Wikipedia sowiki https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogga_Hore MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.3 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Portal Portal talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 6326 311781 310719 2026-11-06T18:30:52Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261106sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.7) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 311781 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | native_name = ''Jamhuuriyada Soomaliya'' ([[Somali language|Soomaali]])<br>''Repubblica Somala'' ([[Italian language|Talyaani]]) | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya | common_name = Somalia | iso3166code = omit | era = [[Cold War|Dagaalkii Qaboobaa]] | government_type = [[Unitary parliamentary republic|Jamhuuriyad baarlamaan oo midaysan]]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Warsame |first=Ali A. |date=July 2001 |title=How a Strong Government Backed an African Language: The Lessons of Somalia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3445349 |journal=International Review of Education |volume=47 |issue=3/4 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |pages=341 |quote=Because of controversy involving tech-nical, religious and political questions, no script for the Somali language could be agreed upon, either in the colonial era or in parliamentary years, 1960-1969. |access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Stebbins |first1=Richard Poate |last2=Alba |first2=Amoia |date=1970 |title=Political Handbook and Atlas of the World, 1970: Governments and Intergovernmental Organizations as of September 1, 1969, with Supplementary Data Through January 1, 1970 |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Political_Handbook_and_Atlas_of_the_Worl.html?id=j2GQAM9_QzoC |publisher=[[Simon and Schuster]] |page=307 |isbn=0671202111 |access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref> | event_start = [[Independence Day (Somalia)|Xornimadii]] iyomidowgii [[State of Somaliland|Maamulka Somaliland]] | date_start = 1 Luulyo | event1 = [[1961 revolt in Somalia|Kacankii 1961 ee Soomaaliya]] | event2 = [[1964 Ethiopian–Somali Border War|Dagaalkii Xadka Itoobiya iyo Soomaaliya 1964]] | year_start = 1960 | event_end = [[1969 Somali coup d'état|Afgambigii]] | date_end = 21 Oktoobar | year_end = 1969 | p1 = Dhulka Xannaanada ee Soomaaliya | flag_p1 = Flag of Italy.svg | p2 = State of Somaliland{{!}}Somaliland | flag_p2 = Flag of British Somaliland (1950–1952).svg | s1 = Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya | flag_s1 = Flag of Somalia.svg | image_flag = Flag of Somalia.svg | flag_alt = | flag = Flag Of Somalia.svg | flag_type = | image_coat = Coat of arms of Somalia.svg | coat_alt = | symbol = | symbol_type = | image_map = Map of Somalia (1962).png | image_map_alt = | image_map_caption = Goobta Soomaaliya (1962) | image_map2 = | image_map2_alt = | image_map2_caption = | capital = [[Mogadishu|Muqdisho]] | national_motto = Soomaaliya Ha Noolaato | national_anthem = [[National anthem of Somalia (1960-2000)|Soomaali Ha Noolaato]]<br />({{Langx|en|"Long live Somalis"}})<br />{{center|[[File:Somali_National_Anthem_(1960-2000).ogg]]}} | common_languages = [[Somali language|Soomaali]] | official_languages = [[Italian language|Talyaani]]<ref name="Irving -13" />{{rp|143}} • [[English language|Ingiriis]]<br /><ref name="Irving -13">{{Cite book |first1=Irving |last1=Kaplan |first2=Ezel |last2=Shaw |date=1969 |title=Area Handbook for Somalia |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|volume=I}}</ref>{{rp|136}} | religion = [[Sunni Islam|Islam Sunni]] | currency = [[East African shilling|Shilin Bariga Afrika]]<br />{{small|(1960–1962)}}<br />[[Somalo]]<br />{{small|(1960–1962)}}<br />[[Somali shilling|Shilin Soomaali]]<br />{{small|(1962–1969)}} | leader1 = [[Aden Abdullah Osman Daar|Aadan Cabdulle Cismaan Daar]] | leader2 = [[Abdirashid Ali Shermarke|Cabdiraashiid Cali Sharmaarke]] | year_leader3 = 1969 | leader3 = [[Sheikh Mukhtar Mohamed Hussein|Mukhtaar Maxamed Xuseen]] (sii-hayaha xilka) | year_leader1 = 1960–1967 | year_leader2 = 1967–1969 | title_leader = [[President of Somalia|Madaxweyne]] | representative1 = [[Abdullahi Issa Mohamud|Cabdullahi Ciise Maxamuud]] | representative2 = [[Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal|Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal]] | representative3 = [[Abdirashid Ali Shermarke|Cabdiraashiid Cali Sharmaarke]] | year_representative1 = 1960 | year_representative2 = 1960 | year_representative3 = 1960–1964 | year_representative4 = 1964–1967 | representative4 = [[Abdirizak Haji Hussein|Cabdiraasiq Xaaji Xuseen]] | title_representative = [[List of prime ministers of Somalia|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | deputy1 = | deputy2 = | deputy3 = | deputy4 = | year_deputy1 = | year_deputy2 = | year_deputy3 = | year_deputy4 = | year_representative5 = 1967–1969 | representative5 = Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal | title_deputy = | legislature = [[Parliament of Somalia|Golaha Qaranka]] | house1 = | type_house1 = | house2 = | type_house2 = | stat_year1 = 1961<ref name="WP">[https://books.google.com/books?id=rG5meGzRsd0C&pg=PA138 International Demographic Data Center (U.S.), United States Bureau of the Census (1980). World Population 1979: Recent Demographic Estimates for the Countries and Regions of the World. The Bureau. pp. 137-138.]</ref> | stat_pop1 = 2,027,300 | stat_year2 = 1969<ref name="WP" /> | stat_pop2 = 2,741,000 | today = [[Somalia|Soomaaliya]]<br>[[Somaliland]]{{efn|Somaliland ma aha mid caalami ah oo la aqoonsan yahay, Laga bilaabo 26 Disembar 2025, Israel waa dowladda keliya ee [[United Nations member state|Qaramada Midoobay]] ee aqoonsata Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland inay tahay dal madax-bannaan oo madaxbannaan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 December 2025 |title=Israel becomes first country to formally recognise Somaliland as independent state |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-recognises-somaliland-somalias-breakway-region-independent-state-2025-12-26/ |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Dhulka Somaliland waxaa loo arkaa qayb ka mid ah Soomaaliya. Maamulka Somaliland, si kastaba ha ahaatee, wuxuu hayaa awooda dhabta ah ee deegaanka.}} | footnotes = | demonym = Soomaali | area_km2 = 637657 | area_rank = 40th | GDP_PPP = | GDP_PPP_year = | HDI = | HDI_year = }} {{Taariikhda Soomaaliya}} {{Taariikhda Somaliland}} '''Somali Republic''' ({{langx|so|Jamhuuriyadda Soomaalida}}; {{langx|it|Repubblica Somala}}; {{langx|ar|الجمهورية الصومالية aṣ-Ṣūmāl}}) waxaa lagu dhisay [[political union|midowgii]] deegaankii Talyaaniga ee [[Trust Territory of Somaliland|Somaaliya Talyaaniga]] (oo hore u ahayd [[Italian Somaliland]]) iyo [[State of Somaliland|Maamulka Somaliland]] (oo hore u ahayd [[British Somaliland]]). Dowlad waxaa dhisay [[Abdullahi Issa Mohamud|Cabdullahi Ciise Maxamuud]] iyo [[Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal|Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal]] iyo xubno kale oo ka tirsan maamulladii trusteeship-ka iyo protectorate-ka, iyadoo [[Haji Bashir Ismail Yusuf|Xaaji Bashiir Ismaaciil Yuusuf]] uu yahay Guddoomiyaha [[Parliament of Somalia|Golaha Qaranka Soomaaliyeed]] iyo [[Aden Abdullah Osman Daar|Aadan Cabdulle Cismaan Daar]] oo ah [[List of Presidents of Somalia|Madaxweynaha]] Jamhuuriyadda Soomaalida. 22 Luulyo 1960, Daar wuxuu u magacaabay [[Abdirashid Ali Shermarke|Cabdiraashiid Cali Sharmaarke]] [[Prime Minister of Somalia|Ra'iisul Wasaare]]. 20 Luulyo 1961 iyadoo la marinayo [[Somali constitutional referendum, 1961|afti shacab]], Soomaaliya waxay ansixisay dastuuru cusub oo [[Constitution of Somalia|dastuur]] ah, kaas oo markii ugu horreysay la qoray 1960. Dastuurka cusub waxaa diiday Somaliland.<ref>''The Illustrated Library of The World and Its Peoples: Africa, North and East'', Greystone Press: 1967, p. 338</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Poore|first=Brad|title=Somaliland: Shackled to a Failed State|journal=Stanford Journal of International Law|volume=(45) 1}}</ref><ref>Ramadane, Zakaria Ousman. “Somalia: State Failure, Poverty and Terrorism.” Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses, vol. 6, no. 7, 2014, pp. 13–16. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/26351270. Accessed 30 April 2021.</ref> Maamulku wuxuu jiray ilaa 1969, markii [[Supreme Revolutionary Council (Somalia)|Golaha Sare ee Kacaanka]] (SRC) uu la wareegay awoodda iyada oo aan dhiig daadan [[1969 Somali coup d'état|afgambi]] wuxuuna dalka u bixiyay [[Somali Democratic Republic|Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya]]. == Taariikhda == === Midowga === Baahida shacabka ayaa ku qasabtay hoggaamiyeyaasha [[Italian Somaliland|Somaaliya Talyaaniga]] iyo [[British Somaliland|Somaaliya Ingiriiska]] inay horay u sii wadaan qorshayaasha [[political union|midowga degdegga ah]].<ref name="CS">{{citation-attribution|1={{cite encyclopedia|title=Somalia: a country study|publisher=[[Federal Research Division]], [[Library of Congress]]|location=Washington, D.C.|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/93016246/|last=Samatar|first=Said S.|date=1993|editor-last=Metz|editor-first=Helen Chapin|editor-link=Helen Chapin Metz |edition=4th|pages=26–30|isbn=0-8444-0775-5|oclc=27642849|entry=Historical Setting}}}}</ref> Dowladda Ingiriisku waxay aqbashay xoogga [[Somali nationalism|waddaniyadda Soomaaliyeed]] ee rayidka ah waxayna ku heshiisay inay soo afjarto xukunkeedii Somaliland Ingiriiska 1960-kii si waqtigii loogu talagalay in protectorate-ka uu ula midoobo [[Trust Territory of Somaliland|Dhulka Xannaanada ee Soomaaliya]] (Somaaliya Talyaaniga ee hore) taariikhda xornimada ee ay hore u cayimeen guddiga Qaramada Midoobay.<ref name="CS" /> Abriil 1960, hoggaamiyeyaasha labada dhul waxay ku kulmeen [[Mogadishu|Muqdisho]] waxayna ku heshiiyeen inay dhisaan [[unitary state|dowlad midaysan]].<ref name="CS" />{{efn|three of these sources additionally clarify about the internal organisation of powers within Somalia at the time.<ref name="Unitary 1">{{cite web |title=LOCAL GOVERNMENTS AND FEDERALISM IN SOMALIA: FITTING THE PIECES TOGETHER |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099031224022529372/pdf/P1719741308f0a0851875a1d476daf78217.pdf |author1=Fiona Davies |author2=Mohamud Yasin Jama |author3=Makiko Watanabe |author4=Zubair K. Bhatti |publisher=[[World Bank Group]] |format=PDF |date=June 2023 |quote=At independence in 1960, Somalia was administered as a unitary state, {{sic|comprised |hide=y|of}} three levels: the central government, the regions, and the local governments. The regional and local government administrations were appointed by the central government, but overseen by elected regional and local councils. }}</ref><ref name="Unitary 2">{{cite web |title=Federalism and Decentralization - Options for Somalia |url=https://www.somalitalk.com/2008/dec/22dec08.html |website=somalitalk.com |author=Omar Salad Elmi –Bsc (Hons) |quote=From 1960 to 1969 Somalia had applied a centralised unitary of government based on a western style liberal democracy defined in a constitution approved by a national popular referendum in 1961 which provided: a) individual and political freedoms, b) parliamentary centralised unitary state with three branches of government (legislature, executive and judiciary); c) pillar organs of state – civil service, police, and army built, at least theory, on meritocracy - competence, knowledge, and impartiality; d) free and fair general elections in which citizens elected and delegated political leaders in every four years; e) division of territory into administrative regions and districts governed by governors and district commissioners appointed by and accountable to the central government rather than the citizens in the regions and districts; and f) municipal city mayors and councils elected for a term of three years who ran the municipal duties and functions in cities such as – petty tax collections from the open markets, slaughter-houses, licence fee of shops and restaurants, family and population registration, house door numbers, etc. to pay municipal staffs and city public services like cleaning and hygiene, etc. This system also allowed a sort of free market economy. }}</ref><ref name="Unitary 3">{{cite web |title=Cultural Diversity and the Somali Conflict |url=https://www.accord.org.za/ajcr-issues/cultural-diversity-and-the-somali-conflict/ |date=February 2007 |website=accord.org.za |quote=In 1960 Somalia established a unitary government with a parliament that had 123 members from all the regions of the country at the time (eight, including two regions from British Somaliland). }}</ref>}} [[List of Presidents of Somalia|Madaxweyne]] la doortay ayaa ahaa madaxa dowladda.<ref name="CS" /> Awoodaha fulinta oo buuxa waxaa yeelan lahaa [[Prime Minister of Somalia|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] mas'uul ka ah [[Parliament of Somalia|Golaha Qaranka]] ee la doortay oo ka kooban 123 xubnood oo matalaya labada dhul.<ref name="CS" /> Sidaas darteed, Somaliland Ingiriiska waxay ku midoobtay sidii loogu talagalay Dhulka Xannaanada ee Soomaaliya si loo dhiso Jamhuuriyadda Soomaalida. 26 Juun 1960, Somaliland Ingiriiska waxay ka qaadatay xornimada [[United Kingdom|Ingiriiska]] iyada oo ah [[State of Somaliland|Maamulka Somaliland]]. 1 Luulyo 1960, Maamulka Somaliland wuxuu la midoobay Dhulka Xannaanada ee Soomaaliya, wuxuuna dhisay Jamhuuriyadda Soomaalida. Baarlamaanku wuxuu magacaabay guddoomiyihii sharciga midowga [[Haji Bashir Ismail Yousuf|Xaaji Bashiir Ismaaciil Yuusuf]] inuu noqdo Madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee Golaha Qaranka Soomaaliyeed. Isla maalintaas [[Aden Abdullah Osman Daar|Aadan Cabdulle Cismaan Daar]] wuxuu noqday Madaxweynaha Jamhuuriyadda Soomaalida; Daar dhankiisa 22 Luulyo 1960 wuxuu u magacaabay [[Abdirashid Ali Shermarke|Cabdiraashiid Cali Sharmaarke]] ra'iisul wasaaraha ugu horreeya.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}} Sharmaarke wuxuu dhisay dowlad isbahaysi ah oo ay hoggaaminaysay [[Somali Youth League|Leegada Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed (SYL)]] balse ay taageerayeen labada xisbi ee ku saleysan qabiilka ee waqooyiga, Somali National League (SNL) iyo United Somali Party (USP).<ref name="CS" /> Magacaabista Osman ee madaxweynaha waxaa lagu ansixiyay hal sano ka dib [[Somali constitutional referendum, 1961|afti qaran]].<ref name="CS" /> Intii lagu guda jiray sagaalkii sano ee dimuqraadiyadda baarlamaanka ee ka dambeysay xornimada Soomaaliya, [[freedom of expression|xorriyadda hadalka]] waxaa loo arkayay mid ka timid xaqda dhaqameed ee qof kasta in la maqlo.<ref name="CS" /> Qaranimada uu sheeganayay [[Somali people|Soomaalidu]] waxay ahayd mid ku saabsan [[Egalitarianism|siyaasadda]] iyo [[Equality before the law|aysho sharci ah]] taas oo qiyamka taariikhiga ah ee Soomaaliya iyo dhaqamada reer Galbeedka ee la helay ay u muuqdeen kuwo is waafaqaya.<ref name="CS" /> Siyaasadda waxaa loo arkayay meel aan ku koobnayn hal xirfad, [[Somali clans|qabiil]], ama fasal, balse u furan dhammaan ragga xubnaha ka ah bulshada.<ref name="CS" /> Doorka haweenka, si kastaba ha ahaatee, wuxuu ahaa mid xaddidan. Haweenku waxay ka codeeyeen Somaaliya Talyaaniga tan iyo doorashadii degmada ee 1958.<ref name="CS" /> Codbixinta ayaa dambe ku faaftay Somaliland Ingiriiska hore bishii Maajo 1963, markii golaha deegaanka uu u codeeyay margin ah 52 ilaa 42.<ref name="CS" /> Siyaasaddu waxay ahayd madadaalo qaran, iyadoo shacabku ay la socdeen horumarka siyaasadeed iyagoo adeegsanaya [[radio|raadiyaha]].<ref name="CS" /> Ka-qaybgalka siyaasadeed wuxuu inta badan ka badnaaday kan [[Western democracy|dimuqraadiyadda reer Galbeedka]] badan.<ref name="CS" /> === Bilowgii hore ee midowga === In kasta oo ay u midoobeen hal dal xornimada, haddana koonfurta iyo waqooyiga waxay ahaayeen, dhanka nidaamka, laba dal oo kala duwan.<ref name="CS" /> [[Italy|Talyaaniga]] iyo [[United Kingdom|Boqortooyada Midowday]] waxay labadaas uga tageen maamul, sharci, iyo nidaam waxbarasho oo kala duwan oo arrimaha lagu maamulayay si waafaqsan habab kala duwan iyo luqado kala duwan.<ref name="CS" /> [[Janina Dill]], oo markaas ahayd ku-xigeenka borofisar ee Siyaasadda Dibedda ee Mareykanka ee [[Oxford University|Jaamacadda Oxford]], ayaa tiri:<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ridout|first=Timothy A.|date=18 April 2011|title=Building Peace and the State in Somalia: The case of Somaliland|url=https://dl.tufts.edu/downloads/gf06gd99r?filename=vh53x6673.pdf|journal=The Fletcher School|pages=10|quote=}}</ref> {{Blockquote|text="Halka xukunka Ingiriisku ee waqooyiga uu u oggolaaday ilaalinta qaab-dhismeedka dhaqanka ee is-maamulka, gumeysigii Talyaaniga ee koonfureed wuxuu keenay burburinta qaababka dhaqanka ee ururinta siyaasadeed iyo maamulka gumeysiga ee dhexeeyay"|author=Timothy A. Ridout|source=Building Peace and the State in Somalia: The case of Somaliland, p. 10}} Booliska, canshuuraha, iyo heerarka sarrifka ee lacagaha ay kala lahaayeen sidoo kale way kala duwanaayeen.<ref name="CS" /> Sare-u-qaadistooda aqoonyahannada waxay lahaayeen dano kala duwan, oo xiriirka dhaqaale ee labada gobol u dhexeeyay wuxuu ahaa mid aan jirin.<ref name="CS" /> 1960-kii [[United Nations|Qaramada Midoobay]] waxay dhistay Guddiga Wadatashiga ee Isdhexgalka, oo ah guddi caalami ah oo uu hoggaaminayay sarkaal ka tirsan QM Paolo Contini, si uu u hago isku-darka tartiib tartiib ah ee nidaamyada sharci iyo hay'adaha dalka cusub iyo in la heshiisiiyo kala duwanaanshaha u dhexeeya.<ref name="CS" /> (1964 Guddiga Wadatashiga ee Sharci-dejinta ayaa beddelay hay'adan.<ref name="CS" /> Oo ka kooban Soomaali, waxay qaadatay shaqadii beddeshay iyadoo hoos imaanaysa guddoomiyaha Mariano.<ref name="CS" />) Balse dadka koonfureed badankood waxay rumeysnaayeen in, sababtoo ah khibradda laga helay xannaanada Talyaaniga, iyaguna ay ahaayeen gobolka ugu diyaarsan labada gobol ee [[self-government|is-maamul]].<ref name="CS" /> Madaxda siyaasadda, maamulka, iyo ganacsiga ee waqooyiga waxay ka labalabeeyeen inay aqoonsadaan inay hadda la macaamilayaan Muqdisho.<ref name="CS" /> Xornimada, gobolka waqooyi wuxuu lahaa laba xisbi siyaasadeed oo shaqeynaya: SNL, oo matalaya beesha [[Isaaq]] oo ahayd inta badan tirada halkaas; iyo USP, oo ay taageerayaan inta badan [[Dir (clan)|Dir]] iyo [[Daarood]].<ref name="CS" /> Soomaaliya oo midowday, si kastaba ha ahaatee, Isaaq waxay ahaayeen tiro yar, halka Daaroodka waqooyiga ay ku biireen xubnaha beeshooda ee koonfureed ee SYL.<ref name="CS" /> Dir, oo leh ehello yar oo koonfureed, waxaa dhinac looga jiiday xiriirka dhaqameed ee [[Hawiye]] iyo dhinaca kalena dareenka gobolka ee la wadaago ee Isaaq.<ref name="CS" /> Xisbiga mucaaradka ee koonfureed, [[Greater SomaliaLeague|Leegada Weyn ee Soomaaliyeed]] (GSL), oo ahayd mid Carab-taageersan oo dagaal-jirtey [[Pan-Somalism|pan-Somalist]], waxay soo jiidatay taageerada SNL iyo USP ka dhanka ah SYL, oo qaadatay mowqif dhexdhexaad ah kahor xornimada.<ref name="CS" /> Shaki ku saabsan in si adag loola xirto koonfurta waxaa lagu muujiyay qaabka codbixinta ee [[Somali constitutional referendum, 1961|aftidii dastuurka ee Juun 1961]], taas oo run ahaantii ahayd doorashadii ugu horreysay ee qaran ee Soomaaliya.<ref name="CS" /> In kasta oo qabyo-qoraalka si weyn loogu ansixiyay koonfurta, haddana waxaa taageeray in ka yar 50 boqolkiiba dadka codbixiyaasha waqooyiga.<ref name="CS" /> Qanacsanaan la'aanta qaybinta awoodda ee u dhaxeysa qoysas-beeleedka ayaa ka qarxay Diseembar 1961, markii koox ka tirsan saraakiisha ciidanka yar ee waqooyiga ee tababarka Ingiriiska qabay ay [[1961 revolt in Somalia|kacdoon]] sameeyeen iyagoo ka falcelinaya ballankii loo qaaday saraakiisha koonfureed ee darajada sare leh (oo ay tababareen Talyaanigu hawlaha booliska) si ay u taliyaan unugyadooda.<ref name="CS" /> Hogaamiyayaashu waxay ku boorriyeen in waqooyiga iyo koonfurta la kala saaro.<ref name="CS" /> Saraakiisha aan darajada saraakiisha ahayn ee waqooyiga ayaa xiray fallaagadii.<ref name="CS" /> Horraantii 1962, hoggaamiyaha GSL Haaji Mahammad Husseen, oo qayb ka raadinayay inuu ka faa'iidaysto qanacsanaan la'aanta waqooyiga, wuxuu isku dayay inuu dhiso xisbi isku dhafan, oo loo yaqaano Ururka Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliyeed (SDU).<ref name="CS" /> Wuxuu diiwaangeliyay xubno waqooyi ah, qaar ka mid ahna aysan ku qanacsanayn wakiillada SNL ee waqooyiga ee dowladda isbahaysiga ah.<ref name="CS" /> Isku daygii Xuseen wuu fashilmay.<ref name="CS" /> May 1963, Jimale iyo hoggaamiyaha SNL [[Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal|Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal]] oo ay la socdaan 20 xubnood oo kale oo ka tirsan Golaha Qaranka waxay dhiseen Kongareiska Qaranka Soomaaliyeed (SNC) si ay u diidmaan SYL ee talada haysay. Sidaas darteed, dhammaadkii 1963, gaar ahaanshaha Isaaq waxay u muuqatay mid si isa soo taraysa u heleysa marin ka bax ah SNC, ujeedooyinkeeduna waxay ahaayeen kuwo ka yar qaybinta Jamhuuriyadda marka loo eego burburinta dowladda SYL.<ref name="Cite book|title=A Modern History of the Somali|last=Lewis|first=I.M.|publisher=Avalon Publishing|year=1988|pages=177}}</ref> Tallaabadani waxay dalka siisay saddex xisbi siyaasadeed oo qaran oo dhab ah waxayna sii adeegsatay in lagu daboosho kala duwanaanshaha waqo iyo koonfur.<ref name="CS" /> === Soomaaliya Weyn === Arrimaha siyaasadeed ee ugu muhiimsan ee siyaasadda Soomaaliya ee ka dambeysay xornimada waxay ahayd midoobidda dhammaan meelaha ay dhaqan ahaan deggan yihiin [[Somali people|Soomaalida qowmiyadda ah]] hal dal — oo ah fikrad lagu aqoonsaday [[Greater Somalia|Soomaaliya Weyn]] (''Soomaaliweyn'') (sidoo kale fiiri [[Somali nationalism]]).<ref name="CS" /> Siyaasiyiintu waxay u qaateen in arrimahani ay maamulaan ra'yiga shacabka iyo in dowlad kasta ay dhici doonto haddii aysan muujin mowqif dagaal oo ka dhan ah dalalka deriska ah ee degan dhulka Soomaaliya.<ref name="CS" /> [[File:Somali map.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Xadka qiyaasta ah ee [[Greater Somalia|Soomaaliya Weyn]].]] Mashquulka Soomaaliya Weyn wuxuu qaabeeyey dabeecadda hay'adaha cusub ee dalka waxaana loo horseeday dhismaha [[Somali Armed Forces|ciidanka Soomaaliya]] iyo, ugu dambeyn, dagaalkii Itoobiya iyo dagaalka ka dhacay [[Northern Frontier district|Degmada Xadka Waqooyi]] ee Kenya.<ref name="CS" /> Sharciga, cabbirka saxda ah ee Golaha Qaranka lama aasaasin si loo fududeeyo ku darista wakiillada meelaha la isku haysto ka dib midowga.<ref name="CS" /> [[Flag of Somalia|Calanka qaranka]] wuxuu sidoo kale soo bandhigay xiddig shan geesood ah, oo geesahooda ay mataleen meelaha la sheegtay inay qayb ka yihiin qaranka Soomaaliyeed: Somaaliya Talyaaniga iyo Somaaliya Ingiriiska ee hore, [[Ogaden|Ogaadeenya]], [[French Somaliland|Somaaliya Faransiiska]], iyo [[North Eastern Province (Kenya)|Gobolka Waqooyi-Beri]].<ref name="CS" /> Intaa waxaa dheer, hordhaca [[Constitution of Somalia|dastuurka]] ee la ansixiyay 1961 wuxuu ka mid ahaa bayaanka, "Jamhuuriyadda Soomaalida waxay kor u qaadaysaa si sharci ah oo nabad ah, midowga dhulka."<ref name="CS" /> Dastuurka wuxuu sidoo kale bixiyay in dhammaan Soomaalida qowmiyadda ah, meel kasta ha joogaane, ay ahaayeen muwaadiniin jamhuuriyadda ah.<ref name="CS" /> Soomaalidu ma aysan sheegan madax-bannaanida dhulalka ku dhow, balse waxay dalbadeen in Soomaalida ku nool halkaas la siiyo xaq ay ku [[self-determination|is-maamulaan]].<ref name="CS" /> Madaxda Soomaaliya waxay xaqiijiyeen in lagu qancin doono oo keliya marka Soomaalida ay ka baxsan yihiin jamhuuriyadda ay fursad u helaan inay iyagu go'aan ka gaaraan waxa ay noqon doonto xaaladdooda.<ref name="CS" /> 1948, cadaadis kaga yimid [[Allies of World War II|xulafadoodii Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka]] iyo in laga naxo Soomaalida,<ref name="CS" /> Ingiriisku wuxuu "dib u celiyey" [[Haud|Xood]] (oo ah dhul daaqsin Soomaaliyeed oo muhiim ah oo laga yaabo inuu ahaa mid lagu 'ilaaliyay' heshiisyadii Ingiriiska ee Soomaalida 1884 iyo 1886) iyo Ogaadeenya oo loo dhiibay Itoobiya, oo ku saleysan heshiis ay saxiixeen 1897 kaas oo Ingiriisku ku wareejiyay dhulka Soomaaliya Boqortii Itoobiya [[Menelek II of Ethiopia|Menelik II]] beddelka caawintiisa ka dhanka ah duullaanka ay qaadeen beelaha Soomaaliyeed.<ref>Laitin, p. 73</ref> Ingiriisku wuxuu ku daray shardi ah in dadka deggan Soomaaliya ay ilaashadaan is-maamulkooda, balse Itoobiya waxay si degdeg ah u sheegatay madax-bannaanida dhulka.<ref name="Zolberg">Zolberg, Aristide R., et al., ''Escape from Violence: Conflict and the Refugee Crisis in the Developing World'', (Oxford University Press: 1992), p. 106</ref> Dowladda Soomaaliya waxay diiday gaar ahaan inay aqoonsato ansaxnimada Hesshiiskii Anglo-Ethiopian ee 1954 ee aqoonsanayay sheegashada Itoobiya ee Xood ama, guud ahaan, ku habboonaanta heshiisyada qeexaya xuduudaha Soomaaliya iyo Itoobiya.<ref name="CS" /> Mowqifka Soomaaliya wuxuu ku saleysnaa saddex dhibcood: marka koowaad, in heshiisyadu ay iska indhatireen heshiisyada lala galay jilayaasha Soomaaliyeed ee geliyay xannaanada Ingiriiska; marka labaad, in Soomaalida aan lagala tashan shuruudaha heshiisyada oo dhab ahaantii aan lagu wargelin jiritaankooda; iyo marka saddexaad, in heshiisyadaas ay ku xadgudbeen mabda'a is-maamulka.<ref name="CS" /> Tani waxay dhalisay dadaal guul darreystay oo ay Ingiriisku sameeyeen 1956 si ay dib ugu iibsadaan dhulkii Soomaalida ee ay dhiibeen.<ref name="Zolberg" /> Cadowgii wuu kordhay si joogto ah, ugu dambeyntiina wuxuu keenay ficillo yar yar oo u dhexeeya [[Somali Armed Forces|Ciidanka Xoogga Dalka Soomaaliyeed]] iyo [[Ethiopian National Defense Force|Ciidanka Qalabka Sida ee Itoobiya]] ee xadka ku yaal.<ref name="CS" /> Febraayo 1964, dagaal hubaysan ayaa ka qarxay xadka Soomaaliya iyo Itoobiya, [[Imperial Ethiopian Air Force|dayucdii Itoobiya]] waxayna duqeeyeen bartilmaameedyo Soomaaliya ku yaal.<ref name="CS" /> Isku dhaca wuxuu ku dhammaaday Abriil iyada oo dhexdhexaadin ay samaysay [[Republic of Sudan (1956–1969)|Suudaan]], oo ka hoos shaqaynaysay dalladda [[Organization of African Unity|Ururka Midowga Afrika]] (OAU).<ref name="CS" /> Shuruudaha xabad-joojinta, waxaa la dhisay guddi wadajir ah si loo baaro sababaha dhalinaya dhacdooyinka xadka, waxaana la dhisay dhul ka caagan militariga oo ah toban ilaa shan iyo toban kiiloomitir dhinac kasta oo xadka ah.<ref name="CS" /> Ugu yaraan si ku-meel-gaar ah, isku dhacyo kale oo millatari ayaa la hor istaagay.<ref name="CS" /> [[French Somaliland overseas territory referendum, 1958|Afti]] ayaa ka dhacday [[Djibouti|Jabuuti]] ee deriska ahayd (oo markaas loogu yeeri jiray [[French Somaliland|Somaaliya Faransiiska]]) 1958, habenkii ka horreysay xornimada Soomaaliya 1960, si loo go'aamiyo in la ku biiro Jamhuuriyadda Soomaalida ama in lala sii joogo Faransiiska. Aftidu waxay u soo jeesatay dhanka sii wadida xiriirka Faransiiska, inta badan waxaa sabab u ahaa codka haa ee la isku daray ee qowmiyadda [[Afar people|Afar]] ee tiro badan iyo Yurubiyiinta deggan.<ref name="Barrington2006" /> Sidoo kale waxaa jiray [[vote rigging|kharibaad codbixinta oo baahsan]], iyadoo Faransiisku uu ceyriyay kumanaan Soomaali ah ka hor inta aysan aftidu gaarin codbixinta.<ref name="Kseoah">Kevin Shillington, ''Encyclopedia of African history'', (CRC Press: 2005), p. 360.</ref> Inta badan kuwii u codeeyay maya waxay ahaayeen Soomaali si adag ugu taageersanaa in la ku biiro Soomaaliya oo midowday, sida uu soo jeediyay [[Mahmoud Harbi]], Madaxweyne Ku-xigeenka Golaha Dowladda. Harbi waxaa lagu dilay shil diyaarad laba sano ka dib xaalado mugdi ku jiro.<ref name="Barrington2006">Barrington, Lowell, ''After Independence: Making and Protecting the Nation in Postcolonial and Postcommunist States'', (University of Michigan Press: 2006), p. 115</ref><ref name="Tss">United States Joint Publications Research Service, ''Translations on Sub-Saharan Africa'', Issues 464-492, (1966), p.24.</ref> Wadahadaladii 1961 ee [[London]] ee ku saabsanaa mustaqbalka [[Kenya Colony|Gumeysiga Kenya]], wakiillada Soomaalida ee ka socday Degmada Xadka Waqooyi (NFD) waxay dalbadeen in Ingiriisku uu diyaariyo kala-goynta gobolka ka hor intaan la siinin Kenya xornimadooda.<ref name="CS" /> Dowladda Ingiriisku waxay magacawday guddi si ay u ogaadaan ra'yiga shacabka ee NFD ee ku saabsan arrinta.<ref name="CS" /> Aftida aan rasmi ahayn waxay muujisay rabitaanka xooggan ee dadka deegaanka, oo inta badan ka koobnaa Soomaali iyo [[Oromo people|Oromo]], inay ku biiraan [[Somalia|Jamhuuriyadda Soomaalida]] ee dhowaa la dhisay.<ref>David D. Laitin, ''Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience'', (University Of Chicago Press: 1977), p.75</ref> Qoraal tifaftiran oo soo baxay 1962 oo ku jira ''[[The Observer]]'', oo ah jaraa'idka Axadda ee ugu da'da weyn Ingiriiska, ayaa isla mar ahaantaana xusay in "sida ku xusan shuruud kasta, Soomaalida Kenya waxay xaq u leeyihiin inay doortaan mustaqbalkooda[...] waxay ka duwan yihiin Kenyatiga kale ma aha oo kaliya dhanka qabiilka balse ku dhawaad ​​dhinac kasta[...] waa Hamitic, waxay leeyihiin dhaqamo kale, diin kale (Islaam), waxayna degan yihiin saxara aan wax badan ku soo kordhin ama aan waxba ku soo kordhin dhaqaalaha Kenya[...] qofna ma eedeyn karo inay isku dayayaan inay la baxaan hantida qaranka".<ref name="Totbia">{{cite journal|last=The Observer|title=Time Bomb in Africa|journal=Muslimnews International|year=1962|volume=1-2|page=276|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xstEAQAAIAAJ|access-date=2 April 2013}}</ref> In kasta oo ay jirtay dhaqdhaqaaq diblomaasiyadeed oo Soomaaliyeed, haddana dowladda gumeysiga ee Kenya wax tallaabo ah kama qaadin natiijada guddiga.<ref name="CS" /> Saraakiisha Ingiriisku waxay rumeysnaayeen in qaabka federaalka ee markaas lagu soo jeediyay [[Constitution of Kenya|dastuurka Kenya]] uu bixin lahaa xal iyada oo loo marayo heerka is-maamul ee uu u oggolaaday gobolka inta badan Soomaalida ah ee ku dhex jira nidaamka federaalka.<ref name="CS" /> Xalkan ma uusan yarayn dalabyada Soomaalida ee midoobidda, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaana cabbirkii federaalka uu baaba'ay ka dib markii dowladdii ka dambeysay xornimada Kenya ay doorbiday dastuur dhexe 1964.<ref name="CS" /> Waxaa hoggaaminayay Xisbiga Horumarinta Shacabka Gobolka Waqooyi (NPPPP), Soomaalida ku nool NFD waxay si adag u raadsadeen midowga ehelladooda ka tirsan Jamhuuriyadda Soomaalida ee waqooyiga.<ref>Bruce Baker, ''Escape from Domination in Africa: Political Disengagement & Its Consequences'', (Africa World Press: 2003), p.83</ref> Markii ay jawaabtay, dowladda cusub ee Kenya waxay dejisay tiro tallaabooyin cadaadis ah oo loogu talagalay in lagu fashiliyo dadaalkooda. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ahaa dhaqanka ah in si khaldan loogu magacaabo sheegashada qowmiyadeed ee fallaagada Soomaaliya inay tahay waxqabad [[shifta]] ("tuug"), xiritaanka NFD oo ah dhul "la qorsheeyay", lunsashada ama gowraca xoolaha Soomaalida, maalgelinta ololeyaasha sifeynta qowmiyadeed ee ka dhanka ah dadka deggan gobolka, iyo dhismaha "tuulooyin la ilaaliyo" oo waaweyn ama [[concentration camp|xeryaha fiirsashada]].<ref name="Howard">[[Rhoda E. Howard]], ''Human Rights in Commonwealth Africa'', (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.: 1986), p.95</ref> Siyaasadahani waxay ku dhammaadeen [[Shifta War|Dagaalkii Shifta]] ee u dhexeeyay fallaagada Soomaalida iyo [[Kenya Police|booliska]] iyo [[Kenya Defence Forces|ciidanka]] Kenya.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}} Raadiyaha Codka Soomaaliya ayaa la sheegay inuu saameeyay heerka dhaqdhaqaaqa guutada adoo adeegsanaya baahinta uu ku soo hagaajiyay NFD.<ref name="CS" /> Sidoo kale Kenya waxay ku eedeysay dowladda Soomaaliya inay tababarayso fallaagada gudaha Soomaaliya, ay ku qalabeysay hub Soofiyeeti ah, isla markaana ay ka maamulaysay Muqdisho. Waxay markii dambe saxiixday heshiis difaac wadajir ah oo lala galay Itoobiya 1964, in kasta oo heshiisku uusan wax saameyn ah lahayn maaddaama socodka xadka ee [[materiel|qalabka]] Soomaaliya laga geeyo guutada uu sii socday.<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1984/WTL.htm "The Somali Dispute: Kenya Beware"] by Maj. Tom Wanambisi for the [[Marine Corps Command and Staff College]], 6 April 1984 (hosted by globalsecurity.org)</ref> Oktoobar 1967, dowladda Soomaaliya iyo maamulka Kenya waxay saxiixeen [[Memorandum of Understanding|Hesshiis Faham]] (Heshiiskii Arusha) kaas oo keenay xabad-joojin rasmi ah, in kasta oo nabadgelyada gobolku aysan jirin ilaa 1969.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hogg | first1 = Richard | year = 1986 | title = The New Pastoralism: Poverty and Dependency in Northern Kenya | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_africa-uk_1986_56_3/page/319 | jstor = 1160687 | journal = Africa: Journal of the International African Institute | volume = 56 | issue = 3 | pages = 319–333 | doi = 10.2307/1160687 | s2cid = 146312775}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Howell | first1 = John |date=May 1968 | title = An Analysis of Kenyan Foreign Policy | jstor = 158675 | journal = The Journal of Modern African Studies | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 29–48 | doi=10.1017/S0022278X00016657| s2cid = 154605094}}</ref> === Maamulkii Xuseen === Doorashooyinka degmooyinka dalka oo dhan, oo ay [[Somali Youth League|Leegada Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed]] ay ku guuleysatay 74 boqolkiiba kuraasta, ayaa dhacay Noofembar 1963.<ref name="CS" /> Kuwaas waxaa ku xigay Maarso 1964 [[Somali parliamentary election, 1964|doorashadii ugu horreysay ee qaran ee dalka ka dambeysa xornimada]].<ref name="CS" /> Mar nữa SYL waxay guuleysatay, iyadoo ku guuleysatay 69 ka mid ah 123 kursi oo baarlamaan ah.<ref name="CS" /> Guusha dhabta ah ee xisbigu xitaa way ka weyneyd, maadaama konton iyo afar kursi oo ay ku guuleysteen mucaaradku loo qeybiyay tiro ka mid ah xisbiyo yaryar.<ref name="CS" /> Ka dib doorashadii Golaha Qaranka ee Maarso, waxaa dhacay dhibaato ka tagtay Soomaaliya oo aan lahayn dowlad ilaa bilowgii Sebtembar.<ref name="CS" /> Madaxweyne [[Aden Abdullah Osman Daar|Osman]], oo loo awood-siiyay inuu soo jeediyo murashaxa ra'iisul wasaaraha ka dib doorasho ama dhicitaanka dowladda, wuxuu doortay [[Abdirizak Haji Hussein|Cabdiraasiq Xaaji Xuseen]] inuu noqdo magacaabihiisa halkii uu ka noqon lahaa ra'iisul wasaaraha xilka hayay, [[Abdirashid Ali Shermarke|Cabdiraashiid Cali Sharmaarke]], oo haystay taageerada hoggaanka xisbiga SYL.<ref name="CS" /> Sharmaarke wuxuu ahaa ra'iisul wasaare afartii sano ee hore, Osman эй wuxuu go'aansaday in hoggaan cusub laga yaabo inuu soo bandhigo fikrado cusub oo lagu xallinayo dhibaatooyinka qaranka.<ref name="CS" /> Markii uu soo saaray Golaha Wasiirrada oo loo soo bandhigay Golaha Qaranka, murashaxa ra'iisul wasaaraha wuxuu doortay murashaxiinta iyadoo saldhig looga dhigay awooda balse aan loo eegin halka ay ka soo jeedaan.<ref name="CS" /> Balse doorashada Xuseen waxay dhibtay xiriirka gudaha xisbiga waxayna jebisay sharciyada aan qornayn ee ah inuu jiro [[Somali clans|qabiil]] iyo isu-dheellitirka gobolka.<ref name="CS" /> Tusaale ahaan, laba xubnood oo keliya oo ka tirsan golaha wasiirrada ee Sharmaarke ayaa la hayn lahaa, tirada jagooyinka gacanta ku haya waqooyiga waxaa la kordhin lahaa laba ilaa shan.<ref name="CS" /> Guddiga Dhexe ee maamulka SYL iyo kooxahooda baarlamaanka waxay noqdeen kuwo kala jabay.<ref name="CS" /> Xuseen wuxuu xubin ka ahaa xisbiga ilaa 1944 wuxuuna ka qayb qaatay labadii golaha wasiirrada ee hore ee Sharmaarke.<ref name="CS" /> Racfaankiisa ugu horreeyaa wuxuu ahaa xubnaha xisbiga ee da'da yar oo aqoonta leh.<ref name="CS" /> Tiro ka mid ah hoggaamiyeyaasha siyaasadda ee laga tagay golaha wasiirrada waxay ku biireen taageerayaasha Sharmaarke si ay u dhisaan koox mucaarad ah oo ku dhex jirta xisbiga.<ref name="CS" /> Natiijo ahaan, garabka Xuseen wuxuu raadiyay taageerada xubnaha aan SYL ahayn ee Golaha Qaranka.<ref name="CS" /> In kasta oo khilaafaadku ay inta badan ku lug lahaayeen hamiga siyaasadeed ee shakhsi ahaaneed ama kooxeed, haddana doodda horseeday codka kalsoonida ee bilowga ah waxay ku saleysneyd arrinta [[Greater Somalia|Soomaaliya Weyn]]. Labada Osman iyo ra'iisul wasaaraha la doortay Xuseen waxay rabeen inay mudnaan siiyaan dhibaatooyinka dhaqaale iyo bulsho ee dalka gudahiisa.<ref name="CS" /> In kasta oo Xuseen uu taageeray pan-Somalism-ka dagaalka, haddana waxaa la tusay inuu diyaar u yahay inuu aqoonsado madaxbannaanida sii socota ee Itoobiya iyo Kenya ee ka timid dhulka Soomaaliya.<ref name="CS" /> Golaha wasiirrada ee la soo jeediyay wuxuu ku guuldarraystay inuu ansixiyo marin laba cod ah.<ref name="CS" /> Toddobo xubnood oo Golaha Qaranka ah, oo uu ku jiro Sharmaarke, way ka aamuseen, halka afartan iyo siddeed xubnood oo ka tirsan SYL ay u codeeyeen Xuseen saddex iyo soddomeeyana ay diideen.<ref name="CS" /> In kasta oo ay muuqatay in SYL ay kala jabtay, haddana waxay sii waday inay soo jiidato shaqaale ka yimid xisbiyada kale. Saddexdii bilood ee ugu horreeyay ka dib doorashada, toddobo xubnood oo ka tirsan mucaaradka baarlamaanka ayaa iska casilay xisbiyadoodii si ay ugu biiraan SYL.<ref name="CS" /> Osman wuxuu iska indhatiray natiijada codbixinta oo mar kale u magacaabay Xuseen ra'iisul wasaare. Ka dib wadaxaajoodka gudaha xisbiga, oo ay ku jirtay dib-u-soo-celinta afar sarkaal oo xisbi ah oo laga saaray u codeynta ka dhanka ah isaga, Xuseen wuxuu u soo bandhigay liiska golaha wasiirrada labaad Golaha Qaranka oo ay ku jireen dhammaan murashaxiintiisii ​​hore marka laga reebo hal.<ref name="CS" /> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, golaha wasiirrada cusub ee la soo jeediyay wuxuu lahaa saddex jago oo wasiir oo dheeraad ah oo ay buuxiyeen rag la doortay si ay u dejiyaan garabyada mucaaradka.<ref name="CS" /> Golaha wasiirrada cusub waxaa la ansixiyay iyadoo ay taageerayaan dhammaan xubnaha Golaha Qaranka ee SYL marka laga reebo tiro yar.<ref name="CS" /> Xuseen wuxuu xilka hayay ilaa doorashadii madaxweynaha ee Juun 1967.<ref name="CS" /> Doorashadii madaxweynaha ee 1967, oo ay fulisay codayn qarsoodi ah oo ay sameeyeen xubnaha Golaha Qaranka, waxay iska horkeenaysaa ra'iisul wasaarihii hore Sharmaarke iyo Osman.<ref name="CS" /> Mar nữa arrinta ugu weyn waxay ahayd dhexdhexaadnimada iyo dagaal-gelinta arrinta pan-Somali.<ref name="CS" /> Osman, iyada oo loo marayo Xuseen, wuxuu xoojiyay mudnaanta horumarinta gudaha.<ref name="CS" /> Sharmaarke, oo u adeegay ra'iisul wasaare markii pan-Somalism uu marayay heerkiisa ugu sarreeya, waxaa loo doortay madaxweynaha jamhuuriyadda.<ref name="CS" /> === Maamulkii Cigaal === [[File:Mogadishu city centre - 1960s.jpg|thumb|Waddo ku taal bartamaha magaalada [[Mogadishu|Muqdisho]] 1963.]] Madaxweynaha cusub wuxuu u magacaabay ra'iisul wasaare [[Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal|Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal]], oo kordhiyay xubinnimada golaha wasiirrada laga bilaabo saddex iyo toban ilaa shan iyo toban xubnood oo ay ku jireen wakiillada qoys-beeleed kasta oo waaweyn, iyo sidoo kale qaar ka mid ah xubnaha xisbiga tartamaya ee Kongareiska Qaranka Soomaaliyeed.<ref name="CS" /> Ogos 1967, Golaha Qaranka waxay xaqiijiyeen magacaabistiisa iyada oo aan jirin mucaarad culus.<ref name="CS" /> In kasta oo ra'iisul wasaaraha cusub uu taageeray Sharmaarke doorashadii madaxweynaha, haddana wuxuu ahaa qof waqooyi ah wuxuuna hoggaamiyay dhowaan 1962 xubnihii baarlamaanka SNL ee waqooyiga ee dowladda ka tago.<ref name="CS" /> Wuxuu sidoo kale si dhow ugu lug lahaa aasaasida SNC laakiin, iyadoo ay la socdaan xubno kale oo badan oo waqooyi ah oo ka tirsan kooxdaas, wuxuu dib ugu biiray SYL ka dib doorashadii 1964.<ref name="CS" /> Kala duwanaansho ka muhiimsan oo u dhexeeya Sharmaarke iyo Cigaal, marka laga reebo xiriirkoodii hore, wuxuu ahaa mowqifka dhexdhexaadka ah ee ra'iisul wasaaraha cusub ee arrimaha pan-Somali iyo rabitaankiisa ah in la hagaajiyo xiriirka dalalka kale ee Afrika.<ref name="CS" /> Meelahan, waxaa lala xiriiriyay "casriyeyaasha" dowladda, baarlamaanka, iyo maamulka ee doorbidayay in tamarta dalka laga weeciyo isku dhaca deriskooda ilaa la dagaalanka dhibaatooyinka bulshada iyo dhaqaalaha.<ref name="CS" /> In kasta oo siyaasadihiisa gudaha badankood ay u muuqdeen kuwo la jaanqaadaya kuwa maamulkii hore, Cigaal wuxuu sii waday inuu haysto kalsoonida labada Sharmaarke iyo Golaha Qaranka intii lagu guda jiray siddeed iyo tobankii bilood ee ka horreeyay [[Somali parliamentary election, 1969|doorashadii qaran ee Maarso 1969]].<ref name="CS" /> [[Somali parliamentary election, 1969|Doorashadii Maarso 1969]] waxay ahayd tii ugu horreysay ee lagu daro codaynta jagooyinka degmada iyo Golaha Qaranka.<ref name="CS" /> Lixdan iyo afar xisbi ayaa ku l<bos>30 doorashada.<ref name="CS" /> SYL oo keliya, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay soo bandhigtay murashaxiinta degmo kasta oo doorasho ah, kiisas badanna iyada oo aan jirin mucaarad.<ref name="CS" /> Sidoo kale siddeed xisbi oo kale waxay soo bandhigeen liisaska murashaxiinta xafiisyada qaranka degmooyinka badankood. 55-ta xisbi ee haray, labaatan iyo afar oo keliya ayaa helay matalaad baarlamaanka, balse dhammaantood si degdeg ah ayaa loo kala diray markii kontonkoodii xubnood ay ku biireen SYL.<ref name="CS" /> Labada xisbi badnaanta iyo u dhoofidda xisbiga badnaanta waxay ahaayeen kuwo caadi u ah doorashooyinka baarlamaanka Soomaaliya.<ref name="CS" /> Si loo diiwaan geliyo xafiiska doorashada, murashaxu wuxuu u baahnaa inuu helo taageerada 500 oo codbixiye ama kafaala-qaadista qabiilkiisa, oo lagu muujiyay codka kulankiisa dhaqameed.<ref name="CS" /> Ka dib diiwaangelinta, raadiyaha xafiiska wuxuu markaas isku dayay inuu noqdo murashaxa rasmiga ah ee xisbi siyaasadeed.<ref name="CS" /> Haddii uu fashilmo, wuxuu ku sii jiray codaynta isagoo ah qof shaqsi ah.<ref name="CS" /> Codayntu waxay ahayd liis xisbi, taas oo ka dhigi karta murashaxa xisbi hal qof ah.<ref name="CS" /> (Dhaqankani wuxuu sharaxayaa ma aha oo keliya faafitaanka xisbiyada yaryar balse sidoo kale dabeecadda ku-meel-gaarka ah ee taageerada xisbiga.<ref name="CS" />) Murashaxiin badan ayaa la xiriiray xisbi weyn kaliya inta ay ku filan tahay inay isticmaalaan astaanta ololaha doorashada iyo, haddii la doorto, ka tageen dhinaca guuleysta sida ugu dhaqsiyaha badan ee Golaha Qaranka uu u kulmay.<ref name="CS" /> Sidaas darteed, dhammaadkii May 1969 kooxda baarlamaanka SYL waxay ka korortay 73 ilaa 109.<ref name="CS" /> Intaa waxaa dheer, kow iyo tobankii xubnood ee SNC waxay dhiseen isbahaysi ay la leeyihiin SYL, oo haysatay 120 ka mid ah 123 kursi ee Golaha Qaranka.<ref name="CS" /> Qaar ka mid ah 120-kan ayaa ka tagay SYL ka dib markii qaab-dhismeedka golaha wasiirrada ee Cigaal uu noqday mid cad iyo ka dib markii la shaaciyey barnaamijkiisa, kuwaas oo dhammaantood ay ku xadgudbeen qaar ka mid ah kuwii ku biiray keliya inay noqdaan dhinaca guuleysta.<ref name="CS" /> Waxaa loo soo bandhigay liis aad u weyn oo murashaxiin ah, ku dhowaad 900,000 oo codbixiyaal ah 1969 waxay ku raaxaysteen guuldarrada kuwa xilka hayay.<ref name="CS" /> Xubnaha baarlamaanka ee xilka hayay, 77 ka mid ah 123 lama celin (oo ay ku jiraan 8 ka mid ah 18 xubnood ee golaha wasiirrada hore), balse tirooyinkani ma aysan muujin si cad qanacsanaan la'aanta dowladda.<ref name="CS" /> Tirakoob ahaan, waxay ku dhowaad la mid ahaayeen natiijadii doorashadii 1964, iyo, iyadoo la tixgelinayo faafitaanka xisbiyada iyo nidaamka matalaadda saamiga, dareenka cad ee ra'yiga shacabka lama heli karin oo keliya natiijada doorashada.<ref name="CS" /> Xaqiiqda ah in hal xisbi — SYL — ay maamusho goobta macnaheedu maaha xasilooni ama midnimo.<ref name="CS" /> [[Anthropologist|Cilmiga bulshada]] Ioan M. Lewis wuxuu xusay in dowladda SYL ay ahayd koox aad u kala duwan oo leh danaha shakhsi ahaaneed iyo kuwa abtirsiineed ee kala duwan.<ref name="CS" /> Murashaxiinta lumiyay kuraasta baarlamaanka iyo kuwa taageerayay waxay ahaayeen kuwa niyad jabay oo caraysan.<ref name="CS" /> Tirada eedeymo ah ayaa laga soo saaray [[election fraud|khiyaamada doorashada dowladda]], ugu yaraan qaar ka mid ah oo si adag loo aas-aasay. Qanacsanaan la'aanta waxaa sii xumeeyey markii [[Judiciary of Somalia|Maxkamadda Sare]], hoos imaaneysa madaxweynaha cusub ee la magacaabay, ay diiday inay aqoonsato awoodda ay u leedahay codsiyada doorashada, inkasta oo ay aqbashay awooddaas munaasabad hor leh.<ref name="CS" /> Lama madaxweynaha iyo ra'iisul wasaaraha midkoodna uma uusan muuqan mid si gaar ah uga walaacsan [[Political corruption|musuqmaasuqa rasmiga ah]] iyo [[nepotism|qaraabo-kiilka]].<ref name="CS" /> In kasta oo dhaqamadan ay u muuqdeen kuwo caadi ah bulshada ku saleysan qaraabada, qaar ayaa ka xumaaday baaxaddooda Golaha Qaranka, halkaas oo ay u muuqatay in xubnaha baarlamaanka ay iska indhatireen dadka soo doortay ee ganacsiga codadka ee faa'iidada shakhsi ahaaneed.<ref name="CS" /> Dadka ugu qanacsanayn dowladda waxaa ka mid ahaa aqoonyahannada iyo xubnaha [[Somali Armed Forces|ciidamada qalabka sida]] iyo [[Somali Police Force|booliska]].<ref name="CS" /> (Jeneraal [[Mohamed Abshir Muse|Maxamed Abshir Muuse]], taliyihii ciidanka booliska, wuxuu iscasilay wax yar ka hor doorashada ka dib markii uu diiday inuu u oggolaado baabuurta booliska inay qaadaan codbixiyaasha SYL ee aaday codbixinta.<ref name="CS" />) Kooxahan qanacsanayn, kan ugu muhiimsan wuxuu ahaa millatariga, oo tan iyo 1961 ka maqnaa siyaasadda.<ref name="CS" /> Waxay sidaas u samaysay qayb ahaan sababtoo ah dowladdu ma aysan ugu yeerin inay taageerto iyo qayb ahaan sababtoo ah, si ka duwan ciidamada qalabka sida ee Afrika badan, Ciidanka Xoogga Dalka Soomaaliyeed waxay lahaayeen hawl dibadeed oo dhab ah oo ay taageerayaan dhammaan Soomaalida — taas oo ah ilaalinta xuduudaha Itoobiya iyo Kenya.<ref name="CS" /> === Afgambigii 1969 === {{Main|1969 Somali coup d'état}} 15 Oktoobar 1969, iyadoo uu booqasho ku joogay magaalada waqooyi ee [[Las Anod|Laascaanood]], Madaxweynihii xilligaas ee Soomaaliya [[Abdirashid Ali Shermarke|Cabdiraashiid Cali Sharmaarke]] waxaa dilay mid ka mid ah ilaaladiisa gaarka ah. Dilkiisii ​​waxaa si degdeg ah ugu xigay [[coup d'état|afgambi millatari]] oo dhacay 21 Oktoobar 1969 (maalinta ka dambeysay janaasadiisa), taas oo [[Military of Somalia|Ciidanka Soomaaliya]] ay la wareegeen awoodda iyada oo aan la kulmin mucaarad hubaysan — asal ahaan la wareegid aan dhiig daadan. Afgambiga waxaa hormuud ka ahaa Major General [[Siad Barre|Maxamed Siyaad Barre]], oo xilligaas taliye u ahaa ciidanka.<ref name="Myswenvwp">Moshe Y. Sachs, ''Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations'', Volume 2, (Worldmark Press: 1988), p.290.</ref> Marka laga reebo Barre, [[Supreme Revolutionary Council (Somalia)|Golaha Sare ee Kacaanka]] (SRC) ee la wareegay awoodda ka dib dilkii Madaxweyne Sharmaarke, waxaa hoggaaminayay [[Mohamed Ainanshe Guled|Maxamed Ceynaanshe Guuleed]], [[Mohammad Ali Samatar|Maxamed Cali Samatar]], [[Abdullah Mohamed Fadil|Cabdullahi Maxamed Fadal]], iyo [[Salaad Gabeyre Kediye|Salaad Gabeyre Kediye]], oo ahaa wakiil KGB ah oo lacag lagu siiyo oo lambarkiisa code-ka yahay "OPERATOR".<ref name="Andrew">Andrew, p.448</ref> Sidoo kale waxaa ku jiray hoggaamiyeyaashii afgambiga Taliyaha Booliska [[Jama Ali Korshel|Jaamac Cali Korsheel]]. Barre wuxuu ahaa kan ugu da'da weyn isla markaana hoggaamiyaha SRC.<ref name="Adam">{{cite book | last = Adam | first = Hussein Mohamed |author2=Richard Ford | title = Mending rips in the sky: options for Somali communities in the 21st century | publisher = Red Sea Press | year = 1997 | pages = 226 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0m9yAAAAMAAJ | isbn = 1-56902-073-6}}</ref> SRC-dii waxay markii dambe dalka u bixisay [[Somali Democratic Republic|Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya]],<ref>J. D. Fage, Roland Anthony Oliver, ''The Cambridge history of Africa'', Volume 8, (Cambridge University Press: 1985), p.478.</ref><ref name="Grolierenc">''The Encyclopedia Americana: complete in thirty volumes. Skin to Sumac'', Volume 25, (Grolier: 1995), p.214.</ref> xirtay xubnihii dowladdii hore, mamnuucday xisbiyada siyaasadda,<ref>{{citation|editor-last= Metz|editor-first = Helen C. |chapter=Coup d'Etat|title=''Somalia: A Country Study''|year=1992|chapter-url= http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+so0031)|publisher= [[Library of Congress]]|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]|access-date= 21 October 2009}}.</ref> baabbi'iyay baarlamaanka iyo Maxkamadda Sare, waxayna joojisay dastuurka.<ref name="Pjdlfw">Peter John de la Fosse Wiles, ''The New Communist Third World: an essay in political economy'', (Taylor & Francis: 1982), p.279.</ref> ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Somaliland]] * [[Soomaaliya]] * [[Sooyaalka Somaliland|Taariikhda Somaliland]] ==Qoraallo kale== {{notelist}} ==Tixraacyada== {{reflist}} == Akhris dheeraad ah == {{refbegin}} * {{cite journal| last = Lewis| first = I. M.| title = The Somali Republic since Independence | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_world-today_1963-04_19_4/page/167| journal = The World Today| volume = 19| issue = 4| date = April 1963| pages = 167–174| jstor = 40393489}} * {{cite book | last= Menkhaus| first= Ken| chapter= Calm between the storms? Patterns of political violence in Somalia, 1950–1980 | editor-last = Anderson| editor-first = David M.| editor-last2 = Rolandsen| editor-first2 = Øystein H.| title = Politics and Violence in Eastern Africa: The Struggles of Emerging States| publisher = Routledge| location= London| date = 2017| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AGNQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20 | pages= 20–34 | isbn = 978-1-317-53952-0}} {{refend}} {{Maqaalo Soomaaliya}} {{Authority control}} {{coord|2|2|N|45|21|E|type:county|display=title}} 0v77qlqhb2blzbxf0iwyot51hgmg4c3 0 32041 311780 310766 2026-11-06T18:27:35Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261106sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.7) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 311780 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox tribe | name = Habar Awal | type = [[Isaaq|Beesha Isaaq]] | ethnicity = [[Soomaalida|Soomaali]] | location = [[Soomaaliya]], [[Jabuuti]], [[Itoobiya]], [[Kenya]] | descended = [[Isxaaq bin Axmed]] | parent_tribe = [[Isaaq|Isaaq]] | branches = Ciise Muuse:<br /> *Abokor Ciise *Aadan Ciise *Idris Ciise *Maxamed Ciise Sacad Muuse:<br /> *Cabdixmaan Sacad *Cabdalle Sacad *Xasan Sacad *Isxaaq Sacad | language = [[Somali language|Soomaali]] | religion = [[Sunni Islam|Islam Sunni]] | image = Sultan Abdulrahman Deria.png | caption = Suldaankii Habar Awal Suldaan [[Abdulrahman Deria|Cabdiraxmaan Suldaan Diiriye]] oo jooga London 1955 si uu u codsado Deegaanka Xood ee la xannibay }} '''Habar Awal''' (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano '''Subeyr Awal''' ama {{langx|so|Habar Awal}})<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/somalia_ethnic_grps_2002.jpg |title=Ethnic Groups |author=Central Intelligence Agency |year=2002 |work=Somalia Summary Map |publisher=[[Perry–Castañeda Library]] |access-date=15 June 2016|author-link=Central Intelligence Agency }}</ref> waa mid ka mid ah qoys-beeleedyada ugu waaweyn beel-weynta [[Isaaq]], waxayna sii kala tirsan tahay siddeed hoos-qaybood oo ah kuwa ugu waaweyn uguna caansan [[Issa Musa|Ciise Muuse]] iyo [[Sa'ad Musa|Sacad Muuse]]. Xubnaheedu waxay qayb ka yihiin isbahaysiga Habar Magadle. Habar Awal dhaqan ahaan waxay ka kooban yihiin xoolo-dhaqato [[Nomadic pastoralism|reer guuraa ah]], dad [[coastal|xeebaha degan]], [[merchants|ganacsato]] iyo [[farmers|beeraley]]. Waxaa taariikh ahaan loo arkaa inay yihiin qabiil hodan ku ah geeska Afrika oo door weliba ka qaatay xornimada Somaliland.<ref name="Habar Awal richest Somali clan">{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=StAUAQAAIAAJ&q=Habar+Awal+richest+somali+tribe |title = Historical dictionary of Somalia|isbn = 9780810808300|last1 = Castagno|first1 = Margaret|year = 1975| publisher=Scarecrow Press }}</ref> Habar Awal waa kuwo siyaasadeed iyo dhaqaale ahaan saameyn ku leh [[Somaliland]] iyo guud ahaan [[Horn of Africa|Geeska Afrika]], waxayna degan yihiin dhulal xeebeed iyo kuwo beereed istiraatiiji ah.<ref name="Habar Awal dominates Somaliland">{{Cite web |url=http://www.awdalpress.com/index/one-clan-domination-is-complete-in-somaliland/ |title=One clan domination is complete in Somaliland |access-date=2018-01-23 |archive-date=2019-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909092044/http://www.awdalpress.com/index/one-clan-domination-is-complete-in-somaliland/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Habar Awal dominate Somaliland">{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IfgxAQAAQBAJ&q=habar+awal+dominate+somaliland&pg=PA135 |title = Consider Somaliland: State-Building with Traditional Leaders and Institutions|isbn = 9789004222540|last1 = Renders|first1 = Marleen|date = 2012-01-20| publisher=BRILL }}</ref> ==Qaybinta== [[File:Habr Awal in Somaliland.png|thumb|Khariidadda [[Somaliland]] oo muujinaysa qaybinta beesha Habar Awal ee bartamaha iyo bariga Somaliland]] Beesha Habar Awal waxay inta badan ku tahay aqlabiyad gobolka [[Maroodi Jeex]] oo loo arko gobolka ugu dadka badan [[Somaliland]] iyo kan labaad ee ugu dadka badan Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya ka dib degmada [[Banaadir]]. Waxay ka mid yihiin aqlabiyadda dadka ku nool caasimadda qaranka [[Hargeisa|Hargeysa]] hamigooduna si gaar ah ayuu u degaa magaalooyinka beeraha ee [[Gabiley]], [[Wajaale]], [[Arabsiyo]], iyo [[Kalabaydh]]. Habar Awal sidoo kale waxay ku badan yihiin gobolka [[Sahil, Somaliland|Saaxil]], gaar ahaan caasimadda gobolka iyo magaalada dekedda weyn ee [[Berbera]], magaalada dalxiiska ee [[El-Sheikh|Sheikh Suuq], magaalada dekedda taariikhiga ah ee [[Bulhar]], magaalada taariikhiga ah ee [[Sheikh, Somalia|Sheekh]] iyo sidoo kale [[Daarbuduq]]. Beesha sidoo kale qayb ahaan waxay degtaa qaybta waqooyi ee magaalada caasimadda ah ee [[Burao|Burco]] ee gobolka [[Togdheer]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hunt|first=John Anthony|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aAhBAQAAIAAJ&q=%22ainabo%22|title=A General Survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950: Final Report on "An Economic Survey and Reconnaissance of the British Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950," Colonial Development and Welfare Scheme D. 484|date=1951|publisher=To be purchased from the Chief Secretary|language=en}}</ref> Meel ka baxsan Somaliland, Habar Awal waxay sidoo kale deegaanno waaweyn ku leeyihiin [[Somali Region|Gobolka Soomaalida]] ee [[Ethiopia|Itoobiya]], gaar ahaan [[Fafan Zone|Gobolka Fafan]] halkaas oo ay ku leeyihiin aqlabiyad magaalooyinka [[Harshin (woreda)|Xarshin]], [[Hart Sheik]], iyo [[Wajaale]] (Dhinaca Itoobiya). Waxay sidoo kale degaan oo xuduud la leeyihiin [[Kebri Beyah (woreda)|Geri Baay]] iyo [[Jijiga (woreda)|Jigjiga]] ee [[Fafan Zone|Gobolka Fafan]]. Waxay sidoo kale degmo ballaaran ku leeyihiin [[Kenya]] halkaas oo looga yaqaano qayb ka mid ah bulshada Isaxaaqiya.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-s8tAQAAIAAJ&q=awal+settlement|title= Violent deeds live on: landmines in Somalia and Somaliland, p. 63|last1= Omaar|first1= Rakiya|last2= Waal|first2= Alexander De|last3= McGrath|first3= Rae|last4= (Organization)|first4= African Rights|year= 1993}} |</ref> Ugu dambeyntii waxay joogitaan ballaaran ku leeyihiin [[Djibouti|Jabuuti]], iyagoo ka samaynaya boqolkiiba badan dadka Soomaaliyeed ee ku nool [[Djibouti|Jabuuti]] dhexdeedana taariikh ahaan waxay degeen Degmada 3-aad, oo ahayd mid ka mid ah 7-da degmo ee waaweyn ee Jabuuti.<ref name="Habar Awal territory">{{Cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/publ/RESEARCH/3d5d0f3a4.pdf/|title = Pastoral society and transnational refugees: Population movements in Somaliland and eastern Ethiopia 1988 - 2000, Guido Ambroso}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G-bZiKh9FHkC&pg=PA284|title=Tracer des frontières à Djibouti: des territoires et des hommes aux XIXe et XXe siècles|last=Imbert-Vier|first=Simon|date=2011|publisher=KARTHALA Editions|isbn=9782811105068|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eK6SBJIckIsC&q=habr+awal+live+in++awdal |title= I. M. Lewis, A pastoral Democracy|isbn= 9780852552803|last1= Lewis|first1= I. M.|year= 1999|publisher= James Currey Publishers}}</ref> == Abtirsiimada == [[Ishaaq bin Ahmed|Isxaaq bin Axmed]] waa qof khuraafaad taariikhi ah<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lewis |first=I. M. |date=March 1962 |title=Historical Aspects of Genealogies in Northern Somali Social Structure |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/abs/historical-aspects-of-genealogies-in-northern-somali-social-structure1/818BF4812E44980408CA34549694DC3C |journal=The Journal of African History |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=45 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700002723 |issn=1469-5138 |quote=Thus it seems that the traditions surrounding the origins and advent from Arabia of Sheikhs Daarood and Isaaq have the character of myths rather than of history...|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Loimeier |first=Roman |url=https://www.google.com/books?id=cVGZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA197 |title=Muslim Societies in Africa: A Historical Anthropology |date=2013-07-17 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-02732-0 |pages=197 |language=en |quote=Despite their clear Cushitic linguistic and ethnic identity, Somaal oral traditions claim Arab origin through two mystical clan ancestors, Shaykh Darood and Shaykh Isaaq, who allegedly arrived in the northern Horn in the tenth and thirteenth centuries, respectively, where they married local women ... [they] are presented as being of noble Qurayshī origin.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Abdullahi |first=Mohamed Diriye |url=https://www.google.com/books?id=VOPEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 |title=Culture and Customs of Somalia |date=2001-10-30 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-0-313-07329-8 |pages=64 |language=en |quote=Some of the early proselytizers were grafted both into the saintly pantheon and into the genealogical trees of Somali clans; these might be called genealogical saints; one of them is Sheikh Ishaaq, the mythical father of the Isaaq confederation, who probably was an early proselytizer who over the years became transmogrified into a genealogical father.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=I. M. |url=https://www.google.com/books?id=9fAjtruUXjEC&pg=PA105 |title=Blood and Bone: The Call of Kinship in Somali Society |date=1994 |publisher=The Red Sea Press |isbn=978-0-932415-93-6 |pages=105 |language=en |quote=[These examples illustrate] a process of myth-making in its early stages which has already proceeded much further amongst the Darood and Isaaq. Thus at the point where Somali trace descent from Arabia outside their own society, a strong mythical component enters into the genealogies which is not present at lower generational levels.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Diop |first=Samba |url=https://www.google.com/books?id=8zyBAAAAMAAJ |title=The Oral History and Literature of the Wolof People of Waalo, Northern Senegal: The Master of the Word (griot) in the Wolof Tradition |last2=Diop |first2=Papa Samba |date=1995 |publisher=E. Mellen Press |isbn=978-0-7734-9031-4 |pages=170 |language=en |quote=Lewis goes further by giving the example of a Sheikh named Isaaq (or rather his descendants) who "have arabicized their genealogy as a means of acquiring prestige"}}</ref> oo la sheego inuu yimid Geeska Afrika si uu Islaamka u faafiyo qarnigii 12aad ilaa 13aad. Sidaas darteed, Isxaaq wuxuu guursaday laba dumar ah oo maxalli ah oo Somaliland ku noolaa kuwaas oo uga tagay siddeed wiil, mid ka mid ahna uu ahaa Cabdiraxmaan (Awal). Faracyada siddeedaas wiil waxay ka kooban yihiin qoys-beeleedka Isaaq.<ref>I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), pp. 31 & 42</ref> Qabriga Subeyr Awal, oo ah awowgii asaasaha ahaa ee Habr Awal ee [[Isaaq]], wuxuu ku yaalaa [[Jidali]] ee gobolka [[Sanaag]] kaas oo u jira qiyaastii 100&nbsp;km dhanka bari ee qabrigii awowgiis Sheekh [[Ishaaq bin Ahmed|Isxaaq bin Axmed]], oo ah aabahii aasaasaha ahaa ee beesha [[Isaaq]], kaas oo qabrigiisu ku yaal magaalada xeebta ah ee [[Maydh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Samiir |date=2014-08-03 |title=Culimo Ka Digtay In Khilaaf Diineed Laga Abuuro Siyaaro Ay Ugu Tagayaan Qabriga Subeer Awal |url=https://geeska.net/culimo-ka-digtay-in-khilaaf-diineed-laga-abuuro-siyaaro-ay-ugu-tagayaan-qabriga-subeer-awal/ |access-date=2021-05-21 |website=Geeska Afrika Newspaper |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-23 |title=DAAWO; Beesha Urursuge Oo Deegaanka Jiidalli Ee Gobolka Sanaag Shir Ugu Soo Gabo Gaboobey |url=http://www.wajaalenews.net/?p=19418 |access-date=2021-05-21 |website=WAJAALE NEWS |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AKHRISO: Ururka JIIDALI Oo Ceerigaabo Ku Wajahan Iyo Xukumadda Oo Ka Gaashaamatay {{!}} Hubaal Media |url=https://www.hubaalmedia.net/akhriso-ururka-jiidali-oo-ceerigaabo-ku-wajahan-iyo-xukumadda-oo-ka-gaashaamatay/amp/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106120001/https://www.hubaalmedia.net/akhriso-ururka-jiidali-oo-ceerigaabo-ku-wajahan-iyo-xukumadda-oo-ka-gaashaamatay/amp/ |archive-date=2021-11-06 |access-date=2021-05-21 |website=www.hubaalmedia.net}}</ref> ==Taariikhda== ===Xilligii Dhexe (Qabsashadii Xabashida)=== Taariikh ahaan, Habr Awal waxay qayb ka ahaayeen [[Adal Sultanate|Saldanaddii Cadal]] waxaana lagu sheegay buugga caanka ah ee "[[Futuh al-Habasha]]" tabarucaadoodii waaweynaa ee [[Ethiopian-Adal war|dagaalkii Xabashida iyo Cadal]] iyagoo ah Habr Magaadle oo ay weheliyaan Habar Yoonis, Arab, Ayuub iyo Ciidagale oo ka soo horjeeday [[Ethiopian Empire|Boqortooyada Itoobiya]], iyo sidoo kale soo saarista shakhsi taariikhi ah oo lagu magacaabo Axmed Gari bin Xuseen kaas oo ahaa gacanta midig ee [[Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi|Axmed Gurey]] iyo taliye ciidan oo ka tirsanaa ciidamada Habr Magaadle intii uu socday dagaalkii Itoobiya iyo Cadal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://makhtota.ksu.edu.sa/makhtota/554/16|title=مخطوطات > بهجة الزمان > الصفحة رقم 16|website=makhtota.ksu.edu.sa|access-date=2017-08-24|archive-date=2021-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027182420/https://makhtota.ksu.edu.sa/makhtota/554/16|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Sacad Muuse=== {{main|Sa'ad Musa}} [[File:Warsame Yunis.png|thumb|right|Warsame Yuunis oo ka tirsan Sacad Muuse Habar Awal, oo uu sawiray Roland Bonaparte, 1890]] [[File:First footsteps in East Africa, or, An exploration of Harar (1904) (14586268478).jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Ahmad III ibn Abu Bakr|Axmed III ibn Abu Bakr]], Amiirkii [[Harar|Harar]] iyo xulafo la ah Habr Awal]] Habr Awal waxay leeyihiin taariikh ganacsi oo hodan ah inta badan sabab macaan oo ay ku leeyihiin dekedda weyn ee Soomaaliyeed ee [[Berbera]], taas oo ahayd dekedda iyo deegaanka ugu weyn ee beesha Habr Awal intii lagu guda jiray xilligii casriga ahaa ee hore.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://reerahmednuux.wordpress.com/2015/08/21/piece-of-berbera-history-reer-ahmed-nuh-ismail/ |title=Piece of Berbera History: Reer Ahmed Nuh Ismail |website=wordpress.com|date=21 August 2015}}</ref> Beesha waxay xiriir adag la lahayd [[Emirate of Harar|Saldanadda Harar]] amiiraduna waxay Habr Awal ku ixtiraami jireen maxkamadooda iyadoo [[Richard Francis Burton|Richard Burton]] uu xusay saameyntooda maxkamadda Amiir [[Ahmad III ibn Abu Bakr|Axmed III ibn Abu Bakr]] iyo wadahadaladii uu la lahaa [[Vizier|Wasiirka]] Maxamed.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/firstfootstepsi00burtgoog|title=First Footsteps in East Africa|last=Burton|first=Richard|publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans|year=1856|edition=1st|page= 238}}</ref> <blockquote>Habr Awal guud ahaan waa dad hodan ah, inta badan waxaa u sabab ah ganacsiga soo mara dekedda Berbera oo ku taal dhulka Sacad Muuse. <ref>{{cite book|title= Ethnographic Survey of Africa, Volume 5 |date=1969|pages=24|language=en}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>Habankan beelaha deegaanka ee uu maraayo ganacsiga weyn ama jidadka ganacsigu waxay aruuriyeen hanti badan, halka kuwa sida Reer Axmed (Ayal Ahmed), oo nasiib u yeeshay inay yeeshaan deked uu dabiicigu u hiiliyay sida Berbera, ay si dabiici ah uga dambaysay inay hodmaan.<ref>British Somaliland, by Ralph Evelyn Drake-Brockman, p. 36</ref></blockquote> [[File:Paulitschke map of Somaliland and the interior.png|thumb|300px|Khariidaddii Paulitschke oo daboolaysa waddooyinka ganacsiga muhiimka ah 1898]] [[File:Sketch Map of Northern Somali Land.png|thumb|300px|right|Waddooyinka ganacsiga ee gala Berbera iyadoo 'Ayal Achmet' (Reer Axmed Nuux) ay ku sugan yihiin Berbera dhexdeeda iyo hareeraheeda iyo qalcadda bari ee Siyara oo muuqata]] Ganacsatada Habr Awal waxay lahaayeen xiriir ganacsi oo ballaaran oo lala lahaa ganacsatada Carabta iyo Hindiya ee ka imaanayay [[Arabia|Carabtii]] iyo [[Indian subcontinent|Hindiya]]. Markii ganacsatadan ajnabiga ahi ay yimaadeen [[Berbera]] iyo [[Bulhar]] si ay ganacsi u sameeyaan, waxaa jiray nidaam faa'iido leh oo ku salaysan nidaamka abban (ilaalin) ee u dhexeeya iyaga iyo Reer Yuusuf Nuux (Ayal Yuusuf) iyo Axmed Nuux (Ayal Axmed) ee Sacad Muuse, Habr Awal: <blockquote>Ka hor intaanan la gaarin arrintan, iyo ka hor intaanu deggenaanshaha Ingiriisku ka dhicin Cadan 1839, Reer Yuusuf Nuux iyo Reer Axmed Nuux ee Habr Awal waxay haysteen Berbera waxayna si wadajir ah u maamulayeen ganacsigeeda, iyagoo la qaybsanayay faa'iidada dhammaan hawlaha ganacsiga iyagoo ah 'ilaaliyaal' (abban) ee ganacsatada ajnabiga ah ee ka timid Carabta iyo Hindiya. Markii dhiirigelinta horumarka Cadan ay dekeddu si weyn u korodhay, Reer Yuusuf Nuux oo tiro ahaan badnaa waxay ceyriyeen ehelladoodii la tartamayay waxayna ku dhawaaqeen inay iyagu yihiin madaxda ganacsiga ee Berbera. Tani waxay keentay dagaal qabiil oo dhinac walba uu raadsaday caawimaad dibedda ah; Reer Axmed Nuux ee laga adkaaday waxay u jeesteen Xaaji Shirmarke Cali iyo ehelladoodii Habar Yoonis si ay u helaan taageero. Taageeradaas ka dib, waxay awoodeen inay dib isu dhisaan oo ay ceyriyaan Reer Yuusuf Nuux oo u guuray dekedda yar ee Bulhar, dhanka galbeed ee Berbera.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=I.M.|title= The Modern History of Somaliland: from Nation to State |date=1965|publisher=Praeger|pages=35|language=en}}</ref></blockquote> [[File:Berbera, 1884.png|thumb|300px|Sawirka Berbera, 1884]] Habr Awal keligood ma martigelin ganacsatada ajnabiga ah ee dekedahooda, balse waxay juga iyo ku mareen maraakiibtooda u gaarka ah hawlo ganacsi oo ay ku tageen dekedaha Carabta.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pankhurst|first1=R.|title=Journal of Ethiopian Studies Vol. 3, No. 1|date=1965|pages=45|publisher=Institute of Ethiopian Studies|language=en}}</ref> Inta badan ganacsatada Soomaaliyeed ee tegi jiray Cadan iyo dekedaha kale ee Koonfurta Carabta waxay ka soo jeedeen beesha Habr Awal. Waxay ka soo qaadeen alaabooyin ceeriin oo kala duwan oo ka yimid Harar iyo gudaha dalka iyagoo ku beddelanayay alaabo la farsameeyay. Intii ay halkaas joogeen, Habr Awal waxay kireysteen guryahooda oo ay shaqo geliyeen adeegayaashooda, halka qabiilooyinka kale ee Soomaaliyeed ay u badnaayeen inay la degaan qaraabo horay uga dhisnaa dhanka gacanka. ជនជាតិ. — Waa kuwo inta badan ka tirsan beesha Habr Awal. Waxay ka keenaan Harar iyo dalka Galla, qaxwo, saffron, foolmaroodi (ivory), iyo baalasha, iyagoo ka qaata beddelkeeda zinc, naxaas, dhar ballaaran, iyo alaabooyin goosgoos ah. Waxay Cadan joogaan ilaa labaatan maalmood hal mar xilliga ganacsiga, kaas oo socda ilaa sagaal bilood, iyagoo sameeya afar safar. Intii ay deegaanka joogaan waxay kireystaan guri, waxaana la socda adeegayaashooda.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hunter|first1=Frederick|title=An Account of the British Settlement of Aden in Arabia|date=1877|publisher=Cengage Gale|pages=41|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Street in Bulhar.png|thumb|300px|Waddo ku taal [[Bulhar]]]] Gudaha dalka, safarrada ganacsiga ee Habr Awal (khafilas) waxay ahaayeen kuwo si joogto ah loo arko sida ay sheegayaan warbixinnada Yurub ee casriga ah ee ku saabsan Gacanka Soomaalida: <blockquote>Markii ka soo amba baxnay Hargeisa waxaan u safraynay maylal badan oo dhex maraya dhul qurux badan oo park u eg, oo ay ka buuxaan shimbiraha iyo digaagga duurjoogta ah. Waxaan la kulannay safarradii caadiga ahaa ee Soomaaliyeed ee khafilas [safarrada ganacsiga] ee raggii Habr-Awal, iyagoo wada haragooda, gunka, subagga, iyo qaxwaha oo ay u wadaan dekeddayada Bulhar, oo u dhaxaysa Berbera iyo Zeyla.<ref>'Twixt sirdar & Menelik: an account of a year's expedition from Zeila to Cairo, p. 18, 1901</ref></blockquote> Soomaalida ka timid gudaha fog, gaar ahaan kuwa ka yimid [[Ogaden (clan)|Ogaadeenya]], waxay sidoo kale ka heleen inta badan agabkooda ganacsatada Habr Awal oo ay u yaqaaneen "iidoor", taas oo ahayd eedeyn macno leh oo macnaheedu yahay [[merchant|ganacsade]] ama dillaal, taas oo ahayd tixraac ku aaddan dabeecadda ganacsi ee ganacsatada Habr Awal xilligaas.<ref name="Info">Somali Poetry, Lewis & Adrzejewski, 1964, pp. 111–115</ref> Habr Awal xeebaha (inta badan Reer Axmed Nuux) waxay si joogto ah u noqdeen dillaaliin u ah qabiilooyinka Soomaaliyeed ee gudaha ee raba inay alaabtooda geeyaan dekedaha Berbera iyo Bulhar: <blockquote>Caadadu waxay tahay in Reer Axmed (qabiilka Berbera) ay u dhaqmaan sidii dillaaliin, oo inta badan faa'iidada badankeeda ay ku dhegganaato gacanta dillaalka. Ilaa dhawaan ma jirin Ogaadeen waligiis tagay xeebta, balse alaabta waxay ku aamineen ganacsatada xeebta.<ref>{{cite book|title= The Dublin Review, Volume 98|date=1886|pages=176|language=en}}</ref></blockquote> ==== Dagaalkii Berbera ==== {{Main|Battle of Berbera 1827}} [[File:Habr Awal Warriors.png|thumb|300px|Dagaalyahannada Sacad Muuse ee Habr Awal oo u diyaargaroobaya dagaal ka dhacay u dhow [[Hargeisa|Hargeysa]]]] Markii markab Ingiriis ah oo la odhan jiray ''Mary Anne'' uu isku dayay inuu ku xirto dekedda Berbera 1825 waxaa weeraray oo laayay xubno badan oo ka mid ah shaqaalaha Habr Awal. Jawaab ahaan [[Royal Navy|Ciidanka Badda ee Boqortooyada]] waxay fuliyeen xayiraad waxaana qaar ka mid ah xisaabaadka ay sheegayaan duqeyn ka dhacday magaalada.<ref name="Laitin 1977 70">{{cite book|title=Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience|year=1977|page=70|isbn=9780226467917|publisher=9780226467917|first=David D.|last=Laitin}}</ref> 1827 laba sano ka dib Ingiriisku wuxuu yimid wuxuuna bixiyay dalab lagu dejinayo xayiraadda oo joojisay ganacsiga faa'iidada badan ee Berbera beddelkeeda magdhow. Ka dib taladan bilowgii [[Battle of Berbera 1827|Dagaalkii Berbera 1827]] wuxuu qarxay. Ka dib guuldarradii Habr Awal, 15,000 [[Spanish dollars|doolarka Isbanishka]] ayaa ay ahayd in ay bixiyaan hoggaamiyeyaasha Habr Awal burburinta markabka iyo dhimashada dadka.<ref name="Laitin 1977 70"/> [[Isaaq Sultanate|Suldaanka Isaaq]] [[Farah Guled|Faarax Garaad Guuleed]] iyo Xaaji Cali waxay u qoreen warqad [[Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi|Suldaan bin Saqr Al Qasimi]] oo ka tirsan [[Ras Al Khaimah]] iyagoo ka codsanaya caawimaad millatari iyo dagaal diimeed oo wadajir ah oo ka dhan ah Ingiriiska.<ref>{{cite book|title=رسالة زعماء الصومال إلى الشيخ سلطان بن صقر القاسمي|language=ar|page=١٧|year=1996|first=Sultan bin Muhammad|last=Al Qasimi}}</ref> Tani ma aysan rumoobin maaddaama Suldaan Saqr uu curyaamiyay [[Persian Gulf campaign of 1819|ololihii Gacanka Persia ee 1919]] mana uusan awoodin inuu caawimaad u diro Berbera. Marka laga reebo xaruntooda Gacanka Persia & Gacanka Cumaan, Qasimi waxay aad uga dhex muuqdeen dhanka millatariga iyo dhaqaalaha labadaba [[Gulf of Aden|Gacanka Cadmeed]] waxaana la siiyay inay dhacaan oo weeraraan maraakiibta ilaa galbeedka illaa [[Mocha, Yemen|Mukha]] ee [[Red Sea|Badda Cas]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Blood-red Arab Flag: An Investigation Into Qasimi Piracy, 1797-1820|first=Charles E.|last=Davies|publisher=University of Exeter Press|year=1997|page=167|isbn=9780859895095}}</ref> Waxay lahaayeen xiriir ganacsi oo badan oo ay la lahaayeen [[Somalis|Soomaalida]], taasoo keentay in maraakiibta ka timid Ras Al Khaimah iyo [[Persian Gulf|Gacanka Persia]] ay si joogto ah u xaadiraan carwooyinka ganacsiga ee dekedaha waaweyn ee [[Berbera]] iyo [[Zeila|Zeyla]] isla markaana ay aad u aqoon fiican u lahaayeen Isaaq.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Trade of the Gulf of Aden Ports of Africa in the Early Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41965718|year=1965|first=Richard|last=Pankhurst|issue= 1|volume= 3|journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies|pages=36–81|jstor=41965718}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=رسالة زعماء الصومال إلى الشيخ سلطان بن صقر القاسمي|language=ar|page=١٢|year=1996|first=Sultan bin Muhammad|last=Al Qasimi}}</ref> Natiijo ahaan, Beesha Habar Awal waxay heshiis ilaalin ah la saxiixatay [[British Empire|Boqortooyada Ingiriiska]] 14 Luulyo 1884. Habr Awal waxay sii waday inay yeelato heshiis ganacsi oo faa'iido leh oo ay la leeyihiin xiriiradooda ajnabiga ah, kuwaas oo tiro badan ay sidoo kale ku hoos jireen xukunka Ingiriiska ee dalalkooda. Ingiriisku wuxuu ka aasaasay caasimadda [[British Somaliland|Somaliland Ingiriiska]] [[Berbera]], balse markii dambe caasimadda ay u rari doonaan [[Hargeisa|Hargeysa]] 1941.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=755848|title=The Ethiopia-Somaliland Frontier Dispute|url=https://archive.org/details/international-and-comparative-law-quarterly_1956-04_5_2/page/245|journal=International and Comparative Law Quarterly|volume=5|year=1956|pages=245–264|author=D. J. Latham Brown|issue=2|doi=10.1093/iclqaj/5.2.245}}</ref> ==== Xilligii Casriga ah ==== ==== U Guurista Koonfureed ee Xeebta illaa Gudaha Dalka ==== [[File:Sheikh Madar of Hargeisa (right).jpg|thumb|left|200 px|[[Sheikh Madar|Sheekh Madar]] (midig), aasaasaha Hargeysa [[Hargeisa|casriga ah]], oo uu sawiray 1912 Ralph E Brockman]] Bartamihii qarnigii 19th Hargeisa iyo deegaanka ku xeeran waxay ahaayeen goob kulul oo ay ka taagan yihiin muranno qabiil iyadoo duullaanno lagu samaynayay safarro isku dayaya inay maraan.<ref>{{cite book |title=Journal of African Languages |date=1963 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |pages=27 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite book |last=Carlos-Swayne |first=Harald |title=Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia |year=1900 |pages=96}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Carlos-Swayne |first=Harald |title=Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia |year=1900 |pages=40}}</ref> Madar oo ay weheliyaan sheekhyada kale ee Suufiyada waxay Aasaaseen ''Jama'a Weyn'' ama ''jamcadda weyn'' ee Hargeysa. Jamcadda cusub waxay raacday nidaamkii 900-sano jirka ahaa ee [[Qadiriyya]] ee uu aas-aasay Shaykh-a caanka ah [[Abdul Qadir Gilani|Cabdulqaadir Al-Jeeylaani]] waxayna soo bandhigtay dhaqamo cusub oo Hargeysa u horseeday waddada ay ku noqon lahayd magaalada Soomaaliyeed ee ugu weyn [[Somaliland]] iyo magaalada labaad ee ugu dadka badan ee Soomaali degto ilaa maanta.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite book |last1=Abdullahi |first1=Abdurahman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X1dDDwAAQBAJ&q=sheikh+madar |title=Making Sense of Somali History: Volume 1 |date=2017-09-18 |publisher=Adonis and Abbey Publishers |isbn=9781909112797 |page=80}}</ref> Hargeisa iyo deegaankeedu waxay lahaayeen carro ku habboon iyo biyo ku filan oo loogu talagalay beeraha balse xoolo-dhaqatadu ma aysan ka faa'iidaysan xaqiiqadan. Madar oo ay la socdeen hoggaamiyeyaasha kale ee ''Jam'a Weyn'' waxay soo bandhigeen beerashada [[sorghum|masagada]] iyo dhismaha cusub ee guryaha joogtada ah iyo abuurista masaajiddiisa weyn 1883.<ref name="auto3" /> Sheekh waxaa kale oo saarnaa masuuliyadda hoggaaminta salaadaha jaamacadda ee baryada ah [[Allah|Alle]] ee roobka ee cibaadada loo yaqaano ''roobdoon''.<ref name="auto5">{{cite book |last=Mire |first=Sada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J6nODwAAQBAJ&q=sheikh+madar+shrine+hargeisa&pg=PA153 |title=Divine Fertility: The Continuity in Transformation of an Ideology of Sacred Kinship in Northeast Africa |date=5 February 2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781138368507 |page=151}}</ref> Sheekh Madar iyo Suldaan Isaaq [[Deria Hassan|Diiriye Xasan]] waxay ku kulmeen banaanka Hargeisa 1870 si ay uga wada hadlaan arrimaha ku saabsan magaalada cusub waxayna ku heshiiyeen in ugaarsiga iyo goynta geedaha agagaarka ah la mamnuuco.<ref>{{cite book |last=WSP Transition Programme |first=War-torn Societies Project |title=Rebuilding Somaliland: Issues and Possibilities, Volume 1 |publisher=Red Sea Press |year=2005 |page=214}}</ref> Laanta Sacad Muuse ee Habr Awal waxay billowday inay degto Hargeysa iyadoo hoos imaanaysa ilaalinta Madar iyo Suldaan [[Deria Hassan|Diiriye]] waxayna si farxad leh u qaateen hababka cusub ee beeraha. ''Jama'a'' waxay samaysay udub dhexaad soo jiitay reer guuraaga kale inay yimaadaan oo degaan magaalada soo koraysa.<ref>{{cite book |last=Great Britain |first=War Office |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fZQLAAAAIAAJ&q=Official+History+of+the+Operations+in+Somaliland,+1901-04,+Volume+1 |title=Official History of the Operations in Somaliland, 1901-04, Volume 1 |publisher=HM Stationery Office |year=1907 |isbn=9780344344800 |pages=31–32}}</ref> Sidoo kale, khilaafaadkii qabiilka waa la yareeyay maaddaama bulshada cusub ay ku guulaysatay inay ku midoobto aqoonsi diimeed oo la wadaago halkii ay si adag ugu salaysnaan lahayd saldhig qabiil oo dhaqameed. Iyadoo Sheekh uu ku guuleystay hawsha loo igmaday ee uu ka helay macallinkiisa Sheekh Kabiir. Hogaamiyayaasha diinta ee ''Jama'a'' waxay isku qaadeen inay naafada deegaanka ku hoos jiraan daryeelkooda.<ref name="auto3" /> ====U Ololeynta Xornimada [[British Somaliland|Somaliland Ingiriiska]]==== Sannadkii 1955, [[Abdulrahman Deria|Suldaan Cabdiraxmaan Garaad Diiriye]] wuxuu xubin ka ahaa wafdi ka kooban 4 siyaasiyiin iyo suldanno ah oo aaday [[London]], [[United Kingdom|Ingiriiska]]. Hadafkeedu wuxuu ahaa in la codsado oo lagu cadaadiyo Dowladda Ingiriiska inay soo celiso dhulkii heshiiska ee lumay ee loo yaqaanay 'Haud Reserve Area' ee loo dhiibay [[Ethiopian Empire|Boqortooyada Itoobiya]] intii uu socday heshiiskii Anglo Ethiopian ee 1954.<ref name="auto">{{cite book |last1=Mohamed |first1=Jama |title=Imperial Policies and Nationalism in The Decolonization of Somaliland, 1954-1960 |date=2002 |publisher=The English Historical Review |language=en}}</ref> Buugga ''Imperial Policies and Nationalism in The Decolonization of Somaliland, 1954-1960'', Taariikhyahan Jama Mohamed wuxuu qorayaa: <blockquote>N.U.F. waxay u ololeysay soo celinta dhulalka labada Somaliland iyo dibadda. March 1955, tusaale ahaan, wafdi ka kooban Michael Mariano, Abokor Xaaji Faarax iyo Cabdi Daahir waxay aadeen Muqdisho si ay u helaan taageerada iyo iskaashiga kooxaha waddaniyadda ee Soomaaliya. Febraayo iyo May 1955 wafdi kale oo ka kooban laba Suldaan oo dhaqameed ([[Abdillahi Deria|Suldaan Cabdilaahi Suldaan Diiriye]], iyo [[Abdulrahman Deria|Suldaan Cabdiraxmaan Garaad Diiriye]]), iyo laba siyaasi oo muxaafid ah oo reer Galbeedka wax bartay (Michael Mariano, Cabdiraxmaan Xali Maxamed Dubeh) waxay boqdeen London iyo New York. Safarkoodii London, waxay si rasmi ah u kulmeen oo ay kala hadleen arrinta Xoghayaha Dawladda u qaabilsan Gumeysiga, Alan Lennox-Boyd. Waxay u sheegeen Lennox-Boyd heshiisyadii Anglo-Somali ee 1885. Heshiisyada hoostooda, Michael Mariano wuxuu sheegay, Dowladda Ingiriisku 'waxay qaadatay inaysan marnaba bixin, iibin, dhigan ama si kale u siin shaqo, marka laga reebo Dowladda Ingiriiska, qayb ka mid ah dhulka ay degaan iyagu ama hoos imaanaya xakamayntooda'. Laakiin hadda dadka Soomaaliyeed 'waxay maqleen in dhulkooda la siinayo Itoobiya hoos imaanaysa heshiiskii Anglo-Ethiopian ee 1897'. Heshiiskaas, si kastaba ha ahaatee, wuxuu ahaa mid 'isku dhacaya' heshiisyadii Anglo-Somali 'ee mudnaanta lahaa waqtiga' ka hor heshiiskii Anglo-Ethiopian ee 1897[.] Dowladda Ingiriisku 'waxay ka badbadisay awoodeeda markii ay soo gabagabeysay Heshiiskii 1897 iyo ... Heshiiskii 1897 ma ahayn mid ku waajib ah qabiilooyinka.' Suldaan Cabdilaahi wuxuu sidoo kale ku daray in heshiiskii 1954 uu ahaa 'naxdin weyn dadka Soomaaliyeed' maaddaama aan loo sheegin wadaxaajodka, iyo maaddaama Dowladda Ingiriisku ay maamulaysay deegaanka tan iyo 1941. Wufuuddu waxay codsadeen, sida uu sheegay Suldaan Cabdiraxmaan, in dib loo dhigo hirgelinta heshiiska si 'loo siiyo wafuudda waqti ay kiiskooda ku soo bandhigaan' Baarlamaanka iyo ururada caalamiga ah.<ref name="auto"/></blockquote> ===Ciise Muuse=== {{main|Issa Musa}} [[File:Ahmed Amar.png|thumb|Axmed Camar oo 23 jir ah oo ka tirsan Ciise Muuse Habar Awal, oo uu sawiray Roland Bonaparte 1890]] Taariikh ahaan, Ciise Muuse waxay isticmaaleen [[Camel train|safarka]] [[trade|ganacsiga]] ee aadka u qiimaha badan ee ku yaal [[Horn of Africa|Geeska Afrika]]. Waxay dakhli ka heleen safarrada imanaya suuqyada magaalada xeebta ah ee [[Berbera]]. Ciise Muuse waxay awoodeen inay soo rogaan canshuur gudub oo ah 4 unug oo ana ah halkii geel ee ay ku raran yihiin alaab.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JoEmPJ3s9QUC&q=Isa+Musa&pg=PA228 |title=Petermanns Mitteilungen. Ergänzungsheft |date=1894 |publisher=J. Perthes |language=de}}</ref><blockquote>Ciise Muuse, oo aagga daaqaagu uu yahay bannaanka xeebta, waxay sidoo kale soo saaraan canshuur gudub oo ah 4 anas (qiyaastii 48 pfennigs) oo ka timaada safarrada dromedarka raran iyo 1 ana id kasta iyo riy kasta, taas oo ka timaada qabiilooyinka kale ka dib Suuqyada laga keeni doono Berbera.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JoEmPJ3s9QUC&q=Isa+Musa&pg=PA228 |title=Petermanns Mitteilungen. Ergänzungsheft |date=1894 |publisher=J. Perthes |pages=228 |language=de}}</ref></blockquote>Sahamiyaha iyo juqraafiga Talyaaniga [[Luigi Robecchi Bricchetti|Luigi Robecchi Brichetti]] wuxuu lahaa hadal la mid ah dhanka ganacsiga safarka ee qiimaha leh, halkaas oo uu sidoo kale ku xusay Reer Axmed ee la xiriira ee Habar Awal - kuwaas oo haystay cinwaanka ah Abban ee Berbera.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burton |first=Sir Richard Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mu0MAAAAIAAJ&q=Ahmad&pg=PA74 |title=First Footsteps in East Africa, Or, An Exploration of Harar |date=1894 |publisher=Tylston and Edwards |isbn=9780705415002 |pages=74 |language=en}}</ref> Sida laga soo xigtay xisaabta Bricchetti, Ciise Muuse waxay awoodeen inay helaan dakhli uga mahadcelinaya taraafikada safarka mashquulka badan ee galaya & ka baxaya magaalada xeebta iyo taariikhiga ah ee Berbera<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bricchetti |first=Luigi Robecchi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TOoxAQAAMAAJ&q=Somalia+e+Benadir&pg=PA632 |title=Somalia e Benadir: viaggio di esplorazione nell'Africa orientale. Prima traversata della Somalia, compiuta per incarico della Societá geografica italiana |date=1899 |publisher=Aliprandi |language=it}}</ref><blockquote>Waxay u gudbaan sida xoolo-dhaqatada geel ee xirfadda leh iyo qabanqaabiyeyaasha safarka ee caqliga leh [Ayal Achmed]. Sidoo kale waa qoysaska kala duwan ee Ciise Muuse, oo ku nool ganacsiga safarka ee Ogaadeenya, iyagoo kor u kacaya Uebi [Webi] oo raacaya waddada Faf (Fafan).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bricchetti |first=Luigi Robecchi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TOoxAQAAMAAJ&q=Somalia+e+Benadir&pg=PA632 |title=Somalia e Benadir: viaggio di esplorazione nell'Africa orientale. Prima traversata della Somalia, compiuta per incarico della Societá geografica italiana |date=1899 |publisher=Aliprandi |pages=632 |language=it}}</ref></blockquote> ==== Aasaaskii Saldanadda Ciise Muuse ==== Geeridii Diriiye kadib, wiilkiisii Cabdiraxmaan ayaa la Caleemo Saaray wuxuuna ahaa hoggaamiyihii ugu horreeyay ee Habar Awal ee isu bixiya 'Suldaan' halkii uu ka ahaan lahaa Garaad. Cabdiraxmaan wuxuu aad ula mid ahaa aabihiis balse wuxuu aad uga firfircoonaa arrimaha xannaanada.<ref>{{cite book |last=Milman |first=Brock |title=British Somaliland: An Administrative History, 1920-1960 |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=9780415717458 |page=79}}</ref> Markii Ciidagale ay isku dayeen inay dhacaan Ciise Muuse, wiil uu dhalay Suldaankii Habar Yoonis ayaa ku biiray duullaanka oo markii la cayrsaday raggiisii waa la dilay. Suldaankii Habar Yoonis wuxuu u yimid Cabdiraxmaan si uu u xalliyo muranka wuxuuna rabay inuu ku qasbo Ciise Muuse inay bixiyaan [[diyya|mag]] wiilka Suldaanka. Sida uu qabo [[xeer|xeerka]] dhaqameed ee Soomaaliyeed mag Lama bixiyo marka qof lagu dilo is-difaacid. Sidaas darteed Ciise Muuse way diideen waxayna ku dhufteen gaashaanadoodii iyagoo diidaya xukunka Cabdiraxmaan.<ref name="Progressio">{{cite book |last1=Orwin |first1=Martin |title=War and Peace: An anthology of Somali literature Suugaanta Nabadda iyo Colaadda |last2=Axmed |first2=Rashiid |publisher=Progressio |year=2009 |isbn=9781852873295 |page=206}}</ref> Cismaan Haariyey oo ahaa gabyaa ayaa istaagay oo tiriyey [[Somali literature|geeraarkan]] soo socda oo muujinaya ixtiraamkiisa balse diidaya Suldaan Cabdiraxmaan. Intaas ka dib Ciise Muuse way baxeen waxayna u ambabaxeen inay caleemo saaraan Suldaankoodii ugu horreeyay, Suldaan Koshin 1949 taas oo calaamad u ahayd xornimadooda ay ka heleen walaalahooda Sacad Muuse ee waaweyn.<ref name="Progressio"/> {{Verse translation|lang=so-Latn| Ninka Qaaliya joogee Ka qoteysta hadhuudhkiyo Ninka geeri qodaayiyo Ka qasaalaya geela Suldaanaw bal qiyaasoo Wax ma qaybsan karaan? Suldaanow kuma caayin Ku canaannana maayo Ceebna kuu gudi maayo Calafna kaa sugi maayo Cuudkii aannu ku siinniyo Cadradii gabadhiinna Marnaba kaa celin maayo Ceynkaagaa rag ahaayoon Caleentii boqor saarray baa Cuurkii Muuse Subeer Aakhiro u celinaaya |attr1=Cismaan Haayirey ''Suldaanow Kuma Caayin''<ref>''War and Peace: An Anthology of Somali literature, p.86''</ref>| Ninka hantida ku taagan Ee masagada gurta Ninka dhimashada qoda Iyo kuwa geela ilaaliya Haddaba Suldaan ka fikir Way heshiin karaan? Suldaanow ku ma ay cayin Mana ahayn inaan ku canaanto Ma daynayo inaan ceeb kaa magdhabo Mana filayo hanti xaggaaga ah Ixtiraamka aan ku siineyno Gabdhaha dhalinyarada ah ee quruxda badan Marnaba kaama qaadan doonno Rag sidaada oo kale ah Ee aan caleenta saarnay boqor ahaan Way dib u dhigayaan Dadkii Muuse Subeer}} ==== Xilligii Casriga ah ==== Ciise Muuse waxay soo saareen tiro badan oo ah shakhsiyaad caan ah oo Soomaaliyeed iyadoo Ku-xigeenka Xoghayaha Guud ee Qaramada Midoobay [[Abdulrahim Abby Farah]], iyo tan ugu caansan Ra'iisul Wasaarihii ugu horreeyay ee [[Somali Prime Minister|Soomaaliya]] & Madaxweynihii labaad ee [[President of Somaliland|Somaliland]] [[Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal|Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal]], oo hoggaamiyay protectorate-kii hore ee [[British Somaliland|Somaliland Ingiriiska]] xornimada Luulyo 1960 si loo dhiso [[Somali Republic|Jamhuuriyadda Soomaalida]]. Ilaa maanta, [[Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal|Cigaal]] wuxuu ahaa qofkii keliya ee ah Isaaq ah oo noqday Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Soomaaliya. [[File:Somali National Flag Flying in Hargeisa 26th June 1960.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Calanka Soomaaliya oo ka Lalnaya Hargeysa 26 Juun 1960: Calanka Cad iyo Buluugga ah ee Soomaaliya intii lagu guda jiray dabaaldegyadii Xornimada ee [[Independence Day (State of Somaliland)|Xornimada]] 26 Juun 1960 Ra'iisul Wasaare [[Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal|Cigaal]] ee [[State of Somaliland|Maamulka Somaliland]] wuxuu salaamay calanka.]] 26kii Juun 1960 Cigaal wuxuu ahaa Ra'iisul Wasaaraha [[State of Somaliland|Maamulka Somaliland]] ee xornimada helay dhowaan, kaas oo shan maalmood ka dib la midoobay [[Trust Territory of Somaliland|Dhulka Xannaanada ee Soomaaliya]] ee hore si loo dhiso Jamhuuriyadda Soomaalida 1 Luulyo 1960. Codsashada ugu muhiimsan, hay'adaha siyaasadeed ee [[Somaliland]] waxay asal ahaan ka yimaadeen hoos ilaa kor hoos timaad xukunka muhiimka ah ee [[Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal|Cigaal]]. Intii uu socday muddadiisa 9-ka sano ahayd ee uu ahaa [[President of Somaliland|Madaxweynaha Somaliland]], Cigaal wuxuu ku guuleystay inuu hub ka dhig ku sameeyo kooxaha fallaagada ah ee deegaanka, xasillooniyo dhaqaalaha gobolka waqooyi-galbeed ee Somaliland, isla markaana uu ka dhisay xiriir ganacsi oo aan rasmi ahayn oo lala yeeshay dalal shisheeye. Wuxuu sidoo kale soo bandhigay [[Somaliland shilling|shillingka Somaliland]], baasaboor iyo calan cusub oo dib loo naqshadeeyay. Intaa waxaa dheer, Cigaal wuxuu abuuray [[Military of Somaliland|Ciidanka Qalabka Sida ee Somaliland]], oo ah ciidanka Soomaaliyeed ee ugu waxtarka badan ee ka jiray tan iyo intii la kala diray [[Somali National Army|Ciidanka Xoogga Dalka Soomaaliyeed]] 1991.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Glickman |first1=Harvey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EQIwAQAAIAAJ&q=habar+awal+snm |title=Ethnic Conflict and Democritization in Africa, p. 217 |year=1995 |publisher=African Studies Assoc. Press |isbn=9780918456748}}</ref> [[File:Mohamed Hasan Abdullahi (Jidhif).jpg|thumb|[[Mohamed Hasan Abdullahi|Jeneraal Maxamed Xasan Cabdullaahi]] "Jidhif", oo caan ku ah duullaankiisa qabsashada magaalada dekedda ah ee [[Zeila|Zeyla]] dabayaaqadii 1980-meeyadii magaca [[Somali National Movement|SNM]].]] === Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya iyo Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Soomaaliyeed === [[Somali National Movement|Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Soomaaliyeed]] (SNM) wuxuu ahaa urur fallaago ah oo ka jiray 1980-meeyadii illaa 1990-meeyadii. SNM-tii 1981 ee lagu aas-aasay [[London]] waxay dooratay [[Ahmed Mohamed Gulaid|Axmed Maxamed Guleed]] oo ka tirsanaa beesha Habar Awal guddoomiyaheedii ugu horreeyay, kaas oo sheegay in ujeeddada cad ee ururku ay ahayd in la rido nidaamkii [[Siad Barre|Siyaad Barre]] ee [[military regime|maamulka millatariga]].<ref name="Metz">[[Helen Chapin Metz]], ed., ''Somalia: a country study'', Volume 550, Issues 86-993, (The Division: 1993), p.xxviii.</ref> SNM waxay ururisay saldhiggeeda ugu weyn ee taageerada xubnaha beesha Isaaq, oo dhisay oo taageeray dhaqdhaqaaqa iyaga oo ka jawaabaya sanado badan oo takoor nidaamsan ah oo ay geysatay dowladdii Siyaad Barre. Taliye ahaan qaybta 99aad, Jeneraal [[Mohamed Hasan Abdullahi|Maxamed Xasan Cabdullaahi]] (Jidhif) wuxuu sidoo kale ka dhisay [[Somali National Movement|SNM]] saldhig millatari oo ku yaal [[Zeila|Zeyla]] halkaas oo [[Somali National Movement|SNM]] ay ka qabsatay gobolka Awdal muddo 4 sano ah waxayna si guul leh uga adkaatay isku day ay sameeyeen xoogagga millatariga ee USF ee daacadda u ah [[Djibouti|Jabuuti]] kuwaas oo isku dayay inay ka faa'iidaystaan ​​dhicitaankii [[Military Junta|Dowladdii Milatariga]] ee Siyaad Barre 1991 isla markaana ay qabsadaan magaalada [[Zeila|Zeyla]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jama |first1=Hassan Ali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lAyeNqKK7bQC&q=jibril+abokor+militia |title=Hassan Ali Jama, Who cares about Somalia |year=2005 |publisher=Verlag Hans Schiler |isbn=9783899300758}}</ref> [[File:Muse_Bihi_official_portrait_2017_(cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Muse Bihi Abdi|Gashaanle Muuse Bihi Cabdi]], madaxweynihii shanaad ee [[Somaliland]], iyo sarkaal millatari oo hore oo u shaqaynayay duuliye [[Somali Air Force|Ciidanka Cirka ee Soomaaliya]] ka hor int>**uusan u goosan [[Somali National Movement|SNM]] bartamihii 1980-meeyadii halkaas oo uu ka hoggaamiyay ciidamada fallaagada.]] Liiska Taliyeyaasha SNM ee Habar Awal ee caanka ah ([[Mujahids]]).<ref name="List of Habar Awal SNM leaders">{{cite book |last1=Forberg |first1=Ekkehard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0x3rAgAACAAJ&q=list+of+Habar+Awal+leaders |title=Small Arms in Somaliland: Their Role and Diffusion |last2=Terlinden |first2=Ulf |date=13 April 1999 |publisher=BITS |isbn=9783933111012 |via=Google Books}}</ref> * Gashaanle [[Abdillahi Askar|Cabdillaahi Askar]] Barkhad {{citation needed|date=August 2024}} * Cabdikarim Xaashi Cilmi{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} * Aadan Dhaamaha{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} * Aadan Shiine{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} * Axmed Jaamac Sabbaan (Janan Oogo){{citation needed|date=August 2024}} * [[Ahmed Mohamed Gulaid|Axmed Maxamed Guleed]]{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} * Axmed Dhagax{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} * Axmed Ibraahim (Raage Bidaar){{citation needed|date=August 2024}} * Axmed Golhaye{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} * Axmed Maxamed Xasan (Axmed Japan){{citation needed|date=August 2024}} * Cali Gurey{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} * Jeneraal Cali Xuseen Cabdi{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} * Boobe Yuusuf Ducaale{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} * Jeneraal [[Hassan Yonis Habane|Xasan Yoonis Habane]] * Haybe Axmed Gure (Haybe Laambad){{citation needed|date=August 2024}} * Xamud Ibraahim Ismaaciil{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} * Professor [[Ibrahim Megag Samatar|Ibraahim Megag Samatar]]{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} * [[Ibrahim Dhagahweyne|Ibraahim Dhagaxweyne]]<ref name=hm20110715>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/296964922|title=Political Orientations and Repertoires of Identification: State and Identity Formation in Northern Somalia|last1=Höhne|first1=Markus|date=2011-07-15|journal=ResearchGate|volume=|issue=|page=351|doi=|access-date=2024-05-07}}</ref> * [[Sheikh Ibrahim Sheikh Yusuf Sheikh Madar|Sheekh Ibraahim Sheekh Yuusuf Sheekh Madar]]<ref name=ip2008>{{Cite web|url=https://www.interpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/2008_SomS_Interpeace_APD_Statebuilding_EN.pdf|title=Peace in Somaliland: An Indigenous Approach to State-Building|author=interpeace|year=2008|access-date=2023-04-24}}</ref> * Maxamed Cilmi Samatar Galaan{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} * Jeneraal [[Mohamed Hasan Abdullahi|Maxamed Xasan Cabdullaahi]] (Jidhif) * [[Mohamed Hashi Elmi|Maxamed Xaashi Cilmi]]{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} * Maxamed Xasan (Gacmo Dheere){{citation needed|date=August 2024}} * Mahdi Cali Faarax{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} * Gashaanle [[Muse Bihi Abdi|Muuse Bihi Cabdi]]{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} * Sheekh Yuusuf Cali Sheekh Madar{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} * Yahya Xaaji Ibraahim{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} == Garaadada iyo Suldannada Habar Awal == Habar Awal waxay leeyihiin dhaqan dheer oo hoggaamineed waxaana hoggaamiya Suldaan ka soo jeeda laanta Axmed Cabdalla - oo ahayd hoos-qayb tiro badan oo ka tirsan Sacad Muuse oo inta badan degta [[Somali Region|Itoobiya]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/firstfootstepsi00burtgoog|title=First Footsteps in East Africa|last=Burton|first=Richard|publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans|year=1856|edition=1st|page= 53}}</ref> Taariikh ahaan waxay door bideen inay isticmaalaan ereyga wadaniga ah ''Garaad'' sida Warsangeli, labada qabiilna waxay tan iyo markaas beddeleen magaca cinwaanka oo u beddeleen ''Suldaan'' inkasta oo doorku uu isku mid yahay.<ref>{{cite book|title=British and Foreign State Papers|date=1893|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office}}</ref> Garaadada Habar Awal waxay soo ururin jireen rag xilliyada dagaalka waxayna xallin jireen murannada waaweyn ee qabiilooyinka kale iyagoo buuxinaya doorka nabad-doonka ugu dambeeya (''nabadoon'').<ref name="Felix 1907 115">{{cite book|first=Rosen|last=Felix|year=1907|title=Eine deutsche Gesandtschaft in Abessinien|page=115|publisher=VERLAG VON VEIT & COMP Leipzig|url=https://archive.org/details/einedeutscheges00rose|isbn=9780274113415|language=de}}</ref> Garaadkii ugu horreeyay ee Biniin waxaa la Caleemo Saaray xilli la mid ah kii ugu horreeyay ee [[Garhajis#Habr Yunis|Habr Yunis]] [[Deria Sugulleh Ainashe|Suldaan Diriiye Ainasha]], iyadoo labada qoys-beeleed ee waaweyn ay ka soo degeen hantidii [[Garhajis#Eidagale|Ciidagale]] oo ahayd madaxdii ballaaran ee [[Isaaq Sultanate|Saldanadda Isaaq]]. Geeridiisa ka dib, Habar Awal ma aysan Caleemo Saarin Garaad cusub dhowr sano maaddaama dhaxalsugayaasha Biniin ay aad u yaraayeen, iyadoo Garaad Cabdalla la Caleemo Saaray markii uu qaangaaray. Dagaallada ka dhacay xadka koonfureed ee dhulka Habar Awal si loo ilaaliyo beesha ka dhanka ah cadowgeeda iyo la dagaalanka duullaanka. Mid ka mid ah dhacdooyinka wuxuu si cidhiidhi ah uga fogaaday duullaan lama filaan ah oo [[Darod|Jidwaaq]] ah iyadoo Axmed Cabdalla ay si degdeg ah isu soo ururiyeen oo ay ku qasbeen duullaanka inay cararaan.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia|last=Carlos-Swayne|first=Harald|year=1900|pages=138}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! !Magaca !Xukunka laga soo bilaabo !Xukunka illaa |- |1 | style="white-space:nowrap" | ''Garaad'' '''Biniin''' (''Garaadkii ugu horreeyay'') | style="white-space:nowrap" | | |- |2 | style="white-space:nowrap" |''Garaad'' '''Cabdalla''' ''Garaad'' Biniin | style="white-space:nowrap" | | |- |3 | style="white-space:nowrap" |''Garaad'' '''Askar''' ''Garaad'' Cabdalla | style="white-space:nowrap" | | |- |4 | style="white-space:nowrap" |''Garaad'' '''Diriiye''' ''Garaad'' Cabdalla | style="white-space:nowrap" | | |- |5 | style="white-space:nowrap" |''Suldaan'' '''[[Abdulrahman Deria|Cabduraxmaan]]''' ''Garaad'' Diriiye ''(oo qaatay cinwaanka Suldaanka)'' | style="white-space:nowrap" | | |- |6 | style="white-space:nowrap" |''Suldaan'' '''Cabdilaahi''' ''Suldaan'' Cabduraxmaan | style="white-space:nowrap" | | |- |7 | style="white-space:nowrap" |''Suldaan'' '''Cabdirisaaq''' ''Suldaan'' Cabdilaahi | style="white-space:nowrap" | | |- |8 | style="white-space:nowrap" |''Suldaan'' '''Xasan''' ''Suldaan'' Cabdilaahi | style="white-space:nowrap" | | |} [[File:Garaad Askar.png|thumb|Mustaqbalka ''Garaad'' Askar oo la sawiray 1895]] Garaad Cabdalla wuxuu xilka hayay dhowr iyo soddon sano waxaana soo dhoweeyay saraakiisha Ingiriiska ee socdaalka ahayd ee u dhow xadka koonfureed ee [[British Somaliland|protectorate]] 1894 oo ku saabsan ballaarinta Jeneraal [[Makonnen Wolde Mikael|Ras Makonen]] oo matalaya [[Menelik II]].<ref>{{cite book|title=A Soldier's Shikar Trips|page=77|publisher=Grant Richards Ltd|first=H.G|last=Mainwaring|year=1894}}</ref> Garaad Cabdalla iyo hoggaamiyeyaal kale oo badan oo ku sugan Somaliland Ingiriiska sida Suldaan [[Deria Hassan|Diiriye Xasan]] iyo [[Sheikh Madar|Sheekh Madar]] waxay ka walaacsanaayeen duullaan ba'an oo ay ciidamada Abyssinia ku qaadeen magaalada soo koraysa ee [[Hargeisa|Hargeysa]] iyo agagaarkeeda. Garaad waxaa la xiriiray Makonen laba sano ka dib weydiisanaya isaga iyo Habar Awal inay ku biiraan [[Ethiopian Empire|Boqortooyada Itoobiya]] balse waa la diiday.<ref>{{cite book|title=Anglo-Ethiopian Relations, 1869 to 1906: A Study of British Policy in Ethiopia|page=121|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xYapmF_K__8C&q=coerced+british+protection+somaliland&pg=PA121|first=Venkat|last=Ram|year=2009|isbn=9788180696244|publisher=Concept Publishing Company New Delhi}}</ref> Garaad Cabdalla waxaa soo ag maray Suldaankii [[Garhajis#Habr Yunis|Habr Yunis]] markii ay la kulmeen abaar, Habr Yunis waxay ka codsadeen inay helaan biyoodka Habar Awal si ay u waraabiyaan. Abdalla wuxuu oggolaaday codsigii balse qaar ka mid ah xubnaha beeshiisa waxay u maleeyeen inuu aad u deeqsi ahaa oo uu caawinayay Habr Yunis kharashka wanaagga xoolohooda. Hogaamiyaha dadkan waxaa ka mid ahaa wiilkiisa 15-jirka ah ee Askar. Markii qaar ka mid ah xisbigii Habr Yunis ay yimaadeen waraabinta, Askar wuxuu dhex taagnaa ceelka iyo raggii isagoo ka reebay inay galaan. Waa lala taliyay doqonnimadiisa waxaana lagu amray inuu meesha ka tago oo uu addeeco rabitaanka aabihiis. Askar oo careysan wuxuu mindhihiisii ku dhuftay ninkii canaantay waxaanu dagaal ku dhowaaday inuu qarxo falkan darted.<ref name="Felix 1907 115"/> Gabyaa xigmad badan oo Habr Awal ah oo ka yimid [[Bulhar]] oo magaciisu ahaa Aami ayaa istaagay oo tiriyey [[Somali literature|gabay]]<ref name="Felix 1907 115"/> :''Hadalada aadka u badan ayaa hore looga hadlay erayadii doqonnimada ahaa ee Yuunis'' :''Balse xukunka xaqa ah ee Alle ku dhow marka loo eego caadada hore, keenaya nabadda iyo (si adag) sida buur oo kale'' :''Aad u dhow oo ku dhuumanaya dad, cadawgaaga, ilaa waqtigii hore xusuusashadooda colaad'' :''Haddii uu yimaado waqtigii aad indho-tirtay muranka, ma aad ixtiraami lahayd'' :''Iyadoo aan la labalabayn, ayay si lama filaan ah kuugu dhaceen'' :''Dhammaan qabiilooyinka cadowga ah waxay maqleen wararka murankaaga'' :''Sida gorgorka, dhammaantood waxay si hunguri leh u eegayaan hilibkaaga!'' Xisbiyadii waxaa dhaqaajiyay erayadiisii ​​oo waxay dhexdhexaadiyeen murankoodii. Garaad Cabdalla wuxuu gabadhiisa gacanteeda siiyay gabyahaha abaal-marin ahaan dadaalkiisii.<ref name="Felix 1907 115"/> Geeridii Cabdalla ka dib, wiilkiisii ​​u weynaa ee Askar ayaa beddelay isagoo Garaad noqday. Askar wuxuu ahaa faras-yahan xirfad leh wuxuuna ka dagaallamay duullaan uu la lahaa qaybaha koonfureed ee beesha oo ka dhan ahaa Daraawiishdii oo bilaabay inay Habr Awal iyo qabiilooyinka kale ee gobolka ku duulaan. [[Sheikh Madar|Sheekh Madar]] wuxuu ururiyay qaybaha waqooyi ee Habr Awal kuwaas oo ka duwan Axmed Cabdalla iyo qaar kale, oo ay ku noolaayeen inta badan xadka gudahiisa [[British Somaliland|Somaliland Ingiriiska]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Parliamentary Sessional Papers volume 48|first=House of Commons|last=Great Britain|page= 5|publisher=HM Stationery Office|year=1901}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Parliamentary Sessional Papers volume 48|first=House of Commons|last=Great Britain|page= 15|publisher=HM Stationery Office|year=1901}}</ref> Geeridii Askaar ka dib walaalkiis ka yar Diriiye wuxuu qaatay xilka Garaadka oo si ka duwan walaalkiis iyo aabihiis wuxuu aad u danaynayay arrimaha bulshada Habar Awal maaddaama xilli nabad qaraabo ah uu dhashay guuldarradii Daraawiishta ka dib, taas oo yareyneysay baahida loo qabo dagaalka.<ref>{{cite book|title=British Somaliland: An Administrative History, 1920-1960|first=Brock|last=Milman|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=9780415717458|page=79}}</ref> Diriiye wuxuu wajahay tartan loollan ah oo ku aaddan doorkiisii ​​Garaad ahaan waxaana Habr Awal ay ku taageereen oo ay iska celiyeen ninkii isku dayay inuu booska ka qaado.<ref>{{cite book|title=British Somaliland: An Administrative History, 1920-1960|first=Brock|last=Milman|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=9780415717458|page=64}}</ref> ==Laamaha== Qoys-beeleedka Isaaq, beelaha hoose waxaa loo qaybiyaa laba qaybood oo dheddig ah, sida ka muuqata abtirsiinta. Qaybta koowaad waa inta ka soo jeeda wiilashii Sheekh Isxaaq ee ka dhashay naag [[Harari people|Harari ah]] – Habar Habuusheed – iyo kuwa ka soo jeeda wiilashii Sheekh Isxaaq ee ka dhashay naag [[Somali people|Soomaali ah]] oo ka tirsan beesha Magaadle ee [[Dir (clan)|Dir]] – Habar Magaadle. Runtii, inta badan beelaha ugu waaweyn ee qoys-beeleedka waa isbahaysi dheddig ah sidaas darteed magaca hooyada "Habar" oo af-Soomaaligii hore [[Somali language|af-Soomaali]] macnihiisu yahay "hooyo".<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoMBQCr4LysC |title = A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa|isbn = 9783825830847|last1 = Lewis|first1 = I. M.|last2 = Samatar|first2 = Said S.|year = 1999| publisher=LIT Verlag Münster }}</ref> Tani waxaa lagu muujiyey qaab-dhismeedka qabiilka ee soo socda.<ref name="Lewisapd">I. M. Lewis, ''A pastoral democracy: a study of pastoralism and politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa'', (LIT Verlag Münster: 1999), p. 157.</ref> Falanqaynta DNA-da ee xubnaha beesha Habr Awal ee deggan Jabuuti waxay ogaatay in dhammaan shakhsiyaadka ay ka tirsanaayeen EV32 subclade ee Y-DNA [[Haplogroup E-M215 (Y-DNA)|E1b1b]] haplogroup aabaha ah.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Iacovacci, Giuseppe|display-authors=etal|title=Forensic data and microvariant sequence characterization of 27 Y-STR loci analyzed in four Eastern African countries|journal=Forensic Science International: Genetics|date=2017|volume=27|pages=123–131|url=https://www.docdroid.net/Dedb2N1/forensic-data-and-microvariant-sequence0acharacterization-of-27-y-str-loci-analyzed-in-four-eastern0aafrican-countries-iacovacci-et-al-2016.pdf.html|access-date=18 January 2018|doi=10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.12.015|pmid=28068531|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Geed qoys-beeleed oo la soo koobay oo ka mid ah hoos-qaybiyaha Habr Awal ee ugu waaweyn ayaa lagu soo bandhigay hoos.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://isaaq.webs.com/habrawal.htm|title=Habr Awal|access-date=2017-04-04|archive-date=2021-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307053718/https://isaaq.webs.com/habrawal.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Axmed Cabdalla (Reer Axmed Cabdalla) waa [[Sultan|Safka Boqortooyada ee Suldaanka Habar Awal]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burton |first=Sir Richard Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mu0MAAAAIAAJ&dq=the+royal+race+is+the+ayyal&pg=PA248 |title=First Footsteps in East Africa, Or, An Exploration of Harar |date=1894 |publisher=Tylston and Edwards |pages=52 |language=en}}</ref> {{Tree list}}[[Ishaaq bin Ahmed|Sheekh Isxaaq bin Axmed bin Maxamed]] **Habr Habuusheed ***Axmed (Tol-Ja’lo) ***[[Habr Je'lo|Muuse]] ***[[Sanbur|Ibraahim]] ***[[Ibran|Maxamed]] **Habr Magaadle ***[[Garhajis|Ismaaciil]] ***Ayuub ***[[Arap|Maxamed]] ***'''Abdiraxmaan (Habr Awal)''' ****Sacad Muuse *****Cabdixmaan Sacad *****Cabdalle Sacad *****Xasan Sacad ******Cabdalle Xasan *****Isxaaq Sacad ******Makahil *******Nuux Makahil *******Abokor Makahil *******Cumar Makahil *******Maxamed Makahil *******Xasan Makahil ********Cali Xasan ********Jibriil Xasan ********Rooble Xasan ********Cismaan Xasan *******Maxamed Isxaaq (Abbas) *******Isse Isxaaq (Ciise Carab) *******Muuse (Ase) Isxaaq *******Yeesif Isxaaq *******Abokor Isxaaq ********Ugaadh Abokor (Ugaadhyahan) ********Cabdalle Abokor ********Xuseen Abokor *********Cismaan Xuseen (Cismaannada) *********Jibriil Xuseen **********Ismaaciil Jibriil ***********Nuux Ismaaciil ************Yuusuf Nuux (Reer Yuusuf Nuux) *************Shirdoon Yonis (Reer Shirdoon) *************Hoosh Yonis (Reer Hoosh) *************Gadid Yonis (Reer Gadid) *************Maxamed Yonis ************Axmed Nuux (Reer Axmed Nuux) ***********Saciid Ismaaciil ************Cabdalle Saciid *************Samatar Cabdalle (Reer Samatar) *************Abane Cabdalle (Reer Abane) *************Axmed Cabdalle (Reer Axmed Cabdalla) ***********Cabdalle Ismaaciil ***********Cali Ismaaciil ***********Idris Ismaaciil (Bah Gobo) ***********Muhumed Ismaaciil (Waran'ad) ***********Yonis Ismaaciil (Bah Gobo) ***********Yuusuf Ismaaciil ********Jibriil Abokor *********Aadan Jibriil (Bahaabar Aadan) *********Cali Jibriil **********Cumar Cali ***********Abeeb Cumar (Baha Cumar) ***********Abtidon Cumar (Baha Cumar) ***********Aadan Cumar ***********Xuseen Qawa Cumar (Baha Cumar) ***********Sahal Cumar (Baha Cumar) ***********Yonis Cumar (Dugeh) ***********Ismaaciil Cumar ************Barre Ismaaciil *************Hareed Barre (Reer Hareed) ************Dalal Ismaaciil (Reer Dalal) ************Geedi Ismaaciil 'Gheedi Shide' (Baha Cumar) ************Hoosh Ismaaciil (Baha Cumar) ************Higgis Ismaaciil ************Idris Ismaaciil ************Ollow Ismaaciil ************Samatar Ismaaciil ************Qayaad Ismaaciil (Baha Cumar) *********Xasan Jibriil *********Maxamed Jibriil (Deriyahan) *********Yonis Jibriil (Reer Yonis) **********Muuse Yonis ***********Cabdi Muuse Yonis **********Caraale yonis **********Caynaashe Yonis **********Urkurag Yonis ***********Aadan Urkurag ************Cumar Aadan ************Cali Aadan ************Axmed Aadan ****Ciise Muuse *****Aadan Ciise ******Jibriil Aadan *******Maxamud Jibriil *******Xasan Jibriil *******Ibraahim Jibriil *******Ismaaciil Jibriil *****Abokor Ciise ******Xasan Abokor *******Balle Xasan (Reer Baale) *******Muuse Xasan *****Idris Ciise ******abdiwadhawr ******rer dahir ******rer hayan ******ali wadhawr *****Mohamed Issa ******Mukhtar Mohamed ******Hassan Mohamed ******Jibriil Mohamed *******Omar Jibriil *******Abokor Jibriil *******Yonis Jibriil *******Muuse Jibriil ********Ali Muuse *********Sahal Ali (Reer Sahal) *********Wa'ays Ali (Reer Wa'ays) *********Abane Ali (Reer Abane) *********Had Ali (Reer Had) *********Hildid Ali (Reer Hildid) *******Abdirahman Muuse *******Abdulle Muuse ********Abdalle Abdulle (Abdalle Qoyan) ********Hassan Abdulle *********Ahmed Hassan (Dhogori) *********Deriyahan Hassan ****Abdalla Muuse ****Afgab Muuse(Abdi Muse) ****Egalle Muuse ****Eli Muuse ****Omar Muuse{{Tree list end}} ==Shakhsiyaadka Caanka ah iyo kuwa Saameynta Leh== [[File:MoPodiumRio2016.png|thumb|[[Mo Farah]], ciyaaryahan Ingiriis ah oo haysta afar billadood oo dahab ah oo Olimbikada ah iyo ciyaaryahanka ugu quruxda badan taariikhda ciyaaraha fudud ee Britain.]] [[File:Ismail Ahmed.jpg|thumb|[[Ismail Ahmed (businessman)|Ismail Ahmed]], milkiilaha iyo agaasimaha guud ee [[WorldRemit]] oo ah mid ka mid ah shirkadaha xawaaladaha lacagta ugu waaweyn adduunka. Waxaa loo arkaa ninka 7aad ee ugu saameynta badan [[United Kingdom|Boqortooyada Midowday]].<ref name="Ismael Ahmed">{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldremit.com/en/about-us/management-team|title=Board of directors|access-date=2021-01-16|archive-date=2019-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102170310/https://www.worldremit.com/en/about-us/management-team|url-status=dead}}</ref>]] Beesha waxay soo saartay qaar ka mid ah shakhsiyaadka ugu caansan uguna saameynta badan taariikhda Soomaaliya, kuwaas oo ku qoran hoos: * [[Abdillahi Suldaan Mohammed Timacade|Cabdillaahi Suldaan Maxamed Timacadde]], oo loo yaqaan "Timacadde", gabyaa caan ah xilligii gumeysiga ka hor iyo ka dib *[[Abdulrahman Deria|''Suldaan'' Cabdiraxmaan ''Garaad'' Diiriye]], Suldaankii 1aad & hoggaamihii 5aad ee Habar Awal * [[Sheikh Madar|Sheekh Madar Axmed Shirwac]], oo lagu tixgeliyo kobaca hore ee iyo aasaasaha Hargeysa [[Hargeisa|casriga ah]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Abdurahman.|first1=A|title= Making Sense of Somali History|date=2017|publisher=Adonis and Abbey|pages=80|language=en}}</ref> *[[Sheikh Ibrahim Sheikh Yusuf Sheikh Madar|Sheekh Ibraahim Sheekh Yuusuf Sheekh Madar]], wuxuu u adegay guddoomiyaha la doortay ee SNM bishii Janaayo 1982 wuxuuna markii dambe ka shaqeeyay hoggaamiyaha Guurtida ee Baarlamaanka Somaliland. Wuxuu awoowe u yahay [[Sheikh Madar|Sheekh Madar]] caanka ah. * [[Abdulrahim Abby Farah|Cabdiraxiin Abby Faarax]], [[Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations|Ku-xigeenka Xoghayaha Guud ee Qaramada Midoobay]] 1979–1990 iyo Wakiilka Joogtada ah ee [[Somali Republic|Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya]] ee Qaramada Midoobay 1965–1972. * [[Abdurrahman Mahmoud Aidiid|Cabdiraxmaan Maxamuud Caydiid]], duqii hore ee [[Mayor of Hargeisa|Hargeysa]], caasimadda Jamhuuriyadda [[Somaliland]]. * [[Abdishakur Iddin|Cabdishakuur Iidinta]], duqa hadda ee [[Berbera|Berbera]], caasimadda gobolka [[Sahil, Somaliland|Saaxil]]. * [[Abdul Majid Hussein|Cabdimaajid Xuseen]], Dhaqaaleyahan, Safiirkii hore ee Itoobiya u fadhiyay Qaramada Midoobay, 2001–2004. Hoggaamiyaha xisbiga [[Ethiopian Somali Democratic League]] (ESDL) ee [[Somali Region|Gobolka Soomaalida]] ee [[Ethiopia|Itoobiya]] 1995 ilaa 2001. * [[Ahmed Mohamed Gulaid|Axmed Maxamed Guleed]], mid ka mid ah xubnihii asaasayaasha ahaa ee [[Somali National Movement|Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Soomaaliyeed]] iyo kii ugu horreeyay ee loo doorto guddoomiyaha ururka Oktoober 1981. * [[Ahmad Girri bin Husain|Axmed Gari bin Xuseen]], Taliye ku xigeenka [[Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi|Axmed Gurey]] iyo general sare oo ka tirsanaa [[Adal Sultanate|Saldanaddii Cadal]] oo hoggaamiyay ciidan weyn oo ka dhan ah [[Abyssinian empire|boqortooyada Xabashida]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://makhtota.ksu.edu.sa/makhtota/554/17|title=مخطوطات > بهجة الزمان > الصفحة رقم 17|website=makhtota.ksu.edu.sa|access-date=2017-07-26|archive-date=2017-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729180419/http://makhtota.ksu.edu.sa/makhtota/554/17|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Ahmed Hassan Awke|Axmed Xasan Cawke]], Wariye iyo baahiyaha Soomaaliyeed ee caanka ah. Wuxuu ahaa halyeey ka tirsan [[BBC World Service]], [[Voice of America]], [[Somaliland National TV]], [[Horn Cable Television]], [[Radio Mogadishu]] iyo [[Universal Television (Somalia)|Universal TV]] iyo sidoo kale afhayeenka madaxweynaha ee [[Siad Barre|Siyaad Barre]] intii lagu guda jiray maamulkiisa millatariga.<ref name="Ahmed Hasan Awke">{{cite web |url=http://www.somalilandinformer.com/somaliland/somaliland-prominent-somali-journalist-ahmed-hasan-awke-passes-away-in-jigjiga/ |title=Somaliland: Prominent Somali Journalist, Ahmed Hasan Awke Passes Away in Jigjiga {{!}} SomalilandInformer |website=www.somalilandinformer.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216030219/http://www.somalilandinformer.com/somaliland/somaliland-prominent-somali-journalist-ahmed-hasan-awke-passes-away-in-jigjiga/ |archive-date=2018-02-16}}</ref> * [[Ahmed Yusuf Yasin|Axmed Yuusuf Yaasiin]], [[Vice-President of Somaliland|Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Somaliland]] 2002 ilaa 2010, iyo Guddoomiyaha Labaad ee xisbiga UDUB. * [[Ali Abdi Farah|Cali Abdi Faarax]], Wasiirkii hore ee Isgaarsiinta iyo Dhaqanka ee [[Djibouti|Jabuuti]] * [[Ali Feiruz|Cali Fayruus]], fanaan Soomaaliyeed oo caan ah oo ku nool [[Djibouti|Jabuuti]] iyo [[Somaliland]] * [[Abdi Hashi Abdullahi|Cabdi Xaashi Cabdullaahi]], Afhayeenka [[Senate of Somalia|Aqalka Sare ee Soomaaliya]] iyo Senator tan iyo Janaayo 2017. * [[Gaarriye]] (dhashay Maxamed Xaashi Dhamac), Gabyaa caan ah oo tixay mid ka mid ah gabayada af-Soomaaliga ee ugu caansan mawduuca heshiisiinta, "Hagarlaawe". * Jaamac Yuusuf Tamiinlaaye, oo lagu sheegay [[Geoffrey Archer's 1916 important members of Darawiish haroun list|liiska xubnaha muhiimka ah ee Daraawiishta ee 1916 ee Geoffrey Archer]] * [[Hussain Bisad|Xuseen Bisaad]], mid ka mid ah ragga ugu dheer adduunka, dhererkiisu yahay 2.32 m (7 ft 7 1⁄2 in). Wuxuu leeyahay gacanta ugu ballaaran qof kasta oo nool. * [[Ibrahim Dheere|Ibraahim Dheere]], Waxaa loo arkaa bilyaneerka Soomaaliyeed ee ugu horreeya iyo qofka Soomaaliyeed ee ugu taajirsan adduunka oo leh hanti qiyaastii 1.8 bilyan oo doollarka Maraykanka ah.<ref name="Ibrahim Dheere">{{cite web |url=http://www.somalilandinformer.com/somaliland/breaking-ibrahim-dheere-tycoon-passes-away-in-djibouti/ |title=BREAKING: Ibrahim Dheere Tycoon passes away in Djibouti {{!}} SomalilandInformer |website=www.somalilandinformer.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124005650/http://www.somalilandinformer.com/somaliland/breaking-ibrahim-dheere-tycoon-passes-away-in-djibouti/ |archive-date=2018-01-24}}</ref> * [[Ismail Ahmed (businessman)|Ismail Ahmed]], milkiilaha iyo agaasimaha guud ee [[WorldRemit]] oo ah mid ka mid ah shirkadaha xawaaladaha lacagta ee ugu koritaanka badan adduunka waxaana loo arkaa ninka 7aad ee ugu saameynta badan Britain.<ref name="Ismael Ahmed"/> * [[Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal|Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal]], Siyaasi Soomaaliyeed oo caan ah. Ra'iisul Wasaarihii ugu horreeyay ee [[Somali Prime Minister|Soomaaliya]]: 1960, 1967–1969. Madaxweynaha [[President of Somaliland|Somaliland]], 1993–2002. * [[Mohammed Abdillahi Kahin|Maxamed Cabdillaahi Kaahin]] 'Ogsadey', Ganacsade Soomaaliyeed oo ku salaysan Itoobiya, halkaas oo uu ka aasaasay MAO Harar Horse, shirkaddii ugu horreysay ee Afrika ah ee dhoofisa bunka oo urursaday hanti qiyaastii ah $3 Bilyan oo [[Ethiopian Birr|Birta Itoobiya]].<ref name="HIGP">{{cite news|title=Somali Entrepreneurs|url=http://salaanmedia.com/?p=24470|access-date=15 Feb 2018 |newspaper=Salaan Media |date=15 June 2017}}</ref> * [[Mohamed Abdullahi Omaar|Maxamed Cabdullaahi Cumar]], Wasiirkii Arrimaha Dibadda ee Soomaaliya * [[Mohamed Hasan Abdullahi|Maxamed Xasan Cabdullaahi]], Taliyihii hore ee [[Somaliland Armed Forces|Ciidanka Qalabka Sida ee Somaliland]] * [[Mo Farah|Maxamed Faarax]], ciyaaryahan Ingiriis ah oo haysta afar billadood oo dahab ah oo Olimbikada ah iyo ciyaaryahanka ugu quruxda badan taariikhda ciyaaraha fudud ee Britain. Waxaa kale oo loo arkaa inuu yahay orodyahanka maraykanka ugu fiican adduunka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/aug/10/mo-farah-mother-somaliland |title=Mo Farah's family cheers him on from Somaliland village |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=10 August 2012 |access-date=13 March 2014}}</ref> *[[Abdi Haybe Laampad|Cabdi Haybe Laampad]] Muusikiiste Soomaaliyeed oo caan ah iyo mid ka mid ah majaajilistayaasha Soomaaliyeed ee ugu fiican waqti kasta. * [[Mohamed Omar Arte|Maxamed Cumar Carte]], Ra'iisul Wasaare ku xigeenkii hore ee Soomaaliya. * [[Muhammad Hawadle Madar|Maxamed Xawaadle Madar]], Ra'iisul Wasaarihii hore ee Soomaaliya ka billow 3 Sebtembar 1990, ilaa 24 Janaayo 1991. * [[Muse Bihi Abdi|Muuse Bihi Cabdi]], Madaxweynihii shanaad ee [[President of Somaliland|Somaliland]] iyo sarkaal millatari oo hore oo u shaqaynayay duuliye [[Somali Air Force|Ciidanka Cirka ee Soomaaliya]]. * [[Nuh Ismail Tani|Nuux Ismaaciil Tani]], Taliyaha hadda ee [[Somaliland Armed Forces|Ciidanka Qalabka Sida ee Somaliland]] *[[Hussein Mohamed Bashe|Xuseen Maxamed Bashe]], Wasiirka Beeraha ee Tanzania iyo xubin ka tirsan baarlamaanka ee degmada [[Nzega]] Urban tan iyo 2015. Janaayo 2022, waxaa loo magacaabay Wasiirka Beeraha. * [[Umar Arteh Ghalib|Cumar Carte Galib]], Ra'iisul Wasaarihii hore ee Soomaaliya, 1991–1993; wuxuu Soomaaliya galiyey [[ArabLeague|Jaamacadda Carabta]] 1974 intii uu ahaa Wasiirka Arrimaha Dibadda ee Soomaaliya, 1969–1977; madaxweynihii hore ee Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay; macallin iyo gabyaa *[[Saad Ali Shire|Dr. Saad Ali Shire]], siyaasi British-Somali ah, agronomist iyo dhaqaaleyahan, oo hadda ka shaqeynaya Wasiirka Maaliyadda ee Somaliland. Shire horay ayuu uga soo shaqeeyay Wasiirka Arrimaha Dibadda ee Somaliland. Waxa kale oo uu soo noqday Wasiirka Qorshaynta iyo Horumarinta Qaranka ee Somaliland. * [[Sultan Osman Sultan Ali Koshin|Suldaan Cismaan Suldaan Cali Koshin]], Suldaanka guud ee hadda ee beesha [[Issa Musa|Ciise Muuse]]. *[[Mohamed se'ad Geedi|Maxamed Siciid Geedi]], Milkiilaha shirkadda fiilooyinka ugu dhaqsaha badan Geeska Afrika iyo MSG Group ee [[Sa'ad Musa|Sacad Muuse]] *[[Jam'a Omar Seed|Jaamaca Cumar Siciid]], Mid ka mid ah ganacsatada Somaliland iyo Jabuuti ee ugu dhaqaalaha badan xagga soo dejinta alaabta ee [[Ominco Company|Shirkadda Ominco]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist|30em}} gvm1ritpxlap0rygq7n82ub64koyqoj 0 32407 311786 302002 2026-11-07T07:35:40Z Abdiwahab Dheere 48192 Wax cusub baan ku soo daray madaama aan ka dhashay aniga 311786 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Loobage]] waa beel kamida beelaha reer fiqicumar ama sheekhaal waxayna ku badanyahiin gobolka Mudug ilaa jubada dhexe waxeyna degaan banaadir shabelaha hoose ,j.hoose beeshaan waa beel taarikh iyo sharaf ba kule geyiga somalida beeshaan waxa ka dhashey gudomiyaha baarlamaan kii ugu dheera ee somara somalia General maxamed ibrahim liqliqato sidookale waxa ka dhashey general indhaqarshe oo qeyb weyn ka qaatay dagaalki 1977 Ethiopia waana Generalki qabsaday qabridahar. Beel weynta Loobage waxa la dhashey beelaha Aw Qudub, Cabdi Sheekh, Aw Xasan, Gandershe, Jaziira. * Loobage *Tolweyne loobage **Gacal mahadale **●ow sheekh cali gacal **●Cumar gacal **●Cabdi gacal **●Sheekhow gacal **●Ibraahim gacal **Maxamed mahadalle **Xasan mahadalle **☆Fakhanuur Xasan **1. Loobage Fakhanuur **2. Maxamed Fakhanuur **3. Cabdi Fakhanuur **4. Hilowle Fakhanuur **5. Cali Fakhanuur **6. Ibraahim Fakhanuur **7. Caagane Fakhanuur **8. Gacal Fakhanuur **9. Yusuf Fakhanuur **☆Diini Xasan **1. Aadan Diini **2. Maxamud Diini **3. Muuse Diini **4. Maxamed Diini **Cali mahadalle **Cabdalle mahadalle **Ebbakar mahadalle **Cumar mahadalle *Caagane loobage **Maxamed caagane ***Cabdi Raxman Maxamed Cagane ***Cabdi maxamed caagane ***Caalin maxamed caagane ***Xasan maxamed caagane ***Nuur maxamed caagane ***Bashiir Maxamed Caagane ***Cilmi Maxamed Cagane ***Muse Maxamed Cagane **Samatar caagane ***Cumar samatar ***Cali samatar **Samafale caafane ***Cumar samafale ***Qalaf samafale ***Cali samafale **Buubaal caagane ***Maxamed buubaal ***Caalin buubaal ***mahadalle buubaal ***Cali buubaal ***Cabdi buubaal **mahad caagane **Cumar caagane ***Caalin cumar ***Amiin cumar **Nuur caagane **Dhool caagane **Cali Cagane *Sacdi loobage **Maxamed sacdi **Rooble sacdi **Cali sacdi **Cismaan sacdi **Magan sacdi **Cagey sacdi **Yabarow sacdi **Cumar sacdi *Cabdi loobage **Xasan cabdi loobage **Xuseen cabdi loobage **Cilmi cabdi loobage **Sadiiq cabdi loobage ** Nuur cabdi loobage **Axmed cabdi loobage **Jabriil cabdi loobage **Obbakar cabdi loobage fp5yd0jc15d6618w1m1cucv49sedsx7 0 44489 311785 295111 2026-11-07T05:54:29Z Linxedits28 48191 311785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | image = Tyla at 2026 Montreux Jazz Festival 2 (cropped).jpg | caption = | birth_name = Tyla Laura Seethal | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2002|01|30|}} | birth_place = [[Edenvale, Gauteng|Edenvale]], Koonfur Afrika | education = Edenglen High School | occupation = Heesaa | years_active = 2019–hada | works = | awards = | website = | relatives = | module = {{infobox musical artist | embed = yes | background = solo_singer | instruments = Cod | genre = {{hlist|[[Amapiano]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wonderlandmagazine.com/2023/10/17/tyla/|title=Tyla Features In Our Autumn/Fall 2023 Issue|magazine=[[Wonderland|Wonderland]]|access-date=23 March 2024|date=16 October 2023|archive-date=20 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120044522/https://www.wonderlandmagazine.com/2023/10/17/tyla/|url-status=live}}</ref>|[[Pop]]<ref name="Campbell">{{cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/features/music-interviews/tyla-amapiano-south-africa-been-thinking-getting-late-radar-3408832|title=Tyla: "I really want eyes on all African artists, because we need more attention"|date=8 March 2023|access-date=7 September 2023|publisher=[[NME]]|first=Erica|last=Campbell|archive-date=7 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907160419/https://www.nme.com/features/music-interviews/tyla-ampiano-south-africa-been-thinking-getting-late-radar-3408832|url-status=live}}</ref>|[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]<ref name="Vice" />}} | label = {{hlist|Fax|[[Epic Records|Epic]]}} | website = {{URL|tylaworld.com}} }} {{Infobox | child = yes | header = Logo | headerstyle = background:#b0c4de | data1 = [[File:Tyla Seethal.png|150px]]}} | module2 = {{Infobox person|embed=yes | signature = Tyla sig.svg }} }} '''Tyla Laura Seethal''' (waxay dhalatay 30 Janaayo 2002), oo loo yaqaan magaca '''Tyla''', waa heesaa Koonfur Afrikaan ah. Qaabkeeda muusiga waxaa lagu gartaa isku-dhafka [[pop]] iyo [[amapiano]], iyada oo daabacado badan ay ugu magacdareen "Queen of Popiano". Waxay heshay aqoonsi caalami ah ka dib markii ay soo saartay heesteedii "[[Water (hees)|Water]]" ee ku guulaysatay dalkeeda hooyo ee Ingiriiska iyo Maraykanka. Tyla waa fannaanka ugu da'da yar Afrika taariikhda ee ku guuleysta [[Abaalmarinta Grammy]]. == Nolosha hore == Tyla waxay ku dhalatay qoys leh [[Hindiya|Hindi]]-[[Mauritius|Mauritian]], [[Zulu]], iyo isir [[Ayrland]] ah.<ref name="BRA" /><ref name="RSUK" /><ref>References: * {{Cite web|last=Ho Hip|first=Chanté|date=21 November 2023|title=Why Tyla's global success means South Africa has to explain being coloured again|url=https://947.co.za/articles/2023/11/21/why-tyla-s-global-success-means-south-africa-has-to-explain-being-coloured-again|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124124508/https://947.co.za/articles/2023/11/21/why-tyla-s-global-success-means-south-africa-has-to-explain-being-coloured-again|archive-date=24 November 2023|access-date=24 November 2023|website=[[947 (radio station)|947]]}} * {{Cite web|title=Biography: TYLA|url=https://www.fax.nyc/tylabio|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024142555/https://www.fax.nyc/tylabio|archive-date=24 October 2023|access-date=24 October 2023|website=FAX Records ([[Epic Records|Epic]])|publisher=[[Sony Music Entertainment]]|place=United States}} * {{Cite web|last=Murray|first=Robin|date=7 November 2022|title=Track Of The Day 7/11 – Tyla|url=https://www.clashmusic.com/track-of-the-day/track-of-the-day-7-11-tyla/|access-date=24 October 2023|website=[[Clash (magazine)|Clash]]|archive-date=27 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027095316/https://www.clashmusic.com/track-of-the-day/track-of-the-day-7-11-tyla/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Gyre" /> == Tixraacyo == oqpsd5wtohalflt252zitkvr88ff7tb 0 46696 311779 295447 2026-11-06T18:22:49Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261106sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.7) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 311779 wikitext text/x-wiki {{nihongo|'''Toyozo Arakawa'''|荒川 豊蔵|Arakawa Toyozō|Maarso 21, 1894 - Agoosto 11, 1985}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Toyozo Arakawa: Biography |url=https://www.mutualart.com/Artist/Toyozo-Arakawa/7FF2F525E059D5AD/Biography |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=Mutual Art}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Winther-Tamaki |first=Bert |date=2019 |title=Earth Flavor (Tsuchi aji) in Postwar Japanese Ceramics |journal=[[Japan Review]] |volume=32 |pages=155 |jstor=26652954}}</ref> wuxuu ahaa [[Japan|Jabbaaniis]] caan ku ahaa farsamaynta [[pottery|dhoobada]]. ​Wuxuu ku noolaa oo uu ka shaqayn jiray [[Mino, Gifu|Mino]], oo u dhow [[Nagoya]]. Waxaa la siiyay cinwaanka [[Living National Treasure (Japan)|"Hantida Qaranka ee Nool"]] sannadkii 1955. ​Sannadkii 1930-kii, wuxuu ka helay burburka weelal goobta rabaayadda ee foornada qaabka ''ogama'' ee Mutabora, isagoo caddeeyay in shaqada dhoobada ee Shino iyo Oribe ee xilligii Momoyama iyo bilowgii Edo ee Jabbaan lagu soo saaray Mino halkii laga soo saari lahaa aagga Seto.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Moeran |first=Brian |date=Winter 1987 |title=The Art World of Contemporary Japanese Ceramics |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-japanese-studies_winter-1987_13_1/page/30 |journal=[[The Journal of Japanese Studies]] |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=30–31 |doi=10.2307/132585 |eissn=1549-4721 |jstor=132585}}</ref> Sannadkii 1933-kii, wuxuu dhisay foorno dib u soo saarta foornadii asalka ahayd ee Mutabora wuxuuna dib u helay farsamooyinkii lagu soo saari jiray dhalaalinta (glazes) Shino.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> ​Wuxuu ku dhimatay Tokyo, Jabbaan sannadkii 1985. ​Waxaa jira turjumaad ah buugga Arakawa ee ''The Traditions and Techniques of Mino Pottery''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arakawa |first=Toyozō |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O3sizQEACAAJ |title=The Traditions and Techniques of Mino Pottery |language=en}}</ref> kaas oo ku jira Janet Barriskill buuggeeda ''Visiting the Mino Kilns''<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Visiting the Mino kilns : with a translation of Arakawa Toyozō's The traditions and techniques of Mino pottery / Janet Barriskill |url=https://www.si.edu/object/siris_sil_889091 |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=[[Smithsonian Institution]] |language=en}}</ref> Wild Peony Press, Sydney, 1995. ​Shaqadiisa waxaa lagu hayaa dhowr madxaf, oo ay ka mid yihiim [[Mills College Art Museum]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=MCAM - Covered jar|url=https://artcollection.mills.edu/objects-1/info?query=mfs%20any%20%22arakawa%22&sort=9|access-date=2021-01-06|website=artcollection.mills.edu|archive-date=2021-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108235316/https://artcollection.mills.edu/objects-1/info?query=mfs%20any%20%22arakawa%22&sort=9|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Victoria and Albert Museum]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Museum|first=Victoria and Albert|title=Food Vessel {{!}} Arakawa, Toyozō {{!}} V&A Explore The Collections|url=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O24094/food-vessel-arakawa-toyozo/food-vessel-arakawa-toyoz%C5%8D/|access-date=2021-03-26|website=Victoria and Albert Museum: Explore the Collections|language=en}}</ref> [[Portland Art Museum]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kanbishi Tea Bowl|url=http://portlandartmuseum.us/mwebcgi/mweb.exe?request=record;id=82668;type=101|access-date=2021-03-26|website=portlandartmuseum.us}}</ref> [[Arizona State University Art Museum|ASU Art Museum]],<ref>{{Citation|last1=Arakawa Toyozō|title=Kohiki Chawan|orig-date=1910|year=1985|url=http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.50151|work=Japanese National Living Treasure Collection|access-date=2021-03-26|last2=荒川 豊蔵|hdl=2286/R.I.50151}}</ref> [[Brooklyn Museum]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Brooklyn Museum|url=https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/103160|access-date=2021-03-26|website=www.brooklynmuseum.org|archive-date=2021-03-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312084348/https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/103160|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Seattle Art Museum]],<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Arakawa |first1=Toyozo |last2=Allison |first2=Effie B. |date=1957 |title=Exhibition of Oriental Blue and White from the Collection of Mrs. John M. Allison |url=https://www.hanshan.com/pdf/c31.pdf |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=Hanshan Tang Books Catalogue #31 |page=31}}</ref> [[Minneapolis Institute of Art]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shino straight-walled tea bowl with bridge pattern in underglaze iron-oxide, Arakawa Toyozō ^ Minneapolis Institute of Art|url=http://collections.artsmia.org/art/137903/shino-straight-walled-tea-bowl-with-bridge-pattern-in-underglaze-iron-oxide-arakawa-toyozo|access-date=2021-03-26|website=collections.artsmia.org}}</ref> iyo [[University of Michigan Museum of Art]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Exchange: Plate with white plum blossom design|url=https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/resources/19724|access-date=2021-01-06|website=exchange.umma.umich.edu|archive-date=2021-01-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109080930/https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/resources/19724|url-status=dead}}</ref> ​ ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} ​ ==Xiriirinta dibadda== ​[https://web.archive.org/web/20021117093531/http://www.pref.gifu.jp/s27213/english/works/20.html Bogga Museum of Fine Arts, Gifu oo ku saabsan mid ka mid ah shaqooyinka Arakawa] ​{{Authority control}} ​{{DEFAULTSORT:Arakawa, Toyozo}} bzjlhsowlibficcatbgdjs71pqrzph9 0 47432 311782 299142 2026-11-07T05:09:41Z Cabdi1991 45021 /* Wargube */ 311782 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Sixawle Karanle <br>سيحولي كرانلي | native_name = بنو كرانلي | image = [[File:Calanka karanle.jpg|thumb|center|Calanka Karanle]] | population = | region1 = {{flag|Somalia}} | region2 = {{flag|Ethiopia}} | region3 = {{flag|Kenya}} | languages = * {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Somalia}}Af-soomaali}} *{{nowrap|{{flagicon|Arab League}} Af-carabi}} | religions = Sunni Islam | related_groups = [[baad buraale]] [[murursade]] [[hawiye]] }} '''Sixawle''' ({{lang-ar|بنو سيحولي}}; {{lang-en|Sixawle}}) waa qabiil ka tirsan beesha '''[[Karanle]]''', oo iyaduna hoos timaada beel-weynta '''[[Hawiye]]''', mid ka mid ah lafaha ugu waaweyn ee bulshada [[Dadka Soomaaliyeed]]. == Dulmar == Sixawle waxaa lagu tiriyaa qabiilada Karanle, iyadoo xogta ku saabsan qaab-dhismeedkooda badanaa ku saleysan yahay dhaqanka iyo afka (oral tradition. == Qaab-dhismeedka == Sidaan kasoo xigtay dhaqanka beesha, Sixawle waxay u kala baxaan: * '''[[Baad]]''' * '''Buraale (Sanbure)''' Jufada Baad waxaa lagu tilmaamaa mid ballaaran oo leh jilibyo badan, oo ay ka mid yihiin: * Ciye Baad * Shurbul Baad === [[Ciye Baad ]]=== Waxaa ka mid ah jufooyin sida: === [[Wargube]] === *Reer Cabdi *Reer Cade Boore *Reer Qaadi *iyo faracyo kale o *Qaadiga reerka oo udhigma ugaas iyo garaad wuxuu ahaa sheikh Nuur macalin Aden oo loogu danbeeyay nidaamka dhaqanka beesha === Reer Roon === **Reer Fiqi muuse ***Reer Hiraab Fiqi ***Reer Yaxye Fiqi **Reer Garaad (Caamir) **Reer Sharmaake **Reer Dhuubane ***Reer Xaabow Fiqi **Reer Aw Nuur ***Reer Xuseen Fiqi * Reer Maxamuud Fiqi *Reer Jibriil Fiqi *Reer Dhore Fiqi *Reer Xaaji Cabdiraxmaan (Luuje) *Reer Faatax *Reer Bulaale === [[Shurbul Baad]] === * Talays ** Reer Faarax ** Reer Geedi ** Reer Cali ** Reer Cabdile Rooble * Iidfure ** Reer Cabdi ** Reer Xuseen ** Reer Alaale ** Reer Makaail === Buraale (Sanbure) === Waxaa ka mid ah: * Faarax Samatar * Xasan Faarax * Cabdille Faarax * Xaaji Faarax * Maxamuud Faarax === Asal iyo deegaan === Sixawle waxaa asal ahaan degaan dhulka somali galbeed bariga [[Itoobiya]], iyadoo sidoo kale laga helo qaybo ka mid ah koonfurta [[Soomaaliya]] gaar ahaan jubada dhexe. [[File:Iimey.jpg|thumb|Iimeey]] Deegaannada lagu tilmaamo inay deegaan ku yihiin waxaa ka mid ah: [[File:Magalada dhandhame 20260421 161316 karanle.jpg|thumb|waa D/dhandhame ee Deegaanka somalida kililka shanaad sawir hore]] * Imi (Iimey) * Babille Baabili * Fafi Faafi * Dhan Dhame (Dhan-dhame) * Afder Zone|Afdheer Iyo waliba deegaano badan beeshu waa beel dhib badan madax adag Dagaal badan deegaanada ay degan yihiin dadka ladagan iskaba daaye Iyagaa mararka qaar birta iska asla, meelaha ay ku yaryihiinna waxay il gaar ah isaga ilaalshaan dadka ay ladagan,yihiin si,qabiil Ahaan aynan uga mid noqon badalkeedna walaltinimo iyo wadajir kuwada jooga Wixii intaas dhaafsiisanna dhagta dhiiga udara nimaan shantaada kaareebin sharci kaama reebo Dagaalna will uunbaa kudhinta ee kuma dhasho beelaha Karanle iyaga lasheegto maahee dadyowgooda Qabiilo kale masheegtaan in iyaga laga mid noqdo maahee Qabaail kale kama mid noqdaan: {{Location map Ethiopia | width = 300 | float = right | label = Deegaannada Sixawle | lat = 5.0 | long = 42.5 | position = right | caption = Meelaha ugu waaweyn ee ay degaan Sixawle ee Deegaanka Soomaalida Itoobiya }} ==Dhaqan iyo dhaqaale== Dhaqanka Beesha Sixawle wuxuu inta badan ku salaysan yahay xoolo-dhaqasho iyo beerasho, iyadoo dhaqaalaha ay umada somali kutiirsan tahay lagu tilmaamo xoolaha nuucyadiisa sida geel, lo’, iyo ari/iwm oo ay kamid yihiin fardaha. ==Nidaamka dhaqanka== Sida beelaha kale ee Soomaaliyeed, beesha Sixawle waxay leeyihiin nidaam dhaqameed ku dhisan waxa layiraah: * Xeer Soomaali oo magta lagu kala qaato geel ama lo' * wexey leeyihin sidokale Hoggaan dhaqameed sida ugaasyo, garaadyo, iyo nabadoonno s356z1qo6iw2b783iyf6lpioyhlvfnx 311783 311782 2026-11-07T05:13:07Z Cabdi1991 45021 /* Nidaamka dhaqanka */ 311783 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Sixawle Karanle <br>سيحولي كرانلي | native_name = بنو كرانلي | image = [[File:Calanka karanle.jpg|thumb|center|Calanka Karanle]] | population = | region1 = {{flag|Somalia}} | region2 = {{flag|Ethiopia}} | region3 = {{flag|Kenya}} | languages = * {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Somalia}}Af-soomaali}} *{{nowrap|{{flagicon|Arab League}} Af-carabi}} | religions = Sunni Islam | related_groups = [[baad buraale]] [[murursade]] [[hawiye]] }} '''Sixawle''' ({{lang-ar|بنو سيحولي}}; {{lang-en|Sixawle}}) waa qabiil ka tirsan beesha '''[[Karanle]]''', oo iyaduna hoos timaada beel-weynta '''[[Hawiye]]''', mid ka mid ah lafaha ugu waaweyn ee bulshada [[Dadka Soomaaliyeed]]. == Dulmar == Sixawle waxaa lagu tiriyaa qabiilada Karanle, iyadoo xogta ku saabsan qaab-dhismeedkooda badanaa ku saleysan yahay dhaqanka iyo afka (oral tradition. == Qaab-dhismeedka == Sidaan kasoo xigtay dhaqanka beesha, Sixawle waxay u kala baxaan: * '''[[Baad]]''' * '''Buraale (Sanbure)''' Jufada Baad waxaa lagu tilmaamaa mid ballaaran oo leh jilibyo badan, oo ay ka mid yihiin: * Ciye Baad * Shurbul Baad === [[Ciye Baad ]]=== Waxaa ka mid ah jufooyin sida: === [[Wargube]] === *Reer Cabdi *Reer Cade Boore *Reer Qaadi *iyo faracyo kale o *Qaadiga reerka oo udhigma ugaas iyo garaad wuxuu ahaa sheikh Nuur macalin Aden oo loogu danbeeyay nidaamka dhaqanka beesha === Reer Roon === **Reer Fiqi muuse ***Reer Hiraab Fiqi ***Reer Yaxye Fiqi **Reer Garaad (Caamir) **Reer Sharmaake **Reer Dhuubane ***Reer Xaabow Fiqi **Reer Aw Nuur ***Reer Xuseen Fiqi * Reer Maxamuud Fiqi *Reer Jibriil Fiqi *Reer Dhore Fiqi *Reer Xaaji Cabdiraxmaan (Luuje) *Reer Faatax *Reer Bulaale === [[Shurbul Baad]] === * Talays ** Reer Faarax ** Reer Geedi ** Reer Cali ** Reer Cabdile Rooble * Iidfure ** Reer Cabdi ** Reer Xuseen ** Reer Alaale ** Reer Makaail === Buraale (Sanbure) === Waxaa ka mid ah: * Faarax Samatar * Xasan Faarax * Cabdille Faarax * Xaaji Faarax * Maxamuud Faarax === Asal iyo deegaan === Sixawle waxaa asal ahaan degaan dhulka somali galbeed bariga [[Itoobiya]], iyadoo sidoo kale laga helo qaybo ka mid ah koonfurta [[Soomaaliya]] gaar ahaan jubada dhexe. [[File:Iimey.jpg|thumb|Iimeey]] Deegaannada lagu tilmaamo inay deegaan ku yihiin waxaa ka mid ah: [[File:Magalada dhandhame 20260421 161316 karanle.jpg|thumb|waa D/dhandhame ee Deegaanka somalida kililka shanaad sawir hore]] * Imi (Iimey) * Babille Baabili * Fafi Faafi * Dhan Dhame (Dhan-dhame) * Afder Zone|Afdheer Iyo waliba deegaano badan beeshu waa beel dhib badan madax adag Dagaal badan deegaanada ay degan yihiin dadka ladagan iskaba daaye Iyagaa mararka qaar birta iska asla, meelaha ay ku yaryihiinna waxay il gaar ah isaga ilaalshaan dadka ay ladagan,yihiin si,qabiil Ahaan aynan uga mid noqon badalkeedna walaltinimo iyo wadajir kuwada jooga Wixii intaas dhaafsiisanna dhagta dhiiga udara nimaan shantaada kaareebin sharci kaama reebo Dagaalna will uunbaa kudhinta ee kuma dhasho beelaha Karanle iyaga lasheegto maahee dadyowgooda Qabiilo kale masheegtaan in iyaga laga mid noqdo maahee Qabaail kale kama mid noqdaan: {{Location map Ethiopia | width = 300 | float = right | label = Deegaannada Sixawle | lat = 5.0 | long = 42.5 | position = right | caption = Meelaha ugu waaweyn ee ay degaan Sixawle ee Deegaanka Soomaalida Itoobiya }} ==Dhaqan iyo dhaqaale== Dhaqanka Beesha Sixawle wuxuu inta badan ku salaysan yahay xoolo-dhaqasho iyo beerasho, iyadoo dhaqaalaha ay umada somali kutiirsan tahay lagu tilmaamo xoolaha nuucyadiisa sida geel, lo’, iyo ari/iwm oo ay kamid yihiin fardaha. ==Nidaamka dhaqanka== Sida beelaha kale ee Soomaaliyeed, beesha Sixawle waxay leeyihiin nidaam dhaqameed ku dhisan waxa layiraah: * Xeer Soomaali oo magta lagu kala qaato geel ama lo' * wexey leeyihin sidokale Hoggaan dhaqameed sida qaadi ugaas, garaad, iyo nabadoonno j361ww3y6vnqhdgnjjd6978o5n9xklk 311784 311783 2026-11-07T05:17:55Z Cabdi1991 45021 /* Wargube */ 311784 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Sixawle Karanle <br>سيحولي كرانلي | native_name = بنو كرانلي | image = [[File:Calanka karanle.jpg|thumb|center|Calanka Karanle]] | population = | region1 = {{flag|Somalia}} | region2 = {{flag|Ethiopia}} | region3 = {{flag|Kenya}} | languages = * {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Somalia}}Af-soomaali}} *{{nowrap|{{flagicon|Arab League}} Af-carabi}} | religions = Sunni Islam | related_groups = [[baad buraale]] [[murursade]] [[hawiye]] }} '''Sixawle''' ({{lang-ar|بنو سيحولي}}; {{lang-en|Sixawle}}) waa qabiil ka tirsan beesha '''[[Karanle]]''', oo iyaduna hoos timaada beel-weynta '''[[Hawiye]]''', mid ka mid ah lafaha ugu waaweyn ee bulshada [[Dadka Soomaaliyeed]]. == Dulmar == Sixawle waxaa lagu tiriyaa qabiilada Karanle, iyadoo xogta ku saabsan qaab-dhismeedkooda badanaa ku saleysan yahay dhaqanka iyo afka (oral tradition. == Qaab-dhismeedka == Sidaan kasoo xigtay dhaqanka beesha, Sixawle waxay u kala baxaan: * '''[[Baad]]''' * '''Buraale (Sanbure)''' Jufada Baad waxaa lagu tilmaamaa mid ballaaran oo leh jilibyo badan, oo ay ka mid yihiin: * Ciye Baad * Shurbul Baad === [[Ciye Baad ]]=== Waxaa ka mid ah jufooyin sida: === [[Wargube]] === *Reer Cabdi *Reer Cade Boore *Reer Qaadi *iyo faracyo kale o *Qaadiga reerka oo udhigma ugaas iyo garaad wuxuu ahaa sheikh Nuur macalin Aden oo looga danbeeyay nidaamka dhaqanka beesha === Reer Roon === **Reer Fiqi muuse ***Reer Hiraab Fiqi ***Reer Yaxye Fiqi **Reer Garaad (Caamir) **Reer Sharmaake **Reer Dhuubane ***Reer Xaabow Fiqi **Reer Aw Nuur ***Reer Xuseen Fiqi * Reer Maxamuud Fiqi *Reer Jibriil Fiqi *Reer Dhore Fiqi *Reer Xaaji Cabdiraxmaan (Luuje) *Reer Faatax *Reer Bulaale === [[Shurbul Baad]] === * Talays ** Reer Faarax ** Reer Geedi ** Reer Cali ** Reer Cabdile Rooble * Iidfure ** Reer Cabdi ** Reer Xuseen ** Reer Alaale ** Reer Makaail === Buraale (Sanbure) === Waxaa ka mid ah: * Faarax Samatar * Xasan Faarax * Cabdille Faarax * Xaaji Faarax * Maxamuud Faarax === Asal iyo deegaan === Sixawle waxaa asal ahaan degaan dhulka somali galbeed bariga [[Itoobiya]], iyadoo sidoo kale laga helo qaybo ka mid ah koonfurta [[Soomaaliya]] gaar ahaan jubada dhexe. [[File:Iimey.jpg|thumb|Iimeey]] Deegaannada lagu tilmaamo inay deegaan ku yihiin waxaa ka mid ah: [[File:Magalada dhandhame 20260421 161316 karanle.jpg|thumb|waa D/dhandhame ee Deegaanka somalida kililka shanaad sawir hore]] * Imi (Iimey) * Babille Baabili * Fafi Faafi * Dhan Dhame (Dhan-dhame) * Afder Zone|Afdheer Iyo waliba deegaano badan beeshu waa beel dhib badan madax adag Dagaal badan deegaanada ay degan yihiin dadka ladagan iskaba daaye Iyagaa mararka qaar birta iska asla, meelaha ay ku yaryihiinna waxay il gaar ah isaga ilaalshaan dadka ay ladagan,yihiin si,qabiil Ahaan aynan uga mid noqon badalkeedna walaltinimo iyo wadajir kuwada jooga Wixii intaas dhaafsiisanna dhagta dhiiga udara nimaan shantaada kaareebin sharci kaama reebo Dagaalna will uunbaa kudhinta ee kuma dhasho beelaha Karanle iyaga lasheegto maahee dadyowgooda Qabiilo kale masheegtaan in iyaga laga mid noqdo maahee Qabaail kale kama mid noqdaan: {{Location map Ethiopia | width = 300 | float = right | label = Deegaannada Sixawle | lat = 5.0 | long = 42.5 | position = right | caption = Meelaha ugu waaweyn ee ay degaan Sixawle ee Deegaanka Soomaalida Itoobiya }} ==Dhaqan iyo dhaqaale== Dhaqanka Beesha Sixawle wuxuu inta badan ku salaysan yahay xoolo-dhaqasho iyo beerasho, iyadoo dhaqaalaha ay umada somali kutiirsan tahay lagu tilmaamo xoolaha nuucyadiisa sida geel, lo’, iyo ari/iwm oo ay kamid yihiin fardaha. ==Nidaamka dhaqanka== Sida beelaha kale ee Soomaaliyeed, beesha Sixawle waxay leeyihiin nidaam dhaqameed ku dhisan waxa layiraah: * Xeer Soomaali oo magta lagu kala qaato geel ama lo' * wexey leeyihin sidokale Hoggaan dhaqameed sida qaadi ugaas, garaad, iyo nabadoonno tl5eubt246he6mcid4tififp48fnkju