Wikipedia stwiki https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leqephe_la_pele MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.1 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 3011 42033 37800 2026-10-29T23:50:44Z InternetArchiveBot 8513 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 42033 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Coat of arms of Concepcion, Chile.svg|thumb|right]] '''Concepción''' ke motse o ka borwa naheng ya [[Chile]]. * Tulo: 221.6 km² * Baahi: 216,061 ([[2002]]) * [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Concepcion,_Chile Commons:Concepción] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100211124604/http://www.concepcion.cl/ Official website] {es} <gallery perrow=4> File:Arco de Medicina UdeC.jpg| File:Moderno Edificio en Concepción.jpg| File:Desembocadura del Biobío.jpg| File:Ex Catedral de Concepción.jpg| File:Biobus01.jpg| File:Hotel El Araucano.JPG| File:Plaza de Armas Concepción.jpg| </gallery> [[Category:Chile]] kgk363w7ttxy3se5p5fo9muyxgdk5h4 0 10178 42036 40480 2026-10-30T01:09:24Z InternetArchiveBot 8513 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 42036 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thuso Motaung''' ke sebuhudi sa seyalemoya sa Afrika Borwa, mosuwe, le sebui se susumetsang. O sebelletsa [[Lesedi FM]], South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC).<ref>https://themediaonline.co.za/2025/01/the-enduring-power-of-thuso-motaung/</ref> == Bophelo ba pele le mosebetsi == O hlahile ka la 18 Tshitwe 1959 motseng wa Petsana [[Reitz, Free State|Reitz]], Free State. <ref>https://centralnews.co.za/lesedi-fms-thuso-motaung-deserves-an-honorary-doctorate-says-activist-teele/</ref>Thuso Motaung o qadile leeto la hae la botsebi e le mosuwe ya tshwanelehang pele a fetela ho phatlalatso Mathwasong a bo-1980. <ref>https://www.thesouthafrican.com/lifestyle/celeb-news/local-celebs/not-fired-sabc-rubbishes-reports-of-thuso-motaungs-dismissal/</ref> O qadile ho sebetsa [[Lesedi FM]] ka selemo sa 1983, moo a ileng a nyoloha maemong a ho ba e mong wa baemedi ba kgale ba seteishene.<ref>https://www.citizen.co.za/entertainment/celebrity-news/sabc-rubbishes-reports-that-thuso-motaung-has-been-fired/</ref> Motaung o tumme haholo ka mananeo a hae a seyalemoya a kgahlisang, a kang: Makgulong a Matala.<ref>https://www.radio-south-africa.co.za/lesedi-fm</ref> Jwale ke Nako.<ref>https://www.lesedifm.co.za/lesedifm/omny_podcast/jwale-ke-nako/</ref> == Manyofo-nyofo le bophelo baka phatlalatsa == Ka seleso sa 2006 Motaung le mofumahadi wa hae ba ile ba qoswa ka ho qhekella le ho utswa tjhelete e kalo ka diranta tse dimilione tse 32 ka sehlahiswa sa bona se fanang ka matla se bitswang Power Mix.<ref>https://www.news24.com/citypress/trending/thuso-motaung-dismissed-with-immediate-effect-sabc-insiders-reveal-20240221</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.npa.gov.za/sites/default/files/media-releases/AFU-SABC-080307.pdf |access-date=2025-12-31 |archive-date=2025-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250605050648/https://www.npa.gov.za/sites/default/files/media-releases/AFU-SABC-080307.pdf |dead-url=yes}}</ref>Thuso Motaung le mofumahadi wa hae ba qoqa ka tlhotlhelletso ho pina e kgaotseng selemo sa 2025.<ref>https://sundayworld.co.za/news/thuso-motaung-and-wife-accused-of-influencing-crossover-song/</ref> == Ditlotla == 2018: Telkom Radio Awards<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://radioawards.co.za/winners/hall-of-fame-inductees/2018-hall-of-fame/ |access-date=2025-12-31 |archive-date=2026-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106054451/https://radioawards.co.za/winners/hall-of-fame-inductees/2018-hall-of-fame/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> == Mehlodi == nuncn9jljs7kd0y4a7kf7sl81dmknrt 0 10927 42034 41216 2026-10-30T00:01:16Z InternetArchiveBot 8513 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 42034 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Helen Beatrice Joseph''' OMSG (''née'' '''Fennell''') (8 Mmesa 1905 - 25 Tshitwe 1992) e ne e le moitseki wa kgahlanong le [[Kgethollo ya merabe|kgethollo ya morabe]] wa Afrika Borwa. Helen, ya hlahetseng Sussex, Engelane, o ile a fumana lengolo la Senyesemane Univesithing ya London ka 1927 yaba o ya India, moo a ileng a ruta teng ka dilemo tse tharo Sekolong sa Mahbubia sa banana se Hyderabad. Hoo e ka bang ka 1930 o ile a tloha India a ya Engelane ka Afrika Borwa. Leha ho le jwalo, o ile a dula [[Thekong|Durban]], moo a ileng a kopana le ngaka ya meno, Billie Joseph, mme a nyalana le yena, eo hamorao a ileng a mo hlala.<ref>https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-helen-joseph-1565649.html</ref> == Bophelo ba bonyaneng == Helen Joseph o hlahile e le Helen leruoe May Fennell ka 1905 Easebourne haufi le Midhurst, West Sussex, [[Engelane]], e le moradi wa ofisiri ya mmuso ya lekgetlo le thekiso ya thepa, Samuel Fennell.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</ref> Josefa o ne a tswa lelapeng la basweu ba maemo a mahareng.<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/26/world/helen-joseph-dies-in-south-africa-early-foe-of-apartheid-was-87.html</ref> O holetse lelapeng le nang le kgethollo ya morabe.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03057070802259811</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|pages=575–590}}</ref> Ka 1923 Helen o ile a kena [[Yunivesiti ya Kapa|Univesithing ya Cape Town]] ho ya ithuta Sezulu le Setswana, a fumana mangolo King's College London ka 1927. Kamora ho ruta Amerika ka dilemo tse hlano, o ne a ikemiseditse ho kgutlela hae ka Engelane . Motseng o koung wa Sussex, o ile a tlwaelana le Dorothy Stubbs, mosuwe wa Sekolo sa Clifton (Durban), eo ntatae Harry Stubbs e neng e le hlooho ya sekolo. Ha Mofumahatsana Stubbs a tloha sekolong ho ya nyalana, ba ile ba fa Helen Joseph sebaka se se nang motho. O rutile sekolong ka 1930–1931.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.cliftonschool.co.za/ |access-date=2026-09-04 |archive-date=2021-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506122217/http://www.cliftonschool.co.za/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Ha a le Durban o kopane mme ka 1931 a nyalana le Billie Joseph, ngaka ya meno ya Mojuda e neng e mo feta ka dilemo tse 17.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</ref> O sebeleditse Lebothong la Moeeng la Basadi nakong ya Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Lefatshe e le ofisiri ya tlhahisoleseding le boiketlo. Kamora ntwa, o ile a hlala Billie Joseph. O ile a kwetliswa e le mosebeletsi wa setjhaba mme a qala ho sebetsa setsing sa setjhaba sebakeng sa Mabala (merabe e tswakilweng) sa Cape Town. == Bophelo ba morao == Ka 1951 Helen o kopane le Solly Sachs ka lekgetlo la pele ha a ne a etsa kopo ya mosebetsi wa Mokgatlo. Ka nako eo, Sachs e ne e le hlooho wa Mokgatlo wa Basebetsi ba Diaparo.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86852-196-5</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|pages=249}}</ref> A tshositsw ke maemo a batho ba batsho ba Afrika Borwa, o ile a loana le baitseki ho ba fumanela litokelo tse kholoanyane, tse kang tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle, tokoloho ya puo, tekano ya merabe le litokelo tsa basadi.<ref>https://eds.a.ebscohost.com/</ref><ref>https://www.cnn.com/2016/08/09/africa/south-african-womens-day/index.html</ref>E ne e le setho sa mothehi wa Congress of Democrats, mme e le e mong wa baetapele ba ileng ba bala dipehelo tsa [[Molao wa Tokoloho|Tokoloho Charter]] Kopanong ya Batho Kliptown ka 1955. A tshohile ka mahlomola a basadi ba batsho, o ile a bapala karolo ya bohlokwa, hammoho le [[Lillian Ngoyi]], ho thehweng ha Federation ya Basadi ba Afrika Borwa. Ka boetapele ba yona, o ile a etella pele Mokoloko wa basadi ba 20,000 ka la 9 Phato 1956, ho ya Union Buildings e Pretoria ho ya ipelaetsa kgahlanong le melao ya dipasa . Letsatsi lena le ntse le ketekoa e le Letsatsi la Basadi la Naha la Afrika Borwa. === Nyewe ya bohlabani le ho kwallwa ha ntlo === Khanyetso ya Joseph kgahlanong le Mmuso e ne e sa hlokomeloe mme e ne e le moqosuwa Nyeweng ya Phetohelo ya 1956. Moahlodi Rumpff o itse, "Bopaking bohle bo hlahisitsweng lekgotleng lena le diphihlellong tsa rona tsa nnete, ho ke ke ha kgoneha hore lekgotla lena le fihlele qeto ya hore African National Congress e fumane kapa e nkile leano la ho diha mmuso ka dikgoka, ke hore, ka kutlwisiso ya hore bongata bo ne bo lokela ho itokisetsa kapa ho lokisetswa ho etsa diketso tse tobileng tsa dikgoka kgahlanong le mmuso." Leha ho le jwalo, Joseph o ile a tshwarwa ka qoso ya ho phethola mmuso ka Tshitwe 1956 ka lebaka la boipelaetso ba hae kgahlanong le kgethollo ya morabe. Ka 1957, Joseph o ile a thibelwa ho hanyetsa mmuso phatlalatsa ka puo le boipelaetso ba hae.<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/26/world/helen-joseph-dies-in-south-africa-early-foe-of-apartheid-was-87.html</ref> Nyewe ya boipelaetso e ile ya nka dilemo tse nne mme a lokollwa ka 1961. Josefa e ne e le e mong oa basadi ba tsheletseng ba Bajuda ba neng ba qoswa, ba bang e le [[Ruth First]], [[Yetta Barenblatt]], Sonia Bunting, Dorothy Shanley le Jacqueline Arenstein . <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</ref>Ha a ntse a le nyeweng ya ho phethola mmuso, Joseph o ile a utlwa hore mmuso o qobella batho ho tswa naheng eo le ho ya libakeng tse hōle haeba ho ne ho nahanwa hore ba tlotse melao ya kgethollo ya morabe. <ref>https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03057070802259811</ref> Ka 1962, Joseph o ile a fumana boholo ba batho ba lelekilweng naheng eo yaba o ba kopanya le malapa a bona mme a ba fa dintho tse hlokahalang. <ref>https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03057070802259811</ref><ref name=":1" /> Ho sa tsotellehe ho lokollwa ha hae molatong, Helen Joseph e bile motho wa pele ya ileng a kenngwa tjhankaneng ya ntlo ka la 13 Mphalane 1962 tlasa Molao wa Sabotage o hlahisitsweng ke mmuso [[Kgethollo ya merabe|wa khethollo ya morabe]] . <ref>https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk:Content_translation</ref>O ile a phonyoha lefu ka lesoba la nale ka makhetlo a fetang a le mong, a pholoha likulo tse thunngoeng ka kamoreng ea hae ea ho robala le bomo e ileng ea hokellwa hekeng ya hae e ka pele. Ka Motsheanong, 1971, o ile a lokollwa nakwana teronkong ea hae ya Norwood, toropo e ka thoko ya Johannesburg, e le hore a ka etswa opereishene ea kankere sepetlele Johannesburg . Ka nako eo o ne a qetile matsatsi a 3,145 a latellanang a le hae, leha a ne a eso ka a ahloleloa tlolo ya molao, <ref>https://www.nytimes.com/1971/05/24/archives/3145day-house-arrest-lifted-by-south-africans.html</ref>Taelo ya hae ya ho qetela ya thibelo e ile ea tlosoa ka 1985 ha a le lilemo li 80 mme a qetile dilemo tse 23 a le teronkong. Ha a nehelana ka lengolo ho Khomishene ya Nnete le Poelano, Paul Erasmus, mothusi wa tshebeletso ya sephiri, o boletse hore ho tloha hoo e ka bang ka 1978 ho fihlela bofelong ba dilemo tsa bo-1980, yena le basebetsi mmoho le yena ba ne ba sentse thepa ya Mofumahadi Joseph ka makgetlo a mangata ka ho lahlela majwe ka difensetere tsa ntlo ya hae, ba etsa ditshoso tsa mohala, ba thunya ntlo empa ba ne ba sa ikemisetsa ho lematsa motho ofe kapa ofe, ba laela mme ba etsa hore dintho tse sa batleheng di tliswe ntlong ya hae, mme ba tshela setlolo sa pente hodima koloi ya hae, hammoho le koloi ya Ann Hughes, ha ya morao a mo etela. Tshabo ya mmuso wa apartheid ho yena e ne e makatsa: "Ngwanana ya kgathetseng, motho ya sa rateng jwaloka na a ka ba tšokelo joang ts'ireletsong ea mmuso feela eo ba ka e buang?" Ho qotsoa hore Josefa o itse.<ref>http://sabctrc.saha.org.za/hearing.php?id=59512&t=&tab=hearings</ref> Ho tloha bofelong ba dilemo tsa bo-1970, Letsatsi la Keresemese e ne e le "Letsatsi le Bulehileng" ntlong ya Helen Joseph bakeng sa ba amehang ntweng e kgahlanong le kgethollo ya morabe. Metswalle yohle e ile ya tlisa dijo mme ka hora ya leshome le metso e mmedi motsheare e mong le e mong a phahamisa digalase tsa hae ho ba neng ba kentswe teronkong ya Robben Island. (Ho bonahala baahi ba Robben Island ba ne ba tseba ka moetlo.) Ka la 25 Tshitwe 1992, Joseph o ne a le sepetlele mme sebaka seo se ile sa fallela 11 Plantation Road, The Gardens. Batshwaruwa ba Robben Island ba ne ba lokollotswe, mme ba neng ba le teng ba ile ba phahamisa dikgalase tsa bona ho Helen, ya ileng a hlokahala nakwana ka mora moo.<ref>http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/helen-joseph</ref><ref>http://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/treason-trial-1956-1961</ref> == Bophelo ba botho == [[File:Helen_Joseph_Avalon.jpg|thumb| Lebitla la Helen Joseph mabitleng Avalon]] "Ka la 31 Tshitwe 1956, ke ile ka fallela ntlong ya ka e nyenyane e nang le difate tse telele, ke thabetse ho ba le lehae la ka...." – Joseph o qotsitse a rialo ka 1986. Ntlo ena e ne e le 35 Fanny Avenue, mme ho kena ho yona ka Tshitwe 1956 e ne e le ketso ya tumelo le tshepo, kaha Helen o ne a tshwerwe matsatsi a seng makae pele ho moo, a qoswa ka ho phethola mmuso, mme a tobana le nyewe ka dilemo tse nne. Hoa hohela ho nahana hore Helen Joseph o kgethile ho dula Norwood hobane metswalle ya hae e mmedi, Bram Fischer wa Oaklands, le Violet Weinberg wa The Gardens, ba ne ba lula haufi. Ho sa tsotelehe lebaka la kgetho ya hae, o ne a tla tsamaisa ntwa ya hae kgahlanong le ho hloka toka ho tloha puong ena ho fihlela lefung la hae ka 1992. Nakong eo o ile a thibeloa ka makhetlo a mane, a kwallwa teronkong ka makgetlo a mane, me a bona bophelo ba hae bo fetoha pale e telele ya mahloriso a mapolesa, boholo ba nako a e qeta a tshwerwe ka tlung. Helen o ne a se na bana ba hae, empa hangata o ne a emela bana ba metsoalle ya hae teronkong kapa ba lelekilwe naheng. O ne a tadingwa e le mme mahlong a baitseki ba bangata, mme ka dilemo tse ngata, ba ne ba mo keteka ka Letsatsi la Bo-mme . <ref>https://eds.a.ebscohost.com/</ref>Hara bana ba ileng ba qeta nako ba mo hlokomela e ne e le barali ba Winnie le Nelson Mandela – Zinzi le Zenani – le morali oa Bram Fischer, Ilsa. == Lefa le tlhompho == Helen Joseph o hlokahetse ka la 25 Tshitwe 1992 a le lilemo li 87, <ref>https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/helen-joseph</ref>ka mor'a ho amohelwa Order of Simon of Cyrene ka 1992, e leng tlhompho e phahameng ka ho fetisisa eo Kereke ea Anglican ea Afrika Boroa e e fang ditho tsa kereke tse fanang ka tshebeletso e ikhethang.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.historicalpapers.wits.ac.za/?inventory/U/collections&c=A1985/R/6114 |access-date=2026-09-04 |archive-date=2016-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119104813/http://www.historicalpapers.wits.ac.za/?inventory/U/collections&c=A1985/R/6114 |dead-url=yes}}</ref> O ile a fuwa Kgau ya Isitwalandwe/Seaparankwe ke ANC selemong sona seo. Sekolo sa Clifton (Durban) se rehile laeborari lebitso la Helen Joseph, ea neng a ruta moo ha a qala ho tla Afrika Borwa. Laeborari e na le setshwantsho se laetsoeng ka ho khetheha.<ref>https://bereamail.co.za/189426/struggle-legend-honoured-2/</ref> Libaka tse reheletsoeng ka Helen Joseph li kenyelletsa Tsela ea khale ea Davenport e Glenwood, KwaZulu-Natal, Sepetlele sa Helen Joseph Johannesburg, bolulo ba baithuti Univesithing ea Rhodes, [[Grahamstown]], le litsela tse Rustenburg le Johannesburg.<ref>https://www.ru.ac.za/helenjosephhouse/</ref><ref>http://www.theheritageportal.co.za/article/deeper-look-johannesburgs-new-street-names</ref> <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20200911150036/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/joburg-cbd-streets-renamed</ref> Ka la 8 Mmesa, 2021, Google e ketekile letsatsi la yona la tswalo la bo116 ka Google Doodle . <ref>https://doodles.google/doodle/helen-josephs-116th-birthday/</ref> == Diteboho == * Sepetlele sa Helen Joseph Brixton * Seterata sa Helen Joseph, karolo ya tsela ya R104 Pretoria == Mesebetsi e phatlaladitsweng == * ''[https://www.amazon.com/Helen-Joseph-Grade-Fought-Freedom/dp/0636022404 Helen Joseph]''. Johannesburg: Maskew Miller Longman. 1995. == Bona hape == * Lethathamo la batho ba tlasa ditaelo tsa thibelo tlasa kgethollo ya morabe == Dintlha le Ditshupiso == [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] n1734v6rthcx37q8yv54utb5auuz4so 0 11015 42031 42017 2026-10-29T12:26:25Z TsheleCAT 13263 /* Bophelo ba Bantustans */ 42031 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:South_Africa_&_South_West_Africa_Bantustans_Map.svg|right|thumb|350x350px|'Mapa oa Afrika Boroa le Afrika Boroa-bophirimela (eo hona joale e leng Namibia). 'Mapa ona o bontša batho ba bantustan ba neng ba le libakeng tseo ka bobeli. <br />'''Libaka tse sa keneng ka hara naha ea Bantustan'''{{Legend|#AEAEAE|South West Africa}}{{Legend|#8B8B8B|South Africa}}'''Libaka tsa Bantustan (Afrika Boroa-bophirimela) '''{{Legend|#FD4756|[[Kaokoland]]}}{{Legend|#609979|[[Ovamboland]]}}{{Legend|#4E4B0D|[[Damaraland]]}}{{Legend|#901B35|[[Kavangoland]]}}{{Legend|#09A7B4|[[East Caprivi]]}}{{Legend|#43D99A|[[Bushmanland (South West Africa)|Bushmanland]]}}{{Legend|#E4BC20|[[Hereroland]]}}{{Legend|#222560|[[Rehoboth (homeland)|Rehoboth]]}}{{Legend|#9B37F9|[[Tswanaland]]}}{{Legend|#8F6F68|[[Namaland]]}}'''Libaka tsa Bantustan (Aforika Boroa) '''{{Legend|#FB8072|[[KwaNdebele]]}}{{Legend|#B3DE69|[[Lebowa]]}}{{Legend|#FE951F|[[Gazankulu]]}}{{Legend|#FCCDE5|[[KaNgwane]]}}{{Legend|#80B1D3|[[KwaZulu]]}}{{Legend|#CCEBC5|[[QwaQwa]]}}'''Bantustans ea boemo ba lipopi'''{{Legend|#BC80BD|[[Bophuthatswana]]}}{{Legend|#FE85CE|[[Venda (Bantustan)|Venda]]}}{{Legend|#8AFE9D|[[Transkei]]}}{{Legend|#FED121|[[Ciskei]]}}]] '''Bantustan''' (e neng e bo etse e tsejwa e le lehae la batho ba batsho kapa naha ya (batho ba batsho) e ne e le sebaka seo puso ya National Party ya Union of South Africa (1910–1961) le ha morao Republic of South Africa (1961–1994) e ileng ya se behela ka thoko bakeng sa baahi ba batsho ba Afrika Borwa le South West Africa (eo hona jwale e leng Namibia), e le karolo ya leano la yona la kgethollo ya morabe (apartheid).<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bantustan</ref> Lereo lena, le ileng la qala ho sebediswa mafelong a dilemo tsa bo-1940 le entwse ka ho kopanya lentswe "Bantu" (le bolelang "batho" ka dipuo tse ding tsa Se-Bantu) le "-stan" (e leng karolo ya lentswe le bolelang "naha" ka Se-Persian le di puong tse ding tse susumetswang ke Se-Persian). Ha morao, le ile la nkwa e le lentswe le nyelisang ke bahlahlobisisi ba bang ba mehopolo ya 'mmuso wa nako eo ya kgethollo ya morabe (apartheid) mabapi le dibaka tse bitswang "homelands" (dibaka tsa bodulo ba merabe e itseng). 'Mmuso wa Pretoria(pitoria) o ile wa theha dibaka tse leshome tsa "Bantustan" Afrika Borwa, le tse ding tse leshome naheng e haufi ya South West Africa (e neng e laolwa ke Afrika Borwa ka nako eo); sepheo e ne e le ho bokella ditho. Mmuso wa Afrika Borwa o phatlaladitse hore di-bantustans tse nnè tsa Afrika Borwa di ne di ikemetse - Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda le Li-Ciskei (tse bitswang "Dinaha tsa TBVC"), empa phatlalatso ena ha ya ka ya e-ba ya ananelwa ke mabotho a kgahlanong le kgethollo ya merabe Afrika Borwa kapa ke mmuso ofe kapa ofe wa matjhaba. Ba bang ba Bantustans (jwalo ka KwaZulu, Leboya le [[QwaQwa]]) ba ile ba fuwa "boipuso" empa ha ho mohla ba ileng ba fuwa "tokoloho". Afrika Borwa-bophirimela, Ovamboland, Kavangoland le East Caprivi di ile tsa phatlalatswa e le dibaka tse ikemetseng, mme dinaha tse ding tse seng kae tse bonahalang e le tsa habo tsona ha dia ka tsa fuwa boipuso. Molao-theo wa nakwana o ile wa fedisa Bantustans ka ho feletseng ka ho fediswa ha kgethollo ya merabe was Afrika Borwa ka selemo sa 1994. == Pōpo == [[File:South_Africa_racial_map,_1979.gif|right|thumb|350x350px|Mmapa wa Afrika Borwa wa merabe le baahi o phatlaladitsweng ke CIA ka selemo sa 1979 o nang le dintlha tse tswang ho palo ya batho ya Afrika Borwa ya selemo. ]] Ho tloha ka selemo sa 1913, mebuso e latellanang ya Afrika Borwa e neng e buswa ke batho ba mmala ba fokolang palo, e ile ya theha dibaka tse khethehileng (tseo ho thweng ke "reserves") bakeng sa batho ba batšho e le ho ba arola ka morabe ho batho ba mmala; sena se ne se tšhwana le ho thehwa ha dibaka tse khethehileng tsa Matswalla a Amerika (Indian reservations) naheng ya United States. Molao wa Naha wa Matswallwa (Natives Land Act) oa 1913 o ile wa lekanyetsa batho ba batšho ho ba le karolo ya 7 lekholong feela la naha. Ka 1936, 'mmuso o ile wa rera ho eketsa karolo ena ho fihla ho 13.6 lekholong la naha, empa tshebetso ya ho reka mobu e ile ya dieha 'mme morero ona ha wa ka wa phethahatswa ka botlalo. Ha [[Mokga wa dipolotiki (Aforika Borwa)|Mokha oa Sechaba]] o fihla pusong ka 1948, Letona la ditaba tsa Baahi (le kamorao Letona-Kholo la Afrika Borwa) Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd o ile a haha ho tswa ho sena, a hlahisa letoto la mehato ya "ho khetholla batho ho tloha ho merabe e meng" jwalo ka Group Areas Acts le Natives Resettlement Act, 1954 e ileng ya fetola sechaba sa Afrika Borwa hore ba bammala e be bongata ba baahi. Ho thehwa ha dinaha tsa habo kapa li-bantustans e ne e le karolo ya bohlokwa ya leano lena, kaha sepheo sa nako e telele e ne e tla ba ho etsa hore li-bantustan li ikemele. Ka lebaka leo, batho ba batšho ba ne ba tla lahlehelwa ke baahi ba bona ba Afrika Borwa le tokelo ya ho vouta, e leng se neng se tla dumella bammala hore ba dule ba laola Afrika Borwa. Dipampiri tsa Ditaba di rehile morero oa Mokha oa Nationalist lebitso la "Bantustans". Lentsoe lena le kopaneng le fosahetse haholo ka litsela tse ngata. Le amana le karohano ea India—kamora hore Borithane ba tsamaee ka ho hloka boikemisetso, 'me e le e 'ngoe ea maemo a ts'ebetso eo—likarolong tse peli tse ikemetseng: Hindustan le Pakistan. Ha ho na papiso ea 'nete le litlhahiso tsa Mokha oa Nationalist, hobane (a) India le Pakistan ke linaha tse peli tse arohaneng ka botlalo le tse ikemetseng lipolotiking, (b) Mamosleme a na le litokelo tse lekanang India; Mahindu a na le litokelo tse lekanang Pakistan, (c) Karohano e ile ea hlahisoa le ho amoheloa ke mahlakore ka bobeli, kapa bonyane ke lihlopha tse kholo le tse nang le tšusumetso ho e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea tsona. Merero ea 'Muso ha e rerelle ho arola naha ena likarolong tse ikemetseng le tse ipusang. Ha e rerelle ho fana ka litokelo tse lekanang, kapa litokelo tsa mofuta ofe kapa ofe, ho batho ba batšo ba lulang ka ntle ho libaka tse khethiloeng (li-reserve). Karohano ha ea ka ea amoheloa le ka mohla ke batho ba batšo, 'me e ke ke ea amoheloa le ka mohla. Ebile, ha ea ka ea hlahisoa kapa ea amoheloa ka botlalo ke batho ba basoeu. Ka hona, lentsoe "Bantustan" ke lebitso le fosahetseng ka botlalo, 'me le mpa le thusa feela Mokha oa Nationalist ho phethahatsa bolotsana. : <ref>https://sahistory.org.za/article/homelands</ref>Likoranta li ile tsa re morero oa Ba-Nationalist ke "Bantustans". Ka litsela tse ngata lentsoe leo le khelosa haholo. E amana le ho aroloa ha India, ka mor'a ho tloha ha Brithani ka ho se tsotelle, le e le boemo ba eona, ho ba linaha tse peli tse arohaneng, Hindustan le Pakistan. Ha ho na ho tšoana ha sebele le litlhahiso tsa Machaba, kaha (a) India le Pakistan ke linaha tse peli tse ikemetseng ka ho feletseng le tse ikemetseng lipolotiking, (b) Mamosleme a thabela litokelo tse lekanang India; Mahindu a thabela litšoaneleho tse lekanang Pakistan, (c) Karohano e ile ea fanoa le ho amoheloa ke mekha ka bobeli, kapa bonyane likarolo tse ngata tse nang le tšusumetso ho e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe. Merero ea 'Muso ha e nahane ka ho arola naha ena ka linaha tse ikemetseng. Ha li na litokelo tse lekanang, kapa litokelo leha e le life, bakeng sa Maafrika a ka ntle ho libaka tsa polokelo. Ho arohana ha naha ha ho mohla ho kileng ha amoheloa ke Maafrika ebile ho ke ke ha e-ba joalo. Tabeng eo ha ho mohla e kileng ea fetisetsoa kapa ea amoheloa ke ba basoeu. Ka hona, lentsoe "Bantustan" ke lebitso le fosahetseng ka ho felletseng, mme le tloaetse feela ho thusa ba Bosetšhaba ho etsa bolotsana. Verwoerd o ile a pheha khang ea hore Mabantustans e ne e le "malapeng a pele" a batho ba batšo ba Afrika Boroa. Ka 1951, 'muso oa Daniel François Malan o ile oa hlahisa Molao oa Batho ba Banthu ho theha "machaba" a abetsoeng merabe e ntšo ea naha eo. Tsena li ne li lekana le 13% ea naha ea naha, 'me tse ling kaofela li ne li boloketsoe batho ba basoeu. Machaba a ne a busoa ke baeta-pele ba meloko ba sebelisanang, ha baeta-pe ba sa sebelisaneng ba ne ba tlosoa ka matla. Ha nako e ntse e ea, ho ile ha hlaha sehlopha se busang sa batho ba batšo se neng se thahasella ho sireletsa naha ea habo sona. Le hoja sena se ile sa thusa ho tsitsisa lipolotiki tsa linaha tsa habo bona ka tekanyo e itseng, boemo ba bona bo ne bo ntse bo itšetlehile ka ho feletseng ka tšehetso ea Afrika Boroa.<ref>https://sahistory.org.za/article/homelands</ref> Karolo ea libaka tsa batho ba batšo (tseo ho thoeng ke *homelands*) e ile ea atolosoa ka 1959 ka ho fetisoa ha Molao oa Puso ea Boipuso ba Batho ba Batšo (*Bantu Self-Government Act*), o ileng oa theha moralo o bitsoang "Ntlafatso e Arohaneng" (*Separate Development*). Sena se ile sa nolofalletsa libaka tsena ho itlhahisa ha nako e ntse e ea e le libaka tse ipusang, 'me qetellong e le linaha tse nkiloeng e le tse "ikemetseng" ka botlalo. Ts'ebetso ena e ne e lokela ho finyelloa ka mehato e mene e meholo bakeng sa naha ka 'ngoe: * Ho kopanya dibaka tsa polokelo tse behilweng ka thoko bakeng sa "ditso" tse sa tshwaneng (tse bitswang "ditjhaba" ka molao ho tloha ka selemo sa 1959) tlasa "Bolaodi bo le bong ba Teritoriale" * Ho thehwa ha lekghotla la molao bakeng sa naha e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea habo e nang le matla a fokolang a ho ipusa * Ho thehoa ha naha ya habo e le "sebaka se ikemetseng" * Ho fana ka boipuso bo feletseng ba lebitso la naha ea habo Ka kakaretso, ha ho mohla ho neng ho lateloa moralo ona ka tsela e hlakileng, empa hangata ho ne ho etswa mehato e mengata e bohareng le e fetang e le nngwwe. Naha ya habo Transkei e ile ea sebetsa ka ditsela tse ngata e le "sebaka sa teko" bakeng sa maano a khethollo ea merabe; nts'etsopele ea eona ea mekhatlo e qalile pele ho molao wa selemo sa 1959, mme ka hona ho fihlella ha eona boipuso le boipuso ho ile ha kenngoa tshebetsong pele ho linaha tse ding tsa habo.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/edited-volume/abs/pii/B9780444862419501020</ref> Morero ona o ile oa matlafatsoa tlas'a mohlahlami oa Verwoerd e le tonakholo, John Vorster, e le karolo ea mokhoa oa hae oa "ho hlasimoloha" oa khethollo ea morabe. Leha ho le joalo, sepheo sa 'nete sa leano lena e ne e le ho phethahatsa morero oa pele oa Verwoerd oa ho etsa hore batho ba batšo ba Afrika Boroa e be baahi ba linaha tsa habo bona ho fapana le ba Afrika Boroa - ka hona ho tlosa litokelo tse fokolang tseo ba neng ba ntse ba e-na le tsona e le baahi. Linaha tsa habo bona li ile tsa khothalletsoa ho khetha boipuso, kaha sena se ne se tla fokotsa palo ea baahi ba batšo ba Afrika Boroa haholo. Ts'ebetso ea ho theha moralo oa molao oa morero ona e phethiloe ke Molao oa Boahi ba Linaha tsa Batho ba Batšo oa 1970, o ileng oa khetha Maafrika Boroa ohle a batšo e le baahi ba linaha tsa habo bona, leha ba ne ba lula "Afrika Boroa e tšoeu", 'me oa hlakola boahi ba bona ba Afrika Boroa, le Molao oa Molao oa Motheo oa Linaha tsa Batho oa 1971, o faneng ka moralo o akaretsang oa mekhahlelo ea nts'etsopele ea molao oa motheo oa linaha tsohle tsa habo bona (ntle le Transkei) ho tloha ho thehoeng ha Bolaoli ba Libaka ho fihlela boipusong bo felletseng. Ka selemo sa 1984, dinaha tsohle tse leshome tsa Afrika Boroa di ne di se li ikemetse mme tse mnè tsa tsona (Transkei, Boputhatswana, Venda le Li-Ciskei) li ne li phatlalalitsoe ka botlalo pakeng tsa selemo sa 1976 le 1981. Tafole e latelang e bontsha nako ya tswelo-pele ea litsi le ea molao ea Bantustans tse leshome tsa Afrika Boroa ho latela mehato e mene e ka hodimo e boletsweng: {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Naha ea habo !Setjhaba/Sechaba !Bolaoli ba tšimo<br /> !Seboka sa Molao<br /> !Boipuso<br /> !Ho se ikarabelle ka lebitso<br /> !Litokomane |- |Transkei |Sesotho |1956 |1963 |1963 |1976 |A forerunner of the Territorial Authority and the Legislative Assembly existed since 1931 under the name "United Transkeian Territories General Council".[12] |- |Bophuthatswana |Tswana |1961 |1971 |1972 |1977 |The Territorial Authority established in 1961 was reorganised in 1968.[17] |- |Venda |Venda |1962 |1971 |1973 |1979 |The Territorial Authority established in 1962 was reorganised in 1969.[22] |- |Li-Ciskei |Sesotho |1961 |1971 |1972 |1981 |A forerunner of the Territorial Authority and the Legislative Assembly previously existed from 1934[27] to 1955[28] under the name "Ciskeian General Council".The Territorial Authority established in 1961 was reorganised in 1968.[29] |- |Lebowa |Northern Sotho (Pedi) |1962 |1971 |1972 | - Ke ne ke sa tsebe. |The Territorial Authority established in 1962 was reorganised in 1969.[33] |- |Gazankulu |Tsonga (Shangane) |1962 |1971 |1973 | - Ke ne ke sa tsebe. |The Territorial Authority established in 1962 was reorganised in 1969.[38] |- |QwaQwa |[[Basotho|Sotho e ka Boroa]] |1969 |1971 |1974 | - Ke ne ke sa tsebe. | |- |KwaZulu |[[Mazulu|MaZulu]] |1970 |1972 |1977 | - Ke ne ke sa tsebe. | |- |KwaNdebele |Ndebele |1977 |1979 |1981 | - Ke ne ke sa tsebe. | |- |KaNgwane |Seswazi |1976 |1977 |1984 | - Ke ne ke sa tsebe. |The homeland status was temporarily suspended between June and December 1982.[52] |} IKa nako e tšoanang le ho theoa ha libaka tsa batho ba batšo (tseo ho thoeng ke *homelands* kapa *Bantustans*), baahi ba batšo ba Afrika Boroa ba ile ba qobelloa ho kenya letsoho lenaneong le leholo la ho fallisoa ka likhoka. Ho hakanngoa hore batho ba limilione tse 3.5 ba ile ba qobelloa ho tloha mahaeng a bona pakeng tsa lilemo tsa bo-1960 le bo-1980, 'me ba bangata ba bona ba ile ba isoa libakeng tsa *Bantustans*.<ref>https://southafrica-info.com/history/provinces-homelands-south-africa-1996/</ref> mMuso o ile wa hlakisa hore sepheo sa oona sa ho qetela e ne e le ho tlosa batho ba batsho Afrika Boroa ka ho feletseng. Connie Mulder, Letona la Dikamano le Ntsshetsopele ya Batho ba Bangata, o ile a bolella Ntlo ea Kopano ka la 7 Hlakola 1978:   Empa morero ona ha oa ka oa finyelloa. Ke karolo e nyane feela (e ka bang 39% ka 1986 ) ea baahi ba batšo ba Afrika Boroa e neng e lula Bantustans; ba setseng ba ne ba lula Afrika Boroa ka boeona, ba bangata ba lula litoropo, litoropong tsa mahaeng le libakeng tse tlase tse ka ntle ho metse ea Afrika Boroa. == Ho amoheloa ha machabeng == Libaka tsa Bantustan tse ka hare ho meeli ea Afrika Boroa li ne li khetholloa e le tse "ipusang" kapa tse "ikemetseng". Ka khopolo, libaka tsa Bantustan tse ipusang li ne li e-na le taolo holim'a likarolo tse ngata tsa ts'ebetso ea tsona ea ka hare, empa li ne li e-so be lichaba tse ikemetseng ka botlalo. Libaka tsa Bantustan tse ikemetseng (e leng Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda le Ciskei; tse tsejoang hape e le linaha tsa TBVC) li ne li reretsoe ho ba tse ikemetseng ka botlalo. Leha ho le joalo, libaka tsena li ne li sa hlokomeloa haholo ke mebuso ea bokolone hammoho le mebuso ea hamorao ea Afrika Boroa, 'me li ne li ntse li sa tsoela pele ho hang. Boemo bona bo ile ba fokotsa haholo bokhoni ba linaha tsena ba ho ipusa, 'me ba etsa hore li itšetlehe haholo ka 'muso oa Afrika Boroa. Ho pholletsa le boteng ba Ma-Bantustan a ikemetseng, Afrika Boroa e ile ea lula e le eona feela naha e ananelang boipuso ba bona. 'Muso oa Afrika Boroa o ile oa etsa boipiletso ba hore ba ananeloe. Ka 1976, ho isa qetong ea Ntlo ea Baemeli ea United States e khothalletsang Mopresidente hore a se ke a ananela Transkei, 'muso oa Afrika Boroa o ile oa etsa boipiletso bo matla ho baetsi ba molao ho hanyetsa molao ona.[1] Matšoao a mohala oa seea-le-moea a sa amoheloeng a ile a etsoa bakeng sa linaha tse ikemetseng 'me likarete tsa QSL li ile tsa romelloa ke basebetsi ba li sebelisang, empa Mokhatlo oa Machaba oa Lipuisano ha oa ka oa amohela liteishene tsena e le tse molaong.[2] Naha ka 'ngoe ea TBVC e ile ea atolosa kananelo ho Ma-Bantustan a mang a ikemetseng ha Afrika Boroa e bontša boitlamo ba eona khopolong ea boipuso ba TBVC ka ho haha ​​​​maemeli metseng e meholo ea TBVC. == Bophelo ba Bantustans == Ka kakaretso, dibaka tsa Bantustan di ne di futanehile mme di e-na le menyetla e fokolang ea mesebetsi ea sebakeng seo. Leha ho le joalo, ho ne ho e-na le menyetla e meng ea tsoelo-pele bakeng sa batho ba batšo, hape ho ile ha e-ba le tsoelo-pele thutong le meralong ya motheo. Dibaka tse nne tsa Bantustan tse ileng tsa fumana boipuso ba lebitso feela (Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda le Ciskei) di ile tsa hlakola melao yohle ya kgethollo ya morabe (apartheid). Melao yaa Bantustans e ne e fapane le ya Afrika Boroa. Sehlopha sa [[Afrika Borwa]] se ne se atisa ho sebelisa meeli ena hampe, mohlala ka ho haha di-casino tse kholo, joalo ka Sun City naheng ya habo Bophuthatswana. yaBophuthatswana e ne e boetse e na le di-depositi tsa platinamo le disebediswa tse ling tsa tlhaho, tse ileng tsa e etsa morui ka ho fetisisa ho Bantustans. == Lintho tse ileng tsa etsahala hamorao == Ka Pherekhong 1985, Mopresidente oa Naha P. W. Botha o ile a phatlalatsa hore batho ba batšo ba lulang ka hare ho naha ea Afrika Boroa ba ke ke ba hlola ba amohuoa boahi ba Afrika Boroa molemong oa boahi ba li-Bantustan, le hore baahi ba batšo ba lulang li-Bantustan tse ikemetseng ba ka etsa kopo hape ea ho fumana boahi ba Afrika Boroa; nakong ea likhetho tsa naha tsa 1987, F. W. de Klerk o ile a bua lebitsong la National Party a re: "Boiteko bo bong le bo bong ba ho thibela phallo [ea basebetsi ba batšo] ba kenang libakeng tsa litoropo bo hlolehile. Ha ho na thuso ho iphetisa ka taba ena. Moruo o hloka hore bongata ba batho ba batšo bo lule ka ho sa feleng libakeng tsa litoropo... Ba ke ke ba lula Afrika Boroa selemo le selemo ba se na boemeli ba lipolotiki."[1] Ka Hlakubele 1990, de Klerk—ea ileng a hlahlama Botha joaloka Mopresidente oa Naha ka 1989—o ile a phatlalatsa hore mmuso oa hae o ke ke oa fana ka boipuso ho li-Bantustan tse ding hape.<ref name=":1">https://www.972mag.com/apartheid-bantustans-palestinian-statehood/</ref> Leha ho le jwalo, dipolelo tsena ha lia ka tsa bolelwa e le ho hana tsamaiso ea Bantustan ka kakaretso: sepheo sa puso ya kgethollo ea merabe nakong ea halofo ea bobeli ea bo-1980 e ne e le ho "matlafatsa" moralo oa mokhatlo wa khethollo ea morabe ha o ntse o siea melao-motheo ea oona ea motheo, ho kenyeletsoa le linaha tsa habo bona, e sa fetohe. Mmuso o ile oa qobelloa ho amohela boteng bo sa feleng ba batho ba batšo libakeng tsa litoropo, hammoho le ho hlokomela hore mekhoa e neng e le matla haholo ea pele ea ho laola phallo ea batho (eo joale e ileng ea nkeloa sebaka ke mekhoa e bonolo haholoanyane) e ne e ke ke ea sebetsa; ho sa buuoa le ka taba ea hore ho ne ho ke ke ha khoneha ho falla le ho isa batho bohle ba batšo libakeng tse khethiloeng tsa merabe ea bona (li-"homelands"), esita le nakong e telele e tlang. Mmuso o ne o tšepile ho khutsisa baahi ba batšo ba litoropong ka ho rala meralo e fapaneng ea ho ba fa litokelo tse lekanyelitsoeng maemong a lehae (empa e seng maemong a holimo a puso). Ho feta moo, libaka tsa bolulo litoropong (le mahaeng) li ile tsa lula li arohantsoe ho latela morabe, ho ea ka Molao oa Libaka tsa Merabe (Group Areas Act). Molao-motheo oa "ntlafatso e arohaneng" o ile oa tsoela pele ho sebetsa, 'me puso ea khethollo ea morabe (apartheid) ea tsoela pele ho itšetleha ka libaka tsa batho ba batšo (Bantustans) e le e 'ngoe ea litšiea tsa mantlha tsa leano la eona la ho sebetsana le baahi ba batšo. Ho fihlela ka 1990, ho ile ha tsoelo-pele ho etsoa boiteko ba ho khothaletsa libaka tsena tse ipusang hore li nke qeto ea ho fumana boipuso (mohlala, Lebowa, Gazankulu le KwaZulu), 'me ka linako tse ling, mebuso ea libaka tsena tse ipusang (mohlala, KwaNdebele) ka boyona e ile ea bontša thahasello ea ho fumana boipuso nakong e tlang. Ho ile ha boela ha nahanoa ka hara mekgatlo ea [[Mokga wa dipolotiki (Aforika Borwa)|Mokga wa Setjhaba]] o busang ho theha mekhatlo e eketsehileng e ikemetseng ea lebitso libakeng tsa litoropo ka mokhoa oa "metse-motse" e ikemetseng e ntsho. Molao-motheo oa "ntlafatso e arohaneng" o ile oa tsoela pele ho sebetsa, 'me puso ea khethollo ea morabe (apartheid) ea tsoela pele ho itšetleha ka libaka tsa batho ba batsho (Bantustans) e le e 'ngoe ea litšiea tsa mantlha tsa leano la eona la ho sebetsana le baahi ba batšo. Ho fihlela ka 1990, ho ile ha tsoelo-pele ho etsoa boiteko ba ho khothaletsa libaka tsena tse ipusang hore li nke qeto ea ho fumana boipuso (mohlala, Lebowa, Gazankulu le KwaZulu), 'me ka linako tse ling, mebuso ea libaka tsena tse ipusang (mohlala, KwaNdebele) ka boyona e ile ea bontša thahasello ea ho fumana boipuso nakong e tlang. Ho tloha ka 1990 ho isa ho 1994, mehopolo ena ea "mokhatlo oa linaha tse ikemetseng" (confederation) e ne e ntse e tšehetsoa ka molao-motheo ke likarolo tse kholo tsa National Party (hammoho le mekha e meng le lihlopha tsa bahanyetsi ba basoeu ba nang le maikutlo a tokoloho), empa motheo oa eona o neng o thehiloe pepenene khethollong ea morabe o ile oa qala ho fela butle-butle nakong ea lipuisano tsa ho felisa apartheid, 'me tlhokomelo ea fetoha ho sireletseng "litokelo tsa lihlopha tse nyane" (haholo-holo baahi ba basoeu) ka mor'a hore ho lebelletsoe ho fetisetsoa ha matla ho bongata ba batho ba batšo. Merero ea tsamaiso ea federal (federalist plans) e ile ea boela ea fumana tšehetso ho mebuso le mekha e meng ea libaka tsa batho ba batšo (li-homeland), haholo-holo Inkatha Freedom Party, e neng e le mokha o busang KwaZulu. Empa kaha haholo-holo African National Congress e ile ea hlakisa hore melao-motheo ea " motho a le mong - voutu e le 'ngoe" le ea naha e kopaneng (unitary state) e ne e sa buisanoe ka eona, qetellong merero ea mofuta oa confederation e ile ea lahloa. Ka lebaka la sena, Inkatha Freedom Party e ile ea sokela ho hana ho nka karolo likhethong tsa naha tsa Mmesa 1994 tse ileng tsa felisa apartheid, 'me ea etsa qeto ea ho nka karolo motsotsong oa ho qetela feela ka mor'a hore ho etsoe litumellano tse ba khotsofatsang, hammoho le ho National Party e neng e ntse e busa le lihlopha tse 'maloa tsa bahanyetsi ba basoeu.[1] Nakong e lebisitseng dikeethong tsa 1994, baetapele ba mmaloa linaheng tse ikemetseng le tse ikemetseng (mohlala Boputhatswana), ba neng ba sa batle ho tela matla a bona, ba ile ba hanyetsa ka matla ho qhaqhoa ha Bantustans mme, ka ho etsa joalo, ba fumana tšehetso ho tsoa mekhatlong e tšoeu ea ho loka, likarolo tsa sesole sa naha sa apartheid le lihlopha tse matla tsa pro-apartheid tse kang Afrikaner Weerstands movement. == Ho qhibiliha == Ka ho oa ha puso ea khethollo ea morabe (apartheid) Afrika Boroa ka 1994, libaka tsohle tsa Bantustan (e leng tse neng li nkuoa li ikemetse le tse neng li ipusa) li ile tsa qhaloa 'me libaka tsa tsona tsa khutlisetsoa ka hare ho Rephabliki ea Afrika Boroa ho qala ka la 27 Mmesa 1994 (e leng letsatsi leo ka lona Molao-motheo oa Nako ea Phetoho, o ileng oa felisa khethollo ea morabe ka molao, o ileng oa qala ho sebetsa le moo likhetho tsa pele tsa demokrasi li ileng tsa qala teng) ho latela karolo ea 1(2) le Lenane la 1 la Molao-motheo oa Rephabliki ea Afrika Boroa, 1993 ("Molao-motheo oa Nako ea Phetoho").[1] Bohato ba ho finyella sena bo ile ba etelletsoa pele ke [[African National Congress]] (ANC) e le karolo ea bohlokoa ea lenaneo la eona la liphetoho. Ho kenngoa hape ho ile ha finyelloa ka tsela e nang le khotso, le hoja ho ne ho e-na le khanyetso e itseng ho tsoa ho lihlopha tsa batho ba moo, ba ileng ba lahleheloa ke menyetla ea leruo le matla a lipolotiki a fanoang ke linaha tsa habo bona. Ho qhaqhoa ha linaha tsa Bophuthatswana le Ciskei ho ne ho le thata haholo. Ciskei, mabotho a tšireletso a Afrika Boroa a ile a tlameha ho kenella ka March 1994 ho felisa koluoa ea dipolotiki. Ho tloha ka selemo sa 1994, likarolo tse ngata tsa naha li ile tsa aroloa bocha ka molao-motheo [[Diporofensi tsa Afrika Borwa|liprofinse]] tse ncha. Leha ho le joalo, baetapele ba bangata ba libaka tseo ho thoeng ke 'Bantustans' kapa 'Homelands' (libaka tse neng li behiloe ka thoko bakeng sa batho ba batšo nakong ea khethollo ea morabe) ba bile le karolo lipolotiking tsa Afrika Boroa ho tloha ha libaka tseo li qhaloa. Ba bang ba ile ba kenya mekhatlo ea bona likhethong tsa pele tse neng li sa khetholle ka morabe, ha ba bang ba ile ba ikopanya le mokhatlo oa ANC. Mangosuthu Buthelezi e ne e le Tonakholo ea sebaka sa habo sa KwaZulu ho tloha ka 1976 ho isa ho 1994. Afrika Boroa ea kamora nako ea khethollo ea morabe, o sebelitse e le mopresidente oa mokhatlo oa Inkatha Freedom Party le Letona la Litaba tsa Lehae. Bantubonke Holomisa, eo e neng e le general sebakeng sa Transkei ho tloha ka 1987, o sebelitse e le mopresidente oa mokhatlo oa United Democratic Movement ho tloha ka 1997. General Constand Viljoen, e leng Mo-Afrikaner ea neng a sebeletsa e le molaoli oa Sesole sa Afrika Boroa (South African Defence Force), o ile a romela masole a hae a ka bang 1,500 ho ea sireletsa Lucas Mangope le ho hanyetsa ho felisoa ha Bophuthatswana e le sebaka se ikemetseng ka 1994. O ile a theha mokhatlo oa Freedom Front ka 1994. Lucas Mangope, eo e neng e le moetapele oa morabe oa Motsweda Ba hurutshe-Boo-Manyane oa batho ba Tswana le hlooho ea Bophuthatswana, ke mopresidente oa mokhatlo oa United Christian Democratic Party, e leng mokhatlo o nkoang e le tsoelo-pele ea mokhatlo o neng o busa sebaka seo sa habo. Oupa Gqozo, e leng moetapele oa ho qetela oa Ciskei, o ile a kenya mokhatlo oa hae oa African Democratic Movement likhethong tsa 1994 empa a sa atleha. Mokhatlo oa Dikwankwetla, o neng o busa Qwaqwa, o ntse o e-na le tšusumetso khanseleng ea Maluti a Phofung moo e leng mokhatlo o moholo ka ho fetisisa oa bohanyetsi. Mokhatlo oa Ximoko, o neng o busa Gazankulu, o na le boteng pusong ea lehae ea Giyani. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, eo e neng e le Tonakholo ea KwaNdebele, George Mahlangu, le ba bang ba ile ba theha mokhatlo oa Sindawonye Progressive Party, e leng o mong oa mekhatlo e meholo ea bohanyetsi ho la Thembisile Hani Local Municipality le Dr JS Moroka Local Municipality (dibaka tse akaretsang sebaka seo e neng e le 'homeland' pele). == Lethathamo la Bantustans == === Ba-bantustane Afrika Borwa === [[File:Bantustans_in_South_Africa.svg|right|thumb|300x300px|mMapa wa dibaka tsa bodulo tsa batho ba batšo Afrika Boroa qetellong ea khethollo ea merabe ka 1994]] Dinaha tsa habo tsona di thathamisitsoe ka tlase le sehlopha sa merabe seo naha e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea habo eona e khethiloeng ho sona. Tse 'nè li ne li ikemetse ka lebitso (tse bitswang linaha tsa TBVC tsa Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda le Li-Ciskei). Tse ding tse tsheletseng di ne di e-na le boipuso bo fokolang: ==== Litaba tsa lipopi ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Bantustan !Motse-moholo !Sehlopha sa batho !Lilemo tsa boipuso<br /> !Lilemo tsa boipuso tse boletsoeng<br /> |- |Transkei |Umtata |Sesotho |1963[1]–1976 |1976 |- |Bophuthatswana | |Tswana |1972[4]–1977 |1977 |- |Venda | |Venda |1973[6]–1979 |1979 |- |Li-Ciskei | |Sesotho |1972[8]–1981 |1981 |} ==== Mekgatlo e ikemetseng ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Bantustan !Motse-moholo !Setjhaba !Lilemo |- |Lebowa |[[Lebowakgomo]] (1974-1994) Sesego (ka nakoana, ho fihlela 1974) <br />(provisionally, until 1974) |Northern Sotho (Pedi) |1972 |- |Gazankulu |[[Giyani]] |Tsonga (Shangane) |1973 |- |QwaQwa |[[Phuthaditjhaba]] (ho fihlela ka 1974 e ne e bitsoa Witsieshoek) (until 1974 called Witsieshoek) |[[Basotho|Sotho e ka Boroa]] |1974 |- |KwaZulu |Ulundi (1980-1994) Nongoma (ka nakoana, ho fihlela 1980) <br />(provisionally, until 1980) |[[Mazulu|MaZulu]] |1977 |- |KwaNdebele |KwaMhlanga (1986-1994) Siyabuswa (ka nakoana, ho fihlela 1986) <br />(provisionally, until 1986) |Ndebele |1981 |- |KaNgwane |Louieville Schoemansdal (ka nakoana, ho fihlela bohareng ba bo-1980) <br />(provisionally, until the mid-1980s) |Seswazi |1984 |} Bantustan ea pele e ne e le Transkei, e etelletsweng pele ke Moemphera e Moholo Daliwonga Matanzima Profinseng ea Cape bakeng sa setjhaba sa Xhosa. KwaZulu, e leng sechaba sa MaZulu se Profinse ea Natal, se ne se etelletswe pele ke setho sa Lelapa la borena la Mazulu hlooho Mangosuthu ("Gatsha") Buthelezi ka lebitso la morena wa MaZulu. [[Lesotho]] le [[Eswatini]] (eo pele e neng e tsejwa e le Swaziland) e ne e se batho ba Bantustans; e ne e le dinaha tse ikemetseng le tse neng di le mebuso ea Brithani. Dinaha tsena di pota-potilwe haholo-holo kapa ka ho feletseng ke naha ya Afrika Borwa mme di itshetlehile ka ho feletseng ka Afrika Borwa. Ha ho mohla ba kileng ba itshetleha ka dipolotiki ka tsela ea molao ka Afrika Borwa mme ba ile ba amohelwa e le linaha tse ikemetseng ke sechaba sa matjhaba ho tloha ha ba fuwa boipuso ba bona ke UK ka bo-1960. === Ba-Bantustane Afrika BorWa-bophirimela === ==== Matjhaba ====   [[File:Namibia_homelands_78.jpeg|thumb|'Mmapa wa dibaka tsa bodulo tsa batho ba batsho tsa [[Namibia]] ho tloha ka 1978]] Lilemong tsa bo-1960, Afrika Borwa—e neng e laola South West Africa tlas’a taelo ea Mokhatlo oa Lichaba (League of Nations)—e ile ea tobana le khatello e ntseng e eketseha ea machaba mabapi le puso ea eona ea batho ba basoeu (ba neng ba le mmalonyana) holim’a bongata ba batho ba batšo. Tharollo eo Afrika Borwa e neng e e rerile—e leng Moralo oa Odendaal—e ne e le ho arola batho ba basoeu le bao e seng basoeu, ho fa libaka tsa batho ba batšo tse arohaneng boipuso, e le hore ka tsela eo, batho ba basoeu e be bona ba bangata karolong e kholo e setseng ea naha. Ho feta moo, ho ne ho nahanoa hore ka ho arola lihlopha tsa merabe le ho qobella batho ka molao hore ba lule libakeng tse khethiloeng bakeng sa bona, khethollo ea morabe e ne e tla nyamela ka boeona.Moralo oa Odendaal o ile oa bululeloa, karolong e 'ngoe, ke litsebi tsa thuto ea batho (anthropologists) tsa Afrika Borwa. Dibaka tse neng li khethiloe li ne li bitsoa ''li-bantustans'', 'me karolo e setseng ea naha e ne e bitsoa Police Zone. Ka mor'a moo, batho bohle bao e seng ba basoeu ba neng ba sebetsa sebakeng sa mapolesa ba ile ba fetoha ''basebetsi ba bajaki'', 'me ho ile ha thehoa melao ea ho fetisetsa mokhatlo oa mapolesa ho ea le ho tsoa bantustans. Sebaka se kopaneng sa batho bohle ba bantustan se ne se lekana le sebaka sa mapolesa. Leha ho le jwalo, batho bohle ba bantustans ba ne ba le mahaeng haholo mme ba sa kenyeletswe metseng e meholo. Dikou tsohle, boholo ba marang-rang a terene le meralo ea ditsela e nang le tarred, boema-fofane bohle bo boholo, libaka tse ruisang haholo tsa taemane le dirapeng tsa boikgathollo tsa naha di ne di le sebakeng sa Sepolesa. Ho qala ka selemo sa 1968,ho latela likhothaletso tsa 1964 tse tsoang ho khomishene e neng e etelletsoe pele ke Fox Odendaal, ho ile ha theooa libaka tse leshome tsa bolulo ba merabe (tse tsejoang e le *homelands*) tse tšoanang le tse neng li le Afrika Boroa, sebakeng sa South West Africa (eo kajeno e leng Namibia). Lentswe "Bantustan" ha le nepahale hantle tabeng ena, kaha a mang a merabe e amehang e ne e le ea batho ba Khoisan, e seng ba Bantu, mme boemo ba batho ba Rehoboth Basters bo ne bo rarahane. Hara dibaka tsena tse leshome tsa bodulo ba merabe tsa South West Africa, ke tse tharo feela tse ileng tsa fuoa boipuso (bo tshwanang le ba li-Bantustan tsa Afrika Borwa) pakeng tsa 1973 le 1976. ==== Mekhatlo e Ts'oanang ==== Ka Phupu 1980, tsamaiso e ile ea fetoloa ho ba ea mebuso e arohaneng ("makala a emelang batho") e sebetsang joalo ka likarolo tsa tsamaiso tsa boemo ba bobeli (tse ikarabellang litabeng tse kang kabo ea mobu, temo, thuto ho fihlela boemong ba koetliso ea matichere a likolo tsa mathomo, litšebeletso tsa bophelo bo botle, hammoho le litšebeletso tsa boiketlo ba sechaba le penshene) ho latela morabe feela, eseng libaka tse hlalositsoeng ka meeli ea sebaka. Ho latela meaho ea tsamaiso e neng e se e ntse e le teng ho tloha ka 1925 le 1962, ho ile ha theoa makala a emelang batho bakeng sa lihlopha tsa batho ba basoeu[2] le ba Coloured[3]. Ha ho na makala a joalo a emelang batho a ileng a theoa bakeng sa batho ba merabe ea Himba le San (ba lulang haholo libakeng tseo e neng e le mahae a bona a khale a Kaokoland le Bushmanland). Mebuso ena ea boemo ba bobeli e thehiloeng merabeng e ile ea emisoa tšebetsong ka Mots'eanong 1989, qalong ea nako ea phetoho e lebisang boipusong, 'me ea hlakoloa ka molao ka la 21 Hlakubele 1990 (letsatsi leo Namibia e ileng ea fumana boipuso ka lona) ho latela Lenane la 8 la Molao-motheo oa Namibia.[1] Ba-Baster ba ile ba leka ka matla empa ba hlōleha ho boloka boemo ba boipuso ba Rehoboth—e leng sebaka se neng se e-na le boipuso nakong ea puso ea Jeremane—hammoho le Basterland. Sebakeng seo pele e neng e le Bantustan ea East Caprivi, batho ba tšehetsang boipuso ba sechaba sa Lozi ba ile ba qala boiteko bo sa atlehang ba ho loantša 'muso ka 1999, ba batla ho ikarola ho Namibia le ho fumana boipuso. Naha e libakeng tsa Bantustan e ile ea oela mmusong oa Namibia, 'me kajeno e bitsoa "Lifapha tsa Sechaba". ==== Matjhaba (ho fihlela 1980) / Baemeli ba 'Muso (1980-1989/1990) ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Bantustan !Motse-moholo !Boholo ba moloko o emeloang !Lekhotla la Molao le thehiloe !Boipuso !Lilemo tsa Bolaoli bo Ikemetseng |- |Linaha tsa Ovamboland |Likhomo tsa limela |Ovambo |1968 |1973 |1980 (1990) |- |Kavangoland |Rundu |Kavango |1970 |1973 |1980 (1990) |- |Bochabela ba Caprivi |Katima Mulilo |Lozi |1972 |1976 |1980 (1990) |- |[[Namaland|Naha ea Namaland]] |Keetmanshoop |Nama |1976 | - Ke ne ke sa tsebe. |1980 (1990) |- |Rehoboth |Rehoboth |Baster |1977 |— |1980 (1990) |- |Damaraland |Li-Welwitschia |Damara |1977 | - Ke ne ke sa tsebe. |1980 (1990) |- |[[Hereroland]] |Okakarara |Herero |— | - Ke ne ke sa tsebe. |1980 (1990) |- |[[Tswanaland]] |Li-aminois |Tswana | - Ke ne ke sa tsebe. | - Ke ne ke sa tsebe. |1980 (1990) |- |[[Bushmanland (South West Africa)|Naha ea Bushman]] |Tsumkwe |San | - Ke ne ke sa tsebe. | - Ke ne ke sa tsebe. |— |- |Kaokoland |Ohopoho |Himba | - Ke ne ke sa tsebe. | - Ke ne ke sa tsebe. |— |} == Tshebediso maemong a seng Afrika Borwa == Lentswe "bantustan" le fetohile lentswe le akaretsang ho supa ka kutlwisiso e nyatsang sebaka sefe kapa sefe moo batho ba qobellwang ho phela ntle le ditokelo tse felletseng tsa setjhaba le dipolotiki. === Palestina === Botjhabela bo Hare, dibaka tsa Mapalestina tse ka hare ho West Bank le Gaza Strip hangata li hlalosoa e le "bantustans" ke ba nyatsang maano a Iseraele libakeng tsa Mapalestina.[1] Lentsoe lena le sebelisoa ho bolela libaka tse reriloeng West Bank bakeng sa Mapalestina tlas'a litlhahiso tse fapaneng tse etelletsoeng pele ke U.S. le Iseraele ho rarolla khohlano lipakeng tsa Iseraele le Palestina, kapa ho bolela "lihlekehleke" tse 165 tse seng li ntse li le teng—tse ileng tsa hlaha ka molao e le Libaka tsa A le B tlas'a Tumellano ea Oslo II ea 1995. Merero ea khotso ea Iseraele le U.S.—ho kenyeletsoa Morero oa Allon, morero oa Drobles oa Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Zionist, morero oa Menachem Begin, morero oa Benjamin Netanyahu oa "Allon Plus", Seboka sa Camp David sa 2000, le pono ea Sharon ea naha ea Palestina—li ile tsa sisinya hore ho be le libaka tse arohaneng (tse kang li-enclave),[108][109] joalo ka ha morero oa khotso oa Trump oa 2020 le oona o entse. Sena se ile sa nyatsoa e le "khetho ea Bantustan".<ref name=":1" /> Sebakeng sa subcontinent ea India, mmuso oa Sinhalese oa Sri Lanka o qositsoe ka ho fetola libaka tsa batho ba merabe ea Tamil hore e be "li-bantustan".[1] Lentsoe lena le boetse le sebelisitsoe ho hlalosa maemo a bophelo ba batho ba sehlopha sa Dalit naheng ea India. [[Nigeria]], mobishopo wa K'hatholike Matthew Hassan Kukah o bua ka boroa ba Kaduna State e le "Bantustan e lenngwe e kgolo ea tlhokomeliso ea mmuso". [[Canada]] le [[United States|Dinaheng tse Kppaneng tsa Amerikas]], dibaka tsa polokelo ea Maindia le libaka tsa poloko ea Maindie hangata li bapisoa le Bantustans ka lebaka la kamano e arolelanoeng lipakeng tsa ditsheebetso tsa khethollo ea merabe ya linaha tseo.<ref name=":1" /> == Bona hape == * Letswai * Dihlekehleke tsa Palestina, tseo hangata di bitswang bantustans * Dibaka Tsa Bohlweki * Dikgetho tsa Maori * [[Kgethollo ya merabe|Boemo ba kgethollo ya merabe]] * Molao wa Boahi wa Mabatowa a Bantu, 1970 * Ho arohana ka morabe * Volkstaat * Passport ya ka hare * Ho hlwekisa merabe * Bolaodi ba ho fallisetsa dinaheng tse ding * Ditumellano tsa Oslo * Hamastan == Ditlhaloso == [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] djcqcw27dza6eh4osvznwjbuaaraz4u 42032 42031 2026-10-29T12:30:25Z TsheleCAT 13263 /* Palestina */ 42032 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:South_Africa_&_South_West_Africa_Bantustans_Map.svg|right|thumb|350x350px|'Mapa oa Afrika Boroa le Afrika Boroa-bophirimela (eo hona joale e leng Namibia). 'Mapa ona o bontša batho ba bantustan ba neng ba le libakeng tseo ka bobeli. <br />'''Libaka tse sa keneng ka hara naha ea Bantustan'''{{Legend|#AEAEAE|South West Africa}}{{Legend|#8B8B8B|South Africa}}'''Libaka tsa Bantustan (Afrika Boroa-bophirimela) '''{{Legend|#FD4756|[[Kaokoland]]}}{{Legend|#609979|[[Ovamboland]]}}{{Legend|#4E4B0D|[[Damaraland]]}}{{Legend|#901B35|[[Kavangoland]]}}{{Legend|#09A7B4|[[East Caprivi]]}}{{Legend|#43D99A|[[Bushmanland (South West Africa)|Bushmanland]]}}{{Legend|#E4BC20|[[Hereroland]]}}{{Legend|#222560|[[Rehoboth (homeland)|Rehoboth]]}}{{Legend|#9B37F9|[[Tswanaland]]}}{{Legend|#8F6F68|[[Namaland]]}}'''Libaka tsa Bantustan (Aforika Boroa) '''{{Legend|#FB8072|[[KwaNdebele]]}}{{Legend|#B3DE69|[[Lebowa]]}}{{Legend|#FE951F|[[Gazankulu]]}}{{Legend|#FCCDE5|[[KaNgwane]]}}{{Legend|#80B1D3|[[KwaZulu]]}}{{Legend|#CCEBC5|[[QwaQwa]]}}'''Bantustans ea boemo ba lipopi'''{{Legend|#BC80BD|[[Bophuthatswana]]}}{{Legend|#FE85CE|[[Venda (Bantustan)|Venda]]}}{{Legend|#8AFE9D|[[Transkei]]}}{{Legend|#FED121|[[Ciskei]]}}]] '''Bantustan''' (e neng e bo etse e tsejwa e le lehae la batho ba batsho kapa naha ya (batho ba batsho) e ne e le sebaka seo puso ya National Party ya Union of South Africa (1910–1961) le ha morao Republic of South Africa (1961–1994) e ileng ya se behela ka thoko bakeng sa baahi ba batsho ba Afrika Borwa le South West Africa (eo hona jwale e leng Namibia), e le karolo ya leano la yona la kgethollo ya morabe (apartheid).<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bantustan</ref> Lereo lena, le ileng la qala ho sebediswa mafelong a dilemo tsa bo-1940 le entwse ka ho kopanya lentswe "Bantu" (le bolelang "batho" ka dipuo tse ding tsa Se-Bantu) le "-stan" (e leng karolo ya lentswe le bolelang "naha" ka Se-Persian le di puong tse ding tse susumetswang ke Se-Persian). Ha morao, le ile la nkwa e le lentswe le nyelisang ke bahlahlobisisi ba bang ba mehopolo ya 'mmuso wa nako eo ya kgethollo ya morabe (apartheid) mabapi le dibaka tse bitswang "homelands" (dibaka tsa bodulo ba merabe e itseng). 'Mmuso wa Pretoria(pitoria) o ile wa theha dibaka tse leshome tsa "Bantustan" Afrika Borwa, le tse ding tse leshome naheng e haufi ya South West Africa (e neng e laolwa ke Afrika Borwa ka nako eo); sepheo e ne e le ho bokella ditho. Mmuso wa Afrika Borwa o phatlaladitse hore di-bantustans tse nnè tsa Afrika Borwa di ne di ikemetse - Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda le Li-Ciskei (tse bitswang "Dinaha tsa TBVC"), empa phatlalatso ena ha ya ka ya e-ba ya ananelwa ke mabotho a kgahlanong le kgethollo ya merabe Afrika Borwa kapa ke mmuso ofe kapa ofe wa matjhaba. Ba bang ba Bantustans (jwalo ka KwaZulu, Leboya le [[QwaQwa]]) ba ile ba fuwa "boipuso" empa ha ho mohla ba ileng ba fuwa "tokoloho". Afrika Borwa-bophirimela, Ovamboland, Kavangoland le East Caprivi di ile tsa phatlalatswa e le dibaka tse ikemetseng, mme dinaha tse ding tse seng kae tse bonahalang e le tsa habo tsona ha dia ka tsa fuwa boipuso. Molao-theo wa nakwana o ile wa fedisa Bantustans ka ho feletseng ka ho fediswa ha kgethollo ya merabe was Afrika Borwa ka selemo sa 1994. == Pōpo == [[File:South_Africa_racial_map,_1979.gif|right|thumb|350x350px|Mmapa wa Afrika Borwa wa merabe le baahi o phatlaladitsweng ke CIA ka selemo sa 1979 o nang le dintlha tse tswang ho palo ya batho ya Afrika Borwa ya selemo. ]] Ho tloha ka selemo sa 1913, mebuso e latellanang ya Afrika Borwa e neng e buswa ke batho ba mmala ba fokolang palo, e ile ya theha dibaka tse khethehileng (tseo ho thweng ke "reserves") bakeng sa batho ba batšho e le ho ba arola ka morabe ho batho ba mmala; sena se ne se tšhwana le ho thehwa ha dibaka tse khethehileng tsa Matswalla a Amerika (Indian reservations) naheng ya United States. Molao wa Naha wa Matswallwa (Natives Land Act) oa 1913 o ile wa lekanyetsa batho ba batšho ho ba le karolo ya 7 lekholong feela la naha. Ka 1936, 'mmuso o ile wa rera ho eketsa karolo ena ho fihla ho 13.6 lekholong la naha, empa tshebetso ya ho reka mobu e ile ya dieha 'mme morero ona ha wa ka wa phethahatswa ka botlalo. Ha [[Mokga wa dipolotiki (Aforika Borwa)|Mokha oa Sechaba]] o fihla pusong ka 1948, Letona la ditaba tsa Baahi (le kamorao Letona-Kholo la Afrika Borwa) Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd o ile a haha ho tswa ho sena, a hlahisa letoto la mehato ya "ho khetholla batho ho tloha ho merabe e meng" jwalo ka Group Areas Acts le Natives Resettlement Act, 1954 e ileng ya fetola sechaba sa Afrika Borwa hore ba bammala e be bongata ba baahi. Ho thehwa ha dinaha tsa habo kapa li-bantustans e ne e le karolo ya bohlokwa ya leano lena, kaha sepheo sa nako e telele e ne e tla ba ho etsa hore li-bantustan li ikemele. Ka lebaka leo, batho ba batšho ba ne ba tla lahlehelwa ke baahi ba bona ba Afrika Borwa le tokelo ya ho vouta, e leng se neng se tla dumella bammala hore ba dule ba laola Afrika Borwa. Dipampiri tsa Ditaba di rehile morero oa Mokha oa Nationalist lebitso la "Bantustans". Lentsoe lena le kopaneng le fosahetse haholo ka litsela tse ngata. Le amana le karohano ea India—kamora hore Borithane ba tsamaee ka ho hloka boikemisetso, 'me e le e 'ngoe ea maemo a ts'ebetso eo—likarolong tse peli tse ikemetseng: Hindustan le Pakistan. Ha ho na papiso ea 'nete le litlhahiso tsa Mokha oa Nationalist, hobane (a) India le Pakistan ke linaha tse peli tse arohaneng ka botlalo le tse ikemetseng lipolotiking, (b) Mamosleme a na le litokelo tse lekanang India; Mahindu a na le litokelo tse lekanang Pakistan, (c) Karohano e ile ea hlahisoa le ho amoheloa ke mahlakore ka bobeli, kapa bonyane ke lihlopha tse kholo le tse nang le tšusumetso ho e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea tsona. Merero ea 'Muso ha e rerelle ho arola naha ena likarolong tse ikemetseng le tse ipusang. Ha e rerelle ho fana ka litokelo tse lekanang, kapa litokelo tsa mofuta ofe kapa ofe, ho batho ba batšo ba lulang ka ntle ho libaka tse khethiloeng (li-reserve). Karohano ha ea ka ea amoheloa le ka mohla ke batho ba batšo, 'me e ke ke ea amoheloa le ka mohla. Ebile, ha ea ka ea hlahisoa kapa ea amoheloa ka botlalo ke batho ba basoeu. Ka hona, lentsoe "Bantustan" ke lebitso le fosahetseng ka botlalo, 'me le mpa le thusa feela Mokha oa Nationalist ho phethahatsa bolotsana. : <ref>https://sahistory.org.za/article/homelands</ref>Likoranta li ile tsa re morero oa Ba-Nationalist ke "Bantustans". Ka litsela tse ngata lentsoe leo le khelosa haholo. E amana le ho aroloa ha India, ka mor'a ho tloha ha Brithani ka ho se tsotelle, le e le boemo ba eona, ho ba linaha tse peli tse arohaneng, Hindustan le Pakistan. Ha ho na ho tšoana ha sebele le litlhahiso tsa Machaba, kaha (a) India le Pakistan ke linaha tse peli tse ikemetseng ka ho feletseng le tse ikemetseng lipolotiking, (b) Mamosleme a thabela litokelo tse lekanang India; Mahindu a thabela litšoaneleho tse lekanang Pakistan, (c) Karohano e ile ea fanoa le ho amoheloa ke mekha ka bobeli, kapa bonyane likarolo tse ngata tse nang le tšusumetso ho e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe. Merero ea 'Muso ha e nahane ka ho arola naha ena ka linaha tse ikemetseng. Ha li na litokelo tse lekanang, kapa litokelo leha e le life, bakeng sa Maafrika a ka ntle ho libaka tsa polokelo. Ho arohana ha naha ha ho mohla ho kileng ha amoheloa ke Maafrika ebile ho ke ke ha e-ba joalo. Tabeng eo ha ho mohla e kileng ea fetisetsoa kapa ea amoheloa ke ba basoeu. Ka hona, lentsoe "Bantustan" ke lebitso le fosahetseng ka ho felletseng, mme le tloaetse feela ho thusa ba Bosetšhaba ho etsa bolotsana. Verwoerd o ile a pheha khang ea hore Mabantustans e ne e le "malapeng a pele" a batho ba batšo ba Afrika Boroa. Ka 1951, 'muso oa Daniel François Malan o ile oa hlahisa Molao oa Batho ba Banthu ho theha "machaba" a abetsoeng merabe e ntšo ea naha eo. Tsena li ne li lekana le 13% ea naha ea naha, 'me tse ling kaofela li ne li boloketsoe batho ba basoeu. Machaba a ne a busoa ke baeta-pele ba meloko ba sebelisanang, ha baeta-pe ba sa sebelisaneng ba ne ba tlosoa ka matla. Ha nako e ntse e ea, ho ile ha hlaha sehlopha se busang sa batho ba batšo se neng se thahasella ho sireletsa naha ea habo sona. Le hoja sena se ile sa thusa ho tsitsisa lipolotiki tsa linaha tsa habo bona ka tekanyo e itseng, boemo ba bona bo ne bo ntse bo itšetlehile ka ho feletseng ka tšehetso ea Afrika Boroa.<ref>https://sahistory.org.za/article/homelands</ref> Karolo ea libaka tsa batho ba batšo (tseo ho thoeng ke *homelands*) e ile ea atolosoa ka 1959 ka ho fetisoa ha Molao oa Puso ea Boipuso ba Batho ba Batšo (*Bantu Self-Government Act*), o ileng oa theha moralo o bitsoang "Ntlafatso e Arohaneng" (*Separate Development*). Sena se ile sa nolofalletsa libaka tsena ho itlhahisa ha nako e ntse e ea e le libaka tse ipusang, 'me qetellong e le linaha tse nkiloeng e le tse "ikemetseng" ka botlalo. Ts'ebetso ena e ne e lokela ho finyelloa ka mehato e mene e meholo bakeng sa naha ka 'ngoe: * Ho kopanya dibaka tsa polokelo tse behilweng ka thoko bakeng sa "ditso" tse sa tshwaneng (tse bitswang "ditjhaba" ka molao ho tloha ka selemo sa 1959) tlasa "Bolaodi bo le bong ba Teritoriale" * Ho thehwa ha lekghotla la molao bakeng sa naha e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea habo e nang le matla a fokolang a ho ipusa * Ho thehoa ha naha ya habo e le "sebaka se ikemetseng" * Ho fana ka boipuso bo feletseng ba lebitso la naha ea habo Ka kakaretso, ha ho mohla ho neng ho lateloa moralo ona ka tsela e hlakileng, empa hangata ho ne ho etswa mehato e mengata e bohareng le e fetang e le nngwwe. Naha ya habo Transkei e ile ea sebetsa ka ditsela tse ngata e le "sebaka sa teko" bakeng sa maano a khethollo ea merabe; nts'etsopele ea eona ea mekhatlo e qalile pele ho molao wa selemo sa 1959, mme ka hona ho fihlella ha eona boipuso le boipuso ho ile ha kenngoa tshebetsong pele ho linaha tse ding tsa habo.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/edited-volume/abs/pii/B9780444862419501020</ref> Morero ona o ile oa matlafatsoa tlas'a mohlahlami oa Verwoerd e le tonakholo, John Vorster, e le karolo ea mokhoa oa hae oa "ho hlasimoloha" oa khethollo ea morabe. Leha ho le joalo, sepheo sa 'nete sa leano lena e ne e le ho phethahatsa morero oa pele oa Verwoerd oa ho etsa hore batho ba batšo ba Afrika Boroa e be baahi ba linaha tsa habo bona ho fapana le ba Afrika Boroa - ka hona ho tlosa litokelo tse fokolang tseo ba neng ba ntse ba e-na le tsona e le baahi. Linaha tsa habo bona li ile tsa khothalletsoa ho khetha boipuso, kaha sena se ne se tla fokotsa palo ea baahi ba batšo ba Afrika Boroa haholo. Ts'ebetso ea ho theha moralo oa molao oa morero ona e phethiloe ke Molao oa Boahi ba Linaha tsa Batho ba Batšo oa 1970, o ileng oa khetha Maafrika Boroa ohle a batšo e le baahi ba linaha tsa habo bona, leha ba ne ba lula "Afrika Boroa e tšoeu", 'me oa hlakola boahi ba bona ba Afrika Boroa, le Molao oa Molao oa Motheo oa Linaha tsa Batho oa 1971, o faneng ka moralo o akaretsang oa mekhahlelo ea nts'etsopele ea molao oa motheo oa linaha tsohle tsa habo bona (ntle le Transkei) ho tloha ho thehoeng ha Bolaoli ba Libaka ho fihlela boipusong bo felletseng. Ka selemo sa 1984, dinaha tsohle tse leshome tsa Afrika Boroa di ne di se li ikemetse mme tse mnè tsa tsona (Transkei, Boputhatswana, Venda le Li-Ciskei) li ne li phatlalalitsoe ka botlalo pakeng tsa selemo sa 1976 le 1981. Tafole e latelang e bontsha nako ya tswelo-pele ea litsi le ea molao ea Bantustans tse leshome tsa Afrika Boroa ho latela mehato e mene e ka hodimo e boletsweng: {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Naha ea habo !Setjhaba/Sechaba !Bolaoli ba tšimo<br /> !Seboka sa Molao<br /> !Boipuso<br /> !Ho se ikarabelle ka lebitso<br /> !Litokomane |- |Transkei |Sesotho |1956 |1963 |1963 |1976 |A forerunner of the Territorial Authority and the Legislative Assembly existed since 1931 under the name "United Transkeian Territories General Council".[12] |- |Bophuthatswana |Tswana |1961 |1971 |1972 |1977 |The Territorial Authority established in 1961 was reorganised in 1968.[17] |- |Venda |Venda |1962 |1971 |1973 |1979 |The Territorial Authority established in 1962 was reorganised in 1969.[22] |- |Li-Ciskei |Sesotho |1961 |1971 |1972 |1981 |A forerunner of the Territorial Authority and the Legislative Assembly previously existed from 1934[27] to 1955[28] under the name "Ciskeian General Council".The Territorial Authority established in 1961 was reorganised in 1968.[29] |- |Lebowa |Northern Sotho (Pedi) |1962 |1971 |1972 | - Ke ne ke sa tsebe. |The Territorial Authority established in 1962 was reorganised in 1969.[33] |- |Gazankulu |Tsonga (Shangane) |1962 |1971 |1973 | - Ke ne ke sa tsebe. |The Territorial Authority established in 1962 was reorganised in 1969.[38] |- |QwaQwa |[[Basotho|Sotho e ka Boroa]] |1969 |1971 |1974 | - Ke ne ke sa tsebe. | |- |KwaZulu |[[Mazulu|MaZulu]] |1970 |1972 |1977 | - Ke ne ke sa tsebe. | |- |KwaNdebele |Ndebele |1977 |1979 |1981 | - Ke ne ke sa tsebe. | |- |KaNgwane |Seswazi |1976 |1977 |1984 | - Ke ne ke sa tsebe. |The homeland status was temporarily suspended between June and December 1982.[52] |} IKa nako e tšoanang le ho theoa ha libaka tsa batho ba batšo (tseo ho thoeng ke *homelands* kapa *Bantustans*), baahi ba batšo ba Afrika Boroa ba ile ba qobelloa ho kenya letsoho lenaneong le leholo la ho fallisoa ka likhoka. Ho hakanngoa hore batho ba limilione tse 3.5 ba ile ba qobelloa ho tloha mahaeng a bona pakeng tsa lilemo tsa bo-1960 le bo-1980, 'me ba bangata ba bona ba ile ba isoa libakeng tsa *Bantustans*.<ref>https://southafrica-info.com/history/provinces-homelands-south-africa-1996/</ref> mMuso o ile wa hlakisa hore sepheo sa oona sa ho qetela e ne e le ho tlosa batho ba batsho Afrika Boroa ka ho feletseng. Connie Mulder, Letona la Dikamano le Ntsshetsopele ya Batho ba Bangata, o ile a bolella Ntlo ea Kopano ka la 7 Hlakola 1978:   Empa morero ona ha oa ka oa finyelloa. Ke karolo e nyane feela (e ka bang 39% ka 1986 ) ea baahi ba batšo ba Afrika Boroa e neng e lula Bantustans; ba setseng ba ne ba lula Afrika Boroa ka boeona, ba bangata ba lula litoropo, litoropong tsa mahaeng le libakeng tse tlase tse ka ntle ho metse ea Afrika Boroa. == Ho amoheloa ha machabeng == Libaka tsa Bantustan tse ka hare ho meeli ea Afrika Boroa li ne li khetholloa e le tse "ipusang" kapa tse "ikemetseng". Ka khopolo, libaka tsa Bantustan tse ipusang li ne li e-na le taolo holim'a likarolo tse ngata tsa ts'ebetso ea tsona ea ka hare, empa li ne li e-so be lichaba tse ikemetseng ka botlalo. Libaka tsa Bantustan tse ikemetseng (e leng Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda le Ciskei; tse tsejoang hape e le linaha tsa TBVC) li ne li reretsoe ho ba tse ikemetseng ka botlalo. Leha ho le joalo, libaka tsena li ne li sa hlokomeloa haholo ke mebuso ea bokolone hammoho le mebuso ea hamorao ea Afrika Boroa, 'me li ne li ntse li sa tsoela pele ho hang. Boemo bona bo ile ba fokotsa haholo bokhoni ba linaha tsena ba ho ipusa, 'me ba etsa hore li itšetlehe haholo ka 'muso oa Afrika Boroa. Ho pholletsa le boteng ba Ma-Bantustan a ikemetseng, Afrika Boroa e ile ea lula e le eona feela naha e ananelang boipuso ba bona. 'Muso oa Afrika Boroa o ile oa etsa boipiletso ba hore ba ananeloe. Ka 1976, ho isa qetong ea Ntlo ea Baemeli ea United States e khothalletsang Mopresidente hore a se ke a ananela Transkei, 'muso oa Afrika Boroa o ile oa etsa boipiletso bo matla ho baetsi ba molao ho hanyetsa molao ona.[1] Matšoao a mohala oa seea-le-moea a sa amoheloeng a ile a etsoa bakeng sa linaha tse ikemetseng 'me likarete tsa QSL li ile tsa romelloa ke basebetsi ba li sebelisang, empa Mokhatlo oa Machaba oa Lipuisano ha oa ka oa amohela liteishene tsena e le tse molaong.[2] Naha ka 'ngoe ea TBVC e ile ea atolosa kananelo ho Ma-Bantustan a mang a ikemetseng ha Afrika Boroa e bontša boitlamo ba eona khopolong ea boipuso ba TBVC ka ho haha ​​​​maemeli metseng e meholo ea TBVC. == Bophelo ba Bantustans == Ka kakaretso, dibaka tsa Bantustan di ne di futanehile mme di e-na le menyetla e fokolang ea mesebetsi ea sebakeng seo. Leha ho le joalo, ho ne ho e-na le menyetla e meng ea tsoelo-pele bakeng sa batho ba batšo, hape ho ile ha e-ba le tsoelo-pele thutong le meralong ya motheo. Dibaka tse nne tsa Bantustan tse ileng tsa fumana boipuso ba lebitso feela (Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda le Ciskei) di ile tsa hlakola melao yohle ya kgethollo ya morabe (apartheid). Melao yaa Bantustans e ne e fapane le ya Afrika Boroa. Sehlopha sa [[Afrika Borwa]] se ne se atisa ho sebelisa meeli ena hampe, mohlala ka ho haha di-casino tse kholo, joalo ka Sun City naheng ya habo Bophuthatswana. yaBophuthatswana e ne e boetse e na le di-depositi tsa platinamo le disebediswa tse ling tsa tlhaho, tse ileng tsa e etsa morui ka ho fetisisa ho Bantustans. == Lintho tse ileng tsa etsahala hamorao == Ka Pherekhong 1985, Mopresidente oa Naha P. W. Botha o ile a phatlalatsa hore batho ba batšo ba lulang ka hare ho naha ea Afrika Boroa ba ke ke ba hlola ba amohuoa boahi ba Afrika Boroa molemong oa boahi ba li-Bantustan, le hore baahi ba batšo ba lulang li-Bantustan tse ikemetseng ba ka etsa kopo hape ea ho fumana boahi ba Afrika Boroa; nakong ea likhetho tsa naha tsa 1987, F. W. de Klerk o ile a bua lebitsong la National Party a re: "Boiteko bo bong le bo bong ba ho thibela phallo [ea basebetsi ba batšo] ba kenang libakeng tsa litoropo bo hlolehile. Ha ho na thuso ho iphetisa ka taba ena. Moruo o hloka hore bongata ba batho ba batšo bo lule ka ho sa feleng libakeng tsa litoropo... Ba ke ke ba lula Afrika Boroa selemo le selemo ba se na boemeli ba lipolotiki."[1] Ka Hlakubele 1990, de Klerk—ea ileng a hlahlama Botha joaloka Mopresidente oa Naha ka 1989—o ile a phatlalatsa hore mmuso oa hae o ke ke oa fana ka boipuso ho li-Bantustan tse ding hape.<ref name=":1">https://www.972mag.com/apartheid-bantustans-palestinian-statehood/</ref> Leha ho le jwalo, dipolelo tsena ha lia ka tsa bolelwa e le ho hana tsamaiso ea Bantustan ka kakaretso: sepheo sa puso ya kgethollo ea merabe nakong ea halofo ea bobeli ea bo-1980 e ne e le ho "matlafatsa" moralo oa mokhatlo wa khethollo ea morabe ha o ntse o siea melao-motheo ea oona ea motheo, ho kenyeletsoa le linaha tsa habo bona, e sa fetohe. Mmuso o ile oa qobelloa ho amohela boteng bo sa feleng ba batho ba batšo libakeng tsa litoropo, hammoho le ho hlokomela hore mekhoa e neng e le matla haholo ea pele ea ho laola phallo ea batho (eo joale e ileng ea nkeloa sebaka ke mekhoa e bonolo haholoanyane) e ne e ke ke ea sebetsa; ho sa buuoa le ka taba ea hore ho ne ho ke ke ha khoneha ho falla le ho isa batho bohle ba batšo libakeng tse khethiloeng tsa merabe ea bona (li-"homelands"), esita le nakong e telele e tlang. Mmuso o ne o tšepile ho khutsisa baahi ba batšo ba litoropong ka ho rala meralo e fapaneng ea ho ba fa litokelo tse lekanyelitsoeng maemong a lehae (empa e seng maemong a holimo a puso). Ho feta moo, libaka tsa bolulo litoropong (le mahaeng) li ile tsa lula li arohantsoe ho latela morabe, ho ea ka Molao oa Libaka tsa Merabe (Group Areas Act). Molao-motheo oa "ntlafatso e arohaneng" o ile oa tsoela pele ho sebetsa, 'me puso ea khethollo ea morabe (apartheid) ea tsoela pele ho itšetleha ka libaka tsa batho ba batšo (Bantustans) e le e 'ngoe ea litšiea tsa mantlha tsa leano la eona la ho sebetsana le baahi ba batšo. Ho fihlela ka 1990, ho ile ha tsoelo-pele ho etsoa boiteko ba ho khothaletsa libaka tsena tse ipusang hore li nke qeto ea ho fumana boipuso (mohlala, Lebowa, Gazankulu le KwaZulu), 'me ka linako tse ling, mebuso ea libaka tsena tse ipusang (mohlala, KwaNdebele) ka boyona e ile ea bontša thahasello ea ho fumana boipuso nakong e tlang. Ho ile ha boela ha nahanoa ka hara mekgatlo ea [[Mokga wa dipolotiki (Aforika Borwa)|Mokga wa Setjhaba]] o busang ho theha mekhatlo e eketsehileng e ikemetseng ea lebitso libakeng tsa litoropo ka mokhoa oa "metse-motse" e ikemetseng e ntsho. Molao-motheo oa "ntlafatso e arohaneng" o ile oa tsoela pele ho sebetsa, 'me puso ea khethollo ea morabe (apartheid) ea tsoela pele ho itšetleha ka libaka tsa batho ba batsho (Bantustans) e le e 'ngoe ea litšiea tsa mantlha tsa leano la eona la ho sebetsana le baahi ba batšo. Ho fihlela ka 1990, ho ile ha tsoelo-pele ho etsoa boiteko ba ho khothaletsa libaka tsena tse ipusang hore li nke qeto ea ho fumana boipuso (mohlala, Lebowa, Gazankulu le KwaZulu), 'me ka linako tse ling, mebuso ea libaka tsena tse ipusang (mohlala, KwaNdebele) ka boyona e ile ea bontša thahasello ea ho fumana boipuso nakong e tlang. Ho tloha ka 1990 ho isa ho 1994, mehopolo ena ea "mokhatlo oa linaha tse ikemetseng" (confederation) e ne e ntse e tšehetsoa ka molao-motheo ke likarolo tse kholo tsa National Party (hammoho le mekha e meng le lihlopha tsa bahanyetsi ba basoeu ba nang le maikutlo a tokoloho), empa motheo oa eona o neng o thehiloe pepenene khethollong ea morabe o ile oa qala ho fela butle-butle nakong ea lipuisano tsa ho felisa apartheid, 'me tlhokomelo ea fetoha ho sireletseng "litokelo tsa lihlopha tse nyane" (haholo-holo baahi ba basoeu) ka mor'a hore ho lebelletsoe ho fetisetsoa ha matla ho bongata ba batho ba batšo. Merero ea tsamaiso ea federal (federalist plans) e ile ea boela ea fumana tšehetso ho mebuso le mekha e meng ea libaka tsa batho ba batšo (li-homeland), haholo-holo Inkatha Freedom Party, e neng e le mokha o busang KwaZulu. Empa kaha haholo-holo African National Congress e ile ea hlakisa hore melao-motheo ea " motho a le mong - voutu e le 'ngoe" le ea naha e kopaneng (unitary state) e ne e sa buisanoe ka eona, qetellong merero ea mofuta oa confederation e ile ea lahloa. Ka lebaka la sena, Inkatha Freedom Party e ile ea sokela ho hana ho nka karolo likhethong tsa naha tsa Mmesa 1994 tse ileng tsa felisa apartheid, 'me ea etsa qeto ea ho nka karolo motsotsong oa ho qetela feela ka mor'a hore ho etsoe litumellano tse ba khotsofatsang, hammoho le ho National Party e neng e ntse e busa le lihlopha tse 'maloa tsa bahanyetsi ba basoeu.[1] Nakong e lebisitseng dikeethong tsa 1994, baetapele ba mmaloa linaheng tse ikemetseng le tse ikemetseng (mohlala Boputhatswana), ba neng ba sa batle ho tela matla a bona, ba ile ba hanyetsa ka matla ho qhaqhoa ha Bantustans mme, ka ho etsa joalo, ba fumana tšehetso ho tsoa mekhatlong e tšoeu ea ho loka, likarolo tsa sesole sa naha sa apartheid le lihlopha tse matla tsa pro-apartheid tse kang Afrikaner Weerstands movement. == Ho qhibiliha == Ka ho oa ha puso ea khethollo ea morabe (apartheid) Afrika Boroa ka 1994, libaka tsohle tsa Bantustan (e leng tse neng li nkuoa li ikemetse le tse neng li ipusa) li ile tsa qhaloa 'me libaka tsa tsona tsa khutlisetsoa ka hare ho Rephabliki ea Afrika Boroa ho qala ka la 27 Mmesa 1994 (e leng letsatsi leo ka lona Molao-motheo oa Nako ea Phetoho, o ileng oa felisa khethollo ea morabe ka molao, o ileng oa qala ho sebetsa le moo likhetho tsa pele tsa demokrasi li ileng tsa qala teng) ho latela karolo ea 1(2) le Lenane la 1 la Molao-motheo oa Rephabliki ea Afrika Boroa, 1993 ("Molao-motheo oa Nako ea Phetoho").[1] Bohato ba ho finyella sena bo ile ba etelletsoa pele ke [[African National Congress]] (ANC) e le karolo ea bohlokoa ea lenaneo la eona la liphetoho. Ho kenngoa hape ho ile ha finyelloa ka tsela e nang le khotso, le hoja ho ne ho e-na le khanyetso e itseng ho tsoa ho lihlopha tsa batho ba moo, ba ileng ba lahleheloa ke menyetla ea leruo le matla a lipolotiki a fanoang ke linaha tsa habo bona. Ho qhaqhoa ha linaha tsa Bophuthatswana le Ciskei ho ne ho le thata haholo. Ciskei, mabotho a tšireletso a Afrika Boroa a ile a tlameha ho kenella ka March 1994 ho felisa koluoa ea dipolotiki. Ho tloha ka selemo sa 1994, likarolo tse ngata tsa naha li ile tsa aroloa bocha ka molao-motheo [[Diporofensi tsa Afrika Borwa|liprofinse]] tse ncha. Leha ho le joalo, baetapele ba bangata ba libaka tseo ho thoeng ke 'Bantustans' kapa 'Homelands' (libaka tse neng li behiloe ka thoko bakeng sa batho ba batšo nakong ea khethollo ea morabe) ba bile le karolo lipolotiking tsa Afrika Boroa ho tloha ha libaka tseo li qhaloa. Ba bang ba ile ba kenya mekhatlo ea bona likhethong tsa pele tse neng li sa khetholle ka morabe, ha ba bang ba ile ba ikopanya le mokhatlo oa ANC. Mangosuthu Buthelezi e ne e le Tonakholo ea sebaka sa habo sa KwaZulu ho tloha ka 1976 ho isa ho 1994. Afrika Boroa ea kamora nako ea khethollo ea morabe, o sebelitse e le mopresidente oa mokhatlo oa Inkatha Freedom Party le Letona la Litaba tsa Lehae. Bantubonke Holomisa, eo e neng e le general sebakeng sa Transkei ho tloha ka 1987, o sebelitse e le mopresidente oa mokhatlo oa United Democratic Movement ho tloha ka 1997. General Constand Viljoen, e leng Mo-Afrikaner ea neng a sebeletsa e le molaoli oa Sesole sa Afrika Boroa (South African Defence Force), o ile a romela masole a hae a ka bang 1,500 ho ea sireletsa Lucas Mangope le ho hanyetsa ho felisoa ha Bophuthatswana e le sebaka se ikemetseng ka 1994. O ile a theha mokhatlo oa Freedom Front ka 1994. Lucas Mangope, eo e neng e le moetapele oa morabe oa Motsweda Ba hurutshe-Boo-Manyane oa batho ba Tswana le hlooho ea Bophuthatswana, ke mopresidente oa mokhatlo oa United Christian Democratic Party, e leng mokhatlo o nkoang e le tsoelo-pele ea mokhatlo o neng o busa sebaka seo sa habo. Oupa Gqozo, e leng moetapele oa ho qetela oa Ciskei, o ile a kenya mokhatlo oa hae oa African Democratic Movement likhethong tsa 1994 empa a sa atleha. Mokhatlo oa Dikwankwetla, o neng o busa Qwaqwa, o ntse o e-na le tšusumetso khanseleng ea Maluti a Phofung moo e leng mokhatlo o moholo ka ho fetisisa oa bohanyetsi. Mokhatlo oa Ximoko, o neng o busa Gazankulu, o na le boteng pusong ea lehae ea Giyani. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, eo e neng e le Tonakholo ea KwaNdebele, George Mahlangu, le ba bang ba ile ba theha mokhatlo oa Sindawonye Progressive Party, e leng o mong oa mekhatlo e meholo ea bohanyetsi ho la Thembisile Hani Local Municipality le Dr JS Moroka Local Municipality (dibaka tse akaretsang sebaka seo e neng e le 'homeland' pele). == Lethathamo la Bantustans == === Ba-bantustane Afrika Borwa === [[File:Bantustans_in_South_Africa.svg|right|thumb|300x300px|mMapa wa dibaka tsa bodulo tsa batho ba batšo Afrika Boroa qetellong ea khethollo ea merabe ka 1994]] Dinaha tsa habo tsona di thathamisitsoe ka tlase le sehlopha sa merabe seo naha e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea habo eona e khethiloeng ho sona. Tse 'nè li ne li ikemetse ka lebitso (tse bitswang linaha tsa TBVC tsa Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda le Li-Ciskei). Tse ding tse tsheletseng di ne di e-na le boipuso bo fokolang: ==== Litaba tsa lipopi ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Bantustan !Motse-moholo !Sehlopha sa batho !Lilemo tsa boipuso<br /> !Lilemo tsa boipuso tse boletsoeng<br /> |- |Transkei |Umtata |Sesotho |1963[1]–1976 |1976 |- |Bophuthatswana | |Tswana |1972[4]–1977 |1977 |- |Venda | |Venda |1973[6]–1979 |1979 |- |Li-Ciskei | |Sesotho |1972[8]–1981 |1981 |} ==== Mekgatlo e ikemetseng ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Bantustan !Motse-moholo !Setjhaba !Lilemo |- |Lebowa |[[Lebowakgomo]] (1974-1994) Sesego (ka nakoana, ho fihlela 1974) <br />(provisionally, until 1974) |Northern Sotho (Pedi) |1972 |- |Gazankulu |[[Giyani]] |Tsonga (Shangane) |1973 |- |QwaQwa |[[Phuthaditjhaba]] (ho fihlela ka 1974 e ne e bitsoa Witsieshoek) (until 1974 called Witsieshoek) |[[Basotho|Sotho e ka Boroa]] |1974 |- |KwaZulu |Ulundi (1980-1994) Nongoma (ka nakoana, ho fihlela 1980) <br />(provisionally, until 1980) |[[Mazulu|MaZulu]] |1977 |- |KwaNdebele |KwaMhlanga (1986-1994) Siyabuswa (ka nakoana, ho fihlela 1986) <br />(provisionally, until 1986) |Ndebele |1981 |- |KaNgwane |Louieville Schoemansdal (ka nakoana, ho fihlela bohareng ba bo-1980) <br />(provisionally, until the mid-1980s) |Seswazi |1984 |} Bantustan ea pele e ne e le Transkei, e etelletsweng pele ke Moemphera e Moholo Daliwonga Matanzima Profinseng ea Cape bakeng sa setjhaba sa Xhosa. KwaZulu, e leng sechaba sa MaZulu se Profinse ea Natal, se ne se etelletswe pele ke setho sa Lelapa la borena la Mazulu hlooho Mangosuthu ("Gatsha") Buthelezi ka lebitso la morena wa MaZulu. [[Lesotho]] le [[Eswatini]] (eo pele e neng e tsejwa e le Swaziland) e ne e se batho ba Bantustans; e ne e le dinaha tse ikemetseng le tse neng di le mebuso ea Brithani. Dinaha tsena di pota-potilwe haholo-holo kapa ka ho feletseng ke naha ya Afrika Borwa mme di itshetlehile ka ho feletseng ka Afrika Borwa. Ha ho mohla ba kileng ba itshetleha ka dipolotiki ka tsela ea molao ka Afrika Borwa mme ba ile ba amohelwa e le linaha tse ikemetseng ke sechaba sa matjhaba ho tloha ha ba fuwa boipuso ba bona ke UK ka bo-1960. === Ba-Bantustane Afrika BorWa-bophirimela === ==== Matjhaba ====   [[File:Namibia_homelands_78.jpeg|thumb|'Mmapa wa dibaka tsa bodulo tsa batho ba batsho tsa [[Namibia]] ho tloha ka 1978]] Lilemong tsa bo-1960, Afrika Borwa—e neng e laola South West Africa tlas’a taelo ea Mokhatlo oa Lichaba (League of Nations)—e ile ea tobana le khatello e ntseng e eketseha ea machaba mabapi le puso ea eona ea batho ba basoeu (ba neng ba le mmalonyana) holim’a bongata ba batho ba batšo. Tharollo eo Afrika Borwa e neng e e rerile—e leng Moralo oa Odendaal—e ne e le ho arola batho ba basoeu le bao e seng basoeu, ho fa libaka tsa batho ba batšo tse arohaneng boipuso, e le hore ka tsela eo, batho ba basoeu e be bona ba bangata karolong e kholo e setseng ea naha. Ho feta moo, ho ne ho nahanoa hore ka ho arola lihlopha tsa merabe le ho qobella batho ka molao hore ba lule libakeng tse khethiloeng bakeng sa bona, khethollo ea morabe e ne e tla nyamela ka boeona.Moralo oa Odendaal o ile oa bululeloa, karolong e 'ngoe, ke litsebi tsa thuto ea batho (anthropologists) tsa Afrika Borwa. Dibaka tse neng li khethiloe li ne li bitsoa ''li-bantustans'', 'me karolo e setseng ea naha e ne e bitsoa Police Zone. Ka mor'a moo, batho bohle bao e seng ba basoeu ba neng ba sebetsa sebakeng sa mapolesa ba ile ba fetoha ''basebetsi ba bajaki'', 'me ho ile ha thehoa melao ea ho fetisetsa mokhatlo oa mapolesa ho ea le ho tsoa bantustans. Sebaka se kopaneng sa batho bohle ba bantustan se ne se lekana le sebaka sa mapolesa. Leha ho le jwalo, batho bohle ba bantustans ba ne ba le mahaeng haholo mme ba sa kenyeletswe metseng e meholo. Dikou tsohle, boholo ba marang-rang a terene le meralo ea ditsela e nang le tarred, boema-fofane bohle bo boholo, libaka tse ruisang haholo tsa taemane le dirapeng tsa boikgathollo tsa naha di ne di le sebakeng sa Sepolesa. Ho qala ka selemo sa 1968,ho latela likhothaletso tsa 1964 tse tsoang ho khomishene e neng e etelletsoe pele ke Fox Odendaal, ho ile ha theooa libaka tse leshome tsa bolulo ba merabe (tse tsejoang e le *homelands*) tse tšoanang le tse neng li le Afrika Boroa, sebakeng sa South West Africa (eo kajeno e leng Namibia). Lentswe "Bantustan" ha le nepahale hantle tabeng ena, kaha a mang a merabe e amehang e ne e le ea batho ba Khoisan, e seng ba Bantu, mme boemo ba batho ba Rehoboth Basters bo ne bo rarahane. Hara dibaka tsena tse leshome tsa bodulo ba merabe tsa South West Africa, ke tse tharo feela tse ileng tsa fuoa boipuso (bo tshwanang le ba li-Bantustan tsa Afrika Borwa) pakeng tsa 1973 le 1976. ==== Mekhatlo e Ts'oanang ==== Ka Phupu 1980, tsamaiso e ile ea fetoloa ho ba ea mebuso e arohaneng ("makala a emelang batho") e sebetsang joalo ka likarolo tsa tsamaiso tsa boemo ba bobeli (tse ikarabellang litabeng tse kang kabo ea mobu, temo, thuto ho fihlela boemong ba koetliso ea matichere a likolo tsa mathomo, litšebeletso tsa bophelo bo botle, hammoho le litšebeletso tsa boiketlo ba sechaba le penshene) ho latela morabe feela, eseng libaka tse hlalositsoeng ka meeli ea sebaka. Ho latela meaho ea tsamaiso e neng e se e ntse e le teng ho tloha ka 1925 le 1962, ho ile ha theoa makala a emelang batho bakeng sa lihlopha tsa batho ba basoeu[2] le ba Coloured[3]. Ha ho na makala a joalo a emelang batho a ileng a theoa bakeng sa batho ba merabe ea Himba le San (ba lulang haholo libakeng tseo e neng e le mahae a bona a khale a Kaokoland le Bushmanland). Mebuso ena ea boemo ba bobeli e thehiloeng merabeng e ile ea emisoa tšebetsong ka Mots'eanong 1989, qalong ea nako ea phetoho e lebisang boipusong, 'me ea hlakoloa ka molao ka la 21 Hlakubele 1990 (letsatsi leo Namibia e ileng ea fumana boipuso ka lona) ho latela Lenane la 8 la Molao-motheo oa Namibia.[1] Ba-Baster ba ile ba leka ka matla empa ba hlōleha ho boloka boemo ba boipuso ba Rehoboth—e leng sebaka se neng se e-na le boipuso nakong ea puso ea Jeremane—hammoho le Basterland. Sebakeng seo pele e neng e le Bantustan ea East Caprivi, batho ba tšehetsang boipuso ba sechaba sa Lozi ba ile ba qala boiteko bo sa atlehang ba ho loantša 'muso ka 1999, ba batla ho ikarola ho Namibia le ho fumana boipuso. Naha e libakeng tsa Bantustan e ile ea oela mmusong oa Namibia, 'me kajeno e bitsoa "Lifapha tsa Sechaba". ==== Matjhaba (ho fihlela 1980) / Baemeli ba 'Muso (1980-1989/1990) ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Bantustan !Motse-moholo !Boholo ba moloko o emeloang !Lekhotla la Molao le thehiloe !Boipuso !Lilemo tsa Bolaoli bo Ikemetseng |- |Linaha tsa Ovamboland |Likhomo tsa limela |Ovambo |1968 |1973 |1980 (1990) |- |Kavangoland |Rundu |Kavango |1970 |1973 |1980 (1990) |- |Bochabela ba Caprivi |Katima Mulilo |Lozi |1972 |1976 |1980 (1990) |- |[[Namaland|Naha ea Namaland]] |Keetmanshoop |Nama |1976 | - Ke ne ke sa tsebe. |1980 (1990) |- |Rehoboth |Rehoboth |Baster |1977 |— |1980 (1990) |- |Damaraland |Li-Welwitschia |Damara |1977 | - Ke ne ke sa tsebe. |1980 (1990) |- |[[Hereroland]] |Okakarara |Herero |— | - Ke ne ke sa tsebe. |1980 (1990) |- |[[Tswanaland]] |Li-aminois |Tswana | - Ke ne ke sa tsebe. | - Ke ne ke sa tsebe. |1980 (1990) |- |[[Bushmanland (South West Africa)|Naha ea Bushman]] |Tsumkwe |San | - Ke ne ke sa tsebe. | - Ke ne ke sa tsebe. |— |- |Kaokoland |Ohopoho |Himba | - Ke ne ke sa tsebe. | - Ke ne ke sa tsebe. |— |} == Tshebediso maemong a seng Afrika Borwa == Lentswe "bantustan" le fetohile lentswe le akaretsang ho supa ka kutlwisiso e nyatsang sebaka sefe kapa sefe moo batho ba qobellwang ho phela ntle le ditokelo tse felletseng tsa setjhaba le dipolotiki. === Palestina === Botjhabela bo Hare, dibaka tsa Mapalestina tse ka hare ho West Bank le Gaza Strip hangata di hlaloswa e le "bantustans" ke ba nyatsang maano a Iseraele dibakeng tsa Mapalestina. Lentswe lena le sebediswa ho bolela dibaka tse rerilweng West Bank bakeng sa Mapalestina tlasa ditlhahiso tse fapaneng tse etelletsweng pele ke U.S. le Iseraele ho rarolla kgohlano dipakeng tsa Iseraele le Palestina, kapa ho bolela "dihlekehleke" tse 165 tse seng di ntse di le teng—tse ileng tsa hlaha ka molao e le Dibaka tsa A le B tlasa Tumellano ya Oslo II ya selemo sa 1995. Merero ya kgotso ya Iseraele le U.S.—ho kenyeletswa Morero wa Allon, morero wa Drobles wa Mokgatlo wa Lefatse wa Zionist, morero wa Menachem Begin, morero wa Benjamin Netanyahu wa "Allon Plus", Seboka sa Camp David sa 2000, le pono ya Sharon ya naha ya Palestina—di ile tsa sisinya hore ho be le dibaka tse arohaneng (tse kang di-enclave), jwalo ka ha morero wa kgotso wa Trump wa selemo sa 2020 le wona o entse. Sena se ile sa nyatswa e le "kgetho ya Bantustan".<ref name=":1" /> Sebakeng sa subcontinent ya India, mmuso wa Sinhalese wa Sri Lanka o qositswe ka ho fetola dibaka tsa batho ba merabe ya Tamil hore e be "di-bantustan". Lentswe lena le boetse le sebedisitswe ho hlalosa maemo a bophelo ba batho ba sehlopha sa Dalit naheng ea India. [[Nigeria]], mobishopo wa Khatholike Matthew Hassan Kukah o bua ka borwa ba Kaduna State e le "Bantustan e lenngwe e kgolo ya tlhokomeliso ea mmuso". [[Canada]] le [[United States|Dinaheng tse Kppaneng tsa Amerikas]], dibaka tsa polokelo ea Maindia le libaka tsa poloko ea Maindie hangata li bapisoa le Bantustans ka lebaka la kamano e arolelanoeng lipakeng tsa ditsheebetso tsa khethollo ea merabe ya linaha tseo.<ref name=":1" /> == Bona hape == * Letswai * Dihlekehleke tsa Palestina, tseo hangata di bitswang bantustans * Dibaka Tsa Bohlweki * Dikgetho tsa Maori * [[Kgethollo ya merabe|Boemo ba kgethollo ya merabe]] * Molao wa Boahi wa Mabatowa a Bantu, 1970 * Ho arohana ka morabe * Volkstaat * Passport ya ka hare * Ho hlwekisa merabe * Bolaodi ba ho fallisetsa dinaheng tse ding * Ditumellano tsa Oslo * Hamastan == Ditlhaloso == [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] od02qjpqm8oy8z3d56jvqafagpm7nf2 0 11149 42035 41998 2026-10-30T00:43:24Z InternetArchiveBot 8513 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 42035 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Moses Moyo''' (19 Pudungwana 1977 - 25 Mphalane 2018 <ref>https://ewn.co.za/2018/10/26/sanef-pays-tribute-to-journalist-moses-moyo</ref> ) e ne e le moqolotsi wa ditaba, mohlophisi le moitseki wa dipolotiki [[Afrika Borwa]] . == Tsa bophelo == Moyo e ne e le mothehi le modulasetulo wa Friends of the Inner-city Forum, mokgatlo o thehilweng setjhabeng motseng o kahare wa Johannesburg. E ne e boetse e le motsamaisi ya thehileng setsi sa tlhokomelo ya bakudi ba kulang ba Ekuphumuleni. O bapetse karolo ya bohlokwa ho thehwang ha Tirisano Inner-city Housing Co-operative (e leng boiteko ba ho thusa batho ho reka difolete motseng o ka hare ho Johannesburg ka rente ho ya reka). E ne e le moqolotsi wa ditaba wa ''Eyewitness News'' . <ref>https://ewn.co.za/Contributors/moses-moyo</ref> Moyo e ne e le motshehetsi wa ntwa ya Isiraele <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20181026151820/http://www.sajr.co.za/extras/test/2016/02/23/joburg-takes-a-feather-out-cape-s-cap</ref> mme o ile a bokella chelete ka ho ithaopela ho matha Marathon ya Jerusalema <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.sajr.co.za/news-and-articles/2018/03/01/moyo-s-on-the-move-to-make-a-difference |access-date=2026-10-27 |archive-date=2018-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026145616/http://www.sajr.co.za/news-and-articles/2018/03/01/moyo-s-on-the-move-to-make-a-difference |dead-url=yes}}</ref> bakeng sa DL link, mokgatlo o pholohileng kankere. Moyo e ne e le motlatsi wa Mopresidente wa Mokgatlo wa Bahatisi ba Ikemetseng. <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20130625051143/http://www.aip.org.za/board-profiles-and-photos/moses-moyo/</ref> == Ditshupiso == stf290x6poqwp3cfqf0sn20ft2ztp15 0 11153 42037 2026-10-30T06:42:54Z TsheleCAT 13263 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1291941922|Bantu music]]" 42037 wikitext text/x-wiki Mmino wa Bantu ke mmino o hlahiswang ke Batho ba [[Afrika]].E kenyelletsa mmino o fapaneng o arolelanang lefa le le leng le batho ba Bantu ka bobona. <ref name=":0">https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-international-folk-music-council/article/abs/state-of-folk-music-in-bantu-africa/AC3256AE6661EB795FDD224DE9DE6326</ref> == Ditshobotsi == [[File:Xylophone-pjt1.jpg|alt=xylophones|thumb|Banna ba hodileng ka lehong ba etsa dihlopha tsa meropa kapa di-xylophone.]] Mmino wa Batho o amana le puo e buwang.Mekgwa e fapana ho ya ka puo ya sebaka seo ho buwang ho sona.Mmino wa batho ba Bantu le dibini ha di bue ka ditsebiso tse "phahameng" kapa tse "tlaase".Ba hlalosa dintlha tse tharo e le "tse nyenyane".Ho sa le jwalo, mantso]we a bass a hlaloswa e le "a monate".Mmino wa Batho o rata melodi e fokotsehang.Hangata, litlhaloso tse fetang tse nne tse latellanang tse nyolohang ka molumo li bontsha tshusumetso ya kantle, ntle le maemong a mang joalo ka mmino wa moloko wa Bemba. <ref name=":0" /> Sehlopha se seng le se seng sa Ba-Bantu se fetola mokhoa oa sona wa mmino ka phetoho e nngwe le e nngwe ya puo.Ho fapana ha mmino oa Bantu ke phello ea lefa le tloaelehileng la merabe libakeng tse arohantsweng ka ho ipapisa.Batho ba Bantu ba tlwaetse ho bina dipina tsa mosebetsi, haholo-holo mesebetsing e pheta-phetwang.Bahiri le baetapele ba ne ba ba kgothaletsa, mme ka dinako tse ding ba tsamaea le motjeko o sebelisetswang ho hlahisa mesebetsi, jwalo ka tshimoloho ya Malipenga, e ipapisitseng le boikwetliso ba sesole. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|pages=55–62}}</ref> == Disebediswa == Disebediswa tsa mmino tsa mmino wa Batho di itshetlehile ka tikoloho.Libakeng tse kang merung e chesang ea Congo Basin, difate li fana ka mohlodi oa ho etsa meropa.Ho sa le jwalo, mmino oa merabe ya Mazulu ha o sebelise meropa ka lebaka la kgaello ya disebediswa dibakeng tsa makgulo tsa Natal. <ref name=":1" /> Batho ba dulang merung ea lehlaka dithabeng ba etsa diletsa tsa ho letsa, ha batho ba lulang haufi le matsha le dinoka ba etsa dipeipi tse nang le lehlaka.Batho ba dulang lithoteng ba sebedisa ho ngola mmino o binang ntle le ho tsamaya, ha batho ba merung ba sebelisa ho bapala meropa le xylophones. <ref name=":0" /> == Bona hape == * Dipuo tsa batho * Mmino wa Afrika == Ditlhaloso == s5oak3nz097g3pk93lkq9vvb8agsvj1