,
	option = &quot;[[Category:Convert errors]]&quot;,
	warning = '[[Category:Convert invalid options]]',
	tracking = '[[Category:Convert tracking]]',
}

-- For some error messages, the following puts the wanted style around
-- each unit code marked like '...%{ft%}...'.
local unitcode_regex = '%%([{}])'
local unitcode_replace = { ['{'] = '&quot;', ['}'] = '&quot;' }  -- no longer need the more elaborate substitute used before 2013-09-28

-- All messages that may be displayed if a problem occurs.
local all_messages = {
	-- Message format string: $1=title, $2=text, $3=category, $4=anchor.
	-- Each displayed message starts with &quot;Convert:&quot; so can easily locate by searching article.
	cvt_format = '&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;[&lt;i&gt;[[Help:Convert messages#$4|&lt;span title=&quot;Convert: $1&quot;&gt;convert: $2&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt;$3&lt;span class=&quot;error&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;',
	cvt_format2 = '&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;[[Help:Convert messages#$4|&lt;span title=&quot;Convert: $1&quot;&gt;$2&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt;$3&lt;span class=&quot;error&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;',
	cvt_format_preview = '&lt;strong class=&quot;error&quot;&gt;Error in convert: $1 [[Help:Convert messages#$4|(help)]]&lt;/strong&gt;$3',
	-- Each of following messages is a table:
	-- { [1] = 'title',         -- mouseover title text
	--   [2] = 'text',          -- link text displayed in article
	--   [3] = 'category key',  -- key to lookup category in all_categories
	--   [4] = 'anchor',        -- anchor for link to relevant section on help page
	--   regex = gsub_regex,
	--   replace = gsub_table,
	-- }                    Mouseover title text                           Link text               CatKey     Anchor
	cvt_bad_input      = { 'input &quot;$1&quot; must be a number and unit'       , 'invalid input'       , 'option',  'invalid_input'        },
	cvt_bad_num        = { 'Value &quot;$1&quot; must be a number'                , 'invalid number'      , 'option',  'invalid_number'       },
	cvt_big_prec       = { 'Precision &quot;$1&quot; is too large'                , 'precision too large' , 'option',  'precision_too_large'  },
	cvt_invalid_num    = { 'Number has overflowed'                      , 'number overflow'     , 'option',  'number_overflow'      },
	cvt_no_num         = { 'Needs the number to be converted'           , 'needs a number'      , 'option',  'needs_number'         },
	cvt_no_num2        = { 'Needs another number for a range'           , 'needs another number', 'option',  'needs_another_number' },
	cvt_bad_altitude   = { '&quot;$1&quot; needs an integer'                      , 'invalid altitude'    , 'option',  'invalid_altitude'     },
	cvt_bad_frac       = { '&quot;$1&quot; needs an integer above 1'              , 'invalid fraction'    , 'option',  'invalid_fraction'     },
	cvt_bad_prec       = { 'Precision &quot;$1&quot; must be an integer'          , 'invalid precision'   , 'option',  'invalid_precision'    },
	cvt_bad_sigfig     = { '&quot;$1&quot; needs a positive integer'              , 'invalid sigfig'      , 'option',  'invalid_sigfig'       },
	cvt_empty_option   = { 'Ignored empty option &quot;$1&quot;'                  , 'empty option'        , 'option',  'empty_option'         },
	cvt_deprecated     = { 'Option &quot;$1&quot; is deprecated'                  , '*'                   , 'option',  'deprecated_option', format = 'cvt_format2', nowarn = true },
	cvt_no_spell       = { 'Spelling is not available'                  , 'bug, ask for help'   , 'option',  'ask_for_help'         },
	cvt_unknown_option = { 'Ignored invalid option &quot;$1&quot;'                , 'invalid option'      , 'option',  'invalid_option'       },
	cvt_wd_fail        = { 'Unable to access Wikidata'                  , 'wikidata problem'    , 'option',  'wikidata_problem'     },
	cvt_bad_default    = { 'Unit &quot;$1&quot; has an invalid default'           , 'bug, ask for help'   , 'unit'  ,  'ask_for_help'         },
	cvt_bad_unit       = { 'Unit &quot;$1&quot; is invalid here'                  , 'unit invalid here'   , 'unit'  ,  'unit_invalid_here'    },
	cvt_no_default     = { 'Unit &quot;$1&quot; has no default output unit'       , 'bug, ask for help'   , 'unit'  ,  'ask_for_help'         },
	cvt_no_unit        = { 'Needs name of unit'                         , 'needs unit name'     , 'unit'  ,  'needs_unit_name'      },
	cvt_unknown        = { 'Unit name &quot;$1&quot; is not known'                , 'unknown unit'        , 'unit'  ,  'unknown_unit'         },
	cvt_should_be      = { '$1'                                         , 'ambiguous unit'      , 'unit'  ,  'ambiguous_unit', regex = unitcode_regex, replace = unitcode_replace },
	cvt_mismatch       = { 'Cannot convert &quot;$1&quot; to &quot;$2&quot;'                , 'unit mismatch'       , 'unit'  ,  'unit_mismatch'        },
	cvt_bug_convert    = { 'Bug: Cannot convert between specified units', 'bug, ask for help'   , 'unit'  ,  'ask_for_help'         },
	cvt_lookup         = { 'Unit &quot;$1&quot; is incorrectly defined'           , 'bug, ask for help'   , 'unit'  ,  'ask_for_help'         },
}

-- Text to join input value/unit with output value/unit.
local disp_joins = {
	-- [1]=before output, [2]=after output, [3]=between outputs in a combination; default &quot;; &quot;
	-- [wantname] gives default abbr=off
	[&quot;or&quot;]         = { &quot; or &quot;    , &quot;&quot; , &quot; or &quot;, wantname = true },
	[&quot;sqbr-sp&quot;]    = { &quot; [&quot;      , &quot;]&quot; },
	[&quot;sqbr-nbsp&quot;]  = { &quot;&amp;nbsp;[&quot; , &quot;]&quot; },
	[&quot;comma&quot;]      = { &quot;, &quot;      , &quot;&quot; , &quot;, &quot; },
	[&quot;semicolon&quot;]  = { &quot;; &quot;      , &quot;&quot;  },
	[&quot;slash-sp&quot;]   = { &quot; / &quot;     , &quot;&quot; , wantname = true },
	[&quot;slash-nbsp&quot;] = { &quot;&amp;nbsp;/ &quot;, &quot;&quot; , wantname = true },
	[&quot;slash-nosp&quot;] = { &quot;/&quot;       , &quot;&quot; , wantname = true },
	[&quot;b&quot;]          = { &quot; (&quot;      , &quot;)&quot; },
	[&quot;(or)&quot;]       = { &quot; (&quot;      , &quot;)&quot;, &quot; or &quot; },
	[&quot;br&quot;]         = { &quot;&lt;br /&gt;&quot;  , &quot;&quot; , wantname = true },
	[&quot;br()&quot;]       = { &quot;&lt;br /&gt;(&quot; , &quot;)&quot;, wantname = true },
}

-- Text to separate values in a range.
local range_types = {
	-- Specifying a table requires either:
	-- * &quot;off&quot; and &quot;on&quot; values (for &quot;abbr=off&quot; and &quot;abbr=on&quot;), or
	-- * &quot;input&quot; and &quot;output&quot; values (for LHS and RHS);
	-- other fields are optional.
	-- When &quot;adj=on|abbr=off&quot; applies, spaces in range text are replaced with hyphens.
	-- With &quot;exception = true&quot;, that also occurs with &quot;adj=on|abbr=on&quot;.
	-- If &quot;adj&quot; is defined here, that text (unchanged) is used with &quot;adj=on&quot;.
	[&quot;+&quot;]      = &quot; + &quot;,
	[&quot;,&quot;]      = &quot;,&amp;nbsp;&quot;,
	[&quot;, and&quot;]  = &quot;, and &quot;,
	[&quot;, or&quot;]   = &quot;, or &quot;,
	[&quot;by&quot;]     = &quot; by &quot;,
	[&quot;-&quot;]      = &quot;–&quot;,
	[&quot;to about&quot;] = &quot; to about &quot;,
	[&quot;and&quot;]    = { off = &quot; and &quot;, on = &quot; and &quot;, exception = true },
	[&quot;and(-)&quot;] = { input = &quot; and &quot;, output = &quot;–&quot; },
	[&quot;or&quot;]     = { off = &quot; or &quot; , on = &quot; or &quot; , exception = true },
	[&quot;to&quot;]     = { off = &quot; to &quot; , on = &quot; to &quot; , exception = true },
	[&quot;to(-)&quot;]  = { input = &quot;&amp;nbsp;to &quot;, output = &quot;–&quot; },
	[&quot;+/-&quot;]    = { off = &quot;&amp;nbsp;±&amp;nbsp;&quot;, on = &quot;&amp;nbsp;±&amp;nbsp;&quot;, adj = &quot;&amp;nbsp;±&amp;nbsp;&quot;, is_range_change = true },
	[&quot;by(x)&quot;]  = { input = &quot; by &quot;, output = &quot; ×&amp;nbsp;&quot;, out_range_x = true },
	[&quot;x&quot;]      = { off = &quot; by &quot;, on = &quot; ×&amp;nbsp;&quot;, abbr_range_x = true },
	[&quot;xx&quot;]     = &quot;&amp;nbsp;×&amp;nbsp;&quot;,
	[&quot;*&quot;]      = &quot;×&quot;,
	[&quot;/&quot;]      = &quot;&amp;thinsp;/&amp;thinsp;&quot;,  -- for a table of high/low temperatures with {{convert|83|/|63|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}}
}

local range_aliases = {
	-- [&quot;alternative name for a range&quot;] = &quot;standard range name&quot;
	[&quot;–&quot;]        = &quot;-&quot;,
	[&quot;&amp;ndash;&quot;]  = &quot;-&quot;,
	[&quot;×&quot;]        = &quot;x&quot;,
	[&quot;&amp;times;&quot;]  = &quot;x&quot;,
	[&quot;±&quot;]        = &quot;+/-&quot;,
	[&quot;&amp;plusmn;&quot;] = &quot;+/-&quot;,
}

-- Convert accepts range text delimited with whitespace, for example, {{convert|1 to 2|ft}}.
-- In addition, the following &quot;words&quot; are accepted without spaces, for example, {{convert|1-2|ft}}.
-- Words must be in correct order for searching, for example, 'x' after 'xx'.
local range_words = { '-', '–', 'xx', 'x', '*' }

local ranges = {
	types = range_types,
	aliases = range_aliases,
	words = range_words,
}

-- Valid option names.
local en_option_name = {
	-- [&quot;local text for option name&quot;] = &quot;en name used in this module&quot;
	[&quot;$&quot;] = &quot;$&quot;,
	[&quot;abbr&quot;] = &quot;abbr&quot;,
	[&quot;adj&quot;] = &quot;adj&quot;,
	[&quot;altitude_ft&quot;] = &quot;altitude_ft&quot;,
	[&quot;altitude_m&quot;] = &quot;altitude_m&quot;,
	[&quot;comma&quot;] = &quot;comma&quot;,
	[&quot;debug&quot;] = &quot;debug&quot;,
	[&quot;disp&quot;] = &quot;disp&quot;,
	[&quot;error&quot;] = &quot;error&quot;,
	[&quot;frac&quot;] = &quot;frac&quot;,
	[&quot;input&quot;] = &quot;input&quot;,
	[&quot;lang&quot;] = &quot;lang&quot;,
	[&quot;link&quot;] = &quot;lk&quot;,
	[&quot;lk&quot;] = &quot;lk&quot;,
	[&quot;order&quot;] = &quot;order&quot;,
	[&quot;qid&quot;] = &quot;qid&quot;,
	[&quot;qual&quot;] = &quot;qual&quot;,
	[&quot;qualifier&quot;] = &quot;qual&quot;,
	[&quot;round&quot;] = &quot;round&quot;,
	[&quot;sigfig&quot;] = &quot;sigfig&quot;,
	[&quot;sing&quot;] = &quot;adj&quot;,                   -- &quot;sing&quot; is an old alias for &quot;adj&quot;
	[&quot;sortable&quot;] = &quot;sortable&quot;,
	[&quot;sp&quot;] = &quot;sp&quot;,
	[&quot;spell&quot;] = &quot;spell&quot;,
	[&quot;stylein&quot;] = &quot;stylein&quot;,
	[&quot;styleout&quot;] = &quot;styleout&quot;,
	[&quot;tracking&quot;] = &quot;tracking&quot;,
}

-- Valid option values.
-- Convention: parms.opt_xxx refers to an option that is set here
-- (not intended to be set by the template which invokes this module).
-- Example: At enwiki, &quot;abbr&quot; includes:
--     [&quot;values&quot;] = &quot;opt_values&quot;
-- As a result, if the template uses abbr=values, Module:Convert sets:
--     parms[&quot;opt_values&quot;] = true
--     parms[&quot;abbr&quot;] = nil
-- Therefore parms.abbr will be nil, or will have one of the listed values
-- that do not start with &quot;opt_&quot;.
-- An option value of form &quot;xxx?&quot; is the same as &quot;xxx&quot; but shows the input as deprecated.
-- Options removed in January 2018 with remnants still in Module:Convert:
--     abbr=mos (in a range, repeat the input unit)
--     adj=1 (set opt_singular to make the unit name singular when 0 &lt; abs(value) &lt;= 1)
local en_option_value = {
	[&quot;$&quot;] = 'TEXT',                     -- TEXT should be a currency symbol that will be used instead of &quot;$&quot;
	[&quot;abbr&quot;] = {
		-- [&quot;local text for option value&quot;] = &quot;en value used in this module&quot;
		[&quot;def&quot;] = &quot;&quot;,                   -- ignored (some wrapper templates call convert with &quot;abbr=def&quot; to mean &quot;default abbreviation&quot;)
		[&quot;h&quot;] = &quot;on&quot;,                   -- abbr=on + use &quot;h&quot; for hand unit (default)
		[&quot;hh&quot;] = &quot;opt_hand_hh&quot;,         -- abbr=on + use &quot;hh&quot; for hand unit
		[&quot;in&quot;] = &quot;in&quot;,                  -- use symbol for LHS unit
		[&quot;none&quot;] = &quot;off&quot;,               -- old name for &quot;off&quot;
		[&quot;off&quot;] = &quot;off&quot;,                -- use name for all units
		[&quot;on&quot;] = &quot;on&quot;,                  -- use symbol for all units
		[&quot;out&quot;] = &quot;out&quot;,                -- use symbol for RHS unit (default)
		[&quot;unit&quot;] = &quot;unit&quot;,              -- abbr=on but abbreviate units only: e6km → million km (not ×10⁶ km)
		[&quot;values&quot;] = &quot;opt_values&quot;,      -- show only input and output numbers, not units
		[&quot;~&quot;] = &quot;opt_also_symbol&quot;,      -- show input unit symbol as well as name
	},
	[&quot;adj&quot;] = {
		[&quot;mid&quot;] = &quot;opt_adjectival, opt_adj_mid&quot;,  -- adj=on with user-specified text after input unit (between input and output)
		[&quot;off&quot;] = &quot;&quot;,                   -- ignored (off is the default)
		[&quot;on&quot;] = &quot;opt_adjectival&quot;,      -- unit name is singular and hyphenated
		[&quot;pre&quot;] = &quot;opt_one_preunit&quot;,    -- user-specified text before input unit
		[&quot;ri0&quot;] = &quot;opt_ri=0&quot;,           -- round input with precision = 0
		[&quot;ri1&quot;] = &quot;opt_ri=1&quot;,           -- round input with precision = 1
		[&quot;ri2&quot;] = &quot;opt_ri=2&quot;,           -- round input with precision = 2
		[&quot;ri3&quot;] = &quot;opt_ri=3&quot;,           -- round input with precision = 3
		[&quot;~&quot;] = &quot;opt_also_symbol&quot;,      -- same as abbr=~ so can have {{convert|1|C|K|abbr=off|adj=~}}
	},
	[&quot;altitude_ft&quot;] = 'INTEGER',
	[&quot;altitude_m&quot;] = 'INTEGER',
	[&quot;comma&quot;] = {
		[&quot;5&quot;] = &quot;opt_comma5&quot;,           -- only use numsep grouping if 5 or more digits
		[&quot;gaps&quot;] = &quot;opt_gaps&quot;,          -- use gaps, not numsep, to separate groups of digits
		[&quot;gaps3&quot;] = &quot;opt_gaps, opt_gaps3&quot;,  -- group only in threes rather than default of no gap before a single digit after decimal mark
		[&quot;off&quot;] = &quot;opt_nocomma&quot;,        -- no numsep in input or output numbers
	},
	[&quot;debug&quot;] = {
		[&quot;yes&quot;] = &quot;opt_sortable_debug&quot;, -- make the normally hidden sort key visible
	},
	[&quot;disp&quot;] = {
		[&quot;5&quot;] = &quot;opt_round=5?&quot;,         -- round output value to nearest 5
		[&quot;b&quot;] = &quot;b&quot;,                    -- join: '(...)'
		[&quot;(or)&quot;] = &quot;(or)&quot;,              -- join: '(...)' with 'or' between outputs in a combination
		[&quot;br&quot;] = &quot;br&quot;,                  -- join: '&lt;br /&gt;'
		[&quot;br()&quot;] = &quot;br()&quot;,              -- join: '&lt;br /&gt;(...)'
		[&quot;comma&quot;] = &quot;comma&quot;,            -- join: ','
		[&quot;flip&quot;] = &quot;opt_flip&quot;,          -- reverse order of input/output
		[&quot;number&quot;] = &quot;opt_output_number_only&quot;,  -- display output value (not input, and not output symbol/name)
		[&quot;or&quot;] = &quot;or&quot;,                  -- join: 'or'
		[&quot;out&quot;] = &quot;opt_output_only&quot;,
		[&quot;output number only&quot;] = &quot;opt_output_number_only&quot;,
		[&quot;output only&quot;] = &quot;opt_output_only&quot;,
		[&quot;preunit&quot;] = &quot;opt_two_preunits&quot;,    -- user-specified text before input and output units
		[&quot;semicolon&quot;] = &quot;semicolon&quot;,    -- join: ';'
		[&quot;sqbr&quot;] = &quot;sqbr&quot;,              -- join: '[...]'
		[&quot;table&quot;] = &quot;opt_table&quot;,        -- output is suitable for a table cell with align=&quot;right&quot;
		[&quot;tablecen&quot;] = &quot;opt_tablecen&quot;,  -- output is suitable for a table cell with align=&quot;center&quot;
		[&quot;unit&quot;] = &quot;opt_input_unit_only&quot;, -- display input symbol/name (not output, and not input value)
		[&quot;unit or text&quot;] = &quot;opt_input_unit_only, opt_ignore_error&quot;, -- display input symbol/name, or given unit code if not known
		[&quot;unit2&quot;] = &quot;opt_output_unit_only&quot;,
		[&quot;x&quot;] = &quot;x&quot;,                    -- join: &lt;first&gt;...&lt;second&gt; (user-specified text)
	},
	[&quot;error&quot;] = 'TEXT',                 -- TEXT is any text that will be returned if the conversion fails, instead of an error occurring
	[&quot;frac&quot;] = 'INTEGER',
	[&quot;input&quot;] = 'TEXT',                 -- TEXT should be &lt;value&gt;&lt;space&gt;&lt;unitcode&gt; or &lt;wikidata-property-id&gt;
	[&quot;lang&quot;] = {                        -- language for output digits (both en and local digits are always accepted for input)
		[&quot;en&quot;] = &quot;opt_lang_en&quot;,         -- use en digits for numbers, regardless of local language
		[&quot;local&quot;] = &quot;opt_lang_local&quot;,   -- use local digits for numbers (default, although config can change default to en)
	},
	[&quot;lk&quot;] = {
		[&quot;in&quot;] = &quot;in&quot;,                  -- link LHS unit name or symbol
		[&quot;off&quot;] = &quot;off&quot;,                -- do not link: same as default except for hand unit
		[&quot;on&quot;] = &quot;on&quot;,                  -- link all unit names or symbols (but not twice for the same unit)
		[&quot;out&quot;] = &quot;out&quot;,                -- link RHS unit name or symbol
	},
	[&quot;order&quot;] = {
		[&quot;flip&quot;] = &quot;opt_flip&quot;,          -- reverse order of input/output
		[&quot;out&quot;] = &quot;opt_order_out&quot;,      -- do not show input; instead, use order in output combination, with the first output shown as the input
	},
	[&quot;qid&quot;] = 'TEXT',                   -- TEXT should be a Wikidata Q item identifier
	[&quot;qual&quot;] = 'TEXT',                  -- TEXT should be a Wikidata Q item identifier
	[&quot;round&quot;] = {
		[&quot;0.5&quot;] = &quot;opt_round=0.5&quot;,      -- round output value to nearest 0.5
		[&quot;5&quot;] = &quot;opt_round=5&quot;,          -- round output value to nearest 5
		[&quot;10&quot;] = &quot;opt_round=10&quot;,        -- round output value to nearest 10 (same as but clearer than &quot;|-1&quot;)
		[&quot;25&quot;] = &quot;opt_round=25&quot;,        -- round output value to nearest 25
		[&quot;50&quot;] = &quot;opt_round=50&quot;,        -- round output value to nearest 50
		[&quot;each&quot;] = &quot;opt_round_each&quot;,    -- using default precision in a range, round each output separately (default uses highest precision of each item in range)
	},
	[&quot;sigfig&quot;] = 'INTEGER',
	[&quot;sortable&quot;] = {
		[&quot;off&quot;] = &quot;&quot;,                   -- ignored (off is the default)
		[&quot;on&quot;] = &quot;opt_sortable_on&quot;,     -- output sort key for use in a sortable table, based on value from converting to a standard base unit
		[&quot;debug&quot;] = &quot;opt_sortable_on, opt_sortable_debug&quot;,  -- |sortable=debug is the same as |sortable=on|debug=yes
	},
	[&quot;sp&quot;] = {
		[&quot;us&quot;] = &quot;opt_sp_us&quot;,           -- use U.S. spelling (like &quot;meter&quot; instead of default &quot;metre&quot;)
	},
	[&quot;spell&quot;] = {                       -- only English spelling is supported; not scientific notation; only some fractions
		[&quot;in&quot;] = &quot;opt_spell_in&quot;,        -- spell input value in words
		[&quot;In&quot;] = &quot;opt_spell_in, opt_spell_upper&quot;,                -- spell input value in words with first letter uppercase
		[&quot;on&quot;] = &quot;opt_spell_in, opt_spell_out&quot;,                  -- spell input and output values in words
		[&quot;On&quot;] = &quot;opt_spell_in, opt_spell_out, opt_spell_upper&quot;, -- same, with first letter of first word in result uppercase
		[&quot;us&quot;] = &quot;opt_sp_us&quot;,           -- use U.S. spelling; same as sp=us so spell=us also works
	},
	[&quot;stylein&quot;] = 'TEXT',
	[&quot;styleout&quot;] = 'TEXT',
	[&quot;tracking&quot;] = 'TEXT',
}

local titles = {
	[&quot;frac&quot;] = &quot;Fraction/styles.css&quot;,
	[&quot;sfrac&quot;] = &quot;Sfrac/styles.css&quot;,
}

return {
	SIprefixes = SIprefixes,
	all_categories = all_categories,
	all_messages = all_messages,
	currency = { ['$'] = true, ['£'] = true, ['€'] = true, ['₱'] = true, ['₽'] = true, ['¥'] = true },
	customary_units = customary_units,
	disp_joins = disp_joins,
	en_option_name = en_option_name,
	en_option_value = en_option_value,
	eng_scales = eng_scales,
	ranges = ranges,
	titles = titles,
}</text>
      <sha1>8m007l7jx7mdwwt2dfy66a3yo6no2nr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Maandhenimada Kubadda Cagta</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23613</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311350</id>
      <parentid>296068</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-30T01:04:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>28368</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
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      <text bytes="49058" sha1="1sr7mma0o8noy6vriagdvsbkol97z1u" xml:space="preserve">'''Saaxiibtinimada Kubadda Cagta''' waa barnaamij sanadlaha ah oo carruurta loogu talo galay oo ay fuliso shirkadda PJSC Gazprom. Ujeedada barnaamijku waa si loo kobciyo mabaadiida muhiimka ah looguna beero da' yarta xiise ay u qabaan hab nololeed caafimaad qab leh iyadoo la adeegsanayo kubadda cagta&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.sportindustry.biz/news/football-friendship-project-returns&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Qaabdhismeedka barnaamijka, ciyaartooda kubadda cagta ee da'da 12 sano jir ah oo kaka la socoda dal oo kala duwan&lt;ref&gt;inserbia.info/today/2014/04/gazproms-football-for-friendship-2014&lt;/ref&gt; ayaa qayb galka Koobka Adduunka ee &quot;Saaxiibtinimada KubaddaCagta&quot;, iyo Maalinta Caalamiga ah ee Kubadda Cagta iyo Saaxiibtinimada.&lt;ref&gt;www.newswire.ca/en/story/1505319/europe-and-asia-to-meet-within-football-for-friendship-international-children-s-social-project-of-gazprom&lt;/ref&gt; Barnaamijka waxaa taageeray FIFA, UEFA, UN, Olympic iyo Guddiyada Paralympic, dowladaha iyo xiriirada kubada cagta ee wadamo kala duwan, samafalada qaranka, hay'adaha bulshada, hogaaminayo kooxyada kubada cagta ee dhulka&lt;ref&gt;https://www.sport-express.ru/football/gazprom/reviews/futbol-dlya-druzhby-2018-obyavleny-imena-uchastnikov-programmy-ot-rossii-1401229/&lt;/ref&gt;. Barnaamika the global organizer waa Shirkadda Isgaarsiinta AGCT (Ruush).&lt;ref&gt;www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/young-football-players-from-24-countries-of-europe-and-asia-meet-at-third-international-childrens-football-for-friendship-forum-506472841.html&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Taariikhda ==

=== Saaxiibtinimada Kubadda Cagta ee 2013 ===
Kulankii ugu horreeyay ee caalamiga ahaa ee Saaxiibtinimada Kubadda Cagta ee loo qabto  670 oo carruur waxa uuka dhacay magaalada London 25-kii Maayo 2013. Waxana ka qayb galay carruur ka kala socotay 8 dal oo kala ah Bulgaria iyo Boqortooyada Ingiriiska iyo Hungary iyo Jarmalka iyo Giriiga iyo Ruushka iyo Serbia iyo Slovenia. Ruushka waxa matalayay 11 kooxood oo kubadda cagta ah oo ka kala socda 11 magaalo oo lagu qaban doono ciyaaraha Koobka Adduunka sannadka 2018. Sidoo kale waxa ka qayb galay naadiyada carruurta ee Zenit, Chelsea, Schalka 04, Crvena Zvezda oo ah naadiyada ku guulaystay maalinta ciyaaraha caruurta ee shirkadda Gazprom, sidoo kale waxa ka qayb galay Madashaas kooxihii ku guulaystay Dabaaldagga Fakel.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://archive.is/20150515191023/http:/fcbusiness.co.uk/news/article/newsitem=2379/title=franz+beckenbauer+kicks+off+gazprom%92s+%91football+for+friendship%92+campaign&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Kulanku intuu socday, caruurtu waxay la hadleen dhigooda ka socday dalalka kale iyo ciyaaryahannada caanka ah, waxaanay ka qayb galeen ciyaartii kama dambaysta ahayd ee Tartanka Horyaalka Kooxaha Yurub sannadkii 2012/2013 lagu qabtay garoonka Wembley.&lt;ref&gt;www.ntv.ru/sport/627113&lt;/ref&gt;

Madasha waxa lagu soo gunaanaday dhambaal furan oo ay carruurtu ku xuseen qiyam sideed ah oo barnaamijka u dejisan oo kala ah: saaxiibtinimo, sinnaan, caddaalad, nabadgalyo, daacadnimo, guul iyo dhaqan. Kadib dhambaalka waxa loo diray madaxda UEFA iyo FIFA iyo IOC. Bishii September ee 2013, intii lagu jiray kulankii lala qaatay Vladimir Putin iyo Vitaly Mutko, waxa uu xaqiijiyay Sepp Blatter in uu soo gaadhay dhambaalku, waxaanu sheegay in uu diyaar u yahay in uu taageero Saaxiibtinimada Kubadda Cagta.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/marketing/sponsorship/partners/gazprom.html&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Saaxiibtinimada Kubadda Cagta ee 2014 ===
Xili ciyaareedkii labaad ee barnaamijka Saaxiibtinimada Kubadda Cagta waxa lagu qabtay magaalada Lisbon 23-25-kii May 2014 waxaana ka qayb galay in ka badan 450 dhalin ah oo ka kala socday 16 dal: Belarus, Bulgaria, Boqortooyada Ingiriiska, Hungary, Jarmalka, Talyaaniga, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Serbia, Slovenia, Turkey, Ukraine, France iyo Croatia. Ciyaartoyda da'da yar waxay qayb galeen Madasha caalamiga ah eeSaaxiibtinimad Kubadda Cagta, tartanka kubadda cagtaee  wadooyinka, waxyna ka qayb galeen ciyaartii kama dambaysta ee Horyaalka Kooxaha Yurub ee sanadkii 2013/2014&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;www.euronews.com/2014/05/27/football-for-friendship-teaching-values-through-football&lt;/ref&gt; Kooxdii ku guulaysatay ciyaaraha dariiqyada sanadkii 2014 waxa ay ahayd kooxda Benfica junior (Portugal). 

Natiijooyinkii xili ciyaareedka labaad ee barnaamijka waxay aheyd doorashada hoggaanka dhaqdhaqaaqa Saaxiibtinimada Kubadda Cagta. Waxa loo doortay Felipe Suarez oo u dhashay Portugal. Bishii June 2014, isagoo ah hogaamiyaha dhaqdhaqaaqa, waxa uu booqday wareega sagaalaad ee kubadda cagta kacaanka oo ahayd xuskii Yuri Andreyevich Morozov.&lt;ref&gt;www.lazionews.eu/settore-giovanile/oltre-450-ragazzi-riuniti-da-gazprom-in-occasione-del-secondo-forum-internazionale-football-for-friendship/&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Saaxiibtinimada Kubadda Cagta ee 2015 ===
Xili ciyaareedka saddexaad ee barnaamijka caalamiga ah ee Saaxiibtinimada Kubadda Cagta  waxa lagu qabtay bishii June 2015 magaalada Berlin. Markii ugu horraysay waxa ka qayb galay barnaamijka caruur ka socota qaarada Aasiya, oo ka kala socday dalalk Japan iyo China iyo Kazakhstan. Guud ahaan, kooxo da'yar ah oo kala socday 24 naadi kubadda cagta ah oo ka socday 24 dal ayaa ka qayb galay xili ciyaareedkii sadexaad.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;www.noodls.com/viewNoodl/28582380/oao-gazprom/young-football-players-from-24-countries-of-europe-and-asia-&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciyaaryahannada da'da yar waxay la sheekaysteen dhigoodii oo ka socday dalal kale iyo waliba xidigaha kubadda cagta oo uu ka mid yahay safiirka caalamiga ah ee barnaamijka Franz Beckenbauer, waxaanay sidoo kale ka qayb galeen horyaalka caalamiga ah ee kubadda cagta wadooyinka. Horyaalka Caalamiga ah ee Kubadda Cagta Wadooyinka waxa sannadkii 2015-ka ku guulaystay kooxda Rapid ee da'yarta (Austria).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Xili ciyaareedkii saddexaad ee barnaamijka Saaxiibtinimada Kubadda Cagta waxa soo tabinayay wararkiisa ku dhawaad 200 oo wariye oo ka kala socotay wargaysyada ugu caansan caalamka, sidoo kale waxa ka qayb galay 24 wariye ugu da'yar oo ka kala socday Yurub iyo Aasiya, kuwaas oo ka mid ahaa Rugta Warbaahinta Carruurta ee Caalamiga Ah.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Sannadkii 2015 waxa lagu soo gunaanaday xaflad lagu abaal marinayo Koobka qiyamka Sagaalka ah, kaasoo uu ku guulaystay naadiga Barcelona (Spain). Kooxda guushu raacday waxa soo doortay carruurtii ka qayb galay bilawgii Madasha codayn caalami ah oo ka dhacday 24 kii dal ee ka qayb galay Madasha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Dhammaadkii Madasha dhammaan kooxihii ka qayb galay waxay fuliyeen dhaqanka ah ka qayb galka ciyaarta kama dambaysta ah ee Horyaalka Kooxaha Yurub ee sannadkii 2014/2014kii dhacay Garoonka Olimbikada Berlin.&lt;ref&gt;www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/young-football-players-from-24-countries-of-europe-and-asia-meet-at-third-international-childrens-football-for-friendship-forum-506472841.html&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Saaxiibtinimada Kubadda Cagta ee 2016 ===
Bilawgii Barnaamijka Caalamiga ah ee Carruurta ee Saaxiibtinimada Kubadda Cagta ee sannadkii 2016 waxa la qabtay shir jaraa'id oo loo adeegsaday barnaamijka Hangout ee internet-ka, waxaana lagu qabtay magaalada Munich 24-kii Maarso waxaana ka qaybgalay safiirka caalamiga ah ee barnaamjika Franz Beckenbauer.&lt;ref&gt;www.euronews.com/2016/03/25/football-for-friendship-ready-for-fourth-edition/&lt;/ref&gt;

Wareegii siddeedaad ee barnaamijka, 8 kooxood oo da'yar ah oo ka kala socday dalalka Azerbaijan, Algeria, Armenia, Argentina, Brazil, Vietnam, Kyrgyzstan, iyo Suuriya [20] ayaa ka qayb galay, taasoo ka dhigaysa wadarta guud ee dalalka ka qayb galay 32 dal.&lt;ref&gt;www.sgb-sports.com/index.php/fourth-gazprom-football-for-friendship-project-launches/&lt;/ref&gt;

5-tii April 2016, waxa bilaabantay codayntii koobka gaarka ah ee loo yaqaano Koobka Sagaalka Qiyam&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://rbth.com/sport/2016/03/31/gazprom-soccer-project-unites-worlds-children-for-4th-year_580729&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Taageerayaal ka kala socday daafaha aduunka oo dhan ayaa ka qayb galay doorashada kooxda guulaysatay, laakiin go'aankii kama dambaysta ahaa waxaa gaadhay ka qayb galayaashii barnaamijka Saaxiibtinimada Kubadda Cagta iyagoo codkooda dhiibanaya. Koobka waxa ku guulaystay kooxda Bayern ee kubadda cagta (Munich). Ka qayb galayaashii barnaamijka Saaxiibtinimada Kubadda Cagta waxay xuseen hawlaha uu naadigu fuliyo si uu u taageero caruurta leh baahida khaaska ah ee ku nool dalalka kala duwan iyo caawinta dadka baahan.&lt;ref&gt;rbth.com/sport/2016/06/01/gazprom-brings-soccer-crazy-kids-to-milan-for-uefa-champions-league-final_599353&lt;/ref&gt;

Kulankii afraad ee caalamiga ah ee carruurta ee barnaamijka Saaxiibtinimada Kubadda Cagtaiyo ciyaartii kama dambaysta ahayd ee horyaalka carruurta ee caalamiga ah ee kubadda cagta waddooyinku wuxuu magaalada Milan ka qabsoomay 27-28 Maajo ee 2016.  Kooxdii ku guulaysatay horyaalku waxay ahayd kooxda Maribor ee dalka Slovenia. Dhammaadkii Madasha ka qaybgalayaashu waxay fuliyeen dhaqanka ah ka qayb galka ciyaarta kama dambaysta ah ee Horyaalka Kooxaha Yurub. Dhacdooyinkii Madasha waxa soo tabinayay wararkiisa in ka badan 200 oo wariye oo ka kala socday wargays yada ugu muhiimsan caalamka, sidoo kale waxa ka qayb galay Rugta Warbaahinta Caruurta ee Caalamiga Ah oo ay matalayeen wariyayaal da'yar oo ka kala socday dalalka ka qayb galay Madasha.&lt;ref&gt;www.prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/fourth-international-football-for-friendship-forum-brings-together-young-footballers-from-three-continents-581479171.html&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciyaaryahanno da'yar oo ka socda naadiga Suuriya ee Al-Waxda ayaa ka qayb galay xili ciyaareedkii afraad ee Saaxiibtinimada Kubadda Cagta, taas oo aan hore u dhicin. Ka qayb galinta kooxda reer Suuriya ee barnaamijka, iyo booqashada carruurta reer Suuriya ay ku tageen dhacdooyinka Milan, waxay ahayd tallaabo muhiim ah oo lagaga hortagayo go'doonka bini'aadam nimo ee saaran waddanka. Dhanka kale guddida tifaftirka ciyaaraha ee telefishanka caalamiga ah ee Russia Today, isagoo kaashanaya Xidhiidhka kubadda cagta ee Suuriya, ayaa soo duubay filim dokumenter ah oo lagu magacaabay &quot;Saddex Cisho oo Bilaa Dagaal ah&quot; oo ku saabsan carrurta ka qayb galay mashruuca. 14-kii September 2016-kii, in ka badan 7,000 oo qof ayaa booqday soo bandhigii ugu horreeyay ee filimka oo ka dhacay magaalada Dimishiq.&lt;ref&gt;www.euronews.com/2016/05/31/football-for-friendship-syrian-youth-team-make-tournament-debut-in-milan&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Saaxiibtinimada Kubadda Cagta ee 2017 ===
Goobta lagu qabtay mashruuca bulsheed ee carruurta ee caalamiga ah ee loogu talagalay Saaxiibtinimada Kubadda Cagta ee sannadkii 2017-kii waxa lagu qabtay magaalada St. Petersburg (Ruushka), ciyaarihii ugu dambeeyayna waxa lagu qabtaa magaaladaas intii u dhaxaysay 26-kii June ilaa 3-dii July.&lt;ref&gt;www.live5news.com/story/34934258/fifth-season-of-gazproms-football-for-friendship-international-childrens-project-launched&lt;/ref&gt;

Sannadkii 2017, tirada dalalka ka qayb galay barnaamijku waxay gaadhay 64 dal halkay ahayd 32 dal. Markii ugu horraysay waxa barnaamijka  Saaxiibtinimada Kubadda Cagta ah ka qayb galay carruur ka kala socday dalalka Mexico] iyo Maraykanka. Sidaa awgeed, mashruucu waxa uu mideeyay ciyaar yahanno da'yar oo ka kala socday afar qaaradood oo kala — Afrika, Yuureeshiya, iyo Waqooiyga Ameerika iyo Koonfurta Ameerika.&lt;ref&gt;finance.dailyherald.com/dailyherald/news/read/33918303/Fifth_Season_of_Gazprom's_Football_for_Friendship_International_Children's_Project_Launched&lt;/ref&gt;

Xili ciyaareedkii shanaad barnaamijka waxa loo hirgaliyay hab cusub, halkaasoo ciyaartoy da'yar oo ka socda dal kasta ayaa loo doortay si uu u metelo dalkaas. Kadib waxay ciyaartoydu ku midoobeen sideed kooxood oo caalami ah oo saaxiibtinimo, kuwaas oo ka koobnaa wiilal iyo gabdho 12 jir ah oo ay ku jiraan carruur naafo ah.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.merrilledge.com/research/story?stryKey=600-201703161740PR_NEWS_USPRX____enUK201703165338-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Intii ay socotay isku aadka furan, waxa la go'aamiyay dalalka ay ka koobnaan doonaan kooxuhu, iyo doorka ay ciyaari doonaan ciyaar yahannada matalayay dalalka ka qayb galay tartanka. Isku aadka waxa lagu fuliyay habka shirarka shabakada internet-ka. Siddeeda kooxood ee ciyaartoyda da'da yar waxaa u madax ahaa tababarayaal da'yar: Rene Lampert (Slovenia), Stefan Maksimovich (Serbia), Brandon Shabani (Boqortooyada Ingiriiska), Charlie Sui (Shiinaha), Anatoly Chentuloyev (Ruushka), Bogdan Krolevetsky (Ruushka), Anton Ivanov (Ruushka), Emma Henschen (Holan). Sidoo kale Liliya Matsumoto (Jabaan) oo metelaysay rugta saxaafadda caalamiga ah ee barnaamijka Kubadda Cagta ee Saaxiibtinimada ayaa ka qayb gashay diyaarinta isku aadka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;www.newswit.com/.gen/2017-03-17/bafb838790ea60129b53d1add5e4ee99/&lt;/ref&gt;

Kooxdii ku guulaysatay Koobka Adduunka ee Saaxiibtinimadu Kubadda Cagta waxay aheyd kooxda 2017 &quot;orange&quot; oo ay ka mid ahaa tababare da'yar iyo ciyaartoy da'yar oo ka kala socday sagaal dal oo kala ah: Rene Lampert (Slovenia), Hong Jun Marvin Tue (Singapore), Paul Puig I Montana (Spain), Gabriel Mendoza (Bolivia), Ravan Kazimov (Azerbaijan), Khrisimir Stanimirov Stanchev (Bulgaria), Ivan Agustin Casco (Argentina), Roman Horak (Czech Republic), Hamzah Yusuf Nuri Alhavvat (Libya).&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Madasha caalamiga ah ee carruurta ee Saaxiibtinimada Kubadda Cagta waxa ka qayb galay Viktor Zubkov (guddoomiyaha guddiga agaasimayaasha PJSC Gazprom), Fatma Samura (xoghayaha guud ee ururka FIFA), Philippe Le Flock (maareeyaha guud ee ganacsiga ee ururka FIFA), Giulio Baptista (ciyaartoy reer Brazil ah), Ivan Zamorano (Weeraryahan reer Chile ah), Alexander Kerzhakov (ciyaaroy Ruush ah) iyo marti kale, kuwaas oo ku baaqay kobcinta qiyamka doorka mudan ee bini'aadamnimo iyo in lagu dhex faafiyo jiilka da'da yar&lt;ref&gt;www.euronews.com/2017/07/06/football-brings-kids-together&lt;/ref&gt;.

2017-kii, mashruucu waxa uu isu keenay in ka badan 600,000, halka in ka badan 1,000 carrur iyo dad waaweyn intaba leh oo ka kala socday 64 dal, ay ka qayb galeen ciyaarihii ugu dambeeyay ee ka dhacay magaalada St. Petersburg.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://vk.com/audios12451846&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Saaxiibtinimada Kubadda Cagta ee [[2018]] ===
Gudaha 2018, waxaa la go'aansaday in Xiliga Lixaad ee «Saaxiibtinimada Kubadda Cagta»  waxaa la qabanayaa ka bilow Febraayo 15 illaa Juun 15. Xiritaanka dhacdooyinka waxay ka dhaceen Moscow markaas ka hor Koobka Caalamka ee 2018 FIFA. Ka qeybqaatayaasha barnaamijka waxaa ku jiro ciyaartoy dhalinyaro ah iyo joornaaliistayaal matalayo 211 wadan iyo gobolada caalamka world.&lt;ref&gt;www.thedailystar.net/sports/football/time-defender-bangladesh-1543027&lt;/ref&gt; Bilowga rasmiga ah ee Barnaamijka 2018 waxaa lagu sameeyay tooska Furitaanka Sawirka «Saaxiibtinimada Kubadda Cagta», natiijooyinka taas oo 32 kooxyo kubada cagta caalami ah – Kooxyo Saaxibtinimo – ayaa la aasaasay.

Ku xirmida howlgalka deegaanka, 2018 Kooxyada «Saaxiibtinimada Kubadda Cagta» ee Caalamiga ah waxaa lagu magacaabay xayawaanada dhifka ah iyo xawayaanada halista ah: 

Maroodiga Afrikaanka Ah

Komodo Varan

Daayeerka Kipunji

Diinka Wayn

Cawsha Addra

Haramacadka

Wiyisha

Libaax Badeedka Angel

Dubaha Waqooyi

Daayeerka Lemur

Dubaha Cawlan 

Libaax Badeedka Nibiriga

Butida Isloth

Maska Boqorka Kobra

Daayeerka Chimpanzee

Yaxaaska Gavial ee Hindiya

Goriillaha Galbeedka

Shimbirta Imperial Woodpecker

Biciidka Saiga

Daayeerka Capuchin ee Wajiga Cad

Butida Koala

Shabeelka Saybeeria

Dameer Farowga Grévy 

Xayawaanka Orangutan

Panda Weynaha

Shimbirta Magellanic Penguin 

Geriga Rothschild

Nibiriga Tuurta Leh

Eyga Ugaadhsiga ee Afrika

Libaaxa

Jeerta

Libaaxa Badda Galápagos 

Sidoo kale, gudaha qaabdhismeedka howgalka deegaanka, Ololaha Caalamiga Maalinta Farxada oo ku dhiirogelinayo bulshada caalamka inay taageeraan xayawaanada halista ’ hay'adaha keydinta ayaa la bilaabay Maajo 30, 2018. Darjiimada qaranka iyo keydadka Raashiya, USA, Nepal iyo Ingiriiska&lt;ref&gt;www.chronicle.co.zw/russia-opportunity-for-zim-youngsters/&lt;/ref&gt;.  waxay ku biireen Ololaha. Waxaa intaas dheer, inta lagu jiray dhacdooyinka ugu dambeeyo ee «Saaxiibtinimada Kubadda Cagta» ee Moscow, ka qeybqaatayaasha waxay ku safreen basaska deegaanka saaxibka la ah oo gaaska dabiiciga ah.&lt;ref&gt;www.africanews.com/2018/02/17/football-for-friendship-draw-held-ahead-of-the-2018-world-cup//&lt;/ref&gt; 

Wadamada iyo gobolada ka qeybqaadanayo 2018 «Saaxiibtinimada Kubadda Cagta»:  

1.	Barwaaqo sooranka Australia

2.	Jamhuuriyadda Austria

3.	Jamhuuriyadda Azerbaijan

4.	Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Dadka ee Algerian

5.	Jasiiradaha Virgin ee Maraykanka

6.	Samoa-da Maraykanka

7.	Anguilla

8.	Antigua iyo Barbuda

9.	Jamhuuriyadda Carabta ee Masar

10.	Jamhuuriyadda Argentine

11.	Aruba

12.	Barbadoos

13.	Beelize

14.	Jasiiradaha Bermuda

15.	Jamhuuriyadda Bolivarian ee Venezweela

16.	Bosnia iyo Herzegovina

17.	Jasiiradaha Virgin ee Ingiriiska

18.	Burkina Faso

19.	Imaarada Luxembourg

20.	Hungary

21.	Jamhuuriyadda Uruguay ee Bari

22.	Jamhuuriyadda Gabon

23.	Jamhuuriyadda Guinea

24.	Gibraltar

25.	Brunei Darussalam

26.	Dowladda Israel

27.	Dowladda Qatar

28.	Dowladda Kuwait

29.	Dowladda Liibiya

30.	Dowladda Falastiin

31.	Grenada

32.	Jamhuuriyadda Hellenic

33.	Joorjiya

34.	Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ee Timor-Leste

35.	Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ee Congo

36.	Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ee São Tomé iyo Príncipe

37.	Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Hantiwadaagga ee Sri Lanka

38.	Jamhuuriyadda Dominican

39.	Boqortooyada Haashimiga ee Urdun 

40.	Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah ee Afghanistan

41.	Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah ee Iran

42.	Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah ee Mauritania

43.	Jamhuuriyadda Talyaaniga

44.	Jamhuuriyadda Yaman

45.	Jasiiradaha Cayman

46.	Kanada

47.	Jamhuuriyadda Dadka ee Shiinaha

48.	Shiinaha Taipei (Taiwan)

49.	Imaaradda Andorra

50.	Imaaradda Liechtenstein

51.	Jamhuuriyadda Iskaashiga ee Guyana

52.	Jamhuuriyadda Dadka ee Dimuqraadiga ah ee Korea

53.	Boqortooyada Baxrayn

54.	Boqortooyada Belgium

55.	Boqortooyada Bhutan

56.	Boqortooyada Denmark

57.	Boqortooyada Spain

58.	Boqortooyada Cambodia

59.	Boqortooyada Lesotho

60.	Boqortooyada Morocco

61.	Boqortooyada Netherlands

62.	Boqortooyada Norway

63.	Boqortooyada Sucuudiga

64.	Boqortooyada Swaziland

65.	Boqortooyada Thailand

66.	Boqortooyada Tonga

67.	Boqortooyada Sweden

68.	Jamhuuriyadda Kyrgyz

69.	Kuracawo

70.	Jamhuuriyadda Dadka ee Dimuqraadiga ah ee Lao

71.	Jamhuuriyadda Latvia

72.	Jamhuuriyadda Lubnaan

73.	Jamhuuriyadda Lithuania

74.	Maleeshiya

75.	Jamhuuriyadda Maldives

76.	Gobolada Midoobey ee Mexico 

77.	Dawladda Qoomiyadaha Badan ee Bolivia

78.	Mongolia

79.	Montserrat

80.	Jamhuuriyadda Dadka ee Bangladesh

81.	Dowladda Madaxa Bannaan ee Papua New Guinea

82.	Gobolka Madaxa Bannaan ee Samoa

83.	New Zealand

84.	New Caledonia

85.	Jamhuuriyadda Midowga Tanzania

86.	Isutagga Imaaraadka Carabta

87.	Jasiiradaha Cook

88.	Jasiiradaha Turks iyo Caicos

89.	Jamhuuriyadda Albania

90.	Jamhuuriyadda Angola

91.	Jamhuuriyadda Armenia

92.	Jamhuuriyadda Belarus

93.	Jamhuuriyadda Benin

94.	Jamhuuriyadda Bulgaria

95.	Jamhuuriyadda Botswana

96.	Jamhuuriyadda Burundi

97.	Jamhuuriyadda Vanuatu

98.	Jamhuuriyadda Haiti

99.	Jamhuuriyadda Gambia

100.	Jamhuuriyadda Ghana

101.	Jamhuuriyadda Guatemala

102.	Jamhuuriyadda Guinea-Bissau

103.	Jamhuuriyadda Honduras

104.	Jamhuuriyadda Jabuuti

105.	Jamhuuriyadda Zambia

106.	Jamhuuriyadda Zimbabe

107.	Jamhuuriyadda Hindiya

108.	Jamhuuriyadda Indooniisiya

109.	Jamhuuriyadda Ciraaq

110.	Jamhuuriyadda Ireland

111.	Jamhuuriyadda Iceland

112.	Jamhuuriyadda Kazakhstan

113.	Jamhuuriyadda Kenya

114.	Jamhuuriyadda Qubrus

115.	Jamhuuriyadda Colombia

116.	Jamhuuriyadda Congo

117.	Jamhuuriyadda Korea

118.	Jamhuuriyadda Kosovo

119.	Jamhuuriyadda Costa Rica

120.	Jamhuuriyadda Ivory Coast

121.	Jamhuuriyadda Kuba

122.	Jamhuuriyadda Liberia

123.	Jamhuuriyadda Mauritius

124.	Jamhuuriyadda Madagascar

125.	Jamhuuriyadda Macedonia

126.	Jamhuuriyadda Malawi

127.	Jamhuuriyadda Mali

128.	Jamhuuriyadda Malta

129.	Jamhuuriyadda Mozambique

130.	Jamhuuriyadda Moldova

131.	Jamhuuriyadda Namibia

132.	Jamhuuriyadda Niger

133.	Jamhuuriyadda Nicaragua

134.	Jamhuuriyadda Cape Verde

135.	Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah ee Pakistan

136.	Jamhuuriyadda Panama

137.	Jamhuuriyadda Paraguay

138.	Jamhuuriyadda Peru

139.	Jamhuuriyadda Poland

140.	Jamhuuriyadda Bortaqiiska

141.	Jamhuuriyadda Rwanda

142.	Jamhuuriyadda San Marino

143.	Jamhuuriyadda Seychelles

144.	Jamhuuriyadda Senegal

145.	Jamhuuriyadda Serbia

146.	Jamhuuriyadda Singapore

147.	Jamhuuriyadda Slovenia

148.	Jamhuuriyadda Midowga Myanmar

149.	Jamhuuriyadda Sudan

150.	Jamhuuriyadda Suriname

151.	Jamhuuriyadda Sierra Leone

152.	Jamhuuriyadda Tajikistan

153.	Jamhuuriyadda Trinidad iyo Tobago

154.	Jamhuuriyadda Turkmenistan

155.	Jamhuuriyadda Uganda

156.	Jamhuuriyadda Uzbekistan

157.	Jamhuuriyadda Fiji

158.	Jamhuuriyadda Philippines

159.	Jamhuuriyadda Croatia

160.	Jamhuuriyadda Chad

161.	Jamhuuriyadda Montenegro

162.	Jamhuuriyadda Chile

163.	Jamhuuriyadda Ecuador

164.	Jamhuuriyadda Equatorial Guinea

165.	Jamhuuriyadda El Salvador

166.	Jamhuuriyadda Koonfurta Sudan

167.	Jamhuuriyadda Cameroon

168.	Midowga Ruushka

169.	Romania

170.	Gobolka Maamulka Gaarka ah ee Hong Kong oo ka mid ah Jamhuuriyadda Dadka ee Shiinaha 

171.	Dawladda Xorta Ah ee Shuraakada ah Puerto Rico

172.	Waqooyiga Ireland

173.	Saint Vincent iyo Grenadines

174.	Saint Lucia

175.	Jamhuuriyadda Suuriya ee Carbeed

176.	Jamhuuriyadda Slovakia

177.	Dowladda Bahamas

178.	Dowladda Dominica

179.	Boqortooyada Midowda ee Ingiriiska iyo Waqooyiga Ireland

180.	Gobolada Midoobay ee Maraykanka

181.	Jasiiradaha Solomon 

182.	Jamhuuriyadda Hanti wadaaga ah ee Vietnam

183.	Midowga Comoros

184.	Gobolka Maamulka Gaarka ah ee Macao ee Jamhuuriyadda Dadka ee Shiinaha

185.	Saldanada Cumaan

186.	Tahiti

187.	Gobolka Guam

188.	Jamhuuriyadda Togo

189.	Jamhuuriyadda Tunisia

190.	Jamhuuriyadda Turkey

191.	Ukraine

192.	Wales

193.	Jasiiradaha Faroe

194.	Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka ee Dimoqraadiga ah ee Nepal

195.	Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka ee Dimoqraadiga ah ee Ethiopia

196.	Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Brazil

197.	Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Germany

198.	Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Nigeria

199.	Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliyeed

200.	Federaalka Saint Kitts iyo Nevis

201.	Jamhuuriyadda Finland

202.	Jamhuuriyadda Faransiiska

203.	Jamhuuriyadda Badhtamaha Afrika

204.	Jamhuuriyadda Czech 

205.	Midowga Switzerland

206.	Scotland

207.	Eritrea

208.	Jamhuuriyadda Estonia

209.	Jamhuuriyadda Koonfur Africa

210.	Jamayka

211.	Jaban  

32 Kooxyada Caalamiga ah ee Saaxibtinimada ayaa ka qeybqaatay oo ka qeybqaatay Saaxiibtinimada Kubadda Cagta 2018 Horyaalka Caalamka. Markii koowaad taariiq ahaan Barnaamijka, ciyaarta ugu dambeyso waxaa bilaabay Faaliye Dhalinyaro ah oo ka yimid Siiriya, Yazan Taha&lt;ref&gt;https://www.sovsport.ru/others/lifestyle/articles/1059219-shikarnyj-futbol-krepkaja-druzhba&lt;/ref&gt; oo waxaa xukumay Rafarii Dhalinyaro ee ka socdo Raashiya, Bogdan Batalin&lt;ref&gt;https://www.sovsport.ru/others/lifestyle/articles/1058343-ih-podruzhil-futbol&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Guuleystaha «Saaxiibtinimada Kubadda Cagta» 2018 wuxuu ahaa kooxda “Chimpanzees” oo ka kooban Ciyaartoy Dhalinyaro ah ee ka socdo Dominika, St. Kitts iyo Nevis, Malawi, Kolombiya, Benin iyo Jamuuriyada Dimuqraadiga Koongo. Vladislav Poliakov&lt;ref&gt;https://www.sport-express.ru/football/gazprom/news/yunyy-trener-iz-rossii-stal-chempionom-mira-po-futbolu-dlya-druzhby-1420530/&lt;/ref&gt;, Ka qeybqaate da' yar ee ka socdo Saransk, Raashiya, ayaa hagayay koox. 

Dhacdada ugu dambeyso ee Xiliga Lixaad ee Barnaamijka wuxuu noqday 2019 Kubada Carruurta Caalamiga ah oo Kulanka Saaxibtinimada, ee la qabtay Juun 13 lagu qabtay Xarunta Oceanography iyo Marine Biology &quot;Moskvarium&quot;. Waxaa soo booqday Viktor Zubkov (Guddoomiyaha Guddiga Agaasimayaasha Shirkada Gazprom), Olga Golodets (Guddoomiye ku xigeenka Dowlada Raashiyaan Fadareeshin), Iker Casillas (Ciyaartoyga kubada cagta Isnaanishka, kabtan hore ee kooxda qaranka), Aleksandr Kerzhakov (Ciyaartoyga kubada cagta Raashiyaanka, tababaraha kooxda kubada cagta dhalinyaraha Raashiyaanka), sidoo kale sida wakiilada 54 safaaradood oo ka socdo dhammaan daafaha caalamka iyo marti kale&lt;ref&gt;https://www.sport-express.ru/football/gazprom/reviews/more-schastya-druzhby-i-futbola-1428124/&lt;/ref&gt;.

Inta lagu jiray Kulanka, Ciyaartoyda Dhalinyarada ugu wanaagsan ee Lix Siison ayaa la abaalmariyay: Deo Kalenga Mwenze oo ka socda Jamhuuriyada Dimuqraadiga Koongo (wuxuu horay ka ciyaaraha ugu wanaagsan), Yamiru Ouru ka socda Benin (dhax ka ciyaaraha ugu wanaagsan), Ivan Volynkin oo ka socda Wales (gool celiyaha ugu wanaagsan) iyo Gustavo Cintra Rocha oo ka socda Brazil (MVP)&lt;ref&gt;https://www.sovsport.ru/others/lifestyle/articles/1059219-shikarnyj-futbol-krepkaja-druzhba&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Sakali Ascension ka socda Aruba wuxuu noqday Joornaaliistaha Dhalinyarada ah ee ugu wanaagsan Barnaamijka «Saaxiibtinimada Kubadda Cagta» 2018, Waxay ka shaqeysaa bog ku dhiirogelinayo dhalinyarada Oceania inay noqdaan kuwa deegaan ahaan taxadarayo&lt;ref&gt;https://www.sovsport.ru/others/lifestyle/articles/1059219-shikarnyj-futbol-krepkaja-druzhba&lt;/ref&gt;.

Kulanka sidoo kale wuxuu martigeliyay bandhiga buuga iyo kulanka saxiixa ka qeybqaatayaasha Siisonkii hore, Ananya Kamboj&lt;ref&gt;https://www.sport-express.ru/football/gazprom/reviews/more-schastya-druzhby-i-futbola-1428124/&lt;/ref&gt; oo ka socda Hindiya. Ananya ayaa qoray Buugga “Safarkeyga ka soo bilow Mohali illaa St. Petersburg” kadib Siisonka Shannaadka ee «Saaxiibtinimada Kubadda Cagta» 2017, oo sharaxayo waaya aragnimadeeda sida Joornaaliiste Dhalinyaro ah. Halkaas waxay ku qortay wax ku saabsan Sagaal Qiyam oo Barnaamij ah, kaas oo isbadelayo caalamka sida wanaagsan. 

Xiliga Juun 14, kadib 2018 Kulanka Saaxiibtinimada Kubadda Cagta Carruurta Caalamiga ah, Ciyaartoyda Dhalinyarada iyo Joornaaliistayaal ayaa ka qeybqaatay xaflada furitaanka Koobka Aduunka 2018 ee Raashiya. Garoonka “Luzhniki”, carruurta waxay si wanaagsan u taageen calamada dhammaan 211 wadamo iyo gobolada ka qeybqaadanayo Barnaamijka sannadkaas&lt;ref&gt;https://rsport.ria.ru/russia2018_news/20180615/1138055010.html&lt;/ref&gt;. Taasi kadib, Ka qeybqaatayaasha Dhalinyarada ee «Saaxiibtinimada Kubadda Cagta» waxay daawadeen ciyaarta furitaanka oo dhaxeysay kooxyada Raashiya iyo Sacuudiga. 

Madaxweynaha Raashiyada Federeeshinka Vladimir Putin ayaa ku casuumay Safiirka Dhalinyarada raashiyaanka ee «Saaxiibtinimada Kubadda Cagta» Albert Zinnatov fadhigiisa si ay wada daawadaan ciyaarta furitaanka. Halkaas dhalinyarada waxay heleen fursada looga sheekeysto Horyaalka Koobka Kubada Cagta ee Brazil Roberto Carlos iyo ciyaartoyga kubada cagta Isbaanishka Iker Casillas&lt;ref&gt;https://www.sport-express.ru/football/gazprom/news/yunyy-posol-futbola-dlya-druzhby-vstretilsya-s-prezidentom-rossii-na-chm-v-moskve-1424143/&lt;/ref&gt;.

In ka badan 1500 carruur iyo dhalinyaro ka socda 211 wadamo iyo gobolo ayaa noqday ka qeybqaatayaasha dhacdooyinka ugu dambeeyo ee lagu qabtay Moscow. Guud ahaan, in ka badan 180 dhacdooyin ayaa lagu qabanayaa in ka badan 240,000 ka qeybqaatayaal dhalinyaro ah&lt;ref&gt;https://www.sport-express.ru/football/gazprom/news/uchastniki-futbola-dlya-druzhby-iz-211-stran-i-regionov-pribyli-v-moskvu-1419265/&lt;/ref&gt; ayaa la diyaariyay inta lagu jiray Siisonka Lixaad ee gobolo kala duwan oo caalamka ah. 

Gudaha 2018, wakiilada Maamulada ayaa taageeray mashruuca. Olga Golodets ayaa aqriyay qudbada soo dhaweynta oo ka socota Madaxweynaha Raashiya Vladimir Putin ee ku socota qeybqaatayaasha iyo martida Kulanka Carruurta Caalamiga ah. Guddoomiyaha Dowlada Raashiyada Fadareeshinka Dmitry Medvedev ayaa u soo diray fakis soo dhaweyn ah ka qeybqaatayaasha iyo martida ee Kubada cagta Carruurta Caalamiga ee Kulanka Saaxibtinimada sixaad&lt;ref&gt;http://government.ru/gov/persons/183/telegrams/32841/&lt;/ref&gt;.

Inta lagu jiray dulmarida Maajo 23, Wakiil Rasmi ah ee Raashiyaanka MIA Maria Zakharova ayaa sheegay in bulshada caalamka aqoonsantahay maalmahaan «Saaxiibtinimada Kubadda Cagta» sida qeyb bani'aadannimo muhiim ah ee xeerka bulshada caalamiga ah ee Raashiya&lt;ref&gt;http://www.mid.ru/ru/press_service/spokesman/briefings/-/asset_publisher/D2wHaWMCU6Od/content/id/3231268##23&lt;/ref&gt;.

FIFA dhaqan ahaan waxaa taageeray «Saaxiibtinimada Kubadda Cagta». Hay'ada waxay ogaatay in tirada guud ee ka qeybqaatayaasha iyo martida dhacdooyinka ugu dambeeyay ee lagu qabtay Moscow gaareen 5000 oo dad&lt;ref&gt;https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/211-countries-and-regions-took-part-in-the-sixth-international-football-for-frie&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Saaxiibtinimada Kubadda Cagta ee 2019 ===
Xilligii toddobaad barnaamijka caalamiga ah bulshada ee carruurta “Kubbadda cagta ee saaxibtinimada” wuxuu dhacay 18 Maarso sannadka 2019. Tartanadii ugu dambeeyay waxay ka Dhaceen Madrid 28 Maajo ilaa 2 Juunyo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=http://business.dailytimesleader.com/dailytimesleader/news/read/37931695/Football_for_Friendship_Launches_Its_Seventh_Season |access-date=2020-12-24 |archive-date=2020-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219130508/http://business.dailytimesleader.com/dailytimesleader/news/read/37931695/Football_for_Friendship_Launches_Its_Seventh_Season |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maalinta caalamiga ah ee kubbadda cagta iyo saaxiibtinimada 25 Abriil waxaa laga xusay in ka badan 50 waddan oo ka tirsan Yurub, Aasiya, Afrika, Waqooyiga iyo Koonfurta Ameerika, waxaa sidoo kale ka qaybgalay xuska Ururka Kubbada cagta Ruushka.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/international-day-of-football-and-friendship-celebrated-in-schools-around-the-world-300837486.html#:~:text=Gazprom%20Football%20for%20Friendship&amp;text=MOSCOW%2C%20April%2025%2C%202019%20%2F,Africa%2C%20North%20and%20South%20America

&lt;/ref&gt;

30 Maajo waxaa ka dhacay Madrid Madasha caalamiga ah ee barnaamika bulshada ee carruurta “Gazprom” “Kubbadda cagta ee saaxiibtinimada” 2019. Madasha waxaa isugu yimid khabiiro ka kala socda adduudnka oo dhan - Tababarayaal ciyaarta kubbada cagta, dhakhaatiirta kooxaha carruurta, dad caan ah, wariyayaal ka socda warbaahinta caalamiga ah iyo wakiilo ka kala socday kooxaha kubbadda cagta ee adduunka.&lt;ref&gt;https://sputniknews.com/agency_news/201905301075473427-forum-children-experts/&lt;/ref&gt;

31 Maajo waxaa Madrid ka dhacay tababarkii ugu caalamisanaa adduunka. Tababarka kaddib “Kubbadda cagta ee saaxiibtinimada” waxay heshay shahaado rasmi ah GUINNESS WORLD RECORDS®.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/547224-most-nationalities-in-a-football-soccer-training-session&lt;/ref&gt;

Intii uu socday xilli ciyaareedkii toddobaad, 32 weriyayaal da’yar ah oo ka kala socda Yurub, Afrika, Aasiya, Waqooyiga iyo Koonfurta Ameerika ayaa waxa ay u abuureen “Kubbadda cagta ee saaxiibtinmada”  xarun-warbaahin oo  caalami ah, xaruntaas oo soo tabisay tartamadii ugu dambeeyay, kana qaybqaadatay diyaarinta agabkii loo baahnaa iyadoo kaashanaysa warbaahinta heer gobol iyo heer caalami.&lt;ref&gt;https://tass.com/press-releases/1061492&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka qayb-galayaasha xilli ciyaareedka toddobaad waxaa la gudoonsiiyay koobka “Darajada sagaalaad” (Abaalmarinta caalamiga ah ee barnaamijka bulshada ee carruurta) “Kubbadda cagta ee saaxiibtinimada” naadiga kubbadda cagta ee Liverpool, kaas oo ahaa kooxdii ugu masuulsanayd.&lt;ref&gt;https://sputniknews.com/society/201906041075611076-football-friendship-madrid/&lt;/ref&gt;

1 Juun UEFA Pich waxay Madrid ku qabteen gabagabadii xilli ciyaareedkii toddobaad – ciyaartii ugu dambaysay ee koobka kubbadda cagta saaxiibtinimada adduunka. Kooxda Antiguan Poloz ayaa la ciyaartay Tasmanian Devil, ciyaartaas oo ku soo dhammaatay barbardhac 1:1 wakhtigii loogu talagay, Antiguan Poloz ayaa ku guulaysatay gool-ku-laad ay labada kooxood ku kala baxeen, waxayna ku guulaysatay abaal-marintii weynayd.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.euronews.com/2019/06/06/football-for-friendship-international-programme-for-kids-breaks-records-and-teaches-sports&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Футбол для Дружбы 2020 ===
2020, munaasabadihii gabagabada ee xilli ciyaareedka siddeedaad ee kubbadda cagta ee saaxiibtinimada waxaa lagu qabtay qaab online ah 27-ka Nofeembar ilaa 9-ka Diseembar 2020. In ka badan 10,000 oo ka qayb-gale oo ka kala socda in ka badan 100 waddan ayaa ka qaybgalay munsaabadihii waaweynaa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=https://footballforfriendship.com/ |access-date=2020-12-24 |archive-date=2016-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003091330/https://footballforfriendship.com/ |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Barnaamijka xilli ciyaardeedka siddeedaad waxaa loo habeeyay mashiin qaab si online ah loogu wada ciyaari karo kubbadda cagta ee saaxiibtinimada adduunka, kaas oo tartankii adduunka ee “kubbadda cagta saaxiibtinimada” 2020 lagu qabtay. Ciyaartaan waa la soo degsan karaa adduunka oo dhan laga billaabo 10-ka Diseembar 2020 – Maalinta kubbadda cagta adduunka. Dadka isticmaalayaasha ah waxay fursad u helayaan in ay ka qaybqaataan ciyaaraha iyagoo raacaya sharciyada “kubbadda cagta ee saaxiibtinimada”, waxayna ku biiri karaan kooxaha caalamka. Ciyaarta mashiinka lagu ciyaarayo waxay ku salaysan tahay mumiimada barnaamijka, sida saaxiibtinimada, nabadda iyo sinnaanta.&lt;ref&gt;https://sputniknews.com/sport/202011051081023614-new-football-simulator-football-for-friendship-to-be-released-on-world-football-day/&lt;/ref&gt;

27-kii Nofeembar waxaa la qabtay bakhtiyaanasiibkii hor-yaalka adduunka ee “kubbadda cagta ee saaxiibtinimada” 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.gazprom-football.com/football-for-friendship/news/newsdetail/children-from-over-100-countries-to-take-part-in-football-for-friendship-eworld-championship/ |access-date=2020-12-24 |archive-date=2021-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018020211/https://www.gazprom-football.com/football-for-friendship/news/newsdetail/children-from-over-100-countries-to-take-part-in-football-for-friendship-eworld-championship/ |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

28-kii Nofeembar ilaa 6-dii Diseembar, madal saaxiibtinimo calami oo online ah ayaa carruurta loogu qabtay barnaamijyo bini-aadnimo iyo kuwo ciyaareed.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=https://footballforfriendship.com/friendship-camp/ |access-date=2020-12-24 |archive-date=2021-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115083647/https://footballforfriendship.com/friendship-camp/ |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

30-ka Nofeembar ilaa 4-tii Diseembar waxaa la qabtay kulamii madasha caalamiga ah ee online-ka “kubbadda cagta ee saaxiibtinimada”, halkaas oo lagu soo jeediyay qorsheyaal la xiriira horumarinta cayaaraha carruurta. Xeerbeegti ayaa qiimeeyay qorshayaashii la soo bandhigay ee u qalmay abaal-marinta caalamiga ah ee “Kubbadda cagta ee saaxiibtinimada”.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=https://footballforfriendship.com/experts-forum/live-broadcast/ |access-date=2020-12-24 |archive-date=2020-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204005358/https://footballforfriendship.com/experts-forum/live-broadcast/ |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

7 – 8 Diseembar waxaa qaab online ah lagu qabtay hor-yaalka caalamiga ah “kubbadda cagta ee saaxiibtinimada”. Hor-yaalka sannadkaan waxaa loo qabtay qaab online ah iyo madal la iska arkayo, waana sababta khaaska ah ee loo hormariyay mashiinka lagu ciyaaro kubbadda cagta online-ka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=https://footballforfriendship.com/world-championship/ |access-date=2020-12-24 |archive-date=2021-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114171143/https://footballforfriendship.com/world-championship/ |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

9-ka Diseembar waxaa la qabtay Grand Final “kubbadda cagta ee saaxiibtinimada”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=https://footballforfriendship.com/live-broadcast-grand-final/ |access-date=2020-12-24 |archive-date=2021-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114135317/https://footballforfriendship.com/live-broadcast-grand-final/ |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Seminaaryo isku xig-xiga oo loogu talagalay carruur ka kala timid waddamo kala duwan ayaa la qabtay intii lagu guda jiray kulankii siddeedaad ee barnaamijka iyadoo lagu xusayay 75 guurada UN-ta.

Intii lagu guda jiray kulankii siddeedaad ee barnaamijka, bandhig asbuucle ah oo la yiraahdo “Istaadiyam waa halka aan joogo” ayaa la billaabay, iyadoo la kaashanayo ciyaaryahano freestyle ah oo ka socda adduunka oo dhan. Dhacdo kasta, freestylers waxay barayeen ambasadoorada da’da yar ee barnaamijka in ay sameeyaan xeelado, dhacdo kasta dhammaadkeedana baratan baa loo qabanayay matalaada ugu wanaagsan xeeladaas. Dhammaadka bandhigga wuxuu ahaa online master class heer caalami ah, kaas oo barnaamijka “kubbadda cagta ee saaxiibtinimada” markii labaad uu u noqday Guinness darajo caalami ah oo ay haystaan qaar ka mid ah ka qaybgalayaashii ka qaybqaatay (Diseembar 6, 2020).

Warka wanaagsan ee ra’yiga jaraa’idka – waa bandhig asbuucle ah oo ay billaabeen weriyayaal kubbadda cagta ee saaxiibtinimada, kaas oo ay carruurtu kula wadaageen daawadayaasha warar xaqiiq ah oo ku saabsan adduunka oo dhan.

== Koobka Adduunka ee SaaxiibtinimadaKubadda Cagta Saaxiibtinimada ==
Tartanka adduunka ee kubadda cagta carruurta waxa loo agaasimaa si waafaqsan nidaamka barnaamijka Saaxiibtinimada Kubadda Cagta Saaxiibtinimada. Kooxaha ka qayb galaya koobka – Saaxiibtinimada Kubadda Cagta – waxa lagu sameeyaa Isku Aad Furan. Kooxaha samayntoodu waxay waafaqsan tahay mabda'a Saaxiibtinimada Kubadda Cagta, kaas oo ah in ciyaaryahanno ka kala socda qoomiyado iyo jinsiyo iyo awoodo jidheed oo kala duwan ay isugu yimaadaan koox kaliya.&lt;ref&gt;rbth.com/sport/2014/05/30/big_soccer_for_little_europeans_37075.html&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Madasha Adduunka ee Carruurta ee Saaxiibtinimada Kubadda Cagta  ==
Madasha Adduunka ee Carruurta ee Saaxiibtinimada Kubadda Cagta ee sannadlaha ah, da'yarta ka qayb gala mashruuca iyo dadka waaweyn waxay kaga wada hadlaan horumarinta iyo kobcinta qiyamka barnaamijka iyo sidii loogu faafin lahaa dunida oo dhan. Madashu intay socoto, carruurtu waxay la kulmaan lana sheekaystaan caruurta dhiggooda ah ee ka kala socda dalalka kale, iyo ciyaaryahannada caanka iyo wariyayaasha iyo shakhsiyaadka caanka ah, waxaanay sidoo kale noqdaan safiiro mustaqbalka sii wadi doona faafinta qiyamka caalamiga ah.&lt;ref&gt;www.fifa.com/confederationscup/news/y=2017/m=8/news=confed-cup-hosts-friendship-forum-2902692.html&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Rugta Caalamiga ah ee Warbaahinta Carruurta ==
Rugta Caalamiga ah ee Warbaahinta Carruurtu waa qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah barnaamijka Saaxiibtinimada Kubadda Cagta. Markii ugu horraysay ee la hirgaliyo waxay ahayd 2014-kii si ay qayb uga noqoto barnaamijka Kubadda Cagta Saaxiibtinimada&lt;ref&gt;www.crawleyobserver.co.uk/news/local/crawley-girl-13-who-dreams-to-play-football-for-england-meets-world-cup-legend-1-6112060&lt;/ref&gt;. Wariyayaal da'yar oo ka tirsan rugta saxaafadda ayaa soo tabiya wararka dhacdooyinka barnaamijka ee ka dhaca dalalkooda, waxaanay soo diyaariyaan wararka lagu baahiyo warbaahinta maxaliga ah iyo kuwa caalamiga ah ee ku saabsan ciyaaraha, waxaanay ka qayb qaataan diyaarinta barnaamijyo laga siidaayo Telefishanka iyo Wargayska iyo Idaacadda barnaamijka Saaxiibtinimada Kubadda Cagta. Rugta Caalamiga ah ee Warbaahinta Carruurtu waxay midaysaa dhalinta ku guulaysata tarnnada maxaliga ah ee abaalmarinta Wariyaha Da'da Yar ee Ugu Waca, iyo qoraayada mareegaha iyo sawir qaadayaasha iyo qoraayada. Wariyayaasha da'da yar ee rugta saxaafadu waxay soo bandhigaan.&lt;ref&gt;www.financialexpress.com/india-news/mission-xi-million-picks-chandigarh-girl-ananya-kamboj/689736/&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Maalinta Adduunka ee Saaxiibtinimada iyo Kubadda Cagta ==
Xeerka barnaamijka Saaxiibtinimada iyo Kubadda Cagta, Maalinta Adduunka ee Saaxiibtinimada iyo Kubadda Cagta waxaa loo dabaaldegay Abril 25. Maalintan waxa markii ugu horraysay 2014-kii looga dabbaal dagay 16 dal. Maalintan waxa la qabtay ciyaaro saaxiibtinimo, kulano, socodyada idaacada, bandhigyada TV-ga, tababaro furan, iwm. In ka badan 50,000 oo qof ayaa ka qayb galay dabbaal dagga.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.theguardian.com/football/2015/apr/26/said-and-done-blatter-putin-david-cameron&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

2015-kii, Maalinta Saaxiibtinimada iyo Kubadda Cagta waxa looga dabbaal dagay 24 dal. Intii lagu jiray feestada, waxaa jiray ciyaaro saaxiintinomo iyo dabaaldegyo kale. Dalka Jarmalka, naadiga Schalke 04 ayaa ku qabtay tartanno furan, Serbia waxa lagu qabtay bandhig TV, Ukrain waxa lagu qabtay ciyaar u dhaxaysay kooxda da'yarta Volyn FC iyo carruurta ka diiwaan gashan xarunta badhtamaha magaalada ee Lutsk ee adeegyada bulshada ee qoysaska iyo carruurta iyo da'yarta.&lt;ref&gt;business-center.amchamchina.org/news/?dir=17&amp;doc=201504262030PR_NEWS_ASPR_____EN90314&amp;andorquestion=OR&amp;&amp;ok=1&amp;passDir=0&lt;/ref&gt;

Ruushka, 11 magaalo ayaa looga dabbaal dagay Maalinta Kubadda Cagta iyo Saaxiibtinimada 25-kii April. Ciyaaro saaxiibtinimo ayaa lagu qabtay magaalooyinka Vladivostok, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Krasnoyarsk, Barnaul, St. Petersburg iyo Saransk si loo xusuusto qiyamka aasaasiga ah ee barnaamijka. Magaalooyinka Krasnoyarsk iyo Sochi iyo Rostov-on-Don waxa laga qabtay Socod Saaxiibtinimo oo ay ka qayb galeen dadka qaaday dabka socodkii olimbikada ee 2014-kii. Moscow, ayaa lagu qabtay Tartanka Fursadaha loo Simanyahay iyoadoo taageero laga helayo Xidhiidhka Ciyaaraha Dadka Indhaha la'. Maajo 5-teedii waxa Maalinta Saaxiibtinimada iyo Kubadda looga dabbaal dagay magaalooyinka Nizhny Novgorod iyo Kazan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

2016-kii, waxa maalinta Kubadda Cagta iyio Saaxiibtinimada looga dabbaal dagay 32 dal. Ruushka, waxa looga dabbaal dagay sagaal magaalooyinkan: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Barnaul, Birobidzhan, Irkutsk, Krasnodar, Nizhny Novgorod iyo Rostov-on-Don. Nizhny Novgorod waxa lagu qabtay ciyaar saaxiibtinimo oo ay ku kulmeen ciyaaryahanno da'yar oo ka socday naadiga Volga FC, halka ciyaaryahanno da' wayn oo ka socda naadigu ay fuliyeen jimicsiga diyaar garowga iyo tababarada carruurta. Ciyaar saaxiibtinimo oo ka dhacday magaalada Novosibirsk ayaa waxa ka qayb galay carruur naafo ah, oo ka socday kooxda gobolka Novosibirsk ee Yermak-Sibir.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

2017-kii, Maalinta Kubadda Cagta iyo Saaxiibtinimada waxa looga dabbaal dagay 64 dal. Ciyaaryahanno caan ah oo ay ka mid yihiin ciyaaryahanka difaaca ee reer Serbia Branislav Ivanovich, iyo weeraryahanka reer Holland Dirk Kuyt, ayaa ka qayb galay ciyaaro kala duwan oo aduunka ka dhacay. Dalka Giriiga dabbaal daggii ka dhacay waxa ka qayb galay Theodoras Zagorakis, oo ku guulaystay Koobka Kubadda Cagta ee Yurub 2004-kii isagoo u ciyaaraya kooxda dalkiisa. Ruushka, naadiga Zenit FC waxa uu tababar gaar ah u qabtay Zakhar Badyuk, safiirka da'da yar ee barnaamijka Kubadda Cagta Saaxiibtinimada ee 2017-kii. Tartanku intuu socday, goolhayaha naadiga Zenit FC Yury Lodygin waxa uu darajo sare siiyay Zakhar markuu arkay awoodihiisa, waxaanuu u gudbiyay sirta goolhaynta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Sagaal qiyam ee «Saaxiibtinimada Kubadda Cagta» ==
Inta lagu jiray Kulanka Koowaad ee Carruurta Caalamiga ah ee Maajo 25, 2013, Wakiilada Dhalinyarada ee ka socdo Ingiriiska, Jarmalka, Islofeeniya, Hangari, Serbiya, Bulgaariya, Gariiga iyo Raashiya ayaa ogaaday sideed qiyam ee ugu horeeyo ee Barnaamijka - saaxibtinimada, sinnaanta, cadaalada, caafimaadka, nabada, ixtiraamka, guusha, iyo dhaqamada – oo lagu bandhigay Warqad Furan. Warqada waxaa loo diray Madaxda Hay'adaha Ciyaaraha Caalamiga ah: Ururka Kubada Cagta Fadareeshinka Caalamiga (FIFA), Ururada Kubada cagta Midowga Yurub (UEFA) iyo Guddiga Olombiga Caalamiga ah. Gudaha Sebteembar 2013, Joseph Blatter inta lagu jiray la kulankiisa Vladimir Putin iyo Vitalii Mutko ayaa xaqiijiyay helitaanka Warqada oo ku dhawaaqay inuu diyaar u yahay inuu taageero «Saaxiibtinimada Kubadda Cagta».&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Gudaha 2015, ka qeybqaatayaasha ka socda Shiinaha, Jabaanka iyo Kasakhastan ayaa ku biiray Barnaamijka «Saaxiibtinimada Kubadda Cagta» oo kadib soo jeediyay inuu ku daro sagaalka qiyam – sharafta&lt;ref&gt;http://www.joblenobl.ru/news/287-v-ramkakh-programmy-futbol-dlya-druzhby-uchrezhden-kubok-devyati-tsennostej&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Koobka Qiyamka Sagaalka Ah ==
Koobka Qiyamka Sagaalka Ah waa abaal marin uu bixiyo barnaamijka caalamiga ah ee carruurta ee Kubadda Cagta Saaxiibtinimada. Sannad kasta Koobka waxa la guddoonsiiyaa kooxda muujisa inay go'ansaday qiimaha mashruuca: saaxiibtinimo, sinnaan, caddaalad, caafimaad, nabadgalyo, daacadnimo, guul, dhaqan iyo sharaf. Taageerayaal ka kala socday dhamaan daafaha aduunka ayaa ka qay galay doorashada kooxda guulaysatay, laakiin go'aankii kama dambaysta ahaa waxaa gaadhay ka qayb galayaashii mashruuca Kubadda Cagta Saaxiibtinimada iyagoo codkooda dhiibanaya. Naadiyada kubadda ee ku guulaystay Koobka Qiyamka Sagaalka Koob: Barcelona (2015), Bayern Munich (2016), Al Wahda (Haddiyada Gaar ah), Real Madrid (2017).&lt;ref&gt;www.euronews.com/2017/07/17/f4f-nine-values-cup-2017-goes-to-real-madrid&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Jijimaha Saaxiibtinimada ==
Dhammaan hawlaha barnaamijka Saaxiibtinimada Kubadda Cagta waxay ku bilaabmaan is waydaarisga Jijimaha Saaxiibtinimada, taas oo ah astaanta sinnaanta iyo qaab nololeed caafimaad leh. Jijimuhu waxay ka kooban yihiin laba dunood oo buluug iyo cagaar ah, waxaana xidhan kara qof kasta oo aaminsan qiyamka barnaamijka.&lt;ref&gt;www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/worldcup2014/article-2642473/Vitor-Baia-tips-Portugal-special-World-Cup-Cristiano-Ronaldo-shines-backs-old-boss-Jose-Mourinho-Chelsea.html&lt;/ref&gt;

Sida laga soo xigtay Franz Beckenbauer

&quot;Astaanta dhaqdhaqaaqani waa jijin labo midab leh, waanay fududahay waana la fahmi karaa sida uu u fududyahay loona fahmi karo barnaamijka Saaxiibtinimada Kubadda Cagta.

Dhalinta ka qaybgaay barnaamijku waxa gacmaha ugu xidheen Jijimaha Saaxiibtinimada ciyaaryahanno iyo shakhsiyaad caan ah, oo ay ka mid yihiin: Dick Advocaat, Anatoly Timoshchuk and Luis Netu, Franz Beckenbauer, Luis Fernandev, Didier Drogba, Max Meyer, Fatma Samura, Leon Gorecka, Domenico Krishito, Michel Salgado, Alexander Kerzhakov, Dimas Pirros, Miodrag Bozovic, Adelina Sotnikova, Yuri Kamenets.&lt;ref&gt;www.theboltonnews.co.uk/news/11270319.Interview_sends_Megan_Mackey_to_Champions_League_final/&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Hawlaha ka qayb galayaasha inta u dhaxaysa wareegyada ==
Ciyaaryahannada kubada cagta ee da'da yar ee loogu tagalay barnaamijka Saaxiibtinimadu Kubadda Cagta waxay ka qayb galeen dhacdooyin kala duwan oo baxsan wareega rasmiga ah. Bishii May ee 2013-kii, ciyaaryahanno ka socda naadiga Maribor ee kubadda da'yarta (Slovenia) ayaa qabtay ciyaar saaxiibtinimo oo samafal ah oo ay ka qayb galeen carruurta reer Cambodia. 14-kii September 2014-kii, waxa magaalada Sochi ay ka qayb galayaasha barnaamijka ee ka socday Ruushku la hadleen Vladimir Putin intii uu socday kulankii Madaxwaynaha Midowga Ruushka iyo Madaxwaynaha Ururka FIFA Sepp Blatter&lt;ref&gt;en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/19222&lt;/ref&gt;. Bishii Juun ee 2014, Madaxwaynaha Faransiiska Francois Hollande ayaa kooxda Taverni oo xubin ka ah barnaamijka Saaxiibtinimada Kubadda Cagta  ku casuumay Qasriga Elysee si ay u daawadaan ciyaartii Koobka Adduunka FIFA 2014-kii ee u dhaxaysay Faransiiska iyo Nayjeeriya. Bishii Abriil ee 2016-kii, Yuri Vashchuk, safiirkii barnaamijka Kubadda Cagta Saaxiibtinimada ee 2015-kii, ayaa la kulmay ninka ugu xoogga wayn dalka Belarus Kirill Shimko, iyo ciyaaryahanno da'yar oo ka socday naadiga BATE FC si ay u wadaagaan khibradii ay ka heleen ka qayb galidda mashruuca. Yuri Vashchuk waxa uu guddoonsiiyay Kirill Shimko Jijimaha Saaxiibtinimada, halkaas oo uu guddoonsiiyay usha si uu u kobciyo qiyamka mashruuca ee ah saaxiibtinimada, caddaalada iyo qaab nololeedka caafimaadka leh.&lt;ref&gt;www.leparisien.fr/politique/mondial-2014-hollande-invite-deux-clubs-amateurs-a-l-elysee-pour-france-nigeria-28-06-2014-3960541.php&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Abaalmarinaha iyo Hadiyaha ==
Barnaamijka Saaxiibtinimadu Kubadda Cagta waxa uu ku guulaystay tartanno kala duwan waxaanuu helay abaalmarino Ruushka iyo caalamkaba uu ka helay. Waxaa ka mid ah: “Mashaariicda Bulshada Ugu Wacan ee Ruushka” ee qaybta “Horumarinta Iskaashiga Caalamka”, iyo abaal marinta Ururka Xiriirrada Ganacsiga ee Caalamiga ah (IABC) ee Gold Quill Awards ee qaybta “Masuuliyadda Bulshada ee Shirkadaha” (2016), iyo abaal marinta Saber Awards ee qaybta “Mashruuca Adduunka Ugu Wanaagsan ee Bulshada” (2016), iyo abaal marinta Drum Social Buzz Awards ee qaybta “Istaraatiijiyada Caalamiga ee ugu Wacan” (2017)&lt;ref&gt;www.socialbuzzawards.com/social-buzz-awards-2017/best-international-strategy/how-to-make-kids-voices-to-be-heard-globally&lt;/ref&gt; Abaal marinaha caalamiga ah ee adeegyada hal-abuurka leh ee suuqgaynta casriga ah, qaybta “Istaraatiijiyada Warbaahineed ee ugu Wacan” (2017), iyo abaal marinta “Silver Archer” qaybteeda “Mashruuca Bulsheed ee Ruushka ugu Wacan” (2018), iyo Tartanka Abaalmarinta Wayn ee “Silver Archer” (2018).</text>
      <sha1>1sr7mma0o8noy6vriagdvsbkol97z1u</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:Convert/wikidata</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>30959</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311297</id>
      <parentid>203190</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T21:19:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Cusboonaysiin</comment>
      <origin>311297</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="16941" sha1="lmwjmv8zqmf3stqjlrmtr852l67ct50" xml:space="preserve">-- Functions to access Wikidata for Module:Convert.

local Collection = {}
Collection.__index = Collection
do
	function Collection:add(item)
		if item ~= nil then
			self.n = self.n + 1
			self[self.n] = item
		end
	end
	function Collection:join(sep)
		return table.concat(self, sep)
	end
	function Collection:remove(pos)
		if self.n &gt; 0 and (pos == nil or (0 &lt; pos and pos &lt;= self.n)) then
			self.n = self.n - 1
			return table.remove(self, pos)
		end
	end
	function Collection:sort(comp)
		table.sort(self, comp)
	end
	function Collection.new()
		return setmetatable({n = 0}, Collection)
	end
end

local function strip_to_nil(text)
	-- If text is a non-empty string, return its trimmed content,
	-- otherwise return nothing (empty string or not a string).
	if type(text) == 'string' then
		return text:match('(%S.-)%s*$')
	end
end

local function frequency_unit(value, unit_table)
	-- For use when converting m to Hz.
	-- Return true, s where s = name of unit's default output unit,
	-- or return false, t where t is an error message table.
	-- However, for simplicity a valid result is always returned.
	local unit
	if unit_table._symbol == 'm' then
		-- c = speed of light in a vacuum = 299792458 m/s
		-- frequency = c / wavelength
		local w = value * (unit_table.scale or 1)
		local f = 299792458 / w  -- if w == 0, f = math.huge which works here
		if f &gt;= 1e12 then
			unit = 'THz'
		elseif f &gt;= 1e9 then
			unit = 'GHz'
		elseif f &gt;= 1e6 then
			unit = 'MHz'
		elseif f &gt;= 1e3 then
			unit = 'kHz'
		else
			unit = 'Hz'
		end
	end
	return true, unit or 'Hz'
end

local function wavelength_unit(value, unit_table)
	-- Like frequency_unit but for use when converting Hz to m.
	local unit
	if unit_table._symbol == 'Hz' then
		-- Using 0.9993 rather than 1 avoids rounding which would give results
		-- like converting 300 MHz to 100 cm instead of 1 m.
		local w = 1 / (value * (unit_table.scale or 1))  -- Hz scale is inverted
		if w &gt;= 0.9993e6 then
			unit = 'Mm'
		elseif w &gt;= 0.9993e3 then
			unit = 'km'
		elseif w &gt;= 0.9993 then
			unit = 'm'
		elseif w &gt;= 0.9993e-2 then
			unit = 'cm'
		elseif w &gt;= 0.9993e-3 then
			unit = 'mm'
		else
			unit = 'um'
		end
	end
	return true, unit or 'm'
end

local specials = {
	frequency = { frequency_unit },
	wavelength = { wavelength_unit },
	--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
	-- Following is a removed experiment to show two values as a range
	-- using '-' as the separator.
	-- frequencyrange = { frequency_unit, '-' },
	-- wavelengthrange = { wavelength_unit, '-' },
}

local function make_unit(units, parms, uid)
	-- Return a unit code for convert or nil if unit unknown.
	-- If necessary, add a dummy unit to parms so convert will use it
	-- for the input without attempting a conversion since nothing
	-- useful is available (for example, with unit volt).
	local unit = units[uid]
	if type(unit) ~= 'table' then
		return nil
	end
	local ucode = unit.ucode
	if ucode and not unit.si then
		return ucode                -- a unit known to convert
	end
	parms.opt_ignore_error = true
	ucode = ucode or unit._ucode    -- must be a non-empty string
	local ukey, utable
	if unit.si then
		local base = units[unit.si]
		ukey = base.symbol          -- must be a non-empty string
		local n1 = base.name1
		local n2 = base.name2
		if not n1 then
			n1 = ukey
			n2 = n2 or n1           -- do not append 's'
		end
		utable = {
			_symbol = ukey,
			_name1 = n1,
			_name2 = n2,
			link = unit.link or base.link,
			utype = n1,
			prefixes = 1,
		}
	else
		ukey = ucode
		utable = {
			symbol = ucode,         -- must be a non-empty string
			name1 = unit.name1,     -- if nil, uses symbol
			name2 = unit.name2,     -- if nil, uses name1..'s'
			link = unit.link,       -- if nil, uses name1
			utype = unit.name1 or ucode,
		}
	end
	utable.scale = 1
	utable.default = ''
	utable.defkey = ''
	utable.linkey = ''
	utable.bad_mcode = ''
	parms.unittable = { [ukey] = utable }
	return ucode
end

local function matches_qualifier(statement, qual)
	-- Return:
	--   false, nil : if statement does not match specification
	--   true, nil  : if matches, and statement has no qualifier
	--   true, sq   : if matches, where sq is the statement's qualifier
	-- A match means that no qualifier was specified (qual == nil), or that
	-- the statement has a qualifier matching the specification.
	-- If a match occurs, the caller needs the statement's qualifier (if any)
	-- so statements that duplicate the qualifier are not used, after the first.
	-- Then, if convert is showing all values for a property such as the diameter
	-- of a telescope's mirror (diameters of primary and secondary mirrors), it
	-- will not show alternative values that could in principle be present for the
	-- same item (telescope) and property (diameter) and qualifier (primary/secondary).
	local target = (statement.qualifiers or {}).P518  -- P518 is &quot;applies to part&quot;
	if type(target) == 'table' then
		for _, q in ipairs(target) do
			if type(q) == 'table' then
				local value = (q.datavalue or {}).value
				if value then
					if qual == nil or qual == value.id then
						return true, value.id
					end
				end
			end
		end
	end
	if qual == nil then
		return true, nil  -- only occurs if statement has no qualifier
	end
	return false, nil  -- statement's qualifier is not relevant because statement will be skipped
end

local function get_statements(parms, pid)
	-- Get specified item and return a list of tables with each statement for property pid.
	-- Each table is of form {statqual=sq, stmt=statement} where sq = statement qualifier (nil if none).
	-- Statements are in Wikidata's order except that those with preferred rank
	-- are first, then normal rank. Any other rank is ignored.
	local stored = {}  -- qualifiers of statements that are first for the qualifier, and will be returned
	local qid = strip_to_nil(parms.qid)  -- nil for current page's item, or an item id (expensive)
	local qual = strip_to_nil(parms.qual)  -- nil or id of wanted P518 (applies to part) item in qualifiers
	local result = Collection.new()
	local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(qid)
	if type(entity) == 'table' then
		local statements = (entity.claims or {})[pid]
		if type(statements) == 'table' then
			for _, rank in ipairs({ 'preferred', 'normal' }) do
				for _, statement in ipairs(statements) do
					if type(statement) == 'table' and rank == statement.rank then
						local is_match, statqual = matches_qualifier(statement, qual)
						if is_match then
							result:add({ statqual = statqual, stmt = statement })
						end
					end
				end
			end
		end
	end
	return result
end

local function input_from_property(tdata, parms, pid)
	-- Given that pid is a Wikidata property identifier like 'P123',
	-- return a collection of {amount, ucode} pairs (two strings)
	-- for each matching item/property, or return nothing.
	--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
	-- There appear to be few restrictions on how Wikidata is organized so it is
	-- very likely that any decision a module makes about how to handle data
	-- will be wrong for some cases at some time. This meets current requirements.
	-- For each qualifier (or if no qualifier), if there are any preferred
	-- statements, use them and ignore any normal statements.
	-- For each qualifier, for the preferred statements if any, or for
	-- the normal statements (but not both):
	-- * Accept each statement if it has no qualifier (this will not occur
	--   if qual=x is specified because other code already ensures that in that
	--   case, only statements with a qualifier matching x are considered).
	-- * Ignore any statements after the first if it has a qualifier.
	-- The rationale is that for the diameter at [[South Pole Telescope]], want
	-- convert to show the diameters for both the primary and secondary mirrors
	-- if the convert does not specify which diameter is wanted.
	-- However, if convert is given the wanted qualifier, only one value
	-- (_the_ diameter) is wanted. For simplicity/consistency, that is also done
	-- even if no qual=x is specified. Unclear what should happen.
	-- For the wavelength at [[Nançay Radio Telescope]], want to show all three
	-- values, and the values have no qualifiers.
	--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
	local result = Collection.new()
	local done = {}
	local skip_normal
	for _, t in ipairs(get_statements(parms, pid)) do
		local statement = t.stmt
		if statement.mainsnak and statement.mainsnak.datatype == 'quantity' then
			local value = (statement.mainsnak.datavalue or {}).value
			if value then
				local amount = value.amount
				if amount then
					amount = tostring(amount)  -- in case amount is ever a number
					if amount:sub(1, 1) == '+' then
						amount = amount:sub(2)
					end
					local unit = value.unit
					if type(unit) == 'string' then
						unit = unit:match('Q%d+$')  -- unit item id is at end of URL
						local ucode = make_unit(tdata.wikidata_units, parms, unit)
						if ucode then
							local skip
							if t.statqual then
								if done[t.statqual] then
									skip = true
								else
									done[t.statqual] = true
								end
							else
								if statement.rank == 'preferred' then
									skip_normal = true
								elseif skip_normal then
									skip = true
								end
							end
							if not skip then
								result:add({ amount, ucode })
							end
						end
					end
				end
			end
		end
	end
	return result
end

local function input_from_text(tdata, parms, text, insert2)
	-- Given string should be of form &quot;&lt;value&gt;&lt;space&gt;&lt;unit&gt;&quot; or
	-- &quot;&lt;value1&gt;&lt;space&gt;ft&lt;space&gt;&lt;value2&gt;&lt;space&gt;in&quot; for a special case (feet and inches).
	-- Return true if values/units were extracted and inserted, or return nothing.
	text = text:gsub('&amp;nbsp;', ' '):gsub('%s+', ' ')
	local pos = text:find(' ', 1, true)
	if pos then
		-- Leave checking of value to convert which can handle fractions.
		local value = text:sub(1, pos - 1)
		local uid = text:sub(pos + 1)
		if uid:sub(1, 3) == 'ft ' and uid:sub(-3) == ' in' then
			-- Special case for enwiki to allow {{convert|input=5 ft 10+1/2 in}}
			insert2(uid:sub(4, -4), 'in')
			insert2(value, 'ft')
		else
			insert2(value, make_unit(tdata.wikidata_units, parms, uid) or uid)
		end
		return true
	end
end

local function adjustparameters(tdata, parms, index)
	-- For Module:Convert, adjust parms (a table of {{convert}} parameters).
	-- Return true if successful or return false, t where t is an error message table.
	-- This is intended mainly for use in infoboxes where the input might be
	--    &lt;value&gt;&lt;space&gt;&lt;unit&gt;    or
	--    &lt;wikidata-property-id&gt;
	-- If successful, insert values and units in parms, before given index.
	local text = parms.input  -- should be a trimmed, non-empty string
	local pid = text:match('^P%d+$')
	local sep = ','
	local special = specials[parms[index]]
	if special then
		parms.out_unit = special[1]
		sep = special[2] or sep
		table.remove(parms, index)
	end
	local function quit()
		return false, pid and { 'cvt_no_output' } or { 'cvt_bad_input', text }
	end
	local function insert2(first, second)
		table.insert(parms, index, second)
		table.insert(parms, index, first)
	end
	if pid then
		parms.input_text = ''  -- output an empty string if an error occurs
		local result = input_from_property(tdata, parms, pid)
		if result.n == 0 then
			return quit()
		end
		local ucode
		for i, t in ipairs(result) do
			-- Convert requires each input unit to be identical.
			if i == 1 then
				ucode = t[2]
			elseif ucode ~= t[2] then
				return quit()
			end
		end
		local item = ucode
		if item == parms[index] then
			-- Remove specified output unit if it is the same as the Wikidata unit.
			-- For example, {{convert|input=P2044|km}} with property &quot;12 km&quot;.
			table.remove(parms, index)
		end
		for i = result.n, 1, -1 do
			insert2(result[i][1], item)
			item = sep
		end
		return true
	else
		if input_from_text(tdata, parms, text, insert2) then
			return true
		end
	end
	return quit()
end

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--- List units and check syntax of definitions ---------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
local specifications = {
	-- seq = sequence in which fields are displayed
	base = {
		title = 'SI base units',
		fields = {
			symbol = { seq = 2, mandatory = true },
			name1  = { seq = 3, mandatory = true },
			name2  = { seq = 4 },
			link   = { seq = 5 },
		},
		noteseq = 6,
		header = '{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;\n!si !!symbol !!name1 !!name2 !!link !!note',
		item = '|-\n|%s ||%s ||%s ||%s ||%s ||%s',
		footer = '|}',
	},
	alias = {
		title = 'Aliases for convert',
		fields = {
			ucode  = { seq = 2, mandatory = true },
			si     = { seq = 3 },
		},
		noteseq = 4,
		header = '{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;\n!alias !!ucode !!base !!note',
		item = '|-\n|%s ||%s ||%s ||%s',
		footer = '|}',
	},
	known = {
		title = 'Units known to convert',
		fields = {
			ucode  = { seq = 2, mandatory = true },
			label  = { seq = 3, mandatory = true },
		},
		noteseq = 4,
		header = '{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;\n!qid !!ucode !!label !!note',
		item = '|-\n|%s ||%s ||%s ||%s',
		footer = '|}',
	},
	unknown = {
		title = 'Units not known to convert',
		fields = {
			_ucode = { seq = 2, mandatory = true },
			si     = { seq = 3 },
			name1  = { seq = 4 },
			name2  = { seq = 5 },
			link   = { seq = 6 },
			label  = { seq = 7, mandatory = true },
		},
		noteseq = 8,
		header = '{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;\n!qid !!_ucode !!base !!name1 !!name2 !!link !!label !!note',
		item = '|-\n|%s ||%s ||%s ||%s ||%s ||%s ||%s ||%s',
		footer = '|}',
	},
}

local function listunits(tdata, ulookup)
	-- For Module:Convert, make wikitext to list the built-in Wikidata units.
	-- Return true, wikitext if successful or return false, t where t is an
	-- error message table. Currently, an error return never occurs.
	-- The syntax of each unit definition is checked and a note is added if
	-- a problem is detected.
	local function safe_cells(t)
		-- This is not currently needed, but in case definitions ever use wikitext
		-- like '[[kilogram|kg]]', escape the text so it works in a table cell.
		local result = {}
		for i, v in ipairs(t) do
			if v:find('|', 1, true) then
				v = v:gsub('(%[%[[^%[%]]-)|(.-%]%])', '%1\0%2')  -- replace pipe in piped link with a zero byte
				v = v:gsub('|', '&amp;#124;')                        -- escape '|'
				v = v:gsub('%z', '|')                            -- restore pipe in piped link
			end
			result[i] = v:gsub('{', '&amp;#123;')                    -- escape '{'
		end
		return unpack(result)
	end
	local wdunits = tdata.wikidata_units
	local speckeys = { 'base', 'alias', 'unknown', 'known' }
	for _, sid in ipairs(speckeys) do
		specifications[sid].units = Collection.new()
	end
	local keys = Collection.new()
	for k, v in pairs(wdunits) do
		keys:add(k)
	end
	table.sort(keys)
	local note_count = 0
	for _, key in ipairs(keys) do
		local unit = wdunits[key]
		local ktext, sid
		if key:match('^Q%d+$') then
			ktext = '[[d:' .. key .. '|' .. key .. ']]'
			if unit.ucode then
				sid = 'known'
			else
				sid = 'unknown'
			end
		elseif unit.ucode then
			ktext = key
			sid = 'alias'
		else
			ktext = key
			sid = 'base'
		end
		local result = { ktext }
		local spec = specifications[sid]
		local fields = spec.fields
		local note = Collection.new()
		for k, v in pairs(unit) do
			if fields[k] then
				local seq = fields[k].seq
				if result[seq] then
					note:add('duplicate ' .. k)  -- cannot happen since keys are unique
				else
					result[seq] = v
				end
			else
				note:add('invalid ' .. k)
			end
		end
		for k, v in pairs(fields) do
			local value = result[v.seq]
			if value then
				if k == 'si' and not wdunits[value] then
					note:add('need si ' .. value)
				end
				if k == 'label' then
					local wdl = mw.wikibase.getLabel(key)
					if wdl ~= value then
						note:add('label changed to ' .. tostring(wdl))
					end
				end
			else
				result[v.seq] = ''
				if v.mandatory then
					note:add('missing ' .. k)
				end
			end
		end
		local text
		if note.n &gt; 0 then
			note_count = note_count + 1
			text = '*' .. note:join('&lt;br /&gt;')
		end
		result[spec.noteseq] = text or ''
		spec.units:add(result)
	end
	local results = Collection.new()
	if note_count &gt; 0 then
		local text = note_count .. (note_count == 1 and ' note' or ' notes')
		results:add(&quot;'''Search for * to see &quot; .. text .. &quot;'''\n&quot;)
	end
	for _, sid in ipairs(speckeys) do
		local spec = specifications[sid]
		results:add(&quot;'''&quot; .. spec.title .. &quot;'''&quot;)
		results:add(spec.header)
		local fmt = spec.item
		for _, unit in ipairs(spec.units) do
			results:add(string.format(fmt, safe_cells(unit)))
		end
		results:add(spec.footer)
	end
	return true, results:join('\n')
end

return { _adjustparameters = adjustparameters, _listunits = listunits }</text>
      <sha1>lmwjmv8zqmf3stqjlrmtr852l67ct50</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:Infobox mapframe</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>30965</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311294</id>
      <parentid>288658</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T21:15:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>311294</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="19133" sha1="875oxmrlaiy3xr3n98jl2ndg6rcmzou" xml:space="preserve">local mf = require('Module:Mapframe')
local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs
local yesno = require('Module:Yesno')
local infoboxImage = require('Module:InfoboxImage').InfoboxImage

-- Defaults
local DEFAULT_FRAME_WIDTH = &quot;270&quot;
local DEFAULT_FRAME_HEIGHT = &quot;200&quot;
local DEFAULT_ZOOM = 10
local DEFAULT_GEOMASK_STROKE_WIDTH = &quot;1&quot;
local DEFAULT_GEOMASK_STROKE_COLOR = &quot;#777777&quot;
local DEFAULT_GEOMASK_FILL = &quot;#888888&quot;
local DEFAULT_GEOMASK_FILL_OPACITY = &quot;0.25&quot;
local DEFAULT_SHAPE_STROKE_WIDTH = &quot;2&quot;
local DEFAULT_SHAPE_STROKE_COLOR = &quot;#FF0000&quot;
local DEFAULT_SHAPE_FILL = &quot;#606060&quot;
local DEFAULT_SHAPE_FILL_OPACITY = &quot;0.1&quot;
local DEFAULT_LINE_STROKE_WIDTH = &quot;5&quot;
local DEFAULT_LINE_STROKE_COLOR = &quot;#FF0000&quot;
local DEFAULT_MARKER_COLOR = &quot;#5E74F3&quot;

local util = {}

function util.noop(info)
	local DEFAULT_NOOP_OUTPUT = &quot;&quot;

	-- uncomment this when debugging
	-- DEFAULT_NOOP_OUTPUT = &quot;debug: mapframe no-op: &quot; .. info
	-- mw.log(DEFAULT_NOOP_OUTPUT)

	return DEFAULT_NOOP_OUTPUT
end

-- Trim whitespace from args, and remove empty args
function util.trimArgs(argsTable)
	local cleanArgs = {}
	for key, val in pairs(argsTable) do
		if type(val) == 'string' then
			val = val:match('^%s*(.-)%s*$')
			if val ~= '' then
				cleanArgs[key] = val
			end
		else
			cleanArgs[key] = val
		end
	end
	return cleanArgs
end

function util.getBestStatement(item_id, property_id)
	if not(item_id) or not(mw.wikibase.isValidEntityId(item_id)) or not(mw.wikibase.entityExists(item_id)) then
		return false
	end
	local statements = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(item_id, property_id)
	if not statements or #statements == 0 then
		return false
	end
	local hasNoValue = ( statements[1].mainsnak and statements[1].mainsnak.snaktype == 'novalue' )
	if hasNoValue then
		return false
	end
	return statements[1]
end

function util.hasWikidataProperty(item_id, property_id)
	return util.getBestStatement(item_id, property_id) and true or false
end

function util.getStatementValue(statement)
	return statement and statement.mainsnak and statement.mainsnak.datavalue and statement.mainsnak.datavalue.value or nil
end

function util.relatedEntity(item_id, property_id)
	local value = util.getStatementValue( util.getBestStatement(item_id, property_id) )
	return value and value.id or false
end

function util.idType(id)
	if not id then 
		return nil
	elseif mw.ustring.match(id, &quot;[Pp]%d+&quot;) then
		return &quot;property&quot;
	elseif mw.ustring.match(id, &quot;[Qq]%d+&quot;) then
		return &quot;item&quot;
	else
		return nil
	end
end

function util.shouldAutoRun(frame)
	-- Check if should be running
	local pargs = frame.getParent(frame).args
	local explicitlyOn = yesno(mw.text.trim(pargs.mapframe or &quot;&quot;)) -- true of false or nil
	if pargs.coordinates == &quot;&amp;#123;&amp;#123;&amp;#123;coordinates&amp;#125;&amp;#125;&amp;#125;&quot; then explicitlyOn = false end
	if type(pargs.coordinates) == 'string' and string.match(pargs.coordinates, 'coord.missing') then explicitlyOn = false end
	local onByDefault = (explicitlyOn == nil) and yesno(mw.text.trim(frame.args.onByDefault or &quot;&quot;), false) -- true or false
	return explicitlyOn or onByDefault
end

function util.argsFromAuto(frame)
	-- Get args from the frame (invoke call) and the parent (template call).
	-- Frame arguments are default values which are overridden by parent values
	-- when both are present
	local args = getArgs(frame, {parentFirst = true})

	-- Discard args not prefixed with &quot;mapframe-&quot;, remove that prefix from those that remain
	local fixedArgs = {}
	for name, val in pairs(args) do
		local fixedName = string.match(name, &quot;^mapframe%-(.+)$&quot; )
		if fixedName then
			fixedArgs[fixedName] = val
		-- allow coord, coordinates, etc to be unprefixed
		elseif name == &quot;coordinates&quot; or name == &quot;coordinate&quot; and not fixedArgs.coord then
			fixedArgs.coord = val
		-- allow id, qid to be unprefixed, map to id (if not already present)
		elseif name == &quot;id&quot; or name == &quot;qid&quot; and not fixedArgs.id then
			fixedArgs.id = val
        -- allow captionstyle to be unprefixed, for compatibility with [[Module:Infobox]]
        elseif name == &quot;captionstyle&quot; and not fixedArgs.captionstyle then
            fixedArgs.captionstyle = val
		end
	end
	return fixedArgs
end


function util.parseCustomWikitext(customWikitext)
	-- infoboxImage will format an image if given wikitext containing an
	-- image, or else pass through the wikitext unmodified
	return infoboxImage({
		args = {
			image = customWikitext
		}
	})
end

function util.trackAndWarn(trackingCat, warning)
    local title = mw.title.getCurrentTitle()
    local results = title and title.namespace == 0 and trackingCat and '[[Category:'..trackingCat..']]' or ''
    if warning then
        local warn = require('Module:If preview')._warning
        results = results..warn({warning})
    end
    return results
end


function util.ternary(flag, other)
    other = other or 'other'
    flag = flag == 'none' and 'no' or flag
    local yesNoOut = yesno(flag,other)
    local yes = (yesNoOut == true)
    local no = (yesNoOut == false)
    return yes, no
end

local p = {}


p._caption = function(args)
	if args.caption then
		return args.caption
	elseif args.switcher then 
		return util.noop(&quot;no caption or switcher&quot;)
	end
	local maskItem
	local maskType = util.idType(args.geomask)
	if maskType == 'item' then
		maskItem = args.geomask
	elseif maskType == &quot;property&quot; then
		maskItem = util.relatedEntity(args.id or mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage(), args.geomask)
	end
	local maskItemLabel = maskItem and mw.wikibase.getLabel( maskItem )
	return maskItemLabel and &quot;Location in &quot;..maskItemLabel
		or util.noop(&quot;missing maskItemLabel with type &quot; .. (maskType or &quot;nil&quot;) .. &quot; and item &quot; .. (maskItem or &quot;nil&quot;))
end


--A list of types for objects that are too small to allow Kartographer to take over zoom
local tinyType = {
    landmark=true,
    railwaystation=true,
    edu=true,
    pass=true,
    camera=true
}                 

p._main = function(_config)
    -- accumulate tracking cats
    local tracking = ''
	-- `config` is the args passed to this module
	local config = util.trimArgs(_config)
	
    -- allow alias for config.coord
    config.coord = config.coord or config.coordinates

	-- Require wikidata item, or specified coords
	local wikidataId = config.id or mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage()
	if not(wikidataId) and not(config.coord) then
		return false, util.trackAndWarn('Pages using infobox mapframe with missing coordinates')
	end

	-- Require coords (specified or from wikidata), so that map will be centred somewhere
	-- (P625 = coordinate location)
    local wdCoordinates = util.getStatementValue(util.getBestStatement(wikidataId, 'P625'))
    if not (config.coord or wdCoordinates) then
		return false, util.trackAndWarn('Pages using infobox mapframe with missing coordinates')
	end

	-- `args` is the arguments which will be passed to the mapframe module
	local args = {}

	-- Some defaults/overrides for infobox presentation
	args.display = &quot;inline&quot;
	args.frame = &quot;yes&quot;
	args.plain = &quot;yes&quot;
	args[&quot;frame-width&quot;]  = config[&quot;frame-width&quot;] or config.width or DEFAULT_FRAME_WIDTH
	args[&quot;frame-height&quot;] = config[&quot;frame-height&quot;] or config.height or DEFAULT_FRAME_HEIGHT
	args[&quot;frame-align&quot;]  = &quot;center&quot;

	args[&quot;frame-coord&quot;] = config[&quot;frame-coordinates&quot;] or config[&quot;frame-coord&quot;]
	-- Note: config[&quot;coordinates&quot;] or config[&quot;coord&quot;] should not be used for the alignment of the frame;
	-- see talk page ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Diff/876492931 )

	-- deprecated lat and long parameters
	args[&quot;frame-lat&quot;]    = config[&quot;frame-lat&quot;] or config[&quot;frame-latitude&quot;]
	args[&quot;frame-long&quot;]   = config[&quot;frame-long&quot;] or config[&quot;frame-longitude&quot;]

    -- if zoom isn't specified from config, first check wikidata
    local zoom = config.zoom or util.getStatementValue(util.getBestStatement(wikidataId, 'P6592'))
    if not zoom then
	    -- Calculate zoom from length or area (converted to km or km2)
	    -- Zoom so that length or area is completely included in mapframe
	    local getZoom = require('Module:Infobox dim')._zoom
	    zoom = getZoom({length_km=config.length_km, length_mi=config.length_mi,
                        width_km=config.width_km, width_mi=config.width_mi,
		                area_km2=config.area_km2, area_mi2=config.area_mi2,
                        area_ha=config.area_ha, area_acre=config.area_acre,
                        type=config.type, population=config.population,
		                viewport_px=math.min(args[&quot;frame-width&quot;],args[&quot;frame-height&quot;]),
                        latitude=wdCoordinates and wdCoordinates.latitude})
    end
    args.zoom = zoom or DEFAULT_ZOOM

	-- Use OSM relation ID if available; otherwise use geoshape if that is available
	-- (geoshape is required for defunct entities, which are outside OSM's scope)
	local hasOsmRelationId = util.hasWikidataProperty(wikidataId, 'P402') -- P402 is OSM relation ID
	local hasGeoshape = util.hasWikidataProperty(wikidataId, 'P3896') -- P3896 is geoshape
	local wikidataProvidesGeo = hasOsmRelationId or hasGeoshape

    -- determine marker argument value, determine whether to show marker
    local forcePoint, suppressPoint = util.ternary(config.point)
    local forceMarker, suppressMarker = util.ternary(config.marker,true)

    forcePoint = forcePoint or forceMarker
    suppressPoint = suppressPoint or suppressMarker

    local showMarker = not suppressPoint and (forcePoint or not wikidataProvidesGeo or config.coord)
    
    -- wikidata = &quot;yes&quot; turns on both shape and line
    -- wikidata = &quot;no&quot; turns off both shape and line
    -- otherwise show both if wikidata provides geo
    local forceWikidata, suppressWikidata = util.ternary(config.wikidata)
    local showShape = not suppressWikidata and (forceWikidata or wikidataProvidesGeo or not config.coord)
    local showLine = showShape

    -- determine shape parameter value, determine whether to show or suppress shape
    -- also determine whether to invert shape
    local forceShape, suppressShape = util.ternary(config.shape)
    showShape = wikidataId and not suppressShape and (forceShape or showShape)
	local shapeType = config.shape == 'inverse' and 'shape-inverse' or 'shape'

    -- determine line parameter value, determine whether to show or suppress line
    local forceLine, suppressLine = util.ternary(config.line)
    showLine = wikidataId and not suppressLine and (forceLine or showLine)

    local maskItem
	-- Switcher
	if config.switcher == &quot;zooms&quot; then
		-- switching between zoom levels
		local maxZoom = math.max(tonumber(args.zoom), 3) -- what zoom would have otherwise been (if 3 or more, otherwise 3)
		local minZoom = 1 -- completely zoomed out
		local midZoom = math.floor((maxZoom + minZoom)/2) -- midway between maxn and min
		args.switch = &quot;zoomed in, zoomed midway, zoomed out&quot;
		args.zoom = string.format(&quot;SWITCH:%d,%d,%d&quot;, maxZoom, midZoom, minZoom)
	elseif config.switcher == &quot;auto&quot; then
		-- switching between P276 and P131 areas with recursive lookup, e.g. item's city,
		-- that city's state, and that state's country
		args.zoom = nil -- let kartographer determine the zoom
		local maskLabels = {}
		local maskItems = {}
		local maskItemId = util.relatedEntity(wikidataId, &quot;P276&quot;) or  util.relatedEntity(wikidataId, &quot;P131&quot;) 
		local maskLabel = mw.wikibase.getLabel(maskItemId)
		while maskItemId and maskLabel and mw.text.trim(maskLabel) ~= &quot;&quot; do
			table.insert(maskLabels, maskLabel)
			table.insert(maskItems, maskItemId)
			maskItemId = maskItemId and util.relatedEntity(maskItemId, &quot;P131&quot;)
			maskLabel = maskItemId and mw.wikibase.getLabel(maskItemId)
		end
		if #maskLabels &gt; 1 then
			args.switch = table.concat(maskLabels, &quot;###&quot;)
			maskItem = &quot;SWITCH:&quot; .. table.concat(maskItems, &quot;,&quot;)
		elseif #maskLabels == 1 then
			maskItem = maskItemId[1]
		end
	elseif config.switcher == &quot;geomasks&quot; and config.geomask then
		-- switching between items in geomask parameter
		args.zoom = nil -- let kartographer determine the zoom
		local separator = (mw.ustring.find(config.geomask, &quot;###&quot;, 0, true ) and &quot;###&quot;) or
			(mw.ustring.find(config.geomask, &quot;;&quot;, 0, true ) and &quot;;&quot;) or &quot;,&quot;
		local pattern = &quot;%s*&quot;..separator..&quot;%s*&quot;
		local maskItems = mw.text.split(mw.ustring.gsub(config.geomask, &quot;SWITCH:&quot;, &quot;&quot;), pattern)
		local maskLabels = {}
		if #maskItems &gt; 1 then
			for i, item in ipairs(maskItems) do
				table.insert(maskLabels, mw.wikibase.getLabel(item))
			end
			args.switch = table.concat(maskLabels, &quot;###&quot;)
			maskItem = &quot;SWITCH:&quot; .. table.concat(maskItems, &quot;,&quot;)
		end
	end
	
	-- resolve geomask item id (if not using geomask switcher)
	if not maskItem then --  
		local maskType = util.idType(config.geomask)
		if maskType == 'item' then
			maskItem = config.geomask
		elseif maskType == &quot;property&quot; then
			maskItem = util.relatedEntity(wikidataId, config.geomask)
		end
	end

    -- if asking for shape or line from Wikidata
    -- and if Wikidata actually has shape/line data (wikidataProvidesGeo=true)
    -- and if no geomask
    -- and if zoom not explicitly set
    -- and if the object size inferred from its type is not too small
    -- then let Kartographer &quot;take over&quot; zoom
    if (showLine or showShape) and wikidataProvidesGeo and not maskItem
       and not config.zoom and not (config.type and tinyType[config.type]) then
	    args.zoom = nil
    end	

    if not maskItem and not showShape and not showLine and not showMarker then
        return false, util.trackAndWarn('Pages using infobox mapframe with no geometry','No geometry specified for mapframe')
    end
	
	-- Keep track of arg numbering
	local argNumber = ''
	local function incrementArgNumber()
		if argNumber == '' then
			argNumber = 2
		else
			argNumber = argNumber + 1
		end
	end
	
	-- Geomask
	if maskItem then
		args[&quot;type&quot;..argNumber] = &quot;shape-inverse&quot;
		args[&quot;id&quot;..argNumber] = maskItem
		args[&quot;stroke-width&quot;..argNumber] = config[&quot;geomask-stroke-width&quot;] or DEFAULT_GEOMASK_STROKE_WIDTH
		args[&quot;stroke-color&quot;..argNumber] = config[&quot;geomask-stroke-color&quot;] or config[&quot;geomask-stroke-colour&quot;] or DEFAULT_GEOMASK_STROKE_COLOR
		args[&quot;fill&quot;..argNumber] = config[&quot;geomask-fill&quot;] or DEFAULT_GEOMASK_FILL
		args[&quot;fill-opacity&quot;..argNumber] = config[&quot;geomask-fill-opacity&quot;] or DEFAULT_SHAPE_FILL_OPACITY
		-- Let kartographer determine zoom and position, unless it is explicitly set in config
		if not config.zoom and not config.switcher then
			args.zoom = nil
			args[&quot;frame-coord&quot;] = nil
			args[&quot;frame-lat&quot;] = nil
			args[&quot;frame-long&quot;] = nil 	
			local maskArea = util.getStatementValue( util.getBestStatement(maskItem, 'P2046') )
		end
		incrementArgNumber()
		-- Hack to fix phab:T255932
		if not args.zoom then
			args[&quot;type&quot;..argNumber] = &quot;line&quot;
			args[&quot;id&quot;..argNumber] = maskItem
			args[&quot;stroke-width&quot;..argNumber] = 0
			incrementArgNumber()
		end
	end
	
	-- Shape (or shape-inverse)
	if showShape then
		args[&quot;type&quot;..argNumber] = shapeType
		if hasGeoshape and not hasOsmRelationId then
			args[&quot;from&quot;..argNumber] = string.sub( util.getStatementValue( util.getBestStatement(wikidataId, 'P3896') ), 6)
		elseif config.id then 
			args[&quot;id&quot;..argNumber] = config.id
		end
		args[&quot;stroke-width&quot;..argNumber] = config[&quot;shape-stroke-width&quot;] or config[&quot;stroke-width&quot;] or DEFAULT_SHAPE_STROKE_WIDTH
		args[&quot;stroke-color&quot;..argNumber] = config[&quot;shape-stroke-color&quot;] or config[&quot;shape-stroke-colour&quot;] or config[&quot;stroke-color&quot;] or config[&quot;stroke-colour&quot;] or DEFAULT_SHAPE_STROKE_COLOR
		args[&quot;fill&quot;..argNumber] = config[&quot;shape-fill&quot;] or DEFAULT_SHAPE_FILL
		args[&quot;fill-opacity&quot;..argNumber] = config[&quot;shape-fill-opacity&quot;] or DEFAULT_SHAPE_FILL_OPACITY
		incrementArgNumber()
	end
	
	-- Line
	if showLine then
		args[&quot;type&quot;..argNumber] = &quot;line&quot;
		if hasGeoshape and not hasOsmRelationId then
			args[&quot;from&quot;..argNumber] = string.sub( util.getStatementValue( util.getBestStatement(wikidataId, 'P3896') ), 6)
		elseif config.id then 
			args[&quot;id&quot;..argNumber] = config.id
		end
		args[&quot;stroke-width&quot;..argNumber] = config[&quot;line-stroke-width&quot;] or config[&quot;stroke-width&quot;] or DEFAULT_LINE_STROKE_WIDTH
		args[&quot;stroke-color&quot;..argNumber] = config[&quot;line-stroke-color&quot;] or config[&quot;line-stroke-colour&quot;] or config[&quot;stroke-color&quot;] or config[&quot;stroke-colour&quot;] or DEFAULT_LINE_STROKE_COLOR
		incrementArgNumber()
	end

	-- Point marker
	if showMarker then
		args[&quot;type&quot;..argNumber] = &quot;point&quot;
		if config.id then args[&quot;id&quot;..argNumber] = config.id end
		if config.coord then args[&quot;coord&quot;..argNumber] = config.coord end
		if config.marker then args[&quot;marker&quot;..argNumber] = config.marker end
		args[&quot;marker-color&quot;..argNumber] = config[&quot;marker-color&quot;] or config[&quot;marker-colour&quot;] or DEFAULT_MARKER_COLOR
		incrementArgNumber()
	end

    -- if Wikidata doesn't link to OSM and the map has no mask or point,
    -- then center the map on the coordinates either from the infobox or from wikidata
    if not maskItem and not showMarker and not wikidataProvidesGeo then
        if config.coord then
            args[&quot;frame-coord&quot;] = args[&quot;frame-coord&quot;] or config.coord
        else
            args[&quot;frame-lat&quot;] = args[&quot;frame-lat&quot;] or wdCoordinates.latitude
            args[&quot;frame-long&quot;] = args[&quot;frame-long&quot;] or wdCoordinates.longitude
        end
        tracking = tracking..util.trackAndWarn('Pages using infobox mapframe with forced centering')
    end

    -- protect against nil frame arguments
    args[&quot;frame-coord&quot;] = args[&quot;frame-coord&quot;] or &quot;&quot;
    args[&quot;frame-lat&quot;] = args[&quot;frame-lat&quot;] or &quot;&quot;
    args[&quot;frame-long&quot;] = args[&quot;frame-long&quot;] or &quot;&quot;

	local mapframe = args.switch and mf.multi(args) or mf._main(args)
	tracking = tracking..((showLine or showShape) and not wikidataProvidesGeo 
                          and util.trackAndWarn('Pages using infobox mapframe without shape links in Wikidata')
                          or '')
	return true, mapframe.. tracking
end

-- Entry points

p.main = function(frame)
	local parent = frame.getParent(frame)
	local parentArgs = parent.args
	local _, mapframe = p._main(parentArgs)
	return frame:preprocess(mapframe)
end

p.auto = function(frame)
	if not util.shouldAutoRun(frame) then
		return util.noop(&quot;auto should not autorun&quot;)
	end
	local args = util.argsFromAuto(frame)
	if args.custom then
		return frame:preprocess(util.parseCustomWikitext(args.custom))
	end
	local _, mapframe = p._main(args)
	return frame:preprocess(mapframe)
end

p.autocaption = function(frame)
	if not util.shouldAutoRun(frame) then
		return util.noop(&quot;autocaption should not autorun&quot;)
	end
	local args = util.argsFromAuto(frame)
    local caption = p._caption(args)
    return caption
end

p.autoWithCaption = function(frame)
	if not util.shouldAutoRun(frame) then
		return util.noop(&quot;autoWithCaption should not autorun&quot;)
	end
	local args = util.argsFromAuto(frame)
    local wikitext
    local caption
    local ok
    if args.custom then
        ok = true
        wikitext = util.parseCustomWikitext(args.custom)
    else
        ok, wikitext = p._main(args)
    end
    if not ok then return wikitext end
    wikitext = frame:preprocess(wikitext)
    caption = p._caption(args)
    local data = mw.html.create():wikitext(wikitext)
    data:tag('div')
	    :addClass('infobox-caption')
		:cssText(args.captionstyle)
		:wikitext(caption)
    return tostring(data)
end
    
return p</text>
      <sha1>875oxmrlaiy3xr3n98jl2ndg6rcmzou</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>António de Oliveira Salazar</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>31607</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311375</id>
      <parentid>230659</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-30T11:17:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Amit chandra das programmer</username>
        <id>48074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:1|1|0 */</comment>
      <origin>311375</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4288" sha1="pn7c8v2nott1xkin6rupvg9jb1m7ij5" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Antonio Salazar-1.jpg|thumb|António de Oliveira Salazar]]

'''António de Oliveira Salazar''' (28 Abriil 1889 - 27 Julay 1970) wuxuu ahaa nin u dhashay dalka Boortaqiiska iyo kaligii taliye u soo noqday raiisal wasaaraha Portugal intii u dhaxeysay 1932 ilaa 1968. Wuxuu mas'uul ka ahaa Estado Novo ('New State'), oo ah dowlada gacan ku rimiska ah ee xukumi jirtay Portugal ilaa 1974 .

Dhaqaaleyahan tababbaran, Salazar wuxuu galay nolosha bulshada isagoo ahaa wasiirka maaliyadda isagoo taageero ka helay Madaxweynaha Óscar Carmona kadib afgambigii Bortaqiiska ee 28kii May 1926. Milatariga 1926 wuxuu isu arkay inay yihiin ilaaliyaha qaranka, laakiin ma aysan hayn wax tilmaan ah sida ay wax looga qabto caqabadaha halista ah ee saacadda. Muddo sanad gudihiis ah, oo ku hubeysan quwado gaar ah, Salazar wuxuu isku dheeli tiray miisaaniyadda wuxuuna dejiyay lacagta Boortaqiiska. U soo celinta nidaamka xisaabaadka qaranka, dhaqan gelinta gunnada iyo qashinka qalin-qalinka, Salazar wuxuu soo saaray kii ugu horreeyay ee siyaado badan oo miisaaniyadeed ah, oo ah sheeko ugub ku ah Portugal. Muddo afar sano ah wuxuu is tusay inuu yahay saaxir siyaasadeed oo xitaa kafiican kan dhaqaale. Wuxuu ilbaxnimadiisii ​​ku beddelay xukunkii keli-taliska ahaa markii siyaasadihii dalal aad u tiro badani ay militari noqdeen. Ujeedada Salazar waxay ahayd siyaasadeynta bulshada oo aan ahayn abaabul dadweyne.

Isaga oo ka soo horjeeday dimuqraadiyadda, shuuciyadda, hantiwadaagga, dowlad la’aanta iyo xoriyadda, xukunka Salazar wuxuu ahaa mid muxaafid ah oo waddani ah dabeecad ahaan. Salazar wuxuu iska fogeeyay faashiisnimada iyo naasiyiinta, oo uu ku dhaleeceeyay &quot;jaahilnimada jaahiliyada&quot; oo aan aqoonsanayn xadka sharci, diineed iyo mid anshax toona Si ka duwan Mussolini ama Hitler, Salazar waligiis ma lahayn ujeedo ah inuu abuuro xisbi-dowlad. Salazar wuxuu ka soo horjeeday fikirka xisbiga oo dhan wuxuuna 1930-kii abuuray National Union xisbi keli ah, kaas oo uu u suuq geeyay &quot;xisbi aan ahayn&quot;, isagoo ku dhawaaqay in Ururka Qaran uu noqon doono naceybka xisbi siyaasadeed. Salazar wuxuu kor u qaaday Katooliga, laakiin wuxuu ku dooday in doorka kaniisaddu uu ahaa mid bulsho, ee uusan ahayn mid siyaasadeed, wuxuuna kala xaajooday Concordat ee 1940. Mid ka mid ah hal ku dhigyada maamulkii Salazar wuxuu ahaa &quot;Deus, Pátria e Família&quot; (oo macnaheedu yahay 'Ilaah, Aabbo iyo Qoys') ).

Iyada oo Estado Novo ay awood u siineyso inuu adeegsado awoodo siyaasadeed oo aad u ballaaran, Salazar wuxuu adeegsaday faafreeb iyo booliis qarsoodi ah si uu u joojiyo mucaaradka, gaar ahaan wixii la xiriira dhaqdhaqaaqa Shuuciga. Wuxuu taageeray Francisco Franco Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Isbaanishka wuxuuna door muhiim ah ka qaatay in Portugal iyo Spain laga dhigo dhex-dhexaad intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka isagoo weli gargaar iyo gargaar siiya xulafada. In kasta oo aanu dimuqraadiyad ahayn, Boortaqiiska intii uu xukumayay wuxuu ka qayb qaatay aasaaskii ururo caalami ah oo muhiim ah. Boortaqiiska wuxuu ka mid ahaa 12-kii xubnood ee aasaasey ururkii waqooyiga Atlantik ee loo soo gaabiyo (NATO) sanadkii 1949, wuxuu ku biirey [[Midowga Yurub|midowga yurub]] bixiya sanadkii 1950, wuxuuna ka mid ahaa aasaasayaashii ururka ganacsiga xorta ah ee yurub (EFTA) 1960, iyo aasaaskii. xubin ka ahaa Ururka Iskaashiga Dhaqaalaha iyo Horumarinta sanadkii 1961. Intii uu xukunka hayey Bortuqiisku wuxuu sidoo kale ku biiray heshiiskii guud ee canshuuraha iyo ganacsiga ee 1962, wuxuuna bilaabay Dagaalkii Gumeystaha ee Boortaqiiska. Caqiidada Pluricontinentalism waxay aasaas u ahayd siyaasaddiisa dhuleed, fikradda Boqortooyada Boortaqiiska oo ah dowlad mideysan oo faafisay qaarado badan.

Estado Novo ayaa burburtay intii lagu jiray Kacaankii Dhaqanka ee 1974, afar sano kadib dhimashadii Salazar. Qiimeynta maamulkiisa waa kala duwanaa, iyadoo taageerayaashu ay amaaneen natiijooyinkiisa kuwa dhaliishana waxay cambaareeyeen qaababkiisa. Si kastaba ha noqotee, waxaa jira heshiis guud oo ah in Salazar uu ahaa mid ka mid ah shakhsiyaadka ugu saameynta badan taariikhda Boortaqiiska. Tobanaankii sano ee la soo dhaafay, &quot;ilo iyo habab cusub ayaa waxaa adeegsanaya taariikhyahano reer Burtuqiis ah iyagoo isku dayaya inay la qabsadaan kali-talisnimadii socotey 48-ka sano.&quot;</text>
      <sha1>pn7c8v2nott1xkin6rupvg9jb1m7ij5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Henrich Bayer</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>34174</id>
    <redirect title="Heinrich Bayer" />
    <revision>
      <id>311372</id>
      <parentid>223130</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-30T09:20:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andre Engels</username>
        <id>72</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Bog loo bedeley [[Heinrich Bayer]]</comment>
      <origin>311372</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="28" sha1="g6olkbtugdw39013i8etqqmgnff5g3l" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Heinrich Bayer]]</text>
      <sha1>g6olkbtugdw39013i8etqqmgnff5g3l</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:ISO 3166 code</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>36943</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311313</id>
      <parentid>241277</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T21:50:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>311313</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="151" sha1="0tb3gpyqby5gfydd96tbrl3l0h6uqng" xml:space="preserve">{{safesubst&lt;noinclude/&gt;:#invoke:ISO 3166|code|{{{1}}}|{{{2|}}}}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation|content={{ISO 3166 conversion template doc}}}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>0tb3gpyqby5gfydd96tbrl3l0h6uqng</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:ISO 3166 conversion template doc</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>36944</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311315</id>
      <parentid>241278</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T21:54:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>311315</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6967" sha1="67c4nh035q3jr1qkzfwgqqfcm05k12v" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#invoke:Unsubst||subst=|$flags=override,keep-whitespace,remove-empty|$B={{Documentation|1=Template:ISO 3166 conversion template doc|content=
==Adeegsiga==

{{#switch:{{NAMESPACE}}
|Template=Fajigan wuxuu qeyb ka yahay taxane u beddela magacyada dalalka iyo gobollada heerarka xeerarka [[ISO 3166-1]] iyo [[ISO 3166-2]], iyo qaabka ka soo horjeeda iyana.
|Category=Qeybtan waxay ka kooban tahay qeyb ka mid ah taxanaha fajiyaasha u beddela magacyada dalalka iyo gobollada xeerarka [[ISO 3166-1]] iyo [[ISO 3166-2]], iyo qaabka ka soo horjeeda iyana.
|Siyaasaddan {{lcfirst:{{NAMESPACE}}}} waxay la xiriirtaa taxanaha fajiyaasha u beddela magacyada dalalka iyo gobollada xeerarka [[ISO 3166-1]] iyo [[ISO 3166-2]], iyo qaabka ka soo horjeeda iyana.
}} 

{{#ifeq:{{Str len|{{{3|}}}}}|2|Sidoo kale eeg: [[ISO 3166-2:{{{3}}}]]}}
{{#if:{{{spec|}}}|
==Xaalad gaar ah==
{{{spec|}}}
}}
==Bogagga hoose==
{{Special:Prefixindex/{{SUBJECTPAGENAME}}}}

==ISO 3166==
ISO 3166 waxay qeexaysaa magacyada, xeerarka labada iyo saddexda xaraf ah, iyo xeerarka lambarrada ee dhammaan dalalka, iyo sidoo kale xeerarka lixda xaraf ah (xeerka dalka ee labada xaraf ah oo ay ku xigto hakad iyo xeerka gobolka ee laba ama saddex xaraf ah) ee dhammaan gobollada heerka ugu sareeya.

==Isticmaalka qoyska fajiyaasha==
Waxaan rabnaa inaan u beddelno xiriirinta u dhaxeysa aqoonsiyada kala duwan ee loo yaqaan ''isticmaalka galinta'' iyo walxaha ISO 3166, waxaa laga yaabaa inuu jiro ka badan halka hab oo loo sameeyo beddel kasta. Tusaalayaashayada waxaan u adeegsanaynaa [[Bakistaan]] oo ah dalka iyo [[Balochistan (Pakistan)]] oo ah gobolka.

Aqoonsiyada ISO-3166 ee Bakistaan waa:
*Magaca: Pakistan
*Xeerka Alpha-2: PK
*Xeerka Alpha-3: PAK
*Xeerka Lambarka: 586

Aqoonsiyada ISO-3166 ee Balochistan (Pakistan) waa:
*Xeerka Gobolka: PK-BK

Haddaba Bakistaan waxay sidoo kale leedahay magacyo badan oo u dhigma: tusaale ahaan [[Pakistán]] iyo [[پاکستان]].

Sidoo kale Baluchistan waxaa loo yaqaanaa, tusaale ahaan [[Balochistan]] (Wikipedia-ga) iyo [[Bagh Sanjari]].

; Si aad u hesho xeerka '''Alpha-2''' waxaan isticmaali karnaa {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code}} iyadoo la adeegsanayo mid ka mid ah aqoonsiyada dalka, ama loo adeegsado aqoonsiga qeyb ka mid ah magaca fajiga (ka dhakhso badan).

* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code|Pakistan}} PK 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code|PK}} PK 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code|PAK}} PK 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code|586}} PK 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code|Pakistán}} PK 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code|پاکستان}} PK 

* {{Tld|ISO 3166 code Pakistan}} PK 
* {{Tld|ISO 3166 code PK}} PK 
* {{Tld|ISO 3166 code PAK}} PK 
* {{Tld|ISO 3166 code 586}} PK 
* {{Tld|ISO 3166 code Pakistán}} PK 
* {{Tld|ISO 3166 code پاکستان}} PK 

; Xeerka '''alpha-3''' waxaa loo helaa si taa la mid ah (laakiin maadaama aan hadda loo adeegsanin habka magaca fajiga marka laga reebo beddelka laga samaynayo xeerka la yaqaan ee '''Alpha-2''').

* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code-3|Pakistan}} PAK 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code-3|PK}} PAK 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code-3|PAK}} PAK 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code-3|586}} PAK 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code-3|Pakistán}} PAK 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code-3|پاکستان}} PAK 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code-3 PK}} PAK 

;Helitaanka magaca waxaa loo helaa si taa la mid ah (laakiin maadaama aan hadda loo adeegsanin habka magaca fajiga marka laga reebo beddelka laga samaynayo xeerka la yaqaan ee '''Alpha-2''').

* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 name|Pakistan}} Pakistan 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 name|PK}} Pakistan 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 name|PAK}} Pakistan 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 name|586}} Pakistan 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 name|Pakistán}} Pakistan 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 name|پاکستان}} Pakistan 

* {{Tld|ISO 3166 name PK}} Pakistan 

;Xeerka gobolka waxaa loo heli karaa habab badan

:Adeegsiga magaca fajiga - kan hadda '''waa inuu''' isticmaalo magaca rasmiga ah (caadi ahaan ISO 3166) ee dalka laakiin wuxuu isticmaali karaa magacyada u dhigma ee la fuliyay ee gobolka.
* {{Tld|ISO 3166 code Pakistan Baluchistan}} PK-BA 
* {{Tld|ISO 3166 code Pakistan Balochistan}} PK-BA 
* {{Tld|ISO 3166 code Pakistan Bagh Sanjari}} PK-BA 

:Adeegsiga magaca fajiga iyo hal halbeeg (parameter) - wuxuu isticmaali karaa magacyada u dhigma ee la fuliyay ee gobolka iyo dalka - walxaha ISO 3166 waxaa piiq ah in laga helo magacyada u dhigma ee dalka.
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code Pakistan|Baluchistan}} PK-BA 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code Pakistan|Balochistan}} PK-BA 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code Pakistan|Bagh Sanjari}} PK-BA 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code Pakistán|Baluchistan}} PK-BA 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code Paquistán|Balochistan}} PK-BA 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code PK|Baluchistan}} PK-BA 

:Adeegsiga laba halbeeg - wuxuu isticmaali karaa magacyada u dhigma ee la fuliyay ee gobolka iyo dalka - walxaha ISO 3166 waxaa piiq ah in laga helo magacyada u dhigma ee dalka.
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code|Pakistan|Baluchistan}} PK-BA 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code|Pakistan|Balochistan}} PK-BA 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code|Pakistan|Bagh Sanjari}} PK-BA 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code|Pakistán|Baluchistan}} PK-BA 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code|Paquistán|Balochistan}} PK-BA 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code|PK|Baluchistan}} PK-BA 

;Magaca gobolka waxaa loo heli karaa si taa la mid ah

* {{Tld|ISO 3166 name PK-BA}} Baluchistan, Pakistan 

:Adeegsiga laba halbeeg - wuxuu isticmaali karaa magacyada u dhigma ee la fuliyay ee gobolka iyo dalka - walxaha ISO 3166 waxaa piiq ah in laga helo magacyada u dhigma ee dalka.
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 name|PK|Baluchistan}} Baluchistan, Pakistan
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 name|Pakistan|Baluchistan}} Baluchistan, Pakistan
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 name|PK|Bagh Sanjari}} Baluchistan, Pakistan 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 name|Pakistán|Baluchistan}} Baluchistan, Pakistan 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 name|Paquistán|Balochistan}} Baluchistan, Pakistan 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 name|PK|Baluchistan}} Baluchistan, Pakistan 

==Xaaladaha laga yaabo in lagu soo celiyo magac aan ISO3166 ahayn==
* Taywaan - Magaca ISO waa...
* Fenesuweela - Magaca ISO waa...
* Boliifiya - Magaca ISO waa....
* ...

* Xaaladaha uu magacu leeyahay hakad lagu khalday - &quot;Congo, The People's Democratic Republic of&quot;
* Masedooniya - Magaca ISO waa Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of

==Xoojinta iskudhafka (system)==
# Ku darida magacyada u dhigma ee dalka: kuwaan waa in loo leexiyo fajiga rasmiga ah: leexinta waa in loo qeexaa si ka mid ah midka bartilmaameedka ah, oo loo kala sooco siday ku dhex qoran tahay xusuusta qeybaha.
# Ku darida magacyada u dhigma ee gobolka: kuwaan waxay noqon karaan kuwo la koobiyayn karo, laakiin hubi inaad dib u cusbooneysiiso doorsoomayaasha qoraallada leexinta.

}}

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}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
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==Adeegsiga==

{{#switch:{{NAMESPACE}}
|Template=Fajigan wuxuu qeyb ka yahay taxane u beddela magacyada dalalka iyo gobollada heerarka xeerarka [[ISO 3166-1]] iyo [[ISO 3166-2]], iyo qaabka ka soo horjeeda iyana.
|Category=Qeybtan waxay ka kooban tahay qeyb ka mid ah taxanaha fajiyaasha u beddela magacyada dalalka iyo gobollada xeerarka [[ISO 3166-1]] iyo [[ISO 3166-2]], iyo qaabka ka soo horjeeda iyana.
|Siyaasaddan {{lcfirst:{{NAMESPACE}}}} waxay la xiriirtaa taxanaha fajiyaasha u beddela magacyada dalalka iyo gobollada xeerarka [[ISO 3166-1]] iyo [[ISO 3166-2]], iyo qaabka ka soo horjeeda iyana.
}} 

{{#ifeq:{{Str len|{{{3|}}}}}|2|Sidoo kale eeg: [[ISO 3166-2:{{{3}}}]]}}
{{#if:{{{spec|}}}|
==Xaalad gaar ah==
{{{spec|}}}
}}
==Bogagga hoose==
{{Special:Prefixindex/{{SUBJECTPAGENAME}}}}

==ISO 3166==
ISO 3166 waxay qeexaysaa magacyada, xeerarka labada iyo saddexda xaraf ah, iyo xeerarka lambarrada ee dhammaan dalalka, iyo sidoo kale xeerarka lixda xaraf ah (xeerka dalka ee labada xaraf ah oo ay ku xigto hakad iyo xeerka gobolka ee laba ama saddex xaraf ah) ee dhammaan gobollada heerka ugu sareeya.

==Isticmaalka qoyska fajiyaasha==
Waxaan rabnaa inaan u beddelno xiriirinta u dhaxeysa aqoonsiyada kala duwan ee loo yaqaan ''isticmaalka galinta'' iyo walxaha ISO 3166, waxaa laga yaabaa inuu jiro ka badan halka hab oo loo sameeyo beddel kasta. Tusaalayaashayada waxaan u adeegsanaynaa [[Bakistaan]] oo ah dalka iyo [[Balochistan (Pakistan)]] oo ah gobolka.

Aqoonsiyada ISO-3166 ee Bakistaan waa:
*Magaca: Pakistan
*Xeerka Alpha-2: PK
*Xeerka Alpha-3: PAK
*Xeerka Lambarka: 586

Aqoonsiyada ISO-3166 ee Balochistan (Pakistan) waa:
*Xeerka Gobolka: PK-BK

Haddaba Bakistaan waxay sidoo kale leedahay magacyo badan oo u dhigma: tusaale ahaan [[Pakistán]] iyo [[پاکستان]].

Sidoo kale Baluchistan waxaa loo yaqaanaa, tusaale ahaan [[Balochistan]] (Wikipedia-ga) iyo [[Bagh Sanjari]].

; Si aad u hesho xeerka '''Alpha-2''' waxaan isticmaali karnaa {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code}} iyadoo la adeegsanayo mid ka mid ah aqoonsiyada dalka, ama loo adeegsado aqoonsiga qeyb ka mid ah magaca fajiga (ka dhakhso badan).

* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code|Pakistan}} PK 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code|PK}} PK 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code|PAK}} PK 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code|586}} PK 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code|Pakistán}} PK 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code|پاکستان}} PK 

* {{Tld|ISO 3166 code Pakistan}} PK 
* {{Tld|ISO 3166 code PK}} PK 
* {{Tld|ISO 3166 code PAK}} PK 
* {{Tld|ISO 3166 code 586}} PK 
* {{Tld|ISO 3166 code Pakistán}} PK 
* {{Tld|ISO 3166 code پاکستان}} PK 

; Xeerka '''alpha-3''' waxaa loo helaa si taa la mid ah (laakiin maadaama aan hadda loo adeegsanin habka magaca fajiga marka laga reebo beddelka laga samaynayo xeerka la yaqaan ee '''Alpha-2''').

* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code-3|Pakistan}} PAK 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code-3|PK}} PAK 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code-3|PAK}} PAK 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code-3|586}} PAK 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code-3|Pakistán}} PAK 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code-3|پاکستان}} PAK 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code-3 PK}} PAK 

;Helitaanka magaca waxaa loo helaa si taa la mid ah (laakiin maadaama aan hadda loo adeegsanin habka magaca fajiga marka laga reebo beddelka laga samaynayo xeerka la yaqaan ee '''Alpha-2''').

* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 name|Pakistan}} Pakistan 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 name|PK}} Pakistan 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 name|PAK}} Pakistan 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 name|586}} Pakistan 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 name|Pakistán}} Pakistan 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 name|پاکستان}} Pakistan 

* {{Tld|ISO 3166 name PK}} Pakistan 

;Xeerka gobolka waxaa loo heli karaa habab badan

:Adeegsiga magaca fajiga - kan hadda '''waa inuu''' isticmaalo magaca rasmiga ah (caadi ahaan ISO 3166) ee dalka laakiin wuxuu isticmaali karaa magacyada u dhigma ee la fuliyay ee gobolka.
* {{Tld|ISO 3166 code Pakistan Baluchistan}} PK-BA 
* {{Tld|ISO 3166 code Pakistan Balochistan}} PK-BA 
* {{Tld|ISO 3166 code Pakistan Bagh Sanjari}} PK-BA 

:Adeegsiga magaca fajiga iyo hal halbeeg (parameter) - wuxuu isticmaali karaa magacyada u dhigma ee la fuliyay ee gobolka iyo dalka - walxaha ISO 3166 waxaa piiq ah in laga helo magacyada u dhigma ee dalka.
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code Pakistan|Baluchistan}} PK-BA 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code Pakistan|Balochistan}} PK-BA 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code Pakistan|Bagh Sanjari}} PK-BA 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code Pakistán|Baluchistan}} PK-BA 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code Paquistán|Balochistan}} PK-BA 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code PK|Baluchistan}} PK-BA 

:Adeegsiga laba halbeeg - wuxuu isticmaali karaa magacyada u dhigma ee la fuliyay ee gobolka iyo dalka - walxaha ISO 3166 waxaa piiq ah in laga helo magacyada u dhigma ee dalka.
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code|Pakistan|Baluchistan}} PK-BA 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code|Pakistan|Balochistan}} PK-BA 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code|Pakistan|Bagh Sanjari}} PK-BA 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code|Pakistán|Baluchistan}} PK-BA 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code|Paquistán|Balochistan}} PK-BA 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code|PK|Baluchistan}} PK-BA 

;Magaca gobolka waxaa loo heli karaa si taa la mid ah

* {{Tld|ISO 3166 name PK-BA}} Baluchistan, Pakistan 

:Adeegsiga laba halbeeg - wuxuu isticmaali karaa magacyada u dhigma ee la fuliyay ee gobolka iyo dalka - walxaha ISO 3166 waxaa piiq ah in laga helo magacyada u dhigma ee dalka.
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 name|PK|Baluchistan}} Baluchistan, Pakistan
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 name|Pakistan|Baluchistan}} Baluchistan, Pakistan
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 name|PK|Bagh Sanjari}} Baluchistan, Pakistan 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 name|Pakistán|Baluchistan}} Baluchistan, Pakistan 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 name|Paquistán|Balochistan}} Baluchistan, Pakistan 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 name|PK|Baluchistan}} Baluchistan, Pakistan 

==Xaaladaha laga yaabo in lagu soo celiyo magac aan ISO3166 ahayn==
* Taywaan - Magaca ISO waa...
* Fenesuweela - Magaca ISO waa...
* Boliifiya - Magaca ISO waa....
* ...

* Xaaladaha uu magacu leeyahay hakad lagu khalday - &quot;Congo, The People's Democratic Republic of&quot;
* Masedooniya - Magaca ISO waa Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of

==Xoojinta nidaamka==
# Ku darida magacyada u dhigma ee dalka: kuwaan waa in loo leexiyo fajiga rasmiga ah: leexinta waa in loo qeexaa si ka mid ah midka bartilmaameedka ah, oo loo kala sooco siday ku dhex qoran tahay xusuusta qeybaha.
# Ku darida magacyada u dhigma ee gobolka: kuwaan waxay noqon karaan kuwo la koobiyayn karo, laakiin hubi inaad dib u cusbooneysiiso doorsoomayaasha qoraallada leexinta.

}}

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}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Template documentation]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>311318</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-29T21:56:14Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Isma4l</username>
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==Adeegsiga==

{{#switch:{{NAMESPACE}}
|Template=Fajigan wuxuu qeyb ka yahay taxane u beddela magacyada dalalka iyo gobollada heerarka xeerarka [[ISO 3166-1]] iyo [[ISO 3166-2]], iyo qaabka ka soo horjeeda iyana.
|Category=Qeybtan waxay ka kooban tahay qeyb ka mid ah taxanaha fajiyaasha u beddela magacyada dalalka iyo gobollada xeerarka [[ISO 3166-1]] iyo [[ISO 3166-2]], iyo qaabka ka soo horjeeda iyana.
|Siyaasaddan {{lcfirst:{{NAMESPACE}}}} waxay la xiriirtaa taxanaha fajiyaasha u beddela magacyada dalalka iyo gobollada xeerarka [[ISO 3166-1]] iyo [[ISO 3166-2]], iyo qaabka ka soo horjeeda iyana.
}} 

{{#ifeq:{{Str len|{{{3|}}}}}|2|Sidoo kale eeg: [[ISO 3166-2:{{{3}}}]]}}
{{#if:{{{spec|}}}|
==Xaalad gaar ah==
{{{spec|}}}
}}
==Bogagga hoose==
{{Special:Prefixindex/{{SUBJECTPAGENAME}}}}

==ISO 3166==
ISO 3166 waxay qeexaysaa magacyada, xeerarka labada iyo saddexda xaraf ah, iyo xeerarka lambarrada ee dhammaan dalalka, iyo sidoo kale xeerarka lixda xaraf ah (xeerka dalka ee labada xaraf ah oo ay ku xigto hakad iyo xeerka gobolka ee laba ama saddex xaraf ah) ee dhammaan gobollada heerka ugu sareeya.

==Isticmaalka qoyska fajiyaasha==
Waxaan rabnaa inaan u beddelno xiriirinta u dhaxeysa aqoonsiyada kala duwan ee loo yaqaan ''isticmaalka galinta'' iyo walxaha ISO 3166, waxaa laga yaabaa inuu jiro ka badan halka hab oo loo sameeyo beddel kasta. Tusaalayaashayada waxaan u adeegsanaynaa [[Bakistaan]] oo ah dalka iyo [[Balochistan (Pakistan)]] oo ah gobolka.

Aqoonsiyada ISO-3166 ee Bakistaan waa:
*Magaca: Pakistan
*Xeerka Alpha-2: PK
*Xeerka Alpha-3: PAK
*Xeerka Lambarka: 586

Aqoonsiyada ISO-3166 ee Balochistan (Pakistan) waa:
*Xeerka Gobolka: PK-BK

Haddaba Bakistaan waxay sidoo kale leedahay magacyo badan oo u dhigma: tusaale ahaan [[Pakistán]] iyo [[پاکستان]].

Sidoo kale Baluchistan waxaa loo yaqaanaa, tusaale ahaan [[Balochistan]] (Wikipedia-ga) iyo [[Bagh Sanjari]].

; Si aad u hesho xeerka '''Alpha-2''' waxaan isticmaali karnaa {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code}} iyadoo la adeegsanayo mid ka mid ah aqoonsiyada dalka, ama loo adeegsado aqoonsiga qeyb ka mid ah magaca fajiga (ka dhakhso badan).

* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code|Pakistan}} PK 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code|PK}} PK 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code|PAK}} PK 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code|586}} PK 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code|Pakistán}} PK 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code|پاکستان}} PK 

* {{Tld|ISO 3166 code Pakistan}} PK 
* {{Tld|ISO 3166 code PK}} PK 
* {{Tld|ISO 3166 code PAK}} PK 
* {{Tld|ISO 3166 code 586}} PK 
* {{Tld|ISO 3166 code Pakistán}} PK 
* {{Tld|ISO 3166 code پاکستان}} PK 

; Xeerka '''alpha-3''' waxaa loo helaa si taa la mid ah (laakiin maadaama aan hadda loo adeegsanin habka magaca fajiga marka laga reebo beddelka laga samaynayo xeerka la yaqaan ee '''Alpha-2''').

* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code-3|Pakistan}} PAK 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code-3|PK}} PAK 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code-3|PAK}} PAK 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code-3|586}} PAK 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code-3|Pakistán}} PAK 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code-3|پاکستان}} PAK 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code-3 PK}} PAK 

;Helitaanka magaca waxaa loo helaa si taa la mid ah (laakiin maadaama aan hadda loo adeegsanin habka magaca fajiga marka laga reebo beddelka laga samaynayo xeerka la yaqaan ee '''Alpha-2''').

* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 name|Pakistan}} Pakistan 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 name|PK}} Pakistan 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 name|PAK}} Pakistan 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 name|586}} Pakistan 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 name|Pakistán}} Pakistan 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 name|پاکستان}} Pakistan 

* {{Tld|ISO 3166 name PK}} Pakistan 

;Xeerka gobolka waxaa loo heli karaa habab badan

:Adeegsiga magaca fajiga - kan hadda '''waa inuu''' isticmaalo magaca rasmiga ah (caadi ahaan ISO 3166) ee dalka laakiin wuxuu isticmaali karaa magacyada u dhigma ee la fuliyay ee gobolka.
* {{Tld|ISO 3166 code Pakistan Baluchistan}} PK-BA 
* {{Tld|ISO 3166 code Pakistan Balochistan}} PK-BA 
* {{Tld|ISO 3166 code Pakistan Bagh Sanjari}} PK-BA 

:Adeegsiga magaca fajiga iyo hal halbeeg (parameter) - wuxuu isticmaali karaa magacyada u dhigma ee la fuliyay ee gobolka iyo dalka - walxaha ISO 3166 waxaa piiq ah in laga helo magacyada u dhigma ee dalka.
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code Pakistan|Baluchistan}} PK-BA 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code Pakistan|Balochistan}} PK-BA 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code Pakistan|Bagh Sanjari}} PK-BA 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code Pakistán|Baluchistan}} PK-BA 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code Paquistán|Balochistan}} PK-BA 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code PK|Baluchistan}} PK-BA 

:Adeegsiga laba halbeeg - wuxuu isticmaali karaa magacyada u dhigma ee la fuliyay ee gobolka iyo dalka - walxaha ISO 3166 waxaa piiq ah in laga helo magacyada u dhigma ee dalka.
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code|Pakistan|Baluchistan}} PK-BA 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code|Pakistan|Balochistan}} PK-BA 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code|Pakistan|Bagh Sanjari}} PK-BA 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code|Pakistán|Baluchistan}} PK-BA 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code|Paquistán|Balochistan}} PK-BA 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code|PK|Baluchistan}} PK-BA 

;Magaca gobolka waxaa loo heli karaa si taa la mid ah

* {{Tld|ISO 3166 name PK-BA}} Baluchistan, Pakistan 

:Adeegsiga laba halbeeg - wuxuu isticmaali karaa magacyada u dhigma ee la fuliyay ee gobolka iyo dalka - walxaha ISO 3166 waxaa piiq ah in laga helo magacyada u dhigma ee dalka.
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 name|PK|Baluchistan}} Baluchistan, Pakistan
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 name|Pakistan|Baluchistan}} Baluchistan, Pakistan
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 name|PK|Bagh Sanjari}} Baluchistan, Pakistan 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 name|Pakistán|Baluchistan}} Baluchistan, Pakistan 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 name|Paquistán|Balochistan}} Baluchistan, Pakistan 
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 name|PK|Baluchistan}} Baluchistan, Pakistan 

==Xaaladaha laga yaabo in lagu soo celiyo magac aan ISO3166 ahayn==
* Taywaan - Magaca ISO waa...
* Fenesuweela - Magaca ISO waa...
* Boliifiya - Magaca ISO waa....
* ...

* Xaaladaha uu magacu leeyahay hakad lagu khalday - &quot;Congo, The People's Democratic Republic of&quot;
* Masedooniya - Magaca ISO waa Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of

==Xoojinta nidaamka==
# Ku darida magacyada u dhigma ee dalka: kuwaan waa in loo leexiyo fajiga rasmiga ah: leexinta waa in loo qeexaa si ka mid ah midka bartilmaameedka ah, oo loo kala sooco siday ku dhex qoran tahay xusuusta qeybaha.
# Ku darida magacyada u dhigma ee gobolka: kuwaan waxay noqon karaan kuwo la koobiyayn karo, laakiin hubi inaad dib u cusbooneysiiso doorsoomayaasha qoraallada leexinta.

}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#ifeq:{{{4|}}}|name|{{#if:{{{2|}}}|[[Category:ISO 3166 name from code templates{{!}}{{{1}}} {{{2}}}]]|[[Category:ISO 3166 name from code country templates{{!}}{{{1|}}}]]}}|{{#if:{{{2|}}}|[[Category:ISO 3166 code from name templates{{!}}{{{1}}} {{{2}}}]]|[[Category:ISO 3166 code from name country templates{{!}}{{{1|}}}]]}}}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Template documentation]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>311319</id>
      <parentid>311318</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T21:58:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
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      <text bytes="3998" sha1="27aferktojibcnvdszhj1bruyrs670r" xml:space="preserve">{{Lua|Module:ISO 3166}}

Tusmadani waxay qayb ka tahay taxane u beddela magacyada dalalka iyo gobollada xeerarka [[ISO 3166-1]] iyo [[ISO 3166-2]], iyo waliba si ka soo horjeeda. {{#ifeq:{{Str len|{{{3|}}}}}|2|Sidoo kale eeg: [[ISO 3166-2:{{{3}}}]]}} ISO 3166 waxay qeexaysaa magacyada, xeerarka labada iyo saddexda xaraf ah, iyo lambarrada xeerarka ee dhammaan dalalka, iyo sidoo kale xeerarka lixda xaraf ah (xeerka dalka ee labada xaraf ah oo ay ku xigto hakad iyo xeerka gobolka ee laba ama saddex xaraf ah) ee dhammaan gobollada heerka koowaad. 

==Tusmooyinka==
===ISO 3166-1===
* ISO 3166-1 alpha-2: {{Tl|ISO 3166 code}} (''tusaale ahaan'', {{ISO 3166 code|Iran}})
* ISO 3166-1 alpha-3: {{Tl|ISO 3166 code-3}} (''tusaale ahaan'', {{ISO 3166 code-3|Iran}})
* ISO 3166-1 lambarka: {{Tl|ISO 3166 numeric}} (''tusaale ahaan'', {{ISO 3166 numeric|Iran}})

===ISO 3166-2===
* ISO 3166-2: {{Tl|ISO 3166 code}} (''tusaale ahaan'', {{ISO 3166 code|Iran|Alborz}})
* Magaca ISO 3166-2: {{Tl|ISO 3166 name}} (''tusaale ahaan'', {{ISO 3166 name|Iran}})

===Aan ISO 3166 ahayn===
Magaca dalka: {{Tl|Country name}} (''tusaale ahaan'', {{Country name|Iran}})

==Adeegsiga==
Marka aan rabno inaan u beddelno aqoonsiyada kala duwan ee loo yaqaan ''galinta isticmaalaha'' iyo walxaha ISO 3166, waxaa laga yaabaa inuu jiro wax ka badan hal hab oo loo sameeyo beddel kasta. Tusaalayaashayada waxaan u adeegsanaynaa [[Bakistaan]] oo ah dalka iyo [[Balochistan (Pakistan)]] oo ah gobolka.

Aqoonsiyada ISO-3166 ee Bakistaan waa:
* Magaca: Pakistan
* Xeerka Alpha-2: PK
* Xeerka Alpha-3: PAK
* Xeerka lambarka: 586

Aqoonsiyada ISO-3166 ee Balochistan (Pakistan) waa:
* Xeerka gobolka: PK-BK

Haddaba Bakistaan waxay sidoo kale leedahay magacyo kale oo la mid ah, tusaale ahaan Pakistán iyo پاکستان.

Sidoo kale Baluchistan waxaa loo yaqaanaa, tusaale ahaan, [[Balochistan]] (Wikipedia-ga) iyo [[Bagh Sanjari]].

=== Raadinta xeerka Alpha-2 ===
Mid kasta oo ka mid ah aqoonsiyada dalka waa la isticmaali karaa.

* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code|Pakistan}} PK
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code|PK}} PK
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code|PAK}} PK
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code|586}} PK
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code|Pakistán}} PK
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code|پاکستان}} PK

=== Raadinta xeerka Alpha-3 ===

* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code-3|Pakistan}} PAK
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code-3|PK}} PAK
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code-3|PAK}} PAK
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code-3|586}} PAK
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code-3|Pakistán}} PAK
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code-3|پاکستان}} PAK

=== Raadinta magaca dalka ===

* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 name|Pakistan}} Pakistan
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 name|PK}} Pakistan
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 name|PAK}} Pakistan
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 name|586}} Pakistan
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 name|Pakistán}} Pakistan
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 name|پاکستان}} Pakistan

=== Raadinta magaca caadiga ah ee dalka ===

* {{Tlx|Country name|Pakistan}} Pakistan
* {{Tlx|Country name|PK}} Pakistan
* {{Tlx|Country name|PAK}} Pakistan
* {{Tlx|Country name|586}} Pakistan
* {{Tlx|Country name|Pakistán}} Pakistan
* {{Tlx|Country name|پاکستان}} Pakistan
* {{Tlx|Country name|Mughal Empire}}
* {{Tlx|Country name|Mughal Empire|notfound&lt;nowiki&gt;={{error|Country not found}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;}} {{error|Country not found}}
* {{Tlx|Country name|Mughal Empire|notfound&lt;nowiki&gt;=&lt;/nowiki&gt;Mughal Empire}} Mughal Empire

=== Raadinta xeerka lambarka dalka ===

* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 numeric|Pakistan}} 586
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 numeric|PK}} 586
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 numeric|PAK}} 586
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 numeric|586}} 586
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 numeric|Pakistán}} 586

=== Raadinta xeerka gobolka ===

* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code|Pakistan|Baluchistan}} PK-BA
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code|Pakistan|Balochistan}} PK-BA
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code|Pakistan|Bagh Sanjari}} PK-BA
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code|Pakistán|Baluchistan}} PK-BA
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code|Paquistán|Balochistan}} PK-BA
* {{Tlx|ISO 3166 code|PK|Baluchistan}} PK-BA

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Sandbox other||
[[Category:ISO 3166 templates]]
[[Category:Data retrieval templates]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>27aferktojibcnvdszhj1bruyrs670r</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Masdar</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>41399</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311377</id>
      <parentid>310124</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-30T11:21:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Amit chandra das programmer</username>
        <id>48074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:1|1|0 */</comment>
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      <text bytes="850" sha1="mlv8hv29xbpc79gkvswx0qkef8q2syp" xml:space="preserve">'''Masdar''' (af-ingiriis: linguistic root, root word, root morpheme) waa qaybta ugu aasaasiga ah ee erayga, qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee erayga ka timaadda taasoo erayo kale laga sameeyo iyadoo la adeegsanayo horeyn, dhamaadyo, ama isbeddel kale. Asalka wuxuu wataa macnaha aasaasiga ah ee erayga. Tusaale ahaan, erayga &quot;[[xoghaye]],&quot; asalka eraygu waa &quot;xog,&quot; halka dambeynta &quot;-haye&quot; ay tahay dabakar ama masdar-gadaale lagu daray si loo beddelo macnaha erayga.

Asalka wuxuu kaloo noqon karaa eray ka madax bannaan ama wuxuu noqon karaa saldhigga erayo cusub oo laga sameeyo. Asalka ereyada badanaa waxa laga soo qaatay luuqado qadiimi ah sida Laatiin, Giriig, ama Proto-Indo-European. Fahamka asalka wuxuu ka caawiyaa in la fahmo erayo aan hore loo maqal iyo in la aqoonsado qaababka luuqadaha kala duwan.


==tixraac==
{{reflist}}

[[category:Ereyo]]</text>
      <sha1>mlv8hv29xbpc79gkvswx0qkef8q2syp</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>User talk:Isma4l</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>42000</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311295</id>
      <parentid>303018</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T21:18:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>NDG</username>
        <id>42075</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Sayid Xasan Imaam Rizvi Zangipuri */ qayb cusub</comment>
      <origin>311295</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5218" sha1="265tma8bywvnjoeczgh58yfrt1lbplz" xml:space="preserve">== Soo dhawoow ==

Soo dhawoow walaal [[User:Isma4l|Isma4l]] ([[User talk:Isma4l|wadahadal]]) 20:20, 25 Agoosto 2025 (UTC)

== Codsi ku saabsan wax kabadalka maqaalka laascaanood  ==

Salaan Isma4I..  [[User:Abdi saakir|Abdi saakir]] ([[User talk:Abdi saakir|wadahadal]]) 08:41, 2 Sebteembar 2025 (UTC)

== Cinwaanka wuxuu baabinayaa qoraalkan Wikipedia oo dhan codsi block garden markii 10 banaad ee aan so celiyo qoraalka ==

adigo mahadsan cinwaankan wuxuu khatar ku yahay Wikipedia somaliga wuxuu masaxayaa macaliumaad kasta  [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2025-50460-3|&amp;#126;2025-50460-3]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2025-50460-3|talk]]) 06:25, 3 Sebteembar 2025 (UTC)

:fadlan qoraalka ubadal Af Soomaali hadii waa lagu xanubi doonaa nabad Gelyo [[User:Isma4l|Isma4l]] ([[User talk:Isma4l|wadahadal]]) 06:33, 3 Sebteembar 2025 (UTC)

== Cinwaanka block garden ama kasaar meesha  ==

cinwaankani wuxuu ma saxayaa dhamaan qoraalada Wikipedia gara ahaan kayga markaa meesha ka saar oo block garden ŵuxuu dhelete garaynayaa qoraaldan Wikipedia oo dhan meelo badan ayuu wax ka saaray ee hubso oo jooshi shaqadiisa [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2025-50460-3|&amp;#126;2025-50460-3]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2025-50460-3|talk]]) 06:36, 3 Sebteembar 2025 (UTC)

:fadlan bogaagaa aad sameyse isoodir si aan dib u eego wax ka badalka lagu sameeyay mahadsanid [[User:Isma4l|Isma4l]] ([[User talk:Isma4l|wadahadal]]) 06:41, 3 Sebteembar 2025 (UTC)

== Adigoo mahadsan cinwaanka wuxuu kharibayaa qoralkii lagu tacbay ee keenayay bogga in la soo booqo  ==

waxaan dacwo ka hay cinwaan baabinaya qorallda iyo qabiilka Ciidagale or Eidagale bas oo aan somalida kale wax u dhimayn pls cinwaanga hubi  [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2025-50460-3|&amp;#126;2025-50460-3]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2025-50460-3|talk]]) 12:06, 3 Sebteembar 2025 (UTC)

== Cinwaanka waxa uu target garaynayaa kali beesha ciidagale or Eidagle ==

Cinwaanka dawco ka nahahay ee hala block gareeyo [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2025-50460-3|&amp;#126;2025-50460-3]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2025-50460-3|talk]]) 12:07, 3 Sebteembar 2025 (UTC)

:Fadlan jooji in aad bogaan [[Ciidagale]] iyo [[Abokor muuse ]] ku qorto English 
:Kaliya ku qor af Soomaaliya nabad Gelyo [[User:Isma4l|Isma4l]] ([[User talk:Isma4l|wadahadal]]) 12:15, 3 Sebteembar 2025 (UTC)

== Cinwaankaa meesha kasaar wuxuu delete garanayaa Eidaglle kaliya ==

Cinwaankaas wuxuu masaxayaa dhamaan qoraalda ciidagale [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2025-50460-3|&amp;#126;2025-50460-3]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2025-50460-3|talk]]) 12:10, 3 Sebteembar 2025 (UTC)

== [[Maxamed Daoud]] ==

Revision by NDG is correct, plese revert to him, [https://so.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maxamed_Daoud&amp;diff=280956&amp;oldid=280861 subsequent edits are only VANDALISMS]. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2025-67356-3|&amp;#126;2025-67356-3]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2025-67356-3|talk]]) 09:37, 21 Sebteembar 2025 (UTC)

:@[[User:~2025-67356-3|~2025-67356-3]] 
:This is the Somali-language Wikipedia. Here you may only write in Somali. If you do not know Somali, please stop changing pages in the Somali Wikipedia into English. For further guidance, please register. Peace. [[User:Isma4l|Isma4l]] ([[User talk:Isma4l|wadahadal]]) 09:57, 21 Sebteembar 2025 (UTC)
::For info. The Tempaccounts are from a Crosswiki LTA [[User:WikiBayer|WikiBayer]] ([[User talk:WikiBayer|wadahadal]]) 10:01, 21 Sebteembar 2025 (UTC)

== Suaal  ==

Liis mujahidin ah ayan ku daray beelo somaliyed waad ka saartay maxa sababy ? [[User:Dabayl|Dabayl]] ([[User talk:Dabayl|wadahadal]]) 16:03, 11 Oktoobar 2025 (UTC)

== Bogag wax laga bedelay si khaldan  ==

Bogag reero habarjeclo ayan ku daray rag mujahidin ah waanad ka saartay marka maxad ku diiday walal arintaas [[User:Dabayl|Dabayl]] ([[User talk:Dabayl|wadahadal]]) 08:39, 5 Jannaayo 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Dabayl|Dabayl]]  waayahay [[User:Videoiib7|Videoiib7]] ([[User talk:Videoiib7|wadahadal]]) 11:48, 17 Luuliyo 2026 (UTC)

== New articles ==

Hello. There are two very important articles I would like you to post. I can write them for you and provide the necessary sources, but you have to read them and judge whether or not they are good and need some improvements. They don't need to be that very long.

[[User:Vryheid vir Suid-Afrika|Vryheid vir Suid-Afrika]] ([[User talk:Vryheid vir Suid-Afrika|wadahadal]]) 21:37, 17 Jannaayo 2026 (UTC)

== Fadlan wax ka beddel luqad kasta sida aad ogtahay ==

https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luwiis_Fan_Khaal?wprov=sfla1 [[User:Videoiib7|Videoiib7]] ([[User talk:Videoiib7|wadahadal]]) 12:52, 18 Luuliyo 2026 (UTC)

== sii ku badal ==

https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilyaan_Mbabbe?wprov=sfla1 [[User:Videoiib7|Videoiib7]] ([[User talk:Videoiib7|wadahadal]]) 14:28, 18 Luuliyo 2026 (UTC)

== Sayid Xasan Imaam Rizvi Zangipuri ==
Hi [[User:Isma4l|Isma4l]], you removed a qd template from [[Sayid Xasan Imaam Rizvi Zangipuri]]. Please note, that this was spammed x-wiki by [[User:NormieIndian]], a LTA sockpuppet which is already locked globally. As a global sysop I would have deleted this page if you wouldn't have had removed the template. Please consider a deletion as this is clearly machine-translated spam. [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG|wadahadal]]) 21:18, 29 Oktoobar 2026 (UTC)</text>
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        <username>NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh</username>
        <id>29659</id>
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      <comment>/* Sayid Xasan Imaam Rizvi Zangipuri */ Jawaab</comment>
      <origin>311331</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5384" sha1="ff7mwxedgg2iv3l1apg069r513wxbim" xml:space="preserve">== Soo dhawoow ==

Soo dhawoow walaal [[User:Isma4l|Isma4l]] ([[User talk:Isma4l|wadahadal]]) 20:20, 25 Agoosto 2025 (UTC)

== Codsi ku saabsan wax kabadalka maqaalka laascaanood  ==

Salaan Isma4I..  [[User:Abdi saakir|Abdi saakir]] ([[User talk:Abdi saakir|wadahadal]]) 08:41, 2 Sebteembar 2025 (UTC)

== Cinwaanka wuxuu baabinayaa qoraalkan Wikipedia oo dhan codsi block garden markii 10 banaad ee aan so celiyo qoraalka ==

adigo mahadsan cinwaankan wuxuu khatar ku yahay Wikipedia somaliga wuxuu masaxayaa macaliumaad kasta  [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2025-50460-3|&amp;#126;2025-50460-3]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2025-50460-3|talk]]) 06:25, 3 Sebteembar 2025 (UTC)

:fadlan qoraalka ubadal Af Soomaali hadii waa lagu xanubi doonaa nabad Gelyo [[User:Isma4l|Isma4l]] ([[User talk:Isma4l|wadahadal]]) 06:33, 3 Sebteembar 2025 (UTC)

== Cinwaanka block garden ama kasaar meesha  ==

cinwaankani wuxuu ma saxayaa dhamaan qoraalada Wikipedia gara ahaan kayga markaa meesha ka saar oo block garden ŵuxuu dhelete garaynayaa qoraaldan Wikipedia oo dhan meelo badan ayuu wax ka saaray ee hubso oo jooshi shaqadiisa [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2025-50460-3|&amp;#126;2025-50460-3]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2025-50460-3|talk]]) 06:36, 3 Sebteembar 2025 (UTC)

:fadlan bogaagaa aad sameyse isoodir si aan dib u eego wax ka badalka lagu sameeyay mahadsanid [[User:Isma4l|Isma4l]] ([[User talk:Isma4l|wadahadal]]) 06:41, 3 Sebteembar 2025 (UTC)

== Adigoo mahadsan cinwaanka wuxuu kharibayaa qoralkii lagu tacbay ee keenayay bogga in la soo booqo  ==

waxaan dacwo ka hay cinwaan baabinaya qorallda iyo qabiilka Ciidagale or Eidagale bas oo aan somalida kale wax u dhimayn pls cinwaanga hubi  [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2025-50460-3|&amp;#126;2025-50460-3]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2025-50460-3|talk]]) 12:06, 3 Sebteembar 2025 (UTC)

== Cinwaanka waxa uu target garaynayaa kali beesha ciidagale or Eidagle ==

Cinwaanka dawco ka nahahay ee hala block gareeyo [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2025-50460-3|&amp;#126;2025-50460-3]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2025-50460-3|talk]]) 12:07, 3 Sebteembar 2025 (UTC)

:Fadlan jooji in aad bogaan [[Ciidagale]] iyo [[Abokor muuse ]] ku qorto English 
:Kaliya ku qor af Soomaaliya nabad Gelyo [[User:Isma4l|Isma4l]] ([[User talk:Isma4l|wadahadal]]) 12:15, 3 Sebteembar 2025 (UTC)

== Cinwaankaa meesha kasaar wuxuu delete garanayaa Eidaglle kaliya ==

Cinwaankaas wuxuu masaxayaa dhamaan qoraalda ciidagale [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2025-50460-3|&amp;#126;2025-50460-3]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2025-50460-3|talk]]) 12:10, 3 Sebteembar 2025 (UTC)

== [[Maxamed Daoud]] ==

Revision by NDG is correct, plese revert to him, [https://so.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maxamed_Daoud&amp;diff=280956&amp;oldid=280861 subsequent edits are only VANDALISMS]. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2025-67356-3|&amp;#126;2025-67356-3]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2025-67356-3|talk]]) 09:37, 21 Sebteembar 2025 (UTC)

:@[[User:~2025-67356-3|~2025-67356-3]] 
:This is the Somali-language Wikipedia. Here you may only write in Somali. If you do not know Somali, please stop changing pages in the Somali Wikipedia into English. For further guidance, please register. Peace. [[User:Isma4l|Isma4l]] ([[User talk:Isma4l|wadahadal]]) 09:57, 21 Sebteembar 2025 (UTC)
::For info. The Tempaccounts are from a Crosswiki LTA [[User:WikiBayer|WikiBayer]] ([[User talk:WikiBayer|wadahadal]]) 10:01, 21 Sebteembar 2025 (UTC)

== Suaal  ==

Liis mujahidin ah ayan ku daray beelo somaliyed waad ka saartay maxa sababy ? [[User:Dabayl|Dabayl]] ([[User talk:Dabayl|wadahadal]]) 16:03, 11 Oktoobar 2025 (UTC)

== Bogag wax laga bedelay si khaldan  ==

Bogag reero habarjeclo ayan ku daray rag mujahidin ah waanad ka saartay marka maxad ku diiday walal arintaas [[User:Dabayl|Dabayl]] ([[User talk:Dabayl|wadahadal]]) 08:39, 5 Jannaayo 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Dabayl|Dabayl]]  waayahay [[User:Videoiib7|Videoiib7]] ([[User talk:Videoiib7|wadahadal]]) 11:48, 17 Luuliyo 2026 (UTC)

== New articles ==

Hello. There are two very important articles I would like you to post. I can write them for you and provide the necessary sources, but you have to read them and judge whether or not they are good and need some improvements. They don't need to be that very long.

[[User:Vryheid vir Suid-Afrika|Vryheid vir Suid-Afrika]] ([[User talk:Vryheid vir Suid-Afrika|wadahadal]]) 21:37, 17 Jannaayo 2026 (UTC)

== Fadlan wax ka beddel luqad kasta sida aad ogtahay ==

https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luwiis_Fan_Khaal?wprov=sfla1 [[User:Videoiib7|Videoiib7]] ([[User talk:Videoiib7|wadahadal]]) 12:52, 18 Luuliyo 2026 (UTC)

== sii ku badal ==

https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilyaan_Mbabbe?wprov=sfla1 [[User:Videoiib7|Videoiib7]] ([[User talk:Videoiib7|wadahadal]]) 14:28, 18 Luuliyo 2026 (UTC)

== Sayid Xasan Imaam Rizvi Zangipuri ==
Hi [[User:Isma4l|Isma4l]], you removed a qd template from [[Sayid Xasan Imaam Rizvi Zangipuri]]. Please note, that this was spammed x-wiki by [[User:NormieIndian]], a LTA sockpuppet which is already locked globally. As a global sysop I would have deleted this page if you wouldn't have had removed the template. Please consider a deletion as this is clearly machine-translated spam. [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG|wadahadal]]) 21:18, 29 Oktoobar 2026 (UTC)

:I second this recommendation. [[User:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh]] ([[User talk:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|wadahadal]]) 22:05, 29 Oktoobar 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Anna Jagodzińska</title>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
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      <text bytes="6483" sha1="b5zme16nfa7mgt2zredggqyu99hgijg" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox model 
| name          = Anna Jagodzińska
| image         = Anna Jagodzińska (cropped).jpg
| caption       = Jagodzińska Sanadkii 2018
| birth_name     = Anna Maria Jagodzińska&lt;ref name=nymag/&gt;
| birth_date     = {{birth date and age|1987|09|12}}&lt;ref name=nymag&gt;[http://nymag.com/fashion/models/ajagodzinska/annajagodzinska/ &quot;Anna Jagodzinska&quot;] {{Wayback|url=http://nymag.com/fashion/models/ajagodzinska/annajagodzinska/ |date=20181113135402 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113135402/http://nymag.com/fashion/models/ajagodzinska/annajagodzinska/ |date=2018-11-13 }}. [[New York Magazine]] model directory. Accessed March 4, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;
| birth_place      = [[Sierpc]], Poland&lt;ref name=nymag/&gt;
| nationality   = Polish
| yearsactive   = 2003–2006, 2008–present&lt;ref name=nymag/&gt;
| haircolor     = Huruud&lt;ref name=show&gt;[http://models.com/oftheminute/?p=5049&amp;page=13 Anna Jagodzinska show package]. Next Management (February 2009), via models.com. Accessed March 4, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;
| eyecolor      = Buluug-cagaar&lt;ref name=show/&gt;
| height        = {{height|m=1.77}}&lt;ref name=show/&gt;
| agency       = {{Plainlist|
* Maamulka Model New York (New York)
* [[Maamulka Haweenka]] (Paris)
* [[Maamulka Elite Model ]] (Milan, London) 
* Uno Models (Barcelona) 
* Model Scoop  (Copenhagen)
* Modelink (Gothenburg)
* Kult Models (Hamburg)
* MP Stockholm (Stockholm)
* Model Plus (Warsaw)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://models.com/models/anna-jagodzinska|title=StackPath}}&lt;/ref&gt; }}
}}
'''Anna Maria Jagodzińska''' (waxay dhalatay Sebtembar 12, 1987) waa moodel Booland ah Waxay ka soo muuqatay daboolka American, Talyaani, Australian, Chinese, Portuguese, iyo German Vogue , L'Officiel , Revue de Modes , iyo Japanese Numéro Bishii Diseembar 2011, waxay gashay kaalinta #9 ee moodooyinka websaydhka model.com
==Nolosha iyo shaqada==
Jagodzińska waxa uu ku dhashay Sebtembar 12, 1987, ee Sierpc , Poland. Waxay la saxiixatay Maareynta Modelka Next ee 2003, waxayna ka dhigtay ciyaarteedii ugu horreysay ee runway-ga ee Pringle of Scotland 's Dayrta 2003 show. Sannadkaas ka dib, waxay u guurtay magaalada New York . Intii lagu jiray gu'ga 2004 toddobaadyada moodada (Sebtembar 2003), waxay u qaabaysay DKNY iyo Marc ee Marc Jacobs. Sannadkii 2004-tii oo ay horumartay; waxay u soo socotay Alexander McQueen , Burberry , Chanel , Marni , iyo Prada intii lagu jiray dayrta 2004 toddobaadyada moodada. Sannadkaas, waxay sidoo kale ka soo muuqatay tifaftirayaasha W , Vogue Italia , iyo iD , waxayna u qaabaysay xayeysiisyada BCBG Max Azria , Moschino Cheap &amp; Chic , iyo Pollini . 
Sannadkii 2005, Jagodzińska wuxuu ka soo muuqday daboolka Faransiiska Revue de Modes , Australiyaanka Vogue , iyo L'Officiel . Waxay sidoo kale ka soo muuqatay tifaftirka British Vogue . Waxay ku socotay bandhigyada moodada Derek Lam , Diane Von Fürstenberg , Marc Jacobs , iyo Peter Som . Ugu dambayntii, waxay u qaabaysay udgoonka Moschino Funny iyo buugga Neiman Marcus . 2006, Jagodzińska ayaa ka soo muuqday jaldiga Jarmalka Vogue iyo tafatirka Vogue Italia . Waxay sidoo kale sii waday inay ka soo muuqato xayaysiisyada Moschino oo ay u qaabaysay ololaha xayaysiiska gu'ga ee H&amp;M. Jagodzińska ayaa markaa nasasho ka qaatay qaabaynta si ay diiradda u saarto daraasadda. 
Jagodzińska waxay samaysay &quot;soo laabasho saadaasha hawada&quot;  si ay u qaabayso Febraayo 2008, markii ay ku socotay dayrta 2008 bandhigyada moodada Balenciaga , Chanel , Givenchy , Louis Vuitton , iyo kuwa kale. Sannadkaas ka dib, waxay ka soo muuqatay daboolka Japanese Numéro iyo Vogue Italia . Waxay sidoo kale ku samaysay shaqada tifaftirka ee Numéro , Vogue Paris , Japanese Vogue , Harper's Bazaar , iyo V. Waxay u soo bandhigtay sidii 'wajiga wakhtiga' ee May 2009 ee US Vogue  Jagodzińska waxa uu ka soo muuqday bandhigyada 58 ee gu'ga 2009 toddobaadka moodada Waxay u qaabaysay laba iyo toban olole xayaysiis gu'ga 2009. Waxay ku dhex socotay bandhigga Fashion- ka sirta ee Victoria ee sanadlaha 2009 ee magaalada New York markii ugu horeysay. 2010, Jagodzińska waxaa lagu soo bandhigay David Gandy oo ku jira xayeysiiska udgoonka &quot;Buluug fudud&quot; ee Dolce &amp; Gabbana kaas oo uu sawiray Mario Testino . 
Jagodzińska ayaa ka soo muuqday ololaha Donna Karan , GAP , Tom Ford , Neiman Marcus , Dolce &amp; Gabbana , Tommy Hilfiger , Stella McCartney , Calvin Klein , Reserved ,  David Yurman , Oscar de la Renta , Prada , Chloéta , Ferrén , Bottega Balenciaga , Alberta Ferretti , Moschino , iyo Max Azria . Waxay ka soo muuqatay tifaftirka British, Chinese, Australian, Japanese, French, Italian, American, Portuguese, iyo German Vogue , Harpers Bazaar , iD , W , V , French iyo Japanese Numéro .
==Dacwad==
Waxaa la soo wariyay bishii Noofambar 2010 in Jagodzińska ay dacweysay hay'addeeda ( Maareynta Modelka Xiga ) oo ay weheliso moodooyinka xiga ee Karmen Pedaru iyo Anna Aleksandra Cywinska . Marka loo eego dacwadda, Xiga waxa ay ahayd &quot;ururinta iyo beddelidda boqollaal kun oo doollar oo magdhow ah oo loo qoondeeyey oo ay u soo diraan qolo saddexaad oo ballansan gudaha Maraykanka&quot; oo aan u gudbin lacagta caddaanka ah. Jagodzińska ayaa sheegtay in xigta lagu leeyahay $230,000 oo ay sidoo kale raadsatay $1 milyan oo magdhow ah. Laga bilaabo 2012 , wax xal ah oo dadweynaha looma soo bandhigin.
==Tixraac==
[http://nymag.com/fashion/models/ajagodzinska/annajagodzinska/ &quot;Anna Jagodzinska&quot;] {{Wayback|url=http://nymag.com/fashion/models/ajagodzinska/annajagodzinska/ |date=20181113135402 }} 

[http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/Anna+Maria_Jagodzinska/ &quot;Anna Maria Jagodzinska FMD Bio&quot;]

[http://models.com/models/anna-jagodzinska/year/magazine &quot;Xidhmada Majaladda - Anna Jagodzinska&quot;]

[http://models.com/feed/?p=1137 &quot;Wajiyada Badan ee Anna J&quot;]

[http://models.com/oftheminute/?p=4400 &quot;Model Daqiiqado Xasuusta S/S 09&quot;]

[https://web.archive.org/web/20231212143001/https://www.gofugyourself.com/photos/may-vogues-1981-present/may-2009-models-1587953630 &quot;Vogue May 2009: Noocyo badan&quot;]

[https://kobietaistyl.pl/reserved-marka-polska-o-rozglosie-miedzynarodowym/ &quot;Reserved – marka polska o rozgłosie międzynarodowym&quot;]

[http://www.styleite.com/media/models-sue-next-management/ &quot;Models Dacweeyay Maamulka Xiga Ee Xaday Lacagtooda&quot;] {{Wayback|url=http://www.styleite.com/media/models-sue-next-management/ |date=20130117205443 }}

[http://nymag.com/thecut/2012/10/models-sue-for-shoddy-accounting-at-agencies.html &quot;Models waxay dacweeyaan 'Shoddy Accounting' ee Wakaaladaha Sare&quot;]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Susane Nabulindo</title>
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      <text bytes="4193" sha1="4ublful6bb64kh4obqlq5ufksfrv0m7" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name   = Susane Nabulindo
| image =
| caption  = 
| birth_date  ={{Birth date and age|1980|01|22|df=y}}  
| birth_place = [[Kenya]]
| death_date  = 
| death_place = 
| education   ='''[[Jaamacadda Nairobi]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|([[Shahaadada Bachelor ee Daawada iyo Qalliinka]])}}&lt;br/&gt;{{small|([[Shahaadada Master ee Daawada]]  [[Anesteesiyooloji]])}}&lt;br/&gt;{{small|([[Fellow|Felloowshib ee Anesteesiyoolojiga Carruurta]])}}
| occupation                = La-taliye Anesteesiyooloji
| years_active              = 
| nationality               = Kenyan  
| citizenship               = Kenya   
| known_for                 = 
| title                     =
| website                   = 
| spouse                    =
|
|}}
'''Susane Nabulindo Masakhwe''' (née Susane Nabulindo ) waa lataliye suuxiye Kenyan ah oo ku sugan Isbitaalka Gudbinta Qaranka ee Kenyatta Takhasuskeedu waa suuxdinta carruurta , takhasuska halkaas oo, 2014, ay jireen shan Kenyan ah oo u qalma oo keliya goobta Waxay ka mid tahay tiro aad u yar oo dumar ah oo ku takhasusay suuxinta carruurta ee dalka. Waxay sidoo kale isla wakhtigaas bare ka tahay qaybta suuxinta ee jaamacadda Nairobi , jaamacadda ugu weyn Kenya .
==Taariikhda iyo waxbarashada==
Waxay ku dhalatay Kenya 22 Janaayo 1980 Waxay dhigatay Dugsiga Hoose ee St Anne's Girls, Mumias , Mumias , County Kakamega , halkaas oo ay ku qaadatay Shahaadada Dugsiga Hoose. Kadib waxay dhigatay Dugsiga Sare ee Gabdhaha ee Mukumu , oo ku yaal magaalada Mukumu, sidoo kale degmada Kakamega, halkaas oo ay ku qaadatay shahaadada dugsiga sare , 1997
1999-kii, waxaa la dhigey Jaamacadda Nairobi , halkaas oo ay ka qalin jebisay 2004-tii, iyada oo qaadatay Bachelor of Medicine iyo Bachelor of Surgery . Dabayaaqadii 2007dii, waxaa la dhigey barnaamijka degenaanshaha suuxinta ee Isbitaalka Qaranka ee Kenyatta, oo ay maamusho Jaamacadda Nairobi. Barnaamijku, wuxuu soconayaa afar sano, wuxuu horseedaa abaalmarinta Master of Medicine (MMed) shahaadada suuxinta . Waxay ku qalin jabisay shahaadadeeda MMed 2010
Laga soo bilaabo 2013 ilaa 2014, Dr Nabulindo waxa uu wax ku bartay Cilmiga suuxinta ee Jaamacadda Nairobi. Qayb ka mid ah isweheshiintaas ayaa lagu kharash gareeyay Maraykanka, waxna ku baranaysay Isbitaalka Carruurta Boston iyo Monroe Carell Jr. Isbitaalka Carruurta ee Vanderbilt , ee Nashville , Tennessee
==Khibrad shaqo==
Kadib markii ay ka qalin jabisay barnaamijka MMed, waxaa loo shaqaaleysiiyay macalimad wax ka dhiga Jaamacadda Nairobi School of Medicine . Waxay isla wakhtigaas ku tababartay cusbitaalka Qaranka ee Kenyatta, oo ah cusbitaalka ugu weyn ee dalka, kaas oo sidoo kale u shaqeeya cisbitaalka waxbarida ee Jaamacadda Nairobi Ka dib isbahaysigeedii 2014, waxaa loo magacaabay la-taliye suuxinta carruurta ee cisbitaalka gudbinta
==Tixgalino kale==
Nabulindo waxa uu u shaqeeyaa sidii Ku-xigeenka Xoghaye Ku-xigeenka Ururka Dhakhaatiirta Suuxdinta ee Kenya Bishii Sebtembar 2018, waxaa lagu magacaabay &quot;40-ka ugu sarreeya haweenka 40 ka yar ee Kenya 2018&quot;, oo uu qoray Business Daily Africa , oo ah wargeys maalinle ah oo Ingiriis ah oo Kenyan ah.
==Tixraac==
[https://web.archive.org/web/20171111152014/http://host.nationmedia.com/Top40Under40-2017.pdf &quot;40-ka haween ee ugu sarreeya 40 jir ee Kenya&quot;]

[http://news.vumc.org/2014/10/16/anesthesiologist-from-nairobi-observes-services-training/ &quot;Takhtarka suuxinta oo ka socda Nairobi ayaa u kuurgalaya adeegyada VU, tababarka&quot;]

[https://profiles.uonbi.ac.ke/susanenabulindo/files/dr._nabulindo.pdf &quot;Profile of Dr Susan Nabulindo Masakhwe&quot;] {{Wayback|url=https://profiles.uonbi.ac.ke/susanenabulindo/files/dr._nabulindo.pdf |date=20181120015209 }}

[https://www.linkedin.com/in/susane-nabulindo-21139871/?originalSubdomain=ke &quot;Susane Nabulindo: La-taliyaha Suuxdinta Carruurta &amp; Macallinka, Waaxda Suuxdinta iyo Daryeelka Halis ee Jaamacadda Nairobi&quot;]

[http://www.anaesthesiakenya.co.ke/about-us/officials/ &quot;Masuuliyiinta Ururka Dhaqaatiirta Suuxdinta ee Kenya&quot;]

==Xiriirinta dibadda==
[https://www.tennessean.com/story/money/industries/health-care/2016/04/22/vumv-kenya-anesthesia-connection/83296600/ Hindisaha Xarunta Caafimaadka ee Vanderbilt waxay badbaadisaa nolosha Kenya]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sylvia Shitsama Nyamweya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="4355" sha1="aay9kp2lsznat1um4giyeta8ddupq65" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name  = Shitsama Nyamweya
| image = Sylvia Shitsama Nyamweya.jpg
| caption  = 
| birth_date  = {{Birth year and age|1983}}  
| birth_place = [[Kenya]]
| death_date  = 
| death_place = 
| education   = '''[[Jaamacadda Nairobi]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|([[Shahaadada Bachelor ee Daawada iyo Qalliinka]])}}&lt;br/&gt;{{small|([[Shahaadada Master ee Daawada]]  [[Qalliinka Dareemayaasha]])}}
| occupation                = La-taliye Qalliinka Dareemayaasha
| years_active              = 
| nationality               = Kenyan  
| citizenship               = Kenya   
| known_for                 = 
| title                     =
| website                   = https://drsylviashitsama.com
| spouse                    =
|
|}}
'''Sylvia Shitsama Nyamweya''' (née Sylvia Shitsama ) waa lataliye Kenyan ah oo ku takhasusay qalliinka neerfaha oo ku sugan Isbitaalka Gudbinta Qaranka ee Kenyatta Waa dhakhtarkii ugu horreeyay ee dumar ah ee ku takhasusay neerfayaasha Kenya iyo mid ka mid ah tiro yar oo dhakhaatiirta neerfayaasha ah ee dalka.
==Taariikhda iyo waxbarashada==
Waxay ku dhalatay degmada Kakamega ee Kenya 1983-kii, waxayna dhigatay dugsiyada Kenya ee waxbarashadeeda hoose iyo sare. Waxaa la dhigey Jaamacadda Nairobi , halkaas oo ay ku baratay caafimaadka aadanaha , iyada oo ka qalin jabisay Bachelor of Medicine iyo Bachelor of Surgery (MBChB). Kadib bishii Oktoobar 2008, waxaa la dhigey barnaamijka degenaanshaha neerfaha ee Isbitaalka Qaranka ee Kenyatta, oo ay maamusho Jaamacadda Nairobi. Barnaamijku, wuxuu soconayaa ugu yaraan lix sano, wuxuu horseedaa abaalmarinta shahaadada Master of Medicine (MMed) ee Neurosurgery . Waxay ku qalin jabisay shahaadadeeda MMed bishii Febraayo 2015, waxayna noqotay haweeneydii ugu horreysay ee dhakhaatiirta neerfaha ee Kenya.
==Khibrad shaqo==
Tan iyo markii ay ka qalinjabisay barnaamijka MMed, waxaa loo magacaabay la-taliye neerfaha Isbitaalka Qaranka Kenyatta, oo ah cisbitaalka ugu weyn ee dalka, kaas oo sidoo kale u shaqeeya sida isbitaalka waxbarida ee Dugsiga Caafimaadka ee Nairobi Laga bilaabo Janaayo 2016, waxay isla markaa u adeegtaa macalinimo kuliyada Sayniska Caafimaadka ee Jaamacadda Beeraha iyo Farsamada ee Jomo Kenyatta (JKUAT) Bishii Juun 2017, waxay bilowday inay ku bixiso adeegyadeeda Sage Brain and Spine Clinic , oo ku taal Xarunta Ururka Caafimaadka Kenya ee Nairobi. Waxaa lagu soo warramey inay raadineyso maalgelin si ay u kafaala qaado dadka deegaanka ee ka diiwaangashan barnaamijka Master of Medicine neurosurgery si loo kordhiyo diiwaangelinta iyo soo saarista dhakhaatiirta takhasuska leh ee neerfayaasha
Dr. Sylvia Shitsama waxa ay mar uun u shaqaynaysay sidii xubin guddi oo ka tirsan Ururka Dhakhaatiirta Kenya ee Sacco (KMA), oo masuul ka ah arrimaha deynta xubnaha
==Maamuus iyo abaal-marin==
Sannadkii 2017, waxaa lagu magacaabay &quot;40-ka ugu sarreeya haweenka 40 ka yar ee Kenya&quot;, oo ay soo saartay Kooxda Warbaahinta Qaranka Sannadkii 2022, waxay ahayd mid ka mid ah 14 qof oo lagu sharfay Abaalmarinta Grow, Unite, Build, Africa (GUBA), waxayna heshay Abaalmarinta Pioneer Award for Health Excellence. 
==Tixraac==
[https://web.archive.org/web/20171111152014/http://host.nationmedia.com/Top40Under40-2017.pdf &quot;40-ka haween ee ugu sarreeya 40 jir ee Kenya&quot;]

[https://www.the-star.co.ke/health/2022-11-10-the-story-of-kenyas-only-female-neurosurgeons/ &quot;Sheekada Afarta Dumar ee Keliya ee Dhakhaatiirta Qalliinka Neerfaha&quot;]

[https://www.sde.co.ke/thenairobian/article/2000114831/why-there-are-only-17-neurosurgeons-in-kenya &quot;Waa maxay sababta ay Kenya ugu jiraan 17 dhakhaatiirta neerfaha&quot;]

[https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/07/relief-for-patients-as-neurosurgery-clinic-opens-in-nairobi/ &quot;Caawinta bukaanada sida rugta qalliinka neerfaha ayaa laga furay Nairobi&quot;]

[http://kmasacco.com/en/about-us/board-of-directors-and-supervisory-committee &quot;Ururka Dhakhaatiirta Kenya Sacco: Guddiga Maamulka&quot;] {{Wayback|url=http://kmasacco.com/en/about-us/board-of-directors-and-supervisory-committee |date=20190807232618 }}

[https://www.myjoyonline.com/guba-celebrates-hard-work-excellence-of-14-role-models-at-13th-awards-in-kigali/ &quot;GUBA waxay u dabaaldageysaa shaqo adag, heer sare oo ah 14 qof oo lagu daydo Abaalmarinada 13-aad ee Kigali&quot;]

==Xiriirinta dibadda==
[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3205553/ Horumarka dumarka ee qaliinka neerfaha]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Module:Infobox dim</title>
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      <text bytes="6417" sha1="jy5fyn8gcmhd8ajqw0ljt5qgmzyo4hz" xml:space="preserve">require('strict')
local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs
local p = {}

local log2 = 0.693147181
local ppm = 1000/0.3  -- pixels per meter, from 0.3 mm / pixel from https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Zoom_levels

-- To convert to OSM zoom level, we need to know meters per pixel at zoom level 9
-- On the equator, it's 305.748 meters/pixel according to https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Zoom_levels
-- This quantity depends on the latitude (which we usually don't have easy access to)
-- Instead, we'll be correct at 38 degrees N, given en-WP bias towards NA and Europe
-- 38N was chosen because:
--   * It's the furthest north where scale=100000 maps to zoom=12
--   * One hemisphere (20000km) maps to zoom=1
local mppl9Equator = 305.748

-- Convert from Geohack's scale to OSM style zoom levels as used by &lt;maplink&gt;
local function geohackScaleToMapZoom(scale,latitude)
	scale = tonumber(scale)
	if not scale or scale &lt;= 0 then return end
    latitude = latitude or 38
    local mppl9 = mppl9Equator*math.cos(math.rad(latitude))
	return math.log(mppl9*ppm/scale)/log2 + 9
end

-- compute the viewport size (on screen) in meters, assuming ppm pixels per  meter on screen
local function computeViewport(args)
	local viewport_cm = tonumber(args.viewport_cm)
	local viewport_px = tonumber(args.viewport_px)
	return viewport_cm and viewport_cm / 100 or viewport_px and viewport_px / ppm
	       or tonumber(args.default_viewport) or 0.1
end

-- convert from geohack dim (knowing the viewpoint size on screen) to geohack scale
local function geohackDimToScale(dim, args)
	dim = tonumber(dim)
	args = args or {}
	if not dim or dim &lt;= 0 then return end
	local units = args.units
	if units and string.lower(units) == 'km' then
		dim = dim*1000
	end
	return dim / computeViewport(args)
end

-- inverse of above function, returning dim in km
local function geohackScaleToDim(scale, args)
	scale = tonumber(scale)
	args = args or {}
	if not scale or scale &lt;= 0 then return end
	return scale * computeViewport(args) * 1e-3
end

local oddShape = 2.09 --- length/sqrt(area) of Boston (to choose an example)

-- Convert from Geohack's types to Geohack dim
local function geohackTypeToDim(args)
	local t = args.type
    if not t then return end
	local typeDim = mw.loadData('Module:Infobox_dim/data')
	local dim = typeDim[t]
	local population = tonumber(args.population)
	if t == 'city' and population and population &gt; 0 then
		-- assume city is a circle with density of 1000/square kilometer
		-- compute diameter, in meters. Then multiply by oddShape to account for weird shapes
		dim = 35.68e-3*math.sqrt(population)*oddShape
		-- don't zoom in too far
		if dim &lt; 5 then
			dim = 5
		end
	end
	return dim		
end

-- Convert from dimension of object to Geohack dim
local function computeDim(length,width,area)
	if length and width then
		return math.max(length,width)
	end
	if length then return length end
	if width then return width end
	if area then return oddShape*math.sqrt(area) end
end

-- compute geohack dim from unit arguments (e.g., length_mi)
local function convertDim(args)
	local length = args.length_mi and 1.60934*args.length_mi or args.length_km
	local width = args.width_mi and 1.60934*args.width_mi or args.width_km
	local area = args.area_acre and 0.00404686*args.area_acre or 
		args.area_ha and 0.01*args.area_ha or 
		args.area_mi2 and 2.58999*args.area_mi2 or args.area_km2
	local dim = computeDim(length, width, area)
	return dim
end

local function computeScale(args)
	if args.scale then return args.scale end
	local dim, units, scale
	if args.dim then
		dim, units = mw.ustring.match(args.dim,&quot;^([-%d%.]+)%s*(%D*)&quot;)
		args.units = units
		args.default_viewport = 0.1  -- default geohack viewpoirt
		scale = geohackDimToScale(dim, args)
	end
	if not scale then
		dim = convertDim(args) or geohackTypeToDim(args)
		args.units = 'km'
		args.default_viewport = 0.2 --- when object dimensions or type is specified, assume 20cm viewport
		scale = dim and geohackDimToScale(dim, args)
	end
	if not scale then return end
	scale = math.floor(scale+0.5)
	-- keep scale within sane bounds (OSM zoom levels 1-17)
	if scale &lt; 1600 then
		scale = 1600
	end
	if scale &gt; 200e6 then
		scale = 200e6
	end
	return scale
end

-- Argument checking
local positiveNumericArgs = {viewport_cm=true,viewport_px=true,length_mi=true,length_km=true,
                             width_mi=true,width_km=true,area_mi2=true,area_km2=true,
                             area_acre=true,area_ha=true,scale=true,population=true}

local function cleanArgs(args)
    local clean = {}
    if type(args) == 'table' then
        for k, v in pairs(args) do
            if positiveNumericArgs[k] then
                v = v and mw.ustring.gsub(v,&quot;,&quot;,&quot;&quot;) -- clean out any commas
                v = tonumber(v)                     -- ensure argument is numeric
                if v and v &lt;= 0 then                -- if non-positive, ignore value
                    v = nil
                end
            end
            clean[k] = v
         end
    end
    return clean
end

-- Module entry points
function p._dim(args)
    args = cleanArgs(args)
	if args.dim then return args.dim end
	-- compute scale for geohack
	local scale = args.scale
	local dim
	if not scale then
		args.default_viewport = 0.2 -- when specifying a object dimension or type, assume output spans 20cm
		dim = convertDim(args) or geohackTypeToDim(args)
		args.units = 'km'
		scale = dim and geohackDimToScale(dim, args)
	end
	-- reset back to 10cm viewport for correct geohack dim output
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    <title>Femrite</title>
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      <text bytes="1501" sha1="oooxem3kku8v50ruqu0p0nobm5xxf4i" xml:space="preserve">'''FEMRITE – Uganda Women Writers' Association''' , oo la aasaasay 1995,  waa NGO xarunteedu tahay Kampala, Uganda , barnaamijyadeeda waxay diiradda saaraan horumarinta iyo daabacaadda haweenka qoraayaasha ah ee Uganda iyo - dhawaanahan - gobolka Bariga Afrika FEMRITE waxay sidoo kale ku ballaarisay walaaceeda arrimaha Bariga Afrika ee ku saabsan deegaanka, akhris-qoraalka, waxbarashada, caafimaadka, xuquuqda haweenka iyo maamul-wanaagga
[[File:Hilda_Twongyeirwe_at_a_Public_Reading_at_the_Femrite_regional_residence_for_African_women_writers.jpg|thumb|Hilda Twongyeirwe oo joogta akhriska dadweynaha ee deegaanka Femrite ee qorayaasha haweenka Afrikaanka ah]]
==Taariikhda==
FEMRITE waxaa la aas aasay 1995-kii waxaa asaasay Mary Karooro Okurut , hadda ( laga bilaabo 2011) xubin ka ah baarlamaanka 8-aad ee Uganda , laakiin wakhtigaas bare ka ahayd Jaamacadda Makerere . Okurut waxaa ku biiray Lillian Tindyebwa , Ayeta Anne Wangusa , Susan Nalugwa Kiguli , Martha Ngabirano , Margaret Ntakalimaze , Rosemary Kyarimpa , Hilda Twongyeirwe , Philomena Rwabukuku iyo Judith Kakonge . 
==Tixraac==
[https://web.archive.org/web/20141011043449/http://www.femriteug.org/?view=21 &quot;Taariikhda FEMRITE&quot;]

[http://www.feministafrica.org/index.php/femrite  Profile: FEMRITE iyo Siyaasadda Suugaanta ee Uganda&quot; ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.feministafrica.org/index.php/femrite |date=20110929023728 }}

[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6285252.stm &quot;Sheekada 'Taboo' waxay qaadataa abaal-marin Afrikaan ah&quot;]</text>
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      <text bytes="2460" sha1="kvqc4peok1pii7fyfw1atdjca42plnr" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Charles  Esimone
| honorific_prefix = Professor
| image = Prof. Charles Esimone.png
| caption = 
| office1 = Guddoomiye ku xigeenka [[Nnamdi Azikiwe University]]
| term_start1 = 2019
| term_end1 = 2024
| successor1 = [[Ugochukwu Bond Stanley Anyaehie]]
| office2 = 
| term_start2 = 
| term_end2 = 
| predecessor2 = 
| predecessor1 = [[Joseph Ahaneku]]
| term_start3 = 
| term_end3 = 
| predecessor3 = 
| successor2 = 
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1970|12|31}}
| birth_name = 
| alma_mater = [[Jaamacadda Nnamdi Azikiwe 
]]
| death_date = 
| death_place = 
| party = 
}}
'''Charles Okechukwu Esimone''' (wuxuu dhashay 29 Diseembar 1970) waa borofisar reer Nayjeeriya ah oo ku takhasusay dawooyinka bayoolajiga iyo bayoolajiga dawooyinka, wuxuuna ahaa ku xigeenka madaxa Jaamacadda Nnamdi Azikiwe , Awka, Nayjeeriya laga bilaabo 2019 ilaa 2024 Waa borofisarkii ugu horreeyay ee cilmiga bayoolajiga dawooyinka ee Koonfur-Bari Nayjeeriya . 
==Nolosha hore iyo waxbarashada==
Esimone wuxuu ka soo jeedaa Akwaeze oo ku taal Anaocha LGA ee Gobolka Anambra wuxuuna ku dhashay 29 Diseembar 1970 Tiko , Cameroon  Wuxuu dhiganayay Dugsiga Hoose ee St Joseph's Tiko, Cameroon laga bilaabo 1976 ilaa 1982 wuxuuna u gudbay Kulliyadda St. Joseph's, Sasse , Buea, Cameroon halkaas oo uu ka qaatay shahaadada dugsiga sare sanadkii 1987. Esimone wuxuu waxbarasho kale ka qaatay Kulliyadda Farshaxanka iyo Sayniska ee Cameroon Kumba, Cameroon wuxuuna ka qaatay Shahaadada Guud ee Waxbarashada (Heerka Sare) sanadkii 1989 Wuxuu shahaadada koowaad ee Farmashiyaha (B.Pharm.) ka qaatay 1995; Master of Pharmacy (M.Pharm.), Pharmaceutical Microbiology sanadkii 1998; iyo Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) ee Farmashiyaha sanadkii 2002 dhammaantood wuxuu ka qaatay Jaamacadda Nigeria Nsukka Professor Esimone wuxuu si fiican ugu hadlaa luqadaha Ingiriisiga , Faransiiska , Jarmalka iyo Igbo .
==Tixraac==
[https://web.archive.org/web/20260519012439/https://education.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/2021-Directory-of-Full-Professors-in-the-Nigerian-University-System-FINAL.pdf &quot;Tusmada Macallimiinta Buuxa ee Nidaamka Jaamacadaha Nigeria&quot; ]

[https://web.archive.org/web/20200610214657/http://radionigeriaenugu.com/all-news/local-news/prof-charles-esimone-becomes-new-vice-chancellor-of-nnamdi-azikiwe-university-awka/ &quot;Prof CHARLES ESIMONE WAXA UU NOQDAY GUDOOMIYAHA KU-XIGEENKA CUSUB EE NNAMDI AZIKIWE JAAMACADDA AWKA - Raadiyaha Nigeria&quot;]</text>
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    <title>Johnson Urama</title>
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      <text bytes="2330" sha1="rux8t9qeh565r55un5vvcclgyygixbi" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox academic
| name = Johnson Ozoemenam Urama
| alma_mater = [[Jaamacadda Nigeria]]
| discipline = Xiddigiye, Fiisigisyahan
| honorific_prefix =
| doctoral_advisor = [[Pius N. Okeke]]
| nationality = Nigerian
| citizenship = Nigeria
| education = Jaamacadda Nayjeeriya ([[BSc.]], [[MSc.]] iyo [[PhD]])
| image =
}}
Johnson Ozoemenam Urama (wuxuu dhashay Luulyo 1, 1965) waa Bare Sare oo u dhashay dalka Nigeria oo ku takhasusay Fiisigiska iyo Xiddigiska (Astrophysics) oo ka tirsan Jaamacadda Nigeria , Nsukka. Wuxuu ahaa Hormoodka Kulliyadda Sayniska iyo Teknolojiyadda, Jaamacadda Federaalka Alex Ekwueme, Ndufu-Alike , Ikwo (FUNAI) laga bilaabo Oktoobar 2012 ilaa Sebtembar 2013. Wuxuu u soo shaqeeyay Agaasimaha Unugga Qorsheynta Tacliinta iyo Unugga Hubinta Tayada ee Jaamacadda Nigeria, Nsukka, waana Ku -xigeenka Guddoomiye Ku-xigeenka (Akadeemiyada) ee isla jaamacaddaas. Johnson Urama wuxuu ahaa sarkaalkii soo noqoshada gobolka intii lagu jiray doorashadii guddoomiyaha gobolka Kogi ee Nigeria sannadkii 2024 Sida laga soo xigtay darajada tusmada sayniska, shuqulladiisa waxaa la soo xigtay 650 jeer.
==Nolosha hore iyo waxbarashada==
Johnson Urama wuxuu ku dhashay Luulyo 1, 1965, Ovoko, oo ah Degmada Koonfureed ee Igbo-Eze ee Gobolka Enugu, Apollos Urama. Wuxuu dhiganayay dugsiga sare ee Igbo Eze halkaas oo uu ku noqday Horyaal Sare oo ah Su'aalaha Sayniska ee Dugsiyada Sare Urama wuxuu u gudbay Jaamacadda Nigeria, Nsukka laga bilaabo 1982 ilaa 1986, isagoo ka qalin jabiyay shahaadada B.Sc. (Hons.) ee Fiisigiska &amp; Xiddigiska, wuxuuna helay abaalmarin isagoo ah Ardayga ugu Qalinjabiyay. Wuxuu sidoo kale helay shahaadada M.Sc. ee Fiisigiska Gobolka ee Aragtida adag sanadkii 1990 iyo shahaadada Ph.D. ee Astrophysics sanadkii 1999, taasoo keentay inuu ku guuleysto abaalmarinta Postgraduate ee Ku-xigeenka Chancellor isagoo ah ardayga ugu qalinjabiyay PhD (Ph.D.) ee Kulliyadda Sayniska Jirka.
==Tixraac==
[https://web.archive.org/web/20260519012439/https://education.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/2021-Directory-of-Full-Professors-in-the-Nigerian-University-System-FINAL.pdf &quot;Tusmada Macallimiinta Buuxa ee Nidaamka Jaamacadaha Nigeria&quot; ]

[https://dailynigerian.com/inec-declares-apc-ododo/ &quot;INEC waxay ku dhawaaqday in Ododo oo ka tirsan APC uu ku guuleystay doorashadii guddoomiyaha gobolka Kogi&quot;]</text>
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| Australian Capital Territory | Austrian Empire | Bahamas | Batavian Republic | Belgian Congo | British Antarctic Territory | British Empire | British Virgin Islands | Bukharan People's Soviet Republic | Cape Colony | Captaincy General of Chile | Caribbean | Cayman Islands | Central African Republic | Channel Islands | Collectivity of Saint Martin | Colony of Natal | Colony of Santiago | Comoros | Confederation of the Rhine | Congo Free State | Cook Islands | Cossack Hetmanate | Crown Dependencies | Czech Republic | Danish colonial empire | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Dominican Republic | Dominion of Newfoundland | Donetsk People's Republic | Duchy of Nassau | Duchy of Modena and Reggio | Dutch Caribbean | Dutch East Indies | Dutch Empire | Dutch Republic | Empire of Brazil | European Union | Falkland Islands | Falkland Islands Dependencies | Faroe Islands | Federal District (Brazil) | Federal Republic of Central America | Federal Republic of Yugoslavia | Federated States of Micronesia | Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland | First French Empire | French Union | French colonial empire | Gambia | German Empire | German colonial empire | German Confederation | Greater Republic of Central America | Gilbert and Ellice Islands | Gilbert Islands | Gold Coast (British colony) | Granadine Confederation | Grand Duchy of Hesse | Grand Duchy of Tuscany | Habsburg monarchy | Habsburg Netherlands | Hawaiian Kingdom | Holy Roman Empire | Holy See | Inca civilization | Ionian Islands (region) | Irish Free State | Isle of Man | Italian Empire | Japanese colonial empire | Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic | Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic | Kingdom of Dahomey | Kingdom of England | Kingdom of Great Britain | Kingdom of Hanover | Kingdom of Hawaii | Kingdom of Jerusalem | Kingdom of Naples | Kingdom of Sardinia | Kingdom of Saxony | Kingdom of Scotland | Kingdom of Sicily | Kingdom of the Two Sicilies | Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic | Kurdistan Region (Iraq) | Luhansk People's Republic | Maldives | Mamluk Sultanate | Maratha Empire | Marshall Islands | Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic | Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic | Mongol Empire | Mughal Empire | Nagorno-Karabakh Republic | Natalia Republic | Netherlands | Netherlands Antilles | New Hebrides | New Kingdom of Granada | North Aegean | North German Confederation | Northern Mariana Islands | Northern Territory | Orange Free State | Ottoman Empire | Palestinian territories | Papal States | Philippines | Pitcairn Islands | Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth | Portuguese Empire | Province of Quebec (1763–1791) | Republic of Artsakh | Republic of Dahomey | Republic of Florence | Republic of Genoa | Republic of Ireland | Republic of Macedonia | Republic of New Granada | Republic of Texas | Republic of the Congo | Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville) | Republic of Venice | Russian Empire | Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic | Socialist Republic of Macedonia | Solomon Islands | South Aegean | South African Republic | Southern Nigeria Protectorate | Southwest Territory | Soviet Union | Spanish East Indies | Spanish Empire | Spanish West Indies | State of Mexico | State of Palestine | Straits Settlements | Swedish colonial empire | Territory of New Guinea | Territory of Papua | Thirteen Colonies | Trucial States | Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands | Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic | Turks and Caicos Islands | United Arab Emirates | United Kingdom | United States | United States Virgin Islands | Vermont Republic | Viceroyalty of New Granada | Viceroyalty of Peru | Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata | Zulu Kingdom =&lt;!--

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    <title>Webiga Sange</title>
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      <text bytes="8775" sha1="enqcvd7wbv95tzs9bygig8py2dt6kdr" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox river|name=Webiga Sange|image=Sange River, Uvira Territory, South Kivu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo.jpg|image_caption=Webiga Sange, Abriil 2022|subdivision_type1=Dal|subdivision_name1=[[Jamhuuriyada Dimuqaraadiga Kongo]]| mouth=[[Ruzizi River|Webiga Ruzizi]]|mouth_coordinates={{Coord|-3.0585|29.2516|format=dms|display=inline,title|region:CD_type:river}}}}

'''Webiga Sange''' waa gacan-biyood ka mid ah [[Ruzizi River|Webiga Ruzizi]] oo ku yaalla qaybta bari ee [[Jamhuuriyada Dimuqaraadiga Kongo]] (DRC). Waxay u adeegtaa il lagu kalsoonaan karo oo biyo ah oo loogu talagalay isticmaalka gudaha iyo ganacsiga, qoysaska ku nool xeebaha webigana waxay ku tiirsan yihiin biyaha nadiifta ah ee webiga cabitaanka, karinta, iyo shaqooyinka guriga. Ganacsiyada maxalliga ah waxay ku tiirsan yihiin sahayda badan ee webiga si ay u daboolaan baahiyaha dadka soo booqdayaasha ah iyo dalxiisayaasha. Intaa waxaa dheer, qulqulka webigu wuxuu taageeraa nidaamka deegaanka ee adeegyada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qn4aAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=Sange%20River%20flows%20into%20Rusizi%20River |title=Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology: Volume 30 |publisher=The Natural History Museum |year=1977 |location=London, England |pages=197 |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 March 2022 |title=26 mars, Sange dans la province du Sud-Kivu, l'affaissement du pont perturbe la vie socio-économique de la population |trans-title=26 Maarso, Sange oo ku taal gobolka South Kivu, burburka buundada ayaa khalkhal gelinaya nolosha dhaqan-dhaqaale ee dadweynaha |url=https://www.radiondenganews.net/2022/03/26/26-mars-sange-dans-la-province-du-sud-kivu-laffaissement-du-pont-perturbe-la-vie-socio-economique-de-la-population/ |access-date=22 June 2023 |website=Ndenga News |language=fr-FR |archive-date=22 Bisha Lixaad 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622121238/https://www.radiondenganews.net/2022/03/26/26-mars-sange-dans-la-province-du-sud-kivu-laffaissement-du-pont-perturbe-la-vie-socio-economique-de-la-population/ |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Goobta ==
Webigu wuxuu ka soo askumaa qaybta galbeed ee [[Ruzizi Plain]] ee [[Uvira Territory]] ee [[South Kivu|Gobolka South Kivu]] wuxuuna ku biiraa [[Ruzizi River|Webiga Ruzizi]] oo ka gudba bannaanka. Marka uu webigu marayo gobolka, wuxuu ururiyaa biyo ka yimaada durdurro yaryar iyo gacan-biyoodyo, oo ay ku jiraan Webiga Luvua oo ku yaalla [[Sange, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Sange]], Webiga Luvimvi oo ku yaalla [[Katogota]], Webiga Luvubu oo ku yaalla [[Lubarika]], Webiga Luvungi oo ku yaalla [[Luvungi]], Webiga Luberizi oo ku yaalla [[Luberizi]], iyo Webiga Runingu oo ku yaalla [[Runingo|Runingu]]. [[Sange, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Dooxada sare ee Sange]] waxaa dhaqan ahaan degganaa [[Fuliiru language|Kifuliiru]]-ku-hadlayaal [[Agriculturist|beeralay]] iyo [[herder|xoolo-dhaqato]] kuwaas oo ku barwaaqoobay aagga, iyagoo ku tiirsan khayraadka dooxada si ay u helaan nafaqadooda iyo nolol-maalmeedkooda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kabiraba |first=Christine Amina |date=2012 |title=Du mode de traitement des ordures ménagères dans la cité d'Uvira, cas des fractions biodégradables et non biodégradables |trans-title=Habka daaweynta qashinka guriga ee magaalada Uvira, kiiska qaybaha noolaha iyo kuwa aan noolaha ahayn |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/08/13/7304/m_Du-mode-de-traitement-des-ordures-menageres-dans-la-cite-dUvira-cas-des-fractions-biodegrada8.html |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Développement Durable |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fnTxBls4PfwC&amp;q=Sange+River+Rusizi+River |title=Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Volumes 738–740 |publisher=University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology |year=2006 |location=Michigan, United States |pages=11 |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hautmann |first=Frédéric |date=1939 |title=Étude ethnographique de l'Itombwe (district du Kivu, Congo Belge) |journal=Geographica Helvetica |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=175–176 |doi=10.5194/gh-4-175-1949 |s2cid=180994095 |language=French |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pottier |first=Johan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iRz_QzoVdJcC |title=Re-Imagining Rwanda: Conflict, Survival and Disinformation in the Late Twentieth Century |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=September 26, 2002 |isbn=9780521528733 |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |pages=16 |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Taariikh ==
Markii [[Henry Morton Stanley]] uu ku biiray [[David Livingstone]] oo jooga [[Ujiji]] si uu u sahamiyo afka [[Ruzizi River|Webiga Ruzizi]], Stanley wuxuu garawsaday in Webiga Sange uu u adeego sidii gacan-biyood u qulqula Webiga Ruzizi ee ballaaran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tyler |first=Josiah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WmccAAAAMAAJ |title=Livingstone Lost and Found: Or Africa and Its Explorers : a Complete Account of the Country and Its Inhabitants, Their Customs, Mannners, &amp;C., of the Prominent Missionary Stations, of the Diamond and Gold Fields, and of Explorations Made; With a Comprehensive Biographical Sketch of Dr. David Livingstone, His Travels Adventures, Experiences and Disappearance; and a Most Interesting Account of His Discovery by the American Expedition, in Command of Henry M. Stanley |publisher=Mutual publishing Company |year=1873 |location=Hawaii, United States |pages=510–511 |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muddadii [[Belgian Congo]], buundo ayaa laga dhisay webiga si loo fududeeyo ka gudubka caqabadaha sida webiyada, dooxooyinka, ama waddooyinka waaweyn.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XYQAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=Sange+River+at+highway+bridge |title=Actes et comptes rendus: Soil biology. Soil fertility and plant nutrition. Soil technology |publisher=Secretariat General |year=1954 |pages=484 |language=English, French}}&lt;/ref&gt; Si kastaba ha ahaatee, 17 Abriil 2020, buundadu way burburtay sababtoo ah roobabka mahiigaanka ah ee Sange iyo agagaarkeeda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2020 |title=Uvira: au moins 23 morts à la suite d’une pluie diluvienne |trans-title=Uvira: Ugu yaraan 23 qof ayaa dhintay ka dib roobab mahiigaan ah |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/2020/04/17/actualite/societe/uvira-au-moins-23-morts-la-suite-dune-pluie-diluvienne |access-date=18 November 2024 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Diasso |first=Alain |date=18 April 2020 |title=Bukavu: d'importants dégâts humains et matériels consécutifs à une inondation |trans-title=Bukavu: khasaare weyn oo bini'aadan iyo mid hantiyeed oo ka dhashay fatahaad |url=https://www.adiac-congo.com/content/bukavu-dimportants-degats-humains-et-materiels-consecutifs-une-inondation-115398 |access-date=18 November 2024 |website=Adiac-congo.com |language=fr |publication-place=Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mwamba |first=Justin |date=18 April 2020 |title=Catastrophes à Uvira: la plupart de cadavres ont été enterrés par leurs proches et membres des familles |trans-title=Masiibooyinka Uvira: Inta badan meydadka waxaa aasay qaraabadooda iyo xubnaha qoyska |url=https://actualite.cd/2020/04/18/catastrophes-uvira-la-plupart-des-cadavres-ont-etes-enterres-par-leurs-proches-et |access-date=18 November 2024 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Roobabkii mahiigaanka ahaa ee 2020 ==
Bishii Abriil 2020 roobab mahiigaan ah iyo gacan-biyoodyo fatahay oo ku yaalla [[Uvira]] ayaa daadadku ku qaadeen guryo, oo ay ku jirto Buundada Sange, taas oo burburtay iyadoo ka hoosaysa cadaadiska weyn ee qulqulka webiga. Tiirarka buundada ayaa jabay ka dib markii ay si ba'an u daxaleysteen.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Roobabku waxay sidoo kale khalkhal geliyeen nolosha dhaqaale iyo bulsho ee dadka deggan [[Sange, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Sange]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Warbixinnada rasmiga ah waxay muujiyeen in 24 meyd la helay, 3,500 guri ayaa waxyeello gaartay, iyo khasaare kale oo muhiim ah ayaa la xusay.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Sida laga soo xigtay UM News, oo ah warbaahinta rasmiga ah ee [[United Methodist Church]], ku dhawaad 70,000 oo qof ayaa guryo la'aan noqday.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lolonga |first=Philippe Kituka |last2=Londe |first2=Chadrack Tambwe |date=2 June 2020 |title=Church aids flood survivors in Congo |url=https://www.umnews.org/en/news/church-aids-flood-survivors-in-congo |access-date=22 June 2023 |website=Umnews.org/en |publisher=[[United Methodist Church]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tixraacyo ==
{{reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Braunsbedra</title>
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      <text bytes="2423" sha1="jecyn6dihvxnys951ubnop99tgr345k" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox German location
|type              = Stadt
|image_photo       =
|image_coa         = Wappen Braunsbedra.png
|coordinates       = {{coord|51|17|N|11|54|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|image_plan        = Braunsbedra in SK.svg
|state             = 
|district          = Saalekreis
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|area_code         = 034633
|licence           = SK
|Gemeindeschlüssel = 15 0 88 065
|divisions         = 13
|website           = [http://www.braunsbedra.de/ www.braunsbedra.de]
|mayor             = Steffen Schmitz&lt;ref&gt;[https://wahlergebnisse.sachsen-anhalt.de/wahlen/bmbm/index.html Bürgermeisterwahlen in den Gemeinden, Endgültige Ergebnisse], [[Statistisches Landesamt Sachsen-Anhalt]], accessed 10 November 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;
|leader_term       = 2022&amp;ndash;29
|party             = CDU
}}

'''Braunsbedra''' ({{IPA|de|bʁaʊnsˈbeːdʁaː|-|De-Braunsbedra.ogg}}) waa [[Municipalities of Germany|magaalo]] ka tirsan gobolka [[Saalekreis]], ee [[Saxony-Anhalt|Sachsen-Anhalt]], [[Jarmalka]]. Waxay ku taal qiyaastii 11&amp;nbsp;km koonfur-galbeed ee [[Merseburg]].

Waxaa la abuuray 1945 ka dib markii ay midoobeen Braunsdorf iyo Bedra. Magaalada Braunsbedra waxay ka kooban tahay Braunsbedra sax ah iyo afar ''Ortschaften'' (qaybaha degmada): Frankleben, Großkayna, Krumpa iyo Roßbach.&lt;ref name=Hauptsatzung&gt;[https://www.braunsbedra.de/de/datei/download/id/6650,1243/hauptsatzung0.pdf Hauptsatzung der Stadt Braunsbedra] {{Wayback|url=https://www.braunsbedra.de/de/datei/download/id/6650,1243/hauptsatzung0.pdf |date=20240525093252 }}, December 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

Roßbach, oo caan ku ah [[Battle of Rossbach|Dagaalkii Rossbach]], waa mid ka mid ah bulshooyinka deegaanka; qaab-dhismeedka dhulku aad bay isu beddeshay dagaalka ka dib sababtoo ah qodista dhuxusha brown iyo ka dib daadinta miinooyinka la dayacay si loo abuuro dhismaha Harada [[Geisel valley]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.lmbv.de/files/LMBV/Publikationen/Publikationen%20Mitteldeutschland/Wandlungen%20und%20Perspektiven%20MD/doku%2003_Geiseltal.pdf Geiseltal], Lausitzer und Mitteldeutsche Bergbau-Verwaltungsgesellschaft, p. 10.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Image:Bedra-Sammlung Duncker (5355151).jpg|thumb|Qasriga Bedra, agagaarka 1860, Daabacaadda waxaa leh [[Alexander Duncker]]]]

== Dadka ==
* [[Otto von Helldorff]] (1833-1908), siyaasiga Jarmalka iyo mulkiilaha dhulka

==Tixraac==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}</text>
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    <title>Dierfeld</title>
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      <text bytes="3582" sha1="mzias5gisq5hhh9zty3ue5qlxs63vns" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox German location
|image_photo       =
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|Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 2 31 021
|website           = [http://www.dierfeld.de www.dierfeld.de]
|mayor             = Roderich von Greve-Dierfeld&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/2310000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Landkreis Bernkastel-Wittlich], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 6 August 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;
|leader_term       = 2019&amp;ndash;24
}}
'''Dierfeld''' waa ''Ortsgemeinde'' – oo ah [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan ''[[Verbandsgemeinde]]'', oo ah nooc ka mid ah degmo wadaag ah – oo ku taal degmada [[Bernkastel-Wittlich]] ee gobolka [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. Ka mid ah degmooyinka ugu yar Jarmalka, waa midda ugu dadka yar, iyadoo ay ku nool yihiin kaliya 9 qof degmada.

== Juqraafi ==

=== Goobta ===
Dierfeld waxaa laga gaari karaa kaliya dhinaca galbeed iyadoo la marinayo waddo yar oo meesha ku xiraysa [[Laufeld]]. Waxay ka tirsan tahay ''Verbandsgemeinde'' [[Wittlich-Land]].

=== Degmooyinka deriska ah ===
Marka laga reebo Laufeld, deriska kale waa [[Wallscheid]], [[Mückeln]], [[Oberscheidweiler]], [[Hasborn]], [[Niederöfflingen]] iyo [[Oberöfflingen]].

== Taariikh ==
Dierfeld waxay ka timid aqal ugaarsasho oo ay dhiseen [[County of Manderscheid|Tirada Manderscheid]] qarnigii 16-aad. Laga soo bilaabo 1794, Dierfeld waxay ku hoos jirtay xukunka [[France|Faransiiska]]. 1814 waxaa loo qoondeeyay Boqortooyada [[Prussia]] ee [[Congress of Vienna]]. Laga soo bilaabo 1947, waxay ka mid ahayd gobolka cusub ee la aas-aasay ee [[Rhineland-Palatinate]].

=== Dadweynaha ===
Dierfeld waxay leedahay kaliya sagaal degmo waxayna tahay degmada ugu dadka yar dhammaan Jarmalka (ilaa 2021). Madaxa degmada iyo duqa magaalada waa Gerhard von Greve-Dierfeld.

== Siyaasad ==

Golaha degmada wuxuu ka kooban yahay 6 xubnood oo golaha ah (tani, dabcan, waxay ka dhigan tahay in laba qof oo kaliya oo degmada ku jira ayan ka tirsaneyn golaha), kuwaas oo lagu soo doorashay [[Plurality voting system|codadka badnaanshaha]] doorashadii degmada ee la qabtay 7 Juun 2009, iyo duqa magaalada sharafta leh oo ah gudoriye.&lt;ref&gt;[http://wahlen.rlp.de/kw/wahlen/2009/gemeinderatswahlen/ergebnisse/2310302100.html Kommunalwahl Rheinland-Pfalz 2009, Gemeinderat]&lt;/ref&gt;

Doorashooyinka Baarlamaanka Yurub, Bundestag, iyo Landtag, aag codayn oo wadajir ah ayaa lala sameeyay Manderscheid si loo hubiyo in waraaqaha codaynta la qariyo.&lt;ref&gt;Warbixin ku jirta ''Die Rheinpfalz'' oo soo baxday 27 Luulyo 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

2006, degmadu waxay lahayd qiimaha ugu sarreeya ee canshuurta ganacsiga ee Rhineland-Palatinate. Arrintan waxaa xalliyay duqa magaalada, oo sidoo leh xanaanada geedaha. Degmadu waa mid aan lahayn deyn.&lt;ref&gt;Warbixin ku jirta ''Die Rheinpfalz'' oo soo baxday 20 Luulyo 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tixraac ==
{{reflist}}

== Xiriirinta dibadda ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20200319160112/http://www.dierfeld.de/ Dierfeld] {{in lang|de}}
*[http://www.swr.de/hierzuland-rp/archiv/2004/06/14/ Dierfeld in the television programme ''Hierzuland''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.swr.de/hierzuland-rp/archiv/2004/06/14/ |date=20070929134504 }} {{in lang|de}}


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}}&lt;!-- End if statement for &quot;raw&quot; parameter--&gt;{{NOINDEX}}&lt;includeonly&gt;__EXPECTSHORTPAGE__&lt;!--To prevent pages from appearing on Special:ShortPages. See Tech News 2026-34. --&gt;&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>311381</id>
      <parentid>311380</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-30T11:52:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>311381</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="5873" sha1="oocbmg0z0hx3983f0pnak1rrzkpa217" xml:space="preserve">{{#ifeq: {{{raw|}}} | yes&lt;!--

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| &lt;b&gt;{{ucfirst:{{terminate sentence|{{{1}}}}}}}&lt;/b&gt;&amp;#32;&lt;!--
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            |
            | &lt;b&gt;Fiiri CSD {{uc:{{{criterion}}}}}.&lt;/b&gt;
     }}&lt;!--
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     | &amp;#32;&lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-destructive,red); font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;{{{rationale}}}&lt;/span&gt;
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|{{mbox
   | class = mbox-db
   | type  = speedy
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Kani {{if empty|{{{pagetype_override|}}}|{{pagetype|defaultns=all}}}} {{#if:{{{bot|}}}|waxaa summadeeyey {{{bot}}}, sababtoo ah waxay}} laga yaabaa inay buuxiso shuruudaha tirtiridda degdegga ah&lt;/i&gt;{{terminate sentence|{{{1}}}}}&lt;/b&gt;&amp;#32;{{#if:{{{2|}}}|&lt;i&gt;{{terminate sentence|{{{2}}}}}&lt;/i&gt;&amp;#32;}}{{#ifeq:{{{criterion}}}|NA||&lt;b&gt;Fiiri CSD {{uc:{{{criterion}}}}}.&lt;/b&gt;}}&lt;span id=&quot;delete-reason&quot; style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;{{urlencode:{{#ifeq:{{{criterion}}}|NA||{{uc:{{{criterion}}}}}:}} {{{summary|}}}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;delete-criterion&quot; style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;{{uc:{{{criterion}}}}}&lt;/span&gt;{{#if:{{{rationale|}}}|&amp;#32;&lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-destructive,red); font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;{{{rationale}}}&lt;/span&gt;}}

&lt;p class=&quot;verbose&quot;&gt;Haddii {{if empty|{{{pagetype_override|}}}|{{pagetype|defaultns=all}}}} uusan buuxin shuruudaha tirtiridda degdegga ah, {{#ifeq:{{{self}}}|yes|fadlan ka saar ogeysiiskan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;|ama aad damacsan tahay inaad saxdo, fadlan ka saar ogeysiiskan, laakiin '''ha ka saarin ogeysiiskan {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|File|faylasha aad soo gelisay|bogagga aad adigu samaysay}}'''. Haddii aad {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|File|soo gelisay faylkan|samaysay boggan}} oo aadan ku raacsanayn sababta tirtirka ee la bixiyay, waxaad gujin kartaa badhanka hoose oo aad farriin kaga tagi kartaa adigoo sharaxaya sababta aad u aaminsan tahay inaan la tirtirin. Waxaad {{talk other|dib uga soo laaban kartaa si aad u aragto|sidoo kale booqan kartaa bogga wada hadalka si aad u hubiso}} haddii aad jawaab ka heshay farriintaada.
&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;p class=&quot;verbose&quot;&gt;Tani {{pagetype|defaultns=all}} waa la tirtiri karaa wakhti kasta haddii ay si aan shaki lahayn u buuxiso shuruudaha tirtiridda degdegga ah, ama haddii sharaxaad {{talk other|hoos lagu daray ogeysiiskan|lagu qoray bogga wada hadalka}} loo arko inaysan ku filnayn.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;!--
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:&lt;small&gt;'''''Soo jeediye''': Fadlan tixgeli inaad dhigto '''template-ka:''&lt;/small&gt;
:&lt;small&gt;&lt;code&gt;''&lt;nowiki&gt;{{subst:&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{temp}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{FULLPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|header=1&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{temp2|}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;}} &lt;/nowiki&gt;{{#ifeq:{{{sig|x}}}|x|&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;}}''&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
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&lt;!--Space for other notes --&gt;
{{#if:{{{notes|}}}|{{{notes}}}&lt;br /&gt;}}&lt;!--

 -- Message for admins --

--&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sysop-show&quot;&gt;''Maamulayaasha: hubi [[Special:Whatlinkshere/{{FULLPAGENAME}}|xiriiriyeyaasha]], [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|bogga wada hadalka]], [{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=history}} taariikhda] ([{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|diff=0}} kii ugu dambeeyay]), iyo [{{fullurl:Special:Log|page={{FULLPAGENAMEE}}}} diiwaannada] ka hor [{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|wpReason={{urlencode:{{#ifeq:{{{criterion}}}|NA||[[Wikipedia:Tirtirid degdeg ah{{uc:{{{criterion}}}}}|{{uc:{{{criterion}}}}}]]:}} {{{summary|}}}}}&amp;action=delete}} tirtiridda]{{#if:{{{bot|}}}|, maadaama boggan uu calaamadeeyay [[Wikipedia:Bots|bot]]}}{{#if:{{{anote|}}}|{{{anote}}}|.}} {{#ifeq:{{{self}}}|yes||Ka fiirso inaad [[google:{{urlencode:{{PAGENAME}}}}|Google ka hubiso]].}}''&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Boggan waxaa [{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|diff=cur}} ugu dambaysay wax ka beddelkiisa] {{#if: {{REVISIONUSER}} | [[{{ns:2}}:{{REVISIONUSER2}}|{{REVISIONUSER2}}]] &lt;small&gt;{{toolbar|1=[[Special:Contributions/{{REVISIONUSER2}}|wax ku biirinnada]]|2=[[Special:Log/{{REVISIONUSER2}}|diiwaannada]]}}&lt;/small&gt; }} saacadda {{#time:H:i, j F Y (e)|{{REVISIONTIMESTAMP}}}} ([{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=purge}} {{time ago|{{REVISIONTIMESTAMP}}}}])&lt;/small&gt;&lt;!--


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}}&lt;!-- End if statement for &quot;raw&quot; parameter--&gt;{{NOINDEX}}&lt;includeonly&gt;__EXPECTSHORTPAGE__&lt;!--To prevent pages from appearing on Special:ShortPages. See Tech News 2026-34. --&gt;&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}} 
&lt;!-- Add categories to the /doc subpage; interwikis go to Wikidata, thank you! --&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:ISO 639 name/ISO 639-1</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>51948</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311340</id>
      <parentid>307384</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T22:22:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>311340</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="6169" sha1="bjfxdn9vb4tlohqhfhb6ebv3gi0z6ld" xml:space="preserve">-- File-Date: 2026-06-14
return {
	[&quot;aa&quot;] = {&quot;Afar&quot;, &quot;Cafar&quot;},
	[&quot;ab&quot;] = {&quot;Abkhazian&quot;, &quot;Abxaasi&quot;},
	[&quot;ae&quot;] = {&quot;Avestan&quot;, &quot;Avestan&quot;},
	[&quot;af&quot;] = {&quot;Afrikaans&quot;},
	[&quot;ak&quot;] = {&quot;Akan&quot;},
	[&quot;am&quot;] = {&quot;Amharic&quot;, &quot;Amxaari&quot;},
	[&quot;an&quot;] = {&quot;Aragonese&quot;, &quot;Aragoneys&quot;},
	[&quot;ar&quot;] = {&quot;Arabic&quot;, &quot;Carabi&quot;},
	[&quot;as&quot;] = {&quot;Assamese&quot;, &quot;Assamiis&quot;},
	[&quot;av&quot;] = {&quot;Avaric&quot;, &quot;Avaari&quot;},
	[&quot;ay&quot;] = {&quot;Aymara&quot;},
	[&quot;az&quot;] = {&quot;Azerbaijani&quot;, &quot;Azerbaijaani&quot;},
	[&quot;ba&quot;] = {&quot;Bashkir&quot;, &quot;Bashkir&quot;},
	[&quot;be&quot;] = {&quot;Belarusian&quot;, &quot;Belarusian&quot;},
	[&quot;bg&quot;] = {&quot;Bulgarian&quot;, &quot;Bulgaari&quot;},
	[&quot;bi&quot;] = {&quot;Bislama&quot;},
	[&quot;bm&quot;] = {&quot;Bambara&quot;, &quot;Bambara&quot;},
	[&quot;bn&quot;] = {&quot;Bengali&quot;, &quot;Bangla&quot;, &quot;Bangaali&quot;},
	[&quot;bo&quot;] = {&quot;Tibetan&quot;, &quot;Tibeetan&quot;},
	[&quot;br&quot;] = {&quot;Breton&quot;},
	[&quot;bs&quot;] = {&quot;Bosnian&quot;, &quot;Bosniyaan&quot;},
	[&quot;ca&quot;] = {&quot;Catalan&quot;, &quot;Valencian&quot;, &quot;Katalaan&quot;},
	[&quot;ce&quot;] = {&quot;Chechen&quot;, &quot;Jejen&quot;},
	[&quot;ch&quot;] = {&quot;Chamorro&quot;},
	[&quot;co&quot;] = {&quot;Corsican&quot;},
	[&quot;cr&quot;] = {&quot;Cree&quot;},
	[&quot;cs&quot;] = {&quot;Czech&quot;, &quot;Jeeg&quot;},
	[&quot;cu&quot;] = {&quot;Church Slavic&quot;, &quot;Church Slavonic&quot;, &quot;Old Bulgarian&quot;, &quot;Old Church Slavonic&quot;, &quot;Old Slavonic&quot;},
	[&quot;cv&quot;] = {&quot;Chuvash&quot;},
	[&quot;cy&quot;] = {&quot;Welsh&quot;, &quot;Welsh&quot;},
	[&quot;da&quot;] = {&quot;Danish&quot;, &quot;Daanish&quot;},
	[&quot;de&quot;] = {&quot;German&quot;, &quot;Jarmal&quot;},
	[&quot;dv&quot;] = {&quot;Dhivehi&quot;, &quot;Divehi&quot;, &quot;Maldivian&quot;, &quot;Dhivehi&quot;},
	[&quot;dz&quot;] = {&quot;Dzongkha&quot;},
	[&quot;ee&quot;] = {&quot;Ewe&quot;},
	[&quot;el&quot;] = {&quot;Modern Greek (1453-)&quot;, &quot;Giriig&quot;},
	[&quot;en&quot;] = {&quot;English&quot;, &quot;Ingiriisi&quot;},
	[&quot;eo&quot;] = {&quot;Esperanto&quot;},
	[&quot;es&quot;] = {&quot;Spanish&quot;, &quot;Castilian&quot;, &quot;Ispanish&quot;},
	[&quot;et&quot;] = {&quot;Estonian&quot;, &quot;Estonian&quot;},
	[&quot;eu&quot;] = {&quot;Basque&quot;, &quot;Basquese&quot;},
	[&quot;fa&quot;] = {&quot;Persian&quot;, &quot;Faaris&quot;},
	[&quot;ff&quot;] = {&quot;Fulah&quot;, &quot;Fula&quot;},
	[&quot;fi&quot;] = {&quot;Finnish&quot;, &quot;Fiinish&quot;},
	[&quot;fj&quot;] = {&quot;Fijian&quot;},
	[&quot;fo&quot;] = {&quot;Faroese&quot;},
	[&quot;fr&quot;] = {&quot;French&quot;, &quot;Faransiis&quot;},
	[&quot;fy&quot;] = {&quot;Western Frisian&quot;},
	[&quot;ga&quot;] = {&quot;Irish&quot;, &quot;Ayrish&quot;},
	[&quot;gd&quot;] = {&quot;Scottish Gaelic&quot;, &quot;Gaelic&quot;},
	[&quot;gl&quot;] = {&quot;Galician&quot;},
	[&quot;gn&quot;] = {&quot;Guarani&quot;},
	[&quot;gu&quot;] = {&quot;Gujarati&quot;, &quot;Gujarati&quot;},
	[&quot;gv&quot;] = {&quot;Manx&quot;},
	[&quot;ha&quot;] = {&quot;Hausa&quot;, &quot;Hausa&quot;},
	[&quot;he&quot;] = {&quot;Hebrew&quot;, &quot;Cibri&quot;},
	[&quot;hi&quot;] = {&quot;Hindi&quot;, &quot;Hindi&quot;},
	[&quot;ho&quot;] = {&quot;Hiri Motu&quot;},
	[&quot;hr&quot;] = {&quot;Croatian&quot;, &quot;Kroateys&quot;},
	[&quot;ht&quot;] = {&quot;Haitian&quot;, &quot;Haitian Creole&quot;},
	[&quot;hu&quot;] = {&quot;Hungarian&quot;, &quot;Hangariyaan&quot;},
	[&quot;hy&quot;] = {&quot;Armenian&quot;, &quot;Armeeni&quot;},
	[&quot;hz&quot;] = {&quot;Herero&quot;},
	[&quot;ia&quot;] = {&quot;Interlingua (IALA)&quot;, &quot;Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association)&quot;},
	[&quot;id&quot;] = {&quot;Indonesian&quot;, &quot;Indunuusiyaan&quot;},
	[&quot;ie&quot;] = {&quot;Interlingue&quot;, &quot;Occidental&quot;},
	[&quot;ig&quot;] = {&quot;Igbo&quot;, &quot;Igbo&quot;},
	[&quot;ii&quot;] = {&quot;Sichuan Yi&quot;, &quot;Nuosu&quot;},
	[&quot;ik&quot;] = {&quot;Inupiaq&quot;},
	[&quot;io&quot;] = {&quot;Ido&quot;},
	[&quot;is&quot;] = {&quot;Icelandic&quot;, &quot;Ayslandays&quot;},
	[&quot;it&quot;] = {&quot;Italian&quot;, &quot;Talyaani&quot;},
	[&quot;iu&quot;] = {&quot;Inuktitut&quot;},
	[&quot;ja&quot;] = {&quot;Japanese&quot;, &quot;Jabaaniis&quot;},
	[&quot;jv&quot;] = {&quot;Javanese&quot;, &quot;Jafaaniis&quot;},
	[&quot;ka&quot;] = {&quot;Georgian&quot;, &quot;Joorjiyaan&quot;},
	[&quot;kg&quot;] = {&quot;Kongo&quot;},
	[&quot;ki&quot;] = {&quot;Kikuyu&quot;, &quot;Gikuyu&quot;},
	[&quot;kj&quot;] = {&quot;Kuanyama&quot;, &quot;Kwanyama&quot;},
	[&quot;kk&quot;] = {&quot;Kazakh&quot;, &quot;Kasakh&quot;},
	[&quot;kl&quot;] = {&quot;Kalaallisut&quot;, &quot;Greenlandic&quot;},
	[&quot;km&quot;] = {&quot;Khmer&quot;, &quot;Central Khmer&quot;, &quot;Khmer&quot;},
	[&quot;kn&quot;] = {&quot;Kannada&quot;, &quot;Kannada&quot;},
	[&quot;ko&quot;] = {&quot;Korean&quot;, &quot;Kooriyan&quot;},
	[&quot;kr&quot;] = {&quot;Kanuri&quot;, &quot;Kanuri&quot;},
	[&quot;ks&quot;] = {&quot;Kashmiri&quot;},
	[&quot;ku&quot;] = {&quot;Kurdish&quot;, &quot;Kurdish&quot;},
	[&quot;kv&quot;] = {&quot;Komi&quot;},
	[&quot;kw&quot;] = {&quot;Cornish&quot;},
	[&quot;ky&quot;] = {&quot;Kirghiz&quot;, &quot;Kyrgyz&quot;, &quot;Kirgiis&quot;},
	[&quot;la&quot;] = {&quot;Latin&quot;, &quot;Laatiin&quot;},
	[&quot;lb&quot;] = {&quot;Luxembourgish&quot;, &quot;Letzeburgesch&quot;},
	[&quot;lg&quot;] = {&quot;Ganda&quot;, &quot;Luganda&quot;},
	[&quot;li&quot;] = {&quot;Limburgan&quot;, &quot;Limburger&quot;, &quot;Limburgish&quot;},
	[&quot;ln&quot;] = {&quot;Lingala&quot;, &quot;Lingala&quot;},
	[&quot;lo&quot;] = {&quot;Lao&quot;},
	[&quot;lt&quot;] = {&quot;Lithuanian&quot;, &quot;Lituwaanays&quot;},
	[&quot;lu&quot;] = {&quot;Luba-Katanga&quot;},
	[&quot;lv&quot;] = {&quot;Latvian&quot;, &quot;Laatfiyaan&quot;},
	[&quot;mg&quot;] = {&quot;Malagasy&quot;, &quot;Malagasi&quot;},
	[&quot;mh&quot;] = {&quot;Marshallese&quot;},
	[&quot;mi&quot;] = {&quot;Maori&quot;, &quot;Maori&quot;},
	[&quot;mk&quot;] = {&quot;Macedonian&quot;, &quot;Masedooniyaan&quot;},
	[&quot;ml&quot;] = {&quot;Malayalam&quot;, &quot;Malayalam&quot;},
	[&quot;mn&quot;] = {&quot;Mongolian&quot;, &quot; Mongooliyanka&quot;},
	[&quot;mr&quot;] = {&quot;Marathi&quot;, &quot;Marathi&quot;},
	[&quot;ms&quot;] = {&quot;Malay (macrolanguage)&quot;, &quot;Malay&quot;},
	[&quot;mt&quot;] = {&quot;Maltese&quot;, &quot;Maltis&quot;},
	[&quot;my&quot;] = {&quot;Burmese&quot;, &quot;Burmese&quot;},
	[&quot;na&quot;] = {&quot;Nauru&quot;},
	[&quot;nb&quot;] = {&quot;Norwegian Bokmål&quot;},
	[&quot;nd&quot;] = {&quot;North Ndebele&quot;},
	[&quot;ne&quot;] = {&quot;Nepali (macrolanguage)&quot;, &quot;Nepali&quot;},
	[&quot;ng&quot;] = {&quot;Ndonga&quot;},
	[&quot;nl&quot;] = {&quot;Dutch&quot;, &quot;Flemish&quot;, &quot;Holandays&quot;},
	[&quot;nn&quot;] = {&quot;Norwegian Nynorsk&quot;},
	[&quot;no&quot;] = {&quot;Norwegian&quot;, &quot;Noorwiiji&quot;},
	[&quot;nr&quot;] = {&quot;South Ndebele&quot;},
	[&quot;nv&quot;] = {&quot;Navajo&quot;, &quot;Navaho&quot;},
	[&quot;ny&quot;] = {&quot;Chichewa&quot;, &quot;Chewa&quot;, &quot;Nyanja&quot;},
	[&quot;oc&quot;] = {&quot;Occitan (post 1500)&quot;},
	[&quot;oj&quot;] = {&quot;Ojibwa&quot;},
	[&quot;om&quot;] = {&quot;Oromo&quot;, &quot;Oromo&quot;},
	[&quot;or&quot;] = {&quot;Oriya (macrolanguage)&quot;, &quot;Odia (macrolanguage)&quot;},
	[&quot;os&quot;] = {&quot;Iron Ossetic&quot;, &quot;Iron&quot;, &quot;Iron Ossetian&quot;, &quot;Ossetian&quot;, &quot;Ossetic&quot;},
	[&quot;pa&quot;] = {&quot;Panjabi&quot;, &quot;Punjabi&quot;, &quot;Bunjaabi&quot;},
	[&quot;pi&quot;] = {&quot;Pali&quot;},
	[&quot;pl&quot;] = {&quot;Polish&quot;, &quot;Boolish&quot;},
	[&quot;ps&quot;] = {&quot;Pushto&quot;, &quot;Pashto&quot;, &quot;Pashto&quot;},
	[&quot;pt&quot;] = {&quot;Portuguese&quot;, &quot;Portuguese&quot;},
	[&quot;qu&quot;] = {&quot;Quechua&quot;},
	[&quot;rm&quot;] = {&quot;Romansh&quot;},
	[&quot;rn&quot;] = {&quot;Rundi&quot;},
	[&quot;ro&quot;] = {&quot;Romanian&quot;, &quot;Moldavian&quot;, &quot;Moldovan&quot;, &quot;Romanka&quot;},
	[&quot;ru&quot;] = {&quot;Russian&quot;, &quot;Ruush&quot;},
	[&quot;rw&quot;] = {&quot;Kinyarwanda&quot;, &quot;Kinyarwanda&quot;},
	[&quot;sa&quot;] = {&quot;Sanskrit&quot;, &quot;Sanskrit&quot;},
	[&quot;sc&quot;] = {&quot;Sardinian&quot;},
	[&quot;sd&quot;] = {&quot;Sindhi&quot;, &quot;Sindhi&quot;},
	[&quot;se&quot;] = {&quot;Northern Sami&quot;},
	[&quot;sg&quot;] = {&quot;Sango&quot;},
	[&quot;sh&quot;] = {&quot;Serbo-Croatian&quot;},
	[&quot;si&quot;] = {&quot;Sinhala&quot;, &quot;Sinhalese&quot;},
	[&quot;sk&quot;] = {&quot;Slovak&quot;, &quot;Slovak&quot;},
	[&quot;sl&quot;] = {&quot;Slovenian&quot;, &quot;Slovenian&quot;},
	[&quot;sm&quot;] = {&quot;Samoan&quot;},
	[&quot;sn&quot;] = {&quot;Shona&quot;},
	[&quot;so&quot;] = {&quot;Somali&quot;, &quot;Soomaali&quot;},
	[&quot;sq&quot;] = {&quot;Albanian&quot;, &quot;Albaniyaan&quot;},
	[&quot;sr&quot;] = {&quot;Serbian&quot;, &quot;Serbiyaan&quot;},
	[&quot;ss&quot;] = {&quot;Swati&quot;},
	[&quot;st&quot;] = {&quot;Southern Sotho&quot;},
	[&quot;su&quot;] = {&quot;Sundanese&quot;},
	[&quot;sv&quot;] = {&quot;Swedish&quot;, &quot;Swiidhish&quot;},
	[&quot;sw&quot;] = {&quot;Swahili (macrolanguage)&quot;, &quot;Sawaaxili&quot;},
	[&quot;ta&quot;] = {&quot;Tamil&quot;, &quot;Tamiil&quot;},
	[&quot;te&quot;] = {&quot;Telugu&quot;, &quot;Telugu&quot;},
	[&quot;tg&quot;] = {&quot;Tajik&quot;, &quot;Tajik&quot;},
	[&quot;th&quot;] = {&quot;Thai&quot;, &quot;Thai&quot;},
	[&quot;ti&quot;] = {&quot;Tigrinya&quot;, &quot;Tigrinya&quot;},
	[&quot;tk&quot;] = {&quot;Turkmen&quot;, &quot;Turkmen&quot;},
	[&quot;tl&quot;] = {&quot;Tagalog&quot;},
	[&quot;tn&quot;] = {&quot;Tswana&quot;},
	[&quot;to&quot;] = {&quot;Tonga (Tonga Islands)&quot;},
	[&quot;tr&quot;] = {&quot;Turkish&quot;, &quot;Turkish&quot;},
	[&quot;ts&quot;] = {&quot;Tsonga&quot;},
	[&quot;tt&quot;] = {&quot;Tatar&quot;, &quot;Tatar&quot;},
	[&quot;tw&quot;] = {&quot;Twi&quot;},
	[&quot;ty&quot;] = {&quot;Tahitian&quot;},
	[&quot;ug&quot;] = {&quot;Uighur&quot;, &quot;Uyghur&quot;},
	[&quot;uk&quot;] = {&quot;Ukrainian&quot;, &quot;Yukreeniyaan&quot;},
	[&quot;ur&quot;] = {&quot;Urdu&quot;, &quot;Urdu&quot;},
	[&quot;uz&quot;] = {&quot;Uzbek&quot;, &quot;Usbak&quot;},
	[&quot;ve&quot;] = {&quot;Venda&quot;},
	[&quot;vi&quot;] = {&quot;Vietnamese&quot;, &quot;Fiitnaamays&quot;},
	[&quot;vo&quot;] = {&quot;Volapük&quot;},
	[&quot;wa&quot;] = {&quot;Walloon&quot;},
	[&quot;wo&quot;] = {&quot;Wolof&quot;, &quot;Wolof&quot;},
	[&quot;xh&quot;] = {&quot;Xhosa&quot;},
	[&quot;yi&quot;] = {&quot;Yiddish&quot;},
	[&quot;yo&quot;] = {&quot;Yoruba&quot;, &quot;Yoruba&quot;},
	[&quot;za&quot;] = {&quot;Zhuang&quot;, &quot;Chuang&quot;},
	[&quot;zh&quot;] = {&quot;Chinese&quot;, &quot;Shiinees&quot;},
	[&quot;zu&quot;] = {&quot;Zulu&quot;, &quot;Zulu&quot;}
}</text>
      <sha1>bjfxdn9vb4tlohqhfhb6ebv3gi0z6ld</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>311341</id>
      <parentid>311340</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T22:23:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>311341</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="6168" sha1="qvbb6kp9bj3fasnt63qkw2u776no98a" xml:space="preserve">-- File-Date: 2026-06-14
return {
	[&quot;aa&quot;] = {&quot;Afar&quot;, &quot;Cafar&quot;},
	[&quot;ab&quot;] = {&quot;Abkhazian&quot;, &quot;Abxaasi&quot;},
	[&quot;ae&quot;] = {&quot;Avestan&quot;, &quot;Avestan&quot;},
	[&quot;af&quot;] = {&quot;Afrikaans&quot;},
	[&quot;ak&quot;] = {&quot;Akan&quot;},
	[&quot;am&quot;] = {&quot;Amharic&quot;, &quot;Amxaari&quot;},
	[&quot;an&quot;] = {&quot;Aragonese&quot;, &quot;Aragoneys&quot;},
	[&quot;ar&quot;] = {&quot;Arabic&quot;, &quot;Carabi&quot;},
	[&quot;as&quot;] = {&quot;Assamese&quot;, &quot;Assamiis&quot;},
	[&quot;av&quot;] = {&quot;Avaric&quot;, &quot;Avaari&quot;},
	[&quot;ay&quot;] = {&quot;Aymara&quot;},
	[&quot;az&quot;] = {&quot;Azerbaijani&quot;, &quot;Azerbayjaan&quot;},
	[&quot;ba&quot;] = {&quot;Bashkir&quot;, &quot;Bashkir&quot;},
	[&quot;be&quot;] = {&quot;Belarusian&quot;, &quot;Belarusian&quot;},
	[&quot;bg&quot;] = {&quot;Bulgarian&quot;, &quot;Bulgaari&quot;},
	[&quot;bi&quot;] = {&quot;Bislama&quot;},
	[&quot;bm&quot;] = {&quot;Bambara&quot;, &quot;Bambara&quot;},
	[&quot;bn&quot;] = {&quot;Bengali&quot;, &quot;Bangla&quot;, &quot;Bangaali&quot;},
	[&quot;bo&quot;] = {&quot;Tibetan&quot;, &quot;Tibeetan&quot;},
	[&quot;br&quot;] = {&quot;Breton&quot;},
	[&quot;bs&quot;] = {&quot;Bosnian&quot;, &quot;Bosniyaan&quot;},
	[&quot;ca&quot;] = {&quot;Catalan&quot;, &quot;Valencian&quot;, &quot;Katalaan&quot;},
	[&quot;ce&quot;] = {&quot;Chechen&quot;, &quot;Jejen&quot;},
	[&quot;ch&quot;] = {&quot;Chamorro&quot;},
	[&quot;co&quot;] = {&quot;Corsican&quot;},
	[&quot;cr&quot;] = {&quot;Cree&quot;},
	[&quot;cs&quot;] = {&quot;Czech&quot;, &quot;Jeeg&quot;},
	[&quot;cu&quot;] = {&quot;Church Slavic&quot;, &quot;Church Slavonic&quot;, &quot;Old Bulgarian&quot;, &quot;Old Church Slavonic&quot;, &quot;Old Slavonic&quot;},
	[&quot;cv&quot;] = {&quot;Chuvash&quot;},
	[&quot;cy&quot;] = {&quot;Welsh&quot;, &quot;Welsh&quot;},
	[&quot;da&quot;] = {&quot;Danish&quot;, &quot;Daanish&quot;},
	[&quot;de&quot;] = {&quot;German&quot;, &quot;Jarmal&quot;},
	[&quot;dv&quot;] = {&quot;Dhivehi&quot;, &quot;Divehi&quot;, &quot;Maldivian&quot;, &quot;Dhivehi&quot;},
	[&quot;dz&quot;] = {&quot;Dzongkha&quot;},
	[&quot;ee&quot;] = {&quot;Ewe&quot;},
	[&quot;el&quot;] = {&quot;Modern Greek (1453-)&quot;, &quot;Giriig&quot;},
	[&quot;en&quot;] = {&quot;English&quot;, &quot;Ingiriisi&quot;},
	[&quot;eo&quot;] = {&quot;Esperanto&quot;},
	[&quot;es&quot;] = {&quot;Spanish&quot;, &quot;Castilian&quot;, &quot;Ispanish&quot;},
	[&quot;et&quot;] = {&quot;Estonian&quot;, &quot;Estonian&quot;},
	[&quot;eu&quot;] = {&quot;Basque&quot;, &quot;Basquese&quot;},
	[&quot;fa&quot;] = {&quot;Persian&quot;, &quot;Faaris&quot;},
	[&quot;ff&quot;] = {&quot;Fulah&quot;, &quot;Fula&quot;},
	[&quot;fi&quot;] = {&quot;Finnish&quot;, &quot;Fiinish&quot;},
	[&quot;fj&quot;] = {&quot;Fijian&quot;},
	[&quot;fo&quot;] = {&quot;Faroese&quot;},
	[&quot;fr&quot;] = {&quot;French&quot;, &quot;Faransiis&quot;},
	[&quot;fy&quot;] = {&quot;Western Frisian&quot;},
	[&quot;ga&quot;] = {&quot;Irish&quot;, &quot;Ayrish&quot;},
	[&quot;gd&quot;] = {&quot;Scottish Gaelic&quot;, &quot;Gaelic&quot;},
	[&quot;gl&quot;] = {&quot;Galician&quot;},
	[&quot;gn&quot;] = {&quot;Guarani&quot;},
	[&quot;gu&quot;] = {&quot;Gujarati&quot;, &quot;Gujarati&quot;},
	[&quot;gv&quot;] = {&quot;Manx&quot;},
	[&quot;ha&quot;] = {&quot;Hausa&quot;, &quot;Hausa&quot;},
	[&quot;he&quot;] = {&quot;Hebrew&quot;, &quot;Cibri&quot;},
	[&quot;hi&quot;] = {&quot;Hindi&quot;, &quot;Hindi&quot;},
	[&quot;ho&quot;] = {&quot;Hiri Motu&quot;},
	[&quot;hr&quot;] = {&quot;Croatian&quot;, &quot;Kroateys&quot;},
	[&quot;ht&quot;] = {&quot;Haitian&quot;, &quot;Haitian Creole&quot;},
	[&quot;hu&quot;] = {&quot;Hungarian&quot;, &quot;Hangariyaan&quot;},
	[&quot;hy&quot;] = {&quot;Armenian&quot;, &quot;Armeeni&quot;},
	[&quot;hz&quot;] = {&quot;Herero&quot;},
	[&quot;ia&quot;] = {&quot;Interlingua (IALA)&quot;, &quot;Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association)&quot;},
	[&quot;id&quot;] = {&quot;Indonesian&quot;, &quot;Indunuusiyaan&quot;},
	[&quot;ie&quot;] = {&quot;Interlingue&quot;, &quot;Occidental&quot;},
	[&quot;ig&quot;] = {&quot;Igbo&quot;, &quot;Igbo&quot;},
	[&quot;ii&quot;] = {&quot;Sichuan Yi&quot;, &quot;Nuosu&quot;},
	[&quot;ik&quot;] = {&quot;Inupiaq&quot;},
	[&quot;io&quot;] = {&quot;Ido&quot;},
	[&quot;is&quot;] = {&quot;Icelandic&quot;, &quot;Ayslandays&quot;},
	[&quot;it&quot;] = {&quot;Italian&quot;, &quot;Talyaani&quot;},
	[&quot;iu&quot;] = {&quot;Inuktitut&quot;},
	[&quot;ja&quot;] = {&quot;Japanese&quot;, &quot;Jabaaniis&quot;},
	[&quot;jv&quot;] = {&quot;Javanese&quot;, &quot;Jafaaniis&quot;},
	[&quot;ka&quot;] = {&quot;Georgian&quot;, &quot;Joorjiyaan&quot;},
	[&quot;kg&quot;] = {&quot;Kongo&quot;},
	[&quot;ki&quot;] = {&quot;Kikuyu&quot;, &quot;Gikuyu&quot;},
	[&quot;kj&quot;] = {&quot;Kuanyama&quot;, &quot;Kwanyama&quot;},
	[&quot;kk&quot;] = {&quot;Kazakh&quot;, &quot;Kasakh&quot;},
	[&quot;kl&quot;] = {&quot;Kalaallisut&quot;, &quot;Greenlandic&quot;},
	[&quot;km&quot;] = {&quot;Khmer&quot;, &quot;Central Khmer&quot;, &quot;Khmer&quot;},
	[&quot;kn&quot;] = {&quot;Kannada&quot;, &quot;Kannada&quot;},
	[&quot;ko&quot;] = {&quot;Korean&quot;, &quot;Kooriyan&quot;},
	[&quot;kr&quot;] = {&quot;Kanuri&quot;, &quot;Kanuri&quot;},
	[&quot;ks&quot;] = {&quot;Kashmiri&quot;},
	[&quot;ku&quot;] = {&quot;Kurdish&quot;, &quot;Kurdish&quot;},
	[&quot;kv&quot;] = {&quot;Komi&quot;},
	[&quot;kw&quot;] = {&quot;Cornish&quot;},
	[&quot;ky&quot;] = {&quot;Kirghiz&quot;, &quot;Kyrgyz&quot;, &quot;Kirgiis&quot;},
	[&quot;la&quot;] = {&quot;Latin&quot;, &quot;Laatiin&quot;},
	[&quot;lb&quot;] = {&quot;Luxembourgish&quot;, &quot;Letzeburgesch&quot;},
	[&quot;lg&quot;] = {&quot;Ganda&quot;, &quot;Luganda&quot;},
	[&quot;li&quot;] = {&quot;Limburgan&quot;, &quot;Limburger&quot;, &quot;Limburgish&quot;},
	[&quot;ln&quot;] = {&quot;Lingala&quot;, &quot;Lingala&quot;},
	[&quot;lo&quot;] = {&quot;Lao&quot;},
	[&quot;lt&quot;] = {&quot;Lithuanian&quot;, &quot;Lituwaanays&quot;},
	[&quot;lu&quot;] = {&quot;Luba-Katanga&quot;},
	[&quot;lv&quot;] = {&quot;Latvian&quot;, &quot;Laatfiyaan&quot;},
	[&quot;mg&quot;] = {&quot;Malagasy&quot;, &quot;Malagasi&quot;},
	[&quot;mh&quot;] = {&quot;Marshallese&quot;},
	[&quot;mi&quot;] = {&quot;Maori&quot;, &quot;Maori&quot;},
	[&quot;mk&quot;] = {&quot;Macedonian&quot;, &quot;Masedooniyaan&quot;},
	[&quot;ml&quot;] = {&quot;Malayalam&quot;, &quot;Malayalam&quot;},
	[&quot;mn&quot;] = {&quot;Mongolian&quot;, &quot; Mongooliyanka&quot;},
	[&quot;mr&quot;] = {&quot;Marathi&quot;, &quot;Marathi&quot;},
	[&quot;ms&quot;] = {&quot;Malay (macrolanguage)&quot;, &quot;Malay&quot;},
	[&quot;mt&quot;] = {&quot;Maltese&quot;, &quot;Maltis&quot;},
	[&quot;my&quot;] = {&quot;Burmese&quot;, &quot;Burmese&quot;},
	[&quot;na&quot;] = {&quot;Nauru&quot;},
	[&quot;nb&quot;] = {&quot;Norwegian Bokmål&quot;},
	[&quot;nd&quot;] = {&quot;North Ndebele&quot;},
	[&quot;ne&quot;] = {&quot;Nepali (macrolanguage)&quot;, &quot;Nepali&quot;},
	[&quot;ng&quot;] = {&quot;Ndonga&quot;},
	[&quot;nl&quot;] = {&quot;Dutch&quot;, &quot;Flemish&quot;, &quot;Holandays&quot;},
	[&quot;nn&quot;] = {&quot;Norwegian Nynorsk&quot;},
	[&quot;no&quot;] = {&quot;Norwegian&quot;, &quot;Noorwiiji&quot;},
	[&quot;nr&quot;] = {&quot;South Ndebele&quot;},
	[&quot;nv&quot;] = {&quot;Navajo&quot;, &quot;Navaho&quot;},
	[&quot;ny&quot;] = {&quot;Chichewa&quot;, &quot;Chewa&quot;, &quot;Nyanja&quot;},
	[&quot;oc&quot;] = {&quot;Occitan (post 1500)&quot;},
	[&quot;oj&quot;] = {&quot;Ojibwa&quot;},
	[&quot;om&quot;] = {&quot;Oromo&quot;, &quot;Oromo&quot;},
	[&quot;or&quot;] = {&quot;Oriya (macrolanguage)&quot;, &quot;Odia (macrolanguage)&quot;},
	[&quot;os&quot;] = {&quot;Iron Ossetic&quot;, &quot;Iron&quot;, &quot;Iron Ossetian&quot;, &quot;Ossetian&quot;, &quot;Ossetic&quot;},
	[&quot;pa&quot;] = {&quot;Panjabi&quot;, &quot;Punjabi&quot;, &quot;Bunjaabi&quot;},
	[&quot;pi&quot;] = {&quot;Pali&quot;},
	[&quot;pl&quot;] = {&quot;Polish&quot;, &quot;Boolish&quot;},
	[&quot;ps&quot;] = {&quot;Pushto&quot;, &quot;Pashto&quot;, &quot;Pashto&quot;},
	[&quot;pt&quot;] = {&quot;Portuguese&quot;, &quot;Portuguese&quot;},
	[&quot;qu&quot;] = {&quot;Quechua&quot;},
	[&quot;rm&quot;] = {&quot;Romansh&quot;},
	[&quot;rn&quot;] = {&quot;Rundi&quot;},
	[&quot;ro&quot;] = {&quot;Romanian&quot;, &quot;Moldavian&quot;, &quot;Moldovan&quot;, &quot;Romanka&quot;},
	[&quot;ru&quot;] = {&quot;Russian&quot;, &quot;Ruush&quot;},
	[&quot;rw&quot;] = {&quot;Kinyarwanda&quot;, &quot;Kinyarwanda&quot;},
	[&quot;sa&quot;] = {&quot;Sanskrit&quot;, &quot;Sanskrit&quot;},
	[&quot;sc&quot;] = {&quot;Sardinian&quot;},
	[&quot;sd&quot;] = {&quot;Sindhi&quot;, &quot;Sindhi&quot;},
	[&quot;se&quot;] = {&quot;Northern Sami&quot;},
	[&quot;sg&quot;] = {&quot;Sango&quot;},
	[&quot;sh&quot;] = {&quot;Serbo-Croatian&quot;},
	[&quot;si&quot;] = {&quot;Sinhala&quot;, &quot;Sinhalese&quot;},
	[&quot;sk&quot;] = {&quot;Slovak&quot;, &quot;Slovak&quot;},
	[&quot;sl&quot;] = {&quot;Slovenian&quot;, &quot;Slovenian&quot;},
	[&quot;sm&quot;] = {&quot;Samoan&quot;},
	[&quot;sn&quot;] = {&quot;Shona&quot;},
	[&quot;so&quot;] = {&quot;Somali&quot;, &quot;Soomaali&quot;},
	[&quot;sq&quot;] = {&quot;Albanian&quot;, &quot;Albaniyaan&quot;},
	[&quot;sr&quot;] = {&quot;Serbian&quot;, &quot;Serbiyaan&quot;},
	[&quot;ss&quot;] = {&quot;Swati&quot;},
	[&quot;st&quot;] = {&quot;Southern Sotho&quot;},
	[&quot;su&quot;] = {&quot;Sundanese&quot;},
	[&quot;sv&quot;] = {&quot;Swedish&quot;, &quot;Swiidhish&quot;},
	[&quot;sw&quot;] = {&quot;Swahili (macrolanguage)&quot;, &quot;Sawaaxili&quot;},
	[&quot;ta&quot;] = {&quot;Tamil&quot;, &quot;Tamiil&quot;},
	[&quot;te&quot;] = {&quot;Telugu&quot;, &quot;Telugu&quot;},
	[&quot;tg&quot;] = {&quot;Tajik&quot;, &quot;Tajik&quot;},
	[&quot;th&quot;] = {&quot;Thai&quot;, &quot;Thai&quot;},
	[&quot;ti&quot;] = {&quot;Tigrinya&quot;, &quot;Tigrinya&quot;},
	[&quot;tk&quot;] = {&quot;Turkmen&quot;, &quot;Turkmen&quot;},
	[&quot;tl&quot;] = {&quot;Tagalog&quot;},
	[&quot;tn&quot;] = {&quot;Tswana&quot;},
	[&quot;to&quot;] = {&quot;Tonga (Tonga Islands)&quot;},
	[&quot;tr&quot;] = {&quot;Turkish&quot;, &quot;Turkish&quot;},
	[&quot;ts&quot;] = {&quot;Tsonga&quot;},
	[&quot;tt&quot;] = {&quot;Tatar&quot;, &quot;Tatar&quot;},
	[&quot;tw&quot;] = {&quot;Twi&quot;},
	[&quot;ty&quot;] = {&quot;Tahitian&quot;},
	[&quot;ug&quot;] = {&quot;Uighur&quot;, &quot;Uyghur&quot;},
	[&quot;uk&quot;] = {&quot;Ukrainian&quot;, &quot;Yukreeniyaan&quot;},
	[&quot;ur&quot;] = {&quot;Urdu&quot;, &quot;Urdu&quot;},
	[&quot;uz&quot;] = {&quot;Uzbek&quot;, &quot;Usbak&quot;},
	[&quot;ve&quot;] = {&quot;Venda&quot;},
	[&quot;vi&quot;] = {&quot;Vietnamese&quot;, &quot;Fiitnaamays&quot;},
	[&quot;vo&quot;] = {&quot;Volapük&quot;},
	[&quot;wa&quot;] = {&quot;Walloon&quot;},
	[&quot;wo&quot;] = {&quot;Wolof&quot;, &quot;Wolof&quot;},
	[&quot;xh&quot;] = {&quot;Xhosa&quot;},
	[&quot;yi&quot;] = {&quot;Yiddish&quot;},
	[&quot;yo&quot;] = {&quot;Yoruba&quot;, &quot;Yoruba&quot;},
	[&quot;za&quot;] = {&quot;Zhuang&quot;, &quot;Chuang&quot;},
	[&quot;zh&quot;] = {&quot;Chinese&quot;, &quot;Shiinees&quot;},
	[&quot;zu&quot;] = {&quot;Zulu&quot;, &quot;Zulu&quot;}
}</text>
      <sha1>qvbb6kp9bj3fasnt63qkw2u776no98a</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>311342</id>
      <parentid>311341</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T22:28:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>311342</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="6174" sha1="3xus6hdv2czwut247b7p14whznlod24" xml:space="preserve">-- File-Date: 2026-06-14
return {
	[&quot;aa&quot;] = {&quot;Afar&quot;, &quot;Cafar&quot;},
	[&quot;ab&quot;] = {&quot;Abkhazian&quot;, &quot;Abxaasi&quot;},
	[&quot;ae&quot;] = {&quot;Avestan&quot;, &quot;Avestan&quot;},
	[&quot;af&quot;] = {&quot;Afrikaans&quot;},
	[&quot;ak&quot;] = {&quot;Akan&quot;},
	[&quot;am&quot;] = {&quot;Amharic&quot;, &quot;Amxaari&quot;},
	[&quot;an&quot;] = {&quot;Aragonese&quot;, &quot;Aragoneys&quot;},
	[&quot;ar&quot;] = {&quot;Arabic&quot;, &quot;Carabi&quot;},
	[&quot;as&quot;] = {&quot;Assamese&quot;, &quot;Assamiis&quot;},
	[&quot;av&quot;] = {&quot;Avaric&quot;, &quot;Avaari&quot;},
	[&quot;ay&quot;] = {&quot;Aymara&quot;},
	[&quot;az&quot;] = {&quot;Azerbaijani&quot;, &quot;Azerbayjaan&quot;},
	[&quot;ba&quot;] = {&quot;Bashkir&quot;, &quot;Bashkir&quot;},
	[&quot;be&quot;] = {&quot;Belarusian&quot;, &quot;Belarusian&quot;},
	[&quot;bg&quot;] = {&quot;Bulgarian&quot;, &quot;Bulgaari&quot;},
	[&quot;bi&quot;] = {&quot;Bislama&quot;},
	[&quot;bm&quot;] = {&quot;Bambara&quot;, &quot;Bambara&quot;},
	[&quot;bn&quot;] = {&quot;Bengali&quot;, &quot;Bangla&quot;, &quot;Bangaali&quot;},
	[&quot;bo&quot;] = {&quot;Tibetan&quot;, &quot;Tibeetan&quot;},
	[&quot;br&quot;] = {&quot;Breton&quot;},
	[&quot;bs&quot;] = {&quot;Bosnian&quot;, &quot;Bosniyaan&quot;},
	[&quot;ca&quot;] = {&quot;Catalan&quot;, &quot;Valencian&quot;, &quot;Katalaan&quot;},
	[&quot;ce&quot;] = {&quot;Chechen&quot;, &quot;Jejen&quot;},
	[&quot;ch&quot;] = {&quot;Chamorro&quot;},
	[&quot;co&quot;] = {&quot;Corsican&quot;},
	[&quot;cr&quot;] = {&quot;Cree&quot;},
	[&quot;cs&quot;] = {&quot;Czech&quot;, &quot;Jeeg&quot;},
	[&quot;cu&quot;] = {&quot;Church Slavic&quot;, &quot;Church Slavonic&quot;, &quot;Old Bulgarian&quot;, &quot;Old Church Slavonic&quot;, &quot;Old Slavonic&quot;},
	[&quot;cv&quot;] = {&quot;Chuvash&quot;},
	[&quot;cy&quot;] = {&quot;Welsh&quot;, &quot;Welsh&quot;},
	[&quot;da&quot;] = {&quot;Danish&quot;, &quot;Daanish&quot;},
	[&quot;de&quot;] = {&quot;German&quot;, &quot;Jarmal&quot;},
	[&quot;dv&quot;] = {&quot;Dhivehi&quot;, &quot;Divehi&quot;, &quot;Maldivian&quot;, &quot;Dhivehi&quot;},
	[&quot;dz&quot;] = {&quot;Dzongkha&quot;},
	[&quot;ee&quot;] = {&quot;Ewe&quot;},
	[&quot;el&quot;] = {&quot;Modern Greek (1453-)&quot;, &quot;Giriig&quot;},
	[&quot;en&quot;] = {&quot;English&quot;, &quot;Ingiriisi&quot;},
	[&quot;eo&quot;] = {&quot;Esperanto&quot;},
	[&quot;es&quot;] = {&quot;Spanish&quot;, &quot;Castilian&quot;, &quot;Ispanish&quot;},
	[&quot;et&quot;] = {&quot;Estonian&quot;, &quot;Estonian&quot;},
	[&quot;eu&quot;] = {&quot;Basque&quot;, &quot;Basquese&quot;},
	[&quot;fa&quot;] = {&quot;Persian&quot;, &quot;Faaris&quot;},
	[&quot;ff&quot;] = {&quot;Fulah&quot;, &quot;Fula&quot;},
	[&quot;fi&quot;] = {&quot;Finnish&quot;, &quot;Fiinish&quot;},
	[&quot;fj&quot;] = {&quot;Fijian&quot;},
	[&quot;fo&quot;] = {&quot;Faroese&quot;},
	[&quot;fr&quot;] = {&quot;French&quot;, &quot;Faransiis&quot;},
	[&quot;fy&quot;] = {&quot;Western Frisian&quot;},
	[&quot;ga&quot;] = {&quot;Irish&quot;, &quot;Ayrish&quot;},
	[&quot;gd&quot;] = {&quot;Scottish Gaelic&quot;, &quot;Gaelic&quot;},
	[&quot;gl&quot;] = {&quot;Galician&quot;},
	[&quot;gn&quot;] = {&quot;Guarani&quot;},
	[&quot;gu&quot;] = {&quot;Gujarati&quot;, &quot;Gujarati&quot;},
	[&quot;gv&quot;] = {&quot;Manx&quot;},
	[&quot;ha&quot;] = {&quot;Hausa&quot;, &quot;Hausa&quot;},
	[&quot;he&quot;] = {&quot;Hebrew&quot;,&quot;Cibraani&quot;},
	[&quot;hi&quot;] = {&quot;Hindi&quot;, &quot;Hindi&quot;},
	[&quot;ho&quot;] = {&quot;Hiri Motu&quot;},
	[&quot;hr&quot;] = {&quot;Croatian&quot;, &quot;Kroateys&quot;},
	[&quot;ht&quot;] = {&quot;Haitian&quot;, &quot;Haytiyaan Creole&quot;},
	[&quot;hu&quot;] = {&quot;Hungarian&quot;, &quot;Hangariyaan&quot;},
	[&quot;hy&quot;] = {&quot;Armenian&quot;, &quot;Armeeni&quot;},
	[&quot;hz&quot;] = {&quot;Herero&quot;},
	[&quot;ia&quot;] = {&quot;Interlingua (IALA)&quot;, &quot;Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association)&quot;},
	[&quot;id&quot;] = {&quot;Indonesian&quot;, &quot;Indunuusiyaan&quot;},
	[&quot;ie&quot;] = {&quot;Interlingue&quot;, &quot;Occidental&quot;},
	[&quot;ig&quot;] = {&quot;Igbo&quot;, &quot;Igbo&quot;},
	[&quot;ii&quot;] = {&quot;Sichuan Yi&quot;, &quot;Nuosu&quot;},
	[&quot;ik&quot;] = {&quot;Inupiaq&quot;},
	[&quot;io&quot;] = {&quot;Ido&quot;},
	[&quot;is&quot;] = {&quot;Icelandic&quot;, &quot;Ayslandays&quot;},
	[&quot;it&quot;] = {&quot;Italian&quot;, &quot;Talyaani&quot;},
	[&quot;iu&quot;] = {&quot;Inuktitut&quot;},
	[&quot;ja&quot;] = {&quot;Japanese&quot;, &quot;Jabaaniis&quot;},
	[&quot;jv&quot;] = {&quot;Javanese&quot;, &quot;Jafaaniis&quot;},
	[&quot;ka&quot;] = {&quot;Georgian&quot;, &quot;Joorjiyaan&quot;},
	[&quot;kg&quot;] = {&quot;Kongo&quot;},
	[&quot;ki&quot;] = {&quot;Kikuyu&quot;, &quot;Gikuyu&quot;},
	[&quot;kj&quot;] = {&quot;Kuanyama&quot;, &quot;Kwanyama&quot;},
	[&quot;kk&quot;] = {&quot;Kazakh&quot;, &quot;Kasakh&quot;},
	[&quot;kl&quot;] = {&quot;Kalaallisut&quot;, &quot;Greenlandic&quot;},
	[&quot;km&quot;] = {&quot;Khmer&quot;, &quot;Central Khmer&quot;, &quot;Khmer&quot;},
	[&quot;kn&quot;] = {&quot;Kannada&quot;, &quot;Kannada&quot;},
	[&quot;ko&quot;] = {&quot;Korean&quot;, &quot;Kooriyan&quot;},
	[&quot;kr&quot;] = {&quot;Kanuri&quot;, &quot;Kanuri&quot;},
	[&quot;ks&quot;] = {&quot;Kashmiri&quot;},
	[&quot;ku&quot;] = {&quot;Kurdish&quot;, &quot;Kurdish&quot;},
	[&quot;kv&quot;] = {&quot;Komi&quot;},
	[&quot;kw&quot;] = {&quot;Cornish&quot;},
	[&quot;ky&quot;] = {&quot;Kirghiz&quot;, &quot;Kyrgyz&quot;, &quot;Kirgiis&quot;},
	[&quot;la&quot;] = {&quot;Latin&quot;, &quot;Laatiin&quot;},
	[&quot;lb&quot;] = {&quot;Luxembourgish&quot;, &quot;Letzeburgesch&quot;},
	[&quot;lg&quot;] = {&quot;Ganda&quot;, &quot;Luganda&quot;},
	[&quot;li&quot;] = {&quot;Limburgan&quot;, &quot;Limburger&quot;, &quot;Limburgish&quot;},
	[&quot;ln&quot;] = {&quot;Lingala&quot;, &quot;Lingala&quot;},
	[&quot;lo&quot;] = {&quot;Lao&quot;},
	[&quot;lt&quot;] = {&quot;Lithuanian&quot;, &quot;Lituwaanays&quot;},
	[&quot;lu&quot;] = {&quot;Luba-Katanga&quot;},
	[&quot;lv&quot;] = {&quot;Latvian&quot;, &quot;Laatfiyaan&quot;},
	[&quot;mg&quot;] = {&quot;Malagasy&quot;, &quot;Malagasi&quot;},
	[&quot;mh&quot;] = {&quot;Marshallese&quot;},
	[&quot;mi&quot;] = {&quot;Maori&quot;, &quot;Maori&quot;},
	[&quot;mk&quot;] = {&quot;Macedonian&quot;, &quot;Masedooniyaan&quot;},
	[&quot;ml&quot;] = {&quot;Malayalam&quot;, &quot;Malayalam&quot;},
	[&quot;mn&quot;] = {&quot;Mongolian&quot;, &quot; Mongooliyanka&quot;},
	[&quot;mr&quot;] = {&quot;Marathi&quot;, &quot;Marathi&quot;},
	[&quot;ms&quot;] = {&quot;Malay (macrolanguage)&quot;, &quot;Malay&quot;},
	[&quot;mt&quot;] = {&quot;Maltese&quot;, &quot;Maltis&quot;},
	[&quot;my&quot;] = {&quot;Burmese&quot;, &quot;Burmese&quot;},
	[&quot;na&quot;] = {&quot;Nauru&quot;},
	[&quot;nb&quot;] = {&quot;Norwegian Bokmål&quot;},
	[&quot;nd&quot;] = {&quot;North Ndebele&quot;},
	[&quot;ne&quot;] = {&quot;Nepali (macrolanguage)&quot;, &quot;Nepali&quot;},
	[&quot;ng&quot;] = {&quot;Ndonga&quot;},
	[&quot;nl&quot;] = {&quot;Dutch&quot;, &quot;Flemish&quot;, &quot;Holandays&quot;},
	[&quot;nn&quot;] = {&quot;Norwegian Nynorsk&quot;},
	[&quot;no&quot;] = {&quot;Norwegian&quot;, &quot;Noorwiiji&quot;},
	[&quot;nr&quot;] = {&quot;South Ndebele&quot;},
	[&quot;nv&quot;] = {&quot;Navajo&quot;, &quot;Navaho&quot;},
	[&quot;ny&quot;] = {&quot;Chichewa&quot;, &quot;Chewa&quot;, &quot;Nyanja&quot;},
	[&quot;oc&quot;] = {&quot;Occitan (post 1500)&quot;},
	[&quot;oj&quot;] = {&quot;Ojibwa&quot;},
	[&quot;om&quot;] = {&quot;Oromo&quot;, &quot;Oromo&quot;},
	[&quot;or&quot;] = {&quot;Oriya (macrolanguage)&quot;, &quot;Odia (macrolanguage)&quot;},
	[&quot;os&quot;] = {&quot;Iron Ossetic&quot;, &quot;Iron&quot;, &quot;Iron Ossetian&quot;, &quot;Ossetian&quot;, &quot;Ossetic&quot;},
	[&quot;pa&quot;] = {&quot;Panjabi&quot;, &quot;Punjabi&quot;, &quot;Bunjaabi&quot;},
	[&quot;pi&quot;] = {&quot;Pali&quot;},
	[&quot;pl&quot;] = {&quot;Polish&quot;, &quot;Boolish&quot;},
	[&quot;ps&quot;] = {&quot;Pushto&quot;, &quot;Pashto&quot;, &quot;Pashto&quot;},
	[&quot;pt&quot;] = {&quot;Portuguese&quot;, &quot;Portuguese&quot;},
	[&quot;qu&quot;] = {&quot;Quechua&quot;},
	[&quot;rm&quot;] = {&quot;Romansh&quot;},
	[&quot;rn&quot;] = {&quot;Rundi&quot;},
	[&quot;ro&quot;] = {&quot;Romanian&quot;, &quot;Moldavian&quot;, &quot;Moldovan&quot;, &quot;Romanka&quot;},
	[&quot;ru&quot;] = {&quot;Russian&quot;, &quot;Ruush&quot;},
	[&quot;rw&quot;] = {&quot;Kinyarwanda&quot;, &quot;Kinyarwanda&quot;},
	[&quot;sa&quot;] = {&quot;Sanskrit&quot;, &quot;Sanskrit&quot;},
	[&quot;sc&quot;] = {&quot;Sardinian&quot;},
	[&quot;sd&quot;] = {&quot;Sindhi&quot;, &quot;Sindhi&quot;},
	[&quot;se&quot;] = {&quot;Northern Sami&quot;},
	[&quot;sg&quot;] = {&quot;Sango&quot;},
	[&quot;sh&quot;] = {&quot;Serbo-Croatian&quot;},
	[&quot;si&quot;] = {&quot;Sinhala&quot;, &quot;Sinhalese&quot;},
	[&quot;sk&quot;] = {&quot;Slovak&quot;, &quot;Slovak&quot;},
	[&quot;sl&quot;] = {&quot;Slovenian&quot;, &quot;Islofeeniya&quot;},
	[&quot;sm&quot;] = {&quot;Samoan&quot;},
	[&quot;sn&quot;] = {&quot;Shona&quot;},
	[&quot;so&quot;] = {&quot;Somali&quot;, &quot;Soomaali&quot;},
	[&quot;sq&quot;] = {&quot;Albanian&quot;, &quot;Albaniyaan&quot;},
	[&quot;sr&quot;] = {&quot;Serbian&quot;, &quot;Serbiyaan&quot;},
	[&quot;ss&quot;] = {&quot;Swati&quot;},
	[&quot;st&quot;] = {&quot;Southern Sotho&quot;},
	[&quot;su&quot;] = {&quot;Sundanese&quot;},
	[&quot;sv&quot;] = {&quot;Swedish&quot;, &quot;Swiidhish&quot;},
	[&quot;sw&quot;] = {&quot;Swahili (macrolanguage)&quot;, &quot;Sawaaxili&quot;},
	[&quot;ta&quot;] = {&quot;Tamil&quot;, &quot;Tamiil&quot;},
	[&quot;te&quot;] = {&quot;Telugu&quot;, &quot;Telugu&quot;},
	[&quot;tg&quot;] = {&quot;Tajik&quot;, &quot;Tajik&quot;},
	[&quot;th&quot;] = {&quot;Thai&quot;, &quot;Thai&quot;},
	[&quot;ti&quot;] = {&quot;Tigrinya&quot;, &quot;Tigrinya&quot;},
	[&quot;tk&quot;] = {&quot;Turkmen&quot;, &quot;Turkmen&quot;},
	[&quot;tl&quot;] = {&quot;Tagalog&quot;},
	[&quot;tn&quot;] = {&quot;Tswana&quot;},
	[&quot;to&quot;] = {&quot;Tonga (Tonga Islands)&quot;},
	[&quot;tr&quot;] = {&quot;Turkish&quot;, &quot;Turkish&quot;},
	[&quot;ts&quot;] = {&quot;Tsonga&quot;},
	[&quot;tt&quot;] = {&quot;Tatar&quot;, &quot;Tatar&quot;},
	[&quot;tw&quot;] = {&quot;Twi&quot;},
	[&quot;ty&quot;] = {&quot;Tahitian&quot;},
	[&quot;ug&quot;] = {&quot;Uighur&quot;, &quot;Uyghur&quot;},
	[&quot;uk&quot;] = {&quot;Ukrainian&quot;, &quot;Yukreeniyaan&quot;},
	[&quot;ur&quot;] = {&quot;Urdu&quot;, &quot;Urdu&quot;},
	[&quot;uz&quot;] = {&quot;Uzbek&quot;, &quot;Usbak&quot;},
	[&quot;ve&quot;] = {&quot;Venda&quot;},
	[&quot;vi&quot;] = {&quot;Vietnamese&quot;, &quot;Fiitnaamays&quot;},
	[&quot;vo&quot;] = {&quot;Volapük&quot;},
	[&quot;wa&quot;] = {&quot;Walloon&quot;},
	[&quot;wo&quot;] = {&quot;Wolof&quot;, &quot;Wolof&quot;},
	[&quot;xh&quot;] = {&quot;Xhosa&quot;},
	[&quot;yi&quot;] = {&quot;Yiddish&quot;},
	[&quot;yo&quot;] = {&quot;Yoruba&quot;, &quot;Yoruba&quot;},
	[&quot;za&quot;] = {&quot;Zhuang&quot;, &quot;Chuang&quot;},
	[&quot;zh&quot;] = {&quot;Chinese&quot;, &quot;Shiinees&quot;},
	[&quot;zu&quot;] = {&quot;Zulu&quot;, &quot;Zulu&quot;}
}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Meineweh</title>
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      <text bytes="1969" sha1="otni5ym1n8f09eevwr4sn22xmvt9pz3" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox German location
|image_photo       = 
|image_coa            = Wappen Meineweh.png
|coordinates       = {{coord|51|5|N|11|58|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|image_plan          = Anhalt Süd in BLK.svg
|state        = 
|district         = Burgenlandkreis
|Verbandsgemeinde = Wethautal
|elevation              = 
|area            = 25.25
|postal_code       = 06721, 06667
|area_code         = 034422, 034425, 034445
|licence           = BLK
|Gemeindeschlüssel = 15084013
|divisions         = 2 
|website           = [http://www.vgem-wethautal.de/ www.vgem-wethautal.de]
|mayor             = Frank Krieg&lt;ref&gt;[https://wahlergebnisse.sachsen-anhalt.de/wahlen/bmbm/index.html Bürgermeisterwahlen in den Gemeinden, Endgültige Ergebnisse], [[Statistisches Landesamt Sachsen-Anhalt]]. Retrieved 10 July 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;
|leader_term       = 2024&amp;ndash;31
}}

'''Meineweh''' ({{IPA|de|ˈmaɪnəveː}}) waa [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan deegaanka [[Burgenlandkreis]] [[Districts of Germany|degmada]], ee [[Saxony-Anhalt]], [[Germany]]. Waxaa la dhisay 1 Janaayo 2010 iyadoo ah ''Anhalt Süd'' iyadoo la mideeyay degmooyinkii hore ee Meineweh, [[Pretzsch, Burgenlandkreis|Pretzsch]] iyo [[Unterkaka]],&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Laender-Regionen/Regionales/Gemeindeverzeichnis/Namens-Grenz-Aenderung/2010.html Gebietsänderungen vom 01. Januar bis 31. Dezember 2010], [[Statistisches Bundesamt]]&lt;/ref&gt; waxaana magaceeda loo beddelay 1 Ogosto 2011 una baxday Meineweh.&lt;ref name=&quot;meineweh&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.vgem-wethautal.de/?id=104262001207&amp;cid=104262003933|title=Aktuelle Bekanntmachungen der Gemeinde Meineweh|work=Verbandsgemeinde [[Wethautal]]|date=20 May 2011|accessdate=2 August 2011|language=German|archive-date=6 Bisha Tobnaad 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006035145/http://www.vgem-wethautal.de/?id=104262001207&amp;cid=104262003933|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tixraacyo==
{{reflist}}


{{Authority control}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Maxamed Mursal Sheikh Cabduraxman</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>53642</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311351</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-30T01:21:09Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="2663" sha1="4gxb84oh5zw1ovg138szbf4ne5rwxhf" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Maxamed Mursal Sheekh Cabdurraxmaan
| honorific_suffix    = [[Member of Parliament|Xildhibaan]]
| office              = Guddoomiyihii 13aad ee [[Liiska Afhayeenada Baarlamaanka Soomaaliya|Baarlamaanka Soomaaliya]]
| term_start          = 1 Maajo 2018
| term_end            = 27 Abriil 2022
| predecessor         = [[Maxamed Cismaan Jawaari]]
| successor           = [[Aden Madobe|Aadan Maxamed Nuur (Madoobe)]]
| image               = Mohamed Mursal Abdirahman - 2021 (cropped).jpg
| caption             = Maxamed Mursal Sheekh Cabdurraxmaan sannadkii 2021
}}

'''Dr. Maxamed Mursal Sheekh Cabdurraxmaan''' ({{Langx|so|Maxamed Mursal Sheekh Cabdurraxmaan}}) waa guddoomiyihii hore ee Baarlamaanka Soomaaliya, oo loo doortay 30 Abriil 2018. Wuxuu ku dhashay magaalada [[Baidoa|Baydhabo]] ee Soomaaliya, wuxuuna hore u soo noqday [[Minister of Defence (Somalia)|Wasiirka Gaashaanandhigga]] iyo sidoo kale Wasiirka Hantida Qaranka iyo Iibka Dadweynaha, guddoomiye ku-xigeenka degmada Baydhabo ee Soomaaliya,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Somali Deputy Prime Minister in Aden |url=http://www.sabanews.net/en/news205217.htm |publisher=[[Saba News Agency]] |date=7 February 2010 |accessdate=22 December 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo xubin ka tirsan [[Transitional Federal Parliament|Baarlamaanka Federaalka Kumeelgaarka ah]]. Wuxuu sidoo kale ahaa Danjiraha Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya u fhiya Dowladda Turkiga.

12 Disembar 2018, waxaa la sheegay in Mursal uu ka guuray hoygiisii Madaxtooyada Soomaaliya (Villa Somalia), isagoo u guuray guri dhow garoonka diyaaradaha, ka dib markii uu sii socday khilaafkii iyada iyo ku-xigeenadiisa ee ku saabsanaa mooshinkii xilka ka qaadista Madaxweyne Maxamed Cabdullaahi Farmaajo iyo aayaha Guddiga Miisaaniyadda ee Golaha Shacabka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://goobjoog.com/english/breaking-speaker-mursal-relocates-from-villa-somalia/|title=BREAKING: Speaker Mursal relocates from Villa Somalia|date=Dec 12, 2018|accessdate=Oct 27, 2020|archive-date=Bisha Koobaad 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106100729/http://goobjoog.com/english/breaking-speaker-mursal-relocates-from-villa-somalia/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Waxaa xilka guddoomiyaha baarlamaanka ka beddelay [[Aden Madobe|Aadan Maxamed Nuur (Madoobe)]] oo la wareegay xilka guddoomiyaha cusub ee Baarlamaanka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Somalia's parliament elects new speaker |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/somalia-s-parliament-elects-new-speaker/2574904 |access-date=2022-06-15 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tixraacyada==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Cabdurraxmaan, Maxamed Mursal Sheekh}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>311256</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T12:08:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Abuuray</comment>
      <origin>311256</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="202" sha1="8bg7jy6v2ulztha78sxezjlk5xtxbk1" xml:space="preserve">{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}EP|{{{1|}}}|level=semi}}&lt;!-- Template:ESp --&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
&lt;!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --&gt;
{{Documentation|content={{EP/doc|type=S}}}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>8bg7jy6v2ulztha78sxezjlk5xtxbk1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>311257</id>
      <parentid>311256</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T12:09:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>311257</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="176" sha1="53rb1dzx4o71cjrjwtnwm72jnuni7v8" xml:space="preserve">{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}EP|{{{1|}}}|level=semi}}&lt;!-- Template:ESp --&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
&lt;!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --&gt;
{{Documentation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>53rb1dzx4o71cjrjwtnwm72jnuni7v8</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:EP</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>53991</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311258</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T12:10:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Bog cusub: {{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#switch: {{ {{{|safesubst:}}}lc:{{{1}}}}} |done |do |d = {{done}} |partly done |prtdo |pd = {{partly done}}&lt;nowiki /&gt;''':''' |already |ad |a = {{already done}} |implementing |in progress |progress |prog = {{in progress}}&lt;nowiki /&gt;''':''' tifatire ayaa wada tifatirka la codsaday. |note = {{a note}} {{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#if:{{{2|}}}|''{{{2}}}''}} |question |ques |q = {{question}} |deny |not |not done |notdone |nd |n = {{not done}}''':''' |now |not now |notnow |nd...</comment>
      <origin>311258</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7853" sha1="n20wdfc91b45uucfzc2vn34ohbztu4o" xml:space="preserve">{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#switch: {{ {{{|safesubst:}}}lc:{{{1}}}}}
|done
|do
|d = {{done}}
|partly done
|prtdo
|pd = {{partly done}}&lt;nowiki /&gt;''':'''
|already
|ad
|a = {{already done}}
|implementing
|in progress
|progress
|prog = {{in progress}}&lt;nowiki /&gt;''':''' tifatire ayaa wada tifatirka la codsaday.
|note = {{a note}} {{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#if:{{{2|}}}|''{{{2}}}''}}
|question
|ques
|q = {{question}}
|deny
|not
|not done
|notdone
|nd
|n = {{not done}}''':'''
|now
|not now
|notnow
|ndfn
|nfn = {{not done for now}}&lt;nowiki /&gt;''':'''
|specific
|spec
|detail
|?
|xy = [[File:Red question icon with gradient background.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] '''Lama sameyn:''' caddayn ma ahan isbeddellada aad rabto in la sameeyo. Fadlan ku cadee isbeddellada gaarka ah habka [[Wikipedia:Edit requests#General considerations|&quot;u beddel X Y&quot; format]] oo bixiso [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|isha lagu kalsoonaan karo]] haddii ay khusayso.
|rs = {{Not done}}''':''' fadlan bixi [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|ilaha lagu kalsoonaan karo]] ee taageeraya isbeddelka aad rabto in la sameeyo.
|consensus
|con
|c = [[File:X mark.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] '''Lama sameyn xilligan:''' fadlan dhiso [[Wikipedia:Consensus|isku-raac (consensus)]] isbeddelkan '''[[Wikipedia:Edit requests#Planning a request|ka hor]]''' inta aadan soo gelin codsiga tifatirka.
|sandbox
|sand
|sb = {{Not done}}''':''' fadlan ku hor samee isbeddellada aad codsatay [[Wikipedia:Template sandbox and test cases|sandbox-ka]] {{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#switch:{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}SUBJECTSPACE}}|Template=template|Module=module|page}}. Eeg [[Wikipedia:Template sandbox and test cases|WP:TESTCASES]].
|misplaced
|mis = {{Not done}}''':''' tani waa [[Help:Talk pages|bogga wadahadalka]] ee loogu talagalay {{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq:{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}SUBJECTSPACE}}|User|la xiriirida isticmaalaha {{user|{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}ROOTPAGENAME}}}}|ka wadahadalka horumarinta ku saabsan {{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq:{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}SUBJECTSPACE}}|Template|[[Help:Template|template]] {{tlx|{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}PAGENAME}}}}|boga [[:{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}SUBJECTPAGENAME}}]]}}}}. Fadlan codsigaaga ka gee bogga wadahadalka ee maqaalka ay khusayso.
|talk protected
|tp = {{Not done}}''':''' tani waa [[Help:Talk pages|bogga wadahadalka]] ee loogu talagalay {{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq:{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq:{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}SUBPAGENAME}}|{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}ROOTPAGENAME}}|{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}SUBJECTSPACE}}|&lt;!--Not a root page --&gt;}}|User|la xiriirida isticmaalaha {{user|{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}PAGENAME}}}}|ka wadahadalka horumarinta ku saabsan {{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq:{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}SUBJECTSPACE}}|Template|[[Help:Template|template]] {{tlx|{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}PAGENAME}}}}|boga [[:{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}SUBJECTPAGENAME}}]]}}}}. Haddii ay suurtogal tahay, fadlan codsigaaga ku gudbi bogga wadahadalka ee maqaalka khuseeya. Haddii aadan tifatiri karin bogga wadahadalka ee maqaalka, waxaad beddelkeeda codsigaaga ka samayn kartaa [[Wikipedia:Requests for page protection#Current requests for edits to a protected page]].
|semi
|s
|have rights
|haverights
|hr = [[File:{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#switch:{{{level}}}|semi=Semi|extended=Extended|template=Template|interface=Interface|Full}}-protection-unlocked.svg|28px|link=|alt=]] '''Lama sameyn:''' marka la eego heerka ilaalinta bogga, waa inaad awood u leedahay inaad [[Help:Editing|adigu tifatirto bogga]]. Haddii ay u muuqato inaadan awoodin, fadlan dib u fur codsiga adoo wata faahfaahin dheeraad ah.
|promoted
|pr
|unprotected
|unpr
|u
|no longer protected
|nlp = [[File:{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#switch:{{{level}}}|semi=Semi|extended=Extended|template=Template|interface=Interface|Full}}-protection-unlocked.svg|28px|link=|alt=]] '''Lama sameyn:''' heerka ilaalinta bogga waa la beddelay tan iyo markii la dhigay codsigan. Hadda waa inaad awood u leedahay inaad [[Help:Editing|adigu tifatirto bogga]]. Haddii aad weli u malaynaysid inaadan awoodin, fadlan dib u fur codsiga adoo wata faahfaahin dheeraad ah.
|doc = [[File:Full-protection-shackle-no-text.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] '''Lama sameyn:''' {{tlx|edit {{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#switch:{{{level}}}|semi=semi-|extended=extended-|template=template-|interface=interface-}}protected}} caadi ahaan looma baahna tifatirka dukumentiyada ama qaybaha qaababka (templates) ee isticmaala [[Wikipedia:Template documentation#How to create a documentation subpage|bogga hoose ee dukumentiga]]. Isticmaal xiriiriyaha &quot;tifatir&quot; ee ku yaal dusha sare ee sanduuqa cagaaran ee &quot;Template documentation&quot; si aad u tifatirto bogga hoose ee dukumentiga.
|rfpp
|rfp
|r = [[File:Full-protection-shackle-no-text.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] '''Lama sameyn:''' codsiyada ku aaddan kordhinta heerka ilaalinta bogga waa in laga codsadaa [[Wikipedia:Requests for page protection]].
|rfpu
|rfu
|ru = [[File:Full-protection-shackle-no-text.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] '''Lama sameyn:''' codsiyada yaraynta heerka ilaalinta bogga waa in loo hagaajiyaa maamulaha ilaalinaya, ama [[Wikipedia:Requests for page protection]] haddii maamulaha ilaalinaya uusan shaqaynayn ama uu diiday codsiga.
|salt
|drv = [[File:Create-protection-shackle.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] '''[[Wikipedia:Protection policy#Creation protection|Lama sameyn]]:''' codsiyada dib loogu abuurayo bogagga la tirtiray ee laga ilaaliyay abuurista waa in laga sameeyaa [[Wikipedia:Deletion review]].
|page move
|pagemove
|pm
|move request
|moverequest
|move
|rpm
|rm
|m = [[File:Move-protection-shackle.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] '''[[Wikipedia:Protection policy#Move protection|Lama sameyn]]:''' si aad u codsato raridda bog, raac tilmaamaha ku yaal [[Wikipedia:Requested moves]].
|image
|file
|ffu = [[File:X mark.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] '''Lama sameyn:''' fadlan codsigaaga ah in sawir cusub la soo geliyo ka gee [[WP:FFU|Files for upload]]. Marka faylka si sax ah loo soo geliyo, xor baad u tahay inaad dib u shaqeyso codsigan si loogu isticmaalo sawirka cusub.
|permission
|perm
|p = [[File:X mark.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] '''Lama sameyn:''' tani ma aha bogga saxda ah ee [[Wikipedia:Requests for permissions|lagu codsado]] xuquuqaha isticmaale [[Wikipedia:User access levels|user rights]] ee dheeraadka ah. Waxaad dib u furi kartaa codsigan adoo wata isbeddellada gaarka ah ee la samaynayo qofna waa kuu dari karaa{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq:{{{level}}}|semi|, ama haddii aad leedahay [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|koonto], waxaad sugaysaa ilaa aad ka noqonaysid [[Wikipedia:User access levels#Autoconfirmed and confirmed users|autoconfirmed]] oo aad adigu tifatirto bogga}}.
|undone
|ud = [[File:Edit-undo.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] '''Waa la noqday:''' codsigan waa la noqday oo waa la rogay.
|undonepartly
|udp
|partially undone
|pud = [[File:Edit-undo.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] '''Qayb ahaan waa la noqday:''' codsigan qayb ahaan waa la noqday.
|template
|t = {{error-small|Cabbiraadaha &lt;code&gt;template&lt;/code&gt; &amp; &lt;code&gt;t&lt;/code&gt; waa kuwo duugowday waxaana lagu beddelay &lt;code&gt;hr&lt;/code&gt;. Haddii aysan ahayn waxaad raadinaysay, booqo [[Template:EP/doc]] si aad u hesho cabbirada ku habboon adeegsigaaga.}}
|llm
|ai = [[File:OOjs UI icon robot (red).svg|20px|alt=]] '''Lama sameyn:''' codsigaagu wuxuu u muuqdaa mid [[WP:AITALK|ay soo saartay moodel luuqadeed oo weyn (LLM)]], taas oo aan laga oggolayn Wikipedia.
|coi = {{not done}}''':''' Qaabka {{tlx|request edit}} waxaa loogu talagalay codsashada isbeddellada ku aaddan bogagga [[WP:{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#switch:{{{level}}}|semi=SEMI{{!}}semi-|extended=ECP{{!}}extended confirmed-|template=TPROT{{!}}template-|interface=INTPROT{{!}}interface|FULL{{!}}}}protected]]. Codsiyada la xiriira iskahorimaadka danaha (Conflict of Interest), fadlan isticmaal {{Tlx|Edit COI}} beddelkeeda.
}}{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#if:{{{level|}}}||&lt;!-- Template:EP --&gt;}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation|content={{EP/doc|base=yes}}}}
&lt;!-- KU DAR QAYBAHA IYO INTERWIKIS-KA BOGGA HOOSE EE /doc --&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>n20wdfc91b45uucfzc2vn34ohbztu4o</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>311259</id>
      <parentid>311258</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T12:12:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>311259</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7767" sha1="h02x721wwrpd1ebaycopidwo06w6mza" xml:space="preserve">{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#switch: {{ {{{|safesubst:}}}lc:{{{1}}}}}
|done
|do
|d = {{done}}
|partly done
|prtdo
|pd = {{partly done}}&lt;nowiki /&gt;''':'''
|already
|ad
|a = {{already done}}
|implementing
|in progress
|progress
|prog = {{in progress}}&lt;nowiki /&gt;''':''' tafatire ayaa fulinaya wax-ka-beddelka la codsaday.
|note = {{a note}} {{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#if:{{{2|}}}|''{{{2}}}''}}
|question
|ques
|q = {{question}}
|deny
|not
|not done
|notdone
|nd
|n = {{not done}}''':'''
|now
|not now
|notnow
|ndfn
|nfn = {{not done for now}}&lt;nowiki /&gt;''':'''
|specific
|spec
|detail
|?
|xy = [[File:Red question icon with gradient background.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] '''Lama samayn:''' ma cadda isbeddellada aad rabto in la sameeyo. Fadlan faahfaahi isbeddellada gaarka ah adigoo adeegsanaya qaabka [[Wikipedia:Edit requests#General considerations|&quot;X u beddel Y&quot;]], oo bixi [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|ilo lagu kalsoonaan karo]] haddii ay ku habboon tahay.
|rs = {{Not done}}''':''' fadlan bixi [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|ilo lagu kalsoonaan karo]] oo taageeraya isbeddelka aad rabto in la sameeyo.
|consensus
|con
|c = [[File:X mark.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] '''Hadda lama samayn:''' fadlan marka hore samee [[Wikipedia:Consensus|is-afgarad]] ku saabsan isbeddelkan '''[[Wikipedia:Edit requests#Planning a request|ka hor]]''' intaadan soo gudbin codsi wax-ka-beddel.
|sandbox
|sand
|sb = {{Not done}}''':''' fadlan marka hore isbeddellada aad codsatay ku samee bacaadka {{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#switch:{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}SUBJECTSPACE}}|Template=tusmada|Module=module|bogga}}. Eeg [[Wikipedia:Template sandbox and test cases|WP:TESTCASES]].
|misplaced
|mis = {{Not done}}''':''' kani waa [[Help:Talk pages|bogga wadahadalka]] ee {{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq:{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}SUBJECTSPACE}}|User|la xiriiridda isticmaalaha {{user|{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}ROOTPAGENAME}}}}|ka wadahadalka hagaajinta {{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq:{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}SUBJECTSPACE}}|Template|[[Help:Template|tusmada]] {{tlx|{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}PAGENAME}}}}|bogga [[:{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}SUBJECTPAGENAME}}]]}}}}. Fadlan codsigaaga ku gudbi bogga wadahadalka ee maqaalka ay khusayso.
|talk protected
|tp = {{Not done}}''':''' kani waa [[Help:Talk pages|bogga wadahadalka]] ee {{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq:{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq:{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}SUBPAGENAME}}|{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}ROOTPAGENAME}}|{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}SUBJECTSPACE}}|&lt;!--Not a root page --&gt;}}|User|la xiriiridda isticmaalaha {{user|{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}PAGENAME}}}}|ka wadahadalka hagaajinta {{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq:{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}SUBJECTSPACE}}|Template|[[Help:Template|tusmada]] {{tlx|{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}PAGENAME}}}}|bogga [[:{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}SUBJECTPAGENAME}}]]}}}}. Haddii ay suurtagal tahay, fadlan codsigaaga ku gudbi bogga wadahadalka ee maqaalka ay khusayso. Haddii aadan wax ka beddeli karin bogga wadahadalka ee maqaalka, waxaad codsigaaga ku gudbin kartaa [[Wikipedia:Requests for page protection#Current requests for edits to a protected page]].
|semi
|s
|have rights
|haverights
|hr = [[File:{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#switch:{{{level}}}|semi=Semi|extended=Extended|template=Template|interface=Interface|Full}}-protection-unlocked.svg|28px|link=|alt=]] '''Lama samayn:''' marka loo eego heerka ilaalinta bogga, waa inaad awood u leedahay inaad bogga [[Help:Editing|adigu wax ka beddesho]]. Haddii ay kuu muuqato inaadan awoodin, fadlan mar kale fur codsiga oo ku dar faahfaahin dheeraad ah.
|promoted
|pr
|unprotected
|unpr
|u
|no longer protected
|nlp = [[File:{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#switch:{{{level}}}|semi=Semi|extended=Extended|template=Template|interface=Interface|Full}}-protection-unlocked.svg|28px|link=|alt=]] '''Lama samayn:''' heerka ilaalinta bogga ayaa isbeddelay tan iyo markii codsigan la gudbiyey. Hadda waa inaad awood u leedahay inaad bogga [[Help:Editing|adigu wax ka beddesho]]. Haddii ay weli kuu muuqato inaadan awoodin, fadlan mar kale fur codsiga oo ku dar faahfaahin dheeraad ah.
|doc = [[File:Full-protection-shackle-no-text.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] '''Lama samayn:''' {{tlx|edit {{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#switch:{{{level}}}|semi=semi-|extended=extended-|template=template-|interface=interface-}}protected}} badanaa looma baahna marka wax laga beddelayo dukumentiyada ama qaybaha tusmooyinka adeegsada [[Wikipedia:Template documentation#How to create a documentation subpage|bog-hoosaad dukumenti]]. Adeegso xiriiriyaha &quot;wax ka beddel&quot; ee ku yaal xagga sare ee sanduuqa cagaaran ee &quot;Dukumentiga tusmada&quot; si aad wax uga beddesho bogga-hoosaadka dukumentiga.
|rfpp
|rfp
|r = [[File:Full-protection-shackle-no-text.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] '''Lama samayn:''' codsiyada lagu kordhinayo heerka ilaalinta bogga waa in lagu gudbiyaa [[Wikipedia:Requests for page protection]].
|rfpu
|rfu
|ru = [[File:Full-protection-shackle-no-text.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] '''Lama samayn:''' codsiyada lagu dhimayo heerka ilaalinta bogga waa in loo gudbiyaa maamulaha ilaaliyey bogga, ama [[Wikipedia:Requests for page protection]] haddii maamulahaasi aanu firfircoonayn ama uu diiday codsiga.
|salt
|drv = [[File:Create-protection-shackle.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] '''[[Wikipedia:Protection policy#Creation protection|Lama samayn]]:''' codsiyada dib loogu abuurayo bogag la tirtiray oo laga ilaaliyey in dib loo abuuro waa in lagu gudbiyaa [[Wikipedia:Deletion review]].
|page move
|pagemove
|pm
|move request
|moverequest
|move
|rpm
|rm
|m = [[File:Move-protection-shackle.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] '''[[Wikipedia:Protection policy#Move protection|Lama samayn]]:''' si aad u codsato wareejinta bog, raac tilmaamaha ku yaal [[Wikipedia:Requested moves]].
|image
|file
|ffu = [[File:X mark.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] '''Lama samayn:''' fadlan codsigaaga ku saabsan in sawir cusub la soo geliyo ku gudbi [[WP:FFU|Faylasha la soo gelinayo]]. Marka faylka si sax ah loo soo geliyo, waxaad dib u hawlgelin kartaa codsigan si sawirka cusub loo isticmaalo.
|permission
|perm
|p = [[File:X mark.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] '''Lama samayn:''' kani ma aha bogga saxda ah ee laga codsado [[Wikipedia:Requests for permissions|oggolaansho]] dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan [[Wikipedia:User access levels|xuquuqda isticmaalaha]]. Waxaad dib u furi kartaa codsigan adigoo tilmaamaya isbeddellada gaarka ah ee la samaynayo, qofna wuu kuu samayn karaa{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq:{{{level}}}|semi|, ama haddii aad leedahay [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|akoon]], waxaad sugi kartaa ilaa laguu xaqiijiyo [[Wikipedia:User access levels#Autoconfirmed and confirmed users|si toos ah]] oo aad bogga adigu wax uga beddeli karto}}.
|undone
|ud = [[File:Edit-undo.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] '''Dib ayaa loo celiyey:''' codsigan dib ayaa loo celiyey.
|undonepartly
|udp
|partially undone
|pud = [[File:Edit-undo.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] '''Qayb ahaan ayaa dib loo celiyey:''' codsigan qayb ahaan ayaa dib loo celiyey.
|template
|t = {{error-small|Xuduudaha &lt;code&gt;template&lt;/code&gt; iyo &lt;code&gt;t&lt;/code&gt; waa duugoobay, waxaana beddelay &lt;code&gt;hr&lt;/code&gt;. Haddii tani aysan ahayn waxaad raadinayso, booqo [[Template:EP/doc]] si aad u hesho xuduudaha ku habboon isticmaalkaaga.}}
|llm
|ai = [[File:OOjs UI icon robot (red).svg|20px|alt=]] '''Lama samayn:''' codsigaagu wuxuu u muuqdaa in uu [[WP:AITALK|soo saaray moodel luqadeed weyn]], taas oo aan Wikipedia laga oggolayn.
|coi = {{not done}}''':''' Tusmada {{tlx|request edit}} waxaa loogu talagalay codsashada isbeddellada bogagga [[WP:{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#switch:{{{level}}}|semi=SEMI{{!}}semi-|extended=ECP{{!}}extended confirmed-|template=TPROT{{!}}template-|interface=INTPROT{{!}}interface|FULL{{!}}}}la ilaaliyey]]. Codsiyada ku saabsan iska hor imaadka danaha, fadlan isticmaal {{Tlx|Edit COI}}.
}}{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#if:{{{level|}}}||&lt;!-- Template:EP --&gt;}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}

&lt;!-- ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS TO THE /doc SUBPAGE --&gt;  &lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>h02x721wwrpd1ebaycopidwo06w6mza</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Ep</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>53992</id>
    <redirect title="Template:EP" />
    <revision>
      <id>311260</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T12:17:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>311260</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24" sha1="dp1gfh1n3gx4uc29k8fyfq48tjkvntx" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT[[Template:EP]]</text>
      <sha1>dp1gfh1n3gx4uc29k8fyfq48tjkvntx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Free-content attribution</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>53993</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311266</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T12:48:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Abuuray</comment>
      <origin>311266</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1406" sha1="1tdpvwb3fkc9rog51tmpu4m89uk2fv0" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Definition of Free Cultural Works logo notext.svg|12px|class=noviewer]] Maqaalkani wuxuu ka kooban yahay qoraal laga soo qaatay shaqo nuxur xor ah {{#if:{{yesno|{{{this|no}}}}}|tan|}} shaqo{{#if:{{{license|{{{License|}}}}}}|. {{#if:{{yesno|{{{preceding licence text|no}}}}}||Lagu shatiyeeyay}} {{{license|{{{License|}}}}}}|}}{{#if:{{{license statement URL|{{{License statement URL|}}}}}}| ([{{{license statement URL|{{{License statement URL|}}}}}} bayaanka shatiga/oggolaanshaha])}}{{#if:{{yesno|{{{this|no}}}}}|.|. Qoraalka waxaa laga soo qaatay {{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{#if:{{{title|{{{Title|}}}}}}|{{#if:{{{documentURL|{{{DocumentURL|}}}}}}|[{{{documentURL|{{{DocumentURL|}}}}}} ''{{{title|{{{Title|}}}}}}{{zwsp}}'']|{{{title|{{{Title|}}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{page numbers|{{{Page numbers|}}}}}}|, {{{page numbers|{{{Page numbers|}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{author|{{{Author|}}}}}}|, {{{author|{{{Author|}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{publisher|{{{Publisher|}}}}}}|, {{{publisher|{{{Publisher|}}}}}}}}. {{#if:{{{source|{{{Source|}}}}}}|{{{source|{{{Source|}}}}}}.}}}}}}&lt;includeonly&gt;&lt;!--Haddii meel magaca ay sax tahay, ku dar qaybta, haddii kale waxba ha samayn--&gt;{{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACE}} | | [[Category:Free-content attribution]] {{#if:{{{publisher|{{{Publisher|}}}}}}|[[Category:Free content from {{delink|{{{publisher|{{{Publisher|}}}}}}}}]]}} | &lt;!--waxba ha samayn--&gt; }}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>1tdpvwb3fkc9rog51tmpu4m89uk2fv0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Zwsp</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>53994</id>
    <redirect title="Template:Zero width space" />
    <revision>
      <id>311267</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T12:49:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>311267</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="39" sha1="iedli69750rtyo7xenu8uh6vx11rmwx" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Template:Zero width space]]</text>
      <sha1>iedli69750rtyo7xenu8uh6vx11rmwx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:QS-Religion</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>53995</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311278</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T19:57:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Abuuray</comment>
      <origin>311278</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="420" sha1="ib930b7o73b4pq2eu57lb44uijo63jv" xml:space="preserve">{{Ambox 
| type  = style
| image = [[File:Icon tools.svg|40px|alt=Dayactir]]
| text  = Maqaalkani wuxuu u baahan yahay tayeyn iyo [[Wikipedia:Xaqiijin|xaqiijin]] tayo. Fadlan ka caawi sidii loo hagaajin lahaa cilladaha ku jira, oo kaga qayb qaado '''[[{{SUBJECTPAGENAME}}|doodda]]'''.
}}&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#switch:{{NAMESPACE}}
|{{ns:0}}|{{ns:10}}|{{ns:14}}={{SUBJECTPAGENAME}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;
{{Documentation}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ib930b7o73b4pq2eu57lb44uijo63jv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>311279</id>
      <parentid>311278</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T20:00:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>311279</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="404" sha1="h78p6g82erp5vuuttquqf043un4w8as" xml:space="preserve">{{Ambox 
| type  = style
| image = [[File:Icon tools.svg|40px|alt=Dayactir]]
| text  = Maqaalkani wuxuu u baahan yahay tayeyn iyo [[Wikipedia:Xaqiijin|xaqiijin]] tayo. Fadlan ka caawi sidii loo hagaajin lahaa cilladaha ku jira, oo kaga qayb qaado '''[[{{SUBJECTPAGENAME}}|doodda]]'''.
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;!-- Categories go in the /doc subpage, and interwikis go in Wikidata. --&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>h78p6g82erp5vuuttquqf043un4w8as</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>311286</id>
      <parentid>311279</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T20:19:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>311286</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="401" sha1="df9ehh55n548go611gn4x1r9u226a5q" xml:space="preserve">{{Ambox 
| type  = style
| image = [[File:Icon tools.svg|40px|alt=Dayactir]]
| text  = Maqaalkani wuxuu u baahan yahay tayeyn iyo [[Wikipedia:Xaqiijin|xaqiijin]] tayo. Fadlan ka caawi sidii loo hagaajin lahaa cilladaha ku jira, oo kaga qayb qaado '''[[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|doodda]]'''.
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;!-- Categories go in the /doc subpage, and interwikis go in Wikidata. --&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>df9ehh55n548go611gn4x1r9u226a5q</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>311288</id>
      <parentid>311286</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T20:46:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>311288</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="648" sha1="7itozxjekz2imng7z9ykdh7ogbtnv33" xml:space="preserve">{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B=
&lt;!--{{Tayeyn}} begin--&gt;{{Ambox
| name  = Tayeyn
| subst = &lt;includeonly&gt;{{subst:substcheck}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;
| small = {{{small|}}}
| type  = style
| image = [[File:Icon tools.svg|40px|class=skin-invert|alt=Dayactir]]
| text  = Maqaalkani wuxuu u baahan yahay tayeyn iyo [[Wikipedia:Xaqiijin|xaqiijin]] tayo. Fadlan ka caawi sidii loo hagaajin lahaa cilladaha ku jira, oo kaga qayb qaado '''[[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|doodda]]'''.
| date  = {{{date|}}}
}}&lt;!--{{Tayeyn}} end--&gt;
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
&lt;!-- Ku dar qaybaha hoose ee /doc; interwikis-ka ku dar Wikidata, mahadsanid! --&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>7itozxjekz2imng7z9ykdh7ogbtnv33</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>311291</id>
      <parentid>311288</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T20:54:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>311291</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="773" sha1="a6ieeahqw0h5nepuprh565zlnumdyup" xml:space="preserve">{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B=
&lt;!--{{Tayeyn}} begin--&gt;{{Ambox
| name  = Tayeyn
| subst = &lt;includeonly&gt;{{subst:substcheck}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;
| small = {{{small|}}}
| type  = style
| image = [[File:Icon tools.svg|40px|class=skin-invert|alt=Dayactir]]
| text  = Maqaalkan ku saabsan shakhsi diimeed wuxuu u baahan yahay tayeyn iyo [[Wikipedia:Xaqiijin|xaqiijin]] tayo. Fadlan ka caawi sidii loo hagaajin lahaa cilladaha ku jira, oo kaga qayb qaado '''[[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|doodda]]'''.
| removalnotice = yes
| cat   = Maqaallada diiniga ah ee u baahan tayeynta
| date  = {{{date|Oktoobar 2026}}}
| all   = 
}}&lt;!--{{Tayeyn}} end--&gt;
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
&lt;!-- Ku dar qaybaha hoose ee /doc; interwikis-ka ku dar Wikidata, mahadsanid! --&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>a6ieeahqw0h5nepuprh565zlnumdyup</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>311292</id>
      <parentid>311291</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T21:00:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>311292</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="911" sha1="54gpf6fwz0d9rsp4hx0jv2b2c0oiumg" xml:space="preserve">{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B=
&lt;!--{{Tayeyn}} begin--&gt;{{Ambox
| name  = Tayeyn
| subst = &lt;includeonly&gt;{{subst:substcheck}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;
| small = {{{small|}}}
| type  = style
| image = [[File:Icon tools.svg|40px|class=skin-invert|alt=Dayactir]]
| text  = Maqaalkan ku saabsan shakhsi diimeed wuxuu u baahan yahay tayeyn iyo [[Wikipedia:Xaqiijin|xaqiijin]] tayo. Fadlan ka caawi sidii loo hagaajin lahaa cilladaha ku jira, oo kaga qayb qaado '''[[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|doodda]]'''. Wax kasta oo cillad ah waa in [{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=edit}} laga saaraa]. {{#if:{{{reason|}}}|Sababta la bixiyay waa: '''{{{reason}}}'''}}
| removalnotice = yes
| cat   = Maqaallada diiniga ah ee u baahan tayeynta
| date  = {{{date|}}}
| all   = 
}}&lt;!--{{Tayeyn}} end--&gt;
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
&lt;!-- Ku dar qaybaha hoose ee /doc; interwikis-ka ku dar Wikidata, mahadsanid! --&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>54gpf6fwz0d9rsp4hx0jv2b2c0oiumg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Fraction/styles.css</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>53996</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311298</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T21:20:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Abuuray</comment>
      <origin>311298</origin>
      <model>sanitized-css</model>
      <format>text/css</format>
      <text bytes="526" sha1="kupllpfs310n1rzl5neixn869f4spyp" xml:space="preserve">/* {{pp|small=y}} */
.frac {
	white-space: nowrap;
}

.frac .num,
.frac .den {
	font-size: 80%;
	line-height: 0; /* we want this inline */
	vertical-align: super;
}

.frac .den {
	vertical-align: sub;
}

/* [[Template:Screen reader-only]] is canonical implementation onwiki */
.sr-only {
	border: 0;
	clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0);
	clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px);
	height: 1px;
	margin: -1px;
	overflow: hidden;
	padding: 0;
	position: absolute;
	width: 1px;
	/* white-space: nowrap; /* already have nowrap above */
}</text>
      <sha1>kupllpfs310n1rzl5neixn869f4spyp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:Convert/extra</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>53997</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311299</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T21:21:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Abuuray</comment>
      <origin>311299</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="2086" sha1="8zavfwijh8xr3o91qmrjixrnrng7utx" xml:space="preserve">-- Extra conversion data used by Module:Convert.
--
-- [[Module:Convert/data]] defines all units and is transcluded in all pages
-- where [[Module:Convert]] is used. Testing new units by editing that module
-- would invalidate the cache for all affected pages.
--
-- For quick changes and experiments with new units, this module can be edited.
-- Since this module is transcluded in only a small number of pages, changes
-- should cause little server overhead and should propagate quickly.
--
-- If a unit is defined in the data module, any definition here is ignored,
-- so defining the same unit in both modules is not an error.
-- A unit defined here can refer to units that are also defined here, and
-- can refer to units defined in the data module.
--
-- Periodically, those extra units that are wanted permanently can be removed
-- from here after being added to [[Module:Convert/data]].

local extra_units = {
    [&quot;bit&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;bit&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;bit&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;information&quot;,
	scale    = 0.125,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;B&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Bit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;CH&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;chain&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ch&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 20.1168,
	default  = &quot;ft m&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;ft&quot;] = { 66, default = &quot;m&quot; }, [&quot;li&quot;] = { 100, default = &quot;m&quot; }, [&quot;yd&quot;] = { 22, default = &quot;m&quot; } },
	link     = &quot;Chain (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;li&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;link&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;li&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 0.201168,
	default  = &quot;cm&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Link (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MI&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1609.344,
	default  = &quot;km&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;CH&quot;] = { 80, default = &quot;km&quot; }, [&quot;chlk&quot;] = { 80, default = &quot;km&quot; }, [&quot;chain&quot;] = { 80, default = &quot;km&quot; }, [&quot;chainlk&quot;] = { 80, default = &quot;km&quot; }, [&quot;ft&quot;] = { 5280, default = &quot;km&quot; }, [&quot;furlong&quot;] = { 8, default = &quot;km&quot; }, [&quot;yd&quot;] = { 1760, default = &quot;km&quot; } },
    },
    [&quot;NMlk&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;[[nautical mile]]&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;[[Nautical mile|NM]]&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1852,
	default  = &quot;km mi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;&quot;,
    },
}

return { extra_units = extra_units }</text>
      <sha1>8zavfwijh8xr3o91qmrjixrnrng7utx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:Archive</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>53998</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311304</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T21:32:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Abuuray</comment>
      <origin>311304</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="15036" sha1="giscie0tlv3d0yas5kiuygtkpuhyt3x" xml:space="preserve">-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--                       Automatic archive navigator
--
-- This module produces a talk archive banner, together with an automatically-
-- generated list of navigation links to other archives of the talk page in
-- question. It implements {{Archive}}.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

local yesno = require('Module:Yesno')

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Helper functions
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

local function makeWikilink(page, display)
	if display then
		return string.format('[[%s|%s]]', page, display)
	else
		return string.format('[[%s]]', page)
	end
end

local function escapePattern(s)
	-- Escape punctuation in a string so it can be used in a Lua pattern.
	s = s:gsub('%p', '%%%0')
	return s
end

local function makeTable(width)
	local archiveTable = mw.html.create('table')
	archiveTable
		:css({
			['max-width'] = width,
			['margin'] = '0 auto 0.5em',
			['text-align'] = 'center'
		})
		-- Set width so that the table doesn't spill out on narrower skins
		-- or when zooming in. It has to be defined multiple times because 
		-- &quot;stretch&quot; is experimental.
		:cssText('width:100%;width:-moz-available;width:-webkit-fill-available;width:stretch')
	return archiveTable
end

-- Check to see if the page is likely an annual archive. No talk pages exist 
-- before 2001. Some pages have the next year created in advance.
local function isYearlyArchive(num)
    local currentYear = tonumber(os.date(&quot;%Y&quot;))
    return num and num &gt;= 2001 and num &lt;= currentYear + 1 -- possible years
end
local function detectArchiveFormat(title, args)
	-- Check if next/previous are set. Some archives swap between annual and 
	-- sequential archives at some point and will need to accept whatever an
	-- editor says the next/previous link should be for these kind of weird 
	-- or unsual orders.
    if args and (args.prev or args.next) then
        return nil, nil, nil
    end
    
    -- Check if &quot;/Archive 2&quot; exists to prevent false positives on noticeboards
    local archiveBase = title.baseText
    local archive2Title = mw.title.new(archiveBase .. &quot;/Archive 2&quot;)
    if archive2Title and archive2Title.exists then
        return nil, nil, nil -- Exit early for sequential archives
    end

    -- How is the year formatted?
    local patterns = {
        {pattern = &quot;^(.-)/Archive (%d+)$&quot;, prefix = nil}, -- &quot;Talk:Base page/Archive YYYY&quot;
        -- &quot;nil&quot; triggers the default. There is some kind of quirk with how
        -- the module give spaces that Template:Yearly archive list cannot
        -- read with either a space or the HTML space entity
        {pattern = &quot;^(.-)/Archive(%d+)$&quot;, prefix = &quot;/Archive&quot;}, -- &quot;Talk:Base page/ArchiveYYYY&quot;
        {pattern = &quot;^(.-)/Archive/(%d+)$&quot;, prefix = &quot;/Archive/&quot;}, -- &quot;Talk:Base page/Archive/YYYY&quot;
        {pattern = &quot;^(.-)/Archives/(%d+)$&quot;, prefix = &quot;/Archives/&quot;}, -- &quot;Talk:Base page/Archives/YYYY&quot;
        {pattern = &quot;^(.-)/(%d+)$&quot;, prefix = &quot;/&quot;} -- &quot;Talk:Base page/YYYY&quot;
    }

    for _, p in ipairs(patterns) do
        local basePage, archiveNum = title.prefixedText:match(p.pattern)
        archiveNum = tonumber(archiveNum)
        if basePage and isYearlyArchive(archiveNum) then
            return basePage, true, p.prefix
        end
    end
    return nil, nil, nil
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Navigator class
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

local Navigator = {}
Navigator.__index = Navigator

function Navigator.new(args, cfg, currentTitle)
	local obj = setmetatable({}, Navigator)
	
	-- Set inputs
	obj.args = args
	obj.cfg = cfg
	obj.currentTitle = currentTitle

	-- Archive prefix
	-- Decode HTML entities so users can enter things like &quot;Archive&amp;#32;&quot; from
	-- wikitext.
	obj.archivePrefix = obj.args.prefix or obj:message('archive-prefix')
	obj.archivePrefix = mw.text.decode(obj.archivePrefix)

	-- Current archive number
	do
		local pattern = string.format(
			'^%s([1-9][0-9]*)$',
			escapePattern(obj.archivePrefix)
		)
		obj.currentArchiveNum = obj.currentTitle.subpageText:match(pattern)
		obj.currentArchiveNum = tonumber(obj.currentArchiveNum)
	end
	
	-- Highest archive number
	obj.highestArchiveNum = require('Module:Highest archive number')._main(
		 obj.currentTitle.nsText ..
		 	':' .. 
			obj.currentTitle.baseText .. 
			'/' .. 
			obj.archivePrefix,
		obj.currentArchiveNum
	)

	return obj
end

function Navigator:message(key, ...)
	local msg = self.cfg[key]
	if select('#', ...) &gt; 0 then
		return mw.message.newRawMessage(msg, ...):plain()
	else
		return msg
	end
end

function Navigator:getNamespacePreposition()
	-- Most talk archives are about a subject. Some will be &quot;with&quot; an editor
	-- or &quot;on&quot; a noticeboard.
	-- Function to get the namespace preposition
		
	-- Namespace number where transcluded
	local namespaceNumber = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().namespace
	-- Preposition from table to make it easy for wikis to translate or ignore
	local namespacePrepositionTable = self.cfg['namespace-prepositions']

	-- Default preposition if not exception from above
    return namespacePrepositionTable[namespaceNumber] or self.cfg[&quot;preposition-default&quot;]
end

function Navigator:makeBlurb()
	local args = self.args
	local current = self.currentTitle
	local ret
	
	-- Skip if user provides their own blurb.
	if args.text then
		ret = args.text
	else
		-- Set parent talk page.
		local parentTalkPage = current.basePageTitle
		local talkPageTitle
		local pageUnderDiscussion
		
		-- If the parent talk page exists (and it's not the root talk page)
		-- we should link to it in both the &quot;main talk page&quot; and 
		-- &quot;discussions about&quot; parts of the blurb. 
		if args.prefix or (parentTalkPage.exists and parentTalkPage.isRedirect == false and current.baseText ~= current.rootText) then
			talkPageTitle = parentTalkPage.fullText
			pageUnderDiscussion = talkPageTitle
		-- If it doesn't, set &quot;main talk page&quot; to the root talk page
		-- and &quot;discussions about&quot; to the root subject.
		else
			talkPageTitle = current.nsText .. ':' .. parentTalkPage.rootText
			-- Set page under discussion.
			pageUnderDiscussion = current.subjectNsText .. ':' .. current.rootText
			
			-- Prepend colon for non-mainspace pages.
			if current.subjectNsText ~= '' then
				pageUnderDiscussion = ':' .. pageUnderDiscussion 
			end
		end
		
		-- Check current namespace for blurb.
		local namespace = 'main'
		if current.isTalkPage == true then
			namespace = 'talk'
		end
		
		-- What kind of blurb to use in the message box?
		local function getBlurbKey(args)
    		if args.type == 'index' then
    			-- For manually-indexed archives only
        		return 'blurb-index', args.type
        	elseif args.type == 'annual' then
			-- Grab the year of the current archive.
				return 'blurb-annual', mw.getCurrentFrame():expandTemplate {
					title = 'Title year', args = { page = current.fullText }
				}
    		elseif args.period then
        		return 'blurb-period', args.period
    		else
        		return 'blurb-noperiod', ''
    		end
		end

		-- Generate a blurb from Module:Archive/config
		local blurbKey, argValue = getBlurbKey(args)
		local namespacePreposition = self:getNamespacePreposition()
		ret = self:message(blurbKey, talkPageTitle, pageUnderDiscussion, argValue, namespace, namespacePreposition)

	end
	return ret
end

function Navigator:makeMessageBox()
	local args = self.args
	local image
	if args.image then
		image = args.image
	else
		local icon = args.icon or self:message('default-icon')
		image = string.format(
			'[[File:%s|%s|alt=|link=]]',
			icon,
			self:message('image-size')
		)
	end

	-- Hardcode tmbox style on the template's page.
	-- PS: Needs to be changed if the template is renamed!
	local mainTemplatePage = ''
	if self.currentTitle.fullText == 'Template:Archive' then
		mainTemplatePage = 'talk'
	end
	
	local mbox = require('Module:Message box').main('mbox', {
		demospace = args.demospace or mainTemplatePage,
		image = image,
		imageright = args.imageright,
		style = args.style or '',
		textstyle = args.textstyle or 'text-align:center',
		text = self:makeBlurb(),
	})

	return mbox
end

function Navigator:getArchiveNums()
	-- Returns an array of the archive numbers to format.
	local noLinks = tonumber(self.args.links) or self:message('default-link-count')
	noLinks = math.floor(noLinks)
	-- If |noredlinks is &quot;yes&quot;, true or absent, don't allow red links. If it is 
	-- 'no' or false, allow red links.
	local allowRedLinks = yesno(self.args.noredlinks) == false
	
	local current = self.currentArchiveNum
	local highest = self.highestArchiveNum

	if not current or not highest or noLinks &lt; 1 then
		return {}
	elseif noLinks == 1 then
		return {current}
	end

	local function getNum(i, current)
		-- Gets an archive number given i, the position in the array away from
		-- the current archive, and the current archive number. The first two
		-- offsets are consecutive; the third offset is rounded up to the
		-- nearest 5; and the fourth and subsequent offsets are rounded up to
		-- the nearest 10. The offsets are calculated in such a way that archive
		-- numbers will not be duplicated.
		if -2 &lt;= i and i &lt;= 2 then
			return current + i
		elseif -3 &lt;= i and i &lt;= 3 then
			return current + 2 - (current + 2) % 5 + (i / 3) * 5
		elseif 4 &lt;= i then
			return current + 7 - (current + 7) % 10 + (i - 3) * 10
		else
			return current + 2 - (current + 2) % 10 + (i + 3) * 10
		end
	end

	local nums = {}

	-- Archive nums lower than the current page.
	for i = -1, -math.floor((noLinks - 1) / 2), -1 do
		local num = getNum(i, current)
		if num &lt;= 1 then
			table.insert(nums, 1, 1)
			break
		else
			table.insert(nums, 1, num)
		end
	end

	-- Current page.
	if nums[#nums] &lt; current then
		table.insert(nums, current)
	end

	-- Higher archive nums.
	for i = 1, math.ceil((noLinks - 1) / 2) do
		local num = getNum(i, current)
		if num &lt;= highest then
			table.insert(nums, num)
		elseif allowRedLinks and (i &lt;= 2 or i &lt;= 3 and num == nums[#nums] + 1) then
			-- Only insert one red link, and only if it is consecutive.
			table.insert(nums, highest + 1)
			break
		elseif nums[#nums] &lt; highest then
			-- Insert the highest archive number if it isn't already there.
			table.insert(nums, highest)
			break
		else
			break
		end
	end

	return nums
end

function Navigator:makeArchiveLinksWikitable()
	local args = self.args
	local lang = mw.language.getContentLanguage()
	local nums = self:getArchiveNums()
	local noLinks = #nums
	
	-- Skip number processing if |prev and |next are defined.
	if args.prev or args.next then
		local archives = {}
		if args.prev then archives[#archives + 1] = mw.title.new(args.prev) end
		archives[#archives + 1] = self.currentTitle
		if args.next then archives[#archives + 1] = mw.title.new(args.next) end
		
		local table = makeTable('30em')
		for _, title in ipairs(archives) do
			if tostring(title) == self.currentTitle.prefixedText then
				table:tag(&quot;td&quot;):wikitext(string.format(
					'&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:115%%;&quot;&gt;%s&lt;/span&gt;',
					makeWikilink(title.fullText, title.subpageText)
				))
			else
				table:tag(&quot;td&quot;):wikitext(
					makeWikilink(title.fullText, title.subpageText)
				)
			end
		end
		return tostring(table)
	end
	if noLinks &lt; 1 then
		return ''
	end

	-- Make the table of links.
	local links = {}
	local isCompact = noLinks &gt; 7
	local currentIndex
	for i, num in ipairs(nums) do
		local subpage = self.archivePrefix .. tostring(num)
		local display
		if isCompact then
			display = tostring(num)
		else
			display = self:message('archive-link-display', num)
		end
		local link = makeWikilink('../' .. subpage, display)
		if num == self.currentArchiveNum then
			link = string.format('&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:115%%;&quot;&gt;%s&lt;/span&gt;', link)
			currentIndex = i
		end
		table.insert(links, link)
	end

	-- Add the arrows.
	-- We must do the forwards arrow first as we are adding elements to the
	-- links table. If we did the backwards arrow first the index for the
	-- current archive would be wrong.
	currentIndex = currentIndex or math.ceil(#links / 2)
	for i = currentIndex + 1, #links do
		if nums[i] - nums[i - 1] &gt; 1 then
			table.insert(links, i, lang:getArrow('forwards'))
			break
		end
	end
	for i = currentIndex - 1, 1, -1 do
		if nums[i + 1] - nums[i] &gt; 1 then
			table.insert(links, i + 1, lang:getArrow('backwards'))
			break
		end
	end

	-- Output the wikitable.
	local width
	if noLinks &lt;= 3 then
		width = string.format('%dem', noLinks * 10)
	elseif noLinks &lt;= 7 then
		width = string.format('%dem', (noLinks + 3) * 5)
	else
		width = '37em'
	end
	local table = makeTable(width)
	for _, s in ipairs(links) do
		table:tag(&quot;td&quot;):wikitext(s)
	end
	
	return tostring(table)
end

function Navigator:__tostring()
	local args = self.args
	local boxComponents
	
-- Is |omit filled? If not, make the whole box.
	if args.omit == nil then

-- Check for annual archives
	local currentTitle = self.currentTitle
	local yearlyBase, isYearly, yearlyPattern = detectArchiveFormat(currentTitle, args)

	if isYearly then
    	-- Use a yearly archive format
    	local linksYearlyListSeparator = &quot;&amp;#32;&quot; -- Space separator
    	local linksYearlyList = mw.getCurrentFrame():expandTemplate {
    	    title = 'Yearly archive list',
        	args = { 
        		root = yearlyBase, 
        		sep = linksYearlyListSeparator,
        		prefix = yearlyPattern
        	}
    	}
    	boxComponents = self:makeMessageBox() .. '\n' ..
        '&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:115%; width:100%; word-spacing:1em; text-align:center;&quot;&gt;' .. linksYearlyList .. '&lt;/div&gt;'
	else
    	-- Default numbered archive format
    	boxComponents = self:makeMessageBox() .. '\n' .. self:makeArchiveLinksWikitable()
	end	-- We're omitting the banner, so we should only make the links table.
	elseif args.omit == 'banner' then 
		boxComponents = self:makeArchiveLinksWikitable()
	-- We're omitting the archives, so we should only make the banner.
    elseif args.omit == 'archives' then
        boxComponents = self:makeMessageBox()
	end

	-- Allow for demo pages to be edited freely. 
	if not args.demospace then
		boxComponents = boxComponents .. ' __NONEWSECTIONLINK__ __NOEDITSECTION__ __ARCHIVEDTALK__'
	end

	return boxComponents
end

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Exports
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

local p = {}

function p._exportClasses()
	return {
		Navigator = Navigator
	}
end

function p._aan(args, cfg, currentTitle)
	cfg = cfg or mw.loadData('Module:Archive/config')
	currentTitle = currentTitle or mw.title.getCurrentTitle()
	local aan = Navigator.new(args, cfg, currentTitle)
	return tostring(aan)
end

function p.aan(frame)
	local args = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs(frame, {
		wrappers = 'Template:Archive',
	})
	return p._aan(args)
end

return p</text>
      <sha1>giscie0tlv3d0yas5kiuygtkpuhyt3x</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:Archive/config</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>53999</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311305</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T21:33:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Bog cusub: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --             Configuration for Module:Automatic archive navigator -- -- This module contains configuration data for -- [[Module:Automatic archive navigator]]. It can be used to easily translate the -- module for use on other wikis, as well as changing settings like the default -- archive prefix and the default link count. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------...</comment>
      <origin>311305</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="4184" sha1="2odr43ha9uyim52wbcvobft6nijtl40" xml:space="preserve">--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--             Configuration for Module:Automatic archive navigator
--
-- This module contains configuration data for
-- [[Module:Automatic archive navigator]]. It can be used to easily translate the
-- module for use on other wikis, as well as changing settings like the default
-- archive prefix and the default link count.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

return {

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Blurb
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-- The blurbs to use for the archive banner. If the &quot;period&quot; argument is
-- specified, the &quot;blurb-period&quot; message is used; otherwise the &quot;blurb-noperiod&quot;
-- message is used.
-- $1 - the full page name of the current talk page (assumed to be the base
--      page of the archive pages.
-- $2 - the page under discussion (i.e. &quot;Space&quot; for &quot;Talk:Space/Archive 1&quot;)
-- $3 - the value of the &quot;period&quot; argument.
-- $4 - the namespace of the current page.
-- $5 - this preposition changes depending on the namespace &quot;about&quot; by default
--      or &quot;with&quot; for user talk pages
['blurb-period'] = &quot;Tani waa '''[[Help:Kaydinta bogga wadahadalka|kayd]]''' &quot; ..
	&quot;oo ah dooddii hore $5 [[$2]], '''ee muddadii $3'''.&lt;br /&gt;'''Haka beddelin &quot; ..
	&quot;qoraalka boggan.''' Haddii aad rabto inaad billowdo dood cusub ama &quot; ..
	&quot;aad dib u soo noolayso mid hore, fadlan ku samay [[$1|bogga $4 ee hadda jira]].&quot;,
['blurb-index'] = &quot;Tani waa tusmada '''[[Help:Kaydinta bogga wadahadalka|kaydsan]]''' &quot; ..
	&quot;ee dooddii hore $5 [[$2]]. '''Haka beddelin qoraalka boggan.''' Haddii &quot; ..
	&quot;aad rabto inaad billowdo dood cusub ama aad dib u soo noolayso mid hore, fadlan ku samay &quot; ..
	&quot;[[ $1|bogga $4 ee hadda jira]].&quot;,
['blurb-annual'] = &quot;'''Haka beddelin boggan.''' Tani waa &quot; .. 
	&quot;[[Help:Kaydinta bogga wadahadalka|kaydka]] dooddii hore $5 [[$2]], &quot; .. 
	&quot;ee sannadkii $3. (Fadlan aragtidaada dheeraadka ah u leexi &quot; ..
	&quot;[[$1|bogga $4 ee hadda jira]]) Eeg kaydadka sannadlaha ah ee hoos ku qisan:&quot;,
['blurb-noperiod'] = &quot;Tani waa '''[[Help:Kaydinta bogga wadahadalka|kayd]]''' &quot; ..
	&quot;oo ah dooddii hore $5 [[$2]]. '''Haka beddelin qoraalka boggan.''' Haddii &quot; ..
	&quot;aad rabto inaad billowdo dood cusub ama aad dib u soo noolayso mid hore, fadlan ku samay &quot; ..
	&quot;[[$1|bogga $4 ee hadda jira]].&quot;,
	
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Prepositions
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Used in blurbs above. These change depending on namespace.
-- Depending on the blurb format in other languages, these can be translated
-- or ignored.
['namespace-prepositions'] = {
        [2] = &quot;la yeeshay&quot;,       -- User
        [3] = &quot;la yeeshay&quot;,       -- User talk
        [4] = &quot;ku saabsan&quot;,      -- Wikipedia
        [12] = &quot;ku saabsan&quot;,     -- Help
    },
['preposition-default'] = &quot;ku saabsan&quot;,


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Image
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-- The default icon for the archive banner.
['default-icon'] = 'Replacement filing cabinet.svg',

-- The image size, unless a custom image is specified with the &quot;image&quot;
-- parameter.
['image-size'] = '40x40px',

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Archive links
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-- The default prefix for archive pages on this wiki. This is the subpage text
-- minus the archive number itself. So if the full page name of a typical
-- archive was &quot;Talk:France/Archive 12&quot;, the prefix would be &quot;Archive &quot;. This
-- message is used to detect whether the current page is an archive page.
['archive-prefix'] = 'Kayd ',

-- The display value to use for long archive links. These are used if seven or
-- less links are output.
-- $1 - The archive number.
['archive-link-display'] = 'Kaydka&amp;nbsp;$1',

-- The default number of archive links to output.
['default-link-count'] = 7

}</text>
      <sha1>2odr43ha9uyim52wbcvobft6nijtl40</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:Highest archive number</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>54000</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311306</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T21:34:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Abuuray</comment>
      <origin>311306</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="1888" sha1="ppattwvcxqcaptji0ju44pcfah1o4no" xml:space="preserve">-- Module-kan wuxuu raadiyaa lambarka kaydka ugu sareeya ee jira
-- ee bogagga kaydka wadahadalka.

local expSearch = require('Module:Exponential search')
local p = {}

local function raiseStartNumberError(start)
	error(string.format(
		'Lambar bilow oo aan sax ahayn &quot;%s&quot; ayaa loo gudbiyay [[Module:Highest archive number]] (waa in uu yahay eber ama tiro idil)',
		tostring(start)
	), 3)
end

local function pageExists(page)
	local success, exists = pcall(function()
		return mw.title.new(page).exists
	end)
	return success and exists
end

function p._main(prefix, start)
	-- Eeg kuwa nala siiyay (inputs)
	if type(prefix) ~= 'string' or not prefix:find('%S') then
		error('Lama bixin horgale (prefix) loo isticmaalo [[Module:Highest archive number]]', 2)
	end
	if start ~= nil and (type(start) ~= &quot;number&quot; or math.floor(start) ~= start) then
		raiseStartNumberError(start)
	end
	start = start or 1
	
	-- Samee raadinta exponential-ka ah ee lambarka kaydka ugu sareeya
	local result = expSearch(function (i)
		local archiveNumber = i + start - 1
		local page = prefix .. tostring(archiveNumber)
		return pageExists(page)
	end, 10)
	
	if result == nil then
		-- Wax kayd ah kama helin horgalaha iyo lambarka bilowga ah
		return nil
	else
		-- Waxaan helnay kaydka ugu sareeya, laakiin lambarku wuxuu dhiibaa mid ku bartaama 1, marka
		-- u waafaji lambarkayaga bilowga ah
		return result + start - 1
	end
end

function p.main(frame)
	local args = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs(frame, {
		trim = false,
		removeBlanks = false,
		wrappers = 'Template:Highest archive number'
	})
	local prefix = args[1]
	
	-- Soo qabso lambarka bilowga kaydka, haddii la tilmaamay.
	local start = args.start
	if start == &quot;&quot; then
		start = nil
	elseif start then
		start = tonumber(start)
		if not start then
			raiseStartNumberError(args.start)
		end
	end

	return p._main(prefix, start)
end

return p</text>
      <sha1>ppattwvcxqcaptji0ju44pcfah1o4no</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:Archive list</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>54001</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311308</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T21:44:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Bog cusub: -- This module implements {{archive list}} in Lua, and adds a few -- new features.  -- Process a numeric argument to make sure it is a positive -- integer. local function processNumArg( num )     if num then         num = tonumber( num )         if type( num ) == 'number' then             num = math.floor( num )             if num &gt;= 0 then                 return num             end         end     end     return nil end  -- Checks whether a page exists, going through pcall -- in...</comment>
      <origin>311308</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="11388" sha1="t8xc4gi6yfh8a0sdx928k7wa6r8s94i" xml:space="preserve">-- This module implements {{archive list}} in Lua, and adds a few
-- new features.

-- Process a numeric argument to make sure it is a positive
-- integer.
local function processNumArg( num )
    if num then
        num = tonumber( num )
        if type( num ) == 'number' then
            num = math.floor( num )
            if num &gt;= 0 then
                return num
            end
        end
    end
    return nil
end

-- Checks whether a page exists, going through pcall
-- in case we are over the expensive function limit.
local function checkPageExists( title )
    if not title then
        error('No title passed to checkArchiveExists', 2)
    end
    local noError, titleObject = pcall(mw.title.new, title)
    if not noError then
        -- If we are over the expensive function limit then assume
        -- that the page doesn't exist.
        return false
    else
        if titleObject then
            return titleObject.exists
        else
            return false -- Return false if given a bad title.
        end
    end
end

-- Checks every nth archive to see if it exists, and returns the
-- number of the first archive that doesn't exist. It is
-- necessary to do this in batches because each check is an
-- expensive function call, and we want to avoid making too many
-- of them so as not to go over the expensive function limit.
local function checkArchives( prefix, n, start )
    local i = start
    local exists = true
    while exists do
        exists = checkPageExists( prefix .. tostring( i ) )
        if exists then
            i = i + n
        end
    end
    return i
end

-- Return the biggest archive number, using checkArchives()
-- and starting in intervals of 1000. This should get us a
-- maximum of 500,000 possible archives before we hit the
-- expensive function limit.
local function getBiggestArchiveNum( prefix, start, max )
    -- Return the value for max if it is specified.
    max = processNumArg( max )
    if max then
        return max
    end
    
    -- Otherwise, detect the largest archive number.
    start = start or 1
    local check1000 = checkArchives( prefix, 1000, start )
    if check1000 == start then
        return 0 -- Return 0 if no archives were found.
    end
    local check200 = checkArchives( prefix, 200, check1000 - 1000 )
    local check50 = checkArchives( prefix, 50, check200 - 200 )
    local check10 = checkArchives( prefix, 10, check50 - 50 )
    local check1 = checkArchives( prefix, 1, check10 - 10 )
    -- check1 is the first page that doesn't exist, so we want to
    -- subtract it by one to find the biggest existing archive.
    return check1 - 1
end

-- Get the archive link prefix (the title of the archive pages
-- minus the number).
local function getPrefix( root, prefix, prefixSpace )
    local ret = root or mw.title.getCurrentTitle().prefixedText
    ret = ret .. '/'
    if prefix then
        ret = ret .. prefix
        if prefixSpace == 'yes' then
            ret = ret .. ' '
        end
    else
        ret = ret .. 'Archive '
    end
    return ret
end

-- Get the number of archives to put on one line. Set to
-- math.huge if there should be no line breaks.
local function getLineNum( links, nobr, isLong )
    local linksToNum = tonumber( links )
    local lineNum
    if nobr == 'yes' or (links and not linksToNum) then
        lineNum = math.huge
    -- If links is a number, process it. Negative values and expressions
    -- such as links=8/2 produced some interesting values with the old
    -- template, but we will ignore those for simplicity.
    elseif type(linksToNum) == 'number' and linksToNum &gt;= 0 then
        -- The old template rounded down decimals to the nearest integer.
        lineNum = math.floor( linksToNum )
        if lineNum == 0 then
            -- In the old template, values of links between 0 and 0.999
            -- suppressed line breaks.
            lineNum = math.huge
        end
    else
    	if isLong==true then
    		lineNum = 3 -- Default to 3 links on long
    	else
        	lineNum = 10 -- Default to 10 on short
        end
    end
    return lineNum
end

-- Gets the prefix to put before the archive links.
local function getLinkPrefix( prefix, space, isLong )
    -- Get the link prefix.
    local ret = ''
    if isLong==true then ---- Default of old template for long is 'Archive '
    	if type(prefix) == 'string' then
    		if prefix == 'none' then -- 'none' overrides to empty prefix
    			ret = ''
    		 else
    		 	ret = prefix
    		 	if space == 'yes' then
    		 		ret = ret .. ' '
    		 	end
		 	end
	 	else
	 		ret = 'Archive '
		end
	else --type is not long
		if type(prefix) == 'string' then
        	ret = prefix
        	if space == 'yes' then
        	    ret = ret .. ' '
        	end
    	end
    end
    return ret
end

-- Get the number to start listing archives from.
local function getStart( start )
    start = processNumArg( start )
    if start then
        return start
    else
        return 1
    end
end

-- Get whether to leave a blank cell in the first row and column 
-- If links start at 1, and lineNum is a round number, this aligns the first 
-- column to start on a multiple of lineNum, which may be a nice round number 
local function getLeaveFirstCellBlank( leaveFirstCellBlank ) 
    return leaveFirstCellBlank == 'yes' 
       or leaveFirstCellBlank == 'y' 
       or leaveFirstCellBlank == 1 
end

-- Process the separator parameter.
local function getSeparator( sep )
    if sep and type(sep) == 'string' then
        if sep == 'dot' 
            or sep =='pipe'
            or sep == 'comma'
            or sep == 'tpt-languages' then
            return mw.message.new( sep .. '-separator' ):plain()
        else
            return sep
        end
    else
        return nil
    end
end

-- Generates the list of archive links. glargs.max must be either zero (for
-- no archives) or a positive integer value.
local function generateLinks( glargs )
    if type( glargs ) ~= 'table' or not glargs.max or not glargs.prefix then
        error('insufficient arguments passed to generateLinks', 2)
    end
    -- If there are no archives yet, return a message and a
    -- link to create Archive one.
    if glargs.max == 0 then
    	if glargs.isLong == true then
    		glargs.max = 1 -- One archive redlink is displayed for Long format
    	else -- Short error and a creat link is displayed for short
        	return 'no archives yet ([[' .. glargs.prefix .. '1|create]])'
        end
    end
    -- Return an html error if the start number is greater than the 
    -- maximum number.
    local start = glargs.start or 1
    if start &gt; glargs.max then
        return '&lt;span class=&quot;error&quot;&gt;Start value &quot;' 
            .. tostring( start ) 
            .. '&quot; is greater than the most recent archive number &quot;' 
            .. tostring( glargs.max ) 
            .. '&quot;.&lt;/span&gt;'
    end
    local linkPrefix = glargs.linkPrefix or ''
        local lineNum = glargs.lineNum or 10
    local sep = '' -- Long default separator is cell elements, short is ', '
    local lineSep = '' -- Long default linebreak is row elements short is '\n'
    if glargs.isLong==true then 
    	sep = glargs.sep or ''
    	sep = sep .. '&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;'
    	lineSep = glargs.lineSep or ''
		lineSep = lineSep .. '&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;'
    else
    	sep = glargs.sep or mw.message.new( 'comma-separator' ):plain()
    	lineSep = glargs.lineSep or '&lt;br /&gt;'
    end
    -- Generate the archive links.
    local lineCounter = 1 -- The counter to see whether we need a line break or not.
    local ret = {} -- A table containing the strings to be returned.
    if glargs.isLong == true then --Long version is a table
    	table.insert(ret, &quot;&lt;table role=\&quot;presentation\&quot; style=\&quot;width: 100%; padding: 0px; text-align: center;\&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&quot;)
    end
    if glargs.leaveFirstCellBlank then 
       -- An empty first cell aligns the first column on multiples of lineNum 
       table.insert(ret, sep) 
       lineCounter = lineCounter + 1
    end 
    for archiveNum = start, glargs.max do
        local link = mw.ustring.format(
            '[[%s%d|%s%d]]',
            glargs.prefix, archiveNum, linkPrefix, archiveNum
        )
        table.insert( ret, link )
        -- If we don't need a new line, output a comma. We don't need
        -- a comma after the last link. 
        if lineCounter &lt; lineNum and archiveNum &lt; glargs.max then
            table.insert( ret, sep )
            lineCounter = lineCounter + 1
        -- Output new lines if needed. We don't need a new line after
        -- the last link.
        elseif lineCounter &gt;= lineNum and archiveNum &lt; glargs.max then
            table.insert( ret, lineSep )
            lineCounter = 1
        end
    end
    if glargs.isLong == true then --Long version is a table
    	table.insert(ret, &quot;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&quot;)
    end
    return table.concat( ret )
end

-- Determine if format should be long
local function findFormType( auto )
	if auto == nil or auto == '' then
		return false
	elseif auto == 'long' then
			return true
	else
		return false
	end
end

-- Get the archive data and pass it to generateLinks().
local function _main( args )
	local isLong = findFormType( args.auto )
    local prefix = getPrefix( args.root, args.prefix, args.prefixspace )
    local lineNum = getLineNum( args.links, args.nobr, isLong )
    local linkPrefix = getLinkPrefix( args.linkprefix, args.linkprefixspace, isLong )
    local start = getStart( args.start )
    local max = getBiggestArchiveNum( prefix, start, args.max )
    local sep = getSeparator( args.sep )
    local lineSep = getSeparator( args.linesep )
    local leaveFirstCellBlank = getLeaveFirstCellBlank( args.leavefirstcellblank )
    local glargs = {
        start = start,
        max = max,
        prefix = prefix,
        linkPrefix = linkPrefix,
        isLong = isLong,
        sep = sep,
        lineNum = lineNum,
        lineSep = lineSep,
        leaveFirstCellBlank = leaveFirstCellBlank
    }
    return generateLinks( glargs )
end

-- A wrapper function to make getBiggestArchiveNum() available from
-- #invoke.
local function _count( args )
    local prefix = getPrefix( args.root, args.prefix, args.prefixspace )
    local archiveMax = getBiggestArchiveNum( prefix )
    return archiveMax
end

function makeWrapper( func )
    return function( frame )
        -- If we are being called from #invoke, get the args from #invoke
        -- if they exist, or else get the arguments passed to the parent
        -- frame. Otherwise, assume the arguments are being passed directly
        -- in from another module or from the debug console.
        local origArgs
        if frame == mw.getCurrentFrame() then
            origArgs = frame:getParent().args
            for k, v in pairs( frame.args ) do
                origArgs = frame.args
                break
            end
        else
            origArgs = frame
        end
        
        -- Ignore blank values for parameters other than &quot;links&quot;,
        -- which functions differently depending on whether it is
        -- blank or absent.
        local args = {}
        for k, v in pairs( origArgs ) do
            if k == 'links' or v ~= '' then
                args[k] = v
            end
        end
        
        return func( args )
    end
end

return {
    main = makeWrapper( _main ),
    count = makeWrapper( _count )
}</text>
      <sha1>t8xc4gi6yfh8a0sdx928k7wa6r8s94i</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:Country2nationality</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>54002</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311310</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T21:46:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Abuuray</comment>
      <origin>311310</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="1711" sha1="24ud3fh7ab9u5bewykzhaod23sxq2w4" xml:space="preserve">local p = {}
local data = { -- override list
	AFRICA = &quot;African&quot;,
	AMERICA = &quot;American&quot;,
	ANTARCTICA = &quot;Antarctic&quot;,
	ASIA = &quot;Asian&quot;,
	BRITISHHONGKONG = &quot;British Hong Kong&quot;,
	BRITISHINDIA = &quot;British India&quot;,
	AUSTROHUNGARIANEMPIRE = &quot;Austrian&quot;,
	CATALONIA = &quot;Catalan&quot;,
	CZECHOSLOVAKIA = &quot;Czech&quot;,
	DUTCHEASTINDIES = &quot;Dutch East Indian&quot;,
	EASTGERMANY = &quot;East German&quot;,
	EUROPE = &quot;European&quot;,
	FPRYUGOSLAVIA = &quot;Yugoslavian&quot;,
	GERMANDEMOCRATICREPUBLIC = &quot;East German&quot;,
	GERMANEMPIRE = &quot;German&quot;,
	KURDISTAN = &quot;Kurdish&quot;,
	NAZIGERMANY = &quot;German&quot;,
	NORTHAMERICA = &quot;North American&quot;,
	OCEANIA = &quot;Oceanian&quot;,
	PAHLAVIIRAN = &quot;Iranian&quot;,
	REPUBLICOFVIETNAM = &quot;Vietnamese&quot;,
	RHODESIA = &quot;Rhodesian&quot;,
	RUSSIANEMPIRE = &quot;Russian&quot;,
	SOUTHAMERICA = &quot;South American&quot;,
	SOUTHVIETNAM = &quot;Vietnamese&quot;,
	SOVIETUNION = &quot;Soviet&quot;,
    WESTGERMANY = &quot;West German&quot;,
    UNITEDARABREPUBLIC = &quot;Arab&quot;,
	USSR = &quot;Soviet&quot;,
    YUGOSLAVIA = &quot;Yugoslavian&quot;
}

function p.c2n(name, nocat)
	name = mw.text.trim(name)
	local country = mw.ustring.gsub(name, &quot;^St. &quot;, &quot;Saint &quot;)
	country = mw.ustring.gsub(mw.ustring.gsub(country, &quot;SFR &quot;, &quot;&quot;), &quot; SSR&quot;, &quot;&quot; )
	local iso = require(&quot;Module:ISO 3166&quot;)
	local isocode = iso.code({country, nocat = nocat})
	if #isocode == 2 or #isocode == 6 then -- valid code
		return require(&quot;Module:Iso2nationality&quot;).i2n(isocode)
	elseif data[iso.strip(country)] then -- in override list
		return data[iso.strip(country)]
	elseif mw.ustring.find(name, &quot; SSR&quot;) then -- most SSRs are already in adjective form
		return country
	elseif string.sub(isocode,1,2)==&quot;[[&quot; then -- pass through tracking categories
		return name..isocode
	end
	return name
end

p[''] = function (frame) return p.c2n(frame.args[1], frame.args.nocat) end

return p</text>
      <sha1>24ud3fh7ab9u5bewykzhaod23sxq2w4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:Iso2nationality</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>54003</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311311</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T21:47:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Abuuray</comment>
      <origin>311311</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="5397" sha1="4k6e4g0zt33ubqxp1tqe1rsupvzn8a1" xml:space="preserve">local p = {}

local data = {
	AD = &quot;Andorran&quot;,
	AE = &quot;Emirati&quot;,
	AF = &quot;Afghan&quot;,
	AG = &quot;Antigua and Barbuda&quot;,
	AI = &quot;Anguillan&quot;,
	AL = &quot;Albanian&quot;,
	AM = &quot;Armenian&quot;,
	AN = &quot;Netherlands Antillean&quot;,
	AO = &quot;Angolan&quot;,
	AQ = &quot;Antarctican&quot;,
	AR = &quot;Argentine&quot;,
	AS = &quot;American Samoan&quot;,
	AT = &quot;Austrian&quot;,
	AU = &quot;Australian&quot;,
	AW = &quot;Aruban&quot;,
	AX = &quot;Åland&quot;,
	AZ = &quot;Azerbaijani&quot;,
	BA = &quot;Bosnia and Herzegovina&quot;,
	BB = &quot;Barbadian&quot;,
	BD = &quot;Bangladeshi&quot;,
	BE = &quot;Belgian&quot;,
	BF = &quot;Burkinabe&quot;,
	BG = &quot;Bulgarian&quot;,
	BH = &quot;Bahraini&quot;,
	BI = &quot;Burundian&quot;,
	BJ = &quot;Beninese&quot;,
	BL = &quot;Saint Barthélemy&quot;,
	BM = &quot;Bermudian&quot;,
	BN = &quot;Bruneian&quot;,
	BO = &quot;Bolivian&quot;,
	BR = &quot;Brazilian&quot;,
	BS = &quot;Bahamian&quot;,
	BT = &quot;Bhutanese&quot;,
	BV = &quot;Bouvet Island&quot;,
	BW = &quot;Botswanan&quot;,
	BY = &quot;Belarusian&quot;,
	BZ = &quot;Belizean&quot;,
	CA = &quot;Canadian&quot;,
	CC = &quot;Cocos (Keeling) Islands&quot;,
	CD = &quot;Democratic Republic of the Congo&quot;,
	CF = &quot;Central African&quot;,
	CG = &quot;Republic of the Congo&quot;,
	CH = &quot;Swiss&quot;,
	CI = &quot;Ivorian&quot;,
	CK = &quot;Cook Islands&quot;,
	CL = &quot;Chilean&quot;,
	CM = &quot;Cameroonian&quot;,
	CN = &quot;Chinese&quot;,
	CO = &quot;Colombian&quot;,
	CR = &quot;Costa Rican&quot;,
	CU = &quot;Cuban&quot;,
	CV = &quot;Cape Verdean&quot;,
	CX = &quot;Christmas Island&quot;,
	CY = &quot;Cypriot&quot;,
	CZ = &quot;Czech&quot;,
	DE = &quot;German&quot;,
	DJ = &quot;Djiboutian&quot;,
	DK = &quot;Danish&quot;,
	DM = &quot;Dominica&quot;,
	DO = &quot;Dominican Republic&quot;,
	DZ = &quot;Algerian&quot;,
	EC = &quot;Ecuadorian&quot;,
	EE = &quot;Estonian&quot;,
	EG = &quot;Egyptian&quot;,
	EH = &quot;Sahrawi&quot;,
	ER = &quot;Eritrean&quot;,
	ES = &quot;Spanish&quot;,
	ET = &quot;Ethiopian&quot;,
	FI = &quot;Finnish&quot;,
	FJ = &quot;Fijian&quot;,
	FK = &quot;Falkland Islands&quot;,
	FM = &quot;Micronesian&quot;,
	FO = &quot;Faroese&quot;,
	FR = &quot;French&quot;,
	GA = &quot;Gabonese&quot;,
	GB = &quot;British&quot;,
	 [&quot;GB-ENG&quot;] = &quot;English&quot;,
	 [&quot;GB-NIR&quot;] = &quot;Northern Irish&quot;,
	 [&quot;GB-SCT&quot;] = &quot;Scottish&quot;,
	 [&quot;GB-WLS&quot;] = &quot;Welsh&quot;,
	GD = &quot;Grenadian&quot;,
	GE = &quot;Georgian&quot;,
	GF = &quot;Guianese&quot;,
	GG = &quot;Guernsey&quot;,
	GH = &quot;Ghanaian&quot;,
	GI = &quot;Gibraltarian&quot;,
	GL = &quot;Greenlandic&quot;,
	GM = &quot;Gambian&quot;,
	GN = &quot;Guinean&quot;,
	GP = &quot;Guadeloupean&quot;,
	GQ = &quot;Equatoguinean&quot;,
	GR = &quot;Greek&quot;,
	GS = &quot;South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands&quot;,
	GT = &quot;Guatemalan&quot;,
	GU = &quot;Guam&quot;,
	GW = &quot;Bissau-Guinean&quot;,
	GY = &quot;Guyanese&quot;,
	HK = &quot;Hong Kong&quot;,
	HM = &quot;Heard Island and McDonald Islands&quot;,
	HN = &quot;Honduran&quot;,
	HR = &quot;Croatian&quot;,
	HT = &quot;Haitian&quot;,
	HU = &quot;Hungarian&quot;,
	ID = &quot;Indonesian&quot;,
	IE = &quot;Irish&quot;,
	IL = &quot;Israeli&quot;,
	IM = &quot;Manx&quot;,
	IN = &quot;Indian&quot;,
	IO = &quot;British Indian Ocean Territory&quot;,
	IQ = &quot;Iraqi&quot;,
	IR = &quot;Iranian&quot;,
	IS = &quot;Icelandic&quot;,
	IT = &quot;Italian&quot;,
	JE = &quot;Jersey&quot;,
	JM = &quot;Jamaican&quot;,
	JO = &quot;Jordanian&quot;,
	JP = &quot;Japanese&quot;,
	KE = &quot;Kenyan&quot;,
	KG = &quot;Kyrgyz&quot;,
	KH = &quot;Cambodian&quot;,
	KI = &quot;Kiribati&quot;,
	KM = &quot;Comorian&quot;,
	KN = &quot;Saint Kitts and Nevis&quot;,
	KP = &quot;North Korean&quot;,
	KR = &quot;South Korean&quot;,
	KW = &quot;Kuwaiti&quot;,
	KY = &quot;Caymanian Islands&quot;,
	KZ = &quot;Kazakh&quot;,
	LA = &quot;Laotian&quot;,
	LB = &quot;Lebanese&quot;,
	LC = &quot;Saint Lucian&quot;,
	LI = &quot;Liechtensteiner&quot;,
	LK = &quot;Sri Lankan&quot;,
	LR = &quot;Liberian&quot;,
	LS = &quot;Lesothan&quot;,
	LT = &quot;Lithuanian&quot;,
	LU = &quot;Luxembourg&quot;,
	LV = &quot;Latvian&quot;,
	LY = &quot;Libyan&quot;,
	MA = &quot;Moroccan&quot;,
	MC = &quot;Monégasque&quot;,
	MD = &quot;Moldovan&quot;,
	ME = &quot;Montenegrin&quot;,
	MF = &quot;Saint Martin&quot;,
	MG = &quot;Malagasy&quot;,
	MH = &quot;Marshallese&quot;,
	MK = &quot;Macedonian&quot;,
	ML = &quot;Malian&quot;,
	MM = &quot;Burmese&quot;,
	MN = &quot;Mongolian&quot;,
	MO = &quot;Macanese&quot;,
	MP = &quot;Northern Mariana Islands&quot;,
	MQ = &quot;Martiniquan&quot;,
	MR = &quot;Mauritanian&quot;,
	MS = &quot;Montserratian&quot;,
	MT = &quot;Maltese&quot;,
	MU = &quot;Mauritian&quot;,
	MV = &quot;Maldivian&quot;,
	MW = &quot;Malawian&quot;,
	MX = &quot;Mexican&quot;,
	MY = &quot;Malaysian&quot;,
	MZ = &quot;Mozambican&quot;,
	NA = &quot;Namibian&quot;,
	NC = &quot;New Caledonia&quot;,
	NE = &quot;Nigerien&quot;,
	NF = &quot;Norfolk Island&quot;,
	NG = &quot;Nigerian&quot;,
	NI = &quot;Nicaraguan&quot;,
	NL = &quot;Dutch&quot;,
	NO = &quot;Norwegian&quot;,
	NP = &quot;Nepalese&quot;,
	NR = &quot;Nauruan&quot;,
	NU = &quot;Niuean&quot;,
	NZ = &quot;New Zealand&quot;,
	OM = &quot;Omani&quot;,
	PA = &quot;Panamanian&quot;,
	PE = &quot;Peruvian&quot;,
	PF = &quot;French Polynesian&quot;,
	PG = &quot;Papua New Guinean&quot;,
	PH = &quot;Filipino&quot;,
	PK = &quot;Pakistani&quot;,
	PL = &quot;Polish&quot;,
	PM = &quot;Saint Pierre and Miquelon&quot;,
	PN = &quot;Pitcairn Islands&quot;,
	PR = &quot;Puerto Rican&quot;,
	PS = &quot;Palestinian&quot;,
	PT = &quot;Portuguese&quot;,
	PW = &quot;Palauan&quot;,
	PY = &quot;Paraguayan&quot;,
	QA = &quot;Qatari&quot;,
	RE = &quot;Réunionnais&quot;,
	RO = &quot;Romanian&quot;,
	RS = &quot;Serbian&quot;,
	RU = &quot;Russian&quot;,
	RW = &quot;Rwandan&quot;,
	SA = &quot;Saudi Arabian&quot;,
	SB = &quot;Solomon Islands&quot;,
	SC = &quot;Seychellois&quot;,
	SD = &quot;Sudanese&quot;,
	SE = &quot;Swedish&quot;,
	SG = &quot;Singaporean&quot;,
	SH = &quot;Saint Helenian&quot;,
	SI = &quot;Slovenian&quot;,
	SJ = &quot;Svalbard and Jan Mayen&quot;,
	SK = &quot;Slovak&quot;,
	SL = &quot;Sierra Leonean&quot;,
	SM = &quot;Sammarinese&quot;,
	SN = &quot;Senegalese&quot;,
	SO = &quot;Somali&quot;,
	SR = &quot;Surinamese&quot;,
	SS = &quot;South Sudanese&quot;,
	ST = &quot;Santomean&quot;,
	SV = &quot;Salvadoran&quot;,
	SY = &quot;Syrian&quot;,
	SZ = &quot;Swazi&quot;,
	TC = &quot;Turks and Caicos Islands&quot;,
	TD = &quot;Chadian&quot;,
	TF = &quot;French Southern Territories&quot;,
	TG = &quot;Togolese&quot;,
	TH = &quot;Thai&quot;,
	TJ = &quot;Tajik&quot;,
	TK = &quot;Tokelauan&quot;,
	TL = &quot;East Timorese&quot;,
	TM = &quot;Turkmen&quot;,
	TN = &quot;Tunisian&quot;,
	TO = &quot;Tongan&quot;,
	TR = &quot;Turkish&quot;,
	TT = &quot;Trinidad and Tobago&quot;,
	TV = &quot;Tuvaluan&quot;,
	TW = &quot;Taiwanese&quot;,
	TZ = &quot;Tanzanian&quot;,
	UA = &quot;Ukrainian&quot;,
	UG = &quot;Ugandan&quot;,
	UM = &quot;United States Minor Outlying Islands&quot;,
	US = &quot;American&quot;,
	UY = &quot;Uruguayan&quot;,
	UZ = &quot;Uzbek&quot;,
	VA = &quot;Vatican&quot;,
	VC = &quot;Saint Vincent and the Grenadines&quot;,
	VE = &quot;Venezuelan&quot;,
	VG = &quot;British Virgin Islands&quot;,
	VI = &quot;United States Virgin Islands&quot;,
	VN = &quot;Vietnamese&quot;,
	VU = &quot;Vanuatuan&quot;,
	WF = &quot;Wallis and Futuna&quot;,
	WS = &quot;Samoan&quot;,
	XK = &quot;Kosovar&quot;,
	YE = &quot;Yemeni&quot;,
	YT = &quot;Mayotte&quot;,
	ZA = &quot;South African&quot;,
	ZM = &quot;Zambian&quot;,
	ZW = &quot;Zimbabwean&quot;,
}

function p.i2n(code)
	if data[mw.ustring.upper( mw.text.trim(code) )] then
		return data[mw.ustring.upper( mw.text.trim(code) )]
	end
	return code
end

p[''] = function (frame) return p.i2n(frame.args[1]) end

return p</text>
      <sha1>4k6e4g0zt33ubqxp1tqe1rsupvzn8a1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Iso2nationality</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>54004</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311312</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T21:48:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Bog cusub: &lt;includeonly&gt;{{safesubst&lt;noinclude/&gt;:{{{subst|}}}#invoke:Iso2nationality||{{{1}}}}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt; {{documentation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</comment>
      <origin>311312</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="138" sha1="nyfhvhcs5lbfplq5cz4fs7eucg39az4" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{safesubst&lt;noinclude/&gt;:{{{subst|}}}#invoke:Iso2nationality||{{{1}}}}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>nyfhvhcs5lbfplq5cz4fs7eucg39az4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:ISO 3166 code-3</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>54005</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311314</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T21:52:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Abuuray</comment>
      <origin>311314</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="136" sha1="nv27p1mu6awh2rthc0n0m18j32wundj" xml:space="preserve">{{#invoke:ISO 3166|code|{{{1}}}|codetype=alpha3}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation|content={{ISO 3166 conversion template doc}}}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>nv27p1mu6awh2rthc0n0m18j32wundj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:ISO 3166 name</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>54006</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311317</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T21:55:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Abuuray</comment>
      <origin>311317</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="124" sha1="62gavwe8xpjfi1m52yjd6s17ef6s4fp" xml:space="preserve">{{#invoke:ISO 3166|name|isoname=yes}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation|content={{ISO 3166 conversion template doc}}}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>62gavwe8xpjfi1m52yjd6s17ef6s4fp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:ISO 3166/data/IR</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>54007</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311320</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T21:59:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Abuuray</comment>
      <origin>311320</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="1689" sha1="jz99enr1ascvfjvprigp9a9g362iduo" xml:space="preserve">return {
  lang = &quot;fa&quot;,
  [&quot;00&quot;] = {name=&quot;Markazi&quot;,isoname=&quot;Markazī&quot;},
  [&quot;01&quot;] = {name=&quot;Gilan&quot;,isoname=&quot;Gīlān&quot;},
  [&quot;02&quot;] = {name=&quot;Mazandaran&quot;,isoname=&quot;Māzandarān&quot;},
  [&quot;03&quot;] = {name=&quot;East Azerbaijan&quot;,isoname=&quot;Āz̄ārbāyjān-e Shārqī&quot;},
  [&quot;04&quot;] = {name=&quot;West Azerbaijan&quot;,isoname=&quot;Āz̄ārbāyjān-e Ghārbī&quot;},
  [&quot;05&quot;] = {name=&quot;Kermanshah&quot;,isoname=&quot;Kermānshāh&quot;},
  [&quot;06&quot;] = {name=&quot;Khuzistan&quot;,isoname=&quot;Khūzestān&quot;},
  [&quot;07&quot;] = {name=&quot;Fars&quot;,isoname=&quot;Fārs&quot;},
  [&quot;08&quot;] = {name=&quot;Kerman&quot;,isoname=&quot;Kermān&quot;},
  [&quot;09&quot;] = {name=&quot;Razavi Khorasan&quot;,isoname=&quot;Khorāsān-e Raẕavī&quot;},
  [&quot;10&quot;] = {name=&quot;Isfahan&quot;,isoname=&quot;Eşfahān&quot;},
  [&quot;11&quot;] = {name=&quot;Sistan and Baluchestan&quot;,isoname=&quot;Sīstān va Balūchestān&quot;},
  [&quot;12&quot;] = {name=&quot;Kurdistan&quot;,isoname=&quot;Kordestān&quot;},
  [&quot;13&quot;] = {name=&quot;Hamadan&quot;,isoname=&quot;Hamadān&quot;},
  [&quot;14&quot;] = {name=&quot;Chahar Mahaal and Bakhtiari&quot;,isoname=&quot;Chahār Maḩāl va Bakhtīārī&quot;},
  [&quot;15&quot;] = {name=&quot;Lorestan&quot;,isoname=&quot;Lorestān&quot;},
  [&quot;16&quot;] = {name=&quot;Ilam&quot;,isoname=&quot;Īlām&quot;},
  [&quot;17&quot;] = {name=&quot;Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad&quot;,isoname=&quot;Kohgīlūyeh va Bowyer Aḩmad&quot;},
  [&quot;18&quot;] = {name=&quot;Bushehr&quot;,isoname=&quot;Būshehr&quot;},
  [&quot;19&quot;] = {name=&quot;Zanjan&quot;,isoname=&quot;Zanjān&quot;},
  [&quot;20&quot;] = {name=&quot;Semnan&quot;,isoname=&quot;Semnān&quot;},
  [&quot;21&quot;] = {name=&quot;Yazd&quot;},
  [&quot;22&quot;] = {name=&quot;Hormozgan&quot;,isoname=&quot;Hormozgān&quot;},
  [&quot;23&quot;] = {name=&quot;Tehran&quot;,isoname=&quot;Tehrān&quot;},
  [&quot;24&quot;] = {name=&quot;Ardabil&quot;,isoname=&quot;Ardabīl&quot;},
  [&quot;25&quot;] = {name=&quot;Qom&quot;},
  [&quot;26&quot;] = {name=&quot;Qazvin&quot;,isoname=&quot;Qazvīn&quot;},
  [&quot;27&quot;] = {name=&quot;Golestan&quot;,isoname=&quot;Golestān&quot;},
  [&quot;28&quot;] = {name=&quot;North Khorasan&quot;,isoname=&quot;Khorāsān-e Shomālī&quot;},
  [&quot;29&quot;] = {name=&quot;South Khorasan&quot;,isoname=&quot;Khorāsān-e Jonūbī&quot;},
  [&quot;30&quot;] = {name=&quot;Alborz&quot;}
}</text>
      <sha1>jz99enr1ascvfjvprigp9a9g362iduo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Country name</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>54008</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311321</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T22:00:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Bog cusub: {{#invoke:ISO 3166|name}}&lt;noinclude&gt; {{Documentation|content={{ISO 3166 conversion template doc}} [[Category:Country templates]]}} &lt;/noinclude&gt;</comment>
      <origin>311321</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="143" sha1="irmhamx08vyd34zkrtv3re7qlh5hm2h" xml:space="preserve">{{#invoke:ISO 3166|name}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation|content={{ISO 3166 conversion template doc}}
[[Category:Country templates]]}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>irmhamx08vyd34zkrtv3re7qlh5hm2h</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:ISO 3166 numeric</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>54009</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311322</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T22:01:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Abuuray</comment>
      <origin>311322</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="137" sha1="6j57l913ffdy0weyaw1id2xms04ldqe" xml:space="preserve">{{#invoke:ISO 3166|code|{{{1}}}|codetype=numeric}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation|content={{ISO 3166 conversion template doc}}}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>6j57l913ffdy0weyaw1id2xms04ldqe</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Iso2continent</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>54010</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311323</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T22:01:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Abuuray</comment>
      <origin>311323</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4359" sha1="tctedzs5bbzdb80lncakjbkod5q16pu" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{{{{subst|}}}#switch: {{uc:{{{1}}}}} 
| AD = Europe
| AE = Asia
| AF = Asia
| AG = North America
| AI = North America
| AL = Europe
| AM = {{#ifeq:{{{2nd|}}}|yes|Europe|Asia}}
| AN = {{#ifeq:{{{2nd|}}}|yes|South America|North America}}
| AO = Africa
| AQ = Antarctica
| AR = South America
| AS = Oceania
| AT = Europe
| AU = Oceania
| AW = {{#ifeq:{{{2nd|}}}|yes|South America|North America}}
| AX = Europe
| AZ = {{#ifeq:{{{2nd|}}}|yes|Europe|Asia}}
| BA = Europe
| BB = North America
| BD = Asia
| BE = Europe
| BF = Africa
| BG = Europe
| BH = Asia
| BI = Africa
| BJ = Africa
| BL = North America
| BM = North America
| BN = Asia
| BO = South America
| BR = South America
| BS = North America
| BT = Asia
| BV = Antarctica
| BW = Africa
| BY = Europe
| BZ = North America
| CA = North America
| CC = Asia
| CD = Africa
| CF = Africa
| CG = Africa
| CH = Europe
| CI = Africa
| CK = Oceania
| CL = South America
| CM = Africa
| CN = Asia
| CO = South America
| CR = North America
| CU = North America
| CV = Africa
| CX = Asia
| CY = {{#ifeq:{{{2nd|}}}|yes|Europe|Asia}}
| CZ = Europe
| DE = Europe
| DJ = Africa
| DK = Europe
| DM = North America
| DO = North America
| DZ = Africa
| EC = South America
| EE = Europe
| EG = {{#ifeq:{{{2nd|}}}|yes|Asia|Africa}}
| EH = Africa
| ER = Africa
| ES = Europe
| ET = Africa
| FI = Europe
| FJ = Oceania
| FK = South America
| FM = Oceania
| FO = Europe
| FR = Europe
| GA = Africa
| GB = Europe
| GD = North America
| GE = {{#ifeq:{{{2nd|}}}|yes|Europe|Asia}}
| GF = South America
| GG = Europe
| GH = Africa
| GI = Europe
| GL = North America
| GM = Africa
| GN = Africa
| GP = North America
| GQ = Africa
| GR = Europe
| GS = South America
| GT = North America
| GU = Oceania
| GW = Africa
| GY = South America
| HK = Asia
| HM = Antarctica
| HN = North America
| HR = Europe
| HT = North America
| HU = Europe
| ID = {{#ifeq:{{{2nd|}}}|yes|Oceania|Asia}}
| IE = Europe
| IL = Asia
| IM = Europe
| IN = Asia
| IO = Asia
| IQ = Asia
| IR = Asia
| IS = Europe
| IT = Europe
| JE = Europe
| JM = North America
| JO = Asia
| JP = Asia
| KE = Africa
| KG = Asia
| KH = Asia
| KI = Oceania
| KM = Africa
| KN = North America
| KP = Asia
| KR = Asia
| KW = Asia
| KY = North America
| KZ = {{#ifeq:{{{2nd|}}}|yes|Europe|Asia}}
| LA = Asia
| LB = Asia
| LC = North America
| LI = Europe
| LK = Asia
| LR = Africa
| LS = Africa
| LT = Europe
| LU = Europe
| LV = Europe
| LY = Africa
| MA = Africa
| MC = Europe
| MD = Europe
| ME = Europe
| MF = North America
| MG = Africa
| MH = Oceania
| MK = Europe
| ML = Africa
| MM = Asia
| MN = Asia
| MO = Asia
| MP = Oceania
| MQ = North America
| MR = Africa
| MS = North America
| MT = Europe
| MU = Africa
| MV = Asia
| MW = Africa
| MX = North America
| MY = Asia
| MZ = Africa
| NA = Africa
| NC = Oceania
| NE = Africa
| NF = Oceania
| NG = Africa
| NI = North America
| NL = Europe
| NO = Europe
| NP = Asia
| NR = Oceania
| NU = Oceania
| NZ = Oceania
| OM = Asia
| PA = {{#ifeq:{{{2nd|}}}|yes|South America|North America}}
| PE = South America
| PF = Oceania
| PG = Oceania
| PH = Asia
| PK = Asia
| PL = Europe
| PM = North America
| PN = Oceania
| PR = North America
| PS = Asia
| PT = Europe
| PW = Oceania
| PY = South America
| QA = Asia
| RE = Africa
| RO = Europe
| RS = Europe
| RU = {{#ifeq:{{{2nd|}}}|yes|Europe|Asia}}
| RW = Africa
| SA = Asia
| SB = Oceania
| SC = Africa
| SD = Africa
| SE = Europe
| SG = Asia
| SH = Africa
| SI = Europe
| SJ = Europe
| SK = Europe
| SL = Africa
| SM = Europe
| SN = Africa
| SO = Africa
| SR = South America
| SS = Africa
| ST = Africa
| SV = North America
| SX = North America
| SY = Asia
| SZ = Africa
| TC = North America
| TD = Africa
| TF = Antarctica
| TG = Africa
| TH = Asia
| TJ = Asia
| TK = Oceania
| TL = {{#ifeq:{{{2nd|}}}|yes|Oceania|Asia}}
| TM = Asia
| TN = Africa
| TO = Oceania
| TR = {{#ifeq:{{{2nd|}}}|yes|Europe|Asia}}
| TT = North America
| TV = Oceania
| TW = Asia
| TZ = Africa
| UA = Europe
| UG = Africa
| UM = Oceania
| US = North America
| UY = South America
| UZ = Asia
| VA = Europe
| VC = North America
| VE = South America
| VG = North America
| VI = North America
| VN = Asia
| VU = Oceania
| WF = Oceania
| WS = Oceania
| XK = Europe
| YE = Asia
| YT = Africa
| ZA = Africa
| ZM = Africa
| ZW = Africa
| {{{1}}} }}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>tctedzs5bbzdb80lncakjbkod5q16pu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:GetCountryNameFromAdjective</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>54011</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311324</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T22:01:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Abuuray</comment>
      <origin>311324</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="162" sha1="amutcaj61hj6w9uma5e1ew958v0bf9h" xml:space="preserve">{{safesubst&lt;noinclude/&gt;:#invoke: CountryAdjectiveDemonym | getCountryFromAdjective |{{{1|}}}}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{pp-template|small=yes}}
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>amutcaj61hj6w9uma5e1ew958v0bf9h</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:CountryAdjectiveDemonym</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>54012</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311325</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T22:02:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Abuuray</comment>
      <origin>311325</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="3686" sha1="i97lvccel55rn9qizoofl7yngdtf0cr" xml:space="preserve">local CountryAdjectiveDemonym = { }

local CountryAdjectiveDemonymDataLoaded = false

local countryAdjectivesToNounsTable = { }
local countryNounsToAdjectivesTable  = { }

local countryDemonymsToNounsTable = { }
local countryNounsToDemonymsTable  = { }

local countriesPrefixedByTheTable = { }

local function CountryAdjectiveDemonymDoLoadData()
	countriesPrefixedByTheTable = mw.loadData( 'Module:CountryAdjectiveDemonym/The' )
	countryNounsToAdjectivesTable = mw.loadData( 'Module:CountryAdjectiveDemonym/Adjectives' )
	countryNounsToDemonymsTable = mw.loadData( 'Module:CountryAdjectiveDemonym/Demonyms' )
	local myNoun, myAdjective
	
	-- first, load the adjectives table
	for myNoun, myAdjective in pairs(countryNounsToAdjectivesTable) do
		countryAdjectivesToNounsTable[myAdjective] = myNoun
	end

	-- Now load the denomyms table
	local myDemonym
	for myNoun, myDemonym in pairs(countryNounsToDemonymsTable) do
		countryDemonymsToNounsTable[myDemonym] = myNoun
	end
	CountryAdjectiveDemonymDataLoaded = true
	return
end


-- ############### Publicly accesible functions #######################

-- if the country name is prefixed by &quot;the&quot; in running text,
-- then return that prefix
-- Otherwise just return an empty string
function CountryAdjectiveDemonym.countryPrefixThe(frame)
	local s = frame.args[1]
	if not CountryAdjectiveDemonymDataLoaded then
		CountryAdjectiveDemonymDoLoadData()
	end
	if (countriesPrefixedByTheTable[s] == true) then
		return &quot;the &quot;
	end
	return &quot;&quot;
end


function CountryAdjectiveDemonym.getCountryFromAdjective(frame)
	local s = frame.args[1]
	if not CountryAdjectiveDemonymDataLoaded then
		CountryAdjectiveDemonymDoLoadData()
	end
	local retval = countryAdjectivesToNounsTable[s]
	if retval == nil then
		if s == &quot;Georgia (country)&quot; then
			return s
		end
		return &quot;&quot;
	end
	return retval
end

function CountryAdjectiveDemonym.getCountryFromString(frame)
	local s = frame.args[1]
	if not CountryAdjectiveDemonymDataLoaded then
		CountryAdjectiveDemonymDoLoadData()
	end
	
	local similarLongerNouns = mw.loadData( 'Module:CountryAdjectiveDemonym/LongerNouns' )
	for adjective, noun in pairs(countryAdjectivesToNounsTable) do
		if string.find(s, adjective) or string.find(s, noun) then
			for longerNoun, nameToUse in pairs(similarLongerNouns) do
				if string.find(s, longerNoun) then
					return nameToUse
				end
			end
			return noun
		end
	end
end

function CountryAdjectiveDemonym.getCountryFromDemonym(frame)
	local s = frame.args[1]
	if not CountryAdjectiveDemonymDataLoaded then
		CountryAdjectiveDemonymDoLoadData()
	end
	local retval = countryDemonymsToNounsTable[s]
	if retval == nil then 
		retval = countryAdjectivesToNounsTable[s]
	end
	if retval == nil then
		return &quot;&quot;
	end
	return retval
end


function CountryAdjectiveDemonym.getAdjectiveFromCountry(frame)
	local s = frame.args[1]
	if not CountryAdjectiveDemonymDataLoaded then
		CountryAdjectiveDemonymDoLoadData()
	end
	local retval = countryNounsToAdjectivesTable[s]
	if retval == nil then
		return &quot;&quot;
	end
	return retval
end


function CountryAdjectiveDemonym.getDemonymFromCountry(frame)
	local s = frame.args[1]
	if not CountryAdjectiveDemonymDataLoaded then
		CountryAdjectiveDemonymDoLoadData()
	end
	local retval
	retval = countryNounsToDemonymsTable[s]
	if retval == nil then
		retval = countryNounsToAdjectivesTable[s]
	end
	if retval == nil then
		return &quot;&quot;
	end
	return retval
end


function CountryAdjectiveDemonym.stripThe(frame)
	local s = frame.args[1]
	if s == nil then
		return &quot;&quot;
	end
	if mw.ustring.match( s, &quot;^[T]he Gambia$&quot;) ~= nil then
		return s
	end
	local stripped = mw.ustring.gsub(s, &quot;^[tT]he &quot;, &quot;&quot;)
	return stripped
end


return CountryAdjectiveDemonym</text>
      <sha1>i97lvccel55rn9qizoofl7yngdtf0cr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:CountryAdjectiveDemonym/The</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>54013</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311326</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T22:02:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Abuuray</comment>
      <origin>311326</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="1330" sha1="99nzare5lmddc8xrk5y4jhnb5hmtg5a" xml:space="preserve">return {
	[&quot;British Virgin Islands&quot;] = true,
	[&quot;Bukharan People's Soviet Republic&quot;] = true,
	[&quot;Central African Republic&quot;] = true,
	[&quot;Cayman Islands&quot;] = true,
	[&quot;Comoros&quot;] = true,
	[&quot;Cook Islands&quot;] = true,
	[&quot;Czech Republic&quot;] = true,
	[&quot;Democratic Republic of the Congo&quot;] = true,
	[&quot;Dominican Republic&quot;] = true,
	[&quot;Dominion of Newfoundland&quot;] = true,
	[&quot;Falkland Islands&quot;] = true,
	[&quot;Faroe Islands&quot;] = true,
	[&quot;Federated States of Micronesia&quot;] = true,
	[&quot;Gambia&quot;] = true,
	[&quot;Holy See&quot;] = true,
	[&quot;Isle of Man&quot;] = true,
	[&quot;Ivory Coast&quot;] = true,
	[&quot;Kingdom of Hawaii&quot;] = true,
	[&quot;Kingdom of Naples&quot;] = true,
	[&quot;Kingdom of the Two Sicilies&quot;] = true,
	[&quot;Maldives&quot;] = true,
	[&quot;Marshall Islands&quot;] = true,
	[&quot;Netherlands&quot;] = true,
	[&quot;Netherlands Antilles&quot;] = true,
	[&quot;Northern Mariana Islands&quot;] = true,
	[&quot;Ottoman Empire&quot;] = true,
	[&quot;Philippines&quot;] = true,
	[&quot;Republic of the Congo&quot;] = true,
	[&quot;Republic of Ireland&quot;] = true,
	[&quot;Republic of Macedonia&quot;] = true,
	[&quot;Republic of Texas&quot;] = true,
	[&quot;Republic of Venice&quot;] = true,
	[&quot;Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic&quot;] = true,
	[&quot;Solomon Islands&quot;] = true,
	[&quot;Soviet Union&quot;] = true,
	[&quot;Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic&quot;] = true,
	[&quot;Turks and Caicos Islands&quot;] = true,
	[&quot;United Arab Emirates&quot;] = true,
	[&quot;United Kingdom&quot;] = true,
	[&quot;United States&quot;] = true,
	[&quot;United States Virgin Islands&quot;] = true
}</text>
      <sha1>99nzare5lmddc8xrk5y4jhnb5hmtg5a</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:CountryAdjectiveDemonym/Adjectives</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>54014</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311327</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T22:03:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Abuuray</comment>
      <origin>311327</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="8528" sha1="onzsnbqiiduf9sgweocpsyiwasxphrp" xml:space="preserve">return {
	[&quot;Abkhazia&quot;] = &quot;Abkhazian&quot;,
	[&quot;Afghanistan&quot;] = &quot;Afghan&quot;,
	[&quot;Africa&quot;] = &quot;African&quot;,
	[&quot;Albania&quot;] = &quot;Albanian&quot;,
	[&quot;Algeria&quot;] = &quot;Algerian&quot;,
	[&quot;American Samoa&quot;] = &quot;American Samoan&quot;,
	[&quot;Andorra&quot;] = &quot;Andorran&quot;,
	[&quot;Angola&quot;] = &quot;Angolan&quot;,
	[&quot;Anguilla&quot;] = &quot;Anguillan&quot;,
	[&quot;Antarctica&quot;] = &quot;Antarctic&quot;,
	[&quot;Antigua and Barbuda&quot;] = &quot;Antigua and Barbuda&quot;,
	[&quot;Argentina&quot;] = &quot;Argentine&quot;,
	[&quot;Armenia&quot;] = &quot;Armenian&quot;,
	[&quot;Aruba&quot;] = &quot;Aruban&quot;,
	[&quot;Asia&quot;] = &quot;Asian&quot;,
	[&quot;Australia&quot;] = &quot;Australian&quot;,
	[&quot;Austria&quot;] = &quot;Austrian&quot;,
	[&quot;Azerbaijan&quot;] = &quot;Azerbaijani&quot;,
	[&quot;Bahamas&quot;] = &quot;Bahamian&quot;,
	[&quot;Bahrain&quot;] = &quot;Bahraini&quot;,
	[&quot;Bangladesh&quot;] = &quot;Bangladeshi&quot;,
	[&quot;Barbados&quot;] = &quot;Barbadian&quot;,
	[&quot;Belarus&quot;] = &quot;Belarusian&quot;,
	[&quot;Belgium&quot;] = &quot;Belgian&quot;,
	[&quot;Belize&quot;] = &quot;Belizean&quot;,
	[&quot;Benin&quot;] = &quot;Beninese&quot;,
	[&quot;Bermuda&quot;] = &quot;Bermudian&quot;,
	[&quot;Bhutan&quot;] = &quot;Bhutanese&quot;,
	[&quot;Bolivia&quot;] = &quot;Bolivian&quot;,
	[&quot;Bonaire&quot;] = &quot;Bonaire&quot;,
	[&quot;Bosnia and Herzegovina&quot;] = &quot;Bosnia and Herzegovina&quot;,
	[&quot;Botswana&quot;] = &quot;Botswana&quot;,
	[&quot;Brazil&quot;] = &quot;Brazilian&quot;,
	[&quot;British Indian Ocean Territory&quot;] = &quot;British Indian Ocean Territory&quot;,
	[&quot;British Malaya&quot;] = &quot;British Malayan&quot;,
	[&quot;Brunei&quot;] = &quot;Bruneian&quot;,
	[&quot;Bulgaria&quot;] = &quot;Bulgarian&quot;,
	[&quot;Burkina Faso&quot;] = &quot;Burkinabe&quot;,
	[&quot;Myanmar&quot;] = &quot;Burmese&quot;,
	[&quot;Burundi&quot;] = &quot;Burundian&quot;,
	[&quot;Cape Verde&quot;] = &quot;Cape Verdean&quot;,
	[&quot;Cambodia&quot;] = &quot;Cambodian&quot;,
	[&quot;Cameroon&quot;] = &quot;Cameroonian&quot;,
	[&quot;Canada&quot;] = &quot;Canadian&quot;,
	[&quot;Cayman Islands&quot;] = &quot;Caymanian&quot;,
	[&quot;Central African Republic&quot;] = &quot;Central African Republic&quot;,
	[&quot;Ceylon&quot;] = &quot;Ceylonese&quot;,
	[&quot;Chad&quot;] = &quot;Chadian&quot;,
	[&quot;Chile&quot;] = &quot;Chilean&quot;,
	[&quot;China&quot;] = &quot;Chinese&quot;,
	[&quot;Collectivity of Saint Martin&quot;] = &quot;Saint-Martinoise&quot;,
	[&quot;Colombia&quot;] = &quot;Colombian&quot;,
	[&quot;Comoros&quot;] = &quot;Comorian&quot;,
	[&quot;Democratic Republic of the Congo&quot;] = &quot;Democratic Republic of the Congo&quot;,
	[&quot;Republic of the Congo&quot;] = &quot;Republic of the Congo&quot;,
	[&quot;Cook Islands&quot;] = &quot;Cook Islands&quot;,
	[&quot;Cook Island&quot;] = &quot;Cook Islands&quot;,
	[&quot;Costa Rica&quot;] = &quot;Costa Rican&quot;,
	[&quot;Croatia&quot;] = &quot;Croatian&quot;,
	[&quot;Cuba&quot;] = &quot;Cuban&quot;,
	[&quot;Curaçao&quot;] = &quot;Curaçao&quot;,
	[&quot;Cyprus&quot;] = &quot;Cypriot&quot;,
	[&quot;Czech Republic&quot;] = &quot;Czech&quot;,
	[&quot;Czechoslovakia&quot;] = &quot;Czechoslovak&quot;,
	[&quot;Denmark&quot;] = &quot;Danish&quot;,
	[&quot;Djibouti&quot;] = &quot;Djiboutian&quot;,
	[&quot;Dominica&quot;] = &quot;Dominica&quot;,
	[&quot;Dominican Republic&quot;] = &quot;Dominican Republic&quot;,
	[&quot;East Germany&quot;] = &quot;East German&quot;,
	[&quot;East Timor&quot;] = &quot;East Timorese&quot;,
	[&quot;Ecuador&quot;] = &quot;Ecuadorian&quot;,
	[&quot;Egypt&quot;] = &quot;Egyptian&quot;,
	[&quot;El Salvador&quot;] = &quot;Salvadoran&quot;,
	[&quot;Equatorial Guinea&quot;] = &quot;Equatoguinean&quot;,
	[&quot;Eritrea&quot;] = &quot;Eritrean&quot;,
	[&quot;Estonia&quot;] = &quot;Estonian&quot;,
	[&quot;Eswatini&quot;] = &quot;Swazi&quot;,
	[&quot;Ethiopia&quot;] = &quot;Ethiopian&quot;,
	[&quot;Europe&quot;] = &quot;European&quot;,
	[&quot;Falkland Islands&quot;] = &quot;Falkland Islands&quot;,
	[&quot;Faroe Islands&quot;] = &quot;Faroese&quot;,
	[&quot;Federal Republic of Yugoslavia&quot;] = &quot;Federal Republic of Yugoslavia&quot;,
	[&quot;Federation of Malaya&quot;] = &quot;Malayan&quot;,
	[&quot;Fiji&quot;] = &quot;Fijian&quot;,
	[&quot;Finland&quot;] = &quot;Finnish&quot;,
	[&quot;France&quot;] = &quot;French&quot;,
	[&quot;French Guiana&quot;] = &quot;French Guianan&quot;,
	[&quot;French Polynesia&quot;] = &quot;French Polynesian&quot;,
	[&quot;Gabon&quot;] = &quot;Gabonese&quot;,
	[&quot;Gambia&quot;] = &quot;Gambian&quot;,
	[&quot;Georgia (country)&quot;] = &quot;Georgian&quot;,
	[&quot;Germany&quot;] = &quot;German&quot;,
	[&quot;Ghana&quot;] = &quot;Ghanaian&quot;,
	[&quot;Gibraltar&quot;] = &quot;Gibraltarian&quot;,
	[&quot;Great Britain&quot;] = &quot;Great British&quot;,
	[&quot;Greece&quot;] = &quot;Greek&quot;,
	[&quot;Greenland&quot;] = &quot;Greenlandic&quot;,
	[&quot;Grenada&quot;] = &quot;Grenadian&quot;,
	[&quot;Guadeloupe&quot;] = &quot;Guadeloupean&quot;,
	[&quot;Guam&quot;] = &quot;Guamanian&quot;,
	[&quot;Guatemala&quot;] = &quot;Guatemalan&quot;,
	[&quot;Guernsey&quot;] = &quot;Guernsey&quot;,
	[&quot;Guinea&quot;] = &quot;Guinean&quot;,
	[&quot;Guinea-Bissau&quot;] = &quot;Bissau-Guinean&quot;,
	[&quot;Guyana&quot;] = &quot;Guyanese&quot;,
	[&quot;Haiti&quot;] = &quot;Haitian&quot;,
	[&quot;Honduras&quot;] = &quot;Honduran&quot;,
	[&quot;Hong Kong&quot;] = &quot;Hong Kong&quot;,
	[&quot;Hungary&quot;] = &quot;Hungarian&quot;,
	[&quot;Iceland&quot;] = &quot;Icelandic&quot;,
	[&quot;India&quot;] = &quot;Indian&quot;,
	[&quot;Indonesia&quot;] = &quot;Indonesian&quot;,
	[&quot;Iran&quot;] = &quot;Iranian&quot;,
	[&quot;Iraq&quot;] = &quot;Iraqi&quot;,
	[&quot;Ireland&quot;] = &quot;Irish&quot;,
	[&quot;Isle of Man&quot;] = &quot;Manx&quot;,
	[&quot;Israel&quot;] = &quot;Israeli&quot;,
	[&quot;Italy&quot;] = &quot;Italian&quot;,
	[&quot;Ivory Coast&quot;] = &quot;Ivorian&quot;,
	[&quot;Jamaica&quot;] = &quot;Jamaican&quot;,
	[&quot;Jan Mayen&quot;] = &quot;Jan Mayen&quot;,
	[&quot;Japan&quot;] = &quot;Japanese&quot;,
	[&quot;Jersey&quot;] = &quot;Jersey&quot;,
	[&quot;Jordan&quot;] = &quot;Jordanian&quot;,
	[&quot;Kazakhstan&quot;] = &quot;Kazakhstani&quot;,
	[&quot;Kenya&quot;] = &quot;Kenyan&quot;,
	[&quot;Kiribati&quot;] = &quot;Kiribati&quot;,
    [&quot;Korea&quot;] = &quot;Korean&quot;,
	[&quot;North Korea&quot;] = &quot;North Korean&quot;,
	[&quot;South Korea&quot;] = &quot;South Korean&quot;,
	[&quot;Kosovo&quot;] = &quot;Kosovan&quot;,
	[&quot;Kuwait&quot;] = &quot;Kuwaiti&quot;,
	[&quot;Kyrgyzstan&quot;] = &quot;Kyrgyzstani&quot;,
	[&quot;Laos&quot;] = &quot;Laotian&quot;,
	[&quot;Latvia&quot;] = &quot;Latvian&quot;,
	[&quot;Lebanon&quot;] = &quot;Lebanese&quot;,
	[&quot;Lesotho&quot;] = &quot;Lesotho&quot;,
	[&quot;Liberia&quot;] = &quot;Liberian&quot;,
	[&quot;Libya&quot;] = &quot;Libyan&quot;,
	[&quot;Liechtenstein&quot;] = &quot;Liechtenstein&quot;,
	[&quot;Lithuania&quot;] = &quot;Lithuanian&quot;,
	[&quot;Luxembourg&quot;] = &quot;Luxembourgian&quot;,
	[&quot;Macau&quot;] = &quot;Macau&quot;,
	[&quot;Madagascar&quot;] = &quot;Malagasy&quot;,
	[&quot;Malawi&quot;] = &quot;Malawian&quot;,
	[&quot;Malaysia&quot;] = &quot;Malaysian&quot;,
	[&quot;Maldives&quot;] = &quot;Maldivian&quot;,
	[&quot;Mali&quot;] = &quot;Malian&quot;,
	[&quot;Malta&quot;] = &quot;Maltese&quot;,
	[&quot;Marshall Islands&quot;] = &quot;Marshallese&quot;,
	[&quot;Martinique&quot;] = &quot;Martiniquan&quot;,
	[&quot;Mauritania&quot;] = &quot;Mauritanian&quot;,
	[&quot;Mauritius&quot;] = &quot;Mauritian&quot;,
	[&quot;Mexico&quot;] = &quot;Mexican&quot;,
	[&quot;Federated States of Micronesia&quot;] = &quot;Federated States of Micronesia&quot;,
	[&quot;Moldova&quot;] = &quot;Moldovan&quot;,
	[&quot;Monaco&quot;] = &quot;Monégasque&quot;,
	[&quot;Mongolia&quot;] = &quot;Mongolian&quot;,
	[&quot;Montenegro&quot;] = &quot;Montenegrin&quot;,
	[&quot;Montserrat&quot;] = &quot;Montserratian&quot;,
	[&quot;Morocco&quot;] = &quot;Moroccan&quot;,
	[&quot;Mozambique&quot;] = &quot;Mozambican&quot;,
	[&quot;Namibia&quot;] = &quot;Namibian&quot;,
	[&quot;Nauru&quot;] = &quot;Nauruan&quot;,
	[&quot;Nepal&quot;] = &quot;Nepalese&quot;,
	[&quot;Netherlands&quot;] = &quot;Dutch&quot;,
	[&quot;Netherlands Antilles&quot;] = &quot;Dutch Antillean&quot;,
	[&quot;New Caledonia&quot;] = &quot;New Caledonian&quot;,
	[&quot;New Zealand&quot;] = &quot;New Zealand&quot;,
	[&quot;Nicaragua&quot;] = &quot;Nicaraguan&quot;,
	[&quot;Niger&quot;] = &quot;Nigerien&quot;,
	[&quot;Nigeria&quot;] = &quot;Nigerian&quot;,
	[&quot;Niue&quot;] = &quot;Niuean&quot;,
	[&quot;North America&quot;] = &quot;North American&quot;,
	[&quot;Northern Ireland&quot;] = &quot;Northern Ireland&quot;,
	[&quot;Northern Mariana Islands&quot;] = &quot;Northern Mariana Islands&quot;,
	[&quot;North Macedonia&quot;] = &quot;Macedonian&quot;,
	[&quot;Norway&quot;] = &quot;Norwegian&quot;,
	[&quot;Oceania&quot;] = &quot;Oceanian&quot;,
	[&quot;Oman&quot;] = &quot;Omani&quot;,
	[&quot;Ottoman Empire&quot;] = &quot;Ottoman&quot;,
	[&quot;Pakistan&quot;] = &quot;Pakistani&quot;,
	[&quot;Palau&quot;] = &quot;Palauan&quot;,
	[&quot;Palestine&quot;] = &quot;Palestinian&quot;,
	[&quot;Panama&quot;] = &quot;Panamanian&quot;,
	[&quot;Papua New Guinea&quot;] = &quot;Papua New Guinean&quot;,
	[&quot;Paraguay&quot;] = &quot;Paraguayan&quot;,
	[&quot;Peru&quot;] = &quot;Peruvian&quot;,
	[&quot;Philippines&quot;] = &quot;Philippine&quot;,
	[&quot;Pitcairn Islands&quot;] = &quot;Pitcairn Islands&quot;,
	[&quot;Poland&quot;] = &quot;Polish&quot;,
	[&quot;Portugal&quot;] = &quot;Portuguese&quot;,
	[&quot;Puerto Rico&quot;] = &quot;Puerto Rican&quot;,
	[&quot;Qatar&quot;] = &quot;Qatari&quot;,
	[&quot;Rhodesia&quot;] = &quot;Rhodesian&quot;,
	[&quot;Romania&quot;] = &quot;Romanian&quot;,
	[&quot;Russia&quot;] = &quot;Russian&quot;,
	[&quot;Rwanda&quot;] = &quot;Rwandan&quot;,
	[&quot;Saba&quot;] = &quot;Saba&quot;,
	[&quot;Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic&quot;] = &quot;Sahrawi&quot;,
	[&quot;Saint Barthélemy&quot;] = &quot;Barthélemois&quot;,
	[&quot;Saint Kitts and Nevis&quot;] = &quot;Saint Kitts and Nevis&quot;,
	[&quot;Saint Lucia&quot;] = &quot;Saint Lucian&quot;,
	[&quot;Saint Vincent and the Grenadines&quot;] = &quot;Saint Vincent and the Grenadines&quot;,
	[&quot;Samoa&quot;] = &quot;Samoan&quot;,
	[&quot;San Marino&quot;] = &quot;Sammarinese&quot;,
	[&quot;São Tomé and Príncipe&quot;] = &quot;São Tomé and Príncipe&quot;,
	[&quot;Saudi Arabia&quot;] = &quot;Saudi Arabian&quot;,
	[&quot;Senegal&quot;] = &quot;Senegalese&quot;,
	[&quot;Serbia&quot;] = &quot;Serbian&quot;,
	[&quot;Serbia and Montenegro&quot;] = &quot;Serbia and Montenegro&quot;,
	[&quot;Seychelles&quot;] = &quot;Seychellois&quot;,
	[&quot;Sierra Leone&quot;] = &quot;Sierra Leonean&quot;,
	[&quot;Singapore&quot;] = &quot;Singaporean&quot;,
	[&quot;Sint Eustatius&quot;] = &quot;Sint Eustatius&quot;,
	[&quot;Sint Maarten&quot;] = &quot;Sint Maarten&quot;,
	[&quot;Slovakia&quot;] = &quot;Slovak&quot;,
	[&quot;Slovenia&quot;] = &quot;Slovenian&quot;,
	[&quot;Solomon Islands&quot;] = &quot;Solomon Islands&quot;,
	[&quot;Somalia&quot;] = &quot;Somali&quot;,
	[&quot;Somaliland&quot;] = &quot;Somaliland&quot;,
	[&quot;South Africa&quot;] = &quot;South African&quot;,
	[&quot;South America&quot;] = &quot;South American&quot;,
	[&quot;South Sudan&quot;] = &quot;South Sudanese&quot;,
	[&quot;Soviet Union&quot;] = &quot;Soviet&quot;,
	[&quot;Spain&quot;] = &quot;Spanish&quot;,
	[&quot;Sri Lanka&quot;] = &quot;Sri Lankan&quot;,
	[&quot;Sudan&quot;] = &quot;Sudanese&quot;,
	[&quot;Suriname&quot;] = &quot;Surinamese&quot;,
	[&quot;Sweden&quot;] = &quot;Swedish&quot;,
	[&quot;Switzerland&quot;] = &quot;Swiss&quot;,
	[&quot;Syria&quot;] = &quot;Syrian&quot;,
	[&quot;Taiwan&quot;] = &quot;Taiwanese&quot;,
	[&quot;Tajikistan&quot;] = &quot;Tajikistani&quot;,
	[&quot;Tanzania&quot;] = &quot;Tanzanian&quot;,
	[&quot;Thailand&quot;] = &quot;Thai&quot;,
	[&quot;Togo&quot;] = &quot;Togolese&quot;,
	[&quot;Tokelau&quot;] = &quot;Tokelauan&quot;,
	[&quot;Tonga&quot;] = &quot;Tongan&quot;,
	[&quot;Trinidad and Tobago&quot;] = &quot;Trinidad and Tobago&quot;,
	[&quot;Tunisia&quot;] = &quot;Tunisian&quot;,
	[&quot;Turkey&quot;] = &quot;Turkish&quot;,
	[&quot;Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic&quot;] = &quot;Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic&quot;,
	[&quot;Turkmenistan&quot;] = &quot;Turkmenistani&quot;,
	[&quot;Turks and Caicos Islands&quot;] = &quot;Turks and Caicos Islands&quot;,
	[&quot;Tuvalu&quot;] = &quot;Tuvaluan&quot;,
	[&quot;Uganda&quot;] = &quot;Ugandan&quot;,
	[&quot;Ukraine&quot;] = &quot;Ukrainian&quot;,
	[&quot;United Arab Emirates&quot;] = &quot;Emirati&quot;,
	[&quot;United Kingdom&quot;] = &quot;British&quot;,
	[&quot;England&quot;] = &quot;English&quot;,
	[&quot;Scotland&quot;] = &quot;Scottish&quot;,
	[&quot;Wales&quot;] = &quot;Welsh&quot;,
	[&quot;United States&quot;] = &quot;American&quot;,
	[&quot;Uruguay&quot;] = &quot;Uruguayan&quot;,
	[&quot;Uzbekistan&quot;] = &quot;Uzbekistani&quot;,
	[&quot;Vanuatu&quot;] = &quot;Vanuatuan&quot;,
	[&quot;Venezuela&quot;] = &quot;Venezuelan&quot;,
	[&quot;Vietnam&quot;] = &quot;Vietnamese&quot;,
	[&quot;British Virgin Islands&quot;] = &quot;British Virgin Islands&quot;,
	[&quot;United States Virgin Islands&quot;] = &quot;United States Virgin Islands&quot;,
	[&quot;Wallis and Futuna&quot;] = &quot;Wallis and Futuna&quot;,
	[&quot;West Germany&quot;] = &quot;West German&quot;,
	[&quot;Yemen&quot;] = &quot;Yemeni&quot;,
	[&quot;Yugoslavia&quot;] = &quot;Yugoslav&quot;,
	[&quot;Zambia&quot;] = &quot;Zambian&quot;,
	[&quot;Zimbabwe&quot;] = &quot;Zimbabwean&quot;,
}</text>
      <sha1>onzsnbqiiduf9sgweocpsyiwasxphrp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:CountryAdjectiveDemonym/Demonyms</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>54015</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311328</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T22:03:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Abuuray</comment>
      <origin>311328</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="167" sha1="1877g3a8273duk42gixjabrsqi8yppk" xml:space="preserve">return {
	[&quot;Kiribati&quot;] = &quot;I-Kiribati&quot;,
	[&quot;Martinique&quot;] = &quot;Martiniquais&quot;,
	[&quot;Ottoman&quot;] = &quot;Ottoman Empire&quot;,
	[&quot;Philippines&quot;] = &quot;Filipino&quot;,
	[&quot;Yugoslavia&quot;] = &quot;Yugoslav&quot;
}</text>
      <sha1>1877g3a8273duk42gixjabrsqi8yppk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:CountryAdjectiveDemonym/LongerNouns</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>54016</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311329</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T22:04:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Abuuray</comment>
      <origin>311329</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="273" sha1="q1ijhm446tshttwz64vvm7c87al46s0" xml:space="preserve">return {
	[&quot;Czechoslovak&quot;] = &quot;Czechoslovakia&quot;,
	[&quot;Democratic Republic of the Congo&quot;] = &quot;Democratic Republic of the Congo&quot;,
	[&quot;Netherlands Antilles&quot;] = &quot;Netherlands Antilles&quot;,
	[&quot;Nigeria&quot;] = &quot;Nigeria&quot;,
	[&quot;Sabah&quot;] = &quot;&quot;,
	[&quot;Serbia and Montenegro&quot;] = &quot;Serbia and Montenegro&quot;,
}</text>
      <sha1>q1ijhm446tshttwz64vvm7c87al46s0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Country2nationality</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>54017</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311332</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T22:06:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Abuuray</comment>
      <origin>311332</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="128" sha1="pelpjt04lpqdt7hdej3jbxjew0y7no0" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Country2nationality||{{{1}}}|nocat={{{nocat|}}}}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>pelpjt04lpqdt7hdej3jbxjew0y7no0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Country2continent</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>54018</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311333</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T22:06:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Abuuray</comment>
      <origin>311333</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1053" sha1="i557ac8b93zbpgrsxpp30g99dqtn0tc" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:String|len|s={{ISO 3166 code|{{{1}}}}}}}&lt;!--
--&gt;|2&lt;!--
    --&gt;|{{Iso2continent| {{ISO 3166 code|{{{1}}}}} |2nd={{{2nd|}}}}}&lt;!--
    --&gt;|&lt;!--
        --&gt;{{#if: {{{1|}}}&lt;!--
            --&gt;|{{#switch: {{{1}}}&lt;!--
                --&gt;| England&lt;!--
                --&gt;| Scotland&lt;!--
                --&gt;| Wales&lt;!--
                --&gt;| Catalonia&lt;!--
                --&gt;| Czechoslovakia&lt;!--
                --&gt;| Holy Roman Empire &lt;!--
                --&gt;| the Holy Roman Empire &lt;!--
                --&gt;| Kosovo = Europe&lt;!--
                --&gt;| Ottoman Empire&lt;!--
                --&gt;| the Ottoman Empire&lt;!--
                --&gt;| Soviet Union&lt;!--
                --&gt;| the Soviet Union = {{#ifeq: {{{2nd|}}} | yes | Asia | Europe}}&lt;!--
                --&gt;| British-administered Palestine&lt;!--
                --&gt;| Mandatory Palestine&lt;!--
                --&gt;| Ceylon&lt;!--
                --&gt;| Palestinian territories = Asia&lt;!--
              --&gt;}}&lt;!--
        --&gt;}}&lt;!--
    --&gt;}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>i557ac8b93zbpgrsxpp30g99dqtn0tc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Country2continental</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>54019</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311334</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T22:07:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Abuuray</comment>
      <origin>311334</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="389" sha1="98a1659b2rja0zd9w5oo5xxi7zvayoz" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;&lt;!--
    --&gt;{{trim|&lt;!--
        --&gt;{{continent2continental|&lt;!--
            --&gt;{{country2continent&lt;!--
                --&gt;|{{{1}}}&lt;!--
                --&gt;|2nd={{{2nd|}}}&lt;!--
            --&gt;}}&lt;!--
        --&gt;}}&lt;!--
    --&gt;}}&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;{{Documentation}}
[[Category:String manipulation templates]]
[[Category:Country templates]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>98a1659b2rja0zd9w5oo5xxi7zvayoz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Continent2continental</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>54020</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311336</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T22:08:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Abuuray</comment>
      <origin>311336</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1376" sha1="594a2f2i0zwhwg8mcxk7g2vzqxksoym" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;{{trim|&lt;!--
    --&gt;{{{{{subst|}}}#switch: {{{1|}}}&lt;!--
        --&gt;|Africa=African&lt;!--
        --&gt;|Europe=European&lt;!--
        --&gt;|Oceania=Oceanian&lt;!--
        --&gt;|Central America=Central American&lt;!--
        --&gt;|Latin America=Latin American&lt;!--
        --&gt;|North America=North American&lt;!--
        --&gt;|South America=South American&lt;!--
        --&gt;|America=American&lt;!--
        --&gt;|the Americas=American&lt;!--
        --&gt;|Americas=American&lt;!--
        --&gt;|South East Asia=South East Asian&lt;!--
        --&gt;|Southeast Asia=Southeast Asian&lt;!--
        --&gt;|South Asia=South Asian&lt;!--
        --&gt;|Asia=Asian&lt;!--
        --&gt;|Antarctica=Antarctic&lt;!--
        --&gt;|Arctic=Arctic&lt;!--
        --&gt;|Caribbean=Caribbean&lt;!--
        --&gt;|Near East=Near Eastern&lt;!--
        --&gt;|Middle East=Middle Eastern&lt;!--
        --&gt;|Far East=Far Eastern&lt;!--
        --&gt;|Arabia=Arabian&lt;!--
        --&gt;|Eurasia=Eurasian&lt;!--
        --&gt;|Australasia=Australasian&lt;!--
        --&gt;|Zealandia=Zealandian&lt;!--
        --&gt;|Laurasia=Laurasian&lt;!--
        --&gt;|Gondwana=Gondwanan&lt;!--
        --&gt;|Gondwanaland=Gondwanan&lt;!--
        --&gt;|Vaalbara=Vaalbaran&lt;!--
        --&gt;|Rodinia=Rodinia&lt;!--
        --&gt;|Pangaea=Pangaean&lt;!--
    --&gt;}}&lt;!--
--&gt;}}&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;{{Documentation}}
[[Category:String manipulation templates|country]]
[[Category:Country templates]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>594a2f2i0zwhwg8mcxk7g2vzqxksoym</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:Language/data/ISO 639-1</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>54021</id>
    <redirect title="Module:ISO 639 name/ISO 639-1" />
    <revision>
      <id>311338</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T22:18:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Bog loo bedeley [[Module:ISO 639 name/ISO 639-1]]</comment>
      <origin>311338</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="48" sha1="5v1k0lfdhrlpafyjb2z2ulo1i430z7z" xml:space="preserve">return require [[Module:ISO 639 name/ISO 639-1]]</text>
      <sha1>5v1k0lfdhrlpafyjb2z2ulo1i430z7z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>311339</id>
      <parentid>311338</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T22:19:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Isma4l wareejiyay bogga [[Module:Language/data/ISO 639-11]] ilaa [[Module:Language/data/ISO 639-1]] oo aan ka tagin sii toosin</comment>
      <origin>311338</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="48" sha1="5v1k0lfdhrlpafyjb2z2ulo1i430z7z" xml:space="preserve">return require [[Module:ISO 639 name/ISO 639-1]]</text>
      <sha1>5v1k0lfdhrlpafyjb2z2ulo1i430z7z</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:ISO 639 name/ISO 639 name to code</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>54022</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311343</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T22:33:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Abuuray</comment>
      <origin>311343</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="277103" sha1="hnhepkq349nc9gb8pnnmp3z5r2vnxei" xml:space="preserve">--[[--------------------------&lt; I S O _ 6 3 9 _ N A M E _ T O _ C O D E &gt;--------------------------------------

Key:
	[1]=ISO 639-1		[6]=ISO 639-1 override		[11]=ISO 639-1 deprecated
	[2]=ISO 639-2		[7]=ISO 639-2 override		[12]=ISO 639-2 deprecated
	[3]=ISO 639-2B		[8]=ISO 639-2B override		[13]=ISO 639-2B deprecated
	[4]=ISO 639-3		[9]=ISO 639-3 override		[14]=ISO 639-3 deprecated
	[5]=ISO 639-5		[10]=ISO 639-5 override		[15]=ISO 639-5 deprecated
]]

return {
	[&quot;'are'are&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;alu&quot;},
	[&quot;'auhelawa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kud&quot;},
	[&quot;'ôrôê&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bpk&quot;},
	[&quot;a'ou&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aou&quot;},
	[&quot;a'tong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aot&quot;},
	[&quot;a-hmaos&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hmd&quot;},
	[&quot;a-pucikwar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;apq&quot;},
	[&quot;aari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aiw&quot;, [14]=&quot;aiz&quot;},
	[&quot;aariya&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;aay&quot;},
	[&quot;aasáx&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aas&quot;},
	[&quot;abadi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kbt&quot;},
	[&quot;abaga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;abg&quot;},
	[&quot;abai sungai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;abf&quot;},
	[&quot;abanyom&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;abm&quot;},
	[&quot;abar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mij&quot;},
	[&quot;abau&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aau&quot;},
	[&quot;abaza&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;abq&quot;},
	[&quot;abellen ayta&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;abp&quot;},
	[&quot;abidji&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;abi&quot;},
	[&quot;abinomn&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bsa&quot;},
	[&quot;abipon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;axb&quot;},
	[&quot;abishira&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ash&quot;},
	[&quot;abkhazian&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ab&quot;, [2]=&quot;abk&quot;, [4]=&quot;abk&quot;},
	[&quot;abom&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aob&quot;},
	[&quot;abon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;abo&quot;},
	[&quot;abron&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;abr&quot;},
	[&quot;abu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ado&quot;},
	[&quot;abu' arapesh&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aah&quot;},
	[&quot;abua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;abn&quot;},
	[&quot;abui&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;abz&quot;},
	[&quot;abun&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kgr&quot;},
	[&quot;abure&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;abu&quot;},
	[&quot;abureni&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mgj&quot;},
	[&quot;abé&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aba&quot;},
	[&quot;acatenango southwestern cakchiquel&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;ckk&quot;},
	[&quot;acatepec me'phaa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tpx&quot;},
	[&quot;acatepec tlapanec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tpx&quot;},
	[&quot;achagua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aca&quot;},
	[&quot;achang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;acn&quot;},
	[&quot;ache&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yif&quot;},
	[&quot;acheron&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;acz&quot;},
	[&quot;achi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;acr&quot;},
	[&quot;achinese&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;ace&quot;, [4]=&quot;ace&quot;},
	[&quot;achterhoeks&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;act&quot;},
	[&quot;achuar-shiwiar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;acu&quot;},
	[&quot;achumawi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;acv&quot;},
	[&quot;aché&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;guq&quot;},
	[&quot;acoli&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;ach&quot;, [4]=&quot;ach&quot;},
	[&quot;acroá&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;acs&quot;},
	[&quot;adai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xad&quot;},
	[&quot;adamawa fulfulde&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fub&quot;},
	[&quot;adamorobe sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ads&quot;},
	[&quot;adang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;adn&quot;},
	[&quot;adangbe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;adq&quot;},
	[&quot;adangme&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;ada&quot;, [4]=&quot;ada&quot;},
	[&quot;adap&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;adp&quot;},
	[&quot;adara&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kad&quot;},
	[&quot;adasen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tiu&quot;},
	[&quot;adele&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ade&quot;},
	[&quot;adhola&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;adh&quot;},
	[&quot;adi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;adi&quot;},
	[&quot;adilabad gondi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wsg&quot;},
	[&quot;adioukrou&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;adj&quot;},
	[&quot;adithinngithigh&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dth&quot;},
	[&quot;adivasi oriya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ort&quot;},
	[&quot;adiwasi garasia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gas&quot;},
	[&quot;adnyamathanha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;adt&quot;},
	[&quot;adonara&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;adr&quot;},
	[&quot;aduge&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;adu&quot;},
	[&quot;adygei&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;ady&quot;, [4]=&quot;ady&quot;},
	[&quot;adyghe&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;ady&quot;, [4]=&quot;ady&quot;},
	[&quot;adzera&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;adz&quot;, [14]=&quot;azr&quot;},
	[&quot;aeka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aez&quot;},
	[&quot;aekyom&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;awi&quot;},
	[&quot;aequian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xae&quot;},
	[&quot;aer&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aeq&quot;},
	[&quot;afade&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aal&quot;},
	[&quot;afar&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;aa&quot;, [2]=&quot;aar&quot;, [4]=&quot;aar&quot;},
	[&quot;afghan persian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;prs&quot;},
	[&quot;afghan sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;afg&quot;},
	[&quot;afitti&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aft&quot;},
	[&quot;afra&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ulf&quot;},
	[&quot;afrihili&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;afh&quot;, [4]=&quot;afh&quot;},
	[&quot;afrikaans&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;af&quot;, [2]=&quot;afr&quot;, [4]=&quot;afr&quot;},
	[&quot;afro-asiatic languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;afa&quot;, [5]=&quot;afa&quot;},
	[&quot;afro-seminole creole&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;afs&quot;},
	[&quot;agarabi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;agd&quot;},
	[&quot;agariya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;agi&quot;},
	[&quot;agatu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;agc&quot;},
	[&quot;agavotaguerra&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;avo&quot;},
	[&quot;aghem&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;agq&quot;},
	[&quot;aghu tharnggalu&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;ggr&quot;},
	[&quot;aghu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ahh&quot;},
	[&quot;aghu-tharnggala&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gtu&quot;},
	[&quot;aghul&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;agx&quot;},
	[&quot;aghwan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xag&quot;},
	[&quot;agi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aif&quot;},
	[&quot;agob&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kit&quot;},
	[&quot;agoi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ibm&quot;},
	[&quot;aguacateco&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;agu&quot;},
	[&quot;aguano&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aga&quot;},
	[&quot;aguaruna&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;agr&quot;},
	[&quot;aguna&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aug&quot;},
	[&quot;agusan manobo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;msm&quot;},
	[&quot;agutaynen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;agn&quot;},
	[&quot;agwagwune&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yay&quot;},
	[&quot;ahanta&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aha&quot;},
	[&quot;ahe&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;ahe&quot;},
	[&quot;aheri gondi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;esg&quot;},
	[&quot;aheu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;thm&quot;},
	[&quot;ahirani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ahr&quot;},
	[&quot;ahom&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aho&quot;},
	[&quot;ahtena&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aht&quot;},
	[&quot;ahwai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nfd&quot;},
	[&quot;ai-cham&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aih&quot;},
	[&quot;aighon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aix&quot;},
	[&quot;aikanã&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tba&quot;},
	[&quot;aiklep&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mwg&quot;},
	[&quot;aiku&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;mzf&quot;},
	[&quot;aimaq&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aiq&quot;},
	[&quot;aimele&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ail&quot;},
	[&quot;aimol&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aim&quot;},
	[&quot;ainbai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aic&quot;},
	[&quot;ainu (china)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aib&quot;},
	[&quot;ainu (japan)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ain&quot;},
	[&quot;ainu&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;ain&quot;},
	[&quot;aiome&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aki&quot;},
	[&quot;airoran&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;air&quot;},
	[&quot;aiton&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aio&quot;},
	[&quot;aja (benin)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ajg&quot;},
	[&quot;aja (south sudan)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aja&quot;},
	[&quot;ajawa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ajw&quot;},
	[&quot;ajiya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;idc&quot;},
	[&quot;ajië&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aji&quot;},
	[&quot;ajumbu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;muc&quot;},
	[&quot;ajyíninka apurucayali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cpc&quot;},
	[&quot;ak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;akq&quot;},
	[&quot;aka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;soh&quot;},
	[&quot;aka-bea&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;abj&quot;},
	[&quot;aka-bo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;akm&quot;},
	[&quot;aka-cari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aci&quot;},
	[&quot;aka-jeru&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;akj&quot;},
	[&quot;aka-kede&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;akx&quot;},
	[&quot;aka-kol&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aky&quot;},
	[&quot;aka-kora&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ack&quot;},
	[&quot;akan&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ak&quot;, [2]=&quot;aka&quot;, [4]=&quot;aka&quot;},
	[&quot;akar-bale&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;acl&quot;},
	[&quot;akaselem&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aks&quot;},
	[&quot;akawaio&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ake&quot;},
	[&quot;ake&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aik&quot;},
	[&quot;akebu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;keu&quot;},
	[&quot;akei&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tsr&quot;},
	[&quot;akeu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aeu&quot;},
	[&quot;akha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ahk&quot;},
	[&quot;akhvakh&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;akv&quot;},
	[&quot;akkadian&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;akk&quot;, [4]=&quot;akk&quot;},
	[&quot;akkala sami&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sia&quot;},
	[&quot;aklanon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;akl&quot;},
	[&quot;akolet&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;akt&quot;},
	[&quot;akoose&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bss&quot;},
	[&quot;akoye&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;miw&quot;},
	[&quot;akpa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;akf&quot;},
	[&quot;akpes&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ibe&quot;},
	[&quot;akrukay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;afi&quot;},
	[&quot;akukem&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;spm&quot;},
	[&quot;akuku&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ayk&quot;},
	[&quot;akum&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aku&quot;},
	[&quot;akuntsu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aqz&quot;},
	[&quot;akurio&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ako&quot;},
	[&quot;akwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;akw&quot;},
	[&quot;akyaung ari naga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nqy&quot;},
	[&quot;al-sayyid bedouin sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;syy&quot;},
	[&quot;alaba-k’abeena&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;alw&quot;},
	[&quot;alabama&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;akz&quot;},
	[&quot;alabat island agta&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dul&quot;},
	[&quot;alacalufan languages&quot;] = {[5]=&quot;aqa&quot;},
	[&quot;alacatlatzala mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mim&quot;},
	[&quot;alago&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ala&quot;},
	[&quot;alagwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wbj&quot;},
	[&quot;alak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;alk&quot;},
	[&quot;alamblak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;amp&quot;},
	[&quot;alangan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;alj&quot;},
	[&quot;alanic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xln&quot;},
	[&quot;alapmunte&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;apv&quot;},
	[&quot;alawa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;alh&quot;},
	[&quot;albanian languages&quot;] = {[5]=&quot;sqj&quot;},
	[&quot;albanian sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sqk&quot;},
	[&quot;albanian&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;sq&quot;, [2]=&quot;sqi&quot;, [3]=&quot;alb&quot;, [4]=&quot;sqi&quot;},
	[&quot;albarradas sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lsc&quot;},
	[&quot;albay bicolano&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;bhk&quot;},
	[&quot;alcozauca mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xta&quot;},
	[&quot;alege&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;alf&quot;},
	[&quot;alekano&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gah&quot;},
	[&quot;alemannic&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;gsw&quot;, [4]=&quot;gsw&quot;},
	[&quot;aleut&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;ale&quot;, [4]=&quot;ale&quot;},
	[&quot;algerian arabic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;arq&quot;},
	[&quot;algerian jewish sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ajs&quot;},
	[&quot;algerian saharan arabic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aao&quot;},
	[&quot;algerian sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;asp&quot;},
	[&quot;algic languages&quot;] = {[5]=&quot;aql&quot;},
	[&quot;algonquian languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;alg&quot;, [5]=&quot;alg&quot;},
	[&quot;algonquin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;alq&quot;},
	[&quot;ali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aiy&quot;},
	[&quot;alladian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ald&quot;},
	[&quot;allar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;all&quot;},
	[&quot;alngith&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aid&quot;},
	[&quot;alo phola&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ypo&quot;},
	[&quot;alor&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aol&quot;},
	[&quot;aloápam zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zaq&quot;},
	[&quot;alsatian&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;gsw&quot;, [4]=&quot;gsw&quot;},
	[&quot;alsea&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aes&quot;},
	[&quot;altaic languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;tut&quot;, [5]=&quot;tut&quot;},
	[&quot;alu kurumba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xua&quot;},
	[&quot;alugu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aub&quot;},
	[&quot;alumu-tesu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aab&quot;},
	[&quot;alune&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;alp&quot;},
	[&quot;aluo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yna&quot;},
	[&quot;alur&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;alz&quot;},
	[&quot;alutor&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;alr&quot;},
	[&quot;alviri-vidari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;avd&quot;},
	[&quot;alyawarr&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aly&quot;},
	[&quot;ama (papua new guinea)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;amm&quot;},
	[&quot;ama (sudan)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nyi&quot;},
	[&quot;amahai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;amq&quot;},
	[&quot;amahuaca&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;amc&quot;},
	[&quot;amaimon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ali&quot;},
	[&quot;amal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aad&quot;},
	[&quot;amami koniya sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jks&quot;},
	[&quot;amanab&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;amn&quot;},
	[&quot;amanayé&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ama&quot;},
	[&quot;amapá creole&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;amd&quot;},
	[&quot;amara&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aie&quot;},
	[&quot;amarakaeri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;amr&quot;},
	[&quot;amarasi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aaz&quot;},
	[&quot;amatlán zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zpo&quot;},
	[&quot;amba (solomon islands)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;utp&quot;},
	[&quot;amba (uganda)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rwm&quot;},
	[&quot;ambai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;amk&quot;},
	[&quot;ambakich&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aew&quot;},
	[&quot;ambala ayta&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;abc&quot;},
	[&quot;ambelau&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;amv&quot;},
	[&quot;ambele&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ael&quot;},
	[&quot;amblong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;alm&quot;},
	[&quot;ambo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;amb&quot;},
	[&quot;ambo-pasco quechua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;qva&quot;},
	[&quot;ambonese malay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;abs&quot;},
	[&quot;ambrak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aag&quot;},
	[&quot;ambul&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;apo&quot;},
	[&quot;ambulas&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;abt&quot;},
	[&quot;amdang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;amj&quot;},
	[&quot;amdo tibetan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;adx&quot;},
	[&quot;amele&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aey&quot;},
	[&quot;amerax&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;aex&quot;},
	[&quot;american sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ase&quot;},
	[&quot;amganad ifugao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ifa&quot;},
	[&quot;amharic&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;am&quot;, [2]=&quot;amh&quot;, [4]=&quot;amh&quot;},
	[&quot;ami&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;amy&quot;},
	[&quot;amikoana&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;akn&quot;},
	[&quot;amio-gelimi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;let&quot;},
	[&quot;amis&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ami&quot;},
	[&quot;amo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;amo&quot;},
	[&quot;amol&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;alx&quot;},
	[&quot;amoltepec mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mbz&quot;},
	[&quot;ampanang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;apg&quot;},
	[&quot;ampari dogon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aqd&quot;},
	[&quot;amri karbi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ajz&quot;},
	[&quot;amto&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;amt&quot;},
	[&quot;amundava&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;adw&quot;},
	[&quot;amurdak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;amg&quot;},
	[&quot;ana tinga dogon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dti&quot;},
	[&quot;anaang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;anw&quot;},
	[&quot;anakalangu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;akg&quot;},
	[&quot;anal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;anm&quot;},
	[&quot;anam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pda&quot;},
	[&quot;anambé&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aan&quot;},
	[&quot;anamgura&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;imi&quot;},
	[&quot;anasi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bpo&quot;},
	[&quot;ancient aramaic (up to 700 bce)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;oar&quot;},
	[&quot;ancient egyptian&quot;] = {[7]=&quot;egy&quot;, [9]=&quot;egy&quot;},
	[&quot;ancient greek (to 1453)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;grc&quot;},
	[&quot;ancient hebrew&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hbo&quot;},
	[&quot;ancient macedonian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xmk&quot;},
	[&quot;ancient north arabian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xna&quot;},
	[&quot;ancient zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xzp&quot;},
	[&quot;andaandi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dgl&quot;},
	[&quot;andai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;afd&quot;},
	[&quot;andajin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ajn&quot;},
	[&quot;andalusian arabic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xaa&quot;},
	[&quot;andaman creole hindi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hca&quot;},
	[&quot;andaqui&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ana&quot;},
	[&quot;andarum&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aod&quot;},
	[&quot;andegerebinha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;adg&quot;},
	[&quot;andh&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;anr&quot;},
	[&quot;andi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ani&quot;},
	[&quot;andio&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bzb&quot;},
	[&quot;andoa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;anb&quot;},
	[&quot;andoque&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ano&quot;},
	[&quot;andra-hus&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;anx&quot;},
	[&quot;aneityum&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aty&quot;},
	[&quot;anem&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;anz&quot;},
	[&quot;aneme wake&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aby&quot;},
	[&quot;anfillo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;myo&quot;},
	[&quot;angaataha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;agm&quot;},
	[&quot;angaité&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aqt&quot;},
	[&quot;angal enen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aoe&quot;},
	[&quot;angal heneng&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;akh&quot;},
	[&quot;angal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;age&quot;},
	[&quot;angami naga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;njm&quot;},
	[&quot;angguruk yali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yli&quot;},
	[&quot;angika&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;anp&quot;, [4]=&quot;anp&quot;},
	[&quot;angkamuthi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;avm&quot;},
	[&quot;anglo-norman&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xno&quot;},
	[&quot;angloromani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rme&quot;},
	[&quot;angolar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aoa&quot;},
	[&quot;angor&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;agg&quot;},
	[&quot;angoram&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aog&quot;},
	[&quot;angosturas tunebo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tnd&quot;},
	[&quot;anguthimri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;awg&quot;},
	[&quot;ani phowa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ypn&quot;},
	[&quot;anii&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;blo&quot;},
	[&quot;animere&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;anf&quot;},
	[&quot;anindilyakwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aoi&quot;},
	[&quot;aninka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aqk&quot;},
	[&quot;anjam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;boj&quot;},
	[&quot;ankave&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aak&quot;},
	[&quot;anmatyerre&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;amx&quot;},
	[&quot;anong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nun&quot;},
	[&quot;anor&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;anj&quot;},
	[&quot;anserma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ans&quot;},
	[&quot;ansus&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;and&quot;},
	[&quot;antakarinya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ant&quot;},
	[&quot;antankarana malagasy&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xmv&quot;},
	[&quot;antigua and barbuda creole english&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aig&quot;},
	[&quot;antikarinya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ant&quot;},
	[&quot;anu-hkongso chin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;anl&quot;},
	[&quot;anuak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;anu&quot;},
	[&quot;anufo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cko&quot;},
	[&quot;anuki&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aui&quot;},
	[&quot;anus&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;auq&quot;},
	[&quot;anuta&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aud&quot;},
	[&quot;anyin morofo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mtb&quot;},
	[&quot;anyin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;any&quot;},
	[&quot;ao naga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;njo&quot;},
	[&quot;aoheng&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pni&quot;},
	[&quot;aore&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aor&quot;},
	[&quot;ap ma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kbx&quot;},
	[&quot;apache languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;apa&quot;, [5]=&quot;apa&quot;},
	[&quot;apalachee&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xap&quot;},
	[&quot;apalaí&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;apy&quot;},
	[&quot;apali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ena&quot;},
	[&quot;apasco-apoala mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mip&quot;},
	[&quot;apatani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;apt&quot;},
	[&quot;apiaká&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;api&quot;},
	[&quot;apinayé&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;apn&quot;},
	[&quot;apma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;app&quot;},
	[&quot;aproumu aizi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ahp&quot;},
	[&quot;apurinã&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;apu&quot;},
	[&quot;aputai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;apx&quot;},
	[&quot;aquitanian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xaq&quot;},
	[&quot;arabana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ard&quot;},
	[&quot;arabela&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;arl&quot;},
	[&quot;arabic&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ar&quot;, [2]=&quot;ara&quot;, [4]=&quot;ara&quot;},
	[&quot;arafundi&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;arf&quot;},
	[&quot;aragonese&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;an&quot;, [2]=&quot;arg&quot;, [4]=&quot;arg&quot;},
	[&quot;arakanese&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;mhv&quot;},
	[&quot;araki&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;akr&quot;},
	[&quot;arakwal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rkw&quot;},
	[&quot;aralle-tabulahan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;atq&quot;},
	[&quot;aramanik&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;aam&quot;},
	[&quot;arammba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;stk&quot;},
	[&quot;aranadan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aaf&quot;},
	[&quot;aranama-tamique&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xrt&quot;},
	[&quot;arandai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jbj&quot;},
	[&quot;araona&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aro&quot;},
	[&quot;arapaho&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;arp&quot;, [4]=&quot;arp&quot;},
	[&quot;arapaso&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;arj&quot;},
	[&quot;ararandewára&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xaj&quot;},
	[&quot;arauan languages&quot;] = {[5]=&quot;auf&quot;},
	[&quot;arawak&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;arw&quot;, [4]=&quot;arw&quot;},
	[&quot;arawakan languages&quot;] = {[5]=&quot;awd&quot;},
	[&quot;araweté&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;awt&quot;},
	[&quot;arawum&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;awm&quot;},
	[&quot;arawá&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aru&quot;},
	[&quot;arbore&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;arv&quot;},
	[&quot;arbëreshë albanian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aae&quot;},
	[&quot;archi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aqc&quot;},
	[&quot;ardhamāgadhī prākrit&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pka&quot;},
	[&quot;are&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mwc&quot;},
	[&quot;areba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aea&quot;},
	[&quot;arem&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aem&quot;},
	[&quot;arequipa-la unión quechua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;qxu&quot;},
	[&quot;argentine sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aed&quot;},
	[&quot;argobba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;agj&quot;},
	[&quot;arguni&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;agf&quot;},
	[&quot;arhuaco&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;arh&quot;},
	[&quot;arhâ&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aqr&quot;},
	[&quot;arhö&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aok&quot;},
	[&quot;ari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aac&quot;},
	[&quot;aribwatsa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;laz&quot;},
	[&quot;aribwaung&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ylu&quot;},
	[&quot;arifama-miniafia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aai&quot;},
	[&quot;arigidi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aqg&quot;},
	[&quot;arikapú&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ark&quot;},
	[&quot;arikara&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ari&quot;},
	[&quot;arikem&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ait&quot;},
	[&quot;arin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xrn&quot;},
	[&quot;aringa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;luc&quot;},
	[&quot;arma&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;aoh&quot;},
	[&quot;armazic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xrm&quot;},
	[&quot;armenian (family)&quot;] = {[5]=&quot;hyx&quot;},
	[&quot;armenian sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aen&quot;},
	[&quot;armenian&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;hy&quot;, [2]=&quot;hye&quot;, [3]=&quot;arm&quot;, [4]=&quot;hye&quot;},
	[&quot;aromanian&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;rup&quot;, [4]=&quot;rup&quot;},
	[&quot;arop-lokep&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;apr&quot;},
	[&quot;arop-sissano&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aps&quot;},
	[&quot;arosi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aia&quot;},
	[&quot;arpitan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;frp&quot;},
	[&quot;arritinngithigh&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rrt&quot;},
	[&quot;arta&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;atz&quot;},
	[&quot;artificial languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;art&quot;, [5]=&quot;art&quot;},
	[&quot;aruamu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;msy&quot;},
	[&quot;aruek&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aur&quot;},
	[&quot;arumanian&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;rup&quot;, [4]=&quot;rup&quot;},
	[&quot;aruop&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lsr&quot;},
	[&quot;arutani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;atx&quot;},
	[&quot;aruá (amazonas state)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aru&quot;},
	[&quot;aruá (rodonia state)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;arx&quot;},
	[&quot;arvanitika albanian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aat&quot;},
	[&quot;as&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;asz&quot;},
	[&quot;asaro'o&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mtv&quot;},
	[&quot;asas&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;asd&quot;},
	[&quot;ashe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ahs&quot;},
	[&quot;ashkun&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ask&quot;},
	[&quot;asho chin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;csh&quot;},
	[&quot;ashtiani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;atn&quot;},
	[&quot;asháninka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cni&quot;},
	[&quot;ashéninka pajonal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cjo&quot;},
	[&quot;ashéninka perené&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;prq&quot;},
	[&quot;asilulu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;asl&quot;},
	[&quot;askopan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;eiv&quot;},
	[&quot;asoa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;asv&quot;},
	[&quot;assamese&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;as&quot;, [2]=&quot;asm&quot;, [4]=&quot;asm&quot;},
	[&quot;assan&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;xss&quot;},
	[&quot;assangori&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sjg&quot;},
	[&quot;assiniboine&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;asb&quot;},
	[&quot;assyrian neo-aramaic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aii&quot;},
	[&quot;asturian&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;ast&quot;, [4]=&quot;ast&quot;},
	[&quot;asturleonese&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;ast&quot;, [4]=&quot;ast&quot;},
	[&quot;asu (nigeria)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aum&quot;},
	[&quot;asu (tanzania)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;asa&quot;},
	[&quot;asue awyu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;psa&quot;},
	[&quot;asumboa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aua&quot;},
	[&quot;asunción mixtepec zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zoo&quot;},
	[&quot;asuri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;asr&quot;},
	[&quot;ata manobo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;atd&quot;},
	[&quot;ata&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;atm&quot;},
	[&quot;atakapa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aqp&quot;},
	[&quot;atampaya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;amz&quot;},
	[&quot;atatláhuca mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mib&quot;},
	[&quot;atauran&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;adb&quot;},
	[&quot;atayal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tay&quot;},
	[&quot;atemble&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ate&quot;},
	[&quot;athapascan languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;ath&quot;, [5]=&quot;ath&quot;},
	[&quot;athpariya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aph&quot;},
	[&quot;ati&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;atk&quot;},
	[&quot;atikamekw&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;atj&quot;},
	[&quot;atlantic-congo languages&quot;] = {[5]=&quot;alv&quot;},
	[&quot;atohwaim&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aqm&quot;},
	[&quot;atong (cameroon)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ato&quot;},
	[&quot;atong (india)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aot&quot;},
	[&quot;atorada&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aox&quot;},
	[&quot;atsahuaca&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;atc&quot;},
	[&quot;atsam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cch&quot;},
	[&quot;atsugewi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;atw&quot;},
	[&quot;attapady kurumba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pkr&quot;},
	[&quot;attié&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ati&quot;},
	[&quot;atuence&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;atf&quot;},
	[&quot;atzingo matlatzinca&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ocu&quot;},
	[&quot;au&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;avt&quot;},
	[&quot;aulua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aul&quot;},
	[&quot;aurá&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aux&quot;},
	[&quot;aushi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;auh&quot;},
	[&quot;aushiri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;avs&quot;},
	[&quot;auslan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;asf&quot;},
	[&quot;austral&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aut&quot;},
	[&quot;australian aborigines sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;asw&quot;},
	[&quot;australian languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;aus&quot;, [5]=&quot;aus&quot;},
	[&quot;australian sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;asf&quot;},
	[&quot;austrian sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;asq&quot;},
	[&quot;austro-asiatic languages&quot;] = {[5]=&quot;aav&quot;},
	[&quot;austronesian languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;map&quot;, [5]=&quot;map&quot;},
	[&quot;auvergnat&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;auv&quot;},
	[&quot;auwe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;smf&quot;},
	[&quot;auye&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;auu&quot;},
	[&quot;auyokawa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;auo&quot;},
	[&quot;ava guaraní&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nhd&quot;},
	[&quot;avaric&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;av&quot;, [2]=&quot;ava&quot;, [4]=&quot;ava&quot;},
	[&quot;avatime&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;avn&quot;},
	[&quot;avau&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;avb&quot;},
	[&quot;avava&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tmb&quot;},
	[&quot;avestan&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ae&quot;, [2]=&quot;ave&quot;, [4]=&quot;ave&quot;},
	[&quot;avikam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;avi&quot;},
	[&quot;avokaya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;avu&quot;},
	[&quot;avá-canoeiro&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;avv&quot;},
	[&quot;awa (china)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vwa&quot;},
	[&quot;awa (papua new guinea)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;awb&quot;},
	[&quot;awa-cuaiquer&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kwi&quot;},
	[&quot;awabakal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;awk&quot;},
	[&quot;awad bing&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bcu&quot;},
	[&quot;awadhi&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;awa&quot;, [4]=&quot;awa&quot;},
	[&quot;awak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;awo&quot;},
	[&quot;awar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aya&quot;},
	[&quot;awara&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;awx&quot;},
	[&quot;awbono&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;awh&quot;},
	[&quot;aweer&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bob&quot;},
	[&quot;awera&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;awr&quot;},
	[&quot;awetí&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;awe&quot;},
	[&quot;awing&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;azo&quot;},
	[&quot;awiyaana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;auy&quot;},
	[&quot;awjilah&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;auj&quot;},
	[&quot;awngi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;awn&quot;},
	[&quot;awngthim&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gwm&quot;},
	[&quot;awtuw&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kmn&quot;},
	[&quot;awu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yiu&quot;},
	[&quot;awun&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aww&quot;},
	[&quot;awutu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;afu&quot;},
	[&quot;awyi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;auw&quot;},
	[&quot;axamb&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ahb&quot;},
	[&quot;axi yi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yix&quot;},
	[&quot;ayabadhu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ayd&quot;},
	[&quot;ayacucho quechua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;quy&quot;},
	[&quot;ayangan ifugao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ifb&quot;},
	[&quot;ayautla mazatec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vmy&quot;},
	[&quot;ayere&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aye&quot;},
	[&quot;ayerrerenge&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;axe&quot;},
	[&quot;ayi (china)&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;ayx&quot;},
	[&quot;ayi (papua new guinea)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ayq&quot;},
	[&quot;ayiwo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nfl&quot;},
	[&quot;ayizi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yyz&quot;},
	[&quot;ayizo gbe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ayb&quot;},
	[&quot;aymara&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ay&quot;, [2]=&quot;aym&quot;, [4]=&quot;aym&quot;},
	[&quot;ayoquesco zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zaf&quot;},
	[&quot;ayoreo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ayo&quot;},
	[&quot;ayu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ayu&quot;},
	[&quot;ayutla mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;miy&quot;},
	[&quot;azerbaijani&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;az&quot;, [2]=&quot;aze&quot;, [4]=&quot;aze&quot;},
	[&quot;azha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aza&quot;},
	[&quot;azhe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yiz&quot;},
	[&quot;azoyú me'phaa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tpc&quot;},
	[&quot;azoyú tlapanec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tpc&quot;},
	[&quot;baan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bvj&quot;},
	[&quot;baangi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bqx&quot;},
	[&quot;baatonum&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bba&quot;},
	[&quot;baba malay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mbf&quot;},
	[&quot;baba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bbw&quot;},
	[&quot;babalia creole arabic&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;bbz&quot;},
	[&quot;babango&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bbm&quot;},
	[&quot;babanki&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bbk&quot;},
	[&quot;babatana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;baa&quot;},
	[&quot;babine&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bcr&quot;},
	[&quot;bable&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;ast&quot;, [4]=&quot;ast&quot;},
	[&quot;babuza&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bzg&quot;},
	[&quot;bacama&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bcy&quot;},
	[&quot;bacanese malay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;btj&quot;},
	[&quot;bachajón tzeltal&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;tzb&quot;},
	[&quot;bactrian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xbc&quot;},
	[&quot;bada (indonesia)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bhz&quot;},
	[&quot;bada (nigeria)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bau&quot;},
	[&quot;badaga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bfq&quot;},
	[&quot;bade&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bde&quot;},
	[&quot;badeshi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bdz&quot;},
	[&quot;badimaya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bia&quot;},
	[&quot;badjiri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jbi&quot;},
	[&quot;badui&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bac&quot;},
	[&quot;badyara&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pbp&quot;},
	[&quot;baeggu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bvd&quot;},
	[&quot;baelelea&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bvc&quot;},
	[&quot;baetora&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;btr&quot;},
	[&quot;bafanji&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bfj&quot;},
	[&quot;bafaw-balong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bwt&quot;},
	[&quot;bafia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ksf&quot;},
	[&quot;bafut&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bfd&quot;},
	[&quot;baga kaloum&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bqf&quot;},
	[&quot;baga koga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bgo&quot;},
	[&quot;baga manduri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bmd&quot;},
	[&quot;baga mboteni&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;bgm&quot;},
	[&quot;baga pokur&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bcg&quot;},
	[&quot;baga sitemu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bsp&quot;},
	[&quot;baga sobané&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bsv&quot;},
	[&quot;bagheli&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bfy&quot;},
	[&quot;bagirmi fulfulde&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fui&quot;},
	[&quot;bagirmi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bmi&quot;},
	[&quot;bago-kusuntu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bqg&quot;},
	[&quot;bagri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bgq&quot;},
	[&quot;bagupi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bpi&quot;},
	[&quot;bagusa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bqb&quot;},
	[&quot;bagvalal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kva&quot;},
	[&quot;baha buyang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yha&quot;},
	[&quot;baham&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bdw&quot;},
	[&quot;bahamas creole english&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bah&quot;},
	[&quot;baharna arabic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;abv&quot;},
	[&quot;bahau river kenyah&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;bwv&quot;},
	[&quot;bahau&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bhv&quot;},
	[&quot;bahinemo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bjh&quot;},
	[&quot;bahing&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bhj&quot;},
	[&quot;bahnar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bdq&quot;},
	[&quot;bahonsuai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bsu&quot;},
	[&quot;bai (south sudan)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bdj&quot;},
	[&quot;bai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bdj&quot;},
	[&quot;baibai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bbf&quot;},
	[&quot;baikeno&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bkx&quot;},
	[&quot;baima&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bqh&quot;},
	[&quot;baimak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bmx&quot;},
	[&quot;bainouk-gunyaamolo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bcz&quot;},
	[&quot;bainouk-gunyuño&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bab&quot;},
	[&quot;bainouk-samik&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bcb&quot;},
	[&quot;baiso&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bsw&quot;},
	[&quot;baissa fali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fah&quot;},
	[&quot;bajan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bjs&quot;},
	[&quot;bajelani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bjm&quot;},
	[&quot;bajjika&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vjk&quot;},
	[&quot;baka (cameroon)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bkc&quot;},
	[&quot;baka (south sudan)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bdh&quot;},
	[&quot;bakairí&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bkq&quot;},
	[&quot;bakaka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bqz&quot;},
	[&quot;bakhtiari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bqi&quot;},
	[&quot;baki&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bki&quot;},
	[&quot;bakoko&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bkh&quot;},
	[&quot;bakole&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kme&quot;},
	[&quot;bakpinka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bbs&quot;},
	[&quot;bakumpai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bkr&quot;},
	[&quot;bakung kenyah&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;boc&quot;},
	[&quot;bakwé&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bjw&quot;},
	[&quot;balaesang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bls&quot;},
	[&quot;balaibalan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zba&quot;},
	[&quot;balangao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;blw&quot;},
	[&quot;balangingi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sse&quot;},
	[&quot;balanta-ganja&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bjt&quot;},
	[&quot;balanta-kentohe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ble&quot;},
	[&quot;balantak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;blz&quot;},
	[&quot;balau&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;blg&quot;},
	[&quot;baldemu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bdn&quot;},
	[&quot;bali (democratic republic of congo)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bcp&quot;},
	[&quot;bali (nigeria)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bcn&quot;},
	[&quot;balinese malay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mhp&quot;},
	[&quot;balinese&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;ban&quot;, [4]=&quot;ban&quot;},
	[&quot;balkan gagauz turkish&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bgx&quot;},
	[&quot;balkan romani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rmn&quot;},
	[&quot;balo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bqo&quot;},
	[&quot;baloi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;biz&quot;},
	[&quot;balti&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bft&quot;},
	[&quot;baltic languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;bat&quot;, [5]=&quot;bat&quot;},
	[&quot;baltic romani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rml&quot;},
	[&quot;baluan-pam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;blq&quot;},
	[&quot;baluchi&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;bal&quot;, [4]=&quot;bal&quot;},
	[&quot;bamako sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bog&quot;},
	[&quot;bamali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bbq&quot;},
	[&quot;bambalang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bmo&quot;},
	[&quot;bambam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ptu&quot;},
	[&quot;bambara&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;bm&quot;, [2]=&quot;bam&quot;, [4]=&quot;bam&quot;},
	[&quot;bambassi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;myf&quot;},
	[&quot;bambili-bambui&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;baw&quot;},
	[&quot;bamenyam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bce&quot;},
	[&quot;bamileke languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;bai&quot;, [5]=&quot;bai&quot;},
	[&quot;bamu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bcf&quot;},
	[&quot;bamukumbit&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bqt&quot;},
	[&quot;bamun&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bax&quot;},
	[&quot;bamunka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bvm&quot;},
	[&quot;bamwe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bmg&quot;},
	[&quot;ban khor sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bfk&quot;},
	[&quot;bana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bcw&quot;},
	[&quot;banam bay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vrt&quot;},
	[&quot;banao itneg&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bjx&quot;},
	[&quot;banaro&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;byz&quot;},
	[&quot;banawá&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;bnh&quot;},
	[&quot;banda (indonesia)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bnd&quot;},
	[&quot;banda languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;bad&quot;, [5]=&quot;bad&quot;},
	[&quot;banda malay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bpq&quot;},
	[&quot;banda-bambari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;liy&quot;},
	[&quot;banda-banda&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bpd&quot;},
	[&quot;banda-mbrès&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bqk&quot;},
	[&quot;banda-ndélé&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bfl&quot;},
	[&quot;banda-yangere&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yaj&quot;},
	[&quot;bandi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bza&quot;},
	[&quot;bandial&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bqj&quot;},
	[&quot;bandjalang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bdy&quot;},
	[&quot;bandjigali&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;bjd&quot;},
	[&quot;bangala&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bxg&quot;},
	[&quot;bangandu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bgf&quot;},
	[&quot;bangba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bbe&quot;},
	[&quot;banggai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bgz&quot;},
	[&quot;banggarla&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bjb&quot;},
	[&quot;bangi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bni&quot;},
	[&quot;bangime&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dba&quot;},
	[&quot;bangingih sama&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sse&quot;},
	[&quot;bangka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mfb&quot;},
	[&quot;bangla&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;bn&quot;},
	[&quot;bangolan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bgj&quot;},
	[&quot;bangubangu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bnx&quot;},
	[&quot;bangwinji&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bsj&quot;},
	[&quot;baniva&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bvv&quot;},
	[&quot;baniwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bwi&quot;},
	[&quot;banjar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bjn&quot;},
	[&quot;bankagooma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bxw&quot;},
	[&quot;bankal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jjr&quot;},
	[&quot;bankan tey dogon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dbw&quot;},
	[&quot;bankon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;abb&quot;},
	[&quot;bannoni&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bcm&quot;},
	[&quot;bantawa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bap&quot;},
	[&quot;bantayanon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bfx&quot;},
	[&quot;bantik&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bnq&quot;},
	[&quot;bantoanon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bno&quot;},
	[&quot;bantu languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;bnt&quot;, [5]=&quot;bnt&quot;},
	[&quot;banyjima&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pnw&quot;},
	[&quot;baoulé&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bci&quot;},
	[&quot;bara malagasy&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bhr&quot;},
	[&quot;baraamu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;brd&quot;},
	[&quot;barababaraba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rbp&quot;},
	[&quot;barai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bbb&quot;},
	[&quot;barakai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;baj&quot;},
	[&quot;baram kayan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kys&quot;},
	[&quot;barama&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bbg&quot;},
	[&quot;barambu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;brm&quot;},
	[&quot;baramu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bmz&quot;},
	[&quot;barapasi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;brp&quot;},
	[&quot;baras&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;brs&quot;},
	[&quot;barasana-eduria&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bsn&quot;},
	[&quot;barbacoas&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;bpb&quot;},
	[&quot;barbaram&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vmb&quot;},
	[&quot;barbareño&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;boi&quot;},
	[&quot;barclayville grebo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gry&quot;},
	[&quot;bardi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bcj&quot;},
	[&quot;barein&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bva&quot;},
	[&quot;bargam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mlp&quot;},
	[&quot;bari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bfa&quot;},
	[&quot;bariai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bch&quot;},
	[&quot;bariji&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bjc&quot;},
	[&quot;barikanchi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bxo&quot;},
	[&quot;barikewa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jbk&quot;},
	[&quot;barok&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bjk&quot;},
	[&quot;barombi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bbi&quot;},
	[&quot;barro negro tunebo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tbn&quot;},
	[&quot;barrow point&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bpt&quot;},
	[&quot;baruga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bjz&quot;},
	[&quot;baruya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;byr&quot;},
	[&quot;barwe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bwg&quot;},
	[&quot;barzani jewish neo-aramaic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bjf&quot;},
	[&quot;baré&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bae&quot;},
	[&quot;barí&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mot&quot;},
	[&quot;basa (cameroon)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bas&quot;},
	[&quot;basa (nigeria)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bzw&quot;},
	[&quot;basa&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;bas&quot;},
	[&quot;basa-gumna&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bsl&quot;},
	[&quot;basa-gurmana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;buj&quot;},
	[&quot;basap&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bdb&quot;},
	[&quot;basay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;byq&quot;},
	[&quot;bashkardi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bsg&quot;},
	[&quot;bashkir&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ba&quot;, [2]=&quot;bak&quot;, [4]=&quot;bak&quot;},
	[&quot;basketo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bst&quot;},
	[&quot;basque (family)&quot;] = {[5]=&quot;euq&quot;},
	[&quot;basque&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;eu&quot;, [2]=&quot;eus&quot;, [3]=&quot;baq&quot;, [4]=&quot;eus&quot;},
	[&quot;bassa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bsq&quot;},
	[&quot;bassa-kontagora&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bsr&quot;},
	[&quot;bassari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bsc&quot;},
	[&quot;bassossi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bsi&quot;},
	[&quot;bata&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bta&quot;},
	[&quot;batad ifugao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ifb&quot;},
	[&quot;batak alas-kluet&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;btz&quot;},
	[&quot;batak angkola&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;akb&quot;},
	[&quot;batak dairi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;btd&quot;},
	[&quot;batak karo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;btx&quot;},
	[&quot;batak languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;btk&quot;, [5]=&quot;btk&quot;},
	[&quot;batak mandailing&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;btm&quot;},
	[&quot;batak simalungun&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bts&quot;},
	[&quot;batak toba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bbc&quot;},
	[&quot;batak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bya&quot;},
	[&quot;batanga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bnm&quot;},
	[&quot;batek&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;btq&quot;},
	[&quot;bateri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;btv&quot;},
	[&quot;bathari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bhm&quot;},
	[&quot;bati (cameroon)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;btc&quot;},
	[&quot;bati (indonesia)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bvt&quot;},
	[&quot;batjala&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xby&quot;},
	[&quot;bats&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bbl&quot;},
	[&quot;batu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;btu&quot;},
	[&quot;batui&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zbt&quot;},
	[&quot;batuley&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bay&quot;},
	[&quot;batyala&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xby&quot;},
	[&quot;bau bidayuh&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sne&quot;},
	[&quot;bau&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bbd&quot;},
	[&quot;bauchi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bsf&quot;},
	[&quot;bauni&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bpe&quot;},
	[&quot;baure&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;brg&quot;},
	[&quot;bauria&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bge&quot;},
	[&quot;bauwaki&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bwk&quot;},
	[&quot;bauzi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bvz&quot;},
	[&quot;bavarian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bar&quot;},
	[&quot;bawm chin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bgr&quot;},
	[&quot;bay miwok&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mkq&quot;},
	[&quot;bayali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bjy&quot;},
	[&quot;baybayanon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bvy&quot;},
	[&quot;baygo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;byg&quot;},
	[&quot;bayono&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;byl&quot;},
	[&quot;bayot&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bda&quot;},
	[&quot;bayungu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bxj&quot;},
	[&quot;bazigar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bfr&quot;},
	[&quot;beami&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;beo&quot;},
	[&quot;beaver&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bea&quot;},
	[&quot;beba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bfp&quot;},
	[&quot;bebele&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;beb&quot;},
	[&quot;bebeli&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bek&quot;},
	[&quot;bebil&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bxp&quot;},
	[&quot;bedawiyet&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;bej&quot;, [4]=&quot;bej&quot;},
	[&quot;bedjond&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bjv&quot;},
	[&quot;bedoanas&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bed&quot;},
	[&quot;beeke&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bkf&quot;},
	[&quot;beele&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bxq&quot;},
	[&quot;beembe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;beq&quot;},
	[&quot;beezen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bnz&quot;},
	[&quot;befang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bby&quot;},
	[&quot;begbere-ejar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bqv&quot;},
	[&quot;beginci&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ebc&quot;},
	[&quot;beja&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;bej&quot;, [4]=&quot;bej&quot;},
	[&quot;bekati'&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bei&quot;},
	[&quot;bekwarra&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bkv&quot;},
	[&quot;bekwel&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bkw&quot;},
	[&quot;belait&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;beg&quot;},
	[&quot;belanda bor&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bxb&quot;},
	[&quot;belanda viri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bvi&quot;},
	[&quot;belarusian&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;be&quot;, [2]=&quot;bel&quot;, [4]=&quot;bel&quot;},
	[&quot;belgian sign language&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;bvs&quot;},
	[&quot;belhariya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;byw&quot;},
	[&quot;beli (papua new guinea)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bey&quot;},
	[&quot;beli (south sudan)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;blm&quot;},
	[&quot;belize kriol english&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bzj&quot;},
	[&quot;bella coola&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;blc&quot;},
	[&quot;bellari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;brw&quot;},
	[&quot;belning&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;glb&quot;},
	[&quot;bemba (democratic republic of congo)&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;bmy&quot;},
	[&quot;bemba (zambia)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bem&quot;},
	[&quot;bemba&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;bem&quot;},
	[&quot;bembe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bmb&quot;},
	[&quot;ben tey dogon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dbt&quot;},
	[&quot;bena (nigeria)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yun&quot;},
	[&quot;bena (tanzania)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bez&quot;},
	[&quot;benabena&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bef&quot;},
	[&quot;benamanga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;egm&quot;},
	[&quot;bench&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bcq&quot;},
	[&quot;bende&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bdp&quot;},
	[&quot;bendi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bct&quot;},
	[&quot;beneraf&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bnv&quot;},
	[&quot;beng&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nhb&quot;},
	[&quot;benga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bng&quot;},
	[&quot;bengali&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;bn&quot;, [2]=&quot;ben&quot;, [4]=&quot;ben&quot;},
	[&quot;benggoi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bgy&quot;},
	[&quot;bengkala sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bqy&quot;},
	[&quot;bengkulu&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;bke&quot;},
	[&quot;bentong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bnu&quot;},
	[&quot;benyadu'&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;byd&quot;},
	[&quot;beothuk&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bue&quot;},
	[&quot;bepour&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bie&quot;},
	[&quot;berakou&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bxv&quot;},
	[&quot;berau malay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bve&quot;},
	[&quot;berawan&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;lod&quot;},
	[&quot;berber languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;ber&quot;, [5]=&quot;ber&quot;},
	[&quot;berbice creole dutch&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;brc&quot;},
	[&quot;berik&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bkl&quot;},
	[&quot;berinomo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bit&quot;},
	[&quot;berom&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bom&quot;},
	[&quot;berta&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wti&quot;},
	[&quot;berti&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;byt&quot;},
	[&quot;besisi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mhe&quot;},
	[&quot;besme&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bes&quot;},
	[&quot;besoa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bep&quot;},
	[&quot;betaf&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bfe&quot;},
	[&quot;betawi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bew&quot;},
	[&quot;bete&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;byf&quot;},
	[&quot;bete-bendi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;btt&quot;},
	[&quot;beti (cameroon)&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;btb&quot;},
	[&quot;beti (côte d'ivoire)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;eot&quot;},
	[&quot;betta kurumba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xub&quot;},
	[&quot;bezhta&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kap&quot;},
	[&quot;bhadrawahi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bhd&quot;},
	[&quot;bhalay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bhx&quot;},
	[&quot;bharia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bha&quot;},
	[&quot;bhatola&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;btl&quot;},
	[&quot;bhatri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bgw&quot;},
	[&quot;bhattiyali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bht&quot;},
	[&quot;bhaya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bhe&quot;},
	[&quot;bhele&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bhy&quot;},
	[&quot;bhilali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bhi&quot;},
	[&quot;bhili&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bhb&quot;},
	[&quot;bhojpuri&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;bho&quot;, [4]=&quot;bho&quot;},
	[&quot;bhoti kinnauri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nes&quot;},
	[&quot;bhujel&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;byh&quot;},
	[&quot;bhunjia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bhu&quot;},
	[&quot;biafada&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bif&quot;},
	[&quot;biage&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bdf&quot;},
	[&quot;biak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bhw&quot;},
	[&quot;biali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;beh&quot;},
	[&quot;bian marind&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bpv&quot;},
	[&quot;biangai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;big&quot;},
	[&quot;biao mon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bmt&quot;},
	[&quot;biao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;byk&quot;},
	[&quot;biao-jiao mien&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bje&quot;},
	[&quot;biatah bidayuh&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bth&quot;},
	[&quot;bibbulman&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xbp&quot;},
	[&quot;bidhawal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ihw&quot;},
	[&quot;bidiyo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bid&quot;},
	[&quot;bidjara&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bym&quot;},
	[&quot;bidyogo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bjg&quot;},
	[&quot;biem&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bmc&quot;},
	[&quot;bierebo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bnk&quot;},
	[&quot;bieria&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;brj&quot;},
	[&quot;biete&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;biu&quot;},
	[&quot;big nambas&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nmb&quot;},
	[&quot;biga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bhc&quot;},
	[&quot;bigambal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xbe&quot;},
	[&quot;bih&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ibh&quot;},
	[&quot;bihari languages&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;bh&quot;, [2]=&quot;bih&quot;, [5]=&quot;bih&quot;},
	[&quot;bijim&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jbm&quot;},
	[&quot;bijori&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bix&quot;},
	[&quot;bikaru&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;bic&quot;},
	[&quot;bikol&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;bik&quot;, [4]=&quot;bik&quot;},
	[&quot;bikya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;byb&quot;},
	[&quot;bila&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bip&quot;},
	[&quot;bilakura&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bql&quot;},
	[&quot;bilaspuri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kfs&quot;},
	[&quot;bilba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bpz&quot;},
	[&quot;bilbil&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;brz&quot;},
	[&quot;bile&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bil&quot;},
	[&quot;bilin&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;byn&quot;, [4]=&quot;byn&quot;},
	[&quot;bilma kanuri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bms&quot;},
	[&quot;biloxi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bll&quot;},
	[&quot;bilua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;blb&quot;},
	[&quot;bilur&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bxf&quot;},
	[&quot;bima&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bhp&quot;},
	[&quot;bimin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bhl&quot;},
	[&quot;bimoba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bim&quot;},
	[&quot;bina (nigeria)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;byj&quot;},
	[&quot;bina (papua new guinea)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bmn&quot;},
	[&quot;binahari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bxz&quot;},
	[&quot;binandere&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bhg&quot;},
	[&quot;bindal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xbd&quot;},
	[&quot;bine&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bon&quot;},
	[&quot;bini&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;bin&quot;, [4]=&quot;bin&quot;},
	[&quot;binji&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bpj&quot;},
	[&quot;binongan itneg&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;itb&quot;},
	[&quot;bintauna&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bne&quot;},
	[&quot;bintulu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bny&quot;},
	[&quot;binukid&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bkd&quot;},
	[&quot;binumarien&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bjr&quot;},
	[&quot;bipi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;biq&quot;},
	[&quot;bira&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;brf&quot;},
	[&quot;birale&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bxe&quot;},
	[&quot;birao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;brr&quot;},
	[&quot;birgit&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;btf&quot;},
	[&quot;birhor&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;biy&quot;},
	[&quot;biri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bzr&quot;},
	[&quot;biritai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bqq&quot;},
	[&quot;birked&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;brk&quot;},
	[&quot;birri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bvq&quot;},
	[&quot;birrpayi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xbj&quot;},
	[&quot;birwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;brl&quot;},
	[&quot;bisa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bib&quot;},
	[&quot;biseni&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ije&quot;},
	[&quot;bishnupriya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bpy&quot;},
	[&quot;bishuo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bwh&quot;},
	[&quot;bisis&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bnw&quot;},
	[&quot;bislama&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;bi&quot;, [2]=&quot;bis&quot;, [4]=&quot;bis&quot;},
	[&quot;bisorio&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bir&quot;},
	[&quot;bissa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bib&quot;},
	[&quot;bisu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bzi&quot;, [14]=&quot;bii&quot;},
	[&quot;bit&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bgk&quot;},
	[&quot;bitare&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;brt&quot;},
	[&quot;bitur&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mcc&quot;},
	[&quot;biwat&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bwm&quot;},
	[&quot;biyo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;byo&quot;},
	[&quot;biyom&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bpm&quot;},
	[&quot;blablanga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;blp&quot;},
	[&quot;blafe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bfh&quot;},
	[&quot;blagar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;beu&quot;},
	[&quot;blang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;blr&quot;},
	[&quot;blin&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;byn&quot;, [4]=&quot;byn&quot;},
	[&quot;bliss&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;zbl&quot;, [4]=&quot;zbl&quot;},
	[&quot;blissymbolics&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;zbl&quot;, [4]=&quot;zbl&quot;},
	[&quot;blissymbols&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;zbl&quot;, [4]=&quot;zbl&quot;},
	[&quot;bo (laos)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bgl&quot;},
	[&quot;bo (papua new guinea)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bpw&quot;},
	[&quot;bo-rukul&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mae&quot;},
	[&quot;bo-ung&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mux&quot;},
	[&quot;boano (maluku)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bzn&quot;},
	[&quot;boano (sulawesi)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bzl&quot;},
	[&quot;bobongko&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bgb&quot;},
	[&quot;bobot&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bty&quot;},
	[&quot;bodo (central african republic)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;boy&quot;},
	[&quot;bodo (india)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;brx&quot;},
	[&quot;bodo gadaba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gbj&quot;},
	[&quot;bodo parja&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bdv&quot;},
	[&quot;bofi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bff&quot;},
	[&quot;boga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bvw&quot;},
	[&quot;bogan&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;bgh&quot;},
	[&quot;bogaya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;boq&quot;},
	[&quot;boghom&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bux&quot;},
	[&quot;boguru&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bqu&quot;},
	[&quot;bohtan neo-aramaic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bhn&quot;},
	[&quot;boikin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bzf&quot;},
	[&quot;bokha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ybk&quot;},
	[&quot;bokmål, norwegian&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;nob&quot;},
	[&quot;boko (benin)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bqc&quot;},
	[&quot;boko (democratic republic of congo)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bkp&quot;},
	[&quot;bokobaru&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bus&quot;},
	[&quot;bokoto&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bdt&quot;},
	[&quot;bokyi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bky&quot;},
	[&quot;bola&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bnp&quot;},
	[&quot;bolango&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bld&quot;},
	[&quot;bole&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bol&quot;},
	[&quot;bolgarian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xbo&quot;},
	[&quot;bolgo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bvo&quot;},
	[&quot;bolia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bli&quot;},
	[&quot;bolinao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;smk&quot;},
	[&quot;bolivian sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bvl&quot;},
	[&quot;bolo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;blv&quot;},
	[&quot;boloki&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bkt&quot;},
	[&quot;bolon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bof&quot;},
	[&quot;bolondo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bzm&quot;},
	[&quot;bolongan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;blj&quot;},
	[&quot;bolyu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ply&quot;},
	[&quot;bom-kim&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bmf&quot;},
	[&quot;boma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;boh&quot;},
	[&quot;bomboli&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bml&quot;},
	[&quot;bomboma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bws&quot;},
	[&quot;bomitaba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zmx&quot;},
	[&quot;bomu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bmq&quot;},
	[&quot;bomwali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bmw&quot;},
	[&quot;bon gula&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;glc&quot;},
	[&quot;bonan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;peh&quot;},
	[&quot;bondei&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bou&quot;},
	[&quot;bondo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bfw&quot;},
	[&quot;bondoukou kulango&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kzc&quot;},
	[&quot;bondum dom dogon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dbu&quot;},
	[&quot;bonerate&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bna&quot;},
	[&quot;bonerif&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bnv&quot;},
	[&quot;bonggi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bdg&quot;},
	[&quot;bonggo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bpg&quot;},
	[&quot;bongili&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bui&quot;},
	[&quot;bongo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bot&quot;},
	[&quot;bongu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bpu&quot;},
	[&quot;bonjo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bok&quot;},
	[&quot;bonkeng&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bvg&quot;},
	[&quot;bonkiman&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bop&quot;},
	[&quot;bontok&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bnc&quot;},
	[&quot;boo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bqc&quot;},
	[&quot;bookan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bnb&quot;},
	[&quot;boon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bnl&quot;},
	[&quot;boor&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bvf&quot;},
	[&quot;bora&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;boa&quot;},
	[&quot;borana-arsi-guji oromo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gax&quot;},
	[&quot;border kuna&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kvn&quot;},
	[&quot;borei&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gai&quot;},
	[&quot;borgu fulfulde&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fue&quot;},
	[&quot;borna (democratic republic of congo)&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;bxx&quot;},
	[&quot;borna (ethiopia)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bwo&quot;},
	[&quot;boro (ethiopia)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bwo&quot;},
	[&quot;boro (ghana)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xxb&quot;},
	[&quot;borong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ksr&quot;},
	[&quot;boruca&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;brn&quot;},
	[&quot;borôro&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bor&quot;},
	[&quot;boselewa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bwf&quot;},
	[&quot;bosngun&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bqs&quot;},
	[&quot;bosnian&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;bs&quot;, [2]=&quot;bos&quot;, [4]=&quot;bos&quot;},
	[&quot;bote-majhi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bmj&quot;},
	[&quot;botlikh&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bph&quot;},
	[&quot;botolan sambal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sbl&quot;},
	[&quot;bouna kulango&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nku&quot;},
	[&quot;bouni&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;suo&quot;},
	[&quot;bouyei&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pcc&quot;},
	[&quot;bozaba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bzo&quot;},
	[&quot;bragat&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aof&quot;},
	[&quot;brahui&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;brh&quot;},
	[&quot;braj&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;bra&quot;, [4]=&quot;bra&quot;},
	[&quot;brao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;brb&quot;},
	[&quot;brazilian sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bzs&quot;},
	[&quot;brem&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;buq&quot;},
	[&quot;breri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;brq&quot;},
	[&quot;breton&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;br&quot;, [2]=&quot;bre&quot;, [4]=&quot;bre&quot;},
	[&quot;bribri sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rib&quot;},
	[&quot;bribri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bzd&quot;},
	[&quot;brithenig&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bzt&quot;},
	[&quot;british sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bfi&quot;},
	[&quot;brokkat&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bro&quot;},
	[&quot;brokpake&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sgt&quot;},
	[&quot;brokskat&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bkk&quot;},
	[&quot;brooke's point palawano&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;plw&quot;},
	[&quot;broome pearling lugger pidgin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bpl&quot;},
	[&quot;brunca sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rnb&quot;},
	[&quot;brunei bisaya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bsb&quot;},
	[&quot;brunei&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kxd&quot;},
	[&quot;bruny island tasmanian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xpz&quot;},
	[&quot;bu (bauchi state)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zbu&quot;},
	[&quot;bu (kaduna state)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jid&quot;},
	[&quot;bu-nao bunu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bwx&quot;},
	[&quot;bua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bub&quot;},
	[&quot;bualkhaw chin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cbl&quot;},
	[&quot;buamu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;box&quot;},
	[&quot;bube&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bvb&quot;},
	[&quot;bubi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;buw&quot;},
	[&quot;bubia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bbx&quot;},
	[&quot;budeh stieng&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;stt&quot;},
	[&quot;budibud&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;btp&quot;},
	[&quot;budong-budong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bdx&quot;},
	[&quot;budu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;buu&quot;},
	[&quot;budukh&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bdk&quot;},
	[&quot;buduma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bdm&quot;},
	[&quot;budza&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bja&quot;},
	[&quot;bugan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bbh&quot;},
	[&quot;bugawac&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;buk&quot;},
	[&quot;bughotu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bgt&quot;},
	[&quot;buginese&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;bug&quot;, [4]=&quot;bug&quot;},
	[&quot;buglere&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sab&quot;},
	[&quot;bugun&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bgg&quot;},
	[&quot;buhi'non bikol&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ubl&quot;},
	[&quot;buhid&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bku&quot;},
	[&quot;buhutu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bxh&quot;},
	[&quot;bukar-sadung bidayuh&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sdo&quot;},
	[&quot;bukat&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bvk&quot;},
	[&quot;bukharic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bhh&quot;},
	[&quot;bukit malay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bvu&quot;},
	[&quot;bukitan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bkn&quot;},
	[&quot;bukiyip&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ape&quot;},
	[&quot;buksa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tkb&quot;},
	[&quot;bukusu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bxk&quot;},
	[&quot;bukwen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;buz&quot;},
	[&quot;bulgarian sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bqn&quot;},
	[&quot;bulgarian&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;bg&quot;, [2]=&quot;bul&quot;, [4]=&quot;bul&quot;},
	[&quot;bulgebi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bmp&quot;},
	[&quot;buli (ghana)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bwu&quot;},
	[&quot;buli (indonesia)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bzq&quot;},
	[&quot;buli&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;uly&quot;},
	[&quot;bullom so&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;buy&quot;},
	[&quot;bulo stieng&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sti&quot;},
	[&quot;bulu (cameroon)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bum&quot;},
	[&quot;bulu (papua new guinea)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bjl&quot;},
	[&quot;bum&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bmv&quot;},
	[&quot;bumaji&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;byp&quot;},
	[&quot;bumang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bvp&quot;},
	[&quot;bumbita arapesh&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aon&quot;},
	[&quot;bumthangkha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kjz&quot;},
	[&quot;bun&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;buv&quot;},
	[&quot;buna&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bvn&quot;},
	[&quot;bunak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bfn&quot;},
	[&quot;bunama&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bdd&quot;},
	[&quot;bundeli&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bns&quot;},
	[&quot;bung&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bqd&quot;},
	[&quot;bungain&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;but&quot;},
	[&quot;bunganditj&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xbg&quot;},
	[&quot;bungku&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bkz&quot;},
	[&quot;bungu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wun&quot;},
	[&quot;bunoge dogon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dgb&quot;},
	[&quot;bunuba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bck&quot;},
	[&quot;bunun&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bnn&quot;},
	[&quot;buol&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;blf&quot;},
	[&quot;bura-pabir&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bwr&quot;},
	[&quot;burak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bys&quot;},
	[&quot;buraka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bkg&quot;},
	[&quot;burarra&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bvr&quot;},
	[&quot;burate&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bti&quot;},
	[&quot;burduna&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bxn&quot;},
	[&quot;bure&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bvh&quot;},
	[&quot;buriat&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;bua&quot;, [4]=&quot;bua&quot;},
	[&quot;burji&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bji&quot;},
	[&quot;burmbar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vrt&quot;},
	[&quot;burmese&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;my&quot;, [2]=&quot;mya&quot;, [3]=&quot;bur&quot;, [4]=&quot;mya&quot;},
	[&quot;burmeso&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bzu&quot;},
	[&quot;buru (indonesia)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mhs&quot;},
	[&quot;buru (nigeria)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bqw&quot;},
	[&quot;burui&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bry&quot;},
	[&quot;burumakok&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aip&quot;},
	[&quot;burun&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bdi&quot;},
	[&quot;burundian sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lsb&quot;},
	[&quot;burunge&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bds&quot;},
	[&quot;burushaski&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bsk&quot;},
	[&quot;burusu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bqr&quot;},
	[&quot;buruwai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;asi&quot;},
	[&quot;busa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bqp&quot;},
	[&quot;busam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bxs&quot;},
	[&quot;busami&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bsm&quot;},
	[&quot;busang kayan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bfg&quot;},
	[&quot;bushi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;buc&quot;},
	[&quot;bushoong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;buf&quot;},
	[&quot;businenge tongo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;djk&quot;},
	[&quot;buso&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bso&quot;},
	[&quot;busoa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bup&quot;},
	[&quot;bussa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dox&quot;},
	[&quot;busuu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bju&quot;},
	[&quot;butbut kalinga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kyb&quot;},
	[&quot;butmas-tur&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bnr&quot;},
	[&quot;butuanon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;btw&quot;},
	[&quot;buwal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bhs&quot;},
	[&quot;buxinhua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bgk&quot;, [14]=&quot;bxt&quot;},
	[&quot;buya&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;byy&quot;},
	[&quot;buyang&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;byu&quot;},
	[&quot;buyu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;byi&quot;},
	[&quot;buyuan jinuo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jiy&quot;},
	[&quot;bwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bww&quot;},
	[&quot;bwaidoka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bwd&quot;},
	[&quot;bwanabwana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tte&quot;},
	[&quot;bwatoo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bwa&quot;},
	[&quot;bwe karen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bwe&quot;},
	[&quot;bwela&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bwl&quot;},
	[&quot;bwile&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bwc&quot;},
	[&quot;bwisi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bwz&quot;},
	[&quot;byangsi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bee&quot;},
	[&quot;byep&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mkk&quot;},
	[&quot;bädi kanum&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;khd&quot;},
	[&quot;c'lela&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dri&quot;},
	[&quot;caac&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;msq&quot;},
	[&quot;cabiyarí&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cbb&quot;},
	[&quot;cabécar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cjp&quot;},
	[&quot;cacaloxtepec mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;miu&quot;},
	[&quot;cacaopera&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ccr&quot;},
	[&quot;cacgia roglai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;roc&quot;},
	[&quot;cacua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cbv&quot;},
	[&quot;caddo&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;cad&quot;, [4]=&quot;cad&quot;},
	[&quot;caddoan languages&quot;] = {[5]=&quot;cdd&quot;},
	[&quot;cafundo creole&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ccd&quot;},
	[&quot;cagua&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;cbh&quot;},
	[&quot;cahuarano&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cah&quot;},
	[&quot;cahuilla&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;chl&quot;},
	[&quot;cajamarca quechua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;qvc&quot;},
	[&quot;cajatambo north lima quechua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;qvl&quot;},
	[&quot;cajonos zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zad&quot;},
	[&quot;cajun french&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;frc&quot;},
	[&quot;caka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ckx&quot;},
	[&quot;cakchiquel&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cak&quot;},
	[&quot;cakchiquel-quiché mixed language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ckz&quot;},
	[&quot;cakfem-mushere&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cky&quot;},
	[&quot;calamian tagbanwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tbk&quot;},
	[&quot;calderón highland quichua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;qud&quot;},
	[&quot;callawalla&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;caw&quot;},
	[&quot;caluyanun&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;clu&quot;},
	[&quot;caló&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rmq&quot;, [14]=&quot;rmr&quot;},
	[&quot;cambodian sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;csx&quot;},
	[&quot;cameroon mambila&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mcu&quot;},
	[&quot;cameroon pidgin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wes&quot;},
	[&quot;camling&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rab&quot;},
	[&quot;campalagian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cml&quot;},
	[&quot;campidanese sardinian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sro&quot;},
	[&quot;camsá&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kbh&quot;},
	[&quot;camtho&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cmt&quot;},
	[&quot;camunic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xcc&quot;},
	[&quot;candoshi-shapra&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cbu&quot;},
	[&quot;canela&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ram&quot;},
	[&quot;canichana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;caz&quot;},
	[&quot;cao lan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mlc&quot;},
	[&quot;cao miao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cov&quot;},
	[&quot;capanahua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kaq&quot;},
	[&quot;capiznon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cps&quot;},
	[&quot;cappadocian greek&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cpg&quot;},
	[&quot;caquinte&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cot&quot;},
	[&quot;car nicobarese&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;caq&quot;},
	[&quot;cara&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cfd&quot;},
	[&quot;carabayo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cby&quot;},
	[&quot;caramanta&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;crf&quot;},
	[&quot;carapana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cbc&quot;},
	[&quot;carian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xcr&quot;},
	[&quot;caribbean hindustani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hns&quot;},
	[&quot;caribbean javanese&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jvn&quot;},
	[&quot;carijona&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cbd&quot;},
	[&quot;carolina algonquian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;crr&quot;},
	[&quot;carolinian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cal&quot;},
	[&quot;carpathian romani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rmc&quot;},
	[&quot;carrier&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;crx&quot;},
	[&quot;carútana&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;cru&quot;},
	[&quot;cashibo-cacataibo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cbr&quot;},
	[&quot;cashinahua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cbs&quot;},
	[&quot;casiguran dumagat agta&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dgc&quot;},
	[&quot;castilian&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;es&quot;, [2]=&quot;spa&quot;, [4]=&quot;spa&quot;},
	[&quot;casuarina coast asmat&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;asc&quot;},
	[&quot;cataelano mandaya&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;mst&quot;},
	[&quot;catalan sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;csc&quot;},
	[&quot;catalan&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ca&quot;, [2]=&quot;cat&quot;, [4]=&quot;cat&quot;},
	[&quot;catawba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;chc&quot;},
	[&quot;cauca&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;cca&quot;},
	[&quot;caucasian languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;cau&quot;, [5]=&quot;cau&quot;},
	[&quot;cavineña&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cav&quot;},
	[&quot;cayubaba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cyb&quot;},
	[&quot;cayuga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cay&quot;},
	[&quot;cayuse&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xcy&quot;},
	[&quot;cañar highland quichua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;qxr&quot;},
	[&quot;ca̱hungwa̱rya̱&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nat&quot;},
	[&quot;cebaara senoufo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sef&quot;},
	[&quot;cebuano&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;ceb&quot;, [4]=&quot;ceb&quot;},
	[&quot;celtiberian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xce&quot;},
	[&quot;celtic languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;cel&quot;, [5]=&quot;cel&quot;},
	[&quot;cemuhî&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cam&quot;},
	[&quot;cen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cen&quot;},
	[&quot;central american indian languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;cai&quot;, [5]=&quot;cai&quot;},
	[&quot;central asmat&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cns&quot;},
	[&quot;central atlas tamazight&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tzm&quot;},
	[&quot;central awyu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;awu&quot;},
	[&quot;central aymara&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ayr&quot;},
	[&quot;central bai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bca&quot;},
	[&quot;central berawan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zbc&quot;},
	[&quot;central bikol&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bcl&quot;},
	[&quot;central bontok&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lbk&quot;},
	[&quot;central cagayan agta&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;agt&quot;},
	[&quot;central dusun&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dtp&quot;},
	[&quot;central grebo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;grv&quot;},
	[&quot;central hongshuihe zhuang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zch&quot;},
	[&quot;central huasteca nahuatl&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nch&quot;},
	[&quot;central huishui hmong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hmc&quot;},
	[&quot;central huishui miao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hmc&quot;},
	[&quot;central kanuri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;knc&quot;},
	[&quot;central khmer&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;km&quot;, [2]=&quot;khm&quot;, [4]=&quot;khm&quot;},
	[&quot;central kurdish&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ckb&quot;},
	[&quot;central lalo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ywt&quot;},
	[&quot;central maewo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mwo&quot;},
	[&quot;central malay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pse&quot;},
	[&quot;central malayo-polynesian languages&quot;] = {[5]=&quot;plf&quot;},
	[&quot;central mam&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;mvc&quot;},
	[&quot;central masela&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mxz&quot;},
	[&quot;central mashan hmong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hmm&quot;},
	[&quot;central mashan miao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hmm&quot;},
	[&quot;central mazahua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;maz&quot;},
	[&quot;central melanau&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mel&quot;},
	[&quot;central mnong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cmo&quot;},
	[&quot;central nahuatl&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nhn&quot;},
	[&quot;central nicobarese&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ncb&quot;},
	[&quot;central ojibwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ojc&quot;},
	[&quot;central okinawan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ryu&quot;},
	[&quot;central palawano&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;plc&quot;},
	[&quot;central pame&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pbs&quot;},
	[&quot;central pashto&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pst&quot;},
	[&quot;central pomo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;poo&quot;},
	[&quot;central puebla nahuatl&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ncx&quot;},
	[&quot;central sama&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sml&quot;},
	[&quot;central siberian yupik&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ess&quot;},
	[&quot;central sierra miwok&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;csm&quot;},
	[&quot;central subanen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;syb&quot;},
	[&quot;central sudanic languages&quot;] = {[5]=&quot;csu&quot;},
	[&quot;central tagbanwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tgt&quot;},
	[&quot;central tarahumara&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tar&quot;},
	[&quot;central tunebo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tuf&quot;},
	[&quot;central yupik&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;esu&quot;},
	[&quot;central-eastern niger fulfulde&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fuq&quot;},
	[&quot;centúúm&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cet&quot;},
	[&quot;cerma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cme&quot;},
	[&quot;cha'ari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cxh&quot;},
	[&quot;chabu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sbf&quot;},
	[&quot;chachapoyas quechua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;quk&quot;},
	[&quot;chachi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cbi&quot;},
	[&quot;chadian arabic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;shu&quot;},
	[&quot;chadian sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cds&quot;},
	[&quot;chadic languages&quot;] = {[5]=&quot;cdc&quot;},
	[&quot;chadong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cdy&quot;},
	[&quot;chagatai&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;chg&quot;, [4]=&quot;chg&quot;},
	[&quot;chaima&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ciy&quot;},
	[&quot;chajul ixil&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;ixj&quot;},
	[&quot;chak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ckh&quot;},
	[&quot;chakali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cli&quot;},
	[&quot;chakavian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ckm&quot;},
	[&quot;chakma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ccp&quot;},
	[&quot;chala&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cll&quot;},
	[&quot;chaldean neo-aramaic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cld&quot;},
	[&quot;chalikha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tgf&quot;},
	[&quot;chamacoco&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ceg&quot;},
	[&quot;chamalal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cji&quot;},
	[&quot;chamari&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;cdg&quot;},
	[&quot;chambeali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cdh&quot;},
	[&quot;chambri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;can&quot;},
	[&quot;chamic languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;cmc&quot;, [5]=&quot;cmc&quot;},
	[&quot;chamicuro&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ccc&quot;},
	[&quot;chamorro&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ch&quot;, [2]=&quot;cha&quot;, [4]=&quot;cha&quot;},
	[&quot;chamula tzotzil&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;tzc&quot;},
	[&quot;chan santa cruz maya&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;yus&quot;},
	[&quot;chang naga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nbc&quot;},
	[&quot;changriwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cga&quot;},
	[&quot;changthang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cna&quot;},
	[&quot;chantyal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;chx&quot;},
	[&quot;chané&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;caj&quot;},
	[&quot;chara&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cra&quot;},
	[&quot;chaudangsi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cdn&quot;},
	[&quot;chaungtha&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;ccq&quot;},
	[&quot;chaura&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;crv&quot;},
	[&quot;chavacano&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cbk&quot;},
	[&quot;chayahuita&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cbt&quot;},
	[&quot;chayuco mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mih&quot;},
	[&quot;chazumba mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xtb&quot;},
	[&quot;che&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ruk&quot;},
	[&quot;chechen&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ce&quot;, [2]=&quot;che&quot;, [4]=&quot;che&quot;},
	[&quot;cheke holo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mrn&quot;},
	[&quot;chemakum&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xch&quot;},
	[&quot;chenalhó tzotzil&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;tze&quot;},
	[&quot;chenapian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cjn&quot;},
	[&quot;chenchu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cde&quot;},
	[&quot;chenoua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cnu&quot;},
	[&quot;chepang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cdm&quot;},
	[&quot;chepya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ycp&quot;},
	[&quot;cheq wong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cwg&quot;},
	[&quot;cherepon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cpn&quot;},
	[&quot;cherokee&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;chr&quot;, [4]=&quot;chr&quot;},
	[&quot;chesu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ych&quot;},
	[&quot;chetco&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ctc&quot;},
	[&quot;chewa&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ny&quot;, [2]=&quot;nya&quot;, [4]=&quot;nya&quot;},
	[&quot;chewong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cwg&quot;},
	[&quot;cheyenne&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;chy&quot;, [4]=&quot;chy&quot;},
	[&quot;chhattisgarhi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hne&quot;},
	[&quot;chhintange&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ctn&quot;},
	[&quot;chhulung&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cur&quot;},
	[&quot;chiangmai sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;csd&quot;},
	[&quot;chiapanec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cip&quot;},
	[&quot;chibcha&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;chb&quot;, [4]=&quot;chb&quot;},
	[&quot;chibchan languages&quot;] = {[5]=&quot;cba&quot;},
	[&quot;chicahuaxtla triqui&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;trs&quot;},
	[&quot;chichewa&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ny&quot;, [2]=&quot;nya&quot;, [4]=&quot;nya&quot;},
	[&quot;chichicapan zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zpv&quot;},
	[&quot;chichimeca-jonaz&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pei&quot;},
	[&quot;chichonyi-chidzihana-chikauma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;coh&quot;},
	[&quot;chickasaw&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cic&quot;},
	[&quot;chicomuceltec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cob&quot;},
	[&quot;chidigo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dig&quot;},
	[&quot;chiduruma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dug&quot;},
	[&quot;chiga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cgg&quot;},
	[&quot;chigmecatitlán mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mii&quot;},
	[&quot;chilcotin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;clc&quot;},
	[&quot;chilean quechua&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;cqu&quot;},
	[&quot;chilean sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;csg&quot;},
	[&quot;chilisso&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;clh&quot;},
	[&quot;chiltepec chinantec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;csa&quot;},
	[&quot;chimakum&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xch&quot;, [14]=&quot;cmk&quot;},
	[&quot;chimalapa zoque&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zoh&quot;},
	[&quot;chimariko&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cid&quot;},
	[&quot;chimborazo highland quichua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;qug&quot;},
	[&quot;chimila&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cbg&quot;},
	[&quot;china buriat&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bxu&quot;},
	[&quot;chinali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cih&quot;},
	[&quot;chinbon chin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cnb&quot;},
	[&quot;chincha quechua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;qxc&quot;},
	[&quot;chinese (family)&quot;] = {[5]=&quot;zhx&quot;},
	[&quot;chinese pidgin english&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cpi&quot;},
	[&quot;chinese sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;csl&quot;},
	[&quot;chinese&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;zh&quot;, [2]=&quot;zho&quot;, [3]=&quot;chi&quot;, [4]=&quot;zho&quot;},
	[&quot;chini&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;afi&quot;},
	[&quot;chinook jargon&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;chn&quot;, [4]=&quot;chn&quot;},
	[&quot;chinook&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;chh&quot;},
	[&quot;chipaya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cap&quot;},
	[&quot;chipewyan&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;chp&quot;, [4]=&quot;chp&quot;},
	[&quot;chipiajes&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;cbe&quot;},
	[&quot;chippewa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ciw&quot;},
	[&quot;chiquihuitlán mazatec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;maq&quot;},
	[&quot;chiquitano&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cax&quot;},
	[&quot;chiquián ancash quechua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;qxa&quot;},
	[&quot;chiripá&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nhd&quot;},
	[&quot;chiru&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cdf&quot;},
	[&quot;chitimacha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ctm&quot;},
	[&quot;chitkuli kinnauri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cik&quot;},
	[&quot;chittagonian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ctg&quot;, [14]=&quot;cit&quot;},
	[&quot;chitwania tharu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;the&quot;},
	[&quot;choapan zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zpc&quot;},
	[&quot;chocangacakha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cgk&quot;},
	[&quot;chochotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;coz&quot;},
	[&quot;choctaw&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;cho&quot;, [4]=&quot;cho&quot;},
	[&quot;chodri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cdi&quot;},
	[&quot;chokri naga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nri&quot;},
	[&quot;chokwe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cjk&quot;},
	[&quot;chol&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ctu&quot;},
	[&quot;cholón&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cht&quot;},
	[&quot;chong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cog&quot;},
	[&quot;choni&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cda&quot;},
	[&quot;chonyi-dzihana-kauma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;coh&quot;},
	[&quot;chopi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cce&quot;},
	[&quot;chorasmian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xco&quot;},
	[&quot;chorotega&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;cjr&quot;},
	[&quot;chortí&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;caa&quot;},
	[&quot;chothe naga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nct&quot;},
	[&quot;chrau&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;crw&quot;},
	[&quot;chru&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cje&quot;},
	[&quot;chuang&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;za&quot;, [2]=&quot;zha&quot;, [4]=&quot;zha&quot;},
	[&quot;chuanqiandian cluster miao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cqd&quot;},
	[&quot;chuave&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cjv&quot;},
	[&quot;chug&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cvg&quot;},
	[&quot;chuj&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cac&quot;},
	[&quot;chuka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cuh&quot;},
	[&quot;chukot&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ckt&quot;},
	[&quot;chukwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cuw&quot;},
	[&quot;chulym&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;clw&quot;},
	[&quot;chumash&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;chs&quot;},
	[&quot;chumburung&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ncu&quot;},
	[&quot;chung&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cnq&quot;},
	[&quot;chungmboko&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;cug&quot;},
	[&quot;churahi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cdj&quot;},
	[&quot;church slavic&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;cu&quot;, [2]=&quot;chu&quot;, [4]=&quot;chu&quot;},
	[&quot;church slavonic&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;cu&quot;, [2]=&quot;chu&quot;, [4]=&quot;chu&quot;},
	[&quot;chut&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;scb&quot;},
	[&quot;chuukese&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;chk&quot;, [4]=&quot;chk&quot;},
	[&quot;chuvantsy&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xcv&quot;},
	[&quot;chuvash&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;cv&quot;, [2]=&quot;chv&quot;, [4]=&quot;chv&quot;},
	[&quot;chuwabu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;chw&quot;},
	[&quot;chácobo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cao&quot;},
	[&quot;ci gbe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cib&quot;},
	[&quot;cia-cia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cia&quot;},
	[&quot;cibak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ckl&quot;},
	[&quot;cicipu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;awc&quot;},
	[&quot;cimbrian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cim&quot;},
	[&quot;cinda-regi-tiyal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cdr&quot;},
	[&quot;cineni&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cie&quot;},
	[&quot;cinta larga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cin&quot;},
	[&quot;cisalpine gaulish&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xcg&quot;},
	[&quot;cishingini&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;asg&quot;},
	[&quot;citak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;txt&quot;},
	[&quot;ciwogai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tgd&quot;},
	[&quot;clallam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;clm&quot;},
	[&quot;classical armenian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xcl&quot;},
	[&quot;classical mandaic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;myz&quot;},
	[&quot;classical mongolian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cmg&quot;},
	[&quot;classical nahuatl&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nci&quot;},
	[&quot;classical nepal bhasa&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;nwc&quot;, [4]=&quot;nwc&quot;},
	[&quot;classical newari&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;nwc&quot;, [4]=&quot;nwc&quot;},
	[&quot;classical quechua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;qwc&quot;},
	[&quot;classical sanskrit&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cls&quot;},
	[&quot;classical syriac&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;syc&quot;, [4]=&quot;syc&quot;},
	[&quot;classical tibetan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xct&quot;},
	[&quot;coahuilteco&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xcw&quot;},
	[&quot;coast miwok&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;csi&quot;},
	[&quot;coastal kadazan&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;kzj&quot;},
	[&quot;coastal konjo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kjc&quot;},
	[&quot;coatecas altas zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zca&quot;},
	[&quot;coatepec nahuatl&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;naz&quot;},
	[&quot;coatlán mixe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mco&quot;},
	[&quot;coatlán zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zps&quot;},
	[&quot;coatzospan mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;miz&quot;},
	[&quot;cocama-cocamilla&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cod&quot;},
	[&quot;cochimi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;coj&quot;},
	[&quot;cocopa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;coc&quot;},
	[&quot;cocos islands malay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;coa&quot;},
	[&quot;coeur d'alene&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;crd&quot;},
	[&quot;cofán&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;con&quot;},
	[&quot;cogui&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kog&quot;},
	[&quot;col&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;liw&quot;},
	[&quot;colombian sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;csn&quot;},
	[&quot;colonia tovar german&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gct&quot;},
	[&quot;colorado&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cof&quot;},
	[&quot;columbia-wenatchi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;col&quot;},
	[&quot;comaltepec chinantec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cco&quot;},
	[&quot;comanche&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;com&quot;},
	[&quot;comecrudo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xcm&quot;},
	[&quot;como karim&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cfg&quot;},
	[&quot;comox&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;coo&quot;},
	[&quot;con&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cno&quot;},
	[&quot;congo swahili&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;swc&quot;},
	[&quot;cook islands maori&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;rar&quot;, [4]=&quot;rar&quot;},
	[&quot;coos&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;csz&quot;},
	[&quot;copainalá zoque&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zoc&quot;},
	[&quot;copala triqui&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;trc&quot;},
	[&quot;coptic&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;cop&quot;, [4]=&quot;cop&quot;},
	[&quot;coquille&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;coq&quot;},
	[&quot;cori&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cry&quot;},
	[&quot;cornish&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;kw&quot;, [2]=&quot;cor&quot;, [4]=&quot;cor&quot;},
	[&quot;corongo ancash quechua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;qwa&quot;},
	[&quot;corsican&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;co&quot;, [2]=&quot;cos&quot;, [4]=&quot;cos&quot;},
	[&quot;costa rican sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;csr&quot;},
	[&quot;cotabato manobo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mta&quot;},
	[&quot;cotoname&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xcn&quot;},
	[&quot;cowlitz&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cow&quot;},
	[&quot;coxima&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;kox&quot;},
	[&quot;coyaima&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;coy&quot;},
	[&quot;coyotepec popoloca&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pbf&quot;},
	[&quot;coyutla totonac&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;toc&quot;},
	[&quot;cree&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;cr&quot;, [2]=&quot;cre&quot;, [4]=&quot;cre&quot;},
	[&quot;creek&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;mus&quot;, [4]=&quot;mus&quot;},
	[&quot;creoles and pidgins&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;crp&quot;, [5]=&quot;crp&quot;},
	[&quot;creoles and pidgins, english based&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;cpe&quot;},
	[&quot;creoles and pidgins, english-based&quot;] = {[5]=&quot;cpe&quot;},
	[&quot;creoles and pidgins, french-based&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;cpf&quot;, [5]=&quot;cpf&quot;},
	[&quot;creoles and pidgins, portuguese-based&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;cpp&quot;, [5]=&quot;cpp&quot;},
	[&quot;crimean tatar&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;crh&quot;, [4]=&quot;crh&quot;},
	[&quot;crimean turkish&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;crh&quot;, [4]=&quot;crh&quot;},
	[&quot;croatia sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;csq&quot;},
	[&quot;croatian&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;hr&quot;, [2]=&quot;hrv&quot;, [4]=&quot;hrv&quot;, [13]=&quot;scr&quot;, [14]=&quot;scr&quot;},
	[&quot;cross river mbembe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mfn&quot;},
	[&quot;crow&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cro&quot;},
	[&quot;cruzeño&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;crz&quot;},
	[&quot;cua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cua&quot;},
	[&quot;cuba sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;csf&quot;},
	[&quot;cuba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cbq&quot;},
	[&quot;cubeo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cub&quot;},
	[&quot;cubulco achí&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;acc&quot;},
	[&quot;cuiba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cui&quot;},
	[&quot;cuitlatec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cuy&quot;},
	[&quot;culina&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cul&quot;},
	[&quot;cumanagoto&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cuo&quot;},
	[&quot;cumbric&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xcb&quot;},
	[&quot;cumeral&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;cum&quot;},
	[&quot;cun&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cuq&quot;},
	[&quot;cuneiform luwian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xlu&quot;},
	[&quot;cunén quiché&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;cun&quot;},
	[&quot;cupeño&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cup&quot;},
	[&quot;curonian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xcu&quot;},
	[&quot;curripaco&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kpc&quot;},
	[&quot;cusco quechua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;quz&quot;},
	[&quot;cushitic languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;cus&quot;, [5]=&quot;cus&quot;},
	[&quot;cutchi-swahili&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ccl&quot;},
	[&quot;cuvok&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cuv&quot;},
	[&quot;cuyamecalco mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xtu&quot;},
	[&quot;cuyonon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cyo&quot;},
	[&quot;cwi bwamu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bwy&quot;},
	[&quot;cypriot arabic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;acy&quot;},
	[&quot;czech sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cse&quot;},
	[&quot;czech&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;cs&quot;, [2]=&quot;ces&quot;, [3]=&quot;cze&quot;, [4]=&quot;ces&quot;},
	[&quot;côông&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cnc&quot;},
	[&quot;da'a kaili&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kzf&quot;},
	[&quot;da-hua miao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hmd&quot;},
	[&quot;daai chin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dao&quot;},
	[&quot;daakaka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bpa&quot;},
	[&quot;daantanai'&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lni&quot;},
	[&quot;daasanach&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dsh&quot;},
	[&quot;daatsʼíin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dtn&quot;},
	[&quot;daba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dbq&quot;},
	[&quot;dabarre&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dbr&quot;},
	[&quot;dabe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dbe&quot;},
	[&quot;dacian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xdc&quot;},
	[&quot;dadi dadi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dda&quot;},
	[&quot;dadibi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mps&quot;},
	[&quot;dadiya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dbd&quot;},
	[&quot;daga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dgz&quot;},
	[&quot;dagaari dioula&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dgd&quot;},
	[&quot;dagba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dgk&quot;},
	[&quot;dagbani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dag&quot;},
	[&quot;dagik&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dec&quot;},
	[&quot;dagoman&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dgn&quot;},
	[&quot;dahalik&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dlk&quot;},
	[&quot;dahalo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dal&quot;},
	[&quot;daho-doo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;das&quot;},
	[&quot;dai zhuang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zhd&quot;},
	[&quot;dai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dij&quot;},
	[&quot;dair&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;drb&quot;},
	[&quot;dakka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dkk&quot;},
	[&quot;dakota&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;dak&quot;, [4]=&quot;dak&quot;},
	[&quot;dakpakha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dka&quot;},
	[&quot;dalabon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ngk&quot;},
	[&quot;dalmatian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dlm&quot;},
	[&quot;daloa bété&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bev&quot;},
	[&quot;dama&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dmm&quot;},
	[&quot;damakawa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dam&quot;},
	[&quot;damal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;uhn&quot;},
	[&quot;dambi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dac&quot;},
	[&quot;dameli&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dml&quot;},
	[&quot;dampelas&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dms&quot;},
	[&quot;dan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dnj&quot;, [14]=&quot;daf&quot;},
	[&quot;danaru&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dnr&quot;},
	[&quot;danau&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dnu&quot;},
	[&quot;dandami maria&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;daq&quot;},
	[&quot;dangaléat&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;daa&quot;},
	[&quot;dangaura tharu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;thl&quot;},
	[&quot;danish sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dsl&quot;},
	[&quot;danish&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;da&quot;, [2]=&quot;dan&quot;, [4]=&quot;dan&quot;},
	[&quot;dano&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aso&quot;},
	[&quot;danu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dnv&quot;},
	[&quot;dao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;daz&quot;},
	[&quot;daonda&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dnd&quot;},
	[&quot;dar daju daju&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;djc&quot;},
	[&quot;dar fur daju&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;daj&quot;},
	[&quot;dar sila daju&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dau&quot;},
	[&quot;darai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dry&quot;},
	[&quot;darang deng&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mhu&quot;, [14]=&quot;dat&quot;},
	[&quot;dargwa&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;dar&quot;, [4]=&quot;dar&quot;},
	[&quot;dari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;prs&quot;},
	[&quot;darkhat&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;drh&quot;},
	[&quot;darkinyung&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xda&quot;},
	[&quot;darlong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dln&quot;},
	[&quot;darmiya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;drd&quot;},
	[&quot;daro-matu melanau&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dro&quot;},
	[&quot;darwazi&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;drw&quot;},
	[&quot;dass&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dot&quot;},
	[&quot;datooga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tcc&quot;},
	[&quot;daungwurrung&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dgw&quot;},
	[&quot;daur&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dta&quot;},
	[&quot;davawenyo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;daw&quot;},
	[&quot;dawawa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dww&quot;},
	[&quot;dawera-daweloor&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ddw&quot;},
	[&quot;dawida&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dav&quot;},
	[&quot;dawik kui&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dwk&quot;},
	[&quot;dawro&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dwr&quot;},
	[&quot;day&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dai&quot;},
	[&quot;dayao yi&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;yio&quot;},
	[&quot;dayi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dax&quot;},
	[&quot;daza&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dzd&quot;, [14]=&quot;dzd&quot;},
	[&quot;dazaga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dzg&quot;},
	[&quot;deccan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dcc&quot;},
	[&quot;dedua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ded&quot;},
	[&quot;defaka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;afn&quot;},
	[&quot;defi gbe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gbh&quot;},
	[&quot;deg&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mzw&quot;},
	[&quot;degaru&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;dgu&quot;},
	[&quot;degema&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;deg&quot;},
	[&quot;degenan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dge&quot;},
	[&quot;degexit'an&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ing&quot;},
	[&quot;dehu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dhv&quot;},
	[&quot;dehwari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;deh&quot;},
	[&quot;dek&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dek&quot;},
	[&quot;dela-oenale&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;row&quot;},
	[&quot;delaware&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;del&quot;, [4]=&quot;del&quot;},
	[&quot;delo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ntr&quot;},
	[&quot;dem&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dem&quot;},
	[&quot;dema&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dmx&quot;},
	[&quot;demisa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dei&quot;},
	[&quot;demta&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dmy&quot;},
	[&quot;dendi (benin)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ddn&quot;},
	[&quot;dendi (central african republic)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;deq&quot;},
	[&quot;dene suline&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;chp&quot;, [4]=&quot;chp&quot;},
	[&quot;dengese&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dez&quot;},
	[&quot;dengka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dnk&quot;},
	[&quot;deno&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dbb&quot;},
	[&quot;denya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;anv&quot;},
	[&quot;dení&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dny&quot;},
	[&quot;deori&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;der&quot;},
	[&quot;dera (indonesia)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kbv&quot;},
	[&quot;dera (nigeria)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kna&quot;},
	[&quot;desano&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;des&quot;},
	[&quot;desiya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dso&quot;},
	[&quot;dewas rai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dwz&quot;},
	[&quot;dewoin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dee&quot;},
	[&quot;dezfuli&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;def&quot;},
	[&quot;dghwede&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dgh&quot;},
	[&quot;dhaiso&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dhs&quot;},
	[&quot;dhalandji&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dhl&quot;},
	[&quot;dhanggatti&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dyn&quot;},
	[&quot;dhangu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dhg&quot;},
	[&quot;dhangu-djangu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dhg&quot;},
	[&quot;dhanki&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dhn&quot;},
	[&quot;dhanwar (india)&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;dha&quot;},
	[&quot;dhanwar (nepal)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dhw&quot;},
	[&quot;dhao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nfa&quot;},
	[&quot;dharawal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tbh&quot;},
	[&quot;dhargari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dhr&quot;},
	[&quot;dharuk&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xdk&quot;},
	[&quot;dharumbal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xgm&quot;},
	[&quot;dhatki&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mki&quot;},
	[&quot;dhimal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dhi&quot;},
	[&quot;dhivehi&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;dv&quot;, [2]=&quot;div&quot;, [4]=&quot;div&quot;},
	[&quot;dhodia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dho&quot;},
	[&quot;dhofari arabic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;adf&quot;},
	[&quot;dholuo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;luo&quot;},
	[&quot;dhudhuroa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ddr&quot;},
	[&quot;dhundari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dhd&quot;},
	[&quot;dhungaloo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dhx&quot;},
	[&quot;dhurga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dhu&quot;},
	[&quot;dhuwal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dwu&quot;, [14]=&quot;duj&quot;},
	[&quot;dhuwaya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dwy&quot;},
	[&quot;dia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dia&quot;},
	[&quot;dibabawon manobo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mbd&quot;},
	[&quot;dibiyaso&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dby&quot;},
	[&quot;dibo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dio&quot;},
	[&quot;dibole&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bvx&quot;},
	[&quot;dicamay agta&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;duy&quot;},
	[&quot;didinga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;did&quot;},
	[&quot;dido&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ddo&quot;},
	[&quot;diebroud&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tbp&quot;},
	[&quot;dieri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dif&quot;},
	[&quot;digaro-mishmi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mhu&quot;},
	[&quot;digo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dig&quot;},
	[&quot;dii&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dur&quot;},
	[&quot;dijim-bwilim&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cfa&quot;},
	[&quot;dilling&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dil&quot;},
	[&quot;dima&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jma&quot;},
	[&quot;dimasa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dis&quot;},
	[&quot;dimbong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dii&quot;},
	[&quot;dime&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dim&quot;},
	[&quot;dimili&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;zza&quot;, [4]=&quot;zza&quot;},
	[&quot;dimli (individual language)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;diq&quot;},
	[&quot;dimli (macrolanguage)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zza&quot;},
	[&quot;dimli&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;zza&quot;},
	[&quot;dineor&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mrx&quot;},
	[&quot;ding&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;diz&quot;},
	[&quot;dinka&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;din&quot;, [4]=&quot;din&quot;},
	[&quot;dir-nyamzak-mbarimi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nzr&quot;},
	[&quot;dirari&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;dit&quot;},
	[&quot;dirasha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gdl&quot;},
	[&quot;diri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dwa&quot;},
	[&quot;diriku&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;diu&quot;},
	[&quot;dirim&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dir&quot;},
	[&quot;disa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dsi&quot;},
	[&quot;ditammari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tbz&quot;},
	[&quot;ditidaht&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dtd&quot;},
	[&quot;diuwe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;diy&quot;},
	[&quot;diuxi-tilantongo mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xtd&quot;},
	[&quot;divehi&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;dv&quot;, [2]=&quot;div&quot;, [4]=&quot;div&quot;},
	[&quot;dixon reef&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dix&quot;},
	[&quot;diyari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dif&quot;},
	[&quot;dizin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mdx&quot;},
	[&quot;djabugay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dyy&quot;},
	[&quot;djabwurrung&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tjw&quot;},
	[&quot;djadjawurrung&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dja&quot;},
	[&quot;djambarrpuyngu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;djr&quot;},
	[&quot;djamindjung&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;djd&quot;},
	[&quot;djangu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dhg&quot;},
	[&quot;djangun&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;djf&quot;},
	[&quot;djauan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;djn&quot;},
	[&quot;djawi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;djw&quot;},
	[&quot;djeebbana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;djj&quot;},
	[&quot;djimini senoufo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dyi&quot;},
	[&quot;djinang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dji&quot;},
	[&quot;djinba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;djb&quot;},
	[&quot;djingili&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jig&quot;},
	[&quot;djiwarli&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dze&quot;, [14]=&quot;djl&quot;},
	[&quot;dobel&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kvo&quot;},
	[&quot;dobu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dob&quot;},
	[&quot;doe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;doe&quot;},
	[&quot;doga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dgg&quot;},
	[&quot;doghoro&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dgx&quot;},
	[&quot;dogoso&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dgs&quot;},
	[&quot;dogosé&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dos&quot;},
	[&quot;dogri (individual language)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dgo&quot;},
	[&quot;dogri (macrolanguage)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;doi&quot;},
	[&quot;dogri&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;doi&quot;},
	[&quot;dogrib&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;dgr&quot;, [4]=&quot;dgr&quot;},
	[&quot;dogul dom dogon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dbg&quot;},
	[&quot;doka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dbi&quot;},
	[&quot;doko-uyanga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;uya&quot;},
	[&quot;dokshi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dsk&quot;},
	[&quot;dolgan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dlg&quot;},
	[&quot;dolpo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dre&quot;},
	[&quot;dom&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;doa&quot;},
	[&quot;domaaki&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dmk&quot;},
	[&quot;domari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rmt&quot;},
	[&quot;dombe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dov&quot;},
	[&quot;dominican sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;doq&quot;},
	[&quot;dompo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;doy&quot;},
	[&quot;domu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dof&quot;},
	[&quot;domung&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dev&quot;},
	[&quot;dondo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dok&quot;},
	[&quot;dong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;doh&quot;},
	[&quot;dongo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;doo&quot;},
	[&quot;dongolawi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dgl&quot;},
	[&quot;dongotono&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ddd&quot;},
	[&quot;dongshanba lalo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yik&quot;},
	[&quot;dongxiang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sce&quot;},
	[&quot;donno so dogon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dds&quot;},
	[&quot;doondo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dde&quot;},
	[&quot;dori'o&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dor&quot;},
	[&quot;dorig&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wwo&quot;},
	[&quot;doromu-koki&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kqc&quot;},
	[&quot;dororo&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;drr&quot;},
	[&quot;dorze&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;doz&quot;},
	[&quot;doso&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dol&quot;},
	[&quot;dotyali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dty&quot;},
	[&quot;doutai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tds&quot;},
	[&quot;doyayo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dow&quot;},
	[&quot;dravidian languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;dra&quot;, [5]=&quot;dra&quot;},
	[&quot;drehu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dhv&quot;},
	[&quot;drents&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;drt&quot;},
	[&quot;drubea&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;duf&quot;},
	[&quot;drung&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;duu&quot;},
	[&quot;duala&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;dua&quot;, [4]=&quot;dua&quot;},
	[&quot;duano&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dup&quot;},
	[&quot;duau&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dva&quot;},
	[&quot;dubli&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dub&quot;},
	[&quot;dubu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dmu&quot;},
	[&quot;dugun&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ndu&quot;},
	[&quot;duguri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dbm&quot;},
	[&quot;dugwor&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dme&quot;},
	[&quot;duhwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kbz&quot;},
	[&quot;duke&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nke&quot;},
	[&quot;dulbu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dbo&quot;},
	[&quot;duli-gey&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;duz&quot;},
	[&quot;duma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dma&quot;},
	[&quot;dumbea&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;duf&quot;},
	[&quot;dumi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dus&quot;},
	[&quot;dumpas&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dmv&quot;},
	[&quot;dumun&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dui&quot;},
	[&quot;duna&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;duc&quot;},
	[&quot;dungan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dng&quot;},
	[&quot;dungmali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;raa&quot;},
	[&quot;dungra bhil&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;duh&quot;},
	[&quot;dungu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dbv&quot;},
	[&quot;dupaninan agta&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;duo&quot;},
	[&quot;dura&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;drq&quot;},
	[&quot;durango nahuatl&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;nln&quot;},
	[&quot;duri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mvp&quot;},
	[&quot;duriankere&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dbn&quot;},
	[&quot;durop&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;krp&quot;},
	[&quot;duruma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dug&quot;},
	[&quot;duruwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pci&quot;},
	[&quot;dusner&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dsn&quot;},
	[&quot;dusun deyah&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dun&quot;},
	[&quot;dusun malang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;duq&quot;},
	[&quot;dusun witu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;duw&quot;},
	[&quot;dutch sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dse&quot;},
	[&quot;dutch&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;nl&quot;, [2]=&quot;nld&quot;, [3]=&quot;dut&quot;, [4]=&quot;nld&quot;},
	[&quot;dutch, middle (ca.1050-1350)&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;dum&quot;},
	[&quot;dutton world speedwords&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dws&quot;},
	[&quot;duungooma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dux&quot;},
	[&quot;duupa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dae&quot;},
	[&quot;duvle&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;duv&quot;},
	[&quot;duwai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dbp&quot;},
	[&quot;duwet&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gve&quot;},
	[&quot;dwang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nnu&quot;},
	[&quot;dyaabugay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dyy&quot;},
	[&quot;dyaberdyaber&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dyb&quot;},
	[&quot;dyan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dya&quot;},
	[&quot;dyangadi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dyn&quot;},
	[&quot;dyarim&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dyr&quot;},
	[&quot;dyirbal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dbl&quot;},
	[&quot;dyugun&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dyd&quot;},
	[&quot;dyula&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;dyu&quot;, [4]=&quot;dyu&quot;},
	[&quot;dza&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jen&quot;},
	[&quot;dzalakha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dzl&quot;},
	[&quot;dzando&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dzn&quot;},
	[&quot;dzao min&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bpn&quot;},
	[&quot;dzodinka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;add&quot;},
	[&quot;dzongkha&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;dz&quot;, [2]=&quot;dzo&quot;, [4]=&quot;dzo&quot;},
	[&quot;dzùùngoo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dnn&quot;},
	[&quot;dâw&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kwa&quot;},
	[&quot;dũya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ldb&quot;},
	[&quot;e&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;eee&quot;},
	[&quot;e'ma buyang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yzg&quot;},
	[&quot;e'ñapa woromaipu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pbh&quot;},
	[&quot;early tripuri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xtr&quot;},
	[&quot;east ambae&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;omb&quot;},
	[&quot;east berawan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zbe&quot;},
	[&quot;east damar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dmr&quot;},
	[&quot;east futuna&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fud&quot;},
	[&quot;east germanic languages&quot;] = {[5]=&quot;gme&quot;},
	[&quot;east kewa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kjs&quot;},
	[&quot;east limba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lma&quot;},
	[&quot;east makian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mky&quot;},
	[&quot;east masela&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vme&quot;},
	[&quot;east nyala&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nle&quot;},
	[&quot;east slavic languages&quot;] = {[5]=&quot;zle&quot;},
	[&quot;east tarangan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tre&quot;},
	[&quot;east yugur&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yuy&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern abnaki&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aaq&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern acipa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;acp&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern apurímac quechua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;qve&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern arrernte&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aer&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern balochi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bgp&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern bolivian guaraní&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gui&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern bontok&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ebk&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern bru&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bru&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern cakchiquel&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;cke&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern canadian inuktitut&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ike&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern cham&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cjm&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern durango nahuatl&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;azd&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern egyptian bedawi arabic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;avl&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern frisian&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;frs&quot;, [4]=&quot;frs&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern gorkha tamang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tge&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern gurung&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;ggn&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern highland chatino&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cly&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern highland otomi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;otm&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern hongshuihe zhuang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zeh&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern huasteca nahuatl&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nhe&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern huishui hmong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hme&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern huishui miao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hme&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern karaboro&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xrb&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern karnic&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;ekc&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern katu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ktv&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern kayah&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;eky&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern keres&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kee&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern khumi chin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cek&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern krahn&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kqo&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern lalu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yit&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern lawa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lwl&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern magar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mgp&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern malayo-polynesian languages&quot;] = {[5]=&quot;pqe&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern maninkakan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;emk&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern mari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mhr&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern maroon creole&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;djk&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern meohang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;emg&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern minyag&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;emq&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern mnong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mng&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern muria&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;emu&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern ngad'a&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nea&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern nisu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nos&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern ojibwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ojg&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern oromo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hae&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern parbate kham&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kif&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern penan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pez&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern pokomam&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;poa&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern pomo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;peb&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern qiandong miao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hmq&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern quiché&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;quu&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern subanen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sfe&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern sudanic languages&quot;] = {[5]=&quot;sdv&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern tamang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;taj&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern tawbuid&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bnj&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern xiangxi miao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;muq&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern xwla gbe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gbx&quot;},
	[&quot;eastern yiddish&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ydd&quot;},
	[&quot;ebira&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;igb&quot;},
	[&quot;eblan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xeb&quot;},
	[&quot;ebrié&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ebr&quot;},
	[&quot;ebughu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ebg&quot;},
	[&quot;ecuadorian sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ecs&quot;},
	[&quot;ede cabe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cbj&quot;},
	[&quot;ede ica&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ica&quot;},
	[&quot;ede idaca&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;idd&quot;},
	[&quot;ede ije&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ijj&quot;},
	[&quot;edera awyu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;awy&quot;},
	[&quot;edo&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;bin&quot;, [4]=&quot;bin&quot;},
	[&quot;edolo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;etr&quot;},
	[&quot;edomite&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xdm&quot;},
	[&quot;edopi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dbf&quot;},
	[&quot;edwas&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bnv&quot;},
	[&quot;efai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;efa&quot;},
	[&quot;efe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;efe&quot;},
	[&quot;efik&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;efi&quot;, [4]=&quot;efi&quot;},
	[&quot;efutop&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ofu&quot;},
	[&quot;ega&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ega&quot;},
	[&quot;eggon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ego&quot;},
	[&quot;egypt sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;esl&quot;},
	[&quot;egyptian (ancient)&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;egy&quot;, [4]=&quot;egy&quot;},
	[&quot;egyptian arabic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;arz&quot;},
	[&quot;egyptian languages&quot;] = {[5]=&quot;egx&quot;},
	[&quot;ehueun&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ehu&quot;},
	[&quot;eipomek&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;eip&quot;},
	[&quot;eitiep&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;eit&quot;},
	[&quot;ejagham&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;etu&quot;},
	[&quot;ejamat&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;eja&quot;},
	[&quot;ekai chin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cey&quot;},
	[&quot;ekajuk&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;eka&quot;, [4]=&quot;eka&quot;},
	[&quot;ekari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ekg&quot;},
	[&quot;ekegusii&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;guz&quot;},
	[&quot;eki&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;eki&quot;},
	[&quot;ekit&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;eke&quot;},
	[&quot;ekpeye&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ekp&quot;},
	[&quot;el alto zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zpp&quot;},
	[&quot;el hugeirat&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;elh&quot;},
	[&quot;el molo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;elo&quot;},
	[&quot;el nayar cora&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;crn&quot;},
	[&quot;elamite&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;elx&quot;, [4]=&quot;elx&quot;},
	[&quot;eleme&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;elm&quot;},
	[&quot;elepi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ele&quot;},
	[&quot;elfdalian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ovd&quot;},
	[&quot;elip&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ekm&quot;},
	[&quot;elkei&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;elk&quot;},
	[&quot;elotepec zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zte&quot;},
	[&quot;eloyi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;afo&quot;},
	[&quot;elpaputih&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;elp&quot;},
	[&quot;elseng&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mrf&quot;},
	[&quot;elu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;elu&quot;},
	[&quot;elymian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xly&quot;},
	[&quot;emae&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mmw&quot;},
	[&quot;emai-iuleha-ora&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ema&quot;},
	[&quot;eman&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;emn&quot;},
	[&quot;embaloh&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;emb&quot;},
	[&quot;emberá-baudó&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bdc&quot;},
	[&quot;emberá-catío&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cto&quot;},
	[&quot;emberá-chamí&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cmi&quot;},
	[&quot;emberá-tadó&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tdc&quot;},
	[&quot;embu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ebu&quot;},
	[&quot;emem&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;enr&quot;},
	[&quot;emerillon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;eme&quot;},
	[&quot;emilian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;egl&quot;},
	[&quot;emiliano-romagnolo&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;eml&quot;},
	[&quot;emok&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;emo&quot;},
	[&quot;emplawas&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;emw&quot;},
	[&quot;emumu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;enr&quot;},
	[&quot;en&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;enc&quot;},
	[&quot;enawené-nawé&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;unk&quot;},
	[&quot;ende&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;end&quot;},
	[&quot;enga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;enq&quot;},
	[&quot;engdewu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ngr&quot;},
	[&quot;engenni&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;enn&quot;},
	[&quot;enggano&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;eno&quot;},
	[&quot;english&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;en&quot;, [2]=&quot;eng&quot;, [4]=&quot;eng&quot;},
	[&quot;english, middle (1100-1500)&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;enm&quot;},
	[&quot;english, old (ca.450-1100)&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;ang&quot;},
	[&quot;enim&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;eni&quot;},
	[&quot;enlhet&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;enl&quot;},
	[&quot;enrekang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ptt&quot;},
	[&quot;enu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;enu&quot;},
	[&quot;enwan (akwa ibom state)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;enw&quot;},
	[&quot;enwan (edo state)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;env&quot;},
	[&quot;enxet&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;enx&quot;},
	[&quot;enya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gey&quot;},
	[&quot;epena&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sja&quot;},
	[&quot;epi-olmec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xep&quot;},
	[&quot;epie&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;epi&quot;},
	[&quot;epigraphic mayan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;emy&quot;},
	[&quot;eravallan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;era&quot;},
	[&quot;erave&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kjy&quot;},
	[&quot;ere&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;twp&quot;},
	[&quot;eritai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ert&quot;},
	[&quot;erokwanas&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;erw&quot;},
	[&quot;erre&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;err&quot;},
	[&quot;erromintxela&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;emx&quot;},
	[&quot;ersu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ers&quot;},
	[&quot;eruwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;erh&quot;},
	[&quot;erzya&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;myv&quot;, [4]=&quot;myv&quot;},
	[&quot;esan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ish&quot;},
	[&quot;ese ejja&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ese&quot;},
	[&quot;ese&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mcq&quot;},
	[&quot;eshtehardi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;esh&quot;},
	[&quot;esimbi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ags&quot;},
	[&quot;eskayan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;esy&quot;},
	[&quot;eskimo-aleut languages&quot;] = {[5]=&quot;esx&quot;},
	[&quot;esperanto&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;eo&quot;, [2]=&quot;epo&quot;, [4]=&quot;epo&quot;},
	[&quot;esselen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;esq&quot;},
	[&quot;estado de méxico otomi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ots&quot;},
	[&quot;estonian sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;eso&quot;},
	[&quot;estonian&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;et&quot;, [2]=&quot;est&quot;, [4]=&quot;est&quot;},
	[&quot;esuma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;esm&quot;},
	[&quot;etchemin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;etc&quot;},
	[&quot;etebi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;etb&quot;},
	[&quot;eten&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;etx&quot;},
	[&quot;eteocretan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ecr&quot;},
	[&quot;eteocypriot&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ecy&quot;},
	[&quot;ethiopian sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;eth&quot;},
	[&quot;etkywan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ich&quot;},
	[&quot;eton (cameroon)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;eto&quot;},
	[&quot;eton (vanuatu)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;etn&quot;},
	[&quot;etruscan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ett&quot;},
	[&quot;etulo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;utr&quot;},
	[&quot;eudeve&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;eud&quot;},
	[&quot;europanto&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;eur&quot;},
	[&quot;evant&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bzz&quot;},
	[&quot;even&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;eve&quot;},
	[&quot;evenki&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;evn&quot;},
	[&quot;eviya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gev&quot;},
	[&quot;ewage-notu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nou&quot;},
	[&quot;ewe&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ee&quot;, [2]=&quot;ewe&quot;, [4]=&quot;ewe&quot;},
	[&quot;ewondo&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;ewo&quot;, [4]=&quot;ewo&quot;},
	[&quot;extremaduran&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ext&quot;},
	[&quot;eyak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;eya&quot;},
	[&quot;ezaa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;eza&quot;},
	[&quot;fa d'ambu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fab&quot;},
	[&quot;fagani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;faf&quot;},
	[&quot;fagauvea&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;uve&quot;},
	[&quot;faifi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fif&quot;},
	[&quot;faire atta&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;azt&quot;},
	[&quot;faita&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;faj&quot;},
	[&quot;faiwol&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fai&quot;},
	[&quot;fala&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fax&quot;},
	[&quot;falam chin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cfm&quot;, [14]=&quot;flm&quot;},
	[&quot;fali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fli&quot;},
	[&quot;faliscan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xfa&quot;},
	[&quot;fam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fam&quot;},
	[&quot;fanagalo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fng&quot;},
	[&quot;fanamaket&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bjp&quot;},
	[&quot;fanbak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fnb&quot;},
	[&quot;fang (cameroon)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fak&quot;},
	[&quot;fang (equatorial guinea)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fan&quot;},
	[&quot;fang&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;fan&quot;},
	[&quot;fania&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fni&quot;},
	[&quot;fanti&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;fat&quot;, [4]=&quot;fat&quot;},
	[&quot;far western muria&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fmu&quot;},
	[&quot;farefare&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gur&quot;},
	[&quot;faroese&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;fo&quot;, [2]=&quot;fao&quot;, [4]=&quot;fao&quot;},
	[&quot;fas&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fqs&quot;},
	[&quot;fasu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;faa&quot;},
	[&quot;fataleka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;far&quot;},
	[&quot;fataluku&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ddg&quot;},
	[&quot;fayu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fau&quot;},
	[&quot;fe'fe'&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fmp&quot;},
	[&quot;fedan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pdn&quot;},
	[&quot;fembe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;agl&quot;},
	[&quot;fernando po creole english&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fpe&quot;},
	[&quot;feroge&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fer&quot;},
	[&quot;fiji hindi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hif&quot;},
	[&quot;fijian&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;fj&quot;, [2]=&quot;fij&quot;, [4]=&quot;fij&quot;},
	[&quot;filipino&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;fil&quot;, [4]=&quot;fil&quot;},
	[&quot;filomena mata-coahuitlán totonac&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tlp&quot;},
	[&quot;finallig&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;bkb&quot;},
	[&quot;finland-swedish sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fss&quot;},
	[&quot;finlandssvenskt teckenspråk&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fss&quot;},
	[&quot;finnish sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fse&quot;},
	[&quot;finnish&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;fi&quot;, [2]=&quot;fin&quot;, [4]=&quot;fin&quot;},
	[&quot;finno-ugrian languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;fiu&quot;, [5]=&quot;fiu&quot;},
	[&quot;finongan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fag&quot;},
	[&quot;fipa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fip&quot;},
	[&quot;firan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fir&quot;},
	[&quot;fiwaga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fiw&quot;},
	[&quot;flaaitaal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fly&quot;},
	[&quot;flemish sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vgt&quot;},
	[&quot;flemish&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;nl&quot;, [2]=&quot;nld&quot;, [3]=&quot;dut&quot;, [4]=&quot;nld&quot;},
	[&quot;flinders island&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fln&quot;},
	[&quot;foau&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;flh&quot;},
	[&quot;foi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;foi&quot;},
	[&quot;foia foia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ffi&quot;},
	[&quot;folopa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ppo&quot;},
	[&quot;foma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fom&quot;},
	[&quot;fon&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;fon&quot;, [4]=&quot;fon&quot;},
	[&quot;fongoro&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fgr&quot;},
	[&quot;foodo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fod&quot;},
	[&quot;forak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;frq&quot;},
	[&quot;fordata&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;frd&quot;},
	[&quot;fore&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;for&quot;},
	[&quot;forest enets&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;enf&quot;},
	[&quot;forest maninka&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;myq&quot;},
	[&quot;formosan languages&quot;] = {[5]=&quot;fox&quot;},
	[&quot;fortsenal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;frt&quot;},
	[&quot;francisco león zoque&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zos&quot;},
	[&quot;francoprovençal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;frp&quot;},
	[&quot;frankish&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;frk&quot;},
	[&quot;french belgian sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sfb&quot;},
	[&quot;french sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fsl&quot;},
	[&quot;french&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;fr&quot;, [2]=&quot;fra&quot;, [3]=&quot;fre&quot;, [4]=&quot;fra&quot;},
	[&quot;french, middle (ca.1400-1600)&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;frm&quot;},
	[&quot;french, old (842-ca.1400)&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;fro&quot;},
	[&quot;friulian&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;fur&quot;, [4]=&quot;fur&quot;},
	[&quot;fulah&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ff&quot;, [2]=&quot;ful&quot;, [4]=&quot;ful&quot;},
	[&quot;fuliiru&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;flr&quot;},
	[&quot;fulniô&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fun&quot;},
	[&quot;fum&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fum&quot;},
	[&quot;fungwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ula&quot;},
	[&quot;fur&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fvr&quot;},
	[&quot;furu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fuu&quot;},
	[&quot;futuna-aniwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fut&quot;},
	[&quot;fuyug&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fuy&quot;},
	[&quot;fwe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fwe&quot;},
	[&quot;fwâi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fwa&quot;},
	[&quot;fyam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pym&quot;},
	[&quot;fyer&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fie&quot;},
	[&quot;ga&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;gaa&quot;, [4]=&quot;gaa&quot;},
	[&quot;ga'anda&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gqa&quot;},
	[&quot;ga'dang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gdg&quot;},
	[&quot;gaa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ttb&quot;},
	[&quot;gaam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tbi&quot;},
	[&quot;gabi-gabi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gbw&quot;},
	[&quot;gabri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gab&quot;},
	[&quot;gabrielino-fernandeño&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xgf&quot;},
	[&quot;gabutamon&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;gav&quot;},
	[&quot;gadang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gdk&quot;},
	[&quot;gaddang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gad&quot;},
	[&quot;gaddi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gbk&quot;},
	[&quot;gade lohar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gda&quot;},
	[&quot;gade&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ged&quot;},
	[&quot;gadjerawang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gdh&quot;},
	[&quot;gadsup&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gaj&quot;},
	[&quot;gaelic&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;gd&quot;, [2]=&quot;gla&quot;, [4]=&quot;gla&quot;},
	[&quot;gafat&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gft&quot;},
	[&quot;gagadu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gbu&quot;},
	[&quot;gagauz&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gag&quot;},
	[&quot;gagnoa bété&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;btg&quot;},
	[&quot;gagu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ggu&quot;},
	[&quot;gahri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bfu&quot;},
	[&quot;gaikundi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gbf&quot;},
	[&quot;gail&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gic&quot;},
	[&quot;gaina&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gcn&quot;},
	[&quot;gajirrabeng&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gdh&quot;},
	[&quot;gal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gap&quot;},
	[&quot;galambu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;glo&quot;},
	[&quot;galatian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xga&quot;},
	[&quot;galela&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gbi&quot;},
	[&quot;galeya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gar&quot;},
	[&quot;galibi carib&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;car&quot;, [4]=&quot;car&quot;, [15]=&quot;car&quot;},
	[&quot;galice&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gce&quot;},
	[&quot;galician&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;gl&quot;, [2]=&quot;glg&quot;, [4]=&quot;glg&quot;},
	[&quot;galindan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xgl&quot;},
	[&quot;gallurese sardinian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sdn&quot;},
	[&quot;galo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;adl&quot;},
	[&quot;galolen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gal&quot;},
	[&quot;gamale kham&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kgj&quot;},
	[&quot;gambera&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gma&quot;},
	[&quot;gambian wolof&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wof&quot;},
	[&quot;gamilaraay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kld&quot;},
	[&quot;gamit&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gbl&quot;},
	[&quot;gamkonora&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gak&quot;},
	[&quot;gamo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gmv&quot;},
	[&quot;gamo-gofa-dawro&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;gmo&quot;},
	[&quot;gamo-ningi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bte&quot;},
	[&quot;gan chinese&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gan&quot;},
	[&quot;gana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gnq&quot;},
	[&quot;ganang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gne&quot;},
	[&quot;ganda&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;lg&quot;, [2]=&quot;lug&quot;, [4]=&quot;lug&quot;},
	[&quot;gane&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gzn&quot;},
	[&quot;ganggalida&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gcd&quot;},
	[&quot;ganglau&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ggl&quot;},
	[&quot;gangte&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gnb&quot;},
	[&quot;gangulu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gnl&quot;},
	[&quot;gants&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gao&quot;},
	[&quot;ganza&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gza&quot;},
	[&quot;ganzi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gnz&quot;},
	[&quot;gao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gga&quot;},
	[&quot;gapapaiwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pwg&quot;},
	[&quot;garawa&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;gbc&quot;},
	[&quot;garhwali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gbm&quot;},
	[&quot;garifuna&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cab&quot;},
	[&quot;garig-ilgar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ilg&quot;},
	[&quot;garingbal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xgi&quot;},
	[&quot;garlali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gll&quot;},
	[&quot;garo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;grt&quot;},
	[&quot;garre&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gex&quot;},
	[&quot;garreh-ajuran&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;ggh&quot;},
	[&quot;garrwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wrk&quot;},
	[&quot;garus&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gyb&quot;},
	[&quot;garuwali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rxw&quot;},
	[&quot;garza&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xgr&quot;},
	[&quot;gascon&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;gsc&quot;},
	[&quot;gata'&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gaq&quot;},
	[&quot;gavak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dmc&quot;},
	[&quot;gavar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gou&quot;},
	[&quot;gavião do jiparaná&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gvo&quot;},
	[&quot;gawar-bati&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gwt&quot;},
	[&quot;gawri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gwc&quot;},
	[&quot;gawwada&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gwd&quot;},
	[&quot;gayil&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gyl&quot;},
	[&quot;gayo&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;gay&quot;, [4]=&quot;gay&quot;},
	[&quot;gazi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gzi&quot;},
	[&quot;gaɓogbo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gie&quot;},
	[&quot;gbagyi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gbr&quot;},
	[&quot;gban&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ggu&quot;},
	[&quot;gbanu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gbv&quot;},
	[&quot;gbanziri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gbg&quot;},
	[&quot;gbari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gby&quot;},
	[&quot;gbati-ri&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;gti&quot;},
	[&quot;gbaya (central african republic)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gba&quot;},
	[&quot;gbaya (sudan)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;krs&quot;},
	[&quot;gbaya&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;gba&quot;},
	[&quot;gbaya-bossangoa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gbp&quot;},
	[&quot;gbaya-bozoum&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gbq&quot;},
	[&quot;gbaya-mbodomo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gmm&quot;},
	[&quot;gbayi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gyg&quot;},
	[&quot;gbesi gbe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gbs&quot;},
	[&quot;gbii&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ggb&quot;},
	[&quot;gbin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xgb&quot;},
	[&quot;gbiri-niragu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;grh&quot;},
	[&quot;gboloo grebo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gec&quot;},
	[&quot;ge&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hmj&quot;},
	[&quot;geba karen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kvq&quot;},
	[&quot;gebe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gei&quot;},
	[&quot;gedaged&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gdd&quot;},
	[&quot;gedeo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;drs&quot;},
	[&quot;geez&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;gez&quot;, [4]=&quot;gez&quot;},
	[&quot;geji&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gyz&quot;, [14]=&quot;gji&quot;},
	[&quot;gejia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hmj&quot;},
	[&quot;geko karen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ghk&quot;},
	[&quot;gela&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nlg&quot;},
	[&quot;gelao&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;gio&quot;},
	[&quot;geman deng&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mxj&quot;, [14]=&quot;gen&quot;},
	[&quot;geme&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;geq&quot;},
	[&quot;gen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gej&quot;},
	[&quot;gende&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gaf&quot;},
	[&quot;gengle&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;geg&quot;},
	[&quot;georgian&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ka&quot;, [2]=&quot;kat&quot;, [3]=&quot;geo&quot;, [4]=&quot;kat&quot;},
	[&quot;gepo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ygp&quot;},
	[&quot;gera&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gew&quot;},
	[&quot;gerai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gef&quot;},
	[&quot;gergiko&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;moz&quot;},
	[&quot;german sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gsg&quot;},
	[&quot;german&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;de&quot;, [2]=&quot;deu&quot;, [3]=&quot;ger&quot;, [4]=&quot;deu&quot;},
	[&quot;german, low&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;nds&quot;},
	[&quot;german, middle high (ca.1050-1500)&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;gmh&quot;},
	[&quot;german, old high (ca.750-1050)&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;goh&quot;},
	[&quot;germanic languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;gem&quot;, [5]=&quot;gem&quot;},
	[&quot;geruma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gea&quot;},
	[&quot;geser-gorom&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ges&quot;},
	[&quot;gey&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;guv&quot;},
	[&quot;ghadamès&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gha&quot;},
	[&quot;ghanaian pidgin english&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gpe&quot;},
	[&quot;ghanaian sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gse&quot;},
	[&quot;ghandruk sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gds&quot;},
	[&quot;ghanongga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ghn&quot;},
	[&quot;ghari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gri&quot;},
	[&quot;ghayavi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bmk&quot;},
	[&quot;gheg albanian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aln&quot;},
	[&quot;ghera&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ghr&quot;},
	[&quot;ghodoberi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gdo&quot;},
	[&quot;ghomara&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gho&quot;},
	[&quot;ghomálá'&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bbj&quot;},
	[&quot;ghotuo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aaa&quot;},
	[&quot;ghulfan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ghl&quot;},
	[&quot;giangan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bgi&quot;},
	[&quot;gibanawa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gib&quot;},
	[&quot;gichuka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cuh&quot;},
	[&quot;gidar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gid&quot;},
	[&quot;giiwo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kks&quot;},
	[&quot;gikuyu&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ki&quot;, [2]=&quot;kik&quot;, [4]=&quot;kik&quot;},
	[&quot;gikyode&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;acd&quot;},
	[&quot;gilaki&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;glk&quot;},
	[&quot;gilbertese&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;gil&quot;, [4]=&quot;gil&quot;},
	[&quot;gilima&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gix&quot;},
	[&quot;gilyak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;niv&quot;},
	[&quot;gimi (eastern highlands)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gim&quot;},
	[&quot;gimi (west new britain)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gip&quot;},
	[&quot;gimme&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kmp&quot;},
	[&quot;gimnime&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gmn&quot;},
	[&quot;ginuman&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gnm&quot;},
	[&quot;ginyanga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ayg&quot;},
	[&quot;girawa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bbr&quot;},
	[&quot;girirra&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gii&quot;},
	[&quot;giryama&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nyf&quot;},
	[&quot;githabul&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gih&quot;},
	[&quot;gitonga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;toh&quot;},
	[&quot;gitua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ggt&quot;},
	[&quot;gitxsan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;git&quot;},
	[&quot;giyug&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;giy&quot;},
	[&quot;gizrra&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tof&quot;},
	[&quot;glaro-twabo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;glr&quot;},
	[&quot;glavda&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;glw&quot;},
	[&quot;glio-oubi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;oub&quot;},
	[&quot;gnau&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gnu&quot;},
	[&quot;goan konkani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gom&quot;},
	[&quot;goaria&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gig&quot;},
	[&quot;gobasi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;goi&quot;},
	[&quot;gobu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gox&quot;},
	[&quot;godié&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;god&quot;},
	[&quot;godwari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gdx&quot;},
	[&quot;goemai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ank&quot;},
	[&quot;gofa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gof&quot;},
	[&quot;gogo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gog&quot;},
	[&quot;gogodala&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ggw&quot;},
	[&quot;gokana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gkn&quot;},
	[&quot;gola&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gol&quot;},
	[&quot;golin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gvf&quot;},
	[&quot;golpa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lja&quot;},
	[&quot;gondi&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;gon&quot;, [4]=&quot;gon&quot;},
	[&quot;gone dau&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;goo&quot;},
	[&quot;gongduk&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;goe&quot;},
	[&quot;gonja&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gjn&quot;},
	[&quot;goo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gov&quot;},
	[&quot;gooniyandi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gni&quot;},
	[&quot;gor&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gqr&quot;},
	[&quot;gorakor&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;goc&quot;},
	[&quot;gorap&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;goq&quot;},
	[&quot;goreng&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xgg&quot;},
	[&quot;gorontalo&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;gor&quot;, [4]=&quot;gor&quot;},
	[&quot;gorovu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;grq&quot;},
	[&quot;gorowa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gow&quot;},
	[&quot;gothic&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;got&quot;, [4]=&quot;got&quot;},
	[&quot;goundo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;goy&quot;},
	[&quot;gourmanchéma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gux&quot;},
	[&quot;gowlan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;goj&quot;},
	[&quot;gowli&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gok&quot;},
	[&quot;gowro&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gwf&quot;},
	[&quot;gozarkhani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;goz&quot;},
	[&quot;grangali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nli&quot;},
	[&quot;grass koiari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kbk&quot;},
	[&quot;grebo&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;grb&quot;, [4]=&quot;grb&quot;},
	[&quot;greek languages&quot;] = {[5]=&quot;grk&quot;},
	[&quot;greek sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gss&quot;},
	[&quot;greek&quot;] = {[6]=&quot;el&quot;, [7]=&quot;ell&quot;, [8]=&quot;gre&quot;, [9]=&quot;ell&quot;},
	[&quot;greek, ancient (to 1453)&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;grc&quot;},
	[&quot;greek, modern (1453-)&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;ell&quot;, [3]=&quot;gre&quot;},
	[&quot;green gelao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;giq&quot;},
	[&quot;greenlandic&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;kl&quot;, [2]=&quot;kal&quot;, [4]=&quot;kal&quot;},
	[&quot;grenadian creole english&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gcl&quot;},
	[&quot;gresi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;grs&quot;},
	[&quot;groma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gro&quot;},
	[&quot;gronings&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gos&quot;},
	[&quot;gros ventre&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ats&quot;},
	[&quot;gua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gwx&quot;},
	[&quot;guadeloupean creole french&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gcf&quot;},
	[&quot;guahibo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;guh&quot;},
	[&quot;guajajára&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gub&quot;},
	[&quot;guajá&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gvj&quot;},
	[&quot;guambiano&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gum&quot;},
	[&quot;guana (brazil)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gqn&quot;},
	[&quot;guana (paraguay)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gva&quot;},
	[&quot;guanano&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gvc&quot;},
	[&quot;guanche&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gnc&quot;},
	[&quot;guanyinqiao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jiq&quot;},
	[&quot;guarani&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;gn&quot;, [2]=&quot;grn&quot;, [4]=&quot;grn&quot;},
	[&quot;guarayu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gyr&quot;},
	[&quot;guarequena&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gae&quot;},
	[&quot;guatemalan sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gsm&quot;},
	[&quot;guató&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gta&quot;},
	[&quot;guayabero&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;guo&quot;},
	[&quot;gudang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xgd&quot;},
	[&quot;gudanji&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nji&quot;},
	[&quot;gude&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gde&quot;},
	[&quot;gudjal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wrg&quot;},
	[&quot;gudu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gdu&quot;},
	[&quot;guduf-gava&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gdf&quot;},
	[&quot;guernésiais&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nrf&quot;},
	[&quot;guerrero amuzgo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;amu&quot;},
	[&quot;guerrero nahuatl&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ngu&quot;},
	[&quot;guevea de humboldt zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zpg&quot;},
	[&quot;gugadj&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ggd&quot;},
	[&quot;gugu badhun&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gdc&quot;},
	[&quot;gugu mini&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;ggm&quot;},
	[&quot;gugu warra&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wrw&quot;},
	[&quot;gugubera&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kkp&quot;},
	[&quot;guguyimidjir&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kky&quot;},
	[&quot;guhu-samane&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ghs&quot;},
	[&quot;guianese creole french&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gcr&quot;},
	[&quot;guibei zhuang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zgb&quot;},
	[&quot;guiberoua béte&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bet&quot;},
	[&quot;guibian zhuang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zgn&quot;},
	[&quot;guinea kpelle&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gkp&quot;},
	[&quot;guinea-bissau sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lgs&quot;},
	[&quot;guinean sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gus&quot;},
	[&quot;guiqiong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gqi&quot;},
	[&quot;gujarati&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;gu&quot;, [2]=&quot;guj&quot;, [4]=&quot;guj&quot;},
	[&quot;gujari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gju&quot;},
	[&quot;gula (central african republic)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kcm&quot;},
	[&quot;gula (chad)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;glu&quot;},
	[&quot;gula iro&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;glj&quot;},
	[&quot;gula'alaa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gmb&quot;},
	[&quot;gulay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gvl&quot;},
	[&quot;gule&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gly&quot;},
	[&quot;gulf arabic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;afb&quot;},
	[&quot;guliguli&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;gli&quot;},
	[&quot;gumalu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gmu&quot;},
	[&quot;gumatj&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gnn&quot;},
	[&quot;gumawana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gvs&quot;},
	[&quot;gumuz&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;guk&quot;},
	[&quot;gun&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;guw&quot;},
	[&quot;gundi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gdi&quot;},
	[&quot;gunditjmara&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gjm&quot;},
	[&quot;gundungurra&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xrd&quot;},
	[&quot;gungabula&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gyf&quot;},
	[&quot;gungu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rub&quot;},
	[&quot;guntai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gnt&quot;},
	[&quot;gunwinggu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gup&quot;},
	[&quot;gunya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gyy&quot;},
	[&quot;gupa-abawa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gpa&quot;},
	[&quot;gupapuyngu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;guf&quot;},
	[&quot;guramalum&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;grz&quot;},
	[&quot;gurani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hac&quot;},
	[&quot;gurdjar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gdj&quot;},
	[&quot;gureng gureng&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gnr&quot;},
	[&quot;gurgula&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ggg&quot;},
	[&quot;guriaso&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;grx&quot;},
	[&quot;gurindji kriol&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gjr&quot;},
	[&quot;gurindji&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gue&quot;},
	[&quot;gurmana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gvm&quot;},
	[&quot;guro&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;goa&quot;},
	[&quot;gurr-goni&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gge&quot;},
	[&quot;gurung&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gvr&quot;},
	[&quot;guruntum-mbaaru&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;grd&quot;},
	[&quot;gusan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gsn&quot;},
	[&quot;gusii&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;guz&quot;},
	[&quot;gusilay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gsl&quot;},
	[&quot;guugu yimidhirr&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kky&quot;},
	[&quot;guwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xgw&quot;},
	[&quot;guwamu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gwu&quot;},
	[&quot;guwinmal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xgm&quot;},
	[&quot;guya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gka&quot;},
	[&quot;guyanese creole english&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gyn&quot;},
	[&quot;guyani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gvy&quot;},
	[&quot;guébie&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gie&quot;},
	[&quot;gvoko&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ngs&quot;},
	[&quot;gwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gwb&quot;},
	[&quot;gwahatike&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dah&quot;},
	[&quot;gwak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jgk&quot;},
	[&quot;gwamhi-wuri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bga&quot;},
	[&quot;gwandara&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gwn&quot;},
	[&quot;gweda&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;grw&quot;},
	[&quot;gweno&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gwe&quot;},
	[&quot;gwere&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gwr&quot;},
	[&quot;gwich'in&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;gwi&quot;},
	[&quot;gwichʼin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gwi&quot;},
	[&quot;gyaazi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gyz&quot;},
	[&quot;gyalsumdo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gyo&quot;},
	[&quot;gyele&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gyi&quot;},
	[&quot;gyem&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gye&quot;},
	[&quot;güilá zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ztu&quot;},
	[&quot;gāndhārī&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pgd&quot;},
	[&quot;ha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;haq&quot;},
	[&quot;habu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hbu&quot;},
	[&quot;hadiyya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hdy&quot;},
	[&quot;hadothi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hoj&quot;},
	[&quot;hadrami arabic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ayh&quot;},
	[&quot;hadrami&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xhd&quot;},
	[&quot;hadza&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hts&quot;},
	[&quot;haeke&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aek&quot;},
	[&quot;hahon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hah&quot;},
	[&quot;haida&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;hai&quot;, [4]=&quot;hai&quot;},
	[&quot;haigwai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hgw&quot;},
	[&quot;haiphong sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;haf&quot;},
	[&quot;haisla&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;has&quot;},
	[&quot;haitian creole&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ht&quot;, [2]=&quot;hat&quot;, [4]=&quot;hat&quot;, [6]=&quot;ht&quot;, [7]=&quot;hat&quot;, [9]=&quot;hat&quot;},
	[&quot;haitian vodoun culture language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hvc&quot;},
	[&quot;haitian&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ht&quot;, [2]=&quot;hat&quot;, [4]=&quot;hat&quot;},
	[&quot;haiǁom&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hgm&quot;},
	[&quot;haji&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hji&quot;},
	[&quot;hajong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;haj&quot;},
	[&quot;haka chin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cnh&quot;},
	[&quot;hakha chin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cnh&quot;},
	[&quot;hakka chinese&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hak&quot;},
	[&quot;hakö&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hao&quot;},
	[&quot;halang doan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hld&quot;},
	[&quot;halang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hal&quot;},
	[&quot;halbi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hlb&quot;},
	[&quot;halh mongolian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;khk&quot;},
	[&quot;halia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hla&quot;},
	[&quot;halkomelem&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hur&quot;},
	[&quot;hamap&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hmu&quot;},
	[&quot;hamba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hba&quot;},
	[&quot;hamer-banna&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;amf&quot;},
	[&quot;hamtai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hmt&quot;},
	[&quot;haméa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cir&quot;},
	[&quot;han&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;haa&quot;},
	[&quot;hanga hundi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wos&quot;},
	[&quot;hanga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hag&quot;},
	[&quot;hangaza&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;han&quot;},
	[&quot;hani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hni&quot;},
	[&quot;hano&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lml&quot;},
	[&quot;hanoi sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hab&quot;},
	[&quot;hanunoo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hnn&quot;},
	[&quot;harami&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xha&quot;},
	[&quot;harari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;har&quot;},
	[&quot;harijan kinnauri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kjo&quot;},
	[&quot;haroi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hro&quot;},
	[&quot;haroti&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hoj&quot;},
	[&quot;harsusi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hss&quot;},
	[&quot;haruai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tmd&quot;},
	[&quot;haruku&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hrk&quot;},
	[&quot;haryanvi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bgc&quot;},
	[&quot;harzani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hrz&quot;},
	[&quot;hasha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ybj&quot;},
	[&quot;hassaniyya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mey&quot;},
	[&quot;hatam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;had&quot;},
	[&quot;hattic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xht&quot;},
	[&quot;hausa sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hsl&quot;},
	[&quot;hausa&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ha&quot;, [2]=&quot;hau&quot;, [4]=&quot;hau&quot;},
	[&quot;havasupai-walapai-yavapai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yuf&quot;},
	[&quot;haveke&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hvk&quot;},
	[&quot;havu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hav&quot;},
	[&quot;hawai'i creole english&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hwc&quot;},
	[&quot;hawai'i pidgin sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hps&quot;},
	[&quot;hawai'i pidgin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hwc&quot;},
	[&quot;hawai'i sign language (hsl)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hps&quot;},
	[&quot;hawaiian&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;haw&quot;, [4]=&quot;haw&quot;},
	[&quot;haya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hay&quot;},
	[&quot;hazaragi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;haz&quot;},
	[&quot;hdi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xed&quot;},
	[&quot;hebrew&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;he&quot;, [2]=&quot;heb&quot;, [4]=&quot;heb&quot;, [11]=&quot;iw&quot;},
	[&quot;hehe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;heh&quot;},
	[&quot;heiban&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hbn&quot;},
	[&quot;heiltsuk&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hei&quot;},
	[&quot;helambu sherpa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;scp&quot;},
	[&quot;helong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;heg&quot;},
	[&quot;hema&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nix&quot;},
	[&quot;hemba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hem&quot;},
	[&quot;herdé&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hed&quot;},
	[&quot;herero&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;hz&quot;, [2]=&quot;her&quot;, [4]=&quot;her&quot;},
	[&quot;hermit&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;llf&quot;},
	[&quot;hernican&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xhr&quot;},
	[&quot;heung kong sau yue&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hks&quot;},
	[&quot;hewa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ham&quot;},
	[&quot;heyo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;auk&quot;},
	[&quot;hiberno-scottish gaelic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ghc&quot;},
	[&quot;hibito&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hib&quot;},
	[&quot;hidatsa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hid&quot;},
	[&quot;hieroglyphic luwian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hlu&quot;},
	[&quot;higaonon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mba&quot;},
	[&quot;highland konjo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kjk&quot;},
	[&quot;highland oaxaca chontal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;chd&quot;},
	[&quot;highland popoluca&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;poi&quot;},
	[&quot;highland puebla nahuatl&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;azz&quot;},
	[&quot;highland totonac&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tos&quot;},
	[&quot;hijazi arabic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;acw&quot;},
	[&quot;hijuk&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hij&quot;},
	[&quot;hiligaynon&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;hil&quot;, [4]=&quot;hil&quot;},
	[&quot;himachali languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;him&quot;},
	[&quot;himarimã&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hir&quot;},
	[&quot;hindi&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;hi&quot;, [2]=&quot;hin&quot;, [4]=&quot;hin&quot;},
	[&quot;hinduri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hii&quot;},
	[&quot;hinukh&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gin&quot;},
	[&quot;hiri motu&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ho&quot;, [2]=&quot;hmo&quot;, [4]=&quot;hmo&quot;},
	[&quot;hittite&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;hit&quot;, [4]=&quot;hit&quot;},
	[&quot;hitu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;htu&quot;},
	[&quot;hiw&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hiw&quot;},
	[&quot;hixkaryána&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hix&quot;},
	[&quot;hlai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lic&quot;},
	[&quot;hlepho phowa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yhl&quot;},
	[&quot;hlersu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hle&quot;},
	[&quot;hmar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hmr&quot;},
	[&quot;hmong daw&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mww&quot;},
	[&quot;hmong don&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hmf&quot;},
	[&quot;hmong dô&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hmv&quot;},
	[&quot;hmong njua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hnj&quot;, [14]=&quot;blu&quot;},
	[&quot;hmong shua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hmz&quot;},
	[&quot;hmong&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;hmn&quot;, [4]=&quot;hmn&quot;},
	[&quot;hmong-mien languages&quot;] = {[5]=&quot;hmx&quot;},
	[&quot;hmwaveke&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mrk&quot;},
	[&quot;ho chi minh city sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hos&quot;},
	[&quot;ho&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hoc&quot;},
	[&quot;ho-chunk&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;win&quot;},
	[&quot;hoava&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hoa&quot;},
	[&quot;hobyót&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hoh&quot;},
	[&quot;hoia hoia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hhi&quot;},
	[&quot;hokan languages&quot;] = {[5]=&quot;hok&quot;},
	[&quot;holikachuk&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hoi&quot;},
	[&quot;holiya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hoy&quot;},
	[&quot;holma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hod&quot;},
	[&quot;holoholo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hoo&quot;},
	[&quot;holu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hol&quot;},
	[&quot;homa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hom&quot;},
	[&quot;honduras sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hds&quot;},
	[&quot;hong kong sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hks&quot;},
	[&quot;honi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;how&quot;},
	[&quot;hopi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hop&quot;},
	[&quot;horned miao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hrm&quot;},
	[&quot;horo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hor&quot;},
	[&quot;horom&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hoe&quot;},
	[&quot;horpa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ero&quot;},
	[&quot;horuru&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;hrr&quot;},
	[&quot;hote&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hot&quot;},
	[&quot;hoti&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hti&quot;},
	[&quot;hovongan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hov&quot;},
	[&quot;hoyahoya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hhy&quot;},
	[&quot;hozo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hoz&quot;},
	[&quot;hpon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hpo&quot;},
	[&quot;hrangkhol&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hra&quot;},
	[&quot;hre&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hre&quot;},
	[&quot;hruso&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hru&quot;},
	[&quot;hu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;huo&quot;},
	[&quot;huachipaeri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hug&quot;},
	[&quot;huallaga huánuco quechua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;qub&quot;},
	[&quot;huamalíes-dos de mayo huánuco quechua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;qvh&quot;},
	[&quot;huambisa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hub&quot;},
	[&quot;huarijio&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;var&quot;},
	[&quot;huastec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hus&quot;},
	[&quot;huaulu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hud&quot;},
	[&quot;huautla mazatec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mau&quot;},
	[&quot;huaxcaleca nahuatl&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nhq&quot;},
	[&quot;huaylas ancash quechua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;qwh&quot;},
	[&quot;huaylla wanca quechua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;qvw&quot;},
	[&quot;huba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hbb&quot;},
	[&quot;huehuetla tepehua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tee&quot;},
	[&quot;huichol&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hch&quot;},
	[&quot;huilliche&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;huh&quot;},
	[&quot;huitepec mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mxs&quot;},
	[&quot;huixtán tzotzil&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;tzu&quot;},
	[&quot;huizhou chinese&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;czh&quot;},
	[&quot;hukumina&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;huw&quot;},
	[&quot;hula&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hul&quot;},
	[&quot;hulaulá&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;huy&quot;},
	[&quot;huli&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hui&quot;},
	[&quot;hulung&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;huk&quot;},
	[&quot;humburi senni songhay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hmb&quot;},
	[&quot;humene&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;huf&quot;},
	[&quot;humla&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hut&quot;},
	[&quot;hun-saare&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;dud&quot;},
	[&quot;hunde&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hke&quot;},
	[&quot;hung&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hnu&quot;},
	[&quot;hungana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hum&quot;},
	[&quot;hungarian sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hsh&quot;},
	[&quot;hungarian&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;hu&quot;, [2]=&quot;hun&quot;, [4]=&quot;hun&quot;},
	[&quot;hungu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hng&quot;},
	[&quot;hungworo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nat&quot;},
	[&quot;hunjara-kaina ke&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hkk&quot;},
	[&quot;hunnic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xhc&quot;},
	[&quot;hunsrik&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hrx&quot;},
	[&quot;hunzib&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;huz&quot;},
	[&quot;hupa&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;hup&quot;, [4]=&quot;hup&quot;},
	[&quot;hupdë&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jup&quot;},
	[&quot;hupla&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hap&quot;},
	[&quot;hurrian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xhu&quot;},
	[&quot;hutterisch&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;geh&quot;},
	[&quot;hutterite german&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;geh&quot;},
	[&quot;hwana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hwo&quot;},
	[&quot;hya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hya&quot;},
	[&quot;hyam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jab&quot;},
	[&quot;hyolmo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;scp&quot;},
	[&quot;hän&quot;] = {[9]=&quot;haa&quot;},
	[&quot;hértevin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hrt&quot;},
	[&quot;hõne&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;juh&quot;},
	[&quot;i'saka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ksi&quot;},
	[&quot;i-wak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;iwk&quot;},
	[&quot;iaai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;iai&quot;},
	[&quot;iamalele&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yml&quot;},
	[&quot;iapama&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;iap&quot;},
	[&quot;iatmul&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ian&quot;},
	[&quot;iau&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tmu&quot;},
	[&quot;ibali teke&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tek&quot;},
	[&quot;ibaloi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ibl&quot;},
	[&quot;iban&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;iba&quot;, [4]=&quot;iba&quot;},
	[&quot;ibanag&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ibg&quot;},
	[&quot;ibani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;iby&quot;},
	[&quot;ibatan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ivb&quot;},
	[&quot;iberian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xib&quot;},
	[&quot;ibibio&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ibb&quot;},
	[&quot;ibilo&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;ibi&quot;},
	[&quot;ibino&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ibn&quot;},
	[&quot;ibu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ibu&quot;},
	[&quot;ibuoro&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ibr&quot;},
	[&quot;icelandic sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;icl&quot;},
	[&quot;icelandic&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;is&quot;, [2]=&quot;isl&quot;, [3]=&quot;ice&quot;, [4]=&quot;isl&quot;},
	[&quot;iceve-maci&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bec&quot;},
	[&quot;ida'an&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dbj&quot;},
	[&quot;idakho-isukha-tiriki&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ida&quot;},
	[&quot;idaté&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;idt&quot;},
	[&quot;idere&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ide&quot;},
	[&quot;idesa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ids&quot;},
	[&quot;idi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;idi&quot;},
	[&quot;ido&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;io&quot;, [2]=&quot;ido&quot;, [4]=&quot;ido&quot;},
	[&quot;idoma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;idu&quot;},
	[&quot;idon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;idc&quot;},
	[&quot;idu-mishmi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;clk&quot;},
	[&quot;iduna&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;viv&quot;},
	[&quot;ifo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;iff&quot;},
	[&quot;ifè&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ife&quot;},
	[&quot;igala&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;igl&quot;},
	[&quot;igana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;igg&quot;},
	[&quot;igbo&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ig&quot;, [2]=&quot;ibo&quot;, [4]=&quot;ibo&quot;},
	[&quot;igede&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ige&quot;},
	[&quot;ignaciano&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ign&quot;},
	[&quot;igo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ahl&quot;},
	[&quot;iguta&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nar&quot;},
	[&quot;igwe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;igw&quot;},
	[&quot;iha based pidgin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ihb&quot;},
	[&quot;iha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ihp&quot;},
	[&quot;ihievbe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ihi&quot;},
	[&quot;ija-zuba&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;vki&quot;},
	[&quot;ijo languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;ijo&quot;, [5]=&quot;ijo&quot;},
	[&quot;ik&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ikx&quot;},
	[&quot;ika&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ikk&quot;},
	[&quot;ikaranggal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ikr&quot;},
	[&quot;ikhin-arokho&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ikh&quot;},
	[&quot;ikizu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ikz&quot;},
	[&quot;iko&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;iki&quot;},
	[&quot;ikobi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;meb&quot;},
	[&quot;ikoma-nata-isenye&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ntk&quot;},
	[&quot;ikpeng&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;txi&quot;},
	[&quot;ikpeshi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ikp&quot;},
	[&quot;ikposo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kpo&quot;},
	[&quot;iku-gora-ankwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ikv&quot;},
	[&quot;ikulu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ikl&quot;},
	[&quot;ikwere&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ikw&quot;},
	[&quot;ikwo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;iqw&quot;},
	[&quot;ila&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ilb&quot;},
	[&quot;ile ape&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ila&quot;},
	[&quot;ili turki&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ili&quot;},
	[&quot;ili'uun&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ilu&quot;},
	[&quot;ilianen manobo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mbi&quot;},
	[&quot;illyrian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xil&quot;},
	[&quot;iloko&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;ilo&quot;, [4]=&quot;ilo&quot;},
	[&quot;ilongot&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ilk&quot;},
	[&quot;ilue&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ilv&quot;},
	[&quot;ilwana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mlk&quot;},
	[&quot;imbabura highland quichua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;qvi&quot;},
	[&quot;imbongu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;imo&quot;},
	[&quot;imeraguen&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;ime&quot;},
	[&quot;imonda&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;imn&quot;},
	[&quot;imotong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;imt&quot;},
	[&quot;imperial aramaic (700-300 bce)&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;arc&quot;, [4]=&quot;arc&quot;},
	[&quot;imroing&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;imr&quot;},
	[&quot;inabaknon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;abx&quot;},
	[&quot;inapang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mzu&quot;},
	[&quot;inari sami&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;smn&quot;, [4]=&quot;smn&quot;},
	[&quot;indian sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ins&quot;},
	[&quot;indic languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;inc&quot;, [5]=&quot;inc&quot;},
	[&quot;indo-european languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;ine&quot;, [5]=&quot;ine&quot;},
	[&quot;indo-iranian languages&quot;] = {[5]=&quot;iir&quot;},
	[&quot;indo-portuguese&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;idb&quot;},
	[&quot;indonesian bajau&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bdl&quot;},
	[&quot;indonesian sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;inl&quot;},
	[&quot;indonesian&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;id&quot;, [2]=&quot;ind&quot;, [4]=&quot;ind&quot;, [11]=&quot;in&quot;},
	[&quot;indri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;idr&quot;},
	[&quot;indus kohistani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mvy&quot;},
	[&quot;indus valley language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xiv&quot;},
	[&quot;inebu one&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;oin&quot;},
	[&quot;ineseño&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;inz&quot;},
	[&quot;inga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;inb&quot;},
	[&quot;ingrian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;izh&quot;},
	[&quot;ingush&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;inh&quot;, [4]=&quot;inh&quot;},
	[&quot;inlaod itneg&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;iti&quot;},
	[&quot;innu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;moe&quot;},
	[&quot;inoke-yate&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ino&quot;},
	[&quot;inonhan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;loc&quot;},
	[&quot;inor&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ior&quot;},
	[&quot;inpui naga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nkf&quot;},
	[&quot;interglossa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;igs&quot;},
	[&quot;interlingua (international auxiliary language association)&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ia&quot;, [2]=&quot;ina&quot;, [4]=&quot;ina&quot;},
	[&quot;interlingue&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ie&quot;, [2]=&quot;ile&quot;, [4]=&quot;ile&quot;},
	[&quot;international sign&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ils&quot;},
	[&quot;intha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;int&quot;},
	[&quot;inuinnaqtun&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ikt&quot;},
	[&quot;inuit sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;iks&quot;},
	[&quot;inuktitut&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;iu&quot;, [2]=&quot;iku&quot;, [4]=&quot;iku&quot;},
	[&quot;inupiaq&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ik&quot;, [2]=&quot;ipk&quot;, [4]=&quot;ipk&quot;},
	[&quot;iowa-oto&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;iow&quot;},
	[&quot;ipalapa amuzgo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;azm&quot;},
	[&quot;ipeka-tapuia&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;paj&quot;},
	[&quot;ipiko&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ipo&quot;},
	[&quot;ipili&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ipi&quot;},
	[&quot;ipulo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ass&quot;},
	[&quot;iquito&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;iqu&quot;},
	[&quot;ir&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;irr&quot;},
	[&quot;iranian languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;ira&quot;, [5]=&quot;ira&quot;},
	[&quot;iranian persian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pes&quot;},
	[&quot;iranian sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;psc&quot;},
	[&quot;iranun (malaysia)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ilm&quot;},
	[&quot;iranun (philippines)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ilp&quot;},
	[&quot;iranun&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;ill&quot;},
	[&quot;iraqw&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;irk&quot;},
	[&quot;irarutu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;irh&quot;},
	[&quot;iraya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;iry&quot;},
	[&quot;iresim&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ire&quot;},
	[&quot;irigwe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;iri&quot;},
	[&quot;irish sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;isg&quot;},
	[&quot;irish&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ga&quot;, [2]=&quot;gle&quot;, [4]=&quot;gle&quot;},
	[&quot;irish, middle (900-1200)&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;mga&quot;},
	[&quot;irish, old (to 900)&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;sga&quot;},
	[&quot;iroquoian languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;iro&quot;, [5]=&quot;iro&quot;},
	[&quot;irula&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;iru&quot;},
	[&quot;irántxe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;irn&quot;},
	[&quot;isabi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;isa&quot;},
	[&quot;isanzu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;isn&quot;},
	[&quot;isarog agta&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;agk&quot;},
	[&quot;isconahua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;isc&quot;},
	[&quot;isebe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;igo&quot;},
	[&quot;isekiri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;its&quot;},
	[&quot;ishkashimi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;isk&quot;},
	[&quot;isinai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;inn&quot;},
	[&quot;isirawa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;srl&quot;},
	[&quot;island carib&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;crb&quot;},
	[&quot;islander creole english&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;icr&quot;},
	[&quot;isnag&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;isd&quot;},
	[&quot;isoko&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;iso&quot;},
	[&quot;israeli sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;isr&quot;},
	[&quot;isthmus mixe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mir&quot;},
	[&quot;isthmus zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zai&quot;},
	[&quot;isthmus-cosoleacaque nahuatl&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nhk&quot;},
	[&quot;isthmus-mecayapan nahuatl&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nhx&quot;},
	[&quot;isthmus-pajapan nahuatl&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nhp&quot;},
	[&quot;istriot&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ist&quot;},
	[&quot;istro romanian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ruo&quot;},
	[&quot;isu (fako division)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;szv&quot;},
	[&quot;isu (menchum division)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;isu&quot;},
	[&quot;italian sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ise&quot;},
	[&quot;italian&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;it&quot;, [2]=&quot;ita&quot;, [4]=&quot;ita&quot;},
	[&quot;italic languages&quot;] = {[5]=&quot;itc&quot;},
	[&quot;itawit&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;itv&quot;},
	[&quot;itelmen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;itl&quot;},
	[&quot;itene&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ite&quot;},
	[&quot;iteri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;itr&quot;},
	[&quot;itik&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;itx&quot;},
	[&quot;ito&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;itw&quot;},
	[&quot;itonama&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ito&quot;},
	[&quot;itu mbon uzo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;itm&quot;},
	[&quot;itundujia mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mce&quot;},
	[&quot;itutang&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;itu&quot;},
	[&quot;itzá&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;itz&quot;},
	[&quot;iu mien&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ium&quot;},
	[&quot;ivatan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ivv&quot;},
	[&quot;ivbie north-okpela-arhe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;atg&quot;},
	[&quot;iwaidja&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ibd&quot;},
	[&quot;iwal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kbm&quot;},
	[&quot;iwam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;iwm&quot;},
	[&quot;iwur&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;iwo&quot;},
	[&quot;ixcatec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ixc&quot;},
	[&quot;ixcatlán mazatec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mzi&quot;},
	[&quot;ixil&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ixl&quot;},
	[&quot;ixtatán chuj&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;cnm&quot;},
	[&quot;ixtayutla mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vmj&quot;},
	[&quot;ixtenco otomi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;otz&quot;},
	[&quot;iyayu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;iya&quot;},
	[&quot;iyive&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;uiv&quot;},
	[&quot;iyo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nca&quot;},
	[&quot;iyo'wujwa chorote&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;crq&quot;},
	[&quot;iyojwa'ja chorote&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;crt&quot;},
	[&quot;izere&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;izr&quot;, [14]=&quot;fiz&quot;},
	[&quot;izi-ezaa-ikwo-mgbo&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;izi&quot;},
	[&quot;izii&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;izz&quot;},
	[&quot;izon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ijc&quot;},
	[&quot;izora&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cbo&quot;},
	[&quot;iñapari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;inp&quot;},
	[&quot;jabutí&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jbt&quot;},
	[&quot;jad&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jda&quot;},
	[&quot;jadgali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jdg&quot;},
	[&quot;jah hut&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jah&quot;},
	[&quot;jahanka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jad&quot;},
	[&quot;jair awyu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;awv&quot;},
	[&quot;jaitmatang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xjt&quot;},
	[&quot;jakalteko&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jac&quot;},
	[&quot;jakati&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jat&quot;},
	[&quot;jakattoe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jrt&quot;},
	[&quot;jakun&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jak&quot;},
	[&quot;jalapa de díaz mazatec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;maj&quot;},
	[&quot;jalkunan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bxl&quot;},
	[&quot;jamaican country sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jcs&quot;},
	[&quot;jamaican creole english&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jam&quot;},
	[&quot;jamaican sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jls&quot;},
	[&quot;jamamadí&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jaa&quot;},
	[&quot;jambi malay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jax&quot;},
	[&quot;jamiltepec mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mxt&quot;},
	[&quot;jamsay dogon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;djm&quot;},
	[&quot;jandai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jan&quot;},
	[&quot;jandavra&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jnd&quot;},
	[&quot;jangkang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;djo&quot;},
	[&quot;jangshung&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jna&quot;},
	[&quot;janji&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jni&quot;},
	[&quot;japanese (family)&quot;] = {[5]=&quot;jpx&quot;},
	[&quot;japanese sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jsl&quot;},
	[&quot;japanese&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ja&quot;, [2]=&quot;jpn&quot;, [4]=&quot;jpn&quot;},
	[&quot;japrería&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jru&quot;},
	[&quot;jaqaru&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jqr&quot;},
	[&quot;jara&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jaf&quot;},
	[&quot;jarai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jra&quot;},
	[&quot;jarawa (india)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;anq&quot;},
	[&quot;jarawa (nigeria)&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;jar&quot;},
	[&quot;jaru&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ddj&quot;},
	[&quot;jaruára&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;jap&quot;},
	[&quot;jauja wanca quechua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;qxw&quot;},
	[&quot;jaunsari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jns&quot;},
	[&quot;javanese&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;jv&quot;, [2]=&quot;jav&quot;, [4]=&quot;jav&quot;, [11]=&quot;jw&quot;, [13]=&quot;jaw&quot;},
	[&quot;javindo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jvd&quot;},
	[&quot;jawe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jaz&quot;},
	[&quot;jawoyn&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;djn&quot;},
	[&quot;jaya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jyy&quot;},
	[&quot;jebero&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jeb&quot;},
	[&quot;jeh&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jeh&quot;},
	[&quot;jehai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jhi&quot;},
	[&quot;jejara naga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pzn&quot;},
	[&quot;jejueo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jje&quot;},
	[&quot;jemez&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tow&quot;},
	[&quot;jenaama bozo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bze&quot;},
	[&quot;jeng&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;jeg&quot;},
	[&quot;jennu kurumba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xuj&quot;},
	[&quot;jere&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jer&quot;},
	[&quot;jeri kuo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jek&quot;},
	[&quot;jerung&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jee&quot;},
	[&quot;jewish babylonian aramaic (ca. 200-1200 ce)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tmr&quot;},
	[&quot;jewish palestinian aramaic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jpa&quot;},
	[&quot;jhankot sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jhs&quot;},
	[&quot;jiamao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jio&quot;},
	[&quot;jiarong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jya&quot;},
	[&quot;jiba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;juo&quot;},
	[&quot;jibu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jib&quot;},
	[&quot;jicarilla apache&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;apj&quot;},
	[&quot;jiiddu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jii&quot;},
	[&quot;jilbe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jie&quot;},
	[&quot;jilim&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jil&quot;},
	[&quot;jimi (cameroon)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jim&quot;},
	[&quot;jimi (nigeria)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jmi&quot;},
	[&quot;jina&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jia&quot;},
	[&quot;jingpho&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;kac&quot;, [4]=&quot;kac&quot;},
	[&quot;jingulu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jig&quot;},
	[&quot;jinyu chinese&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cjy&quot;},
	[&quot;jiongnai bunu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pnu&quot;},
	[&quot;jirel&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jul&quot;},
	[&quot;jiru&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jrr&quot;},
	[&quot;jita&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jit&quot;},
	[&quot;jju&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kaj&quot;},
	[&quot;joba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;job&quot;},
	[&quot;jofotek-bromnya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jbr&quot;},
	[&quot;jogi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jog&quot;},
	[&quot;jola-fonyi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dyo&quot;},
	[&quot;jola-kasa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;csk&quot;},
	[&quot;jonkor bourmataguil&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jeu&quot;},
	[&quot;jordanian sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jos&quot;},
	[&quot;jorá&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jor&quot;},
	[&quot;jowulu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jow&quot;},
	[&quot;joyabaj quiché&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;quj&quot;},
	[&quot;ju&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;juu&quot;},
	[&quot;juang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jun&quot;},
	[&quot;judeo-arabic&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;jrb&quot;, [4]=&quot;jrb&quot;},
	[&quot;judeo-berber&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jbe&quot;},
	[&quot;judeo-georgian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jge&quot;},
	[&quot;judeo-iraqi arabic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yhd&quot;},
	[&quot;judeo-italian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;itk&quot;},
	[&quot;judeo-moroccan arabic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aju&quot;},
	[&quot;judeo-persian&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;jpr&quot;, [4]=&quot;jpr&quot;},
	[&quot;judeo-tat&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jdt&quot;},
	[&quot;judeo-tripolitanian arabic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yud&quot;},
	[&quot;judeo-tunisian arabic&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;ajt&quot;},
	[&quot;judeo-yemeni arabic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jye&quot;},
	[&quot;jukun takum&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jbu&quot;},
	[&quot;jumjum&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jum&quot;},
	[&quot;jumla sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jus&quot;},
	[&quot;jumli&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jml&quot;},
	[&quot;jungle inga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;inj&quot;},
	[&quot;juquila mixe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mxq&quot;},
	[&quot;jur modo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bex&quot;},
	[&quot;juray&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;juy&quot;},
	[&quot;jurchen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;juc&quot;},
	[&quot;jurúna&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jur&quot;},
	[&quot;jutish&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jut&quot;},
	[&quot;juwal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mwb&quot;},
	[&quot;juxtlahuaca mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vmc&quot;},
	[&quot;juǀʼhoan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ktz&quot;},
	[&quot;juǀʼhoansi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ktz&quot;},
	[&quot;jwira-pepesa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jwi&quot;},
	[&quot;jèrriais&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nrf&quot;},
	[&quot;júma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jua&quot;},
	[&quot;k'iche'&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;quc&quot;},
	[&quot;kaamba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xku&quot;},
	[&quot;kaan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ldl&quot;},
	[&quot;kaang chin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ckn&quot;},
	[&quot;kaansa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gna&quot;},
	[&quot;kaapor sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;uks&quot;},
	[&quot;kaapor&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;urb&quot;},
	[&quot;kaba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ksp&quot;},
	[&quot;kabalai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kvf&quot;},
	[&quot;kabardian&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;kbd&quot;, [4]=&quot;kbd&quot;},
	[&quot;kabatei&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xkp&quot;},
	[&quot;kabixí&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;xbx&quot;},
	[&quot;kabiyè&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kbp&quot;},
	[&quot;kabola&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;klz&quot;},
	[&quot;kabore one&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;onk&quot;},
	[&quot;kabras&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lkb&quot;},
	[&quot;kaburi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;uka&quot;},
	[&quot;kabutra&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kbu&quot;},
	[&quot;kabuverdianu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kea&quot;},
	[&quot;kabwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cwa&quot;},
	[&quot;kabwari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kcw&quot;},
	[&quot;kabyle&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;kab&quot;, [4]=&quot;kab&quot;},
	[&quot;kachama-ganjule&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kcx&quot;},
	[&quot;kachari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xac&quot;},
	[&quot;kachhi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kfr&quot;},
	[&quot;kachi koli&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gjk&quot;},
	[&quot;kachin&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;kac&quot;, [4]=&quot;kac&quot;},
	[&quot;kachok&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xkk&quot;},
	[&quot;kacipo-bale suri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;koe&quot;},
	[&quot;kaco'&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xkk&quot;},
	[&quot;kadai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kzd&quot;},
	[&quot;kadar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kej&quot;},
	[&quot;kadaru&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kdu&quot;},
	[&quot;kadazan dusun&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dtp&quot;},
	[&quot;kadiwéu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kbc&quot;},
	[&quot;kado&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;kdv&quot;},
	[&quot;kadu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zkd&quot;},
	[&quot;kadung&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dkg&quot;},
	[&quot;kaduo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ktp&quot;},
	[&quot;kaeku&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kkq&quot;},
	[&quot;kaera&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jka&quot;},
	[&quot;kafa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kbr&quot;},
	[&quot;kafoa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kpu&quot;},
	[&quot;kagan kalagan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kll&quot;},
	[&quot;kagate&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;syw&quot;},
	[&quot;kagayanen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cgc&quot;},
	[&quot;kagoma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kdm&quot;},
	[&quot;kagoro&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xkg&quot;},
	[&quot;kagulu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kki&quot;},
	[&quot;kahayan&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;xah&quot;},
	[&quot;kahe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hka&quot;},
	[&quot;kahua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;agw&quot;},
	[&quot;kahumamahon saluan&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;slb&quot;},
	[&quot;kaian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kct&quot;},
	[&quot;kaibobo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kzb&quot;},
	[&quot;kaidipang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kzp&quot;},
	[&quot;kaiep&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kbw&quot;},
	[&quot;kaikadi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kep&quot;},
	[&quot;kaikavian literary language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kjv&quot;},
	[&quot;kaike&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kzq&quot;},
	[&quot;kaimbulawa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zka&quot;},
	[&quot;kaimbé&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xai&quot;},
	[&quot;kaingang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kgp&quot;},
	[&quot;kairak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ckr&quot;},
	[&quot;kairiru&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kxa&quot;},
	[&quot;kairui-midiki&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;krd&quot;},
	[&quot;kais&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kzm&quot;},
	[&quot;kaitag&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xdq&quot;},
	[&quot;kaivi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kce&quot;},
	[&quot;kaiwá&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kgk&quot;},
	[&quot;kaiy&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tcq&quot;},
	[&quot;kajakse&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ckq&quot;},
	[&quot;kajali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xkj&quot;},
	[&quot;kajaman&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kag&quot;},
	[&quot;kakabai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kqf&quot;},
	[&quot;kakabe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kke&quot;},
	[&quot;kakanda&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kka&quot;},
	[&quot;kakauhua&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;kbf&quot;},
	[&quot;kaki ae&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tbd&quot;},
	[&quot;kakihum&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;kxe&quot;},
	[&quot;kako&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kkj&quot;},
	[&quot;kakwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;keo&quot;},
	[&quot;kala lagaw ya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mwp&quot;},
	[&quot;kala&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kcl&quot;},
	[&quot;kalaallisut&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;kl&quot;, [2]=&quot;kal&quot;, [4]=&quot;kal&quot;},
	[&quot;kalaamaya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lkm&quot;},
	[&quot;kalabakan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kve&quot;},
	[&quot;kalabari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ijn&quot;},
	[&quot;kalabra&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kzz&quot;},
	[&quot;kalagan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kqe&quot;},
	[&quot;kalaktang monpa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kkf&quot;},
	[&quot;kalam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kmh&quot;},
	[&quot;kalami&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gwc&quot;},
	[&quot;kalamsé&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;knz&quot;},
	[&quot;kalanadi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wkl&quot;},
	[&quot;kalanga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kck&quot;},
	[&quot;kalanguya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kak&quot;},
	[&quot;kalao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kly&quot;},
	[&quot;kalapalo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kui&quot;},
	[&quot;kalapuya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kyl&quot;},
	[&quot;kalarko&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kba&quot;},
	[&quot;kalasha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kls&quot;},
	[&quot;kalenjin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kln&quot;},
	[&quot;kalispel-pend d'oreille&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fla&quot;},
	[&quot;kalkoti&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xka&quot;},
	[&quot;kalkutung&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ktg&quot;},
	[&quot;kalmyk&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;xal&quot;, [4]=&quot;xal&quot;},
	[&quot;kalo finnish romani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rmf&quot;},
	[&quot;kalou&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ywa&quot;},
	[&quot;kaluli&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bco&quot;},
	[&quot;kalumpang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kli&quot;},
	[&quot;kam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kdx&quot;},
	[&quot;kamakan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vkm&quot;},
	[&quot;kamang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;woi&quot;},
	[&quot;kamano&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kbq&quot;},
	[&quot;kamantan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kci&quot;},
	[&quot;kamar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;keq&quot;},
	[&quot;kamara&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jmr&quot;},
	[&quot;kamarian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kzx&quot;},
	[&quot;kamaru&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kgx&quot;},
	[&quot;kamas&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xas&quot;},
	[&quot;kamasa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;klp&quot;},
	[&quot;kamasau&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kms&quot;},
	[&quot;kamayo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kyk&quot;},
	[&quot;kamayurá&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kay&quot;},
	[&quot;kamba (brazil)&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;xba&quot;},
	[&quot;kamba (kenya)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kam&quot;},
	[&quot;kamba&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;kam&quot;},
	[&quot;kambaata&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ktb&quot;},
	[&quot;kambaira&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kyy&quot;},
	[&quot;kambera&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xbr&quot;},
	[&quot;kamberau&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;irx&quot;},
	[&quot;kambiwá&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xbw&quot;},
	[&quot;kami (nigeria)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kmi&quot;},
	[&quot;kami (tanzania)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kcu&quot;},
	[&quot;kamo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kcq&quot;},
	[&quot;kamoro&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kgq&quot;},
	[&quot;kamta&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rkt&quot;},
	[&quot;kamu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xmu&quot;},
	[&quot;kamula&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xla&quot;},
	[&quot;kamviri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xvi&quot;},
	[&quot;kamwe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hig&quot;},
	[&quot;kanakanabu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xnb&quot;},
	[&quot;kanamarí&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;knm&quot;},
	[&quot;kanan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zkn&quot;},
	[&quot;kanashi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xns&quot;},
	[&quot;kanasi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;soq&quot;},
	[&quot;kanauji&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bjj&quot;},
	[&quot;kandas&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kqw&quot;},
	[&quot;kandawo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gam&quot;},
	[&quot;kande&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kbs&quot;},
	[&quot;kanembu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kbl&quot;},
	[&quot;kang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kyp&quot;},
	[&quot;kanga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kcp&quot;},
	[&quot;kangean&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kkv&quot;},
	[&quot;kanggape&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;igm&quot;},
	[&quot;kangjia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kxs&quot;},
	[&quot;kango (bas-uélé district)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kty&quot;},
	[&quot;kango (tshopo district)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kzy&quot;},
	[&quot;kangri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xnr&quot;},
	[&quot;kaniet&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ktk&quot;},
	[&quot;kanikkaran&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kev&quot;},
	[&quot;kaningdon-nindem&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kdp&quot;},
	[&quot;kaningi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kzo&quot;},
	[&quot;kaningra&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;knr&quot;},
	[&quot;kaninuwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wat&quot;},
	[&quot;kanite&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kmu&quot;},
	[&quot;kanjari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kft&quot;},
	[&quot;kanjobal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kjb&quot;},
	[&quot;kanju&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kbe&quot;},
	[&quot;kankanaey&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kne&quot;},
	[&quot;kannada kurumba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kfi&quot;},
	[&quot;kannada&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;kn&quot;, [2]=&quot;kan&quot;, [4]=&quot;kan&quot;},
	[&quot;kanowit-tanjong melanau&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kxn&quot;},
	[&quot;kanoé&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kxo&quot;},
	[&quot;kansa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ksk&quot;},
	[&quot;kantosi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xkt&quot;},
	[&quot;kanu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;khx&quot;},
	[&quot;kanufi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kni&quot;},
	[&quot;kanuri&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;kr&quot;, [2]=&quot;kau&quot;, [4]=&quot;kau&quot;},
	[&quot;kanyok&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kny&quot;},
	[&quot;kao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kax&quot;},
	[&quot;kaonde&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kqn&quot;},
	[&quot;kap&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ykm&quot;},
	[&quot;kapampangan&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;pam&quot;, [4]=&quot;pam&quot;},
	[&quot;kapauri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;khp&quot;},
	[&quot;kapin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tbx&quot;},
	[&quot;kapinawá&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xpn&quot;},
	[&quot;kapingamarangi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kpg&quot;},
	[&quot;kapori&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;khp&quot;},
	[&quot;kapriman&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dju&quot;},
	[&quot;kaptiau&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kbi&quot;},
	[&quot;kapya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;klo&quot;},
	[&quot;kaqchikel&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cak&quot;},
	[&quot;kara (central african republic)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kah&quot;},
	[&quot;kara (korea)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zra&quot;},
	[&quot;kara (papua new guinea)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;leu&quot;},
	[&quot;kara (tanzania)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;reg&quot;},
	[&quot;kara-kalpak&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;kaa&quot;, [4]=&quot;kaa&quot;},
	[&quot;karachay-balkar&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;krc&quot;, [4]=&quot;krc&quot;},
	[&quot;karagas&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kim&quot;},
	[&quot;karahawyana&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;xkh&quot;},
	[&quot;karaim&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kdr&quot;},
	[&quot;karajarri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gbd&quot;},
	[&quot;karajá&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kpj&quot;},
	[&quot;karakalpak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kaa&quot;},
	[&quot;karakhanid&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xqa&quot;},
	[&quot;karami&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xar&quot;},
	[&quot;karamojong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kdj&quot;},
	[&quot;karang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kzr&quot;},
	[&quot;karanga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kth&quot;},
	[&quot;karankawa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zkk&quot;},
	[&quot;karao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kyj&quot;},
	[&quot;karas&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kgv&quot;},
	[&quot;karata&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kpt&quot;},
	[&quot;karawa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xrw&quot;},
	[&quot;karbi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mjw&quot;},
	[&quot;kare (central african republic)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kbn&quot;},
	[&quot;kare (papua new guinea)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kmf&quot;},
	[&quot;karekare&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kai&quot;},
	[&quot;karelian&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;krl&quot;, [4]=&quot;krl&quot;},
	[&quot;karen languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;kar&quot;, [5]=&quot;kar&quot;},
	[&quot;karenggapa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;eaa&quot;},
	[&quot;karey&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kyd&quot;},
	[&quot;kari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kbj&quot;},
	[&quot;karingani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kgn&quot;},
	[&quot;karipuna&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kuq&quot;},
	[&quot;karipúna creole french&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kmv&quot;},
	[&quot;karipúna&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;kgm&quot;},
	[&quot;karirí-xocó&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kzw&quot;},
	[&quot;karitiâna&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ktn&quot;},
	[&quot;kariya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kil&quot;},
	[&quot;kariyarra&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vka&quot;},
	[&quot;karkar-yuri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yuj&quot;},
	[&quot;karkin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;krb&quot;},
	[&quot;karko&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kko&quot;},
	[&quot;karnai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bbv&quot;},
	[&quot;karo (brazil)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;arr&quot;},
	[&quot;karo (ethiopia)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kxh&quot;},
	[&quot;karok&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kyh&quot;},
	[&quot;karon dori&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kgw&quot;},
	[&quot;karon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;krx&quot;},
	[&quot;karore&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xkx&quot;},
	[&quot;karranga&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;xrq&quot;},
	[&quot;karuwali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rxw&quot;},
	[&quot;kasanga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ccj&quot;},
	[&quot;kasem&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xsm&quot;},
	[&quot;kashaya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kju&quot;},
	[&quot;kashmiri&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ks&quot;, [2]=&quot;kas&quot;, [4]=&quot;kas&quot;},
	[&quot;kashubian&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;csb&quot;, [4]=&quot;csb&quot;},
	[&quot;kasiguranin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ksn&quot;},
	[&quot;kaska&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kkz&quot;},
	[&quot;kaskean&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zsk&quot;},
	[&quot;kasseng&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;kgc&quot;},
	[&quot;kasua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;khs&quot;},
	[&quot;kataang&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;kgd&quot;},
	[&quot;katabaga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ktq&quot;},
	[&quot;katawixi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xat&quot;},
	[&quot;katbol&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tmb&quot;},
	[&quot;katcha-kadugli-miri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xtc&quot;},
	[&quot;kathoriya tharu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tkt&quot;},
	[&quot;kathu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ykt&quot;},
	[&quot;kati&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bsh&quot;},
	[&quot;katingan&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;kxg&quot;},
	[&quot;katkari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kfu&quot;},
	[&quot;katla&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kcr&quot;},
	[&quot;kato&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ktw&quot;},
	[&quot;katso&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kaf&quot;},
	[&quot;katua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kta&quot;},
	[&quot;katukína&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kav&quot;},
	[&quot;kaulong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pss&quot;},
	[&quot;kaur&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vkk&quot;},
	[&quot;kaure&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bpp&quot;},
	[&quot;kaurna&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zku&quot;},
	[&quot;kauwera&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xau&quot;},
	[&quot;kavalan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ckv&quot;},
	[&quot;kavet&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;krv&quot;},
	[&quot;kawacha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kcb&quot;},
	[&quot;kawaiisu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xaw&quot;},
	[&quot;kawe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kgb&quot;},
	[&quot;kawi&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;kaw&quot;, [4]=&quot;kaw&quot;},
	[&quot;kaxararí&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ktx&quot;},
	[&quot;kaxuiâna&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kbb&quot;},
	[&quot;kayabí&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kyz&quot;},
	[&quot;kayagar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kyt&quot;},
	[&quot;kayan mahakam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xay&quot;},
	[&quot;kayan river kayan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xkn&quot;},
	[&quot;kayan river kenyah&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;knh&quot;},
	[&quot;kayan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pdu&quot;},
	[&quot;kayapa kallahan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kak&quot;},
	[&quot;kayapó&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;txu&quot;},
	[&quot;kayardild&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gyd&quot;},
	[&quot;kayaw&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kvl&quot;},
	[&quot;kayeli&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kzl&quot;},
	[&quot;kayong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kxy&quot;},
	[&quot;kayort&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kyv&quot;},
	[&quot;kaytetye&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gbb&quot;},
	[&quot;kayu agung&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;vky&quot;},
	[&quot;kayupulau&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kzu&quot;},
	[&quot;kazakh&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;kk&quot;, [2]=&quot;kaz&quot;, [4]=&quot;kaz&quot;},
	[&quot;kazukuru&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kzk&quot;},
	[&quot;ke'o&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xxk&quot;},
	[&quot;keak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;keh&quot;},
	[&quot;keapara&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;khz&quot;},
	[&quot;kedah malay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;meo&quot;},
	[&quot;kedang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ksx&quot;},
	[&quot;keder&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kdy&quot;},
	[&quot;keerray-woorroong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wkr&quot;},
	[&quot;kehu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;khh&quot;},
	[&quot;kei&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kei&quot;},
	[&quot;keiga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kec&quot;},
	[&quot;keijar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kdy&quot;},
	[&quot;kein&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bmh&quot;},
	[&quot;keiyo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;eyo&quot;},
	[&quot;kekchí&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kek&quot;},
	[&quot;kela (democratic republic of congo)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kel&quot;},
	[&quot;kela (papua new guinea)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kcl&quot;},
	[&quot;kelabit&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kzi&quot;},
	[&quot;kele (democratic republic of congo)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;khy&quot;},
	[&quot;kele (papua new guinea)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sbc&quot;},
	[&quot;keley-i kallahan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ify&quot;},
	[&quot;keliko&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kbo&quot;},
	[&quot;kelo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xel&quot;},
	[&quot;kelon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kyo&quot;},
	[&quot;kemak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kem&quot;},
	[&quot;kembayan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xem&quot;},
	[&quot;kemberano&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bzp&quot;},
	[&quot;kembra&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xkw&quot;},
	[&quot;kemedzung&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dmo&quot;},
	[&quot;kemi sami&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sjk&quot;},
	[&quot;kemiehua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kfj&quot;},
	[&quot;kemtuik&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kmt&quot;},
	[&quot;kenaboi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xbn&quot;},
	[&quot;kenati&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gat&quot;},
	[&quot;kendayan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;knx&quot;},
	[&quot;kendeje&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;klf&quot;},
	[&quot;kendem&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kvm&quot;},
	[&quot;kenga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kyq&quot;},
	[&quot;keningau murut&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kxi&quot;},
	[&quot;keninjal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;knl&quot;},
	[&quot;kensiu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kns&quot;},
	[&quot;kenswei nsei&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ndb&quot;},
	[&quot;kenuzi-dongola&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;kzh&quot;},
	[&quot;kenyan sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xki&quot;},
	[&quot;kenyang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ken&quot;},
	[&quot;kenyi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lke&quot;},
	[&quot;kenzi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xnz&quot;},
	[&quot;keoru-ahia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xeu&quot;},
	[&quot;kepkiriwát&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kpn&quot;},
	[&quot;kepo'&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kuk&quot;},
	[&quot;kera&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ker&quot;},
	[&quot;kerak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hhr&quot;},
	[&quot;kereho&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xke&quot;},
	[&quot;kerek&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;krk&quot;},
	[&quot;kerewe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ked&quot;},
	[&quot;kerewo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kxz&quot;},
	[&quot;kerinci&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kvr&quot;},
	[&quot;kesawai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xes&quot;},
	[&quot;ket&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ket&quot;},
	[&quot;ketangalan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kae&quot;},
	[&quot;kete&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kcv&quot;},
	[&quot;ketengban&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xte&quot;},
	[&quot;ketum&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ktt&quot;},
	[&quot;keyagana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kyg&quot;},
	[&quot;kgalagadi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xkv&quot;},
	[&quot;khah&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hkh&quot;},
	[&quot;khakas&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kjh&quot;},
	[&quot;khalaj&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;klj&quot;, [14]=&quot;kjf&quot;},
	[&quot;khaling&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;klr&quot;},
	[&quot;khamba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kbg&quot;},
	[&quot;khamnigan mongol&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ykh&quot;},
	[&quot;khams tibetan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;khg&quot;},
	[&quot;khamti&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kht&quot;},
	[&quot;khamyang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ksu&quot;},
	[&quot;khana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ogo&quot;},
	[&quot;khandesi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;khn&quot;},
	[&quot;khanty&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kca&quot;},
	[&quot;khao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xao&quot;},
	[&quot;kharam naga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kfw&quot;},
	[&quot;kharia thar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ksy&quot;},
	[&quot;kharia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;khr&quot;},
	[&quot;khasi&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;kha&quot;, [4]=&quot;kha&quot;},
	[&quot;khayo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lko&quot;},
	[&quot;khazar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zkz&quot;},
	[&quot;khe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kqg&quot;},
	[&quot;khehek&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tlx&quot;},
	[&quot;khengkha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xkf&quot;},
	[&quot;khetrani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xhe&quot;},
	[&quot;khezha naga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nkh&quot;},
	[&quot;khiamniungan naga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kix&quot;, [14]=&quot;nky&quot;},
	[&quot;khinalugh&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kjj&quot;},
	[&quot;khirwar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kwx&quot;},
	[&quot;khisa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kqm&quot;},
	[&quot;khlor&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;llo&quot;},
	[&quot;khlula&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ykl&quot;},
	[&quot;khmer&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;km&quot;, [4]=&quot;khm&quot;},
	[&quot;khmu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kjg&quot;},
	[&quot;kho'ini&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xkc&quot;},
	[&quot;khoekhoe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;naq&quot;},
	[&quot;khoibu naga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nkb&quot;},
	[&quot;khoisan languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;khi&quot;, [5]=&quot;khi&quot;},
	[&quot;kholok&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ktc&quot;},
	[&quot;khonso&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kxc&quot;},
	[&quot;khorasani turkish&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kmz&quot;},
	[&quot;khorezmian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zkh&quot;},
	[&quot;khotanese&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;kho&quot;, [4]=&quot;kho&quot;},
	[&quot;khowar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;khw&quot;},
	[&quot;khua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xhv&quot;},
	[&quot;khuen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;khf&quot;},
	[&quot;khumi awa chin&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;cka&quot;},
	[&quot;khumi chin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cnk&quot;},
	[&quot;khunsari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kfm&quot;},
	[&quot;khvarshi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;khv&quot;},
	[&quot;khwedam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xuu&quot;},
	[&quot;kháng&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kjm&quot;},
	[&quot;khün&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kkh&quot;},
	[&quot;kibala&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;blv&quot;},
	[&quot;kibet&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kie&quot;},
	[&quot;kibiri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;prm&quot;},
	[&quot;kickapoo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kic&quot;},
	[&quot;kiembu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ebu&quot;},
	[&quot;kigiryama&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nyf&quot;},
	[&quot;kija&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gia&quot;},
	[&quot;kikai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kzg&quot;},
	[&quot;kikuyu&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ki&quot;, [2]=&quot;kik&quot;, [4]=&quot;kik&quot;},
	[&quot;kildin sami&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sjd&quot;},
	[&quot;kilivila&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kij&quot;},
	[&quot;kiliwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;klb&quot;},
	[&quot;kilmeri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kih&quot;},
	[&quot;kim mun&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mji&quot;},
	[&quot;kim&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kia&quot;},
	[&quot;kimaama&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kig&quot;},
	[&quot;kimaghima&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kig&quot;},
	[&quot;kimaragang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kqr&quot;},
	[&quot;kimbu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kiv&quot;},
	[&quot;kimbundu&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;kmb&quot;, [4]=&quot;kmb&quot;},
	[&quot;kimki&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sbt&quot;},
	[&quot;kimré&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kqp&quot;},
	[&quot;kinabalian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cbw&quot;},
	[&quot;kinalakna&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kco&quot;},
	[&quot;kinamiging manobo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mkx&quot;},
	[&quot;kinaray-a&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;krj&quot;},
	[&quot;kinga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zga&quot;},
	[&quot;kinnauri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kfk&quot;},
	[&quot;kintaq&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;knq&quot;},
	[&quot;kinuku&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kkd&quot;},
	[&quot;kinyarwanda&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;rw&quot;, [2]=&quot;kin&quot;, [4]=&quot;kin&quot;},
	[&quot;kioko&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ues&quot;},
	[&quot;kiong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kkm&quot;},
	[&quot;kiorr&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xko&quot;},
	[&quot;kiowa apache&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;apk&quot;},
	[&quot;kiowa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kio&quot;},
	[&quot;kipfokomo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pkb&quot;},
	[&quot;kipsigis&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sgc&quot;},
	[&quot;kiput&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kyi&quot;},
	[&quot;kir-balar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kkr&quot;},
	[&quot;kirdki&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;zza&quot;, [4]=&quot;zza&quot;},
	[&quot;kire&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;geb&quot;},
	[&quot;kirghiz&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ky&quot;, [2]=&quot;kir&quot;, [4]=&quot;kir&quot;},
	[&quot;kirike&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;okr&quot;},
	[&quot;kirikiri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kiy&quot;},
	[&quot;kirmanjki (individual language)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kiu&quot;},
	[&quot;kirmanjki (macrolanguage)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zza&quot;},
	[&quot;kirmanjki&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;zza&quot;},
	[&quot;kirya-konzəl&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fkk&quot;},
	[&quot;kis&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kis&quot;},
	[&quot;kisa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lks&quot;},
	[&quot;kisan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xis&quot;},
	[&quot;kisankasa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kqh&quot;},
	[&quot;kisar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kje&quot;},
	[&quot;kisi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kiz&quot;},
	[&quot;kistane&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gru&quot;},
	[&quot;kiswahili&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;swh&quot;},
	[&quot;kita maninkakan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mwk&quot;},
	[&quot;kitan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zkt&quot;},
	[&quot;kitharaka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;thk&quot;},
	[&quot;kitsai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kii&quot;},
	[&quot;kituba (congo)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mkw&quot;},
	[&quot;kituba (democratic republic of congo)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ktu&quot;},
	[&quot;kiunum&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wei&quot;},
	[&quot;kiwilwana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mlk&quot;},
	[&quot;kizamani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;izm&quot;},
	[&quot;kla-dan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lda&quot;},
	[&quot;klamath-modoc&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kla&quot;},
	[&quot;klao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;klu&quot;},
	[&quot;klias river kadazan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kqt&quot;},
	[&quot;klingon&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;tlh&quot;, [4]=&quot;tlh&quot;},
	[&quot;knaanic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;czk&quot;},
	[&quot;ko&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fuj&quot;},
	[&quot;koalib&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kib&quot;},
	[&quot;koasati&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cku&quot;},
	[&quot;koba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kpd&quot;},
	[&quot;kobiana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kcj&quot;},
	[&quot;kobo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;okc&quot;},
	[&quot;kobol&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kgu&quot;},
	[&quot;kobon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kpw&quot;},
	[&quot;koch&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kdq&quot;},
	[&quot;kochila tharu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;thq&quot;},
	[&quot;koda&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cdz&quot;},
	[&quot;kodaku&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ksz&quot;},
	[&quot;kodava&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kfa&quot;},
	[&quot;kodeoha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vko&quot;},
	[&quot;kodi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kod&quot;},
	[&quot;kodia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kwp&quot;},
	[&quot;koenoem&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kcs&quot;},
	[&quot;kofa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kso&quot;},
	[&quot;kofei&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kpi&quot;},
	[&quot;kofyar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kwl&quot;},
	[&quot;kogi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kog&quot;},
	[&quot;koguryo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zkg&quot;},
	[&quot;kohin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kkx&quot;},
	[&quot;kohistani shina&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;plk&quot;},
	[&quot;koho&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kpm&quot;},
	[&quot;kohoroxitari&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;kob&quot;},
	[&quot;kohumono&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bcs&quot;},
	[&quot;koi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kkt&quot;},
	[&quot;koibal&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;zkb&quot;},
	[&quot;koireng&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nkd&quot;},
	[&quot;koitabu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kqi&quot;},
	[&quot;koiwat&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kxt&quot;},
	[&quot;kok borok&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;trp&quot;},
	[&quot;kok-nar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gko&quot;},
	[&quot;kokata&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ktd&quot;},
	[&quot;koke&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kou&quot;},
	[&quot;koki naga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nxk&quot;},
	[&quot;koko babangk&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;okg&quot;},
	[&quot;koko-bera&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kkp&quot;},
	[&quot;kokoda&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xod&quot;},
	[&quot;kokola&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kzn&quot;},
	[&quot;kokota&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kkk&quot;},
	[&quot;kol (bangladesh)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ekl&quot;},
	[&quot;kol (cameroon)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;biw&quot;},
	[&quot;kol (papua new guinea)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kol&quot;},
	[&quot;kol&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ekl&quot;},
	[&quot;kola&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kvv&quot;},
	[&quot;kolbila&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;klc&quot;},
	[&quot;kolibugan subanon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;skn&quot;},
	[&quot;kolum so dogon&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;dkl&quot;},
	[&quot;koluwawa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;klx&quot;},
	[&quot;kom (cameroon)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bkm&quot;},
	[&quot;kom (india)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kmm&quot;},
	[&quot;koma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kmy&quot;},
	[&quot;komba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kpf&quot;},
	[&quot;kombai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tyn&quot;},
	[&quot;kombio&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xbi&quot;},
	[&quot;komering&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kge&quot;},
	[&quot;komi&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;kv&quot;, [2]=&quot;kom&quot;, [4]=&quot;kom&quot;},
	[&quot;komi-permyak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;koi&quot;},
	[&quot;komi-zyrian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kpv&quot;},
	[&quot;kominimung&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xoi&quot;},
	[&quot;komo (democratic republic of congo)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kmw&quot;},
	[&quot;komo (sudan)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xom&quot;},
	[&quot;komodo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kvh&quot;},
	[&quot;kompane&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kvp&quot;},
	[&quot;komyandaret&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kzv&quot;},
	[&quot;kon keu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kkn&quot;},
	[&quot;konabéré&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bbo&quot;},
	[&quot;konai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kxw&quot;},
	[&quot;konda&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;knd&quot;},
	[&quot;konda-dora&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kfc&quot;},
	[&quot;koneraw&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kdw&quot;},
	[&quot;kongo&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;kg&quot;, [2]=&quot;kon&quot;, [4]=&quot;kon&quot;},
	[&quot;konkani (individual language)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;knn&quot;},
	[&quot;konkani (macrolanguage)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kok&quot;},
	[&quot;konkani&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;kok&quot;},
	[&quot;konkomba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xon&quot;},
	[&quot;konni&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kma&quot;},
	[&quot;kono (guinea)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;knu&quot;},
	[&quot;kono (nigeria)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;klk&quot;},
	[&quot;kono (sierra leone)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kno&quot;},
	[&quot;konomala&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;koa&quot;},
	[&quot;konongo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kcz&quot;},
	[&quot;konso&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kxc&quot;},
	[&quot;konyak naga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nbe&quot;},
	[&quot;konyanka maninka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mku&quot;},
	[&quot;konzo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;koo&quot;},
	[&quot;koongo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kng&quot;},
	[&quot;koonzime&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ozm&quot;},
	[&quot;koorete&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kqy&quot;},
	[&quot;kopar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xop&quot;},
	[&quot;kopkaka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;opk&quot;},
	[&quot;korafe-yegha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kpr&quot;},
	[&quot;korak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;koz&quot;},
	[&quot;korana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kqz&quot;},
	[&quot;korandje&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kcy&quot;},
	[&quot;kordofanian languages&quot;] = {[5]=&quot;kdo&quot;},
	[&quot;korean sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kvk&quot;},
	[&quot;korean&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ko&quot;, [2]=&quot;kor&quot;, [4]=&quot;kor&quot;},
	[&quot;koreguaje&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;coe&quot;},
	[&quot;koresh-e rostam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;okh&quot;},
	[&quot;korku&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kfq&quot;},
	[&quot;korlai creole portuguese&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vkp&quot;},
	[&quot;koro (côte d'ivoire)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kfo&quot;},
	[&quot;koro (india)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jkr&quot;},
	[&quot;koro (papua new guinea)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kxr&quot;},
	[&quot;koro (vanuatu)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;krf&quot;},
	[&quot;koro nulu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vkn&quot;},
	[&quot;koro wachi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bqv&quot;},
	[&quot;koro zuba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vkz&quot;},
	[&quot;koromfé&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kfz&quot;},
	[&quot;koromira&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kqj&quot;},
	[&quot;koronadal blaan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bpr&quot;},
	[&quot;koroni&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xkq&quot;},
	[&quot;koropó&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xxr&quot;},
	[&quot;koroshi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ktl&quot;},
	[&quot;korowai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;khe&quot;},
	[&quot;korra koraga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kfd&quot;},
	[&quot;korubo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xor&quot;},
	[&quot;korupun-sela&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kpq&quot;},
	[&quot;korur&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;auq&quot;},
	[&quot;korwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kfp&quot;},
	[&quot;koryak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kpy&quot;},
	[&quot;kosadle&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kiq&quot;},
	[&quot;kosare&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kiq&quot;},
	[&quot;kosarek yale&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kkl&quot;},
	[&quot;kosena&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kze&quot;},
	[&quot;koshin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kid&quot;},
	[&quot;kosli&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;spv&quot;},
	[&quot;kosraean&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;kos&quot;, [4]=&quot;kos&quot;},
	[&quot;kota (gabon)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;koq&quot;},
	[&quot;kota (india)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kfe&quot;},
	[&quot;kota bangun kutai malay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mqg&quot;},
	[&quot;kota marudu talantang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;grm&quot;},
	[&quot;kota marudu tinagas&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;ktr&quot;},
	[&quot;kotafon gbe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kqk&quot;},
	[&quot;kotava&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;avk&quot;},
	[&quot;koti&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;eko&quot;},
	[&quot;kott&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zko&quot;},
	[&quot;kou&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;snz&quot;},
	[&quot;kouya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kyf&quot;},
	[&quot;kovai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kqb&quot;},
	[&quot;kove&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kvc&quot;},
	[&quot;kowaki&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xow&quot;},
	[&quot;kowiai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kwh&quot;},
	[&quot;koy sanjaq surat&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kqd&quot;},
	[&quot;koya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kff&quot;},
	[&quot;koyaga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kga&quot;},
	[&quot;koyo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;koh&quot;},
	[&quot;koyra chiini songhay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;khq&quot;},
	[&quot;koyraboro senni songhai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ses&quot;},
	[&quot;koyukon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;koy&quot;},
	[&quot;kpagua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kuw&quot;},
	[&quot;kpala&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kpl&quot;},
	[&quot;kpan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kpk&quot;},
	[&quot;kpasam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pbn&quot;},
	[&quot;kpati&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;koc&quot;},
	[&quot;kpatili&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kym&quot;},
	[&quot;kpeego&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cpo&quot;},
	[&quot;kpelle&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;kpe&quot;, [4]=&quot;kpe&quot;},
	[&quot;kpessi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kef&quot;},
	[&quot;kplang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kph&quot;},
	[&quot;krache&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kye&quot;},
	[&quot;krahô&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xra&quot;},
	[&quot;kraol&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rka&quot;},
	[&quot;krenak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kqq&quot;},
	[&quot;krevinian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zkv&quot;},
	[&quot;kreye&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xre&quot;},
	[&quot;kriang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ngt&quot;},
	[&quot;krikati-timbira&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xri&quot;},
	[&quot;krim&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;krm&quot;},
	[&quot;krio&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kri&quot;},
	[&quot;kriol&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rop&quot;},
	[&quot;krisa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ksi&quot;},
	[&quot;krobu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kxb&quot;},
	[&quot;krongo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kgo&quot;},
	[&quot;kru languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;kro&quot;, [5]=&quot;kro&quot;},
	[&quot;krui&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;krq&quot;},
	[&quot;krung&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;krr&quot;},
	[&quot;krymchak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jct&quot;},
	[&quot;kryts&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kry&quot;},
	[&quot;kua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tyu&quot;},
	[&quot;kua-nsi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ykn&quot;},
	[&quot;kuamasi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yku&quot;},
	[&quot;kuan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;uan&quot;},
	[&quot;kuanhua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xnh&quot;},
	[&quot;kuanua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ksd&quot;},
	[&quot;kuanyama&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;kj&quot;, [2]=&quot;kua&quot;, [4]=&quot;kua&quot;},
	[&quot;kubachi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ugh&quot;},
	[&quot;kube&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kgf&quot;},
	[&quot;kubi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kof&quot;},
	[&quot;kubo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jko&quot;},
	[&quot;kubu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kvb&quot;},
	[&quot;kucong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lkc&quot;},
	[&quot;kudiya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kfg&quot;},
	[&quot;kudmali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kyw&quot;},
	[&quot;kudu-camo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kov&quot;},
	[&quot;kufr qassem sign language (kqsl)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sqx&quot;},
	[&quot;kugama&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kow&quot;},
	[&quot;kugbo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kes&quot;},
	[&quot;kugu-muminh&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xmh&quot;},
	[&quot;kui (india)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;uki&quot;, [14]=&quot;kxu&quot;},
	[&quot;kui (indonesia)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kvd&quot;},
	[&quot;kuijau&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dkr&quot;},
	[&quot;kuikúro-kalapálo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kui&quot;},
	[&quot;kujarge&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vkj&quot;},
	[&quot;kuk&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kfn&quot;},
	[&quot;kukatha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ktd&quot;},
	[&quot;kukatja&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kux&quot;},
	[&quot;kuke&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ght&quot;},
	[&quot;kukele&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kez&quot;},
	[&quot;kukna&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kex&quot;},
	[&quot;kuku&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ukv&quot;},
	[&quot;kuku-mangk&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xmq&quot;},
	[&quot;kuku-mu'inh&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xmp&quot;},
	[&quot;kuku-ugbanh&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ugb&quot;},
	[&quot;kuku-uwanh&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;uwa&quot;},
	[&quot;kuku-yalanji&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gvn&quot;},
	[&quot;kula&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tpg&quot;},
	[&quot;kulere&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kul&quot;},
	[&quot;kulfa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kxj&quot;},
	[&quot;kulina pano&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xpk&quot;},
	[&quot;kulina&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cul&quot;},
	[&quot;kulisusu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vkl&quot;},
	[&quot;kullu pahari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kfx&quot;},
	[&quot;kulon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;uon&quot;},
	[&quot;kulon-pazeh&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;uun&quot;},
	[&quot;kulung (nepal)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kle&quot;},
	[&quot;kulung (nigeria)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bbu&quot;},
	[&quot;kumalu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ksl&quot;},
	[&quot;kumam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kdi&quot;},
	[&quot;kuman (papua new guinea)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kue&quot;},
	[&quot;kuman (russia)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;qwm&quot;},
	[&quot;kumaoni&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kfy&quot;},
	[&quot;kumarbhag paharia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kmj&quot;},
	[&quot;kumba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ksm&quot;},
	[&quot;kumbainggar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kgs&quot;},
	[&quot;kumbaran&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wkb&quot;},
	[&quot;kumbewaha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xks&quot;},
	[&quot;kumhali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kra&quot;},
	[&quot;kumiai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dih&quot;},
	[&quot;kumukio&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kuo&quot;},
	[&quot;kumyk&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;kum&quot;, [4]=&quot;kum&quot;},
	[&quot;kumzari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zum&quot;},
	[&quot;kunama&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kun&quot;},
	[&quot;kunbarlang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wlg&quot;},
	[&quot;kunda&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kdn&quot;},
	[&quot;kundal shahi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;shd&quot;},
	[&quot;kunduvadi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wku&quot;},
	[&quot;kunfal&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;xuf&quot;},
	[&quot;kung&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kfl&quot;},
	[&quot;kung-ekoka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;knw&quot;},
	[&quot;kungarakany&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ggk&quot;},
	[&quot;kungardutyi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gdt&quot;},
	[&quot;kunggara&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;kvs&quot;},
	[&quot;kunggari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kgl&quot;},
	[&quot;kungkari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lku&quot;},
	[&quot;kuni&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kse&quot;},
	[&quot;kuni-boazi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kvg&quot;},
	[&quot;kunigami&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xug&quot;},
	[&quot;kunimaipa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kup&quot;},
	[&quot;kunja&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pep&quot;},
	[&quot;kunjen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kjn&quot;},
	[&quot;kunyi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;njx&quot;},
	[&quot;kunza&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kuz&quot;},
	[&quot;kuo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xuo&quot;},
	[&quot;kuot&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kto&quot;},
	[&quot;kupa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kug&quot;},
	[&quot;kupang malay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mkn&quot;},
	[&quot;kupia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;key&quot;},
	[&quot;kupsabiny&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kpz&quot;},
	[&quot;kur&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kuv&quot;},
	[&quot;kura ede nago&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nqk&quot;},
	[&quot;kurama&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;krh&quot;},
	[&quot;kuranko&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;knk&quot;},
	[&quot;kurdish&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ku&quot;, [2]=&quot;kur&quot;, [4]=&quot;kur&quot;},
	[&quot;kuri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nbn&quot;},
	[&quot;kuria&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kuj&quot;},
	[&quot;kurichiya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kfh&quot;},
	[&quot;kurmukar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kfv&quot;},
	[&quot;kurnai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;unn&quot;},
	[&quot;kurrama&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vku&quot;},
	[&quot;kurti&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ktm&quot;},
	[&quot;kurtokha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xkz&quot;},
	[&quot;kurudu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kjr&quot;},
	[&quot;kurukh&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;kru&quot;, [4]=&quot;kru&quot;},
	[&quot;kuruáya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kyr&quot;},
	[&quot;kusaal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kus&quot;},
	[&quot;kusaghe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ksg&quot;},
	[&quot;kushi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kuh&quot;},
	[&quot;kusu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ksv&quot;},
	[&quot;kusunda&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kgg&quot;},
	[&quot;kutang ghale&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ght&quot;},
	[&quot;kutchi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kfr&quot;},
	[&quot;kutenai&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;kut&quot;, [4]=&quot;kut&quot;},
	[&quot;kutep&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kub&quot;},
	[&quot;kuthant&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xut&quot;},
	[&quot;kutong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;skm&quot;},
	[&quot;kutto&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kpa&quot;},
	[&quot;kutu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kdc&quot;},
	[&quot;kuturmi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;khj&quot;},
	[&quot;kuuk thaayorre&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;thd&quot;},
	[&quot;kuuk-yak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;uky&quot;},
	[&quot;kuuku-ya'u&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kuy&quot;},
	[&quot;kuvale&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;olu&quot;},
	[&quot;kuvi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kxv&quot;},
	[&quot;kuwaa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;blh&quot;},
	[&quot;kuwaataay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cwt&quot;},
	[&quot;kuwema&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;woa&quot;},
	[&quot;kuy&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kdt&quot;},
	[&quot;kven finnish&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fkv&quot;},
	[&quot;kw'adza&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wka&quot;},
	[&quot;kwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kwb&quot;},
	[&quot;kwa'&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bko&quot;},
	[&quot;kwaami&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ksq&quot;},
	[&quot;kwadi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kwz&quot;},
	[&quot;kwaio&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kwd&quot;},
	[&quot;kwaja&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kdz&quot;},
	[&quot;kwak&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;kwq&quot;},
	[&quot;kwakiutl&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kwk&quot;},
	[&quot;kwakum&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kwu&quot;},
	[&quot;kwalhioqua-tlatskanai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;qwt&quot;},
	[&quot;kwama&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kmq&quot;},
	[&quot;kwambi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kwm&quot;},
	[&quot;kwamera&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tnk&quot;},
	[&quot;kwami&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ktf&quot;},
	[&quot;kwamtim one&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;okk&quot;},
	[&quot;kwandu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xdo&quot;},
	[&quot;kwang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kvi&quot;},
	[&quot;kwanga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kwj&quot;},
	[&quot;kwangali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kwn&quot;},
	[&quot;kwanja&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;knp&quot;},
	[&quot;kwanyama&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;kj&quot;, [2]=&quot;kua&quot;, [4]=&quot;kua&quot;},
	[&quot;kwara'ae&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kwf&quot;},
	[&quot;kwasio&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nmg&quot;},
	[&quot;kwaya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kya&quot;},
	[&quot;kwaza&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xwa&quot;},
	[&quot;kwegu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xwg&quot;},
	[&quot;kwer&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kwr&quot;},
	[&quot;kwerba mamberamo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xwr&quot;},
	[&quot;kwerba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kwe&quot;},
	[&quot;kwere&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cwe&quot;},
	[&quot;kwerisa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kkb&quot;},
	[&quot;kwese&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kws&quot;},
	[&quot;kwesten&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kwt&quot;},
	[&quot;kwini&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gww&quot;},
	[&quot;kwinsu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kuc&quot;},
	[&quot;kwinti&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kww&quot;},
	[&quot;kwoma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kmo&quot;},
	[&quot;kwomtari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kwo&quot;},
	[&quot;kwényi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kdk&quot;},
	[&quot;kxoe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xuu&quot;},
	[&quot;kyak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bka&quot;},
	[&quot;kyaka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kyc&quot;},
	[&quot;kyan-karyaw naga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nqq&quot;},
	[&quot;kyanga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tye&quot;},
	[&quot;kyenele&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kql&quot;},
	[&quot;kyerung&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kgy&quot;},
	[&quot;kyrgyz&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ky&quot;, [2]=&quot;kir&quot;, [4]=&quot;kir&quot;},
	[&quot;kâte&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kmg&quot;},
	[&quot;kélé&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;keb&quot;},
	[&quot;kölsch&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ksh&quot;},
	[&quot;kɛlɛngaxo bozo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bzx&quot;},
	[&quot;la'bi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lbi&quot;},
	[&quot;laal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gdm&quot;},
	[&quot;laalaa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cae&quot;},
	[&quot;laari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ldi&quot;},
	[&quot;laarim&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;loh&quot;},
	[&quot;laba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lau&quot;},
	[&quot;label&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lbb&quot;},
	[&quot;labir&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jku&quot;},
	[&quot;labo phowa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ypb&quot;},
	[&quot;labo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mwi&quot;},
	[&quot;labu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lbu&quot;},
	[&quot;labuk-kinabatangan kadazan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dtb&quot;},
	[&quot;lacandon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lac&quot;},
	[&quot;lachi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lbt&quot;},
	[&quot;lachiguiri zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zpa&quot;},
	[&quot;lachirioag zapotec&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;ztc&quot;},
	[&quot;lachixío zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zpl&quot;},
	[&quot;ladakhi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lbj&quot;},
	[&quot;ladin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lld&quot;},
	[&quot;ladino&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;lad&quot;, [4]=&quot;lad&quot;},
	[&quot;ladji ladji&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;llj&quot;},
	[&quot;laeko-libuat&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lkl&quot;},
	[&quot;lafofa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;laf&quot;},
	[&quot;laghu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lgb&quot;},
	[&quot;laghuu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lgh&quot;},
	[&quot;lagwan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kot&quot;},
	[&quot;laha (indonesia)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lhh&quot;},
	[&quot;laha (viet nam)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lha&quot;},
	[&quot;lahanan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lhn&quot;},
	[&quot;lahnda&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;lah&quot;, [4]=&quot;lah&quot;},
	[&quot;lahta karen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kvt&quot;},
	[&quot;lahta&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kvt&quot;},
	[&quot;lahu shi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lhi&quot;, [14]=&quot;kds&quot;},
	[&quot;lahu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lhu&quot;},
	[&quot;lahul lohar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lhl&quot;},
	[&quot;laimbue&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lmx&quot;},
	[&quot;laitu chin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;clj&quot;},
	[&quot;laiyolo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lji&quot;},
	[&quot;lak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lbe&quot;},
	[&quot;laka (chad)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lap&quot;},
	[&quot;laka (nigeria)&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;lak&quot;},
	[&quot;lakalei&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lka&quot;},
	[&quot;lake miwok&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lmw&quot;},
	[&quot;lakha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lkh&quot;},
	[&quot;laki&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lki&quot;},
	[&quot;lakkia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lbc&quot;},
	[&quot;lakon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lkn&quot;},
	[&quot;lakondê&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lkd&quot;},
	[&quot;lakota dida&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dic&quot;},
	[&quot;lakota&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lkt&quot;},
	[&quot;lakurumau&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lxm&quot;},
	[&quot;lala&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nrz&quot;},
	[&quot;lala-bisa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;leb&quot;},
	[&quot;lala-roba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lla&quot;},
	[&quot;lalana chinantec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cnl&quot;},
	[&quot;lalang siny seselwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lsw&quot;},
	[&quot;lalia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lal&quot;},
	[&quot;lama (togo)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;las&quot;},
	[&quot;lama bai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lay&quot;},
	[&quot;lamaholot&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;slp&quot;},
	[&quot;lamalama&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lby&quot;},
	[&quot;lamalera&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lmr&quot;},
	[&quot;lamam&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;lmm&quot;},
	[&quot;lamang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hia&quot;},
	[&quot;lamatuka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lmq&quot;},
	[&quot;lamba&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;lam&quot;, [4]=&quot;lam&quot;},
	[&quot;lambadi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lmn&quot;},
	[&quot;lambayeque quechua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;quf&quot;},
	[&quot;lambichhong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lmh&quot;},
	[&quot;lamboya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lmy&quot;},
	[&quot;lambya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lai&quot;},
	[&quot;lame&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bma&quot;},
	[&quot;lamenu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lmu&quot;},
	[&quot;lamja-dengsa-tola&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ldh&quot;},
	[&quot;lamkang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lmk&quot;},
	[&quot;lamma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lev&quot;},
	[&quot;lamnso'&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lns&quot;},
	[&quot;lamogai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lmg&quot;},
	[&quot;lampung api&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ljp&quot;},
	[&quot;lampung nyo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;abl&quot;},
	[&quot;lamu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;llh&quot;},
	[&quot;lamu-lamu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lby&quot;},
	[&quot;lanas lobu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ruu&quot;},
	[&quot;land dayak languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;day&quot;, [5]=&quot;day&quot;},
	[&quot;land dayak&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;dyk&quot;},
	[&quot;landoma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ldm&quot;},
	[&quot;lang'e&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yne&quot;},
	[&quot;langam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lnm&quot;},
	[&quot;langbashe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lna&quot;},
	[&quot;langnian buyang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yln&quot;},
	[&quot;lango (south sudan)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lgo&quot;, [14]=&quot;lno&quot;},
	[&quot;lango (uganda)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;laj&quot;},
	[&quot;langobardic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lng&quot;},
	[&quot;langue des signes burundaise&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lsb&quot;},
	[&quot;langue des signes de belgique francophone&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sfb&quot;},
	[&quot;langue des signes seychelloise&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lsw&quot;},
	[&quot;languedocien&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;lnc&quot;},
	[&quot;lanima&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lnw&quot;},
	[&quot;lanoh&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lnh&quot;},
	[&quot;lao naga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nlq&quot;},
	[&quot;lao&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;lo&quot;, [2]=&quot;lao&quot;, [4]=&quot;lao&quot;},
	[&quot;laomian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lwm&quot;},
	[&quot;laopang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lbg&quot;},
	[&quot;laos sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lso&quot;},
	[&quot;lapaguía-guivini zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ztl&quot;},
	[&quot;laragia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lrg&quot;},
	[&quot;larantuka malay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lrt&quot;},
	[&quot;lardil&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lbz&quot;},
	[&quot;larevat&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lrv&quot;},
	[&quot;large flowery miao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hmd&quot;},
	[&quot;lari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lrl&quot;},
	[&quot;larike-wakasihu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;alo&quot;},
	[&quot;laro&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lro&quot;},
	[&quot;larteh&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lar&quot;},
	[&quot;laru&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lan&quot;},
	[&quot;las delicias zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zcd&quot;},
	[&quot;lasalimu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;llm&quot;},
	[&quot;lasgerdi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lsa&quot;},
	[&quot;lashi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lsi&quot;},
	[&quot;lasi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lss&quot;},
	[&quot;late middle chinese&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ltc&quot;},
	[&quot;latgalian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ltg&quot;},
	[&quot;latin&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;la&quot;, [2]=&quot;lat&quot;, [4]=&quot;lat&quot;},
	[&quot;latu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ltu&quot;},
	[&quot;latundê&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ltn&quot;},
	[&quot;latvian sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lsl&quot;},
	[&quot;latvian&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;lv&quot;, [2]=&quot;lav&quot;, [4]=&quot;lav&quot;},
	[&quot;lau&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;llu&quot;},
	[&quot;laua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;luf&quot;},
	[&quot;lauan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;llx&quot;},
	[&quot;lauje&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;law&quot;},
	[&quot;laura&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lur&quot;},
	[&quot;laurentian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lre&quot;},
	[&quot;lautu chin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;clt&quot;},
	[&quot;lavatbura-lamusong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lbv&quot;},
	[&quot;lave&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;brb&quot;},
	[&quot;laven&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lbo&quot;},
	[&quot;lavi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lvi&quot;},
	[&quot;lavrung&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jiq&quot;},
	[&quot;lavukaleve&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lvk&quot;},
	[&quot;lawangan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lbx&quot;},
	[&quot;lawu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lwu&quot;},
	[&quot;lawunuia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tgi&quot;},
	[&quot;layakha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lya&quot;},
	[&quot;laz&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lzz&quot;},
	[&quot;lealao chinantec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cle&quot;},
	[&quot;leco&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lec&quot;},
	[&quot;ledo kaili&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lew&quot;},
	[&quot;leelau&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ldk&quot;},
	[&quot;lefa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lfa&quot;},
	[&quot;lega-mwenga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lgm&quot;},
	[&quot;lega-shabunda&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lea&quot;},
	[&quot;legbo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;agb&quot;},
	[&quot;legenyem&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lcc&quot;},
	[&quot;lehali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tql&quot;},
	[&quot;lehalurup&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;urr&quot;},
	[&quot;lehar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cae&quot;},
	[&quot;leinong naga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lzn&quot;},
	[&quot;leipon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lek&quot;},
	[&quot;lelak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;llk&quot;},
	[&quot;lele (chad)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lln&quot;},
	[&quot;lele (democratic republic of congo)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lel&quot;},
	[&quot;lele (guinea)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;llc&quot;},
	[&quot;lele (papua new guinea)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lle&quot;},
	[&quot;lelemi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lef&quot;},
	[&quot;lelepa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lpa&quot;},
	[&quot;lematang&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;lmt&quot;},
	[&quot;lembena&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;leq&quot;},
	[&quot;lemerig&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lrz&quot;},
	[&quot;lemio&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lei&quot;},
	[&quot;lemnian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xle&quot;},
	[&quot;lemolang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ley&quot;},
	[&quot;lemoro&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ldj&quot;},
	[&quot;lenakel&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tnl&quot;},
	[&quot;lenca&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;len&quot;},
	[&quot;lendu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;led&quot;},
	[&quot;lengilu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lgi&quot;},
	[&quot;lengo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lgr&quot;},
	[&quot;lengola&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lej&quot;},
	[&quot;lengua de señas albarradas&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lsc&quot;},
	[&quot;lengua de señas catalana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;csc&quot;},
	[&quot;lengua de señas del paraguay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pys&quot;},
	[&quot;lengua de señas panameñas&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lsp&quot;},
	[&quot;lengua&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;leg&quot;},
	[&quot;leningitij&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lnj&quot;},
	[&quot;lenje&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;leh&quot;},
	[&quot;lenkau&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ler&quot;},
	[&quot;lenyima&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ldg&quot;},
	[&quot;leonese&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;ast&quot;, [4]=&quot;ast&quot;},
	[&quot;lepcha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lep&quot;},
	[&quot;lepki&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lpe&quot;},
	[&quot;lepontic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xlp&quot;},
	[&quot;lere&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gnh&quot;},
	[&quot;lese&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;les&quot;},
	[&quot;lesing-gelimi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;let&quot;},
	[&quot;letemboi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nms&quot;},
	[&quot;leti (cameroon)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;leo&quot;},
	[&quot;leti (indonesia)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lti&quot;},
	[&quot;letzeburgesch&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;lb&quot;, [2]=&quot;ltz&quot;, [4]=&quot;ltz&quot;},
	[&quot;levantine arabic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;apc&quot;},
	[&quot;levuka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lvu&quot;},
	[&quot;lewo eleng&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lwe&quot;},
	[&quot;lewo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lww&quot;},
	[&quot;lewotobi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lwt&quot;},
	[&quot;leyigha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ayi&quot;},
	[&quot;lezghian&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;lez&quot;, [4]=&quot;lez&quot;},
	[&quot;lhaovo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mhx&quot;},
	[&quot;lhokpu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lhp&quot;},
	[&quot;lhomi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lhm&quot;},
	[&quot;li'o&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ljl&quot;},
	[&quot;liabuku&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lix&quot;},
	[&quot;liana-seti&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ste&quot;},
	[&quot;liangmai naga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;njn&quot;},
	[&quot;lianshan zhuang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zln&quot;},
	[&quot;liberia kpelle&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xpe&quot;},
	[&quot;liberian english&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lir&quot;},
	[&quot;libido&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;liq&quot;},
	[&quot;libinza&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;liz&quot;},
	[&quot;libon bikol&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lbl&quot;},
	[&quot;liburnian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xli&quot;},
	[&quot;libyan arabic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ayl&quot;},
	[&quot;libyan sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lbs&quot;},
	[&quot;lidzonka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;add&quot;},
	[&quot;ligbi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lig&quot;},
	[&quot;ligenza&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lgz&quot;},
	[&quot;ligurian (ancient)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xlg&quot;},
	[&quot;ligurian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lij&quot;},
	[&quot;lihir&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lih&quot;},
	[&quot;lijili&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mgi&quot;},
	[&quot;lika&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lik&quot;},
	[&quot;liki&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lio&quot;},
	[&quot;likila&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lie&quot;},
	[&quot;likuba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kxx&quot;},
	[&quot;likum&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lib&quot;},
	[&quot;likwala&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kwc&quot;},
	[&quot;lilau&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lll&quot;},
	[&quot;lillooet&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lil&quot;},
	[&quot;limassa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bme&quot;},
	[&quot;limbu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lif&quot;},
	[&quot;limbum&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lmp&quot;},
	[&quot;limburgan&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;li&quot;, [2]=&quot;lim&quot;, [4]=&quot;lim&quot;},
	[&quot;limburger&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;li&quot;, [2]=&quot;lim&quot;, [4]=&quot;lim&quot;},
	[&quot;limburgish&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;li&quot;, [2]=&quot;lim&quot;, [4]=&quot;lim&quot;},
	[&quot;limi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ylm&quot;},
	[&quot;limilngan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lmc&quot;},
	[&quot;limos kalinga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kmk&quot;},
	[&quot;limousin&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;lms&quot;},
	[&quot;lindu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;klw&quot;},
	[&quot;linear a&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lab&quot;},
	[&quot;lingala&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ln&quot;, [2]=&quot;lin&quot;, [4]=&quot;lin&quot;},
	[&quot;lingao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;onb&quot;},
	[&quot;lingarak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lgk&quot;},
	[&quot;lingkhim&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;lii&quot;},
	[&quot;lingua franca nova&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lfn&quot;},
	[&quot;lingua franca&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pml&quot;},
	[&quot;lintang&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;lnt&quot;},
	[&quot;lipan apache&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;apl&quot;},
	[&quot;lipo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lpo&quot;},
	[&quot;lisabata-nuniali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lcs&quot;},
	[&quot;lisela&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lcl&quot;},
	[&quot;lish&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lsh&quot;},
	[&quot;lishana deni&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lsd&quot;},
	[&quot;lishanid noshan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aij&quot;},
	[&quot;lishán didán&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;trg&quot;},
	[&quot;lisu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lis&quot;},
	[&quot;literary chinese&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lzh&quot;},
	[&quot;lithuanian sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lls&quot;},
	[&quot;lithuanian&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;lt&quot;, [2]=&quot;lit&quot;, [4]=&quot;lit&quot;},
	[&quot;litzlitz&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lzl&quot;},
	[&quot;liujiang zhuang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zlj&quot;},
	[&quot;liuqian zhuang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zlq&quot;},
	[&quot;liv&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;liv&quot;},
	[&quot;livvi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;olo&quot;},
	[&quot;llengua de signes catalana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;csc&quot;},
	[&quot;llengua de signes valenciana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vsv&quot;},
	[&quot;lo-toga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lht&quot;},
	[&quot;loarki&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lrk&quot;},
	[&quot;lobala&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;loq&quot;},
	[&quot;lobi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lob&quot;},
	[&quot;lodhi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lbm&quot;},
	[&quot;logba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lgq&quot;},
	[&quot;logir&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lqr&quot;},
	[&quot;logo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;log&quot;},
	[&quot;logol&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lof&quot;},
	[&quot;logooli&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rag&quot;},
	[&quot;logorik&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;liu&quot;},
	[&quot;logudorese sardinian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;src&quot;},
	[&quot;lohorung&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lbr&quot;},
	[&quot;loja highland quichua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;qvj&quot;},
	[&quot;lojban&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;jbo&quot;, [4]=&quot;jbo&quot;},
	[&quot;lokaa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yaz&quot;},
	[&quot;loke&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;loy&quot;},
	[&quot;loko&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lok&quot;},
	[&quot;lokoya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lky&quot;},
	[&quot;lola&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lcd&quot;},
	[&quot;lolak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;llq&quot;},
	[&quot;lole&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;llg&quot;},
	[&quot;lolo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;llb&quot;},
	[&quot;loloda&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;loa&quot;},
	[&quot;lolopo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ycl&quot;},
	[&quot;loma (côte d'ivoire)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;loi&quot;},
	[&quot;loma (liberia)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lom&quot;},
	[&quot;lomaiviti&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lmv&quot;},
	[&quot;lomavren&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rmi&quot;},
	[&quot;lombard&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lmo&quot;},
	[&quot;lombi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lmi&quot;},
	[&quot;lombo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;loo&quot;},
	[&quot;lomwe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ngl&quot;},
	[&quot;loncong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lce&quot;},
	[&quot;long phuri naga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lpn&quot;},
	[&quot;long wat&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ttw&quot;},
	[&quot;longgu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lgu&quot;},
	[&quot;longto&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wok&quot;},
	[&quot;longuda&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lnu&quot;},
	[&quot;loniu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;los&quot;},
	[&quot;lonwolwol&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;crc&quot;},
	[&quot;lonzo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lnz&quot;},
	[&quot;loo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ldo&quot;},
	[&quot;lopa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lop&quot;},
	[&quot;lopi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lov&quot;},
	[&quot;lopit&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lpx&quot;},
	[&quot;lorang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lrn&quot;},
	[&quot;lorediakarkar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lnn&quot;},
	[&quot;loreto-ucayali spanish&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;spq&quot;},
	[&quot;lote&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;uvl&quot;},
	[&quot;lotha naga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;njh&quot;},
	[&quot;lotud&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dtr&quot;},
	[&quot;lou&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;loj&quot;},
	[&quot;louisiana creole&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lou&quot;},
	[&quot;loun&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lox&quot;},
	[&quot;loup a&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xlo&quot;},
	[&quot;loup b&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xlb&quot;},
	[&quot;lovono&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vnk&quot;},
	[&quot;low german&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;nds&quot;, [4]=&quot;nds&quot;},
	[&quot;low saxon&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;nds&quot;, [4]=&quot;nds&quot;},
	[&quot;lower burdekin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xbb&quot;},
	[&quot;lower chehalis&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cea&quot;},
	[&quot;lower grand valley dani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dni&quot;},
	[&quot;lower nossob&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nsb&quot;},
	[&quot;lower pokomo&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;poj&quot;},
	[&quot;lower silesian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sli&quot;},
	[&quot;lower sorbian&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;dsb&quot;, [4]=&quot;dsb&quot;},
	[&quot;lower southern aranda&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;axl&quot;},
	[&quot;lower ta'oih&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tto&quot;},
	[&quot;lower tanana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;taa&quot;},
	[&quot;lowland oaxaca chontal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;clo&quot;},
	[&quot;lowland tarahumara&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tac&quot;},
	[&quot;loxicha zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ztp&quot;},
	[&quot;lozi&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;loz&quot;, [4]=&quot;loz&quot;},
	[&quot;lua'&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;prb&quot;},
	[&quot;luang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lex&quot;},
	[&quot;luba-katanga&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;lu&quot;, [2]=&quot;lub&quot;, [4]=&quot;lub&quot;},
	[&quot;luba-lulua&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;lua&quot;, [4]=&quot;lua&quot;},
	[&quot;lubila&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kcc&quot;},
	[&quot;lubu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lcf&quot;},
	[&quot;lubuagan kalinga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;knb&quot;},
	[&quot;lubukusu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bxk&quot;},
	[&quot;luchazi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lch&quot;},
	[&quot;lucumi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;luq&quot;},
	[&quot;ludian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lud&quot;},
	[&quot;lufu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ldq&quot;},
	[&quot;luganda&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;lg&quot;},
	[&quot;lugbara&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lgg&quot;},
	[&quot;luguru&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ruf&quot;},
	[&quot;luhu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lcq&quot;, [14]=&quot;lcq&quot;},
	[&quot;lui&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;lba&quot;},
	[&quot;luidakho-luisukha-lutirichi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ida&quot;},
	[&quot;luimbi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lum&quot;},
	[&quot;luiseno&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;lui&quot;, [4]=&quot;lui&quot;},
	[&quot;lukabaras&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lkb&quot;},
	[&quot;lukpa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dop&quot;},
	[&quot;lule sami&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;smj&quot;, [4]=&quot;smj&quot;},
	[&quot;lule&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ule&quot;},
	[&quot;lulogooli&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rag&quot;},
	[&quot;lumba-yakkha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;luu&quot;},
	[&quot;lumbee&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;lmz&quot;},
	[&quot;lumbu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lup&quot;},
	[&quot;lumun&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lmd&quot;},
	[&quot;lun bawang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lnd&quot;},
	[&quot;luna&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;luj&quot;},
	[&quot;lunanakha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;luk&quot;},
	[&quot;lunda&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;lun&quot;, [4]=&quot;lun&quot;},
	[&quot;lundayeh&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lnd&quot;},
	[&quot;lungalunga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vmg&quot;},
	[&quot;lungga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lga&quot;},
	[&quot;luo (cameroon)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;luw&quot;},
	[&quot;luo (kenya and tanzania)&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;luo&quot;, [4]=&quot;luo&quot;},
	[&quot;luopohe hmong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hml&quot;},
	[&quot;luopohe miao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hml&quot;},
	[&quot;luri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ldd&quot;},
	[&quot;lusengo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lse&quot;},
	[&quot;lushai&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;lus&quot;, [4]=&quot;lus&quot;},
	[&quot;lushootseed&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lut&quot;},
	[&quot;lusi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;khl&quot;},
	[&quot;lusitanian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xls&quot;},
	[&quot;lutachoni&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lts&quot;},
	[&quot;lutos&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ndy&quot;},
	[&quot;luvale&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lue&quot;},
	[&quot;luwati&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;luv&quot;},
	[&quot;luwo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lwo&quot;},
	[&quot;luxembourgish&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;lb&quot;, [2]=&quot;ltz&quot;, [4]=&quot;ltz&quot;},
	[&quot;luyana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lyn&quot;},
	[&quot;luyia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;luy&quot;},
	[&quot;lwalu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lwa&quot;},
	[&quot;lwel&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lvl&quot;},
	[&quot;lycian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xlc&quot;},
	[&quot;lydian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xld&quot;},
	[&quot;lyngngam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lyg&quot;},
	[&quot;lyons sign language&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;lsg&quot;},
	[&quot;lyélé&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lee&quot;},
	[&quot;láadan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ldn&quot;},
	[&quot;láá láá bwamu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bwj&quot;},
	[&quot;língua gestual guineense&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lgs&quot;},
	[&quot;löyöp&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;urr&quot;},
	[&quot;lü&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;khb&quot;},
	[&quot;ma (democratic republic of congo)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;msj&quot;},
	[&quot;ma (papua new guinea)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mjn&quot;},
	[&quot;ma manda&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;skc&quot;},
	[&quot;ma'anyan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mhy&quot;},
	[&quot;ma'di&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mhi&quot;},
	[&quot;ma'ya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;slz&quot;},
	[&quot;maa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cma&quot;},
	[&quot;maaka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mew&quot;},
	[&quot;maasina fulfulde&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ffm&quot;},
	[&quot;maay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ymm&quot;},
	[&quot;maba (chad)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mde&quot;},
	[&quot;maba (indonesia)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mqa&quot;},
	[&quot;mabaale&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mmz&quot;},
	[&quot;mabaan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mfz&quot;},
	[&quot;mabaka valley kalinga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kkg&quot;},
	[&quot;mabire&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;muj&quot;},
	[&quot;maca&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mca&quot;},
	[&quot;macaguaje&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mcl&quot;},
	[&quot;macaguán&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mbn&quot;},
	[&quot;macanese&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mzs&quot;},
	[&quot;macedo-romanian&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;rup&quot;, [4]=&quot;rup&quot;},
	[&quot;macedonian&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;mk&quot;, [2]=&quot;mkd&quot;, [3]=&quot;mac&quot;, [4]=&quot;mkd&quot;},
	[&quot;machame&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jmc&quot;},
	[&quot;machiguenga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mcb&quot;},
	[&quot;machinere&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mpd&quot;},
	[&quot;machinga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mvw&quot;},
	[&quot;maco&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wpc&quot;},
	[&quot;macuna&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;myy&quot;},
	[&quot;macushi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mbc&quot;},
	[&quot;mada (cameroon)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mxu&quot;},
	[&quot;mada (nigeria)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mda&quot;},
	[&quot;madagascar sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mzc&quot;},
	[&quot;madak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mmx&quot;},
	[&quot;madang&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;mqd&quot;},
	[&quot;maden&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xmx&quot;},
	[&quot;madhi madhi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dmd&quot;},
	[&quot;madi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;grg&quot;},
	[&quot;madurese&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;mad&quot;, [4]=&quot;mad&quot;},
	[&quot;mae&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mme&quot;},
	[&quot;maek&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hmk&quot;},
	[&quot;maeng itneg&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;itt&quot;},
	[&quot;mafa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;maf&quot;},
	[&quot;mafea&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mkv&quot;},
	[&quot;mag-antsi ayta&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sgb&quot;},
	[&quot;mag-indi ayta&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;blx&quot;},
	[&quot;magahi&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;mag&quot;, [4]=&quot;mag&quot;},
	[&quot;magbukun ayta&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ayt&quot;},
	[&quot;magdalena peñasco mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xtm&quot;},
	[&quot;magoma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gmx&quot;},
	[&quot;magori&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zgr&quot;},
	[&quot;maguindanaon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mdh&quot;},
	[&quot;magɨ (madang province)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gkd&quot;},
	[&quot;magɨyi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gmg&quot;},
	[&quot;mah meri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mhe&quot;},
	[&quot;mahakam kenyah&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;xkm&quot;},
	[&quot;mahali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mjx&quot;},
	[&quot;mahasu pahari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bfz&quot;},
	[&quot;mahei&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;mja&quot;},
	[&quot;mahican&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mjy&quot;},
	[&quot;mahongwe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mhb&quot;},
	[&quot;mahou&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mxx&quot;},
	[&quot;mai brat&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ayz&quot;},
	[&quot;maia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sks&quot;},
	[&quot;maiadomu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mzz&quot;},
	[&quot;maiani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tnh&quot;},
	[&quot;maii&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mmm&quot;},
	[&quot;mailu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mgu&quot;},
	[&quot;maindo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cwb&quot;},
	[&quot;mainfränkisch&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vmf&quot;},
	[&quot;mainstream kenyah&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xkl&quot;},
	[&quot;mairasi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zrs&quot;},
	[&quot;maisin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mbq&quot;},
	[&quot;maithili&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;mai&quot;, [4]=&quot;mai&quot;},
	[&quot;maiwa (indonesia)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wmm&quot;},
	[&quot;maiwa (papua new guinea)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mti&quot;},
	[&quot;maiwala&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mum&quot;},
	[&quot;majang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mpe&quot;},
	[&quot;majera&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xmj&quot;},
	[&quot;majhi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mjz&quot;},
	[&quot;majhwar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mmj&quot;},
	[&quot;majukayang kalinga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kmd&quot;},
	[&quot;mak (china)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mkg&quot;},
	[&quot;mak (nigeria)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pbl&quot;},
	[&quot;makaa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mcp&quot;},
	[&quot;makah&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;myh&quot;},
	[&quot;makalero&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mjb&quot;},
	[&quot;makasae&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mkz&quot;},
	[&quot;makasar&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;mak&quot;, [4]=&quot;mak&quot;},
	[&quot;makassar malay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mfp&quot;},
	[&quot;makayam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aup&quot;},
	[&quot;makhuwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vmw&quot;},
	[&quot;makhuwa-marrevone&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xmc&quot;},
	[&quot;makhuwa-meetto&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mgh&quot;},
	[&quot;makhuwa-moniga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mhm&quot;},
	[&quot;makhuwa-saka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xsq&quot;},
	[&quot;makhuwa-shirima&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vmk&quot;},
	[&quot;maklew&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mgf&quot;},
	[&quot;makolkol&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zmh&quot;},
	[&quot;makonde&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kde&quot;},
	[&quot;maku'a&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lva&quot;},
	[&quot;makuri naga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jmn&quot;},
	[&quot;makuráp&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mpu&quot;},
	[&quot;makwe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ymk&quot;},
	[&quot;makyan naga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;umn&quot;},
	[&quot;mal paharia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mkb&quot;},
	[&quot;mal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mlf&quot;},
	[&quot;mala (nigeria)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ruy&quot;},
	[&quot;mala (papua new guinea)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ped&quot;},
	[&quot;mala malasar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ima&quot;},
	[&quot;malaccan creole malay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ccm&quot;},
	[&quot;malaccan creole portuguese&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mcm&quot;},
	[&quot;malagasy&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;mg&quot;, [2]=&quot;mlg&quot;, [4]=&quot;mlg&quot;},
	[&quot;malak malak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mpb&quot;},
	[&quot;malakhel&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;mld&quot;},
	[&quot;malalamai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mmt&quot;},
	[&quot;malango&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mln&quot;},
	[&quot;malankuravan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mjo&quot;},
	[&quot;malapandaram&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mjp&quot;},
	[&quot;malaryan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mjq&quot;},
	[&quot;malas&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mkr&quot;},
	[&quot;malasar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ymr&quot;},
	[&quot;malavedan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mjr&quot;},
	[&quot;malawi lomwe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lon&quot;},
	[&quot;malawi sena&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;swk&quot;},
	[&quot;malawian sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lws&quot;},
	[&quot;malay (individual language)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zlm&quot;, [14]=&quot;mly&quot;},
	[&quot;malay (macrolanguage)&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ms&quot;, [4]=&quot;msa&quot;},
	[&quot;malay&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;msa&quot;, [3]=&quot;may&quot;},
	[&quot;malayalam&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ml&quot;, [2]=&quot;mal&quot;, [4]=&quot;mal&quot;},
	[&quot;malayic dayak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xdy&quot;},
	[&quot;malaynon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mlz&quot;},
	[&quot;malayo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mbp&quot;},
	[&quot;malayo-polynesian languages&quot;] = {[5]=&quot;poz&quot;},
	[&quot;malaysian sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xml&quot;},
	[&quot;malba birifor&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bfo&quot;},
	[&quot;maldivian&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;dv&quot;, [2]=&quot;div&quot;, [4]=&quot;div&quot;},
	[&quot;male (ethiopia)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mdy&quot;},
	[&quot;male (papua new guinea)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mdc&quot;},
	[&quot;malecite-passamaquoddy&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pqm&quot;},
	[&quot;maleng&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pkt&quot;},
	[&quot;maleu-kilenge&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mgl&quot;},
	[&quot;malfaxal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mlx&quot;},
	[&quot;malgana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vml&quot;},
	[&quot;malgbe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mxf&quot;},
	[&quot;mali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gcc&quot;},
	[&quot;maligo&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;mwj&quot;},
	[&quot;malila&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mgq&quot;},
	[&quot;malimba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mzd&quot;},
	[&quot;malimpung&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mli&quot;},
	[&quot;malinaltepec me'phaa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tcf&quot;},
	[&quot;malinaltepec tlapanec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tcf&quot;},
	[&quot;malinguat&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;sic&quot;},
	[&quot;malo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mla&quot;},
	[&quot;malol&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mbk&quot;},
	[&quot;maltese sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mdl&quot;},
	[&quot;maltese&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;mt&quot;, [2]=&quot;mlt&quot;, [4]=&quot;mlt&quot;},
	[&quot;malua bay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mll&quot;},
	[&quot;malvi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mup&quot;},
	[&quot;malyangapa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yga&quot;},
	[&quot;maléku jaíka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gut&quot;},
	[&quot;malê&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hot&quot;},
	[&quot;mam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mam&quot;},
	[&quot;mama&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mma&quot;},
	[&quot;mamaa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mhf&quot;},
	[&quot;mamaindé&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wmd&quot;},
	[&quot;mamanwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mmn&quot;},
	[&quot;mamara senoufo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;myk&quot;},
	[&quot;mamasa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mqj&quot;},
	[&quot;mambae&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mgm&quot;},
	[&quot;mambai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mcs&quot;},
	[&quot;mamboru&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mvd&quot;},
	[&quot;mambwe-lungu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mgr&quot;},
	[&quot;mampruli&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;maw&quot;},
	[&quot;mamuju&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mqx&quot;},
	[&quot;mamulique&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;emm&quot;},
	[&quot;mamusi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kdf&quot;},
	[&quot;mamvu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mdi&quot;},
	[&quot;man met&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mml&quot;},
	[&quot;manado malay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xmm&quot;},
	[&quot;manam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mva&quot;},
	[&quot;manambu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mle&quot;},
	[&quot;manangba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nmm&quot;},
	[&quot;manangkari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;znk&quot;},
	[&quot;manchu&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;mnc&quot;, [4]=&quot;mnc&quot;},
	[&quot;manda (australia)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zma&quot;},
	[&quot;manda (india)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mha&quot;},
	[&quot;manda (tanzania)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mgs&quot;},
	[&quot;mandahuaca&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mht&quot;},
	[&quot;mandaic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mid&quot;},
	[&quot;mandan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mhq&quot;},
	[&quot;mandandanyi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zmk&quot;},
	[&quot;mandar&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;mdr&quot;, [4]=&quot;mdr&quot;},
	[&quot;mandara&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tbf&quot;},
	[&quot;mandari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mqu&quot;},
	[&quot;mandarin chinese&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cmn&quot;},
	[&quot;mandaya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mry&quot;},
	[&quot;mande languages&quot;] = {[5]=&quot;dmn&quot;},
	[&quot;mandeali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mjl&quot;},
	[&quot;mander&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mqr&quot;},
	[&quot;manding&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;man&quot;},
	[&quot;mandingo&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;man&quot;, [4]=&quot;man&quot;},
	[&quot;mandinka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mnk&quot;},
	[&quot;mandjak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mfv&quot;},
	[&quot;mandobo atas&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aax&quot;},
	[&quot;mandobo bawah&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bwp&quot;},
	[&quot;manem&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jet&quot;},
	[&quot;mang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zng&quot;},
	[&quot;manga kanuri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kby&quot;},
	[&quot;mangala&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mem&quot;},
	[&quot;mangareva&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mrv&quot;},
	[&quot;mangarrayi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mpc&quot;},
	[&quot;mangas&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zns&quot;},
	[&quot;mangayat&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;myj&quot;},
	[&quot;mangbetu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mdj&quot;},
	[&quot;mangbutu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mdk&quot;},
	[&quot;mangerr&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zme&quot;},
	[&quot;mangetti dune ǃxung&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;gfx&quot;},
	[&quot;mangga buang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mmo&quot;},
	[&quot;manggarai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mqy&quot;},
	[&quot;mango&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mge&quot;},
	[&quot;mangole&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mqc&quot;},
	[&quot;mangseng&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mbh&quot;},
	[&quot;mangue&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mom&quot;},
	[&quot;manichaean middle persian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xmn&quot;},
	[&quot;manide&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;abd&quot;},
	[&quot;manikion&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mnx&quot;},
	[&quot;manipa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mqp&quot;},
	[&quot;manipuri&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;mni&quot;, [4]=&quot;mni&quot;},
	[&quot;mankanya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;knf&quot;},
	[&quot;mankiyali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nlm&quot;},
	[&quot;manna-dora&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mju&quot;},
	[&quot;mannan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mjv&quot;},
	[&quot;mano&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mev&quot;},
	[&quot;manobo languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;mno&quot;, [5]=&quot;mno&quot;},
	[&quot;manombai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;woo&quot;},
	[&quot;mansaka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;msk&quot;},
	[&quot;mansi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mns&quot;},
	[&quot;mansoanka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;msw&quot;},
	[&quot;manta&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;myg&quot;},
	[&quot;mantsi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nty&quot;},
	[&quot;manumanaw karen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kxf&quot;},
	[&quot;manumanaw&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kxf&quot;},
	[&quot;manusela&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wha&quot;},
	[&quot;manx&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;gv&quot;, [2]=&quot;glv&quot;, [4]=&quot;glv&quot;},
	[&quot;manya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mzj&quot;},
	[&quot;manyawa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mny&quot;},
	[&quot;manyika&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mxc&quot;},
	[&quot;manza&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mzv&quot;},
	[&quot;mao naga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nbi&quot;},
	[&quot;maonan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mmd&quot;},
	[&quot;maore comorian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;swb&quot;},
	[&quot;maori&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;mi&quot;, [2]=&quot;mri&quot;, [3]=&quot;mao&quot;, [4]=&quot;mri&quot;},
	[&quot;mape&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mlh&quot;},
	[&quot;mapena&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mnm&quot;},
	[&quot;mapia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mpy&quot;},
	[&quot;mapidian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mpw&quot;},
	[&quot;mapos buang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bzh&quot;},
	[&quot;mapoyo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mcg&quot;},
	[&quot;mapuche&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;arn&quot;, [4]=&quot;arn&quot;},
	[&quot;mapudungun&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;arn&quot;, [4]=&quot;arn&quot;},
	[&quot;mapun&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sjm&quot;},
	[&quot;maquiritari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mch&quot;},
	[&quot;mara chin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mrh&quot;},
	[&quot;marachi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lri&quot;},
	[&quot;maraghei&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vmh&quot;},
	[&quot;maragus&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mrs&quot;},
	[&quot;maram naga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nma&quot;},
	[&quot;marama&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lrm&quot;},
	[&quot;maramba&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;myd&quot;},
	[&quot;maranao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mrw&quot;},
	[&quot;marangis&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wax&quot;},
	[&quot;maranunggu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zmr&quot;},
	[&quot;mararit&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mgb&quot;},
	[&quot;marathi&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;mr&quot;, [2]=&quot;mar&quot;, [4]=&quot;mar&quot;},
	[&quot;marau&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mvr&quot;},
	[&quot;marba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mpg&quot;},
	[&quot;mardin sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dsz&quot;},
	[&quot;maremgi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mrx&quot;},
	[&quot;marenje&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vmr&quot;},
	[&quot;marfa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mvu&quot;},
	[&quot;margany&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zmc&quot;},
	[&quot;marghi central&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mrt&quot;},
	[&quot;marghi south&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mfm&quot;},
	[&quot;margos-yarowilca-lauricocha quechua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;qvm&quot;},
	[&quot;margu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mhg&quot;},
	[&quot;mari (east sepik province)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mbx&quot;},
	[&quot;mari (madang province)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hob&quot;},
	[&quot;mari (russia)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;chm&quot;},
	[&quot;mari&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;chm&quot;},
	[&quot;maria (india)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mrr&quot;},
	[&quot;maria (papua new guinea)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mds&quot;},
	[&quot;maricopa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mrc&quot;},
	[&quot;maridan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zmd&quot;},
	[&quot;maridjabin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zmj&quot;},
	[&quot;marik&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dad&quot;},
	[&quot;marimanindji&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zmm&quot;},
	[&quot;marind&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mrz&quot;},
	[&quot;maring naga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nng&quot;},
	[&quot;maring&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mbw&quot;},
	[&quot;maringarr&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zmt&quot;},
	[&quot;marino&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mrb&quot;},
	[&quot;mariri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mqi&quot;},
	[&quot;maritime sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nsr&quot;},
	[&quot;maritsauá&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;msp&quot;},
	[&quot;mariyedi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zmy&quot;},
	[&quot;marka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rkm&quot;},
	[&quot;markweeta&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;enb&quot;},
	[&quot;marma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rmz&quot;},
	[&quot;marovo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mvo&quot;},
	[&quot;marra&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mec&quot;},
	[&quot;marramaninyshi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zmm&quot;},
	[&quot;marriammu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xru&quot;},
	[&quot;marrithiyel&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mfr&quot;},
	[&quot;marrucinian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;umc&quot;},
	[&quot;marshallese&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;mh&quot;, [2]=&quot;mah&quot;, [4]=&quot;mah&quot;},
	[&quot;marsian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ims&quot;},
	[&quot;martha's vineyard sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mre&quot;},
	[&quot;marti ke&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zmg&quot;},
	[&quot;martu wangka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mpj&quot;},
	[&quot;martuyhunira&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vma&quot;},
	[&quot;maru&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mhx&quot;},
	[&quot;marwari (india)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rwr&quot;},
	[&quot;marwari (pakistan)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mve&quot;},
	[&quot;marwari&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;mwr&quot;, [4]=&quot;mwr&quot;},
	[&quot;marúbo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mzr&quot;},
	[&quot;masaaba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;myx&quot;},
	[&quot;masadiit itneg&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tis&quot;},
	[&quot;masai&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;mas&quot;, [4]=&quot;mas&quot;},
	[&quot;masalit&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mls&quot;},
	[&quot;masana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mcn&quot;},
	[&quot;masbatenyo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;msb&quot;},
	[&quot;mashco piro&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cuj&quot;},
	[&quot;mashi (nigeria)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jms&quot;},
	[&quot;mashi (zambia)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mho&quot;},
	[&quot;masikoro malagasy&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;msh&quot;},
	[&quot;masimasi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ism&quot;},
	[&quot;masiwang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bnf&quot;},
	[&quot;maskelynes&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;klv&quot;},
	[&quot;maskoy pidgin&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;mhh&quot;},
	[&quot;maslam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;msv&quot;},
	[&quot;masmaje&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mes&quot;},
	[&quot;massalat&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mdg&quot;},
	[&quot;massep&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mvs&quot;},
	[&quot;matagalpa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mtn&quot;},
	[&quot;matal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mfh&quot;},
	[&quot;matambwe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wtb&quot;},
	[&quot;matbat&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xmt&quot;},
	[&quot;matengo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mgv&quot;},
	[&quot;matepi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mqe&quot;},
	[&quot;matigsalug manobo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mbt&quot;},
	[&quot;matipuhy&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mzo&quot;},
	[&quot;matngala&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zml&quot;},
	[&quot;mato grosso arára&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;axg&quot;},
	[&quot;mato&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;met&quot;},
	[&quot;mator&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mtm&quot;},
	[&quot;mator-taygi-karagas&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;ymt&quot;},
	[&quot;matsés&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mcf&quot;},
	[&quot;mattoki&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xnz&quot;},
	[&quot;mattole&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mvb&quot;},
	[&quot;matu chin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hlt&quot;},
	[&quot;matukar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mjk&quot;},
	[&quot;matumbi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mgw&quot;},
	[&quot;matya samo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;stj&quot;},
	[&quot;matís&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mpq&quot;},
	[&quot;maung&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mph&quot;},
	[&quot;mauritian sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lsy&quot;},
	[&quot;mauwake&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mhl&quot;},
	[&quot;mawa (chad)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mcw&quot;},
	[&quot;mawa (nigeria)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wma&quot;},
	[&quot;mawak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mjj&quot;},
	[&quot;mawan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mcz&quot;},
	[&quot;mawayana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mzx&quot;},
	[&quot;mawchi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mke&quot;},
	[&quot;mawes&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mgk&quot;},
	[&quot;mawukakan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mxx&quot;},
	[&quot;maxakalí&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mbl&quot;},
	[&quot;maxi gbe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mxl&quot;},
	[&quot;maya samo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sym&quot;},
	[&quot;mayaguduna&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xmy&quot;},
	[&quot;mayan languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;myn&quot;, [5]=&quot;myn&quot;},
	[&quot;mayangna&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yan&quot;},
	[&quot;mayawali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yxa&quot;},
	[&quot;mayeka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;myc&quot;},
	[&quot;mayi-kulan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xyk&quot;},
	[&quot;mayi-thakurti&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xyt&quot;},
	[&quot;mayi-yapi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xyj&quot;},
	[&quot;maykulan&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;mnt&quot;},
	[&quot;mayo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mfy&quot;},
	[&quot;mayogo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mdm&quot;},
	[&quot;mayoyao ifugao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ifu&quot;},
	[&quot;mazagway&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dkx&quot;},
	[&quot;mazaltepec zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zpy&quot;},
	[&quot;mazanderani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mzn&quot;},
	[&quot;mazatlán mazatec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vmz&quot;},
	[&quot;mazatlán mixe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mzl&quot;},
	[&quot;mba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mfc&quot;},
	[&quot;mbala&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mdp&quot;},
	[&quot;mbalanhu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lnb&quot;},
	[&quot;mbandja&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zmz&quot;},
	[&quot;mbangala&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mxg&quot;},
	[&quot;mbangi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mgn&quot;},
	[&quot;mbangwe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zmn&quot;},
	[&quot;mbara (australia)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mvl&quot;},
	[&quot;mbara (chad)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mpk&quot;},
	[&quot;mbariman-gudhinma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zmv&quot;},
	[&quot;mbati&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mdn&quot;},
	[&quot;mbato&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gwa&quot;},
	[&quot;mbay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;myb&quot;},
	[&quot;mbe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mfo&quot;},
	[&quot;mbe'&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mtk&quot;},
	[&quot;mbelime&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mql&quot;},
	[&quot;mbere&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mdt&quot;},
	[&quot;mbesa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zms&quot;},
	[&quot;mbessa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;emz&quot;},
	[&quot;mbo (cameroon)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mbo&quot;},
	[&quot;mbo (democratic republic of congo)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zmw&quot;},
	[&quot;mboi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;moi&quot;},
	[&quot;mboko&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mdu&quot;},
	[&quot;mbole&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mdq&quot;},
	[&quot;mbonga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xmb&quot;},
	[&quot;mbongno&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bgu&quot;},
	[&quot;mbosi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mdw&quot;},
	[&quot;mbowe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mxo&quot;},
	[&quot;mbre&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mka&quot;},
	[&quot;mbudum&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xmd&quot;},
	[&quot;mbugu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mhd&quot;},
	[&quot;mbugwe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mgz&quot;},
	[&quot;mbuk&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bpc&quot;},
	[&quot;mbuko&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mqb&quot;},
	[&quot;mbukushu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mhw&quot;},
	[&quot;mbula&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mna&quot;},
	[&quot;mbula-bwazza&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mbu&quot;},
	[&quot;mbule&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mlb&quot;},
	[&quot;mbulungish&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mbv&quot;},
	[&quot;mbum&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mdd&quot;},
	[&quot;mbunda&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mck&quot;},
	[&quot;mbunga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mgy&quot;},
	[&quot;mburku&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bbt&quot;},
	[&quot;mbwela&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mfu&quot;},
	[&quot;mbyá guaraní&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gun&quot;},
	[&quot;me'en&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mym&quot;},
	[&quot;mea&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;meg&quot;},
	[&quot;medebur&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mjm&quot;},
	[&quot;medefaidrin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dmf&quot;},
	[&quot;media lengua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mue&quot;},
	[&quot;mediak&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;mwx&quot;},
	[&quot;median&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xme&quot;},
	[&quot;mednyj aleut&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mud&quot;},
	[&quot;medumba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;byv&quot;},
	[&quot;mefele&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mfj&quot;},
	[&quot;megam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mef&quot;},
	[&quot;megleno romanian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ruq&quot;},
	[&quot;mehek&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nux&quot;},
	[&quot;mehináku&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mmh&quot;},
	[&quot;mehri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gdq&quot;},
	[&quot;mekeo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mek&quot;},
	[&quot;mekmek&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mvk&quot;},
	[&quot;mekwei&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;msf&quot;},
	[&quot;mel-khaonh&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hkn&quot;},
	[&quot;mele-fila&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mxe&quot;},
	[&quot;melo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mfx&quot;},
	[&quot;melpa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;med&quot;},
	[&quot;memoni&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mby&quot;},
	[&quot;mendalam kayan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xkd&quot;},
	[&quot;mendankwe-nkwen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mfd&quot;},
	[&quot;mende (papua new guinea)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sim&quot;},
	[&quot;mende (sierra leone)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;men&quot;},
	[&quot;mende&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;men&quot;},
	[&quot;mengaka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xmg&quot;},
	[&quot;mengen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mee&quot;},
	[&quot;mengisa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mct&quot;},
	[&quot;menka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mea&quot;},
	[&quot;menominee&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mez&quot;},
	[&quot;mentawai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mwv&quot;},
	[&quot;menya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mcr&quot;},
	[&quot;meoswar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mvx&quot;},
	[&quot;mer&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mnu&quot;},
	[&quot;meramera&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mxm&quot;},
	[&quot;merei&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lmb&quot;},
	[&quot;merey&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;meq&quot;},
	[&quot;meriam mir&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ulk&quot;},
	[&quot;merlav&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mrm&quot;},
	[&quot;meroitic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xmr&quot;},
	[&quot;meru&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mer&quot;},
	[&quot;merwari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wry&quot;},
	[&quot;mesaka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;iyo&quot;},
	[&quot;mescalero-chiricahua apache&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;apm&quot;},
	[&quot;mese&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mci&quot;},
	[&quot;meskwaki&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sac&quot;},
	[&quot;mesme&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zim&quot;},
	[&quot;mesmes&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mys&quot;},
	[&quot;mesopotamian arabic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;acm&quot;},
	[&quot;mesqan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mvz&quot;},
	[&quot;messapic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cms&quot;},
	[&quot;meta'&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mgo&quot;},
	[&quot;metlatónoc mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mxv&quot;},
	[&quot;mewari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mtr&quot;},
	[&quot;mewati&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wtm&quot;},
	[&quot;mexican sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mfs&quot;},
	[&quot;meyah&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mej&quot;},
	[&quot;mezontla popoloca&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pbe&quot;},
	[&quot;mezquital otomi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ote&quot;},
	[&quot;meänkieli&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fit&quot;},
	[&quot;mfinu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zmf&quot;},
	[&quot;mfumte&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nfu&quot;},
	[&quot;mgbolizhia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gmz&quot;},
	[&quot;mi'kmaq&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;mic&quot;, [4]=&quot;mic&quot;},
	[&quot;miahuatlán zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zam&quot;},
	[&quot;miami&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mia&quot;},
	[&quot;mian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mpt&quot;},
	[&quot;miani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pla&quot;},
	[&quot;miarrã&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;xmi&quot;},
	[&quot;michif&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;crg&quot;},
	[&quot;michigamea&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cmm&quot;},
	[&quot;michoacán mazahua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mmc&quot;},
	[&quot;michoacán nahuatl&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ncl&quot;},
	[&quot;micmac&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;mic&quot;, [4]=&quot;mic&quot;},
	[&quot;mid grand valley dani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dnt&quot;},
	[&quot;mid-southern banda&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bjo&quot;},
	[&quot;middle armenian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;axm&quot;},
	[&quot;middle breton&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xbm&quot;},
	[&quot;middle cornish&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cnx&quot;},
	[&quot;middle dutch (ca. 1050-1350)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dum&quot;},
	[&quot;middle english (1100-1500)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;enm&quot;},
	[&quot;middle french (ca. 1400-1600)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;frm&quot;},
	[&quot;middle high german (ca. 1050-1500)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gmh&quot;},
	[&quot;middle hittite&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;htx&quot;},
	[&quot;middle irish (900-1200)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mga&quot;},
	[&quot;middle khmer (1400 to 1850 ce)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xhm&quot;},
	[&quot;middle korean (10th-16th cent.)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;okm&quot;},
	[&quot;middle low german&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gml&quot;},
	[&quot;middle mongolian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xng&quot;},
	[&quot;middle newar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nwx&quot;},
	[&quot;middle watut&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mpl&quot;},
	[&quot;middle welsh&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wlm&quot;},
	[&quot;midob&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mei&quot;},
	[&quot;migaama&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mmy&quot;},
	[&quot;migabac&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mpp&quot;},
	[&quot;migum&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;klm&quot;},
	[&quot;miji&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sjl&quot;},
	[&quot;miju-mishmi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mxj&quot;},
	[&quot;mikasuki&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mik&quot;},
	[&quot;mili&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ymh&quot;},
	[&quot;miltu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mlj&quot;},
	[&quot;miluk&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;iml&quot;},
	[&quot;milyan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;imy&quot;},
	[&quot;mimi&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;miv&quot;},
	[&quot;min bei chinese&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mnp&quot;},
	[&quot;min dong chinese&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cdo&quot;},
	[&quot;min nan chinese&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nan&quot;},
	[&quot;min zhong chinese&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;czo&quot;},
	[&quot;mina (cameroon)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hna&quot;},
	[&quot;mina (india)&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;myi&quot;},
	[&quot;minaean&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;inm&quot;},
	[&quot;minang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xrg&quot;},
	[&quot;minangkabau&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;min&quot;, [4]=&quot;min&quot;},
	[&quot;minanibai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mcv&quot;},
	[&quot;minaveha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mvn&quot;},
	[&quot;minderico&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;drc&quot;},
	[&quot;mindiri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mpn&quot;},
	[&quot;mingang doso&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mko&quot;},
	[&quot;mingrelian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xmf&quot;},
	[&quot;minica huitoto&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hto&quot;},
	[&quot;minidien&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wii&quot;},
	[&quot;minigir&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bxf&quot;},
	[&quot;minjungbal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xjb&quot;},
	[&quot;minkin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xxm&quot;},
	[&quot;minoan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;omn&quot;},
	[&quot;minokok&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mqq&quot;},
	[&quot;minriq&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mnq&quot;},
	[&quot;mintil&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mzt&quot;},
	[&quot;minz zhuang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zgm&quot;},
	[&quot;miqie&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yiq&quot;},
	[&quot;mirandese&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;mwl&quot;, [4]=&quot;mwl&quot;},
	[&quot;miraya bikol&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rbl&quot;},
	[&quot;mirgan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zrg&quot;},
	[&quot;miriti&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mmv&quot;},
	[&quot;miriwoong sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rsm&quot;},
	[&quot;miriwoong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mep&quot;},
	[&quot;mirning&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gmr&quot;},
	[&quot;mirniny&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gmr&quot;},
	[&quot;mirpur panjabi&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;pmu&quot;},
	[&quot;miship&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mjs&quot;},
	[&quot;misima-panaeati&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mpx&quot;},
	[&quot;mising&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mrg&quot;},
	[&quot;mitla zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zaw&quot;},
	[&quot;mitlatongo mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vmm&quot;},
	[&quot;mittu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mwu&quot;},
	[&quot;mituku&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zmq&quot;},
	[&quot;miu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mpo&quot;},
	[&quot;miwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vmi&quot;},
	[&quot;mixed great andamanese&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gac&quot;},
	[&quot;mixtepec mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mix&quot;},
	[&quot;mixtepec zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zpm&quot;},
	[&quot;miya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mkf&quot;},
	[&quot;miyako&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mvi&quot;},
	[&quot;miyakubo sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ehs&quot;},
	[&quot;miyobe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;soy&quot;},
	[&quot;mlabri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mra&quot;},
	[&quot;mlahsö&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lhs&quot;},
	[&quot;mlap&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kja&quot;},
	[&quot;mlomp&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mlo&quot;},
	[&quot;mmaala&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mmu&quot;},
	[&quot;mmen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bfm&quot;},
	[&quot;mo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wkd&quot;},
	[&quot;mo'da&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gbn&quot;},
	[&quot;moabite&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;obm&quot;},
	[&quot;moba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mfq&quot;},
	[&quot;mobilian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mod&quot;},
	[&quot;mobumrin aizi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ahm&quot;},
	[&quot;mobwa karen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jkm&quot;},
	[&quot;mochi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;old&quot;},
	[&quot;mochica&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;omc&quot;},
	[&quot;mocho&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mhc&quot;},
	[&quot;mocoví&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;moc&quot;},
	[&quot;modang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mxd&quot;},
	[&quot;modern greek (1453-)&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;el&quot;, [4]=&quot;ell&quot;},
	[&quot;modole&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mqo&quot;},
	[&quot;moere&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mvq&quot;},
	[&quot;mofu-gudur&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mif&quot;},
	[&quot;mogholi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mhj&quot;},
	[&quot;mogofin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mfg&quot;},
	[&quot;mogum&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mou&quot;},
	[&quot;mohave&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mov&quot;},
	[&quot;mohawk&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;moh&quot;, [4]=&quot;moh&quot;},
	[&quot;mohegan-montauk-narragansett&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;mof&quot;},
	[&quot;mohegan-pequot&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xpq&quot;},
	[&quot;moi (congo)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mow&quot;},
	[&quot;moi (indonesia)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mxn&quot;},
	[&quot;moikodi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mkp&quot;},
	[&quot;moinba&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;mob&quot;},
	[&quot;moingi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mwz&quot;},
	[&quot;moji&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ymi&quot;},
	[&quot;mok&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mqt&quot;},
	[&quot;mokati&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wnb&quot;},
	[&quot;moken&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mwt&quot;},
	[&quot;mokerang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mft&quot;},
	[&quot;mokilese&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mkj&quot;},
	[&quot;moklen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mkm&quot;},
	[&quot;mokole&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mkl&quot;},
	[&quot;mokpwe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bri&quot;},
	[&quot;moksela&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vms&quot;},
	[&quot;moksha&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;mdf&quot;, [4]=&quot;mdf&quot;},
	[&quot;molale&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mbe&quot;},
	[&quot;molbog&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pwm&quot;},
	[&quot;moldavian&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ro&quot;, [2]=&quot;ron&quot;, [3]=&quot;rum&quot;, [4]=&quot;ron&quot;, [11]=&quot;mo&quot;, [12]=&quot;mol&quot;, [14]=&quot;mol&quot;},
	[&quot;moldova sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vsi&quot;},
	[&quot;moldovan&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ro&quot;, [2]=&quot;ron&quot;, [3]=&quot;rum&quot;, [4]=&quot;ron&quot;, [11]=&quot;mo&quot;, [12]=&quot;mol&quot;},
	[&quot;molengue&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bxc&quot;},
	[&quot;molima&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mox&quot;},
	[&quot;molmo one&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aun&quot;},
	[&quot;molo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zmo&quot;},
	[&quot;molof&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;msl&quot;},
	[&quot;moloko&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mlw&quot;},
	[&quot;mom jango&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ver&quot;},
	[&quot;moma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;myl&quot;},
	[&quot;momare&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;msz&quot;},
	[&quot;mombo dogon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dmb&quot;},
	[&quot;mombum&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mso&quot;},
	[&quot;momina&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mmb&quot;},
	[&quot;momuna&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mqf&quot;},
	[&quot;mon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mnw&quot;},
	[&quot;mon-khmer languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;mkh&quot;, [5]=&quot;mkh&quot;},
	[&quot;monastic sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mzg&quot;},
	[&quot;mondropolon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;npn&quot;},
	[&quot;mondé&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mnd&quot;},
	[&quot;mong leng&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hnj&quot;},
	[&quot;mong njua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hnj&quot;},
	[&quot;mong&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;hmn&quot;, [4]=&quot;hmn&quot;},
	[&quot;mongo&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;lol&quot;, [4]=&quot;lol&quot;},
	[&quot;mongol&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mgt&quot;},
	[&quot;mongolia buriat&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bxm&quot;},
	[&quot;mongolian languages&quot;] = {[5]=&quot;xgn&quot;},
	[&quot;mongolian sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;msr&quot;},
	[&quot;mongolian&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;mn&quot;, [2]=&quot;mon&quot;, [4]=&quot;mon&quot;},
	[&quot;mongondow&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mog&quot;},
	[&quot;moni&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mnz&quot;},
	[&quot;mono (cameroon)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mru&quot;},
	[&quot;mono (democratic republic of congo)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mnh&quot;},
	[&quot;mono (solomon islands)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mte&quot;},
	[&quot;mono (usa)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mnr&quot;},
	[&quot;mono-alu&quot;] = {[9]=&quot;mte&quot;},
	[&quot;monom&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;moo&quot;},
	[&quot;monsang naga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nmh&quot;},
	[&quot;montagnais&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;moe&quot;},
	[&quot;montenegrin&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;cnr&quot;, [4]=&quot;cnr&quot;},
	[&quot;montol&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mtl&quot;},
	[&quot;monumbo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mxk&quot;},
	[&quot;monzombo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;moj&quot;},
	[&quot;moo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gwg&quot;},
	[&quot;moose cree&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;crm&quot;},
	[&quot;mopán maya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mop&quot;},
	[&quot;mor (bomberai peninsula)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;moq&quot;},
	[&quot;mor (mor islands)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mhz&quot;},
	[&quot;moraid&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;msg&quot;},
	[&quot;morawa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mze&quot;},
	[&quot;morelos nahuatl&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nhm&quot;},
	[&quot;morerebi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xmo&quot;},
	[&quot;moresada&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;msx&quot;},
	[&quot;mori atas&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mzq&quot;},
	[&quot;mori bawah&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xmz&quot;},
	[&quot;morigi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mdb&quot;},
	[&quot;moriori&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rrm&quot;},
	[&quot;morisyen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mfe&quot;},
	[&quot;moro&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mor&quot;},
	[&quot;moroccan arabic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ary&quot;},
	[&quot;moroccan sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xms&quot;},
	[&quot;morokodo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mgc&quot;},
	[&quot;morom&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bdo&quot;},
	[&quot;moronene&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mqn&quot;},
	[&quot;morori&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mok&quot;},
	[&quot;morouas&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mrp&quot;},
	[&quot;morrobalama&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;umg&quot;},
	[&quot;mortlockese&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mrl&quot;},
	[&quot;moru&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mgd&quot;},
	[&quot;mosimo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mqv&quot;},
	[&quot;mosiro&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;mwy&quot;},
	[&quot;moskona&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mtj&quot;},
	[&quot;mossi&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;mos&quot;, [4]=&quot;mos&quot;},
	[&quot;mota&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mtt&quot;},
	[&quot;motlav&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mlv&quot;},
	[&quot;motu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;meu&quot;},
	[&quot;mouk-aria&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mwh&quot;},
	[&quot;moundadan chetty&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cty&quot;},
	[&quot;mountain koiali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kpx&quot;},
	[&quot;mouwase&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jmw&quot;},
	[&quot;movima&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mzp&quot;},
	[&quot;moyadan itneg&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ity&quot;},
	[&quot;moyon naga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nmo&quot;},
	[&quot;mozambican sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mzy&quot;},
	[&quot;mozarabic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mxi&quot;},
	[&quot;mpade&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mpi&quot;},
	[&quot;mpalitjanh&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xpj&quot;},
	[&quot;mpi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mpz&quot;},
	[&quot;mpiemo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mcx&quot;},
	[&quot;mpinda&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pnd&quot;},
	[&quot;mpoto&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mpa&quot;},
	[&quot;mpotovoro&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mvt&quot;},
	[&quot;mpumpong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mgg&quot;},
	[&quot;mpuono&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zmp&quot;},
	[&quot;mpur&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;akc&quot;},
	[&quot;mro-khimi chin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cmr&quot;},
	[&quot;mru&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mro&quot;},
	[&quot;mser&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kqx&quot;},
	[&quot;mt. iraya agta&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;atl&quot;},
	[&quot;mt. iriga agta&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;agz&quot;},
	[&quot;muak sa-aak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ukk&quot;},
	[&quot;mualang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mtd&quot;},
	[&quot;mubami&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tsx&quot;},
	[&quot;mubi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mub&quot;},
	[&quot;muda&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ymd&quot;},
	[&quot;mudbura&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;mwd&quot;},
	[&quot;mudburra&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dmw&quot;},
	[&quot;mudhili gadaba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gau&quot;},
	[&quot;mudu koraga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vmd&quot;},
	[&quot;muduga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;udg&quot;},
	[&quot;mufian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aoj&quot;},
	[&quot;mugom&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;muk&quot;},
	[&quot;muinane&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bmr&quot;},
	[&quot;muji yi&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;ymj&quot;},
	[&quot;mukha-dora&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mmk&quot;},
	[&quot;muko-muko&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;vmo&quot;},
	[&quot;mukulu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;moz&quot;},
	[&quot;mulaha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mfw&quot;},
	[&quot;mulam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mlm&quot;},
	[&quot;mulao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;giu&quot;},
	[&quot;mulgi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mvh&quot;},
	[&quot;mullu kurumba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kpb&quot;},
	[&quot;mullukmulluk&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mpb&quot;},
	[&quot;multiple languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;mul&quot;, [4]=&quot;mul&quot;},
	[&quot;muluridyi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vmu&quot;},
	[&quot;mum&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kqa&quot;},
	[&quot;mumuye&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mzm&quot;},
	[&quot;muna&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mnb&quot;},
	[&quot;munda languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;mun&quot;, [5]=&quot;mun&quot;},
	[&quot;munda&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;unx&quot;},
	[&quot;mundabli&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;boe&quot;},
	[&quot;mundang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mua&quot;},
	[&quot;mundani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mnf&quot;},
	[&quot;mundari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;unr&quot;, [14]=&quot;muw&quot;},
	[&quot;mundat&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mmf&quot;},
	[&quot;mundurukú&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;myu&quot;},
	[&quot;mungaka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mhk&quot;},
	[&quot;mungbam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mij&quot;},
	[&quot;munggui&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mth&quot;},
	[&quot;mungkip&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mpv&quot;},
	[&quot;muniche&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;myr&quot;},
	[&quot;munit&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mtc&quot;},
	[&quot;munji&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mnj&quot;},
	[&quot;munsee&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;umu&quot;},
	[&quot;muong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mtq&quot;},
	[&quot;mur pano&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tkv&quot;},
	[&quot;muratayak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;asx&quot;},
	[&quot;murik (malaysia)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mxr&quot;},
	[&quot;murik (papua new guinea)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mtf&quot;},
	[&quot;murkim&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rmh&quot;},
	[&quot;murle&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mur&quot;},
	[&quot;murrinh-patha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mwf&quot;},
	[&quot;mursi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;muz&quot;},
	[&quot;murui huitoto&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;huu&quot;},
	[&quot;murupi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mqw&quot;},
	[&quot;muruwari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zmu&quot;},
	[&quot;musak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mmq&quot;},
	[&quot;musar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mmi&quot;},
	[&quot;musasa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;smm&quot;},
	[&quot;musey&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mse&quot;},
	[&quot;musgu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mug&quot;},
	[&quot;mushungulu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xma&quot;},
	[&quot;musi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mui&quot;},
	[&quot;muskum&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mje&quot;},
	[&quot;muslim tat&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ttt&quot;},
	[&quot;musom&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;msu&quot;},
	[&quot;mussau-emira&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;emi&quot;},
	[&quot;muthuvan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;muv&quot;},
	[&quot;mutu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tuc&quot;},
	[&quot;muya&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;mvm&quot;},
	[&quot;muyang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;muy&quot;},
	[&quot;muyuw&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;myw&quot;},
	[&quot;muzi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ymz&quot;},
	[&quot;mvanip&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mcj&quot;},
	[&quot;mvuba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mxh&quot;},
	[&quot;mwaghavul&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sur&quot;},
	[&quot;mwali comorian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wlc&quot;},
	[&quot;mwan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;moa&quot;},
	[&quot;mwani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wmw&quot;},
	[&quot;mwatebu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mwa&quot;},
	[&quot;mwera (chimwera)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mwe&quot;},
	[&quot;mwera (nyasa)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mjh&quot;},
	[&quot;mwerlap&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mrm&quot;},
	[&quot;mwimbi-muthambi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mws&quot;},
	[&quot;mwotlap&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mlv&quot;},
	[&quot;myanmar sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ysm&quot;},
	[&quot;mycenaean greek&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gmy&quot;},
	[&quot;myene&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mye&quot;},
	[&quot;mysian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yms&quot;},
	[&quot;mzieme naga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nme&quot;},
	[&quot;mághdì&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gmd&quot;},
	[&quot;máku&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xak&quot;},
	[&quot;méa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cir&quot;},
	[&quot;ménik&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tnr&quot;},
	[&quot;mískito&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;miq&quot;},
	[&quot;mócheno&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mhn&quot;},
	[&quot;mün chin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mwq&quot;},
	[&quot;mündü&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;muh&quot;},
	[&quot;māhārāṣṭri prākrit&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pmh&quot;},
	[&quot;n'ko&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;nqo&quot;, [4]=&quot;nqo&quot;},
	[&quot;na&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nbt&quot;},
	[&quot;na-dene languages&quot;] = {[5]=&quot;xnd&quot;},
	[&quot;na-kara&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nck&quot;},
	[&quot;naaba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nao&quot;},
	[&quot;naami&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bzv&quot;},
	[&quot;naasioi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nas&quot;},
	[&quot;naba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mne&quot;},
	[&quot;nabak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;naf&quot;},
	[&quot;nabi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mty&quot;},
	[&quot;nachering&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ncd&quot;},
	[&quot;nadruvian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ndf&quot;},
	[&quot;nadëb&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mbj&quot;},
	[&quot;nafaanra&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nfr&quot;},
	[&quot;nafi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;srf&quot;},
	[&quot;nafri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nxx&quot;},
	[&quot;nafusi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jbn&quot;},
	[&quot;naga pidgin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nag&quot;},
	[&quot;nagarchal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nbg&quot;},
	[&quot;nage&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nxe&quot;},
	[&quot;nagumi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ngv&quot;},
	[&quot;naha'ai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mlx&quot;},
	[&quot;nahali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nlx&quot;},
	[&quot;nahari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nhh&quot;},
	[&quot;nahavaq&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sns&quot;},
	[&quot;nahuatl languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;nah&quot;, [5]=&quot;nah&quot;},
	[&quot;nai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bio&quot;},
	[&quot;najdi arabic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ars&quot;},
	[&quot;naka'ela&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nae&quot;},
	[&quot;nakai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nkj&quot;},
	[&quot;nakame&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nib&quot;},
	[&quot;nakanai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nak&quot;},
	[&quot;nake&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nbk&quot;},
	[&quot;naki&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mff&quot;},
	[&quot;nakwi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nax&quot;},
	[&quot;nalca&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nlc&quot;},
	[&quot;nali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nss&quot;},
	[&quot;nalik&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nal&quot;},
	[&quot;nalu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;naj&quot;},
	[&quot;naluo yi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ylo&quot;},
	[&quot;nalögo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nlz&quot;},
	[&quot;nama (namibia)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;naq&quot;},
	[&quot;nama (papua new guinea)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nmx&quot;},
	[&quot;namakura&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nmk&quot;},
	[&quot;namat&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nkm&quot;},
	[&quot;nambo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ncm&quot;},
	[&quot;nambya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nmq&quot;},
	[&quot;namia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nnm&quot;},
	[&quot;namiae&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nvm&quot;},
	[&quot;namibian sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nbs&quot;},
	[&quot;namla&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;naa&quot;},
	[&quot;namo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mxw&quot;},
	[&quot;namonuito&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nmt&quot;},
	[&quot;namosi-naitasiri-serua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bwb&quot;},
	[&quot;namuyi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nmy&quot;},
	[&quot;nanai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gld&quot;},
	[&quot;nancere&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nnc&quot;},
	[&quot;nande&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nnb&quot;},
	[&quot;nandi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;niq&quot;},
	[&quot;nanerigé sénoufo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sen&quot;},
	[&quot;nanga dama dogon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nzz&quot;},
	[&quot;nankina&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nnk&quot;},
	[&quot;nanti&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cox&quot;},
	[&quot;nanticoke&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nnt&quot;},
	[&quot;nanubae&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;afk&quot;},
	[&quot;napo lowland quechua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;qvo&quot;},
	[&quot;napu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;npy&quot;},
	[&quot;nar phu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;npa&quot;},
	[&quot;nara&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nrb&quot;},
	[&quot;narak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nac&quot;},
	[&quot;narango&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nrg&quot;},
	[&quot;narau&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;nxu&quot;},
	[&quot;nari nari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rnr&quot;},
	[&quot;narim&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;loh&quot;},
	[&quot;naro&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nhr&quot;},
	[&quot;narom&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nrm&quot;},
	[&quot;narragansett&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xnt&quot;},
	[&quot;narua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nru&quot;},
	[&quot;narungga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nnr&quot;},
	[&quot;nasal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nsy&quot;},
	[&quot;nasarian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nvh&quot;},
	[&quot;naskapi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nsk&quot;},
	[&quot;natagaimas&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;nts&quot;},
	[&quot;natanzi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ntz&quot;},
	[&quot;nataoran amis&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;ais&quot;},
	[&quot;natchez&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ncz&quot;},
	[&quot;nateni&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ntm&quot;},
	[&quot;nathembo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nte&quot;},
	[&quot;natioro&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nti&quot;},
	[&quot;natügu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ntu&quot;},
	[&quot;nauete&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nxa&quot;},
	[&quot;naukan yupik&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ynk&quot;},
	[&quot;nauna&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ncn&quot;},
	[&quot;nauo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nwo&quot;},
	[&quot;nauru&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;na&quot;, [2]=&quot;nau&quot;, [4]=&quot;nau&quot;},
	[&quot;navaho&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;nv&quot;, [2]=&quot;nav&quot;, [4]=&quot;nav&quot;},
	[&quot;navajo&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;nv&quot;, [2]=&quot;nav&quot;, [4]=&quot;nav&quot;},
	[&quot;navarro-labourdin basque&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;bqe&quot;},
	[&quot;navut&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nsw&quot;},
	[&quot;nawaru&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nwr&quot;},
	[&quot;nawathinehena&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nwa&quot;},
	[&quot;nawdm&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nmz&quot;},
	[&quot;nawuri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;naw&quot;},
	[&quot;naxi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nxq&quot;, [14]=&quot;nbf&quot;},
	[&quot;nayi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;noz&quot;},
	[&quot;nayini&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nyq&quot;},
	[&quot;ncane&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ncr&quot;},
	[&quot;nchumbulu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nlu&quot;},
	[&quot;nda'nda'&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nnz&quot;},
	[&quot;ndai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gke&quot;},
	[&quot;ndaka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ndk&quot;},
	[&quot;ndaktup&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;ncp&quot;},
	[&quot;ndali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ndh&quot;},
	[&quot;ndam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ndm&quot;},
	[&quot;ndamba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ndj&quot;},
	[&quot;ndambomo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nxo&quot;},
	[&quot;ndasa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nda&quot;},
	[&quot;ndau&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ndc&quot;},
	[&quot;nde-gbite&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ned&quot;},
	[&quot;nde-nsele-nta&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ndd&quot;},
	[&quot;ndebele, north&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;nde&quot;},
	[&quot;ndebele, south&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;nbl&quot;},
	[&quot;ndemli&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nml&quot;},
	[&quot;ndendeule&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dne&quot;},
	[&quot;ndengereko&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ndg&quot;},
	[&quot;nding&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;eli&quot;},
	[&quot;ndo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ndp&quot;},
	[&quot;ndobo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ndw&quot;},
	[&quot;ndoe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nbb&quot;},
	[&quot;ndogo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ndz&quot;},
	[&quot;ndolo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ndl&quot;},
	[&quot;ndom&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nqm&quot;},
	[&quot;ndombe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ndq&quot;},
	[&quot;ndonde hamba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;njd&quot;},
	[&quot;ndonga&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ng&quot;, [2]=&quot;ndo&quot;, [4]=&quot;ndo&quot;},
	[&quot;ndoola&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ndr&quot;},
	[&quot;ndra'ngith&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dgt&quot;},
	[&quot;ndrulo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dno&quot;},
	[&quot;nduga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ndx&quot;},
	[&quot;ndumu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nmd&quot;},
	[&quot;ndunda&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nuh&quot;},
	[&quot;ndunga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ndt&quot;},
	[&quot;ndut&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ndv&quot;},
	[&quot;ndwewe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nww&quot;},
	[&quot;ndyuka-trio pidgin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;njt&quot;},
	[&quot;ndzwani comorian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wni&quot;},
	[&quot;neapolitan&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;nap&quot;, [4]=&quot;nap&quot;},
	[&quot;nebaj ixil&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;ixi&quot;},
	[&quot;nedebang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nec&quot;},
	[&quot;nefamese&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nef&quot;},
	[&quot;negerhollands&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dcr&quot;},
	[&quot;negeri sembilan malay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zmi&quot;},
	[&quot;negidal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;neg&quot;},
	[&quot;nehan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nsn&quot;},
	[&quot;nek&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nif&quot;},
	[&quot;nekgini&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nkg&quot;},
	[&quot;neko&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nej&quot;},
	[&quot;neku&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nek&quot;},
	[&quot;nema&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gsn&quot;},
	[&quot;neme&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nex&quot;},
	[&quot;nemi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nem&quot;},
	[&quot;nen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nqn&quot;},
	[&quot;nend&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;anh&quot;},
	[&quot;nenets&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yrk&quot;},
	[&quot;nenge&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;djk&quot;},
	[&quot;nengone&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nen&quot;},
	[&quot;neo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;neu&quot;},
	[&quot;neo-hittite&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nei&quot;},
	[&quot;nepal bhasa&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;new&quot;, [4]=&quot;new&quot;},
	[&quot;nepalese sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nsp&quot;},
	[&quot;nepali (individual language)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;npi&quot;},
	[&quot;nepali (macrolanguage)&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ne&quot;, [4]=&quot;nep&quot;},
	[&quot;nepali kurux&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;kxl&quot;},
	[&quot;nepali&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;nep&quot;},
	[&quot;nete&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;net&quot;},
	[&quot;neve'ei&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vnm&quot;},
	[&quot;neverver&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lgk&quot;},
	[&quot;new caledonian javanese&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jas&quot;},
	[&quot;new zealand sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nzs&quot;},
	[&quot;newari&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;new&quot;, [4]=&quot;new&quot;},
	[&quot;neyo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ney&quot;},
	[&quot;nez perce&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nez&quot;},
	[&quot;ngaanyatjarra&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ntj&quot;},
	[&quot;ngad'a&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nxg&quot;},
	[&quot;ngadjunmaya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nju&quot;},
	[&quot;ngadjuri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jui&quot;},
	[&quot;ngaing&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nnf&quot;},
	[&quot;ngaju&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nij&quot;},
	[&quot;ngala&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nud&quot;},
	[&quot;ngalakgan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nig&quot;},
	[&quot;ngaliwurru&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;djd&quot;},
	[&quot;ngalum&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;szb&quot;},
	[&quot;ngam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nmc&quot;},
	[&quot;ngamambo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nbv&quot;},
	[&quot;ngambay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sba&quot;},
	[&quot;ngamini&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nmv&quot;},
	[&quot;ngamo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nbh&quot;},
	[&quot;ngan'gityemerri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nam&quot;},
	[&quot;nganakarti&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xnk&quot;},
	[&quot;nganasan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nio&quot;},
	[&quot;ngandi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nid&quot;},
	[&quot;ngando (central african republic)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ngd&quot;},
	[&quot;ngando (democratic republic of congo)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nxd&quot;},
	[&quot;ngandyera&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nne&quot;},
	[&quot;ngangam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gng&quot;},
	[&quot;ngantangarra&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ntg&quot;},
	[&quot;nganyaywana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nyx&quot;},
	[&quot;ngardi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rxd&quot;},
	[&quot;ngarigu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xni&quot;},
	[&quot;ngarinyin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ung&quot;},
	[&quot;ngarinyman&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nbj&quot;},
	[&quot;ngarla&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nrk&quot;, [14]=&quot;nlr&quot;},
	[&quot;ngarluma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nrl&quot;},
	[&quot;ngarrindjeri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nay&quot;},
	[&quot;ngas&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;anc&quot;},
	[&quot;ngasa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nsg&quot;},
	[&quot;ngatik men's creole&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ngm&quot;},
	[&quot;ngawn chin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cnw&quot;},
	[&quot;ngawun&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nxn&quot;},
	[&quot;ngayawung&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nwg&quot;},
	[&quot;ngazidja comorian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zdj&quot;},
	[&quot;ngbaka ma'bo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nbm&quot;},
	[&quot;ngbaka manza&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ngg&quot;},
	[&quot;ngbaka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nga&quot;},
	[&quot;ngbee&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jgb&quot;},
	[&quot;ngbinda&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nbd&quot;},
	[&quot;ngbundu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nuu&quot;},
	[&quot;ngelima&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;agh&quot;},
	[&quot;ngemba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nge&quot;},
	[&quot;ngen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gnj&quot;},
	[&quot;ngendelengo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nql&quot;},
	[&quot;ngeq&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ngt&quot;},
	[&quot;ngete&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nnn&quot;},
	[&quot;nggem&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nbq&quot;},
	[&quot;nggwahyi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ngx&quot;},
	[&quot;ngie&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ngj&quot;},
	[&quot;ngiemboon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nnh&quot;},
	[&quot;ngile&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jle&quot;},
	[&quot;ngindo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nnq&quot;},
	[&quot;ngiti&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;niy&quot;},
	[&quot;ngizim&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ngi&quot;},
	[&quot;ngkâlmpw kanum&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kcd&quot;},
	[&quot;ngom&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nra&quot;},
	[&quot;ngomba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jgo&quot;},
	[&quot;ngombale&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nla&quot;},
	[&quot;ngombe (central african republic)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nmj&quot;},
	[&quot;ngombe (democratic republic of congo)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ngc&quot;},
	[&quot;ngong&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;nnx&quot;},
	[&quot;ngongo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;noq&quot;},
	[&quot;ngoni (mozambique)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xnq&quot;},
	[&quot;ngoni (tanzania)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xnj&quot;},
	[&quot;ngoni&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;ngo&quot;},
	[&quot;ngoreme&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ngq&quot;},
	[&quot;ngoshie&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nsh&quot;},
	[&quot;ngul&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nlo&quot;},
	[&quot;ngulu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ngp&quot;},
	[&quot;nguluwan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nuw&quot;},
	[&quot;ngumbarl&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xnm&quot;},
	[&quot;ngumbi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nui&quot;},
	[&quot;ngunawal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xul&quot;},
	[&quot;ngundi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ndn&quot;},
	[&quot;ngundu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nue&quot;},
	[&quot;ngungwel&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ngz&quot;},
	[&quot;ngura&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;nbx&quot;},
	[&quot;ngurimi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ngq&quot;},
	[&quot;ngurmbur&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nrx&quot;},
	[&quot;nguôn&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nuo&quot;},
	[&quot;ngwaba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ngw&quot;},
	[&quot;ngwe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nwe&quot;},
	[&quot;ngwo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ngn&quot;},
	[&quot;ngäbere&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gym&quot;},
	[&quot;nhanda&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nha&quot;},
	[&quot;nhangu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jay&quot;},
	[&quot;nhengatu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yrl&quot;},
	[&quot;nhirrpi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hrp&quot;},
	[&quot;nhuwala&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nhf&quot;},
	[&quot;nias&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;nia&quot;, [4]=&quot;nia&quot;},
	[&quot;nicaragua creole english&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bzk&quot;},
	[&quot;nicaraguan sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ncs&quot;},
	[&quot;nicarao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ppl&quot;},
	[&quot;niellim&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nie&quot;},
	[&quot;niger-kordofanian languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;nic&quot;, [5]=&quot;nic&quot;},
	[&quot;nigeria mambila&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mzk&quot;},
	[&quot;nigerian fulfulde&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fuv&quot;},
	[&quot;nigerian pidgin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pcm&quot;},
	[&quot;nigerian sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nsi&quot;},
	[&quot;nihali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nll&quot;},
	[&quot;nii&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nii&quot;},
	[&quot;nijadali&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;nad&quot;},
	[&quot;niksek&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gbe&quot;},
	[&quot;nila&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nil&quot;},
	[&quot;nilamba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nim&quot;},
	[&quot;nilo-saharan languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;ssa&quot;, [5]=&quot;ssa&quot;},
	[&quot;nimadi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;noe&quot;},
	[&quot;nimanbur&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nmp&quot;},
	[&quot;nimbari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nmr&quot;},
	[&quot;nimboran&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nir&quot;},
	[&quot;nimi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nis&quot;},
	[&quot;nimo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;niw&quot;},
	[&quot;nimoa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nmw&quot;},
	[&quot;ninam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;shb&quot;},
	[&quot;ninde&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mwi&quot;},
	[&quot;nindi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nxi&quot;},
	[&quot;ningera&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nby&quot;},
	[&quot;ninggerum&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nxr&quot;},
	[&quot;ningil&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;niz&quot;},
	[&quot;ningye&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;nns&quot;},
	[&quot;ninia yali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nlk&quot;},
	[&quot;ninzo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nin&quot;},
	[&quot;nipsan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nps&quot;},
	[&quot;nisa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;njs&quot;},
	[&quot;nisenan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nsz&quot;},
	[&quot;nisga'a&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ncg&quot;},
	[&quot;nisi (china)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yso&quot;},
	[&quot;nisi (india)&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;dap&quot;},
	[&quot;niuafo'ou&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;num&quot;},
	[&quot;niuatoputapu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nkp&quot;},
	[&quot;niuean&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;niu&quot;, [4]=&quot;niu&quot;},
	[&quot;nivaclé&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cag&quot;},
	[&quot;niwer mil&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hrc&quot;},
	[&quot;njalgulgule&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;njl&quot;},
	[&quot;njebi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nzb&quot;},
	[&quot;njen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;njj&quot;},
	[&quot;njerep&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;njr&quot;},
	[&quot;njyem&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;njy&quot;},
	[&quot;nkami&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nkq&quot;},
	[&quot;nkangala&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nkn&quot;},
	[&quot;nkari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nkz&quot;},
	[&quot;nkem-nkum&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;isi&quot;},
	[&quot;nkhumbi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;khu&quot;},
	[&quot;nkongho&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nkc&quot;},
	[&quot;nkonya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nko&quot;},
	[&quot;nkoroo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nkx&quot;},
	[&quot;nkoya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nka&quot;},
	[&quot;nkukoli&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nbo&quot;},
	[&quot;nkutu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nkw&quot;},
	[&quot;nnam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nbp&quot;},
	[&quot;no linguistic content&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;zxx&quot;, [4]=&quot;zxx&quot;},
	[&quot;nobiin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fia&quot;},
	[&quot;nobonob&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gaw&quot;},
	[&quot;nocamán&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;nom&quot;},
	[&quot;nocte naga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;njb&quot;},
	[&quot;nogai&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;nog&quot;, [4]=&quot;nog&quot;},
	[&quot;noipx&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;npx&quot;},
	[&quot;noiri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;noi&quot;},
	[&quot;nokuku&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nkk&quot;},
	[&quot;nomaande&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lem&quot;},
	[&quot;nomane&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nof&quot;},
	[&quot;nomatsiguenga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;not&quot;},
	[&quot;nomlaki&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nol&quot;},
	[&quot;nomu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;noh&quot;},
	[&quot;nong zhuang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zhn&quot;},
	[&quot;nonuya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;noj&quot;},
	[&quot;nooksack&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nok&quot;},
	[&quot;noon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;snf&quot;},
	[&quot;noone&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nhu&quot;},
	[&quot;nootka&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;noo&quot;},
	[&quot;nopala chatino&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cya&quot;},
	[&quot;nora&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nrr&quot;},
	[&quot;noric&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nrc&quot;},
	[&quot;norn&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nrn&quot;},
	[&quot;norra&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nrr&quot;},
	[&quot;norse, old&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;non&quot;},
	[&quot;north alaskan inupiatun&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;esi&quot;},
	[&quot;north ambrym&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mmg&quot;},
	[&quot;north american indian languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;nai&quot;, [5]=&quot;nai&quot;},
	[&quot;north asmat&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nks&quot;},
	[&quot;north awyu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yir&quot;},
	[&quot;north azerbaijani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;azj&quot;},
	[&quot;north babar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bcd&quot;},
	[&quot;north bolivian quechua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;qul&quot;},
	[&quot;north caucasian languages&quot;] = {[5]=&quot;ccn&quot;},
	[&quot;north central mixe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;neq&quot;},
	[&quot;north efate&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;llp&quot;},
	[&quot;north fali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fll&quot;},
	[&quot;north germanic languages&quot;] = {[5]=&quot;gmq&quot;},
	[&quot;north giziga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gis&quot;},
	[&quot;north junín quechua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;qvn&quot;},
	[&quot;north korowai&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;krg&quot;},
	[&quot;north marquesan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mrq&quot;},
	[&quot;north mesopotamian arabic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ayp&quot;},
	[&quot;north midlands tasmanian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xph&quot;},
	[&quot;north mofu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mfk&quot;},
	[&quot;north moluccan malay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;max&quot;},
	[&quot;north muyu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kti&quot;},
	[&quot;north ndebele&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;nd&quot;, [2]=&quot;nde&quot;, [4]=&quot;nde&quot;},
	[&quot;north nuaulu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nni&quot;},
	[&quot;north picene&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nrp&quot;},
	[&quot;north slavey&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;scs&quot;},
	[&quot;north tairora&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tbg&quot;},
	[&quot;north tanna&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tnn&quot;},
	[&quot;north wahgi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;whg&quot;},
	[&quot;north watut&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;una&quot;},
	[&quot;northeast kiwai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kiw&quot;},
	[&quot;northeast maidu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nmu&quot;},
	[&quot;northeast pashai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aee&quot;},
	[&quot;northeast pashayi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aee&quot;},
	[&quot;northeastern dinka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dip&quot;},
	[&quot;northeastern pomo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pef&quot;},
	[&quot;northeastern tasmanian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xpb&quot;},
	[&quot;northeastern thai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tts&quot;},
	[&quot;northern alta&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aqn&quot;},
	[&quot;northern altai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;atv&quot;},
	[&quot;northern amami-oshima&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ryn&quot;},
	[&quot;northern bai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bfc&quot;},
	[&quot;northern betsimisaraka malagasy&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bmm&quot;},
	[&quot;northern binukidnon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kyn&quot;},
	[&quot;northern bobo madaré&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bbo&quot;},
	[&quot;northern bontok&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rbk&quot;},
	[&quot;northern cakchiquel&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;ckc&quot;},
	[&quot;northern catanduanes bikol&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cts&quot;},
	[&quot;northern conchucos ancash quechua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;qxn&quot;},
	[&quot;northern dagara&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dgi&quot;},
	[&quot;northern dong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;doc&quot;},
	[&quot;northern east cree&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;crl&quot;},
	[&quot;northern emberá&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;emp&quot;},
	[&quot;northern frisian&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;frr&quot;, [4]=&quot;frr&quot;},
	[&quot;northern ghale&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ghh&quot;},
	[&quot;northern gondi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gno&quot;},
	[&quot;northern grebo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gbo&quot;},
	[&quot;northern guiyang hmong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;huj&quot;},
	[&quot;northern guiyang miao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;huj&quot;},
	[&quot;northern haida&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hdn&quot;},
	[&quot;northern hindko&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hno&quot;},
	[&quot;northern huishui hmong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hmi&quot;},
	[&quot;northern huishui miao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hmi&quot;},
	[&quot;northern kalapuya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nrt&quot;},
	[&quot;northern kankanay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xnn&quot;},
	[&quot;northern katang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ncq&quot;},
	[&quot;northern khmer&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kxm&quot;},
	[&quot;northern kissi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kqs&quot;},
	[&quot;northern kurdish&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kmr&quot;},
	[&quot;northern lendu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dno&quot;},
	[&quot;northern luri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lrc&quot;},
	[&quot;northern mashan hmong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hmp&quot;},
	[&quot;northern mashan miao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hmp&quot;},
	[&quot;northern muji&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ymx&quot;},
	[&quot;northern nago&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xkb&quot;},
	[&quot;northern nambikuára&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;mbg&quot;},
	[&quot;northern ndebele&quot;] = {[7]=&quot;nde&quot;, [9]=&quot;nde&quot;},
	[&quot;northern ngbandi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ngb&quot;},
	[&quot;northern nisu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yiv&quot;},
	[&quot;northern nuni&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nuv&quot;},
	[&quot;northern oaxaca nahuatl&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nhy&quot;},
	[&quot;northern ohlone&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cst&quot;},
	[&quot;northern one&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;onr&quot;},
	[&quot;northern paiute&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pao&quot;},
	[&quot;northern pame&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pmq&quot;},
	[&quot;northern pashto&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pbu&quot;},
	[&quot;northern pastaza quichua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;qvz&quot;},
	[&quot;northern ping chinese&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cnp&quot;},
	[&quot;northern pinghua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cnp&quot;},
	[&quot;northern pomo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pej&quot;},
	[&quot;northern puebla nahuatl&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ncj&quot;},
	[&quot;northern pumi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pmi&quot;},
	[&quot;northern qiandong miao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hea&quot;},
	[&quot;northern qiang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cng&quot;},
	[&quot;northern rengma naga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nnl&quot;},
	[&quot;northern roglai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rog&quot;},
	[&quot;northern sami&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;se&quot;, [2]=&quot;sme&quot;, [4]=&quot;sme&quot;},
	[&quot;northern sierra miwok&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nsq&quot;},
	[&quot;northern sorsoganon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bks&quot;},
	[&quot;northern sotho&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;nso&quot;, [4]=&quot;nso&quot;},
	[&quot;northern subanen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;stb&quot;},
	[&quot;northern tarahumara&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;thh&quot;},
	[&quot;northern tasmanian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xpv&quot;},
	[&quot;northern tepehuan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ntp&quot;},
	[&quot;northern thai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nod&quot;},
	[&quot;northern tidung&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ntd&quot;},
	[&quot;northern tiwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;twf&quot;},
	[&quot;northern tlaxiaco mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xtn&quot;},
	[&quot;northern toussian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tsp&quot;},
	[&quot;northern tujia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tji&quot;},
	[&quot;northern tutchone&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ttm&quot;},
	[&quot;northern uzbek&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;uzn&quot;},
	[&quot;northern yukaghir&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ykg&quot;},
	[&quot;northern zhuang&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;ccx&quot;},
	[&quot;northwest alaska inupiatun&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;esk&quot;},
	[&quot;northwest gbaya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gya&quot;},
	[&quot;northwest maidu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mjd&quot;},
	[&quot;northwest oaxaca mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mxa&quot;},
	[&quot;northwest pashai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;glh&quot;},
	[&quot;northwest pashayi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;glh&quot;},
	[&quot;northwestern dinka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;diw&quot;},
	[&quot;northwestern fars&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;faz&quot;},
	[&quot;northwestern kolami&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kfb&quot;},
	[&quot;northwestern nisu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nsf&quot;},
	[&quot;northwestern ojibwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ojb&quot;},
	[&quot;northwestern tamang&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;tmk&quot;},
	[&quot;northwestern tasmanian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xpw&quot;},
	[&quot;northwestern ǃkung&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vaj&quot;},
	[&quot;norwegian bokmål&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;nb&quot;, [2]=&quot;nob&quot;, [4]=&quot;nob&quot;, [7]=&quot;nob&quot;},
	[&quot;norwegian nynorsk&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;nn&quot;, [2]=&quot;nno&quot;, [4]=&quot;nno&quot;},
	[&quot;norwegian sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nsl&quot;},
	[&quot;norwegian&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;no&quot;, [2]=&quot;nor&quot;, [4]=&quot;nor&quot;},
	[&quot;not applicable&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;zxx&quot;, [4]=&quot;zxx&quot;},
	[&quot;notre&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bly&quot;},
	[&quot;notsi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ncf&quot;},
	[&quot;nottoway&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ntw&quot;},
	[&quot;nottoway-meherrin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nwy&quot;},
	[&quot;novial&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nov&quot;},
	[&quot;noy&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;noy&quot;},
	[&quot;nsenga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nse&quot;},
	[&quot;nshi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nsc&quot;},
	[&quot;nsongo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nsx&quot;},
	[&quot;ntcham&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bud&quot;},
	[&quot;nteng&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nqt&quot;},
	[&quot;ntomba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nto&quot;},
	[&quot;nubaca&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;baf&quot;},
	[&quot;nubi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kcn&quot;},
	[&quot;nubian languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;nub&quot;, [5]=&quot;nub&quot;},
	[&quot;nubri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kte&quot;},
	[&quot;nuenonne&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xpf&quot;},
	[&quot;nuer&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nus&quot;},
	[&quot;nugunu (australia)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nnv&quot;},
	[&quot;nugunu (cameroon)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yas&quot;},
	[&quot;nuk&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;noc&quot;},
	[&quot;nukak makú&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mbr&quot;},
	[&quot;nukna&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;klt&quot;},
	[&quot;nukuini&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nuc&quot;},
	[&quot;nukumanu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nuq&quot;},
	[&quot;nukunul&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xnu&quot;},
	[&quot;nukuoro&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nkr&quot;},
	[&quot;nukuria&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nur&quot;},
	[&quot;numana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nbr&quot;},
	[&quot;numanggang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nop&quot;},
	[&quot;numbami&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sij&quot;},
	[&quot;nume&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tgs&quot;},
	[&quot;numidian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nxm&quot;},
	[&quot;numèè&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kdk&quot;},
	[&quot;nung (viet nam)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nut&quot;},
	[&quot;nungali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nug&quot;},
	[&quot;nunggubuyu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nuy&quot;},
	[&quot;nungu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rin&quot;},
	[&quot;nunukul&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xul&quot;},
	[&quot;nuosu&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ii&quot;, [2]=&quot;iii&quot;, [4]=&quot;iii&quot;},
	[&quot;nupbikha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;npb&quot;},
	[&quot;nupe-nupe-tako&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nup&quot;},
	[&quot;nusa laut&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nul&quot;},
	[&quot;nusu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nuf&quot;},
	[&quot;nuu-chah-nulth&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nuk&quot;},
	[&quot;nuuchahnulth&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nuk&quot;},
	[&quot;nyabwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nwb&quot;},
	[&quot;nyadu&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;nxj&quot;},
	[&quot;nyaheun&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nev&quot;},
	[&quot;nyahkur&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cbn&quot;},
	[&quot;nyakyusa-ngonde&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nyy&quot;},
	[&quot;nyali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nlj&quot;},
	[&quot;nyam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nmi&quot;},
	[&quot;nyamal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nly&quot;},
	[&quot;nyambo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;now&quot;},
	[&quot;nyamusa-molo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nwm&quot;},
	[&quot;nyamwanga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mwn&quot;},
	[&quot;nyamwezi&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;nym&quot;, [4]=&quot;nym&quot;},
	[&quot;nyaneka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nyk&quot;},
	[&quot;nyang'i&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nyp&quot;},
	[&quot;nyanga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nyj&quot;},
	[&quot;nyanga-li&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nyc&quot;},
	[&quot;nyangatom&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nnj&quot;},
	[&quot;nyangbo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nyb&quot;},
	[&quot;nyangga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nny&quot;},
	[&quot;nyangumarta&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nna&quot;},
	[&quot;nyanja&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ny&quot;, [2]=&quot;nya&quot;, [4]=&quot;nya&quot;},
	[&quot;nyankole&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;nyn&quot;, [4]=&quot;nyn&quot;},
	[&quot;nyankpa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yes&quot;},
	[&quot;nyarafolo senoufo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sev&quot;},
	[&quot;nyaturu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rim&quot;},
	[&quot;nyaw&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nyw&quot;},
	[&quot;nyawaygi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nyt&quot;},
	[&quot;nyelâyu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yly&quot;},
	[&quot;nyemba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nba&quot;},
	[&quot;nyeng&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;nfg&quot;},
	[&quot;nyengo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nye&quot;},
	[&quot;nyenkha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;neh&quot;},
	[&quot;nyeu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nyl&quot;},
	[&quot;nyiha (malawi)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nyr&quot;},
	[&quot;nyiha (tanzania)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nih&quot;},
	[&quot;nyika (malawi and zambia)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nkv&quot;},
	[&quot;nyika (tanzania)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nkt&quot;},
	[&quot;nyikina&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nyh&quot;},
	[&quot;nyindrou&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lid&quot;},
	[&quot;nyindu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nyg&quot;},
	[&quot;nyishi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;njz&quot;},
	[&quot;nyiyaparli&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xny&quot;},
	[&quot;nynorsk, norwegian&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;nno&quot;},
	[&quot;nyokon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nvo&quot;},
	[&quot;nyole&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nuj&quot;},
	[&quot;nyong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;muo&quot;},
	[&quot;nyore&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nyd&quot;},
	[&quot;nyoro&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;nyo&quot;, [4]=&quot;nyo&quot;},
	[&quot;nyulnyul&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nyv&quot;},
	[&quot;nyungar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nys&quot;},
	[&quot;nyungwe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nyu&quot;},
	[&quot;nyâlayu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yly&quot;},
	[&quot;nzadi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nzd&quot;},
	[&quot;nzakambay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nzy&quot;},
	[&quot;nzakara&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nzk&quot;},
	[&quot;nzanyi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nja&quot;},
	[&quot;nzima&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;nzi&quot;, [4]=&quot;nzi&quot;},
	[&quot;ná-meo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;neo&quot;},
	[&quot;nêlêmwa-nixumwak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nee&quot;},
	[&quot;nüpode huitoto&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hux&quot;},
	[&quot;nǁng&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ngh&quot;},
	[&quot;o'chi'chi'&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xoc&quot;},
	[&quot;o'du&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tyh&quot;},
	[&quot;obanliku&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bzy&quot;},
	[&quot;obispeño&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;obi&quot;},
	[&quot;oblo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;obl&quot;},
	[&quot;obo manobo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;obo&quot;},
	[&quot;obokuitai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;afz&quot;},
	[&quot;obolo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ann&quot;},
	[&quot;obulom&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;obu&quot;},
	[&quot;ocaina&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;oca&quot;},
	[&quot;occidental&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ie&quot;, [2]=&quot;ile&quot;, [4]=&quot;ile&quot;, [14]=&quot;occ&quot;},
	[&quot;occitan (post 1500)&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;oc&quot;, [2]=&quot;oci&quot;, [4]=&quot;oci&quot;},
	[&quot;occitan, old (to 1500)&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;pro&quot;},
	[&quot;ocotepec mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mie&quot;},
	[&quot;ocotlán zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zac&quot;},
	[&quot;od&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;odk&quot;},
	[&quot;odia (macrolanguage)&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;or&quot;},
	[&quot;odia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ory&quot;},
	[&quot;odiai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bhf&quot;},
	[&quot;odoodee&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kkc&quot;},
	[&quot;odual&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;odu&quot;},
	[&quot;odut&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;oda&quot;},
	[&quot;ofayé&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;opy&quot;},
	[&quot;official aramaic (700-300 bce)&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;arc&quot;, [4]=&quot;arc&quot;},
	[&quot;ofo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ofo&quot;},
	[&quot;ogan&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;ogn&quot;},
	[&quot;ogbah&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ogc&quot;},
	[&quot;ogbia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ogb&quot;},
	[&quot;ogbogolo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ogg&quot;},
	[&quot;ogbronuagum&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ogu&quot;},
	[&quot;ogea&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;eri&quot;},
	[&quot;oirat&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;xal&quot;, [4]=&quot;xal&quot;},
	[&quot;oirata&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;oia&quot;},
	[&quot;ojibwa&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;oj&quot;, [2]=&quot;oji&quot;, [4]=&quot;oji&quot;},
	[&quot;ojitlán chinantec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;chj&quot;},
	[&quot;okanagan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;oka&quot;},
	[&quot;oki-no-erabu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;okn&quot;},
	[&quot;okiek&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;oki&quot;},
	[&quot;oko-eni-osayen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;oks&quot;},
	[&quot;oko-juwoi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;okj&quot;},
	[&quot;okobo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;okb&quot;},
	[&quot;okodia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;okd&quot;},
	[&quot;okolie&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;oie&quot;},
	[&quot;okolod&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kqv&quot;},
	[&quot;okpamheri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;opa&quot;},
	[&quot;okpe (northwestern edo)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;okx&quot;},
	[&quot;okpe (southwestern edo)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;oke&quot;},
	[&quot;oksapmin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;opm&quot;},
	[&quot;oku&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;oku&quot;},
	[&quot;old aramaic (up to 700 bce)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;oar&quot;},
	[&quot;old avar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;oav&quot;},
	[&quot;old breton&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;obt&quot;},
	[&quot;old bulgarian&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;cu&quot;, [2]=&quot;chu&quot;, [4]=&quot;chu&quot;},
	[&quot;old burmese&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;obr&quot;},
	[&quot;old cham&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ocm&quot;},
	[&quot;old chinese&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;och&quot;},
	[&quot;old church slavonic&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;cu&quot;, [2]=&quot;chu&quot;, [4]=&quot;chu&quot;},
	[&quot;old cornish&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;oco&quot;},
	[&quot;old dutch&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;odt&quot;},
	[&quot;old english (ca. 450-1100)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ang&quot;},
	[&quot;old french (842-ca. 1400)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fro&quot;},
	[&quot;old frisian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ofs&quot;},
	[&quot;old georgian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;oge&quot;},
	[&quot;old high german (ca. 750-1050)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;goh&quot;},
	[&quot;old hittite&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;oht&quot;},
	[&quot;old hungarian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ohu&quot;},
	[&quot;old irish (to 900)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sga&quot;},
	[&quot;old japanese&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ojp&quot;},
	[&quot;old kentish sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;okl&quot;},
	[&quot;old khmer&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;okz&quot;},
	[&quot;old korean (3rd-9th cent.)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;oko&quot;},
	[&quot;old lithuanian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;olt&quot;},
	[&quot;old malay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;omy&quot;},
	[&quot;old manipuri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;omp&quot;},
	[&quot;old marathi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;omr&quot;},
	[&quot;old mon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;omx&quot;},
	[&quot;old newari&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;nwc&quot;, [4]=&quot;nwc&quot;},
	[&quot;old norse&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;non&quot;},
	[&quot;old nubian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;onw&quot;},
	[&quot;old occitan (to 1500)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pro&quot;},
	[&quot;old occitan&quot;] = {[7]=&quot;pro&quot;},
	[&quot;old ossetic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;oos&quot;},
	[&quot;old persian (ca. 600-400 b.c.)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;peo&quot;},
	[&quot;old persian&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;ope&quot;},
	[&quot;old provençal (to 1500)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pro&quot;},
	[&quot;old russian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;orv&quot;},
	[&quot;old saxon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;osx&quot;},
	[&quot;old slavonic&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;cu&quot;, [2]=&quot;chu&quot;, [4]=&quot;chu&quot;},
	[&quot;old spanish&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;osp&quot;},
	[&quot;old sundanese&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;osn&quot;},
	[&quot;old tamil&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;oty&quot;},
	[&quot;old tibetan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;otb&quot;},
	[&quot;old turkish&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;otk&quot;},
	[&quot;old uighur&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;oui&quot;},
	[&quot;old welsh&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;owl&quot;},
	[&quot;olekha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ole&quot;},
	[&quot;olkol&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;olk&quot;},
	[&quot;olo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ong&quot;},
	[&quot;oloma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;olm&quot;},
	[&quot;olrat&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;olr&quot;},
	[&quot;olu'bo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lul&quot;},
	[&quot;olukhayo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lko&quot;},
	[&quot;olulumo-ikom&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;iko&quot;},
	[&quot;oluluyia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;luy&quot;},
	[&quot;olumarachi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lri&quot;},
	[&quot;olumarama&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lrm&quot;},
	[&quot;olunyole&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nyd&quot;},
	[&quot;olusamia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lsm&quot;},
	[&quot;olushisa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lks&quot;},
	[&quot;oluta popoluca&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;plo&quot;},
	[&quot;olutsotso&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lto&quot;},
	[&quot;oluwanga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lwg&quot;},
	[&quot;omagua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;omg&quot;},
	[&quot;omaha-ponca&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;oma&quot;},
	[&quot;omani arabic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;acx&quot;},
	[&quot;omati&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;mgx&quot;},
	[&quot;ombamba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mbm&quot;},
	[&quot;ombo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;oml&quot;},
	[&quot;omejes&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;ome&quot;},
	[&quot;ometepec nahuatl&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nht&quot;},
	[&quot;omi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;omi&quot;},
	[&quot;omok&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;omk&quot;},
	[&quot;omotic languages&quot;] = {[5]=&quot;omv&quot;},
	[&quot;omotik&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;omt&quot;},
	[&quot;omurano&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;omu&quot;},
	[&quot;ona&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ona&quot;},
	[&quot;oneida&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;one&quot;},
	[&quot;ong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;oog&quot;},
	[&quot;onin based pidgin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;onx&quot;},
	[&quot;onin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;oni&quot;},
	[&quot;oniyan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bsc&quot;},
	[&quot;onjob&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;onj&quot;},
	[&quot;ono&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ons&quot;},
	[&quot;onobasulu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;onn&quot;},
	[&quot;onondaga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ono&quot;},
	[&quot;ontenu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ont&quot;},
	[&quot;ontong java&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ojv&quot;},
	[&quot;oorlams&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;oor&quot;},
	[&quot;opao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;opo&quot;},
	[&quot;opata&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;opt&quot;},
	[&quot;opuuo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lgn&quot;},
	[&quot;orang kanaq&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;orn&quot;},
	[&quot;orang seletar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ors&quot;},
	[&quot;oraon sadri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sdr&quot;},
	[&quot;orejón&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ore&quot;},
	[&quot;oring&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;org&quot;},
	[&quot;oriya (individual language)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ory&quot;},
	[&quot;oriya (macrolanguage)&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;or&quot;, [4]=&quot;ori&quot;},
	[&quot;oriya&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;ori&quot;},
	[&quot;orizaba nahuatl&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nlv&quot;},
	[&quot;orma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;orc&quot;},
	[&quot;ormu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;orz&quot;},
	[&quot;ormuri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;oru&quot;},
	[&quot;oro win&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;orw&quot;},
	[&quot;oro&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;orx&quot;},
	[&quot;oroch&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;oac&quot;},
	[&quot;oroha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ora&quot;},
	[&quot;orok&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;oaa&quot;},
	[&quot;orokaiva&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;okv&quot;, [14]=&quot;ork&quot;},
	[&quot;oroko&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bdu&quot;},
	[&quot;orokolo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;oro&quot;},
	[&quot;oromo&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;om&quot;, [2]=&quot;orm&quot;, [4]=&quot;orm&quot;},
	[&quot;oroqen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;orh&quot;},
	[&quot;orowe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bpk&quot;},
	[&quot;oruma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;orr&quot;},
	[&quot;orya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ury&quot;},
	[&quot;osage&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;osa&quot;, [4]=&quot;osa&quot;},
	[&quot;osatu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ost&quot;},
	[&quot;oscan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;osc&quot;},
	[&quot;osing&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;osi&quot;},
	[&quot;ososo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;oso&quot;},
	[&quot;ossetian&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;os&quot;, [2]=&quot;oss&quot;, [4]=&quot;oss&quot;},
	[&quot;ossetic&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;os&quot;, [2]=&quot;oss&quot;, [4]=&quot;oss&quot;},
	[&quot;ot danum&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;otd&quot;},
	[&quot;otank&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;uta&quot;},
	[&quot;oti&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;oti&quot;},
	[&quot;oto-manguean languages&quot;] = {[5]=&quot;omq&quot;},
	[&quot;otomian languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;oto&quot;, [5]=&quot;oto&quot;},
	[&quot;otoro&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;otr&quot;},
	[&quot;ottawa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;otw&quot;},
	[&quot;ottoman turkish (1500-1928)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ota&quot;},
	[&quot;otuho&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lot&quot;},
	[&quot;otuke&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;otu&quot;},
	[&quot;ouma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;oum&quot;},
	[&quot;oune&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;oue&quot;},
	[&quot;owa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;stn&quot;},
	[&quot;owenia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wsr&quot;},
	[&quot;owiniga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;owi&quot;},
	[&quot;oy&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;oyb&quot;},
	[&quot;oya'oya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;oyy&quot;},
	[&quot;oyda&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;oyd&quot;},
	[&quot;oyster bay tasmanian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xpd&quot;},
	[&quot;ozolotepec zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zao&quot;},
	[&quot;ozumacín chinantec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;chz&quot;},
	[&quot;pa di&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pdi&quot;},
	[&quot;pa'a&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pqa&quot;},
	[&quot;pa'o karen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;blk&quot;},
	[&quot;pa'o&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;blk&quot;},
	[&quot;pa-hng&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pha&quot;},
	[&quot;paakantyi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;drl&quot;},
	[&quot;paama&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pma&quot;},
	[&quot;paasaal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sig&quot;},
	[&quot;pacahuara&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pcp&quot;},
	[&quot;pacaraos quechua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;qvp&quot;},
	[&quot;pacific gulf yupik&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ems&quot;},
	[&quot;pacoh&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pac&quot;},
	[&quot;padoe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pdo&quot;},
	[&quot;paekche&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pkc&quot;},
	[&quot;paelignian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pgn&quot;},
	[&quot;pagi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pgi&quot;},
	[&quot;pagibete&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pae&quot;},
	[&quot;pagu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pgu&quot;},
	[&quot;pahanan agta&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;apf&quot;},
	[&quot;pahari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;phj&quot;},
	[&quot;pahari-potwari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;phr&quot;},
	[&quot;pahi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lgt&quot;},
	[&quot;pahlavani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;phv&quot;},
	[&quot;pahlavi&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;pal&quot;, [4]=&quot;pal&quot;},
	[&quot;pai tavytera&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pta&quot;},
	[&quot;paicî&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pri&quot;},
	[&quot;paipai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ppi&quot;},
	[&quot;paite chin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pck&quot;},
	[&quot;paiwan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pwn&quot;},
	[&quot;pak-tong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pkg&quot;},
	[&quot;pakanha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pkn&quot;},
	[&quot;pakaásnovos&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pav&quot;},
	[&quot;pakistan sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pks&quot;},
	[&quot;paku karen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jkp&quot;, [14]=&quot;kpp&quot;},
	[&quot;paku&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pku&quot;},
	[&quot;pal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;abw&quot;},
	[&quot;palaic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;plq&quot;},
	[&quot;palaka senoufo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;plr&quot;},
	[&quot;palantla chinantec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cpa&quot;},
	[&quot;palauan&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;pau&quot;, [4]=&quot;pau&quot;},
	[&quot;palembang&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;plm&quot;},
	[&quot;paleni&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pnl&quot;},
	[&quot;palenquero&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pln&quot;},
	[&quot;pali&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;pi&quot;, [2]=&quot;pli&quot;, [4]=&quot;pli&quot;},
	[&quot;palikúr&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;plu&quot;},
	[&quot;paliyan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pcf&quot;},
	[&quot;pallanganmiddang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pmd&quot;},
	[&quot;paloor&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fap&quot;},
	[&quot;palpa&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;plp&quot;},
	[&quot;palu&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;pbz&quot;},
	[&quot;palu'e&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ple&quot;},
	[&quot;paluan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;plz&quot;},
	[&quot;palula&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;phl&quot;},
	[&quot;palumata&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;pmc&quot;},
	[&quot;palya bareli&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bpx&quot;},
	[&quot;pam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pmn&quot;},
	[&quot;pambia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pmb&quot;},
	[&quot;pamlico&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;pmk&quot;},
	[&quot;pamona&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pmf&quot;, [14]=&quot;bcx&quot;},
	[&quot;pamosu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hih&quot;},
	[&quot;pampanga&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;pam&quot;, [4]=&quot;pam&quot;},
	[&quot;pamplona atta&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;att&quot;},
	[&quot;pana (burkina faso)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pnq&quot;},
	[&quot;pana (central african republic)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pnz&quot;},
	[&quot;panamanian sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lsp&quot;},
	[&quot;panamint&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;par&quot;},
	[&quot;panang&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;pcr&quot;},
	[&quot;panao huánuco quechua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;qxh&quot;},
	[&quot;panará&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kre&quot;},
	[&quot;panasuan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;psn&quot;},
	[&quot;panawa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pwb&quot;},
	[&quot;pancana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pnp&quot;},
	[&quot;panchpargania&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tdb&quot;},
	[&quot;pande&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bkj&quot;},
	[&quot;pangasinan&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;pag&quot;, [4]=&quot;pag&quot;},
	[&quot;pangseng&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pgs&quot;},
	[&quot;pangu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;png&quot;},
	[&quot;pangutaran sama&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;slm&quot;},
	[&quot;pangwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pbr&quot;},
	[&quot;pangwali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pgg&quot;},
	[&quot;panim&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pnr&quot;},
	[&quot;paniya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pcg&quot;},
	[&quot;panjabi&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;pa&quot;, [2]=&quot;pan&quot;, [4]=&quot;pan&quot;},
	[&quot;pankararé&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pax&quot;},
	[&quot;pankararú&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;paz&quot;},
	[&quot;pankhu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pkh&quot;},
	[&quot;pannei&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pnc&quot;},
	[&quot;pano&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mqz&quot;},
	[&quot;panoan katukína&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;knt&quot;},
	[&quot;panobo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pno&quot;},
	[&quot;panyi bai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bfc&quot;},
	[&quot;panytyima&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pnw&quot;},
	[&quot;pao&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;ppa&quot;},
	[&quot;papantla totonac&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;top&quot;},
	[&quot;papapana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ppn&quot;},
	[&quot;papar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dpp&quot;},
	[&quot;papasena&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pas&quot;},
	[&quot;papavô&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;ppv&quot;},
	[&quot;papel&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pbo&quot;},
	[&quot;papi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ppe&quot;},
	[&quot;papiamento&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;pap&quot;, [4]=&quot;pap&quot;},
	[&quot;papitalai&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;pat&quot;},
	[&quot;papora&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ppu&quot;},
	[&quot;papua new guinean sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pgz&quot;},
	[&quot;papuan languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;paa&quot;, [5]=&quot;paa&quot;},
	[&quot;papuan malay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pmy&quot;},
	[&quot;papuma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ppm&quot;},
	[&quot;para naga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pzn&quot;},
	[&quot;parachi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;prc&quot;},
	[&quot;paraguayan guaraní&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gug&quot;},
	[&quot;paraguayan sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pys&quot;},
	[&quot;parakanã&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pak&quot;},
	[&quot;paranan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;prf&quot;, [14]=&quot;agp&quot;},
	[&quot;paranawát&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;paf&quot;},
	[&quot;paraujano&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pbg&quot;},
	[&quot;parauk&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;prk&quot;},
	[&quot;parawen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;prw&quot;},
	[&quot;pardhan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pch&quot;},
	[&quot;pardhi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pcl&quot;},
	[&quot;pare&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ppt&quot;},
	[&quot;parecís&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pab&quot;},
	[&quot;parenga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pcj&quot;},
	[&quot;parkari koli&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kvx&quot;},
	[&quot;parkwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pbi&quot;},
	[&quot;parsi&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;prp&quot;},
	[&quot;parsi-dari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;prd&quot;},
	[&quot;parthian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xpr&quot;},
	[&quot;parya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;paq&quot;},
	[&quot;pará arára&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aap&quot;},
	[&quot;pará gavião&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gvp&quot;},
	[&quot;pashto&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ps&quot;, [2]=&quot;pus&quot;, [4]=&quot;pus&quot;},
	[&quot;pasi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;psq&quot;},
	[&quot;pass valley yali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yac&quot;},
	[&quot;patamona&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pbc&quot;},
	[&quot;patani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ptn&quot;},
	[&quot;pataxó hã-ha-hãe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pth&quot;},
	[&quot;patep&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ptp&quot;},
	[&quot;pathiya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pty&quot;},
	[&quot;patla-chicontla totonac&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;tot&quot;},
	[&quot;patpatar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gfk&quot;},
	[&quot;pattani malay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mfa&quot;},
	[&quot;pattani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lae&quot;},
	[&quot;pattapu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ptq&quot;},
	[&quot;patwin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pwi&quot;},
	[&quot;paulohi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;plh&quot;},
	[&quot;paumarí&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pad&quot;},
	[&quot;paunaka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pnk&quot;},
	[&quot;pauri bareli&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bfb&quot;},
	[&quot;pauserna&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;psm&quot;},
	[&quot;pawaia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pwa&quot;},
	[&quot;pawnee&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;paw&quot;},
	[&quot;paynamar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pmr&quot;},
	[&quot;pazeh&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pzh&quot;},
	[&quot;pe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pai&quot;},
	[&quot;pear&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pcb&quot;},
	[&quot;pech&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pay&quot;},
	[&quot;pecheneg&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xpc&quot;},
	[&quot;pedi&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;nso&quot;, [4]=&quot;nso&quot;},
	[&quot;peerapper&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xpw&quot;},
	[&quot;pei&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ppq&quot;},
	[&quot;pekal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pel&quot;},
	[&quot;pela&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bxd&quot;},
	[&quot;pele-ata&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ata&quot;},
	[&quot;pelende&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ppp&quot;},
	[&quot;pemon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aoc&quot;},
	[&quot;penang sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;psg&quot;},
	[&quot;penchal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pek&quot;},
	[&quot;pendau&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ums&quot;},
	[&quot;penesak&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;pen&quot;},
	[&quot;pengo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;peg&quot;},
	[&quot;pennsylvania german&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pdc&quot;},
	[&quot;penrhyn&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pnh&quot;},
	[&quot;pentlatch&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ptw&quot;},
	[&quot;perai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wet&quot;},
	[&quot;peranakan indonesian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pea&quot;},
	[&quot;pere&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pfe&quot;},
	[&quot;peripheral mongolian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mvf&quot;},
	[&quot;pero&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pip&quot;},
	[&quot;persian sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;psc&quot;},
	[&quot;persian&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;fa&quot;, [2]=&quot;fas&quot;, [3]=&quot;per&quot;, [4]=&quot;fas&quot;},
	[&quot;persian, old (ca.600-400 b.c.)&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;peo&quot;},
	[&quot;peruvian sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;prl&quot;},
	[&quot;pesse&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pze&quot;},
	[&quot;petapa zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zpe&quot;},
	[&quot;petats&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pex&quot;},
	[&quot;petjo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pey&quot;},
	[&quot;peñoles mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mil&quot;},
	[&quot;pfaelzisch&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pfl&quot;},
	[&quot;phai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;prt&quot;},
	[&quot;phake&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;phk&quot;},
	[&quot;phala&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ypa&quot;},
	[&quot;phalura&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;phl&quot;},
	[&quot;phana'&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;phq&quot;},
	[&quot;phangduwali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;phw&quot;},
	[&quot;phende&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pem&quot;},
	[&quot;philippine languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;phi&quot;, [5]=&quot;phi&quot;},
	[&quot;philippine sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;psp&quot;},
	[&quot;phimbi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;phm&quot;},
	[&quot;phoenician&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;phn&quot;, [4]=&quot;phn&quot;},
	[&quot;phola&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ypg&quot;},
	[&quot;pholo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yip&quot;},
	[&quot;phom naga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nph&quot;},
	[&quot;phong-kniang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pnx&quot;},
	[&quot;phrae pwo karen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kjt&quot;},
	[&quot;phrygian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xpg&quot;},
	[&quot;phu thai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pht&quot;},
	[&quot;phuan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;phu&quot;},
	[&quot;phudagi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;phd&quot;},
	[&quot;phuie&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pug&quot;},
	[&quot;phukha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;phh&quot;},
	[&quot;phuma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ypm&quot;},
	[&quot;phunoi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pho&quot;},
	[&quot;phuong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;phg&quot;},
	[&quot;phupa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ypp&quot;},
	[&quot;phupha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yph&quot;},
	[&quot;phuza&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ypz&quot;},
	[&quot;piamatsina&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ptr&quot;},
	[&quot;piame&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pin&quot;},
	[&quot;piapoco&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pio&quot;},
	[&quot;piaroa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pid&quot;},
	[&quot;picard&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pcd&quot;},
	[&quot;pichis ashéninka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cpu&quot;},
	[&quot;pictish&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xpi&quot;},
	[&quot;pidgin delaware&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dep&quot;},
	[&quot;piedmontese&quot;] = {[9]=&quot;pms&quot;},
	[&quot;piemontese&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pms&quot;},
	[&quot;pijao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pij&quot;},
	[&quot;pije&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;piz&quot;},
	[&quot;pijin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pis&quot;},
	[&quot;pilagá&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;plg&quot;},
	[&quot;pileni&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;piv&quot;},
	[&quot;pilipino&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;fil&quot;, [4]=&quot;fil&quot;},
	[&quot;pima bajo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pia&quot;},
	[&quot;pimbwe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;piw&quot;},
	[&quot;pinai-hagahai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pnn&quot;},
	[&quot;pindiini&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pti&quot;},
	[&quot;pingelapese&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pif&quot;},
	[&quot;pini&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;pii&quot;},
	[&quot;pinigura&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pnv&quot;},
	[&quot;pinjarup&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pnj&quot;},
	[&quot;pinji&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pic&quot;},
	[&quot;pinotepa nacional mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mio&quot;},
	[&quot;pintupi-luritja&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;piu&quot;},
	[&quot;pinyin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pny&quot;},
	[&quot;pipil&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ppl&quot;},
	[&quot;pirahã&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;myp&quot;},
	[&quot;piratapuyo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pir&quot;},
	[&quot;pirlatapa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bxi&quot;},
	[&quot;piro&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pie&quot;},
	[&quot;pirriya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xpa&quot;},
	[&quot;piru&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;ppr&quot;},
	[&quot;pisabo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pig&quot;},
	[&quot;pisaflores tepehua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tpp&quot;},
	[&quot;piscataway&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;psy&quot;},
	[&quot;pisidian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xps&quot;},
	[&quot;pitcairn-norfolk&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pih&quot;},
	[&quot;pite sami&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sje&quot;},
	[&quot;piti&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pcn&quot;},
	[&quot;pitjantjatjara&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pjt&quot;},
	[&quot;pitta pitta&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pit&quot;},
	[&quot;piu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pix&quot;},
	[&quot;piya-kwonci&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;piy&quot;},
	[&quot;plains cree&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;crk&quot;},
	[&quot;plains indian sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;psd&quot;},
	[&quot;plains miwok&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pmw&quot;},
	[&quot;plapo krumen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ktj&quot;},
	[&quot;plateau malagasy&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;plt&quot;},
	[&quot;plautdietsch&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pdt&quot;},
	[&quot;playero&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gob&quot;},
	[&quot;pnar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pbv&quot;},
	[&quot;pochuri naga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;npo&quot;},
	[&quot;pochutec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xpo&quot;},
	[&quot;podena&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pdn&quot;},
	[&quot;pogolo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;poy&quot;},
	[&quot;poguli&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hkh&quot;},
	[&quot;pohnpeian&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;pon&quot;, [4]=&quot;pon&quot;},
	[&quot;pokangá&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pok&quot;},
	[&quot;poke&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pof&quot;},
	[&quot;pokomo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pkb&quot;},
	[&quot;polabian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pox&quot;},
	[&quot;polari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pld&quot;},
	[&quot;polci&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;plj&quot;},
	[&quot;polish sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pso&quot;},
	[&quot;polish&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;pl&quot;, [2]=&quot;pol&quot;, [4]=&quot;pol&quot;},
	[&quot;polonombauk&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;plb&quot;},
	[&quot;pom&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pmo&quot;},
	[&quot;pomo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pmm&quot;},
	[&quot;ponam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ncc&quot;},
	[&quot;ponares&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;pod&quot;},
	[&quot;pongu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;png&quot;},
	[&quot;pongyong&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;pgy&quot;},
	[&quot;ponosakan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pns&quot;},
	[&quot;pontic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pnt&quot;},
	[&quot;ponyo-gongwang naga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;npg&quot;},
	[&quot;popti'&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jac&quot;},
	[&quot;poqomam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;poc&quot;},
	[&quot;poqomchi'&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;poh&quot;},
	[&quot;porohanon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;prh&quot;},
	[&quot;port sandwich&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;psw&quot;},
	[&quot;port sorell tasmanian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xpl&quot;},
	[&quot;port vato&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ptv&quot;},
	[&quot;portuguese sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;psr&quot;},
	[&quot;portuguese&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;pt&quot;, [2]=&quot;por&quot;, [4]=&quot;por&quot;},
	[&quot;potawatomi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pot&quot;},
	[&quot;potiguára&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pog&quot;},
	[&quot;pottangi ollar gadaba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gdb&quot;},
	[&quot;poule&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;msl&quot;},
	[&quot;poumei naga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pmx&quot;},
	[&quot;pouye&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bye&quot;},
	[&quot;powari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pwr&quot;},
	[&quot;powhatan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pim&quot;},
	[&quot;poyanáwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pyn&quot;},
	[&quot;prakrit languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;pra&quot;, [5]=&quot;pra&quot;},
	[&quot;prasuni&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;prn&quot;},
	[&quot;pray 3&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;pry&quot;},
	[&quot;primitive irish&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pgl&quot;},
	[&quot;principense&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pre&quot;},
	[&quot;provençal&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;prv&quot;},
	[&quot;provençal, old (to 1500)&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;pro&quot;},
	[&quot;providencia sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;prz&quot;},
	[&quot;prussian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;prg&quot;},
	[&quot;psikye&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kvj&quot;},
	[&quot;pu ko&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;puk&quot;},
	[&quot;pu-xian chinese&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cpx&quot;},
	[&quot;puare&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pux&quot;},
	[&quot;pubian&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;pun&quot;},
	[&quot;pudtol atta&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;atp&quot;},
	[&quot;puebla mazatec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pbm&quot;},
	[&quot;puelche&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pue&quot;},
	[&quot;puerto rican sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;psl&quot;},
	[&quot;puimei naga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;npu&quot;},
	[&quot;puinave&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pui&quot;},
	[&quot;pukapuka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pkp&quot;},
	[&quot;pula yi&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;ypl&quot;},
	[&quot;pulaar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fuc&quot;},
	[&quot;pulabu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pup&quot;},
	[&quot;pular&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fuf&quot;},
	[&quot;puluwatese&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;puw&quot;},
	[&quot;puma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pum&quot;},
	[&quot;pumpokol&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xpm&quot;},
	[&quot;pumé&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yae&quot;},
	[&quot;punan aput&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pud&quot;},
	[&quot;punan bah-biau&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pna&quot;},
	[&quot;punan batu 1&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pnm&quot;},
	[&quot;punan merah&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;puf&quot;},
	[&quot;punan merap&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;puc&quot;},
	[&quot;punan tubu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;puj&quot;},
	[&quot;punic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xpu&quot;},
	[&quot;punjabi&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;pa&quot;, [2]=&quot;pan&quot;, [4]=&quot;pan&quot;, [9]=&quot;pnb&quot;},
	[&quot;puno quechua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;qxp&quot;},
	[&quot;punthamara&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xpt&quot;},
	[&quot;punu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;puu&quot;},
	[&quot;puoc&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;puo&quot;},
	[&quot;puquina&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;puq&quot;},
	[&quot;puragi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pru&quot;},
	[&quot;purari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;iar&quot;},
	[&quot;purepecha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tsz&quot;},
	[&quot;puri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;prr&quot;},
	[&quot;purik&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;prx&quot;},
	[&quot;purisimeño&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;puy&quot;},
	[&quot;puroik&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;suv&quot;},
	[&quot;puruborá&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pur&quot;},
	[&quot;purum naga&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;puz&quot;},
	[&quot;purum&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pub&quot;},
	[&quot;pushto&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ps&quot;, [2]=&quot;pus&quot;, [4]=&quot;pus&quot;},
	[&quot;putai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mfl&quot;},
	[&quot;putoh&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;put&quot;},
	[&quot;putukwam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;afe&quot;},
	[&quot;puwa yi&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;ypw&quot;},
	[&quot;puyo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xpy&quot;},
	[&quot;puyo-paekche&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xpp&quot;},
	[&quot;puyuma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pyu&quot;},
	[&quot;pwaamei&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pme&quot;},
	[&quot;pwapwâ&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pop&quot;},
	[&quot;pwo eastern karen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kjp&quot;},
	[&quot;pwo northern karen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pww&quot;},
	[&quot;pwo western karen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pwo&quot;},
	[&quot;pyapun&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pcw&quot;},
	[&quot;pye krumen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pye&quot;},
	[&quot;pyemmairrener&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xpb&quot;},
	[&quot;pyen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pyy&quot;},
	[&quot;pyu (myanmar)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pyx&quot;},
	[&quot;pyu (papua new guinea)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pby&quot;},
	[&quot;páez&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pbb&quot;},
	[&quot;pááfang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pfa&quot;},
	[&quot;päri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lkr&quot;},
	[&quot;pémono&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pev&quot;},
	[&quot;pévé&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lme&quot;},
	[&quot;pökoot&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pko&quot;},
	[&quot;q'anjob'al&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kjb&quot;},
	[&quot;qabiao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;laq&quot;},
	[&quot;qaqet&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;byx&quot;},
	[&quot;qashqa'i&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;qxq&quot;},
	[&quot;qatabanian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xqt&quot;},
	[&quot;qau&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gqu&quot;},
	[&quot;qawasqar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;alc&quot;},
	[&quot;qila muji&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ymq&quot;},
	[&quot;qimant&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ahg&quot;},
	[&quot;qiubei zhuang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zqe&quot;},
	[&quot;quapaw&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;qua&quot;},
	[&quot;quebec sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fcs&quot;},
	[&quot;quechan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yum&quot;},
	[&quot;quechua&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;qu&quot;, [2]=&quot;que&quot;, [4]=&quot;que&quot;},
	[&quot;quechuan (family)&quot;] = {[5]=&quot;qwe&quot;},
	[&quot;quenya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;qya&quot;},
	[&quot;querétaro otomi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;otq&quot;},
	[&quot;quetzaltepec mixe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pxm&quot;},
	[&quot;queyu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;qvy&quot;},
	[&quot;quiavicuzas zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zpj&quot;},
	[&quot;quiché&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;quc&quot;},
	[&quot;quileute&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;qui&quot;},
	[&quot;quinault&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;qun&quot;},
	[&quot;quinqui&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;quq&quot;},
	[&quot;quioquitani-quierí zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ztq&quot;},
	[&quot;quiotepec chinantec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;chq&quot;},
	[&quot;quiripi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;qyp&quot;},
	[&quot;rabha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rah&quot;},
	[&quot;rade&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rad&quot;},
	[&quot;raetic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xrr&quot;},
	[&quot;rahambuu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;raz&quot;},
	[&quot;rajah kabunsuwan manobo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mqk&quot;},
	[&quot;rajasthani&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;raj&quot;, [4]=&quot;raj&quot;},
	[&quot;rajbanshi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rjs&quot;, [14]=&quot;rjb&quot;},
	[&quot;raji&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rji&quot;},
	[&quot;rajong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rjg&quot;},
	[&quot;rajput garasia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gra&quot;},
	[&quot;rakahanga-manihiki&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rkh&quot;},
	[&quot;rakhine&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rki&quot;},
	[&quot;ralte&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ral&quot;},
	[&quot;rama&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rma&quot;},
	[&quot;ramoaaina&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rai&quot;},
	[&quot;ramopa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kjx&quot;},
	[&quot;rampi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lje&quot;},
	[&quot;rana tharu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;thr&quot;},
	[&quot;ranau&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;rae&quot;},
	[&quot;rang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rax&quot;},
	[&quot;rangi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lag&quot;},
	[&quot;rangkas&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rgk&quot;},
	[&quot;ranglong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rnl&quot;},
	[&quot;rangpuri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rkt&quot;},
	[&quot;rao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rao&quot;},
	[&quot;rapa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ray&quot;},
	[&quot;rapanui&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;rap&quot;, [4]=&quot;rap&quot;},
	[&quot;rapoisi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kyx&quot;},
	[&quot;rapting&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rpt&quot;},
	[&quot;rara bakati'&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lra&quot;},
	[&quot;rarotongan&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;rar&quot;, [4]=&quot;rar&quot;},
	[&quot;rasawa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rac&quot;},
	[&quot;ratagnon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;btn&quot;},
	[&quot;ratahan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rth&quot;},
	[&quot;rathawi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rtw&quot;},
	[&quot;rathwi bareli&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bgd&quot;},
	[&quot;raute&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rau&quot;},
	[&quot;ravula&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yea&quot;},
	[&quot;rawa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rwo&quot;},
	[&quot;rawang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;raw&quot;},
	[&quot;rawas&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;rws&quot;},
	[&quot;rawat&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jnl&quot;},
	[&quot;rawngtu chin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;weu&quot;},
	[&quot;rawo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rwa&quot;},
	[&quot;rayón zoque&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zor&quot;},
	[&quot;razajerdi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rat&quot;},
	[&quot;red gelao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gir&quot;},
	[&quot;reel&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;atu&quot;},
	[&quot;rejang kayan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ree&quot;},
	[&quot;rejang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rej&quot;},
	[&quot;reli&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rei&quot;},
	[&quot;rema&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bow&quot;},
	[&quot;rembarrnga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rmb&quot;},
	[&quot;rembong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;reb&quot;},
	[&quot;remo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rem&quot;},
	[&quot;remontado dumagat&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;agv&quot;},
	[&quot;rempi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rmp&quot;},
	[&quot;remun&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lkj&quot;},
	[&quot;rendille&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rel&quot;},
	[&quot;rengao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ren&quot;},
	[&quot;rennell-bellona&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mnv&quot;},
	[&quot;rennellese sign language&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;rsi&quot;},
	[&quot;repanbitip&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rpn&quot;},
	[&quot;rer bare&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rer&quot;},
	[&quot;rerau&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rea&quot;},
	[&quot;rerep&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pgk&quot;},
	[&quot;reshe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;res&quot;},
	[&quot;resígaro&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rgr&quot;},
	[&quot;retta&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ret&quot;},
	[&quot;reyesano&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rey&quot;},
	[&quot;riang (india)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ria&quot;},
	[&quot;riang (myanmar)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ril&quot;},
	[&quot;riang lai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yin&quot;},
	[&quot;riang lang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ril&quot;},
	[&quot;riantana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ran&quot;},
	[&quot;ribun&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rir&quot;},
	[&quot;rien&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;rie&quot;},
	[&quot;rifao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nmw&quot;},
	[&quot;rigwe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;iri&quot;},
	[&quot;rikbaktsa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rkb&quot;},
	[&quot;rinconada bikol&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bto&quot;},
	[&quot;rincón zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zar&quot;},
	[&quot;ringgou&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rgu&quot;},
	[&quot;ririo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rri&quot;},
	[&quot;rishiwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rsw&quot;},
	[&quot;ritharrngu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rit&quot;},
	[&quot;riung&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;riu&quot;},
	[&quot;riverain sango&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;snj&quot;},
	[&quot;rmeet&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lbn&quot;},
	[&quot;rogo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rod&quot;},
	[&quot;rohingya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rhg&quot;},
	[&quot;roma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rmm&quot;},
	[&quot;romagnol&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rgn&quot;},
	[&quot;romam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rmx&quot;},
	[&quot;romance languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;roa&quot;, [5]=&quot;roa&quot;},
	[&quot;romanian sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rms&quot;},
	[&quot;romanian&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ro&quot;, [2]=&quot;ron&quot;, [3]=&quot;rum&quot;, [4]=&quot;ron&quot;},
	[&quot;romano-greek&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rge&quot;},
	[&quot;romano-serbian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rsb&quot;},
	[&quot;romanova&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rmv&quot;},
	[&quot;romansh&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;rm&quot;, [2]=&quot;roh&quot;, [4]=&quot;roh&quot;},
	[&quot;romany&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;rom&quot;, [4]=&quot;rom&quot;},
	[&quot;romblomanon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rol&quot;},
	[&quot;rombo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rof&quot;},
	[&quot;romkun&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rmk&quot;},
	[&quot;ron&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cla&quot;},
	[&quot;ronga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rng&quot;},
	[&quot;rongga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ror&quot;},
	[&quot;rongmei naga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nbu&quot;},
	[&quot;rongpo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rnp&quot;},
	[&quot;ronji&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;roe&quot;},
	[&quot;roon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rnn&quot;},
	[&quot;roria&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rga&quot;},
	[&quot;rotokas&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;roo&quot;},
	[&quot;rotuman&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rtm&quot;},
	[&quot;roviana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rug&quot;},
	[&quot;ruching palaung&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pce&quot;},
	[&quot;rudbari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rdb&quot;},
	[&quot;rufiji&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rui&quot;},
	[&quot;ruga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ruh&quot;},
	[&quot;rukai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dru&quot;},
	[&quot;ruma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ruz&quot;},
	[&quot;rumai palaung&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rbb&quot;},
	[&quot;rumu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;klq&quot;},
	[&quot;runa&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;rna&quot;},
	[&quot;rundi&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;rn&quot;, [2]=&quot;run&quot;, [4]=&quot;run&quot;},
	[&quot;runga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rou&quot;},
	[&quot;rungtu chin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rtc&quot;},
	[&quot;rungus&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;drg&quot;},
	[&quot;rungwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rnw&quot;},
	[&quot;rusnak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rsk&quot;},
	[&quot;russia buriat&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bxr&quot;},
	[&quot;russian sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rsl&quot;},
	[&quot;russian&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ru&quot;, [2]=&quot;rus&quot;, [4]=&quot;rus&quot;},
	[&quot;rusyn&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rue&quot;},
	[&quot;ruthenian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rsk&quot;},
	[&quot;rutul&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rut&quot;},
	[&quot;ruuli&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ruc&quot;},
	[&quot;ruund&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rnd&quot;},
	[&quot;ruwila&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rwl&quot;},
	[&quot;rwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rwk&quot;},
	[&quot;rwandan sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rsn&quot;},
	[&quot;réunion creole french&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rcf&quot;},
	[&quot;rāziḥī&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rzh&quot;},
	[&quot;s'gaw karen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ksw&quot;},
	[&quot;sa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sax&quot;},
	[&quot;sa'a&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;apb&quot;},
	[&quot;sa'ban&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;snv&quot;},
	[&quot;sa'och&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;scq&quot;},
	[&quot;saafi-saafi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sav&quot;},
	[&quot;saam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;raq&quot;},
	[&quot;saamia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lsm&quot;},
	[&quot;saaroa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sxr&quot;},
	[&quot;saba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;saa&quot;},
	[&quot;sabaean&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xsa&quot;},
	[&quot;sabah bisaya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bsy&quot;},
	[&quot;sabah malay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;msi&quot;},
	[&quot;sabanê&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sae&quot;},
	[&quot;sabaot&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;spy&quot;},
	[&quot;sabine&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sbv&quot;},
	[&quot;sabu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hvn&quot;},
	[&quot;sabüm&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sbo&quot;},
	[&quot;sacapulteco&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;quv&quot;},
	[&quot;sadri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sck&quot;},
	[&quot;saek&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;skb&quot;},
	[&quot;saep&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;spd&quot;},
	[&quot;safaliba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;saf&quot;},
	[&quot;safeyoka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;apz&quot;},
	[&quot;safwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sbk&quot;},
	[&quot;sagala&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sbm&quot;},
	[&quot;sagalla&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tga&quot;},
	[&quot;saho&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ssy&quot;},
	[&quot;sahu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;saj&quot;},
	[&quot;saidi arabic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aec&quot;},
	[&quot;saint lucian creole french&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;acf&quot;},
	[&quot;saisiyat&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xsy&quot;},
	[&quot;sajalong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sjl&quot;},
	[&quot;sajau basap&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sjb&quot;},
	[&quot;sakachep&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sch&quot;},
	[&quot;sakalava malagasy&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;skg&quot;},
	[&quot;sakan&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;kho&quot;, [4]=&quot;kho&quot;, [14]=&quot;xsk&quot;},
	[&quot;sakao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sku&quot;},
	[&quot;sakata&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;skt&quot;},
	[&quot;sake&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sak&quot;},
	[&quot;sakirabiá&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;skf&quot;},
	[&quot;sakizaya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;szy&quot;},
	[&quot;sala&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;shq&quot;},
	[&quot;salako&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;knx&quot;},
	[&quot;salampasu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;slx&quot;},
	[&quot;salar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;slr&quot;},
	[&quot;salas&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sgu&quot;},
	[&quot;salasaca highland quichua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;qxl&quot;},
	[&quot;salawati&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xmx&quot;},
	[&quot;salchuq&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;slq&quot;},
	[&quot;saleman&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sau&quot;},
	[&quot;saliba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sbe&quot;},
	[&quot;salinan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sln&quot;},
	[&quot;salishan languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;sal&quot;, [5]=&quot;sal&quot;},
	[&quot;sallands&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sdz&quot;},
	[&quot;salt-yui&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sll&quot;},
	[&quot;saluan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;loe&quot;},
	[&quot;salumá&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;slj&quot;},
	[&quot;salvadoran sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;esn&quot;},
	[&quot;sam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;snx&quot;},
	[&quot;sama&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;smd&quot;},
	[&quot;samaritan aramaic&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;sam&quot;, [4]=&quot;sam&quot;},
	[&quot;samaritan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;smp&quot;},
	[&quot;samarokena&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tmj&quot;},
	[&quot;samatao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ysd&quot;},
	[&quot;samay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;syx&quot;},
	[&quot;samba daka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ccg&quot;},
	[&quot;samba leko&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ndi&quot;},
	[&quot;samba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;smx&quot;},
	[&quot;sambal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xsb&quot;},
	[&quot;sambalpuri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;spv&quot;},
	[&quot;sambe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xab&quot;},
	[&quot;samberigi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ssx&quot;},
	[&quot;samburu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;saq&quot;},
	[&quot;samei&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;smh&quot;},
	[&quot;sami languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;smi&quot;, [5]=&quot;smi&quot;},
	[&quot;samo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;smq&quot;},
	[&quot;samoan&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;sm&quot;, [2]=&quot;smo&quot;, [4]=&quot;smo&quot;},
	[&quot;samogitian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sgs&quot;},
	[&quot;samosa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;swm&quot;},
	[&quot;samoyedic languages&quot;] = {[5]=&quot;syd&quot;},
	[&quot;sampang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rav&quot;},
	[&quot;samre&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sxm&quot;},
	[&quot;samtao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;stu&quot;},
	[&quot;samvedi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;smv&quot;},
	[&quot;san agustín mixtepec zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ztm&quot;},
	[&quot;san andrés larrainzar tzotzil&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;tzs&quot;},
	[&quot;san andrés quiché&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;qxi&quot;},
	[&quot;san baltazar loxicha zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zpx&quot;},
	[&quot;san blas kuna&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cuk&quot;},
	[&quot;san dionisio del mar huave&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hve&quot;},
	[&quot;san felipe otlaltepec popoloca&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pow&quot;},
	[&quot;san francisco del mar huave&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hue&quot;},
	[&quot;san francisco matlatzinca&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mat&quot;},
	[&quot;san jerónimo tecóatl mazatec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;maa&quot;},
	[&quot;san juan atzingo popoloca&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;poe&quot;},
	[&quot;san juan colorado mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mjc&quot;},
	[&quot;san juan guelavía zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zab&quot;},
	[&quot;san juan teita mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xtj&quot;},
	[&quot;san luís potosí huastec&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;hva&quot;},
	[&quot;san luís temalacayuca popoloca&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pps&quot;},
	[&quot;san marcos tlacoyalco popoloca&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pls&quot;},
	[&quot;san marcos tlalcoyalco popoloca&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pls&quot;},
	[&quot;san martín itunyoso triqui&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;trq&quot;},
	[&quot;san martín quechua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;qvs&quot;},
	[&quot;san mateo del mar huave&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;huv&quot;},
	[&quot;san miguel creole french&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;scf&quot;},
	[&quot;san miguel el grande mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mig&quot;},
	[&quot;san miguel piedras mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xtp&quot;},
	[&quot;san pedro amuzgos amuzgo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;azg&quot;},
	[&quot;san pedro quiatoni zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zpf&quot;},
	[&quot;san salvador kongo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kwy&quot;},
	[&quot;san vicente coatlán zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zpt&quot;},
	[&quot;sanaani arabic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ayn&quot;},
	[&quot;sanapaná&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;spn&quot;, [14]=&quot;sap&quot;},
	[&quot;sandawe&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;sad&quot;, [4]=&quot;sad&quot;},
	[&quot;sanga (democratic republic of congo)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sng&quot;},
	[&quot;sanga (nigeria)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xsn&quot;},
	[&quot;sangab mandaya&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;myt&quot;},
	[&quot;sanggau&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;scg&quot;},
	[&quot;sangil&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;snl&quot;},
	[&quot;sangir&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sxn&quot;},
	[&quot;sangisari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sgr&quot;},
	[&quot;sangkong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sgk&quot;},
	[&quot;sanglechi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sgy&quot;},
	[&quot;sanglechi-ishkashimi&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;sgl&quot;},
	[&quot;sango&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;sg&quot;, [2]=&quot;sag&quot;, [4]=&quot;sag&quot;},
	[&quot;sangtam naga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nsa&quot;},
	[&quot;sangu (gabon)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;snq&quot;},
	[&quot;sangu (tanzania)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sbp&quot;},
	[&quot;sani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ysn&quot;},
	[&quot;sanie&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ysy&quot;},
	[&quot;saniyo-hiyewe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sny&quot;},
	[&quot;sankaran maninka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;msc&quot;},
	[&quot;sansi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ssi&quot;},
	[&quot;sanskrit&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;sa&quot;, [2]=&quot;san&quot;, [4]=&quot;san&quot;},
	[&quot;sansu&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;sca&quot;},
	[&quot;santa ana de tusi pasco quechua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;qxt&quot;},
	[&quot;santa catarina albarradas zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ztn&quot;},
	[&quot;santa cruz&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;stc&quot;},
	[&quot;santa inés ahuatempan popoloca&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pca&quot;},
	[&quot;santa inés yatzechi zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zpn&quot;},
	[&quot;santa lucía monteverde mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mdv&quot;},
	[&quot;santa maría de jesús cakchiquel&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;cki&quot;},
	[&quot;santa maría del mar huave&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hvv&quot;},
	[&quot;santa maría la alta nahuatl&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nhz&quot;},
	[&quot;santa maría quiegolani zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zpi&quot;},
	[&quot;santa maría zacatepec mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mza&quot;},
	[&quot;santa teresa cora&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cok&quot;},
	[&quot;santali&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;sat&quot;, [4]=&quot;sat&quot;},
	[&quot;santiago del estero quichua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;qus&quot;},
	[&quot;santiago xanica zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zpr&quot;},
	[&quot;santo domingo albarradas zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zas&quot;},
	[&quot;santo domingo xenacoj cakchiquel&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;ckj&quot;},
	[&quot;sanumá&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xsu&quot;},
	[&quot;saparua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;spr&quot;},
	[&quot;sapo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;krn&quot;},
	[&quot;saponi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;spi&quot;},
	[&quot;saposa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sps&quot;},
	[&quot;sapuan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;spu&quot;},
	[&quot;sapé&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;spc&quot;},
	[&quot;sar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mwm&quot;},
	[&quot;sara dunjo&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;koj&quot;},
	[&quot;sara kaba deme&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kwg&quot;},
	[&quot;sara kaba náà&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kwv&quot;},
	[&quot;sara kaba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sbz&quot;},
	[&quot;sara&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sre&quot;},
	[&quot;saraiki&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;skr&quot;},
	[&quot;saramaccan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;srm&quot;},
	[&quot;sarangani blaan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bps&quot;},
	[&quot;sarangani manobo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mbs&quot;},
	[&quot;sarasira&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zsa&quot;},
	[&quot;saraveca&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sar&quot;},
	[&quot;sarawak bisaya&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;bsd&quot;},
	[&quot;sardinian&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;sc&quot;, [2]=&quot;srd&quot;, [4]=&quot;srd&quot;},
	[&quot;sari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;asj&quot;},
	[&quot;sarikoli&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;srh&quot;},
	[&quot;sarli&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sdf&quot;},
	[&quot;sarsi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;srs&quot;},
	[&quot;sartang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;onp&quot;},
	[&quot;sarua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;swy&quot;},
	[&quot;sarudu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sdu&quot;},
	[&quot;saruga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sra&quot;},
	[&quot;sasak&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;sas&quot;, [4]=&quot;sas&quot;},
	[&quot;sasaru&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sxs&quot;},
	[&quot;sassarese sardinian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sdc&quot;},
	[&quot;satawalese&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;stw&quot;},
	[&quot;saterfriesisch&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;stq&quot;},
	[&quot;sateré-mawé&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mav&quot;},
	[&quot;saudi arabian sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sdl&quot;},
	[&quot;sauraseni prākrit&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;psu&quot;},
	[&quot;saurashtra&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;saz&quot;},
	[&quot;sauri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;srt&quot;},
	[&quot;sauria paharia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mjt&quot;},
	[&quot;sause&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sao&quot;},
	[&quot;sausi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ssj&quot;},
	[&quot;savara&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;svr&quot;},
	[&quot;savi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sdg&quot;},
	[&quot;savosavo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;svs&quot;},
	[&quot;sawai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;szw&quot;},
	[&quot;saweru&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;swr&quot;},
	[&quot;sawi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;saw&quot;},
	[&quot;sawila&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;swt&quot;},
	[&quot;sawknah&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;swn&quot;},
	[&quot;saxon, low&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;nds&quot;},
	[&quot;saxwe gbe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sxw&quot;},
	[&quot;saya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;say&quot;},
	[&quot;sayula popoluca&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pos&quot;},
	[&quot;scots&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;sco&quot;, [4]=&quot;sco&quot;},
	[&quot;scottish gaelic&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;gd&quot;, [2]=&quot;gla&quot;, [4]=&quot;gla&quot;},
	[&quot;scythian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xsc&quot;},
	[&quot;sea island creole english&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gul&quot;},
	[&quot;seba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kdg&quot;},
	[&quot;sebat bet gurage&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sgw&quot;},
	[&quot;seberuang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sbx&quot;},
	[&quot;sebop&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sib&quot;},
	[&quot;sebuyau&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;snb&quot;},
	[&quot;sechelt&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sec&quot;},
	[&quot;secoya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sey&quot;},
	[&quot;sedang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sed&quot;},
	[&quot;sediq&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;trv&quot;},
	[&quot;sedoa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tvw&quot;},
	[&quot;seediq&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;trv&quot;},
	[&quot;seeku&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sos&quot;},
	[&quot;segai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sge&quot;},
	[&quot;segeju&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;seg&quot;},
	[&quot;seget&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sbg&quot;},
	[&quot;sehwi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sfw&quot;},
	[&quot;seimat&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ssg&quot;},
	[&quot;seit-kaitetu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hik&quot;},
	[&quot;sekak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lce&quot;},
	[&quot;sekani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sek&quot;},
	[&quot;sekapan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;skp&quot;},
	[&quot;sekar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;skz&quot;},
	[&quot;seke (nepal)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;skj&quot;},
	[&quot;seke (vanuatu)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ske&quot;},
	[&quot;sekele&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vaj&quot;},
	[&quot;seki&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;syi&quot;},
	[&quot;seko padang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;skx&quot;},
	[&quot;seko tengah&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sko&quot;},
	[&quot;sekpele&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lip&quot;},
	[&quot;selako&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;skl&quot;},
	[&quot;selangor sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kgi&quot;},
	[&quot;selaru&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;slu&quot;},
	[&quot;selayar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sly&quot;},
	[&quot;selee&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;snw&quot;},
	[&quot;selepet&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;spl&quot;},
	[&quot;selian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sxl&quot;},
	[&quot;selkup&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;sel&quot;, [4]=&quot;sel&quot;},
	[&quot;selungai murut&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;slg&quot;},
	[&quot;seluwasan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sws&quot;},
	[&quot;semai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sea&quot;},
	[&quot;semandang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sdq&quot;, [14]=&quot;sdm&quot;},
	[&quot;semaq beri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;szc&quot;},
	[&quot;sembakung murut&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sbr&quot;},
	[&quot;semelai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sza&quot;},
	[&quot;semendo&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;sdd&quot;},
	[&quot;semimi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;etz&quot;},
	[&quot;semitic languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;sem&quot;, [5]=&quot;sem&quot;},
	[&quot;semnam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ssm&quot;},
	[&quot;semnani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;smy&quot;},
	[&quot;sempan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xse&quot;},
	[&quot;sena&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;seh&quot;},
	[&quot;senara sénoufo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;seq&quot;},
	[&quot;senaya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;syn&quot;},
	[&quot;sene&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sej&quot;},
	[&quot;seneca&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;see&quot;},
	[&quot;sened&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sds&quot;},
	[&quot;sengele&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;szg&quot;},
	[&quot;senggi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;snu&quot;},
	[&quot;sengo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;spk&quot;},
	[&quot;sengseng&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ssz&quot;},
	[&quot;senhaja de srair&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sjs&quot;},
	[&quot;sensi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sni&quot;},
	[&quot;sentani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;set&quot;},
	[&quot;senthang chin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sez&quot;},
	[&quot;sentinel&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;std&quot;},
	[&quot;sepa (indonesia)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;spb&quot;},
	[&quot;sepa (papua new guinea)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;spe&quot;},
	[&quot;sepedi&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;nso&quot;, [4]=&quot;nso&quot;},
	[&quot;sepik iwam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;iws&quot;},
	[&quot;sera&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sry&quot;},
	[&quot;seraiki&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;skr&quot;},
	[&quot;serawai&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;srj&quot;},
	[&quot;serbian&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;sr&quot;, [2]=&quot;srp&quot;, [4]=&quot;srp&quot;, [13]=&quot;scc&quot;, [14]=&quot;scc&quot;},
	[&quot;serbo-croatian&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;sh&quot;, [4]=&quot;hbs&quot;, [11]=&quot;sh&quot;},
	[&quot;sere&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;swf&quot;},
	[&quot;serer&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;srr&quot;, [4]=&quot;srr&quot;},
	[&quot;seri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sei&quot;},
	[&quot;serili&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sve&quot;},
	[&quot;seroa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kqu&quot;},
	[&quot;serrano&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ser&quot;},
	[&quot;seru&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;szd&quot;},
	[&quot;serua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;srw&quot;},
	[&quot;serudung murut&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;srk&quot;},
	[&quot;serui-laut&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;seu&quot;},
	[&quot;seselwa creole french&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;crs&quot;},
	[&quot;seta&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;stf&quot;},
	[&quot;setaman&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;stm&quot;},
	[&quot;seti&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sbi&quot;},
	[&quot;settla&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sta&quot;},
	[&quot;severn ojibwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ojs&quot;},
	[&quot;sewa bay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sew&quot;},
	[&quot;seychelles sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lsw&quot;},
	[&quot;seze&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sze&quot;},
	[&quot;sha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;scw&quot;},
	[&quot;shabak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sdb&quot;},
	[&quot;shabo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sbf&quot;},
	[&quot;shahmirzadi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;srz&quot;},
	[&quot;shahrudi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;shm&quot;},
	[&quot;shakara&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;nfk&quot;},
	[&quot;shall-zwall&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sha&quot;},
	[&quot;shama-sambuga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sqa&quot;},
	[&quot;shamang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xsh&quot;},
	[&quot;shambala&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ksb&quot;},
	[&quot;shan&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;shn&quot;, [4]=&quot;shn&quot;},
	[&quot;shanenawa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;swo&quot;},
	[&quot;shanga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sho&quot;},
	[&quot;shangzhai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jih&quot;},
	[&quot;sharanahua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mcd&quot;},
	[&quot;shark bay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ssv&quot;},
	[&quot;sharwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;swq&quot;},
	[&quot;shasta&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sht&quot;},
	[&quot;shatt&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;shj&quot;},
	[&quot;shau&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sqh&quot;},
	[&quot;shawnee&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sjw&quot;},
	[&quot;she&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;shx&quot;},
	[&quot;shehri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;shv&quot;},
	[&quot;shekhawati&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;swv&quot;},
	[&quot;shekkacho&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;moy&quot;},
	[&quot;sheko&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;she&quot;},
	[&quot;shelta&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sth&quot;},
	[&quot;shempire senoufo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;seb&quot;},
	[&quot;shendu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;shl&quot;},
	[&quot;sheni&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;scv&quot;},
	[&quot;sherbro&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bun&quot;},
	[&quot;sherdukpen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sdp&quot;},
	[&quot;sherpa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xsr&quot;},
	[&quot;sheshi kham&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kip&quot;},
	[&quot;shi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;shr&quot;},
	[&quot;shihhi arabic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ssh&quot;},
	[&quot;shiki&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gua&quot;},
	[&quot;shilluk&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;shk&quot;},
	[&quot;shina&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;scl&quot;},
	[&quot;shinabo&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;snh&quot;},
	[&quot;shipibo-conibo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;shp&quot;},
	[&quot;shixing&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sxg&quot;},
	[&quot;sholaga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sle&quot;},
	[&quot;shom peng&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sii&quot;},
	[&quot;shona&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;sn&quot;, [2]=&quot;sna&quot;, [4]=&quot;sna&quot;},
	[&quot;shoo-minda-nye&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bcv&quot;},
	[&quot;shor&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cjs&quot;},
	[&quot;shoshoni&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;shh&quot;},
	[&quot;shua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;shg&quot;},
	[&quot;shuadit&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sdt&quot;},
	[&quot;shuar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jiv&quot;},
	[&quot;shubi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;suj&quot;},
	[&quot;shughni&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sgh&quot;},
	[&quot;shuhi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sxg&quot;},
	[&quot;shumashti&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sts&quot;},
	[&quot;shumcho&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;scu&quot;},
	[&quot;shuswap&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;shs&quot;},
	[&quot;shuwa-zamani&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;ksa&quot;},
	[&quot;shwai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;shw&quot;},
	[&quot;shwe palaung&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pll&quot;},
	[&quot;sialum&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;slw&quot;},
	[&quot;siamou&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sif&quot;},
	[&quot;sian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;spg&quot;},
	[&quot;siane&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;snp&quot;},
	[&quot;siang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sya&quot;},
	[&quot;siar-lak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sjr&quot;},
	[&quot;siawi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mmp&quot;},
	[&quot;sibe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nco&quot;},
	[&quot;siberian tatar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sty&quot;},
	[&quot;sibu melanau&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sdx&quot;},
	[&quot;sicanian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sxc&quot;},
	[&quot;sicel&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;scx&quot;},
	[&quot;sichuan yi&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ii&quot;, [2]=&quot;iii&quot;, [4]=&quot;iii&quot;},
	[&quot;sicilian&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;scn&quot;, [4]=&quot;scn&quot;},
	[&quot;siculo arabic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sqr&quot;},
	[&quot;sidamo&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;sid&quot;, [4]=&quot;sid&quot;},
	[&quot;sidetic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xsd&quot;},
	[&quot;sie&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;erg&quot;},
	[&quot;sierra de juárez zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zaa&quot;},
	[&quot;sierra leone sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sgx&quot;},
	[&quot;sierra negra nahuatl&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nsu&quot;},
	[&quot;sighu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sxe&quot;},
	[&quot;sign languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;sgn&quot;, [5]=&quot;sgn&quot;},
	[&quot;sihan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;snr&quot;},
	[&quot;sihuas ancash quechua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;qws&quot;},
	[&quot;sika&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ski&quot;},
	[&quot;sikaiana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sky&quot;},
	[&quot;sikaritai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tty&quot;},
	[&quot;sikiana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sik&quot;},
	[&quot;sikkimese&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sip&quot;},
	[&quot;siksika&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;bla&quot;, [4]=&quot;bla&quot;},
	[&quot;sikule&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;skh&quot;},
	[&quot;sila&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;slt&quot;},
	[&quot;silacayoapan mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mks&quot;},
	[&quot;sileibi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sbq&quot;},
	[&quot;silesian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;szl&quot;},
	[&quot;silimo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wul&quot;},
	[&quot;siliput&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mkc&quot;},
	[&quot;silopi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xsp&quot;},
	[&quot;silt'e&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;stv&quot;, [14]=&quot;xst&quot;},
	[&quot;simaa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sie&quot;},
	[&quot;simba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sbw&quot;},
	[&quot;simbali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;smg&quot;},
	[&quot;simbari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;smb&quot;},
	[&quot;simbo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sbb&quot;},
	[&quot;simeku&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;smz&quot;},
	[&quot;simeulue&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;smr&quot;},
	[&quot;simte&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;smt&quot;},
	[&quot;sinagen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;siu&quot;},
	[&quot;sinasina&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sst&quot;},
	[&quot;sinaugoro&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;snc&quot;},
	[&quot;sindang kelingi&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;sdi&quot;},
	[&quot;sindarin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sjn&quot;},
	[&quot;sindhi bhil&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sbn&quot;},
	[&quot;sindhi&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;sd&quot;, [2]=&quot;snd&quot;, [4]=&quot;snd&quot;},
	[&quot;sindihui mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xts&quot;},
	[&quot;singa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sgm&quot;},
	[&quot;singapore sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sls&quot;},
	[&quot;singpho&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sgp&quot;},
	[&quot;sinhala&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;si&quot;, [2]=&quot;sin&quot;, [4]=&quot;sin&quot;},
	[&quot;sinhalese&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;si&quot;, [2]=&quot;sin&quot;, [4]=&quot;sin&quot;},
	[&quot;sinicahua mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xti&quot;},
	[&quot;sinicized miao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hmz&quot;},
	[&quot;sininkere&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;skq&quot;},
	[&quot;sino-tibetan languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;sit&quot;, [5]=&quot;sit&quot;},
	[&quot;sinte romani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rmo&quot;},
	[&quot;sinyar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sys&quot;},
	[&quot;sio&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xsi&quot;},
	[&quot;siona&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;snn&quot;},
	[&quot;siouan languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;sio&quot;, [5]=&quot;sio&quot;},
	[&quot;sipacapense&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;qum&quot;},
	[&quot;sira&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;swj&quot;},
	[&quot;siraya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fos&quot;},
	[&quot;sirenik yupik&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ysr&quot;},
	[&quot;siri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sir&quot;},
	[&quot;siriano&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sri&quot;},
	[&quot;sirionó&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;srq&quot;},
	[&quot;sirmauri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;srx&quot;},
	[&quot;siroi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ssd&quot;},
	[&quot;sissala&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sld&quot;},
	[&quot;sissano&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sso&quot;},
	[&quot;siuslaw&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sis&quot;},
	[&quot;sivandi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;siy&quot;},
	[&quot;sivia sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lsv&quot;},
	[&quot;siwai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;siw&quot;},
	[&quot;siwi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;siz&quot;},
	[&quot;siwu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;akp&quot;},
	[&quot;siyin chin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;csy&quot;},
	[&quot;sizaki&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;szk&quot;},
	[&quot;skagit&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ska&quot;},
	[&quot;skalvian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;svx&quot;},
	[&quot;skepi creole dutch&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;skw&quot;},
	[&quot;skolt sami&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;sms&quot;, [4]=&quot;sms&quot;},
	[&quot;skou&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;skv&quot;},
	[&quot;slave (athapascan)&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;den&quot;, [4]=&quot;den&quot;},
	[&quot;slavic languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;sla&quot;, [5]=&quot;sla&quot;},
	[&quot;slavomolisano&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;svm&quot;},
	[&quot;slovak&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;sk&quot;, [2]=&quot;slk&quot;, [3]=&quot;slo&quot;, [4]=&quot;slk&quot;},
	[&quot;slovakian sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;svk&quot;},
	[&quot;slovenian&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;sl&quot;, [2]=&quot;slv&quot;, [4]=&quot;slv&quot;},
	[&quot;small flowery miao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sfm&quot;},
	[&quot;smärky kanum&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kxq&quot;},
	[&quot;snohomish&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sno&quot;},
	[&quot;so (democratic republic of congo)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;soc&quot;},
	[&quot;so'a&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ssq&quot;},
	[&quot;sobei&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sob&quot;},
	[&quot;sochiapam chinantec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cso&quot;},
	[&quot;sochiapan chinantec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cso&quot;},
	[&quot;soga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xog&quot;},
	[&quot;sogdian&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;sog&quot;, [4]=&quot;sog&quot;},
	[&quot;soi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;soj&quot;},
	[&quot;sok&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;skk&quot;},
	[&quot;sokoro&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sok&quot;},
	[&quot;solano&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xso&quot;},
	[&quot;soli&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sby&quot;},
	[&quot;solomon islands sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;szs&quot;},
	[&quot;solong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aaw&quot;},
	[&quot;solos&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sol&quot;},
	[&quot;som&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;smc&quot;},
	[&quot;somali&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;so&quot;, [2]=&quot;som&quot;, [4]=&quot;som&quot;},
	[&quot;somba-siawari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bmu&quot;},
	[&quot;somrai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sor&quot;},
	[&quot;somray&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;smu&quot;},
	[&quot;somyev&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kgt&quot;},
	[&quot;sonaga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ysg&quot;},
	[&quot;sonde&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;shc&quot;},
	[&quot;songa&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;sgo&quot;},
	[&quot;songe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sop&quot;},
	[&quot;songhai languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;son&quot;, [5]=&quot;son&quot;},
	[&quot;songlai chin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;csj&quot;},
	[&quot;songo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;soo&quot;},
	[&quot;songomeno&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;soe&quot;},
	[&quot;songoora&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sod&quot;},
	[&quot;sonha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;soi&quot;},
	[&quot;sonia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;siq&quot;},
	[&quot;soninke&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;snk&quot;, [4]=&quot;snk&quot;},
	[&quot;sonsorol&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sov&quot;},
	[&quot;soo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;teu&quot;},
	[&quot;sop&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;urw&quot;},
	[&quot;soqotri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sqt&quot;},
	[&quot;sora&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;srb&quot;},
	[&quot;sorbian languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;wen&quot;, [5]=&quot;wen&quot;},
	[&quot;sori-harengan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sbh&quot;},
	[&quot;sorkhei&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sqo&quot;},
	[&quot;sorothaptic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sxo&quot;},
	[&quot;sorsogon ayta&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ays&quot;},
	[&quot;sos kundi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sdk&quot;},
	[&quot;sota kanum&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;krz&quot;},
	[&quot;sotho&quot;] = {[6]=&quot;st&quot;, [7]=&quot;sot&quot;, [9]=&quot;sot&quot;},
	[&quot;sotho, southern&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;sot&quot;},
	[&quot;sou nama&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tlt&quot;},
	[&quot;sou upaa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wha&quot;},
	[&quot;sou&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sqq&quot;},
	[&quot;souletin basque&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;bsz&quot;},
	[&quot;south african sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sfs&quot;},
	[&quot;south american indian languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;sai&quot;, [5]=&quot;sai&quot;},
	[&quot;south awyu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aws&quot;},
	[&quot;south azerbaijani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;azb&quot;},
	[&quot;south bolivian quechua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;quh&quot;},
	[&quot;south caucasian languages&quot;] = {[5]=&quot;ccs&quot;},
	[&quot;south central banda&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lnl&quot;},
	[&quot;south central cakchiquel&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;ckd&quot;},
	[&quot;south central dinka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dib&quot;},
	[&quot;south efate&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;erk&quot;},
	[&quot;south fali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fal&quot;},
	[&quot;south giziga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;giz&quot;},
	[&quot;south lembata&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lmf&quot;},
	[&quot;south levantine arabic&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;ajp&quot;},
	[&quot;south marquesan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mqm&quot;},
	[&quot;south muyu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kts&quot;},
	[&quot;south ndebele&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;nr&quot;, [2]=&quot;nbl&quot;, [4]=&quot;nbl&quot;},
	[&quot;south nuaulu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nxl&quot;},
	[&quot;south picene&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;spx&quot;},
	[&quot;south slavey&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xsl&quot;},
	[&quot;south slavic languages&quot;] = {[5]=&quot;zls&quot;},
	[&quot;south tairora&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;omw&quot;},
	[&quot;south ucayali ashéninka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cpy&quot;},
	[&quot;south watut&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mcy&quot;},
	[&quot;south wemale&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;tlw&quot;},
	[&quot;south west bay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sns&quot;},
	[&quot;southeast ambrym&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tvk&quot;},
	[&quot;southeast babar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vbb&quot;},
	[&quot;southeast ijo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ijs&quot;},
	[&quot;southeast pashai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;psi&quot;},
	[&quot;southeast pashayi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;psi&quot;},
	[&quot;southeast tasmanian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xpf&quot;},
	[&quot;southeastern dinka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dks&quot;},
	[&quot;southeastern huastec&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;hsf&quot;},
	[&quot;southeastern ixtlán zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zpd&quot;},
	[&quot;southeastern kolami&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nit&quot;},
	[&quot;southeastern nochixtlán mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mxy&quot;},
	[&quot;southeastern pomo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pom&quot;},
	[&quot;southeastern puebla nahuatl&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;npl&quot;, [14]=&quot;nhs&quot;},
	[&quot;southeastern tarahumara&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tcu&quot;},
	[&quot;southeastern tepehuan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;stp&quot;},
	[&quot;southern alta&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;agy&quot;},
	[&quot;southern altai&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;alt&quot;, [4]=&quot;alt&quot;},
	[&quot;southern amami-oshima&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ams&quot;},
	[&quot;southern aymara&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ayc&quot;},
	[&quot;southern bai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bfs&quot;},
	[&quot;southern balochi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bcc&quot;},
	[&quot;southern betsimisaraka malagasy&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bzc&quot;, [14]=&quot;bjq&quot;},
	[&quot;southern binukidnon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mtw&quot;},
	[&quot;southern birifor&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;biv&quot;},
	[&quot;southern bobo madaré&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bwq&quot;},
	[&quot;southern bontok&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;obk&quot;},
	[&quot;southern cakchiquel&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;ckf&quot;},
	[&quot;southern carrier&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;caf&quot;},
	[&quot;southern catanduanes bikol&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bln&quot;},
	[&quot;southern conchucos ancash quechua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;qxo&quot;},
	[&quot;southern dagaare&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dga&quot;},
	[&quot;southern dong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kmc&quot;},
	[&quot;southern east cree&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;crj&quot;},
	[&quot;southern ghale&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ghe&quot;},
	[&quot;southern gondi&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;ggo&quot;},
	[&quot;southern grebo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;grj&quot;},
	[&quot;southern guiyang hmong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hmy&quot;},
	[&quot;southern guiyang miao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hmy&quot;},
	[&quot;southern haida&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hax&quot;},
	[&quot;southern hindko&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hnd&quot;},
	[&quot;southern kalapuya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sxk&quot;},
	[&quot;southern kalinga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ksc&quot;},
	[&quot;southern katang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sct&quot;},
	[&quot;southern kisi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kss&quot;},
	[&quot;southern kiwai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kjd&quot;},
	[&quot;southern kurdish&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sdh&quot;},
	[&quot;southern lolopo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ysp&quot;},
	[&quot;southern luri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;luz&quot;},
	[&quot;southern ma'di&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;snm&quot;},
	[&quot;southern mam&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;mms&quot;},
	[&quot;southern marakwet&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;tle&quot;},
	[&quot;southern mashan hmong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hma&quot;},
	[&quot;southern mashan miao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hma&quot;},
	[&quot;southern mnong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mnn&quot;},
	[&quot;southern muji&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ymc&quot;},
	[&quot;southern nago&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nqg&quot;},
	[&quot;southern nambikuára&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nab&quot;},
	[&quot;southern ndebele&quot;] = {[7]=&quot;nbl&quot;, [9]=&quot;nbl&quot;},
	[&quot;southern ngbandi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nbw&quot;},
	[&quot;southern nicobarese&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nik&quot;},
	[&quot;southern nisu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nsd&quot;},
	[&quot;southern nuni&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nnw&quot;},
	[&quot;southern ohlone&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;css&quot;},
	[&quot;southern one&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;osu&quot;},
	[&quot;southern pame&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pmz&quot;},
	[&quot;southern pashto&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pbt&quot;},
	[&quot;southern pastaza quechua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;qup&quot;},
	[&quot;southern pesisir&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;pec&quot;},
	[&quot;southern ping chinese&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;csp&quot;},
	[&quot;southern pinghua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;csp&quot;},
	[&quot;southern pokomam&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;pou&quot;},
	[&quot;southern pomo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;peq&quot;},
	[&quot;southern puebla mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mit&quot;},
	[&quot;southern puget sound salish&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;slh&quot;},
	[&quot;southern pumi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pmj&quot;},
	[&quot;southern qiandong miao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hms&quot;},
	[&quot;southern qiang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;qxs&quot;},
	[&quot;southern rengma naga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nre&quot;},
	[&quot;southern rincon zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zsr&quot;},
	[&quot;southern roglai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rgs&quot;},
	[&quot;southern sama&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ssb&quot;},
	[&quot;southern sami&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;sma&quot;, [4]=&quot;sma&quot;},
	[&quot;southern samo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sbd&quot;},
	[&quot;southern sierra miwok&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;skd&quot;},
	[&quot;southern sorsoganon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;srv&quot;},
	[&quot;southern sotho&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;st&quot;, [4]=&quot;sot&quot;},
	[&quot;southern subanen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;laa&quot;},
	[&quot;southern thai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sou&quot;},
	[&quot;southern tidung&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;itd&quot;},
	[&quot;southern tiwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tix&quot;},
	[&quot;southern toussian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wib&quot;},
	[&quot;southern tujia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tjs&quot;},
	[&quot;southern tutchone&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tce&quot;},
	[&quot;southern uzbek&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;uzs&quot;},
	[&quot;southern yamphu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lrr&quot;},
	[&quot;southern yukaghir&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yux&quot;},
	[&quot;southern zhuang&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;ccy&quot;},
	[&quot;southwest gbaya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gso&quot;, [14]=&quot;mdo&quot;},
	[&quot;southwest palawano&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;plv&quot;},
	[&quot;southwest pashai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;psh&quot;},
	[&quot;southwest pashayi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;psh&quot;},
	[&quot;southwest tanna&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nwi&quot;},
	[&quot;southwestern bontok&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vbk&quot;},
	[&quot;southwestern dinka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dik&quot;},
	[&quot;southwestern fars&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fay&quot;},
	[&quot;southwestern guiyang hmong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hmg&quot;},
	[&quot;southwestern huishui hmong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hmh&quot;},
	[&quot;southwestern huishui miao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hmh&quot;},
	[&quot;southwestern nisu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nsv&quot;},
	[&quot;southwestern tamang&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;tsf&quot;},
	[&quot;southwestern tarahumara&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;twr&quot;},
	[&quot;southwestern tasmanian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xpx&quot;},
	[&quot;southwestern tepehuan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tla&quot;},
	[&quot;southwestern tlaxiaco mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;meh&quot;},
	[&quot;sowa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sww&quot;},
	[&quot;sowanda&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sow&quot;},
	[&quot;sowari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dmy&quot;},
	[&quot;soyaltepec mazatec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vmp&quot;},
	[&quot;soyaltepec mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vmq&quot;},
	[&quot;spanish sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ssp&quot;},
	[&quot;spanish&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;es&quot;, [2]=&quot;spa&quot;, [4]=&quot;spa&quot;},
	[&quot;spiti bhoti&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;spt&quot;},
	[&quot;spokane&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;spo&quot;},
	[&quot;squamish&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;squ&quot;},
	[&quot;sranan tongo&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;srn&quot;, [4]=&quot;srn&quot;},
	[&quot;sri lankan creole malay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sci&quot;},
	[&quot;sri lankan sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sqs&quot;},
	[&quot;standard arabic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;arb&quot;},
	[&quot;standard estonian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ekk&quot;},
	[&quot;standard latvian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lvs&quot;},
	[&quot;standard malay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zsm&quot;},
	[&quot;standard moroccan tamazight&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;zgh&quot;, [4]=&quot;zgh&quot;},
	[&quot;standard tibetan&quot;] = {[6]=&quot;bo&quot;, [7]=&quot;bod&quot;, [8]=&quot;tib&quot;, [9]=&quot;bod&quot;},
	[&quot;stellingwerfs&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;stl&quot;},
	[&quot;stod bhoti&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sbu&quot;},
	[&quot;stodsde&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jih&quot;},
	[&quot;stoney&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sto&quot;},
	[&quot;straits salish&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;str&quot;},
	[&quot;suabo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;szp&quot;},
	[&quot;suarmin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;seo&quot;},
	[&quot;suau&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;swp&quot;},
	[&quot;suba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sxb&quot;, [14]=&quot;suh&quot;},
	[&quot;suba-simbiti&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ssc&quot;},
	[&quot;subi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xsj&quot;, [14]=&quot;xsj&quot;},
	[&quot;subiya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sbs&quot;},
	[&quot;subtiaba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sut&quot;},
	[&quot;sudanese arabic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;apd&quot;},
	[&quot;sudanese creole arabic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pga&quot;},
	[&quot;sudest&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tgo&quot;},
	[&quot;sudovian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xsv&quot;},
	[&quot;suena&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sue&quot;},
	[&quot;suga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sgi&quot;},
	[&quot;suganga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sug&quot;},
	[&quot;sugut dusun&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kzs&quot;},
	[&quot;sui&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;swi&quot;},
	[&quot;suki&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sui&quot;},
	[&quot;suku&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sub&quot;},
	[&quot;sukuma&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;suk&quot;, [4]=&quot;suk&quot;},
	[&quot;sukur&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;syk&quot;},
	[&quot;sukurum&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zsu&quot;},
	[&quot;sula&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;szn&quot;},
	[&quot;sulka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sua&quot;},
	[&quot;sulod&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;srg&quot;},
	[&quot;suma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sqm&quot;},
	[&quot;sumariup&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;siv&quot;},
	[&quot;sumau&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;six&quot;},
	[&quot;sumbawa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;smw&quot;},
	[&quot;sumbwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;suw&quot;},
	[&quot;sumerian&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;sux&quot;, [4]=&quot;sux&quot;},
	[&quot;sumi naga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nsm&quot;},
	[&quot;sumo-mayangna&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;sum&quot;},
	[&quot;sumtu chin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;csv&quot;},
	[&quot;sunam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ssk&quot;},
	[&quot;sundanese&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;su&quot;, [2]=&quot;sun&quot;, [4]=&quot;sun&quot;},
	[&quot;sungkai&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;suu&quot;},
	[&quot;sunum&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ymn&quot;},
	[&quot;sunwar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;suz&quot;},
	[&quot;suomenruotsalainen viittomakieli&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fss&quot;},
	[&quot;suoy&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;syo&quot;},
	[&quot;supyire senoufo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;spp&quot;},
	[&quot;sur&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tdl&quot;},
	[&quot;surayt&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tru&quot;},
	[&quot;surbakhal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sbj&quot;},
	[&quot;surgujia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sgj&quot;},
	[&quot;suri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;suq&quot;},
	[&quot;surigaonon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sgd&quot;, [14]=&quot;sul&quot;},
	[&quot;surjapuri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sjp&quot;},
	[&quot;sursurunga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sgz&quot;},
	[&quot;suruahá&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;swx&quot;},
	[&quot;surubu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sde&quot;},
	[&quot;suruí do pará&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mdz&quot;},
	[&quot;suruí&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sru&quot;},
	[&quot;susquehannock&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sqn&quot;},
	[&quot;susu&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;sus&quot;, [4]=&quot;sus&quot;},
	[&quot;susuami&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ssu&quot;},
	[&quot;suundi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sdj&quot;},
	[&quot;suwawa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;swu&quot;},
	[&quot;suyá&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;suy&quot;},
	[&quot;svan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sva&quot;},
	[&quot;swabian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;swg&quot;},
	[&quot;swahili (individual language)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;swh&quot;},
	[&quot;swahili (macrolanguage)&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;sw&quot;, [4]=&quot;swa&quot;},
	[&quot;swahili&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;swa&quot;},
	[&quot;swampy cree&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;csw&quot;},
	[&quot;swati&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ss&quot;, [2]=&quot;ssw&quot;, [4]=&quot;ssw&quot;},
	[&quot;swedish sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;swl&quot;},
	[&quot;swedish&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;sv&quot;, [2]=&quot;swe&quot;, [4]=&quot;swe&quot;},
	[&quot;swiss german&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;gsw&quot;, [4]=&quot;gsw&quot;},
	[&quot;swiss-french sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ssr&quot;},
	[&quot;swiss-german sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sgg&quot;},
	[&quot;swiss-italian sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;slf&quot;},
	[&quot;swo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sox&quot;},
	[&quot;syenara senoufo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;shz&quot;},
	[&quot;sylheti&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;syl&quot;},
	[&quot;syriac&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;syr&quot;, [4]=&quot;syr&quot;},
	[&quot;sáliba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;slc&quot;},
	[&quot;são paulo kaingáng&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zkp&quot;},
	[&quot;sãotomense&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cri&quot;},
	[&quot;sìcìté sénoufo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sep&quot;},
	[&quot;sîshëë&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sih&quot;},
	[&quot;sô&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sss&quot;},
	[&quot;t'apo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lgn&quot;},
	[&quot;t'en&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tct&quot;},
	[&quot;ta'izzi-adeni arabic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;acq&quot;},
	[&quot;taabwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tap&quot;},
	[&quot;tabaa zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zat&quot;},
	[&quot;tabaru&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tby&quot;},
	[&quot;tabasco chontal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;chf&quot;},
	[&quot;tabasco nahuatl&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nhc&quot;},
	[&quot;tabasco zoque&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zoq&quot;},
	[&quot;tabassaran&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tab&quot;},
	[&quot;tabla&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tnm&quot;},
	[&quot;tabo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;knv&quot;},
	[&quot;tabriak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tzx&quot;},
	[&quot;tacahua mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xtt&quot;},
	[&quot;tacana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tna&quot;},
	[&quot;tacanec&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;mtz&quot;},
	[&quot;tachawit&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;shy&quot;},
	[&quot;tachelhit&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;shi&quot;},
	[&quot;tachoni&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lts&quot;},
	[&quot;tadaksahak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dsq&quot;},
	[&quot;tado&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;klw&quot;},
	[&quot;tadyawan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tdy&quot;},
	[&quot;tae'&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rob&quot;},
	[&quot;tafi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tcd&quot;},
	[&quot;tagabawa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bgs&quot;},
	[&quot;tagakaulo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;klg&quot;},
	[&quot;tagal murut&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mvv&quot;},
	[&quot;tagalaka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tgz&quot;},
	[&quot;tagalog&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;tl&quot;, [2]=&quot;tgl&quot;, [4]=&quot;tgl&quot;},
	[&quot;tagargrent&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;oua&quot;},
	[&quot;tagbanwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tbw&quot;},
	[&quot;tagbu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tbm&quot;},
	[&quot;tagdal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tda&quot;},
	[&quot;tagin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tgj&quot;},
	[&quot;tagish&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tgx&quot;},
	[&quot;tagoi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tag&quot;},
	[&quot;tagwana senoufo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tgw&quot;},
	[&quot;tahaggart tamahaq&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;thv&quot;},
	[&quot;tahitian&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ty&quot;, [2]=&quot;tah&quot;, [4]=&quot;tah&quot;},
	[&quot;tahltan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tht&quot;},
	[&quot;tai daeng&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tyr&quot;},
	[&quot;tai dam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;blt&quot;},
	[&quot;tai do&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tyj&quot;},
	[&quot;tai dón&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;twh&quot;},
	[&quot;tai hang tong&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;thc&quot;},
	[&quot;tai hongjin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tiz&quot;},
	[&quot;tai laing&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tjl&quot;},
	[&quot;tai languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;tai&quot;, [5]=&quot;tai&quot;},
	[&quot;tai loi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tlq&quot;},
	[&quot;tai long&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;thi&quot;},
	[&quot;tai mène&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;tmp&quot;},
	[&quot;tai nüa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tdd&quot;},
	[&quot;tai pao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tpo&quot;},
	[&quot;tai thanh&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tmm&quot;},
	[&quot;tai ya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cuu&quot;},
	[&quot;tai yo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tyj&quot;},
	[&quot;tai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;taw&quot;},
	[&quot;taiap&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gpn&quot;},
	[&quot;taikat&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aos&quot;},
	[&quot;tainae&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ago&quot;},
	[&quot;taino&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tnq&quot;},
	[&quot;tairaha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bxa&quot;},
	[&quot;tairuma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;uar&quot;},
	[&quot;taita&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dav&quot;},
	[&quot;taivoan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tvx&quot;},
	[&quot;taiwan sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tss&quot;},
	[&quot;taje&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pee&quot;},
	[&quot;tajik&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;tg&quot;, [2]=&quot;tgk&quot;, [4]=&quot;tgk&quot;},
	[&quot;tajiki arabic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;abh&quot;},
	[&quot;tajio&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tdj&quot;},
	[&quot;tajuasohn&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tja&quot;},
	[&quot;tajumulco mam&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;mpf&quot;},
	[&quot;takelma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tkm&quot;},
	[&quot;takestani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tks&quot;},
	[&quot;takia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tbc&quot;},
	[&quot;takpa&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;tkk&quot;},
	[&quot;takua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tkz&quot;},
	[&quot;takuu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nho&quot;},
	[&quot;takwane&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tke&quot;},
	[&quot;tal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tal&quot;},
	[&quot;tala&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tak&quot;},
	[&quot;talaandig&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bkd&quot;},
	[&quot;talaud&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tld&quot;},
	[&quot;taliabu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tlv&quot;},
	[&quot;talieng&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tdf&quot;},
	[&quot;talinga-bwisi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tlj&quot;},
	[&quot;talise&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tlr&quot;},
	[&quot;talodi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tlo&quot;},
	[&quot;taloki&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tlk&quot;},
	[&quot;talondo'&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tln&quot;},
	[&quot;talossan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tzl&quot;},
	[&quot;talu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yta&quot;},
	[&quot;talur&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;ilw&quot;},
	[&quot;talysh&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tly&quot;},
	[&quot;tama (chad)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tma&quot;},
	[&quot;tama (colombia)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ten&quot;},
	[&quot;tamagario&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tcg&quot;},
	[&quot;taman (indonesia)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tmn&quot;},
	[&quot;taman (myanmar)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tcl&quot;},
	[&quot;tamanaku&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tmz&quot;},
	[&quot;tamashek&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;tmh&quot;, [4]=&quot;tmh&quot;},
	[&quot;tamasheq&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;taq&quot;},
	[&quot;tamazola mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vmx&quot;},
	[&quot;tambas&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tdk&quot;},
	[&quot;tambora&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xxt&quot;},
	[&quot;tambotalo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tls&quot;},
	[&quot;tambunan dusun&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;kzt&quot;},
	[&quot;tami&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tmy&quot;},
	[&quot;tamil&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ta&quot;, [2]=&quot;tam&quot;, [4]=&quot;tam&quot;},
	[&quot;tamki&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tax&quot;},
	[&quot;tamnim citak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tml&quot;},
	[&quot;tampias lobu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;low&quot;},
	[&quot;tampuan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tpu&quot;},
	[&quot;tampulma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tpm&quot;},
	[&quot;tanacross&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tcb&quot;},
	[&quot;tanahmerah&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tcm&quot;},
	[&quot;tanaina&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tfn&quot;},
	[&quot;tanapag&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tpv&quot;},
	[&quot;tandaganon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tgn&quot;},
	[&quot;tandia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tni&quot;},
	[&quot;tandroy-mahafaly malagasy&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tdx&quot;},
	[&quot;tanema&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tnx&quot;},
	[&quot;tangale&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tan&quot;},
	[&quot;tangchangya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tnv&quot;},
	[&quot;tangga&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;tgg&quot;},
	[&quot;tanggu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tgu&quot;},
	[&quot;tangkhul naga (india)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nmf&quot;},
	[&quot;tangkhul naga (myanmar)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ntx&quot;},
	[&quot;tangko&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tkx&quot;},
	[&quot;tanglang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ytl&quot;},
	[&quot;tangoa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tgp&quot;},
	[&quot;tangshewi&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;tnf&quot;},
	[&quot;tanguat&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tbs&quot;},
	[&quot;tangut&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;txg&quot;},
	[&quot;tanimbili&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tbe&quot;},
	[&quot;tanimuca-retuarã&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tnc&quot;},
	[&quot;tanjijili&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;uji&quot;},
	[&quot;tanjong&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;tnj&quot;},
	[&quot;tankarana malagasy&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xmv&quot;},
	[&quot;tanosy malagasy&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;txy&quot;},
	[&quot;tanudan kalinga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kml&quot;},
	[&quot;tanzanian sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tza&quot;},
	[&quot;tapeba&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;tbb&quot;},
	[&quot;tapei&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;afp&quot;},
	[&quot;tapieté&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tpj&quot;},
	[&quot;tapirapé&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;taf&quot;},
	[&quot;tarao naga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tro&quot;},
	[&quot;tareng&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tgr&quot;},
	[&quot;tariana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tae&quot;},
	[&quot;tarifit&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rif&quot;},
	[&quot;tarjumo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;txj&quot;},
	[&quot;tarok&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yer&quot;},
	[&quot;taroko&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;trv&quot;},
	[&quot;tarpia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tpf&quot;, [14]=&quot;suf&quot;},
	[&quot;tartessian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;txr&quot;},
	[&quot;taruma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tdm&quot;},
	[&quot;tasawaq&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;twq&quot;},
	[&quot;tase naga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nst&quot;},
	[&quot;tasmanian&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;xtz&quot;},
	[&quot;tasmate&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tmt&quot;},
	[&quot;tataltepec chatino&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cta&quot;},
	[&quot;tatana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;txx&quot;},
	[&quot;tatar&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;tt&quot;, [2]=&quot;tat&quot;, [4]=&quot;tat&quot;},
	[&quot;tatuyo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tav&quot;},
	[&quot;tauade&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ttd&quot;},
	[&quot;taulil&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tuh&quot;},
	[&quot;taungyo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tco&quot;},
	[&quot;taupota&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tpa&quot;},
	[&quot;tause&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tad&quot;},
	[&quot;taushiro&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;trr&quot;},
	[&quot;tausug&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tsg&quot;},
	[&quot;tauya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tya&quot;},
	[&quot;taveta&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tvs&quot;},
	[&quot;tavoyan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tvn&quot;},
	[&quot;tavringer romani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rmu&quot;},
	[&quot;tawala&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tbo&quot;},
	[&quot;tawallammat tamajaq&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ttq&quot;},
	[&quot;tawandê&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xtw&quot;},
	[&quot;tawang monpa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;twm&quot;},
	[&quot;tawara&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;twl&quot;},
	[&quot;taworta&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tbp&quot;},
	[&quot;tawoyan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;twy&quot;},
	[&quot;tawr chin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tcp&quot;},
	[&quot;tay boi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tas&quot;},
	[&quot;tay khang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tnu&quot;},
	[&quot;tayabas ayta&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;ayy&quot;},
	[&quot;tayart tamajeq&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;thz&quot;},
	[&quot;tayo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cks&quot;},
	[&quot;taznatit&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;grr&quot;},
	[&quot;tboli&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tbl&quot;},
	[&quot;tchitchege&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tck&quot;},
	[&quot;tchumbuli&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bqa&quot;},
	[&quot;te'un&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tve&quot;},
	[&quot;teanu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tkw&quot;},
	[&quot;tebi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dmu&quot;},
	[&quot;tebul sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tsy&quot;},
	[&quot;tebul ure dogon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dtu&quot;},
	[&quot;tecpatlán totonac&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tcw&quot;},
	[&quot;tedaga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tuq&quot;},
	[&quot;tedim chin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ctd&quot;},
	[&quot;tee&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tkq&quot;},
	[&quot;tefaro&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tfo&quot;},
	[&quot;tegali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ras&quot;},
	[&quot;tehit&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kps&quot;},
	[&quot;tehuelche&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;teh&quot;},
	[&quot;tejalapan zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ztt&quot;},
	[&quot;teke-ebo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ebo&quot;},
	[&quot;teke-fuumu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ifm&quot;},
	[&quot;teke-kukuya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kkw&quot;},
	[&quot;teke-laali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lli&quot;},
	[&quot;teke-nzikou&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nzu&quot;},
	[&quot;teke-tege&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;teg&quot;},
	[&quot;teke-tsaayi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tyi&quot;},
	[&quot;teke-tyee&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tyx&quot;},
	[&quot;tektiteko&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ttc&quot;},
	[&quot;tela-masbuar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tvm&quot;},
	[&quot;telefol&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tlf&quot;},
	[&quot;telugu&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;te&quot;, [2]=&quot;tel&quot;, [4]=&quot;tel&quot;},
	[&quot;teluti&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tlt&quot;},
	[&quot;tem&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kdh&quot;},
	[&quot;temacine tamazight&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tjo&quot;},
	[&quot;temascaltepec nahuatl&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nhv&quot;},
	[&quot;tembo (kitembo)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tbt&quot;},
	[&quot;tembo (motembo)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tmv&quot;},
	[&quot;tembé&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tqb&quot;},
	[&quot;teme&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tdo&quot;},
	[&quot;temein&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;teq&quot;},
	[&quot;temi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;soz&quot;},
	[&quot;temiar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tea&quot;},
	[&quot;temoaya otomi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ott&quot;},
	[&quot;temoq&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tmo&quot;},
	[&quot;tempasuk dusun&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;tdu&quot;},
	[&quot;temuan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tmw&quot;},
	[&quot;ten'edn&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tnz&quot;},
	[&quot;tena lowland quichua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;quw&quot;},
	[&quot;tena&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bfe&quot;},
	[&quot;tenango otomi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;otn&quot;},
	[&quot;tene kan dogon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dtk&quot;},
	[&quot;tenggarong kutai malay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vkt&quot;},
	[&quot;tengger&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tes&quot;},
	[&quot;tenharim&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pah&quot;},
	[&quot;tenino&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tqn&quot;},
	[&quot;tenis&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tns&quot;},
	[&quot;tennet&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tex&quot;},
	[&quot;teop&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tio&quot;},
	[&quot;teor&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tev&quot;},
	[&quot;tepecano&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tep&quot;},
	[&quot;tepetotutla chinantec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cnt&quot;},
	[&quot;tepeuxila cuicatec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cux&quot;},
	[&quot;tepinapa chinantec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cte&quot;},
	[&quot;tepo krumen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ted&quot;},
	[&quot;ter sami&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sjt&quot;},
	[&quot;tera&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ttr&quot;},
	[&quot;terebu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;trb&quot;},
	[&quot;terei&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;buo&quot;},
	[&quot;tereno&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;ter&quot;, [4]=&quot;ter&quot;},
	[&quot;teressa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tef&quot;},
	[&quot;tereweng&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;twg&quot;},
	[&quot;teribe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tfr&quot;},
	[&quot;terik&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tec&quot;},
	[&quot;termanu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;twu&quot;},
	[&quot;ternate&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tft&quot;},
	[&quot;ternateño&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tmg&quot;},
	[&quot;tesaka malagasy&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tkg&quot;},
	[&quot;tese&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;keg&quot;},
	[&quot;teshenawa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;twc&quot;},
	[&quot;teso&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;teo&quot;},
	[&quot;tetela&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tll&quot;},
	[&quot;tetelcingo nahuatl&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nhg&quot;},
	[&quot;tetete&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;teb&quot;},
	[&quot;tetserret&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tez&quot;},
	[&quot;tetum&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;tet&quot;, [4]=&quot;tet&quot;},
	[&quot;tetun dili&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tdt&quot;},
	[&quot;teutila cuicatec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cut&quot;},
	[&quot;tewa (indonesia)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;twe&quot;},
	[&quot;tewa (usa)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tew&quot;},
	[&quot;tewe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;twx&quot;},
	[&quot;texcatepec otomi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;otx&quot;},
	[&quot;texistepec popoluca&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;poq&quot;},
	[&quot;texmelucan zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zpz&quot;},
	[&quot;tezoatlán mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mxb&quot;},
	[&quot;tha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;thy&quot;},
	[&quot;thachanadan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;thn&quot;},
	[&quot;thado chin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tcz&quot;},
	[&quot;thai sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tsq&quot;},
	[&quot;thai song&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;soa&quot;},
	[&quot;thai&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;th&quot;, [2]=&quot;tha&quot;, [4]=&quot;tha&quot;},
	[&quot;thaiphum chin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cth&quot;},
	[&quot;thakali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ths&quot;},
	[&quot;thangal naga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nki&quot;},
	[&quot;thangmi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;thf&quot;},
	[&quot;thao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ssf&quot;},
	[&quot;tharaka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;thk&quot;},
	[&quot;thawa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xtv&quot;},
	[&quot;thayore&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;thd&quot;},
	[&quot;thaypan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;typ&quot;},
	[&quot;the&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;thx&quot;},
	[&quot;thiin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;iin&quot;},
	[&quot;tho&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tou&quot;},
	[&quot;thompson&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;thp&quot;},
	[&quot;thopho&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ytp&quot;},
	[&quot;thracian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;txh&quot;},
	[&quot;thu lao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tyl&quot;},
	[&quot;thudam&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;thw&quot;},
	[&quot;thulung&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tdh&quot;},
	[&quot;thur&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lth&quot;},
	[&quot;thurawal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tbh&quot;},
	[&quot;thuri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;thu&quot;},
	[&quot;tiagbamrin aizi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ahi&quot;},
	[&quot;tiale&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mnl&quot;},
	[&quot;tiang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tbj&quot;},
	[&quot;tibea&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ngy&quot;},
	[&quot;tibetan sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lsn&quot;},
	[&quot;tibetan&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;bo&quot;, [2]=&quot;bod&quot;, [3]=&quot;tib&quot;, [4]=&quot;bod&quot;},
	[&quot;tibeto-burman languages&quot;] = {[5]=&quot;tbq&quot;},
	[&quot;tichurong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tcn&quot;},
	[&quot;ticuna&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tca&quot;},
	[&quot;tidaá mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mtx&quot;},
	[&quot;tidikelt tamazight&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tia&quot;},
	[&quot;tidong&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;tid&quot;},
	[&quot;tidore&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tvo&quot;},
	[&quot;tiemacèwè bozo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;boo&quot;},
	[&quot;tiene&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tii&quot;},
	[&quot;tifal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tif&quot;},
	[&quot;tigak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tgc&quot;},
	[&quot;tigon mbembe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nza&quot;},
	[&quot;tigre&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;tig&quot;, [4]=&quot;tig&quot;},
	[&quot;tigrinya&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ti&quot;, [2]=&quot;tir&quot;, [4]=&quot;tir&quot;},
	[&quot;tii&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;txq&quot;},
	[&quot;tijaltepec mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xtl&quot;},
	[&quot;tikar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tik&quot;},
	[&quot;tikopia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tkp&quot;},
	[&quot;tila chol&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;cti&quot;},
	[&quot;tilapa otomi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;otl&quot;},
	[&quot;tillamook&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;til&quot;},
	[&quot;tilquiapan zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zts&quot;},
	[&quot;tilung&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tij&quot;},
	[&quot;tima&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tms&quot;},
	[&quot;timbe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tim&quot;},
	[&quot;timbisha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;par&quot;},
	[&quot;timne&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;tem&quot;, [4]=&quot;tem&quot;},
	[&quot;timor pidgin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tvy&quot;},
	[&quot;timucua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tjm&quot;},
	[&quot;timugon murut&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tih&quot;},
	[&quot;tinani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lbf&quot;},
	[&quot;tindi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tin&quot;},
	[&quot;tingal&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;tie&quot;},
	[&quot;tingui-boto&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tgv&quot;},
	[&quot;tinigua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tit&quot;},
	[&quot;tinoc kallahan&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;tne&quot;},
	[&quot;tinputz&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tpz&quot;},
	[&quot;tippera&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tpe&quot;},
	[&quot;tira&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tic&quot;},
	[&quot;tirahi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tra&quot;},
	[&quot;tiranige diga dogon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tde&quot;},
	[&quot;tiri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cir&quot;},
	[&quot;tirmaga-chai suri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;suq&quot;},
	[&quot;tiruray&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tiy&quot;},
	[&quot;tita&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tdq&quot;},
	[&quot;titan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ttv&quot;},
	[&quot;tiv&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;tiv&quot;, [4]=&quot;tiv&quot;},
	[&quot;tiwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lax&quot;},
	[&quot;tiwi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tiw&quot;},
	[&quot;tiyaa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tyy&quot;},
	[&quot;tiéfo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tiq&quot;},
	[&quot;tiéyaxo bozo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;boz&quot;},
	[&quot;tjungundji&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tjj&quot;},
	[&quot;tjupany&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tjp&quot;},
	[&quot;tjurruru&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tju&quot;},
	[&quot;tlachichilco tepehua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tpt&quot;},
	[&quot;tlacoapa me'phaa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tpl&quot;},
	[&quot;tlacoapa tlapanec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tpl&quot;},
	[&quot;tlacoatzintepec chinantec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ctl&quot;},
	[&quot;tlacolulita zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zpk&quot;},
	[&quot;tlahuitoltepec mixe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mxp&quot;},
	[&quot;tlalitzlipa nahuatl&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;nhj&quot;},
	[&quot;tlamacazapa nahuatl&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nuz&quot;},
	[&quot;tlazoyaltepec mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mqh&quot;},
	[&quot;tlhingan hol&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tlh&quot;},
	[&quot;tlhingan-hol&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;tlh&quot;},
	[&quot;tlingit&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;tli&quot;, [4]=&quot;tli&quot;},
	[&quot;to&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;toz&quot;},
	[&quot;to'abaita&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mlu&quot;},
	[&quot;toala'&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;tlz&quot;},
	[&quot;toaripi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tqo&quot;},
	[&quot;toba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tob&quot;},
	[&quot;toba-maskoy&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tmf&quot;},
	[&quot;tobagonian creole english&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tgh&quot;},
	[&quot;tobanga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tng&quot;},
	[&quot;tobati&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tti&quot;},
	[&quot;tobelo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tlb&quot;},
	[&quot;tobian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tox&quot;},
	[&quot;tobilung&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tgb&quot;},
	[&quot;tobo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tbv&quot;},
	[&quot;tocantins asurini&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;asu&quot;},
	[&quot;tocho&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;taz&quot;},
	[&quot;toda&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tcx&quot;},
	[&quot;todos santos cuchumatán mam&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;mvj&quot;},
	[&quot;todrah&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tdr&quot;},
	[&quot;tofanma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tlg&quot;},
	[&quot;tofin gbe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tfi&quot;},
	[&quot;togbo-vara banda&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tor&quot;},
	[&quot;togoyo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tgy&quot;},
	[&quot;tohono o'odham&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ood&quot;},
	[&quot;tojolabal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;toj&quot;},
	[&quot;tok pisin&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;tpi&quot;, [4]=&quot;tpi&quot;},
	[&quot;tokano&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zuh&quot;},
	[&quot;tokelau&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;tkl&quot;, [4]=&quot;tkl&quot;},
	[&quot;tokharian a&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xto&quot;},
	[&quot;tokharian b&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;txb&quot;},
	[&quot;toki pona&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tok&quot;},
	[&quot;toku-no-shima&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tkn&quot;},
	[&quot;tol&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jic&quot;},
	[&quot;tolaki&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lbw&quot;},
	[&quot;tolomako&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tlm&quot;},
	[&quot;tolowa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tol&quot;},
	[&quot;toma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tod&quot;},
	[&quot;tomadino&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tdi&quot;},
	[&quot;tombelala&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ttp&quot;},
	[&quot;tombonuo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;txa&quot;},
	[&quot;tombulu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tom&quot;},
	[&quot;tomedes&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;toe&quot;},
	[&quot;tomini&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;txm&quot;},
	[&quot;tommeginne&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xpv&quot;},
	[&quot;tommo so dogon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dto&quot;},
	[&quot;tomo kan dogon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dtm&quot;},
	[&quot;tomoip&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tqp&quot;},
	[&quot;tomyang&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;tmx&quot;},
	[&quot;tondano&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tdn&quot;},
	[&quot;tondi songway kiini&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tst&quot;},
	[&quot;tonga (nyasa)&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;tog&quot;, [4]=&quot;tog&quot;},
	[&quot;tonga (tonga islands)&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;to&quot;, [2]=&quot;ton&quot;, [4]=&quot;ton&quot;},
	[&quot;tonga (zambia)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;toi&quot;},
	[&quot;tongan&quot;] = {[6]=&quot;to&quot;, [7]=&quot;ton&quot;, [9]=&quot;ton&quot;},
	[&quot;tongwe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tny&quot;},
	[&quot;tonjon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tjn&quot;},
	[&quot;tonkawa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tqw&quot;},
	[&quot;tonsawang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tnw&quot;},
	[&quot;tonsea&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;txs&quot;},
	[&quot;tontemboan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tnt&quot;},
	[&quot;toogee&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xpx&quot;},
	[&quot;tooro&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ttj&quot;},
	[&quot;topoiyo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;toy&quot;},
	[&quot;toposa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;toq&quot;},
	[&quot;toraja-sa'dan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sda&quot;},
	[&quot;toram&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;trj&quot;},
	[&quot;torau&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ttu&quot;},
	[&quot;tornedalen finnish&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fit&quot;},
	[&quot;toro so dogon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dts&quot;},
	[&quot;toro tegu dogon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dtt&quot;},
	[&quot;toro&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tdv&quot;},
	[&quot;toromono&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tno&quot;},
	[&quot;torona&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tqr&quot;},
	[&quot;torres strait creole&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tcs&quot;},
	[&quot;torricelli&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tei&quot;},
	[&quot;torwali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;trw&quot;},
	[&quot;torá&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;trz&quot;},
	[&quot;tosk albanian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;als&quot;},
	[&quot;totela&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ttl&quot;},
	[&quot;toto&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;txo&quot;},
	[&quot;totoli&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;txe&quot;},
	[&quot;totomachapan zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zph&quot;},
	[&quot;totontepec mixe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mto&quot;},
	[&quot;totoro&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ttk&quot;},
	[&quot;touo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tqu&quot;},
	[&quot;toura (côte d'ivoire)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;neb&quot;},
	[&quot;toura (papua new guinea)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;don&quot;},
	[&quot;towei&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ttn&quot;},
	[&quot;trans-new guinea languages&quot;] = {[5]=&quot;ngf&quot;},
	[&quot;transalpine gaulish&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xtg&quot;},
	[&quot;traveller danish&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rmd&quot;},
	[&quot;traveller norwegian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rmg&quot;},
	[&quot;traveller scottish&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;trl&quot;},
	[&quot;tregami&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;trm&quot;},
	[&quot;tremembé&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tme&quot;},
	[&quot;trieng&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;stg&quot;},
	[&quot;trimuris&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tip&quot;},
	[&quot;tring&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tgq&quot;},
	[&quot;tringgus-sembaan bidayuh&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;trx&quot;},
	[&quot;trinidad and tobago sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lst&quot;},
	[&quot;trinidadian creole english&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;trf&quot;},
	[&quot;trinitario&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;trn&quot;},
	[&quot;trió&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tri&quot;},
	[&quot;truká&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tka&quot;},
	[&quot;trumai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tpy&quot;},
	[&quot;ts'ün-lao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tsl&quot;},
	[&quot;tsaangi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tsa&quot;},
	[&quot;tsakhur&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tkr&quot;},
	[&quot;tsakonian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tsd&quot;},
	[&quot;tsakwambo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kvz&quot;},
	[&quot;tsamai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tsb&quot;},
	[&quot;tsat&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;huq&quot;},
	[&quot;tsaukambo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kvz&quot;},
	[&quot;tseku&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tsk&quot;},
	[&quot;tsetsaut&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;txc&quot;},
	[&quot;tshangla&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tsj&quot;},
	[&quot;tsikimba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kdl&quot;},
	[&quot;tsimané&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cas&quot;},
	[&quot;tsimihety malagasy&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xmw&quot;},
	[&quot;tsimshian&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;tsi&quot;, [4]=&quot;tsi&quot;},
	[&quot;tsishingini&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tsw&quot;},
	[&quot;tso&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ldp&quot;},
	[&quot;tsoa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hio&quot;},
	[&quot;tsogo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tsv&quot;},
	[&quot;tsonga&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ts&quot;, [2]=&quot;tso&quot;, [4]=&quot;tso&quot;},
	[&quot;tsotsitaal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fly&quot;},
	[&quot;tsotso&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lto&quot;},
	[&quot;tsou&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tsu&quot;},
	[&quot;tsucuba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cbq&quot;},
	[&quot;tsum&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ttz&quot;},
	[&quot;tsuvadi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tvd&quot;},
	[&quot;tsuvan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tsh&quot;},
	[&quot;tswa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tsc&quot;},
	[&quot;tswana&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;tn&quot;, [2]=&quot;tsn&quot;, [4]=&quot;tsn&quot;},
	[&quot;tswapong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;two&quot;},
	[&quot;tu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mjg&quot;},
	[&quot;tuamotuan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pmt&quot;},
	[&quot;tubar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tbu&quot;},
	[&quot;tucano&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tuo&quot;},
	[&quot;tugen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tuy&quot;},
	[&quot;tugun&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tzn&quot;},
	[&quot;tugutil&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tuj&quot;},
	[&quot;tukang besi north&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;khc&quot;},
	[&quot;tukang besi south&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bhq&quot;},
	[&quot;tuki&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bag&quot;},
	[&quot;tukpa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tpq&quot;},
	[&quot;tukudede&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tkd&quot;},
	[&quot;tukumanféd&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tkf&quot;},
	[&quot;tula&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tul&quot;},
	[&quot;tulai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tvi&quot;},
	[&quot;tulehu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tlu&quot;},
	[&quot;tulishi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tey&quot;},
	[&quot;tulu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tcy&quot;},
	[&quot;tulu-bohuai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rak&quot;},
	[&quot;tuma-irumu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;iou&quot;},
	[&quot;tumak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tmc&quot;},
	[&quot;tumari kanuri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;krt&quot;},
	[&quot;tumbuka&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;tum&quot;, [4]=&quot;tum&quot;},
	[&quot;tumi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kku&quot;},
	[&quot;tumleo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tmq&quot;},
	[&quot;tumshuqese&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xtq&quot;},
	[&quot;tumtum&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tbr&quot;},
	[&quot;tumulung sisaala&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sil&quot;},
	[&quot;tumzabt&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mzb&quot;},
	[&quot;tundra enets&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;enh&quot;},
	[&quot;tunen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tvu&quot;, [14]=&quot;baz&quot;},
	[&quot;tungag&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lcm&quot;},
	[&quot;tunggare&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;trt&quot;},
	[&quot;tungus languages&quot;] = {[5]=&quot;tuw&quot;},
	[&quot;tunia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tug&quot;},
	[&quot;tunica&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tun&quot;},
	[&quot;tunisian arabic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aeb&quot;},
	[&quot;tunisian sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tse&quot;},
	[&quot;tunjung&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tjg&quot;},
	[&quot;tunni&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tqq&quot;},
	[&quot;tunzu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dza&quot;},
	[&quot;tuotomb&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ttf&quot;},
	[&quot;tuparí&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tpr&quot;},
	[&quot;tupi languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;tup&quot;, [5]=&quot;tup&quot;},
	[&quot;tupinambá&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tpn&quot;},
	[&quot;tupinikin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tpk&quot;},
	[&quot;tupuri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tui&quot;},
	[&quot;tupí&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;tpw&quot;},
	[&quot;turaka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;trh&quot;},
	[&quot;turi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;trd&quot;},
	[&quot;turiwára&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;twt&quot;},
	[&quot;turka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tuz&quot;},
	[&quot;turkana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tuv&quot;},
	[&quot;turkic languages&quot;] = {[5]=&quot;trk&quot;},
	[&quot;turkish sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tsm&quot;},
	[&quot;turkish&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;tr&quot;, [2]=&quot;tur&quot;, [4]=&quot;tur&quot;},
	[&quot;turkish, ottoman (1500-1928)&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;ota&quot;},
	[&quot;turkmen&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;tk&quot;, [2]=&quot;tuk&quot;, [4]=&quot;tuk&quot;},
	[&quot;turks and caicos creole english&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tch&quot;},
	[&quot;turoyo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tru&quot;},
	[&quot;turumsa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tqm&quot;},
	[&quot;turung&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;try&quot;},
	[&quot;tuscarora&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tus&quot;},
	[&quot;tutelo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tta&quot;},
	[&quot;tutong 1&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;ttx&quot;},
	[&quot;tutong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ttg&quot;},
	[&quot;tutsa naga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tvt&quot;},
	[&quot;tutuba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tmi&quot;},
	[&quot;tututepec mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mtu&quot;},
	[&quot;tututni&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tuu&quot;},
	[&quot;tuvalu&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;tvl&quot;, [4]=&quot;tvl&quot;},
	[&quot;tuvinian&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;tyv&quot;, [4]=&quot;tyv&quot;},
	[&quot;tuwali ifugao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ifk&quot;},
	[&quot;tuwari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tww&quot;},
	[&quot;tuwuli&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bov&quot;},
	[&quot;tuxináwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tux&quot;},
	[&quot;tuxá&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tud&quot;},
	[&quot;tuyuca&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tue&quot;},
	[&quot;twana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;twa&quot;},
	[&quot;twendi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;twn&quot;},
	[&quot;twents&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;twd&quot;},
	[&quot;twi&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;tw&quot;, [2]=&quot;twi&quot;, [4]=&quot;twi&quot;},
	[&quot;tyap&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kcg&quot;},
	[&quot;tyaraity&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;woa&quot;},
	[&quot;tyerrenoterpanner&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xph&quot;},
	[&quot;tz'utujil&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tzj&quot;},
	[&quot;tzeltal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tzh&quot;},
	[&quot;tzotzil&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tzo&quot;},
	[&quot;tày sa pa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tys&quot;},
	[&quot;tày tac&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tyt&quot;},
	[&quot;tày&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tyz&quot;},
	[&quot;téén&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lor&quot;},
	[&quot;tübatulabal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tub&quot;},
	[&quot;türk i̇şaret dili&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tsm&quot;},
	[&quot;tłı̨chǫ&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dgr&quot;},
	[&quot;u&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;uuu&quot;},
	[&quot;uab meto&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aoz&quot;},
	[&quot;uamué&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;uam&quot;},
	[&quot;uare&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ksj&quot;},
	[&quot;ubaghara&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;byc&quot;},
	[&quot;ubang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;uba&quot;},
	[&quot;ubi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ubi&quot;},
	[&quot;ubir&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ubr&quot;},
	[&quot;ubykh&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;uby&quot;},
	[&quot;ucayali-yurúa ashéninka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cpb&quot;},
	[&quot;uda&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;uda&quot;},
	[&quot;udi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;udi&quot;},
	[&quot;udihe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ude&quot;},
	[&quot;udmurt&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;udm&quot;, [4]=&quot;udm&quot;},
	[&quot;uduk&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;udu&quot;},
	[&quot;ufim&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ufi&quot;},
	[&quot;ugandan sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ugn&quot;},
	[&quot;ugaritic&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;uga&quot;, [4]=&quot;uga&quot;},
	[&quot;ughele&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;uge&quot;},
	[&quot;ugong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ugo&quot;},
	[&quot;uhami&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;uha&quot;},
	[&quot;uighur&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ug&quot;, [2]=&quot;uig&quot;, [4]=&quot;uig&quot;},
	[&quot;uisai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;uis&quot;},
	[&quot;ujir&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;udj&quot;},
	[&quot;ukaan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kcf&quot;},
	[&quot;ukhwejo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ukh&quot;},
	[&quot;ukit&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;umi&quot;},
	[&quot;ukpe-bayobiri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ukp&quot;},
	[&quot;ukpet-ehom&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;akd&quot;},
	[&quot;ukrainian sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ukl&quot;},
	[&quot;ukrainian&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;uk&quot;, [2]=&quot;ukr&quot;, [4]=&quot;ukr&quot;},
	[&quot;ukue&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;uku&quot;},
	[&quot;ukuriguma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ukg&quot;},
	[&quot;ukwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ukq&quot;},
	[&quot;ukwuani-aboh-ndoni&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ukw&quot;},
	[&quot;ulau-suain&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;svb&quot;},
	[&quot;ulch&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ulc&quot;},
	[&quot;ulithian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;uli&quot;},
	[&quot;ullatan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ull&quot;},
	[&quot;ulukwumi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ulb&quot;},
	[&quot;ulumanda'&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ulm&quot;},
	[&quot;ulwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ulw&quot;},
	[&quot;uma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ppk&quot;},
	[&quot;uma' lasan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xky&quot;},
	[&quot;uma' lung&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ulu&quot;},
	[&quot;umanakaina&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gdn&quot;},
	[&quot;umatilla&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;uma&quot;},
	[&quot;umbindhamu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;umd&quot;},
	[&quot;umbrian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xum&quot;},
	[&quot;umbu-ungu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ubu&quot;},
	[&quot;umbugarla&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;umr&quot;},
	[&quot;umbundu&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;umb&quot;, [4]=&quot;umb&quot;},
	[&quot;umbuygamu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;umg&quot;},
	[&quot;ume sami&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sju&quot;},
	[&quot;umeda&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;upi&quot;},
	[&quot;umiida&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xud&quot;},
	[&quot;umiray dumaget agta&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;due&quot;},
	[&quot;umon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;umm&quot;},
	[&quot;umotína&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;umo&quot;},
	[&quot;umpila&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ump&quot;},
	[&quot;una&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mtg&quot;},
	[&quot;unami&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;unm&quot;},
	[&quot;uncoded languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;mis&quot;, [4]=&quot;mis&quot;},
	[&quot;unde kaili&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;unz&quot;},
	[&quot;undetermined&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;und&quot;, [4]=&quot;und&quot;},
	[&quot;uneapa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bbn&quot;},
	[&quot;uneme&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;une&quot;},
	[&quot;unggaranggu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xun&quot;},
	[&quot;unggumi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xgu&quot;},
	[&quot;uni&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;uni&quot;},
	[&quot;unserdeutsch&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;uln&quot;},
	[&quot;unua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;onu&quot;},
	[&quot;unubahe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;unu&quot;},
	[&quot;uokha&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;uok&quot;},
	[&quot;upper baram kenyah&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;ubm&quot;},
	[&quot;upper chehalis&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cjh&quot;},
	[&quot;upper grand valley dani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dna&quot;},
	[&quot;upper guinea crioulo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pov&quot;},
	[&quot;upper kinabatangan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dmg&quot;},
	[&quot;upper kuskokwim&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kuu&quot;},
	[&quot;upper necaxa totonac&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tku&quot;},
	[&quot;upper saxon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sxu&quot;},
	[&quot;upper sorbian&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;hsb&quot;, [4]=&quot;hsb&quot;},
	[&quot;upper ta'oih&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tth&quot;},
	[&quot;upper tanana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tau&quot;},
	[&quot;upper tanudan kalinga&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;kgh&quot;},
	[&quot;upper taromi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tov&quot;},
	[&quot;upper umpqua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xup&quot;},
	[&quot;ura (papua new guinea)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;uro&quot;},
	[&quot;ura (vanuatu)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;uur&quot;},
	[&quot;uradhi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;urf&quot;},
	[&quot;urak lawoi'&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;urk&quot;},
	[&quot;urali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;url&quot;},
	[&quot;uralic languages&quot;] = {[5]=&quot;urj&quot;},
	[&quot;urapmin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;urm&quot;},
	[&quot;urarina&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ura&quot;},
	[&quot;urartian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xur&quot;},
	[&quot;urat&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;urt&quot;},
	[&quot;urdu&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ur&quot;, [2]=&quot;urd&quot;, [4]=&quot;urd&quot;},
	[&quot;urhobo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;urh&quot;},
	[&quot;uri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;uvh&quot;},
	[&quot;urigina&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;urg&quot;},
	[&quot;urim&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;uri&quot;},
	[&quot;urimo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;urx&quot;},
	[&quot;uripiv-wala-rano-atchin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;upv&quot;},
	[&quot;urningangg&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;urc&quot;},
	[&quot;uru&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ure&quot;},
	[&quot;uru-eu-wau-wau&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;urz&quot;},
	[&quot;uru-pa-in&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;urp&quot;},
	[&quot;uruangnirin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;urn&quot;},
	[&quot;uruava&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;urv&quot;},
	[&quot;urubú-kaapor sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;uks&quot;},
	[&quot;urubú-kaapor&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;urb&quot;},
	[&quot;uruguayan sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ugy&quot;},
	[&quot;urum&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;uum&quot;},
	[&quot;urumi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;uru&quot;},
	[&quot;us-saare&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;uss&quot;},
	[&quot;usaghade&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;usk&quot;},
	[&quot;usan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wnu&quot;},
	[&quot;usarufa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;usa&quot;},
	[&quot;ushojo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ush&quot;},
	[&quot;usila chinantec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cuc&quot;},
	[&quot;usku&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ulf&quot;},
	[&quot;uspanteco&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;usp&quot;},
	[&quot;usui&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;usi&quot;},
	[&quot;ut-hun&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;uth&quot;},
	[&quot;ut-ma'in&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gel&quot;},
	[&quot;utarmbung&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;omo&quot;},
	[&quot;ute-southern paiute&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ute&quot;},
	[&quot;uto-aztecan languages&quot;] = {[5]=&quot;azc&quot;},
	[&quot;utu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;utu&quot;},
	[&quot;uvbie&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;evh&quot;},
	[&quot;uya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;usu&quot;},
	[&quot;uyajitaya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;duk&quot;},
	[&quot;uyghur&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ug&quot;, [2]=&quot;uig&quot;, [4]=&quot;uig&quot;},
	[&quot;uzbek&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;uz&quot;, [2]=&quot;uzb&quot;, [4]=&quot;uzb&quot;},
	[&quot;uzbeki arabic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;auz&quot;},
	[&quot;uzekwe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;eze&quot;},
	[&quot;v'ënen taut&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nmb&quot;},
	[&quot;vaagri booli&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vaa&quot;},
	[&quot;vaeakau-taumako&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;piv&quot;},
	[&quot;vafsi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vaf&quot;},
	[&quot;vaghat-ya-bijim-legeri&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;bij&quot;},
	[&quot;vaghri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vgr&quot;},
	[&quot;vaghua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tva&quot;},
	[&quot;vagla&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vag&quot;},
	[&quot;vai&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;vai&quot;, [4]=&quot;vai&quot;},
	[&quot;vaiphei&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vap&quot;},
	[&quot;vale&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vae&quot;},
	[&quot;valencian sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vsv&quot;},
	[&quot;valencian&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ca&quot;, [2]=&quot;cat&quot;, [4]=&quot;cat&quot;},
	[&quot;valle nacional chinantec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cvn&quot;},
	[&quot;valley maidu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vmv&quot;},
	[&quot;valman&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;van&quot;},
	[&quot;valpei&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vlp&quot;},
	[&quot;vamale&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mkt&quot;},
	[&quot;vame&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mlr&quot;},
	[&quot;vandalic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xvn&quot;},
	[&quot;vangunu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mpr&quot;},
	[&quot;vanimo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vam&quot;},
	[&quot;vano&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vnk&quot;},
	[&quot;vanuma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vau&quot;},
	[&quot;vao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vao&quot;},
	[&quot;varhadi-nagpuri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vah&quot;},
	[&quot;varisi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vrs&quot;},
	[&quot;varli&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vav&quot;},
	[&quot;vasavi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vas&quot;},
	[&quot;vasekele&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vaj&quot;},
	[&quot;vatrata&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;vlr&quot;},
	[&quot;veddah&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ved&quot;},
	[&quot;vedic sanskrit&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vsn&quot;},
	[&quot;vehes&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;val&quot;},
	[&quot;veluws&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vel&quot;},
	[&quot;vemgo-mabas&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vem&quot;},
	[&quot;venda&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;ve&quot;, [2]=&quot;ven&quot;, [4]=&quot;ven&quot;},
	[&quot;venetian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vec&quot;},
	[&quot;venetic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xve&quot;},
	[&quot;venezuelan sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vsl&quot;},
	[&quot;vengo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bav&quot;},
	[&quot;ventureño&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;veo&quot;},
	[&quot;veps&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vep&quot;},
	[&quot;vera'a&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vra&quot;},
	[&quot;vestinian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xvs&quot;},
	[&quot;vidunda&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vid&quot;},
	[&quot;viemo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vig&quot;},
	[&quot;vietnamese&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;vi&quot;, [2]=&quot;vie&quot;, [4]=&quot;vie&quot;},
	[&quot;viid&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;snu&quot;},
	[&quot;vilela&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vil&quot;},
	[&quot;vili&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vif&quot;},
	[&quot;villa viciosa agta&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dyg&quot;},
	[&quot;vincentian creole english&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;svc&quot;},
	[&quot;vinmavis&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vnm&quot;},
	[&quot;vinza&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vin&quot;},
	[&quot;virgin islands creole english&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vic&quot;},
	[&quot;vishavan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vis&quot;},
	[&quot;viti&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vit&quot;},
	[&quot;vitou&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vto&quot;},
	[&quot;vitu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wiv&quot;},
	[&quot;vlaams&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vls&quot;},
	[&quot;vlaamse gebarentaal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vgt&quot;},
	[&quot;vlax romani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rmy&quot;},
	[&quot;volapük&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;vo&quot;, [2]=&quot;vol&quot;, [4]=&quot;vol&quot;},
	[&quot;volscian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xvo&quot;},
	[&quot;vono&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kch&quot;},
	[&quot;voro&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vor&quot;},
	[&quot;votic&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;vot&quot;, [4]=&quot;vot&quot;},
	[&quot;vumbu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vum&quot;},
	[&quot;vunapu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vnp&quot;},
	[&quot;vunjo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vun&quot;},
	[&quot;vure&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lkn&quot;},
	[&quot;vurës&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;msn&quot;},
	[&quot;vute&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vut&quot;},
	[&quot;vwanji&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wbi&quot;},
	[&quot;võro&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vro&quot;},
	[&quot;wa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wbm&quot;},
	[&quot;wa'ema&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wag&quot;},
	[&quot;waama&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wwa&quot;},
	[&quot;waamwang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wmn&quot;},
	[&quot;waanyi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wny&quot;},
	[&quot;waata&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ssn&quot;},
	[&quot;wab&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wab&quot;},
	[&quot;wabo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wbb&quot;},
	[&quot;waboda&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kmx&quot;},
	[&quot;waci gbe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wci&quot;},
	[&quot;wadaginam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wdg&quot;},
	[&quot;waddar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wbq&quot;},
	[&quot;wadi wadi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xwd&quot;},
	[&quot;wadikali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wdk&quot;},
	[&quot;wadiyara koli&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kxp&quot;},
	[&quot;wadjabangayi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wdy&quot;},
	[&quot;wadjiginy&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wdj&quot;},
	[&quot;wadjigu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wdu&quot;},
	[&quot;wae rana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wrx&quot;},
	[&quot;waffa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;waj&quot;},
	[&quot;wagawaga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wgb&quot;, [14]=&quot;wgw&quot;},
	[&quot;wagaya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wga&quot;},
	[&quot;wagdi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wbr&quot;},
	[&quot;wagi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fad&quot;},
	[&quot;wagiman&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;waq&quot;},
	[&quot;wahau kayan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;whu&quot;},
	[&quot;wahau kenyah&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;whk&quot;},
	[&quot;wahgi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wgi&quot;},
	[&quot;waigali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wbk&quot;},
	[&quot;waigeo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wgo&quot;},
	[&quot;wailaki&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wlk&quot;},
	[&quot;wailapa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wlr&quot;},
	[&quot;waima&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rro&quot;},
	[&quot;waima'a&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wmh&quot;},
	[&quot;waimaha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bao&quot;},
	[&quot;waimiri-atroari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;atr&quot;},
	[&quot;waioli&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wli&quot;},
	[&quot;waiwai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;waw&quot;},
	[&quot;waja&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wja&quot;},
	[&quot;wajarri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wbv&quot;},
	[&quot;wajuk&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xwj&quot;},
	[&quot;waka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wav&quot;},
	[&quot;wakabunga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wwb&quot;},
	[&quot;wakashan languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;wak&quot;, [5]=&quot;wak&quot;},
	[&quot;wakawaka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wkw&quot;},
	[&quot;wakde&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wkd&quot;},
	[&quot;wakhi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wbl&quot;},
	[&quot;wakoná&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;waf&quot;},
	[&quot;wala&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lgl&quot;},
	[&quot;walak&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wlw&quot;},
	[&quot;walangama&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nlw&quot;},
	[&quot;wali (ghana)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wlx&quot;},
	[&quot;wali (sudan)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wll&quot;},
	[&quot;waling&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wly&quot;},
	[&quot;walio&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wla&quot;},
	[&quot;walla walla&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;waa&quot;},
	[&quot;wallisian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wls&quot;},
	[&quot;walloon&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;wa&quot;, [2]=&quot;wln&quot;, [4]=&quot;wln&quot;},
	[&quot;walmajarri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wmt&quot;},
	[&quot;walo kumbe dogon&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;dwl&quot;},
	[&quot;walser&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wae&quot;},
	[&quot;walungge&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ola&quot;},
	[&quot;waluwarra&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wrb&quot;},
	[&quot;wamas&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wmc&quot;},
	[&quot;wambaya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wmb&quot;},
	[&quot;wambon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wms&quot;},
	[&quot;wambule&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wme&quot;},
	[&quot;wamesa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wad&quot;},
	[&quot;wamey&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cou&quot;},
	[&quot;wamin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wmi&quot;},
	[&quot;wampanoag&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wam&quot;},
	[&quot;wampar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lbq&quot;},
	[&quot;wampur&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;waz&quot;},
	[&quot;wan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wan&quot;},
	[&quot;wanap&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wnp&quot;},
	[&quot;wanbasana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;alw&quot;},
	[&quot;wancho naga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nnp&quot;},
	[&quot;wanda&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wbh&quot;},
	[&quot;wandala&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mfi&quot;},
	[&quot;wandarang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wnd&quot;},
	[&quot;wandji&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wdd&quot;},
	[&quot;waneci&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wne&quot;},
	[&quot;wanga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lwg&quot;},
	[&quot;wangaaybuwan-ngiyambaa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wyb&quot;},
	[&quot;wanggamala&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wnm&quot;},
	[&quot;wangganguru&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wgg&quot;},
	[&quot;wanggom&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wng&quot;},
	[&quot;wangkajunga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mpj&quot;},
	[&quot;wangkangurru&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wgg&quot;},
	[&quot;wangkatha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pti&quot;},
	[&quot;wangkayutyuru&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wky&quot;},
	[&quot;wangkumara&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xwk&quot;},
	[&quot;wannu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jub&quot;},
	[&quot;wano&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wno&quot;},
	[&quot;wantoat&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wnc&quot;},
	[&quot;wanukaka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wnk&quot;},
	[&quot;wanyi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wny&quot;},
	[&quot;wané&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hwa&quot;},
	[&quot;waorani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;auc&quot;},
	[&quot;wapan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;juk&quot;},
	[&quot;wapishana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wap&quot;},
	[&quot;wappo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wao&quot;},
	[&quot;war-jaintia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aml&quot;},
	[&quot;wara&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wbf&quot;},
	[&quot;warao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wba&quot;},
	[&quot;warapu&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;wra&quot;},
	[&quot;waray (australia)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wrz&quot;},
	[&quot;waray (philippines)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;war&quot;},
	[&quot;waray&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;war&quot;},
	[&quot;wardaman&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wrr&quot;},
	[&quot;wardandi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wxw&quot;},
	[&quot;warduji&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;wrd&quot;},
	[&quot;ware&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;wre&quot;},
	[&quot;warembori&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wsa&quot;},
	[&quot;wares&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wai&quot;},
	[&quot;waris&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wrs&quot;},
	[&quot;waritai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wbe&quot;},
	[&quot;wariyangga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wri&quot;},
	[&quot;warji&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wji&quot;},
	[&quot;warkay-bipim&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bgv&quot;},
	[&quot;warlmanpa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wrl&quot;},
	[&quot;warlpiri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wbp&quot;},
	[&quot;warluwara&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wrb&quot;},
	[&quot;warnang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wrn&quot;},
	[&quot;warnman&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wbt&quot;},
	[&quot;waropen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wrp&quot;},
	[&quot;warrgamay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wgy&quot;},
	[&quot;warrwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wwr&quot;},
	[&quot;waru&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wru&quot;},
	[&quot;warumungu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wrm&quot;},
	[&quot;waruna&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wrv&quot;},
	[&quot;warungu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wrg&quot;},
	[&quot;warwar feni&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hrw&quot;},
	[&quot;wasa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wss&quot;},
	[&quot;wasco-wishram&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wac&quot;},
	[&quot;wasembo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gsp&quot;},
	[&quot;washo&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;was&quot;, [4]=&quot;was&quot;},
	[&quot;waskia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wsk&quot;},
	[&quot;wasu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wsu&quot;},
	[&quot;watakataui&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wtk&quot;},
	[&quot;watam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wax&quot;},
	[&quot;wathawurrung&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wth&quot;},
	[&quot;watiwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wtf&quot;},
	[&quot;watubela&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wah&quot;},
	[&quot;waube&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kop&quot;},
	[&quot;waurá&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wau&quot;},
	[&quot;wauyai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wuy&quot;},
	[&quot;wawa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;www&quot;},
	[&quot;wawonii&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wow&quot;},
	[&quot;waxianghua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wxa&quot;},
	[&quot;wayampi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;oym&quot;},
	[&quot;wayana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;way&quot;},
	[&quot;wayanad chetti&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ctt&quot;},
	[&quot;wayoró&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wyr&quot;},
	[&quot;wayu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;vay&quot;},
	[&quot;wayuu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;guc&quot;},
	[&quot;wedau&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wed&quot;},
	[&quot;weh&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;weh&quot;},
	[&quot;wejewa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wew&quot;},
	[&quot;welaun&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wlh&quot;},
	[&quot;weliki&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;klh&quot;},
	[&quot;welsh romani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rmw&quot;},
	[&quot;welsh&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;cy&quot;, [2]=&quot;cym&quot;, [3]=&quot;wel&quot;, [4]=&quot;cym&quot;},
	[&quot;wemale&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;weo&quot;},
	[&quot;wemba wemba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xww&quot;},
	[&quot;weme gbe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wem&quot;},
	[&quot;wendat&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wdt&quot;},
	[&quot;wergaia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;weg&quot;},
	[&quot;weri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wer&quot;},
	[&quot;wersing&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kvw&quot;},
	[&quot;west albay bikol&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fbl&quot;},
	[&quot;west ambae&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nnd&quot;},
	[&quot;west bengal sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wbs&quot;},
	[&quot;west berawan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zbw&quot;},
	[&quot;west central banda&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bbp&quot;},
	[&quot;west central oromo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gaz&quot;},
	[&quot;west central quiché&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;qut&quot;},
	[&quot;west coast bajau&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bdr&quot;},
	[&quot;west damar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;drn&quot;},
	[&quot;west germanic languages&quot;] = {[5]=&quot;gmw&quot;},
	[&quot;west goodenough&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ddi&quot;},
	[&quot;west kewa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kew&quot;},
	[&quot;west lembata&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lmj&quot;},
	[&quot;west makian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mqs&quot;},
	[&quot;west masela&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mss&quot;},
	[&quot;west slavic languages&quot;] = {[5]=&quot;zlw&quot;},
	[&quot;west tarangan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;txn&quot;},
	[&quot;west uvean&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;uve&quot;},
	[&quot;west yugur&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ybe&quot;},
	[&quot;west-central limba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lia&quot;},
	[&quot;western abnaki&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;abe&quot;},
	[&quot;western apache&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;apw&quot;},
	[&quot;western armenian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hyw&quot;},
	[&quot;western arrarnta&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;are&quot;},
	[&quot;western balochi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bgn&quot;},
	[&quot;western bolivian guaraní&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gnw&quot;},
	[&quot;western bru&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;brv&quot;},
	[&quot;western bukidnon manobo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mbb&quot;},
	[&quot;western cakchiquel&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;ckw&quot;},
	[&quot;western canadian inuktitut&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ikt&quot;},
	[&quot;western cham&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cja&quot;},
	[&quot;western dani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dnw&quot;},
	[&quot;western durango nahuatl&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;azn&quot;},
	[&quot;western fijian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wyy&quot;},
	[&quot;western frisian&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;fy&quot;, [2]=&quot;fry&quot;, [4]=&quot;fry&quot;, [14]=&quot;fri&quot;},
	[&quot;western highland chatino&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ctp&quot;},
	[&quot;western highland purepecha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pua&quot;},
	[&quot;western huasteca nahuatl&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nhw&quot;},
	[&quot;western jacalteco&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;jai&quot;},
	[&quot;western juxtlahuaca mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jmx&quot;},
	[&quot;western kanjobal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;knj&quot;},
	[&quot;western karaboro&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kza&quot;},
	[&quot;western katu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kuf&quot;},
	[&quot;western kayah&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kyu&quot;},
	[&quot;western keres&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kjq&quot;},
	[&quot;western krahn&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;krw&quot;},
	[&quot;western lalu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ywl&quot;},
	[&quot;western lawa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lcp&quot;},
	[&quot;western magar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mrd&quot;},
	[&quot;western malayo-polynesian languages&quot;] = {[5]=&quot;pqw&quot;},
	[&quot;western maninkakan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mlq&quot;},
	[&quot;western mari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mrj&quot;},
	[&quot;western mashan hmong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hmw&quot;},
	[&quot;western mashan miao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hmw&quot;},
	[&quot;western meohang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;raf&quot;},
	[&quot;western minyag&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wmg&quot;},
	[&quot;western muria&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mut&quot;},
	[&quot;western neo-aramaic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;amw&quot;},
	[&quot;western niger fulfulde&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;fuh&quot;},
	[&quot;western ojibwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ojw&quot;},
	[&quot;western pahari languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;him&quot;},
	[&quot;western panjabi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pnb&quot;},
	[&quot;western parbate kham&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kjl&quot;},
	[&quot;western penan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pne&quot;},
	[&quot;western pokomchí&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;pob&quot;},
	[&quot;western sisaala&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ssl&quot;},
	[&quot;western subanon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;suc&quot;},
	[&quot;western tamang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tdg&quot;},
	[&quot;western tawbuid&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;twb&quot;},
	[&quot;western tlacolula valley zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zab&quot;},
	[&quot;western totonac&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tqt&quot;},
	[&quot;western tunebo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tnb&quot;},
	[&quot;western tzutujil&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;tzt&quot;},
	[&quot;western xiangxi miao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mmr&quot;},
	[&quot;western xwla gbe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xwl&quot;},
	[&quot;western yiddish&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yih&quot;},
	[&quot;westphalien&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wep&quot;},
	[&quot;wetamut&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wwo&quot;},
	[&quot;wewaw&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wea&quot;},
	[&quot;weyto&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;woy&quot;},
	[&quot;white gelao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;giw&quot;},
	[&quot;white lachi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;lwh&quot;},
	[&quot;whitesands&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tnp&quot;},
	[&quot;wiarumus&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tua&quot;},
	[&quot;wichita&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wic&quot;},
	[&quot;wichí lhamtés güisnay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mzh&quot;},
	[&quot;wichí lhamtés nocten&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mtp&quot;},
	[&quot;wichí lhamtés vejoz&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wlv&quot;},
	[&quot;wik ngathan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wig&quot;},
	[&quot;wik-epa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wie&quot;},
	[&quot;wik-iiyanh&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wij&quot;},
	[&quot;wik-keyangan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wif&quot;},
	[&quot;wik-me'anha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wih&quot;},
	[&quot;wik-mungkan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wim&quot;},
	[&quot;wikalkan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wik&quot;},
	[&quot;wikngenchera&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wua&quot;},
	[&quot;wilawila&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wil&quot;},
	[&quot;wintu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wnw&quot;, [14]=&quot;wit&quot;},
	[&quot;winyé&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kst&quot;},
	[&quot;wipi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gdr&quot;},
	[&quot;wiradjuri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wrh&quot;},
	[&quot;wiraféd&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wir&quot;},
	[&quot;wirangu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wgu&quot;, [14]=&quot;wiw&quot;},
	[&quot;wiru&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wiu&quot;},
	[&quot;wiyot&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wiy&quot;},
	[&quot;woccon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xwc&quot;},
	[&quot;wogamusin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wog&quot;},
	[&quot;wogeo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;woc&quot;},
	[&quot;woi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wbw&quot;},
	[&quot;woiwurrung&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wyi&quot;},
	[&quot;wojenaka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jod&quot;},
	[&quot;wolaitta&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;wal&quot;, [4]=&quot;wal&quot;},
	[&quot;wolane&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wle&quot;},
	[&quot;wolani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wod&quot;},
	[&quot;wolaytta&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;wal&quot;, [4]=&quot;wal&quot;},
	[&quot;woleaian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;woe&quot;},
	[&quot;wolio&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wlo&quot;},
	[&quot;wolof&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;wo&quot;, [2]=&quot;wol&quot;, [4]=&quot;wol&quot;},
	[&quot;wom (nigeria)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wom&quot;},
	[&quot;wom (papua new guinea)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wmo&quot;},
	[&quot;womo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wmx&quot;},
	[&quot;wondama&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wad&quot;},
	[&quot;wongo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;won&quot;},
	[&quot;woods cree&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;cwd&quot;},
	[&quot;woria&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wor&quot;},
	[&quot;worimi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kda&quot;},
	[&quot;worodougou&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jud&quot;},
	[&quot;worora&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;unp&quot;},
	[&quot;worrorra&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wro&quot;},
	[&quot;wotapuri-katarqalai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wsv&quot;},
	[&quot;wotjobaluk&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xwt&quot;},
	[&quot;wotu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wtw&quot;},
	[&quot;woun meu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;noa&quot;},
	[&quot;written oirat&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xwo&quot;},
	[&quot;wu chinese&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wuu&quot;},
	[&quot;wuding-luquan yi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ywq&quot;},
	[&quot;wudu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wud&quot;},
	[&quot;wuliwuli&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wlu&quot;},
	[&quot;wulna&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wux&quot;},
	[&quot;wumboko&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bqm&quot;},
	[&quot;wumbvu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wum&quot;},
	[&quot;wumeng nasu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ywu&quot;},
	[&quot;wumeng yi&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;ywm&quot;},
	[&quot;wunai bunu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bwn&quot;},
	[&quot;wunambal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wub&quot;},
	[&quot;wunumara&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wnn&quot;},
	[&quot;wurrugu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wur&quot;},
	[&quot;wusa nasu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yig&quot;},
	[&quot;wushi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bse&quot;},
	[&quot;wusi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wsi&quot;},
	[&quot;wutung&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wut&quot;},
	[&quot;wutunhua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wuh&quot;},
	[&quot;wuvulu-aua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wuv&quot;},
	[&quot;wuzlam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;udl&quot;},
	[&quot;wyandot&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wyn&quot;, [14]=&quot;wya&quot;},
	[&quot;wymysorys&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wym&quot;},
	[&quot;wára&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tci&quot;},
	[&quot;wãpha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;juw&quot;},
	[&quot;wè northern&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wob&quot;},
	[&quot;wè southern&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gxx&quot;},
	[&quot;wè western&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wec&quot;},
	[&quot;xaasongaxango&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kao&quot;},
	[&quot;xadani zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zax&quot;},
	[&quot;xakriabá&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xkr&quot;},
	[&quot;xamtanga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xan&quot;},
	[&quot;xanaguía zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ztg&quot;},
	[&quot;xavánte&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xav&quot;},
	[&quot;xerénte&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xer&quot;},
	[&quot;xetá&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xet&quot;},
	[&quot;xhosa&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;xh&quot;, [2]=&quot;xho&quot;, [4]=&quot;xho&quot;},
	[&quot;xiandao&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;xia&quot;},
	[&quot;xiang chinese&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hsn&quot;},
	[&quot;xibe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sjo&quot;},
	[&quot;xicotepec de juárez totonac&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;too&quot;},
	[&quot;xinca&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xin&quot;},
	[&quot;xingú asuriní&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;asn&quot;},
	[&quot;xipaya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xiy&quot;},
	[&quot;xipináwa&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;xip&quot;},
	[&quot;xiri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xii&quot;},
	[&quot;xiriâna&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xir&quot;},
	[&quot;xishanba lalo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ywt&quot;},
	[&quot;xokleng&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xok&quot;},
	[&quot;xukurú&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xoo&quot;},
	[&quot;xwela gbe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xwe&quot;},
	[&quot;xârâcùù&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ane&quot;},
	[&quot;xârâgurè&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;axx&quot;},
	[&quot;yaaku&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;muu&quot;},
	[&quot;yabarana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yar&quot;},
	[&quot;yabaâna&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ybn&quot;},
	[&quot;yabem&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jae&quot;},
	[&quot;yaben&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ybm&quot;},
	[&quot;yabong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ybo&quot;},
	[&quot;yabula yabula&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yxy&quot;},
	[&quot;yace&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ekr&quot;},
	[&quot;yaeyama&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rys&quot;},
	[&quot;yafi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wfg&quot;},
	[&quot;yagara&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yxg&quot;},
	[&quot;yagaria&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ygr&quot;},
	[&quot;yagnobi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yai&quot;},
	[&quot;yagomi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ygm&quot;},
	[&quot;yagua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yad&quot;},
	[&quot;yagwoia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ygw&quot;},
	[&quot;yahadian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ner&quot;},
	[&quot;yahang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rhp&quot;},
	[&quot;yahuna&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ynu&quot;},
	[&quot;yaka (central african republic)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;axk&quot;},
	[&quot;yaka (congo)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;iyx&quot;},
	[&quot;yaka (democratic republic of congo)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yaf&quot;},
	[&quot;yakaikeke&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ykk&quot;},
	[&quot;yakama&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yak&quot;},
	[&quot;yakan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yka&quot;},
	[&quot;yakha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ybh&quot;},
	[&quot;yakoma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yky&quot;},
	[&quot;yakut&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;sah&quot;, [4]=&quot;sah&quot;},
	[&quot;yala&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yba&quot;},
	[&quot;yalahatan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jal&quot;},
	[&quot;yalakalore&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xyl&quot;},
	[&quot;yalarnnga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ylr&quot;},
	[&quot;yale&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nce&quot;},
	[&quot;yaleba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ylb&quot;},
	[&quot;yalunka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yal&quot;},
	[&quot;yalálag zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zpu&quot;},
	[&quot;yamap&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ymp&quot;},
	[&quot;yamba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yam&quot;},
	[&quot;yambes&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ymb&quot;},
	[&quot;yambeta&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yat&quot;},
	[&quot;yamdena&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jmd&quot;},
	[&quot;yameo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yme&quot;},
	[&quot;yami&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tao&quot;},
	[&quot;yaminahua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yaa&quot;},
	[&quot;yamna&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ymn&quot;},
	[&quot;yamongeri&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ymg&quot;},
	[&quot;yamphe&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;yma&quot;},
	[&quot;yamphu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ybi&quot;},
	[&quot;yan-nhangu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jay&quot;},
	[&quot;yan-nhaŋu sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yhs&quot;},
	[&quot;yana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ynn&quot;},
	[&quot;yanahuanca pasco quechua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;qur&quot;},
	[&quot;yanda dom dogon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dym&quot;},
	[&quot;yanda&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yda&quot;},
	[&quot;yandjibara&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xyb&quot;},
	[&quot;yandruwandha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ynd&quot;},
	[&quot;yanesha'&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ame&quot;},
	[&quot;yang zhuang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zyg&quot;},
	[&quot;yangben&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yav&quot;},
	[&quot;yangbye&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;ybd&quot;},
	[&quot;yangho&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;ynh&quot;},
	[&quot;yangkam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;bsx&quot;},
	[&quot;yangman&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jng&quot;},
	[&quot;yango&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yng&quot;},
	[&quot;yangulam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ynl&quot;},
	[&quot;yangum dey&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yde&quot;},
	[&quot;yangum gel&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ygl&quot;},
	[&quot;yangum mon&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ymo&quot;},
	[&quot;yankunytjatjara&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kdd&quot;},
	[&quot;yanomamö&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;guu&quot;},
	[&quot;yanomámi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wca&quot;},
	[&quot;yansi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yns&quot;},
	[&quot;yanyuwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jao&quot;},
	[&quot;yao&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;yao&quot;, [4]=&quot;yao&quot;},
	[&quot;yaosakor asmat&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;asy&quot;},
	[&quot;yaouré&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yre&quot;},
	[&quot;yapese&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;yap&quot;, [4]=&quot;yap&quot;},
	[&quot;yapunda&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yev&quot;},
	[&quot;yaqay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jaq&quot;},
	[&quot;yaqui&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yaq&quot;},
	[&quot;yarawata&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yrw&quot;},
	[&quot;yardliyawarra&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yxl&quot;},
	[&quot;yareba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yrb&quot;},
	[&quot;yareni zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zae&quot;},
	[&quot;yarluyandi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yry&quot;},
	[&quot;yaroamë&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yro&quot;},
	[&quot;yarsun&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yrs&quot;},
	[&quot;yarí&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;yri&quot;},
	[&quot;yasa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yko&quot;},
	[&quot;yassic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ysc&quot;},
	[&quot;yatay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yty&quot;},
	[&quot;yatee zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zty&quot;},
	[&quot;yatzachi zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zav&quot;},
	[&quot;yau (morobe province)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yuw&quot;},
	[&quot;yau (sandaun province)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yyu&quot;},
	[&quot;yaul&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yla&quot;},
	[&quot;yauma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yax&quot;},
	[&quot;yaur&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jau&quot;},
	[&quot;yautepec zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zpb&quot;},
	[&quot;yauyos quechua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;qux&quot;},
	[&quot;yavitero&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yvt&quot;},
	[&quot;yawa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yva&quot;},
	[&quot;yawalapití&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yaw&quot;},
	[&quot;yawanawa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ywn&quot;},
	[&quot;yawarawarga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yww&quot;},
	[&quot;yaweyuha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yby&quot;},
	[&quot;yawijibaya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jbw&quot;},
	[&quot;yawiyo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ybx&quot;},
	[&quot;yawuru&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ywr&quot;},
	[&quot;yaygir&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xya&quot;},
	[&quot;yazgulyam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yah&quot;},
	[&quot;yecuatla totonac&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tlc&quot;},
	[&quot;yei&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jei&quot;},
	[&quot;yekhee&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ets&quot;},
	[&quot;yekora&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ykr&quot;},
	[&quot;yela&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yel&quot;},
	[&quot;yele&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yle&quot;},
	[&quot;yelmek&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jel&quot;},
	[&quot;yelogu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ylg&quot;},
	[&quot;yemba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ybb&quot;},
	[&quot;yemsa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jnj&quot;},
	[&quot;yendang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ynq&quot;, [14]=&quot;yen&quot;},
	[&quot;yeni&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yei&quot;},
	[&quot;yeniche&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yec&quot;},
	[&quot;yepocapa southwestern cakchiquel&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;cbm&quot;},
	[&quot;yerakai&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yra&quot;},
	[&quot;yeretuar&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gop&quot;},
	[&quot;yerong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yrn&quot;},
	[&quot;yerukula&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yeu&quot;},
	[&quot;yessan-mayo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yss&quot;},
	[&quot;yetfa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yet&quot;},
	[&quot;yevanic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yej&quot;},
	[&quot;yeyi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yey&quot;},
	[&quot;yiddish sign language&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;yds&quot;},
	[&quot;yiddish&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;yi&quot;, [2]=&quot;yid&quot;, [4]=&quot;yid&quot;, [11]=&quot;ji&quot;},
	[&quot;yidgha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ydg&quot;},
	[&quot;yidiny&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yii&quot;},
	[&quot;yil&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yll&quot;},
	[&quot;yilan creole&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ycr&quot;},
	[&quot;yimas&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yee&quot;},
	[&quot;yimchungru naga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yim&quot;},
	[&quot;yinbaw karen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kvu&quot;},
	[&quot;yinchia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yin&quot;},
	[&quot;yindjibarndi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yij&quot;},
	[&quot;yindjilandji&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yil&quot;},
	[&quot;yine&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pib&quot;},
	[&quot;yinggarda&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yia&quot;},
	[&quot;yinglish&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;yib&quot;},
	[&quot;yinhawangka&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ywg&quot;},
	[&quot;yiningayi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ygi&quot;},
	[&quot;yintale karen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kvy&quot;},
	[&quot;yintale&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kvy&quot;},
	[&quot;yinwum&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yxm&quot;},
	[&quot;yipma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;byr&quot;},
	[&quot;yir yoront&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yyr&quot;, [14]=&quot;yiy&quot;},
	[&quot;yirandali&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ljw&quot;},
	[&quot;yirrk-mel&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yrm&quot;},
	[&quot;yis&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yis&quot;},
	[&quot;yitha yitha&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xth&quot;},
	[&quot;yoba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yob&quot;},
	[&quot;yocoboué dida&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gud&quot;},
	[&quot;yogad&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yog&quot;},
	[&quot;yoidik&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ydk&quot;},
	[&quot;yoke&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yki&quot;},
	[&quot;yokuts&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yok&quot;},
	[&quot;yola&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yol&quot;},
	[&quot;yoloxochitl mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xty&quot;},
	[&quot;yolŋu sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ygs&quot;},
	[&quot;yom&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pil&quot;},
	[&quot;yombe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yom&quot;},
	[&quot;yonaguni&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yoi&quot;},
	[&quot;yong&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yno&quot;},
	[&quot;yongbei zhuang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zyb&quot;},
	[&quot;yongkom&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yon&quot;},
	[&quot;yongnan zhuang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zyn&quot;},
	[&quot;yopno&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yut&quot;},
	[&quot;yora&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mts&quot;},
	[&quot;yoron&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yox&quot;},
	[&quot;yorta yorta&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xyy&quot;},
	[&quot;yoruba&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;yo&quot;, [2]=&quot;yor&quot;, [4]=&quot;yor&quot;},
	[&quot;yos&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;yos&quot;},
	[&quot;yosondúa mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mpm&quot;},
	[&quot;yotti&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yot&quot;},
	[&quot;youjiang zhuang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zyj&quot;},
	[&quot;youle jinuo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jiu&quot;},
	[&quot;younuo bunu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;buh&quot;},
	[&quot;yout wam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ytw&quot;},
	[&quot;yoy&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yoy&quot;},
	[&quot;yuanga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nua&quot;},
	[&quot;yuanjiang-mojiang yi&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;yym&quot;},
	[&quot;yucatec maya sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;msd&quot;},
	[&quot;yucatec maya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yua&quot;},
	[&quot;yucateco&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yua&quot;},
	[&quot;yuchi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yuc&quot;},
	[&quot;yucuañe mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mvg&quot;},
	[&quot;yucuna&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ycn&quot;},
	[&quot;yue chinese&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yue&quot;},
	[&quot;yug&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yug&quot;},
	[&quot;yugambal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yub&quot;},
	[&quot;yugh&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;yuu&quot;},
	[&quot;yugoslavian sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ysl&quot;},
	[&quot;yugul&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ygu&quot;},
	[&quot;yuhup&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yab&quot;},
	[&quot;yuki&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yuk&quot;},
	[&quot;yukpa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yup&quot;},
	[&quot;yukuben&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ybl&quot;},
	[&quot;yulu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yul&quot;},
	[&quot;yumplatok&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;tcs&quot;},
	[&quot;yupik languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;ypk&quot;, [5]=&quot;ypk&quot;},
	[&quot;yuqui&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yuq&quot;},
	[&quot;yuracare&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yuz&quot;},
	[&quot;yurats&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;rts&quot;},
	[&quot;yurok&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yur&quot;},
	[&quot;yuru&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ljx&quot;},
	[&quot;yurutí&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yui&quot;},
	[&quot;yutanduchi mixtec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;mab&quot;},
	[&quot;yuwana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yau&quot;},
	[&quot;yuyu&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yxu&quot;},
	[&quot;ywom&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gek&quot;},
	[&quot;yámana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yag&quot;},
	[&quot;zaachila zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ztx&quot;},
	[&quot;zabana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kji&quot;},
	[&quot;zacatepec chatino&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ctz&quot;},
	[&quot;zacatlán-ahuacatlán-tepetzintla nahuatl&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nhi&quot;},
	[&quot;zaghawa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zag&quot;},
	[&quot;zaiwa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;atb&quot;},
	[&quot;zakhring&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zkr&quot;},
	[&quot;zambian sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zsl&quot;},
	[&quot;zan gula&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zna&quot;},
	[&quot;zanaki&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zak&quot;},
	[&quot;zande (individual language)&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zne&quot;},
	[&quot;zande languages&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;znd&quot;, [5]=&quot;znd&quot;},
	[&quot;zangskari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zau&quot;},
	[&quot;zangwal&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zah&quot;},
	[&quot;zaniza zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zpw&quot;},
	[&quot;zapotec&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;zap&quot;, [4]=&quot;zap&quot;},
	[&quot;zaramo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zaj&quot;},
	[&quot;zari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zaz&quot;},
	[&quot;zarma&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dje&quot;},
	[&quot;zarphatic&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zrp&quot;},
	[&quot;zauzou&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zal&quot;},
	[&quot;zay&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zwa&quot;},
	[&quot;zayein karen&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;kxk&quot;},
	[&quot;zayse-zergulla&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zay&quot;},
	[&quot;zaysete&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zay&quot;},
	[&quot;zaza&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;zza&quot;, [4]=&quot;zza&quot;},
	[&quot;zazaki&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;zza&quot;, [4]=&quot;zza&quot;},
	[&quot;zazao&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jaj&quot;},
	[&quot;zeem&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zem&quot;, [14]=&quot;zua&quot;},
	[&quot;zeeuws&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zea&quot;},
	[&quot;zemba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;dhm&quot;},
	[&quot;zeme naga&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nzm&quot;},
	[&quot;zemgalian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xzm&quot;},
	[&quot;zenag&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zeg&quot;},
	[&quot;zenaga&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;zen&quot;, [4]=&quot;zen&quot;},
	[&quot;zenzontepec chatino&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;czn&quot;},
	[&quot;zerenkel&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zrn&quot;},
	[&quot;zhaba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zhb&quot;},
	[&quot;zhang-zhung&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xzh&quot;},
	[&quot;zhire&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zhi&quot;},
	[&quot;zhoa&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zhw&quot;},
	[&quot;zhuang&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;za&quot;, [2]=&quot;zha&quot;, [4]=&quot;zha&quot;},
	[&quot;zia&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zia&quot;},
	[&quot;zialo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zil&quot;},
	[&quot;zigula&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ziw&quot;},
	[&quot;zimakani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zik&quot;},
	[&quot;zimba&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zmb&quot;},
	[&quot;zimbabwe sign language&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zib&quot;},
	[&quot;zinacantán tzotzil&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;tzz&quot;},
	[&quot;zinza&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zin&quot;},
	[&quot;zire&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;sih&quot;},
	[&quot;ziriya&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;zir&quot;},
	[&quot;zizilivakan&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ziz&quot;},
	[&quot;zo'é&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;pto&quot;},
	[&quot;zokhuo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;yzk&quot;},
	[&quot;zoogocho zapotec&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zpq&quot;},
	[&quot;zoroastrian dari&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gbz&quot;},
	[&quot;zorop&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;wfg&quot;},
	[&quot;zotung chin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;czt&quot;},
	[&quot;zou&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zom&quot;},
	[&quot;zul&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zlu&quot;},
	[&quot;zula&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zla&quot;},
	[&quot;zulgo-gemzek&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gnd&quot;},
	[&quot;zulu&quot;] = {[1]=&quot;zu&quot;, [2]=&quot;zul&quot;, [4]=&quot;zul&quot;},
	[&quot;zumaya&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zuy&quot;},
	[&quot;zumbun&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;jmb&quot;},
	[&quot;zuni&quot;] = {[2]=&quot;zun&quot;, [4]=&quot;zun&quot;},
	[&quot;zuojiang zhuang&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zzj&quot;},
	[&quot;zyphe chin&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zyp&quot;},
	[&quot;záparo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;zro&quot;},
	[&quot;àhàn&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ahn&quot;},
	[&quot;áncá&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;acb&quot;},
	[&quot;äiwoo&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nfl&quot;},
	[&quot;ömie&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;aom&quot;},
	[&quot;önge&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;oon&quot;},
	[&quot;övdalian&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;ovd&quot;},
	[&quot;ǀgwi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gwj&quot;},
	[&quot;ǀxam&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xam&quot;},
	[&quot;ǁani&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;hnh&quot;},
	[&quot;ǁgana&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gnk&quot;},
	[&quot;ǁxegwi&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;xeg&quot;},
	[&quot;ǂ'amkhoe&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;huc&quot;},
	[&quot;ǂhua&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;huc&quot;},
	[&quot;ǂkxʼauǁʼein&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;aue&quot;},
	[&quot;ǂungkue&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;gku&quot;},
	[&quot;ǃoǃung&quot;] = {[14]=&quot;oun&quot;},
	[&quot;ǃxóõ&quot;] = {[4]=&quot;nmn&quot;}
	}</text>
      <sha1>hnhepkq349nc9gb8pnnmp3z5r2vnxei</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Af Ingiriis language</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>54023</id>
    <redirect title="Af-Ingiriisi" />
    <revision>
      <id>311346</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T22:38:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Bog loo bedeley [[Af Ingiriis]]</comment>
      <origin>311346</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="26" sha1="0x9pxm5xwkp9food48g4vbb3awbzqzg" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[ Af Ingiriis]]</text>
      <sha1>0x9pxm5xwkp9food48g4vbb3awbzqzg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>311347</id>
      <parentid>311346</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T22:38:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>311347</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="25" sha1="2u1px21lr1dqkvknab1ihpfu98my50j" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Af-Ingiriis]]</text>
      <sha1>2u1px21lr1dqkvknab1ihpfu98my50j</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>311348</id>
      <parentid>311347</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T22:39:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>311348</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="26" sha1="i99dsvpbqhhfooh1t1s36qilz8qvxr5" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Af-Ingiriisi]]</text>
      <sha1>i99dsvpbqhhfooh1t1s36qilz8qvxr5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Sharedupload-desc-here</title>
    <ns>8</ns>
    <id>54024</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311359</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-30T06:49:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */ Abuuray</comment>
      <origin>311359</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="711" sha1="bhkwrv9bvomedl7nsxcu8rb2do956bl" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div class=&quot;mw-parser-output&quot;&gt;
{{fmbox
| type  = system
| id    = mw-sharedupload
| image = [[File:Commons-logo.svg|40x40px|Astaanta Wikimedia Commons|alt=icon|class=noviewer]]
| textstyle = text-align: center;
| text  = Kani waa fayl laga keenay [[commons:Main Page/so|Wikimedia Commons]]. Macluumaadka ku jira '''[[commons:File:{{PAGENAME}}|bogga sharraxaaddiisa ee halkaas]]''' ayaa hoos lagu muujiyay.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;Commons waa kayd warbaahineed oo leh shatiyo xor ah. [[commons:Commons:Welcome/so|Waad ka qayb qaadan kartaa]].&lt;/span&gt;
}}
{{file other|1=&lt;indicator name=&quot;commons-icon&quot;&gt;[[File:Commons-logo.svg|20x20px|Kani waa fayl laga keenay Wikimedia Commons]]&lt;/indicator&gt;}}
&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bhkwrv9bvomedl7nsxcu8rb2do956bl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>311360</id>
      <parentid>311359</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-30T06:50:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>311360</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="708" sha1="faw2ia2k6ftfc5y9ehg8wt0348ylwdj" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div class=&quot;mw-parser-output&quot;&gt;
{{fmbox
| type  = system
| id    = mw-sharedupload
| image = [[File:Commons-logo.svg|40x40px|Astaanta Wikimedia Commons|alt=icon|class=noviewer]]
| textstyle = text-align: center;
| text  = Kani waa fayl ka yimid [[commons:Main Page/so|Wikimedia Commons]]. Macluumaadka ku jira '''[[commons:File:{{PAGENAME}}|bogga sharraxaaddiisa ee halkaas]]''' ayaa hoos lagu muujiyay.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;Commons waa kayd warbaahineed oo leh shatiyo xor ah. [[commons:Commons:Welcome/so|Waad ka qayb qaadan kartaa]].&lt;/span&gt;
}}
{{file other|1=&lt;indicator name=&quot;commons-icon&quot;&gt;[[File:Commons-logo.svg|20x20px|Kani waa fayl laga keenay Wikimedia Commons]]&lt;/indicator&gt;}}
&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>faw2ia2k6ftfc5y9ehg8wt0348ylwdj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>311361</id>
      <parentid>311360</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-30T06:51:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>311361</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="706" sha1="jz4yn23rv1jyfv5eqqh5r6yq9joujwl" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div class=&quot;mw-parser-output&quot;&gt;
{{fmbox
| type  = system
| id    = mw-sharedupload
| image = [[File:Commons-logo.svg|40x40px|Astaanta Wikimedia Commons|alt=icon|class=noviewer]]
| textstyle = text-align: center;
| text  = Kani waa fayl ka yimid [[commons:Bogga Hore|Wikimedia Commons]]. Macluumaadka ku jira '''[[commons:File:{{PAGENAME}}|bogga sharraxaaddiisa ee halkaas]]''' ayaa hoos lagu muujiyay.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;Commons waa kayd warbaahineed oo leh shatiyo xor ah. [[commons:Commons:Welcome/so|Waad ka qayb qaadan kartaa]].&lt;/span&gt;
}}
{{file other|1=&lt;indicator name=&quot;commons-icon&quot;&gt;[[File:Commons-logo.svg|20x20px|Kani waa fayl laga keenay Wikimedia Commons]]&lt;/indicator&gt;}}
&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>jz4yn23rv1jyfv5eqqh5r6yq9joujwl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:FileUploadWizard.js</title>
    <ns>8</ns>
    <id>54025</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311364</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-30T07:31:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Abuuray</comment>
      <origin>311364</origin>
      <model>javascript</model>
      <format>text/javascript</format>
      <text bytes="96382" sha1="hhlne43caewk0gb9h389vn6f3vg01aj" xml:space="preserve">/*
* ===============================================================
*                    FileUploadWizard.js
* Script for uploading files through a dynamic questionnaire.
* This is the code to accompany [[Wikipedia:File Upload Wizard]].
* ===============================================================
*/

var fuwTesting = false;
var fuwDefaultTextboxLength = 60;
var fuwDefaultTextareaWidth = '90%';
var fuwDefaultTextareaLines = 3;

// ================================================================
// Constructor function of global fuw (= File Upload Wizard) object
// ================================================================
function fuwGlobal() {

   // see if user is logged in, autoconfirmed, experienced etc.
   this.getUserStatus();

   fuwSetVisible('warningLoggedOut', (this.userStatus == 'anon'));
   fuwSetVisible('warningNotConfirmed', (this.userStatus == 'notAutoconfirmed'));
   this.disabled = (this.userStatus == 'anon') || (this.userStatus == 'notAutoconfirmed');
   if (this.disabled) {
      return;
   }
   fuwSetVisible('fuwStartScriptLink', false);

   // create the form element to wrap the main ScriptForm area
   // containing input elements of Step2 and Step3
   var frm = fuwGet('fuwScriptForm');
   if (! frm) {
      frm = document.createElement('form');
      frm.id = &quot;fuwScriptForm&quot;;
      var area = fuwGet('placeholderScriptForm');
      var parent = area.parentNode;
      parent.insertBefore(frm, area);
      parent.removeChild(area);
      frm.appendChild(area);
   }
   this.ScriptForm = frm;

   // create the TargetForm element that contains the file selector
   frm = fuwGet('TargetForm');
   if (! frm) {
      frm = document.createElement('form');
      frm.id = &quot;TargetForm&quot;;
      var area = fuwGet('placeholderTargetForm');
      var parent = area.parentNode;
      parent.insertBefore(frm, area);
      parent.removeChild(area);
      frm.appendChild(area);
   }
   this.TargetForm = frm;

   // For the testing version, create a third form that will display
   // the contents to be submitted, at the bottom of the page
   if (fuwTesting) {
      frm = fuwGet('fuwTestForm');
      if (! frm) {
         frm = document.createElement('form');
         frm.id = &quot;fuwTestForm&quot;;
         var area = fuwGet('placeholderTestForm');
         var parent = area.parentNode;
         parent.insertBefore(frm, area);
         parent.removeChild(area);
         frm.appendChild(area);
      }
      this.TestForm = frm;
   }

   // objects to hold cached results during validation and processing
   this.opts = { };
   this.warn = { };

   // create the input filename box
   var filebox  = document.createElement('input');
   filebox.id   = 'file';
   filebox.name = 'file';
   filebox.type = 'file';
   filebox.size = fuwDefaultTextboxLength;
   filebox.onchange = fuwValidateFile;
   filebox.accept = 'image/png,image/jpeg,image/gif,image/svg+xml,image/tiff,image/x-xcf,application/pdf,image/vnd.djvu,audio/ogg,video/ogg,audio/rtp-midi,audio/mp3,image/webp,video/webm,audio/opus,video/mpeg,audio/wav,audio/flac';
   fuwAppendInput('file', filebox);

   // Default values for API call parameters
   this.UploadOptions = {
      filename : '',
      text     : '',
      comment  : '',
      ignorewarnings : 1,
      watch    : 1
   };

   if (fuwTesting) {
      fuwMakeHiddenfield('title', mw.config.get('wgPageName') + &quot;/sandbox&quot;, 'SandboxTitle');
      fuwMakeHiddenfield('token', mw.user.tokens.get('csrfToken'), 'SandboxToken');
      fuwMakeHiddenfield('recreate', 1, 'SandboxRecreate');
   }

   if (fuwTesting) {

      // create the sandbox submit button
      btn = document.createElement('input');
      btn.id = 'SandboxButton';
      btn.value = 'Aagga tijaabada';
      btn.name  = 'Sandbox';
      btn.disabled = true;
      btn.type = 'button';
      btn.style.width = '12em';
      btn.onclick = fuwSubmitSandbox;
      fuwAppendInput('SandboxButton', btn);

   }

   // create the real submit button
   btn = document.createElement('input');
   btn.id = &quot;SubmitButton&quot;;
   btn.value = &quot;Soo rar&quot;;
   btn.name = &quot;Upload&quot;;
   btn.disabled = true;
   btn.type = &quot;button&quot;;
   btn.onclick = fuwSubmitUpload;
   btn.style.width = '12em';
   fuwAppendInput('SubmitButton', btn);

   // create the Commons submit button
   btn = document.createElement('input');
   btn.id = &quot;CommonsButton&quot;;
   btn.value = &quot;Kaga soo rar Commons&quot;;
   btn.name  = &quot;Upload_on_Commons&quot;;
   btn.disabled = true;
   btn.type = &quot;button&quot;;
   btn.onclick = fuwSubmitCommons;
   btn.style.width = '12em';
   fuwAppendInput('CommonsButton', btn);

   // create reset buttons
   for (i = 1; i&lt;=2; i++) {
      btn = document.createElement('input');
      btn.id = 'ResetButton' + i;
      btn.value = &quot;Foomka dib u bilaaw&quot;;
      btn.name  = &quot;Reset form&quot;;
      btn.type  = &quot;button&quot;;
      btn.onclick = fuwReset;
      btn.style.width = '12em';
      fuwAppendInput('ResetButton' + i, btn);
   }

   // names of radio button fields
   var optionRadioButtons = {
      // top-level copyright status choice
      'FreeOrNonFree' : ['OptionFree','OptionNonFree','OptionNoGood'],
      // main subsections under OptionFree
      'FreeOptions'   : ['OptionOwnWork', 'OptionThirdParty', 'OptionFreeWebsite',
                         'OptionPDOld', 'OptionPDOther'],
      // main subsections under OptionNonFree
      'NonFreeOptions': ['OptionNFSubject','OptionNF3D','OptionNFExcerpt',
                         'OptionNFCover','OptionNFLogo','OptionNFPortrait',
                         'OptionNFMisc'],
      // response options inside warningFileExists
      'FileExistsOptions': 
                        ['NoOverwrite','OverwriteSame','OverwriteDifferent'],
      // choice of evidence in OptionThirdParty subsection
      'ThirdPartyEvidenceOptions' : 
                        ['ThirdPartyEvidenceOptionLink',
                         'ThirdPartyEvidenceOptionOTRS',
                         'ThirdPartyEvidenceOptionOTRSForthcoming',
                         'ThirdPartyEvidenceOptionNone'],
      // choice of PD status in OptionPDOld subsection
      'PDOldOptions'  : ['PDUSExpired','PDURAA','PDFormality','PDOldOther'],
      // choice of PD status in OptionPDOther subsection
      'PDOtherOptions': ['PDOtherUSGov','PDOtherOfficial','PDOtherSimple',
                         'PDOtherOther'],
      // whether target article is wholly or only partly dedicated to discussing non-free work:
      'NFSubjectCheck': ['NFSubjectCheckDedicated','NFSubjectCheckDiscussed'],
      'NF3DCheck'     : ['NF3DCheckDedicated','NF3DCheckDiscussed'],
      // choice about copyright status of photograph in OptionNF3D
      'NF3DOptions'   : ['NF3DOptionFree','NF3DOptionSame']
   };
   for (var group in optionRadioButtons) {
      var op = optionRadioButtons[group];
      for (i=0; i&lt;op.length; i++) {
         fuwMakeRadiobutton(group, op[i]);
      }
   }
   this.ScriptForm.NoOverwrite.checked = true;
   
   // input fields that trigger special
   // onchange() event handlers for validation:
   fuwMakeTextfield('InputName', fuwValidateFilename);
   fuwMakeTextfield('NFArticle', fuwValidateNFArticle);

   // names of input fields that trigger normal
   // validation event handler
   var activeTextfields = [
      'Artist3D','Country3D',
      'Date','OwnWorkCreation','OwnWorkPublication',
      'Author','Source',
      'Permission','ThirdPartyOtherLicense',
      'ThirdPartyEvidenceLink','ThirdPartyOTRSTicket',
      'FreeWebsiteOtherLicense',
      'PDOldAuthorLifetime','Publication',
      'PDOldCountry','PDOldPermission',
      'PDOfficialPermission','PDOtherPermission',
      'NFSubjectPurpose', 'NF3DOrigDate', 'NF3DPurpose',
      'NF3DCreator',
      'NFPortraitDeceased',
      'EditSummary'
   ];
   for (i=0; i&lt;activeTextfields.length; i++) {
      fuwMakeTextfield(activeTextfields[i]);
   }

   // names of multiline textareas
   var activeTextareas = [
      'InputDesc','NF3DPermission',
      'NFCommercial','NFPurpose','NFReplaceableText',
      'NFReplaceable','NFCommercial','NFMinimality','AnyOther'
   ];
   for (i=0; i&lt;activeTextareas.length; i++) {
      fuwMakeTextarea(activeTextareas[i]);
   };

   var checkboxes = [
      'NFCoverCheckDedicated','NFLogoCheckDedicated','NFPortraitCheckDedicated'
   ];
   for (i=0; i&lt;checkboxes.length; i++) {
      fuwMakeCheckbox(checkboxes[i]);
   };

   var licenseLists = {
      'OwnWorkLicense' : 
        // array structure as expected for input to fuwMakeSelection() function.
        // any entry that is a two-element array will be turned into an option
        // (first element is the value, second element is the display string).
        // Entries that are one-element arrays will be the label of an option group.
        // Zero-element arrays mark the end of an option group.
        [
        ['Oggol dhammaan adeegsiga ilaa inta kuwo kale ay ku siinayaan buundada oo ay ku wadaagayaan shuruudo tan la mid ah'],
        ['self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0|migration=redundant', 
         'Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 + GFDL (la soo jeediyay)',
         true],
        ['self|cc-by-sa-4.0',
         'Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0'],
        [],
        ['Oggol dhammaan adeegsiga ilaa inta kuwo kale ay ku siinayaan buundada'],
        ['self|cc-by-4.0',
         'Creative Commons Attribution 4.0'],
        [],
        ['Haq ka ma reebin'],
        ['self|cc0',
         'CC0 Universal Public Domain Dedication'],
        []
        ],   
      'ThirdPartyLicense' :
        [
        ['', 'fadlan dooro ruqsadda saxda ah...'],
        ['Si xoor ah loo ruqsadeeyay:'],
        ['cc-by-sa-4.0', 'Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (cc-by-sa-4.0)'],
        ['cc-by-4.0', 'Creative Commons Attribution (cc-by-4.0)'],
        ['GFDL', 'GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL)'],
        [],
        ['Aan lahayn xuquuq dhawran:'],
        ['PD-author', 'Deymaan guud (Public domain)'],
        [],
        ['Kale (hoos ka eeg)'],
        []
        ],   
      'FreeWebsiteLicense' :
        [
        ['', 'fadlan dooro ruqsadda saxda ah...'],
        ['Si xoor ah loo ruqsadeeyay:'],
        ['cc-by-sa-4.0', 'Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (cc-by-sa-4.0)'],
        ['cc-by-4.0', 'Creative Commons Attribution (cc-by-4.0)'],
        ['GFDL', 'GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL)'],
        [],
        ['Aan lahayn xuquuq dhawran:'],
        ['PD-author', 'Deymaan guud (Public domain)'],
        [],
        ['Kale (hoos ka eeg)'],
        []
        ],   
      'USGovLicense' :
       [
       ['PD-USGov', 'Dowladda Federaalka ee Mareykanka'],
       ['PD-USGov-NASA','NASA'],
       ['PD-USGov-Military-Navy','Ciidanka Badda Mareykanka'],
       ['PD-USGov-DOC-NOAA','Maamulka Qaranka ee Badaha iyo Hawada Mareykanka'],
       ['PD-USGov-Military-Air_Force','Ciidanka Cirka Mareykanka'],
       ['PD-USGov-Military-Army','Ciidanka Xoogga Mareykanka'],
       ['PD-USGov-Interior-USGS','Ilaalinta Juqraafiga ee Mareykanka']
       ],
      'IneligibleLicense' :
       [
       ['', 'fadlan dooro mid...'],
       ['PD-shape','Aygii wuxuu ka kooban yahay oo kaliya foomam joomateri ah oo fudud'],
       ['PD-simple','Aygii wuxuu ka kooban yahay oo kaliya erayo ama xarfo gooni ah'],
       ['PD-textlogo','Astaanta ama walaxda la midka ah waxay ka kooban tahay oo kaliya xarfo iyo foomam joomateri ah'],
       ['PD-chem','Qaaciddada qaab-dhismeedka kimikada'],
       ['PD-ineligible','Aygii kale oo aan lahayn wax qoraal ah oo asalka ah']
       ],
      'NFSubjectLicense' :
       [
       ['', 'fadlan dooro mid...'],
       ['Non-free 2D art', 'Sannadka 2-cabirka ah (sawir miks, sawir gaaban iwm.)'], 
       ['Non-free historic image', 'Sawir taariikhi ah oo u gaar ah'], 
       ['Non-free fair use', 'wax kale (fadlan ku sharax goobta sharaxaadda ee kore)']
       ],
      'NF3DLicense' :
       [
       [, 'fadlan dooro mid...'],
       ['Non-free proposed architecture', 'Naqshad dhismaha oo la soo jeediyay (wali ma dhamaan)'],
       ['Non-free destroyed architecture', 'Dhismaha la burburiyay (ama qaabkiisa la beddelay)'],
       ['Non-free 3D art', 'Loolanka 3-cabirka ah ee hal-abuurka leh (sculpture iwm.)']
       ],
      'NFCoverLicense' :
         [
         ['', 'fadlan dooro mid...'],
         ['Non-free book cover', 'Jeldiga buug'], 
         ['Non-free album cover', 'Jeldiga cajalad dhawaaq (albam, gooni, hees, CD)'], 
         ['Non-free video game cover', 'Jeldiga ciyaaraha fiidiyowga/kumbuyuutarka'], 
         ['Non-free magazine cover', 'Jeldiga majallad'], 
         ['Non-free video cover', 'Jeldiga fiidiyow'], 
         ['Non-free software cover', 'Jeldiga alaab barnaamij'], 
         ['Non-free product cover', 'Jeldiga alaab ganacsi oo gooni ah'], 
         ['Non-free title-card', 'Muuqaalka cinwaanka ee barnaamijka TV-ga'], 
         ['Non-free film poster', 'Boostarka filimka'], 
         ['Non-free poster', 'Boostarka rasmiga ah ee dhacdada'], 
         ['Non-free fair use', 'wax kale (fadlan ku sharax goobta sharaxaadda ee kore)']
         ],
      'NFExcerptLicense' :
         [
         ['', 'fadlan dooro mid...'],
         ['Non-free television screenshot', 'Sawir-shaashadeedka TV-ga'], 
         ['Non-free film screenshot', 'Sawir-shaashadeedka filimka'], 
         ['Non-free video game screenshot', 'Sawir-shaashadeedka ciyaaraha fiidiyowga'], 
         ['Non-free video screenshot', 'Sawir-shaashadeedka fiidiyowga'], 
         ['Non-free music video screenshot', 'Sawir-shaashadeedka fiidiyowga heesta'], 
         ['Non-free software screenshot', 'Sawir-shaashadeedka barnaamijka'], 
         ['Non-free web screenshot', 'Sawir-shaashadeedka bogga internetka'], 
         ['Non-free speech', 'Qayb dhawaaq ah oo ka timid khudbad'], 
         ['Non-free audio sample', 'Muunad dhawaaq ah oo ka timid cajalad dhawaaq'], 
         ['Non-free video sample', 'Muunad qayb ah oo ka timid fiidiyow'], 
         ['Non-free sheet music', 'Xaashida muusikada oo tusaaleysa qayb muusiko ah'], 
         ['Non-free comic', 'Qayb ka mid ah majaajillo, xikmad muuqaal ah, manga iwm.'], 
         ['Non-free computer icon', 'Astaanta kumbuyuutarka'], 
         ['Non-free newspaper image', 'Bog ka mid ah wargeys'], 
         ['Non-free fair use', 'wax kale (fadlan ku sharax goobta sharaxaadda ee kore)']
         ],      
      'NFLogoLicense' :
         [
         ['Non-free logo', 'Astaanta shirkad, urur iwm.'], 
         ['Non-free seal', 'Khatanka rasmiga ah, calaamadda hubka iwm.'], 
         ['Non-free symbol', 'Astaanta rasmiga ah ee kale']
         ],
      'NFMiscLicense' :
         [
         ['Non-free fair use in', 'wax kale (fadlan ku sharax goobta sharaxaadda ee kore)'], 
         ['Non-free historic image', 'Sawir taariikhi ah'], 
         ['Non-free 2D art', 'Sannadka 2-cabirka ah (sawir miks, sawir gaaban iwm.)'], 
         ['Non-free currency', 'Muuqaalka lacagta (lacagaha warqadda ah, shilinnada iwm.)'], 
         ['Non-free architectural work', 'Loolanka dhismaha'], 
         ['Non-free 3D art', 'Loolanka 3-cabirka ah ee hal-abuurka leh (sculpture iwm.)'], 
         ['Non-free book cover', 'Jeldiga buug'], 
         ['Non-free album cover', 'Jeldiga cajalad dhawaaq (albam, gooni, hees, CD)'], 
         ['Non-free game cover', 'Jeldiga ciyaaraha fiidiyowga/kumbuyuutarka'], 
         ['Non-free magazine cover', 'Jeldiga majallad'], 
         ['Non-free video cover', 'Jeldiga fiidiyow'], 
         ['Non-free software cover', 'Jeldiga alaab barnaamij'], 
         ['Non-free product cover', 'Jeldiga alaab ganacsi oo gooni ah'], 
         ['Non-free title-card', 'Muuqaalka cinwaanka ee barnaamijka TV-ga'], 
         ['Non-free movie poster', 'Boostarka filimka'], 
         ['Non-free poster', 'Boostarka rasmiga ah ee dhacdada'], 
         ['Non-free television screenshot', 'Sawir-shaashadeedka TV-ga'], 
         ['Non-free film screenshot', 'Sawir-shaashadeedka filimka'], 
         ['Non-free game screenshot', 'Sawir-shaashadeedka ciyaarta'], 
         ['Non-free video screenshot', 'Sawir-shaashadeedka fiidiyowga'], 
         ['Non-free music video screenshot', 'Sawir-shaashadeedka fiidiyowga heesta'], 
         ['Non-free software screenshot', 'Sawir-shaashadeedka barnaamijka'], 
         ['Non-free web screenshot', 'Sawir-shaashadeedka bogga internetka'], 
         ['Non-free speech', 'Qayb dhawaaq ah oo ka timid khudbad'], 
         ['Non-free audio sample', 'Muunad dhawaaq ah oo ka timid cajalad dhawaaq'], 
         ['Non-free video sample', 'Muunad qayb ah oo ka timid fiidiyow'], 
         ['Non-free sheet music', 'Xaashida muusikada oo tusaaleysa qayb muusiko ah'], 
         ['Non-free comic', 'Qayb ka mid ah majaajillo, xikmad muuqaal ah, manga iwm.'], 
         ['Non-free computer icon', 'Astaanta kumbuyuutarka'], 
         ['Non-free newspaper image', 'Bog ka mid ah wargeys'], 
         ['Non-free logo', 'Astaanta shirkad, urur iwm.'], 
         ['Non-free seal', 'Khatanka rasmiga ah, calaamadda hubka iwm.'], 
         ['Non-free symbol', 'Astaanta rasmiga ah ee kale'], 
         ['Non-free sports uniform', 'Dareeska ciyaaraha'], 
         ['Non-free stamp', 'Shaambad'] 
         ],
      'NFExtraLicense' :
         [
         ['', 'ma jiro'],
         ['Xuquuqda Crown iyo ilo kale oo dowladdadeed'],
         ['Non-free Crown copyright', 'Xuquuqda Crown ee Boqortooyada Midowday'],
         ['Non-free New Zealand Crown Copyright', 'Xuquuqda Crown ee New Zealand'],
         ['Non-free Canadian Crown Copyright', 'Xuquuqda Crown ee Kanada'],
         ['Non-free AUSPIC', 'AUSPIC (Kaydka sawirrada Baarlamaanka Awstraliya)'],
         ['Non-free Philippines government', 'Dowladda Filibiin'],
         ['Non-free Finnish Defence Forces', 'Ciidamada Difaaca ee Finland'],
         [],
         ['Ilo kale oo gooni ah'],
         ['Non-free Denver Public Library image', 'Maktabadda Dadweynaha ee Denver'],
         ['Non-free ESA media', 'ESA (Wakaaladda Hawada Sare ee Yurub)'],
         [],
         ['U muuqda inuu yahay deymaan guud waddammada kale'],
         ['Non-free Old-50', 'Qoraagu wuxuu geeriyooday dhowr iyo 50 sano ka hor.'],
         ['Non-free Old-70', 'Qoraagu wuxuu geeriyooday dhowr iyo 70 sano ka hor.'],
         [],
         ['Oggolaansho doora ah ayaa la bixiyay, laakiin ma aha si buuxda oo xor ah'],
         ['Non-free promotional', 'Ka timid xirmada saxaafadda ee xayaysiinta'],
         ['Non-free file with no commercial use license', 'Oggolaansho ayaa la bixiyay, laakiin kaliya ujeedooyinka waxbarashada iyo/ama aan ganacsiga ahayn'],
         ['Non-free file with no derivative works license', 'Oggolaansho ayaa la bixiyay, laakiin ma oggola shaqooyinka laga soo minguuriyay'],
         ['Non-free with permission', 'Oggolaansho ayaa la bixiyay, laakiin kaliya Wikipedia'],
         []
         ]
   };
   for (var group in licenseLists) {
      fuwMakeSelection(group, licenseLists[group]);
   }


   this.knownCommonsLicenses = {
      'self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-all|migration=redundant' : 1,
      'self|Cc-zero' : 1,
      'PD-self' : 1,
      'self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0|migration=redundant' : 1,
      'self|GFDL|cc-by-4.0|migration=redundant' : 1,
      'self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-3.0|migration=redundant' : 1,
      'self|GFDL|cc-by-3.0|migration=redundant' : 1,
      'self|cc-by-sa-4.0' : 1,
      'self|cc-by-sa-3.0' : 1,
      'cc-by-sa-4.0' : 1,
      'cc-by-sa-3.0' : 1,
      'cc-by-sa-2.5' : 1,
      'cc-by-4.0' : 1,
      'cc-by-3.0' : 1,
      'cc-by-2.5' : 1,
      'FAL' : 1,
      'PD-old-100' : 1,
      'PD-old' : 1,
      'PD-Art' : 1,
      'PD-US' : 1,
      'PD-USGov' : 1,
      'PD-USGov-NASA' : 1,
      'PD-USGov-Military-Navy' : 1,
      'PD-ineligible' : 1,
      'Attribution' : 1,
      'Copyrighted free use' : 1
   };


   // textfields that don't react directly
   // to user input and are used only for assembling stuff:
   if (fuwTesting) {
      fuwMakeTextfield('SandboxSummary', function(){void(0);});
      fuwMakeTextarea('SandboxText', function(){void(0);});
      fuwGet('SandboxSummary').disabled=&quot;disabled&quot;;
      fuwGet('SandboxText').disabled=&quot;disabled&quot;;
      fuwGet('SandboxText').rows = 12;
   }

   // set links to &quot;_blank&quot; target, so we don't accidentally leave the page,
   // because on some browsers that would destroy all the input the user has already entered
   $('.fuwOutLink a').each(function() {
      this.target = '_blank';
   });

   // make main area visible
   fuwSetVisible('UploadScriptArea', true);

}
// ====================================== 
// end of fuwGlobal constructor function
// ======================================


function fuwRadioClick(e) {
   var ev = e || event;
   var src = ev.target || ev.srcElement;
   //alert('onclick event from ' + src + ' (' + src.value + ')');
   fuwUpdateOptions();
   return true;
}

/* 
* =============================================================
* function fuwUpdateOptions
* =============================================================
* This is the onchange event handler for most of the input
* elements in the main form. It changes visibility and disabled
* status for the various sections of the input form in response
* to which options are chosen.
*/
function fuwUpdateOptions() {

   var fuw = window.fuw;
   var warn = fuw.warn;
   var opts = fuw.opts = { };
   opts.InputFilename = $('#TargetForm input#file').val();

   var widgets = fuw.ScriptForm.elements;
   for (i = 0; i &lt; widgets.length; i++) {
      var w = widgets[i];
      if (w.type == &quot;radio&quot;) {
         var nm = w.name;
         var id = w.id;
         var vl = w.checked &amp;&amp; !w.disabled &amp;&amp; fuwIsVisible(w);
         opts[id] = vl;
         if (vl) opts[nm] = id;
      }
      else {
         var id = w.id;
         var active = !w.disabled &amp;&amp; fuwIsVisible(w);
         if (active) {
            var value = ((type == 'checkbox') ? w.checked : w.value);
            opts[id] = value;         
         }
      }
   };
   opts.MainOption = opts.FreeOptions || opts.NonFreeOptions;
   
   // some parts of the input form are re-used across sections
   // and must be moved into the currently active input section:

   // minimality section is shared between all NF sections
   fuwMove('NFMinimalitySection', 'detailsNFSubject', (opts.OptionNFSubject)) ||
   fuwMove('NFMinimalitySection', 'detailsNF3D', (opts.OptionNF3D)) ||
   fuwMove('NFMinimalitySection', 'detailsNFExcerpt', (opts.OptionNFExcerpt)) ||
   fuwMove('NFMinimalitySection', 'detailsNFCover', (opts.OptionNFCover)) ||
   fuwMove('NFMinimalitySection', 'detailsNFLogo', (opts.OptionNFLogo)) ||
   fuwMove('NFMinimalitySection', 'detailsNFPortrait', (opts.OptionNFPortrait)) ||
   fuwMove('NFMinimalitySection', 'detailsNFMisc', true);

   // AnyOtherInfo section is shared between all
   fuwMove('AnyOtherInfo', 'detailsOwnWork', opts.OptionOwnWork) ||
   fuwMove('AnyOtherInfo', 'detailsThirdParty', opts.OptionThirdParty) ||
   fuwMove('AnyOtherInfo', 'detailsFreeWebsite', opts.OptionFreeWebsite) ||
   fuwMove('AnyOtherInfo', 'detailsPDOld', opts.OptionPDOld) ||
   fuwMove('AnyOtherInfo', 'detailsPDOther', opts.OptionPDOther) ||
   fuwMove('AnyOtherInfo', 'detailsNFSubject', opts.OptionNFSubject) ||
   fuwMove('AnyOtherInfo', 'detailsNF3D', opts.OptionNF3D) ||
   fuwMove('AnyOtherInfo', 'detailsNFExcerpt', opts.OptionNFExcerpt) ||
   fuwMove('AnyOtherInfo', 'detailsNFCover', opts.OptionNFCover) ||
   fuwMove('AnyOtherInfo', 'detailsNFLogo', opts.OptionNFLogo) ||
   fuwMove('AnyOtherInfo', 'detailsNFPortrait', opts.OptionNFPortrait) ||
   fuwMove('AnyOtherInfo', 'detailsNFMisc', opts.OptionNFMisc);

   // author input field is shared between all sections except &quot;Own Work&quot;.
   // (will serve for the immediate/photographic author, in those cases where there
   // are two author fields)
   fuwMove('Author', 'placeholderFreeWebsiteAuthor', (opts.OptionFreeWebsite)) ||
   fuwMove('Author', 'placeholderPDOldAuthor', (opts.OptionPDOld)) ||
   fuwMove('Author', 'placeholderPDOtherAuthor', (opts.OptionPDOther)) ||
   fuwMove('Author', 'placeholderNFSubjectAuthor', (opts.OptionNFSubject)) ||
   fuwMove('Author', 'placeholderNF3DAuthor', (opts.OptionNF3D)) ||
   fuwMove('Author', 'placeholderNFExcerptAuthor', (opts.OptionNFExcerpt)) ||
   fuwMove('Author', 'placeholderNFCoverAuthor', (opts.OptionNFCover)) ||
   fuwMove('Author', 'placeholderNFPortraitAuthor', (opts.OptionNFPortrait)) ||
   fuwMove('Author', 'placeholderNFMiscAuthor', (opts.OptionNFMisc)) ||
   fuwMove('Author', 'placeholderAuthor', true);

   // source input field is shared between all sections except &quot;Own Work&quot;.
   // (will serve for immediate/web source, in those cases where there are two
   // source fields involved)
   fuwMove('Source', 'placeholderFreeWebsiteSource', (opts.OptionFreeWebsite)) ||
   fuwMove('Source', 'placeholderPDOldSource', (opts.OptionPDOld)) ||
   fuwMove('Source', 'placeholderPDOtherSource', (opts.OptionPDOther)) ||
   fuwMove('Source', 'placeholderNFSubjectSource', (opts.OptionNFSubject)) ||
   fuwMove('Source', 'placeholderNF3DSource', (opts.OptionNF3D)) ||
   fuwMove('Source', 'placeholderNFExcerptSource', (opts.OptionNFExcerpt)) ||
   fuwMove('Source', 'placeholderNFCoverSource', (opts.OptionNFCover)) ||
   fuwMove('Source', 'placeholderNFLogoSource', (opts.OptionNFLogo)) ||
   fuwMove('Source', 'placeholderNFPortraitSource', (opts.OptionNFPortrait)) ||
   fuwMove('Source', 'placeholderNFMiscSource', (opts.OptionNFMisc)) ||
   fuwMove('Source', 'placeholderSource', true);

   // date input field is shared between all sections except &quot;Logo&quot;, which doesn't need it.
   // will serve for derived/photographic date in the case of 3D items
   fuwMove('Date', 'placeholderFreeWebsiteDate', (opts.OptionFreeWebsite)) ||
   fuwMove('Date', 'placeholderThirdPartyDate', (opts.OptionThirdParty)) ||
   fuwMove('Date', 'placeholderPDOldDate', (opts.OptionPDOld)) ||
   fuwMove('Date', 'placeholderPDOtherDate', (opts.OptionPDOther)) ||
   fuwMove('Date', 'placeholderNFSubjectDate', (opts.OptionNFSubject)) ||
   fuwMove('Date', 'placeholderNF3DDate', (opts.OptionNF3D)) ||
   fuwMove('Date', 'placeholderNFExcerptDate', (opts.OptionNFExcerpt)) ||
   fuwMove('Date', 'placeholderNFCoverDate', (opts.OptionNFCover)) ||
   fuwMove('Date', 'placeholderNFPortraitDate', (opts.OptionNFPortrait)) ||
   fuwMove('Date', 'placeholderNFMiscDate', (opts.OptionNFMisc)) ||
   fuwMove('Date', 'placeholderDate', true);
   
   // permission field is shared between ThirdParty and FreeWebsite sections
   fuwMove('Permission', 'placeholderFreeWebsitePermission', (opts.OptionFreeWebsite)) ||
   fuwMove('Permission', 'placeholderPermission', true);

   // publication field is shared between PDOld, NFPortrait and NFMisc
   fuwMove('Publication', 'placeholderNFPortraitPublication', (opts.OptionNFPortrait)) ||
   fuwMove('Publication', 'placeholderNFMiscPublication', (opts.OptionNFMisc)) ||
   fuwMove('Publication', 'placeholderPublication', true);

   // Purpose, Commercial, Replaceable and ReplaceableText FUR fields are shared
   // between some but not all of the non-free sections
   fuwMove('NFPurpose', 'placeholderNFExcerptPurpose', (opts.OptionNFExcerpt)) ||
   fuwMove('NFPurpose', 'placeholderNFPurpose');
   fuwMove('NFCommercial', 'placeholderNFPortraitCommercial', (opts.OptionNFPortrait)) ||
   fuwMove('NFCommercial', 'placeholderNFCommercial');
   fuwMove('NFReplaceable', 'placeholderNFPortraitReplaceable', (opts.OptionNFPortrait)) ||
   fuwMove('NFReplaceable', 'placeholderNFReplaceable');
   fuwMove('NFReplaceableText', 'placeholderNFExcerptReplaceable', (opts.OptionNFExcerpt)) ||
   fuwMove('NFReplaceableText', 'placeholderNFReplaceableText', true);

   // submit button goes to Step1 if user has chosen a plain overwrite of an existing file,
   // and to the active section of Step3 if otherwise
   fuwMove('fuwSubmit', 'UploadScriptStep1', (warn.ImageExists &amp;&amp; opts.OverwriteSame)) ||
   fuwMove('fuwSubmit', 'detailsOwnWork', opts.OptionOwnWork) ||
   fuwMove('fuwSubmit', 'detailsThirdParty', opts.OptionThirdParty) ||
   fuwMove('fuwSubmit', 'detailsFreeWebsite', opts.OptionFreeWebsite) ||
   fuwMove('fuwSubmit', 'detailsPDOld', opts.OptionPDOld) ||
   fuwMove('fuwSubmit', 'detailsPDOther', opts.OptionPDOther) ||
   fuwMove('fuwSubmit', 'detailsNFSubject', opts.OptionNFSubject) ||
   fuwMove('fuwSubmit', 'detailsNF3D', opts.OptionNF3D) ||
   fuwMove('fuwSubmit', 'detailsNFExcerpt', opts.OptionNFExcerpt) ||
   fuwMove('fuwSubmit', 'detailsNFCover', opts.OptionNFCover) ||
   fuwMove('fuwSubmit', 'detailsNFLogo', opts.OptionNFLogo) ||
   fuwMove('fuwSubmit', 'detailsNFPortrait', opts.OptionNFPortrait) ||
   fuwMove('fuwSubmit', 'fuwSubmitHost', true);


   // Show and hide warnings:

   // filename-related warnings:
   fuwSetVisible('warningIllegalChars', warn.IllegalChars);
   fuwSetVisible('warningBadFilename',  warn.BadFilename);
   fuwSetVisible('warningImageOnCommons', warn.ImageOnCommons);
   fuwSetVisible('warningImageExists', warn.ImageExists);
   fuwMove('warningImageThumb', 'warningImageOnCommons', warn.ImageOnCommons, true) ||
   fuwMove('warningImageThumb', 'warningImageExists', true, true);


   // notices related to the top-level options:
   fuwSetVisible('warningWhyNotCommons', opts.OptionFree);
   fuwSetVisible('warningNF', opts.OptionNonFree);
   fuwSetVisible('warningNoGood', opts.OptionNoGood);

   // warnings related to non-free &quot;used in&quot; article
   fuwSetVisible('warningNFArticleNotFound', warn.NFArticleNotFound);
   fuwSetVisible('warningNFArticleNotMainspace', warn.NFArticleNotMainspace);
   fuwSetVisible('warningUserspaceDraft', warn.UserspaceDraft);
   fuwSetVisible('warningNFArticleDab', warn.NFArticleDab);
   fuwSetVisible('NFArticleOK', warn.NFArticleOK);

   // warnings depending on user status:
   if (fuw.userStatus.match(/problem|newbie|notAutoconfirmed/)) {
      fuwSetVisible('warningFreeWebsite', opts.OptionFreeWebsite);
      fuwSetVisible('warningOwnWork', opts.OptionOwnWork);
      fuwSetVisible('warningPDOther', opts.OptionPDOther);
      fuwSetVisible('warningNFSubject', opts.OptionNFSubject);
   }

   // hide main sections in case of intended plain overwrite:   
   fuwSetVisible('UploadScriptStep2', !(warn.ImageExists &amp;&amp; opts.OverwriteSame));
   fuwSetVisible('UploadScriptStep3', !(warn.ImageExists &amp;&amp; opts.OverwriteSame));

   // show/hide top-level options
   fuwSetVisible('detailsFreeStatus', opts.OptionFree);
   fuwSetVisible('sendToCommons', opts.OptionFree);

   // show/hide details sections
   fuwSetVisible('detailsNFArticle', opts.OptionNonFree);
   fuwSetVisible('detailsNFWorkType', opts.OptionNonFree);
   fuwSetVisible('detailsOwnWork', opts.OptionOwnWork);
   fuwSetVisible('detailsThirdParty', opts.OptionThirdParty);
   fuwSetVisible('detailsFreeWebsite', opts.OptionFreeWebsite);
   fuwSetVisible('detailsPDOld', opts.OptionPDOld);
   fuwSetVisible('detailsPDOther', opts.OptionPDOther);
   fuwSetVisible('detailsNFSubject', opts.OptionNFSubject);
   fuwSetVisible('detailsNF3D', opts.OptionNF3D);
   fuwSetVisible('detailsNFExcerpt', opts.OptionNFExcerpt);
   fuwSetVisible('detailsNFCover', opts.OptionNFCover);
   fuwSetVisible('detailsNFLogo', opts.OptionNFLogo);
   fuwSetVisible('detailsNFPortrait', opts.OptionNFPortrait);
   fuwSetVisible('detailsNFMisc', opts.OptionNFMisc);

   fuwSetVisible('EditSummaryDiv', opts.OverwriteSame || opts.OverwriteDifferent);

   // set enabled/disabled
   // It might be useful to adapt this to be more liberal about
   // the order of input, at least for experienced users.

   //fuwSetEnabled('Artist3D', opts.PD3D);
   //fuwSetEnabled('Country3D', opts.FOP3D);
   fuwSetEnabled('ThirdPartyEvidenceLink', opts.ThirdPartyEvidenceOptionLink);
   fuwSetEnabled('ThirdPartyOTRSTicket', opts.ThirdPartyEvidenceOptionOTRS);
   fuwSetEnabled('NFSubjectPurpose', opts.NFSubjectCheckDiscussed);
   fuwSetEnabled('NF3DPurpose', opts.NF3DCheckDiscussed);
   fuwSetEnabled('NF3DPermission', opts.NF3DOptionFree);
   fuwSetEnabled('USGovLicense', opts.PDOtherUSGov);
   fuwSetEnabled('PDOfficialPermission', opts.PDOtherOfficial);
   fuwSetEnabled('IneligibleLicense', opts.PDOtherSimple);
   fuwSetEnabled('PDOtherPermission', opts.PDOtherOther);
   fuwSetEnabled('AnyOther', true);

   // need to re-collect the remaining (non-radiobutton) input into the opts object again,
   // preparing for validation:
   for (i = 0; i &lt; widgets.length; i++) {
      var w = widgets[i];
      var type = w.type;

      if (type != &quot;radio&quot;) {
         var id = w.id;
         var active = !w.disabled &amp;&amp; fuwIsVisible(w);
         if (active) {
            var value = ((type == 'checkbox') ? w.checked : w.value);
            opts[id] = value;         
         }
      }
   };

   // final step of validation: check if input is sufficient for
   // setting the submit buttons active
   var valid = fuw.validateInput();
   var validForCommons = valid &amp;&amp; opts.OptionFree &amp;&amp; !(opts.OverwriteSame || opts.OverwriteDifferent)
         &amp;&amp; !opts.ThirdPartyEvidenceOptionNone;
   fuwSetVisible('sendToCommons', opts.OptionFree);
   fuwSetEnabled('CommonsButton', validForCommons);
   fuwGet('fuwSubmitText').innerHTML = opts.OptionFree ? 
         (&quot;&lt;b&gt;Miyaanay ahayn&lt;/b&gt;, waxaan rabaa inaan faylkan halkan uga soo raro wiki-gan oo kaliya.&lt;br/&gt;&quot; + 
          &quot;&lt;small&gt;Sidaan, waxa looga adeegsan karaa oo kaliya Wikipedia-da Af-Soomaaliga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qof &quot; +
          &quot;kale ayaa laga yaabaa inuu dib uga go'aansado inuu u kopeeyo Commons ama uu meel kale uga adeegsado dambe. Haddii aad &quot; +
          &quot;anad rabin in faylkaaga loo kopeeyo Commons oo halkan laga tiriddo, ka fikir inaad ku darto &quot; +
          &quot;&amp;#123;&amp;#123;Keep local&amp;#125;&amp;#125;.&lt;/small&gt;&quot;) :
         &quot;Soo rar faylkan.&quot;;
   fuwGet('SubmitButton').value = validForCommons ? &quot;Soo rar halkan&quot; : &quot;Soo rar&quot;;   
   fuwSetEnabled('EditSummary', true);
   fuwSetEnabled('SubmitButton', valid &amp;&amp; (fuw.userStatus != 'notAutoconfirmed'));
   if (fuwTesting) {
      fuwSetEnabled('SandboxButton', valid);
   }

   // if we're in testing mode, update the Sandbox display fields
   // after each input change. In normal mode, collectInput() will
   // only be needed on submit.
   if (fuwTesting) {
      fuw.collectInput();
      fuw.formatOutput(false);
      fuwSetVisible('placeholderTestForm', true);
   }  
}

// ============================================================
// methods of the global fuw object
// ============================================================

// ============================================================
// report validation status of filename information
// ============================================================
// This is called from within fuw.validateInput(), i.e. every
// time anything in the whole form is changed. It only reports
// results that have previously been cached in the opts and warn
// objects. The actual checking is done in the event handler
// of the file input boxes.
fuwGlobal.prototype.hasValidFilename = function() {
   var opts = this.opts;
   var warn = this.warn;
   var valid =   
      opts.InputName &amp;&amp;
      opts.InputFilename &amp;&amp;
      !warn.BadFilename &amp;&amp;
      !warn.ImageOnCommons &amp;&amp;
      // if image exists on enwiki, accept only if user has confirmed overwrite:
      !(warn.ImageExists &amp;&amp; !(opts.OverwriteSame || opts.OverwriteDifferent));
   //alert(&quot;HasValidFilename: &quot; + valid);
   return valid;
};

// ============================================================
// validation status for common input elements for all free
// options
// ============================================================
fuwGlobal.prototype.hasValidCommonFreeInput = function() {
   var opts = this.opts;
   var warn = this.warn;
   var valid = opts.InputDesc;
   //alert(&quot;HasValidCommonFreeInput: &quot; + valid);
   return valid;
};
// ============================================================
// validation status for common input elements for all non-free
// options
// ============================================================
fuwGlobal.prototype.hasValidCommonNFInput = function() {
   var opts = this.opts;
   var warn = this.warn;
   var valid =
      opts.OptionNonFree &amp;&amp;
      opts.InputDesc &amp;&amp; 
      opts.NFArticle &amp;&amp;
      opts.Source &amp;&amp;
      opts.NFMinimality &amp;&amp;
      !warn.NFArticleNotFound &amp;&amp;
      !warn.NFArticleNotMainspace &amp;&amp;
      !warn.NFArticleDab;
   //alert(&quot;hasValidCommonNFInput: &quot; + valid);
   return valid;
};
// ============================================================
// Main validation routine. Modify this to tweak which fields
// are to be considered obligatory for each case group
// ============================================================
fuwGlobal.prototype.validateInput = function() {
   var opts = this.opts;
   var warn = this.warn;
   var valid = (
      this.hasValidFilename()
      &amp;&amp;
      (! (opts.OverwriteDifferent &amp;&amp; ! opts.EditSummary))
      &amp;&amp;
      (
       ( // overwriting is okay if there is an edit summary
        opts.OverwriteSame &amp;&amp; opts.EditSummary
       )
       ||
       ( // free options
         this.hasValidCommonFreeInput() &amp;&amp;
         (
          (opts.OptionOwnWork &amp;&amp;
           opts.Date &amp;&amp;
           opts.OwnWorkLicense)
          ||
          (opts.OptionThirdParty &amp;&amp;
           opts.Author &amp;&amp;
           opts.Source &amp;&amp;
           opts.Permission &amp;&amp;
           (opts.ThirdPartyOtherLicense || opts.ThirdPartyLicense) &amp;&amp;
           ((opts.ThirdPartyEvidenceOptionLink &amp;&amp; opts.ThirdPartyEvidenceLink) ||
            opts.ThirdPartyEvidenceOptionOTRS ||
            opts.ThirdPartyEvidenceOptionOTRSForthcoming ||
            opts.ThirdPartyEvidenceOptionNone))
          ||
          (opts.OptionFreeWebsite &amp;&amp;
           opts.Author &amp;&amp;
           opts.Source &amp;&amp;
           (opts.FreeWebsiteOtherLicense || opts.FreeWebsiteLicense) &amp;&amp;
           opts.Permission)
          ||
          (opts.OptionPDOld &amp;&amp;
           opts.Author &amp;&amp;
           opts.PDOldAuthorLifetime &amp;&amp;
           opts.Publication &amp;&amp;
           opts.Date &amp;&amp;
           opts.Source &amp;&amp;
           opts.PDOldOptions &amp;&amp; 
           (! (opts.PDOldOther &amp;&amp; ! opts.PDOldPermission)))
          ||
          (opts.OptionPDOther &amp;&amp;
           opts.Author &amp;&amp;
           opts.Source &amp;&amp;
           ((opts.PDOtherUSGov &amp;&amp; opts.USGovLicense) ||
            (opts.PDOtherOfficial &amp;&amp; opts.PDOfficialPermission) ||
            (opts.PDOtherSimple &amp;&amp; opts.IneligibleLicense) ||
            (opts.PDOtherOther &amp;&amp; opts.PDOtherPermission)))
        )
       ) // end of free options
       ||
       ( // non-free options
         this.hasValidCommonNFInput() &amp;&amp;
         (
          (opts.OptionNFSubject &amp;&amp;
           opts.NFSubjectLicense &amp;&amp;
           opts.Author &amp;&amp;
           (opts.NFSubjectCheckDedicated ||
           (opts.NFSubjectCheckDiscussed &amp;&amp; opts.NFSubjectPurpose)))
          ||
          (opts.OptionNF3D &amp;&amp;
           opts.NF3DLicense &amp;&amp;
           opts.NF3DCreator &amp;&amp;
           opts.Author &amp;&amp;
           (opts.NF3DOptionSame ||
           (opts.NF3DOptionFree || opts.NF3DPermission)) &amp;&amp; 
           (opts.NF3DCheckDedicated ||
            (opts.NF3DCheckDiscussed &amp;&amp; opts.NF3DPurpose)))
          ||
          (opts.OptionNFExcerpt &amp;&amp;
           opts.NFExcerptLicense &amp;&amp;
           opts.Author &amp;&amp;
           opts.NFPurpose)
          ||
          (opts.OptionNFCover &amp;&amp;
           opts.NFCoverLicense &amp;&amp;
           opts.Author &amp;&amp;
           opts.NFCoverCheckDedicated 
          )
          ||
          (opts.OptionNFLogo &amp;&amp;
           opts.NFLogoLicense &amp;&amp;
           opts.NFLogoCheckDedicated
          )
          ||
          (opts.OptionNFPortrait &amp;&amp;
           opts.Publication &amp;&amp;
           opts.NFPortraitDeceased &amp;&amp;
           opts.Author &amp;&amp;
           opts.NFPortraitCheckDedicated &amp;&amp;
           opts.NFReplaceable &amp;&amp;
           opts.NFCommercial)
          ||
          (opts.OptionNFMisc &amp;&amp;
           opts.NFMiscLicense &amp;&amp;
           opts.Author &amp;&amp;
           opts.Publication &amp;&amp;
           opts.NFPurpose &amp;&amp;
           opts.NFReplaceableText &amp;&amp;
           opts.NFReplaceable &amp;&amp;
           opts.NFCommercial)
         )
       ) // end of non-free options
      )
   );
   return valid;
};

// =============================================================
// return which template name will be used as the main
// description template
// =============================================================
fuwGlobal.prototype.getDescriptionTemplateName = function() {
   // standard &quot;Information&quot; template for free files:
   if (this.opts.OptionFree) return &quot;Information&quot;;
   // experimental new version of fair-use rationale template,
   // designed to fit the fields used in the wizard
   else if (this.opts.OptionNonFree) return &quot;Non-free use rationale 2&quot;;
   return undefined;
};

// =============================================================
// get the license tag code from the appropriate input element
// =============================================================

fuwGlobal.prototype.getStandardLicense = function() {
   var opts = this.opts;
   
}

fuwGlobal.prototype.getLicense = function() {
   var opts = this.opts;
      // ThirdParty and FreeWebsite have alternative input fields
      // for manual entry of other licenses:
   var license = {};
   if (opts.PDOtherOther || opts.PDOldOther) {
      license.special = opts.PDOtherOther ? opts.PDOtherPermission : opts.PDOldPermission;
      if (! (license.special.match(/^\s*\{\{.+\}\}\s*$/))) {
         license.special = '{{PD-because|' + license.special + '}}';
      }
   }
   else {
      license.special = 
         opts.ThirdPartyOtherLicense || 
         opts.FreeWebsiteOtherLicense ||
         (opts.PDOtherOfficial ? ('{{PD-because|official item legally exempt from copyright in its country of origin}}') : null) ||
         (opts.OptionNFPortrait ? ('{{Non-free biog-pic|' + opts.NFArticle + '}}') : null);
   }   
   if (! license.special) {
      // standard, non-parametrized tag licenses from dropdownbox.
      var simpleLicense = (opts.OptionOwnWork ? opts.OwnWorkLicense : null) ||
          (opts.OptionThirdParty ? opts.ThirdPartyLicense : null) ||
          (opts.OptionFreeWebsite ? opts.FreeWebsiteLicense : null) ||
          (opts.OptionNFSubject ? opts.NFSubjectLicense : null) ||
          (opts.OptionNF3D ? opts.NF3DLicense : null) ||
          (opts.OptionNFExcerpt ? opts.NFExcerptLicense : null) ||
          (opts.OptionNFCover ? opts.NFCoverLicense : null) ||
          (opts.OptionNFLogo ? opts.NFLogoLicense : null) ||
          (opts.OptionNFMisc ? opts.NFMiscLicense : null) ||
          (opts.PDOtherUSGov ? opts.USGovLicense : null) ||
          (opts.PDOtherSimple ? opts.IneligibleLicense : null) ||
          (opts.PDUSExpired ? 'PD-US-expired' : null) ||
          (opts.PDURAA   ? 'PD-URAA' : null) ||
          (opts.PDFormality ? 'PD-US' : null);

       // &quot;PD-author&quot; needs parameter, at least on Commons
       if (simpleLicense == 'PD-author') {
          license.special = '{{PD-author|' + opts.Author + '}}';
       }
       else if (this.knownCommonsLicenses[simpleLicense]) {
       // make sure we send only those licenses as &quot;standard&quot; licenses
       // that exist in the Commons license dropdown box
          license.standard = simpleLicense;
       }
       else {
          license.special = '\{\{' + simpleLicense + '\}\}';
       }
   }
   return license;
};

function fuwSubst(template) {
   return '{{subst:' + template + '}}';
}

// ===================================================================
// Produce code for local tracking categories
// ===================================================================
fuwGlobal.prototype.getTrackingCategory = function() {
   var opts = this.opts;
   var cat = &quot;&quot;;
   if (opts.OptionFreeWebsite) { cat = &quot;Faylasha ka yimid ilo ka baxsan oo si xor ah loo ruqsadeeyay&quot;; }
   else if (opts.OptionThirdParty) { cat = &quot;Faylasha ay ruqsadeeyeen dhinac saddexaad&quot;; }
   else if (opts.PDOtherOther || opts.PDOldOther) { cat = &quot;Faylasha leh Bayaanada deymaanka guud oo aan caadiga ahayn&quot;; }
   else if (opts.OptionNFSubject || opts.OptionNF3D) { cat = &quot;Faylasha aan xorrahayn ee loo soo raray aragti faallo ah&quot;; }
   if (cat) {
      cat = &quot;\n\{\{Category ordered by date|&quot; + cat + &quot;|&quot; + 
      fuwSubst(&quot;CURRENTYEAR&quot;) + &quot;|&quot; + fuwSubst(&quot;CURRENTMONTH&quot;) + &quot;|&quot; + fuwSubst(&quot;CURRENTDAY2&quot;) + &quot;\}\}&quot;;
   }
   return cat;
};

// ===================================================================
// Get or create an edit summary for the upload
// ===================================================================
// Note: if we work with the api.php interface, we can have separate
// data for the edit summary and the description page, which is far
// better than the way the index.php interface does it.
// TO DO: need to actually define an input element for a manually
// entered edit summary. Must be obligatory when overwriting files.
// In other cases we'll use an automatic edit summary.
// ===================================================================
fuwGlobal.prototype.getEditSummary = function() {
   var opts = this.opts;
   return (
      (opts.EditSummary ? (opts.EditSummary + ' ([[' + mw.config.get('wgPageName') + '|Wizard-ka Soo Rarista Faylka]])') : null)||
      (&quot;Soo rarayaa &quot; +
       (
        (opts.OptionOwnWork ? 'fayl anigu leeyahay ' : false) ||
        (opts.OptionThirdParty ? 'fayl xor ah oo qof kale leeyahay ' : false) ||
        (opts.OptionFreeWebsite ? 'fayl ka yimid il xor ah oo la daabacay ' : false) ||
        (opts.OptionPDOld       ? 'shaqo hore oo deymaan guud ah ' : false) ||
        (opts.OptionPDOther     ? 'walax deymaan guud ah ' : false) ||
        (opts.OptionNFSubject   ? 'shaqo aan xorrahayn, oo ah aragti faallo ah ' : false) ||
        (opts.OptionNF3D        ? 'muuqalka shaqo 3D ah oo aan xorrahayn ' : false) ||
        (opts.OptionNFExcerpt   ? 'qayb ka mid ah shaqo aan xorrahayn ' : false) ||
        (opts.OptionNFCover     ? 'qayb ka mid ah jeldiga sanadka aan xorrahayn ' : false) ||
        (opts.OptionNFLogo      ? 'astaanta aan xorrahayn ' : false) ||
        (opts.OptionNFPortrait    ? 'sawir taariikhi ah oo aan xorrahayn ' : false) ||
        (opts.OptionNFMisc      ? 'fayl aan xorrahayn ' : &quot;&quot;)
       )
       + 
       (&quot;adoo adeegsanaya [[&quot; + mw.config.get('wgPageName') + &quot;|Wizard-ka Soo Rarista Faylka]]&quot;)
      ));
};


function fuwPackInfo(text, forCommons) {
   if (forCommons) {
      // reformat wikilinks embedded in description fields to adapt them for Commons
      text = text.replace(/\[\[([^\]]+)\]\]/g, 
         function(str, p1, offset, s) {

            // mark File links as local
            if (p1.match(/^:(File|Image):/)) {
               return &quot;[[:so&quot; + p1 + &quot;]]&quot;;
            }      
            // leave prefixed links unchanged:
            else if (p1.match(/^:[\w\-]+:/)) {
               return str;
            }
            // if the link is piped, add a prefix only
            else if (p1.match(/.+\|/)) {
               return &quot;[[:so:&quot; + p1 + &quot;]]&quot;;
            }
            // introduce a pipe
            else {
               return &quot;[[:so:&quot; + p1 + &quot;|&quot; + p1 + &quot;]]&quot;;
            }
         }
      );
      return &quot;{{so|&quot; + text + &quot;}}&quot;;
   } else return text;
}

// ================================================================
// This is the main method called by the event handler for the 
// (experimental) submit button. Its main task is to collect the 
// input into a single string of wikitext for the description page.
// ================================================================
fuwGlobal.prototype.collectInput = function() {
   var opts = this.opts;

   // object representing template fields for filling in
   // the description template. Pre-loaded with some
   // standard settings:
   var descFields = this.descFields = { 
      'Description' : opts.InputDesc,
      'Author'      : opts.Author,
      'Date'        : opts.Date,
      'Source'      : opts.Source
   };
   // &quot;other information&quot; (outside the template)
   this.otherInfo = null;
   
   if (opts.OptionNonFree) {
      descFields.Article = opts.NFArticle;
   }
   
   // add/modify option-specific fields:
   switch (opts.MainOption) {
      case 'OptionOwnWork':
      
         // use standard &quot;source&quot; field for optional &quot;how created?&quot; and 
         // &quot;previously published&quot; input fields.
         descFields.Source = fuwAppendLines([
            (opts.OwnWorkCreation || &quot;{{own}}&quot;), 
            &quot;&lt;br/&gt;\n&quot;, 
            fuwSurroundString(&quot;'''Horey loo daabacay:''' &quot;, opts.OwnWorkPublication)]);
         var username = mw.user.getName();
         descFields.Author = '[[User:' + username + '|' + username + ']]';
         break;

      case 'OptionThirdParty':
      
         // use standard &quot;permission&quot; field for a compilation of the
         // &quot;permission&quot; input field and the various &quot;evidence&quot; options
         var evidence = (
            opts.ThirdPartyEvidenceOptionLink ? 
               (&quot;Bayaanka ruqsadda waxaa laga heli karaa intareetka adoo ka eegaya: &quot; + opts.ThirdPartyEvidenceLink) :
               (opts.ThirdPartyEvidenceOptionOTRS ? 
               (&quot;Heshiiska ruqsadda waxaa loo gudbiyay OTRS.&quot; + 
                  fuwSurroundString(&quot; Tikidhka: &quot;, opts.ThirdPartyOTRSTicket) + &quot;\{\{OTRS pending|year=&quot; + fuwSubst(&quot;CURRENTYEAR&quot;) + 
                                                                              &quot;|month=&quot; + fuwSubst(&quot;CURRENTMONTH&quot;) + 
                                                                              &quot;|day=&quot; + fuwSubst(&quot;CURRENTDAY2&quot;) + &quot;\}\}&quot;) :
               (opts.ThirdPartyEvidenceOptionOTRSForthcoming ? 
               &quot;Heshiiska ruqsadda waxaa dhakhso loogu gudbin doonaa OTRS. \{\{OTRS pending|year=&quot; + fuwSubst(&quot;CURRENTYEAR&quot;) + 
                                                                              &quot;|month=&quot; + fuwSubst(&quot;CURRENTMONTH&quot;) + 
                                                                              &quot;|day=&quot; + fuwSubst(&quot;CURRENTDAY2&quot;) + &quot;\}\}&quot; :
               (opts.ThirdPartyEvidenceOptionNone ?
               &quot;Waxaa la bixin doonaa marka la so codsado.&quot; : null))));
         descFields.Permission = fuwAppendLines([
            opts.ThirdPartyPermission,
            &quot;&lt;br/&gt;\n&quot;,
            fuwSurroundString(&quot;'''Caddayn:''' &quot;, evidence)]);
         break;
         
      case 'OptionFreeWebsite':
         descFields.Permission = opts.Permission;
         break;
         
      case 'OptionPDOld':
         // add &quot;lifetime&quot; input to &quot;author&quot; field
         descFields.Author = fuwAppendLines([
            opts.Author,
            &quot;&lt;br/&gt;\n&quot;,
            fuwSurroundString(&quot;(Waqtiga noloshiisa: &quot;, opts.PDOldAuthorLifetime, &quot;)&quot;)
         ]);
         
         // combine original and direct source into standard &quot;source&quot; field: 
         descFields.Source = fuwAppendLines([
            fuwSurroundString(&quot;'''Daabacaadii asalka ahayd''': &quot;, opts.Publication),
            &quot;&lt;br/&gt;\n&quot;,
            fuwSurroundString(&quot;'''Isha tooska ah''': &quot;, opts.Source)
         ]);
         
         // no standard tag available for &quot;lack-of-registration&quot; PD-US. Need
         // to put this into the &quot;permission&quot; field
         if (opts.PDFormality) 
            descFields.Permission = 
               &quot;Xuquuqda qoraalka waxay ku dhacday sababtoo ah shaqada waxaa la daabacay iyadoo aan lahayn &quot; +
               &quot;ogeysiis xuquuqda qoraalka ah iyo/ama iyadoo aan lahayn isha gelinta dhiirigelinta ee lagama maarmaanka ah.&quot;;
      
         // add optional &quot;explanation&quot; input to &quot;permission&quot; field
         if (opts.PDOldPermission) {
            descFields.Permission = fuwAppendLines([
               descFields.Permission,
               &quot;\n\n&quot;,
               opts.PDOldPermission
            ]);
         }
         break;
         
      case 'OptionPDOther':
         // Need &quot;permission&quot; field in case of &quot;official item&quot; option
         if (opts.PDOtherOfficial) 
            descFields.Permission = opts.PDOfficialPermission;
         break; 

      case 'OptionNFSubject':
         // most FUR elements can be automatically provided:
         descFields.Purpose = (
            opts.NFSubjectCheckDedicated ? 
             (&quot;Lagu aqoonsanayo muuqaal ahaanteed walaxda ee maqaalka. &quot; +
              &quot;Maqaalka oo dhan wuxuu ku saabsan yahay oo kaliya ka wadahadalka shaqadan.&quot;) :
            (opts.NFSubjectCheckDiscussed ?
             (&quot;Si loo taageero wadahadalka insayklopediya ee shaqadan maqaalkan. &quot; +
              &quot;Muuqaalka waxaa si gaar ah loogu baahan yahay si loo taageero qodobadan dambe: &quot; +
              &quot;&lt;br/&gt;\n&quot; + opts.NFSubjectPurpose) : null)
         );
         
         descFields.Replaceability = &quot;Shaqo kasta oo laga soo minguuriyay ee ku saabsan shaqadan waxay noqon doontaa jabinta xuquuqda qoraalka, markaa samaynta sawir xor ah ma aha mid suurtogal ah.&quot;;
         descFields.Commercial = &quot;Adeegsiga sawir yar oo tayo hoose leh ee shaqada ma saameyn doono awoodda ganacsi ee shaqada.&quot;;
         break;

      case 'OptionNF3D':
         // complex case: we need to assemble attribution and FUR both for the 
         // original 3D work and for the photographic depiction. Both might be 
         // non-free.
         descFields.Author = fuwAppendLines([
            fuwSurroundString(&quot;'''Shaqada asalka ah:''' &quot;, opts.NF3DCreator),
            &quot;&lt;br/&gt;\n&quot;,
            fuwSurroundString(&quot;'''Muuqaalka:''' &quot;, opts.Author)
         ]);
         descFields.Date = fuwAppendLines([
            fuwSurroundString(&quot;'''Shaqada asalka ah:''' &quot;, opts.NF3DOrigDate),
            &quot;&lt;br/&gt;\n&quot;,
            fuwSurroundString(&quot;'''Muuqaalka:''' &quot;, opts.Date)
         ]);
         descFields.Purpose = (
            opts.NF3DCheckDedicated ? 
             (&quot;Lagu aqoonsanayo muuqaal ahaanteed walaxda ee maqaalka. &quot; +
              &quot;Maqaalka oo dhan wuxuu ku saabsan yahay oo kaliya ka wadahadalka shaqadan.&quot;) :
            (opts.NF3DCheckDiscussed ? 
             (&quot;Si loo taageero wadahadalka insayklopediya ee shaqadan maqaalkan. &quot; +
              &quot;Muuqaalka waxaa si gaar ah loogu baahan yahay si loo taageero qodobadan dambe: &quot; +
              &quot;&lt;br/&gt;\n&quot; + opts.NF3DPurpose) : null)
         );
         descFields.Replaceability = &quot;Shaqo kasta oo laga soo minguuriyay ee ku saabsan shaqadan waxay noqon doontaa jabinta xuquuqda qoraalka, markaa samaynta sawir xor ah ma aha mid suurtogal ah.&quot;;
         descFields.Commercial = &quot;Adeegsiga sawir yar oo tayo hoose leh ee shaqada ma saameyn doono awoodda ganacsi ee shaqada.&quot;;
         descFields[&quot;Other information&quot;] = (
            opts.NF3DOptionSame ?
            (&quot;Sawirka waxaa sameeyay oo daabacay qoraaga oo sidoo kale &quot; +
             &quot;hayea xuquuqda walaxda asalka ah, oo ma jirto muuqaal kale &quot; +
             &quot;oo si ku habboon loo sameyn karo.&quot;) :
            (&quot;Qoraaga sawirka wuxuu u soo daayay shaqada sawirka ee ruqsad &quot; +
             &quot;xor ah, ama waa deymaan guud: &quot; + opts.NF3DPermission)
         );
         break; 
         
      case 'OptionNFExcerpt':
         // FURs for screenshots etc. don't normally need to bother
         // about replaceability (with free images) and with commercial role,
         // but do need to bother about purpose and about replaceability with text.
         descFields.Purpose        = opts.NFPurpose;
         descFields.Replaceability_text = opts.NFReplaceableText;
         descFields.Replaceability = &quot;Barnaamijka ama bogga internetka ee laga qaaday sawir-shaashadeedka wuxuu leeyahay xuquuq qoraal oo ma aha mid loo soo daayay ruqsad xor ah, markaa samaynta sawir xor ah ma aha mid suurtogal ah.&quot;;
         descFields.Commercial = &quot;Adeegsiga sawir-shaashadeed yar oo tayo hoose leh oo ka yimid barnaamijka ama bogga ma saameyn doono awoodda ganacsi ee barnaamijka ama bogga.&quot;;
         break;
         
      case 'OptionNFCover':
         // cover art gets standard rationales.
         descFields.Purpose = 
            &quot;si uu u noqdo habka ugu muhiimsan ee loogu aqoonsado muuqaal ahaan &quot; +
            &quot;kore maqaalka ku saabsan shaqada la doonayo.&quot;;
         descFields.Replaceability = &quot;Shaqo kasta oo laga soo minguuriyay ee ku saabsan jeldiga waxay noqon doontaa jabinta xuquuqda qoraalka, markaa samaynta sawir xor ah ma aha mid suurtogal ah.&quot;;
         descFields.Commercial = &quot;Adeegsiga sawir yar oo tayo hoose leh ee jeldiga shaqada ma saameyn doono awoodda ganacsi ee shaqada.&quot;;
         break;
 
      case 'OptionNFLogo':
         // logos get standard rationales.
         descFields.Purpose = 
            &quot;si uu u noqdo habka ugu muhiimsan ee loogu aqoonsado muuqaal ahaan &quot; +
            &quot;kore maqaalka ku saabsan erayga la doonayo.&quot;;
         descFields.Replaceability = &quot;Shaqo kasta oo laga soo minguuriyay ee ku saabsan astaanta waxay noqon doontaa jabinta xuquuqda qoraalka, markaa samaynta sawir xor ah ma aha mid suurtogal ah.&quot;;
         descFields.Commercial = &quot;Adeegsiga sawir yar oo tayo hoose leh ee astaanta ururka ee maqaalka ku saabsan ururkaas ma saameyn doono awoodda ganacsi ee astaanta.&quot;;
         break;

      case 'OptionNFPortrait':
         // as with other historic photographs, it is useful to have both
         // original publication and direct source
         descFields.Source = fuwAppendLines([
            fuwSurroundString(&quot;'''Daabacaadii asalka ahayd''': &quot;, opts.Publication),
            &quot;&lt;br/&gt;\n&quot;,
            fuwSurroundString(&quot;'''Isha tooska ah''': &quot;, opts.Source)
         ]);   
         descFields.Purpose = 
            &quot;lagu aqoonsanayo muuqaal ahaaneed qofka la doonayo, &quot; +
            &quot;kore maqaalkiisa nololeed&quot;;
         descFields.Replaceability = opts.NFReplaceable;
         descFields.Commercial = opts.NFCommercial;
         descFields['Other information'] = 
            &quot;Qofka sawirka leh wuxuu geeriyooday tan iyo: &quot; + opts.NFPortraitDeceased;
         break;
         
      case 'OptionNFMisc':
         descFields.Source = fuwAppendLines([
            fuwSurroundString(
               &quot;'''Daabacaadii asalka ahayd''': &quot;, 
               opts.Publication,
               &quot;&lt;br/&gt;\n'''Isha tooska ah:''' &quot;),
            &quot;&quot;,
            opts.Source
         ]);   
         descFields.Purpose = opts.NFPurpose;
         descFields.Replaceability = opts.NFReplaceable;
         descFields.Replaceability_text = opts.NFReplaceable_text;
         descFields.Commercial = opts.NFCommercial; 
         break;     
   };

   if (opts.OptionNonFree) {
      // common stuff for all non-free files:
      
      // Minimality field (same for all NF options):
      descFields.Minimality = opts.NFMinimality;
      
      // append optional &quot;extra license&quot; selector and &quot;AnyOther&quot; fields
      // to &quot;Other information&quot; field:
      descFields['Other information'] = fuwAppendLines([
         descFields['Other information'],
         &quot;&lt;br/&gt;\n&quot;,
         fuwSurroundString('\{\{', opts.NFExtraLicense, '\}\}'),
         &quot;&lt;br/&gt;\n&quot;,
         opts.AnyOther
      ]);
   }
   else {
      // common stuff for all free files:
      descFields.Other_versions = ''
      this.otherInfo = fuwAppendLines([this.otherInfo, &quot;\n\n&quot;, opts.AnyOther]);
   
   }

};

fuwGlobal.prototype.formatOutput = function(forCommons) {
   var baseForm = this.ScriptForm;
   var targetForm = this.TargetForm;
   if (fuwTesting) {
      var testForm   = this.TestForm;
   }
   var opts = this.opts;
   var otherInfo = this.otherInfo;
   var descFields = this.descFields;

   var summary = &quot;{{&quot; + this.getDescriptionTemplateName();

   // assemble all fields into the wikitext of the description page:
   var fieldOrder = [
      'Source', 'Date', 'Author', 'Permission', 'Other_versions',
      'Article', 'Purpose', 'Replaceability', 'Replaceability_text', 
      'Minimality', 'Commercial', 'Other information'
   ];
   summary += &quot;\n|Description = &quot; + fuwPackInfo(descFields['Description'], forCommons);
   for (var i = 0; i &lt; fieldOrder.length; i++) {
      if (descFields[fieldOrder[i]]) {
         summary += &quot;\n|&quot; + fieldOrder[i] + &quot; = &quot; + descFields[fieldOrder[i]];
      }
   }
   summary += &quot;\n}}\n&quot;;
   if (otherInfo) {
      summary += &quot;\n;Faragelin kale:\n&quot; + fuwPackInfo(otherInfo, forCommons) + &quot;\n&quot;;
   }

   var editSummary = this.getEditSummary();
   
   var license = this.getLicense();
   
   if (forCommons) {
      // pack our description info into an url pointing to the 
      // standard Commons Special:Upload
      // with pre-loaded description fields

      summary = fuwSubst(&quot;Upload marker added by en.wp UW&quot;) + &quot;\n&quot; + summary;
      summary = summary.replace(/\{\{OTRS pending\}\}/g, fuwSubst(&quot;OP&quot;));

      if (license.special) {
         // manually format the whole description page including the license tag, if it
         // isn't one of the bare standard licenses in the dropdown box. Otherwise,
         // submit description summary and license as two separate url parameters.
         summary = summary + &quot;\n\n&quot; + license.special;
      }
      return (fuwGetCommonsURL() +
         &quot;?title=Special:Upload&quot; +
         &quot;&amp;wpUploadDescription=&quot; +
         encodeURIComponent(summary) +
         (license.standard ? 
          (&quot;&amp;wpLicense=&quot; + encodeURIComponent(license.standard)) : '') +
         &quot;&amp;wpDestFile=&quot; + 
         encodeURIComponent(opts.InputName));
   }
   else {
      // pack all description into a single &quot;text&quot; parameter to be submitted
      // to the local api.php upload.
      summary = &quot;==Xoolo==\n&quot; + 
         summary + 
         &quot;\n==Ruqsadeynta==\n&quot; + 
         (license.standard ? (&quot;\{\{&quot; + license.standard + &quot;\}\}&quot;) : license.special) +
         this.getTrackingCategory();
         
      if (fuwTesting) {
         // Testing mode: show our data in the dummy form
         // at the bottom of the page.
         fuwGet('placeholderSandboxFilename').innerHTML = opts.InputName;
         this.TestForm.SandboxSummary.value = editSummary;
         this.TestForm.SandboxText.value = summary;
         fuwSetVisible('placeholderTestForm', true);
      }
      // Set up API call parameters
      this.UploadOptions.filename = opts.InputName;
      this.UploadOptions.text     = summary;
      this.UploadOptions.comment  = editSummary;

   }
   
};

function fuwHasUserGroup(group) {
   // workaround because old IE versions don't have array.indexOf :-(
   for (i = 0; i &lt; mw.config.get('wgUserGroups').length; i++) {
      if (mw.config.get('wgUserGroups')[i] == group) {
         return true;
      }
   }
   return false
}

fuwGlobal.prototype.getUserStatus = function() {
   // function to determine the experience status and userrights of the current user:
   // 'anon': not logged in; can't use script.
   // 'notAutoconfirmed': can't use local upload, but may use script to prepare upload for Commons
   // 'newbie': autoconfirmed but editcount &lt; 100 
   //    (may be used in future to adapt instructions more to newbie needs)
   // 'problem': autoconfirmed but has 3 or more image-related warnings or deletion notifications among recent user talk entries
   //    (may be used in future to produce more strongly worded instructions)
   // 'autoconfirmed': regular user
   // 'sysop'

   if (mw.config.get('wgUserName')) {
      if (fuwHasUserGroup('sysop')) {
         this.userStatus = 'sysop';
      }
      else if (fuwHasUserGroup('autoconfirmed') || fuwHasUserGroup('confirmed')) {
         this.userStatus = 'autoconfirmed';
         $.ajax({
            url     : mw.util.wikiScript( 'api' ),
            type    : 'GET',
            dataType: 'xml',
            traditional : true,
            data:   {
                     format: 'xml',
                     action: 'query',
                     meta  : 'userinfo',
                     uiprop: 'editcount',
                     prop  : 'revisions',
                     titles: 'User talk' + mw.config.get('wgUserName'),
                     rvprop: 'comment|user',
                     rvlimit: 30
                    },      
            success: function(data) {
            // callback func     
               var fuw = window.fuw;
               if (data) {
                  var ui = data.getElementsByTagName('userinfo');
                  if (ui) {
                     var editcount = ui[0].getAttribute('editcount');
                     if (editcount &lt; 100) {
                        fuw.userStatus = 'newbie';
                     }
                  }
                  var revs = data.getElementsByTagName('rev');
                  var countWarn = 0;
                  for (i = 0; i &lt; revs.length; i++) {
                     var rev = revs[i];
                     var usr = rev.getAttribute('user');
                     var cmt = rev.getAttribute('comment');
                     if ((usr == 'ImageTaggingBot') ||
                         (cmt.search(/(tagging for deletion of \[\[File)|(Uploading files missing)|(File (source and )?copyright licensing problem)|(Speedy deletion nomination of \[\[File)|(Notification: listing at \[\[possibly unfree files)/) &gt;= 0)) {
                        countWarn += 1;   
                     }
                  }
                  if (countWarn &gt;= 3) {
                     fuw.userStatus = 'problem';
                  }
               }
            }
         });
      }
      else {
         this.userStatus = 'notAutoconfirmed';
      }
   }
   else {
      this.userStatus = 'anon';
   }
};

// =================================================================
// Convenience function for getting the regular index.php
// interface of Commons. Not very elegant.
// =================================================================
function fuwGetCommonsURL() {
   if (document.URL.match(/^https:/)) 
      return &quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php&quot;;
   else
      return &quot;http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php&quot;;
}  

// ==================================================================
// functions for building form elements
// ==================================================================
fuwMakeRadiobutton = function(group, option, checked, event) {
   // Stupid IE7 doesn't get &quot;value&quot; attribute unless it's created in this convoluted way.
   // Annoying.   
   var node = $('&lt;input type=&quot;radio&quot; id=&quot;' + option + '&quot; name=&quot;' + group + '&quot; value=&quot;' + option + '&quot;&gt;&lt;/input&gt;')[0];
   if (checked) node.checked = true;
   node.onclick = event || fuwRadioClick;
   node.onclick = event || fuwRadioClick;
   fuwAppendInput(option, node);
};
fuwMakeTextfield = function(label, event) {
   var node  = document.createElement('input');
   node.type = 'text';
   node.name = label;
   node.size = fuwDefaultTextboxLength;
   node.onchange = event || fuwUpdateOptions;
   // only for testing:
   //node.value = label;
   fuwAppendInput(label, node);
};
fuwMakeTextarea = function(label, event) {
   var node  = document.createElement('textarea');
   node.name = label;
   node.rows = fuwDefaultTextareaLines;
   node.style.width = fuwDefaultTextareaWidth;
   node.onchange = event || fuwUpdateOptions;
   //only for testing:
   //node.innerHTML = label;
   fuwAppendInput(label, node);
};
fuwMakeCheckbox = function(label, checked, event) {
   var node  = document.createElement('input');
   node.name = label;
   node.type = 'checkbox';
   //only for testing:
   //node.title= label;
   node.checked = checked;
   node.onchange = event || fuwUpdateOptions;
   fuwAppendInput(label, node);
}
fuwMakeHiddenfield = function(name, value, id) {
   var node   = document.createElement('input');
   node.name  = name;
   node.type  = 'hidden';
   node.value = value;
   fuwAppendInput((id || name), node);
};
fuwMakeAnchor = function(label, href, content) {
   var node   = document.createElement('a');
   node.name  = label;
   node.target= &quot;_blank&quot;;
   node.href  = href;
   node.innerHTML = content;
   fuwAppendInput(label, node);
};
fuwMakeSelection = function(name, values) {
   var root = document.createElement('select');
   var current = root;
   try {
      for (i=0; i&lt;values.length; i++) {
         var line = values[i];
         var entry;
         if (line.length == 0) {
            current = root;
         }
         else if (line.length == 1) {
            entry = document.createElement('optgroup');
            entry.setAttribute('label', line[0]);
            root.appendChild(entry);
            current = entry;
         }
         else {
            entry = document.createElement('option');
            entry.setAttribute('value', line[0]);
            entry.setAttribute('title', '{{' + line[0] + '}}');
            entry.innerHTML = line[1];
            if (line.length &gt; 2) {
               entry.setAttribute('selected', 'selected');
            } 
            current.appendChild(entry);
         }
      }
   } catch (e) { alert(&quot;Magaca: &quot; + name + &quot;, i=&quot; + i); }
   root.name = name;
   root.onchange = fuwUpdateOptions;
   fuwAppendInput(name, root);
};
function fuwMakeWikilink(place, target, redlink, display) {
   
   place = fuwGet(place);
   var id = place.id;
   var anchor;
   if (place.tagName == 'A') {
      anchor = place;
   }
   else {
      anchor = document.createElement('a');
      place.appendChild(anchor);
   }
   anchor.href = mw.util.getUrl(target);
   anchor.title = target;
   anchor.innerHTML = target;
   anchor.className = (redlink ? 'new' : null);
}

function fuwAppendInput(label, content) {
   // append a newly created input element to an existing
   // span element marked as id=&quot;placeholderXYZ&quot;
   var node = fuwGet('placeholder' + label);
   var old  = fuwGet(label);
   if (old) {
      old.parentNode.removeChild(old);
   }
   content.id = content.id || label;
   if (node) {
      while (node.hasChildNodes()) {
         node.removeChild(node.firstChild);
      }
      node.appendChild(content);
   }
}

// ======================================================
// move an element away from its current position
// and append it to a target element if condition is true
// ======================================================
function fuwMove(mv, tg, condition, toStart) {
   if (condition) {
      move   = fuwGet(mv);
      target = fuwGet(tg);
      if (move &amp;&amp; target) {
         var parent = move.parentNode;
         if (! (target===parent)) {
            parent.removeChild(move);
            if (toStart) {
               target.insertBefore(move, target.firstChild);
            }
            else {
               target.appendChild(move);
            }
         }
      }
      else {
         alert(&quot;Laga ma heli karo walxaha: move=&quot; + mv + &quot;(&quot; + move + &quot;), target=&quot; + tg + &quot;(&quot; + target + &quot;)&quot;);
      } 
   }
   return condition;
}

// ===================================================
// make an element visible/invisible
// ===================================================
function fuwSetVisible(tg, condition) {
   target = fuwGet(tg);
   if (target) {
      if (condition) {
         $(target).show();
      }
      else {
         $(target).hide();
      }
   }
   else {
      alert(&quot;Walaxda laga ma heli karo: &quot; +  (tg.nodeType ? tg.id : tg));
   }
}

// ===================================================
// set enabled/disabled status for an element and/or
// all input controls contained in it.
// ===================================================
function fuwSetEnabled(tg, condition) {
   target = fuwGet(tg);
   try {
      var elements = (target.tagName.match(/^(input|textarea|select|button|a)$/i) ? 
         [target] :
         $('#' + target.id + ' *'));
      for (i = 0; i&lt;elements.length; i++) {
         if (elements[i].tagName.match(/^(input|textarea|select|button|a)$/i)) {
            elements[i].disabled = (condition ? null : &quot;disabled&quot;);
         }
      }
   } catch (e) { alert(&quot;Walaxda laga ma heli karo: &quot; +  (tg.nodeType ? tg.id : tg)); }
}

// ===================================================
// convenience function to check whether a given
// element is currenly visible. Needs to check display
// property of the element and its ancestors
// ===================================================
function fuwIsVisible(el) {
   element = fuwGet(el);
   if (!element) return false;
   el = element.id;
   
   var visible = true;
   while (! (element === document.body)) {
      if (element.style.display == &quot;none&quot;) {
         visible = false;
         break;
      }
      element = element.parentNode;
   }
   return visible;
}

// ===================================================
// cleanup filename
// ===================================================
function fuwCleanFilename() {
   var nameBox = window.fuw.ScriptForm.InputName;
   var oldname = name = $.trim(nameBox.value);

   if (name) {
      // strip accidentally added [[   ]] or [[:  ]] brackets
      name = name.replace(/(^\[\[:?)|(\]\]$)/g, &quot;&quot;);
      // strip accidentally added &quot;File:&quot; prefix
      name = name.replace(/^(File|Image):/, &quot;&quot;);
      // replace underscores with spaces
      name = name.replace(/_/g, &quot; &quot;);
      // uppercase first letter
      name = name[0].toUpperCase() + name.slice(1);
   }
   if (oldname != name) {
      nameBox.value = name;
   }
   // always return true so the next validation step will proceed:
   return true;
}


// ==================================================
// check filename for technically illegal 
// characters, trying to fix them automatically
// ==================================================
function fuwCheckLegalFilename() {
   var nameBox = window.fuw.ScriptForm.InputName;
   var oldname = name = $.trim(nameBox.value);

   if (name) {
      // resolve accidentally entered html entities and URI-encoded %XX character codes
      name = name.replace(/\&amp;[a-z]+;/g, fuwHtmlEntityDecode);
      name = name.replace(/(\%[A-F0-9]{2,2})/g, decodeURI);
      // remove illegal characters # &lt; &gt; [ ] | { } /:
      // using a best guess for an acceptable replacement
      name = name.replace(/[&lt;\[\{]/g, &quot;(&quot;);
      name = name.replace(/[&gt;\]\}]/g, &quot;)&quot;);
      name = name.replace(/[#:\|]/g,  &quot;,&quot;);
      name = name.replace(/\//g, &quot;-&quot;);
      // remove sequences of tildes
      name = name.replace(/\~{3,}/g, &quot;---&quot;);
      // remove initial slash
      name = name.replace(/^\//, &quot;&quot;);
   }
   
   if (oldname != name) {
      window.fuw.warn.IllegalChars = true;
      nameBox.value = name;
      return false;
   }
   else {
      window.fuw.warn.IllegalChars = false;
      return true;
   }
}
function fuwHtmlEntityDecode(str) {
   // hack to translate accidentally entered html entity code
   // into actual characters
   var ta=document.createElement('textarea');
   ta.innerHTML=str.replace(/&lt;/g,'&amp;lt;').replace(/&gt;/g,'&amp;gt;');
   return ta.value;
}

// =======================================================
// Check against various common patterns of poorly chosen
// filenames (too short / too generic)
// =======================================================
function fuwCheckPoorFilename() {
   var nameBox = window.fuw.ScriptForm.InputName;
   var name = $.trim(nameBox.value);
	name = name.replace(/\.(png|gif|jpg|jpeg|xcf|pdf|mid|ogg|ogv|svg|djvu|tiff|tif|oga|mp3|webp|webm|opus|mpg|mpeg|wav|wave|flac)$/i, &quot;&quot;);

   // name should be at least 10 characters long, excluding file type extension
   var tooShort = (name.length &lt; 10);
   
   // common generic filename patterns: 
   // IMG......jpg
   // Image....jpg
   // DSC......jpg
   // Picture......jpg
   // Pic..........jpg
   // anything that has fewer than 3 alphabetic letters and then just numbers
   var pattern = /^(img|image|dsc|picture|pic)?(\\s*|\\_*|[a-z]{,3})?\\d+$/i;
   var auto = name.match(pattern);

   window.fuw.warn.BadFilename = (tooShort || auto);
   return !tooShort &amp;&amp; !auto;
}

// =======================================================
// check if file extensions match between local filename
// and target filename input box. Automatically append 
// appropriate extension to target filename if they don't.
// =======================================================
function fuwCheckFileExtension() {
   var nameBox = window.fuw.ScriptForm.InputName;
   var name = $.trim(nameBox.value);
   var fileBox = window.fuw.TargetForm.file;
   var file = fileBox.value;
   
   // cancel check if no filename has been provided yet
   if (!file || !name) return true;
   
   var extensions = /.+\.(png|gif|jpg|jpeg|xcf|pdf|mid|ogg|ogv|svg|djvu|tiff|tif|oga|mp3|webp|webm|opus|mpg|mpeg|wav|wave|flac)$/i;
   var mimetypes = {
      &quot;png&quot;  : &quot;image/png&quot;,
      &quot;gif&quot;  : &quot;image/gif&quot;,
      &quot;jpg&quot;  : &quot;image/jpeg&quot;,
      &quot;jpeg&quot; : &quot;image/jpeg&quot;,
      &quot;xcf&quot;  : &quot;image/x-xcf&quot;,
      &quot;webp&quot; : &quot;image/webp&quot;,
      &quot;pdf&quot;  : &quot;application/pdf&quot;,
      &quot;mid&quot;  : &quot;audio/rtp-midi&quot;,
      &quot;ogg&quot;  : &quot;audio/ogg&quot;,
      &quot;mp3&quot;	 : &quot;audio/mp3&quot;,
      &quot;opus&quot; : &quot;audio/opus&quot;,
      &quot;wav&quot;  : &quot;audio/wav&quot;,
      &quot;wave&quot; : &quot;audio/wav&quot;,
      &quot;flac&quot; : &quot;audio/flac&quot;,
      &quot;ogv&quot;  : &quot;video/ogg&quot;,
      &quot;svg&quot;  : &quot;image/svg+xml&quot;,
      &quot;djvu&quot; : &quot;image/vnd.djvu&quot;,
      &quot;tiff&quot; : &quot;image/tiff&quot;,
      &quot;tif&quot;  : &quot;image/tiff&quot;,
      &quot;oga&quot;  : &quot;video/ogg&quot;,
      &quot;webm&quot; : &quot;video/webm&quot;,
      &quot;mpg&quot;  : &quot;video/mpeg&quot;,
      &quot;mpeg&quot; : &quot;video/mpeg&quot;
   };   

   var found = extensions.exec(file);
   var fileExt = found ? found[1].toLowerCase() : &quot;&quot;;
   found = extensions.exec(name);
   var nameExt = found ? found[1].toLowerCase() : &quot;&quot;;
   var mime = mimetypes[fileExt]; 
   
   if (fileExt &amp;&amp; mime &amp;&amp; (mimetypes[nameExt] != mime)) {
      nameBox.value = name.replace(/\.?$/, ('.' + fileExt));
   }
   return true;
}

// ============================================================
// Check if a file under the chosen name already exists,
// either locally or on Commons.
// Store results in the fuw.warn object, so warnings will
// be displayed on the next fuwUpdateOptions() call
// ============================================================
function fuwCheckFileExists() {
   // this is an asynchronous AJAX function.
   // results won't yet be present when this function returns.

   var nameBox = window.fuw.ScriptForm.InputName;
   var name = $.trim(nameBox.value);

   // using the jQuery wrapper for the Ajax functionality:
   $.ajax({
      url     : mw.util.wikiScript( 'api' ),
      type    : 'GET',
      dataType: 'xml',
      traditional : true,
      data:   {
               format: 'xml',
               action: 'query',
               titles: 'File:' + name,
               prop  : 'imageinfo',
               iiprop: 'url|user',
               iiurlwidth: 120
              },      
      success: function(resp) {
      // callback function, called when API query has succeeded:
         // see if the request has returned info from an existing image:
         var foundlist = resp.getElementsByTagName('ii');
         var exists = (foundlist.length &gt;= 1);
         var isCommons = false;
         if (exists) {

            // extract description data from http response.
            // see https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/API:Properties#imageinfo_.2F_ii 
            // for structure of API response
            var foundImg = foundlist[0];
            isCommons = (foundImg.parentNode.parentNode.getAttribute('imagerepository')=='shared');

            // need this data for creating our own image thumb link
            var width = foundImg.getAttribute('thumbwidth');
            var height = foundImg.getAttribute('thumbheight');
            var thumbURL = foundImg.getAttribute('thumburl');
            var lastUser = foundImg.getAttribute('user');
            var descURL = foundImg.getAttribute('descriptionurl');

            // API returns link to local description page even for Commons images.
            // However, we want a direct link to Commons.
            if (isCommons) {
               descURL = descURL.replace(/so\.wikipedia\.org/, &quot;commons.wikimedia.org&quot;);
               descURL = descURL.replace(/\/\/secure\.wikimedia\.org\/wikipedia\/so/, &quot;commons.wikimedia.org&quot;);
            }

            // build the image info into the warning section of our page:
            thumbDiv = fuwGet('warningImageThumb');
            if (thumbDiv) {
            
               // make all links point to description page:
               var thumbA = thumbDiv.getElementsByTagName('a');
               for (i = 0; i&lt;thumbA.length; i++) {
                  thumbA[i].setAttribute('href', descURL);
               }
               // insert the image itself:
               var thumbImg = thumbDiv.getElementsByTagName('img');
               if (thumbImg.length &gt; 0) {
                  thumbImg = thumbImg[0];
                  thumbImg.setAttribute('src', thumbURL);
                  thumbImg.setAttribute('width', width);
                  thumbImg.setAttribute('height', height);
               }
               // insert the name of the last uploader:
               var thumbSpan = fuwGet('existingImageUploader');
               // TO DO: turn this into a proper link
               if (thumbSpan) thumbSpan.innerHTML = lastUser;
            }

            
         }
         warn = window.fuw.warn;
         warn.ImageOnCommons = exists &amp;&amp; isCommons;
         warn.ImageExists    = exists &amp;&amp; !isCommons;

         fuwUpdateOptions();
      }
   });
}

// ===========================================================
// onchange event handler for the local filename box
// ===========================================================
fuwValidateFile = function() {
   fuwCheckFileExtension();
   fuwUpdateOptions();
}

// ===========================================================
// onchange event handler for the name input box
// ===========================================================
fuwValidateFilename = function() {
   fuwCleanFilename();
   if (
      fuwCheckLegalFilename() &amp;&amp;
      fuwCheckPoorFilename() &amp;&amp;
      fuwCheckFileExtension()) {
      // after fuwCheckFileExists(),
      // fuwUpdateOptions will be triggered
      // by the callback function after Ajax completion
      fuwCheckFileExists();
   }
   else {
      // if there's been no Ajax call.
      fuwUpdateOptions();
   }
};

// ==========================================================
// function fuwValidateNFArticle()
// ==========================================================
// This is the validation routine for the obligatory
// article-to-be-used-in field for non-free files. It queries
// api.php about the target article through an Ajax call.
// It will store error info in the fuw.warn object,
// triggering the following error on the next updateOptions():
// * warningNFArticleNotFound : target page doesn't exist.
// * warningNFArticleNotMainspace : target is not an article. 
// * warningNFArticleDab : target is a disambiguation page.
// Redirects will automatically be substituted.
// ==========================================================
fuwValidateNFArticle = function() {
   
   var nameBox = window.fuw.ScriptForm.NFArticle;
   oldname = name = nameBox.value;
   
   // cleanup article name:
   // automatically fix accidentally added [[ ... ]] and
   // regularize underscores
   name = $.trim(name);
   name = name.replace(/(^\[\[)|(\]\]$)/g, &quot;&quot;);
   // automatically fix article names entered as full urls:
   name = name.replace(/^https?:\/\/so\.wikipedia\.org\/wiki\//, &quot;&quot;);
   name = name.replace(/^https?:\/\/so\.wikipedia\.org\/w\/index\.php\?title=/, &quot;&quot;);
   name = name.replace(/_/g, &quot; &quot;);
   if (name != oldname) nameBox.value = name;
   
   // do nothing more if field was blank
   if (!name) return;

   // using the jQuery wrapper for the Ajax functionality:
   $.ajax({
      url     : mw.util.wikiScript( 'api' ),
      type    : 'GET',
      dataType: 'xml',
      traditional : true,
      data:   {
               format: 'xml',
               action: 'query',
               titles: name,
               prop  : 'info|categories|links'
              },      
      success: function(resp) {
      // callback function, called when API query has succeeded:
         var errorType = 0;
         var pg = resp.getElementsByTagName('page')[0];
         var title = pg.getAttribute('title');
         var target = title;
         if (pg.getAttribute('missing') != null) {
            // no page found under this title.
            errorType = 1;
         }           
         else {
            var userspace = false;
            var ns = pg.getAttribute('ns');
            var rd = pg.getAttribute('redirect');
            if (ns != 0) {
               // not a mainspace page!
               errorType = 2;

               // try to detect if the target might be a user space draft:               
               if (title.match(new RegExp(&quot;User( talk)?:&quot; + mw.config.get('wgUserName')))) {
                  userspace = true;
               }
            }
            else if (rd != null) {
               // redirect page
               // API returns an empty redirect=&quot;&quot; attribute if
               // the page is a redirect
               var targets = pg.getElementsByTagName('pl');
               for (i=0; i&lt;targets.length; i++) {
                  var link = targets[i];
                  if (link.getAttribute('ns')==0) {
                     target = link.getAttribute('title');
                     errorType = 3;
                     break;
                  }
               }
            }
            else {
               // check for disambiguation categories
               var cats = pg.getElementsByTagName('cl');
               for (i=0; i&lt;cats.length; i++) {
                  var cat = cats[i];
                  if (cat.getAttribute('title') == &quot;Category:All disambiguation pages&quot;) {
                     errorType = 4;
                     break;
                  }
               }  
            }
         }
         warn = window.fuw.warn;
         warn.NFArticleNotFound = (errorType==1);
         warn.NFArticleNotMainspace = (errorType==2);
         warn.UserspaceDraft = ((errorType==2) &amp;&amp; userspace);
         warn.NFArticleDab = (errorType==4);
         warn.NFArticleOK  = (errorType==0);

         // fix links in error messages:
         if (warn.NFArticleNotFound) {
            fuwMakeWikilink(fuwGet('warningNFArticleNotFound').getElementsByTagName('A')[0], target, true);
         }
         else if (warn.NFArticleNotMainspace) {
            fuwMakeWikilink(fuwGet('warningNFArticleNotMainspace').getElementsByTagName('A')[0], target);
         }
         else if (warn.NFArticleDab) {
            fuwMakeWikilink(fuwGet('warningNFArticleDab').getElementsByTagName('A')[0], target);
         }
         else if (warn.NFArticleOK) {
            fuwMakeWikilink(fuwGet('NFArticleOK').getElementsByTagName('A')[0], target);
         }
                       
         if (errorType==3) {
            // automatically replace title with redirect target
            window.fuw.ScriptForm.NFArticle.value = target;
            // need to recursively call validation again now
            //if (confirm(name + &quot; is a redirect. Follow it to &quot; + target + &quot;?&quot;)) {
               fuwValidateNFArticle();
            //}
         }
         else {
            fuwUpdateOptions();
         }          
      }
   });
};

// ================================================
// manually reload script (just for testing)
// ================================================
function fuwReload() {
   mw.loader.load( 'http://localhost/script/uploadscript.js' );
   fuwReset();
}

// ================================================
// reset forms
// TO DO: add a button that actually triggers this.
// ================================================
function fuwReset() {
   var forms = mw.util.$content[0].getElementsByTagName('form');
   for (i = 0; i &lt; forms.length; i++) {
      forms[i].reset();
      window.fuw.warn = { };
      window.fuw.opts = { };
   }
   fuwSetVisible('UploadScriptArea', true);
   fuwSetVisible('fuwSuccess', false);
   fuwSetVisible('fuwWaiting', false);
   fuwUpdateOptions();
}

// ===============================================
// convenience functions for string handling
// ===============================================
function fuwAppendLines(parts) {
   // assemble a string from an array of strings.
   // treat every second element as a conditional
   // separator that will be included only if 
   // surrounding elements are non-empty.
   var build = &quot;&quot;;
   for (var i = 0; i &lt; parts.length; i += 2) {
      if (parts[i]) {
         if (build) build += parts[i - 1];
         build += parts[i];
      }
   }
   return build;
}
function fuwSurroundString(prefix, content, suffix) {
   // put a prefix and a suffix on a string, 
   // if the input string is non-empty.
   if (content) 
      return (prefix ? prefix : &quot;&quot;) + content + (suffix ? suffix : &quot;&quot;); 
   else return &quot;&quot;;
}

// ========================================================
// handler for the API response.
// TO DO: expand stub to add real notification of success,
// link to new file page, instructions about how to include
// file in articles, etc.
// ========================================================
function fuwUploadCompleted(doc) {
   if (doc) {
      //alert(doc);
      fuwSetVisible('successThumb', false);

      var fuw = window.fuw;
      var name = fuw.opts.InputName;

      var uploads = doc.getElementsByTagName('upload');
      var success = false;
      for (i = uploads.length-1; i&gt;=0; i--) {
         if (uploads[i].getAttribute('result') == 'Success') {
            success = true;
            // need to get the real resulting filename here; might be different from the requested one in some cases.
            name = uploads[i].getAttribute('filename');
            break;
         }
      }
      if (success) {

         // need another ajax call to check the file is actually there,
         // and to retrieve its direct thumb img url:
         $.ajax({
            url     : mw.util.wikiScript( 'api' ),
            type    : 'GET',
            dataType: 'xml',
            traditional : true,
            data:   {
                     format: 'xml',
                     action: 'query',
                     titles: 'File:' + name,
                     prop  : 'imageinfo',
                     iiprop: 'url',
                     iiurlwidth: 120
                    },      
            success: function(resp) {
               // callback function, called when API query has succeeded:
               // see if the request has returned info from an existing image:

               var foundImg = resp.getElementsByTagName('ii')[0];
               if (foundImg) {

                  // need this data for creating our own image thumb link
                  var width = foundImg.getAttribute('thumbwidth');
                  var height = foundImg.getAttribute('thumbheight');
                  var thumbURL = foundImg.getAttribute('thumburl');
                  var lastUser = foundImg.getAttribute('user');
                  var descURL = foundImg.getAttribute('descriptionurl');

                  // build the thumbnail in the success message:
                  thumbDiv = fuwGet('successThumb');
                  
                  // make link point to description page:
                  var thumbA = thumbDiv.getElementsByTagName('a')[0];
                  thumbA.href = descURL;

                  // insert the image itself:
                  var thumbImg = thumbDiv.getElementsByTagName('img')[0];
                  thumbImg.setAttribute('src', thumbURL);
                  thumbImg.setAttribute('width', width);
                  thumbImg.setAttribute('height', height);
                  
                  fuwSetVisible(thumbDiv, true);
               }
            }
         });
         fuwMakeWikilink(
            fuwGet('fuwSuccessLink2').getElementsByTagName('a')[0],
            'File:' + name);
         fuwGet('placeholderExFilename1').innerHTML = name;
         fuwGet('placeholderExFilename2').innerHTML = name;
         fuwSetVisible('fuwSuccess', true);
         fuwSetVisible('fuwWaiting', false);
      }
      else {
         var err = doc.getElementsByTagName('error');
         if (err) {
            var info = err[0].getAttribute('info');
            var details = err[0].getElementsByTagName('detail');
            var add = &quot;&quot;;
            for (i = 0; i &lt; details.length; i++) {
               if (add.length &gt; 0) add += &quot;, &quot;;
               add += details[i].textContent;
            }
            if (add) {
               info = info + &quot; (&quot; + add + &quot;)&quot;;
            }
            alert(&quot;Soo raristu waa fashilantay: &quot; + info);
         }
         else {
            alert(&quot;Cilad aan la aqoon: soo raristu waa fashilantay ka dhici kartaa.&quot;);
         }
      }
   }
}

// ========================================================
// Event handler for the real submit button
// ========================================================
function fuwSubmitUpload() {
   
   var fuw = window.fuw;

   fuw.collectInput();
   fuw.formatOutput(false);

   if (fuwTesting) {
      fuwSetVisible('placeholderTestForm', false);
   }
   fuwSetVisible('UploadScriptArea', false);

   fuwMakeWikilink(
     fuwGet('fuwSuccessLink').getElementsByTagName('a')[0], 'File:' + fuw.opts.InputName);
   fuwSetVisible('fuwWaiting', true);

   // Upload the file, then add success notification etc.
   // Note that mw.Api doesn't have special support for the XML format, so even when the API
   // returns an error, this won't be detected and it will call the success handler.
   var api = new mw.Api({
      parameters : { format   : 'xml' },
      ajax       : { dataType : 'xml' }
   });
   api.upload(fuw.TargetForm.file, fuw.UploadOptions).then(fuwUploadCompleted);

   var opts = window.fuw.opts;
   // the API won't overwrite the description page text while overwriting
   // a file, which is really, really, really annoying and stupid.
   // So in the opts.OverwriteDifferent scenario, we need to edit
   // the description page through a separate ajax call. Dang.
   if (opts.OverwriteDifferent) {
      $.ajax({
         url   : mw.util.wikiScript('api'),
         type  : 'POST',
         dataType : 'xml',
         data  : {
                  format : 'xml',
                  action : 'edit',
                  title  : 'File:' + opts.InputName,
                  token  : mw.user.tokens.get('csrfToken'),
                  summary : opts.EditSummary,
                  text   : fuw.UploadOptions.text

                 }
      });
   }
}

// =======================================================
// Event handler for the Commons submit button
// =======================================================
function fuwSubmitCommons() {
   var fuw = window.fuw;
   fuw.collectInput();
   var url = fuw.formatOutput(true);
   alert(&quot;Hadda waxaa lagu wareejin doonaa Commons. \nFadlan adeegso foomka soo rarista ee Commons si aad ugu darto qeybaha sharaxaadda faylkaaga, ka dibna dhamaystir soo rarista.&quot;);
   window.location = url;
}

// =======================================================
// Event handler for the test submit button
// (write description string to sandbox only)
// =======================================================
function fuwSubmitSandbox() {
   var frm = window.fuw.TestForm;
   $.ajax({
      url     : mw.util.wikiScript( 'api' ),
      type    : 'POST',
      dataType: 'xml',
      data:   {
               format: 'xml',
               action: 'edit',
               title : mw.config.get('wgPageName') + &quot;/sandbox&quot;,
               token : mw.user.tokens.get('csrfToken'),
               recreate : 1,
               summary  : frm.SandboxSummary.value,
               text     : frm.SandboxText.value
              },      
      success: function(resp) {
         alert(&quot;Bogga aagga tijaabada waa la badalay!&quot;);
      }
   });
}


// ========================================================
// convenience wrapper function to replace calls to
// document.getElementById() 
// to avoid browser incompatibility
// ========================================================
function fuwGet(target) {
   if (target &amp;&amp; target.nodeType) return target;
   else {
      var found = $('#' + target);
      if (found) return found[0];
   }
   return undefined;
}

// ========================================================
// onload hook function, loading this script
// ========================================================
mw.loader.using(['mediawiki.api']).then(function() {
   $(function() {
      if (fuwGet('UploadScriptArea')) {
         window.fuw = new fuwGlobal();
         if (! window.fuw.disabled) {
            fuwUpdateOptions();
         }
      }
   });
});</text>
      <sha1>hhlne43caewk0gb9h389vn6f3vg01aj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:FileUploadWizard.css</title>
    <ns>8</ns>
    <id>54026</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311365</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-30T07:32:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Abuuray</comment>
      <origin>311365</origin>
      <model>css</model>
      <format>text/css</format>
      <text bytes="892" sha1="cxuuthnq32yg61qj81748ye8gdu04rz" xml:space="preserve">#UploadScriptArea .uploadWarning {
	background: var(--background-color-destructive-subtle, #ffe9e5);
	color: inherit;
	border: 1px solid var(--border-color-destructive, #f54739);
	padding: 0.5em;
	margin: 0.5em;
}

#UploadScriptArea .optionGroup,
.uploadDetails,
#UploadScriptArea .uploadDetails {
	border: 2px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);
	padding: 0.5em;
	margin: 0.5em;
}

#UploadScriptArea td {
	vertical-align: top;
}

#UploadScriptArea td.uwLegend {
	width: 8em;
}

#UploadScriptArea div.uploadScriptSection {
	background: var(--background-color-progressive-subtle, #f1f4fd);
	color: inherit;
	border: 1px solid var(--border-color-progressive, #6485d1);
	margin: 0.5em auto;
	padding: 0.5em;
}

#UploadScriptArea span.uwObligatory:before {
	content: &quot;*&quot;;
	color: var(--color-destructive, #bf3c2c);
	font-weight: bold;
}

.client-js #warningNoJavaScript {
	display: none;
}</text>
      <sha1>cxuuthnq32yg61qj81748ye8gdu04rz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Sidebar</title>
    <ns>8</ns>
    <id>54027</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311369</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-30T07:59:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>311369</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="520" sha1="onzclmmoojvk2o3raxps0tjdc1mqfwp" xml:space="preserve">* navigation
** mainpage|Bogga hore
** Wikipedia:Contents|Tusmada
** currentevents-url|Dhacdooyinka hadda socda
** randompage-url|Bog aan kala sooc lahayn
** Wikipedia:About|Ku saabsan Wikipedia
** contact-url|Bogga xiriirka
** sitesupport-url|Taageer Wikipedia
* SEARCH
* interaction
** helppage|Caawimaad
** Wikipedia:Hordhac|Hordhac
** portal-url|Albaabka bulshada
** recentchanges-url|Isbeddelladii ugu dambeeyay
** Wikipedia:File Upload Wizard|Saaxirka soo gelinta faylka
** specialpages-url|Bogag gaar ah
* TOOLBOX</text>
      <sha1>onzclmmoojvk2o3raxps0tjdc1mqfwp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>311370</id>
      <parentid>311369</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-30T08:05:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>311370</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="525" sha1="oqu7exjaswaa6l4xbhq3h9mta9r48zn" xml:space="preserve">* navigation
** mainpage|Bogga hore
** Wikipedia:Contents|Tusmada
** currentevents-url|Dhacdooyinka hadda socda
** randompage-url|Bog aan kala sooc lahayn
** Wikipedia:Ku saabsan|Ku saabsan Wikipedia
** contact-url|Bogga xiriirka
** sitesupport-url|Taageer Wikipedia
* SEARCH
* interaction
** helppage|Caawimaad
** Wikipedia:Hordhac|Hordhac
** portal-url|Albaabka bulshada
** recentchanges-url|Isbeddelladii ugu dambeeyay
** Wikipedia:File Upload Wizard|Saaxirka soo gelinta faylka
** specialpages-url|Bogag gaar ah
* TOOLBOX</text>
      <sha1>oqu7exjaswaa6l4xbhq3h9mta9r48zn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>311371</id>
      <parentid>311370</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-30T08:08:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>311371</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="526" sha1="art4rqexh6q35xvl1cvvsbyal9t1v7g" xml:space="preserve">* navigation
** mainpage|Bogga hore
** Wikipedia:Contents|Tusmada
** currentevents-url|Dhacdooyinka hadda socda
** randompage-url|Bog aan kala sooc lahayn
** Wikipedia:Ku saabsan|Ku saabsan Wikipedia
** contact-url|Bogga xiriirka
** sitesupport-url|Taageer Wikipedia
* SEARCH
* Is dhexgalka
** helppage|Caawimaad
** Wikipedia:Hordhac|Hordhac
** portal-url|Albaabka bulshada
** recentchanges-url|Isbeddelladii ugu dambeeyay
** Wikipedia:File Upload Wizard|Saaxirka soo gelinta faylka
** specialpages-url|Bogag gaar ah
* TOOLBOX</text>
      <sha1>art4rqexh6q35xvl1cvvsbyal9t1v7g</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Hang on/notice3</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>54028</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311374</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-30T11:01:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>311374</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="485" sha1="i31kog2006ay1kuqtz9vgx9v2oo3l56" xml:space="preserve">&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks sysop-show&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Fiiro gaar ah maamulayaasha: {{talk other|Boggan wadahadal kiisu wuxuu leeyahay wax ku ool|{{pagetype|subjectspace=yes}} wuxuu leeyahay wax ku ool [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|boggiisa wadahadalka]]}} taas oo ay tahay in la hubiyo ka hor inta aan la tirtirin.&lt;/span&gt;
{{namespace detect
| main  = [[Category:Tirtir]]
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}

&lt;!-- Ku dar qaybaha bogga hoosaadka /doc, ee halkan ha ku darin! --&gt;

&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>i31kog2006ay1kuqtz9vgx9v2oo3l56</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Db-reason-notice</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>54029</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311378</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-30T11:22:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>311378</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="502" sha1="qg0uo64d81jn9rnvkevfl3fhtrsmwrw" xml:space="preserve">{{{{{|safesubst:}}}db-notice
|target = {{{1}}}
|nowelcome = {{{nowelcome|}}}
|wizard={{{wizard|1}}}
|text = Waxaa [[:{{{1}}}]] la soo dhigay tusmo codsanaysa in si degdeg ah looga tirtiro Wikipedia. Tani waxaa loo sameeyay sababtan soo socota:

&lt;blockquote&gt;{{{2}}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Sida ku xusan [[Wikipedia:Tirtirid degdeg ah|shuruudaha tirtiridda degdegga ah]], boggaga buuxiya shuruudaha qaar waa la tirtiri karaa waqti kasta. }}&lt;!-- Tusmo:Db-reason-notice --&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>qg0uo64d81jn9rnvkevfl3fhtrsmwrw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>