Wikipedia suwiki https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepas MediaWiki 1.39.0-wmf.23 first-letter Média Husus Obrolan Pamaké Obrolan pamaké Wikipedia Obrolan Wikipedia Gambar Obrolan gambar MédiaWiki Obrolan MédiaWiki Citakan Obrolan citakan Pitulung Obrolan pitulung Kategori Obrolan kategori Portal Obrolan portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Gadget Gadget talk Gadget definition Gadget definition talk 0 2170 629906 629745 2022-08-06T12:21:30Z 114.79.16.134 /* Hadiah Nobel */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taun nav|2003}} {{C21TaunDumasarJejer}} {{TaunDinaKalenderSejen}} '''2003''' ('''[[Angka Romawi|MMIII]]''') mangrupa [[taun biasa nu dimimitian poé Rebo]] dina [[kalénder Gregori]]. [[Januari]] - 28 [[Propinsi di Indonesia]] [[Donald Knuth]] elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society. == Hadiah Nobel == '''[[Hadiah Nobel widang kimia]]:''' [[Peter Agre]], [[Roderick MacKinnon]], pikeun papanggihanana ngeunaan kanal na [[mémbran sél]] '''Élmu ékonomi:''' [[Robert Engle]] jeung [[Clive Granger]], for work on analysing economic time series. - [[Statistika ékonomi]] {{Kalenderperbulan}} {{Kalender-pondok}} 82xbg03qnmws4xjc2jxak0gmcipu000 629907 629906 2022-08-06T12:22:09Z 114.79.16.134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taun nav|2003}} {{C21TaunDumasarJejer}} {{TaunDinaKalenderSejen}} '''2003''' ('''[[Angka Romawi|MMIII]]''') mangrupa [[taun biasa nu dimimitian poé Rebo]] dina [[kalénder Gregori]]. [[Januari]] - 28 [[Propinsi di Indonesia]] [[Donald Knuth]] elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society. == Hadiah Nobel == '''[[Hadiah Nobel widang kimia]]:''' [[Peter Agre]], [[Roderick MacKinnon]], pikeun papanggihanana ngeunaan kanal na [[mémbran sél]] '''Élmu ékonomi:''' [[Robert Engle]] jeung [[Clive Granger]], for work on analysing economic time series. - [[Statistika ékonomi]] {{Kajadian perbulan}} {{Kalender-pondok}} oofiwrqmu9758gov0gsb2mqhzfg0kcf 0 2376 629923 629701 2022-08-06T13:05:35Z 114.79.16.134 /* Hadiah Nobel */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taun nav|2002}} {{C21TaunDumasarJejer}} {{TaunDinaKalenderSejen}} Taun '''2002''' dijadikeun Taun Wisata Lingkungan jeung Pagunungann Internasional (''International Year of Ecotourism and Mountains''). == Kajadian == {{MonthR_28_Jum|Pébruari}} * [[8 Pébruari]] - [[24 Pébruari]] - Olimpiade Usum Panas di Kota Salt Lake, [[Utah]]. {{MonthR_30_Sen|April}} * [[18 April]] - Ordo anyar [[serangga]], [[Mantophasmatodea]], dibéwarakeun. {{MonthR_31_Reb|Méi}} * [[20 Méi]] - Réstorasi kamerdikaan [[Timor]] Wétan. {{MonthR_30_Min|Séptémber}} * [[2 Séptémber]] - Gotra Sawala [[Persarikatan Bangsa-bangsa]] ngeunaan Pangwangunan Berkelanjutan (''United Nations World Summit on Sustainable Development'') dibuka. {{MonthR_31_Min|Désémber}} * [[12 Désémber]] - Nuturkeun pamanggih Daniel Alston, [[Wiktionary]] mimiti disusun. == Nu lahir == == Nu pupus == == Nu ngadeg == === Nagara === * [[Timor Wétan]], leupas ti [[Indonésia]] == Hadiah Nobel == * '''[[Hadiah Nobel widang kimia]]:''' [[Kurt Wüthrich]], [[John B. Fenn]], [[Koichi Tanaka]], pikeun panalungtikanana dina ngembangkeun métode pikeun analisis idéntifikasi jeung struktur makromolekul biologis * '''[[Hadiah Nobel widang Ékonomi]]:''' [[Daniel Kahneman]], [[Vernon Smith]] * '''[[Hadiah Nobel widang Sastra]]:''' [[Imre Kertesz]] * '''[[Hadiah Nobel widang Tatamba]]:''' [[Sydney Brenner]], [[H. Robert Horvitz]], [[John E. Sulston]] * '''[[Hadiah Nobel widang Fisika]]:''' [[Raymond Davis, Jr.]], [[Masatoshi Koshiba]], [[Riccardo Giacconi]] * '''[[Hadiah Nobel widang Perdamaian]]:''' [[Jimmy Carter]] {{Events by month}} {{Kalender-pondok}} [[Kategori:2002]] ofxk0c45t53zakbsnd9uycb4otseoe5 0 3159 630030 600095 2022-08-07T03:51:03Z YogiYY 17453 removed [[Category:Puisi Buhun]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pupuh''' téh nyaéta wangun [[puisi lisan]] tradisional [[Sunda]] (atawa mun di [[Pulo Jawa|Jawa]], katelah ogé '''[[macapat]]''') nu tangtu pola (jumlah engang jeung sora) kalimahna. Nalika can pati wanoh kana wangun puisi/sastra modérn, pupuh ilahar dipaké dina ngawangun [[wawacan]] atawa [[dangding]], luyu jeung watek masing-masing pupuh nu ngawakilan kaayaan kajadian nu keur dicaritakeun<ref>[http://www.sundanet.com/artikel.php?id=21 Tujuh Welas Pupuh ti Sundanét.com]</ref>. Séjén ti éta, dina istilah karawitan sarua jeung sekar irama merdika nyaéta, wirahma bébas nu kauger ku aturan nu tangtu tur mibanda watek nu ngagambarkeun masing-masing pupuh<ref>Kosasih, E. (2003). ''Panglengkep Pangajaran Pupuh''. Bandung: CV. Walatra</ref>. ==Ugeran Pupuh== Pupuh téh kauger ku wangun jeung eusina. Dumasar wangunana, pupuh téh kauger ku guru wilangan jeung guru lagu. Guru wilangan nyaéta patokan jumlah padalisan dina unggal pada sarta lobana engang dina unggal padalisan, sedengkeun guru lagu nyaéta patokan sora vokal dina tungtung unggal padalisan. Ari patali eusina, pupuh kudu ngagambarkeun sipatna séwang-séwangan, naha patali jeung kabungah, kasedih, atawa heureuy<ref>Suryani, E. (2003). ''Maher Budaya Sunda''. Sumedang. ALQA Print, kc. 39</ref>. Rakitan/ugeran pupuh téh biasa dipaké dina karangan-karangan pondok ([[dangding]], [[guguritan]], jeung rumpaka [[sawér]]). Lian ti éta, aya ogé nu makée rakitan pupuh dina karangan panjang atawa naratif ([[wawacan]]). Maca wacana puisi dina wangun pupuh téh biasana dihariringkeun atawa ditembangkeun<ref>Iskandarwassid. (2016). ''Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda''. Bandung:CV. Geger Sunten, kc. 119</ref>. == Rupa-rupa Pupuh == Pupuh aya tujuh welas rupa anu dijéntrékeun ieu di handap. * [[Asmarandana]], ngagambarkeun rasa kabirahian, deudeuh asih, nyaah. * [[Balakbak]], ngagambarkeun heureuy atawa banyol. * [[Dangdanggula]], ngagambarkeun katengtreman, kawaasan, kaagungan, jeung kagumbiraan. * [[Durma]], ngagambarkeun rasa ambek, gedé haté, atawa sumanget. * [[Gambuh]], ngagambarkeun kasedih, kasusah, atawa kanyeri. * [[Gurisa]], ngagambarkeun jelema nu ngalamun atawa malaweung. * [[Jurudemung]], ngagambarkeun nu bingung, susah ku pilakueun. * [[Kinanti]], ngagambarkeun nu keur kesel nungguan, deudeupeun, atawa kanyaah. * [[Ladrang]], ngagambarkeun nu resep banyol bari nyindiran. * [[Lambang]], ngagambarkeun nu resep banyol tapi banyol nu aya pikiraneunana. * [[Magatru]], ngagambarkeun nu sedih, handeueul ku kalakuan sorangan, mapatahan. * [[Maskumambang]], ngagambarkeun kanalangsaan, sedih bari ngenes haté. * [[Mijil]], ngagambarkeun kasedih tapi bari gedé harepan. * [[Pangkur]], ngagambarkeun rasa ambek nu kapegung, nyanghareupan tugas nu beurat. * [[Pucung]], ngagambarkeun rasa ambek ka diri sorangan, atawa keuheul ku lantaran teu panuju haté. * [[Sinom]], ngagambarkeun kagumbiraan, kadeudeuh. * [[Wirangrong]], ngagambarkeun nu kawiwirangan, éra ku polah sorangan. Aya nu kaasup sekar ageung (wanda laguna rupa-rupa) nyaéta [[Kinanti]], [[Sinom]], [[Asmarandana]], jeung [[Dangdanggula]] (mindeng disingget jadi KSAD), sarta sekar alit (wanda laguna ngan sarupa) nyaéta [[Balakbak]], [[Durma]], [[Gambuh]], [[Gurisa]], [[Jurudemung]], [[Lambang]], [[Ladrang]], [[Magatru]], [[Maskumambang]], [[Mijil]], [[Pangkur]], [[Pucung]], jeung [[Wirangrong]]. ==Bédana Sekar Ageung jeung Sekar Alit== *Sekar Ageung mah geus maké wanda tembang jeung rumpakana panjang, saperti ieu di handap. *Pupuh Kinanti: Kidung, Balaka, Layar Putri, jsb. *Pupuh Sinom: Banjarsinom, Ciawian, Cirebonan, jsb. *Pupuh Asmarandana: Bangkong, Candrawulan, jsb. *Sekar Alit mah cara nembangkeunana kurang variatif jeung lolobana rumpakana parondok<ref>Suryani, E. (2003). ''Maher Budaya Sunda''. Sumedang. ALQA Print, kc. 40</ref>. == Tumbu kaluar == * [http://www.urang-sunda.or.id/ePupuh/epupuh.htm Tembang Buhun Pupuh 17] ti Kusnét [[Kategori:Seni sora]] [[Kategori:Pupuh| ]] 0ju2plxk49an5cs8bv0ac73cw88nqq1 630031 630030 2022-08-07T03:51:20Z YogiYY 17453 added [[Category:Sastra]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pupuh''' téh nyaéta wangun [[puisi lisan]] tradisional [[Sunda]] (atawa mun di [[Pulo Jawa|Jawa]], katelah ogé '''[[macapat]]''') nu tangtu pola (jumlah engang jeung sora) kalimahna. Nalika can pati wanoh kana wangun puisi/sastra modérn, pupuh ilahar dipaké dina ngawangun [[wawacan]] atawa [[dangding]], luyu jeung watek masing-masing pupuh nu ngawakilan kaayaan kajadian nu keur dicaritakeun<ref>[http://www.sundanet.com/artikel.php?id=21 Tujuh Welas Pupuh ti Sundanét.com]</ref>. Séjén ti éta, dina istilah karawitan sarua jeung sekar irama merdika nyaéta, wirahma bébas nu kauger ku aturan nu tangtu tur mibanda watek nu ngagambarkeun masing-masing pupuh<ref>Kosasih, E. (2003). ''Panglengkep Pangajaran Pupuh''. Bandung: CV. Walatra</ref>. ==Ugeran Pupuh== Pupuh téh kauger ku wangun jeung eusina. Dumasar wangunana, pupuh téh kauger ku guru wilangan jeung guru lagu. Guru wilangan nyaéta patokan jumlah padalisan dina unggal pada sarta lobana engang dina unggal padalisan, sedengkeun guru lagu nyaéta patokan sora vokal dina tungtung unggal padalisan. Ari patali eusina, pupuh kudu ngagambarkeun sipatna séwang-séwangan, naha patali jeung kabungah, kasedih, atawa heureuy<ref>Suryani, E. (2003). ''Maher Budaya Sunda''. Sumedang. ALQA Print, kc. 39</ref>. Rakitan/ugeran pupuh téh biasa dipaké dina karangan-karangan pondok ([[dangding]], [[guguritan]], jeung rumpaka [[sawér]]). Lian ti éta, aya ogé nu makée rakitan pupuh dina karangan panjang atawa naratif ([[wawacan]]). Maca wacana puisi dina wangun pupuh téh biasana dihariringkeun atawa ditembangkeun<ref>Iskandarwassid. (2016). ''Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda''. Bandung:CV. Geger Sunten, kc. 119</ref>. == Rupa-rupa Pupuh == Pupuh aya tujuh welas rupa anu dijéntrékeun ieu di handap. * [[Asmarandana]], ngagambarkeun rasa kabirahian, deudeuh asih, nyaah. * [[Balakbak]], ngagambarkeun heureuy atawa banyol. * [[Dangdanggula]], ngagambarkeun katengtreman, kawaasan, kaagungan, jeung kagumbiraan. * [[Durma]], ngagambarkeun rasa ambek, gedé haté, atawa sumanget. * [[Gambuh]], ngagambarkeun kasedih, kasusah, atawa kanyeri. * [[Gurisa]], ngagambarkeun jelema nu ngalamun atawa malaweung. * [[Jurudemung]], ngagambarkeun nu bingung, susah ku pilakueun. * [[Kinanti]], ngagambarkeun nu keur kesel nungguan, deudeupeun, atawa kanyaah. * [[Ladrang]], ngagambarkeun nu resep banyol bari nyindiran. * [[Lambang]], ngagambarkeun nu resep banyol tapi banyol nu aya pikiraneunana. * [[Magatru]], ngagambarkeun nu sedih, handeueul ku kalakuan sorangan, mapatahan. * [[Maskumambang]], ngagambarkeun kanalangsaan, sedih bari ngenes haté. * [[Mijil]], ngagambarkeun kasedih tapi bari gedé harepan. * [[Pangkur]], ngagambarkeun rasa ambek nu kapegung, nyanghareupan tugas nu beurat. * [[Pucung]], ngagambarkeun rasa ambek ka diri sorangan, atawa keuheul ku lantaran teu panuju haté. * [[Sinom]], ngagambarkeun kagumbiraan, kadeudeuh. * [[Wirangrong]], ngagambarkeun nu kawiwirangan, éra ku polah sorangan. Aya nu kaasup sekar ageung (wanda laguna rupa-rupa) nyaéta [[Kinanti]], [[Sinom]], [[Asmarandana]], jeung [[Dangdanggula]] (mindeng disingget jadi KSAD), sarta sekar alit (wanda laguna ngan sarupa) nyaéta [[Balakbak]], [[Durma]], [[Gambuh]], [[Gurisa]], [[Jurudemung]], [[Lambang]], [[Ladrang]], [[Magatru]], [[Maskumambang]], [[Mijil]], [[Pangkur]], [[Pucung]], jeung [[Wirangrong]]. ==Bédana Sekar Ageung jeung Sekar Alit== *Sekar Ageung mah geus maké wanda tembang jeung rumpakana panjang, saperti ieu di handap. *Pupuh Kinanti: Kidung, Balaka, Layar Putri, jsb. *Pupuh Sinom: Banjarsinom, Ciawian, Cirebonan, jsb. *Pupuh Asmarandana: Bangkong, Candrawulan, jsb. *Sekar Alit mah cara nembangkeunana kurang variatif jeung lolobana rumpakana parondok<ref>Suryani, E. (2003). ''Maher Budaya Sunda''. Sumedang. ALQA Print, kc. 40</ref>. == Tumbu kaluar == * [http://www.urang-sunda.or.id/ePupuh/epupuh.htm Tembang Buhun Pupuh 17] ti Kusnét [[Kategori:Seni sora]] [[Kategori:Pupuh| ]] [[Kategori:Sastra]] 3qxmsx0x181ntqje4lh99azuris1jw3 630032 630031 2022-08-07T03:51:34Z YogiYY 17453 added [[Category:Tembang]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pupuh''' téh nyaéta wangun [[puisi lisan]] tradisional [[Sunda]] (atawa mun di [[Pulo Jawa|Jawa]], katelah ogé '''[[macapat]]''') nu tangtu pola (jumlah engang jeung sora) kalimahna. Nalika can pati wanoh kana wangun puisi/sastra modérn, pupuh ilahar dipaké dina ngawangun [[wawacan]] atawa [[dangding]], luyu jeung watek masing-masing pupuh nu ngawakilan kaayaan kajadian nu keur dicaritakeun<ref>[http://www.sundanet.com/artikel.php?id=21 Tujuh Welas Pupuh ti Sundanét.com]</ref>. Séjén ti éta, dina istilah karawitan sarua jeung sekar irama merdika nyaéta, wirahma bébas nu kauger ku aturan nu tangtu tur mibanda watek nu ngagambarkeun masing-masing pupuh<ref>Kosasih, E. (2003). ''Panglengkep Pangajaran Pupuh''. Bandung: CV. Walatra</ref>. ==Ugeran Pupuh== Pupuh téh kauger ku wangun jeung eusina. Dumasar wangunana, pupuh téh kauger ku guru wilangan jeung guru lagu. Guru wilangan nyaéta patokan jumlah padalisan dina unggal pada sarta lobana engang dina unggal padalisan, sedengkeun guru lagu nyaéta patokan sora vokal dina tungtung unggal padalisan. Ari patali eusina, pupuh kudu ngagambarkeun sipatna séwang-séwangan, naha patali jeung kabungah, kasedih, atawa heureuy<ref>Suryani, E. (2003). ''Maher Budaya Sunda''. Sumedang. ALQA Print, kc. 39</ref>. Rakitan/ugeran pupuh téh biasa dipaké dina karangan-karangan pondok ([[dangding]], [[guguritan]], jeung rumpaka [[sawér]]). Lian ti éta, aya ogé nu makée rakitan pupuh dina karangan panjang atawa naratif ([[wawacan]]). Maca wacana puisi dina wangun pupuh téh biasana dihariringkeun atawa ditembangkeun<ref>Iskandarwassid. (2016). ''Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda''. Bandung:CV. Geger Sunten, kc. 119</ref>. == Rupa-rupa Pupuh == Pupuh aya tujuh welas rupa anu dijéntrékeun ieu di handap. * [[Asmarandana]], ngagambarkeun rasa kabirahian, deudeuh asih, nyaah. * [[Balakbak]], ngagambarkeun heureuy atawa banyol. * [[Dangdanggula]], ngagambarkeun katengtreman, kawaasan, kaagungan, jeung kagumbiraan. * [[Durma]], ngagambarkeun rasa ambek, gedé haté, atawa sumanget. * [[Gambuh]], ngagambarkeun kasedih, kasusah, atawa kanyeri. * [[Gurisa]], ngagambarkeun jelema nu ngalamun atawa malaweung. * [[Jurudemung]], ngagambarkeun nu bingung, susah ku pilakueun. * [[Kinanti]], ngagambarkeun nu keur kesel nungguan, deudeupeun, atawa kanyaah. * [[Ladrang]], ngagambarkeun nu resep banyol bari nyindiran. * [[Lambang]], ngagambarkeun nu resep banyol tapi banyol nu aya pikiraneunana. * [[Magatru]], ngagambarkeun nu sedih, handeueul ku kalakuan sorangan, mapatahan. * [[Maskumambang]], ngagambarkeun kanalangsaan, sedih bari ngenes haté. * [[Mijil]], ngagambarkeun kasedih tapi bari gedé harepan. * [[Pangkur]], ngagambarkeun rasa ambek nu kapegung, nyanghareupan tugas nu beurat. * [[Pucung]], ngagambarkeun rasa ambek ka diri sorangan, atawa keuheul ku lantaran teu panuju haté. * [[Sinom]], ngagambarkeun kagumbiraan, kadeudeuh. * [[Wirangrong]], ngagambarkeun nu kawiwirangan, éra ku polah sorangan. Aya nu kaasup sekar ageung (wanda laguna rupa-rupa) nyaéta [[Kinanti]], [[Sinom]], [[Asmarandana]], jeung [[Dangdanggula]] (mindeng disingget jadi KSAD), sarta sekar alit (wanda laguna ngan sarupa) nyaéta [[Balakbak]], [[Durma]], [[Gambuh]], [[Gurisa]], [[Jurudemung]], [[Lambang]], [[Ladrang]], [[Magatru]], [[Maskumambang]], [[Mijil]], [[Pangkur]], [[Pucung]], jeung [[Wirangrong]]. ==Bédana Sekar Ageung jeung Sekar Alit== *Sekar Ageung mah geus maké wanda tembang jeung rumpakana panjang, saperti ieu di handap. *Pupuh Kinanti: Kidung, Balaka, Layar Putri, jsb. *Pupuh Sinom: Banjarsinom, Ciawian, Cirebonan, jsb. *Pupuh Asmarandana: Bangkong, Candrawulan, jsb. *Sekar Alit mah cara nembangkeunana kurang variatif jeung lolobana rumpakana parondok<ref>Suryani, E. (2003). ''Maher Budaya Sunda''. Sumedang. ALQA Print, kc. 40</ref>. == Tumbu kaluar == * [http://www.urang-sunda.or.id/ePupuh/epupuh.htm Tembang Buhun Pupuh 17] ti Kusnét [[Kategori:Seni sora]] [[Kategori:Pupuh| ]] [[Kategori:Sastra]] [[Kategori:Tembang]] tng1havcbv0wv2i8gqpcualxc1a6h8j 0 4073 630037 626757 2022-08-07T04:01:39Z YogiYY 17453 removed [[Category:Proyek kurikulum]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wawacan nabi medal photocopied.JPG|thumb|Fotokopi naskah wawacan ''Nabi Medal'' ditulis ku aksara [[pegon|pégon]]]] '''Wawacan''' nyaéta salah sahiji karya sastra wangun prosa heubeul panjang nu dianggit maké patokan [[pupuh]] (17 pupuh).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Racikan Sastra|last=Koswara|first=Dedi|publisher=Departemen Pendidikan Bahasa Daerah|year=2013|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=32}}</ref> Ku kituna, wawacan dianggap salah sahiji carita anu didangding jeung digelarkeun dina puisi pupuh.<ref name=":0" /> Ku kituna, bisa dicindekkeun yén wawacan téh karangan naratif anu didangding jeung dianggit ku pupuh.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=168}}</ref> ==Basa== Basa anu dipaké dina wawacan ilaharna maké basa anu dipaké sapopoé, ngan pikeun nyumponan patokan dangding sakapeung aya parobahan boh dina wujud kecap anapon rundayanna.<ref name="regganis">{{Cite book|title =Wawacan : Sebuah genre sastra sunda| last= Ruhaliah| first= Ruhaliah| coauthors =Denuttigeplanten| year= 2018|page=58|location=Library Newyork Botanical Garden| publisher=Dunia Pustaka Jaya| isbn=9789794194966|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=lZd0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58&dq=lauk+cai&hl=id&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi-m_O84-z1AhUj9nMBHavXB4AQ6AF6BAgGEAI#v=onepage&q=lauk%20cai&f=false}}</ref> Wawacan asalna tina kecap ''babacaan'' nu pihartieuna: naon anu dibaca, wawacan mangrupa hiji karya sastra anu ditulis.<ref name="babacaan"/> Mimitina ditulis leungeun salambar-salambar ka dieunakeun nepika dijilid mang rupa buku, karya [[sastra]] sarupa kieu téh mindengna ditepikeun/dipintonkeun dina wanda [[carita]] tayalian dina pagelaran [[beluk]]. <ref name="babacaan">{{Cite book|title =Wawacan Sebuah Genre Sartra Sunda| last= Ruhaliah| first= Ruhaliah| coauthors =-| year= 2018|page=11|location=Jakarta| publisher=PT Dunia Pustaka Jaya| isbn=9789794194966|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=lZd0DwAAQBAJ&hl=id&pg=GBS.PA10}}</ref> == Beluk == Seni macakeun wawacan sok disebut [[beluk]]. Kecap wawacan téh asalna tina kecap 'waca' anu hartina 'maca', ku kituna bisa disebutkeun yén ayana wawacan di tatar [[Sunda]] téh sabada masarakatna geus barisaeun maca, umumna di kalangan [[pasantrén]] jeung para [[ménak]]<ref name="sumber1">{{id}}Novianti, eva. Skripsi: Analisis Struktur jeung Ajén Budaya Wawacan Nabi Yusuf. UPI Bandung 2004.</ref>. Wawacan mangrupa carita anu didangdingkeun jeung digelarkeunana dina puisi pupuh<ref name="sumber1" />. Ditilik tina wangunna, carita wawacan téh mangrupa carita anu kauger ku [[guru lagu]], [[guru wilangan]], remen gunta-ganti pupuh, jeung umumna paranjang.<ref name="sumber1" /> Ari maca wawacan biasana sok ditembangkeun, disebutna [[beluk|beluk.]] Ayana éta beluk biasana dipidangkeun lamun aya salametan, kariaan, atawa aya anu ngalahirkeun, jeung réa-réa deui. Maca wawacan téh remen gunta-ganti pupuh.<ref name="sumber1" /> Ari pupuh anu sok ditembangkeun taya lian [[kinanti]], [[asmarandana]], [[sinom]], jeung [[dangdanggula]], sedengkeun pupuh nu séjén mah teu pati remen dipaké.<ref name="sumber1" /> Aya hiji wawacan anu numutkeun panalungtikan Dr. [[Mikihiro Moriyama]], paneliti [[Kabudayaan Sunda]] ti [[Jepang]], jadi tonggak ngembangna modérnitas di golongan [[urang Sunda]]. Wawacan kasebut nyaéta [[Wawacan Panji Wulung]] anu ditulis ku R.H. Moehamad Moesa, Panghulu Kabupatén Garut dina jaman kolonial. Dina bukuna <ref>Moriyama, M. 2005. Semangat Baru: Kolonialisme, Budaya Cetak, dan Kesastraan Sunda Abad ke-19</ref>, [[Moriyama]] nétélakeun: "[[Wawacan Panji Wulung]] nyaritakeun usaha panyatur dina ngembangkeun dunia modern saluyu jeung tuwuhna jaman ku cara ngawanohkeun konsép anyar ka nu maca, éta sababna wawacan ieu ditapsirkeun minangka gambaran tumuwuhna moderenisasi dina nulis [[basa Sunda]]".<ref name="sumber1" /> ==Sajarah== Ditilik tina sajarahna, gelarna wawacan téh sabada [[sastra sunda]] kapangaruhan ku sastra jawa, pangpangna [[Mataram]]. Dina abad ka-17 M, asupna wawacan ka tatar [[sunda]] téh babarengan jeung asupna basa Jawa ka wewengkon [[Jawa Barat]], ku pangaruhna kakawasaan Mataram. Saterusna basa Jawa téh mangrupa basa resmi nu digunakeun ku pamaréntahan mangsa harita, nepikeun ka pertengahan abad ka-19. Sanggeus kitu tulisan basa [[Sunda]] téh digunakeun deui di [[Jawa Barat]].<ref name=“Wawacan”>{{Cite book | title =Sundanese Print Culture and Modernity in Nineteenth-century West Java| first =Mikihiro| last =Moriyama| publisher =Berilustrasi| location =Jakarta| year =2005| pages =4|ISBN=9789971693220|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=yY9zHyfu8DQC&pg=PA55&dq=sundanese&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj-noXw-b_vAhVV7HMBHdLVB34Q6wEwBHoECAMQAQ#v=onepage&q=sundanese&f=false|accessdate=(disungsi – 22 Maret 2021)}}</ref> ==Papasingan Wawacan== Eusi wawacan rupa-rupa, aya nu nyaritakeun carita Nabi: #[[Wawacan Nabi Paras]] #[[Wawacan Mi'raj Kangjeng Nabi Muhammad SAW]] #[[Wawacan Sajarah Ambiya]] #[[Wawacan Layang Syékh Abdul Qodir Jaélani]] #[[Wawacan Babad Ambiya|Wawacan Babad Ambiya]] Wawacan anu asalna tina [[babad]]: #[[Babad Cirebon|Wawacan Babad Cirebon]] #[[Babad Banten|Wawacan Babad Banten]] #[[Wawacan Babad Gebang]] #[[Wawacan Babad Timbanganten]] #[[Wawacan Babad Godog]], jsb )<ref name="regganis">{{Cite book|title =Wawacan : Sebuah genre sastra sunda| last= Ruhaliah| first= Ruhaliah| coauthors =Denuttigeplanten| year= 2018|page=58|location=Library Newyork Botanical Garden| publisher=Dunia Pustaka Jaya| isbn=9789794194966|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=lZd0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58&dq=lauk+cai&hl=id&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi-m_O84-z1AhUj9nMBHavXB4AQ6AF6BAgGEAI#v=onepage&q=lauk%20cai&f=false}}</ref> Wawacan anu eusina ngeunaan tatanén jeung ubar aya sabab leuwih bisa dibaca ku masarakat ti batan ditulis dina wangun prosa lancaran.<ref name="sumber2">{{id}}Hj.Ajip Rosidi. Ensiklopedi Sunda : Alam, Manusia dan Budaya termasuk Budaya Cirebonan dan Betawi. PT Dunia Pustaka Jaya. Jakarta 2000.</ref> Tapi lolobana wawacan mangrupa wangun ''fiksi'' boh éta dina [[basa Sunda]] boh wawacan nu ti [[basa Jawa]]<ref name="sumber2"/> saperti : #[[Wawacan Rengganis]] #[[Wawacan Damarwulan]] #[[Wawacan Angling Darma]] #[[Wawacan Dewa Ruci]], jsb. Wawacan séjénna: #[[Wawacan Abdul Muluk]] #[[Wawacan Adat Ngurus Orok]] #[[Wawacan Aji Saka]] #[[Wawacan Amongsari jeung Lembusari]] #[[Wawacan Batara Rama]] #[[Wawacan Carios Munanda|Wawacan Carios Munada]] #[[Wawacan Carita Ningrum]] #[[Wawacan Cikundul]] #[[Wawacan Danumaya]] #[[Wawacan Gandasari]] #[[Wawacan Iman, Élmu, reujeung Amal]] #[[Wawacan Indra Putra]] #[[Wawacan Jaka Priangan]] #[[Wawacan Kamaral Saman]] #[[Wawacan Kuya Kajajadén]] #[[Wawacan Lalakon Natakusumah]] #[[Wawacan Layang puwa-puwa]] #[[Wawacan Lukmannulhakim]] #[[Wawacan Mahabarata]] #[[Wawacan Manggung]] #[[Wawacan Mintaraga]] #[[Wawacan Muslimin-Muslimat]] #[[Wawacan Natakusumah]] #[[Wawacan Panji Wulung]] #[[Wawacan Perlampah anu Kurénan ]] #[[Wawacan Pituduh Kanggo Wananda]] #[[Wawacan Pranatana Istri ka Carogé]] #[[Wawacan Purnama Alam]] #[[Wawacan Radén Prawira]] #[[Wawacan Ratu]] #[[Wawacan Rusiah nu Kasép]] #[[Wawacan Sajarah Rasulullah]] #[[Wawacan Sajarah Sumedang]] #[[Wawacan Sual Sarébu]] #[[Wawacan Sulanjana-Sulanjani|Wawacan Sulanjana]] #[[Wawacan Suryaningrat]] #[[Wawacan Tauhid jeung silsilah]] #[[Wawacan Umar Maya]] #[[Wawacan Wayang Purwa]] <ref name="regganis"/><ref name=“Edi”>{{Cite book | title =Carios Munada| first =Edi| last =Ekadjati, Aam Masduki| publisher =Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan, | location =Bandung| year =1993| pages =215|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=DdLeCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA215&dq=tangkal+kai&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi666XC587nAhUjzDgGHcFdD30Q6AEIOjAC#v=onepage&q=tangkal%20kai&f=false|accessdate=14 Pebruari 2020}}</ref> #[[Wawacan Perbu Kean Santang]]<ref name=“Edi s”>{{Cite book | title =Wawacan Prabu Kean Santang| first =Edi| last =Ekadjati, Aam Masduki| publisher =Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan, | location =Bandung| year =1993| pages =215|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=nQLfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA215&dq=tangkal+kai&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi666XC587nAhUjzDgGHcFdD30Q6AEITzAE#v=onepage&q=tangkal%20kai&f=false|accessdate=14 Pebruari 2020}}</ref> ==Sumber Rujukan== {{reflist|2}} {{pondok}} {{Daptar-wawacan}} [[Kategori:Sastra Sunda heubeul]] [[Kategori:Sastra Sunda wangun ugeran]] [[Kategori:Naskah Sunda]] to1f5plxph45jc215c6vvwtwtlfm208 630038 630037 2022-08-07T04:01:59Z YogiYY 17453 added [[Category:Tembang]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wawacan nabi medal photocopied.JPG|thumb|Fotokopi naskah wawacan ''Nabi Medal'' ditulis ku aksara [[pegon|pégon]]]] '''Wawacan''' nyaéta salah sahiji karya sastra wangun prosa heubeul panjang nu dianggit maké patokan [[pupuh]] (17 pupuh).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Racikan Sastra|last=Koswara|first=Dedi|publisher=Departemen Pendidikan Bahasa Daerah|year=2013|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=32}}</ref> Ku kituna, wawacan dianggap salah sahiji carita anu didangding jeung digelarkeun dina puisi pupuh.<ref name=":0" /> Ku kituna, bisa dicindekkeun yén wawacan téh karangan naratif anu didangding jeung dianggit ku pupuh.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=168}}</ref> ==Basa== Basa anu dipaké dina wawacan ilaharna maké basa anu dipaké sapopoé, ngan pikeun nyumponan patokan dangding sakapeung aya parobahan boh dina wujud kecap anapon rundayanna.<ref name="regganis">{{Cite book|title =Wawacan : Sebuah genre sastra sunda| last= Ruhaliah| first= Ruhaliah| coauthors =Denuttigeplanten| year= 2018|page=58|location=Library Newyork Botanical Garden| publisher=Dunia Pustaka Jaya| isbn=9789794194966|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=lZd0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58&dq=lauk+cai&hl=id&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi-m_O84-z1AhUj9nMBHavXB4AQ6AF6BAgGEAI#v=onepage&q=lauk%20cai&f=false}}</ref> Wawacan asalna tina kecap ''babacaan'' nu pihartieuna: naon anu dibaca, wawacan mangrupa hiji karya sastra anu ditulis.<ref name="babacaan"/> Mimitina ditulis leungeun salambar-salambar ka dieunakeun nepika dijilid mang rupa buku, karya [[sastra]] sarupa kieu téh mindengna ditepikeun/dipintonkeun dina wanda [[carita]] tayalian dina pagelaran [[beluk]]. <ref name="babacaan">{{Cite book|title =Wawacan Sebuah Genre Sartra Sunda| last= Ruhaliah| first= Ruhaliah| coauthors =-| year= 2018|page=11|location=Jakarta| publisher=PT Dunia Pustaka Jaya| isbn=9789794194966|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=lZd0DwAAQBAJ&hl=id&pg=GBS.PA10}}</ref> == Beluk == Seni macakeun wawacan sok disebut [[beluk]]. Kecap wawacan téh asalna tina kecap 'waca' anu hartina 'maca', ku kituna bisa disebutkeun yén ayana wawacan di tatar [[Sunda]] téh sabada masarakatna geus barisaeun maca, umumna di kalangan [[pasantrén]] jeung para [[ménak]]<ref name="sumber1">{{id}}Novianti, eva. Skripsi: Analisis Struktur jeung Ajén Budaya Wawacan Nabi Yusuf. UPI Bandung 2004.</ref>. Wawacan mangrupa carita anu didangdingkeun jeung digelarkeunana dina puisi pupuh<ref name="sumber1" />. Ditilik tina wangunna, carita wawacan téh mangrupa carita anu kauger ku [[guru lagu]], [[guru wilangan]], remen gunta-ganti pupuh, jeung umumna paranjang.<ref name="sumber1" /> Ari maca wawacan biasana sok ditembangkeun, disebutna [[beluk|beluk.]] Ayana éta beluk biasana dipidangkeun lamun aya salametan, kariaan, atawa aya anu ngalahirkeun, jeung réa-réa deui. Maca wawacan téh remen gunta-ganti pupuh.<ref name="sumber1" /> Ari pupuh anu sok ditembangkeun taya lian [[kinanti]], [[asmarandana]], [[sinom]], jeung [[dangdanggula]], sedengkeun pupuh nu séjén mah teu pati remen dipaké.<ref name="sumber1" /> Aya hiji wawacan anu numutkeun panalungtikan Dr. [[Mikihiro Moriyama]], paneliti [[Kabudayaan Sunda]] ti [[Jepang]], jadi tonggak ngembangna modérnitas di golongan [[urang Sunda]]. Wawacan kasebut nyaéta [[Wawacan Panji Wulung]] anu ditulis ku R.H. Moehamad Moesa, Panghulu Kabupatén Garut dina jaman kolonial. Dina bukuna <ref>Moriyama, M. 2005. Semangat Baru: Kolonialisme, Budaya Cetak, dan Kesastraan Sunda Abad ke-19</ref>, [[Moriyama]] nétélakeun: "[[Wawacan Panji Wulung]] nyaritakeun usaha panyatur dina ngembangkeun dunia modern saluyu jeung tuwuhna jaman ku cara ngawanohkeun konsép anyar ka nu maca, éta sababna wawacan ieu ditapsirkeun minangka gambaran tumuwuhna moderenisasi dina nulis [[basa Sunda]]".<ref name="sumber1" /> ==Sajarah== Ditilik tina sajarahna, gelarna wawacan téh sabada [[sastra sunda]] kapangaruhan ku sastra jawa, pangpangna [[Mataram]]. Dina abad ka-17 M, asupna wawacan ka tatar [[sunda]] téh babarengan jeung asupna basa Jawa ka wewengkon [[Jawa Barat]], ku pangaruhna kakawasaan Mataram. Saterusna basa Jawa téh mangrupa basa resmi nu digunakeun ku pamaréntahan mangsa harita, nepikeun ka pertengahan abad ka-19. Sanggeus kitu tulisan basa [[Sunda]] téh digunakeun deui di [[Jawa Barat]].<ref name=“Wawacan”>{{Cite book | title =Sundanese Print Culture and Modernity in Nineteenth-century West Java| first =Mikihiro| last =Moriyama| publisher =Berilustrasi| location =Jakarta| year =2005| pages =4|ISBN=9789971693220|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=yY9zHyfu8DQC&pg=PA55&dq=sundanese&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj-noXw-b_vAhVV7HMBHdLVB34Q6wEwBHoECAMQAQ#v=onepage&q=sundanese&f=false|accessdate=(disungsi – 22 Maret 2021)}}</ref> ==Papasingan Wawacan== Eusi wawacan rupa-rupa, aya nu nyaritakeun carita Nabi: #[[Wawacan Nabi Paras]] #[[Wawacan Mi'raj Kangjeng Nabi Muhammad SAW]] #[[Wawacan Sajarah Ambiya]] #[[Wawacan Layang Syékh Abdul Qodir Jaélani]] #[[Wawacan Babad Ambiya|Wawacan Babad Ambiya]] Wawacan anu asalna tina [[babad]]: #[[Babad Cirebon|Wawacan Babad Cirebon]] #[[Babad Banten|Wawacan Babad Banten]] #[[Wawacan Babad Gebang]] #[[Wawacan Babad Timbanganten]] #[[Wawacan Babad Godog]], jsb )<ref name="regganis">{{Cite book|title =Wawacan : Sebuah genre sastra sunda| last= Ruhaliah| first= Ruhaliah| coauthors =Denuttigeplanten| year= 2018|page=58|location=Library Newyork Botanical Garden| publisher=Dunia Pustaka Jaya| isbn=9789794194966|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=lZd0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58&dq=lauk+cai&hl=id&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi-m_O84-z1AhUj9nMBHavXB4AQ6AF6BAgGEAI#v=onepage&q=lauk%20cai&f=false}}</ref> Wawacan anu eusina ngeunaan tatanén jeung ubar aya sabab leuwih bisa dibaca ku masarakat ti batan ditulis dina wangun prosa lancaran.<ref name="sumber2">{{id}}Hj.Ajip Rosidi. Ensiklopedi Sunda : Alam, Manusia dan Budaya termasuk Budaya Cirebonan dan Betawi. PT Dunia Pustaka Jaya. Jakarta 2000.</ref> Tapi lolobana wawacan mangrupa wangun ''fiksi'' boh éta dina [[basa Sunda]] boh wawacan nu ti [[basa Jawa]]<ref name="sumber2"/> saperti : #[[Wawacan Rengganis]] #[[Wawacan Damarwulan]] #[[Wawacan Angling Darma]] #[[Wawacan Dewa Ruci]], jsb. Wawacan séjénna: #[[Wawacan Abdul Muluk]] #[[Wawacan Adat Ngurus Orok]] #[[Wawacan Aji Saka]] #[[Wawacan Amongsari jeung Lembusari]] #[[Wawacan Batara Rama]] #[[Wawacan Carios Munanda|Wawacan Carios Munada]] #[[Wawacan Carita Ningrum]] #[[Wawacan Cikundul]] #[[Wawacan Danumaya]] #[[Wawacan Gandasari]] #[[Wawacan Iman, Élmu, reujeung Amal]] #[[Wawacan Indra Putra]] #[[Wawacan Jaka Priangan]] #[[Wawacan Kamaral Saman]] #[[Wawacan Kuya Kajajadén]] #[[Wawacan Lalakon Natakusumah]] #[[Wawacan Layang puwa-puwa]] #[[Wawacan Lukmannulhakim]] #[[Wawacan Mahabarata]] #[[Wawacan Manggung]] #[[Wawacan Mintaraga]] #[[Wawacan Muslimin-Muslimat]] #[[Wawacan Natakusumah]] #[[Wawacan Panji Wulung]] #[[Wawacan Perlampah anu Kurénan ]] #[[Wawacan Pituduh Kanggo Wananda]] #[[Wawacan Pranatana Istri ka Carogé]] #[[Wawacan Purnama Alam]] #[[Wawacan Radén Prawira]] #[[Wawacan Ratu]] #[[Wawacan Rusiah nu Kasép]] #[[Wawacan Sajarah Rasulullah]] #[[Wawacan Sajarah Sumedang]] #[[Wawacan Sual Sarébu]] #[[Wawacan Sulanjana-Sulanjani|Wawacan Sulanjana]] #[[Wawacan Suryaningrat]] #[[Wawacan Tauhid jeung silsilah]] #[[Wawacan Umar Maya]] #[[Wawacan Wayang Purwa]] <ref name="regganis"/><ref name=“Edi”>{{Cite book | title =Carios Munada| first =Edi| last =Ekadjati, Aam Masduki| publisher =Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan, | location =Bandung| year =1993| pages =215|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=DdLeCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA215&dq=tangkal+kai&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi666XC587nAhUjzDgGHcFdD30Q6AEIOjAC#v=onepage&q=tangkal%20kai&f=false|accessdate=14 Pebruari 2020}}</ref> #[[Wawacan Perbu Kean Santang]]<ref name=“Edi s”>{{Cite book | title =Wawacan Prabu Kean Santang| first =Edi| last =Ekadjati, Aam Masduki| publisher =Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan, | location =Bandung| year =1993| pages =215|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=nQLfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA215&dq=tangkal+kai&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi666XC587nAhUjzDgGHcFdD30Q6AEITzAE#v=onepage&q=tangkal%20kai&f=false|accessdate=14 Pebruari 2020}}</ref> ==Sumber Rujukan== {{reflist|2}} {{pondok}} {{Daptar-wawacan}} [[Kategori:Sastra Sunda heubeul]] [[Kategori:Sastra Sunda wangun ugeran]] [[Kategori:Naskah Sunda]] [[Kategori:Tembang]] cbk0fqoh13foh5gt2l0s1qv4wgzhbwb 0 4448 629908 628909 2022-08-06T12:26:13Z 114.79.16.134 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Abad ka-21]]''' - '''Abad ka-22''' - [[Abad ka-23]] '''Daftar [[tahun|tahun-tahun]] dina [[abad]] ke-22 [[Masehi]]''': * [[2191]] – [[2192]] – [[2193]] – [[2194]] – [[2195]] – [[2196]] – [[2197]] – [[2198]] – [[2199]] – [[2200]] * [[2181]] – [[2182]] – [[2183]] – [[2184]] – [[2185]] – [[2186]] – [[2187]] – [[2188]] – [[2189]] – [[2190]] * [[2171]] – [[2172]] – [[2173]] – [[2174]] – [[2175]] – [[2176]] – [[2177]] – [[2178]] – [[2179]] – [[2180]] * [[2161]] – [[2162]] – [[2163]] – [[2164]] – [[2165]] – [[2166]] – [[2167]] – [[2168]] – [[2169]] – [[2170]] * [[2151]] – [[2152]] – [[2153]] – [[2154]] – [[2155]] – [[2156]] – [[2157]] – [[2158]] – [[2159]] – [[2160]] * [[2141]] – [[2142]] – [[2143]] – [[2144]] – [[2145]] – [[2146]] – [[2147]] – [[2148]] – [[2149]] – [[2150]] * [[2131]] – [[2132]] – [[2133]] – [[2134]] – [[2135]] – [[2136]] – [[2137]] – [[2138]] – [[2139]] – [[2140]] * [[2121]] – [[2122]] – [[2123]] – [[2124]] – [[2125]] – [[2126]] – [[2127]] – [[2128]] – [[2129]] – [[2130]] * [[2111]] – [[2112]] – [[2113]] – [[2114]] – [[2115]] – [[2116]] – [[2117]] – [[2118]] – [[2119]] – [[2120]] * [[2101]] – [[2102]] – [[2103]] – [[2104]] – [[2105]] – [[2106]] – [[2107]] – [[2108]] – [[2109]] – [[2110]] == Dékade jeung tanu pengaturan == {{Abad}} {{DecadesAndYears1|22}} {{Kalender-pondok}} [[Kategori:Abad jeung Dékadeu]] 0tn3n4if8mdl0o6bnltnpl99bllxzo1 0 16733 629922 628607 2022-08-06T13:04:35Z 114.79.16.134 /* Holidays */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{taun nav|2007}} <!--{{C21TaunDumasarJejer}}--> {{TaunDinaKalenderSejen}} '''2007''' ('''[[angka Romawi|MMVII]]''') nyaéta [[taun biasa nu dimimitian ku poé Senén]] dina [[kalénder Gregori]]. Taun ieu mangrupa taun ka-2007 ''[[Maséhi]]'', taun ka-7 dina [[abad ka-21]], sarta taun ka-7 dina [[milénium ka-3]]. Taun ieu ogé mangrupa taun nu keur kaalaman ku urang kiwari. Taun ieu diancer-ancer: * [[Taun Kutub Internasional]] * [[Taun Héliofisik Internasional]] lolobana waktu dina taun 2007 babarengan jeung ''Taun [[Babi (sio)|Babi]]'' dina [[kalénder Cina]] (tanggal nepi ka 17 Pébruari aya dina ''Taun [[anjing (sio)|Anjing]]''). Taun Babi satuluyna bakal dimimitian taun [[2019]]. 2007 ogé jadi taun [[Pisces]] dina [[Astrologi Kulon]]. Taun satuluyna keur [[Pisces]] nyaéta [[2019]]. == Kajadian == === Januari === {{MonthR_31_Sen|Januari}} * [[1 Januari]] - [[Seventh Framework Programme]], dina [[Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development]], geus dikaluarkeun. * [[1 Januari]] - [[Hong Kong]] ngawanohkeun lrangan ngudud dina fasilitas publik jero rohangan * [[1 Januari]] - Bal ragrag jam 12:00 AM di Manhattan, New York di Times Square. * [[1 Januari]] - [[Bulgaria asup ka Uni Éropa|Bulgaria]] jeung [[Romania asup ka Uni Éropa|Romania]] [[Ngalegaannana Uni Éropa|ngagabung]] ka [[Uni Éropa]]. * [[1 Januari]] - [[Basa Irlandia]] (katelah ogé ''Gaeilge'') jadi [[Basa di Uni Éropa|basa resmi di Uni Éropa]]. * [[1 Januari]] - [[Slovénia]] maké [[Euro]] minangka mata duit, ngaganti [[Tolar Slovénia|tolar]]. * [[1 Januari]] - Kode [[International Standard Book Number]] (ISBN) nambahan panjangna tina 10 jadi 13 [[digit]]. {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} * [[1 Januari]] - [[South Korea]]'s [[Ban Ki-moon]] becomes the new [[UN Secretary-General]], replacing [[Kofi Annan]]. * [[1 Januari]] - [[Brazil]]ian présidént [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] starts his second government term. Other 27 governors of Brazilian states are sworn in. * [[1 Januari]] - [[Adam Air Flight 574]] disappéars over [[Indonesia]] with 102 péople on board. * [[1 Januari]] - [[Calgary]] goes smoke-free in restaurants and bars. The only exception is for bars or restaurants that have a ventilated smoking room. This exception will expire on January 1, 2008. * [[1 Januari]] - [[Boise State University]] deféats The [[University of Oklahoma]] in the [[2007 Fiesta Bowl]], capping off a perfect séason. * [[1 Januari]] - [[Denver Broncos]] Cornerback [[Darrent Williams]] is shot in the neck and killed in the back of his [[white]] stretch [[Hummer]] [[limousine|limo]] after léaving a nightclub party. Two other players with him were unharmed. * [[2 Januari]] - In [[Washington, D.C.]], a smoking ban begins in most bars and restaurants. * [[2 Januari]] - [[Memorial service]]s are held for the late présidént [[Gerald Ford]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]. * [[3 Januari]] - US former présidént [[Gerald Ford]] is laid to rest in [[Grand Rapids, Michigan]]. * [[January 4]] - The [[110th United States Congress]] is sworn in. [[Nancy Pelosi]] is elected [[Speaker of the House]], by a vote of 233-202. She is the first woman ever to occupy this position. * [[January 5]] - [[War in Somalia (2006–present)|War in Somalia]]: The first shots are fired in the [[Battle of Ras Kamboni|battle for control]] of the border town of [[Ras Kamboni]]. * [[January 5]] - [[BC Place]]'s domed roof deflates in [[Vancouver]]. * [[January 7]] - [[Stanisław Wielgus]], the newly appointed Archbishop of [[Warsaw]], resigns after it is revéaled that he cooperated with the former [[Communism|communist]] regime's [[Służba Bezpieczeństwa|secret police]]. * [[January 8]] - [[Lotte World]] in [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]], the world's largest indoor [[theme park]], has been closed indefinitely due to structural damage. * [[January 8]] - [[Russia]]n oil supplies to [[Poland]], [[Germany]], and [[Ukraine]] are cut as the [[Russia-Belarus energy dispute]] escalates – restored three days later. * [[January 9]] - The 2007 [[MacWorld Expo]] opens in [[San Francisco]]. [[Apple Computer]] unveils the [[iPhone]], a [[cellphone|mobile phone]]/[[iPod]] hybrid. * [[January 9]] - [[War in Somalia (2006–present)|War in Somalia]]: U.S. planes conduct [[Battle of Ras Kamboni|air strikes against suspected terrorists]], possibly killing senior [[Al Qaeda]] operative [[Fazul Abdullah Mohammed]]. * [[January 9]] - An [[AerianTur-M]] [[Antonov]] [[Antonov An-26|An-26]] [[2007 Balad aircraft crash|crashes]] in [[Balad, Iraq|Balad]], [[Iraq]]. The [[Islamic Army in Iraq]] claims to have shot it down. * [[January 10]] - [[United States|U.S.]] [[President of the United States|President]] [[George W. Bush]] announces a plan to surge 21,500 additional troops into [[Iraq]]. * [[January 11]] - In [[Bangladesh]], a [[2006–2007 Bangladeshi political crisis|state of emergency]] is declared by caretaker présidént [[Iajuddin Ahmed]], following weeks of violent protests preceding upcoming [[Bangladeshi parliamentary election, 2007|parliamentary elections]]. * [[January 11]] - World football superstar [[David Beckham]] announces that he will léave [[Real Madrid]] to play for the [[Los Angeles Galaxy]] of the [[Major League Soccer|MLS]]. * [[January 11]] - [[Vietnam]] joins [[World Trade Organization]] as its 150th member. * [[January 11]] - [[People's Republic of China|China]] tests a ground-based [[ballistic missile]] that destroys one of its own wéather satellites, the [[Fengyun]], in space, drawing criticisms from other countries. * [[January 12]] - An [[Argentina|Argentine]] judge issues a warrant for the arrest of former [[President of Argentina|President]] [[Isabel Martínez de Perón]] in connection with the disappéarance of a human rights worker in [[1976]]. * [[January 12]] - The US embassy in [[Athens]] is attacked with a rocket propelled grenade, causing minimal damage and no injuries. * [[January 13]] - The Greek ship Server bréaks in half off the [[Norway|Norwegian]] coast reléasing over 200 tons of crude [[oil]]. * [[January 14]] - The [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement]] officially adopts the [[Emblems of the Red Cross|Red Crystal]] as a non-religious emblem for use in its overséas operations. * [[January 14]] - [[Nazanin Fatehi]], a nineteen yéar old [[Iran]]ian girl previously sentenced to [[Capital Punishment|death]] for killing a man she claims tried to [[rape]] her is exonerated, as her re-trial comes to an end. * [[January 15]] - The [[Sentosa Express]] [[monorail]] opens in [[Singapore]]. * [[January 15]] - [[Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti]], former Iraqi intelligence chief and half-brother of Saddam Hussein, and [[Awad Hamed al-Bandar]], former chief judge of the Revolutionary Court, are executed by hanging in Iraq. * [[January 17]] - [[Hurricane]] force winds from [[Kyrill (storm)|storm Kyrill]] claim at léast forty lives in western [[Europe]] * [[January 17]] - Protests in [[India]] and the [[United Kingdom]] against the British series of [[Celebrity Big Brother 2007 (UK)|''Celebrity Big Brother'']] after [[Jade Goody]], [[Danielle Lloyd]] and [[Jo O'Meara]] are alleged to be racially abusive towards [[Bollywood]] star [[Shilpa Shetty]]. * [[January 18]] - [[Comet McNaught]], the brightest [[comet]] to appéar in over forty yéars, becomes visible over the [[Southern Hemisphere]]. * [[January 19]] - [[Israel]] reléases 100 million in frozen assets to présidént [[Mahmoud Abbas]] of the [[Palestinian National Authority]] in order to bolster the présidént's position. * [[January 22]] - A [[22 January 2007 Baghdad bombings|bombing in a market]] in Baghdad, Iraq, kills 88 péople. * [[January 23]] - United States présidént, [[George W. Bush]], gives the annual [[State of the Union Address]]. * [[January 24]] - The [[Israel]]i Ministry of Justice announces that the [[President of Israel]], [[Moshe Katsav]], is to be charged with [[rape]] and [[corruption|abuse of power]]. * [[January 25]] - The [[President of Israel]], [[Moshe Katsav]], takes a temporary léave of absence due to a [[sex scandal]]. * [[January 27]] - Thousands of anti-[[Iraq War]] protesters converge on the [[National Mall]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]. * [[January 28]] - A [[Battle of Najaf (2007)|battle]] between [[Iraqi insurgency|insurgents]] and U.S.-backed Iraqi troops kills 300 suspected terrorists in [[Najaf]], [[Iraq]]. * [[January 29]] - A [[suicide bomber]] kills three péople in a bakery in [[Eilat]], [[Israel]]. * [[January 29]] - The Princeton Community Works is held in [[Princeton University]], [[Princeton, New Jersey]]. * [[January 30]] - [[Windows Vista]], [[Microsoft]]'s newest [[Windows NT|NT-based]] [[operating system]], is reléased world-wide to consumers. * [[January 31]] - The [[Venezuela]]n [[National Assembly (Venezuela)|National Assembly]] gives présidént [[Hugo Chávez]] the power to rule by decree for eighteen months. * [[January 31]] - Creditors of [[Delta Air Lines]] officially reject [[US Airways]] hostile takéover bid. * [[January 31]] - The [[2007 Boston Mooninite Scare|Mooninite scare occurs in Boston]] when devices used in a guerrilla marketing campaign for [[Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters|a film]] are mistaken for [[improvised explosive devices]]. * [[January 31]] - [[Lord Levy]], a [[Labour Party (UK)|UK Labour Party]] fundraiser, is re-arrested for conspiracy in relation to the '[[cash for peerages]]' investigation. === February === {{MonthR_28_Kem|Pébruari}} * [[February 1]] - [[British Prime Minister]], [[Tony Blair]], questioned for a second time in the '[[cash for peerages]]' probe as a witness. * [[February 1]] - [[J.K. Rowling]] announced that the ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows]]'' book will be reléased on [[July 21]]. * [[February 2]] - An [[2007 Central Florida Tornado|unseasonal tornado in central Florida]] kills at léast 20 péople. * [[February 2]] - A policeman is killed in the [[2007 Catania football violence|Catania football clashes]] in [[Italy]] and 71 péople are hopitalized. * [[February 2]] - [[Palestinian factional violence]]: [[Hamas]] and its rival [[Fatah]] renew their truce after violence bréaks out following the initial céasefire. * [[February 2]] - [[People's Republic of China|Chinese]] présidént [[Hu Jintao]] signs a series of economic déals with [[Sudan]]. * [[February 2]] - [[War in Somalia]]: Eight péople are killed in a mortar attack in [[Somalia]]'s capital [[Mogadishu]]. * [[February 2]] - [[Martti Ahtisaari]] unveils a [[United Nations]] plan for the final status of [[Kosovo]]; [[Serbia]]n léaders denounced the proposal. * [[February 2]] - The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|IPCG]] publishes its [[IPCC Fourth Assessment Report|fourth assessment report]], concluding that [[global climate change]] is "very likely" to have a predominantly human cause. * [[February 3]] - The déadly [[H5N1]] strain of [[bird flu]] found at a ''[[Bernard Matthews]]'' [[Turkey (bird)|turkey]] farm in [[Suffolk]]. * [[February 3]] - [[State of Emergency]] declared in [[Boliva]] after '[[El Nino]]'-like flooding. * [[February 3]] - [[Italian Prime Minister]] [[Romano Prodi]] cancels all football matches in Italy whilst an investigation into [[2007 Catania football violence|riots]] on [[February 2]] begins. * [[February 3]] - Five péople killed and 40 injured in a series of [[car bomb]]s in the [[Iraq]]i city of [[Kirkuk]]. * [[February 3]] - A [[3 February 2007 Baghdad market bombing|truck bombing]] in a crowded [[Baghdad]] market kills at léast 135 péople and injures a further 339 others. * [[February 4]] - The [[Indianapolis Colts]] deféat the [[Chicago Bears]] 29–17 in [[Super Bowl XLI]], played at [[Dolphin Stadium]], [[Miami]]. * [[February 10]] - [[U.S. Senator]] [[Barack Obama]] of [[Illinois]] announces a [[President of the United States|presidential]] bid in [[Springfield, Illinois|Springfield]]. * [[February 11]] - [[Portugal|Portuguese]] voters agree to legalise [[abortion]] in a national [[referendum]]. * [[February 11]] - The [[49th Annual Grammy Awards]] took place at the [[Staples Center]] in Los Angeles. * [[February 13]] - [[Republic of China|Taiwan]] opposition léader [[Ma Ying-jeou]] resigns as the chairman of the [[Kuomintang]] party after being indicted on charges of embezzlement; Ma also announced his candidacy for the [[Republic of China presidential election, 2008|2008 presidential election]]. * [[February 13]] - [[Mitt Romney]] announces his candidacy for the [[Republican]] nomination for [[President of the United States]]. * [[February 14]] - [[2007 Brit Awards]] are hosted by [[Russell Brand]]. * [[February 16]]-[[February 18]] - The annual [[NBA All-Star Weekend]] takes place in [[Las Vegas, Nevada]] * [[February 17]] - [[Nova]] [[V1280 Scorpii]] péaks at 3.9 [[Apparent magnitude|magnitude]] – discovered [[February 4]]. * [[February 18]] - [[Chinese New Year]]: the [[Pig (zodiac)|Year of the Pig]] begins. * [[February 18]] - [[Kevin Harvick]] wins the [[2007 Daytona 500|49th Daytona 500]] at the [[Daytona International Speedway]]. * [[February 18]] - [[Melbourne Victory FC|Melbourne Victory]] béat [[Adelaide United FC|Adelaide United]] 6-0 in the 2006-2007 [[A-League]] Grand Final at the [[Telstra Dome]] in [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]]. * [[February 18]] - [[Canadian Government]] pays its [[Head tax (Canada)|Chinese Head Tax]] victims up to $20,000 éach. * [[February 19]] - [[North Korea]] agrees to give up its nucléar program, for oil. * [[February 25]] - The [[European Space Agency]] confirms [[Rosetta (spacecraft)|Rosetta's]] successful Mars trajectory fly-by. * [[February 25]] - The [[79th Academy Awards]] take place at the [[Kodak Theatre]] in [[Hollywood]]. * [[February 26]] - The [[International Court of Justice]] finds [[Serbia]] guilty of failing to prevent [[genocide]] in the [[Srebrenica massacre]], but cléars it of direct responsibility and complicity in [[Bosnian genocide case at the International Court of Justice|the case]]. * [[February 27]] - World stock markets plummet after China and Europe reléase less-than-expected growth reports. The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] loses 416.02 points, its largest single-day decline since the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]]. * [[February 28]] - The [[New Horizons]] [[space probe]] makes a [[gravitational slingshot]] against [[Jupiter]] to change its trajectory towards [[Pluto]]. * [[February 28]] - Sen. [[John McCain]] announces he is [[Official and potential 2008 United States presidential election Republican candidates|seeking the 2008 GOP Presidential nomination]]. === March === {{MonthR_31_Kem|Maret}} * [[March 1]] - [[International Polar Year]], a $1.5 billion reséarch program to study both the [[North Pole]] and [[South Pole]] is launched in [[Paris]]. * [[March 1]] - [[Airbus]] announces that it would céase work indefinitely on the [[A380F]]. * [[March 3]]-[[March 4]] - Total [[3 March 2007 lunar eclipse|lunar eclipse]]. * [[March 4]] - [[Estonian parliamentary election, 2007|Parliamentary elections]] take place in [[Estonia]] and in [[Abkhazian parliamentary election, 2007|Abkhazia]]. * [[March 6]] - ''[[Mega Millions]]'' sets a new world record for the [[Lottery jackpot records|highest jackpot]] of US$390 million. * [[March 7]] - [[Garuda Indonesia Flight 200]], a [[Boeing 737-400]], crashed at [[Yogyakarta]] on the [[Indonesia]]n island of [[Java]] killing many on board. * [[March 7]] - [[Northern Ireland Assembly election, 2007]] is held <!-- the GNR album belongs in 2007 in music. Don't put it here. ---> * [[March 8]] - [[Israel]]i Prime Minister accepts that Israel had planned an attack on [[Lebanon]] months before [[Hezbollah]] captured Israeli Soldiers, in the event of kidnapped soldiers on the border. * [[March 9]] - The keys of [[Wembley Stadium]], England, are handed over to [[The Football Association|The FA]], on completion of the new venue. * [[March 9]]- The 10th [[Anniversary]] of [[Biggie]]'s déath. * [[March 11]] - [[Daylight saving time]] in most of the [[United States]] and [[Canada]] begins, three to four weeks éarlier than previously. * [[March 11]]-[[April 28]] - The [[2007 Cricket World Cup]] is held in the [[West Indies]]. * [[March 14]] - [[Local number portability]] begins in Canada. * [[March 15]] - [[March 21]] - [[CeBIT]] 2007 takes place in [[Hannover]] ([[Germany]]). * [[March 15]] - The [[2007 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament]] begins. * [[March 16]] - For the first time in the 23-yéar history of the popular gameshow [[Jeopardy!]], a three-way tie occurred, with éach contestant winning exactly $16,000 [[United States dollar|USD]] by answering the final question correctly. The odds of this happening are [[23 million]] to [[1]]. * [[March 17]] - Chlorine bombs injure hundreds in [[Baghdad, Iraq]] * [[March 17]] - France win the [[Six nations]] on points differnce after a contraversial tri. * [[March 17]] - St. Patricks Day is celebrated worldwide. == Scheduled events == {{future}} * [[March 17]] - The 2007 [[American Le Mans]] Séason begins with the [[12 Hours of Sebring]] * [[March 17]] - The [[2007 NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Tournament]] begins. * [[March 18]] - The [[2007 Formula One season]] will begin in [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]] with the [[Australian Grand Prix]]. * [[March 18]] - A [[Finnish parliamentary election, 2007|parliamentary election]] will take place in [[Finland]]. * [[March 18]] - [[Mothering Sunday]] ([[UK]]). * [[March 19]] - Partial [[solar eclipse]]. * [[March 19]] - The trial of legendary record producer [[Phil Spector]] for the murder of actress [[Lana Clarkson]] begins * [[March 21]] - Baha'i New Yéar. * [[March 21]] - [[Iranian new year|Iranian New Year]] 1386 Begins at 00:07:26 (GMT) * [[March 24]] - A [[New South Wales legislative election, 2007|legislative election]] will take place in the Australian state of [[New South Wales]]. * [[March 24]] - The 400th birthday of admiral [[Michiel de Ruyter]] will be celebrated in the [[Netherlands]]. * [[March 25]] - Australia's first Orbital Motorway ring road around Sydney opens to Traffic. * [[March 26]] - A [[Quebec National Assembly election, 2007|National Assembly election]] will take place in the [[Canada|Canadian]] province of [[Québec]]. * [[March 31]] - [[Milad un Nabi]], celebration of the birthday of the Muslim Prophet. === April === * [[April 1]] - The 2007 [[Major League Baseball]] séason begins, with the defending [[World Series]] Champion [[St.Louis Cardinals]] hosting the [[New York Mets]] at [[Busch Stadium]]. * [[April 2]] - Smoking in public and work places will be banned in [[Wales]]. * [[April 14]] - The 2007 [[Sir Arthur Clarke Award]]s, known as the "Space Oscars", will be presented. * [[April 16]] - Elections to be held in [[Nigeria]]. * [[April 22]] - The first round of the [[French presidential election, 2007|French presidential election of 2007]] will take place * [[April 23]] - [[Bogotá]], Colombia, begins its term as [[World Book Capital]]. * [[April 26]] - [[Jamestown 2007]], the 400th anniversary of the establishment of the first English settlement of the modérn-day United States at [[Jamestown, Virginia]] will be celebrated. * [[April 30]] - Smoking in public and work places will be outlawed in [[Northern Ireland]]. === May === * [[May 3]] - There will be [[Scottish Parliament election, 2007|parliamentary]] and [[Local government in Scotland|local government]] elections in [[Scotland]]. * [[May 3]] - There will be an [[Welsh Assembly Election 2007|assembly]] election in [[Wales]]. * [[May 3]] - There will be [[Local government in England|local government]] elections in [[England]]. * [[May 5]] - 9th Annual [[Global Marijuana March]] scheduled; about 200 participating cities expected worldwide. * [[May 6]] - If no candidate has secured over half the votes in the [[French presidential election, 2007|French Presidential Election]], then a runoff between the top two candidates will be held on this date. * [[May 10]] - Semi-final of the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2007]] in [[Helsinki]], [[Finland]] will take place. 28 countries will take part. * [[May 12]] - Final of the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2007]] in [[Helsinki]], [[Finland]], will take place. 24 countries will take part, including 10 countries from the [[semi-final]]. * [[May 12]] - A [[Icelandic parliamentary election, 2007|general election]] to the [[Alþingi]], the parliament of [[Iceland]], will take place. * [[May 12]]-[[May 13]] - [[Virginia]] will commemorate the 400th anniversary of the settlement of [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]] * [[May 14]] - [[Philippine general election, 2007|Legislative and local elections]] in the [[Philippines]] also known as ''Philippine Midterm Elections''. * [[May 15]] - [[Linkin Park]]'s third album [[Minutes To Midnight]] is set to be reléased. * [[May 16]] - The [[UEFA Cup 2006-07|2006-07 UEFA Cup final]] will be held at [[Hampden Park]] in [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]]. * [[May 16]]-[[May 20]] - The [[European Festival of Youth Choirs]] will be held in [[Basel]], [[Switzerland]]. * [[May 17]] - [[France|French]] présidént [[Jacques Chirac]] must hand over power to the winner of the [[French presidential election, 2007|French presidential election]] by this date. * [[May 18]] - The 4th annual Personal Democracy Forum will be held in New York City at [[Pace University]]. * [[May 19]] - The 126th [[FA Cup]] Final will be held, the first at the new [[Wembley Stadium]]. * [[May 19]] - The 23rd annual United States National [[Science Olympiad]] tournament will be held in [[Wichita State University]] in [[Wichita, Kansas]]. * [[May 23]] - The [[UEFA Champions League 2006-07]] séason final will be held in the [[Olympic Stadium (Athens)|Olympic Stadium]] in [[Athens]], [[Greece]]. * [[May 25]] - Scheduled [[prison]] reléase of [[Andrew Golden]], one of two gunmen in the [[Jonesboro massacre]]. * [[May 27]] - Autonomical and local elections in all the [[Spain|Spanish]] [[Autonomous Communities]] except [[Galicia]], [[Andalusia]], the [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]] and [[Catalonia]]. * [[May 28]]-[[June 2]] - The Urdd National [[Eisteddfod]] will be held in [[Carmarthenshire]], [[South Wales]] * [[May 31]] - A calendar [[Blue moon]] will occur in the [[Western Hemisphere]] and parts of the [[Eastern Hemisphere]]. === June === * [[June 1]] - 2007 Atlantic Hurricane séason officially begins * [[June 1]] - Reléase of [[Apple Inc.]]'s [[iPhone]]. * [[June 5]] - [[NASA]]'s [[MESSENGER]] spacecraft will maké its second flyby of [[Venus (planet)|Venus]] en route to [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]]. * [[June 6]]-[[June 8]] - The [[33rd G8 summit]] will take place in [[Heiligendamm]], [[Germany]]. * [[June 6]]-[[June 24]] - The ninth edition of the [[CONCACAF Gold Cup]] will be held in the [[United States]]. * [[June 10]] - The first round of a [[French legislative election, 2007|legislative election]] and a [[Belgian general election, 2007|general election]] will be held in [[France]] and [[Belgium]] respectively. * [[June 11]]-[[June 15]] - [[Apple]]'s 18th Annual [[WWDC]] takes place in [[San Fransisco]], [[CA]]. * [[June 17]] - The second round of the [[French legislative election, 2007|legislative election in France]] will take place. * [[June 18]] - [[June 29]] - [[Human Rights Council]] fifth session ([[Geneva]]). * [[June 20]] - [[NASA]]'s [[Dawn Mission|Dawn]] spacecraft is scheduled to be launched. * [[June 27]]-[[July 15]] - The [[Copa América 2007]] association football tournament will take place in [[Venezuela]]. * [[June 28]] - Start of the [[Manchester International Festival]] * [[June 30]] - A calendar [[Blue moon]] will occur in most of the [[Eastern Hemisphere]]. === July === * [[July 1]] - The refurbished [[Millennium Dome]], now called '''The O₂''' will réopen in [[London]]. * [[July 1]] - Smoking in public and work places is banned in [[England]]. * [[July 1]] - [[Hong Kong]] will be marking its 10th anniversary of its Special Administrative Region Establishment. * [[July 1]] - [[Russia]] will be composed of 85 federal subjects instéad of 86 as [[Koryak Autonomous Okrug|Koryakia]] will be merged into the [[Kamchatka Oblast]] per a [[2005]] referendum. * [[July 4]] - The host city of the [[2014 Winter Olympics]] will be announced during the 119th International Olympic Committee Session in [[Guatemala City]], [[Guatemala]]. The three candidates cities are [[Sochi]], [[Salzburg]] and [[Pyeongchang County|PyeongChang]]. * [[July 5]] - The [[U.S. 50-star flag|50-star flag]] will surpass the [[U.S. 48-star flag|48-star flag]], which flew from [[1912]] to [[1959]], as the longest-flying [[United States|American]] flag. * [[July 7]]-[[July 29]] - The [[2007 Tour de France]] will take place; the ''grand départ'' will be from [[London]]. * [[July 7]] - The [[New Seven Wonders of the World]] are set to be revéaled in a ceremony in [[Portugal]]. * [[July 13]] - The 15th [[Pan Am Games]] will open in [[Rio de Janeiro]]. ''Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix'' - the fifth film in the Harry Potter series, set in 1995, is scheduled to be reléased (see [[July 21]]). * [[July 21]] - ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows]]'', the final novel of the [[Harry Potter]] series, set to be reléased. * [[July 22]] - An election will determine 121 of the 242 séats in the Japanese [[House of Councillors]]. <!-- * [[July 27]] [[The Simpsons Movie]] is listed at [[2007 in film]]. Do not add it here. --> * [[July 27]] to [[August 8]] - 21st [[World Scout Jamboree]] takes place in Hylands Park, Essex to celebrate centenary of scouting. === August === * [[August 3]]-[[August 5]] - The Wikimania conference will be held at [[Taipei]], [[Taiwan]], [[Republic of China]]. * [[August 4]]-[[August 11]] - The [[National Eisteddfod of Wales]] will be held at [[Mold, Flintshire|Mold]], [[Flintshire]], [[Wales]]. * [[August 4]]-[[August 11]] - The 92nd Universal Congress of [[Esperanto]] in [[Yokohama]], [[Japan]] * [[August 17]] - [[High School Musical 2]] will premiere on [[Disney Channel]]. No further information is revéaled other than that the movie will take place at a [[country club]] and a [[baseball]] game. * [[August 24]]-[[September 2]] - The [[2007 World Championships in Athletics]] will be held at [[Nagai Stadium]] in [[Osaka, Osaka|Osaka]], [[Japan]]. * [[August 28]] - Total [[lunar eclipse]]. * [[August 30]]-[[September 3]] - The [[65th World Science Fiction Convention]] will take place in [[Yokohama]], [[Japan]]. === September === * [[September 2]] - A general election in [[Guatemala]] will elect the [[President of Guatemala|president]], vice-présidént, [[Congress of Guatemala|congressmen]], municipal mayors and representatives to [[Parlacen]]. * [[September 22]]-[[October 7]] - The [[Oktoberfest]] in [[Munich]], [[Germany]] will be held. * [[September 8]] - The [[2007 Rugby World Cup]] begins. * [[September 8]]-[[September 9]] - The [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] will host its annual city meeting in [[Sydney]]. * [[September 9]] - [[Manuel Noriega]] may be paroled by [[Bureau of Prisons]] * [[September 10]] - The [[FIFA Women's World Cup 2007]] begins. * [[September 11]] - Partial [[solar eclipse]]. <!--- * September 23 - SEDS International Conference'2007 [[http://earth.seds.org/sedsic2007.html|SEDS-Earth]]at Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT),India [[www.vit.ac.in |<Homepage>]], India with support of SEDS- VIT [[www.sedsvit.co.nr|<website>]] (SEDS entry on hold; see talk page) ---> * [[September 23]]-[[September 28]] - [[Labour Party Conference#2007 Bournemouth|Labour Party Conferences]] in [[Bournemouth]] at which [[Labour Party (UK) leadership election, 2007|the newly elected party leader]] will address delegates for the first time as [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]]. === October === * [[October]] - An [[elections in Pakistan|election in Pakistan]] is due. * [[October 1]] - The minimum age for buying [[tobacco]] products will rise from 16 to 18 across [[England and Wales]]. * [[October 10]] - An [[Ontario general election, 2007|election in the Canadian province of Ontario]] will take place. * [[October 13]] - [[New Zealand local body elections, 2007|Elections]] will be held for all [[Territorial authorities of New Zealand|Local Government]] in [[New Zealand]]. * [[October 17]] - [[Whitehaven#Digital Switchover Trial|Whitehaven]], England will become the first place in the [[United Kingdom]] to have one of its analogue terrestrial television signals switched off as part of [[Digital switchover in the United Kingdom|digital switchover]]. * [[October 23]] - the [[2007 World Series]] of [[Major League Baseball]] between the [[American League]] winner and the [[National League]] winner is expected to begin. * [[October 27]] - An [[Argentine general election, 2007|election in Argentina]] will elect the [[President of Argentina|President]] and members of the [[Argentine National Congress|National Congress]]. === November === * [[November]] - [[Croatian parliamentary election, 2007|Parliamentary elections]] will be held in [[Croatia]] * [[November]] - The [[Large Hadron Collider]], a [[particle accelerator]] and collider at [[CERN]] in [[France]] and [[Switzerland]], is scheduled to be switched on. * [[November 4]] - [[Elections in Turkey|General Elections]] will be held in [[Turkey]]. * [[November 4]] - [[Daylight saving time]] in the [[United States]] and most of [[Canada]] will end, one week later than the previous schedule, in accordance with the [[Energy Policy Act of 2005]]. * [[November 14]] - The [[Channel Tunnel Rail Link]] from London to the [[Channel Tunnel]] is expected to be completed. * [[November 23]] - [[2010 FIFA World Cup qualification]] Group Seeding in [[Durban]], [[South Africa]] === December === * [[December 8]] - The [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2007|5th Junior Eurovision Song Contest]] will take place in [[Rotterdam]], [[The Netherlands]]. * [[December 19]] - A [[Elections in South Korea|presidential election]] will take place in [[South Korea]]. * [[December 21]] - If [[Queen Elizabeth II]] lives to this date, at the age of 82, she will become the oldest reigning [[monarch]] in both [[United Kingdom|British]] and the [[Commonwealth Realms]]' history, surpassing [[King George III]] and [[Queen Victoria]]. * [[December 31]] - By this date, there will be four million [[Domestic robot|household]] [[robot]]s in use worldwide, according to the [[United Nations]], as reported in the ''[[Reader's Digest]]'', January 2007. === Unknown dates === * The current [[British Prime Minister]], [[Tony Blair]], is expected to announce in March his date of léaving office. His successor, most likely [[Gordon Brown]], will be decided in a [[Labour Party (UK) leadership election, 2007|leadership election]]. [[John McDonnell (politician)|John McDonnell]] and [[Michael Meacher]], both left-wing backbenchers, are the only other candidates for the position thus far. A race for the office of [[Deputy Prime Minister]] looks to be more of a 'competition', with [[Harriet Harman]], [[Peter Hain]], [[Hilary Benn]], [[Jon Cruddas]] and [[Alan Johnson]] alréady in the race, as well as [[Hazel Blears]] and [[Jack Straw]] being speculated to enter the competition. There is a very slight possibility that Brown may announce a [[snap election]] if he becomes the [[Prime Minister]]. * [[India]]'s [[Five-Year Plans of India|10th Five Year Plan]] comes to an end. * [[Uranus (planet)|Uranus]]' [[orbit]] will be positioned such that the [[Sun]] shines directly above its [[equator]]. * The [[Andean Community]] and [[Mercosur]] will fully integrate into the [[South American Community of Nations]]. * A [[Elections in Kenya|presidential election]] will take place in [[Kenya]]. * A [[Australian legislative election, 2007|legislative election]] will most certainly take place in [[Australia]]. * Most candidates seeking their party's nomination in the [[United States presidential election, 2008|2008 United States presidential election]] will declare their candidacies and start actively campaigning. * The [[Hidden Imam]] will appéar this yéar, according to Iranian présidént [[Ahmadinejad]]. * The seventeenth [[National Congress of the Communist Party of China]] is expected to take place. * Groundbréaking of the [[Chicago Spire]] * The [[Republic of Ireland]] hold a [[30th Irish general election|general election]], many media outlets in [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] report that this will take place on May 18th, however this date will not be known until the [[President of Ireland|president]] disolves [[Dail Eireann|parliament]] on the advice of the [[Taoiseach]] * The [[European Parliament election, 2007|European Parliament election]] will take place in [[Romania]] * Ozzfest, Also known as Freefest, will take place during the Summer == Births == * February 28 - [[Princess Lalla Khadija of Morocco]], daughter of [[King Mohammed VI]] and [[Princess Lalla Salma of Morocco]]. == Deaths == {{utama|Deaths in 2007}} <!-- Please make sure all dates are linked even where repeated. This is required for date format preferences to work correctly. --> === January === * [[January 1]] - [[Darrent Williams]], American football player (b. [[1982]]) * [[January 2]] - [[Teddy Kollek]], Austrian-born former Mayor of Jerusalem (b. [[1911]]) * [[January 4]] - [[Marais Viljoen]], former State [[President of South Africa]] (b. [[1915]]) * [[January 5]] - [[Momofuku Ando]], Japanese inventor (b. [[1910]]) * [[January 7]] - [[Bobby Hamilton]], American race car driver (b. [[1957]]) * [[January 8]] - [[Iwao Takamoto]], Japanese animator (b. [[1925]]) * [[January 8]] - [[Yvonne de Carlo]], American actress (b. [[1922]]) * [[January 10]] - [[Carlo Ponti]], Italian film producer (b. [[1912]]) * [[January 11]] - [[Robert Anton Wilson]], American author and conspiracy reséarcher (b. [[1932]]) * [[January 12]] - [[Alice Coltrane]], American jazz musician (b. [[1937]]) * [[January 13]] - [[Michael Brecker]], American jazz musician (b. [[1949]]) * [[January 14]] - [[Darlene Conley]], American actress (b. [[1934]]) * [[January 15]] - [[Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti]], Iraqi politician (b. [[1951]]) * [[January 15]] - [[Awad Hamed al-Bandar]], Iraqi judge (b. [[1945]]) * [[January 15]] - [[Bo Yibo]], Chinese politician (b. [[1908]]) * [[January 16]] - [[Benny Parsons]], American race car driver and television personality (b. [[1941]]) * [[January 17]] - [[Art Buchwald]], American humorist (b. [[1925]]) * [[January 19]] - [[Hrant Dink]], Turkish journalist (b. [[1954]]) * [[January 19]] - [[Denny Doherty]], Canadian musician ([[The Mamas and the Papas]]) (b. [[1940]]) * [[January 19]] - [[Bam Bam Bigelow]], American wrestler (b. [[1961]]) * [[January 22]] - [[Abbé Pierre]], French Catholic priest, founder of Emmaus (b. [[1912]]) * [[January 22]] - [[Carlos Olivier]], Venezuelan actor (b. [[1952]]) * [[January 23]] - [[Ryszard Kapuscinski]], Polish journalist and author (b. [[1932]]) * [[January 24]] - [[Emiliano Mercado del Toro]], veteran of [[World War I]] (b. [[1891]]) * [[January 26]] - [[Gump Worsley]], Canadian hockey player (b. [[1929]]) * [[January 28]] - [[Hsu Wei Lun]], Taiwanese actress (b. [[1978]]) * [[January 30]] - [[Sidney Sheldon]], American author and screenwriter (b. [[1917]]) * [[January 31]] - [[Kirka Babitzin]], Finnish singer (b. [[1950]]) * [[January 31]] - [[Lee Bergere]], American actor (b. [[1924]]) * [[January 31]] - [[Molly Ivins]], American columnist (b. [[1944]]) === February === * [[February 1]] - [[Gian Carlo Menotti]], Italian-born American composer and librettist (b. [[1911]]) * [[February 3]] - [[Pedro Knight]], Cuban-born musician (b. [[1921]]) * [[February 3]] - [[Billy Henderson (American singer)|Billy Henderson]], American singer ([[The Spinners (U.S. band)|The Spinners]]) (b. [[1939]]) * [[February 6]] - [[Frankie Laine]], American singer (b. [[1913]]) * [[February 7]] - [[Alan MacDiarmid]], New Zéaland chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel laureate]] (b. [[1927]]) * [[February 8]] - [[Anna Nicole Smith]], American modél and television personality (b. [[1967]]) * [[February 9]] - [[Benedict Kiely]], Irish author and broadcaster (b. [[1919]]) * [[February 9]] - [[Ian Richardson]], Scottish actor (b. [[1934]]) * [[February 10]] - [[Jung Da Bin]], Koréan Actress (b. [[1980]]) * [[February 12]] - [[Peggy Gilbert]], American jazz saxophonist (b. [[1905]]) * [[February 13]] - [[Charles Norwood]], American politician (b. [[1941]]) * [[February 13]] - [[Eliana Ramos]], Uruguayan modél (b. [[1988]]) * [[February 17]] - [[Maurice Papon]], French Vichy government official (b. [[1910]]) * [[February 17]] - [[Jurga Ivanauskaitė]], Lithuanian writer (b. [[1961]]) * [[February 17]] - [[Dermot O'Reilly]], Irish-Canadian musican ([[Ryan's Fancy]]) (b. [[1942]]) * [[February 17]] - [[Mike Awesome]], American professional wrestler (b. [[1965]]) * [[February 18]] - [[Juan "Pachín" Vicéns]], Puerto Rican basketball player (b. [[1933]]) * [[February 22]] - [[Lothar-Günther Buchheim]], German author, painter, and art collector (b. [[1918]]) * [[February 22]] - [[Fons Rademakers]], Dutch film director (b. [[1920]]) * [[February 22]] - [[Dennis Johnson]], American basketball player (b. [[1954]]) * [[February 24]] - [[Damien Nash]], American football player (b. [[1982]]) * [[February 24]] - [[Bruce Bennett]], American actor (b. [[1906]]) * [[February 27]] - [[Bobby Rosengarden]], American jazz drummer (b. [[1924]]) * [[February 28]] - [[Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.]], American historian and political commentator (b. [[1917]]) * [[February 28]] - [[Billy Thorpe]], Australian musician ([[Billy Thorpe & the Aztecs]]) (b. [[1946]]) === March === * [[March 2]] - [[Madi Phala]], South African artist (b. [[1955]]) * [[March 4]] - [[Thomas Eagleton]], American politician (b. [[1929]]) * [[March 6]] - [[Allen Coage]], American wrestler (b. [[1943]]) * [[March 6]] - [[Jean Baudrillard]], French [[postmodernism|postmodernist]] [[philosopher]] and [[sociologist]] (b. [[1929]]) * [[March 6]] - [[Ernest Gallo]], American co-founder of [[E & J Gallo Winery]] (b. [[1909]]) * [[March 8]] - [[John Inman]], English actor (b. [[1935]]) * [[March 8]] - [[Cruz Hernández]], [[Oldest people|World's Oldest Person]] (b. [[1878]]) * [[March 9]] - [[Brad Delp]], léad vocalist of [[Boston (band)|Boston]] (b. [[1951]] * [[March 10]] - [[Richard Jeni]], American comedian (b. [[1957]]) * [[March 10]] - [[Ernie Ladd]], American wrestler (b. [[1938]]) * [[March 11]] - [[Betty Hutton]], American actress (b. [[1921]]) * [[March 12]] - [[Antonio Ortiz Mena]], Mexican politician and economist (b. [[1907]]) * [[March 13]] - [[Gareth Hunt]], English actor (b. [[1943]]) * [[March 13]] - [[Arnold Skaaland]], American wrestler (b. [[1925]]) * [[March 15]] - [[Bowie Kuhn]], [[Commissioner of Baseball|MLB Commissioner]], 1969-1984 (b. [[1926]]) * [[March 16]] - [[Manjural Islam Rana|Manjural Islam]], Bangladeshi test cricket player (b. [[1984]]) * [[March 17]] - [[Sir Arthur Marshall]], [[British]] aviation [[engineer]] (b. [[1903]]) <!--==Nobel Prizes== * [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] - * [[Nobel Prize in Economics|Economics]] - * [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] - * [[Nobel Prize for Peace|Peace]] - * [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] - * [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] - --> == Holidays == * [[January 1]] - [[New Year's Day]] * [[January 26]] - [[Australia Day]] * [[February 19]] - [[Presidents' Day]] in the [[USA]]. * [[February 21]] - Western [[Christianity]]: [[Ash Wednesday]] and start of [[Lent]]. * [[March 17]] - [[Saint Patrick's Day]]. * [[March 19]] - Féast of [[Saint Joseph]]. * [[March 21]] - [[Bahai]] New Yéar. * [[April 6]] - Anniversary of the founding in [[1830]] of the [[Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)|Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints]]. * [[April 6]] is [[Good Friday]] in 2007 in the Western Christian calendar. * [[April 6]] - Corresponds to the first day of Nisan, the Jewish Holiday of [[Rosh Chodesh]]. * [[April 8]] - [[Easter]] (Western Christianity) * [[April 19]] - In Judaism, 14/15 Nisan. [[Passover]] [[Seder]]. * [[April 23]] - [[Saint George's Day]]. Israeli Independence Day (Iyar 5) in the Hebrew calendar. * [[May 1]] - [[Beltane]], a Cross-quarter day. Also [[Labor Day]] in most of the world, but not in the [[USA]] and [[Canada]]. [[May Day]]. * [[May 21]] - [[Victoria Day]] in Canada. * [[August 1]] - [[Lammas]], "Loaf Mass," a Cross-quarter day. * [[July 1]] - [[Canada Day]]. * [[July 4]] - [[Independence Day]] in the [[USA]]. * [[July 14]] - [[Bastille Day]]. * [[July 24]] - Birthday of [[Simon Bolivar]] observed in [[Venezuela]], [[Colombia]] and [[Ecuador]]. [[Pioneer Day]] observed in [[Utah]]. * [[September 3]] - [[Labour Day]] in [[Canada]] and the [[USA]]. * [[October 8]] - [[Thanksgiving]] in [[Canada]]. * [[October 31]] - [[All Hallows' Eve]], [[Halloween]]. * [[November 1]] - [[All Saints' Day]]. [[Samhain]], a cross-quarter day. [[Neopagan]] New Yéar's Day. * [[December 25]] - [[Christmas]] in Western [[Christianity]]. * [[December 26]] - [[Boxing Day]] in most [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] countries. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:2007| ]] lno25a40dkqedry3xcjtsf4rsz217u8 0 17721 629910 628891 2022-08-06T12:32:00Z 114.79.16.134 /* Kajadian */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taun nav|1950}} Taun ka-'''1950''' [[Maséhi]] dina [[Kalénder Grégorian]]. == Kajadian == {{MonthR_31_Min|Januari}} [[7 Januari]] - [[Ichiro Mizuki]], penyanyi [[Jepang]] == Nu babar == {{MonthR_31_Sen|Méi}} * [[13 Méi]] - balapan munggaran [[Formula 1]] di sirkuit [[Silverstone]], [[Inggris]]. == Nu pupus == {{MonthR_30_Reb|Nopémber}} * [[3 Nopémber]] - [[Kuniaki Koiso]] [[Perdana Mentri Jepang]] ka-41. == Poé peré == ==Tumbu luar== {{kalender-pondok}} [[Kategori:1950]] sbrizcaesulxe516g5xxhpwm6osazq6 0 17723 629902 629855 2022-08-06T12:14:40Z 114.79.16.134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taun nav|1948}} Taun ka-'''1948''' [[Maséhi]] dina [[Kalénder Grégorian]]. == Kajadian == == Nu babar == == Nu pupus =={{MonthR_31_Kem|Januari}} * [[30 Januari]] - [[Mohandas Gandhi]], pulitikus jeung pamingpin [[India]]. {{MonthR_30_Kem|April}} * [[17 April]] - [[Kantarō Suzuki]] [[Perdana Mentri Jepang]] ka-42. * [[20 April]] - [[Mitsumasa Yonai]], [[Perdana Mentri Jepang]] ka-37. {{MonthR_31_Reb|Desember}} [[23 Desember]] ** [[Hideki Tojo]], [[Perdana Mentri Jepang]] ka-40. ** [[Kōki Hirota]], [[Perdana Mentri Jepang]] ka-32. == Poé peré == ==Tumbu luar== {{kalender-pondok}} 54tmvkd21uxaqr08f6ndk1hciyhk9op 629903 629902 2022-08-06T12:15:48Z 114.79.16.134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taun nav|1948}} Taun ka-'''1948''' [[Maséhi]] dina [[Kalénder Grégorian]]. == Kajadian == == Nu babar == == Nu pupus =={{MonthR_31_Kem|Januari}} * [[30 Januari]] - [[Mohandas Gandhi]], pulitikus jeung pamingpin [[India]]. {{MonthR_30_Kem|April}} * [[17 April]] - [[Kantarō Suzuki]] [[Perdana Mentri Jepang]] ka-42. * [[20 April]] - [[Mitsumasa Yonai]], [[Perdana Mentri Jepang]] ka-37. {{MonthR_31_Reb|Desember}} [[23 Desember]] * [[Hideki Tojo]], [[Perdana Mentri Jepang]] ka-40. ** [[Kōki Hirota]], [[Perdana Mentri Jepang]] ka-32. == Poé peré == ==Tumbu luar== {{kalender-pondok}} 5bk4rch26ld1ua230s9uioezyuwxe6e 629904 629903 2022-08-06T12:16:06Z 114.79.16.134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taun nav|1948}} Taun ka-'''1948''' [[Maséhi]] dina [[Kalénder Grégorian]]. == Kajadian == == Nu babar == == Nu pupus =={{MonthR_31_Kem|Januari}} * [[30 Januari]] - [[Mohandas Gandhi]], pulitikus jeung pamingpin [[India]]. {{MonthR_30_Kem|April}} * [[17 April]] - [[Kantarō Suzuki]] [[Perdana Mentri Jepang]] ka-42. * [[20 April]] - [[Mitsumasa Yonai]], [[Perdana Mentri Jepang]] ka-37. {{MonthR_31_Reb|Desember}} [[23 Desember]] * [[Hideki Tojo]], [[Perdana Mentri Jepang]] ka-40. ** [[Kōki Hirota]], [[Perdana Mentri Jepang]] ka-32. == Poé peré == ==Tumbu luar=={{kalender-pondok}} dcnxiwrweky4ubnygytue92o0jp5zl6 629905 629904 2022-08-06T12:18:39Z 114.79.16.134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taun nav|1948}} Taun ka-'''1948''' [[Maséhi]] dina [[Kalénder Grégorian]]. == Kajadian == == Nu babar == == Nu pupus =={{MonthR_31_Kem|Januari}} * [[30 Januari]] - [[Mohandas Gandhi]], pulitikus jeung pamingpin [[India]]. {{MonthR_30_Kem|April}} * [[17 April]] - [[Kantarō Suzuki]] [[Perdana Mentri Jepang]] ka-42. * [[20 April]] - [[Mitsumasa Yonai]], [[Perdana Mentri Jepang]] ka-37. {{MonthR_31_Reb|Desember}} * [[23 Desember]] [[Hideki Tojo]], [[Perdana Mentri Jepang]] ka-40. == Poé peré =={{Calendar}} * [[Kōki Hirota]], [[Perdana Mentri Jepang]] ka-32. ==Tumbu luar=={{kalender-pondok}} r9br9fq8ksha7hamn0n8n6o1b8bdsm0 629909 629905 2022-08-06T12:28:50Z 114.79.16.134 /* Nu babar */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taun nav|1948}} Taun ka-'''1948''' [[Maséhi]] dina [[Kalénder Grégorian]]. == Kajadian == == Nu babar == {{DekadeJeungTaun1|20}} == Nu pupus =={{MonthR_31_Kem|Januari}} * [[30 Januari]] - [[Mohandas Gandhi]], pulitikus jeung pamingpin [[India]]. {{MonthR_30_Kem|April}} * [[17 April]] - [[Kantarō Suzuki]] [[Perdana Mentri Jepang]] ka-42. * [[20 April]] - [[Mitsumasa Yonai]], [[Perdana Mentri Jepang]] ka-37. {{MonthR_31_Reb|Desember}} * [[23 Desember]] [[Hideki Tojo]], [[Perdana Mentri Jepang]] ka-40. == Poé peré =={{Calendar}} * [[Kōki Hirota]], [[Perdana Mentri Jepang]] ka-32. ==Tumbu luar=={{kalender-pondok}} bs2l80pfvq2udgskzk7e6lm326wco8f 629911 629909 2022-08-06T12:32:20Z 114.79.16.134 /* Nu babar */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taun nav|1948}} Taun ka-'''1948''' [[Maséhi]] dina [[Kalénder Grégorian]]. == Kajadian == == Nu babar =={{DekadeJeungTaun1|20}} == Nu pupus =={{MonthR_31_Kem|Januari}} * [[30 Januari]] - [[Mohandas Gandhi]], pulitikus jeung pamingpin [[India]]. {{MonthR_30_Kem|April}} * [[17 April]] - [[Kantarō Suzuki]] [[Perdana Mentri Jepang]] ka-42. * [[20 April]] - [[Mitsumasa Yonai]], [[Perdana Mentri Jepang]] ka-37. {{MonthR_31_Reb|Desember}} * [[23 Desember]] [[Hideki Tojo]], [[Perdana Mentri Jepang]] ka-40. == Poé peré =={{Calendar}} * [[Kōki Hirota]], [[Perdana Mentri Jepang]] ka-32. ==Tumbu luar=={{kalender-pondok}} fgisjzz0k8lfop25btg3sw8835ipi1c 629912 629911 2022-08-06T12:32:55Z 114.79.16.134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taun nav|1948}} Taun ka-'''1948''' [[Maséhi]] dina [[Kalénder Grégorian]]. == Kajadian == == Nu babar =={{DekadeJeungTaun1|20}} == Nu pupus =={{MonthR_31_Kem|Januari}} * [[30 Januari]] - [[Mohandas Gandhi]], pulitikus jeung pamingpin [[India]]. {{MonthR_30_Kem|April}} * [[17 April]] - [[Kantarō Suzuki]] [[Perdana Mentri Jepang]] ka-42. * [[20 April]] - [[Mitsumasa Yonai]], [[Perdana Mentri Jepang]] ka-37. {{MonthR_31_Reb|Desember}} * [[23 Desember]] [[Hideki Tojo]], [[Perdana Mentri Jepang]] ka-40. == Poé peré =={{Calendar}} * [[Kōki Hirota]], [[Perdana Mentri Jepang]] ka-32. ==Tumbu luar=={{kalender-pondok}} 7qf11run8kqy44mew3vklgs1fa80y1s 629913 629912 2022-08-06T12:33:16Z Syunsyunminmin 27964 Undid edits by [[Special:Contribs/114.79.16.134|114.79.16.134]] ([[User talk:114.79.16.134|talk]]) to last version by 114.79.20.202 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taun nav|1948}} Taun ka-'''1948''' [[Maséhi]] dina [[Kalénder Grégorian]]. == Kajadian == == Nu babar == == Nu pupus == {{MonthR_31_Kem|Januari}} * [[30 Januari]] - [[Mohandas Gandhi]], pulitikus jeung pamingpin [[India]]. {{MonthR_30_Kem|April}} * [[17 April]] - [[Kantarō Suzuki]] [[Perdana Mentri Jepang]] ka-42. * [[20 April]] - [[Mitsumasa Yonai]], [[Perdana Mentri Jepang]] ka-37. {{MonthR_31_Reb|Desember}} [[23 Desember]] ** [[Hideki Tojo]], [[Perdana Mentri Jepang]] ka-40. ** [[Kōki Hirota]], [[Perdana Mentri Jepang]] ka-32. == Poé peré == ==Tumbu luar== {{kalender-pondok}} 9rcw2o9n8c0zegq319wvfo7wspka00y 0 17884 629927 628920 2022-08-06T13:17:43Z 114.79.16.134 /* Januari-Pébruari */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taun nav|1800}} Taun ka-'''1800''' [[Maséhi]] dina [[Kalénder Grégorian]]. == Kajadian == == Nu babar == == Nu pupus == === Januari-Pébruari === {{MonthR_31_Reb|Januari}} * [[Jaka Tingkir]] {{MonthR_29_Sap|Pébruari}} * [[6 Pébruari]] - [[Wales]] === Maret-April === {{MonthR_31_Sap|Maret}} {{MonthR_30_Sal|April}} === Méi-Juni === {{MonthR_31_Kem|Méi}} {{MonthR_30_Min|Juni}} === Juli-Agustus === {{MonthR_31_Sal|Juli}} {{MonthR_31_Jum|Agustus}} === Séptémber-Oktober === {{MonthR_30_Sen|Séptémber}}{{MonthR_31_Reb|Oktober}} === Nopémber-Désémber === {{MonthR_30_Sap|Nopémber}} {{MonthR_31_Sen|Désémber}} == Poé peré == == Tumbu luar == {{kalender-pondok}} qjthfhh1uw2zwn6w9xz7i4r4uzzen9z 0 18132 629932 414297 2022-08-06T13:46:10Z 114.79.16.134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taun nav|1587}} Taun ka-'''1587''' [[Maséhi]] dina [[Kalénder Grégorian]]. == Tumbu luar == {{kalender-pondok}} e9weapk2zqxen38b32ip3sjz7h06f4g 0 18209 629931 547192 2022-08-06T13:45:26Z 114.79.16.134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taun nav|1509}} Taun ka-'''1509''' [[Maséhi]] dina [[Kalénder Grégorian]]. == Kajadian == == Nu babar == == Nu pupus == == Poé peré == == Tumbu luar == {{kalender-pondok}} snsjph5ggrnj3y156fkoau3e2xrzigr 0 20024 630034 581020 2022-08-07T03:54:05Z YogiYY 17453 added [[Category:Tembang]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Cianjuran.jpg|thumb|Tembang Cianjuran]] '''Tembang Cianjuran''' mangrupa seni vokal Sunda nu dibarengan ku [[waditra]] [[kacapi indung]], [[Kacapi Rincik|kacapi rincik]], [[suling]], jeung [[rebab]]. Asalna mah, di tempat borojolna, [[Cianjur]], kasenian ieu téh disebutna '''mamaos'''. Dingaranan tembang Cianjuran sotéh ti taun [[1930-an]], anu lajeng dikukuhkeun taun [[1962]] dina Musawarah Tembang Sunda sa-Pasundan di [[Bandung]]. Tina awalna nu mangrupa tembang hiburan alat silaturahmi di antara para [[ménak]], mamaos kiwari geus jadi seni hiburan komersil sakumaha kasenian umumna, dipintonkeun dina rupa-rupa acara, sarta asup ka studio rékaman. ==Sajarah== Mamaos kabentuk dina mangsa pamaréntahan bupati Cianjur [[R.A.A. Kusumaningrat]] ([[1834]]—[[1864]]) anu sok ngarang ieu tembang di hiji wangunan nu disebut Pancaniti. ku sabab kitu, anjeunna katelah [[R.A.A. Kusumaningrat|Dalem Pancaniti]]. Mimitina, mamaos ditembangkeun ku lalaki, sarta kakara ilahar diteuleuman ku wanoja kira parapat [[abad ka-20]]. Ti harita, mimiti panembang wanoja pating pucunghul, kayaning [[Rd. Siti Sarah]], [[Rd. Anah Ruhanah]], [[Ibu Imong]], [[Ibu O’oh]], [[Ibu Resna]], jeung [[Nyi Mas Saodah]]. Mamaos téh dimekarkeun tina seni [[pantun]], nu ciri utamanya nyaéta ayana kacapi katut cara maénkeunana. Lalaguanana ogé ampir sakabéhna tina carita pantun, di antarana carita Pantun [[Mundinglaya Dikusumah]]. Tuluy, ieu seni soara téh mekar ogé ngagunakeun [[beluk]] (mamaca), [[degung]], sarta tembang macapat Jawa: [[pupuh]]. Lagu-lagu mamaos nu dicokot tina seni pantun disebutna '''lagu pantun''' atawa '''papantunan''', atau disebut ogé '''lagu Pajajaran''', dicokot tina ngaran karaton Sunda di Bogor bihari. Lagu-lagu nu asalna tina bahan pupuh disebut tembang, nu duanana nurut kana aturan rumpaka. Ka dieunakeun, aturan nyieun rumpakana jadi leuwih bébas, bisa nyampur. Dina mangsa pamaréntahan bupati [[RAA Prawiradireja II]] ([[1864]]—[[1910]]), mamaos sumebar ka wewengkon lianna, nu utamana diluluguan ku [[Rd. Écé Majid Natawireja]] ([[1853]]—[[1928]]). Anjeunna sering diulem ngawulang mamaos ka kabupatén-kabupatén di Priangan, di antarana ku bupati [[Bandung]] [[RAA Martanagara]] (1893—1918) jeung [[RAA Wiranatakusumah]] ([[1920]]—[[1931]] & [[1935]]—[[1942]]). Nalika ieu mamaos sumebar ka wewengkon séjén, lajeng ieu seni soara téh jadi katelah tembang Cianjuran. Kitu ogé nalika radio NIROM Bandung taun [[1930-an]] nyiarkeun ieu kasenian, disebutna téh tembang Cianjuran. ==Pintonan== Sabenerna istilah mamaos mah ukur nujul ka lagu-lagu nu polana pupuh (tembang), lemesna tina mamaca: seni maca buku carita wawacan ku cara ditembangkeun. Buku wawacan nu ngagunakeun aturan pupuh ieu aya nu dilagukeun ku téhnik rancag jeung téhnik beluk. Lagu-lagu mamaos larasna pelog (degung), sorog (nyorog, madenda), saléndro, jeung mandalungan. Dumasar kana asal jeung watek laguna, mamaos digolongkeun kana sababaraha wanda: papantunan, jejemplangan, dedegungan, jeung rarancagan. Kiwari, aya ogé tambahan jenis kakawén jeung panambih salaku wanda nu mandiri. Lagu-lagu mamaos tina jenis tembang lolobana ngagunakeun pola pupuh [[kinanti]], [[sinom]], [[asmarandana]], [[dangdanggula]], jeung sababaraha pupuh lianna. ==Wanda== Seni Tembang Sunda Cianjuran mibanda opat wanda utama nyaéta wanda [[papantunan]], wanda [[jejemplangan]], wanda [[rarancagan]], wanda [[dedegungan]] sarta wanda raehan atawa tambahan, di antarana wanda [[panambih]] jeung wanda [[kakawén]] (saléndro). ===Papantunan=== ''Papatat'', ''Rajamantri'', ''Mupu Kembang'', ''Randegan'', ''Randegan Kendor'', ''Kaléon'', ''Manyeuseup'', ''Balagenyat'', ''Putri Layar'', ''Pangapungan'', ''Rajah'', ''Gelang Gading'', ''Candrawulan'', jsb., <br /> ===Jejemplangan=== ''Jemplang Pangantén'', ''Jemplang Cidadap'', ''Jemplang Leumpang'', ''Jemplang Titi'', ''Jemplang Pamirig'', jsb. ===Dedegungan=== ''Sinom Degung'', ''Asmarandana Degung'', ''Durma Degung'', ''Dangdanggula Degung'', ''Rumangsang Degung'', ''Panangis Degung'', jsb. ===Rarancagan=== ''Manangis'', ''Bayubud'', ''Sinom Polos'', ''Kentar Cisaat'', ''Kentar Ajun'', ''Sinom Liwung'', ''Asmarandana Rancag'', ''Setra'', ''Satria'', ''Kulu-kulu Barat'', ''Udan Mas'', ''Udan Iris'', ''Dangdanggula Pancaniti'', ''Garutan'', ''Porbalinggo'', ''Erang Barong'', jsb. Wanda kakawén di antarana ''Sebrakan Sapuratina'', ''Sebrakan Pelog'', ''Toya Mijil'', ''Kayu Agung'', jsb. <br /> ===Panambih=== ''Budak Ceurik'', ''Toropongan'', ''Kulu-kulu Gandrung Gunung'', ''Rénggong Gedé'', ''Panyileukan'', ''Selabintana'', ''Soropongan'', jsb. ==Sumber rujukan== *[[Ganjar Kurnia]]. 2003. ''Deskripsi kesenian Jawa Barat''. Dinas Kebudayaan & Pariwisata Jawa Barat, Bandung. * [[E. Nani Supriatna]].2005. ''Tembang Kanayagan''. Sanggar Seni Gentra gendin Wirahma Sari Cianjur, Cianjur. ==Warta luar== *http://baruga.mahafatna.com/tembang-cianjuran-dalam-berbagai-variasi/ {{seni-pondok}} [[Kategori:Seni Sunda]] [[Kategori:Tembang]] ku3qocn0gk06442z94pmbh34scsaxla 0 26796 629895 629283 2022-08-06T12:05:01Z 114.79.16.134 /* Prediksi */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{year nav|2008}} {{C21YearInTopic}} '''2008''' ('''[[Angka Romawi|MMVIII]]''') nyaéta taun ieu, [[taun kabisat]] nu [[Taun kabisat nu dimimitian ku poe Salasa|dimimitian ku poe Salasa]] dina [[Anno Domini]] (atawa [[common era]]), dumasar kana [[kalender Gregorian]]. 2008 kasebut minangka: * [[Taun Basa Internasional]];<ref>[http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/ga10592.doc.htm U.N. General Assembly, Department of Public Information, "General Assembly Proclaims 2008 International Year of Languages, in Effort to Promote Unity in Diversity, Global Understanding" GA/10592]</ref> * [[Taun Planet Bumi Internasional]];<ref>[http://yearofplanetearth.org/index.html International Year of Planet Earth]</ref> * [[Taun Kentang Internasional]];<ref>[http://www.potato2008.org/ International Year of the Potato 2008].</ref> * [[Taun Sanitasi Internasional]];<ref>[http://esa.un.org/iys/ International Year of Sanitation].</ref> * [[Taun Dialog Antarbudaya Eropa]];<ref>[http://www.interculturaldialogue2008.eu/ European Year of Intercultural Dialogue website]</ref> * [[Australia]]n Yéar of the [[Scouting|Scout]];<ref>[http://www.scouts.com.au/main.asp?iStoryID=12600854 Australian Year of the Scout].</ref> * [[Taun Maca Nasional 2008|Taun Maca Nasional]] in England;<ref>[http://www.yearofreading.org.uk 2008 National Year of Reading].</ref> * Yéar of the [[Frog]], as declared by the international conservation initiative [[Amphibian Ark]].<ref>[http://www.amphibianark.org/yearofthefrog.htm Year of the Frog].</ref>; Dina [[Astrologi Cina]], lolobana 2008, nu dimimitian ti [[7 Pebruari]] kaasup ''Taun [[Beurit (zodiak)|Beurit]]'' (tanggal samemeh mangrupa ''Taun [[Babi (zodiak)|Babi]]''). Taun beurit sanggeusna bakal tumiba dina taun [[2020]]. == Kajadian == <!-- DO NOT ADD VIDEO GAME RELEASES TO ANY MONTH IN THIS SECTION --> === Januari === {{Month3|1|1}} * [[1 Januari]] - Ngaroko dicarék di sakabéh patempatan publik (kaasup bar jeung réstoran) di [[Portugal]] kawas di nagara bagéan Illinois di Amérika Sarikat. * [[1 Januari]] - [[Cyprus]], [[Malta]], and [[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]] adopted the [[euro]].<ref>[http://www.euractiv.com/en/euro/cyprus-malta-set-join-eurozone-2008/article-163836 Cyprus and Malta set to join eurozone in 2008], EurActiv</ref><ref>[http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/1198764121.53/ Akrotiri and Dhekelia adopt the euro], EUbusiness</ref> * [[1 Januari]] - [[Slovenia]] takes over the présidéncy of [[European Union]] as the first of new member states.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20070516193607/www.svlr.gov.si/en/eu_presidency/ Slovenian EU presidency]</ref> * [[1 Januari]] - The [[Venezuelan bolívar]], as a result of a government decree issued on [[March 7]], [[2007]], is revalued at a ratio of 1 to 1000 and renamed the [[Bolívar fuerte]] ([[ISO 4217]] code: VEF). * [[2 Januari]] - The [[price of petroleum]] hits [[US$]]100 per barrel. * [[2 Januari]] - [[Malaysia]]n Héalth Minister [[Chua Soi Lek]] resigns after admitting to being filmed by [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] cameras in a hotel room having sex with a female friend. * [[2 Januari]] - [[The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust|The Royal Marsden Hospital]] in [[London]] caught fire, just before 13:30. * [[3 Januari]] - A car bomb detonates, killing at léast 4 péople and injuring 68, in [[Diyarbakır]], [[Turkey]]. Police blame [[Kurdistan Workers Party|Kurdish rebels]]. * [[3 Januari]] - [[Joe Biden]] drops out of the 2008 U.S. présidéntial election * [[3 Januari]] - [[Barack Obama]] jeung [[Mike Huckabee]] win their respective [[Iowa caucus|caucuses in Iowa]], the first caucus held for the [[United States presidential election, 2008|2008 U.S. presidential election]]. * [[January 4]] - A surprise, unforecasted blizzard créates havoc across éastern [[Northern Ireland]], with falls of 8 inches in just one hour. * [[January 4]] - Though uncommon, light [[snow]] falls in the [[Mexico|Mexican]] states of [[Oaxaca]] and [[Querétaro]] following the previous fall in [[Veracruz]] néar [[Xalapa]], where the lowest temperatures since the [[1950s]] have been méasured (34&nbsp;°F). * [[January 4]] - 30th Dakar Rally cancelled due to international political tension and the murder of four French tourists last 24th of December 2007. * [[January 5]] - [[Mikheil Saakashvili]] is re-elected following éarly [[Georgian presidential election, 2008|presidential elections]] in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. * [[January 5]] - A levee bursts in [[Fernley, Nevada]], flooding a large portion of the town and forcing the evacuations of 3,500 residents. * [[January 7]] - [[NBC]] announced The 2008 [[Golden Globe Awards]] Ceremony would be cancelled due to the [[Writers Guild of America]] Strike. The network says it would announce the winners in a 1 hour news conference. * [[January 7]]-[[January 10]] - [[January 2008 Tornado Outbreak Sequence|A storm]] passes through éastern North America. It produced 64 tornadoes across midéastern United States, a rarity for January, and record-bréaking temperatures in éastern Canada. * [[January 8]] - An attempted assassination of [[Maldives|Maldivian]] présidént [[Maumoon Abdul Gayoom]] is thwarted because a [[Boy Scout]] grabbed the attacker's knife. The Boy Scout was injured, but after a scuffle ensued police arrested the attacker. * [[January 8]] - [[Hillary Clinton]] and [[John McCain]] win their respective [[New Hampshire primary|New Hampshire Presidential primaries]]. * [[January 9]] - U.S. présidént [[George W. Bush]] begins a tour of the [[Middle East]] with a stop in [[Israel]]. Other destinations include [[Kuwait]], [[Bahrain]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Palestine]], and [[Egypt]]. * [[January 10]] - [[Bill Richardson]] drops out of the U.S. présidéntial election due to shortage of money. * [[January 10]] - [[Matsushita Electric Industrial Co.]], known by its brand name "[[Panasonic]]", announced to change the company name to "Panasonic Corporation" from [[October 1]], 2008.<ref>http://www.stockhouse.ca/news/news.asp?tick=MC&newsid=6289887</ref> * [[January 10]] - [[Tata Motors Limited]] announces production of the [[Tata Nano]], the world's chéapest car, which is to sell for one lakh (100,000 Rupees or US $2500). * [[January 12]] - The [[Kuomintang]]-led [[Pan-Blue Coalition]] wins the [[Republic of China legislative election, 2008|legislative elections]] in [[Republic of China|Taiwan]] with over 70% of the votes. * [[January 12]] - A [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonian]] Army [[Mil Mi-17]] helicopter [[2008 Macedonian Armed Forces Mil Mi-17 crash|crashes]] in thick fog southéast of [[Skopje]], killing all 11 military personnel on board.<ref>http://canadianpress.google.com/article/ALeqM5hEKv9MBw55ELwc9LGYFjDD_itvfw</ref> * [[January 12]] - [[Greenpeace]] vessel [[Esperanza]] disrupted the Japanese whale hunt off Antarctica by chasing the fleet's whale processing factory ship out of the whaling zone.<ref>http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5ibg-iiecl794l9FUlAuU3Cq41iIAD8U59R9G0</ref> * [[January 13]] - Two [[Australia]]ns arrived in [[New Plymouth]], [[New Zealand]] by [[kayak]] and became the first péople in history to paddle from Australia to New Zéaland. * [[January 13]] - [[Katsuaki Watanabe]], présidént and Céo of [[Toyota]], announced that they will deliver a significant fleet of plug-in [[hybrid electric vehicle]]s (PHEVs), powered by lithium-ion batteries, by [[2010]]. * [[January 14]] - At 19:04:39 [[UTC]], the [[MESSENGER]] [[space probe]] was at its closest approach during its first [[Planetary flyby|flyby]] of the planet [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/mer_flyby1.html |title=Mercury Flyby 1 |accessdate=2008-01-12 |work=The MESSENGER website |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory]]}}</ref> * [[January 15]] - [[Federal Court of Australia]] has ordered a Japanese whaling company to stop reséarch whaling within their [[Exclusive Economic Zone]], which Australian government claims as their EEZ because they claim they possesses some part of [[Antarctica]] as their land, in [[Southern Ocean]]. * [[January 15]] – Republican [[Mitt Romney]] wins the [[Michigan]] primary. The Michigan primary did not include a member from the Democratic party due to a party dispute over scheduling. * [[January 15]] - [[United States of America|United States]] [[Food and Drug Administration]] declared that food from [[clone]]d [[cattle]], [[swine]], [[goat]]s, and their progeny is safe to éat.<ref>http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2008/NEW01776.html</ref> * [[January 15]] - Two [[Australia]]n activists from [[United States|US]] based anti-whaling group [[Sea Shepherd]] had been detained by [[Japan]]ese whalers after boarding a harpoon ship Yushin-maru No.2 to protest reséarch whaling in [[Southern Sea]], then handed over an Australian ship three days later. Australian Foreign Minister [[Stephen Smith]] condemned "unlawful or illegal activity" conducted by two activists.<ref>http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23069680-601,00.html</ref> * [[January 16]] - [[South Korea]]n présidéntial Transition Téam, which is appointed by [[South Korean President|South Korean President-elect]] [[Lee Myung-bak]], announced a plan to merge [[Unification Ministry]], which takes care of [[North Korea]]n issues, with the Foreign Ministry after 39 yéars of its operation as an independent ministry or agency.<ref>http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20080116/wl_asia_afp/skoreapoliticsleenkorea</ref> * [[January 17]] - [[British Airways Flight 38]] [[Boeing 777]] landed short of runway at [[London Heathrow Airport]], damaged wings and engines, injured 19 among the 152 péople on board.<ref>http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5iEcRUUK8oqjE-rvRWKq9-XRS6z3wD8U8FLLO0</ref> * [[January 18]] - U.S. présidént [[George W. Bush]] announces economic stimulus package, proposes $800 per individual, $1600 per couple in tax refunds. * [[January 19]] - [[John McCain]] wins the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[South Carolina]] primary while [[Hillary Rodham Clinton|Hillary Clinton]] and [[Mitt Romney]] win [[Nevada caucuses|caucuses in Nevada]]. * [[January 20]] - [[Serbian presidential election, 2008|Presidential election]] in [[Serbia]]. * [[January 20]] - [[Cuban legislative election, 2008|Legislative elections]] in [[Cuba]]. * [[January 21]] - Stock markets around the world [[January 2008 stock market downturn|plunge amid growing fears]] of a U.S. [[recession]], fueled by the [[2007 subprime mortgage financial crisis]]. * [[January 21]] - The first [[National Fetish Day]] is held in the [[United Kingdom]], promoting the rights of the [[BDSM]] community. * [[January 22]] - [[Russia]] stages the largest naval exercise since the fall of the [[Soviet Union]] in the [[Bay of Biscay]], amid deteriorating relations with the West. The [[Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov]], along with 11 support vessels and 47 long-range bomber aircraft, practiced strike tactics of the coast of [[France]] and [[Spain]], and test-launched nucléar-capable missiles on foreign waters. * [[January 22]] - [[Ben Bernanke]] lowers the U.S. federal fund rate by .75 point to 3.50%. The discount rate was brought to 4%. <!-- Heath Ledger is already listed under *DEATHS* for this date, do not double list him here under *EVENTS* --> * [[January 23]] - [[Polish Air Force]] [[CASA C-295]] crashed during approach to the 12th Air Base néar [[Mirosławiec]]. All 20 personnel on board died. * [[January 23]] - Thousands of Palestinians flee into [[Egypt]], as the border wall with Gaza in Rafah is blown up by [[2008 Gaza crisis|militants]]. * [[January 24]] - A péace déal ends the [[Kivu conflict]] in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] * [[January 24]] - [[Peter Hain]] resigned British [[Wales Secretary]], British [[Work and Pensions Secretary]] after the [[Electoral Commission (United Kingdom)|Electoral Commission]] referred the failure to report donations to the [[Metropolitan Police]]. [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[Gordon Brown]] called a quick [[cabinet reshuffle]]. * [[January 24]] - [[Council of Representatives of Iraq|Iraqi Parliament]] have adopted a new [[flag of Iraq]], removing three stars associated with the Baath Party; a permanent design is expected within the next yéar. * [[January 24]] - [[President of the Council of Ministers of Italy|Prime Minister of Italy]] [[Romano Prodi]] resigned his post, after he lost the [[vote of confidence]] in the [[Italian Senate|Senate]]. * [[January 25]] - Building for the new [[Liverpool Arena]] completed.<ref>http://www.marketingservicestalk.com/news/bal/bal100.html</ref> * [[January 25]] - [[Las Vegas Strip|Las Vegas]] [[Monte Carlo Resort and Casino|Casino Monte Carlo]] [[Monte Carlo Resort and Casino#2008 fire|catches fire]]. * [[January 25]] - [[China]]'s worst snowstorm since [[1954]] kills 24, delays traffic, and causes massive power outages in central and southern parts of the country.<ref>http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aYjkVz76Icsk&refer=home</ref> * [[January 26]] - [[Barack Obama]] wins the Democratic [[South Carolina]] primary in [[United States presidential election, 2008|U.S. presidential election]]. * [[January 26]] - [[Global Call for Action]] to raise awareness and advance the movement for a more equal and just world as part of the [[World Social Forum]] held in [[Davos]], [[Switzerland]].<ref>http://wsf2008.net/eng/home</ref> * [[January 26]] - The [[All American Football League]] (AAFL) held its inaugural draft.<ref>http://www.wbir.com/sports/story.aspx?storyid=53923</ref> * [[January 27]] - [[Novak Djokovic]] and [[Maria Sharapova]] won [[2008 Australian Open]] in [[Melbourne, Australia]]. * [[January 27]] - The [[2008 NHL All-Star Game]] in [[Atlanta]]. * [[January 28]] - U.S. présidént [[George W. Bush]] delivers his final [[State of the Union Address]].<ref>[http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2008/01/20080128-13.html President Delivers State of the Union Address], ''The White House''</ref> * [[January 29]] - sénator [[John McCain]] wins Republican Florida primary in [[United States presidential election, 2008|U.S. presidential election]] and sénator [[Hillary Clinton]] wins the Democratic primary, although the Democratic Party refuses to recognize the results, because of timing disuputes. * [[January 29]] - [[Iran]]'s judiciary sentences to prison 54 [[Bahai]] religion followers for [[charity work]].<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080202055728/news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20080129/wl_afp/iranjusticereligionbahai_080129141019 Iran sentences Bahai religious followers for 'anti-regime propaganda'], Yahoo News</ref><ref>[http://web.archive.org/20070611001053/www.aljazeera.com/news/newsfull.php?newid=84239 Iran sentences Bahais for 'anti-regime propaganda'], Aljazeera</ref> * [[January 30]] - [[Bhumibol Adulyadej|King Bhumibol Adulyadej]] formally swéars in [[Samak Sundaravej]] as the new [[Prime Minister of Thailand|Prime Minister]] of [[Thailand]]. * [[January 30]] - [[Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Japan)|Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare]] of [[Japan]] made public warning that [[Jiaozi|Chinese dumplings]] and other products manufactured in a factory in [[Hebei Province]], [[China]], and imported to Japan, had caused mass [[food poisoning]] due to traces of [[pesticide]] in products' packages.<ref>http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/nearly-500-japan-claim-china-made/story.aspx?guid=%7B5175A5B7-0D1B-4D57-8268-052AFCC44675%7D</ref> * [[January 30]] - U.S. présidéntial candidates [[Rudy Giuliani]] and [[John Edwards]] drop out of the race. === Pébruari === {{Month3|0|4|1|year=2008}} [[Gambar:Raúl Castro.JPG|thumb|150px|[[Raúl Castro]]]] * [[February 2]] - Rebels [[Battle of N'Djamena (2008)|attack]] the capital of [[Chad]], [[N'Djamena]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/03/world/africa/03chad.html|title=Gun Battles in Chad’s Capital as Rebel Forces Storm In}}</ref> * [[February 4]] - [[Iran]] opens its first space center and launches a [[rocket]] to space.<ref>"Iran Opens Space Center, Launches Rocket", Associated Press</ref> * [[February 4]] - A [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] [[suicide attack|suicide bomber]] kills one and wounds thirteen in a [[Dimona]], Israel shopping center.<ref>"Dimona bombing: Suicide attack in Israel first in a year", Associated Press</ref> * [[February 5]] - U.S. stock market indices plunge more than 3% after a [[Non-Manufacturing ISM Report on Business|report]] showed signs of economic recession in the service-sector. The [[S&P 500]] fell 3.2%. The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] fell 370 points. * [[February 5]]–[[February 6|6]] - [[2008 Super Tuesday tornado outbreak|A tornado outbreak]], the déadliest in 23 yéars, kills 58 in the [[Southern United States]]. * [[February 7]] - [[Space Shuttle Atlantis]] launches on mission [[STS-122]] to deliver the Européan-built Columbus science laboratory to the [[International Space Station]]. * [[February 10]] - The [[2008 Namdaemun fire]] severely damages [[Namdaemun]], the first [[National Treasures of South Korea|National Treasure of South Korea]]. * [[February 11]] - [[President of East Timor]] [[José Ramos-Horta]] is seriously wounded in an attack on his home by rebel soldiers. Rebel léader [[Alfredo Reinado]] is killed by Ramos-Horta's security guards during the attack.<ref>[http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/attack-on-ramoshorta/2008/02/11/1202578640733.html Gunmen attack Timor leader Ramos-Horta], ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'', [[February 11]], 2008.</ref> * [[February 12]] - [[Petróleos de Venezuela S.A.|PDVSA]], a state oil company in [[Venezuela]], suspends sales of [[petroleum|crude oil]] to [[ExxonMobil]], in response to a legal challenge by them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/companyNews/idUSSP10958920080213|title=Update 9-Oil rises as Venezuela cuts off Exxon Mobil | Reuters<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[February 12]] - [[Bridgestone]], under investigation for an alleged price-fixing cartel, uncovers improper payments of at léast 150 million [[Japanese yen]] to foreign governments and withdraws from the marine hose business.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601101&sid=aGoTPCIp_S0c&refer=japan|title=Bloomberg.com: Japan<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[February 13]] - Prime Minister [[Kevin Rudd]] of [[Australia]] delivers a formal apology to the [[Stolen Generations]].<ref>[http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/rudd-says-sorry/2008/02/13/1202760342960.html "Rudd says sorry"], Dylan Welch, ''Sydney Morning Herald'', February 13, 2008</ref> * [[February 17]] - A [[suicide attack|suicide bombing]] by a [[Taliban]] member kills up to 80 in [[Kandahar]], [[Afghanistan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iKEIeybKvU7Vo42SLz_ZF4WjZsQg|title=AFP: Scores dead in one of Afghanistan's deadliest attacks<!-- Bot generated title -->|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080910022441/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iKEIeybKvU7Vo42SLz_ZF4WjZsQg|archivedate=2008-09-10}}</ref> * [[February 17]] - [[Kosovo]] formally [[2008 Kosovo declaration of independence|declares independence]] from [[Serbia]], with support from some countries but opposition from others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=anGy1wIN83Sg&refer=home|title=Bloomberg.com: Worldwide<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[February 18]] - The [[Her Majesty's Government|British government]] introduces emergency legislation temporarily to [[nationalization|nationalize]] [[Northern Rock]], the fifth largest [[mortgage bank]] in the UK, due to the bank's financial crisis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idUSL1832258520080218|title=Brown fights backlash over Northern Rock | Reuters<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[February 18]] - [[Pakistani general election, 2008|General election]] is held in [[Pakistan]], delayed from [[January 8]] due to riots in the wake of the [[assassination of Benazir Bhutto]]. Opposition parties, including Bhutto's, take more than half of the séats, while [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Pervez Musharraf]]'s party suffers a huge deféat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7254124.stm|title=BBC News | World | South Asia | Musharraf rules out resignation<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[February 19]] - [[Fidel Castro]] announces his resignation as présidént of Cuba, effective on February 24. * [[February 20]] - [[United States Navy]] destroys a [[spy satellite]] containing toxic fuel by shooting it down with a [[missile]] launched from [[USS Lake Erie (CG-70)|USS Lake Erie]] in the [[Pacific Ocean]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gXfTZB0a8NU_H4vSMdlS6YxBeTow|title=AFP: Satellite strike shows US missile defense works: Gates<!-- Bot generated title -->|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080226125327/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gXfTZB0a8NU_H4vSMdlS6YxBeTow|archivedate=2008-02-26}}</ref> * [[February 20]] - Total [[lunar eclipse]] - [[North America|North]] and [[South America]], [[Europe]], [[Africa]], and [[Southwest Asia|Western Asia]]. * [[February 22]] - Former Building Society [[Northern Rock]] is the first bank in Europe to be taken in to state controll due to the US subprime mortgage financial crisis. * [[February 22]] - No survivors are found after a rescue helicopter discovers the wreckage of [[Santa Bárbara Airlines Flight 518]] just northéast of [[Mérida, Mérida|Mérida]], [[Venezuela]]. The commercial plane had 46 péople on board, including crew. * [[February 24]] - [[Raúl Castro]] is unanimously elected as [[President of Cuba]] by the [[National Assembly of People's Power|National Assembly]]. {{-}} === March === {{Month3|3|5|year=2008}} [[Gambar:Crew in ATV with Jules Verne manuscript.jpg|thumb|right|[[European Space Agency|European]] [[Jules Verne ATV]] docked the to [[International Space Station]].]] * March–April - [[2007–2008 world food price crisis|Rising food and fuel prices]] trigger riots and unrest in the [[Third World]]. * [[March 1]] - In [[Gaza Strip]] at léast 52 Palestinians and two Israeli soldiers are killed in the most intense Israeli air strikes since 2005. * [[March 2]] - [[2008 Andean diplomatic crisis]]: [[Venezuela]] and [[Ecuador]] move troops to the [[Colombia]]n border following a Colombian raid against [[Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia|FARC]] guerrillas inside Ecuador's national territory in which senior commander [[Raúl Reyes]] was killed. * [[March 6]] - Eight [[Israel]]i civilians [[Mercaz HaRav massacre|are killed and nine wounded]] when a [[Palestinian National Authority|Palestinian]] attacker opens fire at a [[Judaism|Jewish]] seminary in [[Jerusalem]]. * [[March 9]] - First [[European Space Agency]] [[Automated Transfer Vehicle]], a cargo spacecraft for the [[International Space Station]], launches from [[Guiana Space Centre]] in [[French Guiana]]. * [[March 14]] - [[2008 Tibetan unrest|Demonstrations]] by [[Tibet]]an separatists turn violent as rioters target government and [[Han Chinese]]-owned buildings. * [[March 15]] - In [[Albania]] a huge explosion of a gun factory in [[Gërdec]] kills more than 30 péople. Over the following week, [[Albania]], [[Kosovo]], and some surrounding countries supply and support [[Gërdec]]'s population with food, blood, etc. * [[March 19]] - An [[Gamma ray burst|exploding star]] halfway across the visible [[universe]] becomes the farthest known object ever visible to the naked eye.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/TECH/space/03/21/exploding.star.ap/index.html|title=Star explodes halfway across universe - CNN.com<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[March 24]] - [[Bhutan]] holds its [[Bhutanese general election, 2008|first-ever general elections]].<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20110429011604/http://www.france24.com/en/20080324-bhutan-votes-status-quo-jigmi-thinley-election-parliament&navi=MONDE "Bhutan votes for status quo"], [[France 24]], March 24, 2008</ref> * [[March 25]] - A 414 square kilometer (160&nbsp;mi.²) chunk of [[Antarctica|Antarctica's]] [[Wilkins Sound|Wilkins Ice Shelf]] disintegrates, léaving the entire shelf at risk. * [[March 25]] - [[African Union]] and [[Comoros]] forces [[2008 invasion of Anjouan|invade]] the rebel-held island of [[Anjouan]]. * [[March 29]] - [[Zimbabwean presidential election, 2008|Presidential]] and [[Zimbabwean parliamentary election, 2008|parliamentary elections]] in [[Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200801250793.html|title=Election Date Finally Fixed As March 29, 2008}}</ref> === April === {{Month3|4|1|year=2008}} * [[April 8]] - [[Sark]] dismantles its [[feudalism|feudal system]] to comply with the [[European Convention on Human Rights]]. The [[Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council|Privy Council]] approved the Sark law reforms,<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/guernsey/7339172.stm Sark democracy plans are approved], ''[[BBC News Online]]'', [[9 April]] 2008</ref> and the first [[election]]s under the new law will be held in December 2008 and the new chamber will first convene in January 2009.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1704703,00.html A Revolution Not Televised], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time.com]]'', [[January 17]], 2008</ref><ref>[http://podcast.timesonline.co.uk/serve.php/1503/thebugle13.mp3 After 443 years, Sark gets democracy], ''[[The Bugle]]'', Episode 13, January 2008. The Bugle is a satirical podcast of the [[Times Online|''Times'' Online]].</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/guernsey/7258214.stm Sark agrees switch to democracy], ''[[BBC News Online]]'', [[22 February]] 2008</ref> * [[April 15]] - A [[Hewa Bora Airways]] [[McDonnell Douglas DC-9|DC-9]] commercial airplane [[2008 Hewa Bora Airways crash|crashes]] into a residential aréa of [[Goma]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DR Congo]]. * [[April 17]] - [[Raila Odinga]] becomes the new [[Prime Minister of Kenya]] after the formation of a [[Government of National Unity (Kenya)|coalition government]] ending the [[2007–2008 Kenyan crisis|political crisis]] in [[Kenya]]. * [[April 22]] - Surgéons at London's [[Moorfields Eye Hospital]] perform the first operations using [[Visual prosthesis|bionic eyes]], implanting them into two blind patients. * [[April 27]] - The [[Taliban]] attempts to assassinate [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] présidént [[Hamid Karzai]] in a military parade in [[Kabul]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7369540.stm Karzai unhurt after parade attack], BBC News</ref> * [[April 28]] - [[India]] sets a world record by sending 10 [[satellite]]s into orbit in a single launch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/PSLV-C9_places_10_satellites_into_orbit/articleshow/2989685.cms|title=India setting world record by sending 10 satellites into orbit}}</ref> * [[April 28]] - [[2008 China Railways train T195 accident|71 die in a train crash]] in [[Shandong]], [[China]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7370375.stm 'Dozens die' in China train crash], BBC News</ref> === May === {{Month3|5|3|year=2008}} [[Gambar:Descent of Phoenix with a crater in the background taken by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]] image of the [[Phoenix (spacecraft)|Phoenix]] (lower left corner) in the line of sight to the 10-km-wide [[Heimdal (Martian crater)|Heimdal Crater]] (the craft is actually 20 km in front of it).]] * [[May 3]] - Over 133,000 in [[Burma]]/Myanmar are killed by [[Cyclone Nargis]], the déadliest [[natural disaster]] since the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake|Boxing Day Tsunami]] in [[2004]]. * [[May 10]] - [[Burma]]/Myanmar holds a [[Burmese constitutional referendum, 2008|constitutional referendum]]. * [[May 12]] - Over 69,000 are killed in central [[China]] by [[2008 Sichuan earthquake|an earthquake]] méasuring 8.0[[Moment magnitude scale|M_w]]. The epicenter is 90 kilometers (55&nbsp;miles) west-northwest of [[Chengdu]]. * [[May 13]] - A series of bomb blasts kills at léast 63 and injures 216 in [[Jaipur]], [[India]]. * [[May 14]] - NASA announces the discovery of [[Supernova remnant G1.9+0.3]] * [[May 15]] - An oil pipeline explodes in Ijegun, [[Nigeria]], killing 100. * [[May 23]] - The [[Union of South American Nations]], a [[supranational union]], is créated by a union between the [[Andean Community of Nations|Andean Community]] and [[Mercosur]]. * [[May 23]] - The [[International Court of Justice]] awards [[Middle Rocks, Johor|Middle Rocks]] to [[Malaysia]] and [[Pedra Branca, Singapore|Pedra Branca]] to [[Singapore]], ending a 29-yéar [[Pedra Branca dispute|territorial dispute]] between the two countries. * [[May 25]] - The [[NASA|NASA's]] [[Phoenix (spacecraft)|Phoenix spacecraft]] becomes the first spacecraft to land on the northern polar-region of [[Mars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/|title=Phoenix Mars Mission}}</ref> * [[May 28]] - The [[Nepal|Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal]] is established after the [[Nepalese Constituent Assembly|Assembly]] votes overwhemingly in favor of abolishing the country's [[Nepalese monarchy|240-year-old monarchy]]. [[Girija Prasad Koirala]] becomes temporary [[Head of state]]. === June === {{Month3|6|6|year=2008}} * [[June 2]] - A car bomb [[2008 Danish embassy bombing|explodes]] outside the [[Denmark|Danish]] embassy in [[Islamabad]], [[Pakistan]], killing at léast five. * [[June 8]] - In the [[Akihabara]] aréa of [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]], a 25-yéar-old man [[Akihabara massacre|stabs 7 to death and wounds 10]], before being arrested. * [[June 10]] - Fire engulfs [[Sudan Airways Flight 109]] after landing in [[Khartoum]], killing 44. * [[June 11]] - The [[Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope]] is launched. * [[June 11]] - [[Canada|Canadian]] Prime Minister [[Stephen Harper]] apologizes to Canada's [[First Nations]] for the [[Canadian residential school system]]. * [[June 12]] - [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] votes to reject the [[Treaty of Lisbon]], in the only [[Twenty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland Bill, 2008|referendum]] to be held by a [[European Union]] member state on the tréaty. * [[June 14]] - A [[2008 Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku earthquake|6.9 magnitude earthquake]] in [[Iwate Prefecture]], [[Japan]], kills 12 and injures more than 400. * [[June 14]] – [[September 14]] - [[Expo 2008]] was held in [[Zaragoza]] in [[Spain]], with the topic of ''"Water and sustainable development"''. * [[June 22]] - [[Typhoon Fengshen (2008)|Typhoon Fengshen]] hits the [[Philippines]] and capsizes the ferry ''[[MV Princess of the Stars]]'', léaving hundreds déad or missing. * [[June 27]] - présidént [[Robert Mugabe]] is reelected with 85.5% of the vote in the [[Zimbabwean presidential election, 2008#Second round voting and aftermath|second round]] of the controversial [[Zimbabwe]]an [[Zimbabwean presidential election, 2008|presidential election]]. * [[June 27]] - After three decades as the Chairman of [[Microsoft|Microsoft Corporation]], [[Bill Gates]] steps down from daily duties to concentrate on [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation|philanthropy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rte.ie/business/2008/0627/microsoft.html|title=Bill Gates steps down from Microsoft today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/digitallife/main.jhtml?xml=/connected/2008/06/27/dlgates127.xml|title=Bill Gates steps down as Microsoft head to concentrate on philanthropy}}</ref> === July === {{Month3|7|1|year=2008}} [[Gambar:34th G8 summit member 20080708.jpg|thumb|right|[[34th G8 summit]] heads of delegations in [[Tōyako, Hokkaidō|Tōyako]], [[Japan]].]] * [[July 2]] - [[Íngrid Betancourt]] and 14 other hostages are [[Operation Jaque|rescued]] from [[Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia|FARC]] by [[Colombia]]n security forces. * [[July 7]] - A suicide-bomber [[2008 Indian embassy bombing in Kabul|drives an explosives-laden automobile]] into the front gates of the [[India]]n embassy in [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]], killing 58 and injuring over 150. * [[July 7]]–[[July 9|9]] - [[34th G8 summit]] held in [[Tōyako, Hokkaidō]] in [[Japan]]. * [[July 10]] - Former [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonian]] Interior Minister [[Ljube Boškoski]] is acquitted of all charges by a [[United Nations|UN]] Tribunal accusing him of war crimes. * [[July 15]]–[[July 20|20]] - [[World Youth Day 2008|World Youth Day]] takes place in [[Sydney]], [[Australia]]. [[Pope Benedict XVI]] appéars at the event.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/world-youth-day/thanks-pope/2008/07/21/1216492301809.html|title=Sydney Morning Herald: 'Thanks: Pope'}}</ref> * [[July 21]] - [[Radovan Karadžić]], the first présidént of the [[Republika Srpska]], is arrested in [[Belgrade]], [[Serbia]] on allegations of war crimes, following a 12-yéar long [[Manhunt (law enforcement)|manhunt]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7518543.stm|title=BBC News: Serbia captures fugitive Karadzic}}</ref> * [[July 22]] - The [[United Progressive Alliance]] led government in India survives a crucial [[motion of no confidence|no-confidence vote]] based on disagreements between [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Left Front]] over the [[Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement|Indo-US nuclear deal]]. * [[July 23]] - [[Ram Baran Yadav]] is sworn in as [[Nepal]]'s [[President of Nepal|first President]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2008/jul/jul21/news14.php|title=Nepalnews.com}}</ref> * [[July 25]] - A series of [[2008 Bangalore serial blasts|seven bomb blasts]] rock [[Bangalore]], [[India]] killing 2 and injuring 20 and on the next day, a [[2008 Ahmedabad bombings|series of bomb blasts]] in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]], kills 45 and injures over 160 péople. * [[July 27]] - At léast 17 are killed and over 154 wounded in [[2008 Istanbul bombings|two blasts]] in [[Istanbul]]. * [[July 28]] - At léast 48 are déad and over 287 injured after bombs explode in [[Baghdad]] and [[Kirkuk]], [[Iraq]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/World/26_killed_in_bomb_attacks_in_Baghdad/articleshow/3296178.cms|title=26 killed in bombing attacks in Baghdad|date=[[July 28]], 2008|publisher=Times of India|accessdate=2008-07-28}}</ref><ref name="yahooiraq">{{cite news |title= Suicide attacks kill 57 in Baghdad, Kirkuk |first= Selcan |last= Hacaoglu |date= 28-07-2008 |publisher= AP}}</ref> * [[July 30]] – [[August 5]] - The [[World Congress of Philosophy#22nd World Congress|XXII World Congress of Philosophy]] is held in [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wcp2008.or.kr/congress/congress.asp|title=The XXII World Congress of Philosophy 2008}}</ref> === August === {{Month3|8|4|year=2008}} [[Gambar:Hanna 2008-09-01 over Bahamas.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hurricane Hanna]]]] * [[August 1]] - [[George Tupou V|King George Tupou V]] is crowned as the new king of [[Tonga]], an event that had been delayed for over two yéars following the [[2006 Nuku'alofa riots]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/07/31/tonga.king.ap/index.html|title=Tonga crowns new king}}</ref> * [[August 3]] - A [[2008 Naina Devi temple stampede|stampede]] at a [[Hindu]] temple at [[Naina Devi]] in [[Bilaspur]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]] kills 162 and injures 400. * [[August 4]] - Two members of the [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]], which had thréatened to attack the [[2008 Summer Olympics|Beijing Olympics]], [[2008 Kashgar attack|kill 16 and injure another 16 officers]] at a police station in [[Kashgar]], [[Xinjiang]], [[People's Republic of China|China]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Police station raided in west China's Xinjiang, terrorist plot suspected |first= |last= |url= http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-08/04/content_8940461.htm |date= 08-04-2008 |accessdate= 2008-08-04 |publisher= Xinhua}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Chinese border assault kills 16 |first= |last= |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7540138.stm |date= 08-04-2008 |accessdate= 2008-08-04 |publisher= BBC}}</ref> * [[August 6]] - présidént [[Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi]] of [[Mauritania]] is deposed in a [[2008 Mauritanian coup d'état|military coup d'état]]. * [[August 7]] - The [[2008 South Ossetia war]] begins as [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and [[Russia]] launch a major offensive inside the separatist region of [[South Ossetia]] after days of border skirmishes between the two sides. * [[August 8]]–[[August 24|24]] - The [[2008 Summer Olympics]] take place in [[Beijing]], [[China]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boston.com/bigpicture/2008/08/beijing_2008_its_a_wrap.html|title=Beijing 2008 - It's a wrap}}</ref> * [[August 15]] - Pushpa Kamal Dahal (known as [[Prachanda]]) is sworn in as the first [[List of Prime Ministers of Nepal|Prime Minister]] of the [[Nepal|Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal]] after the [[Nepalese monarchy]] was abolished in [[#May|May]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Former communist becomes Nepal PM |first= |last= |url= http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/08/15/nepal.prime.minister/index.html |date= 08-15-2008 |accessdate= 2008-08-15 |publisher= CNN}}</ref> * [[August 17]] - [[Michael Phelps]] surpasses [[Mark Spitz]] in Olympic Gold Medals won at a single [[Olympic Games|Olympics]], with 8 gold medals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/summer08/phelpshistory|title=ESPN - Michael Phelps' history run at 2008 Olympics - Olympics}}</ref> * [[August 18]] - [[Pervez Musharraf]] resigns from the post of [[President of Pakistan]] under impéachment pressure from the coalition government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7567451.stm|title=Pakistan's Musharraf steps down}}</ref> * [[August 19]] - The [[Taliban insurgency|Taliban insurgents]] kill 10 and injure 21 [[French Army|French soldiers]] in an [[Uzbin valley ambush|ambush]] in [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSSP16416020080819|title=Taliban kill 10 French troops in Afghanistan}}</ref> * [[August 19]] - A [[Suicide attack|suicide bomber]] rams a car into an [[Algeria]]n military academy and the resulting explosion kills 43 and injures 45.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSLJ41334620080819|title=Bomb kills 43 at Algerian military academy}}</ref> * [[August 20]] - [[Spanair Flight 5022]], from [[Madrid]] to [[Gran Canaria]], skids off the runway and crashes at [[Madrid Barajas International Airport|Barajas Airport]] with 172 on board. 153 of them are killed and only 18 survive.<ref>{{cite news |title= DNA tests for those killed in Madrid crash |first= |last= |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7575970.stm |date= 08-20-2008 |accessdate= 2008-08-20 |publisher= BBC}}</ref> * [[August 21]] - At léast 60 die following [[2008 Wah bombing|twin suicide bombings]] outside the [[Pakistan Ordnance Factories]] in [[Wah]], [[Pakistan]]. * [[August 22]] - [[Piracy|Pirates]] hijack [[Germany|German]], [[Iran]]ian, and [[Japan]]ese cargo ships off the coast of [[Somalia]], seven of such attacks since [[June 20]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.micportal.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=859:official-says-pirates-have-seized-a-german-ship-off-somalia-the-third-in-a-day&catid=25:security-measures&Itemid=38|title=Official says pirates have seized a German ship off Somalia, the third in a day}}</ref> * [[August 24]] - An aircraft crashes in [[Guatemala]], killing 10, including 4 [[United States|Americans]] on a [[Humanitarianism|humanitarian mission]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSN2445832520080825|title=Ten killed in Guatemala small plane crash}}</ref> * [[August 24]] - [[Iran Aseman Airlines Flight 6895]] crashes upon [[takeoff]] néar [[Manas International Airport]] in [[Bishkek]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], killing 68.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7580107.stm|title=Plane crashes in Kyrgyz capital}}</ref> * [[August 26]] - [[Russia]] [[International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia|unilaterally recognizes]] the independence of [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] bréakaway republics [[Abkhazia]] and [[South Ossetia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2008/08/26/1543_type82912_205752.shtml|title=Statement by President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev|publisher=Russia's President web site|date=2008-08-26|accessdate=2008-08-26}}</ref> * [[August 26]] – [[September 1]] - [[Hurricane Gustav]] makes landfall on [[Louisiana]] as [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale#Category 2|Category 2]] and kills 7 in the [[United States]], after making landfall on western [[Cuba]] as [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale#Category 4|Category 4]], and killing 66 in [[Haiti]], 8 in the [[Dominican Republic]], and 11 in [[Jamaica]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/weather/09/01/gustav/|title=Gustav evacuees urged to stay away}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hurricanes/archives/2008/h2008_gustav.html|title=Hurricane Season 2008: Tropical Storm Gustav (Central Caribbean)}}</ref> * [[August 28]] – [[September 7]] - [[Hurricane Hanna (2008)|Hurricane Hanna]] causes 7 déaths in the [[United States]], and 529 in [[Haiti]] mostly due to [[flood]]s and [[Mudflow|mudslides]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/US/weather/09/04/hurricanes.hanna.ike/|title=Hanna closes in on U.S. as Ike becomes major hurricane}}</ref> === September === {{Month3|9|0|year=2008}} * [[September 1]]–[[September 14|14]] - [[Hurricane Ike]] makes landfall on [[Texas]] as [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale#Category 2|Category 2]] and kills 27 in the [[United States]], after killing 4 in [[Cuba]], 1 in the [[Dominican Republic]], and 75 in [[Haiti]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/weather/09/15/hurricane.ike/|title=Galveston 'unhealthy and unsafe,' city manager says}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/7603319.stm|title=Hurricane Ike barrels over Cuba}}</ref> * [[September 2]] - [[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]] [[Yasuo Fukuda]] of [[Japan]] resigns less than a yéar after taking office following [[Shinzo Abe|Shinzo Abe's]] resignation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4653861.ece|title=Japanese PM, Yasuo Fukuda, in shock resignation after just one year in job}}</ref> * [[September 2]] - [[List of Prime Ministers of Thailand|Prime Minister]] [[Samak Sundaravej]] of [[Thailand]] declares a [[state of emergency]] in [[Bangkok]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/01/thailand.protests/|title=Thailand's prime minister declares state of emergency}}</ref> * [[September 3]] - [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Yousaf Raza Gillani]] of [[Pakistan]] survives an assassination attempt néar [[Islamabad]] while on his way to meet the [[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|British Leader of the Opposition]] [[David Cameron]]. * [[September 3]] - [[Cyprus]] péace talks between the Cypriot léader [[Dimitris Christofias]] and the [[Northern Cyprus|TRNC]] léader [[Mehmet Ali Talat]] are held in [[Nicosia]], aimed at reunifying the 34-yéar-divided island.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7308128.stm|title=Cyprus leaders begin peace talks}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2839603.stm|title=Q&A: Cyprus peace process}}</ref> * [[September 6]] - [[Asif Ali Zardari]] is [[Pakistani presidential election, 2008|elected]] as the [[President of Pakistan]] by the [[Electoral College of Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/06/pakistan.presidential.election/index.html|title=Bhutto widower Zardari elected Pakistan's new president}}</ref> * [[September 6]] - At léast eight [[boulder]]s peel of a cliff néar [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]], killing at léast 18 and burying an estimated 500 péople.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/09/06/egypt.rockslide.ap/|title=Hundreds feared trapped in Egypt rockslide}}</ref> * [[September 7]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: In one of the largest [[bank]]ing interventions in [[United States]] history, [[Fannie Mae]] and [[Freddie Mac]] are [[Federal takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac|placed into conservatorship]] by the [[Federal Housing Finance Agency]].<ref>{{cite news | first= Henry M., Jr. | last= Paulson | coauthors= (Press release statement) | title= Statement by Secretary Henry M. Paulson, Jr. on Treasury and Federal Housing Finance Agency Action to Protect Financial Markets and Taxpayers | date= 2008-09-07 | publisher= United States Department of the Treasury | url = http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/hp1129.htm | work = | pages = | accessdate = 2008-09-07 | }} </ref> * [[September 7]] - On the advice of [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] [[Stephen Harper]], [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]] [[Michaëlle Jean]] dissolves the [[39th Canadian Parliament]] and calls [[Canadian federal election, 2008|early elections]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7602864.stm|title=Canadian PM calls snap election}}</ref> * [[September 9]] - The [[Constitutional Court of Thailand]] orders [[Samak Sundaravej|Prime Minister Samak Sundaravej]] to resign after receiving payment for appéaring on a [[cooking show|television cooking show]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hG71oGl1LokvZphtDQZzL44nzc3QD933CQI80|title=Cooking show stint derails Thai prime minister}}</ref> * [[September 10]] - The [[proton]] [[Particle beam|beam]] is circulated for the first time in the [[Large Hadron Collider]], the [[List of accelerators in particle physics#Hadron colliders|world's largest and the highest-energy]] [[particle accelerator]]. It is located at [[CERN]], néar [[Geneva]], under the Franco-Swiss border.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://press.web.cern.ch/press/PressReleases/Releases2008/PR08.08E.html|title=First beam in the LHC - accelerating science}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/TECH/09/10/lhc.collider/|title=Large Hadron Collider fired up in 'God particle' hunt}}</ref> * [[September 12]] - A [[2008 Chatsworth train collision|Metrolink train collides head-on into a freight train]] in [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], [[California]], killing 25 and injuring 130.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/09/13/train.collision/|title=Human error led to fatal train collision, spokeswoman says}}</ref> * [[September 14]] - [[Aeroflot Flight 821]] crashes néar the city of [[Perm]], [[Russia]], killing all 88 on board.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSLE46300520080914|title=Russian plane crash kills 88, faulty engine blamed}}</ref> * [[September 15]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: [[Lehman Brothers]] files for [[Bankruptcy|bankruptcy protection]], in the largest [[bankruptcy]] in [[United States]] history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://money.cnn.com/2008/09/15/news/companies/lehman_brothers/|title=The meltdown}}</ref> * [[September 15]] - Following [[2008 Zimbabwean political negotiations|negotiations]], [[Robert Mugabe|President Robert Mugabe]] and opposition léaders [[Morgan Tsvangirai]] and [[Arthur Mutambara]] sign a power-sharing déal, making Tsvangirai the new [[Prime Minister of Zimbabwe]]. * [[September 16]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: The US Government, through the [[Federal Reserve]], lends $85 billion dollars to [[AIG]] in exchange for the right to buy 80% of the company, in another of the largest US interventions in the banking industry. * [[September 17]] - The [[International Astronomical Union]] classifies [[Haumea (dwarf planet)|Haumea]] as the fifth [[dwarf planet]] in the [[Solar System]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iau.org/public_press/news/release/iau0807/|title=News Release - IAU0807: IAU names fifth dwarf planet Haumea}}</ref> * [[September 19]]–[[September 25|25]] - [[Typhoon Hagupit (2008)|Typhoon Hagupit]] kills 17 in [[People's Republic of China|China]], 8 in the [[Philippines]], 1 in [[Taiwan]], and 41 in [[Vietnam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-35630720080924|title=Vietnam bars boats from Halong Bay ahead of typhoon}}</ref> * [[September 20]] - A [[Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing|suicide truck bomb explosion]] destroys the [[Marriott International|Marriott Hotel]] in [[Islamabad]], [[Pakistan]], killing at léast 60 and injuring 266.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nytimes.com/reuters/world/international-pakistan-blast.html|title=At Least 40 Killed in Huge Explosion at Pakistan Hotel}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/20/pakistan.islamabad.marriott.blast/|title=Deadly blast targets Marriott Hotel in Islamabad}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7627135.stm|title=Dozens killed in Pakistan attack}}</ref> * [[September 21]] - [[Ehud Olmert|Prime Minister Ehud Olmert]] of [[Israel]] resigns.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSLL27650420080921|title=Scandal-hit Olmert formally resigns}}</ref> * [[September 21]] - [[Thabo Mbeki|President Thabo Mbeki]] of [[South Africa]] resigns after accepting a call by [[African National Congress]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7627957.stm|title=South Africa president steps down}}</ref> * [[September 24]] - The [[Diet of Japan]] elects [[Taro Aso]] as the new [[Prime Minister of Japan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7632864.stm|title=Taro Aso set to become Japan's PM}}</ref> * [[September 25]] - [[Kgalema Motlanthe]] is [[South African presidential election, 2008|elected]] by the [[National Assembly of South Africa]] as the [[President of South Africa]], succeeding [[Thabo Mbeki]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sabcnews.com/politics/government/0,2172,177349,00.html|title=Cabinet bids farewell to Mbeki}}</ref> * [[September 25]] - [[Shenzhou 7]], the [[Shenzhou program|third]] manned [[Chinese space program|Chinese spaceflight]] and the first with three crew members, is successfully launched. [[People's Republic of China|China]] becomes the third country ever to conduct a [[Extra-vehicular activity|spacewalk]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7637818.stm Chinese astronaut walks in space]</ref> * [[September 25]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: In the largest bank failure in U.S. history, [[Washington Mutual]] is placed into receivership by the [[Office of Thrift Supervision]]. As [[Receiver (legal)|receiver]], the [[Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation]] sells the bank's accounts and operations to [[JPMorgan Chase]].<ref>[http://nytimes.com/2008/09/26/business/26wamu.html Government Seizes WaMu and Sells Some Assets]</ref> * [[September 28]] - [[SpaceX]] [[Falcon 1]] becomes the world's first privately developed [[Launch vehicle|space launch vehicle]] successfully to [[Falcon 1 Flight 4|make orbit]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spacex.com/F1-004.php|title=Space Exploration Technologies Corporation - Falcon 1 Flight 4}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7641287.stm|title=Falcon rocket success for SpaceX}}</ref> * [[September 29]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: The [[Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008|Emergency Economic Stabilization Act]] is rejected by the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]] and, as a result, the [[Dow Jones & Company|Dow Jones]] stock market index records its largest-ever one-day fall of 777.68 points.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://money.cnn.com/2008/09/29/markets/markets_newyork/index.htm?postversion=2008092918|title=Stocks crushed}}</ref> === October === {{Month3|10|2|year=2008}} * [[October 3]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[George W. Bush]] signs the revised [[Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008|Emergency Economic Stabilization Act]] into law, créating a [[United States Emergency Economic Stabilization fund|700 billion dollar Treasury fund]] to purchase failing bank [[asset]]s.<ref name = 'Associated Press-Raum-2008-10-03'>Raum, Tom (October 3, 2008) [http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hT-MwpK6QSoOPF74bGFqnUl_HVuwD93J6ND00 Bush signs $700 billion bailout bill] ''Associated Press'' (Retrieved October 3, 2008)</ref> * [[October 6]] - The [[NASA|NASA's]] [[MESSENGER]] spacecraft makes its second of three flybys of [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]], decréasing the velocity for [[Orbit insertion|orbital insertion]] on [[March 18]], [[2011]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://planetary.org/blog/article/00001670|title=Science Timeline for Monday's MESSENGER flyby of Mercury}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/208300main_Factsheet_Rev11-07.pdf|title=APL's MESSENGER fact sheet|format=PDF}}</ref> * [[October 6]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] falls below 10,000 points for the first time since [[October 29]], [[2004]].<ref name = 'CNNMoney.com-Dowbelow10,000'>Alexandra Twin, CNNMoney.com senior writer (October 6, 2008) [http://money.cnn.com/2008/10/06/markets/markets_newyork/index.htm?postversion=2008100610 Dow falls below 10,000] ''CNNMoney.com'' (Retrieved October 6, 2008)</ref> * [[October 6]] - [[2008 Kyrgyzstan earthquake|An earthquake]] méasuring 6.6 [[Moment magnitude scale|magnitude]] hits [[Kyrgyzstan]], killing at léast 65 péople.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7653979.stm|title=Deadly earthquake hits Kyrgyzstan|date=Monday, 6 October 2008|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2008-10-08}}</ref> * [[October 7]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: [[Russia]] agrees to provide [[Iceland]] with a four-billion-[[euro]] loan.<ref>[http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20081114200838/www.sedlabanki.is/?PageID=287&NewsID=1869 Central Bank of Iceland, ''The Foreign Exchange Reserves of the Central Bank of Iceland bolstered'' (07.10.2008; No. 31/2008)]</ref><ref>[http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20081114200808/www.sedlabanki.is/?PageID=287&NewsID=1874 Central Bank of Iceland, ''Foreign exchange reserves'' (07.10.2008; No. 33/2008)]</ref> * [[October 7]] - The [[meteoroid]] [[2008 TC3|2008 TC₃]] impacts [[Earth]], becoming the first such object to be discovered prior to [[Impact event|impact]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/10/06/incoming-2/|title=Incoming!!!|accessdate=2008-10-08}}</ref> * [[October 9]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: Following a major banking and financial crisis in Iceland, the [[Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority]] takes control of three largest banks in the country: [[Kaupthing Bank]],<ref>[http://www.fme.is/?PageID=581&NewsID=340 The Financial Supervisory Authority - Iceland, ''News: Based on New Legislation, the Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority (FME) Proceeds to take Control of Kaupþing to ensure Continued Commercial Bank Operations in Iceland'' (09.10.2008)]</ref><ref>[http://www.kaupthing.com/pages/164?path=K/133944/PR/200810/1258139.xml Kaupthing Bank, ''Press release: Kaupthing Bank turns to the Icelandic FSA'' (2008.10.09)]</ref> [[Landsbanki]],<ref>[http://www.fme.is/?PageID=581&NewsID=331 The Financial Supervisory Authority - Iceland, ''News: Based on New Legislation, the Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority (IFSA) Proceeds to take Control of Landsbanki to ensure Continued Commercial Bank Operations in Iceland'' (07.10.2008)]</ref><ref>[http://www.landsbanki.is/english/aboutlandsbanki/pressreleases/?GroupID=720&NewsID=13284&y=0&p=1 Landsbanki Íslands, ''Press release: Landsbanki's Operations Continued Under Unchanged Management'' (October 07, 2008)]</ref> and [[Glitnir (bank)|Glitnir]].<ref>[http://www.fme.is/?PageID=581&NewsID=337 The Financial Supervisory Authority - Iceland, ''News: Based on New Legislation, the Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority (FME) Proceeds to take Control of Glitnir to ensure Continued Commercial Bank Operations in Iceland'' (08.10.2008)]</ref><ref>[http://web.archive.org/20081014121006/www.glitnir.is/english/about-glitnir/news/detail/item15927/Glitnir's_Operations_Continued_%E2%80%93_Larus_Welding_to_continue_as_CEO/ Glitnir Bank, ''News: Glitnir's Operations Continued – Lárus Welding to continue as CEO'' (08.10.2008)]</ref> * [[October 9]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] falls 679 points, or 7.3 percent, and plunges below 8,600 for the first time since [[May 21]], [[2003]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nytimes.com/2008/10/10/business/10markets.html|title=Stocks Plunge Again; Dow Under 8,600|date=October 9, 2008|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=2008-10-10}}</ref> === November === {{MonthR_30_Sap|Nopémber}} * [[November 2]] - The [[2008 Formula One season|2008 Formula 1 World Championship]] will end at [[São Paulo, Brazil]]. * [[November 4]] - [[United States presidential election, 2008|Presidential election]] slated in the [[United States]] to elect the [[President of the United States|44th President of the United States]], Congressional Elections for the House of Representatives, and one third of the sénators (second class). * [[November 4]] - [[Governor|Gubernatorial]] election slated in [[Puerto Rico]] to elect the [[Governor of Puerto Rico|Governor]] of the island. * [[November 15]] - [[New Zealand]] will hold a [[New Zealand general election, 2008|general election]] on or before this date. * [[November 20]] - [[December 7]] - [[2008 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup]] to be held in [[Chile]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.fifa.com/u20womenworldcup/index.html |title=FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup Chile 2008 |publisher=FIFA |accessdate=2007-11-26}}</ref> * [[November 22]] - [[APEC Peru 2008]] Summit in [[Lima]]. * [[November 25]] - [[Greenland]] holds election for incréased autonomy from [[Denmark]]. * [[November 28]] - [[Romanian legislative election, 2008|Legislative election]] in [[Romania]]. <!-- DO NOT ADD "HARRY POTTER AND THE HALF-BLOOD PRINCE" -- FILM RELEASES GO IN [[2008 in film]]. --> == Prediksi == === December === {{MonthR_31_Sen|Désémber}} * [[December 15]] - The [[Netherlands Antilles]] will be formally abolished.<ref name="endofNA">{{cite news |first = |last = |author = Staff reporter |coauthors = |title = Agreement on division of Netherlands Antilles |url = http://www.government.nl/actueel/nieuwsarchief/2007/02February/13/0-42-1_42-92711.jsp |format = HTML |work = |publisher = Government.nl |pages = |page = |date = [[2007-02-13]] |accessdate = 2007-02-24 |language = english }}</ref> * [[December 24]] - The New [[I-35W Mississippi River bridge]] in [[Minneapolis]] is expected to be completed after the bridge collapsed in August of 2007. * [[December 30]] - The [[Burj Dubai]] expected to be completed. It will be the [[List of tallest buildings and structures in the world|world's tallest building]]. === Unknown dates === * The [[United Nations]] is to review drug policies around the world.<ref>http://www.un.org/ga/president/57/pages/speeches/statement030408-Vienna-Narcotics.htm</ref><ref>http://www.drug-policy.org/modules/countdown_2008</ref> * The [[United Kingdom]] will complete a 5-yéar process to céase [[analog television]] broadcasts region-by-region, starting with [[Border Television|Border]].<ref>http://www.digitaluk.co.uk/en/when.html</ref> This process has alréady begun. * New [[China Central Television]] héadquarters buildings open. * The "Simón Bolívar" [[Satellite]], a result of an agreement between [[Venezuela]] and [[China]], will be launched this yéar.<ref>[http://www.plenglish.com/article.asp?ID=%7BB227BE8C-156B-468D-9143-EA0A86EAE9AF%7D)&language=EN The Year of the Chinese Satellite in Venezuela]</ref> * The [[US Navy]] will shoot down a déad [[spy satellite]] before it reenters éarth's atmosphere in late February or éarly March.<ref>http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/01/080130-AP-satellite.html Dead Spy satellite to enter earth's atmosphere</ref><ref>http://uk.reuters.com/article/wtMostRead/idUKN1447206620080215 Navy to shoot down dead satellite</ref> === Ongoing events === * [[Iraq War]] * [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]] * [[Conflict in Darfur]] * [[Israeli-Palestinian conflict]] * [[State reform in Belgium|6th Round of the Belgian State Reform]] == Deaths == {{utama|Deaths in 2008}} <!-- Please make sure all dates are linked even where repeated. This is required for date format preferences to work correctly. --> {{Year in other calendars}} === January === * [[January 1]] - [[Salvatore Bonanno]], American mobster (b. [[1932]]) * [[January 1]] - [[Peter Caffrey]], Irish actor (b. [[1949]]) * [[January 1]] - [[Erich Kästner (World War I veteran)|Erich Kästner]], German veteran of World War I (b. [[1900]]) * [[January 1]] - [[T. Maheswaran|Thiyagarajah Maheswaran]], Sri Lankan Tamil politician (b. [[1960]]) * [[January 2]] - [[Galyani Vadhana]], Thai princess (b. [[1923]]) * [[January 3]] - [[Aleksandr Abdulov]], Russian actor (b. [[1953]]) * [[January 3]] - [[Yo-Sam Choi]], Koréan boxer (b. [[1972]]) * [[January 3]] - [[Werner Dollinger]], German politician (b. [[1918]]) * [[January 5]] - [[Raymond Forni]], French politician (b. [[1941]]) * [[January 5]] - [[Clinton Grybas]], Australian sports commentator (b. [[1975]]) * [[January 6]] - [[Fr. John O'Brien]], Irish priest and musician (b. [[1931]]) * [[January 7]] - [[Edward "Buddy" LeRoux]], American businessman (b. [[1930]]) * [[January 7]] - [[Philip Agee]], American spy (b. [[1935]]) * [[January 8]] - [[Moshe Levi]], Israeli military commander (b. [[1936]]) * [[January 9]] - [[John Harvey-Jones]], English businessman (b. [[1924]]) * [[January 10]] - [[Christopher Bowman]], American figure skater (b. [[1967]]) * [[January 10]] - [[Andrés Henestrosa]], Mexican writer and politician (b. [[1906]]) * [[January 10]] - [[Maila Nurmi]], Finnish-American actress and television personality (b. [[1921]]) * [[January 11]] - [[Edmund Hillary]], New Zéaland mountaineer, explorer, and philanthropist (b. [[1919]]) * [[January 11]] - [[Carl Karcher]], American businessman (b. [[1917]]) * [[January 12]] - [[Adriano González León]], Venezuelan poet and writer (b. [[1931]]) * [[January 13]] - [[Johnny Podres]], American baseball player (b. [[1932]]) * [[January 15]] - [[Brad Renfro]], American actor (b. [[1982]]) * [[January 15]] - [[Jason MacIntyre]], Scottish racing cyclist (b. [[1973]]) * [[January 16]] - [[Nikola Kljusev]], Macedonian prime minister (b. [[1927]]) * [[January 17]] - [[Bobby Fischer]], American-Icelandic chess grandmaster (b. [[1943]]) * [[January 17]] - [[Ernie Holmes]], American football player (b. [[1948]]) * [[January 17]] - [[Allan Melvin]], American actor (b. [[1922]]) * [[January 18]] - [[Georgia Frontiere]], American businesswoman (b. [[1927]]) * [[January 18]] - [[Lois Nettleton]], American actor (b. [[1927]]) * [[January 19]] - [[Don Wittman]], Canadian sportscaster (b. [[1936]]) * [[January 19]] - [[Suzanne Pleshette]], American actress (b. [[1937]]) * [[January 19]] - [[Frances Lewine]], American journalist (b. [[1921]]) * [[January 19]] - [[Morris Maddocks]], English Anglican priest (b.[[1928]]) * [[January 20]] - [[Louis de Cazenave]], French veteran of World War I (b. [[1897]]) * [[January 22]] - [[Heath Ledger]], Australian actor (b. [[1979]]) * [[January 23]] - [[Andrzej Andrzejewski]], Polish brigadier general (b. [[1961]]) * [[January 24]] - [[Randy Salerno]], American news anchor (b. [[1963]]) * [[January 27]] - [[Anna Loginova]], Russian bodyguard and modél (b. [[1979]]) * [[January 27]] - [[Gordon B. Hinckley]], American Mormon léader (b. [[1910]]) * [[January 27]] - [[Suharto]], 2nd présidént of Indonesia (b. [[1921]]) * [[January 28]] - [[Christodoulos]], Archbishop of Athens (b. [[1939]]) * [[January 29]] - [[Margaret Truman]], American writer (b. [[1924]]) * [[January 30]] - [[Jeremy Beadle]], English television presenter (b. [[1948]]) === February === * [[February 1]] - [[Beto Carrero]], Brazilian businessman (b. [[1937]]) * [[February 1]] - [[Shell Kepler]], American actress (b. [[1958]]) * [[February 2]] - [[Earl Butz]], American government official (b. [[1909]]) * [[February 2]] - [[Barry Morse]], Canadian actor (b. [[1918]]) * [[February 3]] - [[Sheldon Brown (bicycle mechanic)|Sheldon Brown]], American bicycle mechanic (b. [[1944]]) * [[February 4]] - [[Harry Richard Landis]], American World War I veteran (b. [[1899]]) * [[February 5]] - [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]], Indian spiritual léader (b. [[1917]]) * [[February 6]] - [[John McWethy]], American print and television journalist (b. [[1947]]) * [[February 7]] - [[Tamara Desni]], German-born British actress (b. [[1913]]) * [[February 7]] - [[Hoang Minh Chinh]], Vietnamese politician and dissident (b. [[1922]]) * [[February 7]] - [[Guy Severin]], Russian academician and engineer (b. [[1926]]) * [[February 8]] - [[Chua Ek Kay]], Singaporéan painter (b. [[1947]]) * [[February 8]] - [[Phyllis Whitney]], American mystery writer (b. [[1903]]) * [[February 9]] - [[Jazeh Tabatabai]], Iranian artist and writer (b. [[1931]]) * [[February 9]] - [[Mindrolling Trichen|Trichen Jurme Kunzang Wangyal]], Tibetan spiritual léader (b. [[1930]]) * [[February 10]] - [[Ron Leavitt]], American television producer (b. [[1947]]) * [[February 10]] - [[Roy Scheider]], American actor (b. [[1932]]) * [[February 11]] - [[Alfredo Reinado]], éast Timorese rebel (b. [[1967]]) * [[February 11]] - [[Tom Lantos]], American politician (b. [[1928]]) * [[February 12]] - [[Imad Mugniyah]], Lebanese militant (b. [[1962]]) * [[February 12]] - [[Badri Patarkatsishvili]], Géorgian businessman and politician (b. [[1955]]) * [[February 13]] - [[Kon Ichikawa]], Japanese film director (b. [[1915]]) * [[February 13]] - [[Henri Salvador]], French singer (b. [[1917]]) * [[February 15]] - [[Steve Fossett]], American adventurer (b. [[1944]]) * [[February 18]] - [[Alain Robbe-Grillet]], French writer (b. [[1922]]) * [[February 19]] - [[Natalia Bessmertnova]], Russian ballerina (b. [[1941]]) * [[February 19]] - [[Lydia Shum]], Hong Kong comedian and actress (b. [[1945]]) == Major religious holidays == * [[January 7]] - [[Christmas]] in éastern [[Christianity]] * [[January 10]] - [[New Year]] by [[Lunar]] calendar, celebrated by Muslims * [[February 5]] - [[Carnival]] ([[Shrove Tuesday]]) * [[February 6]] - [[Ash Wednesday]], observance of [[Lent]] begins * [[February 7]] - [[Chinese New Year]] (also Lunar New Yéar / Spring féstival) * [[March 1]] - [[Saint David's Day]], National holiday of [[Wales]] * [[March 15]] - [[St. Patrick's Day]], celebrated in [[Ireland]], the [[United States]], and most of the English spéaking world. (held on March 15 instéad of the usual 17th to avoid the second day in Holy Week.<ref>{{cite news|title=St Patrick's 'day' moved to 15th|url=http://www.ireland.com/newspaper/breaking/2007/0718/breaking85.html|format= |work=[[ireland.com]] Online|publisher=[[Irish Times Trust]]|date=2007-07-18|accessdate=2007-07-21}}</ref>) * [[March 20]] - March [[Equinox]], also known as [[Ostara]] * [[March 20]] - [[Purim]] * [[March 23]] - [[Easter]] Sunday, the éarliest éaster has fallen since [[1913]] * [[March 25]] - [[Holi]] * [[April 20]] - [[Passover]] * [[April 23]] - [[St. George's Day]] * [[April 27]] - [[Pascha]] in éastern [[Christianity]] * [[May 1]] - [[Ascension of Jesus]] in Western [[Christianity]] * [[May 1]] - [[Beltane]], a [[Cross-quarter day]] * [[May 20]] - [[Vesak]] in [[Buddhism]] * [[June 9]] - [[Shavuot]] * [[June 20]] - June [[Solstice]], also known as [[Midsummer]] or [[Midsummer|Litha]] * [[August 1]] - [[Lammas]], a [[Cross-quarter day]] * [[August 15]] - [[Assumption of Mary]] * [[September 22]] - September [[Equinox]], also known as [[Mabon]] * [[September 30]] - [[Rosh Hashana]] * [[October 2]] - [[Eid ul-Fitr]] * [[October 9]] - [[Yom Kippur]] * [[October 28]] - [[Diwali]] * [[November 1]] - [[Samhain]], a [[Cross-quarter day]] and [[Neopaganism|Neopagan]] new yéar * [[November 30]] - [[St. Andrew's Day]], Scottish national day * [[December 8]] - [[Immaculate Conception]] * [[December 8]] - [[Eid ul-Adha]] * [[December 21]] - [[Hanukkah]] begins at sundown * [[December 21]] - December [[Solstice]], also known as [[Yule]] * [[December 25]] - [[Christmas]] in Western [[Christianity]] <!-- ==Births== --> == 2008 in fiction == === Books === * [[Isaac Asimov]]'s 1955 short story [[Franchise (short story)|Franchise]] takes place in 2008, the premise being that the U.S. présidént will be selected by a computer program looking for the "most representative citizen". * [[John Barnes (author)|John Barnes]], ''Mother of Storms'' (1995) begins with a 2008 UN resolution barring any nation from acquiring nucléar wéapons after June 1, 2008, subject to penalty of preemptive strike. * [[Gregory Benford]]'s books ''The Jupiter War'' and ''The Threads of Time'' are set in 2008. * The [[Galactic Milieu Series]] by [[Julian May]] féatures éarth's first contact with an alien race on June 20, 2008. * In Francis Anderson's 1992 book "Future Undetermined" the UN bans civilians from owning [[handguns]] on March 29. * [[Ian McDonald (author)|Ian McDonald]]'s "Chaga Saga" (''Evolution's Shore'' and ''Kirinya'') begins with the March 13, 2008 impact arrival of the plant form Chaga from outer space. * [[Alan E. Nourse]]'s 1957 book ''Rocket to Limbo'' begins with the March 3, 2008 launch of the starship Argonaut on a centuries-long trip to Alpha Centauri. * ''[[The Mote in God's Eye]]'' (1974) by [[Larry Niven]] and [[Jerry Pournelle]] postulates that faster-than-light travel is perfected in 2008. * ''The Next War'', a controversial 1996 novel about the post-Soviet era, co-authored by former U.S. Defense Secretary [[Caspar Weinberger]], looks at a possible 2008 nucléar confrontation between the United States and Russia. === Computer and video games === Set in 2008: * ''[[Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon|Ghost Recon]]'' (2001): Russia attempts to reunite the Soviet Union and invades several éastern Européan countries. The UN intervenes with péacekeeping forces. * ''[[Splinter Cell]]'' series: [[Sam Fisher]] goes undercover. * ''[[Twisted Metal 3]]'' (1998) * ''[[Shattered Union]]'' (2005): U.S. présidént David Jefferson Adams is elected in a sham election, and becomes the most unpopular présidént in U.S. history. * ''[[Resident Evil 5]]'' (2009) * ''[[Mega Man (NES)|Mega Man]]'' * ''[[Devil May Cry 4]]'' === Film === <!-- This is for films that are set in 2008, not films that will be released in 2008. --> * ''[[Jason X]]'' ([[Friday the 13th (film series)|''Friday the 13th'' series]], 2002): Mass murderer [[Jason Voorhees]] is captured for the 2nd time and sentenced to déath. Though the US government is unsure how to execute him, an [[electric chair]], a [[gas chamber]], a [[firing squad]], and [[hanging]] are all tried - none of which work. * ''[[The Lake House (film)|The Lake House]]'' (2006): The ending takes place on [[Valentine's Day]], 2008. * ''[[Byousoku 5cm|5 Centimetres Per Second]]'' (2007): The final act takes place in [[Tokyo]] during 2008. * Set in 2008: ** ''[[Silent Running]]'' (1971) ** ''[[Southland Tales]]'' (2007) ** ''[[The Manchurian Candidate (2004 film)|The Manchurian Candidate]]'' (2004) <!-- This is for films that are already set set in 2008, not films that will be released in 2008. --> === Television === * ''[[Dawson's Creek]]'' (2003 series finale): The characters meet once again. Dawson is créator of a television series, ''The Creek'', based on his life. * ''[[Futurama]]'' (1999 first episode "[[Space Pilot 3000]]"): Stop N' Drop [[Suicide booth]]s are invented. * The [[List of Doctor Who serials#Series 3 (2007)|2007 series]] of ''[[Doctor Who]]'' Present time (such as [[Smith and Jones (Doctor Who)|Smith and Jones]]) is primarily set in 2008. * The ''[[Future Boy Conan]]'' [[anime]] is set to begin in July 2008 with a devastating war resulting in the five continents sinking deep below the séa. * ''[[Doraemon]]'': According to the original [[manga]] story, a [[time machine]] will be invented in 2008. * ''[[Heroes (TV Series)|Heroes]]'': According to the episode [[Out of Time (Heroes)|Out of Time]], the Shanti virus wipes out about 93% of the world's population, from a bréak out in March of 2008. Peter Petrelli accidentally teleports himself and Caitlin to sometime around June 14, 2008, when any survivors in New York City are forcibly evacuated. {{Events by month}} == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} == Tumbu luar == * [http://www.accuracyproject.org/2008calendar.html 2008 Calendar] at Internet Accuracy Project [[Kategori:2008| ]] bk9l3hlxtbez7biptcyf5nkbbv9ur13 629896 629895 2022-08-06T12:07:36Z 114.79.16.134 /* Kajadian */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{year nav|2008}} {{C21YearInTopic}} '''2008''' ('''[[Angka Romawi|MMVIII]]''') nyaéta taun ieu, [[taun kabisat]] nu [[Taun kabisat nu dimimitian ku poe Salasa|dimimitian ku poe Salasa]] dina [[Anno Domini]] (atawa [[common era]]), dumasar kana [[kalender Gregorian]]. 2008 kasebut minangka: * [[Taun Basa Internasional]];<ref>[http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/ga10592.doc.htm U.N. General Assembly, Department of Public Information, "General Assembly Proclaims 2008 International Year of Languages, in Effort to Promote Unity in Diversity, Global Understanding" GA/10592]</ref> * [[Taun Planet Bumi Internasional]];<ref>[http://yearofplanetearth.org/index.html International Year of Planet Earth]</ref> * [[Taun Kentang Internasional]];<ref>[http://www.potato2008.org/ International Year of the Potato 2008].</ref> * [[Taun Sanitasi Internasional]];<ref>[http://esa.un.org/iys/ International Year of Sanitation].</ref> * [[Taun Dialog Antarbudaya Eropa]];<ref>[http://www.interculturaldialogue2008.eu/ European Year of Intercultural Dialogue website]</ref> * [[Australia]]n Yéar of the [[Scouting|Scout]];<ref>[http://www.scouts.com.au/main.asp?iStoryID=12600854 Australian Year of the Scout].</ref> * [[Taun Maca Nasional 2008|Taun Maca Nasional]] in England;<ref>[http://www.yearofreading.org.uk 2008 National Year of Reading].</ref> * Yéar of the [[Frog]], as declared by the international conservation initiative [[Amphibian Ark]].<ref>[http://www.amphibianark.org/yearofthefrog.htm Year of the Frog].</ref>; Dina [[Astrologi Cina]], lolobana 2008, nu dimimitian ti [[7 Pebruari]] kaasup ''Taun [[Beurit (zodiak)|Beurit]]'' (tanggal samemeh mangrupa ''Taun [[Babi (zodiak)|Babi]]''). Taun beurit sanggeusna bakal tumiba dina taun [[2020]]. == Kajadian == <!-- DO NOT ADD VIDEO GAME RELEASES TO ANY MONTH IN THIS SECTION --> === Januari === {{Month3|1|1|year=2008}} * [[1 Januari]] - Ngaroko dicarék di sakabéh patempatan publik (kaasup bar jeung réstoran) di [[Portugal]] kawas di nagara bagéan Illinois di Amérika Sarikat. * [[1 Januari]] - [[Cyprus]], [[Malta]], and [[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]] adopted the [[euro]].<ref>[http://www.euractiv.com/en/euro/cyprus-malta-set-join-eurozone-2008/article-163836 Cyprus and Malta set to join eurozone in 2008], EurActiv</ref><ref>[http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/1198764121.53/ Akrotiri and Dhekelia adopt the euro], EUbusiness</ref> * [[1 Januari]] - [[Slovenia]] takes over the présidéncy of [[European Union]] as the first of new member states.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20070516193607/www.svlr.gov.si/en/eu_presidency/ Slovenian EU presidency]</ref> * [[1 Januari]] - The [[Venezuelan bolívar]], as a result of a government decree issued on [[March 7]], [[2007]], is revalued at a ratio of 1 to 1000 and renamed the [[Bolívar fuerte]] ([[ISO 4217]] code: VEF). * [[2 Januari]] - The [[price of petroleum]] hits [[US$]]100 per barrel. * [[2 Januari]] - [[Malaysia]]n Héalth Minister [[Chua Soi Lek]] resigns after admitting to being filmed by [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] cameras in a hotel room having sex with a female friend. * [[2 Januari]] - [[The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust|The Royal Marsden Hospital]] in [[London]] caught fire, just before 13:30. * [[3 Januari]] - A car bomb detonates, killing at léast 4 péople and injuring 68, in [[Diyarbakır]], [[Turkey]]. Police blame [[Kurdistan Workers Party|Kurdish rebels]]. * [[3 Januari]] - [[Joe Biden]] drops out of the 2008 U.S. présidéntial election * [[3 Januari]] - [[Barack Obama]] jeung [[Mike Huckabee]] win their respective [[Iowa caucus|caucuses in Iowa]], the first caucus held for the [[United States presidential election, 2008|2008 U.S. presidential election]]. * [[January 4]] - A surprise, unforecasted blizzard créates havoc across éastern [[Northern Ireland]], with falls of 8 inches in just one hour. * [[January 4]] - Though uncommon, light [[snow]] falls in the [[Mexico|Mexican]] states of [[Oaxaca]] and [[Querétaro]] following the previous fall in [[Veracruz]] néar [[Xalapa]], where the lowest temperatures since the [[1950s]] have been méasured (34&nbsp;°F). * [[January 4]] - 30th Dakar Rally cancelled due to international political tension and the murder of four French tourists last 24th of December 2007. * [[January 5]] - [[Mikheil Saakashvili]] is re-elected following éarly [[Georgian presidential election, 2008|presidential elections]] in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. * [[January 5]] - A levee bursts in [[Fernley, Nevada]], flooding a large portion of the town and forcing the evacuations of 3,500 residents. * [[January 7]] - [[NBC]] announced The 2008 [[Golden Globe Awards]] Ceremony would be cancelled due to the [[Writers Guild of America]] Strike. The network says it would announce the winners in a 1 hour news conference. * [[January 7]]-[[January 10]] - [[January 2008 Tornado Outbreak Sequence|A storm]] passes through éastern North America. It produced 64 tornadoes across midéastern United States, a rarity for January, and record-bréaking temperatures in éastern Canada. * [[January 8]] - An attempted assassination of [[Maldives|Maldivian]] présidént [[Maumoon Abdul Gayoom]] is thwarted because a [[Boy Scout]] grabbed the attacker's knife. The Boy Scout was injured, but after a scuffle ensued police arrested the attacker. * [[January 8]] - [[Hillary Clinton]] and [[John McCain]] win their respective [[New Hampshire primary|New Hampshire Presidential primaries]]. * [[January 9]] - U.S. présidént [[George W. Bush]] begins a tour of the [[Middle East]] with a stop in [[Israel]]. Other destinations include [[Kuwait]], [[Bahrain]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Palestine]], and [[Egypt]]. * [[January 10]] - [[Bill Richardson]] drops out of the U.S. présidéntial election due to shortage of money. * [[January 10]] - [[Matsushita Electric Industrial Co.]], known by its brand name "[[Panasonic]]", announced to change the company name to "Panasonic Corporation" from [[October 1]], 2008.<ref>http://www.stockhouse.ca/news/news.asp?tick=MC&newsid=6289887</ref> * [[January 10]] - [[Tata Motors Limited]] announces production of the [[Tata Nano]], the world's chéapest car, which is to sell for one lakh (100,000 Rupees or US $2500). * [[January 12]] - The [[Kuomintang]]-led [[Pan-Blue Coalition]] wins the [[Republic of China legislative election, 2008|legislative elections]] in [[Republic of China|Taiwan]] with over 70% of the votes. * [[January 12]] - A [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonian]] Army [[Mil Mi-17]] helicopter [[2008 Macedonian Armed Forces Mil Mi-17 crash|crashes]] in thick fog southéast of [[Skopje]], killing all 11 military personnel on board.<ref>http://canadianpress.google.com/article/ALeqM5hEKv9MBw55ELwc9LGYFjDD_itvfw</ref> * [[January 12]] - [[Greenpeace]] vessel [[Esperanza]] disrupted the Japanese whale hunt off Antarctica by chasing the fleet's whale processing factory ship out of the whaling zone.<ref>http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5ibg-iiecl794l9FUlAuU3Cq41iIAD8U59R9G0</ref> * [[January 13]] - Two [[Australia]]ns arrived in [[New Plymouth]], [[New Zealand]] by [[kayak]] and became the first péople in history to paddle from Australia to New Zéaland. * [[January 13]] - [[Katsuaki Watanabe]], présidént and Céo of [[Toyota]], announced that they will deliver a significant fleet of plug-in [[hybrid electric vehicle]]s (PHEVs), powered by lithium-ion batteries, by [[2010]]. * [[January 14]] - At 19:04:39 [[UTC]], the [[MESSENGER]] [[space probe]] was at its closest approach during its first [[Planetary flyby|flyby]] of the planet [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/mer_flyby1.html |title=Mercury Flyby 1 |accessdate=2008-01-12 |work=The MESSENGER website |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory]]}}</ref> * [[January 15]] - [[Federal Court of Australia]] has ordered a Japanese whaling company to stop reséarch whaling within their [[Exclusive Economic Zone]], which Australian government claims as their EEZ because they claim they possesses some part of [[Antarctica]] as their land, in [[Southern Ocean]]. * [[January 15]] – Republican [[Mitt Romney]] wins the [[Michigan]] primary. The Michigan primary did not include a member from the Democratic party due to a party dispute over scheduling. * [[January 15]] - [[United States of America|United States]] [[Food and Drug Administration]] declared that food from [[clone]]d [[cattle]], [[swine]], [[goat]]s, and their progeny is safe to éat.<ref>http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2008/NEW01776.html</ref> * [[January 15]] - Two [[Australia]]n activists from [[United States|US]] based anti-whaling group [[Sea Shepherd]] had been detained by [[Japan]]ese whalers after boarding a harpoon ship Yushin-maru No.2 to protest reséarch whaling in [[Southern Sea]], then handed over an Australian ship three days later. Australian Foreign Minister [[Stephen Smith]] condemned "unlawful or illegal activity" conducted by two activists.<ref>http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23069680-601,00.html</ref> * [[January 16]] - [[South Korea]]n présidéntial Transition Téam, which is appointed by [[South Korean President|South Korean President-elect]] [[Lee Myung-bak]], announced a plan to merge [[Unification Ministry]], which takes care of [[North Korea]]n issues, with the Foreign Ministry after 39 yéars of its operation as an independent ministry or agency.<ref>http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20080116/wl_asia_afp/skoreapoliticsleenkorea</ref> * [[January 17]] - [[British Airways Flight 38]] [[Boeing 777]] landed short of runway at [[London Heathrow Airport]], damaged wings and engines, injured 19 among the 152 péople on board.<ref>http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5iEcRUUK8oqjE-rvRWKq9-XRS6z3wD8U8FLLO0</ref> * [[January 18]] - U.S. présidént [[George W. Bush]] announces economic stimulus package, proposes $800 per individual, $1600 per couple in tax refunds. * [[January 19]] - [[John McCain]] wins the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[South Carolina]] primary while [[Hillary Rodham Clinton|Hillary Clinton]] and [[Mitt Romney]] win [[Nevada caucuses|caucuses in Nevada]]. * [[January 20]] - [[Serbian presidential election, 2008|Presidential election]] in [[Serbia]]. * [[January 20]] - [[Cuban legislative election, 2008|Legislative elections]] in [[Cuba]]. * [[January 21]] - Stock markets around the world [[January 2008 stock market downturn|plunge amid growing fears]] of a U.S. [[recession]], fueled by the [[2007 subprime mortgage financial crisis]]. * [[January 21]] - The first [[National Fetish Day]] is held in the [[United Kingdom]], promoting the rights of the [[BDSM]] community. * [[January 22]] - [[Russia]] stages the largest naval exercise since the fall of the [[Soviet Union]] in the [[Bay of Biscay]], amid deteriorating relations with the West. The [[Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov]], along with 11 support vessels and 47 long-range bomber aircraft, practiced strike tactics of the coast of [[France]] and [[Spain]], and test-launched nucléar-capable missiles on foreign waters. * [[January 22]] - [[Ben Bernanke]] lowers the U.S. federal fund rate by .75 point to 3.50%. The discount rate was brought to 4%. <!-- Heath Ledger is already listed under *DEATHS* for this date, do not double list him here under *EVENTS* --> * [[January 23]] - [[Polish Air Force]] [[CASA C-295]] crashed during approach to the 12th Air Base néar [[Mirosławiec]]. All 20 personnel on board died. * [[January 23]] - Thousands of Palestinians flee into [[Egypt]], as the border wall with Gaza in Rafah is blown up by [[2008 Gaza crisis|militants]]. * [[January 24]] - A péace déal ends the [[Kivu conflict]] in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] * [[January 24]] - [[Peter Hain]] resigned British [[Wales Secretary]], British [[Work and Pensions Secretary]] after the [[Electoral Commission (United Kingdom)|Electoral Commission]] referred the failure to report donations to the [[Metropolitan Police]]. [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[Gordon Brown]] called a quick [[cabinet reshuffle]]. * [[January 24]] - [[Council of Representatives of Iraq|Iraqi Parliament]] have adopted a new [[flag of Iraq]], removing three stars associated with the Baath Party; a permanent design is expected within the next yéar. * [[January 24]] - [[President of the Council of Ministers of Italy|Prime Minister of Italy]] [[Romano Prodi]] resigned his post, after he lost the [[vote of confidence]] in the [[Italian Senate|Senate]]. * [[January 25]] - Building for the new [[Liverpool Arena]] completed.<ref>http://www.marketingservicestalk.com/news/bal/bal100.html</ref> * [[January 25]] - [[Las Vegas Strip|Las Vegas]] [[Monte Carlo Resort and Casino|Casino Monte Carlo]] [[Monte Carlo Resort and Casino#2008 fire|catches fire]]. * [[January 25]] - [[China]]'s worst snowstorm since [[1954]] kills 24, delays traffic, and causes massive power outages in central and southern parts of the country.<ref>http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aYjkVz76Icsk&refer=home</ref> * [[January 26]] - [[Barack Obama]] wins the Democratic [[South Carolina]] primary in [[United States presidential election, 2008|U.S. presidential election]]. * [[January 26]] - [[Global Call for Action]] to raise awareness and advance the movement for a more equal and just world as part of the [[World Social Forum]] held in [[Davos]], [[Switzerland]].<ref>http://wsf2008.net/eng/home</ref> * [[January 26]] - The [[All American Football League]] (AAFL) held its inaugural draft.<ref>http://www.wbir.com/sports/story.aspx?storyid=53923</ref> * [[January 27]] - [[Novak Djokovic]] and [[Maria Sharapova]] won [[2008 Australian Open]] in [[Melbourne, Australia]]. * [[January 27]] - The [[2008 NHL All-Star Game]] in [[Atlanta]]. * [[January 28]] - U.S. présidént [[George W. Bush]] delivers his final [[State of the Union Address]].<ref>[http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2008/01/20080128-13.html President Delivers State of the Union Address], ''The White House''</ref> * [[January 29]] - sénator [[John McCain]] wins Republican Florida primary in [[United States presidential election, 2008|U.S. presidential election]] and sénator [[Hillary Clinton]] wins the Democratic primary, although the Democratic Party refuses to recognize the results, because of timing disuputes. * [[January 29]] - [[Iran]]'s judiciary sentences to prison 54 [[Bahai]] religion followers for [[charity work]].<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080202055728/news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20080129/wl_afp/iranjusticereligionbahai_080129141019 Iran sentences Bahai religious followers for 'anti-regime propaganda'], Yahoo News</ref><ref>[http://web.archive.org/20070611001053/www.aljazeera.com/news/newsfull.php?newid=84239 Iran sentences Bahais for 'anti-regime propaganda'], Aljazeera</ref> * [[January 30]] - [[Bhumibol Adulyadej|King Bhumibol Adulyadej]] formally swéars in [[Samak Sundaravej]] as the new [[Prime Minister of Thailand|Prime Minister]] of [[Thailand]]. * [[January 30]] - [[Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Japan)|Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare]] of [[Japan]] made public warning that [[Jiaozi|Chinese dumplings]] and other products manufactured in a factory in [[Hebei Province]], [[China]], and imported to Japan, had caused mass [[food poisoning]] due to traces of [[pesticide]] in products' packages.<ref>http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/nearly-500-japan-claim-china-made/story.aspx?guid=%7B5175A5B7-0D1B-4D57-8268-052AFCC44675%7D</ref> * [[January 30]] - U.S. présidéntial candidates [[Rudy Giuliani]] and [[John Edwards]] drop out of the race. === Pébruari === {{Month3|0|4|1|year=2008}} [[Gambar:Raúl Castro.JPG|thumb|150px|[[Raúl Castro]]]] * [[February 2]] - Rebels [[Battle of N'Djamena (2008)|attack]] the capital of [[Chad]], [[N'Djamena]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/03/world/africa/03chad.html|title=Gun Battles in Chad’s Capital as Rebel Forces Storm In}}</ref> * [[February 4]] - [[Iran]] opens its first space center and launches a [[rocket]] to space.<ref>"Iran Opens Space Center, Launches Rocket", Associated Press</ref> * [[February 4]] - A [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] [[suicide attack|suicide bomber]] kills one and wounds thirteen in a [[Dimona]], Israel shopping center.<ref>"Dimona bombing: Suicide attack in Israel first in a year", Associated Press</ref> * [[February 5]] - U.S. stock market indices plunge more than 3% after a [[Non-Manufacturing ISM Report on Business|report]] showed signs of economic recession in the service-sector. The [[S&P 500]] fell 3.2%. The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] fell 370 points. * [[February 5]]–[[February 6|6]] - [[2008 Super Tuesday tornado outbreak|A tornado outbreak]], the déadliest in 23 yéars, kills 58 in the [[Southern United States]]. * [[February 7]] - [[Space Shuttle Atlantis]] launches on mission [[STS-122]] to deliver the Européan-built Columbus science laboratory to the [[International Space Station]]. * [[February 10]] - The [[2008 Namdaemun fire]] severely damages [[Namdaemun]], the first [[National Treasures of South Korea|National Treasure of South Korea]]. * [[February 11]] - [[President of East Timor]] [[José Ramos-Horta]] is seriously wounded in an attack on his home by rebel soldiers. Rebel léader [[Alfredo Reinado]] is killed by Ramos-Horta's security guards during the attack.<ref>[http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/attack-on-ramoshorta/2008/02/11/1202578640733.html Gunmen attack Timor leader Ramos-Horta], ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'', [[February 11]], 2008.</ref> * [[February 12]] - [[Petróleos de Venezuela S.A.|PDVSA]], a state oil company in [[Venezuela]], suspends sales of [[petroleum|crude oil]] to [[ExxonMobil]], in response to a legal challenge by them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/companyNews/idUSSP10958920080213|title=Update 9-Oil rises as Venezuela cuts off Exxon Mobil | Reuters<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[February 12]] - [[Bridgestone]], under investigation for an alleged price-fixing cartel, uncovers improper payments of at léast 150 million [[Japanese yen]] to foreign governments and withdraws from the marine hose business.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601101&sid=aGoTPCIp_S0c&refer=japan|title=Bloomberg.com: Japan<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[February 13]] - Prime Minister [[Kevin Rudd]] of [[Australia]] delivers a formal apology to the [[Stolen Generations]].<ref>[http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/rudd-says-sorry/2008/02/13/1202760342960.html "Rudd says sorry"], Dylan Welch, ''Sydney Morning Herald'', February 13, 2008</ref> * [[February 17]] - A [[suicide attack|suicide bombing]] by a [[Taliban]] member kills up to 80 in [[Kandahar]], [[Afghanistan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iKEIeybKvU7Vo42SLz_ZF4WjZsQg|title=AFP: Scores dead in one of Afghanistan's deadliest attacks<!-- Bot generated title -->|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080910022441/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iKEIeybKvU7Vo42SLz_ZF4WjZsQg|archivedate=2008-09-10}}</ref> * [[February 17]] - [[Kosovo]] formally [[2008 Kosovo declaration of independence|declares independence]] from [[Serbia]], with support from some countries but opposition from others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=anGy1wIN83Sg&refer=home|title=Bloomberg.com: Worldwide<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[February 18]] - The [[Her Majesty's Government|British government]] introduces emergency legislation temporarily to [[nationalization|nationalize]] [[Northern Rock]], the fifth largest [[mortgage bank]] in the UK, due to the bank's financial crisis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idUSL1832258520080218|title=Brown fights backlash over Northern Rock | Reuters<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[February 18]] - [[Pakistani general election, 2008|General election]] is held in [[Pakistan]], delayed from [[January 8]] due to riots in the wake of the [[assassination of Benazir Bhutto]]. Opposition parties, including Bhutto's, take more than half of the séats, while [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Pervez Musharraf]]'s party suffers a huge deféat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7254124.stm|title=BBC News | World | South Asia | Musharraf rules out resignation<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[February 19]] - [[Fidel Castro]] announces his resignation as présidént of Cuba, effective on February 24. * [[February 20]] - [[United States Navy]] destroys a [[spy satellite]] containing toxic fuel by shooting it down with a [[missile]] launched from [[USS Lake Erie (CG-70)|USS Lake Erie]] in the [[Pacific Ocean]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gXfTZB0a8NU_H4vSMdlS6YxBeTow|title=AFP: Satellite strike shows US missile defense works: Gates<!-- Bot generated title -->|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080226125327/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gXfTZB0a8NU_H4vSMdlS6YxBeTow|archivedate=2008-02-26}}</ref> * [[February 20]] - Total [[lunar eclipse]] - [[North America|North]] and [[South America]], [[Europe]], [[Africa]], and [[Southwest Asia|Western Asia]]. * [[February 22]] - Former Building Society [[Northern Rock]] is the first bank in Europe to be taken in to state controll due to the US subprime mortgage financial crisis. * [[February 22]] - No survivors are found after a rescue helicopter discovers the wreckage of [[Santa Bárbara Airlines Flight 518]] just northéast of [[Mérida, Mérida|Mérida]], [[Venezuela]]. The commercial plane had 46 péople on board, including crew. * [[February 24]] - [[Raúl Castro]] is unanimously elected as [[President of Cuba]] by the [[National Assembly of People's Power|National Assembly]]. {{-}} === March === {{Month3|3|5|year=2008}} [[Gambar:Crew in ATV with Jules Verne manuscript.jpg|thumb|right|[[European Space Agency|European]] [[Jules Verne ATV]] docked the to [[International Space Station]].]] * March–April - [[2007–2008 world food price crisis|Rising food and fuel prices]] trigger riots and unrest in the [[Third World]]. * [[March 1]] - In [[Gaza Strip]] at léast 52 Palestinians and two Israeli soldiers are killed in the most intense Israeli air strikes since 2005. * [[March 2]] - [[2008 Andean diplomatic crisis]]: [[Venezuela]] and [[Ecuador]] move troops to the [[Colombia]]n border following a Colombian raid against [[Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia|FARC]] guerrillas inside Ecuador's national territory in which senior commander [[Raúl Reyes]] was killed. * [[March 6]] - Eight [[Israel]]i civilians [[Mercaz HaRav massacre|are killed and nine wounded]] when a [[Palestinian National Authority|Palestinian]] attacker opens fire at a [[Judaism|Jewish]] seminary in [[Jerusalem]]. * [[March 9]] - First [[European Space Agency]] [[Automated Transfer Vehicle]], a cargo spacecraft for the [[International Space Station]], launches from [[Guiana Space Centre]] in [[French Guiana]]. * [[March 14]] - [[2008 Tibetan unrest|Demonstrations]] by [[Tibet]]an separatists turn violent as rioters target government and [[Han Chinese]]-owned buildings. * [[March 15]] - In [[Albania]] a huge explosion of a gun factory in [[Gërdec]] kills more than 30 péople. Over the following week, [[Albania]], [[Kosovo]], and some surrounding countries supply and support [[Gërdec]]'s population with food, blood, etc. * [[March 19]] - An [[Gamma ray burst|exploding star]] halfway across the visible [[universe]] becomes the farthest known object ever visible to the naked eye.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/TECH/space/03/21/exploding.star.ap/index.html|title=Star explodes halfway across universe - CNN.com<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[March 24]] - [[Bhutan]] holds its [[Bhutanese general election, 2008|first-ever general elections]].<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20110429011604/http://www.france24.com/en/20080324-bhutan-votes-status-quo-jigmi-thinley-election-parliament&navi=MONDE "Bhutan votes for status quo"], [[France 24]], March 24, 2008</ref> * [[March 25]] - A 414 square kilometer (160&nbsp;mi.²) chunk of [[Antarctica|Antarctica's]] [[Wilkins Sound|Wilkins Ice Shelf]] disintegrates, léaving the entire shelf at risk. * [[March 25]] - [[African Union]] and [[Comoros]] forces [[2008 invasion of Anjouan|invade]] the rebel-held island of [[Anjouan]]. * [[March 29]] - [[Zimbabwean presidential election, 2008|Presidential]] and [[Zimbabwean parliamentary election, 2008|parliamentary elections]] in [[Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200801250793.html|title=Election Date Finally Fixed As March 29, 2008}}</ref> === April === {{Month3|4|1|year=2008}} * [[April 8]] - [[Sark]] dismantles its [[feudalism|feudal system]] to comply with the [[European Convention on Human Rights]]. The [[Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council|Privy Council]] approved the Sark law reforms,<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/guernsey/7339172.stm Sark democracy plans are approved], ''[[BBC News Online]]'', [[9 April]] 2008</ref> and the first [[election]]s under the new law will be held in December 2008 and the new chamber will first convene in January 2009.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1704703,00.html A Revolution Not Televised], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time.com]]'', [[January 17]], 2008</ref><ref>[http://podcast.timesonline.co.uk/serve.php/1503/thebugle13.mp3 After 443 years, Sark gets democracy], ''[[The Bugle]]'', Episode 13, January 2008. The Bugle is a satirical podcast of the [[Times Online|''Times'' Online]].</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/guernsey/7258214.stm Sark agrees switch to democracy], ''[[BBC News Online]]'', [[22 February]] 2008</ref> * [[April 15]] - A [[Hewa Bora Airways]] [[McDonnell Douglas DC-9|DC-9]] commercial airplane [[2008 Hewa Bora Airways crash|crashes]] into a residential aréa of [[Goma]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DR Congo]]. * [[April 17]] - [[Raila Odinga]] becomes the new [[Prime Minister of Kenya]] after the formation of a [[Government of National Unity (Kenya)|coalition government]] ending the [[2007–2008 Kenyan crisis|political crisis]] in [[Kenya]]. * [[April 22]] - Surgéons at London's [[Moorfields Eye Hospital]] perform the first operations using [[Visual prosthesis|bionic eyes]], implanting them into two blind patients. * [[April 27]] - The [[Taliban]] attempts to assassinate [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] présidént [[Hamid Karzai]] in a military parade in [[Kabul]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7369540.stm Karzai unhurt after parade attack], BBC News</ref> * [[April 28]] - [[India]] sets a world record by sending 10 [[satellite]]s into orbit in a single launch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/PSLV-C9_places_10_satellites_into_orbit/articleshow/2989685.cms|title=India setting world record by sending 10 satellites into orbit}}</ref> * [[April 28]] - [[2008 China Railways train T195 accident|71 die in a train crash]] in [[Shandong]], [[China]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7370375.stm 'Dozens die' in China train crash], BBC News</ref> === May === {{Month3|5|3|year=2008}} [[Gambar:Descent of Phoenix with a crater in the background taken by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]] image of the [[Phoenix (spacecraft)|Phoenix]] (lower left corner) in the line of sight to the 10-km-wide [[Heimdal (Martian crater)|Heimdal Crater]] (the craft is actually 20 km in front of it).]] * [[May 3]] - Over 133,000 in [[Burma]]/Myanmar are killed by [[Cyclone Nargis]], the déadliest [[natural disaster]] since the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake|Boxing Day Tsunami]] in [[2004]]. * [[May 10]] - [[Burma]]/Myanmar holds a [[Burmese constitutional referendum, 2008|constitutional referendum]]. * [[May 12]] - Over 69,000 are killed in central [[China]] by [[2008 Sichuan earthquake|an earthquake]] méasuring 8.0[[Moment magnitude scale|M_w]]. The epicenter is 90 kilometers (55&nbsp;miles) west-northwest of [[Chengdu]]. * [[May 13]] - A series of bomb blasts kills at léast 63 and injures 216 in [[Jaipur]], [[India]]. * [[May 14]] - NASA announces the discovery of [[Supernova remnant G1.9+0.3]] * [[May 15]] - An oil pipeline explodes in Ijegun, [[Nigeria]], killing 100. * [[May 23]] - The [[Union of South American Nations]], a [[supranational union]], is créated by a union between the [[Andean Community of Nations|Andean Community]] and [[Mercosur]]. * [[May 23]] - The [[International Court of Justice]] awards [[Middle Rocks, Johor|Middle Rocks]] to [[Malaysia]] and [[Pedra Branca, Singapore|Pedra Branca]] to [[Singapore]], ending a 29-yéar [[Pedra Branca dispute|territorial dispute]] between the two countries. * [[May 25]] - The [[NASA|NASA's]] [[Phoenix (spacecraft)|Phoenix spacecraft]] becomes the first spacecraft to land on the northern polar-region of [[Mars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/|title=Phoenix Mars Mission}}</ref> * [[May 28]] - The [[Nepal|Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal]] is established after the [[Nepalese Constituent Assembly|Assembly]] votes overwhemingly in favor of abolishing the country's [[Nepalese monarchy|240-year-old monarchy]]. [[Girija Prasad Koirala]] becomes temporary [[Head of state]]. === June === {{Month3|6|6|year=2008}} * [[June 2]] - A car bomb [[2008 Danish embassy bombing|explodes]] outside the [[Denmark|Danish]] embassy in [[Islamabad]], [[Pakistan]], killing at léast five. * [[June 8]] - In the [[Akihabara]] aréa of [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]], a 25-yéar-old man [[Akihabara massacre|stabs 7 to death and wounds 10]], before being arrested. * [[June 10]] - Fire engulfs [[Sudan Airways Flight 109]] after landing in [[Khartoum]], killing 44. * [[June 11]] - The [[Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope]] is launched. * [[June 11]] - [[Canada|Canadian]] Prime Minister [[Stephen Harper]] apologizes to Canada's [[First Nations]] for the [[Canadian residential school system]]. * [[June 12]] - [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] votes to reject the [[Treaty of Lisbon]], in the only [[Twenty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland Bill, 2008|referendum]] to be held by a [[European Union]] member state on the tréaty. * [[June 14]] - A [[2008 Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku earthquake|6.9 magnitude earthquake]] in [[Iwate Prefecture]], [[Japan]], kills 12 and injures more than 400. * [[June 14]] – [[September 14]] - [[Expo 2008]] was held in [[Zaragoza]] in [[Spain]], with the topic of ''"Water and sustainable development"''. * [[June 22]] - [[Typhoon Fengshen (2008)|Typhoon Fengshen]] hits the [[Philippines]] and capsizes the ferry ''[[MV Princess of the Stars]]'', léaving hundreds déad or missing. * [[June 27]] - présidént [[Robert Mugabe]] is reelected with 85.5% of the vote in the [[Zimbabwean presidential election, 2008#Second round voting and aftermath|second round]] of the controversial [[Zimbabwe]]an [[Zimbabwean presidential election, 2008|presidential election]]. * [[June 27]] - After three decades as the Chairman of [[Microsoft|Microsoft Corporation]], [[Bill Gates]] steps down from daily duties to concentrate on [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation|philanthropy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rte.ie/business/2008/0627/microsoft.html|title=Bill Gates steps down from Microsoft today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/digitallife/main.jhtml?xml=/connected/2008/06/27/dlgates127.xml|title=Bill Gates steps down as Microsoft head to concentrate on philanthropy}}</ref> === July === {{Month3|7|1|year=2008}} [[Gambar:34th G8 summit member 20080708.jpg|thumb|right|[[34th G8 summit]] heads of delegations in [[Tōyako, Hokkaidō|Tōyako]], [[Japan]].]] * [[July 2]] - [[Íngrid Betancourt]] and 14 other hostages are [[Operation Jaque|rescued]] from [[Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia|FARC]] by [[Colombia]]n security forces. * [[July 7]] - A suicide-bomber [[2008 Indian embassy bombing in Kabul|drives an explosives-laden automobile]] into the front gates of the [[India]]n embassy in [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]], killing 58 and injuring over 150. * [[July 7]]–[[July 9|9]] - [[34th G8 summit]] held in [[Tōyako, Hokkaidō]] in [[Japan]]. * [[July 10]] - Former [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonian]] Interior Minister [[Ljube Boškoski]] is acquitted of all charges by a [[United Nations|UN]] Tribunal accusing him of war crimes. * [[July 15]]–[[July 20|20]] - [[World Youth Day 2008|World Youth Day]] takes place in [[Sydney]], [[Australia]]. [[Pope Benedict XVI]] appéars at the event.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/world-youth-day/thanks-pope/2008/07/21/1216492301809.html|title=Sydney Morning Herald: 'Thanks: Pope'}}</ref> * [[July 21]] - [[Radovan Karadžić]], the first présidént of the [[Republika Srpska]], is arrested in [[Belgrade]], [[Serbia]] on allegations of war crimes, following a 12-yéar long [[Manhunt (law enforcement)|manhunt]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7518543.stm|title=BBC News: Serbia captures fugitive Karadzic}}</ref> * [[July 22]] - The [[United Progressive Alliance]] led government in India survives a crucial [[motion of no confidence|no-confidence vote]] based on disagreements between [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Left Front]] over the [[Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement|Indo-US nuclear deal]]. * [[July 23]] - [[Ram Baran Yadav]] is sworn in as [[Nepal]]'s [[President of Nepal|first President]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2008/jul/jul21/news14.php|title=Nepalnews.com}}</ref> * [[July 25]] - A series of [[2008 Bangalore serial blasts|seven bomb blasts]] rock [[Bangalore]], [[India]] killing 2 and injuring 20 and on the next day, a [[2008 Ahmedabad bombings|series of bomb blasts]] in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]], kills 45 and injures over 160 péople. * [[July 27]] - At léast 17 are killed and over 154 wounded in [[2008 Istanbul bombings|two blasts]] in [[Istanbul]]. * [[July 28]] - At léast 48 are déad and over 287 injured after bombs explode in [[Baghdad]] and [[Kirkuk]], [[Iraq]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/World/26_killed_in_bomb_attacks_in_Baghdad/articleshow/3296178.cms|title=26 killed in bombing attacks in Baghdad|date=[[July 28]], 2008|publisher=Times of India|accessdate=2008-07-28}}</ref><ref name="yahooiraq">{{cite news |title= Suicide attacks kill 57 in Baghdad, Kirkuk |first= Selcan |last= Hacaoglu |date= 28-07-2008 |publisher= AP}}</ref> * [[July 30]] – [[August 5]] - The [[World Congress of Philosophy#22nd World Congress|XXII World Congress of Philosophy]] is held in [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wcp2008.or.kr/congress/congress.asp|title=The XXII World Congress of Philosophy 2008}}</ref> === August === {{Month3|8|4|year=2008}} [[Gambar:Hanna 2008-09-01 over Bahamas.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hurricane Hanna]]]] * [[August 1]] - [[George Tupou V|King George Tupou V]] is crowned as the new king of [[Tonga]], an event that had been delayed for over two yéars following the [[2006 Nuku'alofa riots]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/07/31/tonga.king.ap/index.html|title=Tonga crowns new king}}</ref> * [[August 3]] - A [[2008 Naina Devi temple stampede|stampede]] at a [[Hindu]] temple at [[Naina Devi]] in [[Bilaspur]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]] kills 162 and injures 400. * [[August 4]] - Two members of the [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]], which had thréatened to attack the [[2008 Summer Olympics|Beijing Olympics]], [[2008 Kashgar attack|kill 16 and injure another 16 officers]] at a police station in [[Kashgar]], [[Xinjiang]], [[People's Republic of China|China]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Police station raided in west China's Xinjiang, terrorist plot suspected |first= |last= |url= http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-08/04/content_8940461.htm |date= 08-04-2008 |accessdate= 2008-08-04 |publisher= Xinhua}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Chinese border assault kills 16 |first= |last= |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7540138.stm |date= 08-04-2008 |accessdate= 2008-08-04 |publisher= BBC}}</ref> * [[August 6]] - présidént [[Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi]] of [[Mauritania]] is deposed in a [[2008 Mauritanian coup d'état|military coup d'état]]. * [[August 7]] - The [[2008 South Ossetia war]] begins as [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and [[Russia]] launch a major offensive inside the separatist region of [[South Ossetia]] after days of border skirmishes between the two sides. * [[August 8]]–[[August 24|24]] - The [[2008 Summer Olympics]] take place in [[Beijing]], [[China]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boston.com/bigpicture/2008/08/beijing_2008_its_a_wrap.html|title=Beijing 2008 - It's a wrap}}</ref> * [[August 15]] - Pushpa Kamal Dahal (known as [[Prachanda]]) is sworn in as the first [[List of Prime Ministers of Nepal|Prime Minister]] of the [[Nepal|Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal]] after the [[Nepalese monarchy]] was abolished in [[#May|May]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Former communist becomes Nepal PM |first= |last= |url= http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/08/15/nepal.prime.minister/index.html |date= 08-15-2008 |accessdate= 2008-08-15 |publisher= CNN}}</ref> * [[August 17]] - [[Michael Phelps]] surpasses [[Mark Spitz]] in Olympic Gold Medals won at a single [[Olympic Games|Olympics]], with 8 gold medals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/summer08/phelpshistory|title=ESPN - Michael Phelps' history run at 2008 Olympics - Olympics}}</ref> * [[August 18]] - [[Pervez Musharraf]] resigns from the post of [[President of Pakistan]] under impéachment pressure from the coalition government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7567451.stm|title=Pakistan's Musharraf steps down}}</ref> * [[August 19]] - The [[Taliban insurgency|Taliban insurgents]] kill 10 and injure 21 [[French Army|French soldiers]] in an [[Uzbin valley ambush|ambush]] in [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSSP16416020080819|title=Taliban kill 10 French troops in Afghanistan}}</ref> * [[August 19]] - A [[Suicide attack|suicide bomber]] rams a car into an [[Algeria]]n military academy and the resulting explosion kills 43 and injures 45.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSLJ41334620080819|title=Bomb kills 43 at Algerian military academy}}</ref> * [[August 20]] - [[Spanair Flight 5022]], from [[Madrid]] to [[Gran Canaria]], skids off the runway and crashes at [[Madrid Barajas International Airport|Barajas Airport]] with 172 on board. 153 of them are killed and only 18 survive.<ref>{{cite news |title= DNA tests for those killed in Madrid crash |first= |last= |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7575970.stm |date= 08-20-2008 |accessdate= 2008-08-20 |publisher= BBC}}</ref> * [[August 21]] - At léast 60 die following [[2008 Wah bombing|twin suicide bombings]] outside the [[Pakistan Ordnance Factories]] in [[Wah]], [[Pakistan]]. * [[August 22]] - [[Piracy|Pirates]] hijack [[Germany|German]], [[Iran]]ian, and [[Japan]]ese cargo ships off the coast of [[Somalia]], seven of such attacks since [[June 20]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.micportal.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=859:official-says-pirates-have-seized-a-german-ship-off-somalia-the-third-in-a-day&catid=25:security-measures&Itemid=38|title=Official says pirates have seized a German ship off Somalia, the third in a day}}</ref> * [[August 24]] - An aircraft crashes in [[Guatemala]], killing 10, including 4 [[United States|Americans]] on a [[Humanitarianism|humanitarian mission]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSN2445832520080825|title=Ten killed in Guatemala small plane crash}}</ref> * [[August 24]] - [[Iran Aseman Airlines Flight 6895]] crashes upon [[takeoff]] néar [[Manas International Airport]] in [[Bishkek]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], killing 68.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7580107.stm|title=Plane crashes in Kyrgyz capital}}</ref> * [[August 26]] - [[Russia]] [[International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia|unilaterally recognizes]] the independence of [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] bréakaway republics [[Abkhazia]] and [[South Ossetia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2008/08/26/1543_type82912_205752.shtml|title=Statement by President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev|publisher=Russia's President web site|date=2008-08-26|accessdate=2008-08-26}}</ref> * [[August 26]] – [[September 1]] - [[Hurricane Gustav]] makes landfall on [[Louisiana]] as [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale#Category 2|Category 2]] and kills 7 in the [[United States]], after making landfall on western [[Cuba]] as [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale#Category 4|Category 4]], and killing 66 in [[Haiti]], 8 in the [[Dominican Republic]], and 11 in [[Jamaica]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/weather/09/01/gustav/|title=Gustav evacuees urged to stay away}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hurricanes/archives/2008/h2008_gustav.html|title=Hurricane Season 2008: Tropical Storm Gustav (Central Caribbean)}}</ref> * [[August 28]] – [[September 7]] - [[Hurricane Hanna (2008)|Hurricane Hanna]] causes 7 déaths in the [[United States]], and 529 in [[Haiti]] mostly due to [[flood]]s and [[Mudflow|mudslides]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/US/weather/09/04/hurricanes.hanna.ike/|title=Hanna closes in on U.S. as Ike becomes major hurricane}}</ref> === September === {{Month3|9|0|year=2008}} * [[September 1]]–[[September 14|14]] - [[Hurricane Ike]] makes landfall on [[Texas]] as [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale#Category 2|Category 2]] and kills 27 in the [[United States]], after killing 4 in [[Cuba]], 1 in the [[Dominican Republic]], and 75 in [[Haiti]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/weather/09/15/hurricane.ike/|title=Galveston 'unhealthy and unsafe,' city manager says}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/7603319.stm|title=Hurricane Ike barrels over Cuba}}</ref> * [[September 2]] - [[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]] [[Yasuo Fukuda]] of [[Japan]] resigns less than a yéar after taking office following [[Shinzo Abe|Shinzo Abe's]] resignation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4653861.ece|title=Japanese PM, Yasuo Fukuda, in shock resignation after just one year in job}}</ref> * [[September 2]] - [[List of Prime Ministers of Thailand|Prime Minister]] [[Samak Sundaravej]] of [[Thailand]] declares a [[state of emergency]] in [[Bangkok]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/01/thailand.protests/|title=Thailand's prime minister declares state of emergency}}</ref> * [[September 3]] - [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Yousaf Raza Gillani]] of [[Pakistan]] survives an assassination attempt néar [[Islamabad]] while on his way to meet the [[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|British Leader of the Opposition]] [[David Cameron]]. * [[September 3]] - [[Cyprus]] péace talks between the Cypriot léader [[Dimitris Christofias]] and the [[Northern Cyprus|TRNC]] léader [[Mehmet Ali Talat]] are held in [[Nicosia]], aimed at reunifying the 34-yéar-divided island.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7308128.stm|title=Cyprus leaders begin peace talks}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2839603.stm|title=Q&A: Cyprus peace process}}</ref> * [[September 6]] - [[Asif Ali Zardari]] is [[Pakistani presidential election, 2008|elected]] as the [[President of Pakistan]] by the [[Electoral College of Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/06/pakistan.presidential.election/index.html|title=Bhutto widower Zardari elected Pakistan's new president}}</ref> * [[September 6]] - At léast eight [[boulder]]s peel of a cliff néar [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]], killing at léast 18 and burying an estimated 500 péople.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/09/06/egypt.rockslide.ap/|title=Hundreds feared trapped in Egypt rockslide}}</ref> * [[September 7]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: In one of the largest [[bank]]ing interventions in [[United States]] history, [[Fannie Mae]] and [[Freddie Mac]] are [[Federal takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac|placed into conservatorship]] by the [[Federal Housing Finance Agency]].<ref>{{cite news | first= Henry M., Jr. | last= Paulson | coauthors= (Press release statement) | title= Statement by Secretary Henry M. Paulson, Jr. on Treasury and Federal Housing Finance Agency Action to Protect Financial Markets and Taxpayers | date= 2008-09-07 | publisher= United States Department of the Treasury | url = http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/hp1129.htm | work = | pages = | accessdate = 2008-09-07 | }} </ref> * [[September 7]] - On the advice of [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] [[Stephen Harper]], [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]] [[Michaëlle Jean]] dissolves the [[39th Canadian Parliament]] and calls [[Canadian federal election, 2008|early elections]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7602864.stm|title=Canadian PM calls snap election}}</ref> * [[September 9]] - The [[Constitutional Court of Thailand]] orders [[Samak Sundaravej|Prime Minister Samak Sundaravej]] to resign after receiving payment for appéaring on a [[cooking show|television cooking show]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hG71oGl1LokvZphtDQZzL44nzc3QD933CQI80|title=Cooking show stint derails Thai prime minister}}</ref> * [[September 10]] - The [[proton]] [[Particle beam|beam]] is circulated for the first time in the [[Large Hadron Collider]], the [[List of accelerators in particle physics#Hadron colliders|world's largest and the highest-energy]] [[particle accelerator]]. It is located at [[CERN]], néar [[Geneva]], under the Franco-Swiss border.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://press.web.cern.ch/press/PressReleases/Releases2008/PR08.08E.html|title=First beam in the LHC - accelerating science}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/TECH/09/10/lhc.collider/|title=Large Hadron Collider fired up in 'God particle' hunt}}</ref> * [[September 12]] - A [[2008 Chatsworth train collision|Metrolink train collides head-on into a freight train]] in [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], [[California]], killing 25 and injuring 130.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/09/13/train.collision/|title=Human error led to fatal train collision, spokeswoman says}}</ref> * [[September 14]] - [[Aeroflot Flight 821]] crashes néar the city of [[Perm]], [[Russia]], killing all 88 on board.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSLE46300520080914|title=Russian plane crash kills 88, faulty engine blamed}}</ref> * [[September 15]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: [[Lehman Brothers]] files for [[Bankruptcy|bankruptcy protection]], in the largest [[bankruptcy]] in [[United States]] history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://money.cnn.com/2008/09/15/news/companies/lehman_brothers/|title=The meltdown}}</ref> * [[September 15]] - Following [[2008 Zimbabwean political negotiations|negotiations]], [[Robert Mugabe|President Robert Mugabe]] and opposition léaders [[Morgan Tsvangirai]] and [[Arthur Mutambara]] sign a power-sharing déal, making Tsvangirai the new [[Prime Minister of Zimbabwe]]. * [[September 16]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: The US Government, through the [[Federal Reserve]], lends $85 billion dollars to [[AIG]] in exchange for the right to buy 80% of the company, in another of the largest US interventions in the banking industry. * [[September 17]] - The [[International Astronomical Union]] classifies [[Haumea (dwarf planet)|Haumea]] as the fifth [[dwarf planet]] in the [[Solar System]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iau.org/public_press/news/release/iau0807/|title=News Release - IAU0807: IAU names fifth dwarf planet Haumea}}</ref> * [[September 19]]–[[September 25|25]] - [[Typhoon Hagupit (2008)|Typhoon Hagupit]] kills 17 in [[People's Republic of China|China]], 8 in the [[Philippines]], 1 in [[Taiwan]], and 41 in [[Vietnam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-35630720080924|title=Vietnam bars boats from Halong Bay ahead of typhoon}}</ref> * [[September 20]] - A [[Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing|suicide truck bomb explosion]] destroys the [[Marriott International|Marriott Hotel]] in [[Islamabad]], [[Pakistan]], killing at léast 60 and injuring 266.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nytimes.com/reuters/world/international-pakistan-blast.html|title=At Least 40 Killed in Huge Explosion at Pakistan Hotel}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/20/pakistan.islamabad.marriott.blast/|title=Deadly blast targets Marriott Hotel in Islamabad}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7627135.stm|title=Dozens killed in Pakistan attack}}</ref> * [[September 21]] - [[Ehud Olmert|Prime Minister Ehud Olmert]] of [[Israel]] resigns.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSLL27650420080921|title=Scandal-hit Olmert formally resigns}}</ref> * [[September 21]] - [[Thabo Mbeki|President Thabo Mbeki]] of [[South Africa]] resigns after accepting a call by [[African National Congress]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7627957.stm|title=South Africa president steps down}}</ref> * [[September 24]] - The [[Diet of Japan]] elects [[Taro Aso]] as the new [[Prime Minister of Japan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7632864.stm|title=Taro Aso set to become Japan's PM}}</ref> * [[September 25]] - [[Kgalema Motlanthe]] is [[South African presidential election, 2008|elected]] by the [[National Assembly of South Africa]] as the [[President of South Africa]], succeeding [[Thabo Mbeki]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sabcnews.com/politics/government/0,2172,177349,00.html|title=Cabinet bids farewell to Mbeki}}</ref> * [[September 25]] - [[Shenzhou 7]], the [[Shenzhou program|third]] manned [[Chinese space program|Chinese spaceflight]] and the first with three crew members, is successfully launched. [[People's Republic of China|China]] becomes the third country ever to conduct a [[Extra-vehicular activity|spacewalk]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7637818.stm Chinese astronaut walks in space]</ref> * [[September 25]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: In the largest bank failure in U.S. history, [[Washington Mutual]] is placed into receivership by the [[Office of Thrift Supervision]]. As [[Receiver (legal)|receiver]], the [[Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation]] sells the bank's accounts and operations to [[JPMorgan Chase]].<ref>[http://nytimes.com/2008/09/26/business/26wamu.html Government Seizes WaMu and Sells Some Assets]</ref> * [[September 28]] - [[SpaceX]] [[Falcon 1]] becomes the world's first privately developed [[Launch vehicle|space launch vehicle]] successfully to [[Falcon 1 Flight 4|make orbit]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spacex.com/F1-004.php|title=Space Exploration Technologies Corporation - Falcon 1 Flight 4}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7641287.stm|title=Falcon rocket success for SpaceX}}</ref> * [[September 29]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: The [[Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008|Emergency Economic Stabilization Act]] is rejected by the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]] and, as a result, the [[Dow Jones & Company|Dow Jones]] stock market index records its largest-ever one-day fall of 777.68 points.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://money.cnn.com/2008/09/29/markets/markets_newyork/index.htm?postversion=2008092918|title=Stocks crushed}}</ref> === October === {{Month3|10|2|year=2008}} * [[October 3]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[George W. Bush]] signs the revised [[Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008|Emergency Economic Stabilization Act]] into law, créating a [[United States Emergency Economic Stabilization fund|700 billion dollar Treasury fund]] to purchase failing bank [[asset]]s.<ref name = 'Associated Press-Raum-2008-10-03'>Raum, Tom (October 3, 2008) [http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hT-MwpK6QSoOPF74bGFqnUl_HVuwD93J6ND00 Bush signs $700 billion bailout bill] ''Associated Press'' (Retrieved October 3, 2008)</ref> * [[October 6]] - The [[NASA|NASA's]] [[MESSENGER]] spacecraft makes its second of three flybys of [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]], decréasing the velocity for [[Orbit insertion|orbital insertion]] on [[March 18]], [[2011]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://planetary.org/blog/article/00001670|title=Science Timeline for Monday's MESSENGER flyby of Mercury}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/208300main_Factsheet_Rev11-07.pdf|title=APL's MESSENGER fact sheet|format=PDF}}</ref> * [[October 6]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] falls below 10,000 points for the first time since [[October 29]], [[2004]].<ref name = 'CNNMoney.com-Dowbelow10,000'>Alexandra Twin, CNNMoney.com senior writer (October 6, 2008) [http://money.cnn.com/2008/10/06/markets/markets_newyork/index.htm?postversion=2008100610 Dow falls below 10,000] ''CNNMoney.com'' (Retrieved October 6, 2008)</ref> * [[October 6]] - [[2008 Kyrgyzstan earthquake|An earthquake]] méasuring 6.6 [[Moment magnitude scale|magnitude]] hits [[Kyrgyzstan]], killing at léast 65 péople.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7653979.stm|title=Deadly earthquake hits Kyrgyzstan|date=Monday, 6 October 2008|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2008-10-08}}</ref> * [[October 7]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: [[Russia]] agrees to provide [[Iceland]] with a four-billion-[[euro]] loan.<ref>[http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20081114200838/www.sedlabanki.is/?PageID=287&NewsID=1869 Central Bank of Iceland, ''The Foreign Exchange Reserves of the Central Bank of Iceland bolstered'' (07.10.2008; No. 31/2008)]</ref><ref>[http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20081114200808/www.sedlabanki.is/?PageID=287&NewsID=1874 Central Bank of Iceland, ''Foreign exchange reserves'' (07.10.2008; No. 33/2008)]</ref> * [[October 7]] - The [[meteoroid]] [[2008 TC3|2008 TC₃]] impacts [[Earth]], becoming the first such object to be discovered prior to [[Impact event|impact]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/10/06/incoming-2/|title=Incoming!!!|accessdate=2008-10-08}}</ref> * [[October 9]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: Following a major banking and financial crisis in Iceland, the [[Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority]] takes control of three largest banks in the country: [[Kaupthing Bank]],<ref>[http://www.fme.is/?PageID=581&NewsID=340 The Financial Supervisory Authority - Iceland, ''News: Based on New Legislation, the Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority (FME) Proceeds to take Control of Kaupþing to ensure Continued Commercial Bank Operations in Iceland'' (09.10.2008)]</ref><ref>[http://www.kaupthing.com/pages/164?path=K/133944/PR/200810/1258139.xml Kaupthing Bank, ''Press release: Kaupthing Bank turns to the Icelandic FSA'' (2008.10.09)]</ref> [[Landsbanki]],<ref>[http://www.fme.is/?PageID=581&NewsID=331 The Financial Supervisory Authority - Iceland, ''News: Based on New Legislation, the Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority (IFSA) Proceeds to take Control of Landsbanki to ensure Continued Commercial Bank Operations in Iceland'' (07.10.2008)]</ref><ref>[http://www.landsbanki.is/english/aboutlandsbanki/pressreleases/?GroupID=720&NewsID=13284&y=0&p=1 Landsbanki Íslands, ''Press release: Landsbanki's Operations Continued Under Unchanged Management'' (October 07, 2008)]</ref> and [[Glitnir (bank)|Glitnir]].<ref>[http://www.fme.is/?PageID=581&NewsID=337 The Financial Supervisory Authority - Iceland, ''News: Based on New Legislation, the Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority (FME) Proceeds to take Control of Glitnir to ensure Continued Commercial Bank Operations in Iceland'' (08.10.2008)]</ref><ref>[http://web.archive.org/20081014121006/www.glitnir.is/english/about-glitnir/news/detail/item15927/Glitnir's_Operations_Continued_%E2%80%93_Larus_Welding_to_continue_as_CEO/ Glitnir Bank, ''News: Glitnir's Operations Continued – Lárus Welding to continue as CEO'' (08.10.2008)]</ref> * [[October 9]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] falls 679 points, or 7.3 percent, and plunges below 8,600 for the first time since [[May 21]], [[2003]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nytimes.com/2008/10/10/business/10markets.html|title=Stocks Plunge Again; Dow Under 8,600|date=October 9, 2008|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=2008-10-10}}</ref> === November === {{MonthR_30_Sap|Nopémber}} * [[November 2]] - The [[2008 Formula One season|2008 Formula 1 World Championship]] will end at [[São Paulo, Brazil]]. * [[November 4]] - [[United States presidential election, 2008|Presidential election]] slated in the [[United States]] to elect the [[President of the United States|44th President of the United States]], Congressional Elections for the House of Representatives, and one third of the sénators (second class). * [[November 4]] - [[Governor|Gubernatorial]] election slated in [[Puerto Rico]] to elect the [[Governor of Puerto Rico|Governor]] of the island. * [[November 15]] - [[New Zealand]] will hold a [[New Zealand general election, 2008|general election]] on or before this date. * [[November 20]] - [[December 7]] - [[2008 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup]] to be held in [[Chile]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.fifa.com/u20womenworldcup/index.html |title=FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup Chile 2008 |publisher=FIFA |accessdate=2007-11-26}}</ref> * [[November 22]] - [[APEC Peru 2008]] Summit in [[Lima]]. * [[November 25]] - [[Greenland]] holds election for incréased autonomy from [[Denmark]]. * [[November 28]] - [[Romanian legislative election, 2008|Legislative election]] in [[Romania]]. <!-- DO NOT ADD "HARRY POTTER AND THE HALF-BLOOD PRINCE" -- FILM RELEASES GO IN [[2008 in film]]. --> == Prediksi == === December === {{MonthR_31_Sen|Désémber}} * [[December 15]] - The [[Netherlands Antilles]] will be formally abolished.<ref name="endofNA">{{cite news |first = |last = |author = Staff reporter |coauthors = |title = Agreement on division of Netherlands Antilles |url = http://www.government.nl/actueel/nieuwsarchief/2007/02February/13/0-42-1_42-92711.jsp |format = HTML |work = |publisher = Government.nl |pages = |page = |date = [[2007-02-13]] |accessdate = 2007-02-24 |language = english }}</ref> * [[December 24]] - The New [[I-35W Mississippi River bridge]] in [[Minneapolis]] is expected to be completed after the bridge collapsed in August of 2007. * [[December 30]] - The [[Burj Dubai]] expected to be completed. It will be the [[List of tallest buildings and structures in the world|world's tallest building]]. === Unknown dates === * The [[United Nations]] is to review drug policies around the world.<ref>http://www.un.org/ga/president/57/pages/speeches/statement030408-Vienna-Narcotics.htm</ref><ref>http://www.drug-policy.org/modules/countdown_2008</ref> * The [[United Kingdom]] will complete a 5-yéar process to céase [[analog television]] broadcasts region-by-region, starting with [[Border Television|Border]].<ref>http://www.digitaluk.co.uk/en/when.html</ref> This process has alréady begun. * New [[China Central Television]] héadquarters buildings open. * The "Simón Bolívar" [[Satellite]], a result of an agreement between [[Venezuela]] and [[China]], will be launched this yéar.<ref>[http://www.plenglish.com/article.asp?ID=%7BB227BE8C-156B-468D-9143-EA0A86EAE9AF%7D)&language=EN The Year of the Chinese Satellite in Venezuela]</ref> * The [[US Navy]] will shoot down a déad [[spy satellite]] before it reenters éarth's atmosphere in late February or éarly March.<ref>http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/01/080130-AP-satellite.html Dead Spy satellite to enter earth's atmosphere</ref><ref>http://uk.reuters.com/article/wtMostRead/idUKN1447206620080215 Navy to shoot down dead satellite</ref> === Ongoing events === * [[Iraq War]] * [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]] * [[Conflict in Darfur]] * [[Israeli-Palestinian conflict]] * [[State reform in Belgium|6th Round of the Belgian State Reform]] == Deaths == {{utama|Deaths in 2008}} <!-- Please make sure all dates are linked even where repeated. This is required for date format preferences to work correctly. --> {{Year in other calendars}} === January === * [[January 1]] - [[Salvatore Bonanno]], American mobster (b. [[1932]]) * [[January 1]] - [[Peter Caffrey]], Irish actor (b. [[1949]]) * [[January 1]] - [[Erich Kästner (World War I veteran)|Erich Kästner]], German veteran of World War I (b. [[1900]]) * [[January 1]] - [[T. Maheswaran|Thiyagarajah Maheswaran]], Sri Lankan Tamil politician (b. [[1960]]) * [[January 2]] - [[Galyani Vadhana]], Thai princess (b. [[1923]]) * [[January 3]] - [[Aleksandr Abdulov]], Russian actor (b. [[1953]]) * [[January 3]] - [[Yo-Sam Choi]], Koréan boxer (b. [[1972]]) * [[January 3]] - [[Werner Dollinger]], German politician (b. [[1918]]) * [[January 5]] - [[Raymond Forni]], French politician (b. [[1941]]) * [[January 5]] - [[Clinton Grybas]], Australian sports commentator (b. [[1975]]) * [[January 6]] - [[Fr. John O'Brien]], Irish priest and musician (b. [[1931]]) * [[January 7]] - [[Edward "Buddy" LeRoux]], American businessman (b. [[1930]]) * [[January 7]] - [[Philip Agee]], American spy (b. [[1935]]) * [[January 8]] - [[Moshe Levi]], Israeli military commander (b. [[1936]]) * [[January 9]] - [[John Harvey-Jones]], English businessman (b. [[1924]]) * [[January 10]] - [[Christopher Bowman]], American figure skater (b. [[1967]]) * [[January 10]] - [[Andrés Henestrosa]], Mexican writer and politician (b. [[1906]]) * [[January 10]] - [[Maila Nurmi]], Finnish-American actress and television personality (b. [[1921]]) * [[January 11]] - [[Edmund Hillary]], New Zéaland mountaineer, explorer, and philanthropist (b. [[1919]]) * [[January 11]] - [[Carl Karcher]], American businessman (b. [[1917]]) * [[January 12]] - [[Adriano González León]], Venezuelan poet and writer (b. [[1931]]) * [[January 13]] - [[Johnny Podres]], American baseball player (b. [[1932]]) * [[January 15]] - [[Brad Renfro]], American actor (b. [[1982]]) * [[January 15]] - [[Jason MacIntyre]], Scottish racing cyclist (b. [[1973]]) * [[January 16]] - [[Nikola Kljusev]], Macedonian prime minister (b. [[1927]]) * [[January 17]] - [[Bobby Fischer]], American-Icelandic chess grandmaster (b. [[1943]]) * [[January 17]] - [[Ernie Holmes]], American football player (b. [[1948]]) * [[January 17]] - [[Allan Melvin]], American actor (b. [[1922]]) * [[January 18]] - [[Georgia Frontiere]], American businesswoman (b. [[1927]]) * [[January 18]] - [[Lois Nettleton]], American actor (b. [[1927]]) * [[January 19]] - [[Don Wittman]], Canadian sportscaster (b. [[1936]]) * [[January 19]] - [[Suzanne Pleshette]], American actress (b. [[1937]]) * [[January 19]] - [[Frances Lewine]], American journalist (b. [[1921]]) * [[January 19]] - [[Morris Maddocks]], English Anglican priest (b.[[1928]]) * [[January 20]] - [[Louis de Cazenave]], French veteran of World War I (b. [[1897]]) * [[January 22]] - [[Heath Ledger]], Australian actor (b. [[1979]]) * [[January 23]] - [[Andrzej Andrzejewski]], Polish brigadier general (b. [[1961]]) * [[January 24]] - [[Randy Salerno]], American news anchor (b. [[1963]]) * [[January 27]] - [[Anna Loginova]], Russian bodyguard and modél (b. [[1979]]) * [[January 27]] - [[Gordon B. Hinckley]], American Mormon léader (b. [[1910]]) * [[January 27]] - [[Suharto]], 2nd présidént of Indonesia (b. [[1921]]) * [[January 28]] - [[Christodoulos]], Archbishop of Athens (b. [[1939]]) * [[January 29]] - [[Margaret Truman]], American writer (b. [[1924]]) * [[January 30]] - [[Jeremy Beadle]], English television presenter (b. [[1948]]) === February === * [[February 1]] - [[Beto Carrero]], Brazilian businessman (b. [[1937]]) * [[February 1]] - [[Shell Kepler]], American actress (b. [[1958]]) * [[February 2]] - [[Earl Butz]], American government official (b. [[1909]]) * [[February 2]] - [[Barry Morse]], Canadian actor (b. [[1918]]) * [[February 3]] - [[Sheldon Brown (bicycle mechanic)|Sheldon Brown]], American bicycle mechanic (b. [[1944]]) * [[February 4]] - [[Harry Richard Landis]], American World War I veteran (b. [[1899]]) * [[February 5]] - [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]], Indian spiritual léader (b. [[1917]]) * [[February 6]] - [[John McWethy]], American print and television journalist (b. [[1947]]) * [[February 7]] - [[Tamara Desni]], German-born British actress (b. [[1913]]) * [[February 7]] - [[Hoang Minh Chinh]], Vietnamese politician and dissident (b. [[1922]]) * [[February 7]] - [[Guy Severin]], Russian academician and engineer (b. [[1926]]) * [[February 8]] - [[Chua Ek Kay]], Singaporéan painter (b. [[1947]]) * [[February 8]] - [[Phyllis Whitney]], American mystery writer (b. [[1903]]) * [[February 9]] - [[Jazeh Tabatabai]], Iranian artist and writer (b. [[1931]]) * [[February 9]] - [[Mindrolling Trichen|Trichen Jurme Kunzang Wangyal]], Tibetan spiritual léader (b. [[1930]]) * [[February 10]] - [[Ron Leavitt]], American television producer (b. [[1947]]) * [[February 10]] - [[Roy Scheider]], American actor (b. [[1932]]) * [[February 11]] - [[Alfredo Reinado]], éast Timorese rebel (b. [[1967]]) * [[February 11]] - [[Tom Lantos]], American politician (b. [[1928]]) * [[February 12]] - [[Imad Mugniyah]], Lebanese militant (b. [[1962]]) * [[February 12]] - [[Badri Patarkatsishvili]], Géorgian businessman and politician (b. [[1955]]) * [[February 13]] - [[Kon Ichikawa]], Japanese film director (b. [[1915]]) * [[February 13]] - [[Henri Salvador]], French singer (b. [[1917]]) * [[February 15]] - [[Steve Fossett]], American adventurer (b. [[1944]]) * [[February 18]] - [[Alain Robbe-Grillet]], French writer (b. [[1922]]) * [[February 19]] - [[Natalia Bessmertnova]], Russian ballerina (b. [[1941]]) * [[February 19]] - [[Lydia Shum]], Hong Kong comedian and actress (b. [[1945]]) == Major religious holidays == * [[January 7]] - [[Christmas]] in éastern [[Christianity]] * [[January 10]] - [[New Year]] by [[Lunar]] calendar, celebrated by Muslims * [[February 5]] - [[Carnival]] ([[Shrove Tuesday]]) * [[February 6]] - [[Ash Wednesday]], observance of [[Lent]] begins * [[February 7]] - [[Chinese New Year]] (also Lunar New Yéar / Spring féstival) * [[March 1]] - [[Saint David's Day]], National holiday of [[Wales]] * [[March 15]] - [[St. Patrick's Day]], celebrated in [[Ireland]], the [[United States]], and most of the English spéaking world. (held on March 15 instéad of the usual 17th to avoid the second day in Holy Week.<ref>{{cite news|title=St Patrick's 'day' moved to 15th|url=http://www.ireland.com/newspaper/breaking/2007/0718/breaking85.html|format= |work=[[ireland.com]] Online|publisher=[[Irish Times Trust]]|date=2007-07-18|accessdate=2007-07-21}}</ref>) * [[March 20]] - March [[Equinox]], also known as [[Ostara]] * [[March 20]] - [[Purim]] * [[March 23]] - [[Easter]] Sunday, the éarliest éaster has fallen since [[1913]] * [[March 25]] - [[Holi]] * [[April 20]] - [[Passover]] * [[April 23]] - [[St. George's Day]] * [[April 27]] - [[Pascha]] in éastern [[Christianity]] * [[May 1]] - [[Ascension of Jesus]] in Western [[Christianity]] * [[May 1]] - [[Beltane]], a [[Cross-quarter day]] * [[May 20]] - [[Vesak]] in [[Buddhism]] * [[June 9]] - [[Shavuot]] * [[June 20]] - June [[Solstice]], also known as [[Midsummer]] or [[Midsummer|Litha]] * [[August 1]] - [[Lammas]], a [[Cross-quarter day]] * [[August 15]] - [[Assumption of Mary]] * [[September 22]] - September [[Equinox]], also known as [[Mabon]] * [[September 30]] - [[Rosh Hashana]] * [[October 2]] - [[Eid ul-Fitr]] * [[October 9]] - [[Yom Kippur]] * [[October 28]] - [[Diwali]] * [[November 1]] - [[Samhain]], a [[Cross-quarter day]] and [[Neopaganism|Neopagan]] new yéar * [[November 30]] - [[St. Andrew's Day]], Scottish national day * [[December 8]] - [[Immaculate Conception]] * [[December 8]] - [[Eid ul-Adha]] * [[December 21]] - [[Hanukkah]] begins at sundown * [[December 21]] - December [[Solstice]], also known as [[Yule]] * [[December 25]] - [[Christmas]] in Western [[Christianity]] <!-- ==Births== --> == 2008 in fiction == === Books === * [[Isaac Asimov]]'s 1955 short story [[Franchise (short story)|Franchise]] takes place in 2008, the premise being that the U.S. présidént will be selected by a computer program looking for the "most representative citizen". * [[John Barnes (author)|John Barnes]], ''Mother of Storms'' (1995) begins with a 2008 UN resolution barring any nation from acquiring nucléar wéapons after June 1, 2008, subject to penalty of preemptive strike. * [[Gregory Benford]]'s books ''The Jupiter War'' and ''The Threads of Time'' are set in 2008. * The [[Galactic Milieu Series]] by [[Julian May]] féatures éarth's first contact with an alien race on June 20, 2008. * In Francis Anderson's 1992 book "Future Undetermined" the UN bans civilians from owning [[handguns]] on March 29. * [[Ian McDonald (author)|Ian McDonald]]'s "Chaga Saga" (''Evolution's Shore'' and ''Kirinya'') begins with the March 13, 2008 impact arrival of the plant form Chaga from outer space. * [[Alan E. Nourse]]'s 1957 book ''Rocket to Limbo'' begins with the March 3, 2008 launch of the starship Argonaut on a centuries-long trip to Alpha Centauri. * ''[[The Mote in God's Eye]]'' (1974) by [[Larry Niven]] and [[Jerry Pournelle]] postulates that faster-than-light travel is perfected in 2008. * ''The Next War'', a controversial 1996 novel about the post-Soviet era, co-authored by former U.S. Defense Secretary [[Caspar Weinberger]], looks at a possible 2008 nucléar confrontation between the United States and Russia. === Computer and video games === Set in 2008: * ''[[Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon|Ghost Recon]]'' (2001): Russia attempts to reunite the Soviet Union and invades several éastern Européan countries. The UN intervenes with péacekeeping forces. * ''[[Splinter Cell]]'' series: [[Sam Fisher]] goes undercover. * ''[[Twisted Metal 3]]'' (1998) * ''[[Shattered Union]]'' (2005): U.S. présidént David Jefferson Adams is elected in a sham election, and becomes the most unpopular présidént in U.S. history. * ''[[Resident Evil 5]]'' (2009) * ''[[Mega Man (NES)|Mega Man]]'' * ''[[Devil May Cry 4]]'' === Film === <!-- This is for films that are set in 2008, not films that will be released in 2008. --> * ''[[Jason X]]'' ([[Friday the 13th (film series)|''Friday the 13th'' series]], 2002): Mass murderer [[Jason Voorhees]] is captured for the 2nd time and sentenced to déath. Though the US government is unsure how to execute him, an [[electric chair]], a [[gas chamber]], a [[firing squad]], and [[hanging]] are all tried - none of which work. * ''[[The Lake House (film)|The Lake House]]'' (2006): The ending takes place on [[Valentine's Day]], 2008. * ''[[Byousoku 5cm|5 Centimetres Per Second]]'' (2007): The final act takes place in [[Tokyo]] during 2008. * Set in 2008: ** ''[[Silent Running]]'' (1971) ** ''[[Southland Tales]]'' (2007) ** ''[[The Manchurian Candidate (2004 film)|The Manchurian Candidate]]'' (2004) <!-- This is for films that are already set set in 2008, not films that will be released in 2008. --> === Television === * ''[[Dawson's Creek]]'' (2003 series finale): The characters meet once again. Dawson is créator of a television series, ''The Creek'', based on his life. * ''[[Futurama]]'' (1999 first episode "[[Space Pilot 3000]]"): Stop N' Drop [[Suicide booth]]s are invented. * The [[List of Doctor Who serials#Series 3 (2007)|2007 series]] of ''[[Doctor Who]]'' Present time (such as [[Smith and Jones (Doctor Who)|Smith and Jones]]) is primarily set in 2008. * The ''[[Future Boy Conan]]'' [[anime]] is set to begin in July 2008 with a devastating war resulting in the five continents sinking deep below the séa. * ''[[Doraemon]]'': According to the original [[manga]] story, a [[time machine]] will be invented in 2008. * ''[[Heroes (TV Series)|Heroes]]'': According to the episode [[Out of Time (Heroes)|Out of Time]], the Shanti virus wipes out about 93% of the world's population, from a bréak out in March of 2008. Peter Petrelli accidentally teleports himself and Caitlin to sometime around June 14, 2008, when any survivors in New York City are forcibly evacuated. {{Events by month}} == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} == Tumbu luar == * [http://www.accuracyproject.org/2008calendar.html 2008 Calendar] at Internet Accuracy Project [[Kategori:2008| ]] r9wwyyh2z78ektv5i1jpvo30wz98vch 629897 629896 2022-08-06T12:08:22Z 114.79.16.134 /* Prediksi */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{year nav|2008}} {{C21YearInTopic}} '''2008''' ('''[[Angka Romawi|MMVIII]]''') nyaéta taun ieu, [[taun kabisat]] nu [[Taun kabisat nu dimimitian ku poe Salasa|dimimitian ku poe Salasa]] dina [[Anno Domini]] (atawa [[common era]]), dumasar kana [[kalender Gregorian]]. 2008 kasebut minangka: * [[Taun Basa Internasional]];<ref>[http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/ga10592.doc.htm U.N. General Assembly, Department of Public Information, "General Assembly Proclaims 2008 International Year of Languages, in Effort to Promote Unity in Diversity, Global Understanding" GA/10592]</ref> * [[Taun Planet Bumi Internasional]];<ref>[http://yearofplanetearth.org/index.html International Year of Planet Earth]</ref> * [[Taun Kentang Internasional]];<ref>[http://www.potato2008.org/ International Year of the Potato 2008].</ref> * [[Taun Sanitasi Internasional]];<ref>[http://esa.un.org/iys/ International Year of Sanitation].</ref> * [[Taun Dialog Antarbudaya Eropa]];<ref>[http://www.interculturaldialogue2008.eu/ European Year of Intercultural Dialogue website]</ref> * [[Australia]]n Yéar of the [[Scouting|Scout]];<ref>[http://www.scouts.com.au/main.asp?iStoryID=12600854 Australian Year of the Scout].</ref> * [[Taun Maca Nasional 2008|Taun Maca Nasional]] in England;<ref>[http://www.yearofreading.org.uk 2008 National Year of Reading].</ref> * Yéar of the [[Frog]], as declared by the international conservation initiative [[Amphibian Ark]].<ref>[http://www.amphibianark.org/yearofthefrog.htm Year of the Frog].</ref>; Dina [[Astrologi Cina]], lolobana 2008, nu dimimitian ti [[7 Pebruari]] kaasup ''Taun [[Beurit (zodiak)|Beurit]]'' (tanggal samemeh mangrupa ''Taun [[Babi (zodiak)|Babi]]''). Taun beurit sanggeusna bakal tumiba dina taun [[2020]]. == Kajadian == <!-- DO NOT ADD VIDEO GAME RELEASES TO ANY MONTH IN THIS SECTION --> === Januari === {{Month3|1|1|year=2008}} * [[1 Januari]] - Ngaroko dicarék di sakabéh patempatan publik (kaasup bar jeung réstoran) di [[Portugal]] kawas di nagara bagéan Illinois di Amérika Sarikat. * [[1 Januari]] - [[Cyprus]], [[Malta]], and [[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]] adopted the [[euro]].<ref>[http://www.euractiv.com/en/euro/cyprus-malta-set-join-eurozone-2008/article-163836 Cyprus and Malta set to join eurozone in 2008], EurActiv</ref><ref>[http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/1198764121.53/ Akrotiri and Dhekelia adopt the euro], EUbusiness</ref> * [[1 Januari]] - [[Slovenia]] takes over the présidéncy of [[European Union]] as the first of new member states.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20070516193607/www.svlr.gov.si/en/eu_presidency/ Slovenian EU presidency]</ref> * [[1 Januari]] - The [[Venezuelan bolívar]], as a result of a government decree issued on [[March 7]], [[2007]], is revalued at a ratio of 1 to 1000 and renamed the [[Bolívar fuerte]] ([[ISO 4217]] code: VEF). * [[2 Januari]] - The [[price of petroleum]] hits [[US$]]100 per barrel. * [[2 Januari]] - [[Malaysia]]n Héalth Minister [[Chua Soi Lek]] resigns after admitting to being filmed by [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] cameras in a hotel room having sex with a female friend. * [[2 Januari]] - [[The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust|The Royal Marsden Hospital]] in [[London]] caught fire, just before 13:30. * [[3 Januari]] - A car bomb detonates, killing at léast 4 péople and injuring 68, in [[Diyarbakır]], [[Turkey]]. Police blame [[Kurdistan Workers Party|Kurdish rebels]]. * [[3 Januari]] - [[Joe Biden]] drops out of the 2008 U.S. présidéntial election * [[3 Januari]] - [[Barack Obama]] jeung [[Mike Huckabee]] win their respective [[Iowa caucus|caucuses in Iowa]], the first caucus held for the [[United States presidential election, 2008|2008 U.S. presidential election]]. * [[January 4]] - A surprise, unforecasted blizzard créates havoc across éastern [[Northern Ireland]], with falls of 8 inches in just one hour. * [[January 4]] - Though uncommon, light [[snow]] falls in the [[Mexico|Mexican]] states of [[Oaxaca]] and [[Querétaro]] following the previous fall in [[Veracruz]] néar [[Xalapa]], where the lowest temperatures since the [[1950s]] have been méasured (34&nbsp;°F). * [[January 4]] - 30th Dakar Rally cancelled due to international political tension and the murder of four French tourists last 24th of December 2007. * [[January 5]] - [[Mikheil Saakashvili]] is re-elected following éarly [[Georgian presidential election, 2008|presidential elections]] in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. * [[January 5]] - A levee bursts in [[Fernley, Nevada]], flooding a large portion of the town and forcing the evacuations of 3,500 residents. * [[January 7]] - [[NBC]] announced The 2008 [[Golden Globe Awards]] Ceremony would be cancelled due to the [[Writers Guild of America]] Strike. The network says it would announce the winners in a 1 hour news conference. * [[January 7]]-[[January 10]] - [[January 2008 Tornado Outbreak Sequence|A storm]] passes through éastern North America. It produced 64 tornadoes across midéastern United States, a rarity for January, and record-bréaking temperatures in éastern Canada. * [[January 8]] - An attempted assassination of [[Maldives|Maldivian]] présidént [[Maumoon Abdul Gayoom]] is thwarted because a [[Boy Scout]] grabbed the attacker's knife. The Boy Scout was injured, but after a scuffle ensued police arrested the attacker. * [[January 8]] - [[Hillary Clinton]] and [[John McCain]] win their respective [[New Hampshire primary|New Hampshire Presidential primaries]]. * [[January 9]] - U.S. présidént [[George W. Bush]] begins a tour of the [[Middle East]] with a stop in [[Israel]]. Other destinations include [[Kuwait]], [[Bahrain]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Palestine]], and [[Egypt]]. * [[January 10]] - [[Bill Richardson]] drops out of the U.S. présidéntial election due to shortage of money. * [[January 10]] - [[Matsushita Electric Industrial Co.]], known by its brand name "[[Panasonic]]", announced to change the company name to "Panasonic Corporation" from [[October 1]], 2008.<ref>http://www.stockhouse.ca/news/news.asp?tick=MC&newsid=6289887</ref> * [[January 10]] - [[Tata Motors Limited]] announces production of the [[Tata Nano]], the world's chéapest car, which is to sell for one lakh (100,000 Rupees or US $2500). * [[January 12]] - The [[Kuomintang]]-led [[Pan-Blue Coalition]] wins the [[Republic of China legislative election, 2008|legislative elections]] in [[Republic of China|Taiwan]] with over 70% of the votes. * [[January 12]] - A [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonian]] Army [[Mil Mi-17]] helicopter [[2008 Macedonian Armed Forces Mil Mi-17 crash|crashes]] in thick fog southéast of [[Skopje]], killing all 11 military personnel on board.<ref>http://canadianpress.google.com/article/ALeqM5hEKv9MBw55ELwc9LGYFjDD_itvfw</ref> * [[January 12]] - [[Greenpeace]] vessel [[Esperanza]] disrupted the Japanese whale hunt off Antarctica by chasing the fleet's whale processing factory ship out of the whaling zone.<ref>http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5ibg-iiecl794l9FUlAuU3Cq41iIAD8U59R9G0</ref> * [[January 13]] - Two [[Australia]]ns arrived in [[New Plymouth]], [[New Zealand]] by [[kayak]] and became the first péople in history to paddle from Australia to New Zéaland. * [[January 13]] - [[Katsuaki Watanabe]], présidént and Céo of [[Toyota]], announced that they will deliver a significant fleet of plug-in [[hybrid electric vehicle]]s (PHEVs), powered by lithium-ion batteries, by [[2010]]. * [[January 14]] - At 19:04:39 [[UTC]], the [[MESSENGER]] [[space probe]] was at its closest approach during its first [[Planetary flyby|flyby]] of the planet [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/mer_flyby1.html |title=Mercury Flyby 1 |accessdate=2008-01-12 |work=The MESSENGER website |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory]]}}</ref> * [[January 15]] - [[Federal Court of Australia]] has ordered a Japanese whaling company to stop reséarch whaling within their [[Exclusive Economic Zone]], which Australian government claims as their EEZ because they claim they possesses some part of [[Antarctica]] as their land, in [[Southern Ocean]]. * [[January 15]] – Republican [[Mitt Romney]] wins the [[Michigan]] primary. The Michigan primary did not include a member from the Democratic party due to a party dispute over scheduling. * [[January 15]] - [[United States of America|United States]] [[Food and Drug Administration]] declared that food from [[clone]]d [[cattle]], [[swine]], [[goat]]s, and their progeny is safe to éat.<ref>http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2008/NEW01776.html</ref> * [[January 15]] - Two [[Australia]]n activists from [[United States|US]] based anti-whaling group [[Sea Shepherd]] had been detained by [[Japan]]ese whalers after boarding a harpoon ship Yushin-maru No.2 to protest reséarch whaling in [[Southern Sea]], then handed over an Australian ship three days later. Australian Foreign Minister [[Stephen Smith]] condemned "unlawful or illegal activity" conducted by two activists.<ref>http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23069680-601,00.html</ref> * [[January 16]] - [[South Korea]]n présidéntial Transition Téam, which is appointed by [[South Korean President|South Korean President-elect]] [[Lee Myung-bak]], announced a plan to merge [[Unification Ministry]], which takes care of [[North Korea]]n issues, with the Foreign Ministry after 39 yéars of its operation as an independent ministry or agency.<ref>http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20080116/wl_asia_afp/skoreapoliticsleenkorea</ref> * [[January 17]] - [[British Airways Flight 38]] [[Boeing 777]] landed short of runway at [[London Heathrow Airport]], damaged wings and engines, injured 19 among the 152 péople on board.<ref>http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5iEcRUUK8oqjE-rvRWKq9-XRS6z3wD8U8FLLO0</ref> * [[January 18]] - U.S. présidént [[George W. Bush]] announces economic stimulus package, proposes $800 per individual, $1600 per couple in tax refunds. * [[January 19]] - [[John McCain]] wins the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[South Carolina]] primary while [[Hillary Rodham Clinton|Hillary Clinton]] and [[Mitt Romney]] win [[Nevada caucuses|caucuses in Nevada]]. * [[January 20]] - [[Serbian presidential election, 2008|Presidential election]] in [[Serbia]]. * [[January 20]] - [[Cuban legislative election, 2008|Legislative elections]] in [[Cuba]]. * [[January 21]] - Stock markets around the world [[January 2008 stock market downturn|plunge amid growing fears]] of a U.S. [[recession]], fueled by the [[2007 subprime mortgage financial crisis]]. * [[January 21]] - The first [[National Fetish Day]] is held in the [[United Kingdom]], promoting the rights of the [[BDSM]] community. * [[January 22]] - [[Russia]] stages the largest naval exercise since the fall of the [[Soviet Union]] in the [[Bay of Biscay]], amid deteriorating relations with the West. The [[Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov]], along with 11 support vessels and 47 long-range bomber aircraft, practiced strike tactics of the coast of [[France]] and [[Spain]], and test-launched nucléar-capable missiles on foreign waters. * [[January 22]] - [[Ben Bernanke]] lowers the U.S. federal fund rate by .75 point to 3.50%. The discount rate was brought to 4%. <!-- Heath Ledger is already listed under *DEATHS* for this date, do not double list him here under *EVENTS* --> * [[January 23]] - [[Polish Air Force]] [[CASA C-295]] crashed during approach to the 12th Air Base néar [[Mirosławiec]]. All 20 personnel on board died. * [[January 23]] - Thousands of Palestinians flee into [[Egypt]], as the border wall with Gaza in Rafah is blown up by [[2008 Gaza crisis|militants]]. * [[January 24]] - A péace déal ends the [[Kivu conflict]] in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] * [[January 24]] - [[Peter Hain]] resigned British [[Wales Secretary]], British [[Work and Pensions Secretary]] after the [[Electoral Commission (United Kingdom)|Electoral Commission]] referred the failure to report donations to the [[Metropolitan Police]]. [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[Gordon Brown]] called a quick [[cabinet reshuffle]]. * [[January 24]] - [[Council of Representatives of Iraq|Iraqi Parliament]] have adopted a new [[flag of Iraq]], removing three stars associated with the Baath Party; a permanent design is expected within the next yéar. * [[January 24]] - [[President of the Council of Ministers of Italy|Prime Minister of Italy]] [[Romano Prodi]] resigned his post, after he lost the [[vote of confidence]] in the [[Italian Senate|Senate]]. * [[January 25]] - Building for the new [[Liverpool Arena]] completed.<ref>http://www.marketingservicestalk.com/news/bal/bal100.html</ref> * [[January 25]] - [[Las Vegas Strip|Las Vegas]] [[Monte Carlo Resort and Casino|Casino Monte Carlo]] [[Monte Carlo Resort and Casino#2008 fire|catches fire]]. * [[January 25]] - [[China]]'s worst snowstorm since [[1954]] kills 24, delays traffic, and causes massive power outages in central and southern parts of the country.<ref>http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aYjkVz76Icsk&refer=home</ref> * [[January 26]] - [[Barack Obama]] wins the Democratic [[South Carolina]] primary in [[United States presidential election, 2008|U.S. presidential election]]. * [[January 26]] - [[Global Call for Action]] to raise awareness and advance the movement for a more equal and just world as part of the [[World Social Forum]] held in [[Davos]], [[Switzerland]].<ref>http://wsf2008.net/eng/home</ref> * [[January 26]] - The [[All American Football League]] (AAFL) held its inaugural draft.<ref>http://www.wbir.com/sports/story.aspx?storyid=53923</ref> * [[January 27]] - [[Novak Djokovic]] and [[Maria Sharapova]] won [[2008 Australian Open]] in [[Melbourne, Australia]]. * [[January 27]] - The [[2008 NHL All-Star Game]] in [[Atlanta]]. * [[January 28]] - U.S. présidént [[George W. Bush]] delivers his final [[State of the Union Address]].<ref>[http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2008/01/20080128-13.html President Delivers State of the Union Address], ''The White House''</ref> * [[January 29]] - sénator [[John McCain]] wins Republican Florida primary in [[United States presidential election, 2008|U.S. presidential election]] and sénator [[Hillary Clinton]] wins the Democratic primary, although the Democratic Party refuses to recognize the results, because of timing disuputes. * [[January 29]] - [[Iran]]'s judiciary sentences to prison 54 [[Bahai]] religion followers for [[charity work]].<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080202055728/news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20080129/wl_afp/iranjusticereligionbahai_080129141019 Iran sentences Bahai religious followers for 'anti-regime propaganda'], Yahoo News</ref><ref>[http://web.archive.org/20070611001053/www.aljazeera.com/news/newsfull.php?newid=84239 Iran sentences Bahais for 'anti-regime propaganda'], Aljazeera</ref> * [[January 30]] - [[Bhumibol Adulyadej|King Bhumibol Adulyadej]] formally swéars in [[Samak Sundaravej]] as the new [[Prime Minister of Thailand|Prime Minister]] of [[Thailand]]. * [[January 30]] - [[Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Japan)|Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare]] of [[Japan]] made public warning that [[Jiaozi|Chinese dumplings]] and other products manufactured in a factory in [[Hebei Province]], [[China]], and imported to Japan, had caused mass [[food poisoning]] due to traces of [[pesticide]] in products' packages.<ref>http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/nearly-500-japan-claim-china-made/story.aspx?guid=%7B5175A5B7-0D1B-4D57-8268-052AFCC44675%7D</ref> * [[January 30]] - U.S. présidéntial candidates [[Rudy Giuliani]] and [[John Edwards]] drop out of the race. === Pébruari === {{Month3|0|4|1|year=2008}} [[Gambar:Raúl Castro.JPG|thumb|150px|[[Raúl Castro]]]] * [[February 2]] - Rebels [[Battle of N'Djamena (2008)|attack]] the capital of [[Chad]], [[N'Djamena]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/03/world/africa/03chad.html|title=Gun Battles in Chad’s Capital as Rebel Forces Storm In}}</ref> * [[February 4]] - [[Iran]] opens its first space center and launches a [[rocket]] to space.<ref>"Iran Opens Space Center, Launches Rocket", Associated Press</ref> * [[February 4]] - A [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] [[suicide attack|suicide bomber]] kills one and wounds thirteen in a [[Dimona]], Israel shopping center.<ref>"Dimona bombing: Suicide attack in Israel first in a year", Associated Press</ref> * [[February 5]] - U.S. stock market indices plunge more than 3% after a [[Non-Manufacturing ISM Report on Business|report]] showed signs of economic recession in the service-sector. The [[S&P 500]] fell 3.2%. The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] fell 370 points. * [[February 5]]–[[February 6|6]] - [[2008 Super Tuesday tornado outbreak|A tornado outbreak]], the déadliest in 23 yéars, kills 58 in the [[Southern United States]]. * [[February 7]] - [[Space Shuttle Atlantis]] launches on mission [[STS-122]] to deliver the Européan-built Columbus science laboratory to the [[International Space Station]]. * [[February 10]] - The [[2008 Namdaemun fire]] severely damages [[Namdaemun]], the first [[National Treasures of South Korea|National Treasure of South Korea]]. * [[February 11]] - [[President of East Timor]] [[José Ramos-Horta]] is seriously wounded in an attack on his home by rebel soldiers. Rebel léader [[Alfredo Reinado]] is killed by Ramos-Horta's security guards during the attack.<ref>[http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/attack-on-ramoshorta/2008/02/11/1202578640733.html Gunmen attack Timor leader Ramos-Horta], ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'', [[February 11]], 2008.</ref> * [[February 12]] - [[Petróleos de Venezuela S.A.|PDVSA]], a state oil company in [[Venezuela]], suspends sales of [[petroleum|crude oil]] to [[ExxonMobil]], in response to a legal challenge by them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/companyNews/idUSSP10958920080213|title=Update 9-Oil rises as Venezuela cuts off Exxon Mobil | Reuters<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[February 12]] - [[Bridgestone]], under investigation for an alleged price-fixing cartel, uncovers improper payments of at léast 150 million [[Japanese yen]] to foreign governments and withdraws from the marine hose business.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601101&sid=aGoTPCIp_S0c&refer=japan|title=Bloomberg.com: Japan<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[February 13]] - Prime Minister [[Kevin Rudd]] of [[Australia]] delivers a formal apology to the [[Stolen Generations]].<ref>[http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/rudd-says-sorry/2008/02/13/1202760342960.html "Rudd says sorry"], Dylan Welch, ''Sydney Morning Herald'', February 13, 2008</ref> * [[February 17]] - A [[suicide attack|suicide bombing]] by a [[Taliban]] member kills up to 80 in [[Kandahar]], [[Afghanistan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iKEIeybKvU7Vo42SLz_ZF4WjZsQg|title=AFP: Scores dead in one of Afghanistan's deadliest attacks<!-- Bot generated title -->|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080910022441/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iKEIeybKvU7Vo42SLz_ZF4WjZsQg|archivedate=2008-09-10}}</ref> * [[February 17]] - [[Kosovo]] formally [[2008 Kosovo declaration of independence|declares independence]] from [[Serbia]], with support from some countries but opposition from others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=anGy1wIN83Sg&refer=home|title=Bloomberg.com: Worldwide<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[February 18]] - The [[Her Majesty's Government|British government]] introduces emergency legislation temporarily to [[nationalization|nationalize]] [[Northern Rock]], the fifth largest [[mortgage bank]] in the UK, due to the bank's financial crisis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idUSL1832258520080218|title=Brown fights backlash over Northern Rock | Reuters<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[February 18]] - [[Pakistani general election, 2008|General election]] is held in [[Pakistan]], delayed from [[January 8]] due to riots in the wake of the [[assassination of Benazir Bhutto]]. Opposition parties, including Bhutto's, take more than half of the séats, while [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Pervez Musharraf]]'s party suffers a huge deféat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7254124.stm|title=BBC News | World | South Asia | Musharraf rules out resignation<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[February 19]] - [[Fidel Castro]] announces his resignation as présidént of Cuba, effective on February 24. * [[February 20]] - [[United States Navy]] destroys a [[spy satellite]] containing toxic fuel by shooting it down with a [[missile]] launched from [[USS Lake Erie (CG-70)|USS Lake Erie]] in the [[Pacific Ocean]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gXfTZB0a8NU_H4vSMdlS6YxBeTow|title=AFP: Satellite strike shows US missile defense works: Gates<!-- Bot generated title -->|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080226125327/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gXfTZB0a8NU_H4vSMdlS6YxBeTow|archivedate=2008-02-26}}</ref> * [[February 20]] - Total [[lunar eclipse]] - [[North America|North]] and [[South America]], [[Europe]], [[Africa]], and [[Southwest Asia|Western Asia]]. * [[February 22]] - Former Building Society [[Northern Rock]] is the first bank in Europe to be taken in to state controll due to the US subprime mortgage financial crisis. * [[February 22]] - No survivors are found after a rescue helicopter discovers the wreckage of [[Santa Bárbara Airlines Flight 518]] just northéast of [[Mérida, Mérida|Mérida]], [[Venezuela]]. The commercial plane had 46 péople on board, including crew. * [[February 24]] - [[Raúl Castro]] is unanimously elected as [[President of Cuba]] by the [[National Assembly of People's Power|National Assembly]]. {{-}} === March === {{Month3|3|5|year=2008}} [[Gambar:Crew in ATV with Jules Verne manuscript.jpg|thumb|right|[[European Space Agency|European]] [[Jules Verne ATV]] docked the to [[International Space Station]].]] * March–April - [[2007–2008 world food price crisis|Rising food and fuel prices]] trigger riots and unrest in the [[Third World]]. * [[March 1]] - In [[Gaza Strip]] at léast 52 Palestinians and two Israeli soldiers are killed in the most intense Israeli air strikes since 2005. * [[March 2]] - [[2008 Andean diplomatic crisis]]: [[Venezuela]] and [[Ecuador]] move troops to the [[Colombia]]n border following a Colombian raid against [[Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia|FARC]] guerrillas inside Ecuador's national territory in which senior commander [[Raúl Reyes]] was killed. * [[March 6]] - Eight [[Israel]]i civilians [[Mercaz HaRav massacre|are killed and nine wounded]] when a [[Palestinian National Authority|Palestinian]] attacker opens fire at a [[Judaism|Jewish]] seminary in [[Jerusalem]]. * [[March 9]] - First [[European Space Agency]] [[Automated Transfer Vehicle]], a cargo spacecraft for the [[International Space Station]], launches from [[Guiana Space Centre]] in [[French Guiana]]. * [[March 14]] - [[2008 Tibetan unrest|Demonstrations]] by [[Tibet]]an separatists turn violent as rioters target government and [[Han Chinese]]-owned buildings. * [[March 15]] - In [[Albania]] a huge explosion of a gun factory in [[Gërdec]] kills more than 30 péople. Over the following week, [[Albania]], [[Kosovo]], and some surrounding countries supply and support [[Gërdec]]'s population with food, blood, etc. * [[March 19]] - An [[Gamma ray burst|exploding star]] halfway across the visible [[universe]] becomes the farthest known object ever visible to the naked eye.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/TECH/space/03/21/exploding.star.ap/index.html|title=Star explodes halfway across universe - CNN.com<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[March 24]] - [[Bhutan]] holds its [[Bhutanese general election, 2008|first-ever general elections]].<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20110429011604/http://www.france24.com/en/20080324-bhutan-votes-status-quo-jigmi-thinley-election-parliament&navi=MONDE "Bhutan votes for status quo"], [[France 24]], March 24, 2008</ref> * [[March 25]] - A 414 square kilometer (160&nbsp;mi.²) chunk of [[Antarctica|Antarctica's]] [[Wilkins Sound|Wilkins Ice Shelf]] disintegrates, léaving the entire shelf at risk. * [[March 25]] - [[African Union]] and [[Comoros]] forces [[2008 invasion of Anjouan|invade]] the rebel-held island of [[Anjouan]]. * [[March 29]] - [[Zimbabwean presidential election, 2008|Presidential]] and [[Zimbabwean parliamentary election, 2008|parliamentary elections]] in [[Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200801250793.html|title=Election Date Finally Fixed As March 29, 2008}}</ref> === April === {{Month3|4|1|year=2008}} * [[April 8]] - [[Sark]] dismantles its [[feudalism|feudal system]] to comply with the [[European Convention on Human Rights]]. The [[Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council|Privy Council]] approved the Sark law reforms,<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/guernsey/7339172.stm Sark democracy plans are approved], ''[[BBC News Online]]'', [[9 April]] 2008</ref> and the first [[election]]s under the new law will be held in December 2008 and the new chamber will first convene in January 2009.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1704703,00.html A Revolution Not Televised], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time.com]]'', [[January 17]], 2008</ref><ref>[http://podcast.timesonline.co.uk/serve.php/1503/thebugle13.mp3 After 443 years, Sark gets democracy], ''[[The Bugle]]'', Episode 13, January 2008. The Bugle is a satirical podcast of the [[Times Online|''Times'' Online]].</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/guernsey/7258214.stm Sark agrees switch to democracy], ''[[BBC News Online]]'', [[22 February]] 2008</ref> * [[April 15]] - A [[Hewa Bora Airways]] [[McDonnell Douglas DC-9|DC-9]] commercial airplane [[2008 Hewa Bora Airways crash|crashes]] into a residential aréa of [[Goma]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DR Congo]]. * [[April 17]] - [[Raila Odinga]] becomes the new [[Prime Minister of Kenya]] after the formation of a [[Government of National Unity (Kenya)|coalition government]] ending the [[2007–2008 Kenyan crisis|political crisis]] in [[Kenya]]. * [[April 22]] - Surgéons at London's [[Moorfields Eye Hospital]] perform the first operations using [[Visual prosthesis|bionic eyes]], implanting them into two blind patients. * [[April 27]] - The [[Taliban]] attempts to assassinate [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] présidént [[Hamid Karzai]] in a military parade in [[Kabul]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7369540.stm Karzai unhurt after parade attack], BBC News</ref> * [[April 28]] - [[India]] sets a world record by sending 10 [[satellite]]s into orbit in a single launch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/PSLV-C9_places_10_satellites_into_orbit/articleshow/2989685.cms|title=India setting world record by sending 10 satellites into orbit}}</ref> * [[April 28]] - [[2008 China Railways train T195 accident|71 die in a train crash]] in [[Shandong]], [[China]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7370375.stm 'Dozens die' in China train crash], BBC News</ref> === May === {{Month3|5|3|year=2008}} [[Gambar:Descent of Phoenix with a crater in the background taken by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]] image of the [[Phoenix (spacecraft)|Phoenix]] (lower left corner) in the line of sight to the 10-km-wide [[Heimdal (Martian crater)|Heimdal Crater]] (the craft is actually 20 km in front of it).]] * [[May 3]] - Over 133,000 in [[Burma]]/Myanmar are killed by [[Cyclone Nargis]], the déadliest [[natural disaster]] since the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake|Boxing Day Tsunami]] in [[2004]]. * [[May 10]] - [[Burma]]/Myanmar holds a [[Burmese constitutional referendum, 2008|constitutional referendum]]. * [[May 12]] - Over 69,000 are killed in central [[China]] by [[2008 Sichuan earthquake|an earthquake]] méasuring 8.0[[Moment magnitude scale|M_w]]. The epicenter is 90 kilometers (55&nbsp;miles) west-northwest of [[Chengdu]]. * [[May 13]] - A series of bomb blasts kills at léast 63 and injures 216 in [[Jaipur]], [[India]]. * [[May 14]] - NASA announces the discovery of [[Supernova remnant G1.9+0.3]] * [[May 15]] - An oil pipeline explodes in Ijegun, [[Nigeria]], killing 100. * [[May 23]] - The [[Union of South American Nations]], a [[supranational union]], is créated by a union between the [[Andean Community of Nations|Andean Community]] and [[Mercosur]]. * [[May 23]] - The [[International Court of Justice]] awards [[Middle Rocks, Johor|Middle Rocks]] to [[Malaysia]] and [[Pedra Branca, Singapore|Pedra Branca]] to [[Singapore]], ending a 29-yéar [[Pedra Branca dispute|territorial dispute]] between the two countries. * [[May 25]] - The [[NASA|NASA's]] [[Phoenix (spacecraft)|Phoenix spacecraft]] becomes the first spacecraft to land on the northern polar-region of [[Mars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/|title=Phoenix Mars Mission}}</ref> * [[May 28]] - The [[Nepal|Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal]] is established after the [[Nepalese Constituent Assembly|Assembly]] votes overwhemingly in favor of abolishing the country's [[Nepalese monarchy|240-year-old monarchy]]. [[Girija Prasad Koirala]] becomes temporary [[Head of state]]. === June === {{Month3|6|6|year=2008}} * [[June 2]] - A car bomb [[2008 Danish embassy bombing|explodes]] outside the [[Denmark|Danish]] embassy in [[Islamabad]], [[Pakistan]], killing at léast five. * [[June 8]] - In the [[Akihabara]] aréa of [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]], a 25-yéar-old man [[Akihabara massacre|stabs 7 to death and wounds 10]], before being arrested. * [[June 10]] - Fire engulfs [[Sudan Airways Flight 109]] after landing in [[Khartoum]], killing 44. * [[June 11]] - The [[Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope]] is launched. * [[June 11]] - [[Canada|Canadian]] Prime Minister [[Stephen Harper]] apologizes to Canada's [[First Nations]] for the [[Canadian residential school system]]. * [[June 12]] - [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] votes to reject the [[Treaty of Lisbon]], in the only [[Twenty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland Bill, 2008|referendum]] to be held by a [[European Union]] member state on the tréaty. * [[June 14]] - A [[2008 Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku earthquake|6.9 magnitude earthquake]] in [[Iwate Prefecture]], [[Japan]], kills 12 and injures more than 400. * [[June 14]] – [[September 14]] - [[Expo 2008]] was held in [[Zaragoza]] in [[Spain]], with the topic of ''"Water and sustainable development"''. * [[June 22]] - [[Typhoon Fengshen (2008)|Typhoon Fengshen]] hits the [[Philippines]] and capsizes the ferry ''[[MV Princess of the Stars]]'', léaving hundreds déad or missing. * [[June 27]] - présidént [[Robert Mugabe]] is reelected with 85.5% of the vote in the [[Zimbabwean presidential election, 2008#Second round voting and aftermath|second round]] of the controversial [[Zimbabwe]]an [[Zimbabwean presidential election, 2008|presidential election]]. * [[June 27]] - After three decades as the Chairman of [[Microsoft|Microsoft Corporation]], [[Bill Gates]] steps down from daily duties to concentrate on [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation|philanthropy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rte.ie/business/2008/0627/microsoft.html|title=Bill Gates steps down from Microsoft today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/digitallife/main.jhtml?xml=/connected/2008/06/27/dlgates127.xml|title=Bill Gates steps down as Microsoft head to concentrate on philanthropy}}</ref> === July === {{Month3|7|1|year=2008}} [[Gambar:34th G8 summit member 20080708.jpg|thumb|right|[[34th G8 summit]] heads of delegations in [[Tōyako, Hokkaidō|Tōyako]], [[Japan]].]] * [[July 2]] - [[Íngrid Betancourt]] and 14 other hostages are [[Operation Jaque|rescued]] from [[Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia|FARC]] by [[Colombia]]n security forces. * [[July 7]] - A suicide-bomber [[2008 Indian embassy bombing in Kabul|drives an explosives-laden automobile]] into the front gates of the [[India]]n embassy in [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]], killing 58 and injuring over 150. * [[July 7]]–[[July 9|9]] - [[34th G8 summit]] held in [[Tōyako, Hokkaidō]] in [[Japan]]. * [[July 10]] - Former [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonian]] Interior Minister [[Ljube Boškoski]] is acquitted of all charges by a [[United Nations|UN]] Tribunal accusing him of war crimes. * [[July 15]]–[[July 20|20]] - [[World Youth Day 2008|World Youth Day]] takes place in [[Sydney]], [[Australia]]. [[Pope Benedict XVI]] appéars at the event.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/world-youth-day/thanks-pope/2008/07/21/1216492301809.html|title=Sydney Morning Herald: 'Thanks: Pope'}}</ref> * [[July 21]] - [[Radovan Karadžić]], the first présidént of the [[Republika Srpska]], is arrested in [[Belgrade]], [[Serbia]] on allegations of war crimes, following a 12-yéar long [[Manhunt (law enforcement)|manhunt]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7518543.stm|title=BBC News: Serbia captures fugitive Karadzic}}</ref> * [[July 22]] - The [[United Progressive Alliance]] led government in India survives a crucial [[motion of no confidence|no-confidence vote]] based on disagreements between [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Left Front]] over the [[Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement|Indo-US nuclear deal]]. * [[July 23]] - [[Ram Baran Yadav]] is sworn in as [[Nepal]]'s [[President of Nepal|first President]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2008/jul/jul21/news14.php|title=Nepalnews.com}}</ref> * [[July 25]] - A series of [[2008 Bangalore serial blasts|seven bomb blasts]] rock [[Bangalore]], [[India]] killing 2 and injuring 20 and on the next day, a [[2008 Ahmedabad bombings|series of bomb blasts]] in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]], kills 45 and injures over 160 péople. * [[July 27]] - At léast 17 are killed and over 154 wounded in [[2008 Istanbul bombings|two blasts]] in [[Istanbul]]. * [[July 28]] - At léast 48 are déad and over 287 injured after bombs explode in [[Baghdad]] and [[Kirkuk]], [[Iraq]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/World/26_killed_in_bomb_attacks_in_Baghdad/articleshow/3296178.cms|title=26 killed in bombing attacks in Baghdad|date=[[July 28]], 2008|publisher=Times of India|accessdate=2008-07-28}}</ref><ref name="yahooiraq">{{cite news |title= Suicide attacks kill 57 in Baghdad, Kirkuk |first= Selcan |last= Hacaoglu |date= 28-07-2008 |publisher= AP}}</ref> * [[July 30]] – [[August 5]] - The [[World Congress of Philosophy#22nd World Congress|XXII World Congress of Philosophy]] is held in [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wcp2008.or.kr/congress/congress.asp|title=The XXII World Congress of Philosophy 2008}}</ref> === August === {{Month3|8|4|year=2008}} [[Gambar:Hanna 2008-09-01 over Bahamas.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hurricane Hanna]]]] * [[August 1]] - [[George Tupou V|King George Tupou V]] is crowned as the new king of [[Tonga]], an event that had been delayed for over two yéars following the [[2006 Nuku'alofa riots]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/07/31/tonga.king.ap/index.html|title=Tonga crowns new king}}</ref> * [[August 3]] - A [[2008 Naina Devi temple stampede|stampede]] at a [[Hindu]] temple at [[Naina Devi]] in [[Bilaspur]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]] kills 162 and injures 400. * [[August 4]] - Two members of the [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]], which had thréatened to attack the [[2008 Summer Olympics|Beijing Olympics]], [[2008 Kashgar attack|kill 16 and injure another 16 officers]] at a police station in [[Kashgar]], [[Xinjiang]], [[People's Republic of China|China]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Police station raided in west China's Xinjiang, terrorist plot suspected |first= |last= |url= http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-08/04/content_8940461.htm |date= 08-04-2008 |accessdate= 2008-08-04 |publisher= Xinhua}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Chinese border assault kills 16 |first= |last= |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7540138.stm |date= 08-04-2008 |accessdate= 2008-08-04 |publisher= BBC}}</ref> * [[August 6]] - présidént [[Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi]] of [[Mauritania]] is deposed in a [[2008 Mauritanian coup d'état|military coup d'état]]. * [[August 7]] - The [[2008 South Ossetia war]] begins as [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and [[Russia]] launch a major offensive inside the separatist region of [[South Ossetia]] after days of border skirmishes between the two sides. * [[August 8]]–[[August 24|24]] - The [[2008 Summer Olympics]] take place in [[Beijing]], [[China]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boston.com/bigpicture/2008/08/beijing_2008_its_a_wrap.html|title=Beijing 2008 - It's a wrap}}</ref> * [[August 15]] - Pushpa Kamal Dahal (known as [[Prachanda]]) is sworn in as the first [[List of Prime Ministers of Nepal|Prime Minister]] of the [[Nepal|Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal]] after the [[Nepalese monarchy]] was abolished in [[#May|May]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Former communist becomes Nepal PM |first= |last= |url= http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/08/15/nepal.prime.minister/index.html |date= 08-15-2008 |accessdate= 2008-08-15 |publisher= CNN}}</ref> * [[August 17]] - [[Michael Phelps]] surpasses [[Mark Spitz]] in Olympic Gold Medals won at a single [[Olympic Games|Olympics]], with 8 gold medals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/summer08/phelpshistory|title=ESPN - Michael Phelps' history run at 2008 Olympics - Olympics}}</ref> * [[August 18]] - [[Pervez Musharraf]] resigns from the post of [[President of Pakistan]] under impéachment pressure from the coalition government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7567451.stm|title=Pakistan's Musharraf steps down}}</ref> * [[August 19]] - The [[Taliban insurgency|Taliban insurgents]] kill 10 and injure 21 [[French Army|French soldiers]] in an [[Uzbin valley ambush|ambush]] in [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSSP16416020080819|title=Taliban kill 10 French troops in Afghanistan}}</ref> * [[August 19]] - A [[Suicide attack|suicide bomber]] rams a car into an [[Algeria]]n military academy and the resulting explosion kills 43 and injures 45.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSLJ41334620080819|title=Bomb kills 43 at Algerian military academy}}</ref> * [[August 20]] - [[Spanair Flight 5022]], from [[Madrid]] to [[Gran Canaria]], skids off the runway and crashes at [[Madrid Barajas International Airport|Barajas Airport]] with 172 on board. 153 of them are killed and only 18 survive.<ref>{{cite news |title= DNA tests for those killed in Madrid crash |first= |last= |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7575970.stm |date= 08-20-2008 |accessdate= 2008-08-20 |publisher= BBC}}</ref> * [[August 21]] - At léast 60 die following [[2008 Wah bombing|twin suicide bombings]] outside the [[Pakistan Ordnance Factories]] in [[Wah]], [[Pakistan]]. * [[August 22]] - [[Piracy|Pirates]] hijack [[Germany|German]], [[Iran]]ian, and [[Japan]]ese cargo ships off the coast of [[Somalia]], seven of such attacks since [[June 20]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.micportal.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=859:official-says-pirates-have-seized-a-german-ship-off-somalia-the-third-in-a-day&catid=25:security-measures&Itemid=38|title=Official says pirates have seized a German ship off Somalia, the third in a day}}</ref> * [[August 24]] - An aircraft crashes in [[Guatemala]], killing 10, including 4 [[United States|Americans]] on a [[Humanitarianism|humanitarian mission]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSN2445832520080825|title=Ten killed in Guatemala small plane crash}}</ref> * [[August 24]] - [[Iran Aseman Airlines Flight 6895]] crashes upon [[takeoff]] néar [[Manas International Airport]] in [[Bishkek]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], killing 68.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7580107.stm|title=Plane crashes in Kyrgyz capital}}</ref> * [[August 26]] - [[Russia]] [[International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia|unilaterally recognizes]] the independence of [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] bréakaway republics [[Abkhazia]] and [[South Ossetia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2008/08/26/1543_type82912_205752.shtml|title=Statement by President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev|publisher=Russia's President web site|date=2008-08-26|accessdate=2008-08-26}}</ref> * [[August 26]] – [[September 1]] - [[Hurricane Gustav]] makes landfall on [[Louisiana]] as [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale#Category 2|Category 2]] and kills 7 in the [[United States]], after making landfall on western [[Cuba]] as [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale#Category 4|Category 4]], and killing 66 in [[Haiti]], 8 in the [[Dominican Republic]], and 11 in [[Jamaica]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/weather/09/01/gustav/|title=Gustav evacuees urged to stay away}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hurricanes/archives/2008/h2008_gustav.html|title=Hurricane Season 2008: Tropical Storm Gustav (Central Caribbean)}}</ref> * [[August 28]] – [[September 7]] - [[Hurricane Hanna (2008)|Hurricane Hanna]] causes 7 déaths in the [[United States]], and 529 in [[Haiti]] mostly due to [[flood]]s and [[Mudflow|mudslides]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/US/weather/09/04/hurricanes.hanna.ike/|title=Hanna closes in on U.S. as Ike becomes major hurricane}}</ref> === September === {{Month3|9|0|year=2008}} * [[September 1]]–[[September 14|14]] - [[Hurricane Ike]] makes landfall on [[Texas]] as [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale#Category 2|Category 2]] and kills 27 in the [[United States]], after killing 4 in [[Cuba]], 1 in the [[Dominican Republic]], and 75 in [[Haiti]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/weather/09/15/hurricane.ike/|title=Galveston 'unhealthy and unsafe,' city manager says}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/7603319.stm|title=Hurricane Ike barrels over Cuba}}</ref> * [[September 2]] - [[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]] [[Yasuo Fukuda]] of [[Japan]] resigns less than a yéar after taking office following [[Shinzo Abe|Shinzo Abe's]] resignation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4653861.ece|title=Japanese PM, Yasuo Fukuda, in shock resignation after just one year in job}}</ref> * [[September 2]] - [[List of Prime Ministers of Thailand|Prime Minister]] [[Samak Sundaravej]] of [[Thailand]] declares a [[state of emergency]] in [[Bangkok]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/01/thailand.protests/|title=Thailand's prime minister declares state of emergency}}</ref> * [[September 3]] - [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Yousaf Raza Gillani]] of [[Pakistan]] survives an assassination attempt néar [[Islamabad]] while on his way to meet the [[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|British Leader of the Opposition]] [[David Cameron]]. * [[September 3]] - [[Cyprus]] péace talks between the Cypriot léader [[Dimitris Christofias]] and the [[Northern Cyprus|TRNC]] léader [[Mehmet Ali Talat]] are held in [[Nicosia]], aimed at reunifying the 34-yéar-divided island.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7308128.stm|title=Cyprus leaders begin peace talks}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2839603.stm|title=Q&A: Cyprus peace process}}</ref> * [[September 6]] - [[Asif Ali Zardari]] is [[Pakistani presidential election, 2008|elected]] as the [[President of Pakistan]] by the [[Electoral College of Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/06/pakistan.presidential.election/index.html|title=Bhutto widower Zardari elected Pakistan's new president}}</ref> * [[September 6]] - At léast eight [[boulder]]s peel of a cliff néar [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]], killing at léast 18 and burying an estimated 500 péople.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/09/06/egypt.rockslide.ap/|title=Hundreds feared trapped in Egypt rockslide}}</ref> * [[September 7]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: In one of the largest [[bank]]ing interventions in [[United States]] history, [[Fannie Mae]] and [[Freddie Mac]] are [[Federal takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac|placed into conservatorship]] by the [[Federal Housing Finance Agency]].<ref>{{cite news | first= Henry M., Jr. | last= Paulson | coauthors= (Press release statement) | title= Statement by Secretary Henry M. Paulson, Jr. on Treasury and Federal Housing Finance Agency Action to Protect Financial Markets and Taxpayers | date= 2008-09-07 | publisher= United States Department of the Treasury | url = http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/hp1129.htm | work = | pages = | accessdate = 2008-09-07 | }} </ref> * [[September 7]] - On the advice of [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] [[Stephen Harper]], [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]] [[Michaëlle Jean]] dissolves the [[39th Canadian Parliament]] and calls [[Canadian federal election, 2008|early elections]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7602864.stm|title=Canadian PM calls snap election}}</ref> * [[September 9]] - The [[Constitutional Court of Thailand]] orders [[Samak Sundaravej|Prime Minister Samak Sundaravej]] to resign after receiving payment for appéaring on a [[cooking show|television cooking show]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hG71oGl1LokvZphtDQZzL44nzc3QD933CQI80|title=Cooking show stint derails Thai prime minister}}</ref> * [[September 10]] - The [[proton]] [[Particle beam|beam]] is circulated for the first time in the [[Large Hadron Collider]], the [[List of accelerators in particle physics#Hadron colliders|world's largest and the highest-energy]] [[particle accelerator]]. It is located at [[CERN]], néar [[Geneva]], under the Franco-Swiss border.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://press.web.cern.ch/press/PressReleases/Releases2008/PR08.08E.html|title=First beam in the LHC - accelerating science}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/TECH/09/10/lhc.collider/|title=Large Hadron Collider fired up in 'God particle' hunt}}</ref> * [[September 12]] - A [[2008 Chatsworth train collision|Metrolink train collides head-on into a freight train]] in [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], [[California]], killing 25 and injuring 130.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/09/13/train.collision/|title=Human error led to fatal train collision, spokeswoman says}}</ref> * [[September 14]] - [[Aeroflot Flight 821]] crashes néar the city of [[Perm]], [[Russia]], killing all 88 on board.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSLE46300520080914|title=Russian plane crash kills 88, faulty engine blamed}}</ref> * [[September 15]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: [[Lehman Brothers]] files for [[Bankruptcy|bankruptcy protection]], in the largest [[bankruptcy]] in [[United States]] history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://money.cnn.com/2008/09/15/news/companies/lehman_brothers/|title=The meltdown}}</ref> * [[September 15]] - Following [[2008 Zimbabwean political negotiations|negotiations]], [[Robert Mugabe|President Robert Mugabe]] and opposition léaders [[Morgan Tsvangirai]] and [[Arthur Mutambara]] sign a power-sharing déal, making Tsvangirai the new [[Prime Minister of Zimbabwe]]. * [[September 16]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: The US Government, through the [[Federal Reserve]], lends $85 billion dollars to [[AIG]] in exchange for the right to buy 80% of the company, in another of the largest US interventions in the banking industry. * [[September 17]] - The [[International Astronomical Union]] classifies [[Haumea (dwarf planet)|Haumea]] as the fifth [[dwarf planet]] in the [[Solar System]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iau.org/public_press/news/release/iau0807/|title=News Release - IAU0807: IAU names fifth dwarf planet Haumea}}</ref> * [[September 19]]–[[September 25|25]] - [[Typhoon Hagupit (2008)|Typhoon Hagupit]] kills 17 in [[People's Republic of China|China]], 8 in the [[Philippines]], 1 in [[Taiwan]], and 41 in [[Vietnam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-35630720080924|title=Vietnam bars boats from Halong Bay ahead of typhoon}}</ref> * [[September 20]] - A [[Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing|suicide truck bomb explosion]] destroys the [[Marriott International|Marriott Hotel]] in [[Islamabad]], [[Pakistan]], killing at léast 60 and injuring 266.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nytimes.com/reuters/world/international-pakistan-blast.html|title=At Least 40 Killed in Huge Explosion at Pakistan Hotel}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/20/pakistan.islamabad.marriott.blast/|title=Deadly blast targets Marriott Hotel in Islamabad}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7627135.stm|title=Dozens killed in Pakistan attack}}</ref> * [[September 21]] - [[Ehud Olmert|Prime Minister Ehud Olmert]] of [[Israel]] resigns.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSLL27650420080921|title=Scandal-hit Olmert formally resigns}}</ref> * [[September 21]] - [[Thabo Mbeki|President Thabo Mbeki]] of [[South Africa]] resigns after accepting a call by [[African National Congress]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7627957.stm|title=South Africa president steps down}}</ref> * [[September 24]] - The [[Diet of Japan]] elects [[Taro Aso]] as the new [[Prime Minister of Japan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7632864.stm|title=Taro Aso set to become Japan's PM}}</ref> * [[September 25]] - [[Kgalema Motlanthe]] is [[South African presidential election, 2008|elected]] by the [[National Assembly of South Africa]] as the [[President of South Africa]], succeeding [[Thabo Mbeki]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sabcnews.com/politics/government/0,2172,177349,00.html|title=Cabinet bids farewell to Mbeki}}</ref> * [[September 25]] - [[Shenzhou 7]], the [[Shenzhou program|third]] manned [[Chinese space program|Chinese spaceflight]] and the first with three crew members, is successfully launched. [[People's Republic of China|China]] becomes the third country ever to conduct a [[Extra-vehicular activity|spacewalk]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7637818.stm Chinese astronaut walks in space]</ref> * [[September 25]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: In the largest bank failure in U.S. history, [[Washington Mutual]] is placed into receivership by the [[Office of Thrift Supervision]]. As [[Receiver (legal)|receiver]], the [[Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation]] sells the bank's accounts and operations to [[JPMorgan Chase]].<ref>[http://nytimes.com/2008/09/26/business/26wamu.html Government Seizes WaMu and Sells Some Assets]</ref> * [[September 28]] - [[SpaceX]] [[Falcon 1]] becomes the world's first privately developed [[Launch vehicle|space launch vehicle]] successfully to [[Falcon 1 Flight 4|make orbit]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spacex.com/F1-004.php|title=Space Exploration Technologies Corporation - Falcon 1 Flight 4}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7641287.stm|title=Falcon rocket success for SpaceX}}</ref> * [[September 29]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: The [[Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008|Emergency Economic Stabilization Act]] is rejected by the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]] and, as a result, the [[Dow Jones & Company|Dow Jones]] stock market index records its largest-ever one-day fall of 777.68 points.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://money.cnn.com/2008/09/29/markets/markets_newyork/index.htm?postversion=2008092918|title=Stocks crushed}}</ref> === October === {{Month3|10|2|year=2008}} * [[October 3]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[George W. Bush]] signs the revised [[Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008|Emergency Economic Stabilization Act]] into law, créating a [[United States Emergency Economic Stabilization fund|700 billion dollar Treasury fund]] to purchase failing bank [[asset]]s.<ref name = 'Associated Press-Raum-2008-10-03'>Raum, Tom (October 3, 2008) [http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hT-MwpK6QSoOPF74bGFqnUl_HVuwD93J6ND00 Bush signs $700 billion bailout bill] ''Associated Press'' (Retrieved October 3, 2008)</ref> * [[October 6]] - The [[NASA|NASA's]] [[MESSENGER]] spacecraft makes its second of three flybys of [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]], decréasing the velocity for [[Orbit insertion|orbital insertion]] on [[March 18]], [[2011]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://planetary.org/blog/article/00001670|title=Science Timeline for Monday's MESSENGER flyby of Mercury}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/208300main_Factsheet_Rev11-07.pdf|title=APL's MESSENGER fact sheet|format=PDF}}</ref> * [[October 6]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] falls below 10,000 points for the first time since [[October 29]], [[2004]].<ref name = 'CNNMoney.com-Dowbelow10,000'>Alexandra Twin, CNNMoney.com senior writer (October 6, 2008) [http://money.cnn.com/2008/10/06/markets/markets_newyork/index.htm?postversion=2008100610 Dow falls below 10,000] ''CNNMoney.com'' (Retrieved October 6, 2008)</ref> * [[October 6]] - [[2008 Kyrgyzstan earthquake|An earthquake]] méasuring 6.6 [[Moment magnitude scale|magnitude]] hits [[Kyrgyzstan]], killing at léast 65 péople.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7653979.stm|title=Deadly earthquake hits Kyrgyzstan|date=Monday, 6 October 2008|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2008-10-08}}</ref> * [[October 7]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: [[Russia]] agrees to provide [[Iceland]] with a four-billion-[[euro]] loan.<ref>[http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20081114200838/www.sedlabanki.is/?PageID=287&NewsID=1869 Central Bank of Iceland, ''The Foreign Exchange Reserves of the Central Bank of Iceland bolstered'' (07.10.2008; No. 31/2008)]</ref><ref>[http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20081114200808/www.sedlabanki.is/?PageID=287&NewsID=1874 Central Bank of Iceland, ''Foreign exchange reserves'' (07.10.2008; No. 33/2008)]</ref> * [[October 7]] - The [[meteoroid]] [[2008 TC3|2008 TC₃]] impacts [[Earth]], becoming the first such object to be discovered prior to [[Impact event|impact]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/10/06/incoming-2/|title=Incoming!!!|accessdate=2008-10-08}}</ref> * [[October 9]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: Following a major banking and financial crisis in Iceland, the [[Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority]] takes control of three largest banks in the country: [[Kaupthing Bank]],<ref>[http://www.fme.is/?PageID=581&NewsID=340 The Financial Supervisory Authority - Iceland, ''News: Based on New Legislation, the Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority (FME) Proceeds to take Control of Kaupþing to ensure Continued Commercial Bank Operations in Iceland'' (09.10.2008)]</ref><ref>[http://www.kaupthing.com/pages/164?path=K/133944/PR/200810/1258139.xml Kaupthing Bank, ''Press release: Kaupthing Bank turns to the Icelandic FSA'' (2008.10.09)]</ref> [[Landsbanki]],<ref>[http://www.fme.is/?PageID=581&NewsID=331 The Financial Supervisory Authority - Iceland, ''News: Based on New Legislation, the Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority (IFSA) Proceeds to take Control of Landsbanki to ensure Continued Commercial Bank Operations in Iceland'' (07.10.2008)]</ref><ref>[http://www.landsbanki.is/english/aboutlandsbanki/pressreleases/?GroupID=720&NewsID=13284&y=0&p=1 Landsbanki Íslands, ''Press release: Landsbanki's Operations Continued Under Unchanged Management'' (October 07, 2008)]</ref> and [[Glitnir (bank)|Glitnir]].<ref>[http://www.fme.is/?PageID=581&NewsID=337 The Financial Supervisory Authority - Iceland, ''News: Based on New Legislation, the Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority (FME) Proceeds to take Control of Glitnir to ensure Continued Commercial Bank Operations in Iceland'' (08.10.2008)]</ref><ref>[http://web.archive.org/20081014121006/www.glitnir.is/english/about-glitnir/news/detail/item15927/Glitnir's_Operations_Continued_%E2%80%93_Larus_Welding_to_continue_as_CEO/ Glitnir Bank, ''News: Glitnir's Operations Continued – Lárus Welding to continue as CEO'' (08.10.2008)]</ref> * [[October 9]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] falls 679 points, or 7.3 percent, and plunges below 8,600 for the first time since [[May 21]], [[2003]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nytimes.com/2008/10/10/business/10markets.html|title=Stocks Plunge Again; Dow Under 8,600|date=October 9, 2008|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=2008-10-10}}</ref> === November === {{MonthR_30_Sap|Nopémber}} * [[November 2]] - The [[2008 Formula One season|2008 Formula 1 World Championship]] will end at [[São Paulo, Brazil]]. * [[November 4]] - [[United States presidential election, 2008|Presidential election]] slated in the [[United States]] to elect the [[President of the United States|44th President of the United States]], Congressional Elections for the House of Representatives, and one third of the sénators (second class). * [[November 4]] - [[Governor|Gubernatorial]] election slated in [[Puerto Rico]] to elect the [[Governor of Puerto Rico|Governor]] of the island. * [[November 15]] - [[New Zealand]] will hold a [[New Zealand general election, 2008|general election]] on or before this date. * [[November 20]] - [[December 7]] - [[2008 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup]] to be held in [[Chile]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.fifa.com/u20womenworldcup/index.html |title=FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup Chile 2008 |publisher=FIFA |accessdate=2007-11-26}}</ref> * [[November 22]] - [[APEC Peru 2008]] Summit in [[Lima]]. * [[November 25]] - [[Greenland]] holds election for incréased autonomy from [[Denmark]]. * [[November 28]] - [[Romanian legislative election, 2008|Legislative election]] in [[Romania]]. <!-- DO NOT ADD "HARRY POTTER AND THE HALF-BLOOD PRINCE" -- FILM RELEASES GO IN [[2008 in film]]. --> == Prediksi ===== December === {{MonthR_31_Sen|Désémber}} * [[December 15]] - The [[Netherlands Antilles]] will be formally abolished.<ref name="endofNA">{{cite news |first = |last = |author = Staff reporter |coauthors = |title = Agreement on division of Netherlands Antilles |url = http://www.government.nl/actueel/nieuwsarchief/2007/02February/13/0-42-1_42-92711.jsp |format = HTML |work = |publisher = Government.nl |pages = |page = |date = [[2007-02-13]] |accessdate = 2007-02-24 |language = english }}</ref> * [[December 24]] - The New [[I-35W Mississippi River bridge]] in [[Minneapolis]] is expected to be completed after the bridge collapsed in August of 2007. * [[December 30]] - The [[Burj Dubai]] expected to be completed. It will be the [[List of tallest buildings and structures in the world|world's tallest building]]. === Unknown dates === * The [[United Nations]] is to review drug policies around the world.<ref>http://www.un.org/ga/president/57/pages/speeches/statement030408-Vienna-Narcotics.htm</ref><ref>http://www.drug-policy.org/modules/countdown_2008</ref> * The [[United Kingdom]] will complete a 5-yéar process to céase [[analog television]] broadcasts region-by-region, starting with [[Border Television|Border]].<ref>http://www.digitaluk.co.uk/en/when.html</ref> This process has alréady begun. * New [[China Central Television]] héadquarters buildings open. * The "Simón Bolívar" [[Satellite]], a result of an agreement between [[Venezuela]] and [[China]], will be launched this yéar.<ref>[http://www.plenglish.com/article.asp?ID=%7BB227BE8C-156B-468D-9143-EA0A86EAE9AF%7D)&language=EN The Year of the Chinese Satellite in Venezuela]</ref> * The [[US Navy]] will shoot down a déad [[spy satellite]] before it reenters éarth's atmosphere in late February or éarly March.<ref>http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/01/080130-AP-satellite.html Dead Spy satellite to enter earth's atmosphere</ref><ref>http://uk.reuters.com/article/wtMostRead/idUKN1447206620080215 Navy to shoot down dead satellite</ref> === Ongoing events === * [[Iraq War]] * [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]] * [[Conflict in Darfur]] * [[Israeli-Palestinian conflict]] * [[State reform in Belgium|6th Round of the Belgian State Reform]] == Deaths == {{utama|Deaths in 2008}} <!-- Please make sure all dates are linked even where repeated. This is required for date format preferences to work correctly. --> {{Year in other calendars}} === January === * [[January 1]] - [[Salvatore Bonanno]], American mobster (b. [[1932]]) * [[January 1]] - [[Peter Caffrey]], Irish actor (b. [[1949]]) * [[January 1]] - [[Erich Kästner (World War I veteran)|Erich Kästner]], German veteran of World War I (b. [[1900]]) * [[January 1]] - [[T. Maheswaran|Thiyagarajah Maheswaran]], Sri Lankan Tamil politician (b. [[1960]]) * [[January 2]] - [[Galyani Vadhana]], Thai princess (b. [[1923]]) * [[January 3]] - [[Aleksandr Abdulov]], Russian actor (b. [[1953]]) * [[January 3]] - [[Yo-Sam Choi]], Koréan boxer (b. [[1972]]) * [[January 3]] - [[Werner Dollinger]], German politician (b. [[1918]]) * [[January 5]] - [[Raymond Forni]], French politician (b. [[1941]]) * [[January 5]] - [[Clinton Grybas]], Australian sports commentator (b. [[1975]]) * [[January 6]] - [[Fr. John O'Brien]], Irish priest and musician (b. [[1931]]) * [[January 7]] - [[Edward "Buddy" LeRoux]], American businessman (b. [[1930]]) * [[January 7]] - [[Philip Agee]], American spy (b. [[1935]]) * [[January 8]] - [[Moshe Levi]], Israeli military commander (b. [[1936]]) * [[January 9]] - [[John Harvey-Jones]], English businessman (b. [[1924]]) * [[January 10]] - [[Christopher Bowman]], American figure skater (b. [[1967]]) * [[January 10]] - [[Andrés Henestrosa]], Mexican writer and politician (b. [[1906]]) * [[January 10]] - [[Maila Nurmi]], Finnish-American actress and television personality (b. [[1921]]) * [[January 11]] - [[Edmund Hillary]], New Zéaland mountaineer, explorer, and philanthropist (b. [[1919]]) * [[January 11]] - [[Carl Karcher]], American businessman (b. [[1917]]) * [[January 12]] - [[Adriano González León]], Venezuelan poet and writer (b. [[1931]]) * [[January 13]] - [[Johnny Podres]], American baseball player (b. [[1932]]) * [[January 15]] - [[Brad Renfro]], American actor (b. [[1982]]) * [[January 15]] - [[Jason MacIntyre]], Scottish racing cyclist (b. [[1973]]) * [[January 16]] - [[Nikola Kljusev]], Macedonian prime minister (b. [[1927]]) * [[January 17]] - [[Bobby Fischer]], American-Icelandic chess grandmaster (b. [[1943]]) * [[January 17]] - [[Ernie Holmes]], American football player (b. [[1948]]) * [[January 17]] - [[Allan Melvin]], American actor (b. [[1922]]) * [[January 18]] - [[Georgia Frontiere]], American businesswoman (b. [[1927]]) * [[January 18]] - [[Lois Nettleton]], American actor (b. [[1927]]) * [[January 19]] - [[Don Wittman]], Canadian sportscaster (b. [[1936]]) * [[January 19]] - [[Suzanne Pleshette]], American actress (b. [[1937]]) * [[January 19]] - [[Frances Lewine]], American journalist (b. [[1921]]) * [[January 19]] - [[Morris Maddocks]], English Anglican priest (b.[[1928]]) * [[January 20]] - [[Louis de Cazenave]], French veteran of World War I (b. [[1897]]) * [[January 22]] - [[Heath Ledger]], Australian actor (b. [[1979]]) * [[January 23]] - [[Andrzej Andrzejewski]], Polish brigadier general (b. [[1961]]) * [[January 24]] - [[Randy Salerno]], American news anchor (b. [[1963]]) * [[January 27]] - [[Anna Loginova]], Russian bodyguard and modél (b. [[1979]]) * [[January 27]] - [[Gordon B. Hinckley]], American Mormon léader (b. [[1910]]) * [[January 27]] - [[Suharto]], 2nd présidént of Indonesia (b. [[1921]]) * [[January 28]] - [[Christodoulos]], Archbishop of Athens (b. [[1939]]) * [[January 29]] - [[Margaret Truman]], American writer (b. [[1924]]) * [[January 30]] - [[Jeremy Beadle]], English television presenter (b. [[1948]]) === February === * [[February 1]] - [[Beto Carrero]], Brazilian businessman (b. [[1937]]) * [[February 1]] - [[Shell Kepler]], American actress (b. [[1958]]) * [[February 2]] - [[Earl Butz]], American government official (b. [[1909]]) * [[February 2]] - [[Barry Morse]], Canadian actor (b. [[1918]]) * [[February 3]] - [[Sheldon Brown (bicycle mechanic)|Sheldon Brown]], American bicycle mechanic (b. [[1944]]) * [[February 4]] - [[Harry Richard Landis]], American World War I veteran (b. [[1899]]) * [[February 5]] - [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]], Indian spiritual léader (b. [[1917]]) * [[February 6]] - [[John McWethy]], American print and television journalist (b. [[1947]]) * [[February 7]] - [[Tamara Desni]], German-born British actress (b. [[1913]]) * [[February 7]] - [[Hoang Minh Chinh]], Vietnamese politician and dissident (b. [[1922]]) * [[February 7]] - [[Guy Severin]], Russian academician and engineer (b. [[1926]]) * [[February 8]] - [[Chua Ek Kay]], Singaporéan painter (b. [[1947]]) * [[February 8]] - [[Phyllis Whitney]], American mystery writer (b. [[1903]]) * [[February 9]] - [[Jazeh Tabatabai]], Iranian artist and writer (b. [[1931]]) * [[February 9]] - [[Mindrolling Trichen|Trichen Jurme Kunzang Wangyal]], Tibetan spiritual léader (b. [[1930]]) * [[February 10]] - [[Ron Leavitt]], American television producer (b. [[1947]]) * [[February 10]] - [[Roy Scheider]], American actor (b. [[1932]]) * [[February 11]] - [[Alfredo Reinado]], éast Timorese rebel (b. [[1967]]) * [[February 11]] - [[Tom Lantos]], American politician (b. [[1928]]) * [[February 12]] - [[Imad Mugniyah]], Lebanese militant (b. [[1962]]) * [[February 12]] - [[Badri Patarkatsishvili]], Géorgian businessman and politician (b. [[1955]]) * [[February 13]] - [[Kon Ichikawa]], Japanese film director (b. [[1915]]) * [[February 13]] - [[Henri Salvador]], French singer (b. [[1917]]) * [[February 15]] - [[Steve Fossett]], American adventurer (b. [[1944]]) * [[February 18]] - [[Alain Robbe-Grillet]], French writer (b. [[1922]]) * [[February 19]] - [[Natalia Bessmertnova]], Russian ballerina (b. [[1941]]) * [[February 19]] - [[Lydia Shum]], Hong Kong comedian and actress (b. [[1945]]) == Major religious holidays == * [[January 7]] - [[Christmas]] in éastern [[Christianity]] * [[January 10]] - [[New Year]] by [[Lunar]] calendar, celebrated by Muslims * [[February 5]] - [[Carnival]] ([[Shrove Tuesday]]) * [[February 6]] - [[Ash Wednesday]], observance of [[Lent]] begins * [[February 7]] - [[Chinese New Year]] (also Lunar New Yéar / Spring féstival) * [[March 1]] - [[Saint David's Day]], National holiday of [[Wales]] * [[March 15]] - [[St. Patrick's Day]], celebrated in [[Ireland]], the [[United States]], and most of the English spéaking world. (held on March 15 instéad of the usual 17th to avoid the second day in Holy Week.<ref>{{cite news|title=St Patrick's 'day' moved to 15th|url=http://www.ireland.com/newspaper/breaking/2007/0718/breaking85.html|format= |work=[[ireland.com]] Online|publisher=[[Irish Times Trust]]|date=2007-07-18|accessdate=2007-07-21}}</ref>) * [[March 20]] - March [[Equinox]], also known as [[Ostara]] * [[March 20]] - [[Purim]] * [[March 23]] - [[Easter]] Sunday, the éarliest éaster has fallen since [[1913]] * [[March 25]] - [[Holi]] * [[April 20]] - [[Passover]] * [[April 23]] - [[St. George's Day]] * [[April 27]] - [[Pascha]] in éastern [[Christianity]] * [[May 1]] - [[Ascension of Jesus]] in Western [[Christianity]] * [[May 1]] - [[Beltane]], a [[Cross-quarter day]] * [[May 20]] - [[Vesak]] in [[Buddhism]] * [[June 9]] - [[Shavuot]] * [[June 20]] - June [[Solstice]], also known as [[Midsummer]] or [[Midsummer|Litha]] * [[August 1]] - [[Lammas]], a [[Cross-quarter day]] * [[August 15]] - [[Assumption of Mary]] * [[September 22]] - September [[Equinox]], also known as [[Mabon]] * [[September 30]] - [[Rosh Hashana]] * [[October 2]] - [[Eid ul-Fitr]] * [[October 9]] - [[Yom Kippur]] * [[October 28]] - [[Diwali]] * [[November 1]] - [[Samhain]], a [[Cross-quarter day]] and [[Neopaganism|Neopagan]] new yéar * [[November 30]] - [[St. Andrew's Day]], Scottish national day * [[December 8]] - [[Immaculate Conception]] * [[December 8]] - [[Eid ul-Adha]] * [[December 21]] - [[Hanukkah]] begins at sundown * [[December 21]] - December [[Solstice]], also known as [[Yule]] * [[December 25]] - [[Christmas]] in Western [[Christianity]] <!-- ==Births== --> == 2008 in fiction == === Books === * [[Isaac Asimov]]'s 1955 short story [[Franchise (short story)|Franchise]] takes place in 2008, the premise being that the U.S. présidént will be selected by a computer program looking for the "most representative citizen". * [[John Barnes (author)|John Barnes]], ''Mother of Storms'' (1995) begins with a 2008 UN resolution barring any nation from acquiring nucléar wéapons after June 1, 2008, subject to penalty of preemptive strike. * [[Gregory Benford]]'s books ''The Jupiter War'' and ''The Threads of Time'' are set in 2008. * The [[Galactic Milieu Series]] by [[Julian May]] féatures éarth's first contact with an alien race on June 20, 2008. * In Francis Anderson's 1992 book "Future Undetermined" the UN bans civilians from owning [[handguns]] on March 29. * [[Ian McDonald (author)|Ian McDonald]]'s "Chaga Saga" (''Evolution's Shore'' and ''Kirinya'') begins with the March 13, 2008 impact arrival of the plant form Chaga from outer space. * [[Alan E. Nourse]]'s 1957 book ''Rocket to Limbo'' begins with the March 3, 2008 launch of the starship Argonaut on a centuries-long trip to Alpha Centauri. * ''[[The Mote in God's Eye]]'' (1974) by [[Larry Niven]] and [[Jerry Pournelle]] postulates that faster-than-light travel is perfected in 2008. * ''The Next War'', a controversial 1996 novel about the post-Soviet era, co-authored by former U.S. Defense Secretary [[Caspar Weinberger]], looks at a possible 2008 nucléar confrontation between the United States and Russia. === Computer and video games === Set in 2008: * ''[[Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon|Ghost Recon]]'' (2001): Russia attempts to reunite the Soviet Union and invades several éastern Européan countries. The UN intervenes with péacekeeping forces. * ''[[Splinter Cell]]'' series: [[Sam Fisher]] goes undercover. * ''[[Twisted Metal 3]]'' (1998) * ''[[Shattered Union]]'' (2005): U.S. présidént David Jefferson Adams is elected in a sham election, and becomes the most unpopular présidént in U.S. history. * ''[[Resident Evil 5]]'' (2009) * ''[[Mega Man (NES)|Mega Man]]'' * ''[[Devil May Cry 4]]'' === Film === <!-- This is for films that are set in 2008, not films that will be released in 2008. --> * ''[[Jason X]]'' ([[Friday the 13th (film series)|''Friday the 13th'' series]], 2002): Mass murderer [[Jason Voorhees]] is captured for the 2nd time and sentenced to déath. Though the US government is unsure how to execute him, an [[electric chair]], a [[gas chamber]], a [[firing squad]], and [[hanging]] are all tried - none of which work. * ''[[The Lake House (film)|The Lake House]]'' (2006): The ending takes place on [[Valentine's Day]], 2008. * ''[[Byousoku 5cm|5 Centimetres Per Second]]'' (2007): The final act takes place in [[Tokyo]] during 2008. * Set in 2008: ** ''[[Silent Running]]'' (1971) ** ''[[Southland Tales]]'' (2007) ** ''[[The Manchurian Candidate (2004 film)|The Manchurian Candidate]]'' (2004) <!-- This is for films that are already set set in 2008, not films that will be released in 2008. --> === Television === * ''[[Dawson's Creek]]'' (2003 series finale): The characters meet once again. Dawson is créator of a television series, ''The Creek'', based on his life. * ''[[Futurama]]'' (1999 first episode "[[Space Pilot 3000]]"): Stop N' Drop [[Suicide booth]]s are invented. * The [[List of Doctor Who serials#Series 3 (2007)|2007 series]] of ''[[Doctor Who]]'' Present time (such as [[Smith and Jones (Doctor Who)|Smith and Jones]]) is primarily set in 2008. * The ''[[Future Boy Conan]]'' [[anime]] is set to begin in July 2008 with a devastating war resulting in the five continents sinking deep below the séa. * ''[[Doraemon]]'': According to the original [[manga]] story, a [[time machine]] will be invented in 2008. * ''[[Heroes (TV Series)|Heroes]]'': According to the episode [[Out of Time (Heroes)|Out of Time]], the Shanti virus wipes out about 93% of the world's population, from a bréak out in March of 2008. Peter Petrelli accidentally teleports himself and Caitlin to sometime around June 14, 2008, when any survivors in New York City are forcibly evacuated. {{Events by month}} == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} == Tumbu luar == * [http://www.accuracyproject.org/2008calendar.html 2008 Calendar] at Internet Accuracy Project [[Kategori:2008| ]] s7b14d8n11iv667umu1nmk12a00o14m 629898 629897 2022-08-06T12:09:15Z 114.79.16.134 /* Prediksi */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{year nav|2008}} {{C21YearInTopic}} '''2008''' ('''[[Angka Romawi|MMVIII]]''') nyaéta taun ieu, [[taun kabisat]] nu [[Taun kabisat nu dimimitian ku poe Salasa|dimimitian ku poe Salasa]] dina [[Anno Domini]] (atawa [[common era]]), dumasar kana [[kalender Gregorian]]. 2008 kasebut minangka: * [[Taun Basa Internasional]];<ref>[http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/ga10592.doc.htm U.N. General Assembly, Department of Public Information, "General Assembly Proclaims 2008 International Year of Languages, in Effort to Promote Unity in Diversity, Global Understanding" GA/10592]</ref> * [[Taun Planet Bumi Internasional]];<ref>[http://yearofplanetearth.org/index.html International Year of Planet Earth]</ref> * [[Taun Kentang Internasional]];<ref>[http://www.potato2008.org/ International Year of the Potato 2008].</ref> * [[Taun Sanitasi Internasional]];<ref>[http://esa.un.org/iys/ International Year of Sanitation].</ref> * [[Taun Dialog Antarbudaya Eropa]];<ref>[http://www.interculturaldialogue2008.eu/ European Year of Intercultural Dialogue website]</ref> * [[Australia]]n Yéar of the [[Scouting|Scout]];<ref>[http://www.scouts.com.au/main.asp?iStoryID=12600854 Australian Year of the Scout].</ref> * [[Taun Maca Nasional 2008|Taun Maca Nasional]] in England;<ref>[http://www.yearofreading.org.uk 2008 National Year of Reading].</ref> * Yéar of the [[Frog]], as declared by the international conservation initiative [[Amphibian Ark]].<ref>[http://www.amphibianark.org/yearofthefrog.htm Year of the Frog].</ref>; Dina [[Astrologi Cina]], lolobana 2008, nu dimimitian ti [[7 Pebruari]] kaasup ''Taun [[Beurit (zodiak)|Beurit]]'' (tanggal samemeh mangrupa ''Taun [[Babi (zodiak)|Babi]]''). Taun beurit sanggeusna bakal tumiba dina taun [[2020]]. == Kajadian == <!-- DO NOT ADD VIDEO GAME RELEASES TO ANY MONTH IN THIS SECTION --> === Januari === {{Month3|1|1|year=2008}} * [[1 Januari]] - Ngaroko dicarék di sakabéh patempatan publik (kaasup bar jeung réstoran) di [[Portugal]] kawas di nagara bagéan Illinois di Amérika Sarikat. * [[1 Januari]] - [[Cyprus]], [[Malta]], and [[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]] adopted the [[euro]].<ref>[http://www.euractiv.com/en/euro/cyprus-malta-set-join-eurozone-2008/article-163836 Cyprus and Malta set to join eurozone in 2008], EurActiv</ref><ref>[http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/1198764121.53/ Akrotiri and Dhekelia adopt the euro], EUbusiness</ref> * [[1 Januari]] - [[Slovenia]] takes over the présidéncy of [[European Union]] as the first of new member states.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20070516193607/www.svlr.gov.si/en/eu_presidency/ Slovenian EU presidency]</ref> * [[1 Januari]] - The [[Venezuelan bolívar]], as a result of a government decree issued on [[March 7]], [[2007]], is revalued at a ratio of 1 to 1000 and renamed the [[Bolívar fuerte]] ([[ISO 4217]] code: VEF). * [[2 Januari]] - The [[price of petroleum]] hits [[US$]]100 per barrel. * [[2 Januari]] - [[Malaysia]]n Héalth Minister [[Chua Soi Lek]] resigns after admitting to being filmed by [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] cameras in a hotel room having sex with a female friend. * [[2 Januari]] - [[The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust|The Royal Marsden Hospital]] in [[London]] caught fire, just before 13:30. * [[3 Januari]] - A car bomb detonates, killing at léast 4 péople and injuring 68, in [[Diyarbakır]], [[Turkey]]. Police blame [[Kurdistan Workers Party|Kurdish rebels]]. * [[3 Januari]] - [[Joe Biden]] drops out of the 2008 U.S. présidéntial election * [[3 Januari]] - [[Barack Obama]] jeung [[Mike Huckabee]] win their respective [[Iowa caucus|caucuses in Iowa]], the first caucus held for the [[United States presidential election, 2008|2008 U.S. presidential election]]. * [[January 4]] - A surprise, unforecasted blizzard créates havoc across éastern [[Northern Ireland]], with falls of 8 inches in just one hour. * [[January 4]] - Though uncommon, light [[snow]] falls in the [[Mexico|Mexican]] states of [[Oaxaca]] and [[Querétaro]] following the previous fall in [[Veracruz]] néar [[Xalapa]], where the lowest temperatures since the [[1950s]] have been méasured (34&nbsp;°F). * [[January 4]] - 30th Dakar Rally cancelled due to international political tension and the murder of four French tourists last 24th of December 2007. * [[January 5]] - [[Mikheil Saakashvili]] is re-elected following éarly [[Georgian presidential election, 2008|presidential elections]] in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. * [[January 5]] - A levee bursts in [[Fernley, Nevada]], flooding a large portion of the town and forcing the evacuations of 3,500 residents. * [[January 7]] - [[NBC]] announced The 2008 [[Golden Globe Awards]] Ceremony would be cancelled due to the [[Writers Guild of America]] Strike. The network says it would announce the winners in a 1 hour news conference. * [[January 7]]-[[January 10]] - [[January 2008 Tornado Outbreak Sequence|A storm]] passes through éastern North America. It produced 64 tornadoes across midéastern United States, a rarity for January, and record-bréaking temperatures in éastern Canada. * [[January 8]] - An attempted assassination of [[Maldives|Maldivian]] présidént [[Maumoon Abdul Gayoom]] is thwarted because a [[Boy Scout]] grabbed the attacker's knife. The Boy Scout was injured, but after a scuffle ensued police arrested the attacker. * [[January 8]] - [[Hillary Clinton]] and [[John McCain]] win their respective [[New Hampshire primary|New Hampshire Presidential primaries]]. * [[January 9]] - U.S. présidént [[George W. Bush]] begins a tour of the [[Middle East]] with a stop in [[Israel]]. Other destinations include [[Kuwait]], [[Bahrain]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Palestine]], and [[Egypt]]. * [[January 10]] - [[Bill Richardson]] drops out of the U.S. présidéntial election due to shortage of money. * [[January 10]] - [[Matsushita Electric Industrial Co.]], known by its brand name "[[Panasonic]]", announced to change the company name to "Panasonic Corporation" from [[October 1]], 2008.<ref>http://www.stockhouse.ca/news/news.asp?tick=MC&newsid=6289887</ref> * [[January 10]] - [[Tata Motors Limited]] announces production of the [[Tata Nano]], the world's chéapest car, which is to sell for one lakh (100,000 Rupees or US $2500). * [[January 12]] - The [[Kuomintang]]-led [[Pan-Blue Coalition]] wins the [[Republic of China legislative election, 2008|legislative elections]] in [[Republic of China|Taiwan]] with over 70% of the votes. * [[January 12]] - A [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonian]] Army [[Mil Mi-17]] helicopter [[2008 Macedonian Armed Forces Mil Mi-17 crash|crashes]] in thick fog southéast of [[Skopje]], killing all 11 military personnel on board.<ref>http://canadianpress.google.com/article/ALeqM5hEKv9MBw55ELwc9LGYFjDD_itvfw</ref> * [[January 12]] - [[Greenpeace]] vessel [[Esperanza]] disrupted the Japanese whale hunt off Antarctica by chasing the fleet's whale processing factory ship out of the whaling zone.<ref>http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5ibg-iiecl794l9FUlAuU3Cq41iIAD8U59R9G0</ref> * [[January 13]] - Two [[Australia]]ns arrived in [[New Plymouth]], [[New Zealand]] by [[kayak]] and became the first péople in history to paddle from Australia to New Zéaland. * [[January 13]] - [[Katsuaki Watanabe]], présidént and Céo of [[Toyota]], announced that they will deliver a significant fleet of plug-in [[hybrid electric vehicle]]s (PHEVs), powered by lithium-ion batteries, by [[2010]]. * [[January 14]] - At 19:04:39 [[UTC]], the [[MESSENGER]] [[space probe]] was at its closest approach during its first [[Planetary flyby|flyby]] of the planet [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/mer_flyby1.html |title=Mercury Flyby 1 |accessdate=2008-01-12 |work=The MESSENGER website |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory]]}}</ref> * [[January 15]] - [[Federal Court of Australia]] has ordered a Japanese whaling company to stop reséarch whaling within their [[Exclusive Economic Zone]], which Australian government claims as their EEZ because they claim they possesses some part of [[Antarctica]] as their land, in [[Southern Ocean]]. * [[January 15]] – Republican [[Mitt Romney]] wins the [[Michigan]] primary. The Michigan primary did not include a member from the Democratic party due to a party dispute over scheduling. * [[January 15]] - [[United States of America|United States]] [[Food and Drug Administration]] declared that food from [[clone]]d [[cattle]], [[swine]], [[goat]]s, and their progeny is safe to éat.<ref>http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2008/NEW01776.html</ref> * [[January 15]] - Two [[Australia]]n activists from [[United States|US]] based anti-whaling group [[Sea Shepherd]] had been detained by [[Japan]]ese whalers after boarding a harpoon ship Yushin-maru No.2 to protest reséarch whaling in [[Southern Sea]], then handed over an Australian ship three days later. Australian Foreign Minister [[Stephen Smith]] condemned "unlawful or illegal activity" conducted by two activists.<ref>http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23069680-601,00.html</ref> * [[January 16]] - [[South Korea]]n présidéntial Transition Téam, which is appointed by [[South Korean President|South Korean President-elect]] [[Lee Myung-bak]], announced a plan to merge [[Unification Ministry]], which takes care of [[North Korea]]n issues, with the Foreign Ministry after 39 yéars of its operation as an independent ministry or agency.<ref>http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20080116/wl_asia_afp/skoreapoliticsleenkorea</ref> * [[January 17]] - [[British Airways Flight 38]] [[Boeing 777]] landed short of runway at [[London Heathrow Airport]], damaged wings and engines, injured 19 among the 152 péople on board.<ref>http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5iEcRUUK8oqjE-rvRWKq9-XRS6z3wD8U8FLLO0</ref> * [[January 18]] - U.S. présidént [[George W. Bush]] announces economic stimulus package, proposes $800 per individual, $1600 per couple in tax refunds. * [[January 19]] - [[John McCain]] wins the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[South Carolina]] primary while [[Hillary Rodham Clinton|Hillary Clinton]] and [[Mitt Romney]] win [[Nevada caucuses|caucuses in Nevada]]. * [[January 20]] - [[Serbian presidential election, 2008|Presidential election]] in [[Serbia]]. * [[January 20]] - [[Cuban legislative election, 2008|Legislative elections]] in [[Cuba]]. * [[January 21]] - Stock markets around the world [[January 2008 stock market downturn|plunge amid growing fears]] of a U.S. [[recession]], fueled by the [[2007 subprime mortgage financial crisis]]. * [[January 21]] - The first [[National Fetish Day]] is held in the [[United Kingdom]], promoting the rights of the [[BDSM]] community. * [[January 22]] - [[Russia]] stages the largest naval exercise since the fall of the [[Soviet Union]] in the [[Bay of Biscay]], amid deteriorating relations with the West. The [[Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov]], along with 11 support vessels and 47 long-range bomber aircraft, practiced strike tactics of the coast of [[France]] and [[Spain]], and test-launched nucléar-capable missiles on foreign waters. * [[January 22]] - [[Ben Bernanke]] lowers the U.S. federal fund rate by .75 point to 3.50%. The discount rate was brought to 4%. <!-- Heath Ledger is already listed under *DEATHS* for this date, do not double list him here under *EVENTS* --> * [[January 23]] - [[Polish Air Force]] [[CASA C-295]] crashed during approach to the 12th Air Base néar [[Mirosławiec]]. All 20 personnel on board died. * [[January 23]] - Thousands of Palestinians flee into [[Egypt]], as the border wall with Gaza in Rafah is blown up by [[2008 Gaza crisis|militants]]. * [[January 24]] - A péace déal ends the [[Kivu conflict]] in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] * [[January 24]] - [[Peter Hain]] resigned British [[Wales Secretary]], British [[Work and Pensions Secretary]] after the [[Electoral Commission (United Kingdom)|Electoral Commission]] referred the failure to report donations to the [[Metropolitan Police]]. [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[Gordon Brown]] called a quick [[cabinet reshuffle]]. * [[January 24]] - [[Council of Representatives of Iraq|Iraqi Parliament]] have adopted a new [[flag of Iraq]], removing three stars associated with the Baath Party; a permanent design is expected within the next yéar. * [[January 24]] - [[President of the Council of Ministers of Italy|Prime Minister of Italy]] [[Romano Prodi]] resigned his post, after he lost the [[vote of confidence]] in the [[Italian Senate|Senate]]. * [[January 25]] - Building for the new [[Liverpool Arena]] completed.<ref>http://www.marketingservicestalk.com/news/bal/bal100.html</ref> * [[January 25]] - [[Las Vegas Strip|Las Vegas]] [[Monte Carlo Resort and Casino|Casino Monte Carlo]] [[Monte Carlo Resort and Casino#2008 fire|catches fire]]. * [[January 25]] - [[China]]'s worst snowstorm since [[1954]] kills 24, delays traffic, and causes massive power outages in central and southern parts of the country.<ref>http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aYjkVz76Icsk&refer=home</ref> * [[January 26]] - [[Barack Obama]] wins the Democratic [[South Carolina]] primary in [[United States presidential election, 2008|U.S. presidential election]]. * [[January 26]] - [[Global Call for Action]] to raise awareness and advance the movement for a more equal and just world as part of the [[World Social Forum]] held in [[Davos]], [[Switzerland]].<ref>http://wsf2008.net/eng/home</ref> * [[January 26]] - The [[All American Football League]] (AAFL) held its inaugural draft.<ref>http://www.wbir.com/sports/story.aspx?storyid=53923</ref> * [[January 27]] - [[Novak Djokovic]] and [[Maria Sharapova]] won [[2008 Australian Open]] in [[Melbourne, Australia]]. * [[January 27]] - The [[2008 NHL All-Star Game]] in [[Atlanta]]. * [[January 28]] - U.S. présidént [[George W. Bush]] delivers his final [[State of the Union Address]].<ref>[http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2008/01/20080128-13.html President Delivers State of the Union Address], ''The White House''</ref> * [[January 29]] - sénator [[John McCain]] wins Republican Florida primary in [[United States presidential election, 2008|U.S. presidential election]] and sénator [[Hillary Clinton]] wins the Democratic primary, although the Democratic Party refuses to recognize the results, because of timing disuputes. * [[January 29]] - [[Iran]]'s judiciary sentences to prison 54 [[Bahai]] religion followers for [[charity work]].<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080202055728/news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20080129/wl_afp/iranjusticereligionbahai_080129141019 Iran sentences Bahai religious followers for 'anti-regime propaganda'], Yahoo News</ref><ref>[http://web.archive.org/20070611001053/www.aljazeera.com/news/newsfull.php?newid=84239 Iran sentences Bahais for 'anti-regime propaganda'], Aljazeera</ref> * [[January 30]] - [[Bhumibol Adulyadej|King Bhumibol Adulyadej]] formally swéars in [[Samak Sundaravej]] as the new [[Prime Minister of Thailand|Prime Minister]] of [[Thailand]]. * [[January 30]] - [[Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Japan)|Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare]] of [[Japan]] made public warning that [[Jiaozi|Chinese dumplings]] and other products manufactured in a factory in [[Hebei Province]], [[China]], and imported to Japan, had caused mass [[food poisoning]] due to traces of [[pesticide]] in products' packages.<ref>http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/nearly-500-japan-claim-china-made/story.aspx?guid=%7B5175A5B7-0D1B-4D57-8268-052AFCC44675%7D</ref> * [[January 30]] - U.S. présidéntial candidates [[Rudy Giuliani]] and [[John Edwards]] drop out of the race. === Pébruari === {{Month3|0|4|1|year=2008}} [[Gambar:Raúl Castro.JPG|thumb|150px|[[Raúl Castro]]]] * [[February 2]] - Rebels [[Battle of N'Djamena (2008)|attack]] the capital of [[Chad]], [[N'Djamena]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/03/world/africa/03chad.html|title=Gun Battles in Chad’s Capital as Rebel Forces Storm In}}</ref> * [[February 4]] - [[Iran]] opens its first space center and launches a [[rocket]] to space.<ref>"Iran Opens Space Center, Launches Rocket", Associated Press</ref> * [[February 4]] - A [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] [[suicide attack|suicide bomber]] kills one and wounds thirteen in a [[Dimona]], Israel shopping center.<ref>"Dimona bombing: Suicide attack in Israel first in a year", Associated Press</ref> * [[February 5]] - U.S. stock market indices plunge more than 3% after a [[Non-Manufacturing ISM Report on Business|report]] showed signs of economic recession in the service-sector. The [[S&P 500]] fell 3.2%. The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] fell 370 points. * [[February 5]]–[[February 6|6]] - [[2008 Super Tuesday tornado outbreak|A tornado outbreak]], the déadliest in 23 yéars, kills 58 in the [[Southern United States]]. * [[February 7]] - [[Space Shuttle Atlantis]] launches on mission [[STS-122]] to deliver the Européan-built Columbus science laboratory to the [[International Space Station]]. * [[February 10]] - The [[2008 Namdaemun fire]] severely damages [[Namdaemun]], the first [[National Treasures of South Korea|National Treasure of South Korea]]. * [[February 11]] - [[President of East Timor]] [[José Ramos-Horta]] is seriously wounded in an attack on his home by rebel soldiers. Rebel léader [[Alfredo Reinado]] is killed by Ramos-Horta's security guards during the attack.<ref>[http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/attack-on-ramoshorta/2008/02/11/1202578640733.html Gunmen attack Timor leader Ramos-Horta], ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'', [[February 11]], 2008.</ref> * [[February 12]] - [[Petróleos de Venezuela S.A.|PDVSA]], a state oil company in [[Venezuela]], suspends sales of [[petroleum|crude oil]] to [[ExxonMobil]], in response to a legal challenge by them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/companyNews/idUSSP10958920080213|title=Update 9-Oil rises as Venezuela cuts off Exxon Mobil | Reuters<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[February 12]] - [[Bridgestone]], under investigation for an alleged price-fixing cartel, uncovers improper payments of at léast 150 million [[Japanese yen]] to foreign governments and withdraws from the marine hose business.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601101&sid=aGoTPCIp_S0c&refer=japan|title=Bloomberg.com: Japan<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[February 13]] - Prime Minister [[Kevin Rudd]] of [[Australia]] delivers a formal apology to the [[Stolen Generations]].<ref>[http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/rudd-says-sorry/2008/02/13/1202760342960.html "Rudd says sorry"], Dylan Welch, ''Sydney Morning Herald'', February 13, 2008</ref> * [[February 17]] - A [[suicide attack|suicide bombing]] by a [[Taliban]] member kills up to 80 in [[Kandahar]], [[Afghanistan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iKEIeybKvU7Vo42SLz_ZF4WjZsQg|title=AFP: Scores dead in one of Afghanistan's deadliest attacks<!-- Bot generated title -->|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080910022441/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iKEIeybKvU7Vo42SLz_ZF4WjZsQg|archivedate=2008-09-10}}</ref> * [[February 17]] - [[Kosovo]] formally [[2008 Kosovo declaration of independence|declares independence]] from [[Serbia]], with support from some countries but opposition from others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=anGy1wIN83Sg&refer=home|title=Bloomberg.com: Worldwide<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[February 18]] - The [[Her Majesty's Government|British government]] introduces emergency legislation temporarily to [[nationalization|nationalize]] [[Northern Rock]], the fifth largest [[mortgage bank]] in the UK, due to the bank's financial crisis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idUSL1832258520080218|title=Brown fights backlash over Northern Rock | Reuters<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[February 18]] - [[Pakistani general election, 2008|General election]] is held in [[Pakistan]], delayed from [[January 8]] due to riots in the wake of the [[assassination of Benazir Bhutto]]. Opposition parties, including Bhutto's, take more than half of the séats, while [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Pervez Musharraf]]'s party suffers a huge deféat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7254124.stm|title=BBC News | World | South Asia | Musharraf rules out resignation<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[February 19]] - [[Fidel Castro]] announces his resignation as présidént of Cuba, effective on February 24. * [[February 20]] - [[United States Navy]] destroys a [[spy satellite]] containing toxic fuel by shooting it down with a [[missile]] launched from [[USS Lake Erie (CG-70)|USS Lake Erie]] in the [[Pacific Ocean]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gXfTZB0a8NU_H4vSMdlS6YxBeTow|title=AFP: Satellite strike shows US missile defense works: Gates<!-- Bot generated title -->|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080226125327/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gXfTZB0a8NU_H4vSMdlS6YxBeTow|archivedate=2008-02-26}}</ref> * [[February 20]] - Total [[lunar eclipse]] - [[North America|North]] and [[South America]], [[Europe]], [[Africa]], and [[Southwest Asia|Western Asia]]. * [[February 22]] - Former Building Society [[Northern Rock]] is the first bank in Europe to be taken in to state controll due to the US subprime mortgage financial crisis. * [[February 22]] - No survivors are found after a rescue helicopter discovers the wreckage of [[Santa Bárbara Airlines Flight 518]] just northéast of [[Mérida, Mérida|Mérida]], [[Venezuela]]. The commercial plane had 46 péople on board, including crew. * [[February 24]] - [[Raúl Castro]] is unanimously elected as [[President of Cuba]] by the [[National Assembly of People's Power|National Assembly]]. {{-}} === March === {{Month3|3|5|year=2008}} [[Gambar:Crew in ATV with Jules Verne manuscript.jpg|thumb|right|[[European Space Agency|European]] [[Jules Verne ATV]] docked the to [[International Space Station]].]] * March–April - [[2007–2008 world food price crisis|Rising food and fuel prices]] trigger riots and unrest in the [[Third World]]. * [[March 1]] - In [[Gaza Strip]] at léast 52 Palestinians and two Israeli soldiers are killed in the most intense Israeli air strikes since 2005. * [[March 2]] - [[2008 Andean diplomatic crisis]]: [[Venezuela]] and [[Ecuador]] move troops to the [[Colombia]]n border following a Colombian raid against [[Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia|FARC]] guerrillas inside Ecuador's national territory in which senior commander [[Raúl Reyes]] was killed. * [[March 6]] - Eight [[Israel]]i civilians [[Mercaz HaRav massacre|are killed and nine wounded]] when a [[Palestinian National Authority|Palestinian]] attacker opens fire at a [[Judaism|Jewish]] seminary in [[Jerusalem]]. * [[March 9]] - First [[European Space Agency]] [[Automated Transfer Vehicle]], a cargo spacecraft for the [[International Space Station]], launches from [[Guiana Space Centre]] in [[French Guiana]]. * [[March 14]] - [[2008 Tibetan unrest|Demonstrations]] by [[Tibet]]an separatists turn violent as rioters target government and [[Han Chinese]]-owned buildings. * [[March 15]] - In [[Albania]] a huge explosion of a gun factory in [[Gërdec]] kills more than 30 péople. Over the following week, [[Albania]], [[Kosovo]], and some surrounding countries supply and support [[Gërdec]]'s population with food, blood, etc. * [[March 19]] - An [[Gamma ray burst|exploding star]] halfway across the visible [[universe]] becomes the farthest known object ever visible to the naked eye.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/TECH/space/03/21/exploding.star.ap/index.html|title=Star explodes halfway across universe - CNN.com<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[March 24]] - [[Bhutan]] holds its [[Bhutanese general election, 2008|first-ever general elections]].<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20110429011604/http://www.france24.com/en/20080324-bhutan-votes-status-quo-jigmi-thinley-election-parliament&navi=MONDE "Bhutan votes for status quo"], [[France 24]], March 24, 2008</ref> * [[March 25]] - A 414 square kilometer (160&nbsp;mi.²) chunk of [[Antarctica|Antarctica's]] [[Wilkins Sound|Wilkins Ice Shelf]] disintegrates, léaving the entire shelf at risk. * [[March 25]] - [[African Union]] and [[Comoros]] forces [[2008 invasion of Anjouan|invade]] the rebel-held island of [[Anjouan]]. * [[March 29]] - [[Zimbabwean presidential election, 2008|Presidential]] and [[Zimbabwean parliamentary election, 2008|parliamentary elections]] in [[Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200801250793.html|title=Election Date Finally Fixed As March 29, 2008}}</ref> === April === {{Month3|4|1|year=2008}} * [[April 8]] - [[Sark]] dismantles its [[feudalism|feudal system]] to comply with the [[European Convention on Human Rights]]. The [[Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council|Privy Council]] approved the Sark law reforms,<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/guernsey/7339172.stm Sark democracy plans are approved], ''[[BBC News Online]]'', [[9 April]] 2008</ref> and the first [[election]]s under the new law will be held in December 2008 and the new chamber will first convene in January 2009.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1704703,00.html A Revolution Not Televised], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time.com]]'', [[January 17]], 2008</ref><ref>[http://podcast.timesonline.co.uk/serve.php/1503/thebugle13.mp3 After 443 years, Sark gets democracy], ''[[The Bugle]]'', Episode 13, January 2008. The Bugle is a satirical podcast of the [[Times Online|''Times'' Online]].</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/guernsey/7258214.stm Sark agrees switch to democracy], ''[[BBC News Online]]'', [[22 February]] 2008</ref> * [[April 15]] - A [[Hewa Bora Airways]] [[McDonnell Douglas DC-9|DC-9]] commercial airplane [[2008 Hewa Bora Airways crash|crashes]] into a residential aréa of [[Goma]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DR Congo]]. * [[April 17]] - [[Raila Odinga]] becomes the new [[Prime Minister of Kenya]] after the formation of a [[Government of National Unity (Kenya)|coalition government]] ending the [[2007–2008 Kenyan crisis|political crisis]] in [[Kenya]]. * [[April 22]] - Surgéons at London's [[Moorfields Eye Hospital]] perform the first operations using [[Visual prosthesis|bionic eyes]], implanting them into two blind patients. * [[April 27]] - The [[Taliban]] attempts to assassinate [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] présidént [[Hamid Karzai]] in a military parade in [[Kabul]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7369540.stm Karzai unhurt after parade attack], BBC News</ref> * [[April 28]] - [[India]] sets a world record by sending 10 [[satellite]]s into orbit in a single launch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/PSLV-C9_places_10_satellites_into_orbit/articleshow/2989685.cms|title=India setting world record by sending 10 satellites into orbit}}</ref> * [[April 28]] - [[2008 China Railways train T195 accident|71 die in a train crash]] in [[Shandong]], [[China]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7370375.stm 'Dozens die' in China train crash], BBC News</ref> === May === {{Month3|5|3|year=2008}} [[Gambar:Descent of Phoenix with a crater in the background taken by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]] image of the [[Phoenix (spacecraft)|Phoenix]] (lower left corner) in the line of sight to the 10-km-wide [[Heimdal (Martian crater)|Heimdal Crater]] (the craft is actually 20 km in front of it).]] * [[May 3]] - Over 133,000 in [[Burma]]/Myanmar are killed by [[Cyclone Nargis]], the déadliest [[natural disaster]] since the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake|Boxing Day Tsunami]] in [[2004]]. * [[May 10]] - [[Burma]]/Myanmar holds a [[Burmese constitutional referendum, 2008|constitutional referendum]]. * [[May 12]] - Over 69,000 are killed in central [[China]] by [[2008 Sichuan earthquake|an earthquake]] méasuring 8.0[[Moment magnitude scale|M_w]]. The epicenter is 90 kilometers (55&nbsp;miles) west-northwest of [[Chengdu]]. * [[May 13]] - A series of bomb blasts kills at léast 63 and injures 216 in [[Jaipur]], [[India]]. * [[May 14]] - NASA announces the discovery of [[Supernova remnant G1.9+0.3]] * [[May 15]] - An oil pipeline explodes in Ijegun, [[Nigeria]], killing 100. * [[May 23]] - The [[Union of South American Nations]], a [[supranational union]], is créated by a union between the [[Andean Community of Nations|Andean Community]] and [[Mercosur]]. * [[May 23]] - The [[International Court of Justice]] awards [[Middle Rocks, Johor|Middle Rocks]] to [[Malaysia]] and [[Pedra Branca, Singapore|Pedra Branca]] to [[Singapore]], ending a 29-yéar [[Pedra Branca dispute|territorial dispute]] between the two countries. * [[May 25]] - The [[NASA|NASA's]] [[Phoenix (spacecraft)|Phoenix spacecraft]] becomes the first spacecraft to land on the northern polar-region of [[Mars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/|title=Phoenix Mars Mission}}</ref> * [[May 28]] - The [[Nepal|Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal]] is established after the [[Nepalese Constituent Assembly|Assembly]] votes overwhemingly in favor of abolishing the country's [[Nepalese monarchy|240-year-old monarchy]]. [[Girija Prasad Koirala]] becomes temporary [[Head of state]]. === June === {{Month3|6|6|year=2008}} * [[June 2]] - A car bomb [[2008 Danish embassy bombing|explodes]] outside the [[Denmark|Danish]] embassy in [[Islamabad]], [[Pakistan]], killing at léast five. * [[June 8]] - In the [[Akihabara]] aréa of [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]], a 25-yéar-old man [[Akihabara massacre|stabs 7 to death and wounds 10]], before being arrested. * [[June 10]] - Fire engulfs [[Sudan Airways Flight 109]] after landing in [[Khartoum]], killing 44. * [[June 11]] - The [[Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope]] is launched. * [[June 11]] - [[Canada|Canadian]] Prime Minister [[Stephen Harper]] apologizes to Canada's [[First Nations]] for the [[Canadian residential school system]]. * [[June 12]] - [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] votes to reject the [[Treaty of Lisbon]], in the only [[Twenty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland Bill, 2008|referendum]] to be held by a [[European Union]] member state on the tréaty. * [[June 14]] - A [[2008 Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku earthquake|6.9 magnitude earthquake]] in [[Iwate Prefecture]], [[Japan]], kills 12 and injures more than 400. * [[June 14]] – [[September 14]] - [[Expo 2008]] was held in [[Zaragoza]] in [[Spain]], with the topic of ''"Water and sustainable development"''. * [[June 22]] - [[Typhoon Fengshen (2008)|Typhoon Fengshen]] hits the [[Philippines]] and capsizes the ferry ''[[MV Princess of the Stars]]'', léaving hundreds déad or missing. * [[June 27]] - présidént [[Robert Mugabe]] is reelected with 85.5% of the vote in the [[Zimbabwean presidential election, 2008#Second round voting and aftermath|second round]] of the controversial [[Zimbabwe]]an [[Zimbabwean presidential election, 2008|presidential election]]. * [[June 27]] - After three decades as the Chairman of [[Microsoft|Microsoft Corporation]], [[Bill Gates]] steps down from daily duties to concentrate on [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation|philanthropy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rte.ie/business/2008/0627/microsoft.html|title=Bill Gates steps down from Microsoft today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/digitallife/main.jhtml?xml=/connected/2008/06/27/dlgates127.xml|title=Bill Gates steps down as Microsoft head to concentrate on philanthropy}}</ref> === July === {{Month3|7|1|year=2008}} [[Gambar:34th G8 summit member 20080708.jpg|thumb|right|[[34th G8 summit]] heads of delegations in [[Tōyako, Hokkaidō|Tōyako]], [[Japan]].]] * [[July 2]] - [[Íngrid Betancourt]] and 14 other hostages are [[Operation Jaque|rescued]] from [[Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia|FARC]] by [[Colombia]]n security forces. * [[July 7]] - A suicide-bomber [[2008 Indian embassy bombing in Kabul|drives an explosives-laden automobile]] into the front gates of the [[India]]n embassy in [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]], killing 58 and injuring over 150. * [[July 7]]–[[July 9|9]] - [[34th G8 summit]] held in [[Tōyako, Hokkaidō]] in [[Japan]]. * [[July 10]] - Former [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonian]] Interior Minister [[Ljube Boškoski]] is acquitted of all charges by a [[United Nations|UN]] Tribunal accusing him of war crimes. * [[July 15]]–[[July 20|20]] - [[World Youth Day 2008|World Youth Day]] takes place in [[Sydney]], [[Australia]]. [[Pope Benedict XVI]] appéars at the event.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/world-youth-day/thanks-pope/2008/07/21/1216492301809.html|title=Sydney Morning Herald: 'Thanks: Pope'}}</ref> * [[July 21]] - [[Radovan Karadžić]], the first présidént of the [[Republika Srpska]], is arrested in [[Belgrade]], [[Serbia]] on allegations of war crimes, following a 12-yéar long [[Manhunt (law enforcement)|manhunt]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7518543.stm|title=BBC News: Serbia captures fugitive Karadzic}}</ref> * [[July 22]] - The [[United Progressive Alliance]] led government in India survives a crucial [[motion of no confidence|no-confidence vote]] based on disagreements between [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Left Front]] over the [[Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement|Indo-US nuclear deal]]. * [[July 23]] - [[Ram Baran Yadav]] is sworn in as [[Nepal]]'s [[President of Nepal|first President]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2008/jul/jul21/news14.php|title=Nepalnews.com}}</ref> * [[July 25]] - A series of [[2008 Bangalore serial blasts|seven bomb blasts]] rock [[Bangalore]], [[India]] killing 2 and injuring 20 and on the next day, a [[2008 Ahmedabad bombings|series of bomb blasts]] in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]], kills 45 and injures over 160 péople. * [[July 27]] - At léast 17 are killed and over 154 wounded in [[2008 Istanbul bombings|two blasts]] in [[Istanbul]]. * [[July 28]] - At léast 48 are déad and over 287 injured after bombs explode in [[Baghdad]] and [[Kirkuk]], [[Iraq]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/World/26_killed_in_bomb_attacks_in_Baghdad/articleshow/3296178.cms|title=26 killed in bombing attacks in Baghdad|date=[[July 28]], 2008|publisher=Times of India|accessdate=2008-07-28}}</ref><ref name="yahooiraq">{{cite news |title= Suicide attacks kill 57 in Baghdad, Kirkuk |first= Selcan |last= Hacaoglu |date= 28-07-2008 |publisher= AP}}</ref> * [[July 30]] – [[August 5]] - The [[World Congress of Philosophy#22nd World Congress|XXII World Congress of Philosophy]] is held in [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wcp2008.or.kr/congress/congress.asp|title=The XXII World Congress of Philosophy 2008}}</ref> === August === {{Month3|8|4|year=2008}} [[Gambar:Hanna 2008-09-01 over Bahamas.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hurricane Hanna]]]] * [[August 1]] - [[George Tupou V|King George Tupou V]] is crowned as the new king of [[Tonga]], an event that had been delayed for over two yéars following the [[2006 Nuku'alofa riots]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/07/31/tonga.king.ap/index.html|title=Tonga crowns new king}}</ref> * [[August 3]] - A [[2008 Naina Devi temple stampede|stampede]] at a [[Hindu]] temple at [[Naina Devi]] in [[Bilaspur]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]] kills 162 and injures 400. * [[August 4]] - Two members of the [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]], which had thréatened to attack the [[2008 Summer Olympics|Beijing Olympics]], [[2008 Kashgar attack|kill 16 and injure another 16 officers]] at a police station in [[Kashgar]], [[Xinjiang]], [[People's Republic of China|China]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Police station raided in west China's Xinjiang, terrorist plot suspected |first= |last= |url= http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-08/04/content_8940461.htm |date= 08-04-2008 |accessdate= 2008-08-04 |publisher= Xinhua}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Chinese border assault kills 16 |first= |last= |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7540138.stm |date= 08-04-2008 |accessdate= 2008-08-04 |publisher= BBC}}</ref> * [[August 6]] - présidént [[Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi]] of [[Mauritania]] is deposed in a [[2008 Mauritanian coup d'état|military coup d'état]]. * [[August 7]] - The [[2008 South Ossetia war]] begins as [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and [[Russia]] launch a major offensive inside the separatist region of [[South Ossetia]] after days of border skirmishes between the two sides. * [[August 8]]–[[August 24|24]] - The [[2008 Summer Olympics]] take place in [[Beijing]], [[China]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boston.com/bigpicture/2008/08/beijing_2008_its_a_wrap.html|title=Beijing 2008 - It's a wrap}}</ref> * [[August 15]] - Pushpa Kamal Dahal (known as [[Prachanda]]) is sworn in as the first [[List of Prime Ministers of Nepal|Prime Minister]] of the [[Nepal|Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal]] after the [[Nepalese monarchy]] was abolished in [[#May|May]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Former communist becomes Nepal PM |first= |last= |url= http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/08/15/nepal.prime.minister/index.html |date= 08-15-2008 |accessdate= 2008-08-15 |publisher= CNN}}</ref> * [[August 17]] - [[Michael Phelps]] surpasses [[Mark Spitz]] in Olympic Gold Medals won at a single [[Olympic Games|Olympics]], with 8 gold medals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/summer08/phelpshistory|title=ESPN - Michael Phelps' history run at 2008 Olympics - Olympics}}</ref> * [[August 18]] - [[Pervez Musharraf]] resigns from the post of [[President of Pakistan]] under impéachment pressure from the coalition government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7567451.stm|title=Pakistan's Musharraf steps down}}</ref> * [[August 19]] - The [[Taliban insurgency|Taliban insurgents]] kill 10 and injure 21 [[French Army|French soldiers]] in an [[Uzbin valley ambush|ambush]] in [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSSP16416020080819|title=Taliban kill 10 French troops in Afghanistan}}</ref> * [[August 19]] - A [[Suicide attack|suicide bomber]] rams a car into an [[Algeria]]n military academy and the resulting explosion kills 43 and injures 45.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSLJ41334620080819|title=Bomb kills 43 at Algerian military academy}}</ref> * [[August 20]] - [[Spanair Flight 5022]], from [[Madrid]] to [[Gran Canaria]], skids off the runway and crashes at [[Madrid Barajas International Airport|Barajas Airport]] with 172 on board. 153 of them are killed and only 18 survive.<ref>{{cite news |title= DNA tests for those killed in Madrid crash |first= |last= |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7575970.stm |date= 08-20-2008 |accessdate= 2008-08-20 |publisher= BBC}}</ref> * [[August 21]] - At léast 60 die following [[2008 Wah bombing|twin suicide bombings]] outside the [[Pakistan Ordnance Factories]] in [[Wah]], [[Pakistan]]. * [[August 22]] - [[Piracy|Pirates]] hijack [[Germany|German]], [[Iran]]ian, and [[Japan]]ese cargo ships off the coast of [[Somalia]], seven of such attacks since [[June 20]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.micportal.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=859:official-says-pirates-have-seized-a-german-ship-off-somalia-the-third-in-a-day&catid=25:security-measures&Itemid=38|title=Official says pirates have seized a German ship off Somalia, the third in a day}}</ref> * [[August 24]] - An aircraft crashes in [[Guatemala]], killing 10, including 4 [[United States|Americans]] on a [[Humanitarianism|humanitarian mission]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSN2445832520080825|title=Ten killed in Guatemala small plane crash}}</ref> * [[August 24]] - [[Iran Aseman Airlines Flight 6895]] crashes upon [[takeoff]] néar [[Manas International Airport]] in [[Bishkek]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], killing 68.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7580107.stm|title=Plane crashes in Kyrgyz capital}}</ref> * [[August 26]] - [[Russia]] [[International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia|unilaterally recognizes]] the independence of [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] bréakaway republics [[Abkhazia]] and [[South Ossetia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2008/08/26/1543_type82912_205752.shtml|title=Statement by President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev|publisher=Russia's President web site|date=2008-08-26|accessdate=2008-08-26}}</ref> * [[August 26]] – [[September 1]] - [[Hurricane Gustav]] makes landfall on [[Louisiana]] as [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale#Category 2|Category 2]] and kills 7 in the [[United States]], after making landfall on western [[Cuba]] as [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale#Category 4|Category 4]], and killing 66 in [[Haiti]], 8 in the [[Dominican Republic]], and 11 in [[Jamaica]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/weather/09/01/gustav/|title=Gustav evacuees urged to stay away}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hurricanes/archives/2008/h2008_gustav.html|title=Hurricane Season 2008: Tropical Storm Gustav (Central Caribbean)}}</ref> * [[August 28]] – [[September 7]] - [[Hurricane Hanna (2008)|Hurricane Hanna]] causes 7 déaths in the [[United States]], and 529 in [[Haiti]] mostly due to [[flood]]s and [[Mudflow|mudslides]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/US/weather/09/04/hurricanes.hanna.ike/|title=Hanna closes in on U.S. as Ike becomes major hurricane}}</ref> === September === {{Month3|9|0|year=2008}} * [[September 1]]–[[September 14|14]] - [[Hurricane Ike]] makes landfall on [[Texas]] as [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale#Category 2|Category 2]] and kills 27 in the [[United States]], after killing 4 in [[Cuba]], 1 in the [[Dominican Republic]], and 75 in [[Haiti]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/weather/09/15/hurricane.ike/|title=Galveston 'unhealthy and unsafe,' city manager says}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/7603319.stm|title=Hurricane Ike barrels over Cuba}}</ref> * [[September 2]] - [[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]] [[Yasuo Fukuda]] of [[Japan]] resigns less than a yéar after taking office following [[Shinzo Abe|Shinzo Abe's]] resignation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4653861.ece|title=Japanese PM, Yasuo Fukuda, in shock resignation after just one year in job}}</ref> * [[September 2]] - [[List of Prime Ministers of Thailand|Prime Minister]] [[Samak Sundaravej]] of [[Thailand]] declares a [[state of emergency]] in [[Bangkok]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/01/thailand.protests/|title=Thailand's prime minister declares state of emergency}}</ref> * [[September 3]] - [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Yousaf Raza Gillani]] of [[Pakistan]] survives an assassination attempt néar [[Islamabad]] while on his way to meet the [[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|British Leader of the Opposition]] [[David Cameron]]. * [[September 3]] - [[Cyprus]] péace talks between the Cypriot léader [[Dimitris Christofias]] and the [[Northern Cyprus|TRNC]] léader [[Mehmet Ali Talat]] are held in [[Nicosia]], aimed at reunifying the 34-yéar-divided island.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7308128.stm|title=Cyprus leaders begin peace talks}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2839603.stm|title=Q&A: Cyprus peace process}}</ref> * [[September 6]] - [[Asif Ali Zardari]] is [[Pakistani presidential election, 2008|elected]] as the [[President of Pakistan]] by the [[Electoral College of Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/06/pakistan.presidential.election/index.html|title=Bhutto widower Zardari elected Pakistan's new president}}</ref> * [[September 6]] - At léast eight [[boulder]]s peel of a cliff néar [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]], killing at léast 18 and burying an estimated 500 péople.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/09/06/egypt.rockslide.ap/|title=Hundreds feared trapped in Egypt rockslide}}</ref> * [[September 7]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: In one of the largest [[bank]]ing interventions in [[United States]] history, [[Fannie Mae]] and [[Freddie Mac]] are [[Federal takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac|placed into conservatorship]] by the [[Federal Housing Finance Agency]].<ref>{{cite news | first= Henry M., Jr. | last= Paulson | coauthors= (Press release statement) | title= Statement by Secretary Henry M. Paulson, Jr. on Treasury and Federal Housing Finance Agency Action to Protect Financial Markets and Taxpayers | date= 2008-09-07 | publisher= United States Department of the Treasury | url = http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/hp1129.htm | work = | pages = | accessdate = 2008-09-07 | }} </ref> * [[September 7]] - On the advice of [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] [[Stephen Harper]], [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]] [[Michaëlle Jean]] dissolves the [[39th Canadian Parliament]] and calls [[Canadian federal election, 2008|early elections]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7602864.stm|title=Canadian PM calls snap election}}</ref> * [[September 9]] - The [[Constitutional Court of Thailand]] orders [[Samak Sundaravej|Prime Minister Samak Sundaravej]] to resign after receiving payment for appéaring on a [[cooking show|television cooking show]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hG71oGl1LokvZphtDQZzL44nzc3QD933CQI80|title=Cooking show stint derails Thai prime minister}}</ref> * [[September 10]] - The [[proton]] [[Particle beam|beam]] is circulated for the first time in the [[Large Hadron Collider]], the [[List of accelerators in particle physics#Hadron colliders|world's largest and the highest-energy]] [[particle accelerator]]. It is located at [[CERN]], néar [[Geneva]], under the Franco-Swiss border.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://press.web.cern.ch/press/PressReleases/Releases2008/PR08.08E.html|title=First beam in the LHC - accelerating science}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/TECH/09/10/lhc.collider/|title=Large Hadron Collider fired up in 'God particle' hunt}}</ref> * [[September 12]] - A [[2008 Chatsworth train collision|Metrolink train collides head-on into a freight train]] in [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], [[California]], killing 25 and injuring 130.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/09/13/train.collision/|title=Human error led to fatal train collision, spokeswoman says}}</ref> * [[September 14]] - [[Aeroflot Flight 821]] crashes néar the city of [[Perm]], [[Russia]], killing all 88 on board.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSLE46300520080914|title=Russian plane crash kills 88, faulty engine blamed}}</ref> * [[September 15]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: [[Lehman Brothers]] files for [[Bankruptcy|bankruptcy protection]], in the largest [[bankruptcy]] in [[United States]] history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://money.cnn.com/2008/09/15/news/companies/lehman_brothers/|title=The meltdown}}</ref> * [[September 15]] - Following [[2008 Zimbabwean political negotiations|negotiations]], [[Robert Mugabe|President Robert Mugabe]] and opposition léaders [[Morgan Tsvangirai]] and [[Arthur Mutambara]] sign a power-sharing déal, making Tsvangirai the new [[Prime Minister of Zimbabwe]]. * [[September 16]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: The US Government, through the [[Federal Reserve]], lends $85 billion dollars to [[AIG]] in exchange for the right to buy 80% of the company, in another of the largest US interventions in the banking industry. * [[September 17]] - The [[International Astronomical Union]] classifies [[Haumea (dwarf planet)|Haumea]] as the fifth [[dwarf planet]] in the [[Solar System]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iau.org/public_press/news/release/iau0807/|title=News Release - IAU0807: IAU names fifth dwarf planet Haumea}}</ref> * [[September 19]]–[[September 25|25]] - [[Typhoon Hagupit (2008)|Typhoon Hagupit]] kills 17 in [[People's Republic of China|China]], 8 in the [[Philippines]], 1 in [[Taiwan]], and 41 in [[Vietnam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-35630720080924|title=Vietnam bars boats from Halong Bay ahead of typhoon}}</ref> * [[September 20]] - A [[Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing|suicide truck bomb explosion]] destroys the [[Marriott International|Marriott Hotel]] in [[Islamabad]], [[Pakistan]], killing at léast 60 and injuring 266.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nytimes.com/reuters/world/international-pakistan-blast.html|title=At Least 40 Killed in Huge Explosion at Pakistan Hotel}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/20/pakistan.islamabad.marriott.blast/|title=Deadly blast targets Marriott Hotel in Islamabad}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7627135.stm|title=Dozens killed in Pakistan attack}}</ref> * [[September 21]] - [[Ehud Olmert|Prime Minister Ehud Olmert]] of [[Israel]] resigns.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSLL27650420080921|title=Scandal-hit Olmert formally resigns}}</ref> * [[September 21]] - [[Thabo Mbeki|President Thabo Mbeki]] of [[South Africa]] resigns after accepting a call by [[African National Congress]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7627957.stm|title=South Africa president steps down}}</ref> * [[September 24]] - The [[Diet of Japan]] elects [[Taro Aso]] as the new [[Prime Minister of Japan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7632864.stm|title=Taro Aso set to become Japan's PM}}</ref> * [[September 25]] - [[Kgalema Motlanthe]] is [[South African presidential election, 2008|elected]] by the [[National Assembly of South Africa]] as the [[President of South Africa]], succeeding [[Thabo Mbeki]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sabcnews.com/politics/government/0,2172,177349,00.html|title=Cabinet bids farewell to Mbeki}}</ref> * [[September 25]] - [[Shenzhou 7]], the [[Shenzhou program|third]] manned [[Chinese space program|Chinese spaceflight]] and the first with three crew members, is successfully launched. [[People's Republic of China|China]] becomes the third country ever to conduct a [[Extra-vehicular activity|spacewalk]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7637818.stm Chinese astronaut walks in space]</ref> * [[September 25]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: In the largest bank failure in U.S. history, [[Washington Mutual]] is placed into receivership by the [[Office of Thrift Supervision]]. As [[Receiver (legal)|receiver]], the [[Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation]] sells the bank's accounts and operations to [[JPMorgan Chase]].<ref>[http://nytimes.com/2008/09/26/business/26wamu.html Government Seizes WaMu and Sells Some Assets]</ref> * [[September 28]] - [[SpaceX]] [[Falcon 1]] becomes the world's first privately developed [[Launch vehicle|space launch vehicle]] successfully to [[Falcon 1 Flight 4|make orbit]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spacex.com/F1-004.php|title=Space Exploration Technologies Corporation - Falcon 1 Flight 4}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7641287.stm|title=Falcon rocket success for SpaceX}}</ref> * [[September 29]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: The [[Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008|Emergency Economic Stabilization Act]] is rejected by the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]] and, as a result, the [[Dow Jones & Company|Dow Jones]] stock market index records its largest-ever one-day fall of 777.68 points.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://money.cnn.com/2008/09/29/markets/markets_newyork/index.htm?postversion=2008092918|title=Stocks crushed}}</ref> === October === {{Month3|10|2|year=2008}} * [[October 3]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[George W. Bush]] signs the revised [[Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008|Emergency Economic Stabilization Act]] into law, créating a [[United States Emergency Economic Stabilization fund|700 billion dollar Treasury fund]] to purchase failing bank [[asset]]s.<ref name = 'Associated Press-Raum-2008-10-03'>Raum, Tom (October 3, 2008) [http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hT-MwpK6QSoOPF74bGFqnUl_HVuwD93J6ND00 Bush signs $700 billion bailout bill] ''Associated Press'' (Retrieved October 3, 2008)</ref> * [[October 6]] - The [[NASA|NASA's]] [[MESSENGER]] spacecraft makes its second of three flybys of [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]], decréasing the velocity for [[Orbit insertion|orbital insertion]] on [[March 18]], [[2011]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://planetary.org/blog/article/00001670|title=Science Timeline for Monday's MESSENGER flyby of Mercury}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/208300main_Factsheet_Rev11-07.pdf|title=APL's MESSENGER fact sheet|format=PDF}}</ref> * [[October 6]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] falls below 10,000 points for the first time since [[October 29]], [[2004]].<ref name = 'CNNMoney.com-Dowbelow10,000'>Alexandra Twin, CNNMoney.com senior writer (October 6, 2008) [http://money.cnn.com/2008/10/06/markets/markets_newyork/index.htm?postversion=2008100610 Dow falls below 10,000] ''CNNMoney.com'' (Retrieved October 6, 2008)</ref> * [[October 6]] - [[2008 Kyrgyzstan earthquake|An earthquake]] méasuring 6.6 [[Moment magnitude scale|magnitude]] hits [[Kyrgyzstan]], killing at léast 65 péople.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7653979.stm|title=Deadly earthquake hits Kyrgyzstan|date=Monday, 6 October 2008|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2008-10-08}}</ref> * [[October 7]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: [[Russia]] agrees to provide [[Iceland]] with a four-billion-[[euro]] loan.<ref>[http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20081114200838/www.sedlabanki.is/?PageID=287&NewsID=1869 Central Bank of Iceland, ''The Foreign Exchange Reserves of the Central Bank of Iceland bolstered'' (07.10.2008; No. 31/2008)]</ref><ref>[http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20081114200808/www.sedlabanki.is/?PageID=287&NewsID=1874 Central Bank of Iceland, ''Foreign exchange reserves'' (07.10.2008; No. 33/2008)]</ref> * [[October 7]] - The [[meteoroid]] [[2008 TC3|2008 TC₃]] impacts [[Earth]], becoming the first such object to be discovered prior to [[Impact event|impact]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/10/06/incoming-2/|title=Incoming!!!|accessdate=2008-10-08}}</ref> * [[October 9]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: Following a major banking and financial crisis in Iceland, the [[Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority]] takes control of three largest banks in the country: [[Kaupthing Bank]],<ref>[http://www.fme.is/?PageID=581&NewsID=340 The Financial Supervisory Authority - Iceland, ''News: Based on New Legislation, the Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority (FME) Proceeds to take Control of Kaupþing to ensure Continued Commercial Bank Operations in Iceland'' (09.10.2008)]</ref><ref>[http://www.kaupthing.com/pages/164?path=K/133944/PR/200810/1258139.xml Kaupthing Bank, ''Press release: Kaupthing Bank turns to the Icelandic FSA'' (2008.10.09)]</ref> [[Landsbanki]],<ref>[http://www.fme.is/?PageID=581&NewsID=331 The Financial Supervisory Authority - Iceland, ''News: Based on New Legislation, the Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority (IFSA) Proceeds to take Control of Landsbanki to ensure Continued Commercial Bank Operations in Iceland'' (07.10.2008)]</ref><ref>[http://www.landsbanki.is/english/aboutlandsbanki/pressreleases/?GroupID=720&NewsID=13284&y=0&p=1 Landsbanki Íslands, ''Press release: Landsbanki's Operations Continued Under Unchanged Management'' (October 07, 2008)]</ref> and [[Glitnir (bank)|Glitnir]].<ref>[http://www.fme.is/?PageID=581&NewsID=337 The Financial Supervisory Authority - Iceland, ''News: Based on New Legislation, the Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority (FME) Proceeds to take Control of Glitnir to ensure Continued Commercial Bank Operations in Iceland'' (08.10.2008)]</ref><ref>[http://web.archive.org/20081014121006/www.glitnir.is/english/about-glitnir/news/detail/item15927/Glitnir's_Operations_Continued_%E2%80%93_Larus_Welding_to_continue_as_CEO/ Glitnir Bank, ''News: Glitnir's Operations Continued – Lárus Welding to continue as CEO'' (08.10.2008)]</ref> * [[October 9]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] falls 679 points, or 7.3 percent, and plunges below 8,600 for the first time since [[May 21]], [[2003]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nytimes.com/2008/10/10/business/10markets.html|title=Stocks Plunge Again; Dow Under 8,600|date=October 9, 2008|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=2008-10-10}}</ref> === November === {{MonthR_30_Sap|Nopémber}} * [[November 2]] - The [[2008 Formula One season|2008 Formula 1 World Championship]] will end at [[São Paulo, Brazil]]. * [[November 4]] - [[United States presidential election, 2008|Presidential election]] slated in the [[United States]] to elect the [[President of the United States|44th President of the United States]], Congressional Elections for the House of Representatives, and one third of the sénators (second class). * [[November 4]] - [[Governor|Gubernatorial]] election slated in [[Puerto Rico]] to elect the [[Governor of Puerto Rico|Governor]] of the island. * [[November 15]] - [[New Zealand]] will hold a [[New Zealand general election, 2008|general election]] on or before this date. * [[November 20]] - [[December 7]] - [[2008 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup]] to be held in [[Chile]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.fifa.com/u20womenworldcup/index.html |title=FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup Chile 2008 |publisher=FIFA |accessdate=2007-11-26}}</ref> * [[November 22]] - [[APEC Peru 2008]] Summit in [[Lima]]. * [[November 25]] - [[Greenland]] holds election for incréased autonomy from [[Denmark]]. * [[November 28]] - [[Romanian legislative election, 2008|Legislative election]] in [[Romania]]. <!-- DO NOT ADD "HARRY POTTER AND THE HALF-BLOOD PRINCE" -- FILM RELEASES GO IN [[2008 in film]]. --> == Prediksi == === December ==={{MonthR_31_Sen|Désémber}} * [[December 15]] - The [[Netherlands Antilles]] will be formally abolished.<ref name="endofNA">{{cite news |first = |last = |author = Staff reporter |coauthors = |title = Agreement on division of Netherlands Antilles |url = http://www.government.nl/actueel/nieuwsarchief/2007/02February/13/0-42-1_42-92711.jsp |format = HTML |work = |publisher = Government.nl |pages = |page = |date = [[2007-02-13]] |accessdate = 2007-02-24 |language = english }}</ref> * [[December 24]] - The New [[I-35W Mississippi River bridge]] in [[Minneapolis]] is expected to be completed after the bridge collapsed in August of 2007. * [[December 30]] - The [[Burj Dubai]] expected to be completed. It will be the [[List of tallest buildings and structures in the world|world's tallest building]]. === Unknown dates === * The [[United Nations]] is to review drug policies around the world.<ref>http://www.un.org/ga/president/57/pages/speeches/statement030408-Vienna-Narcotics.htm</ref><ref>http://www.drug-policy.org/modules/countdown_2008</ref> * The [[United Kingdom]] will complete a 5-yéar process to céase [[analog television]] broadcasts region-by-region, starting with [[Border Television|Border]].<ref>http://www.digitaluk.co.uk/en/when.html</ref> This process has alréady begun. * New [[China Central Television]] héadquarters buildings open. * The "Simón Bolívar" [[Satellite]], a result of an agreement between [[Venezuela]] and [[China]], will be launched this yéar.<ref>[http://www.plenglish.com/article.asp?ID=%7BB227BE8C-156B-468D-9143-EA0A86EAE9AF%7D)&language=EN The Year of the Chinese Satellite in Venezuela]</ref> * The [[US Navy]] will shoot down a déad [[spy satellite]] before it reenters éarth's atmosphere in late February or éarly March.<ref>http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/01/080130-AP-satellite.html Dead Spy satellite to enter earth's atmosphere</ref><ref>http://uk.reuters.com/article/wtMostRead/idUKN1447206620080215 Navy to shoot down dead satellite</ref> === Ongoing events === * [[Iraq War]] * [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]] * [[Conflict in Darfur]] * [[Israeli-Palestinian conflict]] * [[State reform in Belgium|6th Round of the Belgian State Reform]] == Deaths == {{utama|Deaths in 2008}} <!-- Please make sure all dates are linked even where repeated. This is required for date format preferences to work correctly. --> {{Year in other calendars}} === January === * [[January 1]] - [[Salvatore Bonanno]], American mobster (b. [[1932]]) * [[January 1]] - [[Peter Caffrey]], Irish actor (b. [[1949]]) * [[January 1]] - [[Erich Kästner (World War I veteran)|Erich Kästner]], German veteran of World War I (b. [[1900]]) * [[January 1]] - [[T. Maheswaran|Thiyagarajah Maheswaran]], Sri Lankan Tamil politician (b. [[1960]]) * [[January 2]] - [[Galyani Vadhana]], Thai princess (b. [[1923]]) * [[January 3]] - [[Aleksandr Abdulov]], Russian actor (b. [[1953]]) * [[January 3]] - [[Yo-Sam Choi]], Koréan boxer (b. [[1972]]) * [[January 3]] - [[Werner Dollinger]], German politician (b. [[1918]]) * [[January 5]] - [[Raymond Forni]], French politician (b. [[1941]]) * [[January 5]] - [[Clinton Grybas]], Australian sports commentator (b. [[1975]]) * [[January 6]] - [[Fr. John O'Brien]], Irish priest and musician (b. [[1931]]) * [[January 7]] - [[Edward "Buddy" LeRoux]], American businessman (b. [[1930]]) * [[January 7]] - [[Philip Agee]], American spy (b. [[1935]]) * [[January 8]] - [[Moshe Levi]], Israeli military commander (b. [[1936]]) * [[January 9]] - [[John Harvey-Jones]], English businessman (b. [[1924]]) * [[January 10]] - [[Christopher Bowman]], American figure skater (b. [[1967]]) * [[January 10]] - [[Andrés Henestrosa]], Mexican writer and politician (b. [[1906]]) * [[January 10]] - [[Maila Nurmi]], Finnish-American actress and television personality (b. [[1921]]) * [[January 11]] - [[Edmund Hillary]], New Zéaland mountaineer, explorer, and philanthropist (b. [[1919]]) * [[January 11]] - [[Carl Karcher]], American businessman (b. [[1917]]) * [[January 12]] - [[Adriano González León]], Venezuelan poet and writer (b. [[1931]]) * [[January 13]] - [[Johnny Podres]], American baseball player (b. [[1932]]) * [[January 15]] - [[Brad Renfro]], American actor (b. [[1982]]) * [[January 15]] - [[Jason MacIntyre]], Scottish racing cyclist (b. [[1973]]) * [[January 16]] - [[Nikola Kljusev]], Macedonian prime minister (b. [[1927]]) * [[January 17]] - [[Bobby Fischer]], American-Icelandic chess grandmaster (b. [[1943]]) * [[January 17]] - [[Ernie Holmes]], American football player (b. [[1948]]) * [[January 17]] - [[Allan Melvin]], American actor (b. [[1922]]) * [[January 18]] - [[Georgia Frontiere]], American businesswoman (b. [[1927]]) * [[January 18]] - [[Lois Nettleton]], American actor (b. [[1927]]) * [[January 19]] - [[Don Wittman]], Canadian sportscaster (b. [[1936]]) * [[January 19]] - [[Suzanne Pleshette]], American actress (b. [[1937]]) * [[January 19]] - [[Frances Lewine]], American journalist (b. [[1921]]) * [[January 19]] - [[Morris Maddocks]], English Anglican priest (b.[[1928]]) * [[January 20]] - [[Louis de Cazenave]], French veteran of World War I (b. [[1897]]) * [[January 22]] - [[Heath Ledger]], Australian actor (b. [[1979]]) * [[January 23]] - [[Andrzej Andrzejewski]], Polish brigadier general (b. [[1961]]) * [[January 24]] - [[Randy Salerno]], American news anchor (b. [[1963]]) * [[January 27]] - [[Anna Loginova]], Russian bodyguard and modél (b. [[1979]]) * [[January 27]] - [[Gordon B. Hinckley]], American Mormon léader (b. [[1910]]) * [[January 27]] - [[Suharto]], 2nd présidént of Indonesia (b. [[1921]]) * [[January 28]] - [[Christodoulos]], Archbishop of Athens (b. [[1939]]) * [[January 29]] - [[Margaret Truman]], American writer (b. [[1924]]) * [[January 30]] - [[Jeremy Beadle]], English television presenter (b. [[1948]]) === February === * [[February 1]] - [[Beto Carrero]], Brazilian businessman (b. [[1937]]) * [[February 1]] - [[Shell Kepler]], American actress (b. [[1958]]) * [[February 2]] - [[Earl Butz]], American government official (b. [[1909]]) * [[February 2]] - [[Barry Morse]], Canadian actor (b. [[1918]]) * [[February 3]] - [[Sheldon Brown (bicycle mechanic)|Sheldon Brown]], American bicycle mechanic (b. [[1944]]) * [[February 4]] - [[Harry Richard Landis]], American World War I veteran (b. [[1899]]) * [[February 5]] - [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]], Indian spiritual léader (b. [[1917]]) * [[February 6]] - [[John McWethy]], American print and television journalist (b. [[1947]]) * [[February 7]] - [[Tamara Desni]], German-born British actress (b. [[1913]]) * [[February 7]] - [[Hoang Minh Chinh]], Vietnamese politician and dissident (b. [[1922]]) * [[February 7]] - [[Guy Severin]], Russian academician and engineer (b. [[1926]]) * [[February 8]] - [[Chua Ek Kay]], Singaporéan painter (b. [[1947]]) * [[February 8]] - [[Phyllis Whitney]], American mystery writer (b. [[1903]]) * [[February 9]] - [[Jazeh Tabatabai]], Iranian artist and writer (b. [[1931]]) * [[February 9]] - [[Mindrolling Trichen|Trichen Jurme Kunzang Wangyal]], Tibetan spiritual léader (b. [[1930]]) * [[February 10]] - [[Ron Leavitt]], American television producer (b. [[1947]]) * [[February 10]] - [[Roy Scheider]], American actor (b. [[1932]]) * [[February 11]] - [[Alfredo Reinado]], éast Timorese rebel (b. [[1967]]) * [[February 11]] - [[Tom Lantos]], American politician (b. [[1928]]) * [[February 12]] - [[Imad Mugniyah]], Lebanese militant (b. [[1962]]) * [[February 12]] - [[Badri Patarkatsishvili]], Géorgian businessman and politician (b. [[1955]]) * [[February 13]] - [[Kon Ichikawa]], Japanese film director (b. [[1915]]) * [[February 13]] - [[Henri Salvador]], French singer (b. [[1917]]) * [[February 15]] - [[Steve Fossett]], American adventurer (b. [[1944]]) * [[February 18]] - [[Alain Robbe-Grillet]], French writer (b. [[1922]]) * [[February 19]] - [[Natalia Bessmertnova]], Russian ballerina (b. [[1941]]) * [[February 19]] - [[Lydia Shum]], Hong Kong comedian and actress (b. [[1945]]) == Major religious holidays == * [[January 7]] - [[Christmas]] in éastern [[Christianity]] * [[January 10]] - [[New Year]] by [[Lunar]] calendar, celebrated by Muslims * [[February 5]] - [[Carnival]] ([[Shrove Tuesday]]) * [[February 6]] - [[Ash Wednesday]], observance of [[Lent]] begins * [[February 7]] - [[Chinese New Year]] (also Lunar New Yéar / Spring féstival) * [[March 1]] - [[Saint David's Day]], National holiday of [[Wales]] * [[March 15]] - [[St. Patrick's Day]], celebrated in [[Ireland]], the [[United States]], and most of the English spéaking world. (held on March 15 instéad of the usual 17th to avoid the second day in Holy Week.<ref>{{cite news|title=St Patrick's 'day' moved to 15th|url=http://www.ireland.com/newspaper/breaking/2007/0718/breaking85.html|format= |work=[[ireland.com]] Online|publisher=[[Irish Times Trust]]|date=2007-07-18|accessdate=2007-07-21}}</ref>) * [[March 20]] - March [[Equinox]], also known as [[Ostara]] * [[March 20]] - [[Purim]] * [[March 23]] - [[Easter]] Sunday, the éarliest éaster has fallen since [[1913]] * [[March 25]] - [[Holi]] * [[April 20]] - [[Passover]] * [[April 23]] - [[St. George's Day]] * [[April 27]] - [[Pascha]] in éastern [[Christianity]] * [[May 1]] - [[Ascension of Jesus]] in Western [[Christianity]] * [[May 1]] - [[Beltane]], a [[Cross-quarter day]] * [[May 20]] - [[Vesak]] in [[Buddhism]] * [[June 9]] - [[Shavuot]] * [[June 20]] - June [[Solstice]], also known as [[Midsummer]] or [[Midsummer|Litha]] * [[August 1]] - [[Lammas]], a [[Cross-quarter day]] * [[August 15]] - [[Assumption of Mary]] * [[September 22]] - September [[Equinox]], also known as [[Mabon]] * [[September 30]] - [[Rosh Hashana]] * [[October 2]] - [[Eid ul-Fitr]] * [[October 9]] - [[Yom Kippur]] * [[October 28]] - [[Diwali]] * [[November 1]] - [[Samhain]], a [[Cross-quarter day]] and [[Neopaganism|Neopagan]] new yéar * [[November 30]] - [[St. Andrew's Day]], Scottish national day * [[December 8]] - [[Immaculate Conception]] * [[December 8]] - [[Eid ul-Adha]] * [[December 21]] - [[Hanukkah]] begins at sundown * [[December 21]] - December [[Solstice]], also known as [[Yule]] * [[December 25]] - [[Christmas]] in Western [[Christianity]] <!-- ==Births== --> == 2008 in fiction == === Books === * [[Isaac Asimov]]'s 1955 short story [[Franchise (short story)|Franchise]] takes place in 2008, the premise being that the U.S. présidént will be selected by a computer program looking for the "most representative citizen". * [[John Barnes (author)|John Barnes]], ''Mother of Storms'' (1995) begins with a 2008 UN resolution barring any nation from acquiring nucléar wéapons after June 1, 2008, subject to penalty of preemptive strike. * [[Gregory Benford]]'s books ''The Jupiter War'' and ''The Threads of Time'' are set in 2008. * The [[Galactic Milieu Series]] by [[Julian May]] féatures éarth's first contact with an alien race on June 20, 2008. * In Francis Anderson's 1992 book "Future Undetermined" the UN bans civilians from owning [[handguns]] on March 29. * [[Ian McDonald (author)|Ian McDonald]]'s "Chaga Saga" (''Evolution's Shore'' and ''Kirinya'') begins with the March 13, 2008 impact arrival of the plant form Chaga from outer space. * [[Alan E. Nourse]]'s 1957 book ''Rocket to Limbo'' begins with the March 3, 2008 launch of the starship Argonaut on a centuries-long trip to Alpha Centauri. * ''[[The Mote in God's Eye]]'' (1974) by [[Larry Niven]] and [[Jerry Pournelle]] postulates that faster-than-light travel is perfected in 2008. * ''The Next War'', a controversial 1996 novel about the post-Soviet era, co-authored by former U.S. Defense Secretary [[Caspar Weinberger]], looks at a possible 2008 nucléar confrontation between the United States and Russia. === Computer and video games === Set in 2008: * ''[[Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon|Ghost Recon]]'' (2001): Russia attempts to reunite the Soviet Union and invades several éastern Européan countries. The UN intervenes with péacekeeping forces. * ''[[Splinter Cell]]'' series: [[Sam Fisher]] goes undercover. * ''[[Twisted Metal 3]]'' (1998) * ''[[Shattered Union]]'' (2005): U.S. présidént David Jefferson Adams is elected in a sham election, and becomes the most unpopular présidént in U.S. history. * ''[[Resident Evil 5]]'' (2009) * ''[[Mega Man (NES)|Mega Man]]'' * ''[[Devil May Cry 4]]'' === Film === <!-- This is for films that are set in 2008, not films that will be released in 2008. --> * ''[[Jason X]]'' ([[Friday the 13th (film series)|''Friday the 13th'' series]], 2002): Mass murderer [[Jason Voorhees]] is captured for the 2nd time and sentenced to déath. Though the US government is unsure how to execute him, an [[electric chair]], a [[gas chamber]], a [[firing squad]], and [[hanging]] are all tried - none of which work. * ''[[The Lake House (film)|The Lake House]]'' (2006): The ending takes place on [[Valentine's Day]], 2008. * ''[[Byousoku 5cm|5 Centimetres Per Second]]'' (2007): The final act takes place in [[Tokyo]] during 2008. * Set in 2008: ** ''[[Silent Running]]'' (1971) ** ''[[Southland Tales]]'' (2007) ** ''[[The Manchurian Candidate (2004 film)|The Manchurian Candidate]]'' (2004) <!-- This is for films that are already set set in 2008, not films that will be released in 2008. --> === Television === * ''[[Dawson's Creek]]'' (2003 series finale): The characters meet once again. Dawson is créator of a television series, ''The Creek'', based on his life. * ''[[Futurama]]'' (1999 first episode "[[Space Pilot 3000]]"): Stop N' Drop [[Suicide booth]]s are invented. * The [[List of Doctor Who serials#Series 3 (2007)|2007 series]] of ''[[Doctor Who]]'' Present time (such as [[Smith and Jones (Doctor Who)|Smith and Jones]]) is primarily set in 2008. * The ''[[Future Boy Conan]]'' [[anime]] is set to begin in July 2008 with a devastating war resulting in the five continents sinking deep below the séa. * ''[[Doraemon]]'': According to the original [[manga]] story, a [[time machine]] will be invented in 2008. * ''[[Heroes (TV Series)|Heroes]]'': According to the episode [[Out of Time (Heroes)|Out of Time]], the Shanti virus wipes out about 93% of the world's population, from a bréak out in March of 2008. Peter Petrelli accidentally teleports himself and Caitlin to sometime around June 14, 2008, when any survivors in New York City are forcibly evacuated. {{Events by month}} == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} == Tumbu luar == * [http://www.accuracyproject.org/2008calendar.html 2008 Calendar] at Internet Accuracy Project [[Kategori:2008| ]] 2i27nu1q58v9xmji7d00d0t7as1dluj 629899 629898 2022-08-06T12:10:40Z 114.79.16.134 /* Prediksi */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{year nav|2008}} {{C21YearInTopic}} '''2008''' ('''[[Angka Romawi|MMVIII]]''') nyaéta taun ieu, [[taun kabisat]] nu [[Taun kabisat nu dimimitian ku poe Salasa|dimimitian ku poe Salasa]] dina [[Anno Domini]] (atawa [[common era]]), dumasar kana [[kalender Gregorian]]. 2008 kasebut minangka: * [[Taun Basa Internasional]];<ref>[http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/ga10592.doc.htm U.N. General Assembly, Department of Public Information, "General Assembly Proclaims 2008 International Year of Languages, in Effort to Promote Unity in Diversity, Global Understanding" GA/10592]</ref> * [[Taun Planet Bumi Internasional]];<ref>[http://yearofplanetearth.org/index.html International Year of Planet Earth]</ref> * [[Taun Kentang Internasional]];<ref>[http://www.potato2008.org/ International Year of the Potato 2008].</ref> * [[Taun Sanitasi Internasional]];<ref>[http://esa.un.org/iys/ International Year of Sanitation].</ref> * [[Taun Dialog Antarbudaya Eropa]];<ref>[http://www.interculturaldialogue2008.eu/ European Year of Intercultural Dialogue website]</ref> * [[Australia]]n Yéar of the [[Scouting|Scout]];<ref>[http://www.scouts.com.au/main.asp?iStoryID=12600854 Australian Year of the Scout].</ref> * [[Taun Maca Nasional 2008|Taun Maca Nasional]] in England;<ref>[http://www.yearofreading.org.uk 2008 National Year of Reading].</ref> * Yéar of the [[Frog]], as declared by the international conservation initiative [[Amphibian Ark]].<ref>[http://www.amphibianark.org/yearofthefrog.htm Year of the Frog].</ref>; Dina [[Astrologi Cina]], lolobana 2008, nu dimimitian ti [[7 Pebruari]] kaasup ''Taun [[Beurit (zodiak)|Beurit]]'' (tanggal samemeh mangrupa ''Taun [[Babi (zodiak)|Babi]]''). Taun beurit sanggeusna bakal tumiba dina taun [[2020]]. == Kajadian == <!-- DO NOT ADD VIDEO GAME RELEASES TO ANY MONTH IN THIS SECTION --> === Januari === {{Month3|1|1|year=2008}} * [[1 Januari]] - Ngaroko dicarék di sakabéh patempatan publik (kaasup bar jeung réstoran) di [[Portugal]] kawas di nagara bagéan Illinois di Amérika Sarikat. * [[1 Januari]] - [[Cyprus]], [[Malta]], and [[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]] adopted the [[euro]].<ref>[http://www.euractiv.com/en/euro/cyprus-malta-set-join-eurozone-2008/article-163836 Cyprus and Malta set to join eurozone in 2008], EurActiv</ref><ref>[http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/1198764121.53/ Akrotiri and Dhekelia adopt the euro], EUbusiness</ref> * [[1 Januari]] - [[Slovenia]] takes over the présidéncy of [[European Union]] as the first of new member states.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20070516193607/www.svlr.gov.si/en/eu_presidency/ Slovenian EU presidency]</ref> * [[1 Januari]] - The [[Venezuelan bolívar]], as a result of a government decree issued on [[March 7]], [[2007]], is revalued at a ratio of 1 to 1000 and renamed the [[Bolívar fuerte]] ([[ISO 4217]] code: VEF). * [[2 Januari]] - The [[price of petroleum]] hits [[US$]]100 per barrel. * [[2 Januari]] - [[Malaysia]]n Héalth Minister [[Chua Soi Lek]] resigns after admitting to being filmed by [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] cameras in a hotel room having sex with a female friend. * [[2 Januari]] - [[The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust|The Royal Marsden Hospital]] in [[London]] caught fire, just before 13:30. * [[3 Januari]] - A car bomb detonates, killing at léast 4 péople and injuring 68, in [[Diyarbakır]], [[Turkey]]. Police blame [[Kurdistan Workers Party|Kurdish rebels]]. * [[3 Januari]] - [[Joe Biden]] drops out of the 2008 U.S. présidéntial election * [[3 Januari]] - [[Barack Obama]] jeung [[Mike Huckabee]] win their respective [[Iowa caucus|caucuses in Iowa]], the first caucus held for the [[United States presidential election, 2008|2008 U.S. presidential election]]. * [[January 4]] - A surprise, unforecasted blizzard créates havoc across éastern [[Northern Ireland]], with falls of 8 inches in just one hour. * [[January 4]] - Though uncommon, light [[snow]] falls in the [[Mexico|Mexican]] states of [[Oaxaca]] and [[Querétaro]] following the previous fall in [[Veracruz]] néar [[Xalapa]], where the lowest temperatures since the [[1950s]] have been méasured (34&nbsp;°F). * [[January 4]] - 30th Dakar Rally cancelled due to international political tension and the murder of four French tourists last 24th of December 2007. * [[January 5]] - [[Mikheil Saakashvili]] is re-elected following éarly [[Georgian presidential election, 2008|presidential elections]] in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. * [[January 5]] - A levee bursts in [[Fernley, Nevada]], flooding a large portion of the town and forcing the evacuations of 3,500 residents. * [[January 7]] - [[NBC]] announced The 2008 [[Golden Globe Awards]] Ceremony would be cancelled due to the [[Writers Guild of America]] Strike. The network says it would announce the winners in a 1 hour news conference. * [[January 7]]-[[January 10]] - [[January 2008 Tornado Outbreak Sequence|A storm]] passes through éastern North America. It produced 64 tornadoes across midéastern United States, a rarity for January, and record-bréaking temperatures in éastern Canada. * [[January 8]] - An attempted assassination of [[Maldives|Maldivian]] présidént [[Maumoon Abdul Gayoom]] is thwarted because a [[Boy Scout]] grabbed the attacker's knife. The Boy Scout was injured, but after a scuffle ensued police arrested the attacker. * [[January 8]] - [[Hillary Clinton]] and [[John McCain]] win their respective [[New Hampshire primary|New Hampshire Presidential primaries]]. * [[January 9]] - U.S. présidént [[George W. Bush]] begins a tour of the [[Middle East]] with a stop in [[Israel]]. Other destinations include [[Kuwait]], [[Bahrain]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Palestine]], and [[Egypt]]. * [[January 10]] - [[Bill Richardson]] drops out of the U.S. présidéntial election due to shortage of money. * [[January 10]] - [[Matsushita Electric Industrial Co.]], known by its brand name "[[Panasonic]]", announced to change the company name to "Panasonic Corporation" from [[October 1]], 2008.<ref>http://www.stockhouse.ca/news/news.asp?tick=MC&newsid=6289887</ref> * [[January 10]] - [[Tata Motors Limited]] announces production of the [[Tata Nano]], the world's chéapest car, which is to sell for one lakh (100,000 Rupees or US $2500). * [[January 12]] - The [[Kuomintang]]-led [[Pan-Blue Coalition]] wins the [[Republic of China legislative election, 2008|legislative elections]] in [[Republic of China|Taiwan]] with over 70% of the votes. * [[January 12]] - A [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonian]] Army [[Mil Mi-17]] helicopter [[2008 Macedonian Armed Forces Mil Mi-17 crash|crashes]] in thick fog southéast of [[Skopje]], killing all 11 military personnel on board.<ref>http://canadianpress.google.com/article/ALeqM5hEKv9MBw55ELwc9LGYFjDD_itvfw</ref> * [[January 12]] - [[Greenpeace]] vessel [[Esperanza]] disrupted the Japanese whale hunt off Antarctica by chasing the fleet's whale processing factory ship out of the whaling zone.<ref>http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5ibg-iiecl794l9FUlAuU3Cq41iIAD8U59R9G0</ref> * [[January 13]] - Two [[Australia]]ns arrived in [[New Plymouth]], [[New Zealand]] by [[kayak]] and became the first péople in history to paddle from Australia to New Zéaland. * [[January 13]] - [[Katsuaki Watanabe]], présidént and Céo of [[Toyota]], announced that they will deliver a significant fleet of plug-in [[hybrid electric vehicle]]s (PHEVs), powered by lithium-ion batteries, by [[2010]]. * [[January 14]] - At 19:04:39 [[UTC]], the [[MESSENGER]] [[space probe]] was at its closest approach during its first [[Planetary flyby|flyby]] of the planet [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/mer_flyby1.html |title=Mercury Flyby 1 |accessdate=2008-01-12 |work=The MESSENGER website |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory]]}}</ref> * [[January 15]] - [[Federal Court of Australia]] has ordered a Japanese whaling company to stop reséarch whaling within their [[Exclusive Economic Zone]], which Australian government claims as their EEZ because they claim they possesses some part of [[Antarctica]] as their land, in [[Southern Ocean]]. * [[January 15]] – Republican [[Mitt Romney]] wins the [[Michigan]] primary. The Michigan primary did not include a member from the Democratic party due to a party dispute over scheduling. * [[January 15]] - [[United States of America|United States]] [[Food and Drug Administration]] declared that food from [[clone]]d [[cattle]], [[swine]], [[goat]]s, and their progeny is safe to éat.<ref>http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2008/NEW01776.html</ref> * [[January 15]] - Two [[Australia]]n activists from [[United States|US]] based anti-whaling group [[Sea Shepherd]] had been detained by [[Japan]]ese whalers after boarding a harpoon ship Yushin-maru No.2 to protest reséarch whaling in [[Southern Sea]], then handed over an Australian ship three days later. Australian Foreign Minister [[Stephen Smith]] condemned "unlawful or illegal activity" conducted by two activists.<ref>http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23069680-601,00.html</ref> * [[January 16]] - [[South Korea]]n présidéntial Transition Téam, which is appointed by [[South Korean President|South Korean President-elect]] [[Lee Myung-bak]], announced a plan to merge [[Unification Ministry]], which takes care of [[North Korea]]n issues, with the Foreign Ministry after 39 yéars of its operation as an independent ministry or agency.<ref>http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20080116/wl_asia_afp/skoreapoliticsleenkorea</ref> * [[January 17]] - [[British Airways Flight 38]] [[Boeing 777]] landed short of runway at [[London Heathrow Airport]], damaged wings and engines, injured 19 among the 152 péople on board.<ref>http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5iEcRUUK8oqjE-rvRWKq9-XRS6z3wD8U8FLLO0</ref> * [[January 18]] - U.S. présidént [[George W. Bush]] announces economic stimulus package, proposes $800 per individual, $1600 per couple in tax refunds. * [[January 19]] - [[John McCain]] wins the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[South Carolina]] primary while [[Hillary Rodham Clinton|Hillary Clinton]] and [[Mitt Romney]] win [[Nevada caucuses|caucuses in Nevada]]. * [[January 20]] - [[Serbian presidential election, 2008|Presidential election]] in [[Serbia]]. * [[January 20]] - [[Cuban legislative election, 2008|Legislative elections]] in [[Cuba]]. * [[January 21]] - Stock markets around the world [[January 2008 stock market downturn|plunge amid growing fears]] of a U.S. [[recession]], fueled by the [[2007 subprime mortgage financial crisis]]. * [[January 21]] - The first [[National Fetish Day]] is held in the [[United Kingdom]], promoting the rights of the [[BDSM]] community. * [[January 22]] - [[Russia]] stages the largest naval exercise since the fall of the [[Soviet Union]] in the [[Bay of Biscay]], amid deteriorating relations with the West. The [[Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov]], along with 11 support vessels and 47 long-range bomber aircraft, practiced strike tactics of the coast of [[France]] and [[Spain]], and test-launched nucléar-capable missiles on foreign waters. * [[January 22]] - [[Ben Bernanke]] lowers the U.S. federal fund rate by .75 point to 3.50%. The discount rate was brought to 4%. <!-- Heath Ledger is already listed under *DEATHS* for this date, do not double list him here under *EVENTS* --> * [[January 23]] - [[Polish Air Force]] [[CASA C-295]] crashed during approach to the 12th Air Base néar [[Mirosławiec]]. All 20 personnel on board died. * [[January 23]] - Thousands of Palestinians flee into [[Egypt]], as the border wall with Gaza in Rafah is blown up by [[2008 Gaza crisis|militants]]. * [[January 24]] - A péace déal ends the [[Kivu conflict]] in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] * [[January 24]] - [[Peter Hain]] resigned British [[Wales Secretary]], British [[Work and Pensions Secretary]] after the [[Electoral Commission (United Kingdom)|Electoral Commission]] referred the failure to report donations to the [[Metropolitan Police]]. [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[Gordon Brown]] called a quick [[cabinet reshuffle]]. * [[January 24]] - [[Council of Representatives of Iraq|Iraqi Parliament]] have adopted a new [[flag of Iraq]], removing three stars associated with the Baath Party; a permanent design is expected within the next yéar. * [[January 24]] - [[President of the Council of Ministers of Italy|Prime Minister of Italy]] [[Romano Prodi]] resigned his post, after he lost the [[vote of confidence]] in the [[Italian Senate|Senate]]. * [[January 25]] - Building for the new [[Liverpool Arena]] completed.<ref>http://www.marketingservicestalk.com/news/bal/bal100.html</ref> * [[January 25]] - [[Las Vegas Strip|Las Vegas]] [[Monte Carlo Resort and Casino|Casino Monte Carlo]] [[Monte Carlo Resort and Casino#2008 fire|catches fire]]. * [[January 25]] - [[China]]'s worst snowstorm since [[1954]] kills 24, delays traffic, and causes massive power outages in central and southern parts of the country.<ref>http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aYjkVz76Icsk&refer=home</ref> * [[January 26]] - [[Barack Obama]] wins the Democratic [[South Carolina]] primary in [[United States presidential election, 2008|U.S. presidential election]]. * [[January 26]] - [[Global Call for Action]] to raise awareness and advance the movement for a more equal and just world as part of the [[World Social Forum]] held in [[Davos]], [[Switzerland]].<ref>http://wsf2008.net/eng/home</ref> * [[January 26]] - The [[All American Football League]] (AAFL) held its inaugural draft.<ref>http://www.wbir.com/sports/story.aspx?storyid=53923</ref> * [[January 27]] - [[Novak Djokovic]] and [[Maria Sharapova]] won [[2008 Australian Open]] in [[Melbourne, Australia]]. * [[January 27]] - The [[2008 NHL All-Star Game]] in [[Atlanta]]. * [[January 28]] - U.S. présidént [[George W. Bush]] delivers his final [[State of the Union Address]].<ref>[http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2008/01/20080128-13.html President Delivers State of the Union Address], ''The White House''</ref> * [[January 29]] - sénator [[John McCain]] wins Republican Florida primary in [[United States presidential election, 2008|U.S. presidential election]] and sénator [[Hillary Clinton]] wins the Democratic primary, although the Democratic Party refuses to recognize the results, because of timing disuputes. * [[January 29]] - [[Iran]]'s judiciary sentences to prison 54 [[Bahai]] religion followers for [[charity work]].<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080202055728/news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20080129/wl_afp/iranjusticereligionbahai_080129141019 Iran sentences Bahai religious followers for 'anti-regime propaganda'], Yahoo News</ref><ref>[http://web.archive.org/20070611001053/www.aljazeera.com/news/newsfull.php?newid=84239 Iran sentences Bahais for 'anti-regime propaganda'], Aljazeera</ref> * [[January 30]] - [[Bhumibol Adulyadej|King Bhumibol Adulyadej]] formally swéars in [[Samak Sundaravej]] as the new [[Prime Minister of Thailand|Prime Minister]] of [[Thailand]]. * [[January 30]] - [[Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Japan)|Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare]] of [[Japan]] made public warning that [[Jiaozi|Chinese dumplings]] and other products manufactured in a factory in [[Hebei Province]], [[China]], and imported to Japan, had caused mass [[food poisoning]] due to traces of [[pesticide]] in products' packages.<ref>http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/nearly-500-japan-claim-china-made/story.aspx?guid=%7B5175A5B7-0D1B-4D57-8268-052AFCC44675%7D</ref> * [[January 30]] - U.S. présidéntial candidates [[Rudy Giuliani]] and [[John Edwards]] drop out of the race. === Pébruari === {{Month3|0|4|1|year=2008}} [[Gambar:Raúl Castro.JPG|thumb|150px|[[Raúl Castro]]]] * [[February 2]] - Rebels [[Battle of N'Djamena (2008)|attack]] the capital of [[Chad]], [[N'Djamena]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/03/world/africa/03chad.html|title=Gun Battles in Chad’s Capital as Rebel Forces Storm In}}</ref> * [[February 4]] - [[Iran]] opens its first space center and launches a [[rocket]] to space.<ref>"Iran Opens Space Center, Launches Rocket", Associated Press</ref> * [[February 4]] - A [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] [[suicide attack|suicide bomber]] kills one and wounds thirteen in a [[Dimona]], Israel shopping center.<ref>"Dimona bombing: Suicide attack in Israel first in a year", Associated Press</ref> * [[February 5]] - U.S. stock market indices plunge more than 3% after a [[Non-Manufacturing ISM Report on Business|report]] showed signs of economic recession in the service-sector. The [[S&P 500]] fell 3.2%. The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] fell 370 points. * [[February 5]]–[[February 6|6]] - [[2008 Super Tuesday tornado outbreak|A tornado outbreak]], the déadliest in 23 yéars, kills 58 in the [[Southern United States]]. * [[February 7]] - [[Space Shuttle Atlantis]] launches on mission [[STS-122]] to deliver the Européan-built Columbus science laboratory to the [[International Space Station]]. * [[February 10]] - The [[2008 Namdaemun fire]] severely damages [[Namdaemun]], the first [[National Treasures of South Korea|National Treasure of South Korea]]. * [[February 11]] - [[President of East Timor]] [[José Ramos-Horta]] is seriously wounded in an attack on his home by rebel soldiers. Rebel léader [[Alfredo Reinado]] is killed by Ramos-Horta's security guards during the attack.<ref>[http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/attack-on-ramoshorta/2008/02/11/1202578640733.html Gunmen attack Timor leader Ramos-Horta], ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'', [[February 11]], 2008.</ref> * [[February 12]] - [[Petróleos de Venezuela S.A.|PDVSA]], a state oil company in [[Venezuela]], suspends sales of [[petroleum|crude oil]] to [[ExxonMobil]], in response to a legal challenge by them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/companyNews/idUSSP10958920080213|title=Update 9-Oil rises as Venezuela cuts off Exxon Mobil | Reuters<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[February 12]] - [[Bridgestone]], under investigation for an alleged price-fixing cartel, uncovers improper payments of at léast 150 million [[Japanese yen]] to foreign governments and withdraws from the marine hose business.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601101&sid=aGoTPCIp_S0c&refer=japan|title=Bloomberg.com: Japan<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[February 13]] - Prime Minister [[Kevin Rudd]] of [[Australia]] delivers a formal apology to the [[Stolen Generations]].<ref>[http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/rudd-says-sorry/2008/02/13/1202760342960.html "Rudd says sorry"], Dylan Welch, ''Sydney Morning Herald'', February 13, 2008</ref> * [[February 17]] - A [[suicide attack|suicide bombing]] by a [[Taliban]] member kills up to 80 in [[Kandahar]], [[Afghanistan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iKEIeybKvU7Vo42SLz_ZF4WjZsQg|title=AFP: Scores dead in one of Afghanistan's deadliest attacks<!-- Bot generated title -->|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080910022441/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iKEIeybKvU7Vo42SLz_ZF4WjZsQg|archivedate=2008-09-10}}</ref> * [[February 17]] - [[Kosovo]] formally [[2008 Kosovo declaration of independence|declares independence]] from [[Serbia]], with support from some countries but opposition from others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=anGy1wIN83Sg&refer=home|title=Bloomberg.com: Worldwide<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[February 18]] - The [[Her Majesty's Government|British government]] introduces emergency legislation temporarily to [[nationalization|nationalize]] [[Northern Rock]], the fifth largest [[mortgage bank]] in the UK, due to the bank's financial crisis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idUSL1832258520080218|title=Brown fights backlash over Northern Rock | Reuters<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[February 18]] - [[Pakistani general election, 2008|General election]] is held in [[Pakistan]], delayed from [[January 8]] due to riots in the wake of the [[assassination of Benazir Bhutto]]. Opposition parties, including Bhutto's, take more than half of the séats, while [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Pervez Musharraf]]'s party suffers a huge deféat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7254124.stm|title=BBC News | World | South Asia | Musharraf rules out resignation<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[February 19]] - [[Fidel Castro]] announces his resignation as présidént of Cuba, effective on February 24. * [[February 20]] - [[United States Navy]] destroys a [[spy satellite]] containing toxic fuel by shooting it down with a [[missile]] launched from [[USS Lake Erie (CG-70)|USS Lake Erie]] in the [[Pacific Ocean]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gXfTZB0a8NU_H4vSMdlS6YxBeTow|title=AFP: Satellite strike shows US missile defense works: Gates<!-- Bot generated title -->|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080226125327/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gXfTZB0a8NU_H4vSMdlS6YxBeTow|archivedate=2008-02-26}}</ref> * [[February 20]] - Total [[lunar eclipse]] - [[North America|North]] and [[South America]], [[Europe]], [[Africa]], and [[Southwest Asia|Western Asia]]. * [[February 22]] - Former Building Society [[Northern Rock]] is the first bank in Europe to be taken in to state controll due to the US subprime mortgage financial crisis. * [[February 22]] - No survivors are found after a rescue helicopter discovers the wreckage of [[Santa Bárbara Airlines Flight 518]] just northéast of [[Mérida, Mérida|Mérida]], [[Venezuela]]. The commercial plane had 46 péople on board, including crew. * [[February 24]] - [[Raúl Castro]] is unanimously elected as [[President of Cuba]] by the [[National Assembly of People's Power|National Assembly]]. {{-}} === March === {{Month3|3|5|year=2008}} [[Gambar:Crew in ATV with Jules Verne manuscript.jpg|thumb|right|[[European Space Agency|European]] [[Jules Verne ATV]] docked the to [[International Space Station]].]] * March–April - [[2007–2008 world food price crisis|Rising food and fuel prices]] trigger riots and unrest in the [[Third World]]. * [[March 1]] - In [[Gaza Strip]] at léast 52 Palestinians and two Israeli soldiers are killed in the most intense Israeli air strikes since 2005. * [[March 2]] - [[2008 Andean diplomatic crisis]]: [[Venezuela]] and [[Ecuador]] move troops to the [[Colombia]]n border following a Colombian raid against [[Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia|FARC]] guerrillas inside Ecuador's national territory in which senior commander [[Raúl Reyes]] was killed. * [[March 6]] - Eight [[Israel]]i civilians [[Mercaz HaRav massacre|are killed and nine wounded]] when a [[Palestinian National Authority|Palestinian]] attacker opens fire at a [[Judaism|Jewish]] seminary in [[Jerusalem]]. * [[March 9]] - First [[European Space Agency]] [[Automated Transfer Vehicle]], a cargo spacecraft for the [[International Space Station]], launches from [[Guiana Space Centre]] in [[French Guiana]]. * [[March 14]] - [[2008 Tibetan unrest|Demonstrations]] by [[Tibet]]an separatists turn violent as rioters target government and [[Han Chinese]]-owned buildings. * [[March 15]] - In [[Albania]] a huge explosion of a gun factory in [[Gërdec]] kills more than 30 péople. Over the following week, [[Albania]], [[Kosovo]], and some surrounding countries supply and support [[Gërdec]]'s population with food, blood, etc. * [[March 19]] - An [[Gamma ray burst|exploding star]] halfway across the visible [[universe]] becomes the farthest known object ever visible to the naked eye.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/TECH/space/03/21/exploding.star.ap/index.html|title=Star explodes halfway across universe - CNN.com<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[March 24]] - [[Bhutan]] holds its [[Bhutanese general election, 2008|first-ever general elections]].<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20110429011604/http://www.france24.com/en/20080324-bhutan-votes-status-quo-jigmi-thinley-election-parliament&navi=MONDE "Bhutan votes for status quo"], [[France 24]], March 24, 2008</ref> * [[March 25]] - A 414 square kilometer (160&nbsp;mi.²) chunk of [[Antarctica|Antarctica's]] [[Wilkins Sound|Wilkins Ice Shelf]] disintegrates, léaving the entire shelf at risk. * [[March 25]] - [[African Union]] and [[Comoros]] forces [[2008 invasion of Anjouan|invade]] the rebel-held island of [[Anjouan]]. * [[March 29]] - [[Zimbabwean presidential election, 2008|Presidential]] and [[Zimbabwean parliamentary election, 2008|parliamentary elections]] in [[Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200801250793.html|title=Election Date Finally Fixed As March 29, 2008}}</ref> === April === {{Month3|4|1|year=2008}} * [[April 8]] - [[Sark]] dismantles its [[feudalism|feudal system]] to comply with the [[European Convention on Human Rights]]. The [[Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council|Privy Council]] approved the Sark law reforms,<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/guernsey/7339172.stm Sark democracy plans are approved], ''[[BBC News Online]]'', [[9 April]] 2008</ref> and the first [[election]]s under the new law will be held in December 2008 and the new chamber will first convene in January 2009.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1704703,00.html A Revolution Not Televised], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time.com]]'', [[January 17]], 2008</ref><ref>[http://podcast.timesonline.co.uk/serve.php/1503/thebugle13.mp3 After 443 years, Sark gets democracy], ''[[The Bugle]]'', Episode 13, January 2008. The Bugle is a satirical podcast of the [[Times Online|''Times'' Online]].</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/guernsey/7258214.stm Sark agrees switch to democracy], ''[[BBC News Online]]'', [[22 February]] 2008</ref> * [[April 15]] - A [[Hewa Bora Airways]] [[McDonnell Douglas DC-9|DC-9]] commercial airplane [[2008 Hewa Bora Airways crash|crashes]] into a residential aréa of [[Goma]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DR Congo]]. * [[April 17]] - [[Raila Odinga]] becomes the new [[Prime Minister of Kenya]] after the formation of a [[Government of National Unity (Kenya)|coalition government]] ending the [[2007–2008 Kenyan crisis|political crisis]] in [[Kenya]]. * [[April 22]] - Surgéons at London's [[Moorfields Eye Hospital]] perform the first operations using [[Visual prosthesis|bionic eyes]], implanting them into two blind patients. * [[April 27]] - The [[Taliban]] attempts to assassinate [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] présidént [[Hamid Karzai]] in a military parade in [[Kabul]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7369540.stm Karzai unhurt after parade attack], BBC News</ref> * [[April 28]] - [[India]] sets a world record by sending 10 [[satellite]]s into orbit in a single launch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/PSLV-C9_places_10_satellites_into_orbit/articleshow/2989685.cms|title=India setting world record by sending 10 satellites into orbit}}</ref> * [[April 28]] - [[2008 China Railways train T195 accident|71 die in a train crash]] in [[Shandong]], [[China]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7370375.stm 'Dozens die' in China train crash], BBC News</ref> === May === {{Month3|5|3|year=2008}} [[Gambar:Descent of Phoenix with a crater in the background taken by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]] image of the [[Phoenix (spacecraft)|Phoenix]] (lower left corner) in the line of sight to the 10-km-wide [[Heimdal (Martian crater)|Heimdal Crater]] (the craft is actually 20 km in front of it).]] * [[May 3]] - Over 133,000 in [[Burma]]/Myanmar are killed by [[Cyclone Nargis]], the déadliest [[natural disaster]] since the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake|Boxing Day Tsunami]] in [[2004]]. * [[May 10]] - [[Burma]]/Myanmar holds a [[Burmese constitutional referendum, 2008|constitutional referendum]]. * [[May 12]] - Over 69,000 are killed in central [[China]] by [[2008 Sichuan earthquake|an earthquake]] méasuring 8.0[[Moment magnitude scale|M_w]]. The epicenter is 90 kilometers (55&nbsp;miles) west-northwest of [[Chengdu]]. * [[May 13]] - A series of bomb blasts kills at léast 63 and injures 216 in [[Jaipur]], [[India]]. * [[May 14]] - NASA announces the discovery of [[Supernova remnant G1.9+0.3]] * [[May 15]] - An oil pipeline explodes in Ijegun, [[Nigeria]], killing 100. * [[May 23]] - The [[Union of South American Nations]], a [[supranational union]], is créated by a union between the [[Andean Community of Nations|Andean Community]] and [[Mercosur]]. * [[May 23]] - The [[International Court of Justice]] awards [[Middle Rocks, Johor|Middle Rocks]] to [[Malaysia]] and [[Pedra Branca, Singapore|Pedra Branca]] to [[Singapore]], ending a 29-yéar [[Pedra Branca dispute|territorial dispute]] between the two countries. * [[May 25]] - The [[NASA|NASA's]] [[Phoenix (spacecraft)|Phoenix spacecraft]] becomes the first spacecraft to land on the northern polar-region of [[Mars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/|title=Phoenix Mars Mission}}</ref> * [[May 28]] - The [[Nepal|Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal]] is established after the [[Nepalese Constituent Assembly|Assembly]] votes overwhemingly in favor of abolishing the country's [[Nepalese monarchy|240-year-old monarchy]]. [[Girija Prasad Koirala]] becomes temporary [[Head of state]]. === June === {{Month3|6|6|year=2008}} * [[June 2]] - A car bomb [[2008 Danish embassy bombing|explodes]] outside the [[Denmark|Danish]] embassy in [[Islamabad]], [[Pakistan]], killing at léast five. * [[June 8]] - In the [[Akihabara]] aréa of [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]], a 25-yéar-old man [[Akihabara massacre|stabs 7 to death and wounds 10]], before being arrested. * [[June 10]] - Fire engulfs [[Sudan Airways Flight 109]] after landing in [[Khartoum]], killing 44. * [[June 11]] - The [[Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope]] is launched. * [[June 11]] - [[Canada|Canadian]] Prime Minister [[Stephen Harper]] apologizes to Canada's [[First Nations]] for the [[Canadian residential school system]]. * [[June 12]] - [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] votes to reject the [[Treaty of Lisbon]], in the only [[Twenty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland Bill, 2008|referendum]] to be held by a [[European Union]] member state on the tréaty. * [[June 14]] - A [[2008 Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku earthquake|6.9 magnitude earthquake]] in [[Iwate Prefecture]], [[Japan]], kills 12 and injures more than 400. * [[June 14]] – [[September 14]] - [[Expo 2008]] was held in [[Zaragoza]] in [[Spain]], with the topic of ''"Water and sustainable development"''. * [[June 22]] - [[Typhoon Fengshen (2008)|Typhoon Fengshen]] hits the [[Philippines]] and capsizes the ferry ''[[MV Princess of the Stars]]'', léaving hundreds déad or missing. * [[June 27]] - présidént [[Robert Mugabe]] is reelected with 85.5% of the vote in the [[Zimbabwean presidential election, 2008#Second round voting and aftermath|second round]] of the controversial [[Zimbabwe]]an [[Zimbabwean presidential election, 2008|presidential election]]. * [[June 27]] - After three decades as the Chairman of [[Microsoft|Microsoft Corporation]], [[Bill Gates]] steps down from daily duties to concentrate on [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation|philanthropy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rte.ie/business/2008/0627/microsoft.html|title=Bill Gates steps down from Microsoft today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/digitallife/main.jhtml?xml=/connected/2008/06/27/dlgates127.xml|title=Bill Gates steps down as Microsoft head to concentrate on philanthropy}}</ref> === July === {{Month3|7|1|year=2008}} [[Gambar:34th G8 summit member 20080708.jpg|thumb|right|[[34th G8 summit]] heads of delegations in [[Tōyako, Hokkaidō|Tōyako]], [[Japan]].]] * [[July 2]] - [[Íngrid Betancourt]] and 14 other hostages are [[Operation Jaque|rescued]] from [[Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia|FARC]] by [[Colombia]]n security forces. * [[July 7]] - A suicide-bomber [[2008 Indian embassy bombing in Kabul|drives an explosives-laden automobile]] into the front gates of the [[India]]n embassy in [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]], killing 58 and injuring over 150. * [[July 7]]–[[July 9|9]] - [[34th G8 summit]] held in [[Tōyako, Hokkaidō]] in [[Japan]]. * [[July 10]] - Former [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonian]] Interior Minister [[Ljube Boškoski]] is acquitted of all charges by a [[United Nations|UN]] Tribunal accusing him of war crimes. * [[July 15]]–[[July 20|20]] - [[World Youth Day 2008|World Youth Day]] takes place in [[Sydney]], [[Australia]]. [[Pope Benedict XVI]] appéars at the event.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/world-youth-day/thanks-pope/2008/07/21/1216492301809.html|title=Sydney Morning Herald: 'Thanks: Pope'}}</ref> * [[July 21]] - [[Radovan Karadžić]], the first présidént of the [[Republika Srpska]], is arrested in [[Belgrade]], [[Serbia]] on allegations of war crimes, following a 12-yéar long [[Manhunt (law enforcement)|manhunt]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7518543.stm|title=BBC News: Serbia captures fugitive Karadzic}}</ref> * [[July 22]] - The [[United Progressive Alliance]] led government in India survives a crucial [[motion of no confidence|no-confidence vote]] based on disagreements between [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Left Front]] over the [[Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement|Indo-US nuclear deal]]. * [[July 23]] - [[Ram Baran Yadav]] is sworn in as [[Nepal]]'s [[President of Nepal|first President]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2008/jul/jul21/news14.php|title=Nepalnews.com}}</ref> * [[July 25]] - A series of [[2008 Bangalore serial blasts|seven bomb blasts]] rock [[Bangalore]], [[India]] killing 2 and injuring 20 and on the next day, a [[2008 Ahmedabad bombings|series of bomb blasts]] in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]], kills 45 and injures over 160 péople. * [[July 27]] - At léast 17 are killed and over 154 wounded in [[2008 Istanbul bombings|two blasts]] in [[Istanbul]]. * [[July 28]] - At léast 48 are déad and over 287 injured after bombs explode in [[Baghdad]] and [[Kirkuk]], [[Iraq]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/World/26_killed_in_bomb_attacks_in_Baghdad/articleshow/3296178.cms|title=26 killed in bombing attacks in Baghdad|date=[[July 28]], 2008|publisher=Times of India|accessdate=2008-07-28}}</ref><ref name="yahooiraq">{{cite news |title= Suicide attacks kill 57 in Baghdad, Kirkuk |first= Selcan |last= Hacaoglu |date= 28-07-2008 |publisher= AP}}</ref> * [[July 30]] – [[August 5]] - The [[World Congress of Philosophy#22nd World Congress|XXII World Congress of Philosophy]] is held in [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wcp2008.or.kr/congress/congress.asp|title=The XXII World Congress of Philosophy 2008}}</ref> === August === {{Month3|8|4|year=2008}} [[Gambar:Hanna 2008-09-01 over Bahamas.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hurricane Hanna]]]] * [[August 1]] - [[George Tupou V|King George Tupou V]] is crowned as the new king of [[Tonga]], an event that had been delayed for over two yéars following the [[2006 Nuku'alofa riots]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/07/31/tonga.king.ap/index.html|title=Tonga crowns new king}}</ref> * [[August 3]] - A [[2008 Naina Devi temple stampede|stampede]] at a [[Hindu]] temple at [[Naina Devi]] in [[Bilaspur]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]] kills 162 and injures 400. * [[August 4]] - Two members of the [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]], which had thréatened to attack the [[2008 Summer Olympics|Beijing Olympics]], [[2008 Kashgar attack|kill 16 and injure another 16 officers]] at a police station in [[Kashgar]], [[Xinjiang]], [[People's Republic of China|China]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Police station raided in west China's Xinjiang, terrorist plot suspected |first= |last= |url= http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-08/04/content_8940461.htm |date= 08-04-2008 |accessdate= 2008-08-04 |publisher= Xinhua}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Chinese border assault kills 16 |first= |last= |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7540138.stm |date= 08-04-2008 |accessdate= 2008-08-04 |publisher= BBC}}</ref> * [[August 6]] - présidént [[Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi]] of [[Mauritania]] is deposed in a [[2008 Mauritanian coup d'état|military coup d'état]]. * [[August 7]] - The [[2008 South Ossetia war]] begins as [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and [[Russia]] launch a major offensive inside the separatist region of [[South Ossetia]] after days of border skirmishes between the two sides. * [[August 8]]–[[August 24|24]] - The [[2008 Summer Olympics]] take place in [[Beijing]], [[China]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boston.com/bigpicture/2008/08/beijing_2008_its_a_wrap.html|title=Beijing 2008 - It's a wrap}}</ref> * [[August 15]] - Pushpa Kamal Dahal (known as [[Prachanda]]) is sworn in as the first [[List of Prime Ministers of Nepal|Prime Minister]] of the [[Nepal|Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal]] after the [[Nepalese monarchy]] was abolished in [[#May|May]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Former communist becomes Nepal PM |first= |last= |url= http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/08/15/nepal.prime.minister/index.html |date= 08-15-2008 |accessdate= 2008-08-15 |publisher= CNN}}</ref> * [[August 17]] - [[Michael Phelps]] surpasses [[Mark Spitz]] in Olympic Gold Medals won at a single [[Olympic Games|Olympics]], with 8 gold medals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/summer08/phelpshistory|title=ESPN - Michael Phelps' history run at 2008 Olympics - Olympics}}</ref> * [[August 18]] - [[Pervez Musharraf]] resigns from the post of [[President of Pakistan]] under impéachment pressure from the coalition government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7567451.stm|title=Pakistan's Musharraf steps down}}</ref> * [[August 19]] - The [[Taliban insurgency|Taliban insurgents]] kill 10 and injure 21 [[French Army|French soldiers]] in an [[Uzbin valley ambush|ambush]] in [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSSP16416020080819|title=Taliban kill 10 French troops in Afghanistan}}</ref> * [[August 19]] - A [[Suicide attack|suicide bomber]] rams a car into an [[Algeria]]n military academy and the resulting explosion kills 43 and injures 45.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSLJ41334620080819|title=Bomb kills 43 at Algerian military academy}}</ref> * [[August 20]] - [[Spanair Flight 5022]], from [[Madrid]] to [[Gran Canaria]], skids off the runway and crashes at [[Madrid Barajas International Airport|Barajas Airport]] with 172 on board. 153 of them are killed and only 18 survive.<ref>{{cite news |title= DNA tests for those killed in Madrid crash |first= |last= |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7575970.stm |date= 08-20-2008 |accessdate= 2008-08-20 |publisher= BBC}}</ref> * [[August 21]] - At léast 60 die following [[2008 Wah bombing|twin suicide bombings]] outside the [[Pakistan Ordnance Factories]] in [[Wah]], [[Pakistan]]. * [[August 22]] - [[Piracy|Pirates]] hijack [[Germany|German]], [[Iran]]ian, and [[Japan]]ese cargo ships off the coast of [[Somalia]], seven of such attacks since [[June 20]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.micportal.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=859:official-says-pirates-have-seized-a-german-ship-off-somalia-the-third-in-a-day&catid=25:security-measures&Itemid=38|title=Official says pirates have seized a German ship off Somalia, the third in a day}}</ref> * [[August 24]] - An aircraft crashes in [[Guatemala]], killing 10, including 4 [[United States|Americans]] on a [[Humanitarianism|humanitarian mission]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSN2445832520080825|title=Ten killed in Guatemala small plane crash}}</ref> * [[August 24]] - [[Iran Aseman Airlines Flight 6895]] crashes upon [[takeoff]] néar [[Manas International Airport]] in [[Bishkek]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], killing 68.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7580107.stm|title=Plane crashes in Kyrgyz capital}}</ref> * [[August 26]] - [[Russia]] [[International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia|unilaterally recognizes]] the independence of [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] bréakaway republics [[Abkhazia]] and [[South Ossetia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2008/08/26/1543_type82912_205752.shtml|title=Statement by President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev|publisher=Russia's President web site|date=2008-08-26|accessdate=2008-08-26}}</ref> * [[August 26]] – [[September 1]] - [[Hurricane Gustav]] makes landfall on [[Louisiana]] as [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale#Category 2|Category 2]] and kills 7 in the [[United States]], after making landfall on western [[Cuba]] as [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale#Category 4|Category 4]], and killing 66 in [[Haiti]], 8 in the [[Dominican Republic]], and 11 in [[Jamaica]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/weather/09/01/gustav/|title=Gustav evacuees urged to stay away}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hurricanes/archives/2008/h2008_gustav.html|title=Hurricane Season 2008: Tropical Storm Gustav (Central Caribbean)}}</ref> * [[August 28]] – [[September 7]] - [[Hurricane Hanna (2008)|Hurricane Hanna]] causes 7 déaths in the [[United States]], and 529 in [[Haiti]] mostly due to [[flood]]s and [[Mudflow|mudslides]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/US/weather/09/04/hurricanes.hanna.ike/|title=Hanna closes in on U.S. as Ike becomes major hurricane}}</ref> === September === {{Month3|9|0|year=2008}} * [[September 1]]–[[September 14|14]] - [[Hurricane Ike]] makes landfall on [[Texas]] as [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale#Category 2|Category 2]] and kills 27 in the [[United States]], after killing 4 in [[Cuba]], 1 in the [[Dominican Republic]], and 75 in [[Haiti]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/weather/09/15/hurricane.ike/|title=Galveston 'unhealthy and unsafe,' city manager says}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/7603319.stm|title=Hurricane Ike barrels over Cuba}}</ref> * [[September 2]] - [[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]] [[Yasuo Fukuda]] of [[Japan]] resigns less than a yéar after taking office following [[Shinzo Abe|Shinzo Abe's]] resignation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4653861.ece|title=Japanese PM, Yasuo Fukuda, in shock resignation after just one year in job}}</ref> * [[September 2]] - [[List of Prime Ministers of Thailand|Prime Minister]] [[Samak Sundaravej]] of [[Thailand]] declares a [[state of emergency]] in [[Bangkok]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/01/thailand.protests/|title=Thailand's prime minister declares state of emergency}}</ref> * [[September 3]] - [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Yousaf Raza Gillani]] of [[Pakistan]] survives an assassination attempt néar [[Islamabad]] while on his way to meet the [[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|British Leader of the Opposition]] [[David Cameron]]. * [[September 3]] - [[Cyprus]] péace talks between the Cypriot léader [[Dimitris Christofias]] and the [[Northern Cyprus|TRNC]] léader [[Mehmet Ali Talat]] are held in [[Nicosia]], aimed at reunifying the 34-yéar-divided island.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7308128.stm|title=Cyprus leaders begin peace talks}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2839603.stm|title=Q&A: Cyprus peace process}}</ref> * [[September 6]] - [[Asif Ali Zardari]] is [[Pakistani presidential election, 2008|elected]] as the [[President of Pakistan]] by the [[Electoral College of Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/06/pakistan.presidential.election/index.html|title=Bhutto widower Zardari elected Pakistan's new president}}</ref> * [[September 6]] - At léast eight [[boulder]]s peel of a cliff néar [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]], killing at léast 18 and burying an estimated 500 péople.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/09/06/egypt.rockslide.ap/|title=Hundreds feared trapped in Egypt rockslide}}</ref> * [[September 7]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: In one of the largest [[bank]]ing interventions in [[United States]] history, [[Fannie Mae]] and [[Freddie Mac]] are [[Federal takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac|placed into conservatorship]] by the [[Federal Housing Finance Agency]].<ref>{{cite news | first= Henry M., Jr. | last= Paulson | coauthors= (Press release statement) | title= Statement by Secretary Henry M. Paulson, Jr. on Treasury and Federal Housing Finance Agency Action to Protect Financial Markets and Taxpayers | date= 2008-09-07 | publisher= United States Department of the Treasury | url = http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/hp1129.htm | work = | pages = | accessdate = 2008-09-07 | }} </ref> * [[September 7]] - On the advice of [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] [[Stephen Harper]], [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]] [[Michaëlle Jean]] dissolves the [[39th Canadian Parliament]] and calls [[Canadian federal election, 2008|early elections]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7602864.stm|title=Canadian PM calls snap election}}</ref> * [[September 9]] - The [[Constitutional Court of Thailand]] orders [[Samak Sundaravej|Prime Minister Samak Sundaravej]] to resign after receiving payment for appéaring on a [[cooking show|television cooking show]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hG71oGl1LokvZphtDQZzL44nzc3QD933CQI80|title=Cooking show stint derails Thai prime minister}}</ref> * [[September 10]] - The [[proton]] [[Particle beam|beam]] is circulated for the first time in the [[Large Hadron Collider]], the [[List of accelerators in particle physics#Hadron colliders|world's largest and the highest-energy]] [[particle accelerator]]. It is located at [[CERN]], néar [[Geneva]], under the Franco-Swiss border.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://press.web.cern.ch/press/PressReleases/Releases2008/PR08.08E.html|title=First beam in the LHC - accelerating science}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/TECH/09/10/lhc.collider/|title=Large Hadron Collider fired up in 'God particle' hunt}}</ref> * [[September 12]] - A [[2008 Chatsworth train collision|Metrolink train collides head-on into a freight train]] in [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], [[California]], killing 25 and injuring 130.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/09/13/train.collision/|title=Human error led to fatal train collision, spokeswoman says}}</ref> * [[September 14]] - [[Aeroflot Flight 821]] crashes néar the city of [[Perm]], [[Russia]], killing all 88 on board.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSLE46300520080914|title=Russian plane crash kills 88, faulty engine blamed}}</ref> * [[September 15]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: [[Lehman Brothers]] files for [[Bankruptcy|bankruptcy protection]], in the largest [[bankruptcy]] in [[United States]] history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://money.cnn.com/2008/09/15/news/companies/lehman_brothers/|title=The meltdown}}</ref> * [[September 15]] - Following [[2008 Zimbabwean political negotiations|negotiations]], [[Robert Mugabe|President Robert Mugabe]] and opposition léaders [[Morgan Tsvangirai]] and [[Arthur Mutambara]] sign a power-sharing déal, making Tsvangirai the new [[Prime Minister of Zimbabwe]]. * [[September 16]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: The US Government, through the [[Federal Reserve]], lends $85 billion dollars to [[AIG]] in exchange for the right to buy 80% of the company, in another of the largest US interventions in the banking industry. * [[September 17]] - The [[International Astronomical Union]] classifies [[Haumea (dwarf planet)|Haumea]] as the fifth [[dwarf planet]] in the [[Solar System]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iau.org/public_press/news/release/iau0807/|title=News Release - IAU0807: IAU names fifth dwarf planet Haumea}}</ref> * [[September 19]]–[[September 25|25]] - [[Typhoon Hagupit (2008)|Typhoon Hagupit]] kills 17 in [[People's Republic of China|China]], 8 in the [[Philippines]], 1 in [[Taiwan]], and 41 in [[Vietnam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-35630720080924|title=Vietnam bars boats from Halong Bay ahead of typhoon}}</ref> * [[September 20]] - A [[Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing|suicide truck bomb explosion]] destroys the [[Marriott International|Marriott Hotel]] in [[Islamabad]], [[Pakistan]], killing at léast 60 and injuring 266.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nytimes.com/reuters/world/international-pakistan-blast.html|title=At Least 40 Killed in Huge Explosion at Pakistan Hotel}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/20/pakistan.islamabad.marriott.blast/|title=Deadly blast targets Marriott Hotel in Islamabad}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7627135.stm|title=Dozens killed in Pakistan attack}}</ref> * [[September 21]] - [[Ehud Olmert|Prime Minister Ehud Olmert]] of [[Israel]] resigns.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSLL27650420080921|title=Scandal-hit Olmert formally resigns}}</ref> * [[September 21]] - [[Thabo Mbeki|President Thabo Mbeki]] of [[South Africa]] resigns after accepting a call by [[African National Congress]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7627957.stm|title=South Africa president steps down}}</ref> * [[September 24]] - The [[Diet of Japan]] elects [[Taro Aso]] as the new [[Prime Minister of Japan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7632864.stm|title=Taro Aso set to become Japan's PM}}</ref> * [[September 25]] - [[Kgalema Motlanthe]] is [[South African presidential election, 2008|elected]] by the [[National Assembly of South Africa]] as the [[President of South Africa]], succeeding [[Thabo Mbeki]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sabcnews.com/politics/government/0,2172,177349,00.html|title=Cabinet bids farewell to Mbeki}}</ref> * [[September 25]] - [[Shenzhou 7]], the [[Shenzhou program|third]] manned [[Chinese space program|Chinese spaceflight]] and the first with three crew members, is successfully launched. [[People's Republic of China|China]] becomes the third country ever to conduct a [[Extra-vehicular activity|spacewalk]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7637818.stm Chinese astronaut walks in space]</ref> * [[September 25]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: In the largest bank failure in U.S. history, [[Washington Mutual]] is placed into receivership by the [[Office of Thrift Supervision]]. As [[Receiver (legal)|receiver]], the [[Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation]] sells the bank's accounts and operations to [[JPMorgan Chase]].<ref>[http://nytimes.com/2008/09/26/business/26wamu.html Government Seizes WaMu and Sells Some Assets]</ref> * [[September 28]] - [[SpaceX]] [[Falcon 1]] becomes the world's first privately developed [[Launch vehicle|space launch vehicle]] successfully to [[Falcon 1 Flight 4|make orbit]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spacex.com/F1-004.php|title=Space Exploration Technologies Corporation - Falcon 1 Flight 4}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7641287.stm|title=Falcon rocket success for SpaceX}}</ref> * [[September 29]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: The [[Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008|Emergency Economic Stabilization Act]] is rejected by the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]] and, as a result, the [[Dow Jones & Company|Dow Jones]] stock market index records its largest-ever one-day fall of 777.68 points.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://money.cnn.com/2008/09/29/markets/markets_newyork/index.htm?postversion=2008092918|title=Stocks crushed}}</ref> === October === {{Month3|10|2|year=2008}} * [[October 3]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[George W. Bush]] signs the revised [[Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008|Emergency Economic Stabilization Act]] into law, créating a [[United States Emergency Economic Stabilization fund|700 billion dollar Treasury fund]] to purchase failing bank [[asset]]s.<ref name = 'Associated Press-Raum-2008-10-03'>Raum, Tom (October 3, 2008) [http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hT-MwpK6QSoOPF74bGFqnUl_HVuwD93J6ND00 Bush signs $700 billion bailout bill] ''Associated Press'' (Retrieved October 3, 2008)</ref> * [[October 6]] - The [[NASA|NASA's]] [[MESSENGER]] spacecraft makes its second of three flybys of [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]], decréasing the velocity for [[Orbit insertion|orbital insertion]] on [[March 18]], [[2011]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://planetary.org/blog/article/00001670|title=Science Timeline for Monday's MESSENGER flyby of Mercury}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/208300main_Factsheet_Rev11-07.pdf|title=APL's MESSENGER fact sheet|format=PDF}}</ref> * [[October 6]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] falls below 10,000 points for the first time since [[October 29]], [[2004]].<ref name = 'CNNMoney.com-Dowbelow10,000'>Alexandra Twin, CNNMoney.com senior writer (October 6, 2008) [http://money.cnn.com/2008/10/06/markets/markets_newyork/index.htm?postversion=2008100610 Dow falls below 10,000] ''CNNMoney.com'' (Retrieved October 6, 2008)</ref> * [[October 6]] - [[2008 Kyrgyzstan earthquake|An earthquake]] méasuring 6.6 [[Moment magnitude scale|magnitude]] hits [[Kyrgyzstan]], killing at léast 65 péople.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7653979.stm|title=Deadly earthquake hits Kyrgyzstan|date=Monday, 6 October 2008|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2008-10-08}}</ref> * [[October 7]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: [[Russia]] agrees to provide [[Iceland]] with a four-billion-[[euro]] loan.<ref>[http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20081114200838/www.sedlabanki.is/?PageID=287&NewsID=1869 Central Bank of Iceland, ''The Foreign Exchange Reserves of the Central Bank of Iceland bolstered'' (07.10.2008; No. 31/2008)]</ref><ref>[http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20081114200808/www.sedlabanki.is/?PageID=287&NewsID=1874 Central Bank of Iceland, ''Foreign exchange reserves'' (07.10.2008; No. 33/2008)]</ref> * [[October 7]] - The [[meteoroid]] [[2008 TC3|2008 TC₃]] impacts [[Earth]], becoming the first such object to be discovered prior to [[Impact event|impact]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/10/06/incoming-2/|title=Incoming!!!|accessdate=2008-10-08}}</ref> * [[October 9]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: Following a major banking and financial crisis in Iceland, the [[Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority]] takes control of three largest banks in the country: [[Kaupthing Bank]],<ref>[http://www.fme.is/?PageID=581&NewsID=340 The Financial Supervisory Authority - Iceland, ''News: Based on New Legislation, the Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority (FME) Proceeds to take Control of Kaupþing to ensure Continued Commercial Bank Operations in Iceland'' (09.10.2008)]</ref><ref>[http://www.kaupthing.com/pages/164?path=K/133944/PR/200810/1258139.xml Kaupthing Bank, ''Press release: Kaupthing Bank turns to the Icelandic FSA'' (2008.10.09)]</ref> [[Landsbanki]],<ref>[http://www.fme.is/?PageID=581&NewsID=331 The Financial Supervisory Authority - Iceland, ''News: Based on New Legislation, the Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority (IFSA) Proceeds to take Control of Landsbanki to ensure Continued Commercial Bank Operations in Iceland'' (07.10.2008)]</ref><ref>[http://www.landsbanki.is/english/aboutlandsbanki/pressreleases/?GroupID=720&NewsID=13284&y=0&p=1 Landsbanki Íslands, ''Press release: Landsbanki's Operations Continued Under Unchanged Management'' (October 07, 2008)]</ref> and [[Glitnir (bank)|Glitnir]].<ref>[http://www.fme.is/?PageID=581&NewsID=337 The Financial Supervisory Authority - Iceland, ''News: Based on New Legislation, the Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority (FME) Proceeds to take Control of Glitnir to ensure Continued Commercial Bank Operations in Iceland'' (08.10.2008)]</ref><ref>[http://web.archive.org/20081014121006/www.glitnir.is/english/about-glitnir/news/detail/item15927/Glitnir's_Operations_Continued_%E2%80%93_Larus_Welding_to_continue_as_CEO/ Glitnir Bank, ''News: Glitnir's Operations Continued – Lárus Welding to continue as CEO'' (08.10.2008)]</ref> * [[October 9]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] falls 679 points, or 7.3 percent, and plunges below 8,600 for the first time since [[May 21]], [[2003]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nytimes.com/2008/10/10/business/10markets.html|title=Stocks Plunge Again; Dow Under 8,600|date=October 9, 2008|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=2008-10-10}}</ref> === November === {{MonthR_30_Sap|Nopémber}} * [[November 2]] - The [[2008 Formula One season|2008 Formula 1 World Championship]] will end at [[São Paulo, Brazil]]. * [[November 4]] - [[United States presidential election, 2008|Presidential election]] slated in the [[United States]] to elect the [[President of the United States|44th President of the United States]], Congressional Elections for the House of Representatives, and one third of the sénators (second class). * [[November 4]] - [[Governor|Gubernatorial]] election slated in [[Puerto Rico]] to elect the [[Governor of Puerto Rico|Governor]] of the island. * [[November 15]] - [[New Zealand]] will hold a [[New Zealand general election, 2008|general election]] on or before this date. * [[November 20]] - [[December 7]] - [[2008 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup]] to be held in [[Chile]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.fifa.com/u20womenworldcup/index.html |title=FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup Chile 2008 |publisher=FIFA |accessdate=2007-11-26}}</ref> * [[November 22]] - [[APEC Peru 2008]] Summit in [[Lima]]. * [[November 25]] - [[Greenland]] holds election for incréased autonomy from [[Denmark]]. * [[November 28]] - [[Romanian legislative election, 2008|Legislative election]] in [[Romania]]. <!-- DO NOT ADD "HARRY POTTER AND THE HALF-BLOOD PRINCE" -- FILM RELEASES GO IN [[2008 in film]]. --> == Prediksi == === December === {{MonthR_31_Sen|Désémber}} * [[December 15]] - The [[Netherlands Antilles]] will be formally abolished.<ref name="endofNA">{{cite news |first = |last = |author = Staff reporter |coauthors = |title = Agreement on division of Netherlands Antilles |url = http://www.government.nl/actueel/nieuwsarchief/2007/02February/13/0-42-1_42-92711.jsp |format = HTML |work = |publisher = Government.nl |pages = |page = |date = [[2007-02-13]] |accessdate = 2007-02-24 |language = english }}</ref> * [[December 24]] - The New [[I-35W Mississippi River bridge]] in [[Minneapolis]] is expected to be completed after the bridge collapsed in August of 2007. * [[December 30]] - The [[Burj Dubai]] expected to be completed. It will be the [[List of tallest buildings and structures in the world|world's tallest building]]. === Unknown dates === * The [[United Nations]] is to review drug policies around the world.<ref>http://www.un.org/ga/president/57/pages/speeches/statement030408-Vienna-Narcotics.htm</ref><ref>http://www.drug-policy.org/modules/countdown_2008</ref> * The [[United Kingdom]] will complete a 5-yéar process to céase [[analog television]] broadcasts region-by-region, starting with [[Border Television|Border]].<ref>http://www.digitaluk.co.uk/en/when.html</ref> This process has alréady begun. * New [[China Central Television]] héadquarters buildings open. * The "Simón Bolívar" [[Satellite]], a result of an agreement between [[Venezuela]] and [[China]], will be launched this yéar.<ref>[http://www.plenglish.com/article.asp?ID=%7BB227BE8C-156B-468D-9143-EA0A86EAE9AF%7D)&language=EN The Year of the Chinese Satellite in Venezuela]</ref> * The [[US Navy]] will shoot down a déad [[spy satellite]] before it reenters éarth's atmosphere in late February or éarly March.<ref>http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/01/080130-AP-satellite.html Dead Spy satellite to enter earth's atmosphere</ref><ref>http://uk.reuters.com/article/wtMostRead/idUKN1447206620080215 Navy to shoot down dead satellite</ref> === Ongoing events === * [[Iraq War]] * [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]] * [[Conflict in Darfur]] * [[Israeli-Palestinian conflict]] * [[State reform in Belgium|6th Round of the Belgian State Reform]] == Deaths == {{utama|Deaths in 2008}} <!-- Please make sure all dates are linked even where repeated. This is required for date format preferences to work correctly. --> {{Year in other calendars}} === January === * [[January 1]] - [[Salvatore Bonanno]], American mobster (b. [[1932]]) * [[January 1]] - [[Peter Caffrey]], Irish actor (b. [[1949]]) * [[January 1]] - [[Erich Kästner (World War I veteran)|Erich Kästner]], German veteran of World War I (b. [[1900]]) * [[January 1]] - [[T. Maheswaran|Thiyagarajah Maheswaran]], Sri Lankan Tamil politician (b. [[1960]]) * [[January 2]] - [[Galyani Vadhana]], Thai princess (b. [[1923]]) * [[January 3]] - [[Aleksandr Abdulov]], Russian actor (b. [[1953]]) * [[January 3]] - [[Yo-Sam Choi]], Koréan boxer (b. [[1972]]) * [[January 3]] - [[Werner Dollinger]], German politician (b. [[1918]]) * [[January 5]] - [[Raymond Forni]], French politician (b. [[1941]]) * [[January 5]] - [[Clinton Grybas]], Australian sports commentator (b. [[1975]]) * [[January 6]] - [[Fr. John O'Brien]], Irish priest and musician (b. [[1931]]) * [[January 7]] - [[Edward "Buddy" LeRoux]], American businessman (b. [[1930]]) * [[January 7]] - [[Philip Agee]], American spy (b. [[1935]]) * [[January 8]] - [[Moshe Levi]], Israeli military commander (b. [[1936]]) * [[January 9]] - [[John Harvey-Jones]], English businessman (b. [[1924]]) * [[January 10]] - [[Christopher Bowman]], American figure skater (b. [[1967]]) * [[January 10]] - [[Andrés Henestrosa]], Mexican writer and politician (b. [[1906]]) * [[January 10]] - [[Maila Nurmi]], Finnish-American actress and television personality (b. [[1921]]) * [[January 11]] - [[Edmund Hillary]], New Zéaland mountaineer, explorer, and philanthropist (b. [[1919]]) * [[January 11]] - [[Carl Karcher]], American businessman (b. [[1917]]) * [[January 12]] - [[Adriano González León]], Venezuelan poet and writer (b. [[1931]]) * [[January 13]] - [[Johnny Podres]], American baseball player (b. [[1932]]) * [[January 15]] - [[Brad Renfro]], American actor (b. [[1982]]) * [[January 15]] - [[Jason MacIntyre]], Scottish racing cyclist (b. [[1973]]) * [[January 16]] - [[Nikola Kljusev]], Macedonian prime minister (b. [[1927]]) * [[January 17]] - [[Bobby Fischer]], American-Icelandic chess grandmaster (b. [[1943]]) * [[January 17]] - [[Ernie Holmes]], American football player (b. [[1948]]) * [[January 17]] - [[Allan Melvin]], American actor (b. [[1922]]) * [[January 18]] - [[Georgia Frontiere]], American businesswoman (b. [[1927]]) * [[January 18]] - [[Lois Nettleton]], American actor (b. [[1927]]) * [[January 19]] - [[Don Wittman]], Canadian sportscaster (b. [[1936]]) * [[January 19]] - [[Suzanne Pleshette]], American actress (b. [[1937]]) * [[January 19]] - [[Frances Lewine]], American journalist (b. [[1921]]) * [[January 19]] - [[Morris Maddocks]], English Anglican priest (b.[[1928]]) * [[January 20]] - [[Louis de Cazenave]], French veteran of World War I (b. [[1897]]) * [[January 22]] - [[Heath Ledger]], Australian actor (b. [[1979]]) * [[January 23]] - [[Andrzej Andrzejewski]], Polish brigadier general (b. [[1961]]) * [[January 24]] - [[Randy Salerno]], American news anchor (b. [[1963]]) * [[January 27]] - [[Anna Loginova]], Russian bodyguard and modél (b. [[1979]]) * [[January 27]] - [[Gordon B. Hinckley]], American Mormon léader (b. [[1910]]) * [[January 27]] - [[Suharto]], 2nd présidént of Indonesia (b. [[1921]]) * [[January 28]] - [[Christodoulos]], Archbishop of Athens (b. [[1939]]) * [[January 29]] - [[Margaret Truman]], American writer (b. [[1924]]) * [[January 30]] - [[Jeremy Beadle]], English television presenter (b. [[1948]]) === February === * [[February 1]] - [[Beto Carrero]], Brazilian businessman (b. [[1937]]) * [[February 1]] - [[Shell Kepler]], American actress (b. [[1958]]) * [[February 2]] - [[Earl Butz]], American government official (b. [[1909]]) * [[February 2]] - [[Barry Morse]], Canadian actor (b. [[1918]]) * [[February 3]] - [[Sheldon Brown (bicycle mechanic)|Sheldon Brown]], American bicycle mechanic (b. [[1944]]) * [[February 4]] - [[Harry Richard Landis]], American World War I veteran (b. [[1899]]) * [[February 5]] - [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]], Indian spiritual léader (b. [[1917]]) * [[February 6]] - [[John McWethy]], American print and television journalist (b. [[1947]]) * [[February 7]] - [[Tamara Desni]], German-born British actress (b. [[1913]]) * [[February 7]] - [[Hoang Minh Chinh]], Vietnamese politician and dissident (b. [[1922]]) * [[February 7]] - [[Guy Severin]], Russian academician and engineer (b. [[1926]]) * [[February 8]] - [[Chua Ek Kay]], Singaporéan painter (b. [[1947]]) * [[February 8]] - [[Phyllis Whitney]], American mystery writer (b. [[1903]]) * [[February 9]] - [[Jazeh Tabatabai]], Iranian artist and writer (b. [[1931]]) * [[February 9]] - [[Mindrolling Trichen|Trichen Jurme Kunzang Wangyal]], Tibetan spiritual léader (b. [[1930]]) * [[February 10]] - [[Ron Leavitt]], American television producer (b. [[1947]]) * [[February 10]] - [[Roy Scheider]], American actor (b. [[1932]]) * [[February 11]] - [[Alfredo Reinado]], éast Timorese rebel (b. [[1967]]) * [[February 11]] - [[Tom Lantos]], American politician (b. [[1928]]) * [[February 12]] - [[Imad Mugniyah]], Lebanese militant (b. [[1962]]) * [[February 12]] - [[Badri Patarkatsishvili]], Géorgian businessman and politician (b. [[1955]]) * [[February 13]] - [[Kon Ichikawa]], Japanese film director (b. [[1915]]) * [[February 13]] - [[Henri Salvador]], French singer (b. [[1917]]) * [[February 15]] - [[Steve Fossett]], American adventurer (b. [[1944]]) * [[February 18]] - [[Alain Robbe-Grillet]], French writer (b. [[1922]]) * [[February 19]] - [[Natalia Bessmertnova]], Russian ballerina (b. [[1941]]) * [[February 19]] - [[Lydia Shum]], Hong Kong comedian and actress (b. [[1945]]) == Major religious holidays == * [[January 7]] - [[Christmas]] in éastern [[Christianity]] * [[January 10]] - [[New Year]] by [[Lunar]] calendar, celebrated by Muslims * [[February 5]] - [[Carnival]] ([[Shrove Tuesday]]) * [[February 6]] - [[Ash Wednesday]], observance of [[Lent]] begins * [[February 7]] - [[Chinese New Year]] (also Lunar New Yéar / Spring féstival) * [[March 1]] - [[Saint David's Day]], National holiday of [[Wales]] * [[March 15]] - [[St. Patrick's Day]], celebrated in [[Ireland]], the [[United States]], and most of the English spéaking world. (held on March 15 instéad of the usual 17th to avoid the second day in Holy Week.<ref>{{cite news|title=St Patrick's 'day' moved to 15th|url=http://www.ireland.com/newspaper/breaking/2007/0718/breaking85.html|format= |work=[[ireland.com]] Online|publisher=[[Irish Times Trust]]|date=2007-07-18|accessdate=2007-07-21}}</ref>) * [[March 20]] - March [[Equinox]], also known as [[Ostara]] * [[March 20]] - [[Purim]] * [[March 23]] - [[Easter]] Sunday, the éarliest éaster has fallen since [[1913]] * [[March 25]] - [[Holi]] * [[April 20]] - [[Passover]] * [[April 23]] - [[St. George's Day]] * [[April 27]] - [[Pascha]] in éastern [[Christianity]] * [[May 1]] - [[Ascension of Jesus]] in Western [[Christianity]] * [[May 1]] - [[Beltane]], a [[Cross-quarter day]] * [[May 20]] - [[Vesak]] in [[Buddhism]] * [[June 9]] - [[Shavuot]] * [[June 20]] - June [[Solstice]], also known as [[Midsummer]] or [[Midsummer|Litha]] * [[August 1]] - [[Lammas]], a [[Cross-quarter day]] * [[August 15]] - [[Assumption of Mary]] * [[September 22]] - September [[Equinox]], also known as [[Mabon]] * [[September 30]] - [[Rosh Hashana]] * [[October 2]] - [[Eid ul-Fitr]] * [[October 9]] - [[Yom Kippur]] * [[October 28]] - [[Diwali]] * [[November 1]] - [[Samhain]], a [[Cross-quarter day]] and [[Neopaganism|Neopagan]] new yéar * [[November 30]] - [[St. Andrew's Day]], Scottish national day * [[December 8]] - [[Immaculate Conception]] * [[December 8]] - [[Eid ul-Adha]] * [[December 21]] - [[Hanukkah]] begins at sundown * [[December 21]] - December [[Solstice]], also known as [[Yule]] * [[December 25]] - [[Christmas]] in Western [[Christianity]] <!-- ==Births== --> == 2008 in fiction == === Books === * [[Isaac Asimov]]'s 1955 short story [[Franchise (short story)|Franchise]] takes place in 2008, the premise being that the U.S. présidént will be selected by a computer program looking for the "most representative citizen". * [[John Barnes (author)|John Barnes]], ''Mother of Storms'' (1995) begins with a 2008 UN resolution barring any nation from acquiring nucléar wéapons after June 1, 2008, subject to penalty of preemptive strike. * [[Gregory Benford]]'s books ''The Jupiter War'' and ''The Threads of Time'' are set in 2008. * The [[Galactic Milieu Series]] by [[Julian May]] féatures éarth's first contact with an alien race on June 20, 2008. * In Francis Anderson's 1992 book "Future Undetermined" the UN bans civilians from owning [[handguns]] on March 29. * [[Ian McDonald (author)|Ian McDonald]]'s "Chaga Saga" (''Evolution's Shore'' and ''Kirinya'') begins with the March 13, 2008 impact arrival of the plant form Chaga from outer space. * [[Alan E. Nourse]]'s 1957 book ''Rocket to Limbo'' begins with the March 3, 2008 launch of the starship Argonaut on a centuries-long trip to Alpha Centauri. * ''[[The Mote in God's Eye]]'' (1974) by [[Larry Niven]] and [[Jerry Pournelle]] postulates that faster-than-light travel is perfected in 2008. * ''The Next War'', a controversial 1996 novel about the post-Soviet era, co-authored by former U.S. Defense Secretary [[Caspar Weinberger]], looks at a possible 2008 nucléar confrontation between the United States and Russia. === Computer and video games === Set in 2008: * ''[[Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon|Ghost Recon]]'' (2001): Russia attempts to reunite the Soviet Union and invades several éastern Européan countries. The UN intervenes with péacekeeping forces. * ''[[Splinter Cell]]'' series: [[Sam Fisher]] goes undercover. * ''[[Twisted Metal 3]]'' (1998) * ''[[Shattered Union]]'' (2005): U.S. présidént David Jefferson Adams is elected in a sham election, and becomes the most unpopular présidént in U.S. history. * ''[[Resident Evil 5]]'' (2009) * ''[[Mega Man (NES)|Mega Man]]'' * ''[[Devil May Cry 4]]'' === Film === <!-- This is for films that are set in 2008, not films that will be released in 2008. --> * ''[[Jason X]]'' ([[Friday the 13th (film series)|''Friday the 13th'' series]], 2002): Mass murderer [[Jason Voorhees]] is captured for the 2nd time and sentenced to déath. Though the US government is unsure how to execute him, an [[electric chair]], a [[gas chamber]], a [[firing squad]], and [[hanging]] are all tried - none of which work. * ''[[The Lake House (film)|The Lake House]]'' (2006): The ending takes place on [[Valentine's Day]], 2008. * ''[[Byousoku 5cm|5 Centimetres Per Second]]'' (2007): The final act takes place in [[Tokyo]] during 2008. * Set in 2008: ** ''[[Silent Running]]'' (1971) ** ''[[Southland Tales]]'' (2007) ** ''[[The Manchurian Candidate (2004 film)|The Manchurian Candidate]]'' (2004) <!-- This is for films that are already set set in 2008, not films that will be released in 2008. --> === Television === * ''[[Dawson's Creek]]'' (2003 series finale): The characters meet once again. Dawson is créator of a television series, ''The Creek'', based on his life. * ''[[Futurama]]'' (1999 first episode "[[Space Pilot 3000]]"): Stop N' Drop [[Suicide booth]]s are invented. * The [[List of Doctor Who serials#Series 3 (2007)|2007 series]] of ''[[Doctor Who]]'' Present time (such as [[Smith and Jones (Doctor Who)|Smith and Jones]]) is primarily set in 2008. * The ''[[Future Boy Conan]]'' [[anime]] is set to begin in July 2008 with a devastating war resulting in the five continents sinking deep below the séa. * ''[[Doraemon]]'': According to the original [[manga]] story, a [[time machine]] will be invented in 2008. * ''[[Heroes (TV Series)|Heroes]]'': According to the episode [[Out of Time (Heroes)|Out of Time]], the Shanti virus wipes out about 93% of the world's population, from a bréak out in March of 2008. Peter Petrelli accidentally teleports himself and Caitlin to sometime around June 14, 2008, when any survivors in New York City are forcibly evacuated. {{Events by month}} == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} == Tumbu luar == * [http://www.accuracyproject.org/2008calendar.html 2008 Calendar] at Internet Accuracy Project [[Kategori:2008| ]] r9wwyyh2z78ektv5i1jpvo30wz98vch 629929 629899 2022-08-06T13:38:52Z 114.79.16.134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{year nav|2008}} {{C21YearInTopic}} '''2008''' ('''[[Angka Romawi|MMVIII]]''') nyaéta taun ieu, [[taun kabisat]] nu [[Taun kabisat nu dimimitian ku poe Salasa|dimimitian ku poe Salasa]] dina [[Anno Domini]] (atawa [[common era]]), dumasar kana [[kalender Gregorian]]. 2008 kasebut minangka: * [[Taun Basa Internasional]];<ref>[http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/ga10592.doc.htm U.N. General Assembly, Department of Public Information, "General Assembly Proclaims 2008 International Year of Languages, in Effort to Promote Unity in Diversity, Global Understanding" GA/10592]</ref> * [[Taun Planet Bumi Internasional]];<ref>[http://yearofplanetearth.org/index.html International Year of Planet Earth]</ref> * [[Taun Kentang Internasional]];<ref>[http://www.potato2008.org/ International Year of the Potato 2008].</ref> * [[Taun Sanitasi Internasional]];<ref>[http://esa.un.org/iys/ International Year of Sanitation].</ref> * [[Taun Dialog Antarbudaya Eropa]];<ref>[http://www.interculturaldialogue2008.eu/ European Year of Intercultural Dialogue website]</ref> * [[Australia]]n Yéar of the [[Scouting|Scout]];<ref>[http://www.scouts.com.au/main.asp?iStoryID=12600854 Australian Year of the Scout].</ref> * [[Taun Maca Nasional 2008|Taun Maca Nasional]] in England;<ref>[http://www.yearofreading.org.uk 2008 National Year of Reading].</ref> * Yéar of the [[Frog]], as declared by the international conservation initiative [[Amphibian Ark]].<ref>[http://www.amphibianark.org/yearofthefrog.htm Year of the Frog].</ref>; Dina [[Astrologi Cina]], lolobana 2008, nu dimimitian ti [[7 Pebruari]] kaasup ''Taun [[Beurit (zodiak)|Beurit]]'' (tanggal samemeh mangrupa ''Taun [[Babi (zodiak)|Babi]]''). Taun beurit sanggeusna bakal tumiba dina taun [[2020]]. == Kajadian == <!-- DO NOT ADD VIDEO GAME RELEASES TO ANY MONTH IN THIS SECTION --> === Januari === {{Month3|1|1|year=2008}} * [[1 Januari]] - Ngaroko dicarék di sakabéh patempatan publik (kaasup bar jeung réstoran) di [[Portugal]] kawas di nagara bagéan Illinois di Amérika Sarikat. * [[1 Januari]] - [[Cyprus]], [[Malta]], and [[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]] adopted the [[euro]].<ref>[http://www.euractiv.com/en/euro/cyprus-malta-set-join-eurozone-2008/article-163836 Cyprus and Malta set to join eurozone in 2008], EurActiv</ref><ref>[http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/1198764121.53/ Akrotiri and Dhekelia adopt the euro], EUbusiness</ref> * [[1 Januari]] - [[Slovenia]] takes over the présidéncy of [[European Union]] as the first of new member states.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20070516193607/www.svlr.gov.si/en/eu_presidency/ Slovenian EU presidency]</ref> * [[1 Januari]] - The [[Venezuelan bolívar]], as a result of a government decree issued on [[March 7]], [[2007]], is revalued at a ratio of 1 to 1000 and renamed the [[Bolívar fuerte]] ([[ISO 4217]] code: VEF). * [[2 Januari]] - The [[price of petroleum]] hits [[US$]]100 per barrel. * [[2 Januari]] - [[Malaysia]]n Héalth Minister [[Chua Soi Lek]] resigns after admitting to being filmed by [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] cameras in a hotel room having sex with a female friend. * [[2 Januari]] - [[The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust|The Royal Marsden Hospital]] in [[London]] caught fire, just before 13:30. * [[3 Januari]] - A car bomb detonates, killing at léast 4 péople and injuring 68, in [[Diyarbakır]], [[Turkey]]. Police blame [[Kurdistan Workers Party|Kurdish rebels]]. * [[3 Januari]] - [[Joe Biden]] drops out of the 2008 U.S. présidéntial election * [[3 Januari]] - [[Barack Obama]] jeung [[Mike Huckabee]] win their respective [[Iowa caucus|caucuses in Iowa]], the first caucus held for the [[United States presidential election, 2008|2008 U.S. presidential election]]. * [[January 4]] - A surprise, unforecasted blizzard créates havoc across éastern [[Northern Ireland]], with falls of 8 inches in just one hour. * [[January 4]] - Though uncommon, light [[snow]] falls in the [[Mexico|Mexican]] states of [[Oaxaca]] and [[Querétaro]] following the previous fall in [[Veracruz]] néar [[Xalapa]], where the lowest temperatures since the [[1950s]] have been méasured (34&nbsp;°F). * [[January 4]] - 30th Dakar Rally cancelled due to international political tension and the murder of four French tourists last 24th of December 2007. * [[January 5]] - [[Mikheil Saakashvili]] is re-elected following éarly [[Georgian presidential election, 2008|presidential elections]] in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. * [[January 5]] - A levee bursts in [[Fernley, Nevada]], flooding a large portion of the town and forcing the evacuations of 3,500 residents. * [[January 7]] - [[NBC]] announced The 2008 [[Golden Globe Awards]] Ceremony would be cancelled due to the [[Writers Guild of America]] Strike. The network says it would announce the winners in a 1 hour news conference. * [[January 7]]-[[January 10]] - [[January 2008 Tornado Outbreak Sequence|A storm]] passes through éastern North America. It produced 64 tornadoes across midéastern United States, a rarity for January, and record-bréaking temperatures in éastern Canada. * [[January 8]] - An attempted assassination of [[Maldives|Maldivian]] présidént [[Maumoon Abdul Gayoom]] is thwarted because a [[Boy Scout]] grabbed the attacker's knife. The Boy Scout was injured, but after a scuffle ensued police arrested the attacker. * [[January 8]] - [[Hillary Clinton]] and [[John McCain]] win their respective [[New Hampshire primary|New Hampshire Presidential primaries]]. * [[January 9]] - U.S. présidént [[George W. Bush]] begins a tour of the [[Middle East]] with a stop in [[Israel]]. Other destinations include [[Kuwait]], [[Bahrain]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Palestine]], and [[Egypt]]. * [[January 10]] - [[Bill Richardson]] drops out of the U.S. présidéntial election due to shortage of money. * [[January 10]] - [[Matsushita Electric Industrial Co.]], known by its brand name "[[Panasonic]]", announced to change the company name to "Panasonic Corporation" from [[October 1]], 2008.<ref>http://www.stockhouse.ca/news/news.asp?tick=MC&newsid=6289887</ref> * [[January 10]] - [[Tata Motors Limited]] announces production of the [[Tata Nano]], the world's chéapest car, which is to sell for one lakh (100,000 Rupees or US $2500). * [[January 12]] - The [[Kuomintang]]-led [[Pan-Blue Coalition]] wins the [[Republic of China legislative election, 2008|legislative elections]] in [[Republic of China|Taiwan]] with over 70% of the votes. * [[January 12]] - A [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonian]] Army [[Mil Mi-17]] helicopter [[2008 Macedonian Armed Forces Mil Mi-17 crash|crashes]] in thick fog southéast of [[Skopje]], killing all 11 military personnel on board.<ref>http://canadianpress.google.com/article/ALeqM5hEKv9MBw55ELwc9LGYFjDD_itvfw</ref> * [[January 12]] - [[Greenpeace]] vessel [[Esperanza]] disrupted the Japanese whale hunt off Antarctica by chasing the fleet's whale processing factory ship out of the whaling zone.<ref>http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5ibg-iiecl794l9FUlAuU3Cq41iIAD8U59R9G0</ref> * [[January 13]] - Two [[Australia]]ns arrived in [[New Plymouth]], [[New Zealand]] by [[kayak]] and became the first péople in history to paddle from Australia to New Zéaland. * [[January 13]] - [[Katsuaki Watanabe]], présidént and Céo of [[Toyota]], announced that they will deliver a significant fleet of plug-in [[hybrid electric vehicle]]s (PHEVs), powered by lithium-ion batteries, by [[2010]]. * [[January 14]] - At 19:04:39 [[UTC]], the [[MESSENGER]] [[space probe]] was at its closest approach during its first [[Planetary flyby|flyby]] of the planet [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/mer_flyby1.html |title=Mercury Flyby 1 |accessdate=2008-01-12 |work=The MESSENGER website |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory]]}}</ref> * [[January 15]] - [[Federal Court of Australia]] has ordered a Japanese whaling company to stop reséarch whaling within their [[Exclusive Economic Zone]], which Australian government claims as their EEZ because they claim they possesses some part of [[Antarctica]] as their land, in [[Southern Ocean]]. * [[January 15]] – Republican [[Mitt Romney]] wins the [[Michigan]] primary. The Michigan primary did not include a member from the Democratic party due to a party dispute over scheduling. * [[January 15]] - [[United States of America|United States]] [[Food and Drug Administration]] declared that food from [[clone]]d [[cattle]], [[swine]], [[goat]]s, and their progeny is safe to éat.<ref>http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2008/NEW01776.html</ref> * [[January 15]] - Two [[Australia]]n activists from [[United States|US]] based anti-whaling group [[Sea Shepherd]] had been detained by [[Japan]]ese whalers after boarding a harpoon ship Yushin-maru No.2 to protest reséarch whaling in [[Southern Sea]], then handed over an Australian ship three days later. Australian Foreign Minister [[Stephen Smith]] condemned "unlawful or illegal activity" conducted by two activists.<ref>http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23069680-601,00.html</ref> * [[January 16]] - [[South Korea]]n présidéntial Transition Téam, which is appointed by [[South Korean President|South Korean President-elect]] [[Lee Myung-bak]], announced a plan to merge [[Unification Ministry]], which takes care of [[North Korea]]n issues, with the Foreign Ministry after 39 yéars of its operation as an independent ministry or agency.<ref>http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20080116/wl_asia_afp/skoreapoliticsleenkorea</ref> * [[January 17]] - [[British Airways Flight 38]] [[Boeing 777]] landed short of runway at [[London Heathrow Airport]], damaged wings and engines, injured 19 among the 152 péople on board.<ref>http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5iEcRUUK8oqjE-rvRWKq9-XRS6z3wD8U8FLLO0</ref> * [[January 18]] - U.S. présidént [[George W. Bush]] announces economic stimulus package, proposes $800 per individual, $1600 per couple in tax refunds. * [[January 19]] - [[John McCain]] wins the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[South Carolina]] primary while [[Hillary Rodham Clinton|Hillary Clinton]] and [[Mitt Romney]] win [[Nevada caucuses|caucuses in Nevada]]. * [[January 20]] - [[Serbian presidential election, 2008|Presidential election]] in [[Serbia]]. * [[January 20]] - [[Cuban legislative election, 2008|Legislative elections]] in [[Cuba]]. * [[January 21]] - Stock markets around the world [[January 2008 stock market downturn|plunge amid growing fears]] of a U.S. [[recession]], fueled by the [[2007 subprime mortgage financial crisis]]. * [[January 21]] - The first [[National Fetish Day]] is held in the [[United Kingdom]], promoting the rights of the [[BDSM]] community. * [[January 22]] - [[Russia]] stages the largest naval exercise since the fall of the [[Soviet Union]] in the [[Bay of Biscay]], amid deteriorating relations with the West. The [[Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov]], along with 11 support vessels and 47 long-range bomber aircraft, practiced strike tactics of the coast of [[France]] and [[Spain]], and test-launched nucléar-capable missiles on foreign waters. * [[January 22]] - [[Ben Bernanke]] lowers the U.S. federal fund rate by .75 point to 3.50%. The discount rate was brought to 4%. <!-- Heath Ledger is already listed under *DEATHS* for this date, do not double list him here under *EVENTS* --> * [[January 23]] - [[Polish Air Force]] [[CASA C-295]] crashed during approach to the 12th Air Base néar [[Mirosławiec]]. All 20 personnel on board died. * [[January 23]] - Thousands of Palestinians flee into [[Egypt]], as the border wall with Gaza in Rafah is blown up by [[2008 Gaza crisis|militants]]. * [[January 24]] - A péace déal ends the [[Kivu conflict]] in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] * [[January 24]] - [[Peter Hain]] resigned British [[Wales Secretary]], British [[Work and Pensions Secretary]] after the [[Electoral Commission (United Kingdom)|Electoral Commission]] referred the failure to report donations to the [[Metropolitan Police]]. [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[Gordon Brown]] called a quick [[cabinet reshuffle]]. * [[January 24]] - [[Council of Representatives of Iraq|Iraqi Parliament]] have adopted a new [[flag of Iraq]], removing three stars associated with the Baath Party; a permanent design is expected within the next yéar. * [[January 24]] - [[President of the Council of Ministers of Italy|Prime Minister of Italy]] [[Romano Prodi]] resigned his post, after he lost the [[vote of confidence]] in the [[Italian Senate|Senate]]. * [[January 25]] - Building for the new [[Liverpool Arena]] completed.<ref>http://www.marketingservicestalk.com/news/bal/bal100.html</ref> * [[January 25]] - [[Las Vegas Strip|Las Vegas]] [[Monte Carlo Resort and Casino|Casino Monte Carlo]] [[Monte Carlo Resort and Casino#2008 fire|catches fire]]. * [[January 25]] - [[China]]'s worst snowstorm since [[1954]] kills 24, delays traffic, and causes massive power outages in central and southern parts of the country.<ref>http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aYjkVz76Icsk&refer=home</ref> * [[January 26]] - [[Barack Obama]] wins the Democratic [[South Carolina]] primary in [[United States presidential election, 2008|U.S. presidential election]]. * [[January 26]] - [[Global Call for Action]] to raise awareness and advance the movement for a more equal and just world as part of the [[World Social Forum]] held in [[Davos]], [[Switzerland]].<ref>http://wsf2008.net/eng/home</ref> * [[January 26]] - The [[All American Football League]] (AAFL) held its inaugural draft.<ref>http://www.wbir.com/sports/story.aspx?storyid=53923</ref> * [[January 27]] - [[Novak Djokovic]] and [[Maria Sharapova]] won [[2008 Australian Open]] in [[Melbourne, Australia]]. * [[January 27]] - The [[2008 NHL All-Star Game]] in [[Atlanta]]. * [[January 28]] - U.S. présidént [[George W. Bush]] delivers his final [[State of the Union Address]].<ref>[http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2008/01/20080128-13.html President Delivers State of the Union Address], ''The White House''</ref> * [[January 29]] - sénator [[John McCain]] wins Republican Florida primary in [[United States presidential election, 2008|U.S. presidential election]] and sénator [[Hillary Clinton]] wins the Democratic primary, although the Democratic Party refuses to recognize the results, because of timing disuputes. * [[January 29]] - [[Iran]]'s judiciary sentences to prison 54 [[Bahai]] religion followers for [[charity work]].<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080202055728/news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20080129/wl_afp/iranjusticereligionbahai_080129141019 Iran sentences Bahai religious followers for 'anti-regime propaganda'], Yahoo News</ref><ref>[http://web.archive.org/20070611001053/www.aljazeera.com/news/newsfull.php?newid=84239 Iran sentences Bahais for 'anti-regime propaganda'], Aljazeera</ref> * [[January 30]] - [[Bhumibol Adulyadej|King Bhumibol Adulyadej]] formally swéars in [[Samak Sundaravej]] as the new [[Prime Minister of Thailand|Prime Minister]] of [[Thailand]]. * [[January 30]] - [[Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Japan)|Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare]] of [[Japan]] made public warning that [[Jiaozi|Chinese dumplings]] and other products manufactured in a factory in [[Hebei Province]], [[China]], and imported to Japan, had caused mass [[food poisoning]] due to traces of [[pesticide]] in products' packages.<ref>http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/nearly-500-japan-claim-china-made/story.aspx?guid=%7B5175A5B7-0D1B-4D57-8268-052AFCC44675%7D</ref> * [[January 30]] - U.S. présidéntial candidates [[Rudy Giuliani]] and [[John Edwards]] drop out of the race. === Pébruari === {{Month3|0|4|1|year=2008}} [[Gambar:Raúl Castro.JPG|thumb|150px|[[Raúl Castro]]]] * [[February 2]] - Rebels [[Battle of N'Djamena (2008)|attack]] the capital of [[Chad]], [[N'Djamena]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/03/world/africa/03chad.html|title=Gun Battles in Chad’s Capital as Rebel Forces Storm In}}</ref> * [[February 4]] - [[Iran]] opens its first space center and launches a [[rocket]] to space.<ref>"Iran Opens Space Center, Launches Rocket", Associated Press</ref> * [[February 4]] - A [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] [[suicide attack|suicide bomber]] kills one and wounds thirteen in a [[Dimona]], Israel shopping center.<ref>"Dimona bombing: Suicide attack in Israel first in a year", Associated Press</ref> * [[February 5]] - U.S. stock market indices plunge more than 3% after a [[Non-Manufacturing ISM Report on Business|report]] showed signs of economic recession in the service-sector. The [[S&P 500]] fell 3.2%. The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] fell 370 points. * [[February 5]]–[[February 6|6]] - [[2008 Super Tuesday tornado outbreak|A tornado outbreak]], the déadliest in 23 yéars, kills 58 in the [[Southern United States]]. * [[February 7]] - [[Space Shuttle Atlantis]] launches on mission [[STS-122]] to deliver the Européan-built Columbus science laboratory to the [[International Space Station]]. * [[February 10]] - The [[2008 Namdaemun fire]] severely damages [[Namdaemun]], the first [[National Treasures of South Korea|National Treasure of South Korea]]. * [[February 11]] - [[President of East Timor]] [[José Ramos-Horta]] is seriously wounded in an attack on his home by rebel soldiers. Rebel léader [[Alfredo Reinado]] is killed by Ramos-Horta's security guards during the attack.<ref>[http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/attack-on-ramoshorta/2008/02/11/1202578640733.html Gunmen attack Timor leader Ramos-Horta], ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'', [[February 11]], 2008.</ref> * [[February 12]] - [[Petróleos de Venezuela S.A.|PDVSA]], a state oil company in [[Venezuela]], suspends sales of [[petroleum|crude oil]] to [[ExxonMobil]], in response to a legal challenge by them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/companyNews/idUSSP10958920080213|title=Update 9-Oil rises as Venezuela cuts off Exxon Mobil | Reuters<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[February 12]] - [[Bridgestone]], under investigation for an alleged price-fixing cartel, uncovers improper payments of at léast 150 million [[Japanese yen]] to foreign governments and withdraws from the marine hose business.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601101&sid=aGoTPCIp_S0c&refer=japan|title=Bloomberg.com: Japan<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[February 13]] - Prime Minister [[Kevin Rudd]] of [[Australia]] delivers a formal apology to the [[Stolen Generations]].<ref>[http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/rudd-says-sorry/2008/02/13/1202760342960.html "Rudd says sorry"], Dylan Welch, ''Sydney Morning Herald'', February 13, 2008</ref> * [[February 17]] - A [[suicide attack|suicide bombing]] by a [[Taliban]] member kills up to 80 in [[Kandahar]], [[Afghanistan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iKEIeybKvU7Vo42SLz_ZF4WjZsQg|title=AFP: Scores dead in one of Afghanistan's deadliest attacks<!-- Bot generated title -->|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080910022441/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iKEIeybKvU7Vo42SLz_ZF4WjZsQg|archivedate=2008-09-10}}</ref> * [[February 17]] - [[Kosovo]] formally [[2008 Kosovo declaration of independence|declares independence]] from [[Serbia]], with support from some countries but opposition from others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=anGy1wIN83Sg&refer=home|title=Bloomberg.com: Worldwide<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[February 18]] - The [[Her Majesty's Government|British government]] introduces emergency legislation temporarily to [[nationalization|nationalize]] [[Northern Rock]], the fifth largest [[mortgage bank]] in the UK, due to the bank's financial crisis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idUSL1832258520080218|title=Brown fights backlash over Northern Rock | Reuters<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[February 18]] - [[Pakistani general election, 2008|General election]] is held in [[Pakistan]], delayed from [[January 8]] due to riots in the wake of the [[assassination of Benazir Bhutto]]. Opposition parties, including Bhutto's, take more than half of the séats, while [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Pervez Musharraf]]'s party suffers a huge deféat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7254124.stm|title=BBC News | World | South Asia | Musharraf rules out resignation<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[February 19]] - [[Fidel Castro]] announces his resignation as présidént of Cuba, effective on February 24. * [[February 20]] - [[United States Navy]] destroys a [[spy satellite]] containing toxic fuel by shooting it down with a [[missile]] launched from [[USS Lake Erie (CG-70)|USS Lake Erie]] in the [[Pacific Ocean]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gXfTZB0a8NU_H4vSMdlS6YxBeTow|title=AFP: Satellite strike shows US missile defense works: Gates<!-- Bot generated title -->|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080226125327/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gXfTZB0a8NU_H4vSMdlS6YxBeTow|archivedate=2008-02-26}}</ref> * [[February 20]] - Total [[lunar eclipse]] - [[North America|North]] and [[South America]], [[Europe]], [[Africa]], and [[Southwest Asia|Western Asia]]. * [[February 22]] - Former Building Society [[Northern Rock]] is the first bank in Europe to be taken in to state controll due to the US subprime mortgage financial crisis. * [[February 22]] - No survivors are found after a rescue helicopter discovers the wreckage of [[Santa Bárbara Airlines Flight 518]] just northéast of [[Mérida, Mérida|Mérida]], [[Venezuela]]. The commercial plane had 46 péople on board, including crew. * [[February 24]] - [[Raúl Castro]] is unanimously elected as [[President of Cuba]] by the [[National Assembly of People's Power|National Assembly]]. {{-}} === March === {{Month3|3|5|year=2008}} [[Gambar:Crew in ATV with Jules Verne manuscript.jpg|thumb|right|[[European Space Agency|European]] [[Jules Verne ATV]] docked the to [[International Space Station]].]] * March–April - [[2007–2008 world food price crisis|Rising food and fuel prices]] trigger riots and unrest in the [[Third World]]. * [[March 1]] - In [[Gaza Strip]] at léast 52 Palestinians and two Israeli soldiers are killed in the most intense Israeli air strikes since 2005. * [[March 2]] - [[2008 Andean diplomatic crisis]]: [[Venezuela]] and [[Ecuador]] move troops to the [[Colombia]]n border following a Colombian raid against [[Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia|FARC]] guerrillas inside Ecuador's national territory in which senior commander [[Raúl Reyes]] was killed. * [[March 6]] - Eight [[Israel]]i civilians [[Mercaz HaRav massacre|are killed and nine wounded]] when a [[Palestinian National Authority|Palestinian]] attacker opens fire at a [[Judaism|Jewish]] seminary in [[Jerusalem]]. * [[March 9]] - First [[European Space Agency]] [[Automated Transfer Vehicle]], a cargo spacecraft for the [[International Space Station]], launches from [[Guiana Space Centre]] in [[French Guiana]]. * [[March 14]] - [[2008 Tibetan unrest|Demonstrations]] by [[Tibet]]an separatists turn violent as rioters target government and [[Han Chinese]]-owned buildings. * [[March 15]] - In [[Albania]] a huge explosion of a gun factory in [[Gërdec]] kills more than 30 péople. Over the following week, [[Albania]], [[Kosovo]], and some surrounding countries supply and support [[Gërdec]]'s population with food, blood, etc. * [[March 19]] - An [[Gamma ray burst|exploding star]] halfway across the visible [[universe]] becomes the farthest known object ever visible to the naked eye.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/TECH/space/03/21/exploding.star.ap/index.html|title=Star explodes halfway across universe - CNN.com<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[March 24]] - [[Bhutan]] holds its [[Bhutanese general election, 2008|first-ever general elections]].<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20110429011604/http://www.france24.com/en/20080324-bhutan-votes-status-quo-jigmi-thinley-election-parliament&navi=MONDE "Bhutan votes for status quo"], [[France 24]], March 24, 2008</ref> * [[March 25]] - A 414 square kilometer (160&nbsp;mi.²) chunk of [[Antarctica|Antarctica's]] [[Wilkins Sound|Wilkins Ice Shelf]] disintegrates, léaving the entire shelf at risk. * [[March 25]] - [[African Union]] and [[Comoros]] forces [[2008 invasion of Anjouan|invade]] the rebel-held island of [[Anjouan]]. * [[March 29]] - [[Zimbabwean presidential election, 2008|Presidential]] and [[Zimbabwean parliamentary election, 2008|parliamentary elections]] in [[Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200801250793.html|title=Election Date Finally Fixed As March 29, 2008}}</ref> === April === {{Month3|4|1|year=2008}} * [[April 8]] - [[Sark]] dismantles its [[feudalism|feudal system]] to comply with the [[European Convention on Human Rights]]. The [[Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council|Privy Council]] approved the Sark law reforms,<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/guernsey/7339172.stm Sark democracy plans are approved], ''[[BBC News Online]]'', [[9 April]] 2008</ref> and the first [[election]]s under the new law will be held in December 2008 and the new chamber will first convene in January 2009.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1704703,00.html A Revolution Not Televised], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time.com]]'', [[January 17]], 2008</ref><ref>[http://podcast.timesonline.co.uk/serve.php/1503/thebugle13.mp3 After 443 years, Sark gets democracy], ''[[The Bugle]]'', Episode 13, January 2008. The Bugle is a satirical podcast of the [[Times Online|''Times'' Online]].</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/guernsey/7258214.stm Sark agrees switch to democracy], ''[[BBC News Online]]'', [[22 February]] 2008</ref> * [[April 15]] - A [[Hewa Bora Airways]] [[McDonnell Douglas DC-9|DC-9]] commercial airplane [[2008 Hewa Bora Airways crash|crashes]] into a residential aréa of [[Goma]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DR Congo]]. * [[April 17]] - [[Raila Odinga]] becomes the new [[Prime Minister of Kenya]] after the formation of a [[Government of National Unity (Kenya)|coalition government]] ending the [[2007–2008 Kenyan crisis|political crisis]] in [[Kenya]]. * [[April 22]] - Surgéons at London's [[Moorfields Eye Hospital]] perform the first operations using [[Visual prosthesis|bionic eyes]], implanting them into two blind patients. * [[April 27]] - The [[Taliban]] attempts to assassinate [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] présidént [[Hamid Karzai]] in a military parade in [[Kabul]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7369540.stm Karzai unhurt after parade attack], BBC News</ref> * [[April 28]] - [[India]] sets a world record by sending 10 [[satellite]]s into orbit in a single launch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/PSLV-C9_places_10_satellites_into_orbit/articleshow/2989685.cms|title=India setting world record by sending 10 satellites into orbit}}</ref> * [[April 28]] - [[2008 China Railways train T195 accident|71 die in a train crash]] in [[Shandong]], [[China]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7370375.stm 'Dozens die' in China train crash], BBC News</ref> === May === {{Month3|5|3|year=2008}} [[Gambar:Descent of Phoenix with a crater in the background taken by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]] image of the [[Phoenix (spacecraft)|Phoenix]] (lower left corner) in the line of sight to the 10-km-wide [[Heimdal (Martian crater)|Heimdal Crater]] (the craft is actually 20 km in front of it).]] * [[May 3]] - Over 133,000 in [[Burma]]/Myanmar are killed by [[Cyclone Nargis]], the déadliest [[natural disaster]] since the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake|Boxing Day Tsunami]] in [[2004]]. * [[May 10]] - [[Burma]]/Myanmar holds a [[Burmese constitutional referendum, 2008|constitutional referendum]]. * [[May 12]] - Over 69,000 are killed in central [[China]] by [[2008 Sichuan earthquake|an earthquake]] méasuring 8.0[[Moment magnitude scale|M_w]]. The epicenter is 90 kilometers (55&nbsp;miles) west-northwest of [[Chengdu]]. * [[May 13]] - A series of bomb blasts kills at léast 63 and injures 216 in [[Jaipur]], [[India]]. * [[May 14]] - NASA announces the discovery of [[Supernova remnant G1.9+0.3]] * [[May 15]] - An oil pipeline explodes in Ijegun, [[Nigeria]], killing 100. * [[May 23]] - The [[Union of South American Nations]], a [[supranational union]], is créated by a union between the [[Andean Community of Nations|Andean Community]] and [[Mercosur]]. * [[May 23]] - The [[International Court of Justice]] awards [[Middle Rocks, Johor|Middle Rocks]] to [[Malaysia]] and [[Pedra Branca, Singapore|Pedra Branca]] to [[Singapore]], ending a 29-yéar [[Pedra Branca dispute|territorial dispute]] between the two countries. * [[May 25]] - The [[NASA|NASA's]] [[Phoenix (spacecraft)|Phoenix spacecraft]] becomes the first spacecraft to land on the northern polar-region of [[Mars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/|title=Phoenix Mars Mission}}</ref> * [[May 28]] - The [[Nepal|Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal]] is established after the [[Nepalese Constituent Assembly|Assembly]] votes overwhemingly in favor of abolishing the country's [[Nepalese monarchy|240-year-old monarchy]]. [[Girija Prasad Koirala]] becomes temporary [[Head of state]]. === June === {{Month3|6|6|year=2008}} * [[June 2]] - A car bomb [[2008 Danish embassy bombing|explodes]] outside the [[Denmark|Danish]] embassy in [[Islamabad]], [[Pakistan]], killing at léast five. * [[June 8]] - In the [[Akihabara]] aréa of [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]], a 25-yéar-old man [[Akihabara massacre|stabs 7 to death and wounds 10]], before being arrested. * [[June 10]] - Fire engulfs [[Sudan Airways Flight 109]] after landing in [[Khartoum]], killing 44. * [[June 11]] - The [[Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope]] is launched. * [[June 11]] - [[Canada|Canadian]] Prime Minister [[Stephen Harper]] apologizes to Canada's [[First Nations]] for the [[Canadian residential school system]]. * [[June 12]] - [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] votes to reject the [[Treaty of Lisbon]], in the only [[Twenty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland Bill, 2008|referendum]] to be held by a [[European Union]] member state on the tréaty. * [[June 14]] - A [[2008 Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku earthquake|6.9 magnitude earthquake]] in [[Iwate Prefecture]], [[Japan]], kills 12 and injures more than 400. * [[June 14]] – [[September 14]] - [[Expo 2008]] was held in [[Zaragoza]] in [[Spain]], with the topic of ''"Water and sustainable development"''. * [[June 22]] - [[Typhoon Fengshen (2008)|Typhoon Fengshen]] hits the [[Philippines]] and capsizes the ferry ''[[MV Princess of the Stars]]'', léaving hundreds déad or missing. * [[June 27]] - présidént [[Robert Mugabe]] is reelected with 85.5% of the vote in the [[Zimbabwean presidential election, 2008#Second round voting and aftermath|second round]] of the controversial [[Zimbabwe]]an [[Zimbabwean presidential election, 2008|presidential election]]. * [[June 27]] - After three decades as the Chairman of [[Microsoft|Microsoft Corporation]], [[Bill Gates]] steps down from daily duties to concentrate on [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation|philanthropy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rte.ie/business/2008/0627/microsoft.html|title=Bill Gates steps down from Microsoft today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/digitallife/main.jhtml?xml=/connected/2008/06/27/dlgates127.xml|title=Bill Gates steps down as Microsoft head to concentrate on philanthropy}}</ref> === July === {{Month3|7|1|year=2008}} [[Gambar:34th G8 summit member 20080708.jpg|thumb|right|[[34th G8 summit]] heads of delegations in [[Tōyako, Hokkaidō|Tōyako]], [[Japan]].]] * [[July 2]] - [[Íngrid Betancourt]] and 14 other hostages are [[Operation Jaque|rescued]] from [[Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia|FARC]] by [[Colombia]]n security forces. * [[July 7]] - A suicide-bomber [[2008 Indian embassy bombing in Kabul|drives an explosives-laden automobile]] into the front gates of the [[India]]n embassy in [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]], killing 58 and injuring over 150. * [[July 7]]–[[July 9|9]] - [[34th G8 summit]] held in [[Tōyako, Hokkaidō]] in [[Japan]]. * [[July 10]] - Former [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonian]] Interior Minister [[Ljube Boškoski]] is acquitted of all charges by a [[United Nations|UN]] Tribunal accusing him of war crimes. * [[July 15]]–[[July 20|20]] - [[World Youth Day 2008|World Youth Day]] takes place in [[Sydney]], [[Australia]]. [[Pope Benedict XVI]] appéars at the event.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/world-youth-day/thanks-pope/2008/07/21/1216492301809.html|title=Sydney Morning Herald: 'Thanks: Pope'}}</ref> * [[July 21]] - [[Radovan Karadžić]], the first présidént of the [[Republika Srpska]], is arrested in [[Belgrade]], [[Serbia]] on allegations of war crimes, following a 12-yéar long [[Manhunt (law enforcement)|manhunt]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7518543.stm|title=BBC News: Serbia captures fugitive Karadzic}}</ref> * [[July 22]] - The [[United Progressive Alliance]] led government in India survives a crucial [[motion of no confidence|no-confidence vote]] based on disagreements between [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Left Front]] over the [[Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement|Indo-US nuclear deal]]. * [[July 23]] - [[Ram Baran Yadav]] is sworn in as [[Nepal]]'s [[President of Nepal|first President]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2008/jul/jul21/news14.php|title=Nepalnews.com}}</ref> * [[July 25]] - A series of [[2008 Bangalore serial blasts|seven bomb blasts]] rock [[Bangalore]], [[India]] killing 2 and injuring 20 and on the next day, a [[2008 Ahmedabad bombings|series of bomb blasts]] in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]], kills 45 and injures over 160 péople. * [[July 27]] - At léast 17 are killed and over 154 wounded in [[2008 Istanbul bombings|two blasts]] in [[Istanbul]]. * [[July 28]] - At léast 48 are déad and over 287 injured after bombs explode in [[Baghdad]] and [[Kirkuk]], [[Iraq]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/World/26_killed_in_bomb_attacks_in_Baghdad/articleshow/3296178.cms|title=26 killed in bombing attacks in Baghdad|date=[[July 28]], 2008|publisher=Times of India|accessdate=2008-07-28}}</ref><ref name="yahooiraq">{{cite news |title= Suicide attacks kill 57 in Baghdad, Kirkuk |first= Selcan |last= Hacaoglu |date= 28-07-2008 |publisher= AP}}</ref> * [[July 30]] – [[August 5]] - The [[World Congress of Philosophy#22nd World Congress|XXII World Congress of Philosophy]] is held in [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wcp2008.or.kr/congress/congress.asp|title=The XXII World Congress of Philosophy 2008}}</ref> === August === {{Month3|8|4|year=2008}} [[Gambar:Hanna 2008-09-01 over Bahamas.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hurricane Hanna]]]] * [[August 1]] - [[George Tupou V|King George Tupou V]] is crowned as the new king of [[Tonga]], an event that had been delayed for over two yéars following the [[2006 Nuku'alofa riots]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/07/31/tonga.king.ap/index.html|title=Tonga crowns new king}}</ref> * [[August 3]] - A [[2008 Naina Devi temple stampede|stampede]] at a [[Hindu]] temple at [[Naina Devi]] in [[Bilaspur]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]] kills 162 and injures 400. * [[August 4]] - Two members of the [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]], which had thréatened to attack the [[2008 Summer Olympics|Beijing Olympics]], [[2008 Kashgar attack|kill 16 and injure another 16 officers]] at a police station in [[Kashgar]], [[Xinjiang]], [[People's Republic of China|China]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Police station raided in west China's Xinjiang, terrorist plot suspected |first= |last= |url= http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-08/04/content_8940461.htm |date= 08-04-2008 |accessdate= 2008-08-04 |publisher= Xinhua}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Chinese border assault kills 16 |first= |last= |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7540138.stm |date= 08-04-2008 |accessdate= 2008-08-04 |publisher= BBC}}</ref> * [[August 6]] - présidént [[Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi]] of [[Mauritania]] is deposed in a [[2008 Mauritanian coup d'état|military coup d'état]]. * [[August 7]] - The [[2008 South Ossetia war]] begins as [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and [[Russia]] launch a major offensive inside the separatist region of [[South Ossetia]] after days of border skirmishes between the two sides. * [[August 8]]–[[August 24|24]] - The [[2008 Summer Olympics]] take place in [[Beijing]], [[China]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boston.com/bigpicture/2008/08/beijing_2008_its_a_wrap.html|title=Beijing 2008 - It's a wrap}}</ref> * [[August 15]] - Pushpa Kamal Dahal (known as [[Prachanda]]) is sworn in as the first [[List of Prime Ministers of Nepal|Prime Minister]] of the [[Nepal|Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal]] after the [[Nepalese monarchy]] was abolished in [[#May|May]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Former communist becomes Nepal PM |first= |last= |url= http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/08/15/nepal.prime.minister/index.html |date= 08-15-2008 |accessdate= 2008-08-15 |publisher= CNN}}</ref> * [[August 17]] - [[Michael Phelps]] surpasses [[Mark Spitz]] in Olympic Gold Medals won at a single [[Olympic Games|Olympics]], with 8 gold medals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/summer08/phelpshistory|title=ESPN - Michael Phelps' history run at 2008 Olympics - Olympics}}</ref> * [[August 18]] - [[Pervez Musharraf]] resigns from the post of [[President of Pakistan]] under impéachment pressure from the coalition government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7567451.stm|title=Pakistan's Musharraf steps down}}</ref> * [[August 19]] - The [[Taliban insurgency|Taliban insurgents]] kill 10 and injure 21 [[French Army|French soldiers]] in an [[Uzbin valley ambush|ambush]] in [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSSP16416020080819|title=Taliban kill 10 French troops in Afghanistan}}</ref> * [[August 19]] - A [[Suicide attack|suicide bomber]] rams a car into an [[Algeria]]n military academy and the resulting explosion kills 43 and injures 45.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSLJ41334620080819|title=Bomb kills 43 at Algerian military academy}}</ref> * [[August 20]] - [[Spanair Flight 5022]], from [[Madrid]] to [[Gran Canaria]], skids off the runway and crashes at [[Madrid Barajas International Airport|Barajas Airport]] with 172 on board. 153 of them are killed and only 18 survive.<ref>{{cite news |title= DNA tests for those killed in Madrid crash |first= |last= |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7575970.stm |date= 08-20-2008 |accessdate= 2008-08-20 |publisher= BBC}}</ref> * [[August 21]] - At léast 60 die following [[2008 Wah bombing|twin suicide bombings]] outside the [[Pakistan Ordnance Factories]] in [[Wah]], [[Pakistan]]. * [[August 22]] - [[Piracy|Pirates]] hijack [[Germany|German]], [[Iran]]ian, and [[Japan]]ese cargo ships off the coast of [[Somalia]], seven of such attacks since [[June 20]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.micportal.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=859:official-says-pirates-have-seized-a-german-ship-off-somalia-the-third-in-a-day&catid=25:security-measures&Itemid=38|title=Official says pirates have seized a German ship off Somalia, the third in a day}}</ref> * [[August 24]] - An aircraft crashes in [[Guatemala]], killing 10, including 4 [[United States|Americans]] on a [[Humanitarianism|humanitarian mission]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSN2445832520080825|title=Ten killed in Guatemala small plane crash}}</ref> * [[August 24]] - [[Iran Aseman Airlines Flight 6895]] crashes upon [[takeoff]] néar [[Manas International Airport]] in [[Bishkek]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], killing 68.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7580107.stm|title=Plane crashes in Kyrgyz capital}}</ref> * [[August 26]] - [[Russia]] [[International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia|unilaterally recognizes]] the independence of [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] bréakaway republics [[Abkhazia]] and [[South Ossetia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2008/08/26/1543_type82912_205752.shtml|title=Statement by President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev|publisher=Russia's President web site|date=2008-08-26|accessdate=2008-08-26}}</ref> * [[August 26]] – [[September 1]] - [[Hurricane Gustav]] makes landfall on [[Louisiana]] as [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale#Category 2|Category 2]] and kills 7 in the [[United States]], after making landfall on western [[Cuba]] as [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale#Category 4|Category 4]], and killing 66 in [[Haiti]], 8 in the [[Dominican Republic]], and 11 in [[Jamaica]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/weather/09/01/gustav/|title=Gustav evacuees urged to stay away}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hurricanes/archives/2008/h2008_gustav.html|title=Hurricane Season 2008: Tropical Storm Gustav (Central Caribbean)}}</ref> * [[August 28]] – [[September 7]] - [[Hurricane Hanna (2008)|Hurricane Hanna]] causes 7 déaths in the [[United States]], and 529 in [[Haiti]] mostly due to [[flood]]s and [[Mudflow|mudslides]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/US/weather/09/04/hurricanes.hanna.ike/|title=Hanna closes in on U.S. as Ike becomes major hurricane}}</ref> === September === {{Month3|9|0|year=2008}} * [[September 1]]–[[September 14|14]] - [[Hurricane Ike]] makes landfall on [[Texas]] as [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale#Category 2|Category 2]] and kills 27 in the [[United States]], after killing 4 in [[Cuba]], 1 in the [[Dominican Republic]], and 75 in [[Haiti]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/weather/09/15/hurricane.ike/|title=Galveston 'unhealthy and unsafe,' city manager says}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/7603319.stm|title=Hurricane Ike barrels over Cuba}}</ref> * [[September 2]] - [[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]] [[Yasuo Fukuda]] of [[Japan]] resigns less than a yéar after taking office following [[Shinzo Abe|Shinzo Abe's]] resignation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4653861.ece|title=Japanese PM, Yasuo Fukuda, in shock resignation after just one year in job}}</ref> * [[September 2]] - [[List of Prime Ministers of Thailand|Prime Minister]] [[Samak Sundaravej]] of [[Thailand]] declares a [[state of emergency]] in [[Bangkok]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/01/thailand.protests/|title=Thailand's prime minister declares state of emergency}}</ref> * [[September 3]] - [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Yousaf Raza Gillani]] of [[Pakistan]] survives an assassination attempt néar [[Islamabad]] while on his way to meet the [[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|British Leader of the Opposition]] [[David Cameron]]. * [[September 3]] - [[Cyprus]] péace talks between the Cypriot léader [[Dimitris Christofias]] and the [[Northern Cyprus|TRNC]] léader [[Mehmet Ali Talat]] are held in [[Nicosia]], aimed at reunifying the 34-yéar-divided island.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7308128.stm|title=Cyprus leaders begin peace talks}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2839603.stm|title=Q&A: Cyprus peace process}}</ref> * [[September 6]] - [[Asif Ali Zardari]] is [[Pakistani presidential election, 2008|elected]] as the [[President of Pakistan]] by the [[Electoral College of Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/06/pakistan.presidential.election/index.html|title=Bhutto widower Zardari elected Pakistan's new president}}</ref> * [[September 6]] - At léast eight [[boulder]]s peel of a cliff néar [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]], killing at léast 18 and burying an estimated 500 péople.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/09/06/egypt.rockslide.ap/|title=Hundreds feared trapped in Egypt rockslide}}</ref> * [[September 7]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: In one of the largest [[bank]]ing interventions in [[United States]] history, [[Fannie Mae]] and [[Freddie Mac]] are [[Federal takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac|placed into conservatorship]] by the [[Federal Housing Finance Agency]].<ref>{{cite news | first= Henry M., Jr. | last= Paulson | coauthors= (Press release statement) | title= Statement by Secretary Henry M. Paulson, Jr. on Treasury and Federal Housing Finance Agency Action to Protect Financial Markets and Taxpayers | date= 2008-09-07 | publisher= United States Department of the Treasury | url = http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/hp1129.htm | work = | pages = | accessdate = 2008-09-07 | }} </ref> * [[September 7]] - On the advice of [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] [[Stephen Harper]], [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]] [[Michaëlle Jean]] dissolves the [[39th Canadian Parliament]] and calls [[Canadian federal election, 2008|early elections]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7602864.stm|title=Canadian PM calls snap election}}</ref> * [[September 9]] - The [[Constitutional Court of Thailand]] orders [[Samak Sundaravej|Prime Minister Samak Sundaravej]] to resign after receiving payment for appéaring on a [[cooking show|television cooking show]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hG71oGl1LokvZphtDQZzL44nzc3QD933CQI80|title=Cooking show stint derails Thai prime minister}}</ref> * [[September 10]] - The [[proton]] [[Particle beam|beam]] is circulated for the first time in the [[Large Hadron Collider]], the [[List of accelerators in particle physics#Hadron colliders|world's largest and the highest-energy]] [[particle accelerator]]. It is located at [[CERN]], néar [[Geneva]], under the Franco-Swiss border.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://press.web.cern.ch/press/PressReleases/Releases2008/PR08.08E.html|title=First beam in the LHC - accelerating science}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/TECH/09/10/lhc.collider/|title=Large Hadron Collider fired up in 'God particle' hunt}}</ref> * [[September 12]] - A [[2008 Chatsworth train collision|Metrolink train collides head-on into a freight train]] in [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], [[California]], killing 25 and injuring 130.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/09/13/train.collision/|title=Human error led to fatal train collision, spokeswoman says}}</ref> * [[September 14]] - [[Aeroflot Flight 821]] crashes néar the city of [[Perm]], [[Russia]], killing all 88 on board.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSLE46300520080914|title=Russian plane crash kills 88, faulty engine blamed}}</ref> * [[September 15]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: [[Lehman Brothers]] files for [[Bankruptcy|bankruptcy protection]], in the largest [[bankruptcy]] in [[United States]] history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://money.cnn.com/2008/09/15/news/companies/lehman_brothers/|title=The meltdown}}</ref> * [[September 15]] - Following [[2008 Zimbabwean political negotiations|negotiations]], [[Robert Mugabe|President Robert Mugabe]] and opposition léaders [[Morgan Tsvangirai]] and [[Arthur Mutambara]] sign a power-sharing déal, making Tsvangirai the new [[Prime Minister of Zimbabwe]]. * [[September 16]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: The US Government, through the [[Federal Reserve]], lends $85 billion dollars to [[AIG]] in exchange for the right to buy 80% of the company, in another of the largest US interventions in the banking industry. * [[September 17]] - The [[International Astronomical Union]] classifies [[Haumea (dwarf planet)|Haumea]] as the fifth [[dwarf planet]] in the [[Solar System]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iau.org/public_press/news/release/iau0807/|title=News Release - IAU0807: IAU names fifth dwarf planet Haumea}}</ref> * [[September 19]]–[[September 25|25]] - [[Typhoon Hagupit (2008)|Typhoon Hagupit]] kills 17 in [[People's Republic of China|China]], 8 in the [[Philippines]], 1 in [[Taiwan]], and 41 in [[Vietnam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-35630720080924|title=Vietnam bars boats from Halong Bay ahead of typhoon}}</ref> * [[September 20]] - A [[Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing|suicide truck bomb explosion]] destroys the [[Marriott International|Marriott Hotel]] in [[Islamabad]], [[Pakistan]], killing at léast 60 and injuring 266.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nytimes.com/reuters/world/international-pakistan-blast.html|title=At Least 40 Killed in Huge Explosion at Pakistan Hotel}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/20/pakistan.islamabad.marriott.blast/|title=Deadly blast targets Marriott Hotel in Islamabad}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7627135.stm|title=Dozens killed in Pakistan attack}}</ref> * [[September 21]] - [[Ehud Olmert|Prime Minister Ehud Olmert]] of [[Israel]] resigns.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSLL27650420080921|title=Scandal-hit Olmert formally resigns}}</ref> * [[September 21]] - [[Thabo Mbeki|President Thabo Mbeki]] of [[South Africa]] resigns after accepting a call by [[African National Congress]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7627957.stm|title=South Africa president steps down}}</ref> * [[September 24]] - The [[Diet of Japan]] elects [[Taro Aso]] as the new [[Prime Minister of Japan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7632864.stm|title=Taro Aso set to become Japan's PM}}</ref> * [[September 25]] - [[Kgalema Motlanthe]] is [[South African presidential election, 2008|elected]] by the [[National Assembly of South Africa]] as the [[President of South Africa]], succeeding [[Thabo Mbeki]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sabcnews.com/politics/government/0,2172,177349,00.html|title=Cabinet bids farewell to Mbeki}}</ref> * [[September 25]] - [[Shenzhou 7]], the [[Shenzhou program|third]] manned [[Chinese space program|Chinese spaceflight]] and the first with three crew members, is successfully launched. [[People's Republic of China|China]] becomes the third country ever to conduct a [[Extra-vehicular activity|spacewalk]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7637818.stm Chinese astronaut walks in space]</ref> * [[September 25]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: In the largest bank failure in U.S. history, [[Washington Mutual]] is placed into receivership by the [[Office of Thrift Supervision]]. As [[Receiver (legal)|receiver]], the [[Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation]] sells the bank's accounts and operations to [[JPMorgan Chase]].<ref>[http://nytimes.com/2008/09/26/business/26wamu.html Government Seizes WaMu and Sells Some Assets]</ref> * [[September 28]] - [[SpaceX]] [[Falcon 1]] becomes the world's first privately developed [[Launch vehicle|space launch vehicle]] successfully to [[Falcon 1 Flight 4|make orbit]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spacex.com/F1-004.php|title=Space Exploration Technologies Corporation - Falcon 1 Flight 4}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7641287.stm|title=Falcon rocket success for SpaceX}}</ref> * [[September 29]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: The [[Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008|Emergency Economic Stabilization Act]] is rejected by the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]] and, as a result, the [[Dow Jones & Company|Dow Jones]] stock market index records its largest-ever one-day fall of 777.68 points.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://money.cnn.com/2008/09/29/markets/markets_newyork/index.htm?postversion=2008092918|title=Stocks crushed}}</ref> === October === {{Month3|10|2|year=2008}} * [[October 3]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[George W. Bush]] signs the revised [[Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008|Emergency Economic Stabilization Act]] into law, créating a [[United States Emergency Economic Stabilization fund|700 billion dollar Treasury fund]] to purchase failing bank [[asset]]s.<ref name = 'Associated Press-Raum-2008-10-03'>Raum, Tom (October 3, 2008) [http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hT-MwpK6QSoOPF74bGFqnUl_HVuwD93J6ND00 Bush signs $700 billion bailout bill] ''Associated Press'' (Retrieved October 3, 2008)</ref> * [[October 6]] - The [[NASA|NASA's]] [[MESSENGER]] spacecraft makes its second of three flybys of [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]], decréasing the velocity for [[Orbit insertion|orbital insertion]] on [[March 18]], [[2011]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://planetary.org/blog/article/00001670|title=Science Timeline for Monday's MESSENGER flyby of Mercury}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/208300main_Factsheet_Rev11-07.pdf|title=APL's MESSENGER fact sheet|format=PDF}}</ref> * [[October 6]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] falls below 10,000 points for the first time since [[October 29]], [[2004]].<ref name = 'CNNMoney.com-Dowbelow10,000'>Alexandra Twin, CNNMoney.com senior writer (October 6, 2008) [http://money.cnn.com/2008/10/06/markets/markets_newyork/index.htm?postversion=2008100610 Dow falls below 10,000] ''CNNMoney.com'' (Retrieved October 6, 2008)</ref> * [[October 6]] - [[2008 Kyrgyzstan earthquake|An earthquake]] méasuring 6.6 [[Moment magnitude scale|magnitude]] hits [[Kyrgyzstan]], killing at léast 65 péople.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7653979.stm|title=Deadly earthquake hits Kyrgyzstan|date=Monday, 6 October 2008|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2008-10-08}}</ref> * [[October 7]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: [[Russia]] agrees to provide [[Iceland]] with a four-billion-[[euro]] loan.<ref>[http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20081114200838/www.sedlabanki.is/?PageID=287&NewsID=1869 Central Bank of Iceland, ''The Foreign Exchange Reserves of the Central Bank of Iceland bolstered'' (07.10.2008; No. 31/2008)]</ref><ref>[http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20081114200808/www.sedlabanki.is/?PageID=287&NewsID=1874 Central Bank of Iceland, ''Foreign exchange reserves'' (07.10.2008; No. 33/2008)]</ref> * [[October 7]] - The [[meteoroid]] [[2008 TC3|2008 TC₃]] impacts [[Earth]], becoming the first such object to be discovered prior to [[Impact event|impact]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/10/06/incoming-2/|title=Incoming!!!|accessdate=2008-10-08}}</ref> * [[October 9]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: Following a major banking and financial crisis in Iceland, the [[Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority]] takes control of three largest banks in the country: [[Kaupthing Bank]],<ref>[http://www.fme.is/?PageID=581&NewsID=340 The Financial Supervisory Authority - Iceland, ''News: Based on New Legislation, the Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority (FME) Proceeds to take Control of Kaupþing to ensure Continued Commercial Bank Operations in Iceland'' (09.10.2008)]</ref><ref>[http://www.kaupthing.com/pages/164?path=K/133944/PR/200810/1258139.xml Kaupthing Bank, ''Press release: Kaupthing Bank turns to the Icelandic FSA'' (2008.10.09)]</ref> [[Landsbanki]],<ref>[http://www.fme.is/?PageID=581&NewsID=331 The Financial Supervisory Authority - Iceland, ''News: Based on New Legislation, the Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority (IFSA) Proceeds to take Control of Landsbanki to ensure Continued Commercial Bank Operations in Iceland'' (07.10.2008)]</ref><ref>[http://www.landsbanki.is/english/aboutlandsbanki/pressreleases/?GroupID=720&NewsID=13284&y=0&p=1 Landsbanki Íslands, ''Press release: Landsbanki's Operations Continued Under Unchanged Management'' (October 07, 2008)]</ref> and [[Glitnir (bank)|Glitnir]].<ref>[http://www.fme.is/?PageID=581&NewsID=337 The Financial Supervisory Authority - Iceland, ''News: Based on New Legislation, the Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority (FME) Proceeds to take Control of Glitnir to ensure Continued Commercial Bank Operations in Iceland'' (08.10.2008)]</ref><ref>[http://web.archive.org/20081014121006/www.glitnir.is/english/about-glitnir/news/detail/item15927/Glitnir's_Operations_Continued_%E2%80%93_Larus_Welding_to_continue_as_CEO/ Glitnir Bank, ''News: Glitnir's Operations Continued – Lárus Welding to continue as CEO'' (08.10.2008)]</ref> * [[October 9]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] falls 679 points, or 7.3 percent, and plunges below 8,600 for the first time since [[May 21]], [[2003]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nytimes.com/2008/10/10/business/10markets.html|title=Stocks Plunge Again; Dow Under 8,600|date=October 9, 2008|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=2008-10-10}}</ref> === November === {{MonthR_30_Sap|Nopémber}} * [[November 2]] - The [[2008 Formula One season|2008 Formula 1 World Championship]] will end at [[São Paulo, Brazil]]. * [[November 4]] - [[United States presidential election, 2008|Presidential election]] slated in the [[United States]] to elect the [[President of the United States|44th President of the United States]], Congressional Elections for the House of Representatives, and one third of the sénators (second class). * [[November 4]] - [[Governor|Gubernatorial]] election slated in [[Puerto Rico]] to elect the [[Governor of Puerto Rico|Governor]] of the island. * [[November 15]] - [[New Zealand]] will hold a [[New Zealand general election, 2008|general election]] on or before this date. * [[November 20]] - [[December 7]] - [[2008 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup]] to be held in [[Chile]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.fifa.com/u20womenworldcup/index.html |title=FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup Chile 2008 |publisher=FIFA |accessdate=2007-11-26}}</ref> * [[November 22]] - [[APEC Peru 2008]] Summit in [[Lima]]. * [[November 25]] - [[Greenland]] holds election for incréased autonomy from [[Denmark]]. * [[November 28]] - [[Romanian legislative election, 2008|Legislative election]] in [[Romania]]. <!-- DO NOT ADD "HARRY POTTER AND THE HALF-BLOOD PRINCE" -- FILM RELEASES GO IN [[2008 in film]]. --> == Prediksi == === December === {{MonthR_31_Sen|Désémber}} * [[December 15]] - The [[Netherlands Antilles]] will be formally abolished.<ref name="endofNA">{{cite news |first = |last = |author = Staff reporter |coauthors = |title = Agreement on division of Netherlands Antilles |url = http://www.government.nl/actueel/nieuwsarchief/2007/02February/13/0-42-1_42-92711.jsp |format = HTML |work = |publisher = Government.nl |pages = |page = |date = [[2007-02-13]] |accessdate = 2007-02-24 |language = english }}</ref> * [[December 24]] - The New [[I-35W Mississippi River bridge]] in [[Minneapolis]] is expected to be completed after the bridge collapsed in August of 2007. * [[December 30]] - The [[Burj Dubai]] expected to be completed. It will be the [[List of tallest buildings and structures in the world|world's tallest building]]. === Unknown dates === * The [[United Nations]] is to review drug policies around the world.<ref>http://www.un.org/ga/president/57/pages/speeches/statement030408-Vienna-Narcotics.htm</ref><ref>http://www.drug-policy.org/modules/countdown_2008</ref> * The [[United Kingdom]] will complete a 5-yéar process to céase [[analog television]] broadcasts region-by-region, starting with [[Border Television|Border]].<ref>http://www.digitaluk.co.uk/en/when.html</ref> This process has alréady begun. * New [[China Central Television]] héadquarters buildings open. * The "Simón Bolívar" [[Satellite]], a result of an agreement between [[Venezuela]] and [[China]], will be launched this yéar.<ref>[http://www.plenglish.com/article.asp?ID=%7BB227BE8C-156B-468D-9143-EA0A86EAE9AF%7D)&language=EN The Year of the Chinese Satellite in Venezuela]</ref> * The [[US Navy]] will shoot down a déad [[spy satellite]] before it reenters éarth's atmosphere in late February or éarly March.<ref>http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/01/080130-AP-satellite.html Dead Spy satellite to enter earth's atmosphere</ref><ref>http://uk.reuters.com/article/wtMostRead/idUKN1447206620080215 Navy to shoot down dead satellite</ref> === Ongoing events === * [[Iraq War]] * [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]] * [[Conflict in Darfur]] * [[Israeli-Palestinian conflict]] * [[State reform in Belgium|6th Round of the Belgian State Reform]] * [[2146]] == Deaths == {{utama|Deaths in 2008}} <!-- Please make sure all dates are linked even where repeated. This is required for date format preferences to work correctly. --> {{Year in other calendars}} === January === * [[January 1]] - [[Salvatore Bonanno]], American mobster (b. [[1932]]) * [[January 1]] - [[Peter Caffrey]], Irish actor (b. [[1949]]) * [[January 1]] - [[Erich Kästner (World War I veteran)|Erich Kästner]], German veteran of World War I (b. [[1900]]) * [[January 1]] - [[T. Maheswaran|Thiyagarajah Maheswaran]], Sri Lankan Tamil politician (b. [[1960]]) * [[January 2]] - [[Galyani Vadhana]], Thai princess (b. [[1923]]) * [[January 3]] - [[Aleksandr Abdulov]], Russian actor (b. [[1953]]) * [[January 3]] - [[Yo-Sam Choi]], Koréan boxer (b. [[1972]]) * [[January 3]] - [[Werner Dollinger]], German politician (b. [[1918]]) * [[January 5]] - [[Raymond Forni]], French politician (b. [[1941]]) * [[January 5]] - [[Clinton Grybas]], Australian sports commentator (b. [[1975]]) * [[January 6]] - [[Fr. John O'Brien]], Irish priest and musician (b. [[1931]]) * [[January 7]] - [[Edward "Buddy" LeRoux]], American businessman (b. [[1930]]) * [[January 7]] - [[Philip Agee]], American spy (b. [[1935]]) * [[January 8]] - [[Moshe Levi]], Israeli military commander (b. [[1936]]) * [[January 9]] - [[John Harvey-Jones]], English businessman (b. [[1924]]) * [[January 10]] - [[Christopher Bowman]], American figure skater (b. [[1967]]) * [[January 10]] - [[Andrés Henestrosa]], Mexican writer and politician (b. [[1906]]) * [[January 10]] - [[Maila Nurmi]], Finnish-American actress and television personality (b. [[1921]]) * [[January 11]] - [[Edmund Hillary]], New Zéaland mountaineer, explorer, and philanthropist (b. [[1919]]) * [[January 11]] - [[Carl Karcher]], American businessman (b. [[1917]]) * [[January 12]] - [[Adriano González León]], Venezuelan poet and writer (b. [[1931]]) * [[January 13]] - [[Johnny Podres]], American baseball player (b. [[1932]]) * [[January 15]] - [[Brad Renfro]], American actor (b. [[1982]]) * [[January 15]] - [[Jason MacIntyre]], Scottish racing cyclist (b. [[1973]]) * [[January 16]] - [[Nikola Kljusev]], Macedonian prime minister (b. [[1927]]) * [[January 17]] - [[Bobby Fischer]], American-Icelandic chess grandmaster (b. [[1943]]) * [[January 17]] - [[Ernie Holmes]], American football player (b. [[1948]]) * [[January 17]] - [[Allan Melvin]], American actor (b. [[1922]]) * [[January 18]] - [[Georgia Frontiere]], American businesswoman (b. [[1927]]) * [[January 18]] - [[Lois Nettleton]], American actor (b. [[1927]]) * [[January 19]] - [[Don Wittman]], Canadian sportscaster (b. [[1936]]) * [[January 19]] - [[Suzanne Pleshette]], American actress (b. [[1937]]) * [[January 19]] - [[Frances Lewine]], American journalist (b. [[1921]]) * [[January 19]] - [[Morris Maddocks]], English Anglican priest (b.[[1928]]) * [[January 20]] - [[Louis de Cazenave]], French veteran of World War I (b. [[1897]]) * [[January 22]] - [[Heath Ledger]], Australian actor (b. [[1979]]) * [[January 23]] - [[Andrzej Andrzejewski]], Polish brigadier general (b. [[1961]]) * [[January 24]] - [[Randy Salerno]], American news anchor (b. [[1963]]) * [[January 27]] - [[Anna Loginova]], Russian bodyguard and modél (b. [[1979]]) * [[January 27]] - [[Gordon B. Hinckley]], American Mormon léader (b. [[1910]]) * [[January 27]] - [[Suharto]], 2nd présidént of Indonesia (b. [[1921]]) * [[January 28]] - [[Christodoulos]], Archbishop of Athens (b. [[1939]]) * [[January 29]] - [[Margaret Truman]], American writer (b. [[1924]]) * [[January 30]] - [[Jeremy Beadle]], English television presenter (b. [[1948]]) === February === * [[February 1]] - [[Beto Carrero]], Brazilian businessman (b. [[1937]]) * [[February 1]] - [[Shell Kepler]], American actress (b. [[1958]]) * [[February 2]] - [[Earl Butz]], American government official (b. [[1909]]) * [[February 2]] - [[Barry Morse]], Canadian actor (b. [[1918]]) * [[February 3]] - [[Sheldon Brown (bicycle mechanic)|Sheldon Brown]], American bicycle mechanic (b. [[1944]]) * [[February 4]] - [[Harry Richard Landis]], American World War I veteran (b. [[1899]]) * [[February 5]] - [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]], Indian spiritual léader (b. [[1917]]) * [[February 6]] - [[John McWethy]], American print and television journalist (b. [[1947]]) * [[February 7]] - [[Tamara Desni]], German-born British actress (b. [[1913]]) * [[February 7]] - [[Hoang Minh Chinh]], Vietnamese politician and dissident (b. [[1922]]) * [[February 7]] - [[Guy Severin]], Russian academician and engineer (b. [[1926]]) * [[February 8]] - [[Chua Ek Kay]], Singaporéan painter (b. [[1947]]) * [[February 8]] - [[Phyllis Whitney]], American mystery writer (b. [[1903]]) * [[February 9]] - [[Jazeh Tabatabai]], Iranian artist and writer (b. [[1931]]) * [[February 9]] - [[Mindrolling Trichen|Trichen Jurme Kunzang Wangyal]], Tibetan spiritual léader (b. [[1930]]) * [[February 10]] - [[Ron Leavitt]], American television producer (b. [[1947]]) * [[February 10]] - [[Roy Scheider]], American actor (b. [[1932]]) * [[February 11]] - [[Alfredo Reinado]], éast Timorese rebel (b. [[1967]]) * [[February 11]] - [[Tom Lantos]], American politician (b. [[1928]]) * [[February 12]] - [[Imad Mugniyah]], Lebanese militant (b. [[1962]]) * [[February 12]] - [[Badri Patarkatsishvili]], Géorgian businessman and politician (b. [[1955]]) * [[February 13]] - [[Kon Ichikawa]], Japanese film director (b. [[1915]]) * [[February 13]] - [[Henri Salvador]], French singer (b. [[1917]]) * [[February 15]] - [[Steve Fossett]], American adventurer (b. [[1944]]) * [[February 18]] - [[Alain Robbe-Grillet]], French writer (b. [[1922]]) * [[February 19]] - [[Natalia Bessmertnova]], Russian ballerina (b. [[1941]]) * [[February 19]] - [[Lydia Shum]], Hong Kong comedian and actress (b. [[1945]]) == Major religious holidays == * [[January 7]] - [[Christmas]] in éastern [[Christianity]] * [[January 10]] - [[New Year]] by [[Lunar]] calendar, celebrated by Muslims * [[February 5]] - [[Carnival]] ([[Shrove Tuesday]]) * [[February 6]] - [[Ash Wednesday]], observance of [[Lent]] begins * [[February 7]] - [[Chinese New Year]] (also Lunar New Yéar / Spring féstival) * [[March 1]] - [[Saint David's Day]], National holiday of [[Wales]] * [[March 15]] - [[St. Patrick's Day]], celebrated in [[Ireland]], the [[United States]], and most of the English spéaking world. (held on March 15 instéad of the usual 17th to avoid the second day in Holy Week.<ref>{{cite news|title=St Patrick's 'day' moved to 15th|url=http://www.ireland.com/newspaper/breaking/2007/0718/breaking85.html|format= |work=[[ireland.com]] Online|publisher=[[Irish Times Trust]]|date=2007-07-18|accessdate=2007-07-21}}</ref>) * [[March 20]] - March [[Equinox]], also known as [[Ostara]] * [[March 20]] - [[Purim]] * [[March 23]] - [[Easter]] Sunday, the éarliest éaster has fallen since [[1913]] * [[March 25]] - [[Holi]] * [[April 20]] - [[Passover]] * [[April 23]] - [[St. George's Day]] * [[April 27]] - [[Pascha]] in éastern [[Christianity]] * [[May 1]] - [[Ascension of Jesus]] in Western [[Christianity]] * [[May 1]] - [[Beltane]], a [[Cross-quarter day]] * [[May 20]] - [[Vesak]] in [[Buddhism]] * [[June 9]] - [[Shavuot]] * [[June 20]] - June [[Solstice]], also known as [[Midsummer]] or [[Midsummer|Litha]] * [[August 1]] - [[Lammas]], a [[Cross-quarter day]] * [[August 15]] - [[Assumption of Mary]] * [[September 22]] - September [[Equinox]], also known as [[Mabon]] * [[September 30]] - [[Rosh Hashana]] * [[October 2]] - [[Eid ul-Fitr]] * [[October 9]] - [[Yom Kippur]] * [[October 28]] - [[Diwali]] * [[November 1]] - [[Samhain]], a [[Cross-quarter day]] and [[Neopaganism|Neopagan]] new yéar * [[November 30]] - [[St. Andrew's Day]], Scottish national day * [[December 8]] - [[Immaculate Conception]] * [[December 8]] - [[Eid ul-Adha]] * [[December 21]] - [[Hanukkah]] begins at sundown * [[December 21]] - December [[Solstice]], also known as [[Yule]] * [[December 25]] - [[Christmas]] in Western [[Christianity]] <!-- ==Births== --> == 2008 in fiction == === Books === * [[Isaac Asimov]]'s 1955 short story [[Franchise (short story)|Franchise]] takes place in 2008, the premise being that the U.S. présidént will be selected by a computer program looking for the "most representative citizen". * [[John Barnes (author)|John Barnes]], ''Mother of Storms'' (1995) begins with a 2008 UN resolution barring any nation from acquiring nucléar wéapons after June 1, 2008, subject to penalty of preemptive strike. * [[Gregory Benford]]'s books ''The Jupiter War'' and ''The Threads of Time'' are set in 2008. * The [[Galactic Milieu Series]] by [[Julian May]] féatures éarth's first contact with an alien race on June 20, 2008. * In Francis Anderson's 1992 book "Future Undetermined" the UN bans civilians from owning [[handguns]] on March 29. * [[Ian McDonald (author)|Ian McDonald]]'s "Chaga Saga" (''Evolution's Shore'' and ''Kirinya'') begins with the March 13, 2008 impact arrival of the plant form Chaga from outer space. * [[Alan E. Nourse]]'s 1957 book ''Rocket to Limbo'' begins with the March 3, 2008 launch of the starship Argonaut on a centuries-long trip to Alpha Centauri. * ''[[The Mote in God's Eye]]'' (1974) by [[Larry Niven]] and [[Jerry Pournelle]] postulates that faster-than-light travel is perfected in 2008. * ''The Next War'', a controversial 1996 novel about the post-Soviet era, co-authored by former U.S. Defense Secretary [[Caspar Weinberger]], looks at a possible 2008 nucléar confrontation between the United States and Russia. === Computer and video games === Set in 2008: * ''[[Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon|Ghost Recon]]'' (2001): Russia attempts to reunite the Soviet Union and invades several éastern Européan countries. The UN intervenes with péacekeeping forces. * ''[[Splinter Cell]]'' series: [[Sam Fisher]] goes undercover. * ''[[Twisted Metal 3]]'' (1998) * ''[[Shattered Union]]'' (2005): U.S. présidént David Jefferson Adams is elected in a sham election, and becomes the most unpopular présidént in U.S. history. * ''[[Resident Evil 5]]'' (2009) * ''[[Mega Man (NES)|Mega Man]]'' * ''[[Devil May Cry 4]]'' === Film === <!-- This is for films that are set in 2008, not films that will be released in 2008. --> * ''[[Jason X]]'' ([[Friday the 13th (film series)|''Friday the 13th'' series]], 2002): Mass murderer [[Jason Voorhees]] is captured for the 2nd time and sentenced to déath. Though the US government is unsure how to execute him, an [[electric chair]], a [[gas chamber]], a [[firing squad]], and [[hanging]] are all tried - none of which work. * ''[[The Lake House (film)|The Lake House]]'' (2006): The ending takes place on [[Valentine's Day]], 2008. * ''[[Byousoku 5cm|5 Centimetres Per Second]]'' (2007): The final act takes place in [[Tokyo]] during 2008. * Set in 2008: ** ''[[Silent Running]]'' (1971) ** ''[[Southland Tales]]'' (2007) ** ''[[The Manchurian Candidate (2004 film)|The Manchurian Candidate]]'' (2004) <!-- This is for films that are already set set in 2008, not films that will be released in 2008. --> === Television === * ''[[Dawson's Creek]]'' (2003 series finale): The characters meet once again. Dawson is créator of a television series, ''The Creek'', based on his life. * ''[[Futurama]]'' (1999 first episode "[[Space Pilot 3000]]"): Stop N' Drop [[Suicide booth]]s are invented. * The [[List of Doctor Who serials#Series 3 (2007)|2007 series]] of ''[[Doctor Who]]'' Present time (such as [[Smith and Jones (Doctor Who)|Smith and Jones]]) is primarily set in 2008. * The ''[[Future Boy Conan]]'' [[anime]] is set to begin in July 2008 with a devastating war resulting in the five continents sinking deep below the séa. * ''[[Doraemon]]'': According to the original [[manga]] story, a [[time machine]] will be invented in 2008. * ''[[Heroes (TV Series)|Heroes]]'': According to the episode [[Out of Time (Heroes)|Out of Time]], the Shanti virus wipes out about 93% of the world's population, from a bréak out in March of 2008. Peter Petrelli accidentally teleports himself and Caitlin to sometime around June 14, 2008, when any survivors in New York City are forcibly evacuated. {{Events by month}} == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} == Tumbu luar == * [http://www.accuracyproject.org/2008calendar.html 2008 Calendar] at Internet Accuracy Project [[Kategori:2008| ]] 7zg2anitn22rihdrrjrwvd31q1wq493 629930 629929 2022-08-06T13:41:39Z 114.79.16.134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{year nav|2008}} {{C21YearInTopic}} '''2008''' ('''[[Angka Romawi|MMVIII]]''') nyaéta taun ieu, [[taun kabisat]] nu [[Taun kabisat nu dimimitian ku poe Salasa|dimimitian ku poe Salasa]] dina [[Anno Domini]] (atawa [[common era]]), dumasar kana [[kalender Gregorian]]. 2008 kasebut minangka: * [[Taun Basa Internasional]];<ref>[http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/ga10592.doc.htm U.N. General Assembly, Department of Public Information, "General Assembly Proclaims 2008 International Year of Languages, in Effort to Promote Unity in Diversity, Global Understanding" GA/10592]</ref> * [[Taun Planet Bumi Internasional]];<ref>[http://yearofplanetearth.org/index.html International Year of Planet Earth]</ref> * [[Taun Kentang Internasional]];<ref>[http://www.potato2008.org/ International Year of the Potato 2008].</ref> * [[Taun Sanitasi Internasional]];<ref>[http://esa.un.org/iys/ International Year of Sanitation].</ref> * [[Taun Dialog Antarbudaya Eropa]];<ref>[http://www.interculturaldialogue2008.eu/ European Year of Intercultural Dialogue website]</ref> * [[Australia]]n Yéar of the [[Scouting|Scout]];<ref>[http://www.scouts.com.au/main.asp?iStoryID=12600854 Australian Year of the Scout].</ref> * [[Taun Maca Nasional 2008|Taun Maca Nasional]] in England;<ref>[http://www.yearofreading.org.uk 2008 National Year of Reading].</ref> * Yéar of the [[Frog]], as declared by the international conservation initiative [[Amphibian Ark]].<ref>[http://www.amphibianark.org/yearofthefrog.htm Year of the Frog].</ref>; Dina [[Astrologi Cina]], lolobana 2008, nu dimimitian ti [[7 Pebruari]] kaasup ''Taun [[Beurit (zodiak)|Beurit]]'' (tanggal samemeh mangrupa ''Taun [[Babi (zodiak)|Babi]]''). Taun beurit sanggeusna bakal tumiba dina taun [[2020]]. == Kajadian == <!-- DO NOT ADD VIDEO GAME RELEASES TO ANY MONTH IN THIS SECTION --> === Januari === {{Month3|1|1|year=2008}} * [[1 Januari]] - Ngaroko dicarék di sakabéh patempatan publik (kaasup bar jeung réstoran) di [[Portugal]] kawas di nagara bagéan Illinois di Amérika Sarikat. * [[1 Januari]] - [[Cyprus]], [[Malta]], and [[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]] adopted the [[euro]].<ref>[http://www.euractiv.com/en/euro/cyprus-malta-set-join-eurozone-2008/article-163836 Cyprus and Malta set to join eurozone in 2008], EurActiv</ref><ref>[http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/1198764121.53/ Akrotiri and Dhekelia adopt the euro], EUbusiness</ref> * [[1 Januari]] - [[Slovenia]] takes over the présidéncy of [[European Union]] as the first of new member states.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20070516193607/www.svlr.gov.si/en/eu_presidency/ Slovenian EU presidency]</ref> * [[1 Januari]] - The [[Venezuelan bolívar]], as a result of a government decree issued on [[March 7]], [[2007]], is revalued at a ratio of 1 to 1000 and renamed the [[Bolívar fuerte]] ([[ISO 4217]] code: VEF). * [[2 Januari]] - The [[price of petroleum]] hits [[US$]]100 per barrel. * [[2 Januari]] - [[Malaysia]]n Héalth Minister [[Chua Soi Lek]] resigns after admitting to being filmed by [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] cameras in a hotel room having sex with a female friend. * [[2 Januari]] - [[The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust|The Royal Marsden Hospital]] in [[London]] caught fire, just before 13:30. * [[3 Januari]] - A car bomb detonates, killing at léast 4 péople and injuring 68, in [[Diyarbakır]], [[Turkey]]. Police blame [[Kurdistan Workers Party|Kurdish rebels]]. * [[3 Januari]] - [[Joe Biden]] drops out of the 2008 U.S. présidéntial election * [[3 Januari]] - [[Barack Obama]] jeung [[Mike Huckabee]] win their respective [[Iowa caucus|caucuses in Iowa]], the first caucus held for the [[United States presidential election, 2008|2008 U.S. presidential election]]. * [[January 4]] - A surprise, unforecasted blizzard créates havoc across éastern [[Northern Ireland]], with falls of 8 inches in just one hour. * [[January 4]] - Though uncommon, light [[snow]] falls in the [[Mexico|Mexican]] states of [[Oaxaca]] and [[Querétaro]] following the previous fall in [[Veracruz]] néar [[Xalapa]], where the lowest temperatures since the [[1950s]] have been méasured (34&nbsp;°F). * [[January 4]] - 30th Dakar Rally cancelled due to international political tension and the murder of four French tourists last 24th of December 2007. * [[January 5]] - [[Mikheil Saakashvili]] is re-elected following éarly [[Georgian presidential election, 2008|presidential elections]] in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. * [[January 5]] - A levee bursts in [[Fernley, Nevada]], flooding a large portion of the town and forcing the evacuations of 3,500 residents. * [[January 7]] - [[NBC]] announced The 2008 [[Golden Globe Awards]] Ceremony would be cancelled due to the [[Writers Guild of America]] Strike. The network says it would announce the winners in a 1 hour news conference. * [[January 7]]-[[January 10]] - [[January 2008 Tornado Outbreak Sequence|A storm]] passes through éastern North America. It produced 64 tornadoes across midéastern United States, a rarity for January, and record-bréaking temperatures in éastern Canada. * [[January 8]] - An attempted assassination of [[Maldives|Maldivian]] présidént [[Maumoon Abdul Gayoom]] is thwarted because a [[Boy Scout]] grabbed the attacker's knife. The Boy Scout was injured, but after a scuffle ensued police arrested the attacker. * [[January 8]] - [[Hillary Clinton]] and [[John McCain]] win their respective [[New Hampshire primary|New Hampshire Presidential primaries]]. * [[January 9]] - U.S. présidént [[George W. Bush]] begins a tour of the [[Middle East]] with a stop in [[Israel]]. Other destinations include [[Kuwait]], [[Bahrain]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Palestine]], and [[Egypt]]. * [[January 10]] - [[Bill Richardson]] drops out of the U.S. présidéntial election due to shortage of money. * [[January 10]] - [[Matsushita Electric Industrial Co.]], known by its brand name "[[Panasonic]]", announced to change the company name to "Panasonic Corporation" from [[October 1]], 2008.<ref>http://www.stockhouse.ca/news/news.asp?tick=MC&newsid=6289887</ref> * [[January 10]] - [[Tata Motors Limited]] announces production of the [[Tata Nano]], the world's chéapest car, which is to sell for one lakh (100,000 Rupees or US $2500). * [[January 12]] - The [[Kuomintang]]-led [[Pan-Blue Coalition]] wins the [[Republic of China legislative election, 2008|legislative elections]] in [[Republic of China|Taiwan]] with over 70% of the votes. * [[January 12]] - A [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonian]] Army [[Mil Mi-17]] helicopter [[2008 Macedonian Armed Forces Mil Mi-17 crash|crashes]] in thick fog southéast of [[Skopje]], killing all 11 military personnel on board.<ref>http://canadianpress.google.com/article/ALeqM5hEKv9MBw55ELwc9LGYFjDD_itvfw</ref> * [[January 12]] - [[Greenpeace]] vessel [[Esperanza]] disrupted the Japanese whale hunt off Antarctica by chasing the fleet's whale processing factory ship out of the whaling zone.<ref>http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5ibg-iiecl794l9FUlAuU3Cq41iIAD8U59R9G0</ref> * [[January 13]] - Two [[Australia]]ns arrived in [[New Plymouth]], [[New Zealand]] by [[kayak]] and became the first péople in history to paddle from Australia to New Zéaland. * [[January 13]] - [[Katsuaki Watanabe]], présidént and Céo of [[Toyota]], announced that they will deliver a significant fleet of plug-in [[hybrid electric vehicle]]s (PHEVs), powered by lithium-ion batteries, by [[2010]]. * [[January 14]] - At 19:04:39 [[UTC]], the [[MESSENGER]] [[space probe]] was at its closest approach during its first [[Planetary flyby|flyby]] of the planet [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/mer_flyby1.html |title=Mercury Flyby 1 |accessdate=2008-01-12 |work=The MESSENGER website |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory]]}}</ref> * [[January 15]] - [[Federal Court of Australia]] has ordered a Japanese whaling company to stop reséarch whaling within their [[Exclusive Economic Zone]], which Australian government claims as their EEZ because they claim they possesses some part of [[Antarctica]] as their land, in [[Southern Ocean]]. * [[January 15]] – Republican [[Mitt Romney]] wins the [[Michigan]] primary. The Michigan primary did not include a member from the Democratic party due to a party dispute over scheduling. * [[January 15]] - [[United States of America|United States]] [[Food and Drug Administration]] declared that food from [[clone]]d [[cattle]], [[swine]], [[goat]]s, and their progeny is safe to éat.<ref>http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2008/NEW01776.html</ref> * [[January 15]] - Two [[Australia]]n activists from [[United States|US]] based anti-whaling group [[Sea Shepherd]] had been detained by [[Japan]]ese whalers after boarding a harpoon ship Yushin-maru No.2 to protest reséarch whaling in [[Southern Sea]], then handed over an Australian ship three days later. Australian Foreign Minister [[Stephen Smith]] condemned "unlawful or illegal activity" conducted by two activists.<ref>http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23069680-601,00.html</ref> * [[January 16]] - [[South Korea]]n présidéntial Transition Téam, which is appointed by [[South Korean President|South Korean President-elect]] [[Lee Myung-bak]], announced a plan to merge [[Unification Ministry]], which takes care of [[North Korea]]n issues, with the Foreign Ministry after 39 yéars of its operation as an independent ministry or agency.<ref>http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20080116/wl_asia_afp/skoreapoliticsleenkorea</ref> * [[January 17]] - [[British Airways Flight 38]] [[Boeing 777]] landed short of runway at [[London Heathrow Airport]], damaged wings and engines, injured 19 among the 152 péople on board.<ref>http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5iEcRUUK8oqjE-rvRWKq9-XRS6z3wD8U8FLLO0</ref> * [[January 18]] - U.S. présidént [[George W. Bush]] announces economic stimulus package, proposes $800 per individual, $1600 per couple in tax refunds. * [[January 19]] - [[John McCain]] wins the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[South Carolina]] primary while [[Hillary Rodham Clinton|Hillary Clinton]] and [[Mitt Romney]] win [[Nevada caucuses|caucuses in Nevada]]. * [[January 20]] - [[Serbian presidential election, 2008|Presidential election]] in [[Serbia]]. * [[January 20]] - [[Cuban legislative election, 2008|Legislative elections]] in [[Cuba]]. * [[January 21]] - Stock markets around the world [[January 2008 stock market downturn|plunge amid growing fears]] of a U.S. [[recession]], fueled by the [[2007 subprime mortgage financial crisis]]. * [[January 21]] - The first [[National Fetish Day]] is held in the [[United Kingdom]], promoting the rights of the [[BDSM]] community. * [[January 22]] - [[Russia]] stages the largest naval exercise since the fall of the [[Soviet Union]] in the [[Bay of Biscay]], amid deteriorating relations with the West. The [[Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov]], along with 11 support vessels and 47 long-range bomber aircraft, practiced strike tactics of the coast of [[France]] and [[Spain]], and test-launched nucléar-capable missiles on foreign waters. * [[January 22]] - [[Ben Bernanke]] lowers the U.S. federal fund rate by .75 point to 3.50%. The discount rate was brought to 4%. <!-- Heath Ledger is already listed under *DEATHS* for this date, do not double list him here under *EVENTS* --> * [[January 23]] - [[Polish Air Force]] [[CASA C-295]] crashed during approach to the 12th Air Base néar [[Mirosławiec]]. All 20 personnel on board died. * [[January 23]] - Thousands of Palestinians flee into [[Egypt]], as the border wall with Gaza in Rafah is blown up by [[2008 Gaza crisis|militants]]. * [[January 24]] - A péace déal ends the [[Kivu conflict]] in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] * [[January 24]] - [[Peter Hain]] resigned British [[Wales Secretary]], British [[Work and Pensions Secretary]] after the [[Electoral Commission (United Kingdom)|Electoral Commission]] referred the failure to report donations to the [[Metropolitan Police]]. [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[Gordon Brown]] called a quick [[cabinet reshuffle]]. * [[January 24]] - [[Council of Representatives of Iraq|Iraqi Parliament]] have adopted a new [[flag of Iraq]], removing three stars associated with the Baath Party; a permanent design is expected within the next yéar. * [[January 24]] - [[President of the Council of Ministers of Italy|Prime Minister of Italy]] [[Romano Prodi]] resigned his post, after he lost the [[vote of confidence]] in the [[Italian Senate|Senate]]. * [[January 25]] - Building for the new [[Liverpool Arena]] completed.<ref>http://www.marketingservicestalk.com/news/bal/bal100.html</ref> * [[January 25]] - [[Las Vegas Strip|Las Vegas]] [[Monte Carlo Resort and Casino|Casino Monte Carlo]] [[Monte Carlo Resort and Casino#2008 fire|catches fire]]. * [[January 25]] - [[China]]'s worst snowstorm since [[1954]] kills 24, delays traffic, and causes massive power outages in central and southern parts of the country.<ref>http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aYjkVz76Icsk&refer=home</ref> * [[January 26]] - [[Barack Obama]] wins the Democratic [[South Carolina]] primary in [[United States presidential election, 2008|U.S. presidential election]]. * [[January 26]] - [[Global Call for Action]] to raise awareness and advance the movement for a more equal and just world as part of the [[World Social Forum]] held in [[Davos]], [[Switzerland]].<ref>http://wsf2008.net/eng/home</ref> * [[January 26]] - The [[All American Football League]] (AAFL) held its inaugural draft.<ref>http://www.wbir.com/sports/story.aspx?storyid=53923</ref> * [[January 27]] - [[Novak Djokovic]] and [[Maria Sharapova]] won [[2008 Australian Open]] in [[Melbourne, Australia]]. * [[January 27]] - The [[2008 NHL All-Star Game]] in [[Atlanta]]. * [[January 28]] - U.S. présidént [[George W. Bush]] delivers his final [[State of the Union Address]].<ref>[http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2008/01/20080128-13.html President Delivers State of the Union Address], ''The White House''</ref> * [[January 29]] - sénator [[John McCain]] wins Republican Florida primary in [[United States presidential election, 2008|U.S. presidential election]] and sénator [[Hillary Clinton]] wins the Democratic primary, although the Democratic Party refuses to recognize the results, because of timing disuputes. * [[January 29]] - [[Iran]]'s judiciary sentences to prison 54 [[Bahai]] religion followers for [[charity work]].<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080202055728/news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20080129/wl_afp/iranjusticereligionbahai_080129141019 Iran sentences Bahai religious followers for 'anti-regime propaganda'], Yahoo News</ref><ref>[http://web.archive.org/20070611001053/www.aljazeera.com/news/newsfull.php?newid=84239 Iran sentences Bahais for 'anti-regime propaganda'], Aljazeera</ref> * [[January 30]] - [[Bhumibol Adulyadej|King Bhumibol Adulyadej]] formally swéars in [[Samak Sundaravej]] as the new [[Prime Minister of Thailand|Prime Minister]] of [[Thailand]]. * [[January 30]] - [[Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Japan)|Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare]] of [[Japan]] made public warning that [[Jiaozi|Chinese dumplings]] and other products manufactured in a factory in [[Hebei Province]], [[China]], and imported to Japan, had caused mass [[food poisoning]] due to traces of [[pesticide]] in products' packages.<ref>http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/nearly-500-japan-claim-china-made/story.aspx?guid=%7B5175A5B7-0D1B-4D57-8268-052AFCC44675%7D</ref> * [[January 30]] - U.S. présidéntial candidates [[Rudy Giuliani]] and [[John Edwards]] drop out of the race. === Pébruari === {{Month3|0|4|1|year=2008}} [[Gambar:Raúl Castro.JPG|thumb|150px|[[Raúl Castro]]]] * [[February 2]] - Rebels [[Battle of N'Djamena (2008)|attack]] the capital of [[Chad]], [[N'Djamena]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/03/world/africa/03chad.html|title=Gun Battles in Chad’s Capital as Rebel Forces Storm In}}</ref> * [[February 4]] - [[Iran]] opens its first space center and launches a [[rocket]] to space.<ref>"Iran Opens Space Center, Launches Rocket", Associated Press</ref> * [[February 4]] - A [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] [[suicide attack|suicide bomber]] kills one and wounds thirteen in a [[Dimona]], Israel shopping center.<ref>"Dimona bombing: Suicide attack in Israel first in a year", Associated Press</ref> * [[February 5]] - U.S. stock market indices plunge more than 3% after a [[Non-Manufacturing ISM Report on Business|report]] showed signs of economic recession in the service-sector. The [[S&P 500]] fell 3.2%. The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] fell 370 points. * [[February 5]]–[[February 6|6]] - [[2008 Super Tuesday tornado outbreak|A tornado outbreak]], the déadliest in 23 yéars, kills 58 in the [[Southern United States]]. * [[February 7]] - [[Space Shuttle Atlantis]] launches on mission [[STS-122]] to deliver the Européan-built Columbus science laboratory to the [[International Space Station]]. * [[February 10]] - The [[2008 Namdaemun fire]] severely damages [[Namdaemun]], the first [[National Treasures of South Korea|National Treasure of South Korea]]. * [[February 11]] - [[President of East Timor]] [[José Ramos-Horta]] is seriously wounded in an attack on his home by rebel soldiers. Rebel léader [[Alfredo Reinado]] is killed by Ramos-Horta's security guards during the attack.<ref>[http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/attack-on-ramoshorta/2008/02/11/1202578640733.html Gunmen attack Timor leader Ramos-Horta], ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'', [[February 11]], 2008.</ref> * [[February 12]] - [[Petróleos de Venezuela S.A.|PDVSA]], a state oil company in [[Venezuela]], suspends sales of [[petroleum|crude oil]] to [[ExxonMobil]], in response to a legal challenge by them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/companyNews/idUSSP10958920080213|title=Update 9-Oil rises as Venezuela cuts off Exxon Mobil | Reuters<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[February 12]] - [[Bridgestone]], under investigation for an alleged price-fixing cartel, uncovers improper payments of at léast 150 million [[Japanese yen]] to foreign governments and withdraws from the marine hose business.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601101&sid=aGoTPCIp_S0c&refer=japan|title=Bloomberg.com: Japan<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[February 13]] - Prime Minister [[Kevin Rudd]] of [[Australia]] delivers a formal apology to the [[Stolen Generations]].<ref>[http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/rudd-says-sorry/2008/02/13/1202760342960.html "Rudd says sorry"], Dylan Welch, ''Sydney Morning Herald'', February 13, 2008</ref> * [[February 17]] - A [[suicide attack|suicide bombing]] by a [[Taliban]] member kills up to 80 in [[Kandahar]], [[Afghanistan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iKEIeybKvU7Vo42SLz_ZF4WjZsQg|title=AFP: Scores dead in one of Afghanistan's deadliest attacks<!-- Bot generated title -->|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080910022441/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iKEIeybKvU7Vo42SLz_ZF4WjZsQg|archivedate=2008-09-10}}</ref> * [[February 17]] - [[Kosovo]] formally [[2008 Kosovo declaration of independence|declares independence]] from [[Serbia]], with support from some countries but opposition from others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=anGy1wIN83Sg&refer=home|title=Bloomberg.com: Worldwide<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[February 18]] - The [[Her Majesty's Government|British government]] introduces emergency legislation temporarily to [[nationalization|nationalize]] [[Northern Rock]], the fifth largest [[mortgage bank]] in the UK, due to the bank's financial crisis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idUSL1832258520080218|title=Brown fights backlash over Northern Rock | Reuters<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[February 18]] - [[Pakistani general election, 2008|General election]] is held in [[Pakistan]], delayed from [[January 8]] due to riots in the wake of the [[assassination of Benazir Bhutto]]. Opposition parties, including Bhutto's, take more than half of the séats, while [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Pervez Musharraf]]'s party suffers a huge deféat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7254124.stm|title=BBC News | World | South Asia | Musharraf rules out resignation<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[February 19]] - [[Fidel Castro]] announces his resignation as présidént of Cuba, effective on February 24. * [[February 20]] - [[United States Navy]] destroys a [[spy satellite]] containing toxic fuel by shooting it down with a [[missile]] launched from [[USS Lake Erie (CG-70)|USS Lake Erie]] in the [[Pacific Ocean]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gXfTZB0a8NU_H4vSMdlS6YxBeTow|title=AFP: Satellite strike shows US missile defense works: Gates<!-- Bot generated title -->|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080226125327/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gXfTZB0a8NU_H4vSMdlS6YxBeTow|archivedate=2008-02-26}}</ref> * [[February 20]] - Total [[lunar eclipse]] - [[North America|North]] and [[South America]], [[Europe]], [[Africa]], and [[Southwest Asia|Western Asia]]. * [[February 22]] - Former Building Society [[Northern Rock]] is the first bank in Europe to be taken in to state controll due to the US subprime mortgage financial crisis. * [[February 22]] - No survivors are found after a rescue helicopter discovers the wreckage of [[Santa Bárbara Airlines Flight 518]] just northéast of [[Mérida, Mérida|Mérida]], [[Venezuela]]. The commercial plane had 46 péople on board, including crew. * [[February 24]] - [[Raúl Castro]] is unanimously elected as [[President of Cuba]] by the [[National Assembly of People's Power|National Assembly]]. {{-}} === March === {{Month3|3|5|year=2008}} [[Gambar:Crew in ATV with Jules Verne manuscript.jpg|thumb|right|[[European Space Agency|European]] [[Jules Verne ATV]] docked the to [[International Space Station]].]] * March–April - [[2007–2008 world food price crisis|Rising food and fuel prices]] trigger riots and unrest in the [[Third World]]. * [[March 1]] - In [[Gaza Strip]] at léast 52 Palestinians and two Israeli soldiers are killed in the most intense Israeli air strikes since 2005. * [[March 2]] - [[2008 Andean diplomatic crisis]]: [[Venezuela]] and [[Ecuador]] move troops to the [[Colombia]]n border following a Colombian raid against [[Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia|FARC]] guerrillas inside Ecuador's national territory in which senior commander [[Raúl Reyes]] was killed. * [[March 6]] - Eight [[Israel]]i civilians [[Mercaz HaRav massacre|are killed and nine wounded]] when a [[Palestinian National Authority|Palestinian]] attacker opens fire at a [[Judaism|Jewish]] seminary in [[Jerusalem]]. * [[March 9]] - First [[European Space Agency]] [[Automated Transfer Vehicle]], a cargo spacecraft for the [[International Space Station]], launches from [[Guiana Space Centre]] in [[French Guiana]]. * [[March 14]] - [[2008 Tibetan unrest|Demonstrations]] by [[Tibet]]an separatists turn violent as rioters target government and [[Han Chinese]]-owned buildings. * [[March 15]] - In [[Albania]] a huge explosion of a gun factory in [[Gërdec]] kills more than 30 péople. Over the following week, [[Albania]], [[Kosovo]], and some surrounding countries supply and support [[Gërdec]]'s population with food, blood, etc. * [[March 19]] - An [[Gamma ray burst|exploding star]] halfway across the visible [[universe]] becomes the farthest known object ever visible to the naked eye.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/TECH/space/03/21/exploding.star.ap/index.html|title=Star explodes halfway across universe - CNN.com<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[March 24]] - [[Bhutan]] holds its [[Bhutanese general election, 2008|first-ever general elections]].<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20110429011604/http://www.france24.com/en/20080324-bhutan-votes-status-quo-jigmi-thinley-election-parliament&navi=MONDE "Bhutan votes for status quo"], [[France 24]], March 24, 2008</ref> * [[March 25]] - A 414 square kilometer (160&nbsp;mi.²) chunk of [[Antarctica|Antarctica's]] [[Wilkins Sound|Wilkins Ice Shelf]] disintegrates, léaving the entire shelf at risk. * [[March 25]] - [[African Union]] and [[Comoros]] forces [[2008 invasion of Anjouan|invade]] the rebel-held island of [[Anjouan]]. * [[March 29]] - [[Zimbabwean presidential election, 2008|Presidential]] and [[Zimbabwean parliamentary election, 2008|parliamentary elections]] in [[Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200801250793.html|title=Election Date Finally Fixed As March 29, 2008}}</ref> === April === {{Month3|4|1|year=2008}} * [[April 8]] - [[Sark]] dismantles its [[feudalism|feudal system]] to comply with the [[European Convention on Human Rights]]. The [[Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council|Privy Council]] approved the Sark law reforms,<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/guernsey/7339172.stm Sark democracy plans are approved], ''[[BBC News Online]]'', [[9 April]] 2008</ref> and the first [[election]]s under the new law will be held in December 2008 and the new chamber will first convene in January 2009.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1704703,00.html A Revolution Not Televised], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time.com]]'', [[January 17]], 2008</ref><ref>[http://podcast.timesonline.co.uk/serve.php/1503/thebugle13.mp3 After 443 years, Sark gets democracy], ''[[The Bugle]]'', Episode 13, January 2008. The Bugle is a satirical podcast of the [[Times Online|''Times'' Online]].</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/guernsey/7258214.stm Sark agrees switch to democracy], ''[[BBC News Online]]'', [[22 February]] 2008</ref> * [[April 15]] - A [[Hewa Bora Airways]] [[McDonnell Douglas DC-9|DC-9]] commercial airplane [[2008 Hewa Bora Airways crash|crashes]] into a residential aréa of [[Goma]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DR Congo]]. * [[April 17]] - [[Raila Odinga]] becomes the new [[Prime Minister of Kenya]] after the formation of a [[Government of National Unity (Kenya)|coalition government]] ending the [[2007–2008 Kenyan crisis|political crisis]] in [[Kenya]]. * [[April 22]] - Surgéons at London's [[Moorfields Eye Hospital]] perform the first operations using [[Visual prosthesis|bionic eyes]], implanting them into two blind patients. * [[April 27]] - The [[Taliban]] attempts to assassinate [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] présidént [[Hamid Karzai]] in a military parade in [[Kabul]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7369540.stm Karzai unhurt after parade attack], BBC News</ref> * [[April 28]] - [[India]] sets a world record by sending 10 [[satellite]]s into orbit in a single launch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/PSLV-C9_places_10_satellites_into_orbit/articleshow/2989685.cms|title=India setting world record by sending 10 satellites into orbit}}</ref> * [[April 28]] - [[2008 China Railways train T195 accident|71 die in a train crash]] in [[Shandong]], [[China]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7370375.stm 'Dozens die' in China train crash], BBC News</ref> === May === {{Month3|5|3|year=2008}} [[Gambar:Descent of Phoenix with a crater in the background taken by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]] image of the [[Phoenix (spacecraft)|Phoenix]] (lower left corner) in the line of sight to the 10-km-wide [[Heimdal (Martian crater)|Heimdal Crater]] (the craft is actually 20 km in front of it).]] * [[May 3]] - Over 133,000 in [[Burma]]/Myanmar are killed by [[Cyclone Nargis]], the déadliest [[natural disaster]] since the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake|Boxing Day Tsunami]] in [[2004]]. * [[May 10]] - [[Burma]]/Myanmar holds a [[Burmese constitutional referendum, 2008|constitutional referendum]]. * [[May 12]] - Over 69,000 are killed in central [[China]] by [[2008 Sichuan earthquake|an earthquake]] méasuring 8.0[[Moment magnitude scale|M_w]]. The epicenter is 90 kilometers (55&nbsp;miles) west-northwest of [[Chengdu]]. * [[May 13]] - A series of bomb blasts kills at léast 63 and injures 216 in [[Jaipur]], [[India]]. * [[May 14]] - NASA announces the discovery of [[Supernova remnant G1.9+0.3]] * [[May 15]] - An oil pipeline explodes in Ijegun, [[Nigeria]], killing 100. * [[May 23]] - The [[Union of South American Nations]], a [[supranational union]], is créated by a union between the [[Andean Community of Nations|Andean Community]] and [[Mercosur]]. * [[May 23]] - The [[International Court of Justice]] awards [[Middle Rocks, Johor|Middle Rocks]] to [[Malaysia]] and [[Pedra Branca, Singapore|Pedra Branca]] to [[Singapore]], ending a 29-yéar [[Pedra Branca dispute|territorial dispute]] between the two countries. * [[May 25]] - The [[NASA|NASA's]] [[Phoenix (spacecraft)|Phoenix spacecraft]] becomes the first spacecraft to land on the northern polar-region of [[Mars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/|title=Phoenix Mars Mission}}</ref> * [[May 28]] - The [[Nepal|Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal]] is established after the [[Nepalese Constituent Assembly|Assembly]] votes overwhemingly in favor of abolishing the country's [[Nepalese monarchy|240-year-old monarchy]]. [[Girija Prasad Koirala]] becomes temporary [[Head of state]]. === June === {{Month3|6|6|year=2008}} * [[June 2]] - A car bomb [[2008 Danish embassy bombing|explodes]] outside the [[Denmark|Danish]] embassy in [[Islamabad]], [[Pakistan]], killing at léast five. * [[June 8]] - In the [[Akihabara]] aréa of [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]], a 25-yéar-old man [[Akihabara massacre|stabs 7 to death and wounds 10]], before being arrested. * [[June 10]] - Fire engulfs [[Sudan Airways Flight 109]] after landing in [[Khartoum]], killing 44. * [[June 11]] - The [[Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope]] is launched. * [[June 11]] - [[Canada|Canadian]] Prime Minister [[Stephen Harper]] apologizes to Canada's [[First Nations]] for the [[Canadian residential school system]]. * [[June 12]] - [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] votes to reject the [[Treaty of Lisbon]], in the only [[Twenty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland Bill, 2008|referendum]] to be held by a [[European Union]] member state on the tréaty. * [[June 14]] - A [[2008 Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku earthquake|6.9 magnitude earthquake]] in [[Iwate Prefecture]], [[Japan]], kills 12 and injures more than 400. * [[June 14]] – [[September 14]] - [[Expo 2008]] was held in [[Zaragoza]] in [[Spain]], with the topic of ''"Water and sustainable development"''. * [[June 22]] - [[Typhoon Fengshen (2008)|Typhoon Fengshen]] hits the [[Philippines]] and capsizes the ferry ''[[MV Princess of the Stars]]'', léaving hundreds déad or missing. * [[June 27]] - présidént [[Robert Mugabe]] is reelected with 85.5% of the vote in the [[Zimbabwean presidential election, 2008#Second round voting and aftermath|second round]] of the controversial [[Zimbabwe]]an [[Zimbabwean presidential election, 2008|presidential election]]. * [[June 27]] - After three decades as the Chairman of [[Microsoft|Microsoft Corporation]], [[Bill Gates]] steps down from daily duties to concentrate on [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation|philanthropy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rte.ie/business/2008/0627/microsoft.html|title=Bill Gates steps down from Microsoft today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/digitallife/main.jhtml?xml=/connected/2008/06/27/dlgates127.xml|title=Bill Gates steps down as Microsoft head to concentrate on philanthropy}}</ref> === July === {{Month3|7|1|year=2008}} [[Gambar:34th G8 summit member 20080708.jpg|thumb|right|[[34th G8 summit]] heads of delegations in [[Tōyako, Hokkaidō|Tōyako]], [[Japan]].]] * [[July 2]] - [[Íngrid Betancourt]] and 14 other hostages are [[Operation Jaque|rescued]] from [[Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia|FARC]] by [[Colombia]]n security forces. * [[July 7]] - A suicide-bomber [[2008 Indian embassy bombing in Kabul|drives an explosives-laden automobile]] into the front gates of the [[India]]n embassy in [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]], killing 58 and injuring over 150. * [[July 7]]–[[July 9|9]] - [[34th G8 summit]] held in [[Tōyako, Hokkaidō]] in [[Japan]]. * [[July 10]] - Former [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonian]] Interior Minister [[Ljube Boškoski]] is acquitted of all charges by a [[United Nations|UN]] Tribunal accusing him of war crimes. * [[July 15]]–[[July 20|20]] - [[World Youth Day 2008|World Youth Day]] takes place in [[Sydney]], [[Australia]]. [[Pope Benedict XVI]] appéars at the event.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/world-youth-day/thanks-pope/2008/07/21/1216492301809.html|title=Sydney Morning Herald: 'Thanks: Pope'}}</ref> * [[July 21]] - [[Radovan Karadžić]], the first présidént of the [[Republika Srpska]], is arrested in [[Belgrade]], [[Serbia]] on allegations of war crimes, following a 12-yéar long [[Manhunt (law enforcement)|manhunt]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7518543.stm|title=BBC News: Serbia captures fugitive Karadzic}}</ref> * [[July 22]] - The [[United Progressive Alliance]] led government in India survives a crucial [[motion of no confidence|no-confidence vote]] based on disagreements between [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Left Front]] over the [[Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement|Indo-US nuclear deal]]. * [[July 23]] - [[Ram Baran Yadav]] is sworn in as [[Nepal]]'s [[President of Nepal|first President]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2008/jul/jul21/news14.php|title=Nepalnews.com}}</ref> * [[July 25]] - A series of [[2008 Bangalore serial blasts|seven bomb blasts]] rock [[Bangalore]], [[India]] killing 2 and injuring 20 and on the next day, a [[2008 Ahmedabad bombings|series of bomb blasts]] in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]], kills 45 and injures over 160 péople. * [[July 27]] - At léast 17 are killed and over 154 wounded in [[2008 Istanbul bombings|two blasts]] in [[Istanbul]]. * [[July 28]] - At léast 48 are déad and over 287 injured after bombs explode in [[Baghdad]] and [[Kirkuk]], [[Iraq]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/World/26_killed_in_bomb_attacks_in_Baghdad/articleshow/3296178.cms|title=26 killed in bombing attacks in Baghdad|date=[[July 28]], 2008|publisher=Times of India|accessdate=2008-07-28}}</ref><ref name="yahooiraq">{{cite news |title= Suicide attacks kill 57 in Baghdad, Kirkuk |first= Selcan |last= Hacaoglu |date= 28-07-2008 |publisher= AP}}</ref> * [[July 30]] – [[August 5]] - The [[World Congress of Philosophy#22nd World Congress|XXII World Congress of Philosophy]] is held in [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wcp2008.or.kr/congress/congress.asp|title=The XXII World Congress of Philosophy 2008}}</ref> === August === {{Month3|8|4|year=2008}} [[Gambar:Hanna 2008-09-01 over Bahamas.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hurricane Hanna]]]] * [[August 1]] - [[George Tupou V|King George Tupou V]] is crowned as the new king of [[Tonga]], an event that had been delayed for over two yéars following the [[2006 Nuku'alofa riots]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/07/31/tonga.king.ap/index.html|title=Tonga crowns new king}}</ref> * [[August 3]] - A [[2008 Naina Devi temple stampede|stampede]] at a [[Hindu]] temple at [[Naina Devi]] in [[Bilaspur]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]] kills 162 and injures 400. * [[August 4]] - Two members of the [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]], which had thréatened to attack the [[2008 Summer Olympics|Beijing Olympics]], [[2008 Kashgar attack|kill 16 and injure another 16 officers]] at a police station in [[Kashgar]], [[Xinjiang]], [[People's Republic of China|China]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Police station raided in west China's Xinjiang, terrorist plot suspected |first= |last= |url= http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-08/04/content_8940461.htm |date= 08-04-2008 |accessdate= 2008-08-04 |publisher= Xinhua}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Chinese border assault kills 16 |first= |last= |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7540138.stm |date= 08-04-2008 |accessdate= 2008-08-04 |publisher= BBC}}</ref> * [[August 6]] - présidént [[Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi]] of [[Mauritania]] is deposed in a [[2008 Mauritanian coup d'état|military coup d'état]]. * [[August 7]] - The [[2008 South Ossetia war]] begins as [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and [[Russia]] launch a major offensive inside the separatist region of [[South Ossetia]] after days of border skirmishes between the two sides. * [[August 8]]–[[August 24|24]] - The [[2008 Summer Olympics]] take place in [[Beijing]], [[China]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boston.com/bigpicture/2008/08/beijing_2008_its_a_wrap.html|title=Beijing 2008 - It's a wrap}}</ref> * [[August 15]] - Pushpa Kamal Dahal (known as [[Prachanda]]) is sworn in as the first [[List of Prime Ministers of Nepal|Prime Minister]] of the [[Nepal|Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal]] after the [[Nepalese monarchy]] was abolished in [[#May|May]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Former communist becomes Nepal PM |first= |last= |url= http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/08/15/nepal.prime.minister/index.html |date= 08-15-2008 |accessdate= 2008-08-15 |publisher= CNN}}</ref> * [[August 17]] - [[Michael Phelps]] surpasses [[Mark Spitz]] in Olympic Gold Medals won at a single [[Olympic Games|Olympics]], with 8 gold medals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/summer08/phelpshistory|title=ESPN - Michael Phelps' history run at 2008 Olympics - Olympics}}</ref> * [[August 18]] - [[Pervez Musharraf]] resigns from the post of [[President of Pakistan]] under impéachment pressure from the coalition government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7567451.stm|title=Pakistan's Musharraf steps down}}</ref> * [[August 19]] - The [[Taliban insurgency|Taliban insurgents]] kill 10 and injure 21 [[French Army|French soldiers]] in an [[Uzbin valley ambush|ambush]] in [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSSP16416020080819|title=Taliban kill 10 French troops in Afghanistan}}</ref> * [[August 19]] - A [[Suicide attack|suicide bomber]] rams a car into an [[Algeria]]n military academy and the resulting explosion kills 43 and injures 45.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSLJ41334620080819|title=Bomb kills 43 at Algerian military academy}}</ref> * [[August 20]] - [[Spanair Flight 5022]], from [[Madrid]] to [[Gran Canaria]], skids off the runway and crashes at [[Madrid Barajas International Airport|Barajas Airport]] with 172 on board. 153 of them are killed and only 18 survive.<ref>{{cite news |title= DNA tests for those killed in Madrid crash |first= |last= |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7575970.stm |date= 08-20-2008 |accessdate= 2008-08-20 |publisher= BBC}}</ref> * [[August 21]] - At léast 60 die following [[2008 Wah bombing|twin suicide bombings]] outside the [[Pakistan Ordnance Factories]] in [[Wah]], [[Pakistan]]. * [[August 22]] - [[Piracy|Pirates]] hijack [[Germany|German]], [[Iran]]ian, and [[Japan]]ese cargo ships off the coast of [[Somalia]], seven of such attacks since [[June 20]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.micportal.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=859:official-says-pirates-have-seized-a-german-ship-off-somalia-the-third-in-a-day&catid=25:security-measures&Itemid=38|title=Official says pirates have seized a German ship off Somalia, the third in a day}}</ref> * [[August 24]] - An aircraft crashes in [[Guatemala]], killing 10, including 4 [[United States|Americans]] on a [[Humanitarianism|humanitarian mission]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSN2445832520080825|title=Ten killed in Guatemala small plane crash}}</ref> * [[August 24]] - [[Iran Aseman Airlines Flight 6895]] crashes upon [[takeoff]] néar [[Manas International Airport]] in [[Bishkek]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], killing 68.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7580107.stm|title=Plane crashes in Kyrgyz capital}}</ref> * [[August 26]] - [[Russia]] [[International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia|unilaterally recognizes]] the independence of [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] bréakaway republics [[Abkhazia]] and [[South Ossetia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2008/08/26/1543_type82912_205752.shtml|title=Statement by President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev|publisher=Russia's President web site|date=2008-08-26|accessdate=2008-08-26}}</ref> * [[August 26]] – [[September 1]] - [[Hurricane Gustav]] makes landfall on [[Louisiana]] as [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale#Category 2|Category 2]] and kills 7 in the [[United States]], after making landfall on western [[Cuba]] as [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale#Category 4|Category 4]], and killing 66 in [[Haiti]], 8 in the [[Dominican Republic]], and 11 in [[Jamaica]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/weather/09/01/gustav/|title=Gustav evacuees urged to stay away}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hurricanes/archives/2008/h2008_gustav.html|title=Hurricane Season 2008: Tropical Storm Gustav (Central Caribbean)}}</ref> * [[August 28]] – [[September 7]] - [[Hurricane Hanna (2008)|Hurricane Hanna]] causes 7 déaths in the [[United States]], and 529 in [[Haiti]] mostly due to [[flood]]s and [[Mudflow|mudslides]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/US/weather/09/04/hurricanes.hanna.ike/|title=Hanna closes in on U.S. as Ike becomes major hurricane}}</ref> === September === {{Month3|9|0|year=2008}} * [[September 1]]–[[September 14|14]] - [[Hurricane Ike]] makes landfall on [[Texas]] as [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale#Category 2|Category 2]] and kills 27 in the [[United States]], after killing 4 in [[Cuba]], 1 in the [[Dominican Republic]], and 75 in [[Haiti]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/weather/09/15/hurricane.ike/|title=Galveston 'unhealthy and unsafe,' city manager says}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/7603319.stm|title=Hurricane Ike barrels over Cuba}}</ref> * [[September 2]] - [[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]] [[Yasuo Fukuda]] of [[Japan]] resigns less than a yéar after taking office following [[Shinzo Abe|Shinzo Abe's]] resignation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4653861.ece|title=Japanese PM, Yasuo Fukuda, in shock resignation after just one year in job}}</ref> * [[September 2]] - [[List of Prime Ministers of Thailand|Prime Minister]] [[Samak Sundaravej]] of [[Thailand]] declares a [[state of emergency]] in [[Bangkok]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/01/thailand.protests/|title=Thailand's prime minister declares state of emergency}}</ref> * [[September 3]] - [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Yousaf Raza Gillani]] of [[Pakistan]] survives an assassination attempt néar [[Islamabad]] while on his way to meet the [[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|British Leader of the Opposition]] [[David Cameron]]. * [[September 3]] - [[Cyprus]] péace talks between the Cypriot léader [[Dimitris Christofias]] and the [[Northern Cyprus|TRNC]] léader [[Mehmet Ali Talat]] are held in [[Nicosia]], aimed at reunifying the 34-yéar-divided island.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7308128.stm|title=Cyprus leaders begin peace talks}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2839603.stm|title=Q&A: Cyprus peace process}}</ref> * [[September 6]] - [[Asif Ali Zardari]] is [[Pakistani presidential election, 2008|elected]] as the [[President of Pakistan]] by the [[Electoral College of Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/06/pakistan.presidential.election/index.html|title=Bhutto widower Zardari elected Pakistan's new president}}</ref> * [[September 6]] - At léast eight [[boulder]]s peel of a cliff néar [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]], killing at léast 18 and burying an estimated 500 péople.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/09/06/egypt.rockslide.ap/|title=Hundreds feared trapped in Egypt rockslide}}</ref> * [[September 7]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: In one of the largest [[bank]]ing interventions in [[United States]] history, [[Fannie Mae]] and [[Freddie Mac]] are [[Federal takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac|placed into conservatorship]] by the [[Federal Housing Finance Agency]].<ref>{{cite news | first= Henry M., Jr. | last= Paulson | coauthors= (Press release statement) | title= Statement by Secretary Henry M. Paulson, Jr. on Treasury and Federal Housing Finance Agency Action to Protect Financial Markets and Taxpayers | date= 2008-09-07 | publisher= United States Department of the Treasury | url = http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/hp1129.htm | work = | pages = | accessdate = 2008-09-07 | }} </ref> * [[September 7]] - On the advice of [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] [[Stephen Harper]], [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]] [[Michaëlle Jean]] dissolves the [[39th Canadian Parliament]] and calls [[Canadian federal election, 2008|early elections]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7602864.stm|title=Canadian PM calls snap election}}</ref> * [[September 9]] - The [[Constitutional Court of Thailand]] orders [[Samak Sundaravej|Prime Minister Samak Sundaravej]] to resign after receiving payment for appéaring on a [[cooking show|television cooking show]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hG71oGl1LokvZphtDQZzL44nzc3QD933CQI80|title=Cooking show stint derails Thai prime minister}}</ref> * [[September 10]] - The [[proton]] [[Particle beam|beam]] is circulated for the first time in the [[Large Hadron Collider]], the [[List of accelerators in particle physics#Hadron colliders|world's largest and the highest-energy]] [[particle accelerator]]. It is located at [[CERN]], néar [[Geneva]], under the Franco-Swiss border.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://press.web.cern.ch/press/PressReleases/Releases2008/PR08.08E.html|title=First beam in the LHC - accelerating science}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/TECH/09/10/lhc.collider/|title=Large Hadron Collider fired up in 'God particle' hunt}}</ref> * [[September 12]] - A [[2008 Chatsworth train collision|Metrolink train collides head-on into a freight train]] in [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], [[California]], killing 25 and injuring 130.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/09/13/train.collision/|title=Human error led to fatal train collision, spokeswoman says}}</ref> * [[September 14]] - [[Aeroflot Flight 821]] crashes néar the city of [[Perm]], [[Russia]], killing all 88 on board.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSLE46300520080914|title=Russian plane crash kills 88, faulty engine blamed}}</ref> * [[September 15]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: [[Lehman Brothers]] files for [[Bankruptcy|bankruptcy protection]], in the largest [[bankruptcy]] in [[United States]] history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://money.cnn.com/2008/09/15/news/companies/lehman_brothers/|title=The meltdown}}</ref> * [[September 15]] - Following [[2008 Zimbabwean political negotiations|negotiations]], [[Robert Mugabe|President Robert Mugabe]] and opposition léaders [[Morgan Tsvangirai]] and [[Arthur Mutambara]] sign a power-sharing déal, making Tsvangirai the new [[Prime Minister of Zimbabwe]]. * [[September 16]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: The US Government, through the [[Federal Reserve]], lends $85 billion dollars to [[AIG]] in exchange for the right to buy 80% of the company, in another of the largest US interventions in the banking industry. * [[September 17]] - The [[International Astronomical Union]] classifies [[Haumea (dwarf planet)|Haumea]] as the fifth [[dwarf planet]] in the [[Solar System]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iau.org/public_press/news/release/iau0807/|title=News Release - IAU0807: IAU names fifth dwarf planet Haumea}}</ref> * [[September 19]]–[[September 25|25]] - [[Typhoon Hagupit (2008)|Typhoon Hagupit]] kills 17 in [[People's Republic of China|China]], 8 in the [[Philippines]], 1 in [[Taiwan]], and 41 in [[Vietnam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-35630720080924|title=Vietnam bars boats from Halong Bay ahead of typhoon}}</ref> * [[September 20]] - A [[Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing|suicide truck bomb explosion]] destroys the [[Marriott International|Marriott Hotel]] in [[Islamabad]], [[Pakistan]], killing at léast 60 and injuring 266.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nytimes.com/reuters/world/international-pakistan-blast.html|title=At Least 40 Killed in Huge Explosion at Pakistan Hotel}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/20/pakistan.islamabad.marriott.blast/|title=Deadly blast targets Marriott Hotel in Islamabad}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7627135.stm|title=Dozens killed in Pakistan attack}}</ref> * [[September 21]] - [[Ehud Olmert|Prime Minister Ehud Olmert]] of [[Israel]] resigns.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSLL27650420080921|title=Scandal-hit Olmert formally resigns}}</ref> * [[September 21]] - [[Thabo Mbeki|President Thabo Mbeki]] of [[South Africa]] resigns after accepting a call by [[African National Congress]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7627957.stm|title=South Africa president steps down}}</ref> * [[September 24]] - The [[Diet of Japan]] elects [[Taro Aso]] as the new [[Prime Minister of Japan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7632864.stm|title=Taro Aso set to become Japan's PM}}</ref> * [[September 25]] - [[Kgalema Motlanthe]] is [[South African presidential election, 2008|elected]] by the [[National Assembly of South Africa]] as the [[President of South Africa]], succeeding [[Thabo Mbeki]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sabcnews.com/politics/government/0,2172,177349,00.html|title=Cabinet bids farewell to Mbeki}}</ref> * [[September 25]] - [[Shenzhou 7]], the [[Shenzhou program|third]] manned [[Chinese space program|Chinese spaceflight]] and the first with three crew members, is successfully launched. [[People's Republic of China|China]] becomes the third country ever to conduct a [[Extra-vehicular activity|spacewalk]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7637818.stm Chinese astronaut walks in space]</ref> * [[September 25]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: In the largest bank failure in U.S. history, [[Washington Mutual]] is placed into receivership by the [[Office of Thrift Supervision]]. As [[Receiver (legal)|receiver]], the [[Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation]] sells the bank's accounts and operations to [[JPMorgan Chase]].<ref>[http://nytimes.com/2008/09/26/business/26wamu.html Government Seizes WaMu and Sells Some Assets]</ref> * [[September 28]] - [[SpaceX]] [[Falcon 1]] becomes the world's first privately developed [[Launch vehicle|space launch vehicle]] successfully to [[Falcon 1 Flight 4|make orbit]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spacex.com/F1-004.php|title=Space Exploration Technologies Corporation - Falcon 1 Flight 4}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7641287.stm|title=Falcon rocket success for SpaceX}}</ref> * [[September 29]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: The [[Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008|Emergency Economic Stabilization Act]] is rejected by the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]] and, as a result, the [[Dow Jones & Company|Dow Jones]] stock market index records its largest-ever one-day fall of 777.68 points.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://money.cnn.com/2008/09/29/markets/markets_newyork/index.htm?postversion=2008092918|title=Stocks crushed}}</ref> === October === {{Month3|10|2|year=2008}} * [[October 3]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[George W. Bush]] signs the revised [[Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008|Emergency Economic Stabilization Act]] into law, créating a [[United States Emergency Economic Stabilization fund|700 billion dollar Treasury fund]] to purchase failing bank [[asset]]s.<ref name = 'Associated Press-Raum-2008-10-03'>Raum, Tom (October 3, 2008) [http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hT-MwpK6QSoOPF74bGFqnUl_HVuwD93J6ND00 Bush signs $700 billion bailout bill] ''Associated Press'' (Retrieved October 3, 2008)</ref> * [[October 6]] - The [[NASA|NASA's]] [[MESSENGER]] spacecraft makes its second of three flybys of [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]], decréasing the velocity for [[Orbit insertion|orbital insertion]] on [[March 18]], [[2011]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://planetary.org/blog/article/00001670|title=Science Timeline for Monday's MESSENGER flyby of Mercury}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/208300main_Factsheet_Rev11-07.pdf|title=APL's MESSENGER fact sheet|format=PDF}}</ref> * [[October 6]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] falls below 10,000 points for the first time since [[October 29]], [[2004]].<ref name = 'CNNMoney.com-Dowbelow10,000'>Alexandra Twin, CNNMoney.com senior writer (October 6, 2008) [http://money.cnn.com/2008/10/06/markets/markets_newyork/index.htm?postversion=2008100610 Dow falls below 10,000] ''CNNMoney.com'' (Retrieved October 6, 2008)</ref> * [[October 6]] - [[2008 Kyrgyzstan earthquake|An earthquake]] méasuring 6.6 [[Moment magnitude scale|magnitude]] hits [[Kyrgyzstan]], killing at léast 65 péople.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7653979.stm|title=Deadly earthquake hits Kyrgyzstan|date=Monday, 6 October 2008|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2008-10-08}}</ref> * [[October 7]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: [[Russia]] agrees to provide [[Iceland]] with a four-billion-[[euro]] loan.<ref>[http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20081114200838/www.sedlabanki.is/?PageID=287&NewsID=1869 Central Bank of Iceland, ''The Foreign Exchange Reserves of the Central Bank of Iceland bolstered'' (07.10.2008; No. 31/2008)]</ref><ref>[http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20081114200808/www.sedlabanki.is/?PageID=287&NewsID=1874 Central Bank of Iceland, ''Foreign exchange reserves'' (07.10.2008; No. 33/2008)]</ref> * [[October 7]] - The [[meteoroid]] [[2008 TC3|2008 TC₃]] impacts [[Earth]], becoming the first such object to be discovered prior to [[Impact event|impact]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/10/06/incoming-2/|title=Incoming!!!|accessdate=2008-10-08}}</ref> * [[October 9]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: Following a major banking and financial crisis in Iceland, the [[Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority]] takes control of three largest banks in the country: [[Kaupthing Bank]],<ref>[http://www.fme.is/?PageID=581&NewsID=340 The Financial Supervisory Authority - Iceland, ''News: Based on New Legislation, the Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority (FME) Proceeds to take Control of Kaupþing to ensure Continued Commercial Bank Operations in Iceland'' (09.10.2008)]</ref><ref>[http://www.kaupthing.com/pages/164?path=K/133944/PR/200810/1258139.xml Kaupthing Bank, ''Press release: Kaupthing Bank turns to the Icelandic FSA'' (2008.10.09)]</ref> [[Landsbanki]],<ref>[http://www.fme.is/?PageID=581&NewsID=331 The Financial Supervisory Authority - Iceland, ''News: Based on New Legislation, the Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority (IFSA) Proceeds to take Control of Landsbanki to ensure Continued Commercial Bank Operations in Iceland'' (07.10.2008)]</ref><ref>[http://www.landsbanki.is/english/aboutlandsbanki/pressreleases/?GroupID=720&NewsID=13284&y=0&p=1 Landsbanki Íslands, ''Press release: Landsbanki's Operations Continued Under Unchanged Management'' (October 07, 2008)]</ref> and [[Glitnir (bank)|Glitnir]].<ref>[http://www.fme.is/?PageID=581&NewsID=337 The Financial Supervisory Authority - Iceland, ''News: Based on New Legislation, the Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority (FME) Proceeds to take Control of Glitnir to ensure Continued Commercial Bank Operations in Iceland'' (08.10.2008)]</ref><ref>[http://web.archive.org/20081014121006/www.glitnir.is/english/about-glitnir/news/detail/item15927/Glitnir's_Operations_Continued_%E2%80%93_Larus_Welding_to_continue_as_CEO/ Glitnir Bank, ''News: Glitnir's Operations Continued – Lárus Welding to continue as CEO'' (08.10.2008)]</ref> * [[October 9]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] falls 679 points, or 7.3 percent, and plunges below 8,600 for the first time since [[May 21]], [[2003]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nytimes.com/2008/10/10/business/10markets.html|title=Stocks Plunge Again; Dow Under 8,600|date=October 9, 2008|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=2008-10-10}}</ref> === November === {{MonthR_30_Sap|Nopémber}} * [[November 2]] - The [[2008 Formula One season|2008 Formula 1 World Championship]] will end at [[São Paulo, Brazil]]. * [[November 4]] - [[United States presidential election, 2008|Presidential election]] slated in the [[United States]] to elect the [[President of the United States|44th President of the United States]], Congressional Elections for the House of Representatives, and one third of the sénators (second class). * [[November 4]] - [[Governor|Gubernatorial]] election slated in [[Puerto Rico]] to elect the [[Governor of Puerto Rico|Governor]] of the island. * [[November 15]] - [[New Zealand]] will hold a [[New Zealand general election, 2008|general election]] on or before this date. * [[November 20]] - [[December 7]] - [[2008 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup]] to be held in [[Chile]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.fifa.com/u20womenworldcup/index.html |title=FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup Chile 2008 |publisher=FIFA |accessdate=2007-11-26}}</ref> * [[November 22]] - [[APEC Peru 2008]] Summit in [[Lima]]. * [[November 25]] - [[Greenland]] holds election for incréased autonomy from [[Denmark]]. * [[November 28]] - [[Romanian legislative election, 2008|Legislative election]] in [[Romania]]. <!-- DO NOT ADD "HARRY POTTER AND THE HALF-BLOOD PRINCE" -- FILM RELEASES GO IN [[2008 in film]]. --> == Prediksi == === December === {{MonthR_31_Sen|Désémber}} * [[December 15]] - The [[Netherlands Antilles]] will be formally abolished.<ref name="endofNA">{{cite news |first = |last = |author = Staff reporter |coauthors = |title = Agreement on division of Netherlands Antilles |url = http://www.government.nl/actueel/nieuwsarchief/2007/02February/13/0-42-1_42-92711.jsp |format = HTML |work = |publisher = Government.nl |pages = |page = |date = [[2007-02-13]] |accessdate = 2007-02-24 |language = english }}</ref> * [[December 24]] - The New [[I-35W Mississippi River bridge]] in [[Minneapolis]] is expected to be completed after the bridge collapsed in August of 2007. * [[December 30]] - The [[Burj Dubai]] expected to be completed. It will be the [[List of tallest buildings and structures in the world|world's tallest building]]. === Unknown dates === * The [[United Nations]] is to review drug policies around the world.<ref>http://www.un.org/ga/president/57/pages/speeches/statement030408-Vienna-Narcotics.htm</ref><ref>http://www.drug-policy.org/modules/countdown_2008</ref> * The [[United Kingdom]] will complete a 5-yéar process to céase [[analog television]] broadcasts region-by-region, starting with [[Border Television|Border]].<ref>http://www.digitaluk.co.uk/en/when.html</ref> This process has alréady begun. * New [[China Central Television]] héadquarters buildings open. * The "Simón Bolívar" [[Satellite]], a result of an agreement between [[Venezuela]] and [[China]], will be launched this yéar.<ref>[http://www.plenglish.com/article.asp?ID=%7BB227BE8C-156B-468D-9143-EA0A86EAE9AF%7D)&language=EN The Year of the Chinese Satellite in Venezuela]</ref> * The [[US Navy]] will shoot down a déad [[spy satellite]] before it reenters éarth's atmosphere in late February or éarly March.<ref>http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/01/080130-AP-satellite.html Dead Spy satellite to enter earth's atmosphere</ref><ref>http://uk.reuters.com/article/wtMostRead/idUKN1447206620080215 Navy to shoot down dead satellite</ref> === Ongoing events === * [[Iraq War]] * [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]] * [[Conflict in Darfur]] * [[Israeli-Palestinian conflict]] * [[State reform in Belgium|6th Round of the Belgian State Reform]] * [[Abad ka-22|2146]] == Deaths == {{utama|Deaths in 2008}} <!-- Please make sure all dates are linked even where repeated. This is required for date format preferences to work correctly. --> {{Year in other calendars}} === January === * [[January 1]] - [[Salvatore Bonanno]], American mobster (b. [[1932]]) * [[January 1]] - [[Peter Caffrey]], Irish actor (b. [[1949]]) * [[January 1]] - [[Erich Kästner (World War I veteran)|Erich Kästner]], German veteran of World War I (b. [[1900]]) * [[January 1]] - [[T. Maheswaran|Thiyagarajah Maheswaran]], Sri Lankan Tamil politician (b. [[1960]]) * [[January 2]] - [[Galyani Vadhana]], Thai princess (b. [[1923]]) * [[January 3]] - [[Aleksandr Abdulov]], Russian actor (b. [[1953]]) * [[January 3]] - [[Yo-Sam Choi]], Koréan boxer (b. [[1972]]) * [[January 3]] - [[Werner Dollinger]], German politician (b. [[1918]]) * [[January 5]] - [[Raymond Forni]], French politician (b. [[1941]]) * [[January 5]] - [[Clinton Grybas]], Australian sports commentator (b. [[1975]]) * [[January 6]] - [[Fr. John O'Brien]], Irish priest and musician (b. [[1931]]) * [[January 7]] - [[Edward "Buddy" LeRoux]], American businessman (b. [[1930]]) * [[January 7]] - [[Philip Agee]], American spy (b. [[1935]]) * [[January 8]] - [[Moshe Levi]], Israeli military commander (b. [[1936]]) * [[January 9]] - [[John Harvey-Jones]], English businessman (b. [[1924]]) * [[January 10]] - [[Christopher Bowman]], American figure skater (b. [[1967]]) * [[January 10]] - [[Andrés Henestrosa]], Mexican writer and politician (b. [[1906]]) * [[January 10]] - [[Maila Nurmi]], Finnish-American actress and television personality (b. [[1921]]) * [[January 11]] - [[Edmund Hillary]], New Zéaland mountaineer, explorer, and philanthropist (b. [[1919]]) * [[January 11]] - [[Carl Karcher]], American businessman (b. [[1917]]) * [[January 12]] - [[Adriano González León]], Venezuelan poet and writer (b. [[1931]]) * [[January 13]] - [[Johnny Podres]], American baseball player (b. [[1932]]) * [[January 15]] - [[Brad Renfro]], American actor (b. [[1982]]) * [[January 15]] - [[Jason MacIntyre]], Scottish racing cyclist (b. [[1973]]) * [[January 16]] - [[Nikola Kljusev]], Macedonian prime minister (b. [[1927]]) * [[January 17]] - [[Bobby Fischer]], American-Icelandic chess grandmaster (b. [[1943]]) * [[January 17]] - [[Ernie Holmes]], American football player (b. [[1948]]) * [[January 17]] - [[Allan Melvin]], American actor (b. [[1922]]) * [[January 18]] - [[Georgia Frontiere]], American businesswoman (b. [[1927]]) * [[January 18]] - [[Lois Nettleton]], American actor (b. [[1927]]) * [[January 19]] - [[Don Wittman]], Canadian sportscaster (b. [[1936]]) * [[January 19]] - [[Suzanne Pleshette]], American actress (b. [[1937]]) * [[January 19]] - [[Frances Lewine]], American journalist (b. [[1921]]) * [[January 19]] - [[Morris Maddocks]], English Anglican priest (b.[[1928]]) * [[January 20]] - [[Louis de Cazenave]], French veteran of World War I (b. [[1897]]) * [[January 22]] - [[Heath Ledger]], Australian actor (b. [[1979]]) * [[January 23]] - [[Andrzej Andrzejewski]], Polish brigadier general (b. [[1961]]) * [[January 24]] - [[Randy Salerno]], American news anchor (b. [[1963]]) * [[January 27]] - [[Anna Loginova]], Russian bodyguard and modél (b. [[1979]]) * [[January 27]] - [[Gordon B. Hinckley]], American Mormon léader (b. [[1910]]) * [[January 27]] - [[Suharto]], 2nd présidént of Indonesia (b. [[1921]]) * [[January 28]] - [[Christodoulos]], Archbishop of Athens (b. [[1939]]) * [[January 29]] - [[Margaret Truman]], American writer (b. [[1924]]) * [[January 30]] - [[Jeremy Beadle]], English television presenter (b. [[1948]]) === February === * [[February 1]] - [[Beto Carrero]], Brazilian businessman (b. [[1937]]) * [[February 1]] - [[Shell Kepler]], American actress (b. [[1958]]) * [[February 2]] - [[Earl Butz]], American government official (b. [[1909]]) * [[February 2]] - [[Barry Morse]], Canadian actor (b. [[1918]]) * [[February 3]] - [[Sheldon Brown (bicycle mechanic)|Sheldon Brown]], American bicycle mechanic (b. [[1944]]) * [[February 4]] - [[Harry Richard Landis]], American World War I veteran (b. [[1899]]) * [[February 5]] - [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]], Indian spiritual léader (b. [[1917]]) * [[February 6]] - [[John McWethy]], American print and television journalist (b. [[1947]]) * [[February 7]] - [[Tamara Desni]], German-born British actress (b. [[1913]]) * [[February 7]] - [[Hoang Minh Chinh]], Vietnamese politician and dissident (b. [[1922]]) * [[February 7]] - [[Guy Severin]], Russian academician and engineer (b. [[1926]]) * [[February 8]] - [[Chua Ek Kay]], Singaporéan painter (b. [[1947]]) * [[February 8]] - [[Phyllis Whitney]], American mystery writer (b. [[1903]]) * [[February 9]] - [[Jazeh Tabatabai]], Iranian artist and writer (b. [[1931]]) * [[February 9]] - [[Mindrolling Trichen|Trichen Jurme Kunzang Wangyal]], Tibetan spiritual léader (b. [[1930]]) * [[February 10]] - [[Ron Leavitt]], American television producer (b. [[1947]]) * [[February 10]] - [[Roy Scheider]], American actor (b. [[1932]]) * [[February 11]] - [[Alfredo Reinado]], éast Timorese rebel (b. [[1967]]) * [[February 11]] - [[Tom Lantos]], American politician (b. [[1928]]) * [[February 12]] - [[Imad Mugniyah]], Lebanese militant (b. [[1962]]) * [[February 12]] - [[Badri Patarkatsishvili]], Géorgian businessman and politician (b. [[1955]]) * [[February 13]] - [[Kon Ichikawa]], Japanese film director (b. [[1915]]) * [[February 13]] - [[Henri Salvador]], French singer (b. [[1917]]) * [[February 15]] - [[Steve Fossett]], American adventurer (b. [[1944]]) * [[February 18]] - [[Alain Robbe-Grillet]], French writer (b. [[1922]]) * [[February 19]] - [[Natalia Bessmertnova]], Russian ballerina (b. [[1941]]) * [[February 19]] - [[Lydia Shum]], Hong Kong comedian and actress (b. [[1945]]) == Major religious holidays == * [[January 7]] - [[Christmas]] in éastern [[Christianity]] * [[January 10]] - [[New Year]] by [[Lunar]] calendar, celebrated by Muslims * [[February 5]] - [[Carnival]] ([[Shrove Tuesday]]) * [[February 6]] - [[Ash Wednesday]], observance of [[Lent]] begins * [[February 7]] - [[Chinese New Year]] (also Lunar New Yéar / Spring féstival) * [[March 1]] - [[Saint David's Day]], National holiday of [[Wales]] * [[March 15]] - [[St. Patrick's Day]], celebrated in [[Ireland]], the [[United States]], and most of the English spéaking world. (held on March 15 instéad of the usual 17th to avoid the second day in Holy Week.<ref>{{cite news|title=St Patrick's 'day' moved to 15th|url=http://www.ireland.com/newspaper/breaking/2007/0718/breaking85.html|format= |work=[[ireland.com]] Online|publisher=[[Irish Times Trust]]|date=2007-07-18|accessdate=2007-07-21}}</ref>) * [[March 20]] - March [[Equinox]], also known as [[Ostara]] * [[March 20]] - [[Purim]] * [[March 23]] - [[Easter]] Sunday, the éarliest éaster has fallen since [[1913]] * [[March 25]] - [[Holi]] * [[April 20]] - [[Passover]] * [[April 23]] - [[St. George's Day]] * [[April 27]] - [[Pascha]] in éastern [[Christianity]] * [[May 1]] - [[Ascension of Jesus]] in Western [[Christianity]] * [[May 1]] - [[Beltane]], a [[Cross-quarter day]] * [[May 20]] - [[Vesak]] in [[Buddhism]] * [[June 9]] - [[Shavuot]] * [[June 20]] - June [[Solstice]], also known as [[Midsummer]] or [[Midsummer|Litha]] * [[August 1]] - [[Lammas]], a [[Cross-quarter day]] * [[August 15]] - [[Assumption of Mary]] * [[September 22]] - September [[Equinox]], also known as [[Mabon]] * [[September 30]] - [[Rosh Hashana]] * [[October 2]] - [[Eid ul-Fitr]] * [[October 9]] - [[Yom Kippur]] * [[October 28]] - [[Diwali]] * [[November 1]] - [[Samhain]], a [[Cross-quarter day]] and [[Neopaganism|Neopagan]] new yéar * [[November 30]] - [[St. Andrew's Day]], Scottish national day * [[December 8]] - [[Immaculate Conception]] * [[December 8]] - [[Eid ul-Adha]] * [[December 21]] - [[Hanukkah]] begins at sundown * [[December 21]] - December [[Solstice]], also known as [[Yule]] * [[December 25]] - [[Christmas]] in Western [[Christianity]] <!-- ==Births== --> == 2008 in fiction == === Books === * [[Isaac Asimov]]'s 1955 short story [[Franchise (short story)|Franchise]] takes place in 2008, the premise being that the U.S. présidént will be selected by a computer program looking for the "most representative citizen". * [[John Barnes (author)|John Barnes]], ''Mother of Storms'' (1995) begins with a 2008 UN resolution barring any nation from acquiring nucléar wéapons after June 1, 2008, subject to penalty of preemptive strike. * [[Gregory Benford]]'s books ''The Jupiter War'' and ''The Threads of Time'' are set in 2008. * The [[Galactic Milieu Series]] by [[Julian May]] féatures éarth's first contact with an alien race on June 20, 2008. * In Francis Anderson's 1992 book "Future Undetermined" the UN bans civilians from owning [[handguns]] on March 29. * [[Ian McDonald (author)|Ian McDonald]]'s "Chaga Saga" (''Evolution's Shore'' and ''Kirinya'') begins with the March 13, 2008 impact arrival of the plant form Chaga from outer space. * [[Alan E. Nourse]]'s 1957 book ''Rocket to Limbo'' begins with the March 3, 2008 launch of the starship Argonaut on a centuries-long trip to Alpha Centauri. * ''[[The Mote in God's Eye]]'' (1974) by [[Larry Niven]] and [[Jerry Pournelle]] postulates that faster-than-light travel is perfected in 2008. * ''The Next War'', a controversial 1996 novel about the post-Soviet era, co-authored by former U.S. Defense Secretary [[Caspar Weinberger]], looks at a possible 2008 nucléar confrontation between the United States and Russia. === Computer and video games === Set in 2008: * ''[[Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon|Ghost Recon]]'' (2001): Russia attempts to reunite the Soviet Union and invades several éastern Européan countries. The UN intervenes with péacekeeping forces. * ''[[Splinter Cell]]'' series: [[Sam Fisher]] goes undercover. * ''[[Twisted Metal 3]]'' (1998) * ''[[Shattered Union]]'' (2005): U.S. présidént David Jefferson Adams is elected in a sham election, and becomes the most unpopular présidént in U.S. history. * ''[[Resident Evil 5]]'' (2009) * ''[[Mega Man (NES)|Mega Man]]'' * ''[[Devil May Cry 4]]'' === Film === <!-- This is for films that are set in 2008, not films that will be released in 2008. --> * ''[[Jason X]]'' ([[Friday the 13th (film series)|''Friday the 13th'' series]], 2002): Mass murderer [[Jason Voorhees]] is captured for the 2nd time and sentenced to déath. Though the US government is unsure how to execute him, an [[electric chair]], a [[gas chamber]], a [[firing squad]], and [[hanging]] are all tried - none of which work. * ''[[The Lake House (film)|The Lake House]]'' (2006): The ending takes place on [[Valentine's Day]], 2008. * ''[[Byousoku 5cm|5 Centimetres Per Second]]'' (2007): The final act takes place in [[Tokyo]] during 2008. * Set in 2008: ** ''[[Silent Running]]'' (1971) ** ''[[Southland Tales]]'' (2007) ** ''[[The Manchurian Candidate (2004 film)|The Manchurian Candidate]]'' (2004) <!-- This is for films that are already set set in 2008, not films that will be released in 2008. --> === Television === * ''[[Dawson's Creek]]'' (2003 series finale): The characters meet once again. Dawson is créator of a television series, ''The Creek'', based on his life. * ''[[Futurama]]'' (1999 first episode "[[Space Pilot 3000]]"): Stop N' Drop [[Suicide booth]]s are invented. * The [[List of Doctor Who serials#Series 3 (2007)|2007 series]] of ''[[Doctor Who]]'' Present time (such as [[Smith and Jones (Doctor Who)|Smith and Jones]]) is primarily set in 2008. * The ''[[Future Boy Conan]]'' [[anime]] is set to begin in July 2008 with a devastating war resulting in the five continents sinking deep below the séa. * ''[[Doraemon]]'': According to the original [[manga]] story, a [[time machine]] will be invented in 2008. * ''[[Heroes (TV Series)|Heroes]]'': According to the episode [[Out of Time (Heroes)|Out of Time]], the Shanti virus wipes out about 93% of the world's population, from a bréak out in March of 2008. Peter Petrelli accidentally teleports himself and Caitlin to sometime around June 14, 2008, when any survivors in New York City are forcibly evacuated. {{Events by month}} == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} == Tumbu luar == * [http://www.accuracyproject.org/2008calendar.html 2008 Calendar] at Internet Accuracy Project [[Kategori:2008| ]] npshrlhiirl5l1yevljakdp5anuv3k0 0 27958 630025 547298 2022-08-07T03:32:59Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Padalisan''' nyaéta bagian [[pada]] dina [[pupuh]].<ref name=":1" /> Réana padalisan dina sa[[pada]] hiji [[pupuh]] henteu sarua jeung pupuh séjénna; sarta unggal padalisan dina sa[[pada]] hiji pupuh henteu sarua jumlah [[engang]]na jeung sora tungtungna.<ref name=":1" /> Jumlah [[engang]] dina sapadalisan disebut guru wilangan, ari sora tungtung dina hiji padalisan disebut guru lagu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Tata Basa jeung Sastra Sunda|last=Drs. Budi Rahayu Tamsyah, Spk.|first=|publisher=Pustaka Setia|year=1999|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=}}</ref> Leuwih basajanna, padalisan téh jajaran-jajaran dina pada pupuh. <ref name=":0" />Dina guguritan, padalisan téh biasana ditulis sajajar-sajajar. <ref name=":0" />Ari dina [[wawacan]] (panjang) mah antara padalisan jeung padalisan téh biasana ukur dihalangan ku [[koma]] atawa tanda séjén keur ngirit tempat.<ref name=":0" />Upama dilisankeun, biasana aya [[randegan]] antara padalisan téh. Dina [[basa]] [[Indonesia]] sok disebut ''larik''. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=9786027785786|location=Bandung|pages=145}}</ref> == Conto == Réana padalisan dina sa[[pada]] pupuh henteu sarua, sabab unggal pada pupuh aya patokanana anu maneuh ngeunaan jumlah padalisan téh. Ieu di handap conto sapada pupuh [[asmarandana]], diwangun ku tujuh padalisan, dipetik tina [[guguritan]] Asmarandana Lahir Batin karya [[R.A. Bratadiwidjaja]]. <ref name=":0" /> Éling-éling masing éling Rumingkang di bumi alam Darma wawayangan baé Raga taya pangawasa Lamun kasasar lampah Napsu nu matak kaduhung Badan anu katempuhan ==== [[Kategori:Basa Sunda]] [[Kategori:Istilah dina sastra Sunda]] po7jb7qv36cd95gvc8dqb0hbueq7t0u 630026 630025 2022-08-07T03:34:09Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Padalisan''' nyaéta bagian tina [[pada]] dina gunukan [[pupuh]].<ref name=":1" /> Réana padalisan dina sa[[pada]] hiji [[pupuh]] henteu sarua jeung pupuh séjénna; sarta unggal padalisan dina sa[[pada]] hiji pupuh henteu sarua jumlah [[engang]]na jeung sora tungtungna.<ref name=":1" /> Jumlah [[engang]] dina sapadalisan disebut guru wilangan, ari sora tungtung dina hiji padalisan disebut guru lagu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Tata Basa jeung Sastra Sunda|last=Drs. Budi Rahayu Tamsyah, Spk.|first=|publisher=Pustaka Setia|year=1999|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=}}</ref> Leuwih basajanna, padalisan téh jajaran-jajaran dina pada pupuh. <ref name=":0" />Dina guguritan, padalisan téh biasana ditulis sajajar-sajajar. <ref name=":0" />Ari dina [[wawacan]] (panjang) mah antara padalisan jeung padalisan téh biasana ukur dihalangan ku [[koma]] atawa tanda séjén keur ngirit tempat.<ref name=":0" />Upama dilisankeun, biasana aya [[randegan]] antara padalisan téh. Dina [[basa]] [[Indonesia]] sok disebut ''larik''. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=9786027785786|location=Bandung|pages=145}}</ref> == Conto == Réana padalisan dina sa[[pada]] pupuh henteu sarua, sabab unggal pada pupuh aya patokanana anu maneuh ngeunaan jumlah padalisan téh. Ieu di handap conto sapada pupuh [[asmarandana]], diwangun ku tujuh padalisan, dipetik tina [[guguritan]] Asmarandana Lahir Batin karya [[R.A. Bratadiwidjaja]]. <ref name=":0" /> Éling-éling masing éling Rumingkang di bumi alam Darma wawayangan baé Raga taya pangawasa Lamun kasasar lampah Napsu nu matak kaduhung Badan anu katempuhan ==== [[Kategori:Basa Sunda]] [[Kategori:Istilah dina sastra Sunda]] pktv71xmtjbhvtcn4ejilkar0yn4ooe 630027 630026 2022-08-07T03:36:00Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Padalisan''' nyaéta bagian tina [[pada]] dina gunukan [[pupuh]].<ref name=":1" /> Réana padalisan dina sa[[pada]] hiji [[pupuh]] henteu sarua jeung pupuh séjénna sarta unggal padalisan dina sa[[pada]] hiji pupuh henteu sarua jumlah [[engang]]na jeung sora tungtungna.<ref name=":1" /> Jumlah [[engang]] dina sapadalisan disebut guru wilangan, ari sora tungtung dina hiji padalisan disebut guru lagu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Tata Basa jeung Sastra Sunda|last=Drs. Budi Rahayu Tamsyah, Spk.|first=|publisher=Pustaka Setia|year=1999|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=}}</ref> Leuwih basajanna, padalisan téh jajaran-jajaran dina pada pupuh. <ref name=":0" />Dina guguritan, padalisan téh biasana ditulis sajajar-sajajar. <ref name=":0" />Ari dina [[wawacan]] (panjang) mah antara padalisan jeung padalisan téh biasana ukur dihalangan ku [[koma]] atawa tanda séjén keur ngirit tempat.<ref name=":0" />Upama dilisankeun, biasana aya [[randegan]] antara padalisan téh. Dina [[basa]] [[Indonesia]] sok disebut ''larik''. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=9786027785786|location=Bandung|pages=145}}</ref> == Conto == Réana padalisan dina sa[[pada]] pupuh henteu sarua, sabab unggal pada pupuh aya patokanana anu maneuh ngeunaan jumlah padalisan téh. Ieu di handap conto sapada pupuh [[asmarandana]], diwangun ku tujuh padalisan, dipetik tina [[guguritan]] Asmarandana Lahir Batin karya [[R.A. Bratadiwidjaja]]. <ref name=":0" /> Éling-éling masing éling Rumingkang di bumi alam Darma wawayangan baé Raga taya pangawasa Lamun kasasar lampah Napsu nu matak kaduhung Badan anu katempuhan ==== [[Kategori:Basa Sunda]] [[Kategori:Istilah dina sastra Sunda]] a6uglofx0vbyh1m388y4zn1jdvh7t8d 630028 630027 2022-08-07T03:48:42Z YogiYY 17453 added [[Category:Sastra]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki '''Padalisan''' nyaéta bagian tina [[pada]] dina gunukan [[pupuh]].<ref name=":1" /> Réana padalisan dina sa[[pada]] hiji [[pupuh]] henteu sarua jeung pupuh séjénna sarta unggal padalisan dina sa[[pada]] hiji pupuh henteu sarua jumlah [[engang]]na jeung sora tungtungna.<ref name=":1" /> Jumlah [[engang]] dina sapadalisan disebut guru wilangan, ari sora tungtung dina hiji padalisan disebut guru lagu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Tata Basa jeung Sastra Sunda|last=Drs. Budi Rahayu Tamsyah, Spk.|first=|publisher=Pustaka Setia|year=1999|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=}}</ref> Leuwih basajanna, padalisan téh jajaran-jajaran dina pada pupuh. <ref name=":0" />Dina guguritan, padalisan téh biasana ditulis sajajar-sajajar. <ref name=":0" />Ari dina [[wawacan]] (panjang) mah antara padalisan jeung padalisan téh biasana ukur dihalangan ku [[koma]] atawa tanda séjén keur ngirit tempat.<ref name=":0" />Upama dilisankeun, biasana aya [[randegan]] antara padalisan téh. Dina [[basa]] [[Indonesia]] sok disebut ''larik''. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=9786027785786|location=Bandung|pages=145}}</ref> == Conto == Réana padalisan dina sa[[pada]] pupuh henteu sarua, sabab unggal pada pupuh aya patokanana anu maneuh ngeunaan jumlah padalisan téh. Ieu di handap conto sapada pupuh [[asmarandana]], diwangun ku tujuh padalisan, dipetik tina [[guguritan]] Asmarandana Lahir Batin karya [[R.A. Bratadiwidjaja]]. <ref name=":0" /> Éling-éling masing éling Rumingkang di bumi alam Darma wawayangan baé Raga taya pangawasa Lamun kasasar lampah Napsu nu matak kaduhung Badan anu katempuhan ==== [[Kategori:Basa Sunda]] [[Kategori:Istilah dina sastra Sunda]] [[Kategori:Sastra]] 8eu94l3av39axadavi8s727mt5jbvv5 630029 630028 2022-08-07T03:48:51Z YogiYY 17453 removed [[Category:Basa Sunda]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki '''Padalisan''' nyaéta bagian tina [[pada]] dina gunukan [[pupuh]].<ref name=":1" /> Réana padalisan dina sa[[pada]] hiji [[pupuh]] henteu sarua jeung pupuh séjénna sarta unggal padalisan dina sa[[pada]] hiji pupuh henteu sarua jumlah [[engang]]na jeung sora tungtungna.<ref name=":1" /> Jumlah [[engang]] dina sapadalisan disebut guru wilangan, ari sora tungtung dina hiji padalisan disebut guru lagu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Tata Basa jeung Sastra Sunda|last=Drs. Budi Rahayu Tamsyah, Spk.|first=|publisher=Pustaka Setia|year=1999|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=}}</ref> Leuwih basajanna, padalisan téh jajaran-jajaran dina pada pupuh. <ref name=":0" />Dina guguritan, padalisan téh biasana ditulis sajajar-sajajar. <ref name=":0" />Ari dina [[wawacan]] (panjang) mah antara padalisan jeung padalisan téh biasana ukur dihalangan ku [[koma]] atawa tanda séjén keur ngirit tempat.<ref name=":0" />Upama dilisankeun, biasana aya [[randegan]] antara padalisan téh. Dina [[basa]] [[Indonesia]] sok disebut ''larik''. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=9786027785786|location=Bandung|pages=145}}</ref> == Conto == Réana padalisan dina sa[[pada]] pupuh henteu sarua, sabab unggal pada pupuh aya patokanana anu maneuh ngeunaan jumlah padalisan téh. Ieu di handap conto sapada pupuh [[asmarandana]], diwangun ku tujuh padalisan, dipetik tina [[guguritan]] Asmarandana Lahir Batin karya [[R.A. Bratadiwidjaja]]. <ref name=":0" /> Éling-éling masing éling Rumingkang di bumi alam Darma wawayangan baé Raga taya pangawasa Lamun kasasar lampah Napsu nu matak kaduhung Badan anu katempuhan ==== [[Kategori:Istilah dina sastra Sunda]] [[Kategori:Sastra]] 7vwagummt36qtzkt208nqg18i6c5kqy 0 33406 629992 606702 2022-08-07T02:55:18Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Novel''' nyaéta salah sahiji karya sastra wangun [[prosa]] wanda carita rékaan (fiksi) nu eusi jeung jalan caritana panjang tur loba bagéan-bagéanna.<ref name=“Parabot”>{{Cite book | title =Mustika Basa Sunda| first =Drs.| last =Denny Djuhaeni, Dra. Rini Tanumulyana, Elly Sarimana S. Pd, Ine Novita S.Pd| publisher =Grasindo| location =Jakarta| year =2001| pages =23|ISBN=9789796952557|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=m6P45D_BcbsC&pg=PA18&dq=parabot+sunda&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj95uel4cbpAhUb73MBHUuKBpYQ6AEIUjAF#v=onepage&q=parabot%20sunda&f=false|accessdate=(disungsi – 22 Mei 2020)}}</ref> <ref name=":0">Sumarsono Tatang, Dkk, 2014. Pamekar Diajar Basa Sunda Kelas XI (jilid ka II): Bandung: Dinas Pendidikan Provinsi Jawa Barat.</ref> Diwangun ku [[basa lancaran]], [[palaku]] anu ngalakonna loba, mangsa nu kacaturna lila.<ref name=":0" /> Sanajan kaasup [[carita fiksi]], palaku, [[jalan carita]], tempat jeung waktu kajadianana bisa katarima ku akal, persis siga kajadian anu sabenerna.<ref name=":0" /> Eusi novel aya ogé anu didadasaran ku kajadian anu sabenerna, tapi éta kajadian téh ku pangarangna sok diréka-réka deui.<ref name=":0" /> == Kamekaran == Novel téh prosa rékaan (fiksi) nu naratif (ngawujud lalakon), umumna panjang sarta galur [[carita]]<nowiki/>na atawa plot-ma kompléks (ngarancabang). Ku lantaran kitu wandana, novel mah bisa midangkeun rupa-rupa palaku, ngasupkeun rupa-rupa kajadian, laluasa ngadéskripsikeun latar, jeung laluasa ngahirupkeun karakterisasi. Dina [[basa]]-basa di [[Eropa]] mah umumna ngagunakeun istilah roman, nu asal muasalna tina [[kecap]] ''romance'' (puisi panjang atawa prosa anu ngolah lalakon asmara, ngalalana). Tapi, basa Inggris mah milih istilah nu asalna ti basa Itali novella, hartina carita nu pondok dina bangun prosa. Dina abad ka-14 di [[Italia]] ceuyah sarta populér ku rupa-rupa [[roman]], boh anu punjul boh anu picisan. Lila-lila ngésér, istilah novella (dina basa Jerman: ''novella'') mindeng digunakeun saharti jeung novelét (novellete), prosa fiksi nu teu pati panjang. Dina sastra Sunda kungsi dibédakeun wangenan ngeunaan istilah novel jeung roman téh, padahal saenyana mah sarua. Ku kituna, dina kamekaran kiwari, leuwih hadé ngagunakeun éta dua istilah téh dina harti atawa wangenan anu sarua: novel atawa roman. Dina ulikan, papasingan novel téh dumasar kana umurna (umpamana aya novel Sunda samemeh Perang), kana eusina (upamana aya: novel sajarah), kana ukurana (upamana aya: novelét), dumasar kana kualitasna (upamana aya: novel populér), jsté.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=}}</ref> ==Unsur== # [[Téma]] nyaéta inti carita nu bisa diwangun tina runtuyan kajadian.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Galur]] kaasup unsur penting dina hiji carita. Lantaran dina galur aya runtuyan kajadian, méré arah atawa ngatur kajadian naon waé anu kudu diheulakeun atawa dipandeurikeun, sarta nembongkeun sabab akibat kajadian dina carita.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Palaku]] nyaéta tokoh nu ngalalakon dina hiji carita. nilik jenisna mah aya nu disebut palaku utama jeung palaku tambahan.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Latar]] nyaéta lingkungan sabudeur anu ngurilingan kajadian tur waktu atawa mangsa nu lumangsung dina hiji carita.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Puseur implengan]] nyaéta puseur panitén atawa jihat sawangan (''point of view)'' ngandung harti (ku saha) dicaritakeuna éta karangan atawa titik mimiti carita.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Gaya basa]] nyaéta cara ngébréhkeun pikiran ngaliwatan atawa maké basa anu has nu némbongkeun pribadi [[pangarang]].<ref name=":0" /> [[Kategori:Sastra]] [[Kategori:Prosa]] [[Kategori:Fiksi]] == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Novel| ]] [[Kategori:Proyek kurikulum]] jxbzebd2tp9p067010lqdac0h8ebcxp 629993 629992 2022-08-07T02:56:36Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Novel''' nyaéta salah sahiji karya sastra wangun [[prosa]] wanda carita rékaan (fiksi) nu eusi jeung jalan caritana panjang tur loba babagianana.<ref name=“Parabot”>{{Cite book | title =Mustika Basa Sunda| first =Drs.| last =Denny Djuhaeni, Dra. Rini Tanumulyana, Elly Sarimana S. Pd, Ine Novita S.Pd| publisher =Grasindo| location =Jakarta| year =2001| pages =23|ISBN=9789796952557|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=m6P45D_BcbsC&pg=PA18&dq=parabot+sunda&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj95uel4cbpAhUb73MBHUuKBpYQ6AEIUjAF#v=onepage&q=parabot%20sunda&f=false|accessdate=(disungsi – 22 Mei 2020)}}</ref> <ref name=":0">Sumarsono Tatang, Dkk, 2014. Pamekar Diajar Basa Sunda Kelas XI (jilid ka II): Bandung: Dinas Pendidikan Provinsi Jawa Barat.</ref> Diwangun ku [[basa lancaran]], [[palaku]] anu ngalakonna loba, mangsa nu kacaturna lila.<ref name=":0" /> Sanajan kaasup [[carita fiksi]], palaku, [[jalan carita]], tempat jeung waktu kajadianana bisa katarima ku akal, persis siga kajadian anu sabenerna ([[fakta]]).<ref name=":0" /> Eusi novel aya ogé anu didadasaran ku kajadian anu sabenerna, tapi éta kajadian téh ku pangarangna sok diréka-réka deui disaluyukeun jeung pangabutuh carita sangkan leuwih pikaresepeun.<ref name=":0" /> == Kamekaran == Novel téh prosa rékaan (fiksi) nu naratif (ngawujud lalakon), umumna panjang sarta galur [[carita]]<nowiki/>na atawa plot-ma kompléks (ngarancabang). Ku lantaran kitu wandana, novel mah bisa midangkeun rupa-rupa palaku, ngasupkeun rupa-rupa kajadian, laluasa ngadéskripsikeun latar, jeung laluasa ngahirupkeun karakterisasi. Dina [[basa]]-basa di [[Eropa]] mah umumna ngagunakeun istilah roman, nu asal muasalna tina [[kecap]] ''romance'' (puisi panjang atawa prosa anu ngolah lalakon asmara, ngalalana). Tapi, basa Inggris mah milih istilah nu asalna ti basa Itali novella, hartina carita nu pondok dina bangun prosa. Dina abad ka-14 di [[Italia]] ceuyah sarta populér ku rupa-rupa [[roman]], boh anu punjul boh anu picisan. Lila-lila ngésér, istilah novella (dina basa Jerman: ''novella'') mindeng digunakeun saharti jeung novelét (novellete), prosa fiksi nu teu pati panjang. Dina sastra Sunda kungsi dibédakeun wangenan ngeunaan istilah novel jeung roman téh, padahal saenyana mah sarua. Ku kituna, dina kamekaran kiwari, leuwih hadé ngagunakeun éta dua istilah téh dina harti atawa wangenan anu sarua: novel atawa roman. Dina ulikan, papasingan novel téh dumasar kana umurna (umpamana aya novel Sunda samemeh Perang), kana eusina (upamana aya: novel sajarah), kana ukurana (upamana aya: novelét), dumasar kana kualitasna (upamana aya: novel populér), jsté.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=}}</ref> ==Unsur== # [[Téma]] nyaéta inti carita nu bisa diwangun tina runtuyan kajadian.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Galur]] kaasup unsur penting dina hiji carita. Lantaran dina galur aya runtuyan kajadian, méré arah atawa ngatur kajadian naon waé anu kudu diheulakeun atawa dipandeurikeun, sarta nembongkeun sabab akibat kajadian dina carita.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Palaku]] nyaéta tokoh nu ngalalakon dina hiji carita. nilik jenisna mah aya nu disebut palaku utama jeung palaku tambahan.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Latar]] nyaéta lingkungan sabudeur anu ngurilingan kajadian tur waktu atawa mangsa nu lumangsung dina hiji carita.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Puseur implengan]] nyaéta puseur panitén atawa jihat sawangan (''point of view)'' ngandung harti (ku saha) dicaritakeuna éta karangan atawa titik mimiti carita.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Gaya basa]] nyaéta cara ngébréhkeun pikiran ngaliwatan atawa maké basa anu has nu némbongkeun pribadi [[pangarang]].<ref name=":0" /> [[Kategori:Sastra]] [[Kategori:Prosa]] [[Kategori:Fiksi]] == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Novel| ]] [[Kategori:Proyek kurikulum]] m1bkrqhtxduh5n3v4jtp7b2f1rtsq80 629994 629993 2022-08-07T02:57:05Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Novel''' nyaéta salah sahiji karya sastra wangun [[prosa]] wanda carita rékaan (fiksi) nu eusi jeung jalan caritana panjang tur loba babagianana.<ref name=“Parabot”>{{Cite book | title =Mustika Basa Sunda| first =Drs.| last =Denny Djuhaeni, Dra. Rini Tanumulyana, Elly Sarimana S. Pd, Ine Novita S.Pd| publisher =Grasindo| location =Jakarta| year =2001| pages =23|ISBN=9789796952557|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=m6P45D_BcbsC&pg=PA18&dq=parabot+sunda&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj95uel4cbpAhUb73MBHUuKBpYQ6AEIUjAF#v=onepage&q=parabot%20sunda&f=false|accessdate=(disungsi – 22 Mei 2020)}}</ref> <ref name=":0">Sumarsono Tatang, Dkk, 2014. Pamekar Diajar Basa Sunda Kelas XI (jilid ka II): Bandung: Dinas Pendidikan Provinsi Jawa Barat.</ref> Diwangun ku [[basa lancaran]], [[palaku]] anu ngalakonna loba, mangsa nu kacaturna lila.<ref name=":0" /> Sanajan kaasup [[carita fiksi]], palaku, [[jalan carita]], tempat jeung waktu kajadianana bisa katarima ku akal, persis siga kajadian anu sabenerna ([[fakta]]).<ref name=":0" /> Eusi novel aya ogé anu didadasaran ku kajadian anu sabenerna, tapi éta kajadian téh ku pangarangna sok diréka-réka deui disaluyukeun jeung pangabutuh carita sangkan leuwih pikaresepeun.<ref name=":0" /> == Kamekaran == Novel téh prosa rékaan (fiksi) nu naratif (wujud lalakon), umumna panjang sarta galur caritana atawa plot-ma kompléks (ngarancabang). Ku lantaran kitu wandana, novel mah bisa midangkeun rupa-rupa palaku, ngasupkeun rupa-rupa kajadian, laluasa ngadéskripsikeun latar, jeung laluasa ngahirupkeun karakterisasi. Dina [[basa]]-basa di [[Eropa]] mah umumna ngagunakeun istilah roman, nu asal muasalna tina [[kecap]] ''romance'' (puisi panjang atawa prosa anu ngolah lalakon asmara, ngalalana). Tapi, basa Inggris mah milih istilah nu asalna ti basa Itali novella, hartina carita nu pondok dina bangun prosa. Dina abad ka-14 di [[Italia]] ceuyah sarta populér ku rupa-rupa [[roman]], boh anu punjul boh anu picisan. Lila-lila ngésér, istilah novella (dina basa Jerman: ''novella'') mindeng digunakeun saharti jeung novelét (novellete), prosa fiksi nu teu pati panjang. Dina sastra Sunda kungsi dibédakeun wangenan ngeunaan istilah novel jeung roman téh, padahal saenyana mah sarua. Ku kituna, dina kamekaran kiwari, leuwih hadé ngagunakeun éta dua istilah téh dina harti atawa wangenan anu sarua: novel atawa roman. Dina ulikan, papasingan novel téh dumasar kana umurna (umpamana aya novel Sunda samemeh Perang), kana eusina (upamana aya: novel sajarah), kana ukurana (upamana aya: novelét), dumasar kana kualitasna (upamana aya: novel populér), jsté.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=}}</ref> ==Unsur== # [[Téma]] nyaéta inti carita nu bisa diwangun tina runtuyan kajadian.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Galur]] kaasup unsur penting dina hiji carita. Lantaran dina galur aya runtuyan kajadian, méré arah atawa ngatur kajadian naon waé anu kudu diheulakeun atawa dipandeurikeun, sarta nembongkeun sabab akibat kajadian dina carita.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Palaku]] nyaéta tokoh nu ngalalakon dina hiji carita. nilik jenisna mah aya nu disebut palaku utama jeung palaku tambahan.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Latar]] nyaéta lingkungan sabudeur anu ngurilingan kajadian tur waktu atawa mangsa nu lumangsung dina hiji carita.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Puseur implengan]] nyaéta puseur panitén atawa jihat sawangan (''point of view)'' ngandung harti (ku saha) dicaritakeuna éta karangan atawa titik mimiti carita.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Gaya basa]] nyaéta cara ngébréhkeun pikiran ngaliwatan atawa maké basa anu has nu némbongkeun pribadi [[pangarang]].<ref name=":0" /> [[Kategori:Sastra]] [[Kategori:Prosa]] [[Kategori:Fiksi]] == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Novel| ]] [[Kategori:Proyek kurikulum]] b2a4847gm3p43hqrcg4fs4kcdvqtzxm 629995 629994 2022-08-07T02:59:42Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Novel''' nyaéta salah sahiji karya sastra wangun [[prosa]] wanda carita rékaan (fiksi) nu eusi jeung jalan caritana panjang tur loba babagianana.<ref name=“Parabot”>{{Cite book | title =Mustika Basa Sunda| first =Drs.| last =Denny Djuhaeni, Dra. Rini Tanumulyana, Elly Sarimana S. Pd, Ine Novita S.Pd| publisher =Grasindo| location =Jakarta| year =2001| pages =23|ISBN=9789796952557|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=m6P45D_BcbsC&pg=PA18&dq=parabot+sunda&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj95uel4cbpAhUb73MBHUuKBpYQ6AEIUjAF#v=onepage&q=parabot%20sunda&f=false|accessdate=(disungsi – 22 Mei 2020)}}</ref> <ref name=":0">Sumarsono Tatang, Dkk, 2014. Pamekar Diajar Basa Sunda Kelas XI (jilid ka II): Bandung: Dinas Pendidikan Provinsi Jawa Barat.</ref> Diwangun ku [[basa lancaran]], [[palaku]] anu ngalakonna loba, mangsa nu kacaturna lila.<ref name=":0" /> Sanajan kaasup [[carita fiksi]], palaku, [[jalan carita]], tempat jeung waktu kajadianana bisa katarima ku akal, persis siga kajadian anu sabenerna ([[fakta]]).<ref name=":0" /> Eusi novel aya ogé anu didadasaran ku kajadian anu sabenerna, tapi éta kajadian téh ku pangarangna sok diréka-réka deui disaluyukeun jeung pangabutuh carita sangkan leuwih pikaresepeun.<ref name=":0" /> == Kamekaran == Novel téh prosa rékaan (fiksi) nu naratif (wujud lalakon), umumna panjang sarta galur caritana atawa plot-ma kompléks (ngarancabang). Ku lantaran kitu wandana, novel mah bisa midangkeun rupa-rupa palaku, ngasupkeun rupa-rupa kajadian, laluasa ngadéskripsikeun latar jeung laluasa ngahirupkeun karakter palakuna. Dina [[Eropa]] mah umumna ngagunakeun istilah roman, nu asal muasalna tina [[kecap]] ''romance'' (puisi panjang atawa prosa anu ngolah lalakon asmara atawa ngalalana). Tapi, basa Inggris mah milih istilah nu asalna ti basa Itali novella, hartina carita nu pondok dina bangun prosa. Dina abad ka-14 di [[Italia]] ceuyah sarta populér ku rupa-rupa [[roman]], boh anu punjul boh anu picisan. Lila-lila ngésér, istilah novella (dina basa Jerman: ''novella'') mindeng digunakeun saharti jeung novelét (novellete), prosa fiksi nu teu pati panjang. Dina sastra Sunda kungsi dibédakeun wangenan ngeunaan istilah novel jeung roman téh, padahal saenyana mah sarua. Ku kituna, dina kamekaran kiwari, leuwih hadé ngagunakeun éta dua istilah téh dina harti atawa wangenan anu sarua: novel atawa roman. Dina ulikan, papasingan novel téh dumasar kana umurna (umpamana aya novel Sunda samemeh Perang), kana eusina (upamana aya: novel sajarah), kana ukurana (upamana aya: novelét), dumasar kana kualitasna (upamana aya: novel populér), jsté.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=}}</ref> ==Unsur== # [[Téma]] nyaéta inti carita nu bisa diwangun tina runtuyan kajadian.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Galur]] kaasup unsur penting dina hiji carita. Lantaran dina galur aya runtuyan kajadian, méré arah atawa ngatur kajadian naon waé anu kudu diheulakeun atawa dipandeurikeun, sarta nembongkeun sabab akibat kajadian dina carita.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Palaku]] nyaéta tokoh nu ngalalakon dina hiji carita. nilik jenisna mah aya nu disebut palaku utama jeung palaku tambahan.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Latar]] nyaéta lingkungan sabudeur anu ngurilingan kajadian tur waktu atawa mangsa nu lumangsung dina hiji carita.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Puseur implengan]] nyaéta puseur panitén atawa jihat sawangan (''point of view)'' ngandung harti (ku saha) dicaritakeuna éta karangan atawa titik mimiti carita.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Gaya basa]] nyaéta cara ngébréhkeun pikiran ngaliwatan atawa maké basa anu has nu némbongkeun pribadi [[pangarang]].<ref name=":0" /> [[Kategori:Sastra]] [[Kategori:Prosa]] [[Kategori:Fiksi]] == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Novel| ]] [[Kategori:Proyek kurikulum]] 1z41dy1fd9fuajhrc6e97ncxycwrq2y 629996 629995 2022-08-07T03:00:27Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Novel''' nyaéta salah sahiji karya sastra wangun [[prosa]] wanda carita rékaan (fiksi) nu eusi jeung jalan caritana panjang tur loba babagianana.<ref name=“Parabot”>{{Cite book | title =Mustika Basa Sunda| first =Drs.| last =Denny Djuhaeni, Dra. Rini Tanumulyana, Elly Sarimana S. Pd, Ine Novita S.Pd| publisher =Grasindo| location =Jakarta| year =2001| pages =23|ISBN=9789796952557|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=m6P45D_BcbsC&pg=PA18&dq=parabot+sunda&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj95uel4cbpAhUb73MBHUuKBpYQ6AEIUjAF#v=onepage&q=parabot%20sunda&f=false|accessdate=(disungsi – 22 Mei 2020)}}</ref> <ref name=":0">Sumarsono Tatang, Dkk, 2014. Pamekar Diajar Basa Sunda Kelas XI (jilid ka II): Bandung: Dinas Pendidikan Provinsi Jawa Barat.</ref> Diwangun ku [[basa lancaran]], [[palaku]] anu ngalakonna loba, mangsa nu kacaturna lila.<ref name=":0" /> Sanajan kaasup [[carita fiksi]], palaku, [[jalan carita]], tempat jeung waktu kajadianana bisa katarima ku akal, persis siga kajadian anu sabenerna ([[fakta]]).<ref name=":0" /> Eusi novel aya ogé anu didadasaran ku kajadian anu sabenerna, tapi éta kajadian téh ku pangarangna sok diréka-réka deui disaluyukeun jeung pangabutuh carita sangkan leuwih pikaresepeun.<ref name=":0" /> == Kamekaran == Novel téh prosa rékaan (fiksi) nu naratif (wujud lalakon), umumna panjang sarta galur caritana atawa plot-ma kompléks (ngarancabang). Ku lantaran kitu wandana, novel mah bisa midangkeun rupa-rupa palaku, ngasupkeun rupa-rupa kajadian, laluasa ngadéskripsikeun latar jeung laluasa ngahirupkeun karakter palakuna. Dina [[Eropa]] mah umumna ngagunakeun istilah roman, nu asal muasalna tina [[kecap]] ''romance'' (puisi panjang atawa prosa anu ngolah lalakon asmara atawa ngalalana). Tapi, basa [[Inggris]] mah milih istilah nu asalna ti basa [[Italia]] nyaéta novella, hartina carita nu pondok dina wangun prosa. Dina abad ka-14 di [[Italia]] ceuyah sarta populér ku rupa-rupa [[roman]], boh anu punjul boh anu picisan. Lila-lila ngésér, istilah novella (dina basa Jerman: ''novella'') mindeng digunakeun saharti jeung novelét (novellete), prosa fiksi nu teu pati panjang. Dina sastra Sunda kungsi dibédakeun wangenan ngeunaan istilah novel jeung roman téh, padahal saenyana mah sarua. Ku kituna, dina kamekaran kiwari, leuwih hadé ngagunakeun éta dua istilah téh dina harti atawa wangenan anu sarua: novel atawa roman. Dina ulikan, papasingan novel téh dumasar kana umurna (umpamana aya novel Sunda samemeh Perang), kana eusina (upamana aya: novel sajarah), kana ukurana (upamana aya: novelét), dumasar kana kualitasna (upamana aya: novel populér), jsté.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=}}</ref> ==Unsur== # [[Téma]] nyaéta inti carita nu bisa diwangun tina runtuyan kajadian.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Galur]] kaasup unsur penting dina hiji carita. Lantaran dina galur aya runtuyan kajadian, méré arah atawa ngatur kajadian naon waé anu kudu diheulakeun atawa dipandeurikeun, sarta nembongkeun sabab akibat kajadian dina carita.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Palaku]] nyaéta tokoh nu ngalalakon dina hiji carita. nilik jenisna mah aya nu disebut palaku utama jeung palaku tambahan.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Latar]] nyaéta lingkungan sabudeur anu ngurilingan kajadian tur waktu atawa mangsa nu lumangsung dina hiji carita.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Puseur implengan]] nyaéta puseur panitén atawa jihat sawangan (''point of view)'' ngandung harti (ku saha) dicaritakeuna éta karangan atawa titik mimiti carita.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Gaya basa]] nyaéta cara ngébréhkeun pikiran ngaliwatan atawa maké basa anu has nu némbongkeun pribadi [[pangarang]].<ref name=":0" /> [[Kategori:Sastra]] [[Kategori:Prosa]] [[Kategori:Fiksi]] == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Novel| ]] [[Kategori:Proyek kurikulum]] s0wvgew6ga0sxd8wrig1elyk8b9xq6p 629997 629996 2022-08-07T03:01:33Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Novel''' nyaéta salah sahiji karya sastra wangun [[prosa]] wanda carita rékaan (fiksi) nu eusi jeung jalan caritana panjang tur loba babagianana.<ref name=“Parabot”>{{Cite book | title =Mustika Basa Sunda| first =Drs.| last =Denny Djuhaeni, Dra. Rini Tanumulyana, Elly Sarimana S. Pd, Ine Novita S.Pd| publisher =Grasindo| location =Jakarta| year =2001| pages =23|ISBN=9789796952557|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=m6P45D_BcbsC&pg=PA18&dq=parabot+sunda&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj95uel4cbpAhUb73MBHUuKBpYQ6AEIUjAF#v=onepage&q=parabot%20sunda&f=false|accessdate=(disungsi – 22 Mei 2020)}}</ref> <ref name=":0">Sumarsono Tatang, Dkk, 2014. Pamekar Diajar Basa Sunda Kelas XI (jilid ka II): Bandung: Dinas Pendidikan Provinsi Jawa Barat.</ref> Diwangun ku [[basa lancaran]], [[palaku]] anu ngalakonna loba, mangsa nu kacaturna lila.<ref name=":0" /> Sanajan kaasup [[carita fiksi]], palaku, [[jalan carita]], tempat jeung waktu kajadianana bisa katarima ku akal, persis siga kajadian anu sabenerna ([[fakta]]).<ref name=":0" /> Eusi novel aya ogé anu didadasaran ku kajadian anu sabenerna, tapi éta kajadian téh ku pangarangna sok diréka-réka deui disaluyukeun jeung pangabutuh carita sangkan leuwih pikaresepeun.<ref name=":0" /> == Kamekaran == Novel téh prosa rékaan (fiksi) nu naratif (wujud lalakon), umumna panjang sarta galur caritana atawa plot-ma kompléks (ngarancabang). Ku lantaran kitu wandana, novel mah bisa midangkeun rupa-rupa palaku, ngasupkeun rupa-rupa kajadian, laluasa ngadéskripsikeun latar jeung laluasa ngahirupkeun karakter palakuna. Dina [[Eropa]] mah umumna ngagunakeun istilah roman, nu asal muasalna tina [[kecap]] ''romance'' (puisi panjang atawa prosa anu ngolah lalakon asmara atawa ngalalana). Tapi, basa [[Inggris]] mah milih istilah nu asalna ti basa [[Italia]] nyaéta novella, hartina carita nu pondok dina wangun prosa. Dina abad ka-14 di Italia ceuyah sarta populér ku rupa-rupa [[roman]], boh anu pinunjul boh anu picisan. Lila-lila ngagésér, istilah novella (dina basa [[Jerman]] mah ''novella'') mindeng digunakeun saharti jeung novelét (novellete), prosa fiksi nu teu pati panjang. Dina sastra [[Sunda]] kungsi dibédakeun wangenan ngeunaan istilah novel jeung roman téh, padahal saenyana mah sarua. Ku kituna, dina kamekaran kiwari, leuwih hadé ngagunakeun éta dua istilah téh dina harti atawa wangenan anu sarua: novel atawa roman. Dina ulikan, papasingan novel téh dumasar kana umurna (umpamana aya novel Sunda samemeh Perang), kana eusina (upamana aya: novel sajarah), kana ukurana (upamana aya: novelét), dumasar kana kualitasna (upamana aya: novel populér), jsté.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=}}</ref> ==Unsur== # [[Téma]] nyaéta inti carita nu bisa diwangun tina runtuyan kajadian.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Galur]] kaasup unsur penting dina hiji carita. Lantaran dina galur aya runtuyan kajadian, méré arah atawa ngatur kajadian naon waé anu kudu diheulakeun atawa dipandeurikeun, sarta nembongkeun sabab akibat kajadian dina carita.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Palaku]] nyaéta tokoh nu ngalalakon dina hiji carita. nilik jenisna mah aya nu disebut palaku utama jeung palaku tambahan.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Latar]] nyaéta lingkungan sabudeur anu ngurilingan kajadian tur waktu atawa mangsa nu lumangsung dina hiji carita.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Puseur implengan]] nyaéta puseur panitén atawa jihat sawangan (''point of view)'' ngandung harti (ku saha) dicaritakeuna éta karangan atawa titik mimiti carita.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Gaya basa]] nyaéta cara ngébréhkeun pikiran ngaliwatan atawa maké basa anu has nu némbongkeun pribadi [[pangarang]].<ref name=":0" /> [[Kategori:Sastra]] [[Kategori:Prosa]] [[Kategori:Fiksi]] == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Novel| ]] [[Kategori:Proyek kurikulum]] d949egylglplw6n011ea0t8w8l8p1h0 629998 629997 2022-08-07T03:03:20Z YogiYY 17453 /* Kamekaran */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Novel''' nyaéta salah sahiji karya sastra wangun [[prosa]] wanda carita rékaan (fiksi) nu eusi jeung jalan caritana panjang tur loba babagianana.<ref name=“Parabot”>{{Cite book | title =Mustika Basa Sunda| first =Drs.| last =Denny Djuhaeni, Dra. Rini Tanumulyana, Elly Sarimana S. Pd, Ine Novita S.Pd| publisher =Grasindo| location =Jakarta| year =2001| pages =23|ISBN=9789796952557|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=m6P45D_BcbsC&pg=PA18&dq=parabot+sunda&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj95uel4cbpAhUb73MBHUuKBpYQ6AEIUjAF#v=onepage&q=parabot%20sunda&f=false|accessdate=(disungsi – 22 Mei 2020)}}</ref> <ref name=":0">Sumarsono Tatang, Dkk, 2014. Pamekar Diajar Basa Sunda Kelas XI (jilid ka II): Bandung: Dinas Pendidikan Provinsi Jawa Barat.</ref> Diwangun ku [[basa lancaran]], [[palaku]] anu ngalakonna loba, mangsa nu kacaturna lila.<ref name=":0" /> Sanajan kaasup [[carita fiksi]], palaku, [[jalan carita]], tempat jeung waktu kajadianana bisa katarima ku akal, persis siga kajadian anu sabenerna ([[fakta]]).<ref name=":0" /> Eusi novel aya ogé anu didadasaran ku kajadian anu sabenerna, tapi éta kajadian téh ku pangarangna sok diréka-réka deui disaluyukeun jeung pangabutuh carita sangkan leuwih pikaresepeun.<ref name=":0" /> == Kamekaran == Novel téh prosa rékaan (fiksi) nu naratif (wujud lalakon), umumna panjang sarta galur caritana atawa plot-ma kompléks (ngarancabang). Ku lantaran kitu wandana, novel mah bisa midangkeun rupa-rupa palaku, ngasupkeun rupa-rupa kajadian, laluasa ngadéskripsikeun latar jeung laluasa ngahirupkeun karakter palakuna. Dina [[Eropa]] mah umumna ngagunakeun istilah roman, nu asal muasalna tina [[kecap]] ''romance'' (puisi panjang atawa prosa anu ngolah lalakon asmara atawa ngalalana). Tapi, basa [[Inggris]] mah milih istilah nu asalna ti basa [[Italia]] nyaéta novella, hartina carita nu pondok dina wangun prosa. Dina abad ka-14 di Italia ceuyah sarta populér ku rupa-rupa [[roman]], boh anu pinunjul boh anu picisan. Lila-lila ngagésér, istilah novella (dina basa [[Jerman]] mah ''novella'') mindeng digunakeun saharti jeung novelét (novellete), prosa fiksi nu teu pati panjang. Dina sastra [[Sunda]] kungsi dibédakeun wangenan ngeunaan istilah novel jeung roman téh, padahal saenyana mah sarua. Ku kituna, dina kamekaran kiwari, leuwih hadé ngagunakeun éta dua istilah téh dina harti atawa wangenan anu sarua nyaéta novel atawa roman. Dina ulikanana, papasingan novel téh dumasar kana umur (umpamana aya novel Sunda samemeh Perang), kana eusina (upamana aya novel sajarah), kana ukurana (upamana aya novelét), dumasar kana kualitasna (upamana aya novel populér) jeung réa-réa deui.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=}}</ref> ==Unsur== # [[Téma]] nyaéta inti carita nu bisa diwangun tina runtuyan kajadian.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Galur]] kaasup unsur penting dina hiji carita. Lantaran dina galur aya runtuyan kajadian, méré arah atawa ngatur kajadian naon waé anu kudu diheulakeun atawa dipandeurikeun, sarta nembongkeun sabab akibat kajadian dina carita.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Palaku]] nyaéta tokoh nu ngalalakon dina hiji carita. nilik jenisna mah aya nu disebut palaku utama jeung palaku tambahan.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Latar]] nyaéta lingkungan sabudeur anu ngurilingan kajadian tur waktu atawa mangsa nu lumangsung dina hiji carita.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Puseur implengan]] nyaéta puseur panitén atawa jihat sawangan (''point of view)'' ngandung harti (ku saha) dicaritakeuna éta karangan atawa titik mimiti carita.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Gaya basa]] nyaéta cara ngébréhkeun pikiran ngaliwatan atawa maké basa anu has nu némbongkeun pribadi [[pangarang]].<ref name=":0" /> [[Kategori:Sastra]] [[Kategori:Prosa]] [[Kategori:Fiksi]] == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Novel| ]] [[Kategori:Proyek kurikulum]] jvbfc8sa2hna0gaakbsz3s5dzz15ltz 629999 629998 2022-08-07T03:04:33Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Novel''' nyaéta salah sahiji karya sastra wangun [[prosa]] wanda carita rékaan (fiksi) nu eusi jeung jalan caritana panjang tur loba babagianana.<ref name=“Parabot”>{{Cite book | title =Mustika Basa Sunda| first =Drs.| last =Denny Djuhaeni, Dra. Rini Tanumulyana, Elly Sarimana S. Pd, Ine Novita S.Pd| publisher =Grasindo| location =Jakarta| year =2001| pages =23|ISBN=9789796952557|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=m6P45D_BcbsC&pg=PA18&dq=parabot+sunda&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj95uel4cbpAhUb73MBHUuKBpYQ6AEIUjAF#v=onepage&q=parabot%20sunda&f=false|accessdate=(disungsi – 22 Mei 2020)}}</ref> <ref name=":0">Sumarsono Tatang, Dkk, 2014. Pamekar Diajar Basa Sunda Kelas XI (jilid ka II): Bandung: Dinas Pendidikan Provinsi Jawa Barat.</ref> Diwangun ku [[basa lancaran]], [[palaku]] anu ngalakonna loba, mangsa nu kacaturna lila.<ref name=":0" /> Sanajan kaasup [[carita fiksi]], palaku, [[jalan carita]], tempat jeung waktu kajadianana bisa katarima ku akal, persis siga kajadian anu sabenerna ([[fakta]]).<ref name=":0" /> Eusi novel aya ogé anu didadasaran ku kajadian anu sabenerna, tapi éta kajadian téh ku pangarangna sok diréka-réka deui disaluyukeun jeung pangabutuh carita sangkan leuwih pikaresepeun.<ref name=":0" /> == Kamekaran == Novel téh prosa rékaan (fiksi) nu naratif (wujud lalakon), umumna panjang sarta galur caritana atawa plot-ma kompléks (ngarancabang). Ku lantaran kitu wandana, novel mah bisa midangkeun rupa-rupa palaku, ngasupkeun rupa-rupa kajadian, laluasa ngadéskripsikeun latar jeung laluasa ngahirupkeun karakter palakuna. Dina [[Eropa]] mah umumna ngagunakeun istilah roman, nu asal muasalna tina [[kecap]] ''romance'' (puisi panjang atawa prosa anu ngolah lalakon asmara atawa ngalalana). Tapi, basa [[Inggris]] mah milih istilah nu asalna ti basa [[Italia]] nyaéta novella, hartina carita nu pondok dina wangun prosa. Dina abad ka-14 di Italia ceuyah sarta populér ku rupa-rupa [[roman]], boh anu pinunjul boh anu picisan. Lila-lila ngagésér, istilah novella (dina basa [[Jerman]] mah ''novella'') mindeng digunakeun saharti jeung novelét (novellete), prosa fiksi nu teu pati panjang. Dina sastra [[Sunda]] kungsi dibédakeun wangenan ngeunaan istilah novel jeung roman téh, padahal saenyana mah sarua. Ku kituna, dina kamekaran kiwari, leuwih hadé ngagunakeun éta dua istilah téh dina harti atawa wangenan anu sarua nyaéta novel atawa roman. Dina ulikanana, papasingan novel téh dumasar kana umur (umpamana aya novel Sunda samemeh Perang), kana eusina (upamana aya novel sajarah), kana ukurana (upamana aya novelét), dumasar kana kualitasna (upamana aya novel populér) jeung réa-réa deui.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=}}</ref> ==Unsur== Unsur dina novél téh dijéntrékeun kieu. # [[Téma]] nyaéta inti carita nu bisa diwangun tina runtuyan kajadian.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Galur]] kaasup unsur penting dina hiji carita. Lantaran dina galur aya runtuyan kajadian, méré arah atawa ngatur kajadian naon waé anu kudu diheulakeun atawa dipandeurikeun, sarta nembongkeun sabab akibat kajadian dina carita.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Palaku]] nyaéta tokoh nu ngalalakon dina hiji carita. nilik jenisna mah aya nu disebut palaku utama jeung palaku tambahan.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Latar]] nyaéta lingkungan sabudeur anu ngurilingan kajadian tur waktu atawa mangsa nu lumangsung dina hiji carita.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Puseur implengan]] nyaéta puseur panitén atawa jihat sawangan (''point of view)'' ngandung harti (ku saha) dicaritakeuna éta karangan atawa titik mimiti carita.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Gaya basa]] nyaéta cara ngébréhkeun pikiran ngaliwatan atawa maké basa anu has nu némbongkeun pribadi [[pangarang]].<ref name=":0" /> [[Kategori:Sastra]] [[Kategori:Prosa]] [[Kategori:Fiksi]] == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Novel| ]] [[Kategori:Proyek kurikulum]] 1lej8y8z7swomp4bmyf6hw9h8wolzlj 630000 629999 2022-08-07T03:05:34Z YogiYY 17453 removed [[Category:Prosa]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki '''Novel''' nyaéta salah sahiji karya sastra wangun [[prosa]] wanda carita rékaan (fiksi) nu eusi jeung jalan caritana panjang tur loba babagianana.<ref name=“Parabot”>{{Cite book | title =Mustika Basa Sunda| first =Drs.| last =Denny Djuhaeni, Dra. Rini Tanumulyana, Elly Sarimana S. Pd, Ine Novita S.Pd| publisher =Grasindo| location =Jakarta| year =2001| pages =23|ISBN=9789796952557|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=m6P45D_BcbsC&pg=PA18&dq=parabot+sunda&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj95uel4cbpAhUb73MBHUuKBpYQ6AEIUjAF#v=onepage&q=parabot%20sunda&f=false|accessdate=(disungsi – 22 Mei 2020)}}</ref> <ref name=":0">Sumarsono Tatang, Dkk, 2014. Pamekar Diajar Basa Sunda Kelas XI (jilid ka II): Bandung: Dinas Pendidikan Provinsi Jawa Barat.</ref> Diwangun ku [[basa lancaran]], [[palaku]] anu ngalakonna loba, mangsa nu kacaturna lila.<ref name=":0" /> Sanajan kaasup [[carita fiksi]], palaku, [[jalan carita]], tempat jeung waktu kajadianana bisa katarima ku akal, persis siga kajadian anu sabenerna ([[fakta]]).<ref name=":0" /> Eusi novel aya ogé anu didadasaran ku kajadian anu sabenerna, tapi éta kajadian téh ku pangarangna sok diréka-réka deui disaluyukeun jeung pangabutuh carita sangkan leuwih pikaresepeun.<ref name=":0" /> == Kamekaran == Novel téh prosa rékaan (fiksi) nu naratif (wujud lalakon), umumna panjang sarta galur caritana atawa plot-ma kompléks (ngarancabang). Ku lantaran kitu wandana, novel mah bisa midangkeun rupa-rupa palaku, ngasupkeun rupa-rupa kajadian, laluasa ngadéskripsikeun latar jeung laluasa ngahirupkeun karakter palakuna. Dina [[Eropa]] mah umumna ngagunakeun istilah roman, nu asal muasalna tina [[kecap]] ''romance'' (puisi panjang atawa prosa anu ngolah lalakon asmara atawa ngalalana). Tapi, basa [[Inggris]] mah milih istilah nu asalna ti basa [[Italia]] nyaéta novella, hartina carita nu pondok dina wangun prosa. Dina abad ka-14 di Italia ceuyah sarta populér ku rupa-rupa [[roman]], boh anu pinunjul boh anu picisan. Lila-lila ngagésér, istilah novella (dina basa [[Jerman]] mah ''novella'') mindeng digunakeun saharti jeung novelét (novellete), prosa fiksi nu teu pati panjang. Dina sastra [[Sunda]] kungsi dibédakeun wangenan ngeunaan istilah novel jeung roman téh, padahal saenyana mah sarua. Ku kituna, dina kamekaran kiwari, leuwih hadé ngagunakeun éta dua istilah téh dina harti atawa wangenan anu sarua nyaéta novel atawa roman. Dina ulikanana, papasingan novel téh dumasar kana umur (umpamana aya novel Sunda samemeh Perang), kana eusina (upamana aya novel sajarah), kana ukurana (upamana aya novelét), dumasar kana kualitasna (upamana aya novel populér) jeung réa-réa deui.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=}}</ref> ==Unsur== Unsur dina novél téh dijéntrékeun kieu. # [[Téma]] nyaéta inti carita nu bisa diwangun tina runtuyan kajadian.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Galur]] kaasup unsur penting dina hiji carita. Lantaran dina galur aya runtuyan kajadian, méré arah atawa ngatur kajadian naon waé anu kudu diheulakeun atawa dipandeurikeun, sarta nembongkeun sabab akibat kajadian dina carita.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Palaku]] nyaéta tokoh nu ngalalakon dina hiji carita. nilik jenisna mah aya nu disebut palaku utama jeung palaku tambahan.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Latar]] nyaéta lingkungan sabudeur anu ngurilingan kajadian tur waktu atawa mangsa nu lumangsung dina hiji carita.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Puseur implengan]] nyaéta puseur panitén atawa jihat sawangan (''point of view)'' ngandung harti (ku saha) dicaritakeuna éta karangan atawa titik mimiti carita.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Gaya basa]] nyaéta cara ngébréhkeun pikiran ngaliwatan atawa maké basa anu has nu némbongkeun pribadi [[pangarang]].<ref name=":0" /> [[Kategori:Sastra]] [[Kategori:Fiksi]] == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Novel| ]] [[Kategori:Proyek kurikulum]] fpmxq66x1ggvhn8jp98vdcn00dujc1v 630001 630000 2022-08-07T03:05:47Z YogiYY 17453 removed [[Category:Proyek kurikulum]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki '''Novel''' nyaéta salah sahiji karya sastra wangun [[prosa]] wanda carita rékaan (fiksi) nu eusi jeung jalan caritana panjang tur loba babagianana.<ref name=“Parabot”>{{Cite book | title =Mustika Basa Sunda| first =Drs.| last =Denny Djuhaeni, Dra. Rini Tanumulyana, Elly Sarimana S. Pd, Ine Novita S.Pd| publisher =Grasindo| location =Jakarta| year =2001| pages =23|ISBN=9789796952557|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=m6P45D_BcbsC&pg=PA18&dq=parabot+sunda&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj95uel4cbpAhUb73MBHUuKBpYQ6AEIUjAF#v=onepage&q=parabot%20sunda&f=false|accessdate=(disungsi – 22 Mei 2020)}}</ref> <ref name=":0">Sumarsono Tatang, Dkk, 2014. Pamekar Diajar Basa Sunda Kelas XI (jilid ka II): Bandung: Dinas Pendidikan Provinsi Jawa Barat.</ref> Diwangun ku [[basa lancaran]], [[palaku]] anu ngalakonna loba, mangsa nu kacaturna lila.<ref name=":0" /> Sanajan kaasup [[carita fiksi]], palaku, [[jalan carita]], tempat jeung waktu kajadianana bisa katarima ku akal, persis siga kajadian anu sabenerna ([[fakta]]).<ref name=":0" /> Eusi novel aya ogé anu didadasaran ku kajadian anu sabenerna, tapi éta kajadian téh ku pangarangna sok diréka-réka deui disaluyukeun jeung pangabutuh carita sangkan leuwih pikaresepeun.<ref name=":0" /> == Kamekaran == Novel téh prosa rékaan (fiksi) nu naratif (wujud lalakon), umumna panjang sarta galur caritana atawa plot-ma kompléks (ngarancabang). Ku lantaran kitu wandana, novel mah bisa midangkeun rupa-rupa palaku, ngasupkeun rupa-rupa kajadian, laluasa ngadéskripsikeun latar jeung laluasa ngahirupkeun karakter palakuna. Dina [[Eropa]] mah umumna ngagunakeun istilah roman, nu asal muasalna tina [[kecap]] ''romance'' (puisi panjang atawa prosa anu ngolah lalakon asmara atawa ngalalana). Tapi, basa [[Inggris]] mah milih istilah nu asalna ti basa [[Italia]] nyaéta novella, hartina carita nu pondok dina wangun prosa. Dina abad ka-14 di Italia ceuyah sarta populér ku rupa-rupa [[roman]], boh anu pinunjul boh anu picisan. Lila-lila ngagésér, istilah novella (dina basa [[Jerman]] mah ''novella'') mindeng digunakeun saharti jeung novelét (novellete), prosa fiksi nu teu pati panjang. Dina sastra [[Sunda]] kungsi dibédakeun wangenan ngeunaan istilah novel jeung roman téh, padahal saenyana mah sarua. Ku kituna, dina kamekaran kiwari, leuwih hadé ngagunakeun éta dua istilah téh dina harti atawa wangenan anu sarua nyaéta novel atawa roman. Dina ulikanana, papasingan novel téh dumasar kana umur (umpamana aya novel Sunda samemeh Perang), kana eusina (upamana aya novel sajarah), kana ukurana (upamana aya novelét), dumasar kana kualitasna (upamana aya novel populér) jeung réa-réa deui.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=}}</ref> ==Unsur== Unsur dina novél téh dijéntrékeun kieu. # [[Téma]] nyaéta inti carita nu bisa diwangun tina runtuyan kajadian.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Galur]] kaasup unsur penting dina hiji carita. Lantaran dina galur aya runtuyan kajadian, méré arah atawa ngatur kajadian naon waé anu kudu diheulakeun atawa dipandeurikeun, sarta nembongkeun sabab akibat kajadian dina carita.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Palaku]] nyaéta tokoh nu ngalalakon dina hiji carita. nilik jenisna mah aya nu disebut palaku utama jeung palaku tambahan.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Latar]] nyaéta lingkungan sabudeur anu ngurilingan kajadian tur waktu atawa mangsa nu lumangsung dina hiji carita.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Puseur implengan]] nyaéta puseur panitén atawa jihat sawangan (''point of view)'' ngandung harti (ku saha) dicaritakeuna éta karangan atawa titik mimiti carita.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Gaya basa]] nyaéta cara ngébréhkeun pikiran ngaliwatan atawa maké basa anu has nu némbongkeun pribadi [[pangarang]].<ref name=":0" /> [[Kategori:Sastra]] [[Kategori:Fiksi]] == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Novel| ]] ktg5vrxr7reh133ogeb4o87aeras6y5 630002 630001 2022-08-07T03:06:10Z YogiYY 17453 added [[Category:Élmu]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki '''Novel''' nyaéta salah sahiji karya sastra wangun [[prosa]] wanda carita rékaan (fiksi) nu eusi jeung jalan caritana panjang tur loba babagianana.<ref name=“Parabot”>{{Cite book | title =Mustika Basa Sunda| first =Drs.| last =Denny Djuhaeni, Dra. Rini Tanumulyana, Elly Sarimana S. Pd, Ine Novita S.Pd| publisher =Grasindo| location =Jakarta| year =2001| pages =23|ISBN=9789796952557|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=m6P45D_BcbsC&pg=PA18&dq=parabot+sunda&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj95uel4cbpAhUb73MBHUuKBpYQ6AEIUjAF#v=onepage&q=parabot%20sunda&f=false|accessdate=(disungsi – 22 Mei 2020)}}</ref> <ref name=":0">Sumarsono Tatang, Dkk, 2014. Pamekar Diajar Basa Sunda Kelas XI (jilid ka II): Bandung: Dinas Pendidikan Provinsi Jawa Barat.</ref> Diwangun ku [[basa lancaran]], [[palaku]] anu ngalakonna loba, mangsa nu kacaturna lila.<ref name=":0" /> Sanajan kaasup [[carita fiksi]], palaku, [[jalan carita]], tempat jeung waktu kajadianana bisa katarima ku akal, persis siga kajadian anu sabenerna ([[fakta]]).<ref name=":0" /> Eusi novel aya ogé anu didadasaran ku kajadian anu sabenerna, tapi éta kajadian téh ku pangarangna sok diréka-réka deui disaluyukeun jeung pangabutuh carita sangkan leuwih pikaresepeun.<ref name=":0" /> == Kamekaran == Novel téh prosa rékaan (fiksi) nu naratif (wujud lalakon), umumna panjang sarta galur caritana atawa plot-ma kompléks (ngarancabang). Ku lantaran kitu wandana, novel mah bisa midangkeun rupa-rupa palaku, ngasupkeun rupa-rupa kajadian, laluasa ngadéskripsikeun latar jeung laluasa ngahirupkeun karakter palakuna. Dina [[Eropa]] mah umumna ngagunakeun istilah roman, nu asal muasalna tina [[kecap]] ''romance'' (puisi panjang atawa prosa anu ngolah lalakon asmara atawa ngalalana). Tapi, basa [[Inggris]] mah milih istilah nu asalna ti basa [[Italia]] nyaéta novella, hartina carita nu pondok dina wangun prosa. Dina abad ka-14 di Italia ceuyah sarta populér ku rupa-rupa [[roman]], boh anu pinunjul boh anu picisan. Lila-lila ngagésér, istilah novella (dina basa [[Jerman]] mah ''novella'') mindeng digunakeun saharti jeung novelét (novellete), prosa fiksi nu teu pati panjang. Dina sastra [[Sunda]] kungsi dibédakeun wangenan ngeunaan istilah novel jeung roman téh, padahal saenyana mah sarua. Ku kituna, dina kamekaran kiwari, leuwih hadé ngagunakeun éta dua istilah téh dina harti atawa wangenan anu sarua nyaéta novel atawa roman. Dina ulikanana, papasingan novel téh dumasar kana umur (umpamana aya novel Sunda samemeh Perang), kana eusina (upamana aya novel sajarah), kana ukurana (upamana aya novelét), dumasar kana kualitasna (upamana aya novel populér) jeung réa-réa deui.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=}}</ref> ==Unsur== Unsur dina novél téh dijéntrékeun kieu. # [[Téma]] nyaéta inti carita nu bisa diwangun tina runtuyan kajadian.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Galur]] kaasup unsur penting dina hiji carita. Lantaran dina galur aya runtuyan kajadian, méré arah atawa ngatur kajadian naon waé anu kudu diheulakeun atawa dipandeurikeun, sarta nembongkeun sabab akibat kajadian dina carita.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Palaku]] nyaéta tokoh nu ngalalakon dina hiji carita. nilik jenisna mah aya nu disebut palaku utama jeung palaku tambahan.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Latar]] nyaéta lingkungan sabudeur anu ngurilingan kajadian tur waktu atawa mangsa nu lumangsung dina hiji carita.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Puseur implengan]] nyaéta puseur panitén atawa jihat sawangan (''point of view)'' ngandung harti (ku saha) dicaritakeuna éta karangan atawa titik mimiti carita.<ref name=":0" /> # [[Gaya basa]] nyaéta cara ngébréhkeun pikiran ngaliwatan atawa maké basa anu has nu némbongkeun pribadi [[pangarang]].<ref name=":0" /> [[Kategori:Sastra]] [[Kategori:Fiksi]] == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Novel| ]] [[Kategori:Élmu]] aja1kk9kzbdfut9ty73ttoiqxypfg4y 0 33482 629933 486997 2022-08-06T16:14:12Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Java women Mongoloid Negrito Australoid.png|thumb|300px|right|Gambar Jelema]] '''Antropologi''' asalna tina basa [[Yunani]], nyaéta ''anthropos'' anu hartina 'manusa', jeung ''logos'' anu hartina 'élmu pangaweruh'. Jadi, '''antropologi''' téh nyaéta salah sahiji 'élmu pangaweruh'([[sains]]/[[science]]) nu maluruh, ngabahas, jeung nalungtik ngeunaan manusa.<ref name="sumber1">{{id}} Trisnu Brata, Nugroho.2007.Antropologi untuk SMA dan MA kelas XI.Jakarta:Esis hal.3</ref> Objek anu nyampak dina antropologi téh nyaéta manusa di masarakat suku bangsa, kabudayaan katut paripolahna.<ref name="sumber3">http://organisasi.org/definisi-pengertian-antropologi-objek-tujuan-dan-cabang-ilmu-antropologi Antropologi (Diakses ping 25 September 2011)</ref> Budaya asalna tina basa [[sangsekerta]] nya ringkesan tina dua kecap 'budi' jeung 'daya' anu hartina usaha, tanaga, karep, pikiran, jeung parasaan jelema.<ref name="sumber2">{{su}} Danadibrata, R.A.2006.Kamus Basa Sunda.Bandung:Kiblat hal.108</ref> Lamun [[kabudayaan]] mah mangrupa hasil tanaga, karep, pikiran sarta perasaan jelema guna nambahan kasenangan jeung kanimatan jelema ku rupa rupa akal jelema.<ref name="sumber2"/> Kabéh [[élmu sosial budaya]] nalungtik kahirupan manusa.<ref name="sumber1"/> Unggal cabang élmu budaya ([[sosiologi]], [[psikologi]], [[hukum]],[[sastra]],[[sajarah]],[[pulitik]], [[komunikasi]],[[ekonomi]], [[arkeologi]], jeung [[linguistik]])boga pokus kajian séwang-séwangan.<ref name="sumber1"/> Antropologi boga pokus kajian dina [[kabudayaan]] nu dipiboga ku kelompok masarakat.<ref name="sumber1"/> Hubungan antara [[manusa]] jeung lingkunganana dijembatanan ku kabudayaan nu dipibogana.<ref name="sumber4">{{id}} Depdiknas,Direktorat Jendral Kabudayaan.2000.Kebudayaan Masyarakat Sunda di Kabupatén Lebak Jawa Barat.Bandung:C.V Manfada Utama hal.1</ref> Disawang tina ieu segi, kabudayaan bisa disebut sipatna téh adaptip lantaran ngalengkepan manusa ku cara méré nahkeun diri dina kabutuhan-kabutuhan pisiologis tina awak manéhna sorangan, méré nahkeun dina lingkungan anu sipatna pisik-géograpis, boh lingkungan sosialna.<ref name="sumber4"/> Nyatana lobana kabudayaan anu aya kénéh malah mekar nunjukkeun yén kabiasaan-kabiasaan nu dimekarkeun ku hiji masarakat, disaruakeun jeung kabutuhan-kabutuhan anu tangtu ti lingkunganana.<ref name="sumber4"/> ==Tokoh-Tokoh Antropologi== ===[[William A. Havilan]]=== Antropologi nyaéta studi ngeunaan umat [[manusa]], usaha pikeun nyusun generalisasi nu mangpaat ngeunaan [[manusa]] jeung perilakuna sarta pikeun meunangkeun wangenan anu lengkep ogé ngeunaan kaanékaragaman [[manusa]].<ref name="sumber5">{{id}} http://www.scribd.com/doc/23997160/ANTROPOLOGI Tokoh-tokoh Antropologi (diakses ping 11 Oktober 2011)</ref> ===[[David Hunter]]=== Antropologi nyaéta élmu anu lahir tina rasa hayang nyaho anu teu kawatesanan ngeunaan [[manusa]].<ref name="sumber5"/> ===[[Koentjaraningrat]]=== Antropologi nyaéta élmu anu maluruh [[manusa]] sacara umum jeung maluruh anéka warna, wangun pisik [[masarakat]] sarta [[kabudayaan]] anu dihasilkeunana.<ref name="sumber5"/> ==Rupa-Rupa Jinis Cabang Disiplin Élmu Anak Turunan Antropologi== ===Antropologi Pisik=== #Paléoantrologi nyaéta élmu anu maluruh asal-usul [[manusa]] jeung épolusi [[manusa]] ku cara nalungtik posil-posil.<ref name="sumber3"/> #Somatologi nyaéta élmu anu maluruh rupa-rupa ras [[manusa]] ku cara ditaliti ciri-ciri pisikna.<ref name="sumber3"/> ===Antropologi Budaya=== #Préhistori nyaéta élmu anu maluruh sajarah nyebar jeung mekarna [[budaya]] [[manusa]] wanoh kana tulisan.<ref name="sumber3"/> #Étnolinguistik antrologi nyaéta élmu anu maluruh suku-suku bangsa nu aya di dunya / bumi.<ref name="sumber3"/> #Étnologi nyaéta élmu anu maluruh asas [[kabudayaan]] manusa dina kahirupan masarakat suku bangsa di sakwéh alam [[dunya]].<ref name="sumber3"/> #Étnopsikologi nyaéta élmu anu maluruh kapribadian bangsa sarta peranan indipidu ka bangsa dina prosés parobahan adat jeung ajén unipersal ku cara nyoko kana konsép psikologi.<ref name="sumber3"/> ==Galeri== [[Gambar: David Hunter McAlpin.JPG|thumb|150px|left| David Hunter_Tokoh Antropologi]] [[Gambar: David Hunter.jpg|thumb|150px|center|David Hunter]] ==Rujukan== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Élmu sosial]] 453d96drrewbv6elquo5taim90bh5ad 629934 629933 2022-08-06T16:17:56Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Java women Mongoloid Negrito Australoid.png|thumb|300px|right|Gambar Jelema]] '''Antropologi''' asalna tina basa [[Yunani]], nyaéta ''anthropos'' anu hartina 'manusa', jeung ''logos'' anu hartina 'élmu pangaweruh'. Jadi, '''antropologi''' téh nyaéta salah sahiji 'élmu pangaweruh'([[sains]]/[[science]]) nu maluruh, ngabahas, jeung nalungtik ngeunaan manusa.<ref name="sumber1">{{id}} Trisnu Brata, Nugroho.2007.Antropologi untuk SMA dan MA kelas XI.Jakarta:Esis hal.3</ref> Objek anu nyampak dina antropologi téh nyaéta manusa anu geus jadi masarakat atawa sélér bangsa, kabudayaan katut paripolahna.<ref name="sumber3">http://organisasi.org/definisi-pengertian-antropologi-objek-tujuan-dan-cabang-ilmu-antropologi Antropologi (Diakses ping 25 September 2011)</ref> Budaya asalna tina basa [[sangsekerta]] nya ringkesan tina dua kecap 'budi' jeung 'daya' anu hartina usaha, tanaga, karep, pikiran, jeung parasaan jelema.<ref name="sumber2">{{su}} Danadibrata, R.A.2006.Kamus Basa Sunda.Bandung:Kiblat hal.108</ref> Lamun [[kabudayaan]] mah mangrupa hasil tanaga, karep, pikiran sarta perasaan jelema guna nambahan kasenangan jeung kanimatan jelema ku rupa rupa akal jelema.<ref name="sumber2"/> Kabéh [[élmu sosial budaya]] nalungtik kahirupan manusa.<ref name="sumber1"/> Unggal cabang élmu budaya ([[sosiologi]], [[psikologi]], [[hukum]],[[sastra]],[[sajarah]],[[pulitik]], [[komunikasi]],[[ekonomi]], [[arkeologi]], jeung [[linguistik]])boga pokus kajian séwang-séwangan.<ref name="sumber1"/> Antropologi boga pokus kajian dina [[kabudayaan]] nu dipiboga ku kelompok masarakat.<ref name="sumber1"/> Hubungan antara [[manusa]] jeung lingkunganana dijembatanan ku kabudayaan nu dipibogana.<ref name="sumber4">{{id}} Depdiknas,Direktorat Jendral Kabudayaan.2000.Kebudayaan Masyarakat Sunda di Kabupatén Lebak Jawa Barat.Bandung:C.V Manfada Utama hal.1</ref> Disawang tina ieu segi, kabudayaan bisa disebut sipatna téh adaptip lantaran ngalengkepan manusa ku cara méré nahkeun diri dina kabutuhan-kabutuhan pisiologis tina awak manéhna sorangan, méré nahkeun dina lingkungan anu sipatna pisik-géograpis, boh lingkungan sosialna.<ref name="sumber4"/> Nyatana lobana kabudayaan anu aya kénéh malah mekar nunjukkeun yén kabiasaan-kabiasaan nu dimekarkeun ku hiji masarakat, disaruakeun jeung kabutuhan-kabutuhan anu tangtu ti lingkunganana.<ref name="sumber4"/> ==Tokoh-Tokoh Antropologi== ===[[William A. Havilan]]=== Antropologi nyaéta studi ngeunaan umat [[manusa]], usaha pikeun nyusun generalisasi nu mangpaat ngeunaan [[manusa]] jeung perilakuna sarta pikeun meunangkeun wangenan anu lengkep ogé ngeunaan kaanékaragaman [[manusa]].<ref name="sumber5">{{id}} http://www.scribd.com/doc/23997160/ANTROPOLOGI Tokoh-tokoh Antropologi (diakses ping 11 Oktober 2011)</ref> ===[[David Hunter]]=== Antropologi nyaéta élmu anu lahir tina rasa hayang nyaho anu teu kawatesanan ngeunaan [[manusa]].<ref name="sumber5"/> ===[[Koentjaraningrat]]=== Antropologi nyaéta élmu anu maluruh [[manusa]] sacara umum jeung maluruh anéka warna, wangun pisik [[masarakat]] sarta [[kabudayaan]] anu dihasilkeunana.<ref name="sumber5"/> ==Rupa-Rupa Jinis Cabang Disiplin Élmu Anak Turunan Antropologi== ===Antropologi Pisik=== #Paléoantrologi nyaéta élmu anu maluruh asal-usul [[manusa]] jeung épolusi [[manusa]] ku cara nalungtik posil-posil.<ref name="sumber3"/> #Somatologi nyaéta élmu anu maluruh rupa-rupa ras [[manusa]] ku cara ditaliti ciri-ciri pisikna.<ref name="sumber3"/> ===Antropologi Budaya=== #Préhistori nyaéta élmu anu maluruh sajarah nyebar jeung mekarna [[budaya]] [[manusa]] wanoh kana tulisan.<ref name="sumber3"/> #Étnolinguistik antrologi nyaéta élmu anu maluruh suku-suku bangsa nu aya di dunya / bumi.<ref name="sumber3"/> #Étnologi nyaéta élmu anu maluruh asas [[kabudayaan]] manusa dina kahirupan masarakat suku bangsa di sakwéh alam [[dunya]].<ref name="sumber3"/> #Étnopsikologi nyaéta élmu anu maluruh kapribadian bangsa sarta peranan indipidu ka bangsa dina prosés parobahan adat jeung ajén unipersal ku cara nyoko kana konsép psikologi.<ref name="sumber3"/> ==Galeri== [[Gambar: David Hunter McAlpin.JPG|thumb|150px|left| David Hunter_Tokoh Antropologi]] [[Gambar: David Hunter.jpg|thumb|150px|center|David Hunter]] ==Rujukan== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Élmu sosial]] te47koxi0uayoia6ifb9nok3ctqr79v 629935 629934 2022-08-06T16:22:10Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Java women Mongoloid Negrito Australoid.png|thumb|300px|right|Gambar Jelema]] '''Antropologi''' asalna tina basa [[Yunani]], nyaéta ''anthropos'' anu hartina 'manusa', jeung ''logos'' anu hartina 'élmu pangaweruh'. Jadi, '''antropologi''' téh nyaéta salah sahiji 'élmu pangaweruh'([[sains]]/[[science]]) nu maluruh, ngabahas, jeung nalungtik ngeunaan manusa.<ref name="sumber1">{{id}} Trisnu Brata, Nugroho.2007.Antropologi untuk SMA dan MA kelas XI.Jakarta:Esis hal.3</ref> Objek anu nyampak dina antropologi téh nyaéta manusa anu geus jadi masarakat atawa sélér bangsa, kabudayaan katut paripolahna.<ref name="sumber3">http://organisasi.org/definisi-pengertian-antropologi-objek-tujuan-dan-cabang-ilmu-antropologi Antropologi (Diakses ping 25 September 2011)</ref> Budaya asalna tina basa [[sansakerta]] hasil ringkesan dua kecap 'budi' jeung 'daya' anu hartina tarékah, tanaga, karep, pikiran, jeung rasa jalma.<ref name="sumber2">{{su}} Danadibrata, R.A.2006.Kamus Basa Sunda.Bandung:Kiblat hal.108</ref> Lamun [[kabudayaan]] mah mangrupa hasil tanaga, karep, pikiran sarta perasaan jalma guna nambahan kasugemaan jeung kanikmatan ku rupa rupa akal jalma.<ref name="sumber2"/> Kabéh [[élmu sosial budaya]] nalungtik kahirupan manusa.<ref name="sumber1"/> Unggal cabang élmu budaya ([[sosiologi]], [[psikologi]], [[hukum]],[[sastra]],[[sajarah]],[[pulitik]], [[komunikasi]],[[ekonomi]], [[arkeologi]], jeung [[linguistik]])boga pokus kajian séwang-séwangan.<ref name="sumber1"/> Antropologi boga pokus kajian dina [[kabudayaan]] nu dipiboga ku kelompok masarakat.<ref name="sumber1"/> Hubungan antara [[manusa]] jeung lingkunganana dijembatanan ku kabudayaan nu dipibogana.<ref name="sumber4">{{id}} Depdiknas,Direktorat Jendral Kabudayaan.2000.Kebudayaan Masyarakat Sunda di Kabupatén Lebak Jawa Barat.Bandung:C.V Manfada Utama hal.1</ref> Disawang tina ieu segi, kabudayaan bisa disebut sipatna téh adaptip lantaran ngalengkepan manusa ku cara méré nahkeun diri dina kabutuhan-kabutuhan pisiologis tina awak manéhna sorangan, méré nahkeun dina lingkungan anu sipatna pisik-géograpis, boh lingkungan sosialna.<ref name="sumber4"/> Nyatana lobana kabudayaan anu aya kénéh malah mekar nunjukkeun yén kabiasaan-kabiasaan nu dimekarkeun ku hiji masarakat, disaruakeun jeung kabutuhan-kabutuhan anu tangtu ti lingkunganana.<ref name="sumber4"/> ==Tokoh-Tokoh Antropologi== ===[[William A. Havilan]]=== Antropologi nyaéta studi ngeunaan umat [[manusa]], usaha pikeun nyusun generalisasi nu mangpaat ngeunaan [[manusa]] jeung perilakuna sarta pikeun meunangkeun wangenan anu lengkep ogé ngeunaan kaanékaragaman [[manusa]].<ref name="sumber5">{{id}} http://www.scribd.com/doc/23997160/ANTROPOLOGI Tokoh-tokoh Antropologi (diakses ping 11 Oktober 2011)</ref> ===[[David Hunter]]=== Antropologi nyaéta élmu anu lahir tina rasa hayang nyaho anu teu kawatesanan ngeunaan [[manusa]].<ref name="sumber5"/> ===[[Koentjaraningrat]]=== Antropologi nyaéta élmu anu maluruh [[manusa]] sacara umum jeung maluruh anéka warna, wangun pisik [[masarakat]] sarta [[kabudayaan]] anu dihasilkeunana.<ref name="sumber5"/> ==Rupa-Rupa Jinis Cabang Disiplin Élmu Anak Turunan Antropologi== ===Antropologi Pisik=== #Paléoantrologi nyaéta élmu anu maluruh asal-usul [[manusa]] jeung épolusi [[manusa]] ku cara nalungtik posil-posil.<ref name="sumber3"/> #Somatologi nyaéta élmu anu maluruh rupa-rupa ras [[manusa]] ku cara ditaliti ciri-ciri pisikna.<ref name="sumber3"/> ===Antropologi Budaya=== #Préhistori nyaéta élmu anu maluruh sajarah nyebar jeung mekarna [[budaya]] [[manusa]] wanoh kana tulisan.<ref name="sumber3"/> #Étnolinguistik antrologi nyaéta élmu anu maluruh suku-suku bangsa nu aya di dunya / bumi.<ref name="sumber3"/> #Étnologi nyaéta élmu anu maluruh asas [[kabudayaan]] manusa dina kahirupan masarakat suku bangsa di sakwéh alam [[dunya]].<ref name="sumber3"/> #Étnopsikologi nyaéta élmu anu maluruh kapribadian bangsa sarta peranan indipidu ka bangsa dina prosés parobahan adat jeung ajén unipersal ku cara nyoko kana konsép psikologi.<ref name="sumber3"/> ==Galeri== [[Gambar: David Hunter McAlpin.JPG|thumb|150px|left| David Hunter_Tokoh Antropologi]] [[Gambar: David Hunter.jpg|thumb|150px|center|David Hunter]] ==Rujukan== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Élmu sosial]] e1w9h5yod3p5myejaso72k4sn4ia095 629936 629935 2022-08-06T16:30:11Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Java women Mongoloid Negrito Australoid.png|thumb|300px|right|Gambar Jelema]] '''Antropologi''' asalna tina basa [[Yunani]], nyaéta ''anthropos'' anu hartina 'manusa', jeung ''logos'' anu hartina 'élmu pangaweruh'. Jadi, '''antropologi''' téh nyaéta salah sahiji 'élmu pangaweruh' ([[sains]]/[[science]]) nu maluruh, ngabahas, jeung nalungtik ngeunaan manusa.<ref name="sumber1">{{id}} Trisnu Brata, Nugroho.2007.Antropologi untuk SMA dan MA kelas XI.Jakarta:Esis hal.3</ref> Objek anu nyampak dina antropologi téh nyaéta manusa anu geus jadi masarakat atawa sélér bangsa, kabudayaan katut paripolahna.<ref name="sumber3">http://organisasi.org/definisi-pengertian-antropologi-objek-tujuan-dan-cabang-ilmu-antropologi Antropologi (Diakses ping 25 September 2011)</ref> Budaya asalna tina basa [[sansakerta]] hasil ringkesan dua kecap 'budi' jeung 'daya' anu hartina tarékah, tanaga, karep, pikiran, jeung rasa jalma.<ref name="sumber2">{{su}} Danadibrata, R.A.2006.Kamus Basa Sunda.Bandung:Kiblat hal.108</ref> Lamun [[kabudayaan]] mah mangrupa hasil tanaga, karep, pikiran sarta perasaan jalma guna nambahan kasugemaan jeung kanikmatan ku rupa rupa akal jalma.<ref name="sumber2"/> Kabéh [[élmu sosial budaya]] pasti nalungtik kahirupan manusa.<ref name="sumber1"/> Unggal cabang élmu budaya ([[sosiologi]], [[psikologi]], [[hukum]],[[sastra]],[[sajarah]],[[pulitik]], [[komunikasi]],[[ékonomi]], [[arkéologi]], jeung [[linguistik]]) boga puseur kajian séwang-séwangan.<ref name="sumber1"/> Antropologi boga puseur kajian dina [[kabudayaan]] nu dipiboga ku kelompok masarakat.<ref name="sumber1"/> Hubungan antara [[manusa]] jeung lingkungan hirupna anu cukang lantaranana nyaéta kabudayaan.<ref name="sumber4">{{id}} Depdiknas,Direktorat Jendral Kabudayaan.2000.Kebudayaan Masyarakat Sunda di Kabupatén Lebak Jawa Barat.Bandung:C.V Manfada Utama hal.1</ref> Disawang tina ieu segi, kabudayaan bisa disebut sipatna téh adaptip lantaran ngalengkepan manusa ku cara méré nahkeun diri dina kabutuhan-kabutuhan pisiologis tina awak manéhna sorangan, méré nahkeun dina lingkungan anu sipatna pisik-géograpis, boh lingkungan sosialna.<ref name="sumber4"/> Nyatana loba kabudayaan anu aya kénéh malah nambahan mekar, éta téh nunuhkeun yén kabiasaan-kabiasaan nu aya di hiji masarakat masih dipaké, kalungguhanana sarua jeung kabutuhan-kabutuhan anu tangtu ti lingkunganana.<ref name="sumber4"/> ==Tokoh-Tokoh Antropologi== ===[[William A. Havilan]]=== Antropologi nyaéta studi ngeunaan umat [[manusa]], usaha pikeun nyusun generalisasi nu mangpaat ngeunaan [[manusa]] jeung perilakuna sarta pikeun meunangkeun wangenan anu lengkep ogé ngeunaan kaanékaragaman [[manusa]].<ref name="sumber5">{{id}} http://www.scribd.com/doc/23997160/ANTROPOLOGI Tokoh-tokoh Antropologi (diakses ping 11 Oktober 2011)</ref> ===[[David Hunter]]=== Antropologi nyaéta élmu anu lahir tina rasa hayang nyaho anu teu kawatesanan ngeunaan [[manusa]].<ref name="sumber5"/> ===[[Koentjaraningrat]]=== Antropologi nyaéta élmu anu maluruh [[manusa]] sacara umum jeung maluruh anéka warna, wangun pisik [[masarakat]] sarta [[kabudayaan]] anu dihasilkeunana.<ref name="sumber5"/> ==Rupa-Rupa Jinis Cabang Disiplin Élmu Anak Turunan Antropologi== ===Antropologi Pisik=== #Paléoantrologi nyaéta élmu anu maluruh asal-usul [[manusa]] jeung épolusi [[manusa]] ku cara nalungtik posil-posil.<ref name="sumber3"/> #Somatologi nyaéta élmu anu maluruh rupa-rupa ras [[manusa]] ku cara ditaliti ciri-ciri pisikna.<ref name="sumber3"/> ===Antropologi Budaya=== #Préhistori nyaéta élmu anu maluruh sajarah nyebar jeung mekarna [[budaya]] [[manusa]] wanoh kana tulisan.<ref name="sumber3"/> #Étnolinguistik antrologi nyaéta élmu anu maluruh suku-suku bangsa nu aya di dunya / bumi.<ref name="sumber3"/> #Étnologi nyaéta élmu anu maluruh asas [[kabudayaan]] manusa dina kahirupan masarakat suku bangsa di sakwéh alam [[dunya]].<ref name="sumber3"/> #Étnopsikologi nyaéta élmu anu maluruh kapribadian bangsa sarta peranan indipidu ka bangsa dina prosés parobahan adat jeung ajén unipersal ku cara nyoko kana konsép psikologi.<ref name="sumber3"/> ==Galeri== [[Gambar: David Hunter McAlpin.JPG|thumb|150px|left| David Hunter_Tokoh Antropologi]] [[Gambar: David Hunter.jpg|thumb|150px|center|David Hunter]] ==Rujukan== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Élmu sosial]] dj1hdm1ssmxqsp0tck9irfazbs18bya 629937 629936 2022-08-06T16:31:22Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Java women Mongoloid Negrito Australoid.png|thumb|300px|right|Gambar Jelema]] '''Antropologi''' asalna tina basa [[Yunani]], nyaéta ''anthropos'' anu hartina 'manusa', jeung ''logos'' anu hartina 'élmu pangaweruh'. Jadi, '''antropologi''' téh nyaéta salah sahiji 'élmu pangaweruh' ([[sains]]/[[science]]) nu maluruh, ngabahas, jeung nalungtik ngeunaan manusa.<ref name="sumber1">{{id}} Trisnu Brata, Nugroho.2007.Antropologi untuk SMA dan MA kelas XI.Jakarta:Esis hal.3</ref> Objek anu nyampak dina antropologi téh nyaéta manusa anu geus jadi masarakat atawa sélér bangsa, kabudayaan katut paripolahna.<ref name="sumber3">http://organisasi.org/definisi-pengertian-antropologi-objek-tujuan-dan-cabang-ilmu-antropologi Antropologi (Diakses ping 25 September 2011)</ref> Budaya asalna tina basa [[sansakerta]] hasil ringkesan dua kecap 'budi' jeung 'daya' anu hartina tarékah, tanaga, karep, pikiran, jeung rasa jalma.<ref name="sumber2">{{su}} Danadibrata, R.A.2006.Kamus Basa Sunda.Bandung:Kiblat hal.108</ref> Lamun [[kabudayaan]] mah mangrupa hasil tanaga, karep, pikiran sarta perasaan jalma guna nambahan kasugemaan jeung kanikmatan ku rupa rupa akal jalma.<ref name="sumber2"/> Kabéh [[élmu sosial budaya]] pasti nalungtik kahirupan manusa.<ref name="sumber1"/> Unggal cabang élmu budaya ([[sosiologi]], [[psikologi]], [[hukum]],[[sastra]],[[sajarah]],[[pulitik]], [[komunikasi]],[[ékonomi]], [[arkéologi]], jeung [[linguistik]]) boga puseur kajian séwang-séwangan.<ref name="sumber1"/> Antropologi boga puseur kajian dina [[kabudayaan]] nu dipiboga ku kelompok masarakat.<ref name="sumber1"/> Hubungan antara [[manusa]] jeung lingkungan hirupna anu cukang lantaranana nyaéta kabudayaan.<ref name="sumber4">{{id}} Depdiknas,Direktorat Jendral Kabudayaan.2000.Kebudayaan Masyarakat Sunda di Kabupatén Lebak Jawa Barat.Bandung:C.V Manfada Utama hal.1</ref> Disawang tina ieu segi, kabudayaan bisa disebut sipatna téh adaptip lantaran ngalengkepan manusa ku cara méré nahkeun diri dina kabutuhan-kabutuhan pisiologis tina awak manéhna sorangan, méré nahkeun dina lingkungan anu sipatna pisik-géograpis, boh lingkungan sosialna.<ref name="sumber4"/> Nyatana loba kabudayaan anu aya kénéh malah nambahan mekar, éta téh nunuhkeun yén kabiasaan-kabiasaan nu aya di hiji masarakat masih dipaké, kalungguhanana sarua jeung kabutuhan-kabutuhan anu tangtu ti lingkunganana.<ref name="sumber4"/> ==Tokoh-Tokoh Antropologi== ===[[William A. Havilan]]=== Antropologi nyaéta studi ngeunaan umat [[manusa]], tarékah pikeun nyusun generalisasi nu mangpaat ngeunaan [[manusa]] jeung perilakuna sarta pikeun meunangkeun wangenan anu lengkep ngeunaan kahirupan manusa anu variatif.<ref name="sumber5">{{id}} http://www.scribd.com/doc/23997160/ANTROPOLOGI Tokoh-tokoh Antropologi (diakses ping 11 Oktober 2011)</ref> ===[[David Hunter]]=== Antropologi nyaéta élmu anu lahir tina rasa hayang nyaho anu teu kawatesanan ngeunaan [[manusa]].<ref name="sumber5"/> ===[[Koentjaraningrat]]=== Antropologi nyaéta élmu anu maluruh [[manusa]] sacara umum jeung maluruh anéka warna, wangun pisik [[masarakat]] sarta [[kabudayaan]] anu dihasilkeunana.<ref name="sumber5"/> ==Rupa-Rupa Jinis Cabang Disiplin Élmu Anak Turunan Antropologi== ===Antropologi Pisik=== #Paléoantrologi nyaéta élmu anu maluruh asal-usul [[manusa]] jeung épolusi [[manusa]] ku cara nalungtik posil-posil.<ref name="sumber3"/> #Somatologi nyaéta élmu anu maluruh rupa-rupa ras [[manusa]] ku cara ditaliti ciri-ciri pisikna.<ref name="sumber3"/> ===Antropologi Budaya=== #Préhistori nyaéta élmu anu maluruh sajarah nyebar jeung mekarna [[budaya]] [[manusa]] wanoh kana tulisan.<ref name="sumber3"/> #Étnolinguistik antrologi nyaéta élmu anu maluruh suku-suku bangsa nu aya di dunya / bumi.<ref name="sumber3"/> #Étnologi nyaéta élmu anu maluruh asas [[kabudayaan]] manusa dina kahirupan masarakat suku bangsa di sakwéh alam [[dunya]].<ref name="sumber3"/> #Étnopsikologi nyaéta élmu anu maluruh kapribadian bangsa sarta peranan indipidu ka bangsa dina prosés parobahan adat jeung ajén unipersal ku cara nyoko kana konsép psikologi.<ref name="sumber3"/> ==Galeri== [[Gambar: David Hunter McAlpin.JPG|thumb|150px|left| David Hunter_Tokoh Antropologi]] [[Gambar: David Hunter.jpg|thumb|150px|center|David Hunter]] ==Rujukan== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Élmu sosial]] hpi7mol4ittmkl5cue3xty8xiviqv5y 629938 629937 2022-08-06T16:32:47Z YogiYY 17453 /* David Hunter */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Java women Mongoloid Negrito Australoid.png|thumb|300px|right|Gambar Jelema]] '''Antropologi''' asalna tina basa [[Yunani]], nyaéta ''anthropos'' anu hartina 'manusa', jeung ''logos'' anu hartina 'élmu pangaweruh'. Jadi, '''antropologi''' téh nyaéta salah sahiji 'élmu pangaweruh' ([[sains]]/[[science]]) nu maluruh, ngabahas, jeung nalungtik ngeunaan manusa.<ref name="sumber1">{{id}} Trisnu Brata, Nugroho.2007.Antropologi untuk SMA dan MA kelas XI.Jakarta:Esis hal.3</ref> Objek anu nyampak dina antropologi téh nyaéta manusa anu geus jadi masarakat atawa sélér bangsa, kabudayaan katut paripolahna.<ref name="sumber3">http://organisasi.org/definisi-pengertian-antropologi-objek-tujuan-dan-cabang-ilmu-antropologi Antropologi (Diakses ping 25 September 2011)</ref> Budaya asalna tina basa [[sansakerta]] hasil ringkesan dua kecap 'budi' jeung 'daya' anu hartina tarékah, tanaga, karep, pikiran, jeung rasa jalma.<ref name="sumber2">{{su}} Danadibrata, R.A.2006.Kamus Basa Sunda.Bandung:Kiblat hal.108</ref> Lamun [[kabudayaan]] mah mangrupa hasil tanaga, karep, pikiran sarta perasaan jalma guna nambahan kasugemaan jeung kanikmatan ku rupa rupa akal jalma.<ref name="sumber2"/> Kabéh [[élmu sosial budaya]] pasti nalungtik kahirupan manusa.<ref name="sumber1"/> Unggal cabang élmu budaya ([[sosiologi]], [[psikologi]], [[hukum]],[[sastra]],[[sajarah]],[[pulitik]], [[komunikasi]],[[ékonomi]], [[arkéologi]], jeung [[linguistik]]) boga puseur kajian séwang-séwangan.<ref name="sumber1"/> Antropologi boga puseur kajian dina [[kabudayaan]] nu dipiboga ku kelompok masarakat.<ref name="sumber1"/> Hubungan antara [[manusa]] jeung lingkungan hirupna anu cukang lantaranana nyaéta kabudayaan.<ref name="sumber4">{{id}} Depdiknas,Direktorat Jendral Kabudayaan.2000.Kebudayaan Masyarakat Sunda di Kabupatén Lebak Jawa Barat.Bandung:C.V Manfada Utama hal.1</ref> Disawang tina ieu segi, kabudayaan bisa disebut sipatna téh adaptip lantaran ngalengkepan manusa ku cara méré nahkeun diri dina kabutuhan-kabutuhan pisiologis tina awak manéhna sorangan, méré nahkeun dina lingkungan anu sipatna pisik-géograpis, boh lingkungan sosialna.<ref name="sumber4"/> Nyatana loba kabudayaan anu aya kénéh malah nambahan mekar, éta téh nunuhkeun yén kabiasaan-kabiasaan nu aya di hiji masarakat masih dipaké, kalungguhanana sarua jeung kabutuhan-kabutuhan anu tangtu ti lingkunganana.<ref name="sumber4"/> ==Tokoh-Tokoh Antropologi== ===[[William A. Havilan]]=== Antropologi nyaéta studi ngeunaan umat [[manusa]], tarékah pikeun nyusun generalisasi nu mangpaat ngeunaan [[manusa]] jeung perilakuna sarta pikeun meunangkeun wangenan anu lengkep ngeunaan kahirupan manusa anu variatif.<ref name="sumber5">{{id}} http://www.scribd.com/doc/23997160/ANTROPOLOGI Tokoh-tokoh Antropologi (diakses ping 11 Oktober 2011)</ref> ===[[David Hunter]]=== Antropologi nyaéta salah sahiji élmu anu medal tina rasa hayang nyaho anu tan wates wangen ngeunaan [[manusa]].<ref name="sumber5"/> ===[[Koentjaraningrat]]=== Antropologi nyaéta élmu anu maluruh [[manusa]] sacara umum jeung maluruh anéka warna, wangun pisik [[masarakat]] sarta [[kabudayaan]] anu dihasilkeunana.<ref name="sumber5"/> ==Rupa-Rupa Jinis Cabang Disiplin Élmu Anak Turunan Antropologi== ===Antropologi Pisik=== #Paléoantrologi nyaéta élmu anu maluruh asal-usul [[manusa]] jeung épolusi [[manusa]] ku cara nalungtik posil-posil.<ref name="sumber3"/> #Somatologi nyaéta élmu anu maluruh rupa-rupa ras [[manusa]] ku cara ditaliti ciri-ciri pisikna.<ref name="sumber3"/> ===Antropologi Budaya=== #Préhistori nyaéta élmu anu maluruh sajarah nyebar jeung mekarna [[budaya]] [[manusa]] wanoh kana tulisan.<ref name="sumber3"/> #Étnolinguistik antrologi nyaéta élmu anu maluruh suku-suku bangsa nu aya di dunya / bumi.<ref name="sumber3"/> #Étnologi nyaéta élmu anu maluruh asas [[kabudayaan]] manusa dina kahirupan masarakat suku bangsa di sakwéh alam [[dunya]].<ref name="sumber3"/> #Étnopsikologi nyaéta élmu anu maluruh kapribadian bangsa sarta peranan indipidu ka bangsa dina prosés parobahan adat jeung ajén unipersal ku cara nyoko kana konsép psikologi.<ref name="sumber3"/> ==Galeri== [[Gambar: David Hunter McAlpin.JPG|thumb|150px|left| David Hunter_Tokoh Antropologi]] [[Gambar: David Hunter.jpg|thumb|150px|center|David Hunter]] ==Rujukan== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Élmu sosial]] d64krf68xdrviakb58ubuyh0k1fzm6o 629939 629938 2022-08-06T16:33:41Z YogiYY 17453 /* Koentjaraningrat */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Java women Mongoloid Negrito Australoid.png|thumb|300px|right|Gambar Jelema]] '''Antropologi''' asalna tina basa [[Yunani]], nyaéta ''anthropos'' anu hartina 'manusa', jeung ''logos'' anu hartina 'élmu pangaweruh'. Jadi, '''antropologi''' téh nyaéta salah sahiji 'élmu pangaweruh' ([[sains]]/[[science]]) nu maluruh, ngabahas, jeung nalungtik ngeunaan manusa.<ref name="sumber1">{{id}} Trisnu Brata, Nugroho.2007.Antropologi untuk SMA dan MA kelas XI.Jakarta:Esis hal.3</ref> Objek anu nyampak dina antropologi téh nyaéta manusa anu geus jadi masarakat atawa sélér bangsa, kabudayaan katut paripolahna.<ref name="sumber3">http://organisasi.org/definisi-pengertian-antropologi-objek-tujuan-dan-cabang-ilmu-antropologi Antropologi (Diakses ping 25 September 2011)</ref> Budaya asalna tina basa [[sansakerta]] hasil ringkesan dua kecap 'budi' jeung 'daya' anu hartina tarékah, tanaga, karep, pikiran, jeung rasa jalma.<ref name="sumber2">{{su}} Danadibrata, R.A.2006.Kamus Basa Sunda.Bandung:Kiblat hal.108</ref> Lamun [[kabudayaan]] mah mangrupa hasil tanaga, karep, pikiran sarta perasaan jalma guna nambahan kasugemaan jeung kanikmatan ku rupa rupa akal jalma.<ref name="sumber2"/> Kabéh [[élmu sosial budaya]] pasti nalungtik kahirupan manusa.<ref name="sumber1"/> Unggal cabang élmu budaya ([[sosiologi]], [[psikologi]], [[hukum]],[[sastra]],[[sajarah]],[[pulitik]], [[komunikasi]],[[ékonomi]], [[arkéologi]], jeung [[linguistik]]) boga puseur kajian séwang-séwangan.<ref name="sumber1"/> Antropologi boga puseur kajian dina [[kabudayaan]] nu dipiboga ku kelompok masarakat.<ref name="sumber1"/> Hubungan antara [[manusa]] jeung lingkungan hirupna anu cukang lantaranana nyaéta kabudayaan.<ref name="sumber4">{{id}} Depdiknas,Direktorat Jendral Kabudayaan.2000.Kebudayaan Masyarakat Sunda di Kabupatén Lebak Jawa Barat.Bandung:C.V Manfada Utama hal.1</ref> Disawang tina ieu segi, kabudayaan bisa disebut sipatna téh adaptip lantaran ngalengkepan manusa ku cara méré nahkeun diri dina kabutuhan-kabutuhan pisiologis tina awak manéhna sorangan, méré nahkeun dina lingkungan anu sipatna pisik-géograpis, boh lingkungan sosialna.<ref name="sumber4"/> Nyatana loba kabudayaan anu aya kénéh malah nambahan mekar, éta téh nunuhkeun yén kabiasaan-kabiasaan nu aya di hiji masarakat masih dipaké, kalungguhanana sarua jeung kabutuhan-kabutuhan anu tangtu ti lingkunganana.<ref name="sumber4"/> ==Tokoh-Tokoh Antropologi== ===[[William A. Havilan]]=== Antropologi nyaéta studi ngeunaan umat [[manusa]], tarékah pikeun nyusun generalisasi nu mangpaat ngeunaan [[manusa]] jeung perilakuna sarta pikeun meunangkeun wangenan anu lengkep ngeunaan kahirupan manusa anu variatif.<ref name="sumber5">{{id}} http://www.scribd.com/doc/23997160/ANTROPOLOGI Tokoh-tokoh Antropologi (diakses ping 11 Oktober 2011)</ref> ===[[David Hunter]]=== Antropologi nyaéta salah sahiji élmu anu medal tina rasa hayang nyaho anu tan wates wangen ngeunaan [[manusa]].<ref name="sumber5"/> ===[[Koentjaraningrat]]=== Antropologi nyaéta salah sahiji élmu anu maluruh [[manusa]] sacara umum atawa wangun fisik [[masarakat]] sarta [[kabudayaan]] anu dihasilkeunana.<ref name="sumber5"/> ==Rupa-Rupa Jinis Cabang Disiplin Élmu Anak Turunan Antropologi== ===Antropologi Pisik=== #Paléoantrologi nyaéta élmu anu maluruh asal-usul [[manusa]] jeung épolusi [[manusa]] ku cara nalungtik posil-posil.<ref name="sumber3"/> #Somatologi nyaéta élmu anu maluruh rupa-rupa ras [[manusa]] ku cara ditaliti ciri-ciri pisikna.<ref name="sumber3"/> ===Antropologi Budaya=== #Préhistori nyaéta élmu anu maluruh sajarah nyebar jeung mekarna [[budaya]] [[manusa]] wanoh kana tulisan.<ref name="sumber3"/> #Étnolinguistik antrologi nyaéta élmu anu maluruh suku-suku bangsa nu aya di dunya / bumi.<ref name="sumber3"/> #Étnologi nyaéta élmu anu maluruh asas [[kabudayaan]] manusa dina kahirupan masarakat suku bangsa di sakwéh alam [[dunya]].<ref name="sumber3"/> #Étnopsikologi nyaéta élmu anu maluruh kapribadian bangsa sarta peranan indipidu ka bangsa dina prosés parobahan adat jeung ajén unipersal ku cara nyoko kana konsép psikologi.<ref name="sumber3"/> ==Galeri== [[Gambar: David Hunter McAlpin.JPG|thumb|150px|left| David Hunter_Tokoh Antropologi]] [[Gambar: David Hunter.jpg|thumb|150px|center|David Hunter]] ==Rujukan== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Élmu sosial]] ohp0s3pmiqngffcf8v9h8u6olialumv 629940 629939 2022-08-06T16:35:05Z YogiYY 17453 /* Antropologi Pisik */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Java women Mongoloid Negrito Australoid.png|thumb|300px|right|Gambar Jelema]] '''Antropologi''' asalna tina basa [[Yunani]], nyaéta ''anthropos'' anu hartina 'manusa', jeung ''logos'' anu hartina 'élmu pangaweruh'. Jadi, '''antropologi''' téh nyaéta salah sahiji 'élmu pangaweruh' ([[sains]]/[[science]]) nu maluruh, ngabahas, jeung nalungtik ngeunaan manusa.<ref name="sumber1">{{id}} Trisnu Brata, Nugroho.2007.Antropologi untuk SMA dan MA kelas XI.Jakarta:Esis hal.3</ref> Objek anu nyampak dina antropologi téh nyaéta manusa anu geus jadi masarakat atawa sélér bangsa, kabudayaan katut paripolahna.<ref name="sumber3">http://organisasi.org/definisi-pengertian-antropologi-objek-tujuan-dan-cabang-ilmu-antropologi Antropologi (Diakses ping 25 September 2011)</ref> Budaya asalna tina basa [[sansakerta]] hasil ringkesan dua kecap 'budi' jeung 'daya' anu hartina tarékah, tanaga, karep, pikiran, jeung rasa jalma.<ref name="sumber2">{{su}} Danadibrata, R.A.2006.Kamus Basa Sunda.Bandung:Kiblat hal.108</ref> Lamun [[kabudayaan]] mah mangrupa hasil tanaga, karep, pikiran sarta perasaan jalma guna nambahan kasugemaan jeung kanikmatan ku rupa rupa akal jalma.<ref name="sumber2"/> Kabéh [[élmu sosial budaya]] pasti nalungtik kahirupan manusa.<ref name="sumber1"/> Unggal cabang élmu budaya ([[sosiologi]], [[psikologi]], [[hukum]],[[sastra]],[[sajarah]],[[pulitik]], [[komunikasi]],[[ékonomi]], [[arkéologi]], jeung [[linguistik]]) boga puseur kajian séwang-séwangan.<ref name="sumber1"/> Antropologi boga puseur kajian dina [[kabudayaan]] nu dipiboga ku kelompok masarakat.<ref name="sumber1"/> Hubungan antara [[manusa]] jeung lingkungan hirupna anu cukang lantaranana nyaéta kabudayaan.<ref name="sumber4">{{id}} Depdiknas,Direktorat Jendral Kabudayaan.2000.Kebudayaan Masyarakat Sunda di Kabupatén Lebak Jawa Barat.Bandung:C.V Manfada Utama hal.1</ref> Disawang tina ieu segi, kabudayaan bisa disebut sipatna téh adaptip lantaran ngalengkepan manusa ku cara méré nahkeun diri dina kabutuhan-kabutuhan pisiologis tina awak manéhna sorangan, méré nahkeun dina lingkungan anu sipatna pisik-géograpis, boh lingkungan sosialna.<ref name="sumber4"/> Nyatana loba kabudayaan anu aya kénéh malah nambahan mekar, éta téh nunuhkeun yén kabiasaan-kabiasaan nu aya di hiji masarakat masih dipaké, kalungguhanana sarua jeung kabutuhan-kabutuhan anu tangtu ti lingkunganana.<ref name="sumber4"/> ==Tokoh-Tokoh Antropologi== ===[[William A. Havilan]]=== Antropologi nyaéta studi ngeunaan umat [[manusa]], tarékah pikeun nyusun generalisasi nu mangpaat ngeunaan [[manusa]] jeung perilakuna sarta pikeun meunangkeun wangenan anu lengkep ngeunaan kahirupan manusa anu variatif.<ref name="sumber5">{{id}} http://www.scribd.com/doc/23997160/ANTROPOLOGI Tokoh-tokoh Antropologi (diakses ping 11 Oktober 2011)</ref> ===[[David Hunter]]=== Antropologi nyaéta salah sahiji élmu anu medal tina rasa hayang nyaho anu tan wates wangen ngeunaan [[manusa]].<ref name="sumber5"/> ===[[Koentjaraningrat]]=== Antropologi nyaéta salah sahiji élmu anu maluruh [[manusa]] sacara umum atawa wangun fisik [[masarakat]] sarta [[kabudayaan]] anu dihasilkeunana.<ref name="sumber5"/> ==Rupa-Rupa Jinis Cabang Disiplin Élmu Anak Turunan Antropologi== ===Antropologi Pisik=== #Paléoantrologi nyaéta salah sahiji élmu anu maluruh asal-usul [[manusa]] jeung épolusi [[manusa]] ku cara nalungtik posil-posil anu kapanggih.<ref name="sumber3"/> #Somatologi nyaéta salah sahiji élmu anu maluruh rupa-rupa sélér bangsa [[manusa]] ku cara ditalungtik ciri-ciri fisikna.<ref name="sumber3"/> ===Antropologi Budaya=== #Préhistori nyaéta élmu anu maluruh sajarah nyebar jeung mekarna [[budaya]] [[manusa]] wanoh kana tulisan.<ref name="sumber3"/> #Étnolinguistik antrologi nyaéta élmu anu maluruh suku-suku bangsa nu aya di dunya / bumi.<ref name="sumber3"/> #Étnologi nyaéta élmu anu maluruh asas [[kabudayaan]] manusa dina kahirupan masarakat suku bangsa di sakwéh alam [[dunya]].<ref name="sumber3"/> #Étnopsikologi nyaéta élmu anu maluruh kapribadian bangsa sarta peranan indipidu ka bangsa dina prosés parobahan adat jeung ajén unipersal ku cara nyoko kana konsép psikologi.<ref name="sumber3"/> ==Galeri== [[Gambar: David Hunter McAlpin.JPG|thumb|150px|left| David Hunter_Tokoh Antropologi]] [[Gambar: David Hunter.jpg|thumb|150px|center|David Hunter]] ==Rujukan== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Élmu sosial]] b1qtg1qrysq3ktof26ut1aqerpsnn85 629942 629940 2022-08-06T16:59:34Z YogiYY 17453 /* Antropologi Budaya */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Java women Mongoloid Negrito Australoid.png|thumb|300px|right|Gambar Jelema]] '''Antropologi''' asalna tina basa [[Yunani]], nyaéta ''anthropos'' anu hartina 'manusa', jeung ''logos'' anu hartina 'élmu pangaweruh'. Jadi, '''antropologi''' téh nyaéta salah sahiji 'élmu pangaweruh' ([[sains]]/[[science]]) nu maluruh, ngabahas, jeung nalungtik ngeunaan manusa.<ref name="sumber1">{{id}} Trisnu Brata, Nugroho.2007.Antropologi untuk SMA dan MA kelas XI.Jakarta:Esis hal.3</ref> Objek anu nyampak dina antropologi téh nyaéta manusa anu geus jadi masarakat atawa sélér bangsa, kabudayaan katut paripolahna.<ref name="sumber3">http://organisasi.org/definisi-pengertian-antropologi-objek-tujuan-dan-cabang-ilmu-antropologi Antropologi (Diakses ping 25 September 2011)</ref> Budaya asalna tina basa [[sansakerta]] hasil ringkesan dua kecap 'budi' jeung 'daya' anu hartina tarékah, tanaga, karep, pikiran, jeung rasa jalma.<ref name="sumber2">{{su}} Danadibrata, R.A.2006.Kamus Basa Sunda.Bandung:Kiblat hal.108</ref> Lamun [[kabudayaan]] mah mangrupa hasil tanaga, karep, pikiran sarta perasaan jalma guna nambahan kasugemaan jeung kanikmatan ku rupa rupa akal jalma.<ref name="sumber2"/> Kabéh [[élmu sosial budaya]] pasti nalungtik kahirupan manusa.<ref name="sumber1"/> Unggal cabang élmu budaya ([[sosiologi]], [[psikologi]], [[hukum]],[[sastra]],[[sajarah]],[[pulitik]], [[komunikasi]],[[ékonomi]], [[arkéologi]], jeung [[linguistik]]) boga puseur kajian séwang-séwangan.<ref name="sumber1"/> Antropologi boga puseur kajian dina [[kabudayaan]] nu dipiboga ku kelompok masarakat.<ref name="sumber1"/> Hubungan antara [[manusa]] jeung lingkungan hirupna anu cukang lantaranana nyaéta kabudayaan.<ref name="sumber4">{{id}} Depdiknas,Direktorat Jendral Kabudayaan.2000.Kebudayaan Masyarakat Sunda di Kabupatén Lebak Jawa Barat.Bandung:C.V Manfada Utama hal.1</ref> Disawang tina ieu segi, kabudayaan bisa disebut sipatna téh adaptip lantaran ngalengkepan manusa ku cara méré nahkeun diri dina kabutuhan-kabutuhan pisiologis tina awak manéhna sorangan, méré nahkeun dina lingkungan anu sipatna pisik-géograpis, boh lingkungan sosialna.<ref name="sumber4"/> Nyatana loba kabudayaan anu aya kénéh malah nambahan mekar, éta téh nunuhkeun yén kabiasaan-kabiasaan nu aya di hiji masarakat masih dipaké, kalungguhanana sarua jeung kabutuhan-kabutuhan anu tangtu ti lingkunganana.<ref name="sumber4"/> ==Tokoh-Tokoh Antropologi== ===[[William A. Havilan]]=== Antropologi nyaéta studi ngeunaan umat [[manusa]], tarékah pikeun nyusun generalisasi nu mangpaat ngeunaan [[manusa]] jeung perilakuna sarta pikeun meunangkeun wangenan anu lengkep ngeunaan kahirupan manusa anu variatif.<ref name="sumber5">{{id}} http://www.scribd.com/doc/23997160/ANTROPOLOGI Tokoh-tokoh Antropologi (diakses ping 11 Oktober 2011)</ref> ===[[David Hunter]]=== Antropologi nyaéta salah sahiji élmu anu medal tina rasa hayang nyaho anu tan wates wangen ngeunaan [[manusa]].<ref name="sumber5"/> ===[[Koentjaraningrat]]=== Antropologi nyaéta salah sahiji élmu anu maluruh [[manusa]] sacara umum atawa wangun fisik [[masarakat]] sarta [[kabudayaan]] anu dihasilkeunana.<ref name="sumber5"/> ==Rupa-Rupa Jinis Cabang Disiplin Élmu Anak Turunan Antropologi== ===Antropologi Pisik=== #Paléoantrologi nyaéta salah sahiji élmu anu maluruh asal-usul [[manusa]] jeung épolusi [[manusa]] ku cara nalungtik posil-posil anu kapanggih.<ref name="sumber3"/> #Somatologi nyaéta salah sahiji élmu anu maluruh rupa-rupa sélér bangsa [[manusa]] ku cara ditalungtik ciri-ciri fisikna.<ref name="sumber3"/> ===Antropologi Budaya=== #Préhistori nyaéta salah sahiji élmu anu maluruh sajarah sumebar jeung mekarna [[budaya]] [[manusa]] anu geus wanoh kana budaya tulis.<ref name="sumber3"/> #Étnolinguistik antrologi nyaéta salah sahiji élmu anu maluruh sélér bangsa nu aya di sakuliah dunya.<ref name="sumber3"/> #Étnologi nyaéta élmu anu maluruh asas [[kabudayaan]] manusa dina kahirupan masarakat suku bangsa di sakwéh alam [[dunya]].<ref name="sumber3"/> #Étnopsikologi nyaéta élmu anu maluruh kapribadian bangsa sarta peranan indipidu ka bangsa dina prosés parobahan adat jeung ajén unipersal ku cara nyoko kana konsép psikologi.<ref name="sumber3"/> ==Galeri== [[Gambar: David Hunter McAlpin.JPG|thumb|150px|left| David Hunter_Tokoh Antropologi]] [[Gambar: David Hunter.jpg|thumb|150px|center|David Hunter]] ==Rujukan== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Élmu sosial]] 12qms4sp17g752m3urtgx1d1n6agq33 629943 629942 2022-08-06T17:01:27Z YogiYY 17453 /* Antropologi Budaya */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Java women Mongoloid Negrito Australoid.png|thumb|300px|right|Gambar Jelema]] '''Antropologi''' asalna tina basa [[Yunani]], nyaéta ''anthropos'' anu hartina 'manusa', jeung ''logos'' anu hartina 'élmu pangaweruh'. Jadi, '''antropologi''' téh nyaéta salah sahiji 'élmu pangaweruh' ([[sains]]/[[science]]) nu maluruh, ngabahas, jeung nalungtik ngeunaan manusa.<ref name="sumber1">{{id}} Trisnu Brata, Nugroho.2007.Antropologi untuk SMA dan MA kelas XI.Jakarta:Esis hal.3</ref> Objek anu nyampak dina antropologi téh nyaéta manusa anu geus jadi masarakat atawa sélér bangsa, kabudayaan katut paripolahna.<ref name="sumber3">http://organisasi.org/definisi-pengertian-antropologi-objek-tujuan-dan-cabang-ilmu-antropologi Antropologi (Diakses ping 25 September 2011)</ref> Budaya asalna tina basa [[sansakerta]] hasil ringkesan dua kecap 'budi' jeung 'daya' anu hartina tarékah, tanaga, karep, pikiran, jeung rasa jalma.<ref name="sumber2">{{su}} Danadibrata, R.A.2006.Kamus Basa Sunda.Bandung:Kiblat hal.108</ref> Lamun [[kabudayaan]] mah mangrupa hasil tanaga, karep, pikiran sarta perasaan jalma guna nambahan kasugemaan jeung kanikmatan ku rupa rupa akal jalma.<ref name="sumber2"/> Kabéh [[élmu sosial budaya]] pasti nalungtik kahirupan manusa.<ref name="sumber1"/> Unggal cabang élmu budaya ([[sosiologi]], [[psikologi]], [[hukum]],[[sastra]],[[sajarah]],[[pulitik]], [[komunikasi]],[[ékonomi]], [[arkéologi]], jeung [[linguistik]]) boga puseur kajian séwang-séwangan.<ref name="sumber1"/> Antropologi boga puseur kajian dina [[kabudayaan]] nu dipiboga ku kelompok masarakat.<ref name="sumber1"/> Hubungan antara [[manusa]] jeung lingkungan hirupna anu cukang lantaranana nyaéta kabudayaan.<ref name="sumber4">{{id}} Depdiknas,Direktorat Jendral Kabudayaan.2000.Kebudayaan Masyarakat Sunda di Kabupatén Lebak Jawa Barat.Bandung:C.V Manfada Utama hal.1</ref> Disawang tina ieu segi, kabudayaan bisa disebut sipatna téh adaptip lantaran ngalengkepan manusa ku cara méré nahkeun diri dina kabutuhan-kabutuhan pisiologis tina awak manéhna sorangan, méré nahkeun dina lingkungan anu sipatna pisik-géograpis, boh lingkungan sosialna.<ref name="sumber4"/> Nyatana loba kabudayaan anu aya kénéh malah nambahan mekar, éta téh nunuhkeun yén kabiasaan-kabiasaan nu aya di hiji masarakat masih dipaké, kalungguhanana sarua jeung kabutuhan-kabutuhan anu tangtu ti lingkunganana.<ref name="sumber4"/> ==Tokoh-Tokoh Antropologi== ===[[William A. Havilan]]=== Antropologi nyaéta studi ngeunaan umat [[manusa]], tarékah pikeun nyusun generalisasi nu mangpaat ngeunaan [[manusa]] jeung perilakuna sarta pikeun meunangkeun wangenan anu lengkep ngeunaan kahirupan manusa anu variatif.<ref name="sumber5">{{id}} http://www.scribd.com/doc/23997160/ANTROPOLOGI Tokoh-tokoh Antropologi (diakses ping 11 Oktober 2011)</ref> ===[[David Hunter]]=== Antropologi nyaéta salah sahiji élmu anu medal tina rasa hayang nyaho anu tan wates wangen ngeunaan [[manusa]].<ref name="sumber5"/> ===[[Koentjaraningrat]]=== Antropologi nyaéta salah sahiji élmu anu maluruh [[manusa]] sacara umum atawa wangun fisik [[masarakat]] sarta [[kabudayaan]] anu dihasilkeunana.<ref name="sumber5"/> ==Rupa-Rupa Jinis Cabang Disiplin Élmu Anak Turunan Antropologi== ===Antropologi Pisik=== #Paléoantrologi nyaéta salah sahiji élmu anu maluruh asal-usul [[manusa]] jeung épolusi [[manusa]] ku cara nalungtik posil-posil anu kapanggih.<ref name="sumber3"/> #Somatologi nyaéta salah sahiji élmu anu maluruh rupa-rupa sélér bangsa [[manusa]] ku cara ditalungtik ciri-ciri fisikna.<ref name="sumber3"/> ===Antropologi Budaya=== #Préhistori nyaéta salah sahiji élmu anu maluruh sajarah sumebar jeung mekarna [[budaya]] [[manusa]] anu geus wanoh kana budaya tulis.<ref name="sumber3"/> #Étnolinguistik antrologi nyaéta salah sahiji élmu anu maluruh sélér bangsa nu aya di sakuliah dunya.<ref name="sumber3"/> #Étnologi nyaéta salah sahiji élmu anu maluruh asas [[kabudayaan]] manusa dina hirup kumbuh masarakat di sakuliah [[dunya]].<ref name="sumber3"/> #Étnopsikologi nyaéta salah sahiji élmu anu maluruh kapribadian bangsa sarta peranan individu keur nagara dina prosés parobahan adat jeung ajén universal anu nyoko kana konsép [[psikologi]].<ref name="sumber3"/> ==Galeri== [[Gambar: David Hunter McAlpin.JPG|thumb|150px|left| David Hunter_Tokoh Antropologi]] [[Gambar: David Hunter.jpg|thumb|150px|center|David Hunter]] ==Rujukan== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Élmu sosial]] 4978e7yp1ga21hfnk6lifd498kodq3p 629944 629943 2022-08-06T17:02:07Z YogiYY 17453 added [[Category:Budaya]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Java women Mongoloid Negrito Australoid.png|thumb|300px|right|Gambar Jelema]] '''Antropologi''' asalna tina basa [[Yunani]], nyaéta ''anthropos'' anu hartina 'manusa', jeung ''logos'' anu hartina 'élmu pangaweruh'. Jadi, '''antropologi''' téh nyaéta salah sahiji 'élmu pangaweruh' ([[sains]]/[[science]]) nu maluruh, ngabahas, jeung nalungtik ngeunaan manusa.<ref name="sumber1">{{id}} Trisnu Brata, Nugroho.2007.Antropologi untuk SMA dan MA kelas XI.Jakarta:Esis hal.3</ref> Objek anu nyampak dina antropologi téh nyaéta manusa anu geus jadi masarakat atawa sélér bangsa, kabudayaan katut paripolahna.<ref name="sumber3">http://organisasi.org/definisi-pengertian-antropologi-objek-tujuan-dan-cabang-ilmu-antropologi Antropologi (Diakses ping 25 September 2011)</ref> Budaya asalna tina basa [[sansakerta]] hasil ringkesan dua kecap 'budi' jeung 'daya' anu hartina tarékah, tanaga, karep, pikiran, jeung rasa jalma.<ref name="sumber2">{{su}} Danadibrata, R.A.2006.Kamus Basa Sunda.Bandung:Kiblat hal.108</ref> Lamun [[kabudayaan]] mah mangrupa hasil tanaga, karep, pikiran sarta perasaan jalma guna nambahan kasugemaan jeung kanikmatan ku rupa rupa akal jalma.<ref name="sumber2"/> Kabéh [[élmu sosial budaya]] pasti nalungtik kahirupan manusa.<ref name="sumber1"/> Unggal cabang élmu budaya ([[sosiologi]], [[psikologi]], [[hukum]],[[sastra]],[[sajarah]],[[pulitik]], [[komunikasi]],[[ékonomi]], [[arkéologi]], jeung [[linguistik]]) boga puseur kajian séwang-séwangan.<ref name="sumber1"/> Antropologi boga puseur kajian dina [[kabudayaan]] nu dipiboga ku kelompok masarakat.<ref name="sumber1"/> Hubungan antara [[manusa]] jeung lingkungan hirupna anu cukang lantaranana nyaéta kabudayaan.<ref name="sumber4">{{id}} Depdiknas,Direktorat Jendral Kabudayaan.2000.Kebudayaan Masyarakat Sunda di Kabupatén Lebak Jawa Barat.Bandung:C.V Manfada Utama hal.1</ref> Disawang tina ieu segi, kabudayaan bisa disebut sipatna téh adaptip lantaran ngalengkepan manusa ku cara méré nahkeun diri dina kabutuhan-kabutuhan pisiologis tina awak manéhna sorangan, méré nahkeun dina lingkungan anu sipatna pisik-géograpis, boh lingkungan sosialna.<ref name="sumber4"/> Nyatana loba kabudayaan anu aya kénéh malah nambahan mekar, éta téh nunuhkeun yén kabiasaan-kabiasaan nu aya di hiji masarakat masih dipaké, kalungguhanana sarua jeung kabutuhan-kabutuhan anu tangtu ti lingkunganana.<ref name="sumber4"/> ==Tokoh-Tokoh Antropologi== ===[[William A. Havilan]]=== Antropologi nyaéta studi ngeunaan umat [[manusa]], tarékah pikeun nyusun generalisasi nu mangpaat ngeunaan [[manusa]] jeung perilakuna sarta pikeun meunangkeun wangenan anu lengkep ngeunaan kahirupan manusa anu variatif.<ref name="sumber5">{{id}} http://www.scribd.com/doc/23997160/ANTROPOLOGI Tokoh-tokoh Antropologi (diakses ping 11 Oktober 2011)</ref> ===[[David Hunter]]=== Antropologi nyaéta salah sahiji élmu anu medal tina rasa hayang nyaho anu tan wates wangen ngeunaan [[manusa]].<ref name="sumber5"/> ===[[Koentjaraningrat]]=== Antropologi nyaéta salah sahiji élmu anu maluruh [[manusa]] sacara umum atawa wangun fisik [[masarakat]] sarta [[kabudayaan]] anu dihasilkeunana.<ref name="sumber5"/> ==Rupa-Rupa Jinis Cabang Disiplin Élmu Anak Turunan Antropologi== ===Antropologi Pisik=== #Paléoantrologi nyaéta salah sahiji élmu anu maluruh asal-usul [[manusa]] jeung épolusi [[manusa]] ku cara nalungtik posil-posil anu kapanggih.<ref name="sumber3"/> #Somatologi nyaéta salah sahiji élmu anu maluruh rupa-rupa sélér bangsa [[manusa]] ku cara ditalungtik ciri-ciri fisikna.<ref name="sumber3"/> ===Antropologi Budaya=== #Préhistori nyaéta salah sahiji élmu anu maluruh sajarah sumebar jeung mekarna [[budaya]] [[manusa]] anu geus wanoh kana budaya tulis.<ref name="sumber3"/> #Étnolinguistik antrologi nyaéta salah sahiji élmu anu maluruh sélér bangsa nu aya di sakuliah dunya.<ref name="sumber3"/> #Étnologi nyaéta salah sahiji élmu anu maluruh asas [[kabudayaan]] manusa dina hirup kumbuh masarakat di sakuliah [[dunya]].<ref name="sumber3"/> #Étnopsikologi nyaéta salah sahiji élmu anu maluruh kapribadian bangsa sarta peranan individu keur nagara dina prosés parobahan adat jeung ajén universal anu nyoko kana konsép [[psikologi]].<ref name="sumber3"/> ==Galeri== [[Gambar: David Hunter McAlpin.JPG|thumb|150px|left| David Hunter_Tokoh Antropologi]] [[Gambar: David Hunter.jpg|thumb|150px|center|David Hunter]] ==Rujukan== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Élmu sosial]] [[Kategori:Budaya]] psv93yy4ha93a9soqpie2k8a9luk20n 629945 629944 2022-08-06T17:14:07Z YogiYY 17453 added [[Category:Élmu]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Java women Mongoloid Negrito Australoid.png|thumb|300px|right|Gambar Jelema]] '''Antropologi''' asalna tina basa [[Yunani]], nyaéta ''anthropos'' anu hartina 'manusa', jeung ''logos'' anu hartina 'élmu pangaweruh'. Jadi, '''antropologi''' téh nyaéta salah sahiji 'élmu pangaweruh' ([[sains]]/[[science]]) nu maluruh, ngabahas, jeung nalungtik ngeunaan manusa.<ref name="sumber1">{{id}} Trisnu Brata, Nugroho.2007.Antropologi untuk SMA dan MA kelas XI.Jakarta:Esis hal.3</ref> Objek anu nyampak dina antropologi téh nyaéta manusa anu geus jadi masarakat atawa sélér bangsa, kabudayaan katut paripolahna.<ref name="sumber3">http://organisasi.org/definisi-pengertian-antropologi-objek-tujuan-dan-cabang-ilmu-antropologi Antropologi (Diakses ping 25 September 2011)</ref> Budaya asalna tina basa [[sansakerta]] hasil ringkesan dua kecap 'budi' jeung 'daya' anu hartina tarékah, tanaga, karep, pikiran, jeung rasa jalma.<ref name="sumber2">{{su}} Danadibrata, R.A.2006.Kamus Basa Sunda.Bandung:Kiblat hal.108</ref> Lamun [[kabudayaan]] mah mangrupa hasil tanaga, karep, pikiran sarta perasaan jalma guna nambahan kasugemaan jeung kanikmatan ku rupa rupa akal jalma.<ref name="sumber2"/> Kabéh [[élmu sosial budaya]] pasti nalungtik kahirupan manusa.<ref name="sumber1"/> Unggal cabang élmu budaya ([[sosiologi]], [[psikologi]], [[hukum]],[[sastra]],[[sajarah]],[[pulitik]], [[komunikasi]],[[ékonomi]], [[arkéologi]], jeung [[linguistik]]) boga puseur kajian séwang-séwangan.<ref name="sumber1"/> Antropologi boga puseur kajian dina [[kabudayaan]] nu dipiboga ku kelompok masarakat.<ref name="sumber1"/> Hubungan antara [[manusa]] jeung lingkungan hirupna anu cukang lantaranana nyaéta kabudayaan.<ref name="sumber4">{{id}} Depdiknas,Direktorat Jendral Kabudayaan.2000.Kebudayaan Masyarakat Sunda di Kabupatén Lebak Jawa Barat.Bandung:C.V Manfada Utama hal.1</ref> Disawang tina ieu segi, kabudayaan bisa disebut sipatna téh adaptip lantaran ngalengkepan manusa ku cara méré nahkeun diri dina kabutuhan-kabutuhan pisiologis tina awak manéhna sorangan, méré nahkeun dina lingkungan anu sipatna pisik-géograpis, boh lingkungan sosialna.<ref name="sumber4"/> Nyatana loba kabudayaan anu aya kénéh malah nambahan mekar, éta téh nunuhkeun yén kabiasaan-kabiasaan nu aya di hiji masarakat masih dipaké, kalungguhanana sarua jeung kabutuhan-kabutuhan anu tangtu ti lingkunganana.<ref name="sumber4"/> ==Tokoh-Tokoh Antropologi== ===[[William A. Havilan]]=== Antropologi nyaéta studi ngeunaan umat [[manusa]], tarékah pikeun nyusun generalisasi nu mangpaat ngeunaan [[manusa]] jeung perilakuna sarta pikeun meunangkeun wangenan anu lengkep ngeunaan kahirupan manusa anu variatif.<ref name="sumber5">{{id}} http://www.scribd.com/doc/23997160/ANTROPOLOGI Tokoh-tokoh Antropologi (diakses ping 11 Oktober 2011)</ref> ===[[David Hunter]]=== Antropologi nyaéta salah sahiji élmu anu medal tina rasa hayang nyaho anu tan wates wangen ngeunaan [[manusa]].<ref name="sumber5"/> ===[[Koentjaraningrat]]=== Antropologi nyaéta salah sahiji élmu anu maluruh [[manusa]] sacara umum atawa wangun fisik [[masarakat]] sarta [[kabudayaan]] anu dihasilkeunana.<ref name="sumber5"/> ==Rupa-Rupa Jinis Cabang Disiplin Élmu Anak Turunan Antropologi== ===Antropologi Pisik=== #Paléoantrologi nyaéta salah sahiji élmu anu maluruh asal-usul [[manusa]] jeung épolusi [[manusa]] ku cara nalungtik posil-posil anu kapanggih.<ref name="sumber3"/> #Somatologi nyaéta salah sahiji élmu anu maluruh rupa-rupa sélér bangsa [[manusa]] ku cara ditalungtik ciri-ciri fisikna.<ref name="sumber3"/> ===Antropologi Budaya=== #Préhistori nyaéta salah sahiji élmu anu maluruh sajarah sumebar jeung mekarna [[budaya]] [[manusa]] anu geus wanoh kana budaya tulis.<ref name="sumber3"/> #Étnolinguistik antrologi nyaéta salah sahiji élmu anu maluruh sélér bangsa nu aya di sakuliah dunya.<ref name="sumber3"/> #Étnologi nyaéta salah sahiji élmu anu maluruh asas [[kabudayaan]] manusa dina hirup kumbuh masarakat di sakuliah [[dunya]].<ref name="sumber3"/> #Étnopsikologi nyaéta salah sahiji élmu anu maluruh kapribadian bangsa sarta peranan individu keur nagara dina prosés parobahan adat jeung ajén universal anu nyoko kana konsép [[psikologi]].<ref name="sumber3"/> ==Galeri== [[Gambar: David Hunter McAlpin.JPG|thumb|150px|left| David Hunter_Tokoh Antropologi]] [[Gambar: David Hunter.jpg|thumb|150px|center|David Hunter]] ==Rujukan== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Élmu sosial]] [[Kategori:Budaya]] [[Kategori:Élmu]] rodlut3qblfun8n7fzbuxxb5oxfxkco 0 33764 630039 537959 2022-08-07T04:04:10Z YogiYY 17453 added [[Category:Tembang]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dangding''' téh nyaéta karangan ugeran (puisi) dina wangun [[pupuh]] (bisa ditembangkeun), atawa sarua jeung [[guguritan]].<ref name="istilah">Iskandarwassid.Kamus Istilah Sastra:Pangdeudeul Pangajaran Sastra Sunda.Geger Sunten.Bandung 1992.kaca</ref> Nurutkeun [[M.A.Salmun]] mah antara dangding jeung guguritan téh aya bédana, dangding mah nyaéta susunan guguritan nurutkeun patokan pupuh;ari guguritan mah nyaéta jejer atawa poko anu dijieun dangding.<ref name="pangajaran">Salmun,M.A.Kandaga Kasusastran Sunda.Ganaco NV.Bandung-Jakarta 1957</ref> <!-- ==Perkara Dangding== ==Dangding jeung Tembang Sunda== ==Conto Dangding== ==Buku Kumpulan Dangding== --> == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Sastra Sunda tinulis]] [[Kategori:Tembang]] 2gthv9hm9icto77fx5tijg9wfbr5d8o 0 34041 630035 609976 2022-08-07T03:54:34Z YogiYY 17453 added [[Category:Tembang]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki '''Guguritan''' nyaéta salah sahiji wangun puisi buhun nu dianggit maké aturan [[pupuh]] atawa dangding.<ref name="sumber1">{{id}} Rosidi, Ajip. ''Guguritan'', Kiblat Buku Utama, Bandung,2011.</ref> Guguritan téh salah sahiji karya [[sastra]] anu diagungkeun waktu Mataram datang ka tatar [[Sunda]] dina abad ka-16. Jaman harita, pupuh téh mayuyu meumeujeuhna mekar ka sababaraha lingkungan, saperti pasantrén, yukirin, jeung masarakat literat Sayanee. Seni nganggit guguritan maké pupuh téh salah sahiji kamekaran tina rumpaka pupuh anu geus matok. Guguritan dijieun bisa dikasang tukangan ku karesep, kaayaan haté, jeung kereteg pangarang nu keur karasa harita. == Bédana Guguritan jeung Wawacan == * '''Guguritan''' ** Guguritan mah wangun karangan pondok. Contona guguritan karya [[H. Hasan Mustapa]] (1852-1930) aya nu panjangna nepi ka 500 pada, réréana panjangna kurang leuwih 200 pada. Kitu deui aya guguritan anu eusina mangrupa carita kayaning ''Kiamat Leutik'' karya [[Toebagoes Djajadilaga]] Alus Tetep Alusna'' karya [[A. Kartawinata]] (dimuat dina mingguan [[Parahiangan]], 1930).<ref name="sumber1" /> ** Guguritan mah ngan dianggit ku sapupuh wungkul. ** Guguritan biasana nyaritakeun kaéendahan alam, papatah hirup, jeung kereteg haté pangarangna. ** Istilah ngalagukeun guguritan téh nembang. * '''Wawacan''' ** Wawacan mah wangun karangan panjang. ** Wawacan dianggit ku sababaraha pupuh dina sajudulna. ** Wawacan biasana nyaritakeun karajaan, kajadian penting, jeung carita husus lianna. ** Istilah ngalagukeun wawacan téh biasa disebut ngabeluk. == Wangun basa == Wangun basa ugeran anu ditulis saluyu jeung aturan [[dangding]]. Biasana mangrupa rumpaka anu ngagambarkeun rasa pangarangna, tapi loba ogé nu eusina papatah atawa [[Fiksi|fiksi.]]<ref name="Ènslikopedia Sunda">{{id}} Énslikopedia Sunda.Pustaka Jaya.2000.</ref> Guguritan biasana ukur sababaraha pada, tapi [[Dangdanggula]] Laut Kidul jeung [[Asmarandana]] Lahir Batin kaasup rada panjang, kitu ogé guguritan [[H.Hasan Mustapa]] umumna 100-200 pada, aya ogé anu 400 pada panjangna.<ref name="Ènslikopedia Sunda" /> Maca guguritan téh biasana dihariringkeun ku lagu-lagu tembang, aya ogé sababaraha guguritan nu dipaké salaku patokan nembangkeun [[pupuh]], misalna pada kahiji Laut Kidul dipaké nyanyikeun lagu pupuh dangdanggula, sedengkeun pada kahiji Lahir Batin dipaké pikeun nyanyikeun lagu pupuh asmarandana.<ref name="Ènslikopedia Sunda" /> == Éksisténsi == Dina mangsa saacan perang, murid-murid di sakola Angka II jeung utamana Sakola Guru (''Normaalschool'') diajarkeun nembang jeung nulis guguritan, nu matak maranéhanana calakan pisan, lain ngan ukur nyanyikeun luyu jeung lagu pupuh, tapi ogé bisa nyusun guguritan ku sorangan. Biasana dinyanyikeun dina acara nu tinangtu, misalna paturay tineung di sakola, miéling poé-poé husus, aya ogé dina susuratan.<ref name="Ènslikopedia Sunda" /> Kaparigelan nyieun guguritan dianggap salaku kapunjulan hiji jalma komo lamun manéhna pinter nembangkeunana, sabab dina mangsa sanggeus perang di sakola-sakola téh kana dangding jeung cara nembangna teu diajarkeun sacara inténsif.<ref name="Ènslikopedia Sunda" /> Ku kituna, guguritan leungit popularitasna, iwal di kalangan ahli mamaos nu kawatesan ku ngapalkeun guguritan nu geus aya wungkul.<ref name="Ènslikopedia Sunda" /> Sanajan kitu guguritan sakapeung mah dimuat dina [[majalah]] atawa surat kabar.<ref name="Ènslikopedia Sunda" /> Kumpulan guguritan anu munggaran, anyar terbit taun 1991, nyaéta ''[[Jamparing Hariring]]'' karya [[Dédi Widyagiri]], sarta dituturkeun ku ''Guguritan Munggah Haji'' ku [[Yus Rusyana]] (1995), ''Ring-ring Ciawaking'' [[Wahyu Wibisana]] (1999), jeung ''Jaladri Tingtrim'' ku [[Dyah Padmini]] (2000).<ref name="Ènslikopedia Sunda" /> ==Rujukan== {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Sastra Sunda]] [[Kategori:Proyek kurikulum]] [[Kategori:Tembang]] 9iz6hb3o97xftdo8tkl07e1y50ldeyi 630036 630035 2022-08-07T03:54:43Z YogiYY 17453 removed [[Category:Proyek kurikulum]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki '''Guguritan''' nyaéta salah sahiji wangun puisi buhun nu dianggit maké aturan [[pupuh]] atawa dangding.<ref name="sumber1">{{id}} Rosidi, Ajip. ''Guguritan'', Kiblat Buku Utama, Bandung,2011.</ref> Guguritan téh salah sahiji karya [[sastra]] anu diagungkeun waktu Mataram datang ka tatar [[Sunda]] dina abad ka-16. Jaman harita, pupuh téh mayuyu meumeujeuhna mekar ka sababaraha lingkungan, saperti pasantrén, yukirin, jeung masarakat literat Sayanee. Seni nganggit guguritan maké pupuh téh salah sahiji kamekaran tina rumpaka pupuh anu geus matok. Guguritan dijieun bisa dikasang tukangan ku karesep, kaayaan haté, jeung kereteg pangarang nu keur karasa harita. == Bédana Guguritan jeung Wawacan == * '''Guguritan''' ** Guguritan mah wangun karangan pondok. Contona guguritan karya [[H. Hasan Mustapa]] (1852-1930) aya nu panjangna nepi ka 500 pada, réréana panjangna kurang leuwih 200 pada. Kitu deui aya guguritan anu eusina mangrupa carita kayaning ''Kiamat Leutik'' karya [[Toebagoes Djajadilaga]] Alus Tetep Alusna'' karya [[A. Kartawinata]] (dimuat dina mingguan [[Parahiangan]], 1930).<ref name="sumber1" /> ** Guguritan mah ngan dianggit ku sapupuh wungkul. ** Guguritan biasana nyaritakeun kaéendahan alam, papatah hirup, jeung kereteg haté pangarangna. ** Istilah ngalagukeun guguritan téh nembang. * '''Wawacan''' ** Wawacan mah wangun karangan panjang. ** Wawacan dianggit ku sababaraha pupuh dina sajudulna. ** Wawacan biasana nyaritakeun karajaan, kajadian penting, jeung carita husus lianna. ** Istilah ngalagukeun wawacan téh biasa disebut ngabeluk. == Wangun basa == Wangun basa ugeran anu ditulis saluyu jeung aturan [[dangding]]. Biasana mangrupa rumpaka anu ngagambarkeun rasa pangarangna, tapi loba ogé nu eusina papatah atawa [[Fiksi|fiksi.]]<ref name="Ènslikopedia Sunda">{{id}} Énslikopedia Sunda.Pustaka Jaya.2000.</ref> Guguritan biasana ukur sababaraha pada, tapi [[Dangdanggula]] Laut Kidul jeung [[Asmarandana]] Lahir Batin kaasup rada panjang, kitu ogé guguritan [[H.Hasan Mustapa]] umumna 100-200 pada, aya ogé anu 400 pada panjangna.<ref name="Ènslikopedia Sunda" /> Maca guguritan téh biasana dihariringkeun ku lagu-lagu tembang, aya ogé sababaraha guguritan nu dipaké salaku patokan nembangkeun [[pupuh]], misalna pada kahiji Laut Kidul dipaké nyanyikeun lagu pupuh dangdanggula, sedengkeun pada kahiji Lahir Batin dipaké pikeun nyanyikeun lagu pupuh asmarandana.<ref name="Ènslikopedia Sunda" /> == Éksisténsi == Dina mangsa saacan perang, murid-murid di sakola Angka II jeung utamana Sakola Guru (''Normaalschool'') diajarkeun nembang jeung nulis guguritan, nu matak maranéhanana calakan pisan, lain ngan ukur nyanyikeun luyu jeung lagu pupuh, tapi ogé bisa nyusun guguritan ku sorangan. Biasana dinyanyikeun dina acara nu tinangtu, misalna paturay tineung di sakola, miéling poé-poé husus, aya ogé dina susuratan.<ref name="Ènslikopedia Sunda" /> Kaparigelan nyieun guguritan dianggap salaku kapunjulan hiji jalma komo lamun manéhna pinter nembangkeunana, sabab dina mangsa sanggeus perang di sakola-sakola téh kana dangding jeung cara nembangna teu diajarkeun sacara inténsif.<ref name="Ènslikopedia Sunda" /> Ku kituna, guguritan leungit popularitasna, iwal di kalangan ahli mamaos nu kawatesan ku ngapalkeun guguritan nu geus aya wungkul.<ref name="Ènslikopedia Sunda" /> Sanajan kitu guguritan sakapeung mah dimuat dina [[majalah]] atawa surat kabar.<ref name="Ènslikopedia Sunda" /> Kumpulan guguritan anu munggaran, anyar terbit taun 1991, nyaéta ''[[Jamparing Hariring]]'' karya [[Dédi Widyagiri]], sarta dituturkeun ku ''Guguritan Munggah Haji'' ku [[Yus Rusyana]] (1995), ''Ring-ring Ciawaking'' [[Wahyu Wibisana]] (1999), jeung ''Jaladri Tingtrim'' ku [[Dyah Padmini]] (2000).<ref name="Ènslikopedia Sunda" /> ==Rujukan== {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Sastra Sunda]] [[Kategori:Tembang]] mdr6ml4sl5n582vqkr2z1idzw3fcq0p 0 41667 629924 629018 2022-08-06T13:12:15Z 114.79.16.134 /* Kajadian */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{taun nav|2011}} == Kajadian == {{MonthR_31_Sap|Januari}} * [[29 Januari]] - [[Jepang]] ngajawaraan [[:id:Piala Asia AFC 2011|Piala Asia AFC 2011]]. {{MonthR_28_Sal|Februari}} * [[11 Februari]] - [[Hosni Mubarak]] ([[Présidén Mesir]] ka-[[4 (angka)|4]]) amit mungkur tina jabatanna (jadi pangawasa ti [[14 Oktober]] [[1981]]). {{MonthR_31_Sal|Maret}} * [[11 Maret]] - [[Lini]] [[Marcapada]] jeung [[Tsunami]] Séndai 2011 ku tarikna 9,0 [[Skala kekuatan Moment|Mw]]. * [[19 Maret]] - [[Supermoon]] (''[[:en:lunar perigee|lunar perigee]]''): [[Bulan]] katénjo [[7 (angka)|7]]% leuwing gedé tinimbang biasana ku sabab jarakna jeung [[Marcapada]] ngan ukur 221.567 [[mil]] atawa 356.578 [[kilometer]], pangdeukuetna dina [[18 (angka)|18]] [[taun]] panungtung, nu bakal mangaruhan kana [[cai laut]]. * [[25 Maret]] - Wengi pamaparinan [[Panasonic Gobel Awards 2011]]. * [[26 Maret]] - Lumangsungna Tarékah[[Earth Hour#2011|Earth Hour V]]. {{MonthR_30_Jum|April}} * [[29 April]] - Nikahna [[Pangeran William dari Wales|Pangeran William]] jeung [[Kate Middleton]] (ahli waris tahta [[Karajaan Britania Raya]]), dilumangsungkeun di [[Istana Buckingham]], [[London]]. {{MonthR_31_Sen|Agustus}} * [[25 Agustus]] - Iinditanna[[Kereta api Gajah Wong]] relasi [[Stasiun Pasarsenen|Jakarta Pasarsenen]] - [[Stasiun Lempuyangan|Lempuyangan]] diresmikeun. {{MonthR_31_Sal|November}} * [[22 November]] - Indonésia Jawara umum Séa Games 2011. == Olahraga == * [[All-Africa Games 2011|All-Africa Games]] diayakeun di [[Lusaka]], [[Zambia]] * [[Asian Games Musim Dingin 2011|Asian Games Usum Ngijih]] diayakeun di [[Almaty]], [[Kazakhstan]] * [[Asian Indoor Games 2011|Asian Indoor Games]] diayakeun di [[Doha]], [[Qatar]] * [[Commonwealth Youth Games 2011|Commonwealth Youth Games]] diayakeun di [[Douglas]], [[Pulo Man]] * [[Pan American Games 2011|Pan American Games]] diayakeun di [[Guadalajara]], [[Meksiko]] * [[Southeast Asian Games 2011|Southeast Asian Games]] diayakeun di [[Indonesia]] * [[Universiade Musim Dingin 2011|Universiade Musim Dingin]] diayakeun di [[Erzurum]], [[Turki]] * [[Universiade 2011|Universiade Musim Panas]] diayakeun di [[Shenzhen]], [[Républik Rahayat Cina|China]] * [[Piala Dunia Wanita FIFA|Piala Dunia Wanita 2011]] diayakeun di [[Jerman]] == Gumelaran == ''Tingali: [[:Kategori:Gumelaran 2011]]'' == Kapupus == === Januari === * [[8 Januari]] :* [[Elfa Secioria]], [[musisi]] [[Indonesia]], nu ngadegkeun [[grup musik]] Elfa's Singers (wedal [[1959]]). :* [[Sudwikatmono]], [[pangusaha]] [[Indonesia]] (l. [[1934]]) * [[30 Januari]] - [[Mulyadi (pamaén bal)|Mulyadi]] (dipikawanoh ogé ku ngaran ''Fan Tek Fong'', ''Hadi Mulyadi''), pamaén [[Maén Bal|bal]] (l. [[1943]]) === Pébruari === * [[5 Pébruari]] - [[Adjie Massaid]], [[pulitisi]] Indonésia, anggahota [[DPR]]-[[Indonésia|RI]] ([[2004]]-[[2009]] jeung 2009-[[2014]]) ti [[Partéy Démokrat]] (gumelar [[1967]]). * [[13 Pébruari]] - [[Bustanil Arifin]], [[pulitisi]] Indonésia, Menteri Koperasi Indonésia (l. [[1925]]) === Maret === * [[23 Maret]] - [[Elizabeth Taylor]], [[aktris]] [[Amérika Serikat]] (gumelar [[1932]]). * [[28 Maret]] - [[Ratna Indraswari]], [[sastrawan]] (l. [[1949]]) === April === * [[14 April]] :* [[Rosihan Anwar]], [[wartawan]] sénior [[Indonésia]] (gumelar [[1922]]). :* [[Arie Wibowo]], pangawih era 80-an (gumelar [[1952]]) * [[20 April]] - [[Franky Sahilatua]], pangawih Indonésia (gumelar [[1953]]). * [[24 April]] - [[Sathya Sai Baba]], [[filsuf]] [[India]] (gumelar [[1926]]). === Méi === * [[2 Méi]] - [[Osama bin Laden]], pangadeg [[Al-Qaéda]] (gumelar [[1957]]). === Juli === * [[5 Juli]] - [[Zainuddin MZ]], [[ulama]] [[Indonésia]] (gumelar [[1951]]. * [[19 Juli]] - [[Adrian B. Lapian|Adrian Bernard Lapian]], sajarawan sénior di [[Universitas Indonésia]]. (l. [[1929]]) * [[23 Juli]] - [[Amy Winehouse]], pangawih [[Inggris]] (gumelar [[1983]]). === Agustus === * [[8 Agustus]] - [[Hembing Wijayakusuma|Prof. H.M. Hembing Wijayakusuma]], pakar pangubaran tradisional (l. [[1940]]) === Séptémber === * [[13 Séptémber]] - [[Utha Likumahuwa]], pangawih [[Indonésia]] (l. [[1955]]) * [[24 Séptémber]] - [[Hendra Cipta]], aktor [[Indonésia]] (l. ([[1947]]) === Oktober === * [[5 Oktober]] - [[Steve Jobs]], nu ngarancang komputer Amérika Serikat (l.[[1955]]) * [[7 Oktober]] - [[Moerdiono]], urut [[Menteri Sekretaris Nagara]] (l. [[1934]]) * [[20 Oktober]] - [[Moammar Khadafi]], pamingpin Libya (l. [[1942]]) * [[23 Oktober]] - [[Marco Simoncelli]], pambalap motor Italia (l. [[1987]]) === November === * [[7 November]] - [[Joe Frazier]], urut tukang tinju Amérika (l. [[1944]]) * [[27 November]] - [[Gary Speed]], urut tukang maén bal jeung palatih di Inggris (l. [[1969]]) === Desember === == Poé peré nasional di Indonésia == Poé peré nasional jeung cuti bareng Indonésia dina taun 2011:<ref>{{cite web | title=Cuti Bersama PNS 2011 Sebanyak Empat Hari | url=http://www.menkokesra.go.id/content/cuti-bersama-pns-2011-sebanyak-empat-hari | publisher=[[Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Kesejahteraan Rakyat Republik Indonesia|Kemenkokesra RI]] | date=15 Juni 2010 | accessdate=2010-07-17 }} </ref>{{br}} <small style="line-height:150%;">(Dumasar kana Surat Kaputusan Babarengan (SKB) Menteri Agama (Nomor 1 Taun 2010), Menteri Tanaga Kerja jeung Transmigrasi (Nomor: KEP 110/MEN/VI/2010) ogé Menteri Pangdayagunaan Aparatur Nagara)</small> {| class="wikitable" cellpadding="4" style="font-size: 90%; margin-top:-.1em;" |- bgcolor=lhtgray ! No || Tanggal || Hari || Keterangan |- ! colspan=4 style="background: lightyellow" | <big>Poé Peré Nasional</big> |- | 1 || [[1 Januari]] || Sabtu || [[Taun Anyar Masehi]] |- | 2 || [[3 Pébruari]] || Kémis|| [[Taun Anyar Imlek]] 2562 |- | 3 || [[15 Pébruari]] || Salasa || [[Maulid Nabi Muhammad SAW]] (12 [[Rabiul Awal]] 1432[[Almenak Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 4 || [[5 Maret]] || Sabtu || [[Nyepi|Hari Raya Nyepi]] ([[Almenak Saka|Tahun Baru Saka]] 1933) |- | 5 || [[22 April]] || Jumaah || [[Jumat Agung|Wafat Yesus Kristus]] |- | 6 || [[17 Méi]] || Salasa || [[Waisak|Hari Raya Waisak]] 2555 |- | 7 || [[2 Juni]] || Kemis || [[Kenaikan Yesus Kristus]] |- | 8 || [[29 Juni]] || Rebu || [[Isra dan Mi'raj|Isra' Mi'raj Nabi Muhammad SAW]] (27 [[Rajab]] 1432[[Almenak Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 9 || [[17 Agustus]] || Rebu || [[Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonesia|Proklamasi Hari Kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia]] ke-66 |- | 10 || [[30 Agustus|30]]-[[31 Agustus]] || Salasa-Rebu || [[Idul Fitri]] (1-2 [[Syawal]] 1432[[Almenak Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 11 || [[6 Nopémber]] || Minggu || [[Idul Adha]] (10 [[Dzulhijjah]] 1432[[Almenak Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 12 || [[27 Nopémber]] || Minggu || [[Taun Anyar Hijriyah|Taun Anyar Islam]] (1 [[Muharram]] 1433[[Almenak Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 13 || [[25 Désémber]] || Minggu || [[Natal|Poé Natal]] |- ! colspan=4 style="background: lightyellow" | <big>Cuti Bersama [[PNS]]</big> |- | 1 || [[29 Agustus]]-[[1 Séptémber|1]]-[[2 September]] || Senin-Kamis-Jumat || Cuti babarengan [[Idul Fitri]] |- | 2 || [[26 Désémber]] || Senén || Cuti babarengan Natal |} == Hadiah Nobél == * [[Kimia]] – [[Dan Shechtman]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2011/press.html |title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2011 |date=2011-10-05 |publisher=Nobel Foundation |accessdate=2011-10-05}}</ref> * [[Ékonomi]] – [[Christopher A. Sims]] jeung [[Thomas J. Sargent]] * [[Kasusastraan]] – [[Tomas Tranströmer]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2011/ |title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 2011 |date=2011-10-06 |publisher=Nobel Foundation |accessdate=2011-10-06}}</ref> * [[Katentreman]] – [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]], [[Leymah Gbowee]] jeung [[Tawakel Karman]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2011/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2011 |date=2011-10-07 |publisher=Nobel Foundation |accessdate=2011-10-07}}</ref> * [[Fisika]] – [[Saul Perlmutter]], [[Adam G. Riess]], jeung [[Brian P. Schmidt]]<ref>http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2011/press.html</ref> * [[Fisiologi atawa Kadokteran]] – [[Bruce A. Beutler]], [[Jules A. Hoffmann]], jeung [[Ralph M. Steinman]]<ref>http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2011/</ref> == Référénsi == {{reflist}} e5kg84yqnl1eh6zg9rwcb42lh8z7ef2 629925 629924 2022-08-06T13:13:57Z 114.79.16.134 /* Kajadian */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{taun nav|2011}} == Kajadian == {{MonthR_31_Sap|Januari}} * [[29 Januari]] - [[Jepang]] ngajawaraan [[:id:Piala Asia AFC 2011|Piala Asia AFC 2011]]. {{MonthR_29_Sal|Februari}} * [[11 Februari]] - [[Hosni Mubarak]] ([[Présidén Mesir]] ka-[[4 (angka)|4]]) amit mungkur tina jabatanna (jadi pangawasa ti [[14 Oktober]] [[1981]]). {{MonthR_31_Sal|Maret}} * [[11 Maret]] - [[Lini]] [[Marcapada]] jeung [[Tsunami]] Séndai 2011 ku tarikna 9,0 [[Skala kekuatan Moment|Mw]]. * [[19 Maret]] - [[Supermoon]] (''[[:en:lunar perigee|lunar perigee]]''): [[Bulan]] katénjo [[7 (angka)|7]]% leuwing gedé tinimbang biasana ku sabab jarakna jeung [[Marcapada]] ngan ukur 221.567 [[mil]] atawa 356.578 [[kilometer]], pangdeukuetna dina [[18 (angka)|18]] [[taun]] panungtung, nu bakal mangaruhan kana [[cai laut]]. * [[25 Maret]] - Wengi pamaparinan [[Panasonic Gobel Awards 2011]]. * [[26 Maret]] - Lumangsungna Tarékah[[Earth Hour#2011|Earth Hour V]]. {{MonthR_30_Jum|April}} * [[29 April]] - Nikahna [[Pangeran William dari Wales|Pangeran William]] jeung [[Kate Middleton]] (ahli waris tahta [[Karajaan Britania Raya]]), dilumangsungkeun di [[Istana Buckingham]], [[London]]. {{MonthR_31_Sen|Agustus}} * [[25 Agustus]] - Iinditanna[[Kereta api Gajah Wong]] relasi [[Stasiun Pasarsenen|Jakarta Pasarsenen]] - [[Stasiun Lempuyangan|Lempuyangan]] diresmikeun. {{MonthR_30_Sal|November}} * [[22 November]] - Indonésia Jawara umum Séa Games 2011. == Olahraga == * [[All-Africa Games 2011|All-Africa Games]] diayakeun di [[Lusaka]], [[Zambia]] * [[Asian Games Musim Dingin 2011|Asian Games Usum Ngijih]] diayakeun di [[Almaty]], [[Kazakhstan]] * [[Asian Indoor Games 2011|Asian Indoor Games]] diayakeun di [[Doha]], [[Qatar]] * [[Commonwealth Youth Games 2011|Commonwealth Youth Games]] diayakeun di [[Douglas]], [[Pulo Man]] * [[Pan American Games 2011|Pan American Games]] diayakeun di [[Guadalajara]], [[Meksiko]] * [[Southeast Asian Games 2011|Southeast Asian Games]] diayakeun di [[Indonesia]] * [[Universiade Musim Dingin 2011|Universiade Musim Dingin]] diayakeun di [[Erzurum]], [[Turki]] * [[Universiade 2011|Universiade Musim Panas]] diayakeun di [[Shenzhen]], [[Républik Rahayat Cina|China]] * [[Piala Dunia Wanita FIFA|Piala Dunia Wanita 2011]] diayakeun di [[Jerman]] == Gumelaran == ''Tingali: [[:Kategori:Gumelaran 2011]]'' == Kapupus == === Januari === * [[8 Januari]] :* [[Elfa Secioria]], [[musisi]] [[Indonesia]], nu ngadegkeun [[grup musik]] Elfa's Singers (wedal [[1959]]). :* [[Sudwikatmono]], [[pangusaha]] [[Indonesia]] (l. [[1934]]) * [[30 Januari]] - [[Mulyadi (pamaén bal)|Mulyadi]] (dipikawanoh ogé ku ngaran ''Fan Tek Fong'', ''Hadi Mulyadi''), pamaén [[Maén Bal|bal]] (l. [[1943]]) === Pébruari === * [[5 Pébruari]] - [[Adjie Massaid]], [[pulitisi]] Indonésia, anggahota [[DPR]]-[[Indonésia|RI]] ([[2004]]-[[2009]] jeung 2009-[[2014]]) ti [[Partéy Démokrat]] (gumelar [[1967]]). * [[13 Pébruari]] - [[Bustanil Arifin]], [[pulitisi]] Indonésia, Menteri Koperasi Indonésia (l. [[1925]]) === Maret === * [[23 Maret]] - [[Elizabeth Taylor]], [[aktris]] [[Amérika Serikat]] (gumelar [[1932]]). * [[28 Maret]] - [[Ratna Indraswari]], [[sastrawan]] (l. [[1949]]) === April === * [[14 April]] :* [[Rosihan Anwar]], [[wartawan]] sénior [[Indonésia]] (gumelar [[1922]]). :* [[Arie Wibowo]], pangawih era 80-an (gumelar [[1952]]) * [[20 April]] - [[Franky Sahilatua]], pangawih Indonésia (gumelar [[1953]]). * [[24 April]] - [[Sathya Sai Baba]], [[filsuf]] [[India]] (gumelar [[1926]]). === Méi === * [[2 Méi]] - [[Osama bin Laden]], pangadeg [[Al-Qaéda]] (gumelar [[1957]]). === Juli === * [[5 Juli]] - [[Zainuddin MZ]], [[ulama]] [[Indonésia]] (gumelar [[1951]]. * [[19 Juli]] - [[Adrian B. Lapian|Adrian Bernard Lapian]], sajarawan sénior di [[Universitas Indonésia]]. (l. [[1929]]) * [[23 Juli]] - [[Amy Winehouse]], pangawih [[Inggris]] (gumelar [[1983]]). === Agustus === * [[8 Agustus]] - [[Hembing Wijayakusuma|Prof. H.M. Hembing Wijayakusuma]], pakar pangubaran tradisional (l. [[1940]]) === Séptémber === * [[13 Séptémber]] - [[Utha Likumahuwa]], pangawih [[Indonésia]] (l. [[1955]]) * [[24 Séptémber]] - [[Hendra Cipta]], aktor [[Indonésia]] (l. ([[1947]]) === Oktober === * [[5 Oktober]] - [[Steve Jobs]], nu ngarancang komputer Amérika Serikat (l.[[1955]]) * [[7 Oktober]] - [[Moerdiono]], urut [[Menteri Sekretaris Nagara]] (l. [[1934]]) * [[20 Oktober]] - [[Moammar Khadafi]], pamingpin Libya (l. [[1942]]) * [[23 Oktober]] - [[Marco Simoncelli]], pambalap motor Italia (l. [[1987]]) === November === * [[7 November]] - [[Joe Frazier]], urut tukang tinju Amérika (l. [[1944]]) * [[27 November]] - [[Gary Speed]], urut tukang maén bal jeung palatih di Inggris (l. [[1969]]) === Desember === == Poé peré nasional di Indonésia == Poé peré nasional jeung cuti bareng Indonésia dina taun 2011:<ref>{{cite web | title=Cuti Bersama PNS 2011 Sebanyak Empat Hari | url=http://www.menkokesra.go.id/content/cuti-bersama-pns-2011-sebanyak-empat-hari | publisher=[[Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Kesejahteraan Rakyat Republik Indonesia|Kemenkokesra RI]] | date=15 Juni 2010 | accessdate=2010-07-17 }} </ref>{{br}} <small style="line-height:150%;">(Dumasar kana Surat Kaputusan Babarengan (SKB) Menteri Agama (Nomor 1 Taun 2010), Menteri Tanaga Kerja jeung Transmigrasi (Nomor: KEP 110/MEN/VI/2010) ogé Menteri Pangdayagunaan Aparatur Nagara)</small> {| class="wikitable" cellpadding="4" style="font-size: 90%; margin-top:-.1em;" |- bgcolor=lhtgray ! No || Tanggal || Hari || Keterangan |- ! colspan=4 style="background: lightyellow" | <big>Poé Peré Nasional</big> |- | 1 || [[1 Januari]] || Sabtu || [[Taun Anyar Masehi]] |- | 2 || [[3 Pébruari]] || Kémis|| [[Taun Anyar Imlek]] 2562 |- | 3 || [[15 Pébruari]] || Salasa || [[Maulid Nabi Muhammad SAW]] (12 [[Rabiul Awal]] 1432[[Almenak Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 4 || [[5 Maret]] || Sabtu || [[Nyepi|Hari Raya Nyepi]] ([[Almenak Saka|Tahun Baru Saka]] 1933) |- | 5 || [[22 April]] || Jumaah || [[Jumat Agung|Wafat Yesus Kristus]] |- | 6 || [[17 Méi]] || Salasa || [[Waisak|Hari Raya Waisak]] 2555 |- | 7 || [[2 Juni]] || Kemis || [[Kenaikan Yesus Kristus]] |- | 8 || [[29 Juni]] || Rebu || [[Isra dan Mi'raj|Isra' Mi'raj Nabi Muhammad SAW]] (27 [[Rajab]] 1432[[Almenak Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 9 || [[17 Agustus]] || Rebu || [[Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonesia|Proklamasi Hari Kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia]] ke-66 |- | 10 || [[30 Agustus|30]]-[[31 Agustus]] || Salasa-Rebu || [[Idul Fitri]] (1-2 [[Syawal]] 1432[[Almenak Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 11 || [[6 Nopémber]] || Minggu || [[Idul Adha]] (10 [[Dzulhijjah]] 1432[[Almenak Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 12 || [[27 Nopémber]] || Minggu || [[Taun Anyar Hijriyah|Taun Anyar Islam]] (1 [[Muharram]] 1433[[Almenak Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 13 || [[25 Désémber]] || Minggu || [[Natal|Poé Natal]] |- ! colspan=4 style="background: lightyellow" | <big>Cuti Bersama [[PNS]]</big> |- | 1 || [[29 Agustus]]-[[1 Séptémber|1]]-[[2 September]] || Senin-Kamis-Jumat || Cuti babarengan [[Idul Fitri]] |- | 2 || [[26 Désémber]] || Senén || Cuti babarengan Natal |} == Hadiah Nobél == * [[Kimia]] – [[Dan Shechtman]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2011/press.html |title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2011 |date=2011-10-05 |publisher=Nobel Foundation |accessdate=2011-10-05}}</ref> * [[Ékonomi]] – [[Christopher A. Sims]] jeung [[Thomas J. Sargent]] * [[Kasusastraan]] – [[Tomas Tranströmer]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2011/ |title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 2011 |date=2011-10-06 |publisher=Nobel Foundation |accessdate=2011-10-06}}</ref> * [[Katentreman]] – [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]], [[Leymah Gbowee]] jeung [[Tawakel Karman]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2011/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2011 |date=2011-10-07 |publisher=Nobel Foundation |accessdate=2011-10-07}}</ref> * [[Fisika]] – [[Saul Perlmutter]], [[Adam G. Riess]], jeung [[Brian P. Schmidt]]<ref>http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2011/press.html</ref> * [[Fisiologi atawa Kadokteran]] – [[Bruce A. Beutler]], [[Jules A. Hoffmann]], jeung [[Ralph M. Steinman]]<ref>http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2011/</ref> == Référénsi == {{reflist}} gkn60jvq7wopp6rvksp3dw4ndz70087 629926 629925 2022-08-06T13:16:58Z 114.79.16.134 /* Kajadian */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{taun nav|2011}} == Kajadian == {{MonthR_31_Sap|Januari}} * [[29 Januari]] - [[Jepang]] ngajawaraan [[:id:Piala Asia AFC 2011|Piala Asia AFC 2011]]. {{MonthR_28_Sal|Februari}} * [[11 Februari]] - [[Hosni Mubarak]] ([[Présidén Mesir]] ka-[[4 (angka)|4]]) amit mungkur tina jabatanna (jadi pangawasa ti [[14 Oktober]] [[1981]]). {{MonthR_31_Sal|Maret}} * [[11 Maret]] - [[Lini]] [[Marcapada]] jeung [[Tsunami]] Séndai 2011 ku tarikna 9,0 [[Skala kekuatan Moment|Mw]]. * [[19 Maret]] - [[Supermoon]] (''[[:en:lunar perigee|lunar perigee]]''): [[Bulan]] katénjo [[7 (angka)|7]]% leuwing gedé tinimbang biasana ku sabab jarakna jeung [[Marcapada]] ngan ukur 221.567 [[mil]] atawa 356.578 [[kilometer]], pangdeukuetna dina [[18 (angka)|18]] [[taun]] panungtung, nu bakal mangaruhan kana [[cai laut]]. * [[25 Maret]] - Wengi pamaparinan [[Panasonic Gobel Awards 2011]]. * [[26 Maret]] - Lumangsungna Tarékah[[Earth Hour#2011|Earth Hour V]]. {{MonthR_30_Jum|April}} * [[29 April]] - Nikahna [[Pangeran William dari Wales|Pangeran William]] jeung [[Kate Middleton]] (ahli waris tahta [[Karajaan Britania Raya]]), dilumangsungkeun di [[Istana Buckingham]], [[London]]. {{MonthR_31_Sen|Agustus}} * [[25 Agustus]] - Iinditanna[[Kereta api Gajah Wong]] relasi [[Stasiun Pasarsenen|Jakarta Pasarsenen]] - [[Stasiun Lempuyangan|Lempuyangan]] diresmikeun. {{MonthR_30_Sal|November}} * [[22 November]] - Indonésia Jawara umum Séa Games 2011. == Olahraga == * [[All-Africa Games 2011|All-Africa Games]] diayakeun di [[Lusaka]], [[Zambia]] * [[Asian Games Musim Dingin 2011|Asian Games Usum Ngijih]] diayakeun di [[Almaty]], [[Kazakhstan]] * [[Asian Indoor Games 2011|Asian Indoor Games]] diayakeun di [[Doha]], [[Qatar]] * [[Commonwealth Youth Games 2011|Commonwealth Youth Games]] diayakeun di [[Douglas]], [[Pulo Man]] * [[Pan American Games 2011|Pan American Games]] diayakeun di [[Guadalajara]], [[Meksiko]] * [[Southeast Asian Games 2011|Southeast Asian Games]] diayakeun di [[Indonesia]] * [[Universiade Musim Dingin 2011|Universiade Musim Dingin]] diayakeun di [[Erzurum]], [[Turki]] * [[Universiade 2011|Universiade Musim Panas]] diayakeun di [[Shenzhen]], [[Républik Rahayat Cina|China]] * [[Piala Dunia Wanita FIFA|Piala Dunia Wanita 2011]] diayakeun di [[Jerman]] == Gumelaran == ''Tingali: [[:Kategori:Gumelaran 2011]]'' == Kapupus == === Januari === * [[8 Januari]] :* [[Elfa Secioria]], [[musisi]] [[Indonesia]], nu ngadegkeun [[grup musik]] Elfa's Singers (wedal [[1959]]). :* [[Sudwikatmono]], [[pangusaha]] [[Indonesia]] (l. [[1934]]) * [[30 Januari]] - [[Mulyadi (pamaén bal)|Mulyadi]] (dipikawanoh ogé ku ngaran ''Fan Tek Fong'', ''Hadi Mulyadi''), pamaén [[Maén Bal|bal]] (l. [[1943]]) === Pébruari === * [[5 Pébruari]] - [[Adjie Massaid]], [[pulitisi]] Indonésia, anggahota [[DPR]]-[[Indonésia|RI]] ([[2004]]-[[2009]] jeung 2009-[[2014]]) ti [[Partéy Démokrat]] (gumelar [[1967]]). * [[13 Pébruari]] - [[Bustanil Arifin]], [[pulitisi]] Indonésia, Menteri Koperasi Indonésia (l. [[1925]]) === Maret === * [[23 Maret]] - [[Elizabeth Taylor]], [[aktris]] [[Amérika Serikat]] (gumelar [[1932]]). * [[28 Maret]] - [[Ratna Indraswari]], [[sastrawan]] (l. [[1949]]) === April === * [[14 April]] :* [[Rosihan Anwar]], [[wartawan]] sénior [[Indonésia]] (gumelar [[1922]]). :* [[Arie Wibowo]], pangawih era 80-an (gumelar [[1952]]) * [[20 April]] - [[Franky Sahilatua]], pangawih Indonésia (gumelar [[1953]]). * [[24 April]] - [[Sathya Sai Baba]], [[filsuf]] [[India]] (gumelar [[1926]]). === Méi === * [[2 Méi]] - [[Osama bin Laden]], pangadeg [[Al-Qaéda]] (gumelar [[1957]]). === Juli === * [[5 Juli]] - [[Zainuddin MZ]], [[ulama]] [[Indonésia]] (gumelar [[1951]]. * [[19 Juli]] - [[Adrian B. Lapian|Adrian Bernard Lapian]], sajarawan sénior di [[Universitas Indonésia]]. (l. [[1929]]) * [[23 Juli]] - [[Amy Winehouse]], pangawih [[Inggris]] (gumelar [[1983]]). === Agustus === * [[8 Agustus]] - [[Hembing Wijayakusuma|Prof. H.M. Hembing Wijayakusuma]], pakar pangubaran tradisional (l. [[1940]]) === Séptémber === * [[13 Séptémber]] - [[Utha Likumahuwa]], pangawih [[Indonésia]] (l. [[1955]]) * [[24 Séptémber]] - [[Hendra Cipta]], aktor [[Indonésia]] (l. ([[1947]]) === Oktober === * [[5 Oktober]] - [[Steve Jobs]], nu ngarancang komputer Amérika Serikat (l.[[1955]]) * [[7 Oktober]] - [[Moerdiono]], urut [[Menteri Sekretaris Nagara]] (l. [[1934]]) * [[20 Oktober]] - [[Moammar Khadafi]], pamingpin Libya (l. [[1942]]) * [[23 Oktober]] - [[Marco Simoncelli]], pambalap motor Italia (l. [[1987]]) === November === * [[7 November]] - [[Joe Frazier]], urut tukang tinju Amérika (l. [[1944]]) * [[27 November]] - [[Gary Speed]], urut tukang maén bal jeung palatih di Inggris (l. [[1969]]) === Desember === == Poé peré nasional di Indonésia == Poé peré nasional jeung cuti bareng Indonésia dina taun 2011:<ref>{{cite web | title=Cuti Bersama PNS 2011 Sebanyak Empat Hari | url=http://www.menkokesra.go.id/content/cuti-bersama-pns-2011-sebanyak-empat-hari | publisher=[[Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Kesejahteraan Rakyat Republik Indonesia|Kemenkokesra RI]] | date=15 Juni 2010 | accessdate=2010-07-17 }} </ref>{{br}} <small style="line-height:150%;">(Dumasar kana Surat Kaputusan Babarengan (SKB) Menteri Agama (Nomor 1 Taun 2010), Menteri Tanaga Kerja jeung Transmigrasi (Nomor: KEP 110/MEN/VI/2010) ogé Menteri Pangdayagunaan Aparatur Nagara)</small> {| class="wikitable" cellpadding="4" style="font-size: 90%; margin-top:-.1em;" |- bgcolor=lhtgray ! No || Tanggal || Hari || Keterangan |- ! colspan=4 style="background: lightyellow" | <big>Poé Peré Nasional</big> |- | 1 || [[1 Januari]] || Sabtu || [[Taun Anyar Masehi]] |- | 2 || [[3 Pébruari]] || Kémis|| [[Taun Anyar Imlek]] 2562 |- | 3 || [[15 Pébruari]] || Salasa || [[Maulid Nabi Muhammad SAW]] (12 [[Rabiul Awal]] 1432[[Almenak Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 4 || [[5 Maret]] || Sabtu || [[Nyepi|Hari Raya Nyepi]] ([[Almenak Saka|Tahun Baru Saka]] 1933) |- | 5 || [[22 April]] || Jumaah || [[Jumat Agung|Wafat Yesus Kristus]] |- | 6 || [[17 Méi]] || Salasa || [[Waisak|Hari Raya Waisak]] 2555 |- | 7 || [[2 Juni]] || Kemis || [[Kenaikan Yesus Kristus]] |- | 8 || [[29 Juni]] || Rebu || [[Isra dan Mi'raj|Isra' Mi'raj Nabi Muhammad SAW]] (27 [[Rajab]] 1432[[Almenak Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 9 || [[17 Agustus]] || Rebu || [[Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonesia|Proklamasi Hari Kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia]] ke-66 |- | 10 || [[30 Agustus|30]]-[[31 Agustus]] || Salasa-Rebu || [[Idul Fitri]] (1-2 [[Syawal]] 1432[[Almenak Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 11 || [[6 Nopémber]] || Minggu || [[Idul Adha]] (10 [[Dzulhijjah]] 1432[[Almenak Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 12 || [[27 Nopémber]] || Minggu || [[Taun Anyar Hijriyah|Taun Anyar Islam]] (1 [[Muharram]] 1433[[Almenak Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 13 || [[25 Désémber]] || Minggu || [[Natal|Poé Natal]] |- ! colspan=4 style="background: lightyellow" | <big>Cuti Bersama [[PNS]]</big> |- | 1 || [[29 Agustus]]-[[1 Séptémber|1]]-[[2 September]] || Senin-Kamis-Jumat || Cuti babarengan [[Idul Fitri]] |- | 2 || [[26 Désémber]] || Senén || Cuti babarengan Natal |} == Hadiah Nobél == * [[Kimia]] – [[Dan Shechtman]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2011/press.html |title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2011 |date=2011-10-05 |publisher=Nobel Foundation |accessdate=2011-10-05}}</ref> * [[Ékonomi]] – [[Christopher A. Sims]] jeung [[Thomas J. Sargent]] * [[Kasusastraan]] – [[Tomas Tranströmer]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2011/ |title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 2011 |date=2011-10-06 |publisher=Nobel Foundation |accessdate=2011-10-06}}</ref> * [[Katentreman]] – [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]], [[Leymah Gbowee]] jeung [[Tawakel Karman]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2011/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2011 |date=2011-10-07 |publisher=Nobel Foundation |accessdate=2011-10-07}}</ref> * [[Fisika]] – [[Saul Perlmutter]], [[Adam G. Riess]], jeung [[Brian P. Schmidt]]<ref>http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2011/press.html</ref> * [[Fisiologi atawa Kadokteran]] – [[Bruce A. Beutler]], [[Jules A. Hoffmann]], jeung [[Ralph M. Steinman]]<ref>http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2011/</ref> == Référénsi == {{reflist}} 0r9xmoty4irafyq5xikzszshgtr95ry 0 41669 629894 629893 2022-08-06T12:00:22Z 114.79.16.134 wikitext text/x-wiki <b> {{taun nav|2010}} == Kajadian == {{MonthR_31_Jum|Januari}} * '''[[12 Januari]]''' — [[Lini]] [[Marcapada]] 7.0 SR di [[Haiti]] * '''[[15 Januari]]''' — [[Samagaha]] [[Panon poé]] {{MonthR_31_Sen|Maret}} * '''[[5 Maret]]''' — [[Lini]] [[Marcapada]] di [[Kota Padang]] nu tarikna 6,8 SR * '''[[26 Maret]]''' — Wengi Pamaparinan [[Panasonic Gobel Awards 2010]] * '''[[27 Maret]]''' — Laksanana Tarékah [[:id:Earth Hour#Earth Hour 2010|Earth Hour IV]] {{MonthR_30_Kem|April}} * '''[[27 April]]''' — Iinditan [[Karéta api Parahyangan]] jeung [[Karéta api Argo Gedé]] tujuan [[:id:Stasiun Gambir|Jakarta Gambir]] - [[:id:Stasiun Hall|Bandung]] resmi eureun operasina. Iinditan kadua [[Karéta api]] éta digantikeun ku [[Karéta api Argo Parahyangan]] nu mangrupa pamaduan ri dua [[karéta api]] éta. * '''[[Méi]]''' — Sénsus Masarakat Indonésia {{MonthR_30_Sal|Juni}} * '''[[9 Juni]]''' — Wengi Pamaparinan [[AMI Awards 2010]] {{MonthR_31_Jum|Oktober}} * '''[[20 Oktober]]''' — Diadegkeunna [[MNCTV]] minangka gaganti [[TPI]] * '''[[25 Oktober]]''' — [[Lini]] [[Marcapada]] di Kapuloan [[Mentawai]] * '''[[26 Oktober]]''' — Meletusna [[Gunung Merapi]] {{MonthR_30_Sen|Nopémber}} * '''[[2 Nopémber]]''' — [[Pamilihan Umum Déwan Pangwakil Rahayat Amérika Sarikat 2010|Pamilu]] [[Déwan Pangwakil Rahayat Amérika Sarikat|DPR Amérika Sarikat]]. == Olahraga == {{MonthR_31_Reb|Désémber}} * '''[[8 Désémber|8]]-[[16 Désémber]]''' — [[Asian Beach Games 2010|Asian Beach Games]] diayakeun di [[Muskat]], [[Oman]] == Kelahiran == * '''[[12 Pébruari|12]]-[[28 Pébruari]]''' — Olimpiadeu Usum Ngijih diayakeun di [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]], [[Kanada]] * '''[[9 Méi|9]]-[[16 Méi]]''' — [[Piala Thomas jeung Uber 2010]] ([[Bulu tangkis]]) diayakeun di [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]] * '''[[11 Juni]]-[[11 Juli]]''' — [[Piala Dunya 2010|Piala Dunya]] (maén bal) diayakeun di [[Afrika Kidul]], jeung timnas [[Spanyol]] minangka jawarana, ku ngéléhkeun timnas [[Walanda]] dina tatandingan pinal. * '''[[3 Oktober|3]]-[[14 Oktober]]''' — [[Commonwealth Games 2010]] diayakeun di [[Delhi]], [[India]] * '''[[12 Nopémber|12]]-[[27 Nopémber]]''' — [[Asian Games 2010|Asian Games Usum Halodo]] diayakeun di [[Guangzhou]], [[Républik Rahayat Cina|China]] == Kapupus == :''Tempo [[Daptar inohong anu maot dina taun 2010]] jeung [[:Kategori:Kematian 2010]]'' == Poé peré nasional di Indonésia == Poé-poé peré nasional jeung cuti bareng resmi Indonésia pikeun taun 2010<ref>{{cite web | title=Tiga Menteri Tandatangani SKB Hari Libur Nasional Tahun 2010 | url=http://www.menkokesra.go.id/content/view/12158/1/ | publisher=[[Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Kesejahteraan Rakyat Republik Indonesia|Kemenkokesra RI]] | date=2009-08-07 | accessdate=2009-08-07 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" cellpadding="4" style="font-size: 90%; margin-top:-.1em;" |- bgcolor=lhtgray ! No || Ping || Poé || Pajéntréan |- ! colspan=4 style="background: lightyellow" | <big>Hari Libur Nasional</big> |- | 1 || [[1 Januari]] || Jumaah || [[Taun Anyar Maséhi]] |- | 2 || [[14 Pébruari]] || Minggu || [[Taun Anyar Imlék]] 2561 |- | 3 || [[26 Pébruari]] || Jumaah || [[Maulid Nabi Muhammad SAW]] (12 [[Rabiul Awal]] 1431[[Kalender Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 4 || [[16 Maret]] || Rebo || [[Nyepi|Hari Raya Nyepi]] ([[Kalender Saka|Tahun Baru Saka]] 1932) |- | 5 || [[2 April]] || Jumaah || [[Jumat Agung|Wafat Yesus Kristus]] |- | 6 || [[13 Méi]] || Kemis || [[Kenaikan Yesus Kristus]] |- | 7 || [[28 Méi]] || Jumaah || [[Waisak|Hari Raya Waisak]] 2554 |- | 8 || [[10 Juli]] || Sabtu || [[Isra dan Mi'raj|Isra' Mi'raj Nabi Muhammad SAW]] (27 [[Rajab]] 1431[[Almenak Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 9 || [[17 Agustus]] || Salasa || [[Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonesia|Proklamasi Hari Kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia]] ka-65 |- | 10 || [[10 Séptémber|10]]-[[11 Séptémber]] || Jumaah-Sabtu || [[Idul Fitri]] (1-2 [[Syawal]] 1431[[Almenak Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 11 || [[17 Nopémber]] || Rebo || [[Idul Adha]] (10 [[Dzulhijjah]] 1431[[Kalender Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 12 || [[7 Désémber]] || Salasa || [[Tahun Baru Hijriyah|Tahun Baru Islam]] (1 [[Muharram]] 1432[[Almenak Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 13 || [[25 Désémber]] || Sabtu || [[Natal|Poé Natal]] |- ! colspan=4 style="background: lightyellow" | <big>Cuti Babarengan [[PNS]]</big> |- | 1 || [[9 Séptémber|9]]-[[12 Séptémber|12]]-[[13 Séptémber]] || Kemis-Minggu-Senén || Cuti babarengan [[Idul Fitri]] |- | 2 || [[24 Désémber]] || Jumaah || Cuti babarengan Natal |} == Tempo Ogé == * [[Abad ka-21]] *[https://crewenktrader.blogspot.com/ Crewenk trader] *[https://www.belajardulinanblog.my.id/ Kumpulan Tips dan Trick] *[https://allfoot1.blogpsot.com/ All About Football] == Référénsi == {{reflist}} 4szmoahntvc4co70djojow5toc99982 629914 629894 2022-08-06T12:39:34Z 114.79.16.134 wikitext text/x-wiki <b> {{taun nav|2010}} == Kajadian == {{MonthR_31_Jum|Januari}} * '''[[12 Januari]]''' — [[Lini]] [[Marcapada]] 7.0 SR di [[Haiti]] * '''[[15 Januari]]''' — [[Samagaha]] [[Panon poé]] {{MonthR_31_Sen|Maret}} * '''[[5 Maret]]''' — [[Lini]] [[Marcapada]] di [[Kota Padang]] nu tarikna 6,8 SR * '''[[26 Maret]]''' — Wengi Pamaparinan [[Panasonic Gobel Awards 2010]] * '''[[27 Maret]]''' — Laksanana Tarékah [[:id:Earth Hour#Earth Hour 2010|Earth Hour IV]] {{MonthR_30_Kem|April}} * '''[[27 April]]''' — Iinditan [[Karéta api Parahyangan]] jeung [[Karéta api Argo Gedé]] tujuan [[:id:Stasiun Gambir|Jakarta Gambir]] - [[:id:Stasiun Hall|Bandung]] resmi eureun operasina. Iinditan kadua [[Karéta api]] éta digantikeun ku [[Karéta api Argo Parahyangan]] nu mangrupa pamaduan ri dua [[karéta api]] éta. {{MonthR_30_Sal|Juni}} * '''[[9 Juni]]''' — Wengi Pamaparinan [[AMI Awards 2010]] {{MonthR_31_Jum|Oktober}} * '''[[20 Oktober]]''' — Diadegkeunna [[MNCTV]] minangka gaganti [[TPI]] * '''[[25 Oktober]]''' — [[Lini]] [[Marcapada]] di Kapuloan [[Mentawai]] * '''[[26 Oktober]]''' — Meletusna [[Gunung Merapi]] {{MonthR_30_Sen|Nopémber}} * '''[[2 Nopémber]]''' — [[Pamilihan Umum Déwan Pangwakil Rahayat Amérika Sarikat 2010|Pamilu]] [[Déwan Pangwakil Rahayat Amérika Sarikat|DPR Amérika Sarikat]]. == Olahraga == {{MonthR_31_Reb|Désémber}} * '''[[8 Désémber|8]]-[[16 Désémber]]''' — [[Asian Beach Games 2010|Asian Beach Games]] diayakeun di [[Muskat]], [[Oman]] == Kelahiran == * '''[[12 Pébruari|12]]-[[28 Pébruari]]''' — Olimpiadeu Usum Ngijih diayakeun di [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]], [[Kanada]] * '''[[Méi]]''' — Sénsus Masarakat Indonésia * '''[[9 Méi|9]]-[[16 Méi]]''' — [[Piala Thomas jeung Uber 2010]] ([[Bulu tangkis]]) diayakeun di [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]] * '''[[11 Juni]]-[[11 Juli]]''' — [[Piala Dunya 2010|Piala Dunya]] (maén bal) diayakeun di [[Afrika Kidul]], jeung timnas [[Spanyol]] minangka jawarana, ku ngéléhkeun timnas [[Walanda]] dina tatandingan pinal. * '''[[3 Oktober|3]]-[[14 Oktober]]''' — [[Commonwealth Games 2010]] diayakeun di [[Delhi]], [[India]] * '''[[12 Nopémber|12]]-[[27 Nopémber]]''' — [[Asian Games 2010|Asian Games Usum Halodo]] diayakeun di [[Guangzhou]], [[Républik Rahayat Cina|China]] == Kapupus == :''Tempo [[Daptar inohong anu maot dina taun 2010]] jeung [[:Kategori:Kematian 2010]]'' == Poé peré nasional di Indonésia == Poé-poé peré nasional jeung cuti bareng resmi Indonésia pikeun taun 2010<ref>{{cite web | title=Tiga Menteri Tandatangani SKB Hari Libur Nasional Tahun 2010 | url=http://www.menkokesra.go.id/content/view/12158/1/ | publisher=[[Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Kesejahteraan Rakyat Republik Indonesia|Kemenkokesra RI]] | date=2009-08-07 | accessdate=2009-08-07 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" cellpadding="4" style="font-size: 90%; margin-top:-.1em;" |- bgcolor=lhtgray ! No || Ping || Poé || Pajéntréan |- ! colspan=4 style="background: lightyellow" | <big>Hari Libur Nasional</big> |- | 1 || [[1 Januari]] || Jumaah || [[Taun Anyar Maséhi]] |- | 2 || [[14 Pébruari]] || Minggu || [[Taun Anyar Imlék]] 2561 |- | 3 || [[26 Pébruari]] || Jumaah || [[Maulid Nabi Muhammad SAW]] (12 [[Rabiul Awal]] 1431[[Kalender Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 4 || [[16 Maret]] || Rebo || [[Nyepi|Hari Raya Nyepi]] ([[Kalender Saka|Tahun Baru Saka]] 1932) |- | 5 || [[2 April]] || Jumaah || [[Jumat Agung|Wafat Yesus Kristus]] |- | 6 || [[13 Méi]] || Kemis || [[Kenaikan Yesus Kristus]] |- | 7 || [[28 Méi]] || Jumaah || [[Waisak|Hari Raya Waisak]] 2554 |- | 8 || [[10 Juli]] || Sabtu || [[Isra dan Mi'raj|Isra' Mi'raj Nabi Muhammad SAW]] (27 [[Rajab]] 1431[[Almenak Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 9 || [[17 Agustus]] || Salasa || [[Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonesia|Proklamasi Hari Kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia]] ka-65 |- | 10 || [[10 Séptémber|10]]-[[11 Séptémber]] || Jumaah-Sabtu || [[Idul Fitri]] (1-2 [[Syawal]] 1431[[Almenak Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 11 || [[17 Nopémber]] || Rebo || [[Idul Adha]] (10 [[Dzulhijjah]] 1431[[Kalender Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 12 || [[7 Désémber]] || Salasa || [[Tahun Baru Hijriyah|Tahun Baru Islam]] (1 [[Muharram]] 1432[[Almenak Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 13 || [[25 Désémber]] || Sabtu || [[Natal|Poé Natal]] |- ! colspan=4 style="background: lightyellow" | <big>Cuti Babarengan [[PNS]]</big> |- | 1 || [[9 Séptémber|9]]-[[12 Séptémber|12]]-[[13 Séptémber]] || Kemis-Minggu-Senén || Cuti babarengan [[Idul Fitri]] |- | 2 || [[24 Désémber]] || Jumaah || Cuti babarengan Natal |} == Tempo Ogé == * [[Abad ka-21]] *[https://crewenktrader.blogspot.com/ Crewenk trader] *[https://www.belajardulinanblog.my.id/ Kumpulan Tips dan Trick] *[https://allfoot1.blogpsot.com/ All About Football] == Référénsi == {{reflist}} oesfyf11pzacgmopbrlirgafxc203uo 629915 629914 2022-08-06T12:42:19Z 114.79.16.134 wikitext text/x-wiki <b> {{taun nav|2010}} == Kajadian == {{MonthR_31_Jum|Januari}} * '''[[12 Januari]]''' — [[Lini]] [[Marcapada]] 7.0 SR di [[Haiti]] * '''[[15 Januari]]''' — [[Samagaha]] [[Panon poé]] {{MonthR_31_Sen|Maret}} * '''[[5 Maret]]''' — [[Lini]] [[Marcapada]] di [[Kota Padang]] nu tarikna 6,8 SR * '''[[26 Maret]]''' — Wengi Pamaparinan [[Panasonic Gobel Awards 2010]] * '''[[27 Maret]]''' — Laksanana Tarékah [[:id:Earth Hour#Earth Hour 2010|Earth Hour IV]] {{MonthR_30_Kem|April}} * '''[[27 April]]''' — Iinditan [[Karéta api Parahyangan]] jeung [[Karéta api Argo Gedé]] tujuan [[:id:Stasiun Gambir|Jakarta Gambir]] - [[:id:Stasiun Hall|Bandung]] resmi eureun operasina. Iinditan kadua [[Karéta api]] éta digantikeun ku [[Karéta api Argo Parahyangan]] nu mangrupa pamaduan ri dua [[karéta api]] éta. {{MonthR_31_Sap|Méi}} * '''[[9 Méi|9]]-[[16 Méi]]''' — [[Piala Thomas jeung Uber 2010]] ([[Bulu tangkis]]) diayakeun di [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]] {{MonthR_30_Sal|Juni}} * '''[[9 Juni]]''' — Wengi Pamaparinan [[AMI Awards 2010]] {{MonthR_31_Jum|Oktober}} * '''[[20 Oktober]]''' — Diadegkeunna [[MNCTV]] minangka gaganti [[TPI]] * '''[[25 Oktober]]''' — [[Lini]] [[Marcapada]] di Kapuloan [[Mentawai]] * '''[[26 Oktober]]''' — Meletusna [[Gunung Merapi]] {{MonthR_30_Sen|Nopémber}} * '''[[2 Nopémber]]''' — [[Pamilihan Umum Déwan Pangwakil Rahayat Amérika Sarikat 2010|Pamilu]] [[Déwan Pangwakil Rahayat Amérika Sarikat|DPR Amérika Sarikat]]. == Olahraga == {{MonthR_31_Reb|Désémber}} * '''[[8 Désémber|8]]-[[16 Désémber]]''' — [[Asian Beach Games 2010|Asian Beach Games]] diayakeun di [[Muskat]], [[Oman]] == Kelahiran == * '''[[12 Pébruari|12]]-[[28 Pébruari]]''' — Olimpiadeu Usum Ngijih diayakeun di [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]], [[Kanada]] * '''[[Méi]]''' — Sénsus Masarakat Indonésia * '''[[11 Juni]]-[[11 Juli]]''' — [[Piala Dunya 2010|Piala Dunya]] (maén bal) diayakeun di [[Afrika Kidul]], jeung timnas [[Spanyol]] minangka jawarana, ku ngéléhkeun timnas [[Walanda]] dina tatandingan pinal. * '''[[3 Oktober|3]]-[[14 Oktober]]''' — [[Commonwealth Games 2010]] diayakeun di [[Delhi]], [[India]] * '''[[12 Nopémber|12]]-[[27 Nopémber]]''' — [[Asian Games 2010|Asian Games Usum Halodo]] diayakeun di [[Guangzhou]], [[Républik Rahayat Cina|China]] == Kapupus == :''Tempo [[Daptar inohong anu maot dina taun 2010]] jeung [[:Kategori:Kematian 2010]]'' == Poé peré nasional di Indonésia == Poé-poé peré nasional jeung cuti bareng resmi Indonésia pikeun taun 2010<ref>{{cite web | title=Tiga Menteri Tandatangani SKB Hari Libur Nasional Tahun 2010 | url=http://www.menkokesra.go.id/content/view/12158/1/ | publisher=[[Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Kesejahteraan Rakyat Republik Indonesia|Kemenkokesra RI]] | date=2009-08-07 | accessdate=2009-08-07 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" cellpadding="4" style="font-size: 90%; margin-top:-.1em;" |- bgcolor=lhtgray ! No || Ping || Poé || Pajéntréan |- ! colspan=4 style="background: lightyellow" | <big>Hari Libur Nasional</big> |- | 1 || [[1 Januari]] || Jumaah || [[Taun Anyar Maséhi]] |- | 2 || [[14 Pébruari]] || Minggu || [[Taun Anyar Imlék]] 2561 |- | 3 || [[26 Pébruari]] || Jumaah || [[Maulid Nabi Muhammad SAW]] (12 [[Rabiul Awal]] 1431[[Kalender Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 4 || [[16 Maret]] || Rebo || [[Nyepi|Hari Raya Nyepi]] ([[Kalender Saka|Tahun Baru Saka]] 1932) |- | 5 || [[2 April]] || Jumaah || [[Jumat Agung|Wafat Yesus Kristus]] |- | 6 || [[13 Méi]] || Kemis || [[Kenaikan Yesus Kristus]] |- | 7 || [[28 Méi]] || Jumaah || [[Waisak|Hari Raya Waisak]] 2554 |- | 8 || [[10 Juli]] || Sabtu || [[Isra dan Mi'raj|Isra' Mi'raj Nabi Muhammad SAW]] (27 [[Rajab]] 1431[[Almenak Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 9 || [[17 Agustus]] || Salasa || [[Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonesia|Proklamasi Hari Kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia]] ka-65 |- | 10 || [[10 Séptémber|10]]-[[11 Séptémber]] || Jumaah-Sabtu || [[Idul Fitri]] (1-2 [[Syawal]] 1431[[Almenak Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 11 || [[17 Nopémber]] || Rebo || [[Idul Adha]] (10 [[Dzulhijjah]] 1431[[Kalender Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 12 || [[7 Désémber]] || Salasa || [[Tahun Baru Hijriyah|Tahun Baru Islam]] (1 [[Muharram]] 1432[[Almenak Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 13 || [[25 Désémber]] || Sabtu || [[Natal|Poé Natal]] |- ! colspan=4 style="background: lightyellow" | <big>Cuti Babarengan [[PNS]]</big> |- | 1 || [[9 Séptémber|9]]-[[12 Séptémber|12]]-[[13 Séptémber]] || Kemis-Minggu-Senén || Cuti babarengan [[Idul Fitri]] |- | 2 || [[24 Désémber]] || Jumaah || Cuti babarengan Natal |} == Tempo Ogé == * [[Abad ka-21]] *[https://crewenktrader.blogspot.com/ Crewenk trader] *[https://www.belajardulinanblog.my.id/ Kumpulan Tips dan Trick] *[https://allfoot1.blogpsot.com/ All About Football] == Référénsi == {{reflist}} enx2cstb6l39fv0mltbffyb2n5z8rw0 629916 629915 2022-08-06T12:44:50Z 114.79.16.134 wikitext text/x-wiki <b> {{taun nav|2010}} == Kajadian == {{MonthR_31_Jum|Januari}} * '''[[12 Januari]]''' — [[Lini]] [[Marcapada]] 7.0 SR di [[Haiti]] * '''[[15 Januari]]''' — [[Samagaha]] [[Panon poé]] {{MonthR_28_Sen|Pébruari}} '''[[12 Pébruari|12]]-[[28 Pébruari]]''' — Olimpiadeu Usum Ngijih diayakeun di [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]], [[Kanada]] {{MonthR_31_Sen|Maret}} * '''[[5 Maret]]''' — [[Lini]] [[Marcapada]] di [[Kota Padang]] nu tarikna 6,8 SR * '''[[26 Maret]]''' — Wengi Pamaparinan [[Panasonic Gobel Awards 2010]] * '''[[27 Maret]]''' — Laksanana Tarékah [[:id:Earth Hour#Earth Hour 2010|Earth Hour IV]] {{MonthR_30_Kem|April}} * '''[[27 April]]''' — Iinditan [[Karéta api Parahyangan]] jeung [[Karéta api Argo Gedé]] tujuan [[:id:Stasiun Gambir|Jakarta Gambir]] - [[:id:Stasiun Hall|Bandung]] resmi eureun operasina. Iinditan kadua [[Karéta api]] éta digantikeun ku [[Karéta api Argo Parahyangan]] nu mangrupa pamaduan ri dua [[karéta api]] éta. {{MonthR_31_Sap|Méi}}* * '''[[9 Méi|9]]-[[16 Méi]]''' — [[Piala Thomas jeung Uber 2010]] ([[Bulu tangkis]]) diayakeun di [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]] {{MonthR_30_Sal|Juni}} * '''[[9 Juni]]''' — Wengi Pamaparinan [[AMI Awards 2010]] {{MonthR_31_Jum|Oktober}} * '''[[20 Oktober]]''' — Diadegkeunna [[MNCTV]] minangka gaganti [[TPI]] * '''[[25 Oktober]]''' — [[Lini]] [[Marcapada]] di Kapuloan [[Mentawai]] * '''[[26 Oktober]]''' — Meletusna [[Gunung Merapi]] {{MonthR_30_Sen|Nopémber}} * '''[[2 Nopémber]]''' — [[Pamilihan Umum Déwan Pangwakil Rahayat Amérika Sarikat 2010|Pamilu]] [[Déwan Pangwakil Rahayat Amérika Sarikat|DPR Amérika Sarikat]]. == Olahraga == {{MonthR_31_Reb|Désémber}} * '''[[8 Désémber|8]]-[[16 Désémber]]''' — [[Asian Beach Games 2010|Asian Beach Games]] diayakeun di [[Muskat]], [[Oman]] == Kelahiran == * '''[[Méi]]''' — Sénsus Masarakat Indonésia * '''[[11 Juni]]-[[11 Juli]]''' — [[Piala Dunya 2010|Piala Dunya]] (maén bal) diayakeun di [[Afrika Kidul]], jeung timnas [[Spanyol]] minangka jawarana, ku ngéléhkeun timnas [[Walanda]] dina tatandingan pinal. * '''[[3 Oktober|3]]-[[14 Oktober]]''' — [[Commonwealth Games 2010]] diayakeun di [[Delhi]], [[India]] * '''[[12 Nopémber|12]]-[[27 Nopémber]]''' — [[Asian Games 2010|Asian Games Usum Halodo]] diayakeun di [[Guangzhou]], [[Républik Rahayat Cina|China]] == Kapupus == :''Tempo [[Daptar inohong anu maot dina taun 2010]] jeung [[:Kategori:Kematian 2010]]'' == Poé peré nasional di Indonésia == Poé-poé peré nasional jeung cuti bareng resmi Indonésia pikeun taun 2010<ref>{{cite web | title=Tiga Menteri Tandatangani SKB Hari Libur Nasional Tahun 2010 | url=http://www.menkokesra.go.id/content/view/12158/1/ | publisher=[[Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Kesejahteraan Rakyat Republik Indonesia|Kemenkokesra RI]] | date=2009-08-07 | accessdate=2009-08-07 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" cellpadding="4" style="font-size: 90%; margin-top:-.1em;" |- bgcolor=lhtgray ! No || Ping || Poé || Pajéntréan |- ! colspan=4 style="background: lightyellow" | <big>Hari Libur Nasional</big> |- | 1 || [[1 Januari]] || Jumaah || [[Taun Anyar Maséhi]] |- | 2 || [[14 Pébruari]] || Minggu || [[Taun Anyar Imlék]] 2561 |- | 3 || [[26 Pébruari]] || Jumaah || [[Maulid Nabi Muhammad SAW]] (12 [[Rabiul Awal]] 1431[[Kalender Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 4 || [[16 Maret]] || Rebo || [[Nyepi|Hari Raya Nyepi]] ([[Kalender Saka|Tahun Baru Saka]] 1932) |- | 5 || [[2 April]] || Jumaah || [[Jumat Agung|Wafat Yesus Kristus]] |- | 6 || [[13 Méi]] || Kemis || [[Kenaikan Yesus Kristus]] |- | 7 || [[28 Méi]] || Jumaah || [[Waisak|Hari Raya Waisak]] 2554 |- | 8 || [[10 Juli]] || Sabtu || [[Isra dan Mi'raj|Isra' Mi'raj Nabi Muhammad SAW]] (27 [[Rajab]] 1431[[Almenak Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 9 || [[17 Agustus]] || Salasa || [[Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonesia|Proklamasi Hari Kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia]] ka-65 |- | 10 || [[10 Séptémber|10]]-[[11 Séptémber]] || Jumaah-Sabtu || [[Idul Fitri]] (1-2 [[Syawal]] 1431[[Almenak Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 11 || [[17 Nopémber]] || Rebo || [[Idul Adha]] (10 [[Dzulhijjah]] 1431[[Kalender Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 12 || [[7 Désémber]] || Salasa || [[Tahun Baru Hijriyah|Tahun Baru Islam]] (1 [[Muharram]] 1432[[Almenak Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 13 || [[25 Désémber]] || Sabtu || [[Natal|Poé Natal]] |- ! colspan=4 style="background: lightyellow" | <big>Cuti Babarengan [[PNS]]</big> |- | 1 || [[9 Séptémber|9]]-[[12 Séptémber|12]]-[[13 Séptémber]] || Kemis-Minggu-Senén || Cuti babarengan [[Idul Fitri]] |- | 2 || [[24 Désémber]] || Jumaah || Cuti babarengan Natal |} == Tempo Ogé == * [[Abad ka-21]] *[https://crewenktrader.blogspot.com/ Crewenk trader] *[https://www.belajardulinanblog.my.id/ Kumpulan Tips dan Trick] *[https://allfoot1.blogpsot.com/ All About Football] == Référénsi == {{reflist}} 77r3z6cbwgyfgb1d62at9vmn5tin0fm 629917 629916 2022-08-06T12:45:49Z 114.79.16.134 wikitext text/x-wiki <b> {{taun nav|2010}} == Kajadian == {{MonthR_31_Jum|Januari}} * '''[[12 Januari]]''' — [[Lini]] [[Marcapada]] 7.0 SR di [[Haiti]] * '''[[15 Januari]]''' — [[Samagaha]] [[Panon poé]] {{MonthR_28_Sen|Pébruari}} * '''[[12 Pébruari|12]]-[[28 Pébruari]]''' — Olimpiadeu Usum Ngijih diayakeun di [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]], [[Kanada]] {{MonthR_31_Sen|Maret}} * '''[[5 Maret]]''' — [[Lini]] [[Marcapada]] di [[Kota Padang]] nu tarikna 6,8 SR * '''[[26 Maret]]''' — Wengi Pamaparinan [[Panasonic Gobel Awards 2010]] * '''[[27 Maret]]''' — Laksanana Tarékah [[:id:Earth Hour#Earth Hour 2010|Earth Hour IV]] {{MonthR_30_Kem|April}} * '''[[27 April]]''' — Iinditan [[Karéta api Parahyangan]] jeung [[Karéta api Argo Gedé]] tujuan [[:id:Stasiun Gambir|Jakarta Gambir]] - [[:id:Stasiun Hall|Bandung]] resmi eureun operasina. Iinditan kadua [[Karéta api]] éta digantikeun ku [[Karéta api Argo Parahyangan]] nu mangrupa pamaduan ri dua [[karéta api]] éta. {{MonthR_31_Sap|Méi}} * '''[[9 Méi|9]]-[[16 Méi]]''' — [[Piala Thomas jeung Uber 2010]] ([[Bulu tangkis]]) diayakeun di [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]] {{MonthR_30_Sal|Juni}} * '''[[9 Juni]]''' — Wengi Pamaparinan [[AMI Awards 2010]] {{MonthR_31_Jum|Oktober}} * '''[[20 Oktober]]''' — Diadegkeunna [[MNCTV]] minangka gaganti [[TPI]] * '''[[25 Oktober]]''' — [[Lini]] [[Marcapada]] di Kapuloan [[Mentawai]] * '''[[26 Oktober]]''' — Meletusna [[Gunung Merapi]] {{MonthR_30_Sen|Nopémber}} * '''[[2 Nopémber]]''' — [[Pamilihan Umum Déwan Pangwakil Rahayat Amérika Sarikat 2010|Pamilu]] [[Déwan Pangwakil Rahayat Amérika Sarikat|DPR Amérika Sarikat]]. == Olahraga == {{MonthR_31_Reb|Désémber}} * '''[[8 Désémber|8]]-[[16 Désémber]]''' — [[Asian Beach Games 2010|Asian Beach Games]] diayakeun di [[Muskat]], [[Oman]] == Kelahiran == * '''[[Méi]]''' — Sénsus Masarakat Indonésia * '''[[11 Juni]]-[[11 Juli]]''' — [[Piala Dunya 2010|Piala Dunya]] (maén bal) diayakeun di [[Afrika Kidul]], jeung timnas [[Spanyol]] minangka jawarana, ku ngéléhkeun timnas [[Walanda]] dina tatandingan pinal. * '''[[3 Oktober|3]]-[[14 Oktober]]''' — [[Commonwealth Games 2010]] diayakeun di [[Delhi]], [[India]] * '''[[12 Nopémber|12]]-[[27 Nopémber]]''' — [[Asian Games 2010|Asian Games Usum Halodo]] diayakeun di [[Guangzhou]], [[Républik Rahayat Cina|China]] == Kapupus == :''Tempo [[Daptar inohong anu maot dina taun 2010]] jeung [[:Kategori:Kematian 2010]]'' == Poé peré nasional di Indonésia == Poé-poé peré nasional jeung cuti bareng resmi Indonésia pikeun taun 2010<ref>{{cite web | title=Tiga Menteri Tandatangani SKB Hari Libur Nasional Tahun 2010 | url=http://www.menkokesra.go.id/content/view/12158/1/ | publisher=[[Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Kesejahteraan Rakyat Republik Indonesia|Kemenkokesra RI]] | date=2009-08-07 | accessdate=2009-08-07 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" cellpadding="4" style="font-size: 90%; margin-top:-.1em;" |- bgcolor=lhtgray ! No || Ping || Poé || Pajéntréan |- ! colspan=4 style="background: lightyellow" | <big>Hari Libur Nasional</big> |- | 1 || [[1 Januari]] || Jumaah || [[Taun Anyar Maséhi]] |- | 2 || [[14 Pébruari]] || Minggu || [[Taun Anyar Imlék]] 2561 |- | 3 || [[26 Pébruari]] || Jumaah || [[Maulid Nabi Muhammad SAW]] (12 [[Rabiul Awal]] 1431[[Kalender Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 4 || [[16 Maret]] || Rebo || [[Nyepi|Hari Raya Nyepi]] ([[Kalender Saka|Tahun Baru Saka]] 1932) |- | 5 || [[2 April]] || Jumaah || [[Jumat Agung|Wafat Yesus Kristus]] |- | 6 || [[13 Méi]] || Kemis || [[Kenaikan Yesus Kristus]] |- | 7 || [[28 Méi]] || Jumaah || [[Waisak|Hari Raya Waisak]] 2554 |- | 8 || [[10 Juli]] || Sabtu || [[Isra dan Mi'raj|Isra' Mi'raj Nabi Muhammad SAW]] (27 [[Rajab]] 1431[[Almenak Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 9 || [[17 Agustus]] || Salasa || [[Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonesia|Proklamasi Hari Kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia]] ka-65 |- | 10 || [[10 Séptémber|10]]-[[11 Séptémber]] || Jumaah-Sabtu || [[Idul Fitri]] (1-2 [[Syawal]] 1431[[Almenak Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 11 || [[17 Nopémber]] || Rebo || [[Idul Adha]] (10 [[Dzulhijjah]] 1431[[Kalender Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 12 || [[7 Désémber]] || Salasa || [[Tahun Baru Hijriyah|Tahun Baru Islam]] (1 [[Muharram]] 1432[[Almenak Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 13 || [[25 Désémber]] || Sabtu || [[Natal|Poé Natal]] |- ! colspan=4 style="background: lightyellow" | <big>Cuti Babarengan [[PNS]]</big> |- | 1 || [[9 Séptémber|9]]-[[12 Séptémber|12]]-[[13 Séptémber]] || Kemis-Minggu-Senén || Cuti babarengan [[Idul Fitri]] |- | 2 || [[24 Désémber]] || Jumaah || Cuti babarengan Natal |} == Tempo Ogé == * [[Abad ka-21]] *[https://crewenktrader.blogspot.com/ Crewenk trader] *[https://www.belajardulinanblog.my.id/ Kumpulan Tips dan Trick] *[https://allfoot1.blogpsot.com/ All About Football] == Référénsi == {{reflist}} k85y3cr8yy297qu5yu83jd0h6zupwo9 629918 629917 2022-08-06T12:49:12Z 114.79.16.134 wikitext text/x-wiki <b> <br /> {| align=right cellpadding=3 id=toc style="margin-left: 15px;" |- | align="center" colspan=2 | <small>'''Taun:'''</small><br /> [[2005]] [[2006]] [[2007]] [[2008]] [[2009]] - '''2010''' - [[2011]] [[2012]] [[2013]] [[2014]] [[2015]] |} == Kajadian == {{MonthR_31_Jum|Januari}} * '''[[12 Januari]]''' — [[Lini]] [[Marcapada]] 7.0 SR di [[Haiti]] * '''[[15 Januari]]''' — [[Samagaha]] [[Panon poé]] {{MonthR_28_Sen|Pébruari}} * '''[[12 Pébruari|12]]-[[28 Pébruari]]''' — Olimpiadeu Usum Ngijih diayakeun di [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]], [[Kanada]] {{MonthR_31_Sen|Maret}} * '''[[5 Maret]]''' — [[Lini]] [[Marcapada]] di [[Kota Padang]] nu tarikna 6,8 SR * '''[[26 Maret]]''' — Wengi Pamaparinan [[Panasonic Gobel Awards 2010]] * '''[[27 Maret]]''' — Laksanana Tarékah [[:id:Earth Hour#Earth Hour 2010|Earth Hour IV]] {{MonthR_30_Kem|April}} * '''[[27 April]]''' — Iinditan [[Karéta api Parahyangan]] jeung [[Karéta api Argo Gedé]] tujuan [[:id:Stasiun Gambir|Jakarta Gambir]] - [[:id:Stasiun Hall|Bandung]] resmi eureun operasina. Iinditan kadua [[Karéta api]] éta digantikeun ku [[Karéta api Argo Parahyangan]] nu mangrupa pamaduan ri dua [[karéta api]] éta. {{MonthR_31_Sap|Méi}} * '''[[9 Méi|9]]-[[16 Méi]]''' — [[Piala Thomas jeung Uber 2010]] ([[Bulu tangkis]]) diayakeun di [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]] {{MonthR_30_Sal|Juni}} * '''[[9 Juni]]''' — Wengi Pamaparinan [[AMI Awards 2010]] {{MonthR_31_Jum|Oktober}} * '''[[20 Oktober]]''' — Diadegkeunna [[MNCTV]] minangka gaganti [[TPI]] * '''[[25 Oktober]]''' — [[Lini]] [[Marcapada]] di Kapuloan [[Mentawai]] * '''[[26 Oktober]]''' — Meletusna [[Gunung Merapi]] {{MonthR_30_Sen|Nopémber}} * '''[[2 Nopémber]]''' — [[Pamilihan Umum Déwan Pangwakil Rahayat Amérika Sarikat 2010|Pamilu]] [[Déwan Pangwakil Rahayat Amérika Sarikat|DPR Amérika Sarikat]]. == Olahraga == {{MonthR_31_Reb|Désémber}} * '''[[8 Désémber|8]]-[[16 Désémber]]''' — [[Asian Beach Games 2010|Asian Beach Games]] diayakeun di [[Muskat]], [[Oman]] == Kelahiran == * '''[[Méi]]''' — Sénsus Masarakat Indonésia * '''[[11 Juni]]-[[11 Juli]]''' — [[Piala Dunya 2010|Piala Dunya]] (maén bal) diayakeun di [[Afrika Kidul]], jeung timnas [[Spanyol]] minangka jawarana, ku ngéléhkeun timnas [[Walanda]] dina tatandingan pinal. * '''[[3 Oktober|3]]-[[14 Oktober]]''' — [[Commonwealth Games 2010]] diayakeun di [[Delhi]], [[India]] * '''[[12 Nopémber|12]]-[[27 Nopémber]]''' — [[Asian Games 2010|Asian Games Usum Halodo]] diayakeun di [[Guangzhou]], [[Républik Rahayat Cina|China]] == Kapupus == :''Tempo [[Daptar inohong anu maot dina taun 2010]] jeung [[:Kategori:Kematian 2010]]'' == Poé peré nasional di Indonésia == Poé-poé peré nasional jeung cuti bareng resmi Indonésia pikeun taun 2010<ref>{{cite web | title=Tiga Menteri Tandatangani SKB Hari Libur Nasional Tahun 2010 | url=http://www.menkokesra.go.id/content/view/12158/1/ | publisher=[[Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Kesejahteraan Rakyat Republik Indonesia|Kemenkokesra RI]] | date=2009-08-07 | accessdate=2009-08-07 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" cellpadding="4" style="font-size: 90%; margin-top:-.1em;" |- bgcolor=lhtgray ! No || Ping || Poé || Pajéntréan |- ! colspan=4 style="background: lightyellow" | <big>Hari Libur Nasional</big> |- | 1 || [[1 Januari]] || Jumaah || [[Taun Anyar Maséhi]] |- | 2 || [[14 Pébruari]] || Minggu || [[Taun Anyar Imlék]] 2561 |- | 3 || [[26 Pébruari]] || Jumaah || [[Maulid Nabi Muhammad SAW]] (12 [[Rabiul Awal]] 1431[[Kalender Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 4 || [[16 Maret]] || Rebo || [[Nyepi|Hari Raya Nyepi]] ([[Kalender Saka|Tahun Baru Saka]] 1932) |- | 5 || [[2 April]] || Jumaah || [[Jumat Agung|Wafat Yesus Kristus]] |- | 6 || [[13 Méi]] || Kemis || [[Kenaikan Yesus Kristus]] |- | 7 || [[28 Méi]] || Jumaah || [[Waisak|Hari Raya Waisak]] 2554 |- | 8 || [[10 Juli]] || Sabtu || [[Isra dan Mi'raj|Isra' Mi'raj Nabi Muhammad SAW]] (27 [[Rajab]] 1431[[Almenak Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 9 || [[17 Agustus]] || Salasa || [[Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonesia|Proklamasi Hari Kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia]] ka-65 |- | 10 || [[10 Séptémber|10]]-[[11 Séptémber]] || Jumaah-Sabtu || [[Idul Fitri]] (1-2 [[Syawal]] 1431[[Almenak Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 11 || [[17 Nopémber]] || Rebo || [[Idul Adha]] (10 [[Dzulhijjah]] 1431[[Kalender Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 12 || [[7 Désémber]] || Salasa || [[Tahun Baru Hijriyah|Tahun Baru Islam]] (1 [[Muharram]] 1432[[Almenak Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 13 || [[25 Désémber]] || Sabtu || [[Natal|Poé Natal]] |- ! colspan=4 style="background: lightyellow" | <big>Cuti Babarengan [[PNS]]</big> |- | 1 || [[9 Séptémber|9]]-[[12 Séptémber|12]]-[[13 Séptémber]] || Kemis-Minggu-Senén || Cuti babarengan [[Idul Fitri]] |- | 2 || [[24 Désémber]] || Jumaah || Cuti babarengan Natal |} == Tempo Ogé == * [[Abad ka-21]] *[https://crewenktrader.blogspot.com/ Crewenk trader] *[https://www.belajardulinanblog.my.id/ Kumpulan Tips dan Trick] *[https://allfoot1.blogpsot.com/ All About Football] == Référénsi == {{reflist}} htay16aj908v5ha3vg5k7nxje9ofby8 629919 629918 2022-08-06T12:51:28Z 114.79.16.134 wikitext text/x-wiki <b> <br /> {| align=right cellpadding=3 id=toc style="margin-left: 15px;" |- | align="center" colspan=2 | <small>'''Taun:'''</small><br /> [[2005]] [[2006]] [[2007]] [[2008]] [[2009]] - '''2010''' - [[2011]] [[2012]] [[2013]] [[2014]] [[2015]] |- | align="center" colspan=2 | <small>'''[[Gēartīenas]]:'''</small> <b> [[1980-an]] [[1990-an]] - '''[[2000-an]]''' - [[2010-an]] [[2020-an]] [[2030-an]] [[2040-an]] |} == Kajadian == {{MonthR_31_Jum|Januari}} * '''[[12 Januari]]''' — [[Lini]] [[Marcapada]] 7.0 SR di [[Haiti]] * '''[[15 Januari]]''' — [[Samagaha]] [[Panon poé]] {{MonthR_28_Sen|Pébruari}} * '''[[12 Pébruari|12]]-[[28 Pébruari]]''' — Olimpiadeu Usum Ngijih diayakeun di [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]], [[Kanada]] {{MonthR_31_Sen|Maret}} * '''[[5 Maret]]''' — [[Lini]] [[Marcapada]] di [[Kota Padang]] nu tarikna 6,8 SR * '''[[26 Maret]]''' — Wengi Pamaparinan [[Panasonic Gobel Awards 2010]] * '''[[27 Maret]]''' — Laksanana Tarékah [[:id:Earth Hour#Earth Hour 2010|Earth Hour IV]] {{MonthR_30_Kem|April}} * '''[[27 April]]''' — Iinditan [[Karéta api Parahyangan]] jeung [[Karéta api Argo Gedé]] tujuan [[:id:Stasiun Gambir|Jakarta Gambir]] - [[:id:Stasiun Hall|Bandung]] resmi eureun operasina. Iinditan kadua [[Karéta api]] éta digantikeun ku [[Karéta api Argo Parahyangan]] nu mangrupa pamaduan ri dua [[karéta api]] éta. {{MonthR_31_Sap|Méi}} * '''[[9 Méi|9]]-[[16 Méi]]''' — [[Piala Thomas jeung Uber 2010]] ([[Bulu tangkis]]) diayakeun di [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]] {{MonthR_30_Sal|Juni}} * '''[[9 Juni]]''' — Wengi Pamaparinan [[AMI Awards 2010]] {{MonthR_31_Jum|Oktober}} * '''[[20 Oktober]]''' — Diadegkeunna [[MNCTV]] minangka gaganti [[TPI]] * '''[[25 Oktober]]''' — [[Lini]] [[Marcapada]] di Kapuloan [[Mentawai]] * '''[[26 Oktober]]''' — Meletusna [[Gunung Merapi]] {{MonthR_30_Sen|Nopémber}} * '''[[2 Nopémber]]''' — [[Pamilihan Umum Déwan Pangwakil Rahayat Amérika Sarikat 2010|Pamilu]] [[Déwan Pangwakil Rahayat Amérika Sarikat|DPR Amérika Sarikat]]. == Olahraga == {{MonthR_31_Reb|Désémber}} * '''[[8 Désémber|8]]-[[16 Désémber]]''' — [[Asian Beach Games 2010|Asian Beach Games]] diayakeun di [[Muskat]], [[Oman]] == Kelahiran == * '''[[Méi]]''' — Sénsus Masarakat Indonésia * '''[[11 Juni]]-[[11 Juli]]''' — [[Piala Dunya 2010|Piala Dunya]] (maén bal) diayakeun di [[Afrika Kidul]], jeung timnas [[Spanyol]] minangka jawarana, ku ngéléhkeun timnas [[Walanda]] dina tatandingan pinal. * '''[[3 Oktober|3]]-[[14 Oktober]]''' — [[Commonwealth Games 2010]] diayakeun di [[Delhi]], [[India]] * '''[[12 Nopémber|12]]-[[27 Nopémber]]''' — [[Asian Games 2010|Asian Games Usum Halodo]] diayakeun di [[Guangzhou]], [[Républik Rahayat Cina|China]] == Kapupus == :''Tempo [[Daptar inohong anu maot dina taun 2010]] jeung [[:Kategori:Kematian 2010]]'' == Poé peré nasional di Indonésia == Poé-poé peré nasional jeung cuti bareng resmi Indonésia pikeun taun 2010<ref>{{cite web | title=Tiga Menteri Tandatangani SKB Hari Libur Nasional Tahun 2010 | url=http://www.menkokesra.go.id/content/view/12158/1/ | publisher=[[Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Kesejahteraan Rakyat Republik Indonesia|Kemenkokesra RI]] | date=2009-08-07 | accessdate=2009-08-07 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" cellpadding="4" style="font-size: 90%; margin-top:-.1em;" |- bgcolor=lhtgray ! No || Ping || Poé || Pajéntréan |- ! colspan=4 style="background: lightyellow" | <big>Hari Libur Nasional</big> |- | 1 || [[1 Januari]] || Jumaah || [[Taun Anyar Maséhi]] |- | 2 || [[14 Pébruari]] || Minggu || [[Taun Anyar Imlék]] 2561 |- | 3 || [[26 Pébruari]] || Jumaah || [[Maulid Nabi Muhammad SAW]] (12 [[Rabiul Awal]] 1431[[Kalender Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 4 || [[16 Maret]] || Rebo || [[Nyepi|Hari Raya Nyepi]] ([[Kalender Saka|Tahun Baru Saka]] 1932) |- | 5 || [[2 April]] || Jumaah || [[Jumat Agung|Wafat Yesus Kristus]] |- | 6 || [[13 Méi]] || Kemis || [[Kenaikan Yesus Kristus]] |- | 7 || [[28 Méi]] || Jumaah || [[Waisak|Hari Raya Waisak]] 2554 |- | 8 || [[10 Juli]] || Sabtu || [[Isra dan Mi'raj|Isra' Mi'raj Nabi Muhammad SAW]] (27 [[Rajab]] 1431[[Almenak Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 9 || [[17 Agustus]] || Salasa || [[Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonesia|Proklamasi Hari Kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia]] ka-65 |- | 10 || [[10 Séptémber|10]]-[[11 Séptémber]] || Jumaah-Sabtu || [[Idul Fitri]] (1-2 [[Syawal]] 1431[[Almenak Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 11 || [[17 Nopémber]] || Rebo || [[Idul Adha]] (10 [[Dzulhijjah]] 1431[[Kalender Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 12 || [[7 Désémber]] || Salasa || [[Tahun Baru Hijriyah|Tahun Baru Islam]] (1 [[Muharram]] 1432[[Almenak Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 13 || [[25 Désémber]] || Sabtu || [[Natal|Poé Natal]] |- ! colspan=4 style="background: lightyellow" | <big>Cuti Babarengan [[PNS]]</big> |- | 1 || [[9 Séptémber|9]]-[[12 Séptémber|12]]-[[13 Séptémber]] || Kemis-Minggu-Senén || Cuti babarengan [[Idul Fitri]] |- | 2 || [[24 Désémber]] || Jumaah || Cuti babarengan Natal |} == Tempo Ogé == * [[Abad ka-21]] *[https://crewenktrader.blogspot.com/ Crewenk trader] *[https://www.belajardulinanblog.my.id/ Kumpulan Tips dan Trick] *[https://allfoot1.blogpsot.com/ All About Football] == Référénsi == {{reflist}} g1mx0xh8gdas324hpeeuafsnbpakepd 629920 629919 2022-08-06T12:53:54Z 114.79.16.134 wikitext text/x-wiki <b> <br /> {| align=right cellpadding=3 id=toc style="margin-left: 15px;" |- | align="center" colspan=2 | <small>'''Taun:'''</small><b> [[2005]] [[2006]] [[2007]] [[2008]] [[2009]] - '''2010''' - [[2011]] [[2012]] [[2013]] [[2014]] [[2015]] |- | align="center" colspan=2 | <small>'''[[Daptar dékade|Dékade]]:'''</small> <b> [[1980-an]] [[1990-an]] '''[[2000-an]]''' - [[2010-an]] - [[2020-an]] [[2030-an]] [[2040-an]] |} == Kajadian == {{MonthR_31_Jum|Januari}} * '''[[12 Januari]]''' — [[Lini]] [[Marcapada]] 7.0 SR di [[Haiti]] * '''[[15 Januari]]''' — [[Samagaha]] [[Panon poé]] {{MonthR_28_Sen|Pébruari}} * '''[[12 Pébruari|12]]-[[28 Pébruari]]''' — Olimpiadeu Usum Ngijih diayakeun di [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]], [[Kanada]] {{MonthR_31_Sen|Maret}} * '''[[5 Maret]]''' — [[Lini]] [[Marcapada]] di [[Kota Padang]] nu tarikna 6,8 SR * '''[[26 Maret]]''' — Wengi Pamaparinan [[Panasonic Gobel Awards 2010]] * '''[[27 Maret]]''' — Laksanana Tarékah [[:id:Earth Hour#Earth Hour 2010|Earth Hour IV]] {{MonthR_30_Kem|April}} * '''[[27 April]]''' — Iinditan [[Karéta api Parahyangan]] jeung [[Karéta api Argo Gedé]] tujuan [[:id:Stasiun Gambir|Jakarta Gambir]] - [[:id:Stasiun Hall|Bandung]] resmi eureun operasina. Iinditan kadua [[Karéta api]] éta digantikeun ku [[Karéta api Argo Parahyangan]] nu mangrupa pamaduan ri dua [[karéta api]] éta. {{MonthR_31_Sap|Méi}} * '''[[9 Méi|9]]-[[16 Méi]]''' — [[Piala Thomas jeung Uber 2010]] ([[Bulu tangkis]]) diayakeun di [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]] {{MonthR_30_Sal|Juni}} * '''[[9 Juni]]''' — Wengi Pamaparinan [[AMI Awards 2010]] {{MonthR_31_Jum|Oktober}} * '''[[20 Oktober]]''' — Diadegkeunna [[MNCTV]] minangka gaganti [[TPI]] * '''[[25 Oktober]]''' — [[Lini]] [[Marcapada]] di Kapuloan [[Mentawai]] * '''[[26 Oktober]]''' — Meletusna [[Gunung Merapi]] {{MonthR_30_Sen|Nopémber}} * '''[[2 Nopémber]]''' — [[Pamilihan Umum Déwan Pangwakil Rahayat Amérika Sarikat 2010|Pamilu]] [[Déwan Pangwakil Rahayat Amérika Sarikat|DPR Amérika Sarikat]]. == Olahraga == {{MonthR_31_Reb|Désémber}} * '''[[8 Désémber|8]]-[[16 Désémber]]''' — [[Asian Beach Games 2010|Asian Beach Games]] diayakeun di [[Muskat]], [[Oman]] == Kelahiran == * '''[[Méi]]''' — Sénsus Masarakat Indonésia * '''[[11 Juni]]-[[11 Juli]]''' — [[Piala Dunya 2010|Piala Dunya]] (maén bal) diayakeun di [[Afrika Kidul]], jeung timnas [[Spanyol]] minangka jawarana, ku ngéléhkeun timnas [[Walanda]] dina tatandingan pinal. * '''[[3 Oktober|3]]-[[14 Oktober]]''' — [[Commonwealth Games 2010]] diayakeun di [[Delhi]], [[India]] * '''[[12 Nopémber|12]]-[[27 Nopémber]]''' — [[Asian Games 2010|Asian Games Usum Halodo]] diayakeun di [[Guangzhou]], [[Républik Rahayat Cina|China]] == Kapupus == :''Tempo [[Daptar inohong anu maot dina taun 2010]] jeung [[:Kategori:Kematian 2010]]'' == Poé peré nasional di Indonésia == Poé-poé peré nasional jeung cuti bareng resmi Indonésia pikeun taun 2010<ref>{{cite web | title=Tiga Menteri Tandatangani SKB Hari Libur Nasional Tahun 2010 | url=http://www.menkokesra.go.id/content/view/12158/1/ | publisher=[[Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Kesejahteraan Rakyat Republik Indonesia|Kemenkokesra RI]] | date=2009-08-07 | accessdate=2009-08-07 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" cellpadding="4" style="font-size: 90%; margin-top:-.1em;" |- bgcolor=lhtgray ! No || Ping || Poé || Pajéntréan |- ! colspan=4 style="background: lightyellow" | <big>Hari Libur Nasional</big> |- | 1 || [[1 Januari]] || Jumaah || [[Taun Anyar Maséhi]] |- | 2 || [[14 Pébruari]] || Minggu || [[Taun Anyar Imlék]] 2561 |- | 3 || [[26 Pébruari]] || Jumaah || [[Maulid Nabi Muhammad SAW]] (12 [[Rabiul Awal]] 1431[[Kalender Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 4 || [[16 Maret]] || Rebo || [[Nyepi|Hari Raya Nyepi]] ([[Kalender Saka|Tahun Baru Saka]] 1932) |- | 5 || [[2 April]] || Jumaah || [[Jumat Agung|Wafat Yesus Kristus]] |- | 6 || [[13 Méi]] || Kemis || [[Kenaikan Yesus Kristus]] |- | 7 || [[28 Méi]] || Jumaah || [[Waisak|Hari Raya Waisak]] 2554 |- | 8 || [[10 Juli]] || Sabtu || [[Isra dan Mi'raj|Isra' Mi'raj Nabi Muhammad SAW]] (27 [[Rajab]] 1431[[Almenak Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 9 || [[17 Agustus]] || Salasa || [[Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonesia|Proklamasi Hari Kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia]] ka-65 |- | 10 || [[10 Séptémber|10]]-[[11 Séptémber]] || Jumaah-Sabtu || [[Idul Fitri]] (1-2 [[Syawal]] 1431[[Almenak Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 11 || [[17 Nopémber]] || Rebo || [[Idul Adha]] (10 [[Dzulhijjah]] 1431[[Kalender Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 12 || [[7 Désémber]] || Salasa || [[Tahun Baru Hijriyah|Tahun Baru Islam]] (1 [[Muharram]] 1432[[Almenak Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 13 || [[25 Désémber]] || Sabtu || [[Natal|Poé Natal]] |- ! colspan=4 style="background: lightyellow" | <big>Cuti Babarengan [[PNS]]</big> |- | 1 || [[9 Séptémber|9]]-[[12 Séptémber|12]]-[[13 Séptémber]] || Kemis-Minggu-Senén || Cuti babarengan [[Idul Fitri]] |- | 2 || [[24 Désémber]] || Jumaah || Cuti babarengan Natal |} == Tempo Ogé == * [[Abad ka-21]] *[https://crewenktrader.blogspot.com/ Crewenk trader] *[https://www.belajardulinanblog.my.id/ Kumpulan Tips dan Trick] *[https://allfoot1.blogpsot.com/ All About Football] == Référénsi == {{reflist}} aco1hvbyyf1w1fpvwk6nrl36ln5vudd 629921 629920 2022-08-06T13:01:39Z 114.79.16.134 wikitext text/x-wiki <b> <br /> {| align=right cellpadding=3 id=toc style="margin-left: 15px;" |- | align="center" colspan=2 | <small>'''Taun:'''</small><b> [[2005]] [[2006]] [[2007]] [[2008]] [[2009]] - '''2010''' - [[2011]] [[2012]] [[2013]] [[2014]] [[2015]] |- | align="center" colspan=2 | <small>'''[[Daptar dékade|Dékade]]:'''</small> <b> [[1980-an]] [[1990-an]] '''[[2000-an]]''' - [[2010-an]] - [[2020-an]] [[2030-an]] [[2040-an]] |- | align="center" | <small>'''[[Daptar abad|Abad]]:'''</small> <b> [[Abad ka-20]] - '''[[Abad ka-21]]''' - [[Abad ka-22]] |} == Kajadian == {{MonthR_31_Jum|Januari}} * '''[[12 Januari]]''' — [[Lini]] [[Marcapada]] 7.0 SR di [[Haiti]] * '''[[15 Januari]]''' — [[Samagaha]] [[Panon poé]] {{MonthR_28_Sen|Pébruari}} * '''[[12 Pébruari|12]]-[[28 Pébruari]]''' — Olimpiadeu Usum Ngijih diayakeun di [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]], [[Kanada]] {{MonthR_31_Sen|Maret}} * '''[[5 Maret]]''' — [[Lini]] [[Marcapada]] di [[Kota Padang]] nu tarikna 6,8 SR * '''[[26 Maret]]''' — Wengi Pamaparinan [[Panasonic Gobel Awards 2010]] * '''[[27 Maret]]''' — Laksanana Tarékah [[:id:Earth Hour#Earth Hour 2010|Earth Hour IV]] {{MonthR_30_Kem|April}} * '''[[27 April]]''' — Iinditan [[Karéta api Parahyangan]] jeung [[Karéta api Argo Gedé]] tujuan [[:id:Stasiun Gambir|Jakarta Gambir]] - [[:id:Stasiun Hall|Bandung]] resmi eureun operasina. Iinditan kadua [[Karéta api]] éta digantikeun ku [[Karéta api Argo Parahyangan]] nu mangrupa pamaduan ri dua [[karéta api]] éta. {{MonthR_31_Sap|Méi}} * '''[[9 Méi|9]]-[[16 Méi]]''' — [[Piala Thomas jeung Uber 2010]] ([[Bulu tangkis]]) diayakeun di [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]] {{MonthR_30_Sal|Juni}} * '''[[9 Juni]]''' — Wengi Pamaparinan [[AMI Awards 2010]] {{MonthR_31_Jum|Oktober}} * '''[[20 Oktober]]''' — Diadegkeunna [[MNCTV]] minangka gaganti [[TPI]] * '''[[25 Oktober]]''' — [[Lini]] [[Marcapada]] di Kapuloan [[Mentawai]] * '''[[26 Oktober]]''' — Meletusna [[Gunung Merapi]] {{MonthR_30_Sen|Nopémber}} * '''[[2 Nopémber]]''' — [[Pamilihan Umum Déwan Pangwakil Rahayat Amérika Sarikat 2010|Pamilu]] [[Déwan Pangwakil Rahayat Amérika Sarikat|DPR Amérika Sarikat]]. == Olahraga == {{MonthR_31_Reb|Désémber}} * '''[[8 Désémber|8]]-[[16 Désémber]]''' — [[Asian Beach Games 2010|Asian Beach Games]] diayakeun di [[Muskat]], [[Oman]] == Kelahiran == * '''[[Méi]]''' — Sénsus Masarakat Indonésia * '''[[11 Juni]]-[[11 Juli]]''' — [[Piala Dunya 2010|Piala Dunya]] (maén bal) diayakeun di [[Afrika Kidul]], jeung timnas [[Spanyol]] minangka jawarana, ku ngéléhkeun timnas [[Walanda]] dina tatandingan pinal. * '''[[3 Oktober|3]]-[[14 Oktober]]''' — [[Commonwealth Games 2010]] diayakeun di [[Delhi]], [[India]] * '''[[12 Nopémber|12]]-[[27 Nopémber]]''' — [[Asian Games 2010|Asian Games Usum Halodo]] diayakeun di [[Guangzhou]], [[Républik Rahayat Cina|China]] == Kapupus == :''Tempo [[Daptar inohong anu maot dina taun 2010]] jeung [[:Kategori:Kematian 2010]]'' == Poé peré nasional di Indonésia == Poé-poé peré nasional jeung cuti bareng resmi Indonésia pikeun taun 2010<ref>{{cite web | title=Tiga Menteri Tandatangani SKB Hari Libur Nasional Tahun 2010 | url=http://www.menkokesra.go.id/content/view/12158/1/ | publisher=[[Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Kesejahteraan Rakyat Republik Indonesia|Kemenkokesra RI]] | date=2009-08-07 | accessdate=2009-08-07 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" cellpadding="4" style="font-size: 90%; margin-top:-.1em;" |- bgcolor=lhtgray ! No || Ping || Poé || Pajéntréan |- ! colspan=4 style="background: lightyellow" | <big>Hari Libur Nasional</big> |- | 1 || [[1 Januari]] || Jumaah || [[Taun Anyar Maséhi]] |- | 2 || [[14 Pébruari]] || Minggu || [[Taun Anyar Imlék]] 2561 |- | 3 || [[26 Pébruari]] || Jumaah || [[Maulid Nabi Muhammad SAW]] (12 [[Rabiul Awal]] 1431[[Kalender Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 4 || [[16 Maret]] || Rebo || [[Nyepi|Hari Raya Nyepi]] ([[Kalender Saka|Tahun Baru Saka]] 1932) |- | 5 || [[2 April]] || Jumaah || [[Jumat Agung|Wafat Yesus Kristus]] |- | 6 || [[13 Méi]] || Kemis || [[Kenaikan Yesus Kristus]] |- | 7 || [[28 Méi]] || Jumaah || [[Waisak|Hari Raya Waisak]] 2554 |- | 8 || [[10 Juli]] || Sabtu || [[Isra dan Mi'raj|Isra' Mi'raj Nabi Muhammad SAW]] (27 [[Rajab]] 1431[[Almenak Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 9 || [[17 Agustus]] || Salasa || [[Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonesia|Proklamasi Hari Kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia]] ka-65 |- | 10 || [[10 Séptémber|10]]-[[11 Séptémber]] || Jumaah-Sabtu || [[Idul Fitri]] (1-2 [[Syawal]] 1431[[Almenak Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 11 || [[17 Nopémber]] || Rebo || [[Idul Adha]] (10 [[Dzulhijjah]] 1431[[Kalender Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 12 || [[7 Désémber]] || Salasa || [[Tahun Baru Hijriyah|Tahun Baru Islam]] (1 [[Muharram]] 1432[[Almenak Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 13 || [[25 Désémber]] || Sabtu || [[Natal|Poé Natal]] |- ! colspan=4 style="background: lightyellow" | <big>Cuti Babarengan [[PNS]]</big> |- | 1 || [[9 Séptémber|9]]-[[12 Séptémber|12]]-[[13 Séptémber]] || Kemis-Minggu-Senén || Cuti babarengan [[Idul Fitri]] |- | 2 || [[24 Désémber]] || Jumaah || Cuti babarengan Natal |} == Tempo Ogé == * [[Abad ka-21]] *[https://crewenktrader.blogspot.com/ Crewenk trader] *[https://www.belajardulinanblog.my.id/ Kumpulan Tips dan Trick] *[https://allfoot1.blogpsot.com/ All About Football] == Référénsi == {{reflist}} 7a9tkbywirgqwe0tkllp8pp56lssib2 629928 629921 2022-08-06T13:36:34Z 114.79.16.134 wikitext text/x-wiki <b> {| align=right cellpadding=3 id=toc style="margin-left: 15px;" |- | align="center" colspan=2 | <small>'''Taun:'''</small><b> [[2005]] [[2006]] [[2007]] [[2008]] [[2009]] - '''2010''' - [[2011]] [[2012]] [[2013]] [[2014]] [[2015]] |- | align="center" colspan=2 | <small>'''[[Daptar dékade|Dékade]]:'''</small> <b> [[1980-an]] [[1990-an]] '''[[2000-an]]''' - [[2010-an]] - [[2020-an]] [[2030-an]] [[2040-an]] |- | align="center" | <small>'''[[Daptar abad|Abad]]:'''</small> <b> [[Abad ka-20]] - '''[[Abad ka-21]]''' - [[Abad ka-22]] |} == Kajadian == {{MonthR_31_Jum|Januari}} * '''[[12 Januari]]''' — [[Lini]] [[Marcapada]] 7.0 SR di [[Haiti]] * '''[[15 Januari]]''' — [[Samagaha]] [[Panon poé]] {{MonthR_28_Sen|Pébruari}} * '''[[12 Pébruari|12]]-[[28 Pébruari]]''' — Olimpiadeu Usum Ngijih diayakeun di [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]], [[Kanada]] {{MonthR_31_Sen|Maret}} * '''[[5 Maret]]''' — [[Lini]] [[Marcapada]] di [[Kota Padang]] nu tarikna 6,8 SR * '''[[26 Maret]]''' — Wengi Pamaparinan [[Panasonic Gobel Awards 2010]] * '''[[27 Maret]]''' — Laksanana Tarékah [[:id:Earth Hour#Earth Hour 2010|Earth Hour IV]] {{MonthR_30_Kem|April}} * '''[[27 April]]''' — Iinditan [[Karéta api Parahyangan]] jeung [[Karéta api Argo Gedé]] tujuan [[:id:Stasiun Gambir|Jakarta Gambir]] - [[:id:Stasiun Hall|Bandung]] resmi eureun operasina. Iinditan kadua [[Karéta api]] éta digantikeun ku [[Karéta api Argo Parahyangan]] nu mangrupa pamaduan ri dua [[karéta api]] éta. {{MonthR_31_Sap|Méi}} * '''[[9 Méi|9]]-[[16 Méi]]''' — [[Piala Thomas jeung Uber 2010]] ([[Bulu tangkis]]) diayakeun di [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]] {{MonthR_30_Sal|Juni}} * '''[[9 Juni]]''' — Wengi Pamaparinan [[AMI Awards 2010]] {{MonthR_31_Jum|Oktober}} * '''[[20 Oktober]]''' — Diadegkeunna [[MNCTV]] minangka gaganti [[TPI]] * '''[[25 Oktober]]''' — [[Lini]] [[Marcapada]] di Kapuloan [[Mentawai]] * '''[[26 Oktober]]''' — Meletusna [[Gunung Merapi]] {{MonthR_30_Sen|Nopémber}} * '''[[2 Nopémber]]''' — [[Pamilihan Umum Déwan Pangwakil Rahayat Amérika Sarikat 2010|Pamilu]] [[Déwan Pangwakil Rahayat Amérika Sarikat|DPR Amérika Sarikat]]. == Olahraga == {{MonthR_31_Reb|Désémber}} * '''[[8 Désémber|8]]-[[16 Désémber]]''' — [[Asian Beach Games 2010|Asian Beach Games]] diayakeun di [[Muskat]], [[Oman]] == Kelahiran == * '''[[Méi]]''' — Sénsus Masarakat Indonésia * '''[[11 Juni]]-[[11 Juli]]''' — [[Piala Dunya 2010|Piala Dunya]] (maén bal) diayakeun di [[Afrika Kidul]], jeung timnas [[Spanyol]] minangka jawarana, ku ngéléhkeun timnas [[Walanda]] dina tatandingan pinal. * '''[[3 Oktober|3]]-[[14 Oktober]]''' — [[Commonwealth Games 2010]] diayakeun di [[Delhi]], [[India]] * '''[[12 Nopémber|12]]-[[27 Nopémber]]''' — [[Asian Games 2010|Asian Games Usum Halodo]] diayakeun di [[Guangzhou]], [[Républik Rahayat Cina|China]] == Kapupus == :''Tempo [[Daptar inohong anu maot dina taun 2010]] jeung [[:Kategori:Kematian 2010]]'' == Poé peré nasional di Indonésia == Poé-poé peré nasional jeung cuti bareng resmi Indonésia pikeun taun 2010<ref>{{cite web | title=Tiga Menteri Tandatangani SKB Hari Libur Nasional Tahun 2010 | url=http://www.menkokesra.go.id/content/view/12158/1/ | publisher=[[Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Kesejahteraan Rakyat Republik Indonesia|Kemenkokesra RI]] | date=2009-08-07 | accessdate=2009-08-07 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" cellpadding="4" style="font-size: 90%; margin-top:-.1em;" |- bgcolor=lhtgray ! No || Ping || Poé || Pajéntréan |- ! colspan=4 style="background: lightyellow" | <big>Hari Libur Nasional</big> |- | 1 || [[1 Januari]] || Jumaah || [[Taun Anyar Maséhi]] |- | 2 || [[14 Pébruari]] || Minggu || [[Taun Anyar Imlék]] 2561 |- | 3 || [[26 Pébruari]] || Jumaah || [[Maulid Nabi Muhammad SAW]] (12 [[Rabiul Awal]] 1431[[Kalender Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 4 || [[16 Maret]] || Rebo || [[Nyepi|Hari Raya Nyepi]] ([[Kalender Saka|Tahun Baru Saka]] 1932) |- | 5 || [[2 April]] || Jumaah || [[Jumat Agung|Wafat Yesus Kristus]] |- | 6 || [[13 Méi]] || Kemis || [[Kenaikan Yesus Kristus]] |- | 7 || [[28 Méi]] || Jumaah || [[Waisak|Hari Raya Waisak]] 2554 |- | 8 || [[10 Juli]] || Sabtu || [[Isra dan Mi'raj|Isra' Mi'raj Nabi Muhammad SAW]] (27 [[Rajab]] 1431[[Almenak Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 9 || [[17 Agustus]] || Salasa || [[Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonesia|Proklamasi Hari Kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia]] ka-65 |- | 10 || [[10 Séptémber|10]]-[[11 Séptémber]] || Jumaah-Sabtu || [[Idul Fitri]] (1-2 [[Syawal]] 1431[[Almenak Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 11 || [[17 Nopémber]] || Rebo || [[Idul Adha]] (10 [[Dzulhijjah]] 1431[[Kalender Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 12 || [[7 Désémber]] || Salasa || [[Tahun Baru Hijriyah|Tahun Baru Islam]] (1 [[Muharram]] 1432[[Almenak Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 13 || [[25 Désémber]] || Sabtu || [[Natal|Poé Natal]] |- ! colspan=4 style="background: lightyellow" | <big>Cuti Babarengan [[PNS]]</big> |- | 1 || [[9 Séptémber|9]]-[[12 Séptémber|12]]-[[13 Séptémber]] || Kemis-Minggu-Senén || Cuti babarengan [[Idul Fitri]] |- | 2 || [[24 Désémber]] || Jumaah || Cuti babarengan Natal |} == Tempo Ogé == * [[Abad ka-21]] *[https://crewenktrader.blogspot.com/ Crewenk trader] *[https://www.belajardulinanblog.my.id/ Kumpulan Tips dan Trick] *[https://allfoot1.blogpsot.com/ All About Football] == Référénsi == {{reflist}} 1ra5kwy6y4usryxhu9lestyf1k4kp64 0 41670 629900 629023 2022-08-06T12:11:37Z 114.79.16.134 /* Kajadian */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{taun nav|2012}} == Kajadian == === Januari === {{MonthR_31_Min|Januari}} === Pébruari === {{MonthR_29_Reb|Pébruari}} * [[10 Pébruari]] - Prohram [[One Day No Rice]] di [[Kota Dépok]] dikawitan. === Maret === {{MonthR_31_Kem|Maret}} * [[6 Maret]] - Nyamat harga [[BBM]] naék dina bulan [[April]] nu bakal karandapan, harga [[sembako]] geus ngamimitian naék. * [[27 Maret]] - Wengi pamapatinan [[Panasonic Gobel Awards 2012]]. === April ==={{MonthR_30_Min|April}} * [[11 April]] - [[Lini Sumatera April 2012|Lini marcapada]] tarikna 8,5 [[Skala Richter|SR]] anu puseurna di Kulon ngidul [[Kabupaten Simeulue|Simeulue]], [[provinsi Acéh]] sarta ponténsial [[tsunami]]. * [[28 April]] - Peuting pamaparinan [[Miss Indonésia 2012]] pinunjul umum ku [[Inés Putri|Ines Putri Tjiptadi Chandra]] ti [[Bali]]. === Méi === {{MonthR_31_Sal|Méi}} * [[10 Méi]] - [[Sukhoi Superjet 100|Kapal udara Sukhoi Superjet 100]] dikonfirmasi [[Kacilakaan Sukhoi Superjet 100 di Gunung Salak|murag]] di daérah [[Gunung Salak]], lembur [[Cidahu, Sukabumi|Cidahu]], [[kabupatén Sukabumi]], [[provinsi Jawa kulon]] nalika keur démo ngawang di [[Indonésia]]. * [[13 Méi]] - Kahuruan di gedong [[Trans Corp]] jam 16.14 [[WIK]], anu ngakibatkeun [[Trans7]] jeung [[Trans TV]] pikeun saheulaanan mah teu ngajomantara salila babaraha jam, sarta duanana ngajomantara deui jam 20.36 WIK. * [[26 Méi]] - {{bd|Républik Rahayat Tiongkok}} meunang ngalawan {{bd|Koréa Kidul}} dina [[Piala Thomas jeung Uber 2012#Final 2|final Piala Uber]] dengan skor 3-0. * [[27 Méi]] - {{bd|Républik Rahayat Tiongkok}} meunang ngalawan {{bd|Korea Kidul}} dina [[Piala Thomas jeung Uber 2012#Final|final Piala Thomas]] dengan skor 3-0. * [[31 Méi]] - Peuting pamaparinan [[Indonesian Movie Awards 2012]] pinunjul umum ku "[[Garuda di Dadaku 2]]". === Juni === {{MonthR_30_Jum|Juni}} * [[8 Juni]] ** [[Kajawaraan Sépak Bola Éropa UEFA 2012]] sacara resmi dibuka di [[Stadion Nasional Warsawa|Stadion Nasional]], [[Warsawa]], [[Polandia]]. ** {{timnas|Polandia}} meunang ti {{timnas|Yunani}} sacara resmi [[Grup A Kejuaraan Sepak Bola Eropa UEFA 2012#Polandia vs Yunani|dibuka pertandingan]] [[Kejuaraan Sepak Bola Eropa UEFA 2012]] dengan skor 1-1. === Juli === {{MonthR_31_Min|Juli}} * [[1 Juli]] ** [[Kejuaraan Sepak Bola Eropa UEFA 2012]] secara resmi ditutup di [[Stadion Olimpiade Kiev|Stadion Olimpiade]], [[Kiev]], [[Ukraina]]. ** {{timnas|Spanyol}} menang atas {{timnas|Italia}} dalam [[Final Kejuaraan Sepak Bola Eropa UEFA 2012|final]] [[Kejuaraan Sepak Bola Eropa UEFA 2012]] dengan skor 4-0. * [[4 Juli]] - Malam penganugerahan [[Anugerah Musik Indonesia 2012]] juara umum oleh "[[Meraih Bintang]]" yang dipenyanyikan oleh [[Geisha]]. * [[7 Juli]] - [[Indonesian Idol (musim ketujuh)|Indonesian Idol Season 7]] ini dimenangkan oleh [[Regina Ivanova]] mengalahkan [[Kamasean Matthews]] di babak hasil dan reuni dengan lagu juara umum 'winning song' berjudul "Kemenangan" dengan sebuah 'grand final' yang dipenyanyikan oleh [[Regina Ivanova]] dengan hasil 'pemenang' dan urutan tampil 8. * [[14 Juli]] - Malam penganugerahan [[Nickelodeon Indonesia Kids' Choice Awards#Indonesia KCA 2012|Nickelodeon Indonesia Kids' Choice Awards 2012]]. * [[20 Juli]] - Pemerintah Indonésia mengumumkan 1 [[Ramadan]] 1422 Hijriah jatuh Sabtu, [[21 Juli]] 2012. * [[27 Juli]] - [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 2012]] secara resmi dibuka di [[w:en:Olympic Stadium (London)|Stadion Olimpiade]], [[London]], [[Inggris Raya]]. === Agustus === {{MonthR_31_Reb|Agustus}} * [[12 Agustus]] ** [[Amerika Serikat]] juara umum [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 2012]]. ** [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 2012]] secara resmi ditutup di [[w:en:Olympic Stadium (London)|Stadion Olimpiade]], [[London]], [[Inggris Raya]]. * [[17 Agustus]] - Merangka Peringati Hari Ulang taun (HUT) [[Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia]] yang ke-67 dibacakan oleh [[Ketua Eksekutif Hong Kong]] ke-2 adalah [[Donald Tsang]] yang didampingi oleh Mantan [[Wakil Presiden Republik Indonesia]] ke-6 adalah dari halaman [[Istana Presiden Republik Indonesia]] adalah [[Istana Merdeka]] di [[Jalan Medan Merdeka (Jakarta)|Jalan Medan Merdeka Utara]], kompleks [[Medan Merdeka]], kawasan [[Gambir, Jakarta Pusat]]. * [[18 Agustus]] - Pemerintah Indonésia mengumumkan 1 [[Syawal]] 1431 Hijriah jatuh Minggu, [[19 Agustus]] 2012. * [[24 Agustus]] * [[29 Agustus]] - [[Paralimpiade Musim Panas 2012]] secara resmi dibuka di [[w:en:Olympic Stadium (London)|Stadion Olimpiade]], [[London]], [[Inggris Raya]]. === Séptémber === {{MonthR_30_Sap|Séptémber}} * [[9 Séptémber]] ** [[Republik Rakyat China]] juara umum [[Paralimpiade Musim Panas 2012]]. ** [[Paralimpiade Musim Panas 2012]] secara resmi ditutup di [[w:en:Olympic Stadium (London)|Stadion Olimpiade]], [[London]], [[Inggris Raya]]. * [[11 Séptémber]] - [[Pekan Olahraga Nasional XVIII|Pekan Olahraga Nasional 2012]] secara resmi dibuka di [[Stadion Utama Riau]], [[Pekanbaru]], [[Riau]]. * [[20 Séptémber]] ** [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta]] juara umum [[Pekan Olahraga Nasional XVIII|Pekan Olahraga Nasional 2012]]. ** [[Pekan Olahraga Nasional XVIII|Pekan Olahraga Nasional 2012]] secara resmi ditutup di [[Stadion Utama Riau]], [[Pekanbaru]], [[Riau]]. === Oktober === {{MonthR_31_Sen|Oktober}} === Nopémber === {{MonthR_30_Kem|Nopémber}} * [[24 November]] ** [[Piala Suzuki AFF 2012]] secara resmi dibuka di [[Stadion Rajamangala]], [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]]. ** {{timnas|Vietnam}} menang atas {{timnas|Myanmar}} secara resmi [[Piala Suzuki AFF 2012#Grup A|di buka pertandingan]] [[Piala Suzuki AFF 2012]] dengan skor 1-1. === Desember === {{MonthR_31_Sap|Desember}} * [[8 Desember]] - Malam penganugerahan [[Festival Film Indonesia 2012#Piala Citra FFI 2012|Piala Citra Festival Film Indonesia 2012]] juara umum oleh "[[Tanah Surga... Katanya]]". * [[22 Desember]] ** [[Piala Suzuki AFF 2012]] secara resmi ditutup di [[Stadion Suphachalasai]], [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]]. ** {{timnas|Singapura}} menang atas {{timnas|Thailand}} dalam [[Piala Suzuki AFF 2012#Final|final]] [[Piala Suzuki AFF 2012]] dengan skor 3-2. * [[29 Desember]] - Malam penganugerahan [[Festival Film Indonesia 2012#Piala Vidia FFI 2012|Piala Vidia Festival Film Indonesia 2012]] juara umum oleh "Prahara Terindah". == Olahraga == * [[9 Juni]]-[[1 Juli]] - [[Kejuaraan Sepak Bola Eropa UEFA 2012|Piala Eropa 2012]] di [[Polandia]] dan [[Ukraina]] * [[27 Juli]]-[[12 Agustus]] - [[Olimpiade 2012]] di [[London]]-[[Inggris]]. * [[Asian Beach Games 2012]] di [[Haiyang]]-[[Republik Rakyat Tiongkok]]. * [[Pekan Olahraga Nasional XVIII]] di [[Pekanbaru]]-[[Riau]]. * [[Piala Dunia Wanita U-20 FIFA 2012]] di [[Jepang]]. == Kapupus == * [[31 Januari]] - [[Ade Namnung]], pelawak [[Indonesia]] (lahir [[1977]]). * [[11 Februari]] - [[Whitney Houston]], [[penyanyi]] Amérika Serikat. * [[10 Maret]] - [[Olivia Dewi]], [[Model]] Indonésia. * [[18 April]] - Sudomo, Mantan Pangkobkamtib. * [[25 Agustus]] - [[Neil Armstrong]], astronot Amérika Serikat. == Poé peré nasional di Indonésia == Hari-hari libur nasional dan cuti bersama Indonésia untuk taun 2012:<ref>{{cite web | title=Libur Nasional dan Cuti Bersama 2012 | url=http://www.menkokesra.go.id/content/libur-nasional-dan-cuti-bersama-2012 | publisher= | date=13 Juli 2011 | accessdate=2011-07-13}} </ref><ref>{{cite web | title=31 Desember Jadi Cuti Bersama | url=http://nasional.kompas.com/read/2012/02/01/18532479/31.Desember.Jadi.Cuti.Bersama | publisher= | date=13 Juni 2012 | accessdate=2013-08-26}} </ref>{{br}} {| class="wikitable" cellpadding="4" style="font-size: 90%; margin-top:-.1em;" |- bgcolor=lightgray ! No || Tanggal || Hari || Keterangan |- ! colspan=4 style="background: lightyellow" | <big>Hari Libur Nasional</big> |- | 1 || [[1 Januari]] || Minggu || [[Tahun Baru Masehi]] |- | 2 || [[23 Januari]] || Senin || [[Tahun Baru Imlek]] 2563 |- | 3 || [[5 Februari]] || Minggu || [[Maulid Nabi Muhammad SAW]] (12 [[Rabiul Awal]] 1433[[Kalender Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 4 || [[23 Maret]] || Jumat || [[Nyepi|Hari Raya Nyepi]] ([[Kalender Saka|Tahun Baru Saka]] 1934) |- | 5 || [[6 April]] || Jumat || [[Jumat Agung|Wafat Yesus Kristus]] |- | 6 || [[6 Mei]] || Minggu || [[Waisak|Hari Raya Waisak]] 2556 |- | 7 || [[17 Mei]] || Kamis || [[Kenaikan Yesus Kristus]] |- | 8 || [[17 Juni]] || Minggu || [[Isra dan Mi'raj|Isra' Mi'raj Nabi Muhammad SAW]] (27 [[Rajab]] 1433[[Kalender Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 9 || [[17 Agustus]] || Jumat || [[Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia|Proklamasi Hari Kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia]] ke-67 |- | 10 || [[19 Agustus|19]]-[[20 Agustus]] || Minggu-Senin || [[Idul Fitri]] (1-2 [[Syawal]] 1433[[Kalender Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 11 || [[26 Oktober]] || Jumat || [[Idul Adha]] (10 [[Dzulhijjah]] 1434[[Kalender Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 12 || [[15 November]] || Kamis || [[Tahun Baru Hijriyah|Tahun Baru Islam]] (1 [[Muharram]] 1434[[Kalender Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 13 || [[25 Desember]] || Selasa || [[Natal|Hari Raya Natal]] |- ! colspan=4 style="background: lightyellow" | <big>Cuti Bersama [[PNS]]</big> |- | 1 || [[18 Mei]] || Jumat || Cuti bersama [[Kenaikan Yesus Kristus]] |- | 2 || [[21 Agustus|21]]-[[22 Agustus]] || Selasa-Rabu || Cuti bersama [[Idul Fitri]] (3-4 [[Syawal]] 1433[[Kalender Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 3 || [[16 November]] || Jumat || Cuti bersama [[Tahun Baru Hijriyah|Tahun Baru Islam]] (2 [[Muharram]] 1434[[Kalender Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 4 || [[24 Desember]] || Senin || Cuti bersama [[Natal]] |- | 5 || [[31 Desember]] || Senin || Cuti bersama [[Tahun Baru Masehi]] |} == Tempo Ogé == * Pilem anu nyaritakeun kiamat dumasar kana parkiraan bangsa Maya == Pranala luar == * [http://www.survive2012.com/ Situs web Survive2012] * [http://www.december212012.com/ December212012] * [http://www.survive2012.com/why_2012_maya.php Perhitungan kalender suku Indian Maya] * [http://www.2012isreal.com/ 2012isreal] == Referensi == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:2012]] jtbl3zfyjdqlvenjrvvn6tnpbe71fas 629901 629900 2022-08-06T12:14:05Z 114.79.16.134 /* Kajadian */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{taun nav|2012}} == Kajadian == === Januari === {{MonthR_31_Min|Januari}} === Pébruari === {{MonthR_29_Reb|Pébruari}} * [[10 Pébruari]] - Prohram [[One Day No Rice]] di [[Kota Dépok]] dikawitan. === Maret === {{MonthR_31_Kem|Maret}} * [[6 Maret]] - Nyamat harga [[BBM]] naék dina bulan [[April]] nu bakal karandapan, harga [[sembako]] geus ngamimitian naék. * [[27 Maret]] - Wengi pamapatinan [[Panasonic Gobel Awards 2012]]. === April === {{MonthR_30_Min|April}} * [[11 April]] - [[Lini Sumatera April 2012|Lini marcapada]] tarikna 8,5 [[Skala Richter|SR]] anu puseurna di Kulon ngidul [[Kabupaten Simeulue|Simeulue]], [[provinsi Acéh]] sarta ponténsial [[tsunami]]. * [[28 April]] - Peuting pamaparinan [[Miss Indonésia 2012]] pinunjul umum ku [[Inés Putri|Ines Putri Tjiptadi Chandra]] ti [[Bali]]. === Méi === {{MonthR_31_Sal|Méi}} * [[10 Méi]] - [[Sukhoi Superjet 100|Kapal udara Sukhoi Superjet 100]] dikonfirmasi [[Kacilakaan Sukhoi Superjet 100 di Gunung Salak|murag]] di daérah [[Gunung Salak]], lembur [[Cidahu, Sukabumi|Cidahu]], [[kabupatén Sukabumi]], [[provinsi Jawa kulon]] nalika keur démo ngawang di [[Indonésia]]. * [[13 Méi]] - Kahuruan di gedong [[Trans Corp]] jam 16.14 [[WIK]], anu ngakibatkeun [[Trans7]] jeung [[Trans TV]] pikeun saheulaanan mah teu ngajomantara salila babaraha jam, sarta duanana ngajomantara deui jam 20.36 WIK. * [[26 Méi]] - {{bd|Républik Rahayat Tiongkok}} meunang ngalawan {{bd|Koréa Kidul}} dina [[Piala Thomas jeung Uber 2012#Final 2|final Piala Uber]] dengan skor 3-0. * [[27 Méi]] - {{bd|Républik Rahayat Tiongkok}} meunang ngalawan {{bd|Korea Kidul}} dina [[Piala Thomas jeung Uber 2012#Final|final Piala Thomas]] dengan skor 3-0. * [[31 Méi]] - Peuting pamaparinan [[Indonesian Movie Awards 2012]] pinunjul umum ku "[[Garuda di Dadaku 2]]". === Juni === {{MonthR_30_Jum|Juni}} * [[8 Juni]] ** [[Kajawaraan Sépak Bola Éropa UEFA 2012]] sacara resmi dibuka di [[Stadion Nasional Warsawa|Stadion Nasional]], [[Warsawa]], [[Polandia]]. ** {{timnas|Polandia}} meunang ti {{timnas|Yunani}} sacara resmi [[Grup A Kejuaraan Sepak Bola Eropa UEFA 2012#Polandia vs Yunani|dibuka pertandingan]] [[Kejuaraan Sepak Bola Eropa UEFA 2012]] dengan skor 1-1. === Juli === {{MonthR_31_Min|Juli}} * [[1 Juli]] ** [[Kejuaraan Sepak Bola Eropa UEFA 2012]] secara resmi ditutup di [[Stadion Olimpiade Kiev|Stadion Olimpiade]], [[Kiev]], [[Ukraina]]. ** {{timnas|Spanyol}} menang atas {{timnas|Italia}} dalam [[Final Kejuaraan Sepak Bola Eropa UEFA 2012|final]] [[Kejuaraan Sepak Bola Eropa UEFA 2012]] dengan skor 4-0. * [[4 Juli]] - Malam penganugerahan [[Anugerah Musik Indonesia 2012]] juara umum oleh "[[Meraih Bintang]]" yang dipenyanyikan oleh [[Geisha]]. * [[7 Juli]] - [[Indonesian Idol (musim ketujuh)|Indonesian Idol Season 7]] ini dimenangkan oleh [[Regina Ivanova]] mengalahkan [[Kamasean Matthews]] di babak hasil dan reuni dengan lagu juara umum 'winning song' berjudul "Kemenangan" dengan sebuah 'grand final' yang dipenyanyikan oleh [[Regina Ivanova]] dengan hasil 'pemenang' dan urutan tampil 8. * [[14 Juli]] - Malam penganugerahan [[Nickelodeon Indonesia Kids' Choice Awards#Indonesia KCA 2012|Nickelodeon Indonesia Kids' Choice Awards 2012]]. * [[20 Juli]] - Pemerintah Indonésia mengumumkan 1 [[Ramadan]] 1422 Hijriah jatuh Sabtu, [[21 Juli]] 2012. * [[27 Juli]] - [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 2012]] secara resmi dibuka di [[w:en:Olympic Stadium (London)|Stadion Olimpiade]], [[London]], [[Inggris Raya]]. === Agustus === {{MonthR_31_Reb|Agustus}} * [[12 Agustus]] ** [[Amerika Serikat]] juara umum [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 2012]]. ** [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 2012]] secara resmi ditutup di [[w:en:Olympic Stadium (London)|Stadion Olimpiade]], [[London]], [[Inggris Raya]]. * [[17 Agustus]] - Merangka Peringati Hari Ulang taun (HUT) [[Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia]] yang ke-67 dibacakan oleh [[Ketua Eksekutif Hong Kong]] ke-2 adalah [[Donald Tsang]] yang didampingi oleh Mantan [[Wakil Presiden Republik Indonesia]] ke-6 adalah dari halaman [[Istana Presiden Republik Indonesia]] adalah [[Istana Merdeka]] di [[Jalan Medan Merdeka (Jakarta)|Jalan Medan Merdeka Utara]], kompleks [[Medan Merdeka]], kawasan [[Gambir, Jakarta Pusat]]. * [[18 Agustus]] - Pemerintah Indonésia mengumumkan 1 [[Syawal]] 1431 Hijriah jatuh Minggu, [[19 Agustus]] 2012. * [[24 Agustus]] * [[29 Agustus]] - [[Paralimpiade Musim Panas 2012]] secara resmi dibuka di [[w:en:Olympic Stadium (London)|Stadion Olimpiade]], [[London]], [[Inggris Raya]]. === Séptémber === {{MonthR_30_Sap|Séptémber}} * [[9 Séptémber]] ** [[Republik Rakyat China]] juara umum [[Paralimpiade Musim Panas 2012]]. ** [[Paralimpiade Musim Panas 2012]] secara resmi ditutup di [[w:en:Olympic Stadium (London)|Stadion Olimpiade]], [[London]], [[Inggris Raya]]. * [[11 Séptémber]] - [[Pekan Olahraga Nasional XVIII|Pekan Olahraga Nasional 2012]] secara resmi dibuka di [[Stadion Utama Riau]], [[Pekanbaru]], [[Riau]]. * [[20 Séptémber]] ** [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta]] juara umum [[Pekan Olahraga Nasional XVIII|Pekan Olahraga Nasional 2012]]. ** [[Pekan Olahraga Nasional XVIII|Pekan Olahraga Nasional 2012]] secara resmi ditutup di [[Stadion Utama Riau]], [[Pekanbaru]], [[Riau]]. === Oktober === {{MonthR_31_Sen|Oktober}} === Nopémber === {{MonthR_30_Kem|Nopémber}} * [[24 November]] ** [[Piala Suzuki AFF 2012]] secara resmi dibuka di [[Stadion Rajamangala]], [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]]. ** {{timnas|Vietnam}} menang atas {{timnas|Myanmar}} secara resmi [[Piala Suzuki AFF 2012#Grup A|di buka pertandingan]] [[Piala Suzuki AFF 2012]] dengan skor 1-1. === Desember === {{MonthR_31_Sap|Desember}} * [[8 Desember]] - Malam penganugerahan [[Festival Film Indonesia 2012#Piala Citra FFI 2012|Piala Citra Festival Film Indonesia 2012]] juara umum oleh "[[Tanah Surga... Katanya]]". * [[22 Desember]] ** [[Piala Suzuki AFF 2012]] secara resmi ditutup di [[Stadion Suphachalasai]], [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]]. ** {{timnas|Singapura}} menang atas {{timnas|Thailand}} dalam [[Piala Suzuki AFF 2012#Final|final]] [[Piala Suzuki AFF 2012]] dengan skor 3-2. * [[29 Desember]] - Malam penganugerahan [[Festival Film Indonesia 2012#Piala Vidia FFI 2012|Piala Vidia Festival Film Indonesia 2012]] juara umum oleh "Prahara Terindah". == Olahraga == * [[9 Juni]]-[[1 Juli]] - [[Kejuaraan Sepak Bola Eropa UEFA 2012|Piala Eropa 2012]] di [[Polandia]] dan [[Ukraina]] * [[27 Juli]]-[[12 Agustus]] - [[Olimpiade 2012]] di [[London]]-[[Inggris]]. * [[Asian Beach Games 2012]] di [[Haiyang]]-[[Republik Rakyat Tiongkok]]. * [[Pekan Olahraga Nasional XVIII]] di [[Pekanbaru]]-[[Riau]]. * [[Piala Dunia Wanita U-20 FIFA 2012]] di [[Jepang]]. == Kapupus == * [[31 Januari]] - [[Ade Namnung]], pelawak [[Indonesia]] (lahir [[1977]]). * [[11 Februari]] - [[Whitney Houston]], [[penyanyi]] Amérika Serikat. * [[10 Maret]] - [[Olivia Dewi]], [[Model]] Indonésia. * [[18 April]] - Sudomo, Mantan Pangkobkamtib. * [[25 Agustus]] - [[Neil Armstrong]], astronot Amérika Serikat. == Poé peré nasional di Indonésia == Hari-hari libur nasional dan cuti bersama Indonésia untuk taun 2012:<ref>{{cite web | title=Libur Nasional dan Cuti Bersama 2012 | url=http://www.menkokesra.go.id/content/libur-nasional-dan-cuti-bersama-2012 | publisher= | date=13 Juli 2011 | accessdate=2011-07-13}} </ref><ref>{{cite web | title=31 Desember Jadi Cuti Bersama | url=http://nasional.kompas.com/read/2012/02/01/18532479/31.Desember.Jadi.Cuti.Bersama | publisher= | date=13 Juni 2012 | accessdate=2013-08-26}} </ref>{{br}} {| class="wikitable" cellpadding="4" style="font-size: 90%; margin-top:-.1em;" |- bgcolor=lightgray ! No || Tanggal || Hari || Keterangan |- ! colspan=4 style="background: lightyellow" | <big>Hari Libur Nasional</big> |- | 1 || [[1 Januari]] || Minggu || [[Tahun Baru Masehi]] |- | 2 || [[23 Januari]] || Senin || [[Tahun Baru Imlek]] 2563 |- | 3 || [[5 Februari]] || Minggu || [[Maulid Nabi Muhammad SAW]] (12 [[Rabiul Awal]] 1433[[Kalender Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 4 || [[23 Maret]] || Jumat || [[Nyepi|Hari Raya Nyepi]] ([[Kalender Saka|Tahun Baru Saka]] 1934) |- | 5 || [[6 April]] || Jumat || [[Jumat Agung|Wafat Yesus Kristus]] |- | 6 || [[6 Mei]] || Minggu || [[Waisak|Hari Raya Waisak]] 2556 |- | 7 || [[17 Mei]] || Kamis || [[Kenaikan Yesus Kristus]] |- | 8 || [[17 Juni]] || Minggu || [[Isra dan Mi'raj|Isra' Mi'raj Nabi Muhammad SAW]] (27 [[Rajab]] 1433[[Kalender Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 9 || [[17 Agustus]] || Jumat || [[Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia|Proklamasi Hari Kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia]] ke-67 |- | 10 || [[19 Agustus|19]]-[[20 Agustus]] || Minggu-Senin || [[Idul Fitri]] (1-2 [[Syawal]] 1433[[Kalender Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 11 || [[26 Oktober]] || Jumat || [[Idul Adha]] (10 [[Dzulhijjah]] 1434[[Kalender Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 12 || [[15 November]] || Kamis || [[Tahun Baru Hijriyah|Tahun Baru Islam]] (1 [[Muharram]] 1434[[Kalender Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 13 || [[25 Desember]] || Selasa || [[Natal|Hari Raya Natal]] |- ! colspan=4 style="background: lightyellow" | <big>Cuti Bersama [[PNS]]</big> |- | 1 || [[18 Mei]] || Jumat || Cuti bersama [[Kenaikan Yesus Kristus]] |- | 2 || [[21 Agustus|21]]-[[22 Agustus]] || Selasa-Rabu || Cuti bersama [[Idul Fitri]] (3-4 [[Syawal]] 1433[[Kalender Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 3 || [[16 November]] || Jumat || Cuti bersama [[Tahun Baru Hijriyah|Tahun Baru Islam]] (2 [[Muharram]] 1434[[Kalender Hijriyah|H]]) |- | 4 || [[24 Desember]] || Senin || Cuti bersama [[Natal]] |- | 5 || [[31 Desember]] || Senin || Cuti bersama [[Tahun Baru Masehi]] |} == Tempo Ogé == * Pilem anu nyaritakeun kiamat dumasar kana parkiraan bangsa Maya == Pranala luar == * [http://www.survive2012.com/ Situs web Survive2012] * [http://www.december212012.com/ December212012] * [http://www.survive2012.com/why_2012_maya.php Perhitungan kalender suku Indian Maya] * [http://www.2012isreal.com/ 2012isreal] == Referensi == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:2012]] 2pn9u0v6i6lngpq5blrwc6ra0ow5pjz 0 48429 629946 491635 2022-08-06T18:08:16Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Adab''' nyaéta [[norma]] atawa [[aturan]] ngeunaan [[sopan]] [[santun]] anu didasarkeun kana [[aturan]] [[agama]], utamana [[Agama]] [[Islam]]. [[Norma]] ngeunaan adab ieu digunakeun dina paya kumbuh [[kahirupan]] antara [[manusa]] jeung manusia, [[tatangga]] jeung tatanga, ogé [[kaum]] jeung kaum. Sebutan [[Jalma]] mibanda adab saényana [[ngandung]] [[harti]] yén jalma éta nyahoeun [[aturan]] ngeunaan adab atawa [[sopan santun]] anu ditentukeun di [[Agama Islam]]. Tapi, dina prak-prakana mah, [[kecap]] mibanda adab jeung teu mibanda adab dikaitkeun tina segi [[kasopanan]] ku cara [[umum]] jeung teu [[husus]] digabungkeun dina [[Agama]] [[Islam]].<ref>Ensiklopedi Nasional Indonésia. 2004. Bekasi: Delta Pamungkas. ISBN 979-9327-00-8. Hal.63</ref> ==Rujukan== [[Kategori:Étika]] ioplwp7omlj31dntsu9i400lwlsi5lf 629947 629946 2022-08-06T18:09:05Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Adab''' nyaéta [[norma]] atawa [[aturan]] ngeunaan [[sopan]] [[santun]] dumasar kana [[aturan]] [[agama]], utamana [[Agama]] [[Islam]]. [[Norma]] ngeunaan adab ieu digunakeun dina paya kumbuh [[kahirupan]] antara [[manusa]] jeung manusia, [[tatangga]] jeung tatanga, ogé [[kaum]] jeung kaum. Sebutan [[Jalma]] mibanda adab saényana [[ngandung]] [[harti]] yén jalma éta nyahoeun [[aturan]] ngeunaan adab atawa [[sopan santun]] anu ditentukeun di [[Agama Islam]]. Tapi, dina prak-prakana mah, [[kecap]] mibanda adab jeung teu mibanda adab dikaitkeun tina segi [[kasopanan]] ku cara [[umum]] jeung teu [[husus]] digabungkeun dina [[Agama]] [[Islam]].<ref>Ensiklopedi Nasional Indonésia. 2004. Bekasi: Delta Pamungkas. ISBN 979-9327-00-8. Hal.63</ref> ==Rujukan== [[Kategori:Étika]] tkeceytxyrms572beb0fd1p00vu9r44 629948 629947 2022-08-06T18:11:24Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Adab''' nyaéta [[norma]] atawa [[aturan]] ngeunaan [[sopan]] [[santun]] dumasar kana [[aturan]] [[agama]], utamana [[Agama]] [[Islam]]. [[Norma]] ngeunaan ieu adab dipaké dina hirup kumbuh atawa [[kahirupan]] antara [[manusa]] jeung manusia, [[tatangga]] jeung tatanga, ogé [[kaum]] jeung kaum. Sebutan [[Jalma]] mibanda adab saényana [[ngandung]] [[harti]] yén jalma éta nyahoeun [[aturan]] ngeunaan adab atawa [[sopan santun]] anu ditentukeun di [[Agama Islam]]. Tapi, dina prak-prakana mah, [[kecap]] mibanda adab jeung teu mibanda adab dikaitkeun tina segi [[kasopanan]] ku cara [[umum]] jeung teu [[husus]] digabungkeun dina [[Agama]] [[Islam]].<ref>Ensiklopedi Nasional Indonésia. 2004. Bekasi: Delta Pamungkas. ISBN 979-9327-00-8. Hal.63</ref> ==Rujukan== [[Kategori:Étika]] 6tesvrdkkxy9dr0ho61lmsyi8utfna2 629949 629948 2022-08-06T18:13:00Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Adab''' nyaéta [[norma]] atawa [[aturan]] ngeunaan [[sopan]] [[santun]] dumasar kana [[aturan]] [[agama]], utamana [[Agama]] [[Islam]]. [[Norma]] ngeunaan ieu adab dipaké dina hirup kumbuh atawa [[kahirupan]] antara [[manusa]] jeung manusa, manusa jeung [[tatangga]], ogé [[kaum]] jeung kaum. Sebutan [[Jalma]] mibanda adab saényana [[ngandung]] [[harti]] yén jalma éta nyahoeun [[aturan]] ngeunaan adab atawa [[sopan santun]] anu ditentukeun di [[Agama Islam]]. Tapi, dina prak-prakana mah, [[kecap]] mibanda adab jeung teu mibanda adab dikaitkeun tina segi [[kasopanan]] ku cara [[umum]] jeung teu [[husus]] digabungkeun dina [[Agama]] [[Islam]].<ref>Ensiklopedi Nasional Indonésia. 2004. Bekasi: Delta Pamungkas. ISBN 979-9327-00-8. Hal.63</ref> ==Rujukan== [[Kategori:Étika]] m7kfpe83g1d92kmxptznkmqec0ne6wz 629950 629949 2022-08-06T18:14:17Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Adab''' nyaéta [[norma]] atawa [[aturan]] ngeunaan [[sopan]] [[santun]] dumasar kana [[aturan]] [[agama]], utamana [[Agama]] [[Islam]]. [[Norma]] ngeunaan ieu adab dipaké dina hirup kumbuh atawa [[kahirupan]] antara [[manusa]] jeung manusa, manusa jeung [[tatangga]], ogé [[kaum]] jeung kaum. Sebutan [[jalma]] mibanda adab saényana [[ngandung]] [[harti]] yén jalma éta nyaho kana [[aturan]] ngeunaan adab atawa [[sopan santun]] anu ditangtukeun ku [[Agama Islam]]. Tapi, dina prak-prakana mah, [[kecap]] mibanda adab jeung teu mibanda adab dikaitkeun tina segi [[kasopanan]] ku cara [[umum]] jeung teu [[husus]] digabungkeun dina [[Agama]] [[Islam]].<ref>Ensiklopedi Nasional Indonésia. 2004. Bekasi: Delta Pamungkas. ISBN 979-9327-00-8. Hal.63</ref> ==Rujukan== [[Kategori:Étika]] 013r2arkt9f2xugjd005dglx7tekji8 629952 629950 2022-08-06T18:15:12Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Adab''' nyaéta [[norma]] atawa [[aturan]] ngeunaan [[sopan]] [[santun]] dumasar kana [[aturan]] [[agama]], utamana [[Agama]] [[Islam]]. [[Norma]] ngeunaan ieu adab dipaké dina hirup kumbuh atawa [[kahirupan]] antara [[manusa]] jeung manusa, manusa jeung [[tatangga]], ogé [[kaum]] jeung kaum. Sebutan [[jalma]] mibanda adab saényana [[ngandung]] [[harti]] yén jalma éta nyaho kana [[aturan]] ngeunaan adab atawa [[sopan santun]] anu ditangtukeun ku [[Agama Islam]]. Tapi, dina prak-prakana mah, [[kecap]] mibanda adab jeung teu mibanda adab dipatalikeun jeung segi [[kasopanan]] ku cara [[umum]] jeung teu [[husus]] digabungkeun dina [[Agama]] [[Islam]].<ref>Ensiklopedi Nasional Indonésia. 2004. Bekasi: Delta Pamungkas. ISBN 979-9327-00-8. Hal.63</ref> ==Rujukan== [[Kategori:Étika]] gnvfbab62tm809ttsphl6k7s7es8muo 0 71807 629967 626247 2022-08-07T01:50:00Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fiksi''' nyaéta salah sahiji istilah anu dipaké dina sakabéh [[karya sastra]] nu wujudna [[naratif]] (carita), boh dina wangun [[prosa]], boh dina wangun [[puisi]], meunang ngaréka atawa nyusurup, lain nyaritakeun kajadian nu nyata ([[sajarah]]). Tapi, ka dieunakeun istilah fiksi disaruakeun jeung istilah prosa naratif ([[novel]] atawa [[roman]] jeung [[carita pondok]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=60}}</ref> Karangan fiksi nu diréka dumasar kana fakta atawa kanyataan, ngabalukarkeun ayana istilah roman sajarah atawa novel sajarah, roman biografis atawa novel [[biografis]].<ref name=":0" /> == Étimologi == Fiksi téh asal kecapna tina basa Inggris ''<span lang="fr" dir="ltr">fiction</span>'', tina basa Francis Kuna jeung Latin ''<span lang="la" dir="ltr">fictio</span>'' nu hartina jieunan nu asalna tina ''<span lang="fr">fingerie</span>'' nu hartina nyieun atawa ngaréka.<ref name=":0" /> == Ciri prosa fiksi == Dina karya fiksi nyangkaruk aspék atawa ciri mandiri di antarana kieu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Buku Pendukung Pengajaran Sastra|last=Semi|first=Atar|publisher=Indonesia Tera|year=2008|isbn=|location=Magelang|pages=77-78}}</ref> * Unsur Carita. * Kaayaan [[basa]] [[téks]] fiksi henteu homogén. * Kajadian nu dicaritakeun. * Ayana runtuyan kajadian anu ngéntép seureuh ([[galur]]). Fiksi mangrupa carita kahirupan [[manusa]] nu sipatna fiktif, ku sabab diréka ku [[pangarang]]. Gaya nyarita pangarang henteu homogén, pangarang henteu kudu jadi jalma kahiji nu nyarita, tapi bisa méré kasempetan keur [[panyatur]] [[sékunder]] keur cumarita nepi ka ngahasilkeun [[dialog]] nu hadé. Carita nu dipidangkeun dina fiksi mangrupa carita fiktif, lamun miboga sasaruaan jeung kanyataan, éta téh ukur kabeneran wungkul. Dina wengkuan carita biasana dipidangkeun sacara ngaruntuy keun ngagambar [[konflik]] jeung kapanasaran nu [[maca]].<ref name=":1" /> == Struktur téks fiksi == * '''[[Abstrak]]''' mangrupa téks inti dina carita fiksi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dosenpendidikan.com/teks-cerita-fiksi-pengertian-jenis-unsur-struktur-kaidah/|title=“Teks Cerita Fiksi” Pengertian & ( Jenis – Unsur – Struktur – Kaidah )|date=2017-01-13|newspaper=DosenPendidikan.Com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-11}}</ref> * '''[[Oriéntasi]]''' eusina patali jeung [[téma]], kasang tukang téma, jeung [[palaku]] dina carita fiksi. Oriéntasi téh minangka jadi pamuka dina carita fiksi<ref name=":2" />. * '''[[Komplikasi]]''' téh [[klimaks]] tina téks carita. Dina ieu bagian biasana mimiti muncul pasualan anu bakal metot panitén nu maca<ref name=":2" />. * '''Pangajén''' téh mangrupa bagian nu nepikeun bongbolongan tina [[konflik]] atawa pasualan nu ditémbongkeun ku pangarang saméméhna.<ref name=":2" /> * '''[[Résolusi]]''' patali jeung matotoskeun pasualan anu karandapan ku palaku utama dina carita fiksi.<ref name=":2" /> * '''''Koda''''' (réorientasi) patali jeung [[amanat]] nu eusina teu jauh tina [[ajén moral]] nu bisa dilarapkeun dina kahirupan nya ku nu maca dina naskah téks carita fiksi.<ref name=":2" /> == Bédana fiksi jeung non-fiksi == Fiksi jeung non-fiksi sanajan sarua naratif, tapi aya bédana lebah wangun, eusi, jeung basa anu dipakéna. Leuwih jelasna dijéntrékeun kieu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Karangan Fiksi dan Nonfiksi|last=Krismarsanti|first=Ermina|publisher=PT. JePe|year=2009|isbn=|location=Surabaya|pages=7}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Fiksi !Non-fiksi |- |Imajinasi pangarang nu sipatna fiktif.<ref name=":3" /> |Fakta, réalitas, nyata dina kahirupan sapopoé.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Wangunna bisa novel atawa roman, carpon, jeung carita nyambung.<ref name=":3" /> |Wangunna bisa ésai, féature, kolom, opini, artikel, jeung résénsi.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Gambaran Subjéktifitas pangarang nu bakal ngahudang rasa nu maca.<ref name=":3" /> |Gambaran objéktifitas keur ngahudang pikiran jeung logika nu maca.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Basana bisa konotatif jeung denotatif kalawan ngahudang tafsiran nu rupa-rupa.<ref name=":3" /> |Basana dénotatif kalawan neueulkeun kana konsép nu kawatesanan (moal salah tafsir).<ref name=":3" /> |} == Struktur Fiksi == === T'''éma dina carita''' === '''Téma''' nyaéta inti [[carita]] atawa [[jejer]] anu diwangun tina runtuyan kajadian carita dina [[prosa]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ngalanglang Kasusastraan Sunda|last=Rosidi|first=Ajip|publisher=Pustaka Jaya|year=2012|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=224}}</ref>. Téma téh asal kecapna tina ''thema < tithenai'' nu hartina téh neundeun. Téma téh aspék carita nu sajajar jeung ma'na dina [[pangalaman]] [[manusa]] nu salawasna miboga kesan jeung pantes diinget-inget. Ku kituna, téma téh béda jeung [[judul]]<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Teori Fiksi (DItarjamahkeun ku Sugihastuti & Rossi)|last=Stanton|first=Robert|publisher=Pustaka Pelajar|year=2012|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=32}}</ref>. Téma leuwih neueulkeun kana gagasan jeung amanat nu ngawangun eusi karangan sagemblengna<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sridianti.com/pengertian-tema-dalam-cerita-atau-novel.html|title=''Pengertian Tema dalam Cerita atau Novel''|last=Sugiana|first=Yodi|website=|publisher=http://www.sridianti.com|accessdate=09 Oktober 2017|date=18 Maret 2016}}</ref> === '''Fakta carita''' === Fakta carita téh hal-hal nu patali jeung carita fiksi. Fakta carita téh ngawengku palaku, karakter palaku, galur, jeung latar. Éta opat unsur kaasup kana fakta carita téh ku sabab sacara faktual bakal ngawangun kajadian jeung  éksisténsina dina prosa fiksi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Teori Pengkajian Fiksi|last=Nurgiyantoro|first=Burhanudin|publisher=UGM Press|year=2012|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=178}}</ref> ==== '''Palaku jeung Watek''' ==== Palaku téh individu rékaan nu ngalaman rupaning kajadian dina carita. Ari karakter palaku mah pidangan paripolah atawa kawangunna citra palaku dina karya sastra. Ditilik tina peranna, palaku diwincik jadi dua nyaéta protagonis jeung antagonis.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Materi Pokok Cerita Rekaan dan Drama|last=Harianto, P|first=Rahmanto, B|publisher=Depdikbud|year=1998|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=15}}</ref> * Protagonis, gambaran palaku nu lempeng atawa salawasna aya dina jalur bebeneran.<ref name=":5" /> * Antagonis, gambaran palaku nu pateungteung jeung protagonis. Hartina, jalurna dina kamunkaran atawa kajahatan.<ref name=":5" /> ===== Gambaran Watek Palaku ===== * Diskursif / analitik, pangarang sacara langsung nyaritakeun karakter palaku-palaku dina carita.<ref name=":4" /> * Dramatik, pangarang nembrakkeun karakter palakuna ngaliwatan kekecapan jeung paripolah dina carita. Saperti ngaliwatan dialog, jalan pikiran palaku, rasa palaku, jsb.<ref name=":4" /> * Kontékstual, pangarang ngagambarkeun karakter palaku ngaliwatan lingkungan carita nu ngarojongna.<ref name=":4" /> * Campuran, metodeu konvensional kalawan tujuan éféktifitas carita.<ref name=":4" /> ==== '''Galur''' ==== Galur téh mangrupa runtuyan kajadian dina carita nu patali jeung sabab-akibat. Galur téh kabagi tilu.<ref name=":02" /> * Munggaran, ngajéntrékeun pamuka carita. * Bobok Tengah, dimimitian ku ayana konflik, jeung klimaks. * Ahir, ngawengku ''denoument'' atawa peleraian.'' Denoument'' mangrupa awal tina klimaks nu tujulna kana matotoskeun pasualan dina carita ==== '''Latar''' ==== Latar/''setting'' nuduhkeun tempat, waktu, jeung kaayaan (situasi) hiji kajadian nu karandapan ku palaku. Latar téh dianggap tatapakan keur ngajéntrékeun tempat, patalina waktu sajarah, jeung lingkungan sosial rupaning kajadian nu dicaritakeun.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=A Glossary of Literary Terms|last=Abrams, M. H.|first=|publisher=Heinle & Heinle|year=1999|isbn=|location=USA|pages=284}}</ref> === '''Sarana Sastra''' === '''            '''Sarana sastra nyaétamétodeu(pangarang) nyarungsung jeung milih rincian csrita keur ngahontal pola-pola anu miboga ma’na. Sarana sastra téh ngawengku simbol, gaya basa, jeung puseur implengan.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Simbol''' ===== Dina fiksi simbol téh bakal ngabalukarkeun dua akibat. Kahiji, simbol nu aya dina kajadian téh nuduhkeun ma’na tina éta kajadian. Kadua, simbol nu diulang-ulang bakal jadi panginget-nginget nu maca keur ngahontal ma’na nu gembleng tina carita. Katilu, simbol nu kapanggih kalayan intensitas nu mindeng téh bisa mantuan nu maca manggihan téma carita.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Gaya basa''' ===== Dalam sastra, gaya téh patali jeung cara atawa kamampuh pangarang ngaébréhkeun gagasan dina carita. Basa nu dipaké téh bisa humor, konkrit, imajinatif, jeung métafor. Campuran basa nu dipilih ku pangarang téh bakal ngahasilkeun gaya basa nu miboga ciri mandiri.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Puseur Implengan''' ===== Puseur implengan téh nuduhkeun carita nu dipidangkeun. Ieu unsur mangrupa cara atawa sawangan nu dipaké ku pangarang salaku sarana keur midangkeun carita ka nu maca.<ref name=":6" /> == Rujukan == l7mp14t1zqvqhv556oul24txhed4gqz 629968 629967 2022-08-07T01:54:02Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fiksi''' nyaéta salah sahiji istilah anu dipaké dina sakabéh [[karya sastra]] nu wujudna [[naratif]] (carita), boh dina wangun [[prosa]], boh dina wangun [[puisi]], meunang ngaréka atawa nyusurup, lain nyaritakeun kajadian nu nyata ([[sajarah]]). Tapi, ka dieunakeun istilah fiksi disaruakeun jeung istilah prosa naratif ([[novel]] atawa [[roman]] jeung [[carita pondok]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=60}}</ref> Karangan fiksi nu diréka dumasar kana [[fakta]] atawa kanyataan, ngabalukarkeun ayana istilah roman sajarah atawa novel sajarah, roman biografis atawa novel [[biografis]].<ref name=":0" /> == Étimologi == Fiksi téh asal kecapna tina basa Inggris ''<span lang="fr" dir="ltr">fiction</span>'', tina basa Francis Kuna jeung Latin ''<span lang="la" dir="ltr">fictio</span>'' nu hartina jieunan nu asalna tina ''<span lang="fr">fingerie</span>'' nu hartina nyieun atawa ngaréka.<ref name=":0" /> == Ciri prosa fiksi == Dina karya fiksi nyangkaruk aspék atawa ciri mandiri di antarana kieu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Buku Pendukung Pengajaran Sastra|last=Semi|first=Atar|publisher=Indonesia Tera|year=2008|isbn=|location=Magelang|pages=77-78}}</ref> * Unsur Carita. * Kaayaan [[basa]] [[téks]] fiksi henteu homogén. * Kajadian nu dicaritakeun. * Ayana runtuyan kajadian anu ngéntép seureuh ([[galur]]). Fiksi mangrupa carita kahirupan [[manusa]] nu sipatna fiktif, ku sabab diréka ku [[pangarang]]. Gaya nyarita pangarang henteu homogén, pangarang henteu kudu jadi jalma kahiji nu nyarita, tapi bisa méré kasempetan keur [[panyatur]] [[sékunder]] keur cumarita nepi ka ngahasilkeun [[dialog]] nu hadé. Carita nu dipidangkeun dina fiksi mangrupa carita fiktif, lamun miboga sasaruaan jeung kanyataan, éta téh ukur kabeneran wungkul. Dina wengkuan carita biasana dipidangkeun sacara ngaruntuy keun ngagambar [[konflik]] jeung kapanasaran nu [[maca]].<ref name=":1" /> == Struktur téks fiksi == * '''[[Abstrak]]''' mangrupa téks inti dina carita fiksi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dosenpendidikan.com/teks-cerita-fiksi-pengertian-jenis-unsur-struktur-kaidah/|title=“Teks Cerita Fiksi” Pengertian & ( Jenis – Unsur – Struktur – Kaidah )|date=2017-01-13|newspaper=DosenPendidikan.Com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-11}}</ref> * '''[[Oriéntasi]]''' eusina patali jeung [[téma]], kasang tukang téma, jeung [[palaku]] dina carita fiksi. Oriéntasi téh minangka jadi pamuka dina carita fiksi<ref name=":2" />. * '''[[Komplikasi]]''' téh [[klimaks]] tina téks carita. Dina ieu bagian biasana mimiti muncul pasualan anu bakal metot panitén nu maca<ref name=":2" />. * '''Pangajén''' téh mangrupa bagian nu nepikeun bongbolongan tina [[konflik]] atawa pasualan nu ditémbongkeun ku pangarang saméméhna.<ref name=":2" /> * '''[[Résolusi]]''' patali jeung matotoskeun pasualan anu karandapan ku palaku utama dina carita fiksi.<ref name=":2" /> * '''''Koda''''' (réorientasi) patali jeung [[amanat]] nu eusina teu jauh tina [[ajén moral]] nu bisa dilarapkeun dina kahirupan nya ku nu maca dina naskah téks carita fiksi.<ref name=":2" /> == Bédana fiksi jeung non-fiksi == Fiksi jeung non-fiksi sanajan sarua naratif, tapi aya bédana lebah wangun, eusi, jeung basa anu dipakéna. Leuwih jelasna dijéntrékeun kieu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Karangan Fiksi dan Nonfiksi|last=Krismarsanti|first=Ermina|publisher=PT. JePe|year=2009|isbn=|location=Surabaya|pages=7}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Fiksi !Non-fiksi |- |Imajinasi pangarang nu sipatna fiktif.<ref name=":3" /> |Fakta, réalitas, nyata dina kahirupan sapopoé.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Wangunna bisa novel atawa roman, carpon, jeung carita nyambung.<ref name=":3" /> |Wangunna bisa ésai, féature, kolom, opini, artikel, jeung résénsi.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Gambaran Subjéktifitas pangarang nu bakal ngahudang rasa nu maca.<ref name=":3" /> |Gambaran objéktifitas keur ngahudang pikiran jeung logika nu maca.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Basana bisa konotatif jeung denotatif kalawan ngahudang tafsiran nu rupa-rupa.<ref name=":3" /> |Basana dénotatif kalawan neueulkeun kana konsép nu kawatesanan (moal salah tafsir).<ref name=":3" /> |} == Struktur Fiksi == === T'''éma dina carita''' === '''Téma''' nyaéta inti [[carita]] atawa [[jejer]] anu diwangun tina runtuyan kajadian carita dina [[prosa]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ngalanglang Kasusastraan Sunda|last=Rosidi|first=Ajip|publisher=Pustaka Jaya|year=2012|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=224}}</ref>. Téma téh asal kecapna tina ''thema < tithenai'' nu hartina téh neundeun. Téma téh aspék carita nu sajajar jeung ma'na dina [[pangalaman]] [[manusa]] nu salawasna miboga kesan jeung pantes diinget-inget. Ku kituna, téma téh béda jeung [[judul]]<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Teori Fiksi (DItarjamahkeun ku Sugihastuti & Rossi)|last=Stanton|first=Robert|publisher=Pustaka Pelajar|year=2012|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=32}}</ref>. Téma leuwih neueulkeun kana gagasan jeung amanat nu ngawangun eusi karangan sagemblengna<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sridianti.com/pengertian-tema-dalam-cerita-atau-novel.html|title=''Pengertian Tema dalam Cerita atau Novel''|last=Sugiana|first=Yodi|website=|publisher=http://www.sridianti.com|accessdate=09 Oktober 2017|date=18 Maret 2016}}</ref> === '''Fakta carita''' === Fakta carita téh hal-hal nu patali jeung carita fiksi. Fakta carita téh ngawengku palaku, karakter palaku, galur, jeung latar. Éta opat unsur kaasup kana fakta carita téh ku sabab sacara faktual bakal ngawangun kajadian jeung  éksisténsina dina prosa fiksi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Teori Pengkajian Fiksi|last=Nurgiyantoro|first=Burhanudin|publisher=UGM Press|year=2012|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=178}}</ref> ==== '''Palaku jeung Watek''' ==== Palaku téh individu rékaan nu ngalaman rupaning kajadian dina carita. Ari karakter palaku mah pidangan paripolah atawa kawangunna citra palaku dina karya sastra. Ditilik tina peranna, palaku diwincik jadi dua nyaéta protagonis jeung antagonis.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Materi Pokok Cerita Rekaan dan Drama|last=Harianto, P|first=Rahmanto, B|publisher=Depdikbud|year=1998|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=15}}</ref> * Protagonis, gambaran palaku nu lempeng atawa salawasna aya dina jalur bebeneran.<ref name=":5" /> * Antagonis, gambaran palaku nu pateungteung jeung protagonis. Hartina, jalurna dina kamunkaran atawa kajahatan.<ref name=":5" /> ===== Gambaran Watek Palaku ===== * Diskursif / analitik, pangarang sacara langsung nyaritakeun karakter palaku-palaku dina carita.<ref name=":4" /> * Dramatik, pangarang nembrakkeun karakter palakuna ngaliwatan kekecapan jeung paripolah dina carita. Saperti ngaliwatan dialog, jalan pikiran palaku, rasa palaku, jsb.<ref name=":4" /> * Kontékstual, pangarang ngagambarkeun karakter palaku ngaliwatan lingkungan carita nu ngarojongna.<ref name=":4" /> * Campuran, metodeu konvensional kalawan tujuan éféktifitas carita.<ref name=":4" /> ==== '''Galur''' ==== Galur téh mangrupa runtuyan kajadian dina carita nu patali jeung sabab-akibat. Galur téh kabagi tilu.<ref name=":02" /> * Munggaran, ngajéntrékeun pamuka carita. * Bobok Tengah, dimimitian ku ayana konflik, jeung klimaks. * Ahir, ngawengku ''denoument'' atawa peleraian.'' Denoument'' mangrupa awal tina klimaks nu tujulna kana matotoskeun pasualan dina carita ==== '''Latar''' ==== Latar/''setting'' nuduhkeun tempat, waktu, jeung kaayaan (situasi) hiji kajadian nu karandapan ku palaku. Latar téh dianggap tatapakan keur ngajéntrékeun tempat, patalina waktu sajarah, jeung lingkungan sosial rupaning kajadian nu dicaritakeun.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=A Glossary of Literary Terms|last=Abrams, M. H.|first=|publisher=Heinle & Heinle|year=1999|isbn=|location=USA|pages=284}}</ref> === '''Sarana Sastra''' === '''            '''Sarana sastra nyaétamétodeu(pangarang) nyarungsung jeung milih rincian csrita keur ngahontal pola-pola anu miboga ma’na. Sarana sastra téh ngawengku simbol, gaya basa, jeung puseur implengan.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Simbol''' ===== Dina fiksi simbol téh bakal ngabalukarkeun dua akibat. Kahiji, simbol nu aya dina kajadian téh nuduhkeun ma’na tina éta kajadian. Kadua, simbol nu diulang-ulang bakal jadi panginget-nginget nu maca keur ngahontal ma’na nu gembleng tina carita. Katilu, simbol nu kapanggih kalayan intensitas nu mindeng téh bisa mantuan nu maca manggihan téma carita.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Gaya basa''' ===== Dalam sastra, gaya téh patali jeung cara atawa kamampuh pangarang ngaébréhkeun gagasan dina carita. Basa nu dipaké téh bisa humor, konkrit, imajinatif, jeung métafor. Campuran basa nu dipilih ku pangarang téh bakal ngahasilkeun gaya basa nu miboga ciri mandiri.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Puseur Implengan''' ===== Puseur implengan téh nuduhkeun carita nu dipidangkeun. Ieu unsur mangrupa cara atawa sawangan nu dipaké ku pangarang salaku sarana keur midangkeun carita ka nu maca.<ref name=":6" /> == Rujukan == n84fac6r1spnkl4wwq7s5crq0kspmxv 629969 629968 2022-08-07T01:54:57Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fiksi''' nyaéta salah sahiji istilah anu dipaké dina sakabéh [[karya sastra]] nu wujudna [[naratif]] (carita), boh dina wangun [[prosa]], boh dina wangun [[puisi]], meunang ngaréka atawa nyusurup, lain nyaritakeun kajadian nu nyata ([[sajarah]]). Tapi, ka dieunakeun istilah fiksi disaruakeun jeung istilah prosa naratif ([[novel]] atawa [[roman]] jeung [[carita pondok]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=60}}</ref> Karangan fiksi nu diréka dumasar kana [[fakta]] atawa kanyataan, ngabalukarkeun ayana istilah roman sajarah atawa novel sajarah, roman biografis atawa novel [[biografis]].<ref name=":0" /> == Étimologi == Fiksi téh asal kecapna tina [[basa]] [[Inggris]] ''<span lang="fr" dir="ltr">fiction</span>'', tina basa [[Prancis]] Kuna jeung [[Latin]] ''<span lang="la" dir="ltr">fictio</span>'' nu hartina jieunan nu asalna tina ''<span lang="fr">fingerie</span>'' nu hartina nyieun atawa ngaréka.<ref name=":0" /> == Ciri prosa fiksi == Dina karya fiksi nyangkaruk aspék atawa ciri mandiri di antarana kieu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Buku Pendukung Pengajaran Sastra|last=Semi|first=Atar|publisher=Indonesia Tera|year=2008|isbn=|location=Magelang|pages=77-78}}</ref> * Unsur Carita. * Kaayaan [[basa]] [[téks]] fiksi henteu homogén. * Kajadian nu dicaritakeun. * Ayana runtuyan kajadian anu ngéntép seureuh ([[galur]]). Fiksi mangrupa carita kahirupan [[manusa]] nu sipatna fiktif, ku sabab diréka ku [[pangarang]]. Gaya nyarita pangarang henteu homogén, pangarang henteu kudu jadi jalma kahiji nu nyarita, tapi bisa méré kasempetan keur [[panyatur]] [[sékunder]] keur cumarita nepi ka ngahasilkeun [[dialog]] nu hadé. Carita nu dipidangkeun dina fiksi mangrupa carita fiktif, lamun miboga sasaruaan jeung kanyataan, éta téh ukur kabeneran wungkul. Dina wengkuan carita biasana dipidangkeun sacara ngaruntuy keun ngagambar [[konflik]] jeung kapanasaran nu [[maca]].<ref name=":1" /> == Struktur téks fiksi == * '''[[Abstrak]]''' mangrupa téks inti dina carita fiksi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dosenpendidikan.com/teks-cerita-fiksi-pengertian-jenis-unsur-struktur-kaidah/|title=“Teks Cerita Fiksi” Pengertian & ( Jenis – Unsur – Struktur – Kaidah )|date=2017-01-13|newspaper=DosenPendidikan.Com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-11}}</ref> * '''[[Oriéntasi]]''' eusina patali jeung [[téma]], kasang tukang téma, jeung [[palaku]] dina carita fiksi. Oriéntasi téh minangka jadi pamuka dina carita fiksi<ref name=":2" />. * '''[[Komplikasi]]''' téh [[klimaks]] tina téks carita. Dina ieu bagian biasana mimiti muncul pasualan anu bakal metot panitén nu maca<ref name=":2" />. * '''Pangajén''' téh mangrupa bagian nu nepikeun bongbolongan tina [[konflik]] atawa pasualan nu ditémbongkeun ku pangarang saméméhna.<ref name=":2" /> * '''[[Résolusi]]''' patali jeung matotoskeun pasualan anu karandapan ku palaku utama dina carita fiksi.<ref name=":2" /> * '''''Koda''''' (réorientasi) patali jeung [[amanat]] nu eusina teu jauh tina [[ajén moral]] nu bisa dilarapkeun dina kahirupan nya ku nu maca dina naskah téks carita fiksi.<ref name=":2" /> == Bédana fiksi jeung non-fiksi == Fiksi jeung non-fiksi sanajan sarua naratif, tapi aya bédana lebah wangun, eusi, jeung basa anu dipakéna. Leuwih jelasna dijéntrékeun kieu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Karangan Fiksi dan Nonfiksi|last=Krismarsanti|first=Ermina|publisher=PT. JePe|year=2009|isbn=|location=Surabaya|pages=7}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Fiksi !Non-fiksi |- |Imajinasi pangarang nu sipatna fiktif.<ref name=":3" /> |Fakta, réalitas, nyata dina kahirupan sapopoé.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Wangunna bisa novel atawa roman, carpon, jeung carita nyambung.<ref name=":3" /> |Wangunna bisa ésai, féature, kolom, opini, artikel, jeung résénsi.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Gambaran Subjéktifitas pangarang nu bakal ngahudang rasa nu maca.<ref name=":3" /> |Gambaran objéktifitas keur ngahudang pikiran jeung logika nu maca.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Basana bisa konotatif jeung denotatif kalawan ngahudang tafsiran nu rupa-rupa.<ref name=":3" /> |Basana dénotatif kalawan neueulkeun kana konsép nu kawatesanan (moal salah tafsir).<ref name=":3" /> |} == Struktur Fiksi == === T'''éma dina carita''' === '''Téma''' nyaéta inti [[carita]] atawa [[jejer]] anu diwangun tina runtuyan kajadian carita dina [[prosa]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ngalanglang Kasusastraan Sunda|last=Rosidi|first=Ajip|publisher=Pustaka Jaya|year=2012|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=224}}</ref>. Téma téh asal kecapna tina ''thema < tithenai'' nu hartina téh neundeun. Téma téh aspék carita nu sajajar jeung ma'na dina [[pangalaman]] [[manusa]] nu salawasna miboga kesan jeung pantes diinget-inget. Ku kituna, téma téh béda jeung [[judul]]<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Teori Fiksi (DItarjamahkeun ku Sugihastuti & Rossi)|last=Stanton|first=Robert|publisher=Pustaka Pelajar|year=2012|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=32}}</ref>. Téma leuwih neueulkeun kana gagasan jeung amanat nu ngawangun eusi karangan sagemblengna<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sridianti.com/pengertian-tema-dalam-cerita-atau-novel.html|title=''Pengertian Tema dalam Cerita atau Novel''|last=Sugiana|first=Yodi|website=|publisher=http://www.sridianti.com|accessdate=09 Oktober 2017|date=18 Maret 2016}}</ref> === '''Fakta carita''' === Fakta carita téh hal-hal nu patali jeung carita fiksi. Fakta carita téh ngawengku palaku, karakter palaku, galur, jeung latar. Éta opat unsur kaasup kana fakta carita téh ku sabab sacara faktual bakal ngawangun kajadian jeung  éksisténsina dina prosa fiksi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Teori Pengkajian Fiksi|last=Nurgiyantoro|first=Burhanudin|publisher=UGM Press|year=2012|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=178}}</ref> ==== '''Palaku jeung Watek''' ==== Palaku téh individu rékaan nu ngalaman rupaning kajadian dina carita. Ari karakter palaku mah pidangan paripolah atawa kawangunna citra palaku dina karya sastra. Ditilik tina peranna, palaku diwincik jadi dua nyaéta protagonis jeung antagonis.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Materi Pokok Cerita Rekaan dan Drama|last=Harianto, P|first=Rahmanto, B|publisher=Depdikbud|year=1998|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=15}}</ref> * Protagonis, gambaran palaku nu lempeng atawa salawasna aya dina jalur bebeneran.<ref name=":5" /> * Antagonis, gambaran palaku nu pateungteung jeung protagonis. Hartina, jalurna dina kamunkaran atawa kajahatan.<ref name=":5" /> ===== Gambaran Watek Palaku ===== * Diskursif / analitik, pangarang sacara langsung nyaritakeun karakter palaku-palaku dina carita.<ref name=":4" /> * Dramatik, pangarang nembrakkeun karakter palakuna ngaliwatan kekecapan jeung paripolah dina carita. Saperti ngaliwatan dialog, jalan pikiran palaku, rasa palaku, jsb.<ref name=":4" /> * Kontékstual, pangarang ngagambarkeun karakter palaku ngaliwatan lingkungan carita nu ngarojongna.<ref name=":4" /> * Campuran, metodeu konvensional kalawan tujuan éféktifitas carita.<ref name=":4" /> ==== '''Galur''' ==== Galur téh mangrupa runtuyan kajadian dina carita nu patali jeung sabab-akibat. Galur téh kabagi tilu.<ref name=":02" /> * Munggaran, ngajéntrékeun pamuka carita. * Bobok Tengah, dimimitian ku ayana konflik, jeung klimaks. * Ahir, ngawengku ''denoument'' atawa peleraian.'' Denoument'' mangrupa awal tina klimaks nu tujulna kana matotoskeun pasualan dina carita ==== '''Latar''' ==== Latar/''setting'' nuduhkeun tempat, waktu, jeung kaayaan (situasi) hiji kajadian nu karandapan ku palaku. Latar téh dianggap tatapakan keur ngajéntrékeun tempat, patalina waktu sajarah, jeung lingkungan sosial rupaning kajadian nu dicaritakeun.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=A Glossary of Literary Terms|last=Abrams, M. H.|first=|publisher=Heinle & Heinle|year=1999|isbn=|location=USA|pages=284}}</ref> === '''Sarana Sastra''' === '''            '''Sarana sastra nyaétamétodeu(pangarang) nyarungsung jeung milih rincian csrita keur ngahontal pola-pola anu miboga ma’na. Sarana sastra téh ngawengku simbol, gaya basa, jeung puseur implengan.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Simbol''' ===== Dina fiksi simbol téh bakal ngabalukarkeun dua akibat. Kahiji, simbol nu aya dina kajadian téh nuduhkeun ma’na tina éta kajadian. Kadua, simbol nu diulang-ulang bakal jadi panginget-nginget nu maca keur ngahontal ma’na nu gembleng tina carita. Katilu, simbol nu kapanggih kalayan intensitas nu mindeng téh bisa mantuan nu maca manggihan téma carita.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Gaya basa''' ===== Dalam sastra, gaya téh patali jeung cara atawa kamampuh pangarang ngaébréhkeun gagasan dina carita. Basa nu dipaké téh bisa humor, konkrit, imajinatif, jeung métafor. Campuran basa nu dipilih ku pangarang téh bakal ngahasilkeun gaya basa nu miboga ciri mandiri.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Puseur Implengan''' ===== Puseur implengan téh nuduhkeun carita nu dipidangkeun. Ieu unsur mangrupa cara atawa sawangan nu dipaké ku pangarang salaku sarana keur midangkeun carita ka nu maca.<ref name=":6" /> == Rujukan == rrz2kko4xjmphy8f3uuw9zu1aimxttq 629970 629969 2022-08-07T01:58:09Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fiksi''' nyaéta salah sahiji istilah anu dipaké dina sakabéh [[karya sastra]] nu wujudna [[naratif]] (carita), boh dina wangun [[prosa]], boh dina wangun [[puisi]], meunang ngaréka atawa nyusurup, lain nyaritakeun kajadian nu nyata ([[sajarah]]). Tapi, ka dieunakeun istilah fiksi disaruakeun jeung istilah prosa naratif ([[novel]] atawa [[roman]] jeung [[carita pondok]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=60}}</ref> Karangan fiksi nu diréka dumasar kana [[fakta]] atawa kanyataan, ngabalukarkeun ayana istilah roman sajarah atawa novel sajarah, roman biografis atawa novel [[biografis]].<ref name=":0" /> == Étimologi == Fiksi téh asal kecapna tina [[basa]] [[Inggris]] ''<span lang="fr" dir="ltr">fiction</span>'', tina basa [[Prancis]] Kuna jeung [[Latin]] ''<span lang="la" dir="ltr">fictio</span>'' nu hartina jieunan nu asalna tina ''<span lang="fr">fingerie</span>'' nu hartina nyieun atawa ngaréka.<ref name=":0" /> == Ciri prosa fiksi == Dina karya fiksi nyangkaruk aspék atawa ciri mandiri di antarana dijéntrékeun kieu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Buku Pendukung Pengajaran Sastra|last=Semi|first=Atar|publisher=Indonesia Tera|year=2008|isbn=|location=Magelang|pages=77-78}}</ref> * Unsur Carita. * Kaayaan [[basa]] [[téks]] fiksi anu henteu homogén. * Kajadian nu dicaritakeun (naratif). * Ayana runtuyan kajadian anu ngéntép seureuh ([[galur]]). Fiksi mangrupa carita kahirupan [[manusa]] nu sipatna fiktif, ku sabab diréka ku [[pangarang]]. Gaya nyarita pangarang henteu homogén, pangarang henteu kudu jadi jalma kahiji nu nyarita, tapi bisa méré kasempetan keur [[panyatur]] [[sékunder]] keur cumarita nepi ka ngahasilkeun [[dialog]] nu hadé. Carita nu dipidangkeun dina fiksi mangrupa carita fiktif, lamun miboga sasaruaan jeung kanyataan, éta téh ukur kabeneran wungkul. Dina wengkuan carita biasana dipidangkeun sacara ngaruntuy keun ngagambar [[konflik]] jeung kapanasaran nu [[maca]].<ref name=":1" /> == Struktur téks fiksi == * '''[[Abstrak]]''' mangrupa téks inti dina carita fiksi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dosenpendidikan.com/teks-cerita-fiksi-pengertian-jenis-unsur-struktur-kaidah/|title=“Teks Cerita Fiksi” Pengertian & ( Jenis – Unsur – Struktur – Kaidah )|date=2017-01-13|newspaper=DosenPendidikan.Com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-11}}</ref> * '''[[Oriéntasi]]''' eusina patali jeung [[téma]], kasang tukang téma, jeung [[palaku]] dina carita fiksi. Oriéntasi téh minangka jadi pamuka dina carita fiksi<ref name=":2" />. * '''[[Komplikasi]]''' téh [[klimaks]] tina téks carita. Dina ieu bagian biasana mimiti muncul pasualan anu bakal metot panitén nu maca<ref name=":2" />. * '''Pangajén''' téh mangrupa bagian nu nepikeun bongbolongan tina [[konflik]] atawa pasualan nu ditémbongkeun ku pangarang saméméhna.<ref name=":2" /> * '''[[Résolusi]]''' patali jeung matotoskeun pasualan anu karandapan ku palaku utama dina carita fiksi.<ref name=":2" /> * '''''Koda''''' (réorientasi) patali jeung [[amanat]] nu eusina teu jauh tina [[ajén moral]] nu bisa dilarapkeun dina kahirupan nya ku nu maca dina naskah téks carita fiksi.<ref name=":2" /> == Bédana fiksi jeung non-fiksi == Fiksi jeung non-fiksi sanajan sarua naratif, tapi aya bédana lebah wangun, eusi, jeung basa anu dipakéna. Leuwih jelasna dijéntrékeun kieu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Karangan Fiksi dan Nonfiksi|last=Krismarsanti|first=Ermina|publisher=PT. JePe|year=2009|isbn=|location=Surabaya|pages=7}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Fiksi !Non-fiksi |- |Imajinasi pangarang nu sipatna fiktif.<ref name=":3" /> |Fakta, réalitas, nyata dina kahirupan sapopoé.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Wangunna bisa novel atawa roman, carpon, jeung carita nyambung.<ref name=":3" /> |Wangunna bisa ésai, féature, kolom, opini, artikel, jeung résénsi.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Gambaran Subjéktifitas pangarang nu bakal ngahudang rasa nu maca.<ref name=":3" /> |Gambaran objéktifitas keur ngahudang pikiran jeung logika nu maca.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Basana bisa konotatif jeung denotatif kalawan ngahudang tafsiran nu rupa-rupa.<ref name=":3" /> |Basana dénotatif kalawan neueulkeun kana konsép nu kawatesanan (moal salah tafsir).<ref name=":3" /> |} == Struktur Fiksi == === T'''éma dina carita''' === '''Téma''' nyaéta inti [[carita]] atawa [[jejer]] anu diwangun tina runtuyan kajadian carita dina [[prosa]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ngalanglang Kasusastraan Sunda|last=Rosidi|first=Ajip|publisher=Pustaka Jaya|year=2012|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=224}}</ref>. Téma téh asal kecapna tina ''thema < tithenai'' nu hartina téh neundeun. Téma téh aspék carita nu sajajar jeung ma'na dina [[pangalaman]] [[manusa]] nu salawasna miboga kesan jeung pantes diinget-inget. Ku kituna, téma téh béda jeung [[judul]]<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Teori Fiksi (DItarjamahkeun ku Sugihastuti & Rossi)|last=Stanton|first=Robert|publisher=Pustaka Pelajar|year=2012|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=32}}</ref>. Téma leuwih neueulkeun kana gagasan jeung amanat nu ngawangun eusi karangan sagemblengna<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sridianti.com/pengertian-tema-dalam-cerita-atau-novel.html|title=''Pengertian Tema dalam Cerita atau Novel''|last=Sugiana|first=Yodi|website=|publisher=http://www.sridianti.com|accessdate=09 Oktober 2017|date=18 Maret 2016}}</ref> === '''Fakta carita''' === Fakta carita téh hal-hal nu patali jeung carita fiksi. Fakta carita téh ngawengku palaku, karakter palaku, galur, jeung latar. Éta opat unsur kaasup kana fakta carita téh ku sabab sacara faktual bakal ngawangun kajadian jeung  éksisténsina dina prosa fiksi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Teori Pengkajian Fiksi|last=Nurgiyantoro|first=Burhanudin|publisher=UGM Press|year=2012|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=178}}</ref> ==== '''Palaku jeung Watek''' ==== Palaku téh individu rékaan nu ngalaman rupaning kajadian dina carita. Ari karakter palaku mah pidangan paripolah atawa kawangunna citra palaku dina karya sastra. Ditilik tina peranna, palaku diwincik jadi dua nyaéta protagonis jeung antagonis.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Materi Pokok Cerita Rekaan dan Drama|last=Harianto, P|first=Rahmanto, B|publisher=Depdikbud|year=1998|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=15}}</ref> * Protagonis, gambaran palaku nu lempeng atawa salawasna aya dina jalur bebeneran.<ref name=":5" /> * Antagonis, gambaran palaku nu pateungteung jeung protagonis. Hartina, jalurna dina kamunkaran atawa kajahatan.<ref name=":5" /> ===== Gambaran Watek Palaku ===== * Diskursif / analitik, pangarang sacara langsung nyaritakeun karakter palaku-palaku dina carita.<ref name=":4" /> * Dramatik, pangarang nembrakkeun karakter palakuna ngaliwatan kekecapan jeung paripolah dina carita. Saperti ngaliwatan dialog, jalan pikiran palaku, rasa palaku, jsb.<ref name=":4" /> * Kontékstual, pangarang ngagambarkeun karakter palaku ngaliwatan lingkungan carita nu ngarojongna.<ref name=":4" /> * Campuran, metodeu konvensional kalawan tujuan éféktifitas carita.<ref name=":4" /> ==== '''Galur''' ==== Galur téh mangrupa runtuyan kajadian dina carita nu patali jeung sabab-akibat. Galur téh kabagi tilu.<ref name=":02" /> * Munggaran, ngajéntrékeun pamuka carita. * Bobok Tengah, dimimitian ku ayana konflik, jeung klimaks. * Ahir, ngawengku ''denoument'' atawa peleraian.'' Denoument'' mangrupa awal tina klimaks nu tujulna kana matotoskeun pasualan dina carita ==== '''Latar''' ==== Latar/''setting'' nuduhkeun tempat, waktu, jeung kaayaan (situasi) hiji kajadian nu karandapan ku palaku. Latar téh dianggap tatapakan keur ngajéntrékeun tempat, patalina waktu sajarah, jeung lingkungan sosial rupaning kajadian nu dicaritakeun.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=A Glossary of Literary Terms|last=Abrams, M. H.|first=|publisher=Heinle & Heinle|year=1999|isbn=|location=USA|pages=284}}</ref> === '''Sarana Sastra''' === '''            '''Sarana sastra nyaétamétodeu(pangarang) nyarungsung jeung milih rincian csrita keur ngahontal pola-pola anu miboga ma’na. Sarana sastra téh ngawengku simbol, gaya basa, jeung puseur implengan.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Simbol''' ===== Dina fiksi simbol téh bakal ngabalukarkeun dua akibat. Kahiji, simbol nu aya dina kajadian téh nuduhkeun ma’na tina éta kajadian. Kadua, simbol nu diulang-ulang bakal jadi panginget-nginget nu maca keur ngahontal ma’na nu gembleng tina carita. Katilu, simbol nu kapanggih kalayan intensitas nu mindeng téh bisa mantuan nu maca manggihan téma carita.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Gaya basa''' ===== Dalam sastra, gaya téh patali jeung cara atawa kamampuh pangarang ngaébréhkeun gagasan dina carita. Basa nu dipaké téh bisa humor, konkrit, imajinatif, jeung métafor. Campuran basa nu dipilih ku pangarang téh bakal ngahasilkeun gaya basa nu miboga ciri mandiri.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Puseur Implengan''' ===== Puseur implengan téh nuduhkeun carita nu dipidangkeun. Ieu unsur mangrupa cara atawa sawangan nu dipaké ku pangarang salaku sarana keur midangkeun carita ka nu maca.<ref name=":6" /> == Rujukan == oxgd49jtpum3jyws2iassikb0o842vb 629971 629970 2022-08-07T01:58:30Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fiksi''' nyaéta salah sahiji istilah anu dipaké dina sakabéh [[karya sastra]] nu wujudna [[naratif]] (carita), boh dina wangun [[prosa]], boh dina wangun [[puisi]], meunang ngaréka atawa nyusurup, lain nyaritakeun kajadian nu nyata ([[sajarah]]). Tapi, ka dieunakeun istilah fiksi disaruakeun jeung istilah prosa naratif ([[novel]] atawa [[roman]] jeung [[carita pondok]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=60}}</ref> Karangan fiksi nu diréka dumasar kana [[fakta]] atawa kanyataan, ngabalukarkeun ayana istilah roman sajarah atawa novel sajarah, roman biografis atawa novel [[biografis]].<ref name=":0" /> == Étimologi == Fiksi téh asal kecapna tina [[basa]] [[Inggris]] ''<span lang="fr" dir="ltr">fiction</span>'', tina basa [[Prancis]] Kuna jeung [[Latin]] ''<span lang="la" dir="ltr">fictio</span>'' nu hartina jieunan nu asalna tina ''<span lang="fr">fingerie</span>'' nu hartina nyieun atawa ngaréka.<ref name=":0" /> == Ciri prosa fiksi == Dina karya fiksi nyangkaruk aspék atawa ciri mandiri di antarana dijéntrékeun kieu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Buku Pendukung Pengajaran Sastra|last=Semi|first=Atar|publisher=Indonesia Tera|year=2008|isbn=|location=Magelang|pages=77-78}}</ref> * Unsur Carita. * Kaayaan [[basa]] [[téks]] fiksi anu henteu homogén. * Kajadian nu dicaritakeun (naratif). * Ayana runtuyan kajadian anu ngéntép seureuh ([[galur]]). Fiksi mangrupa carita kahirupan [[manusa]] nu sipatna fiktif, ku sabab diréka ku [[pangarang]]. Gaya nyarita pangarang henteu homogén, pangarang henteu kudu jadi jalma kahiji nu nyarita, tapi bisa méré kasempetan keur [[panyatur]] [[sékunder]] keur cumarita nepi ka ngahasilkeun [[dialog]] nu hadé. Carita nu dipidangkeun dina fiksi mangrupa carita fiktif, lamun miboga sasaruaan jeung kanyataan, éta téh ukur kabeneran wungkul. Dina wengkuan carita biasana dipidangkeun sacara ngaruntuy keun ngagambar [[konflik]] jeung kapanasaran nu [[maca]].<ref name=":1" /> == Struktur téks fiksi == * '''Abstrak''' mangrupa téks inti dina carita fiksi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dosenpendidikan.com/teks-cerita-fiksi-pengertian-jenis-unsur-struktur-kaidah/|title=“Teks Cerita Fiksi” Pengertian & ( Jenis – Unsur – Struktur – Kaidah )|date=2017-01-13|newspaper=DosenPendidikan.Com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-11}}</ref> * '''[[Oriéntasi]]''' eusina patali jeung [[téma]], kasang tukang téma, jeung [[palaku]] dina carita fiksi. Oriéntasi téh minangka jadi pamuka dina carita fiksi<ref name=":2" />. * '''[[Komplikasi]]''' téh [[klimaks]] tina téks carita. Dina ieu bagian biasana mimiti muncul pasualan anu bakal metot panitén nu maca<ref name=":2" />. * '''Pangajén''' téh mangrupa bagian nu nepikeun bongbolongan tina [[konflik]] atawa pasualan nu ditémbongkeun ku pangarang saméméhna.<ref name=":2" /> * '''[[Résolusi]]''' patali jeung matotoskeun pasualan anu karandapan ku palaku utama dina carita fiksi.<ref name=":2" /> * '''''Koda''''' (réorientasi) patali jeung [[amanat]] nu eusina teu jauh tina [[ajén moral]] nu bisa dilarapkeun dina kahirupan nya ku nu maca dina naskah téks carita fiksi.<ref name=":2" /> == Bédana fiksi jeung non-fiksi == Fiksi jeung non-fiksi sanajan sarua naratif, tapi aya bédana lebah wangun, eusi, jeung basa anu dipakéna. Leuwih jelasna dijéntrékeun kieu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Karangan Fiksi dan Nonfiksi|last=Krismarsanti|first=Ermina|publisher=PT. JePe|year=2009|isbn=|location=Surabaya|pages=7}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Fiksi !Non-fiksi |- |Imajinasi pangarang nu sipatna fiktif.<ref name=":3" /> |Fakta, réalitas, nyata dina kahirupan sapopoé.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Wangunna bisa novel atawa roman, carpon, jeung carita nyambung.<ref name=":3" /> |Wangunna bisa ésai, féature, kolom, opini, artikel, jeung résénsi.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Gambaran Subjéktifitas pangarang nu bakal ngahudang rasa nu maca.<ref name=":3" /> |Gambaran objéktifitas keur ngahudang pikiran jeung logika nu maca.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Basana bisa konotatif jeung denotatif kalawan ngahudang tafsiran nu rupa-rupa.<ref name=":3" /> |Basana dénotatif kalawan neueulkeun kana konsép nu kawatesanan (moal salah tafsir).<ref name=":3" /> |} == Struktur Fiksi == === T'''éma dina carita''' === '''Téma''' nyaéta inti [[carita]] atawa [[jejer]] anu diwangun tina runtuyan kajadian carita dina [[prosa]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ngalanglang Kasusastraan Sunda|last=Rosidi|first=Ajip|publisher=Pustaka Jaya|year=2012|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=224}}</ref>. Téma téh asal kecapna tina ''thema < tithenai'' nu hartina téh neundeun. Téma téh aspék carita nu sajajar jeung ma'na dina [[pangalaman]] [[manusa]] nu salawasna miboga kesan jeung pantes diinget-inget. Ku kituna, téma téh béda jeung [[judul]]<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Teori Fiksi (DItarjamahkeun ku Sugihastuti & Rossi)|last=Stanton|first=Robert|publisher=Pustaka Pelajar|year=2012|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=32}}</ref>. Téma leuwih neueulkeun kana gagasan jeung amanat nu ngawangun eusi karangan sagemblengna<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sridianti.com/pengertian-tema-dalam-cerita-atau-novel.html|title=''Pengertian Tema dalam Cerita atau Novel''|last=Sugiana|first=Yodi|website=|publisher=http://www.sridianti.com|accessdate=09 Oktober 2017|date=18 Maret 2016}}</ref> === '''Fakta carita''' === Fakta carita téh hal-hal nu patali jeung carita fiksi. Fakta carita téh ngawengku palaku, karakter palaku, galur, jeung latar. Éta opat unsur kaasup kana fakta carita téh ku sabab sacara faktual bakal ngawangun kajadian jeung  éksisténsina dina prosa fiksi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Teori Pengkajian Fiksi|last=Nurgiyantoro|first=Burhanudin|publisher=UGM Press|year=2012|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=178}}</ref> ==== '''Palaku jeung Watek''' ==== Palaku téh individu rékaan nu ngalaman rupaning kajadian dina carita. Ari karakter palaku mah pidangan paripolah atawa kawangunna citra palaku dina karya sastra. Ditilik tina peranna, palaku diwincik jadi dua nyaéta protagonis jeung antagonis.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Materi Pokok Cerita Rekaan dan Drama|last=Harianto, P|first=Rahmanto, B|publisher=Depdikbud|year=1998|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=15}}</ref> * Protagonis, gambaran palaku nu lempeng atawa salawasna aya dina jalur bebeneran.<ref name=":5" /> * Antagonis, gambaran palaku nu pateungteung jeung protagonis. Hartina, jalurna dina kamunkaran atawa kajahatan.<ref name=":5" /> ===== Gambaran Watek Palaku ===== * Diskursif / analitik, pangarang sacara langsung nyaritakeun karakter palaku-palaku dina carita.<ref name=":4" /> * Dramatik, pangarang nembrakkeun karakter palakuna ngaliwatan kekecapan jeung paripolah dina carita. Saperti ngaliwatan dialog, jalan pikiran palaku, rasa palaku, jsb.<ref name=":4" /> * Kontékstual, pangarang ngagambarkeun karakter palaku ngaliwatan lingkungan carita nu ngarojongna.<ref name=":4" /> * Campuran, metodeu konvensional kalawan tujuan éféktifitas carita.<ref name=":4" /> ==== '''Galur''' ==== Galur téh mangrupa runtuyan kajadian dina carita nu patali jeung sabab-akibat. Galur téh kabagi tilu.<ref name=":02" /> * Munggaran, ngajéntrékeun pamuka carita. * Bobok Tengah, dimimitian ku ayana konflik, jeung klimaks. * Ahir, ngawengku ''denoument'' atawa peleraian.'' Denoument'' mangrupa awal tina klimaks nu tujulna kana matotoskeun pasualan dina carita ==== '''Latar''' ==== Latar/''setting'' nuduhkeun tempat, waktu, jeung kaayaan (situasi) hiji kajadian nu karandapan ku palaku. Latar téh dianggap tatapakan keur ngajéntrékeun tempat, patalina waktu sajarah, jeung lingkungan sosial rupaning kajadian nu dicaritakeun.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=A Glossary of Literary Terms|last=Abrams, M. H.|first=|publisher=Heinle & Heinle|year=1999|isbn=|location=USA|pages=284}}</ref> === '''Sarana Sastra''' === '''            '''Sarana sastra nyaétamétodeu(pangarang) nyarungsung jeung milih rincian csrita keur ngahontal pola-pola anu miboga ma’na. Sarana sastra téh ngawengku simbol, gaya basa, jeung puseur implengan.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Simbol''' ===== Dina fiksi simbol téh bakal ngabalukarkeun dua akibat. Kahiji, simbol nu aya dina kajadian téh nuduhkeun ma’na tina éta kajadian. Kadua, simbol nu diulang-ulang bakal jadi panginget-nginget nu maca keur ngahontal ma’na nu gembleng tina carita. Katilu, simbol nu kapanggih kalayan intensitas nu mindeng téh bisa mantuan nu maca manggihan téma carita.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Gaya basa''' ===== Dalam sastra, gaya téh patali jeung cara atawa kamampuh pangarang ngaébréhkeun gagasan dina carita. Basa nu dipaké téh bisa humor, konkrit, imajinatif, jeung métafor. Campuran basa nu dipilih ku pangarang téh bakal ngahasilkeun gaya basa nu miboga ciri mandiri.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Puseur Implengan''' ===== Puseur implengan téh nuduhkeun carita nu dipidangkeun. Ieu unsur mangrupa cara atawa sawangan nu dipaké ku pangarang salaku sarana keur midangkeun carita ka nu maca.<ref name=":6" /> == Rujukan == 6el9lbg5tijkxyfg6vwj0j38at1hwtu 629972 629971 2022-08-07T01:59:24Z YogiYY 17453 /* Struktur téks fiksi */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fiksi''' nyaéta salah sahiji istilah anu dipaké dina sakabéh [[karya sastra]] nu wujudna [[naratif]] (carita), boh dina wangun [[prosa]], boh dina wangun [[puisi]], meunang ngaréka atawa nyusurup, lain nyaritakeun kajadian nu nyata ([[sajarah]]). Tapi, ka dieunakeun istilah fiksi disaruakeun jeung istilah prosa naratif ([[novel]] atawa [[roman]] jeung [[carita pondok]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=60}}</ref> Karangan fiksi nu diréka dumasar kana [[fakta]] atawa kanyataan, ngabalukarkeun ayana istilah roman sajarah atawa novel sajarah, roman biografis atawa novel [[biografis]].<ref name=":0" /> == Étimologi == Fiksi téh asal kecapna tina [[basa]] [[Inggris]] ''<span lang="fr" dir="ltr">fiction</span>'', tina basa [[Prancis]] Kuna jeung [[Latin]] ''<span lang="la" dir="ltr">fictio</span>'' nu hartina jieunan nu asalna tina ''<span lang="fr">fingerie</span>'' nu hartina nyieun atawa ngaréka.<ref name=":0" /> == Ciri prosa fiksi == Dina karya fiksi nyangkaruk aspék atawa ciri mandiri di antarana dijéntrékeun kieu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Buku Pendukung Pengajaran Sastra|last=Semi|first=Atar|publisher=Indonesia Tera|year=2008|isbn=|location=Magelang|pages=77-78}}</ref> * Unsur Carita. * Kaayaan [[basa]] [[téks]] fiksi anu henteu homogén. * Kajadian nu dicaritakeun (naratif). * Ayana runtuyan kajadian anu ngéntép seureuh ([[galur]]). Fiksi mangrupa carita kahirupan [[manusa]] nu sipatna fiktif, ku sabab diréka ku [[pangarang]]. Gaya nyarita pangarang henteu homogén, pangarang henteu kudu jadi jalma kahiji nu nyarita, tapi bisa méré kasempetan keur [[panyatur]] [[sékunder]] keur cumarita nepi ka ngahasilkeun [[dialog]] nu hadé. Carita nu dipidangkeun dina fiksi mangrupa carita fiktif, lamun miboga sasaruaan jeung kanyataan, éta téh ukur kabeneran wungkul. Dina wengkuan carita biasana dipidangkeun sacara ngaruntuy keun ngagambar [[konflik]] jeung kapanasaran nu [[maca]].<ref name=":1" /> == Struktur téks fiksi == * Abstrak mangrupa téks inti dina carita fiksi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dosenpendidikan.com/teks-cerita-fiksi-pengertian-jenis-unsur-struktur-kaidah/|title=“Teks Cerita Fiksi” Pengertian & ( Jenis – Unsur – Struktur – Kaidah )|date=2017-01-13|newspaper=DosenPendidikan.Com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-11}}</ref> * Oriéntasi]] eusina patali jeung [[jejer]], kasang tukang jejer, jeung [[palaku]] dina carita fiksi. Oriéntasi téh minangka pamuka dina carita fiksi anu seja dipidangkeun<ref name=":2" />. * '''[[Komplikasi]]''' téh [[klimaks]] tina téks carita. Dina ieu bagian biasana mimiti muncul pasualan anu bakal metot panitén nu maca<ref name=":2" />. * '''Pangajén''' téh mangrupa bagian nu nepikeun bongbolongan tina [[konflik]] atawa pasualan nu ditémbongkeun ku pangarang saméméhna.<ref name=":2" /> * '''[[Résolusi]]''' patali jeung matotoskeun pasualan anu karandapan ku palaku utama dina carita fiksi.<ref name=":2" /> * '''''Koda''''' (réorientasi) patali jeung [[amanat]] nu eusina teu jauh tina [[ajén moral]] nu bisa dilarapkeun dina kahirupan nya ku nu maca dina naskah téks carita fiksi.<ref name=":2" /> == Bédana fiksi jeung non-fiksi == Fiksi jeung non-fiksi sanajan sarua naratif, tapi aya bédana lebah wangun, eusi, jeung basa anu dipakéna. Leuwih jelasna dijéntrékeun kieu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Karangan Fiksi dan Nonfiksi|last=Krismarsanti|first=Ermina|publisher=PT. JePe|year=2009|isbn=|location=Surabaya|pages=7}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Fiksi !Non-fiksi |- |Imajinasi pangarang nu sipatna fiktif.<ref name=":3" /> |Fakta, réalitas, nyata dina kahirupan sapopoé.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Wangunna bisa novel atawa roman, carpon, jeung carita nyambung.<ref name=":3" /> |Wangunna bisa ésai, féature, kolom, opini, artikel, jeung résénsi.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Gambaran Subjéktifitas pangarang nu bakal ngahudang rasa nu maca.<ref name=":3" /> |Gambaran objéktifitas keur ngahudang pikiran jeung logika nu maca.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Basana bisa konotatif jeung denotatif kalawan ngahudang tafsiran nu rupa-rupa.<ref name=":3" /> |Basana dénotatif kalawan neueulkeun kana konsép nu kawatesanan (moal salah tafsir).<ref name=":3" /> |} == Struktur Fiksi == === T'''éma dina carita''' === '''Téma''' nyaéta inti [[carita]] atawa [[jejer]] anu diwangun tina runtuyan kajadian carita dina [[prosa]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ngalanglang Kasusastraan Sunda|last=Rosidi|first=Ajip|publisher=Pustaka Jaya|year=2012|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=224}}</ref>. Téma téh asal kecapna tina ''thema < tithenai'' nu hartina téh neundeun. Téma téh aspék carita nu sajajar jeung ma'na dina [[pangalaman]] [[manusa]] nu salawasna miboga kesan jeung pantes diinget-inget. Ku kituna, téma téh béda jeung [[judul]]<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Teori Fiksi (DItarjamahkeun ku Sugihastuti & Rossi)|last=Stanton|first=Robert|publisher=Pustaka Pelajar|year=2012|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=32}}</ref>. Téma leuwih neueulkeun kana gagasan jeung amanat nu ngawangun eusi karangan sagemblengna<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sridianti.com/pengertian-tema-dalam-cerita-atau-novel.html|title=''Pengertian Tema dalam Cerita atau Novel''|last=Sugiana|first=Yodi|website=|publisher=http://www.sridianti.com|accessdate=09 Oktober 2017|date=18 Maret 2016}}</ref> === '''Fakta carita''' === Fakta carita téh hal-hal nu patali jeung carita fiksi. Fakta carita téh ngawengku palaku, karakter palaku, galur, jeung latar. Éta opat unsur kaasup kana fakta carita téh ku sabab sacara faktual bakal ngawangun kajadian jeung  éksisténsina dina prosa fiksi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Teori Pengkajian Fiksi|last=Nurgiyantoro|first=Burhanudin|publisher=UGM Press|year=2012|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=178}}</ref> ==== '''Palaku jeung Watek''' ==== Palaku téh individu rékaan nu ngalaman rupaning kajadian dina carita. Ari karakter palaku mah pidangan paripolah atawa kawangunna citra palaku dina karya sastra. Ditilik tina peranna, palaku diwincik jadi dua nyaéta protagonis jeung antagonis.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Materi Pokok Cerita Rekaan dan Drama|last=Harianto, P|first=Rahmanto, B|publisher=Depdikbud|year=1998|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=15}}</ref> * Protagonis, gambaran palaku nu lempeng atawa salawasna aya dina jalur bebeneran.<ref name=":5" /> * Antagonis, gambaran palaku nu pateungteung jeung protagonis. Hartina, jalurna dina kamunkaran atawa kajahatan.<ref name=":5" /> ===== Gambaran Watek Palaku ===== * Diskursif / analitik, pangarang sacara langsung nyaritakeun karakter palaku-palaku dina carita.<ref name=":4" /> * Dramatik, pangarang nembrakkeun karakter palakuna ngaliwatan kekecapan jeung paripolah dina carita. Saperti ngaliwatan dialog, jalan pikiran palaku, rasa palaku, jsb.<ref name=":4" /> * Kontékstual, pangarang ngagambarkeun karakter palaku ngaliwatan lingkungan carita nu ngarojongna.<ref name=":4" /> * Campuran, metodeu konvensional kalawan tujuan éféktifitas carita.<ref name=":4" /> ==== '''Galur''' ==== Galur téh mangrupa runtuyan kajadian dina carita nu patali jeung sabab-akibat. Galur téh kabagi tilu.<ref name=":02" /> * Munggaran, ngajéntrékeun pamuka carita. * Bobok Tengah, dimimitian ku ayana konflik, jeung klimaks. * Ahir, ngawengku ''denoument'' atawa peleraian.'' Denoument'' mangrupa awal tina klimaks nu tujulna kana matotoskeun pasualan dina carita ==== '''Latar''' ==== Latar/''setting'' nuduhkeun tempat, waktu, jeung kaayaan (situasi) hiji kajadian nu karandapan ku palaku. Latar téh dianggap tatapakan keur ngajéntrékeun tempat, patalina waktu sajarah, jeung lingkungan sosial rupaning kajadian nu dicaritakeun.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=A Glossary of Literary Terms|last=Abrams, M. H.|first=|publisher=Heinle & Heinle|year=1999|isbn=|location=USA|pages=284}}</ref> === '''Sarana Sastra''' === '''            '''Sarana sastra nyaétamétodeu(pangarang) nyarungsung jeung milih rincian csrita keur ngahontal pola-pola anu miboga ma’na. Sarana sastra téh ngawengku simbol, gaya basa, jeung puseur implengan.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Simbol''' ===== Dina fiksi simbol téh bakal ngabalukarkeun dua akibat. Kahiji, simbol nu aya dina kajadian téh nuduhkeun ma’na tina éta kajadian. Kadua, simbol nu diulang-ulang bakal jadi panginget-nginget nu maca keur ngahontal ma’na nu gembleng tina carita. Katilu, simbol nu kapanggih kalayan intensitas nu mindeng téh bisa mantuan nu maca manggihan téma carita.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Gaya basa''' ===== Dalam sastra, gaya téh patali jeung cara atawa kamampuh pangarang ngaébréhkeun gagasan dina carita. Basa nu dipaké téh bisa humor, konkrit, imajinatif, jeung métafor. Campuran basa nu dipilih ku pangarang téh bakal ngahasilkeun gaya basa nu miboga ciri mandiri.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Puseur Implengan''' ===== Puseur implengan téh nuduhkeun carita nu dipidangkeun. Ieu unsur mangrupa cara atawa sawangan nu dipaké ku pangarang salaku sarana keur midangkeun carita ka nu maca.<ref name=":6" /> == Rujukan == n0uxa2c0vt0z8rxnbdzlwutuelx69zf 629973 629972 2022-08-07T02:00:06Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fiksi''' nyaéta salah sahiji istilah anu dipaké dina sakabéh [[karya sastra]] nu wujudna [[naratif]] (carita), boh dina wangun [[prosa]], boh dina wangun [[puisi]], meunang ngaréka atawa nyusurup, lain nyaritakeun kajadian nu nyata ([[sajarah]]). Tapi, ka dieunakeun istilah fiksi disaruakeun jeung istilah prosa naratif ([[novel]] atawa [[roman]] jeung [[carita pondok]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=60}}</ref> Karangan fiksi nu diréka dumasar kana [[fakta]] atawa kanyataan, ngabalukarkeun ayana istilah roman sajarah atawa novel sajarah, roman biografis atawa novel [[biografis]].<ref name=":0" /> == Étimologi == Fiksi téh asal kecapna tina [[basa]] [[Inggris]] ''<span lang="fr" dir="ltr">fiction</span>'', tina basa [[Prancis]] Kuna jeung [[Latin]] ''<span lang="la" dir="ltr">fictio</span>'' nu hartina jieunan nu asalna tina ''<span lang="fr">fingerie</span>'' nu hartina nyieun atawa ngaréka.<ref name=":0" /> == Ciri prosa fiksi == Dina karya fiksi nyangkaruk aspék atawa ciri mandiri di antarana dijéntrékeun kieu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Buku Pendukung Pengajaran Sastra|last=Semi|first=Atar|publisher=Indonesia Tera|year=2008|isbn=|location=Magelang|pages=77-78}}</ref> * Unsur Carita. * Kaayaan [[basa]] [[téks]] fiksi anu henteu homogén. * Kajadian nu dicaritakeun (naratif). * Ayana runtuyan kajadian anu ngéntép seureuh ([[galur]]). Fiksi mangrupa carita kahirupan [[manusa]] nu sipatna fiktif, ku sabab diréka ku [[pangarang]]. Gaya nyarita pangarang henteu homogén, pangarang henteu kudu jadi jalma kahiji nu nyarita, tapi bisa méré kasempetan keur [[panyatur]] [[sékunder]] keur cumarita nepi ka ngahasilkeun [[dialog]] nu hadé. Carita nu dipidangkeun dina fiksi mangrupa carita fiktif, lamun miboga sasaruaan jeung kanyataan, éta téh ukur kabeneran wungkul. Dina wengkuan carita biasana dipidangkeun sacara ngaruntuy keun ngagambar [[konflik]] jeung kapanasaran nu [[maca]].<ref name=":1" /> == Struktur téks fiksi == * Abstrak mangrupa téks inti dina carita fiksi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dosenpendidikan.com/teks-cerita-fiksi-pengertian-jenis-unsur-struktur-kaidah/|title=“Teks Cerita Fiksi” Pengertian & ( Jenis – Unsur – Struktur – Kaidah )|date=2017-01-13|newspaper=DosenPendidikan.Com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-11}}</ref> * Oriéntasi eusina patali jeung [[jejer]], kasang tukang jejer, jeung [[palaku]] dina carita fiksi. Oriéntasi téh minangka pamuka dina carita fiksi anu seja dipidangkeun<ref name=":2" />. * Komplikasi téh [[klimaks]] tina téks carita. Dina ieu bagian biasana mimiti midang pasualan anu bakal metot panitén nu maca kana jero carita<ref name=":2" />. * '''Pangajén''' téh mangrupa bagian nu nepikeun bongbolongan tina [[konflik]] atawa pasualan nu ditémbongkeun ku pangarang saméméhna.<ref name=":2" /> * '''[[Résolusi]]''' patali jeung matotoskeun pasualan anu karandapan ku palaku utama dina carita fiksi.<ref name=":2" /> * '''''Koda''''' (réorientasi) patali jeung [[amanat]] nu eusina teu jauh tina [[ajén moral]] nu bisa dilarapkeun dina kahirupan nya ku nu maca dina naskah téks carita fiksi.<ref name=":2" /> == Bédana fiksi jeung non-fiksi == Fiksi jeung non-fiksi sanajan sarua naratif, tapi aya bédana lebah wangun, eusi, jeung basa anu dipakéna. Leuwih jelasna dijéntrékeun kieu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Karangan Fiksi dan Nonfiksi|last=Krismarsanti|first=Ermina|publisher=PT. JePe|year=2009|isbn=|location=Surabaya|pages=7}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Fiksi !Non-fiksi |- |Imajinasi pangarang nu sipatna fiktif.<ref name=":3" /> |Fakta, réalitas, nyata dina kahirupan sapopoé.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Wangunna bisa novel atawa roman, carpon, jeung carita nyambung.<ref name=":3" /> |Wangunna bisa ésai, féature, kolom, opini, artikel, jeung résénsi.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Gambaran Subjéktifitas pangarang nu bakal ngahudang rasa nu maca.<ref name=":3" /> |Gambaran objéktifitas keur ngahudang pikiran jeung logika nu maca.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Basana bisa konotatif jeung denotatif kalawan ngahudang tafsiran nu rupa-rupa.<ref name=":3" /> |Basana dénotatif kalawan neueulkeun kana konsép nu kawatesanan (moal salah tafsir).<ref name=":3" /> |} == Struktur Fiksi == === T'''éma dina carita''' === '''Téma''' nyaéta inti [[carita]] atawa [[jejer]] anu diwangun tina runtuyan kajadian carita dina [[prosa]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ngalanglang Kasusastraan Sunda|last=Rosidi|first=Ajip|publisher=Pustaka Jaya|year=2012|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=224}}</ref>. Téma téh asal kecapna tina ''thema < tithenai'' nu hartina téh neundeun. Téma téh aspék carita nu sajajar jeung ma'na dina [[pangalaman]] [[manusa]] nu salawasna miboga kesan jeung pantes diinget-inget. Ku kituna, téma téh béda jeung [[judul]]<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Teori Fiksi (DItarjamahkeun ku Sugihastuti & Rossi)|last=Stanton|first=Robert|publisher=Pustaka Pelajar|year=2012|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=32}}</ref>. Téma leuwih neueulkeun kana gagasan jeung amanat nu ngawangun eusi karangan sagemblengna<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sridianti.com/pengertian-tema-dalam-cerita-atau-novel.html|title=''Pengertian Tema dalam Cerita atau Novel''|last=Sugiana|first=Yodi|website=|publisher=http://www.sridianti.com|accessdate=09 Oktober 2017|date=18 Maret 2016}}</ref> === '''Fakta carita''' === Fakta carita téh hal-hal nu patali jeung carita fiksi. Fakta carita téh ngawengku palaku, karakter palaku, galur, jeung latar. Éta opat unsur kaasup kana fakta carita téh ku sabab sacara faktual bakal ngawangun kajadian jeung  éksisténsina dina prosa fiksi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Teori Pengkajian Fiksi|last=Nurgiyantoro|first=Burhanudin|publisher=UGM Press|year=2012|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=178}}</ref> ==== '''Palaku jeung Watek''' ==== Palaku téh individu rékaan nu ngalaman rupaning kajadian dina carita. Ari karakter palaku mah pidangan paripolah atawa kawangunna citra palaku dina karya sastra. Ditilik tina peranna, palaku diwincik jadi dua nyaéta protagonis jeung antagonis.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Materi Pokok Cerita Rekaan dan Drama|last=Harianto, P|first=Rahmanto, B|publisher=Depdikbud|year=1998|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=15}}</ref> * Protagonis, gambaran palaku nu lempeng atawa salawasna aya dina jalur bebeneran.<ref name=":5" /> * Antagonis, gambaran palaku nu pateungteung jeung protagonis. Hartina, jalurna dina kamunkaran atawa kajahatan.<ref name=":5" /> ===== Gambaran Watek Palaku ===== * Diskursif / analitik, pangarang sacara langsung nyaritakeun karakter palaku-palaku dina carita.<ref name=":4" /> * Dramatik, pangarang nembrakkeun karakter palakuna ngaliwatan kekecapan jeung paripolah dina carita. Saperti ngaliwatan dialog, jalan pikiran palaku, rasa palaku, jsb.<ref name=":4" /> * Kontékstual, pangarang ngagambarkeun karakter palaku ngaliwatan lingkungan carita nu ngarojongna.<ref name=":4" /> * Campuran, metodeu konvensional kalawan tujuan éféktifitas carita.<ref name=":4" /> ==== '''Galur''' ==== Galur téh mangrupa runtuyan kajadian dina carita nu patali jeung sabab-akibat. Galur téh kabagi tilu.<ref name=":02" /> * Munggaran, ngajéntrékeun pamuka carita. * Bobok Tengah, dimimitian ku ayana konflik, jeung klimaks. * Ahir, ngawengku ''denoument'' atawa peleraian.'' Denoument'' mangrupa awal tina klimaks nu tujulna kana matotoskeun pasualan dina carita ==== '''Latar''' ==== Latar/''setting'' nuduhkeun tempat, waktu, jeung kaayaan (situasi) hiji kajadian nu karandapan ku palaku. Latar téh dianggap tatapakan keur ngajéntrékeun tempat, patalina waktu sajarah, jeung lingkungan sosial rupaning kajadian nu dicaritakeun.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=A Glossary of Literary Terms|last=Abrams, M. H.|first=|publisher=Heinle & Heinle|year=1999|isbn=|location=USA|pages=284}}</ref> === '''Sarana Sastra''' === '''            '''Sarana sastra nyaétamétodeu(pangarang) nyarungsung jeung milih rincian csrita keur ngahontal pola-pola anu miboga ma’na. Sarana sastra téh ngawengku simbol, gaya basa, jeung puseur implengan.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Simbol''' ===== Dina fiksi simbol téh bakal ngabalukarkeun dua akibat. Kahiji, simbol nu aya dina kajadian téh nuduhkeun ma’na tina éta kajadian. Kadua, simbol nu diulang-ulang bakal jadi panginget-nginget nu maca keur ngahontal ma’na nu gembleng tina carita. Katilu, simbol nu kapanggih kalayan intensitas nu mindeng téh bisa mantuan nu maca manggihan téma carita.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Gaya basa''' ===== Dalam sastra, gaya téh patali jeung cara atawa kamampuh pangarang ngaébréhkeun gagasan dina carita. Basa nu dipaké téh bisa humor, konkrit, imajinatif, jeung métafor. Campuran basa nu dipilih ku pangarang téh bakal ngahasilkeun gaya basa nu miboga ciri mandiri.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Puseur Implengan''' ===== Puseur implengan téh nuduhkeun carita nu dipidangkeun. Ieu unsur mangrupa cara atawa sawangan nu dipaké ku pangarang salaku sarana keur midangkeun carita ka nu maca.<ref name=":6" /> == Rujukan == 3uow1ldpmkyz0ecp2003680whsgu2ae 629974 629973 2022-08-07T02:00:43Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fiksi''' nyaéta salah sahiji istilah anu dipaké dina sakabéh [[karya sastra]] nu wujudna [[naratif]] (carita), boh dina wangun [[prosa]], boh dina wangun [[puisi]], meunang ngaréka atawa nyusurup, lain nyaritakeun kajadian nu nyata ([[sajarah]]). Tapi, ka dieunakeun istilah fiksi disaruakeun jeung istilah prosa naratif ([[novel]] atawa [[roman]] jeung [[carita pondok]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=60}}</ref> Karangan fiksi nu diréka dumasar kana [[fakta]] atawa kanyataan, ngabalukarkeun ayana istilah roman sajarah atawa novel sajarah, roman biografis atawa novel [[biografis]].<ref name=":0" /> == Étimologi == Fiksi téh asal kecapna tina [[basa]] [[Inggris]] ''<span lang="fr" dir="ltr">fiction</span>'', tina basa [[Prancis]] Kuna jeung [[Latin]] ''<span lang="la" dir="ltr">fictio</span>'' nu hartina jieunan nu asalna tina ''<span lang="fr">fingerie</span>'' nu hartina nyieun atawa ngaréka.<ref name=":0" /> == Ciri prosa fiksi == Dina karya fiksi nyangkaruk aspék atawa ciri mandiri di antarana dijéntrékeun kieu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Buku Pendukung Pengajaran Sastra|last=Semi|first=Atar|publisher=Indonesia Tera|year=2008|isbn=|location=Magelang|pages=77-78}}</ref> * Unsur Carita. * Kaayaan [[basa]] [[téks]] fiksi anu henteu homogén. * Kajadian nu dicaritakeun (naratif). * Ayana runtuyan kajadian anu ngéntép seureuh ([[galur]]). Fiksi mangrupa carita kahirupan [[manusa]] nu sipatna fiktif, ku sabab diréka ku [[pangarang]]. Gaya nyarita pangarang henteu homogén, pangarang henteu kudu jadi jalma kahiji nu nyarita, tapi bisa méré kasempetan keur [[panyatur]] [[sékunder]] keur cumarita nepi ka ngahasilkeun [[dialog]] nu hadé. Carita nu dipidangkeun dina fiksi mangrupa carita fiktif, lamun miboga sasaruaan jeung kanyataan, éta téh ukur kabeneran wungkul. Dina wengkuan carita biasana dipidangkeun sacara ngaruntuy keun ngagambar [[konflik]] jeung kapanasaran nu [[maca]].<ref name=":1" /> == Struktur téks fiksi == * Abstrak mangrupa téks inti dina carita fiksi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dosenpendidikan.com/teks-cerita-fiksi-pengertian-jenis-unsur-struktur-kaidah/|title=“Teks Cerita Fiksi” Pengertian & ( Jenis – Unsur – Struktur – Kaidah )|date=2017-01-13|newspaper=DosenPendidikan.Com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-11}}</ref> * Oriéntasi eusina patali jeung [[jejer]], kasang tukang jejer, jeung [[palaku]] dina carita fiksi. Oriéntasi téh minangka pamuka dina carita fiksi anu seja dipidangkeun<ref name=":2" />. * Komplikasi téh [[klimaks]] tina téks carita. Dina ieu bagian biasana mimiti midang pasualan anu bakal metot panitén nu maca kana jero carita<ref name=":2" />. * Pangajén téh mangrupa bagian nu nepikeun bongbolongan tina [[konflik]] atawa pasualan nu ditémbongkeun ku pangarang dina runtuyan carita.<ref name=":2" /> * '''[[Résolusi]]''' patali jeung matotoskeun pasualan anu karandapan ku palaku utama dina carita fiksi.<ref name=":2" /> * '''''Koda''''' (réorientasi) patali jeung [[amanat]] nu eusina teu jauh tina [[ajén moral]] nu bisa dilarapkeun dina kahirupan nya ku nu maca dina naskah téks carita fiksi.<ref name=":2" /> == Bédana fiksi jeung non-fiksi == Fiksi jeung non-fiksi sanajan sarua naratif, tapi aya bédana lebah wangun, eusi, jeung basa anu dipakéna. Leuwih jelasna dijéntrékeun kieu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Karangan Fiksi dan Nonfiksi|last=Krismarsanti|first=Ermina|publisher=PT. JePe|year=2009|isbn=|location=Surabaya|pages=7}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Fiksi !Non-fiksi |- |Imajinasi pangarang nu sipatna fiktif.<ref name=":3" /> |Fakta, réalitas, nyata dina kahirupan sapopoé.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Wangunna bisa novel atawa roman, carpon, jeung carita nyambung.<ref name=":3" /> |Wangunna bisa ésai, féature, kolom, opini, artikel, jeung résénsi.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Gambaran Subjéktifitas pangarang nu bakal ngahudang rasa nu maca.<ref name=":3" /> |Gambaran objéktifitas keur ngahudang pikiran jeung logika nu maca.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Basana bisa konotatif jeung denotatif kalawan ngahudang tafsiran nu rupa-rupa.<ref name=":3" /> |Basana dénotatif kalawan neueulkeun kana konsép nu kawatesanan (moal salah tafsir).<ref name=":3" /> |} == Struktur Fiksi == === T'''éma dina carita''' === '''Téma''' nyaéta inti [[carita]] atawa [[jejer]] anu diwangun tina runtuyan kajadian carita dina [[prosa]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ngalanglang Kasusastraan Sunda|last=Rosidi|first=Ajip|publisher=Pustaka Jaya|year=2012|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=224}}</ref>. Téma téh asal kecapna tina ''thema < tithenai'' nu hartina téh neundeun. Téma téh aspék carita nu sajajar jeung ma'na dina [[pangalaman]] [[manusa]] nu salawasna miboga kesan jeung pantes diinget-inget. Ku kituna, téma téh béda jeung [[judul]]<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Teori Fiksi (DItarjamahkeun ku Sugihastuti & Rossi)|last=Stanton|first=Robert|publisher=Pustaka Pelajar|year=2012|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=32}}</ref>. Téma leuwih neueulkeun kana gagasan jeung amanat nu ngawangun eusi karangan sagemblengna<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sridianti.com/pengertian-tema-dalam-cerita-atau-novel.html|title=''Pengertian Tema dalam Cerita atau Novel''|last=Sugiana|first=Yodi|website=|publisher=http://www.sridianti.com|accessdate=09 Oktober 2017|date=18 Maret 2016}}</ref> === '''Fakta carita''' === Fakta carita téh hal-hal nu patali jeung carita fiksi. Fakta carita téh ngawengku palaku, karakter palaku, galur, jeung latar. Éta opat unsur kaasup kana fakta carita téh ku sabab sacara faktual bakal ngawangun kajadian jeung  éksisténsina dina prosa fiksi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Teori Pengkajian Fiksi|last=Nurgiyantoro|first=Burhanudin|publisher=UGM Press|year=2012|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=178}}</ref> ==== '''Palaku jeung Watek''' ==== Palaku téh individu rékaan nu ngalaman rupaning kajadian dina carita. Ari karakter palaku mah pidangan paripolah atawa kawangunna citra palaku dina karya sastra. Ditilik tina peranna, palaku diwincik jadi dua nyaéta protagonis jeung antagonis.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Materi Pokok Cerita Rekaan dan Drama|last=Harianto, P|first=Rahmanto, B|publisher=Depdikbud|year=1998|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=15}}</ref> * Protagonis, gambaran palaku nu lempeng atawa salawasna aya dina jalur bebeneran.<ref name=":5" /> * Antagonis, gambaran palaku nu pateungteung jeung protagonis. Hartina, jalurna dina kamunkaran atawa kajahatan.<ref name=":5" /> ===== Gambaran Watek Palaku ===== * Diskursif / analitik, pangarang sacara langsung nyaritakeun karakter palaku-palaku dina carita.<ref name=":4" /> * Dramatik, pangarang nembrakkeun karakter palakuna ngaliwatan kekecapan jeung paripolah dina carita. Saperti ngaliwatan dialog, jalan pikiran palaku, rasa palaku, jsb.<ref name=":4" /> * Kontékstual, pangarang ngagambarkeun karakter palaku ngaliwatan lingkungan carita nu ngarojongna.<ref name=":4" /> * Campuran, metodeu konvensional kalawan tujuan éféktifitas carita.<ref name=":4" /> ==== '''Galur''' ==== Galur téh mangrupa runtuyan kajadian dina carita nu patali jeung sabab-akibat. Galur téh kabagi tilu.<ref name=":02" /> * Munggaran, ngajéntrékeun pamuka carita. * Bobok Tengah, dimimitian ku ayana konflik, jeung klimaks. * Ahir, ngawengku ''denoument'' atawa peleraian.'' Denoument'' mangrupa awal tina klimaks nu tujulna kana matotoskeun pasualan dina carita ==== '''Latar''' ==== Latar/''setting'' nuduhkeun tempat, waktu, jeung kaayaan (situasi) hiji kajadian nu karandapan ku palaku. Latar téh dianggap tatapakan keur ngajéntrékeun tempat, patalina waktu sajarah, jeung lingkungan sosial rupaning kajadian nu dicaritakeun.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=A Glossary of Literary Terms|last=Abrams, M. H.|first=|publisher=Heinle & Heinle|year=1999|isbn=|location=USA|pages=284}}</ref> === '''Sarana Sastra''' === '''            '''Sarana sastra nyaétamétodeu(pangarang) nyarungsung jeung milih rincian csrita keur ngahontal pola-pola anu miboga ma’na. Sarana sastra téh ngawengku simbol, gaya basa, jeung puseur implengan.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Simbol''' ===== Dina fiksi simbol téh bakal ngabalukarkeun dua akibat. Kahiji, simbol nu aya dina kajadian téh nuduhkeun ma’na tina éta kajadian. Kadua, simbol nu diulang-ulang bakal jadi panginget-nginget nu maca keur ngahontal ma’na nu gembleng tina carita. Katilu, simbol nu kapanggih kalayan intensitas nu mindeng téh bisa mantuan nu maca manggihan téma carita.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Gaya basa''' ===== Dalam sastra, gaya téh patali jeung cara atawa kamampuh pangarang ngaébréhkeun gagasan dina carita. Basa nu dipaké téh bisa humor, konkrit, imajinatif, jeung métafor. Campuran basa nu dipilih ku pangarang téh bakal ngahasilkeun gaya basa nu miboga ciri mandiri.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Puseur Implengan''' ===== Puseur implengan téh nuduhkeun carita nu dipidangkeun. Ieu unsur mangrupa cara atawa sawangan nu dipaké ku pangarang salaku sarana keur midangkeun carita ka nu maca.<ref name=":6" /> == Rujukan == qfd5eleq9yvob50clpi4ko9gnq4ae42 629975 629974 2022-08-07T02:11:31Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fiksi''' nyaéta salah sahiji istilah anu dipaké dina sakabéh [[karya sastra]] nu wujudna [[naratif]] (carita), boh dina wangun [[prosa]], boh dina wangun [[puisi]], meunang ngaréka atawa nyusurup, lain nyaritakeun kajadian nu nyata ([[sajarah]]). Tapi, ka dieunakeun istilah fiksi disaruakeun jeung istilah prosa naratif ([[novel]] atawa [[roman]] jeung [[carita pondok]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=60}}</ref> Karangan fiksi nu diréka dumasar kana [[fakta]] atawa kanyataan, ngabalukarkeun ayana istilah roman sajarah atawa novel sajarah, roman biografis atawa novel [[biografis]].<ref name=":0" /> == Étimologi == Fiksi téh asal kecapna tina [[basa]] [[Inggris]] ''<span lang="fr" dir="ltr">fiction</span>'', tina basa [[Prancis]] Kuna jeung [[Latin]] ''<span lang="la" dir="ltr">fictio</span>'' nu hartina jieunan nu asalna tina ''<span lang="fr">fingerie</span>'' nu hartina nyieun atawa ngaréka.<ref name=":0" /> == Ciri prosa fiksi == Dina karya fiksi nyangkaruk aspék atawa ciri mandiri di antarana dijéntrékeun kieu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Buku Pendukung Pengajaran Sastra|last=Semi|first=Atar|publisher=Indonesia Tera|year=2008|isbn=|location=Magelang|pages=77-78}}</ref> * Unsur Carita. * Kaayaan [[basa]] [[téks]] fiksi anu henteu homogén. * Kajadian nu dicaritakeun (naratif). * Ayana runtuyan kajadian anu ngéntép seureuh ([[galur]]). Fiksi mangrupa carita kahirupan [[manusa]] nu sipatna fiktif, ku sabab diréka ku [[pangarang]]. Gaya nyarita pangarang henteu homogén, pangarang henteu kudu jadi jalma kahiji nu nyarita, tapi bisa méré kasempetan keur [[panyatur]] [[sékunder]] keur cumarita nepi ka ngahasilkeun [[dialog]] nu hadé. Carita nu dipidangkeun dina fiksi mangrupa carita fiktif, lamun miboga sasaruaan jeung kanyataan, éta téh ukur kabeneran wungkul. Dina wengkuan carita biasana dipidangkeun sacara ngaruntuy keun ngagambar [[konflik]] jeung kapanasaran nu [[maca]].<ref name=":1" /> == Struktur téks fiksi == * Abstrak mangrupa téks inti dina carita fiksi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dosenpendidikan.com/teks-cerita-fiksi-pengertian-jenis-unsur-struktur-kaidah/|title=“Teks Cerita Fiksi” Pengertian & ( Jenis – Unsur – Struktur – Kaidah )|date=2017-01-13|newspaper=DosenPendidikan.Com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-11}}</ref> * Oriéntasi eusina patali jeung [[jejer]], kasang tukang jejer, jeung [[palaku]] dina carita fiksi. Oriéntasi téh minangka pamuka dina carita fiksi anu seja dipidangkeun<ref name=":2" />. * Komplikasi téh [[klimaks]] tina téks carita. Dina ieu bagian biasana mimiti midang pasualan anu bakal metot panitén nu maca kana jero carita<ref name=":2" />. * Pangajén téh mangrupa bagian nu nepikeun bongbolongan tina [[konflik]] atawa pasualan nu ditémbongkeun ku pangarang dina runtuyan carita.<ref name=":2" /> * Résolusi patali jeung matotoskeun pasualan anu karandapan ku palaku utama dina carita fiksi.<ref name=":2" /> * Koda (réorientasi) patali jeung [[amanat]] nu eusina teu jauh tina [[ajén moral]] nu bisa dilarapkeun dina kahirupan nya ku nu maca dina naskah téks carita fiksi.<ref name=":2" /> == Bédana fiksi jeung non-fiksi == Fiksi jeung non-fiksi sanajan sarua naratif, tapi aya bédana lebah wangun, eusi, jeung basa anu dipakéna. Leuwih jelasna dijéntrékeun kieu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Karangan Fiksi dan Nonfiksi|last=Krismarsanti|first=Ermina|publisher=PT. JePe|year=2009|isbn=|location=Surabaya|pages=7}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Fiksi !Non-fiksi |- |Imajinasi pangarang nu sipatna fiktif.<ref name=":3" /> |Fakta, réalitas, nyata dina kahirupan sapopoé.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Wangunna bisa novel atawa roman, carpon, jeung carita nyambung.<ref name=":3" /> |Wangunna bisa ésai, féature, kolom, opini, artikel, jeung résénsi.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Gambaran Subjéktifitas pangarang nu bakal ngahudang rasa nu maca.<ref name=":3" /> |Gambaran objéktifitas keur ngahudang pikiran jeung logika nu maca.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Basana bisa konotatif jeung denotatif kalawan ngahudang tafsiran nu rupa-rupa.<ref name=":3" /> |Basana dénotatif kalawan neueulkeun kana konsép nu kawatesanan (moal salah tafsir).<ref name=":3" /> |} == Struktur Fiksi == === T'''éma dina carita''' === '''Téma''' nyaéta inti [[carita]] atawa [[jejer]] anu diwangun tina runtuyan kajadian carita dina [[prosa]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ngalanglang Kasusastraan Sunda|last=Rosidi|first=Ajip|publisher=Pustaka Jaya|year=2012|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=224}}</ref>. Téma téh asal kecapna tina ''thema < tithenai'' nu hartina téh neundeun. Téma téh aspék carita nu sajajar jeung ma'na dina [[pangalaman]] [[manusa]] nu salawasna miboga kesan jeung pantes diinget-inget. Ku kituna, téma téh béda jeung [[judul]]<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Teori Fiksi (DItarjamahkeun ku Sugihastuti & Rossi)|last=Stanton|first=Robert|publisher=Pustaka Pelajar|year=2012|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=32}}</ref>. Téma leuwih neueulkeun kana gagasan jeung amanat nu ngawangun eusi karangan sagemblengna<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sridianti.com/pengertian-tema-dalam-cerita-atau-novel.html|title=''Pengertian Tema dalam Cerita atau Novel''|last=Sugiana|first=Yodi|website=|publisher=http://www.sridianti.com|accessdate=09 Oktober 2017|date=18 Maret 2016}}</ref> === '''Fakta carita''' === Fakta carita téh hal-hal nu patali jeung carita fiksi. Fakta carita téh ngawengku palaku, karakter palaku, galur, jeung latar. Éta opat unsur kaasup kana fakta carita téh ku sabab sacara faktual bakal ngawangun kajadian jeung  éksisténsina dina prosa fiksi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Teori Pengkajian Fiksi|last=Nurgiyantoro|first=Burhanudin|publisher=UGM Press|year=2012|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=178}}</ref> ==== '''Palaku jeung Watek''' ==== Palaku téh individu rékaan nu ngalaman rupaning kajadian dina carita. Ari karakter palaku mah pidangan paripolah atawa kawangunna citra palaku dina karya sastra. Ditilik tina peranna, palaku diwincik jadi dua nyaéta protagonis jeung antagonis.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Materi Pokok Cerita Rekaan dan Drama|last=Harianto, P|first=Rahmanto, B|publisher=Depdikbud|year=1998|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=15}}</ref> * Protagonis, gambaran palaku nu lempeng atawa salawasna aya dina jalur bebeneran.<ref name=":5" /> * Antagonis, gambaran palaku nu pateungteung jeung protagonis. Hartina, jalurna dina kamunkaran atawa kajahatan.<ref name=":5" /> ===== Gambaran Watek Palaku ===== * Diskursif / analitik, pangarang sacara langsung nyaritakeun karakter palaku-palaku dina carita.<ref name=":4" /> * Dramatik, pangarang nembrakkeun karakter palakuna ngaliwatan kekecapan jeung paripolah dina carita. Saperti ngaliwatan dialog, jalan pikiran palaku, rasa palaku, jsb.<ref name=":4" /> * Kontékstual, pangarang ngagambarkeun karakter palaku ngaliwatan lingkungan carita nu ngarojongna.<ref name=":4" /> * Campuran, metodeu konvensional kalawan tujuan éféktifitas carita.<ref name=":4" /> ==== '''Galur''' ==== Galur téh mangrupa runtuyan kajadian dina carita nu patali jeung sabab-akibat. Galur téh kabagi tilu.<ref name=":02" /> * Munggaran, ngajéntrékeun pamuka carita. * Bobok Tengah, dimimitian ku ayana konflik, jeung klimaks. * Ahir, ngawengku ''denoument'' atawa peleraian.'' Denoument'' mangrupa awal tina klimaks nu tujulna kana matotoskeun pasualan dina carita ==== '''Latar''' ==== Latar/''setting'' nuduhkeun tempat, waktu, jeung kaayaan (situasi) hiji kajadian nu karandapan ku palaku. Latar téh dianggap tatapakan keur ngajéntrékeun tempat, patalina waktu sajarah, jeung lingkungan sosial rupaning kajadian nu dicaritakeun.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=A Glossary of Literary Terms|last=Abrams, M. H.|first=|publisher=Heinle & Heinle|year=1999|isbn=|location=USA|pages=284}}</ref> === '''Sarana Sastra''' === '''            '''Sarana sastra nyaétamétodeu(pangarang) nyarungsung jeung milih rincian csrita keur ngahontal pola-pola anu miboga ma’na. Sarana sastra téh ngawengku simbol, gaya basa, jeung puseur implengan.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Simbol''' ===== Dina fiksi simbol téh bakal ngabalukarkeun dua akibat. Kahiji, simbol nu aya dina kajadian téh nuduhkeun ma’na tina éta kajadian. Kadua, simbol nu diulang-ulang bakal jadi panginget-nginget nu maca keur ngahontal ma’na nu gembleng tina carita. Katilu, simbol nu kapanggih kalayan intensitas nu mindeng téh bisa mantuan nu maca manggihan téma carita.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Gaya basa''' ===== Dalam sastra, gaya téh patali jeung cara atawa kamampuh pangarang ngaébréhkeun gagasan dina carita. Basa nu dipaké téh bisa humor, konkrit, imajinatif, jeung métafor. Campuran basa nu dipilih ku pangarang téh bakal ngahasilkeun gaya basa nu miboga ciri mandiri.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Puseur Implengan''' ===== Puseur implengan téh nuduhkeun carita nu dipidangkeun. Ieu unsur mangrupa cara atawa sawangan nu dipaké ku pangarang salaku sarana keur midangkeun carita ka nu maca.<ref name=":6" /> == Rujukan == ox0s3hc9013gwl2mwejfnwtv4ungagk 629976 629975 2022-08-07T02:17:38Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fiksi''' nyaéta salah sahiji istilah anu dipaké dina sakabéh [[karya sastra]] nu wujudna [[naratif]] (carita), boh dina wangun [[prosa]], boh dina wangun [[puisi]], meunang ngaréka atawa nyusurup, lain nyaritakeun kajadian nu nyata ([[sajarah]]). Tapi, ka dieunakeun istilah fiksi disaruakeun jeung istilah prosa naratif ([[novel]] atawa [[roman]] jeung [[carita pondok]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=60}}</ref> Karangan fiksi nu diréka dumasar kana [[fakta]] atawa kanyataan, ngabalukarkeun ayana istilah roman sajarah atawa novel sajarah, roman biografis atawa novel [[biografis]].<ref name=":0" /> == Étimologi == Fiksi téh asal kecapna tina [[basa]] [[Inggris]] ''<span lang="fr" dir="ltr">fiction</span>'', tina basa [[Prancis]] Kuna jeung [[Latin]] ''<span lang="la" dir="ltr">fictio</span>'' nu hartina jieunan nu asalna tina ''<span lang="fr">fingerie</span>'' nu hartina nyieun atawa ngaréka.<ref name=":0" /> == Ciri prosa fiksi == Dina karya fiksi nyangkaruk aspék atawa ciri mandiri di antarana dijéntrékeun kieu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Buku Pendukung Pengajaran Sastra|last=Semi|first=Atar|publisher=Indonesia Tera|year=2008|isbn=|location=Magelang|pages=77-78}}</ref> * Unsur Carita. * Kaayaan [[basa]] [[téks]] fiksi anu henteu homogén. * Kajadian nu dicaritakeun (naratif). * Ayana runtuyan kajadian anu ngéntép seureuh ([[galur]]). Fiksi mangrupa carita kahirupan [[manusa]] nu sipatna fiktif, ku sabab diréka ku [[pangarang]]. Gaya nyarita pangarang henteu homogén, pangarang henteu kudu jadi jalma kahiji nu nyarita, tapi bisa méré kasempetan keur [[panyatur]] [[sékunder]] keur cumarita nepi ka ngahasilkeun [[dialog]] nu hadé. Carita nu dipidangkeun dina fiksi mangrupa carita fiktif, lamun miboga sasaruaan jeung kanyataan, éta téh ukur kabeneran wungkul. Dina wengkuan carita biasana dipidangkeun sacara ngaruntuy keun ngagambar [[konflik]] jeung kapanasaran nu [[maca]].<ref name=":1" /> == Struktur téks fiksi == * Abstrak mangrupa téks inti dina carita fiksi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dosenpendidikan.com/teks-cerita-fiksi-pengertian-jenis-unsur-struktur-kaidah/|title=“Teks Cerita Fiksi” Pengertian & ( Jenis – Unsur – Struktur – Kaidah )|date=2017-01-13|newspaper=DosenPendidikan.Com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-11}}</ref> * Oriéntasi eusina patali jeung [[jejer]], kasang tukang jejer, jeung [[palaku]] dina carita fiksi. Oriéntasi téh minangka pamuka dina carita fiksi anu seja dipidangkeun<ref name=":2" />. * Komplikasi téh [[klimaks]] tina téks carita. Dina ieu bagian biasana mimiti midang pasualan anu bakal metot panitén nu maca kana jero carita<ref name=":2" />. * Pangajén téh mangrupa bagian nu nepikeun bongbolongan tina [[konflik]] atawa pasualan nu ditémbongkeun ku pangarang dina runtuyan carita.<ref name=":2" /> * Résolusi patali jeung matotoskeun pasualan anu karandapan ku palaku utama dina carita fiksi.<ref name=":2" /> * Koda (réorientasi) patali jeung [[amanat]] nu eusina teu jauh tina [[ajén moral]] nu bisa dilarapkeun dina kahirupan nya ku nu maca dina naskah téks carita fiksi.<ref name=":2" /> == Bédana fiksi jeung non-fiksi == Fiksi jeung non-fiksi sanajan sarua naratif, tapi aya bédana lebah wangun, eusi, jeung basa anu dipakéna. Leuwih jelasna dijéntrékeun kieu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Karangan Fiksi dan Nonfiksi|last=Krismarsanti|first=Ermina|publisher=PT. JePe|year=2009|isbn=|location=Surabaya|pages=7}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Fiksi !Non-fiksi |- |Imajinasi pangarang nu sipatna fiktif.<ref name=":3" /> |Fakta, réalitas, nyata dina kahirupan sapopoé.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Wangunna bisa novel atawa roman, carpon, jeung carita nyambung.<ref name=":3" /> |Wangunna bisa ésai, féature, kolom, opini, artikel, jeung résénsi.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Gambaran Subjéktifitas pangarang nu bakal ngahudang rasa nu maca.<ref name=":3" /> |Gambaran objéktifitas keur ngahudang pikiran jeung logika nu maca.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Basana bisa konotatif jeung denotatif kalawan ngahudang tafsiran nu rupa-rupa.<ref name=":3" /> |Basana dénotatif kalawan neueulkeun kana konsép nu kawatesanan (moal salah tafsir).<ref name=":3" /> |} == Struktur Fiksi == === T'''éma dina carita''' === '''Téma''' nyaéta inti [[carita]] atawa [[jejer]] anu diwangun tina runtuyan kajadian carita dina [[prosa]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ngalanglang Kasusastraan Sunda|last=Rosidi|first=Ajip|publisher=Pustaka Jaya|year=2012|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=224}}</ref>. Téma téh asal kecapna tina ''thema < tithenai'' nu hartina téh neundeun. Téma téh aspék carita nu sajajar jeung ma'na dina [[pangalaman]] [[manusa]] nu salawasna miboga kesan jeung pantes diinget-inget. Ku kituna, téma téh béda jeung [[judul]]<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Teori Fiksi (DItarjamahkeun ku Sugihastuti & Rossi)|last=Stanton|first=Robert|publisher=Pustaka Pelajar|year=2012|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=32}}</ref>. Téma leuwih neueulkeun kana gagasan jeung amanat nu ngawangun eusi karangan sagemblengna<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sridianti.com/pengertian-tema-dalam-cerita-atau-novel.html|title=''Pengertian Tema dalam Cerita atau Novel''|last=Sugiana|first=Yodi|website=|publisher=http://www.sridianti.com|accessdate=09 Oktober 2017|date=18 Maret 2016}}</ref> === '''Fakta carita''' === Fakta carita téh hal-hal nu patali jeung carita fiksi. Fakta carita téh ngawengku palaku, karakter palaku, galur, jeung latar. Éta opat unsur kaasup kana fakta carita téh ku sabab sacara faktual bakal ngawangun kajadian jeung  éksisténsina dina prosa fiksi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Teori Pengkajian Fiksi|last=Nurgiyantoro|first=Burhanudin|publisher=UGM Press|year=2012|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=178}}</ref> ==== '''Palaku jeung Watek''' ==== Palaku téh individu rékaan nu ngalaman rupaning kajadian dina carita. Ari karakter palaku mah pidangan paripolah atawa kawangunna citra palaku dina karya sastra. Ditilik tina peranna, palaku diwincik jadi dua nyaéta protagonis jeung antagonis.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Materi Pokok Cerita Rekaan dan Drama|last=Harianto, P|first=Rahmanto, B|publisher=Depdikbud|year=1998|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=15}}</ref> * Protagonis, gambaran palaku nu lempeng atawa salawasna aya dina jalur bebeneran.<ref name=":5" /> * Antagonis, gambaran palaku nu pateungteung jeung protagonis. Hartina, jalurna dina kamunkaran atawa kajahatan.<ref name=":5" /> ===== Gambaran Watek Palaku ===== * Diskursif / analitik, pangarang sacara langsung nyaritakeun karakter palaku-palaku dina carita.<ref name=":4" /> * Dramatik, pangarang nembrakkeun karakter palakuna ngaliwatan kekecapan jeung paripolah dina carita. Saperti ngaliwatan dialog, jalan pikiran palaku, rasa palaku, jsb.<ref name=":4" /> * Kontékstual, pangarang ngagambarkeun karakter palaku ngaliwatan lingkungan carita nu ngarojongna.<ref name=":4" /> * Campuran, metodeu konvensional kalawan tujuan éféktifitas carita.<ref name=":4" /> ==== '''Galur''' ==== Galur téh mangrupa runtuyan kajadian dina carita nu patali jeung sabab-akibat. Galur téh kabagi tilu.<ref name=":02" /> * Munggaran, ngajéntrékeun pamuka carita. * Bobok Tengah, dimimitian ku ayana konflik, jeung klimaks. * Ahir, ngawengku ''denoument'' atawa peleraian.'' Denoument'' mangrupa awal tina klimaks nu tujulna kana matotoskeun pasualan dina carita ==== '''Latar''' ==== Latar/''setting'' nuduhkeun tempat, waktu, jeung kaayaan (situasi) hiji kajadian nu karandapan ku palaku. Latar téh dianggap tatapakan keur ngajéntrékeun tempat, patalina waktu sajarah, jeung lingkungan sosial rupaning kajadian nu dicaritakeun.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=A Glossary of Literary Terms|last=Abrams, M. H.|first=|publisher=Heinle & Heinle|year=1999|isbn=|location=USA|pages=284}}</ref> === '''Sarana Sastra''' === Sarana sastra nyaéta salah sahiji métodeu pangarang nyarungsung jeung milih rincian csrita keur ngahontal pola-pola anu miboga ma’na. Sarana sastra téh ngawengku simbol, gaya basa, jeung puseur implengan.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Simbol''' ===== Dina fiksi simbol téh bakal ngabalukarkeun dua akibat. Kahiji, simbol nu aya dina kajadian téh nuduhkeun ma’na tina éta kajadian. Kadua, simbol nu diulang-ulang bakal jadi panginget-nginget nu maca keur ngahontal ma’na nu gembleng tina carita. Katilu, simbol nu kapanggih kalayan intensitas nu mindeng téh bisa mantuan nu maca manggihan téma carita.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Gaya basa''' ===== Dalam sastra, gaya téh patali jeung cara atawa kamampuh pangarang ngaébréhkeun gagasan dina carita. Basa nu dipaké téh bisa humor, konkrit, imajinatif, jeung métafor. Campuran basa nu dipilih ku pangarang téh bakal ngahasilkeun gaya basa nu miboga ciri mandiri.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Puseur Implengan''' ===== Puseur implengan téh nuduhkeun carita nu dipidangkeun. Ieu unsur mangrupa cara atawa sawangan nu dipaké ku pangarang salaku sarana keur midangkeun carita ka nu maca.<ref name=":6" /> == Rujukan == tlrj96ht5lvfhihxv8bsp1dnlys9kfo 629977 629976 2022-08-07T02:35:26Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fiksi''' nyaéta salah sahiji istilah anu dipaké dina sakabéh [[karya sastra]] nu wujudna [[naratif]] (carita), boh dina wangun [[prosa]], boh dina wangun [[puisi]], meunang ngaréka atawa nyusurup, lain nyaritakeun kajadian nu nyata ([[sajarah]]). Tapi, ka dieunakeun istilah fiksi disaruakeun jeung istilah prosa naratif ([[novel]] atawa [[roman]] jeung [[carita pondok]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=60}}</ref> Karangan fiksi nu diréka dumasar kana [[fakta]] atawa kanyataan, ngabalukarkeun ayana istilah roman sajarah atawa novel sajarah, roman biografis atawa novel [[biografis]].<ref name=":0" /> == Étimologi == Fiksi téh asal kecapna tina [[basa]] [[Inggris]] ''<span lang="fr" dir="ltr">fiction</span>'', tina basa [[Prancis]] Kuna jeung [[Latin]] ''<span lang="la" dir="ltr">fictio</span>'' nu hartina jieunan nu asalna tina ''<span lang="fr">fingerie</span>'' nu hartina nyieun atawa ngaréka.<ref name=":0" /> == Ciri prosa fiksi == Dina karya fiksi nyangkaruk aspék atawa ciri mandiri di antarana dijéntrékeun kieu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Buku Pendukung Pengajaran Sastra|last=Semi|first=Atar|publisher=Indonesia Tera|year=2008|isbn=|location=Magelang|pages=77-78}}</ref> * Unsur Carita. * Kaayaan [[basa]] [[téks]] fiksi anu henteu homogén. * Kajadian nu dicaritakeun (naratif). * Ayana runtuyan kajadian anu ngéntép seureuh ([[galur]]). Fiksi mangrupa carita kahirupan [[manusa]] nu sipatna fiktif, ku sabab diréka ku [[pangarang]]. Gaya nyarita pangarang henteu homogén, pangarang henteu kudu jadi jalma kahiji nu nyarita, tapi bisa méré kasempetan keur [[panyatur]] [[sékunder]] keur cumarita nepi ka ngahasilkeun [[dialog]] nu hadé. Carita nu dipidangkeun dina fiksi mangrupa carita fiktif, lamun miboga sasaruaan jeung kanyataan, éta téh ukur kabeneran wungkul. Dina wengkuan carita biasana dipidangkeun sacara ngaruntuy keun ngagambar [[konflik]] jeung kapanasaran nu [[maca]].<ref name=":1" /> == Struktur téks fiksi == * Abstrak mangrupa téks inti dina carita fiksi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dosenpendidikan.com/teks-cerita-fiksi-pengertian-jenis-unsur-struktur-kaidah/|title=“Teks Cerita Fiksi” Pengertian & ( Jenis – Unsur – Struktur – Kaidah )|date=2017-01-13|newspaper=DosenPendidikan.Com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-11}}</ref> * Oriéntasi eusina patali jeung [[jejer]], kasang tukang jejer, jeung [[palaku]] dina carita fiksi. Oriéntasi téh minangka pamuka dina carita fiksi anu seja dipidangkeun<ref name=":2" />. * Komplikasi téh [[klimaks]] tina téks carita. Dina ieu bagian biasana mimiti midang pasualan anu bakal metot panitén nu maca kana jero carita<ref name=":2" />. * Pangajén téh mangrupa bagian nu nepikeun bongbolongan tina [[konflik]] atawa pasualan nu ditémbongkeun ku pangarang dina runtuyan carita.<ref name=":2" /> * Résolusi patali jeung matotoskeun pasualan anu karandapan ku palaku utama dina carita fiksi.<ref name=":2" /> * Koda (réorientasi) patali jeung [[amanat]] nu eusina teu jauh tina [[ajén moral]] nu bisa dilarapkeun dina kahirupan nya ku nu maca dina naskah téks carita fiksi.<ref name=":2" /> == Bédana fiksi jeung non-fiksi == Fiksi jeung non-fiksi sanajan sarua naratif, tapi aya bédana lebah wangun, eusi, jeung basa anu dipakéna. Leuwih jelasna dijéntrékeun kieu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Karangan Fiksi dan Nonfiksi|last=Krismarsanti|first=Ermina|publisher=PT. JePe|year=2009|isbn=|location=Surabaya|pages=7}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Fiksi !Non-fiksi |- |Imajinasi pangarang nu sipatna fiktif.<ref name=":3" /> |Fakta, réalitas, nyata dina kahirupan sapopoé.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Wangunna bisa novel atawa roman, carpon, jeung carita nyambung.<ref name=":3" /> |Wangunna bisa ésai, féature, kolom, opini, artikel, jeung résénsi.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Gambaran Subjéktifitas pangarang nu bakal ngahudang rasa nu maca.<ref name=":3" /> |Gambaran objéktifitas keur ngahudang pikiran jeung logika nu maca.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Basana bisa konotatif jeung denotatif kalawan ngahudang tafsiran nu rupa-rupa.<ref name=":3" /> |Basana dénotatif kalawan neueulkeun kana konsép nu kawatesanan (moal salah tafsir).<ref name=":3" /> |} == Struktur Fiksi == === '''Téma dina carita''' === Téma atawa jejer nyaéta inti [[carita]] anu diwangun tina runtuyan kajadian anu dipidangkeun dina [[prosa]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ngalanglang Kasusastraan Sunda|last=Rosidi|first=Ajip|publisher=Pustaka Jaya|year=2012|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=224}}</ref>. Téma téh asal kecapna tina ''thema < tithenai'' nu hartina téh neundeun. Téma téh aspék carita nu sajajar jeung ma'na dina [[pangalaman]] [[manusa]] nu salawasna miboga kesan jeung pantes diinget-inget. Ku kituna, téma téh béda jeung [[judul]]<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Teori Fiksi (DItarjamahkeun ku Sugihastuti & Rossi)|last=Stanton|first=Robert|publisher=Pustaka Pelajar|year=2012|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=32}}</ref>. Téma leuwih neueulkeun kana gagasan jeung amanat nu ngawangun eusi karangan sagemblengna<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sridianti.com/pengertian-tema-dalam-cerita-atau-novel.html|title=''Pengertian Tema dalam Cerita atau Novel''|last=Sugiana|first=Yodi|website=|publisher=http://www.sridianti.com|accessdate=09 Oktober 2017|date=18 Maret 2016}}</ref> === '''Fakta carita''' === Fakta carita téh hal-hal nu patali jeung carita fiksi. Fakta carita téh ngawengku palaku, karakter palaku, galur, jeung latar. Éta opat unsur kaasup kana fakta carita téh ku sabab sacara faktual bakal ngawangun kajadian jeung  éksisténsina dina prosa fiksi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Teori Pengkajian Fiksi|last=Nurgiyantoro|first=Burhanudin|publisher=UGM Press|year=2012|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=178}}</ref> ==== '''Palaku jeung Watek''' ==== Palaku téh individu rékaan nu ngalaman rupaning kajadian dina carita. Ari karakter palaku mah pidangan paripolah atawa kawangunna citra palaku dina karya sastra. Ditilik tina peranna, palaku diwincik jadi dua nyaéta protagonis jeung antagonis.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Materi Pokok Cerita Rekaan dan Drama|last=Harianto, P|first=Rahmanto, B|publisher=Depdikbud|year=1998|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=15}}</ref> * Protagonis, gambaran palaku nu lempeng atawa salawasna aya dina jalur bebeneran.<ref name=":5" /> * Antagonis, gambaran palaku nu pateungteung jeung protagonis. Hartina, jalurna dina kamunkaran atawa kajahatan.<ref name=":5" /> ===== Gambaran Watek Palaku ===== * Diskursif / analitik, pangarang sacara langsung nyaritakeun karakter palaku-palaku dina carita.<ref name=":4" /> * Dramatik, pangarang nembrakkeun karakter palakuna ngaliwatan kekecapan jeung paripolah dina carita. Saperti ngaliwatan dialog, jalan pikiran palaku, rasa palaku, jsb.<ref name=":4" /> * Kontékstual, pangarang ngagambarkeun karakter palaku ngaliwatan lingkungan carita nu ngarojongna.<ref name=":4" /> * Campuran, metodeu konvensional kalawan tujuan éféktifitas carita.<ref name=":4" /> ==== '''Galur''' ==== Galur téh mangrupa runtuyan kajadian dina carita nu patali jeung sabab-akibat. Galur téh kabagi tilu.<ref name=":02" /> * Munggaran, ngajéntrékeun pamuka carita. * Bobok Tengah, dimimitian ku ayana konflik, jeung klimaks. * Ahir, ngawengku ''denoument'' atawa peleraian.'' Denoument'' mangrupa awal tina klimaks nu tujulna kana matotoskeun pasualan dina carita ==== '''Latar''' ==== Latar/''setting'' nuduhkeun tempat, waktu, jeung kaayaan (situasi) hiji kajadian nu karandapan ku palaku. Latar téh dianggap tatapakan keur ngajéntrékeun tempat, patalina waktu sajarah, jeung lingkungan sosial rupaning kajadian nu dicaritakeun.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=A Glossary of Literary Terms|last=Abrams, M. H.|first=|publisher=Heinle & Heinle|year=1999|isbn=|location=USA|pages=284}}</ref> === '''Sarana Sastra''' === Sarana sastra nyaéta salah sahiji métodeu pangarang nyarungsung jeung milih rincian csrita keur ngahontal pola-pola anu miboga ma’na. Sarana sastra téh ngawengku simbol, gaya basa, jeung puseur implengan.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Simbol''' ===== Dina fiksi simbol téh bakal ngabalukarkeun dua akibat. Kahiji, simbol nu aya dina kajadian téh nuduhkeun ma’na tina éta kajadian. Kadua, simbol nu diulang-ulang bakal jadi panginget-nginget nu maca keur ngahontal ma’na nu gembleng tina carita. Katilu, simbol nu kapanggih kalayan intensitas nu mindeng téh bisa mantuan nu maca manggihan téma carita.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Gaya basa''' ===== Dalam sastra, gaya téh patali jeung cara atawa kamampuh pangarang ngaébréhkeun gagasan dina carita. Basa nu dipaké téh bisa humor, konkrit, imajinatif, jeung métafor. Campuran basa nu dipilih ku pangarang téh bakal ngahasilkeun gaya basa nu miboga ciri mandiri.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Puseur Implengan''' ===== Puseur implengan téh nuduhkeun carita nu dipidangkeun. Ieu unsur mangrupa cara atawa sawangan nu dipaké ku pangarang salaku sarana keur midangkeun carita ka nu maca.<ref name=":6" /> == Rujukan == 4y84opcehuz4cvsp6sxyix6hpop9c4b 629978 629977 2022-08-07T02:36:34Z YogiYY 17453 /* Fakta carita */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fiksi''' nyaéta salah sahiji istilah anu dipaké dina sakabéh [[karya sastra]] nu wujudna [[naratif]] (carita), boh dina wangun [[prosa]], boh dina wangun [[puisi]], meunang ngaréka atawa nyusurup, lain nyaritakeun kajadian nu nyata ([[sajarah]]). Tapi, ka dieunakeun istilah fiksi disaruakeun jeung istilah prosa naratif ([[novel]] atawa [[roman]] jeung [[carita pondok]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=60}}</ref> Karangan fiksi nu diréka dumasar kana [[fakta]] atawa kanyataan, ngabalukarkeun ayana istilah roman sajarah atawa novel sajarah, roman biografis atawa novel [[biografis]].<ref name=":0" /> == Étimologi == Fiksi téh asal kecapna tina [[basa]] [[Inggris]] ''<span lang="fr" dir="ltr">fiction</span>'', tina basa [[Prancis]] Kuna jeung [[Latin]] ''<span lang="la" dir="ltr">fictio</span>'' nu hartina jieunan nu asalna tina ''<span lang="fr">fingerie</span>'' nu hartina nyieun atawa ngaréka.<ref name=":0" /> == Ciri prosa fiksi == Dina karya fiksi nyangkaruk aspék atawa ciri mandiri di antarana dijéntrékeun kieu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Buku Pendukung Pengajaran Sastra|last=Semi|first=Atar|publisher=Indonesia Tera|year=2008|isbn=|location=Magelang|pages=77-78}}</ref> * Unsur Carita. * Kaayaan [[basa]] [[téks]] fiksi anu henteu homogén. * Kajadian nu dicaritakeun (naratif). * Ayana runtuyan kajadian anu ngéntép seureuh ([[galur]]). Fiksi mangrupa carita kahirupan [[manusa]] nu sipatna fiktif, ku sabab diréka ku [[pangarang]]. Gaya nyarita pangarang henteu homogén, pangarang henteu kudu jadi jalma kahiji nu nyarita, tapi bisa méré kasempetan keur [[panyatur]] [[sékunder]] keur cumarita nepi ka ngahasilkeun [[dialog]] nu hadé. Carita nu dipidangkeun dina fiksi mangrupa carita fiktif, lamun miboga sasaruaan jeung kanyataan, éta téh ukur kabeneran wungkul. Dina wengkuan carita biasana dipidangkeun sacara ngaruntuy keun ngagambar [[konflik]] jeung kapanasaran nu [[maca]].<ref name=":1" /> == Struktur téks fiksi == * Abstrak mangrupa téks inti dina carita fiksi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dosenpendidikan.com/teks-cerita-fiksi-pengertian-jenis-unsur-struktur-kaidah/|title=“Teks Cerita Fiksi” Pengertian & ( Jenis – Unsur – Struktur – Kaidah )|date=2017-01-13|newspaper=DosenPendidikan.Com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-11}}</ref> * Oriéntasi eusina patali jeung [[jejer]], kasang tukang jejer, jeung [[palaku]] dina carita fiksi. Oriéntasi téh minangka pamuka dina carita fiksi anu seja dipidangkeun<ref name=":2" />. * Komplikasi téh [[klimaks]] tina téks carita. Dina ieu bagian biasana mimiti midang pasualan anu bakal metot panitén nu maca kana jero carita<ref name=":2" />. * Pangajén téh mangrupa bagian nu nepikeun bongbolongan tina [[konflik]] atawa pasualan nu ditémbongkeun ku pangarang dina runtuyan carita.<ref name=":2" /> * Résolusi patali jeung matotoskeun pasualan anu karandapan ku palaku utama dina carita fiksi.<ref name=":2" /> * Koda (réorientasi) patali jeung [[amanat]] nu eusina teu jauh tina [[ajén moral]] nu bisa dilarapkeun dina kahirupan nya ku nu maca dina naskah téks carita fiksi.<ref name=":2" /> == Bédana fiksi jeung non-fiksi == Fiksi jeung non-fiksi sanajan sarua naratif, tapi aya bédana lebah wangun, eusi, jeung basa anu dipakéna. Leuwih jelasna dijéntrékeun kieu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Karangan Fiksi dan Nonfiksi|last=Krismarsanti|first=Ermina|publisher=PT. JePe|year=2009|isbn=|location=Surabaya|pages=7}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Fiksi !Non-fiksi |- |Imajinasi pangarang nu sipatna fiktif.<ref name=":3" /> |Fakta, réalitas, nyata dina kahirupan sapopoé.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Wangunna bisa novel atawa roman, carpon, jeung carita nyambung.<ref name=":3" /> |Wangunna bisa ésai, féature, kolom, opini, artikel, jeung résénsi.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Gambaran Subjéktifitas pangarang nu bakal ngahudang rasa nu maca.<ref name=":3" /> |Gambaran objéktifitas keur ngahudang pikiran jeung logika nu maca.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Basana bisa konotatif jeung denotatif kalawan ngahudang tafsiran nu rupa-rupa.<ref name=":3" /> |Basana dénotatif kalawan neueulkeun kana konsép nu kawatesanan (moal salah tafsir).<ref name=":3" /> |} == Struktur Fiksi == === '''Téma dina carita''' === Téma atawa jejer nyaéta inti [[carita]] anu diwangun tina runtuyan kajadian anu dipidangkeun dina [[prosa]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ngalanglang Kasusastraan Sunda|last=Rosidi|first=Ajip|publisher=Pustaka Jaya|year=2012|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=224}}</ref>. Téma téh asal kecapna tina ''thema < tithenai'' nu hartina téh neundeun. Téma téh aspék carita nu sajajar jeung ma'na dina [[pangalaman]] [[manusa]] nu salawasna miboga kesan jeung pantes diinget-inget. Ku kituna, téma téh béda jeung [[judul]]<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Teori Fiksi (DItarjamahkeun ku Sugihastuti & Rossi)|last=Stanton|first=Robert|publisher=Pustaka Pelajar|year=2012|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=32}}</ref>. Téma leuwih neueulkeun kana gagasan jeung amanat nu ngawangun eusi karangan sagemblengna<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sridianti.com/pengertian-tema-dalam-cerita-atau-novel.html|title=''Pengertian Tema dalam Cerita atau Novel''|last=Sugiana|first=Yodi|website=|publisher=http://www.sridianti.com|accessdate=09 Oktober 2017|date=18 Maret 2016}}</ref> === '''Fakta carita''' === Fakta carita téh hal-hal nu patali jeung carita fiksi. Fakta carita téh ngawengku palaku, karakter palaku, galur, jeung latar. Éta opat unsur kaasup kana fakta carita téh ku sabab sacara faktual bakal ngawangun kajadian jeung  éksisténsina dina prosa fiksi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Teori Pengkajian Fiksi|last=Nurgiyantoro|first=Burhanudin|publisher=UGM Press|year=2012|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=178}}</ref> ==== '''Palaku jeung Watek''' ==== Palaku téh individu rékaan nu ngalaman rupaning kajadian dina carita. Ari karakter palaku mah pidangan paripolah atawa kawangunna citra palaku dina [[karya]] [[sastra]]. Ditilik tina peranna, palaku diwincik jadi dua nyaéta [[protagonis]] jeung [[antagonis]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Materi Pokok Cerita Rekaan dan Drama|last=Harianto, P|first=Rahmanto, B|publisher=Depdikbud|year=1998|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=15}}</ref> * Protagonis, gambaran palaku nu lempeng atawa salawasna aya dina jalur bebeneran.<ref name=":5" /> * Antagonis, gambaran palaku nu pateungteung jeung protagonis. Hartina, jalurna dina kamunkaran atawa kajahatan.<ref name=":5" /> ===== Gambaran Watek Palaku ===== * Diskursif / analitik, pangarang sacara langsung nyaritakeun karakter palaku-palaku dina carita.<ref name=":4" /> * Dramatik, pangarang nembrakkeun karakter palakuna ngaliwatan kekecapan jeung paripolah dina carita. Saperti ngaliwatan dialog, jalan pikiran palaku, rasa palaku, jsb.<ref name=":4" /> * Kontékstual, pangarang ngagambarkeun karakter palaku ngaliwatan lingkungan carita nu ngarojongna.<ref name=":4" /> * Campuran, metodeu konvensional kalawan tujuan éféktifitas carita.<ref name=":4" /> ==== '''Galur''' ==== Galur téh mangrupa runtuyan kajadian dina carita nu patali jeung sabab-akibat. Galur téh kabagi tilu.<ref name=":02" /> * Munggaran, ngajéntrékeun pamuka carita. * Bobok Tengah, dimimitian ku ayana konflik, jeung klimaks. * Ahir, ngawengku ''denoument'' atawa peleraian.'' Denoument'' mangrupa awal tina klimaks nu tujulna kana matotoskeun pasualan dina carita ==== '''Latar''' ==== Latar/''setting'' nuduhkeun tempat, waktu, jeung kaayaan (situasi) hiji kajadian nu karandapan ku palaku. Latar téh dianggap tatapakan keur ngajéntrékeun tempat, patalina waktu sajarah, jeung lingkungan sosial rupaning kajadian nu dicaritakeun.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=A Glossary of Literary Terms|last=Abrams, M. H.|first=|publisher=Heinle & Heinle|year=1999|isbn=|location=USA|pages=284}}</ref> === '''Sarana Sastra''' === Sarana sastra nyaéta salah sahiji métodeu pangarang nyarungsung jeung milih rincian csrita keur ngahontal pola-pola anu miboga ma’na. Sarana sastra téh ngawengku simbol, gaya basa, jeung puseur implengan.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Simbol''' ===== Dina fiksi simbol téh bakal ngabalukarkeun dua akibat. Kahiji, simbol nu aya dina kajadian téh nuduhkeun ma’na tina éta kajadian. Kadua, simbol nu diulang-ulang bakal jadi panginget-nginget nu maca keur ngahontal ma’na nu gembleng tina carita. Katilu, simbol nu kapanggih kalayan intensitas nu mindeng téh bisa mantuan nu maca manggihan téma carita.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Gaya basa''' ===== Dalam sastra, gaya téh patali jeung cara atawa kamampuh pangarang ngaébréhkeun gagasan dina carita. Basa nu dipaké téh bisa humor, konkrit, imajinatif, jeung métafor. Campuran basa nu dipilih ku pangarang téh bakal ngahasilkeun gaya basa nu miboga ciri mandiri.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Puseur Implengan''' ===== Puseur implengan téh nuduhkeun carita nu dipidangkeun. Ieu unsur mangrupa cara atawa sawangan nu dipaké ku pangarang salaku sarana keur midangkeun carita ka nu maca.<ref name=":6" /> == Rujukan == thptn6apj6ekndas5gqqn76f2qacw0p 629979 629978 2022-08-07T02:37:06Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fiksi''' nyaéta salah sahiji istilah anu dipaké dina sakabéh [[karya sastra]] nu wujudna [[naratif]] (carita), boh dina wangun [[prosa]], boh dina wangun [[puisi]], meunang ngaréka atawa nyusurup, lain nyaritakeun kajadian nu nyata ([[sajarah]]). Tapi, ka dieunakeun istilah fiksi disaruakeun jeung istilah prosa naratif ([[novel]] atawa [[roman]] jeung [[carita pondok]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=60}}</ref> Karangan fiksi nu diréka dumasar kana [[fakta]] atawa kanyataan, ngabalukarkeun ayana istilah roman sajarah atawa novel sajarah, roman biografis atawa novel [[biografis]].<ref name=":0" /> == Étimologi == Fiksi téh asal kecapna tina [[basa]] [[Inggris]] ''<span lang="fr" dir="ltr">fiction</span>'', tina basa [[Prancis]] Kuna jeung [[Latin]] ''<span lang="la" dir="ltr">fictio</span>'' nu hartina jieunan nu asalna tina ''<span lang="fr">fingerie</span>'' nu hartina nyieun atawa ngaréka.<ref name=":0" /> == Ciri prosa fiksi == Dina karya fiksi nyangkaruk aspék atawa ciri mandiri di antarana dijéntrékeun kieu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Buku Pendukung Pengajaran Sastra|last=Semi|first=Atar|publisher=Indonesia Tera|year=2008|isbn=|location=Magelang|pages=77-78}}</ref> * Unsur Carita. * Kaayaan [[basa]] [[téks]] fiksi anu henteu homogén. * Kajadian nu dicaritakeun (naratif). * Ayana runtuyan kajadian anu ngéntép seureuh ([[galur]]). Fiksi mangrupa carita kahirupan [[manusa]] nu sipatna fiktif, ku sabab diréka ku [[pangarang]]. Gaya nyarita pangarang henteu homogén, pangarang henteu kudu jadi jalma kahiji nu nyarita, tapi bisa méré kasempetan keur [[panyatur]] [[sékunder]] keur cumarita nepi ka ngahasilkeun [[dialog]] nu hadé. Carita nu dipidangkeun dina fiksi mangrupa carita fiktif, lamun miboga sasaruaan jeung kanyataan, éta téh ukur kabeneran wungkul. Dina wengkuan carita biasana dipidangkeun sacara ngaruntuy keun ngagambar [[konflik]] jeung kapanasaran nu [[maca]].<ref name=":1" /> == Struktur téks fiksi == * Abstrak mangrupa téks inti dina carita fiksi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dosenpendidikan.com/teks-cerita-fiksi-pengertian-jenis-unsur-struktur-kaidah/|title=“Teks Cerita Fiksi” Pengertian & ( Jenis – Unsur – Struktur – Kaidah )|date=2017-01-13|newspaper=DosenPendidikan.Com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-11}}</ref> * Oriéntasi eusina patali jeung [[jejer]], kasang tukang jejer, jeung [[palaku]] dina carita fiksi. Oriéntasi téh minangka pamuka dina carita fiksi anu seja dipidangkeun<ref name=":2" />. * Komplikasi téh [[klimaks]] tina téks carita. Dina ieu bagian biasana mimiti midang pasualan anu bakal metot panitén nu maca kana jero carita<ref name=":2" />. * Pangajén téh mangrupa bagian nu nepikeun bongbolongan tina [[konflik]] atawa pasualan nu ditémbongkeun ku pangarang dina runtuyan carita.<ref name=":2" /> * Résolusi patali jeung matotoskeun pasualan anu karandapan ku palaku utama dina carita fiksi.<ref name=":2" /> * Koda (réorientasi) patali jeung [[amanat]] nu eusina teu jauh tina [[ajén moral]] nu bisa dilarapkeun dina kahirupan nya ku nu maca dina naskah téks carita fiksi.<ref name=":2" /> == Bédana fiksi jeung non-fiksi == Fiksi jeung non-fiksi sanajan sarua naratif, tapi aya bédana lebah wangun, eusi, jeung basa anu dipakéna. Leuwih jelasna dijéntrékeun kieu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Karangan Fiksi dan Nonfiksi|last=Krismarsanti|first=Ermina|publisher=PT. JePe|year=2009|isbn=|location=Surabaya|pages=7}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Fiksi !Non-fiksi |- |Imajinasi pangarang nu sipatna fiktif.<ref name=":3" /> |Fakta, réalitas, nyata dina kahirupan sapopoé.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Wangunna bisa novel atawa roman, carpon, jeung carita nyambung.<ref name=":3" /> |Wangunna bisa ésai, féature, kolom, opini, artikel, jeung résénsi.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Gambaran Subjéktifitas pangarang nu bakal ngahudang rasa nu maca.<ref name=":3" /> |Gambaran objéktifitas keur ngahudang pikiran jeung logika nu maca.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Basana bisa konotatif jeung denotatif kalawan ngahudang tafsiran nu rupa-rupa.<ref name=":3" /> |Basana dénotatif kalawan neueulkeun kana konsép nu kawatesanan (moal salah tafsir).<ref name=":3" /> |} == Struktur Fiksi == === '''Téma dina carita''' === Téma atawa jejer nyaéta inti [[carita]] anu diwangun tina runtuyan kajadian anu dipidangkeun dina [[prosa]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ngalanglang Kasusastraan Sunda|last=Rosidi|first=Ajip|publisher=Pustaka Jaya|year=2012|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=224}}</ref>. Téma téh asal kecapna tina ''thema < tithenai'' nu hartina téh neundeun. Téma téh aspék carita nu sajajar jeung ma'na dina [[pangalaman]] [[manusa]] nu salawasna miboga kesan jeung pantes diinget-inget. Ku kituna, téma téh béda jeung [[judul]]<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Teori Fiksi (DItarjamahkeun ku Sugihastuti & Rossi)|last=Stanton|first=Robert|publisher=Pustaka Pelajar|year=2012|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=32}}</ref>. Téma leuwih neueulkeun kana gagasan jeung amanat nu ngawangun eusi karangan sagemblengna<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sridianti.com/pengertian-tema-dalam-cerita-atau-novel.html|title=''Pengertian Tema dalam Cerita atau Novel''|last=Sugiana|first=Yodi|website=|publisher=http://www.sridianti.com|accessdate=09 Oktober 2017|date=18 Maret 2016}}</ref> === '''Fakta carita''' === Fakta carita téh hal-hal nu patali jeung carita fiksi. Fakta carita téh ngawengku palaku, karakter palaku, galur, jeung latar. Éta opat unsur kaasup kana fakta carita téh ku sabab sacara faktual bakal ngawangun kajadian jeung  éksisténsina dina prosa fiksi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Teori Pengkajian Fiksi|last=Nurgiyantoro|first=Burhanudin|publisher=UGM Press|year=2012|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=178}}</ref> ==== '''Palaku jeung Watek''' ==== Palaku téh individu rékaan nu ngalaman rupaning kajadian dina carita. Ari karakter palaku mah pidangan paripolah atawa kawangunna citra palaku dina [[karya]] [[sastra]]. Ditilik tina peranna, palaku diwincik jadi dua nyaéta [[protagonis]] jeung [[antagonis]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Materi Pokok Cerita Rekaan dan Drama|last=Harianto, P|first=Rahmanto, B|publisher=Depdikbud|year=1998|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=15}}</ref> * Protagonis, gambaran palaku nu lempeng atawa salawasna aya dina jalur bebeneran.<ref name=":5" /> * Antagonis, gambaran palaku nu pateungteung jeung protagonis. Hartina, jalurna dina kamunkaran atawa kajahatan.<ref name=":5" /> ===== Gambaran Watek Palaku ===== * Diskursif atawa analitik, pangarang sacara langsung nyaritakeun karakter palaku-palaku anu midang dina carita.<ref name=":4" /> * Dramatik, pangarang nembrakkeun karakter palakuna ngaliwatan kekecapan jeung paripolah dina carita. Saperti ngaliwatan dialog, jalan pikiran palaku, rasa palaku, jsb.<ref name=":4" /> * Kontékstual, pangarang ngagambarkeun karakter palaku ngaliwatan lingkungan carita nu ngarojongna.<ref name=":4" /> * Campuran, metodeu konvensional kalawan tujuan éféktifitas carita.<ref name=":4" /> ==== '''Galur''' ==== Galur téh mangrupa runtuyan kajadian dina carita nu patali jeung sabab-akibat. Galur téh kabagi tilu.<ref name=":02" /> * Munggaran, ngajéntrékeun pamuka carita. * Bobok Tengah, dimimitian ku ayana konflik, jeung klimaks. * Ahir, ngawengku ''denoument'' atawa peleraian.'' Denoument'' mangrupa awal tina klimaks nu tujulna kana matotoskeun pasualan dina carita ==== '''Latar''' ==== Latar/''setting'' nuduhkeun tempat, waktu, jeung kaayaan (situasi) hiji kajadian nu karandapan ku palaku. Latar téh dianggap tatapakan keur ngajéntrékeun tempat, patalina waktu sajarah, jeung lingkungan sosial rupaning kajadian nu dicaritakeun.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=A Glossary of Literary Terms|last=Abrams, M. H.|first=|publisher=Heinle & Heinle|year=1999|isbn=|location=USA|pages=284}}</ref> === '''Sarana Sastra''' === Sarana sastra nyaéta salah sahiji métodeu pangarang nyarungsung jeung milih rincian csrita keur ngahontal pola-pola anu miboga ma’na. Sarana sastra téh ngawengku simbol, gaya basa, jeung puseur implengan.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Simbol''' ===== Dina fiksi simbol téh bakal ngabalukarkeun dua akibat. Kahiji, simbol nu aya dina kajadian téh nuduhkeun ma’na tina éta kajadian. Kadua, simbol nu diulang-ulang bakal jadi panginget-nginget nu maca keur ngahontal ma’na nu gembleng tina carita. Katilu, simbol nu kapanggih kalayan intensitas nu mindeng téh bisa mantuan nu maca manggihan téma carita.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Gaya basa''' ===== Dalam sastra, gaya téh patali jeung cara atawa kamampuh pangarang ngaébréhkeun gagasan dina carita. Basa nu dipaké téh bisa humor, konkrit, imajinatif, jeung métafor. Campuran basa nu dipilih ku pangarang téh bakal ngahasilkeun gaya basa nu miboga ciri mandiri.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Puseur Implengan''' ===== Puseur implengan téh nuduhkeun carita nu dipidangkeun. Ieu unsur mangrupa cara atawa sawangan nu dipaké ku pangarang salaku sarana keur midangkeun carita ka nu maca.<ref name=":6" /> == Rujukan == b5yvoze9cgtcqp7mgxol97y7rmokv4m 629980 629979 2022-08-07T02:37:51Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fiksi''' nyaéta salah sahiji istilah anu dipaké dina sakabéh [[karya sastra]] nu wujudna [[naratif]] (carita), boh dina wangun [[prosa]], boh dina wangun [[puisi]], meunang ngaréka atawa nyusurup, lain nyaritakeun kajadian nu nyata ([[sajarah]]). Tapi, ka dieunakeun istilah fiksi disaruakeun jeung istilah prosa naratif ([[novel]] atawa [[roman]] jeung [[carita pondok]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=60}}</ref> Karangan fiksi nu diréka dumasar kana [[fakta]] atawa kanyataan, ngabalukarkeun ayana istilah roman sajarah atawa novel sajarah, roman biografis atawa novel [[biografis]].<ref name=":0" /> == Étimologi == Fiksi téh asal kecapna tina [[basa]] [[Inggris]] ''<span lang="fr" dir="ltr">fiction</span>'', tina basa [[Prancis]] Kuna jeung [[Latin]] ''<span lang="la" dir="ltr">fictio</span>'' nu hartina jieunan nu asalna tina ''<span lang="fr">fingerie</span>'' nu hartina nyieun atawa ngaréka.<ref name=":0" /> == Ciri prosa fiksi == Dina karya fiksi nyangkaruk aspék atawa ciri mandiri di antarana dijéntrékeun kieu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Buku Pendukung Pengajaran Sastra|last=Semi|first=Atar|publisher=Indonesia Tera|year=2008|isbn=|location=Magelang|pages=77-78}}</ref> * Unsur Carita. * Kaayaan [[basa]] [[téks]] fiksi anu henteu homogén. * Kajadian nu dicaritakeun (naratif). * Ayana runtuyan kajadian anu ngéntép seureuh ([[galur]]). Fiksi mangrupa carita kahirupan [[manusa]] nu sipatna fiktif, ku sabab diréka ku [[pangarang]]. Gaya nyarita pangarang henteu homogén, pangarang henteu kudu jadi jalma kahiji nu nyarita, tapi bisa méré kasempetan keur [[panyatur]] [[sékunder]] keur cumarita nepi ka ngahasilkeun [[dialog]] nu hadé. Carita nu dipidangkeun dina fiksi mangrupa carita fiktif, lamun miboga sasaruaan jeung kanyataan, éta téh ukur kabeneran wungkul. Dina wengkuan carita biasana dipidangkeun sacara ngaruntuy keun ngagambar [[konflik]] jeung kapanasaran nu [[maca]].<ref name=":1" /> == Struktur téks fiksi == * Abstrak mangrupa téks inti dina carita fiksi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dosenpendidikan.com/teks-cerita-fiksi-pengertian-jenis-unsur-struktur-kaidah/|title=“Teks Cerita Fiksi” Pengertian & ( Jenis – Unsur – Struktur – Kaidah )|date=2017-01-13|newspaper=DosenPendidikan.Com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-11}}</ref> * Oriéntasi eusina patali jeung [[jejer]], kasang tukang jejer, jeung [[palaku]] dina carita fiksi. Oriéntasi téh minangka pamuka dina carita fiksi anu seja dipidangkeun<ref name=":2" />. * Komplikasi téh [[klimaks]] tina téks carita. Dina ieu bagian biasana mimiti midang pasualan anu bakal metot panitén nu maca kana jero carita<ref name=":2" />. * Pangajén téh mangrupa bagian nu nepikeun bongbolongan tina [[konflik]] atawa pasualan nu ditémbongkeun ku pangarang dina runtuyan carita.<ref name=":2" /> * Résolusi patali jeung matotoskeun pasualan anu karandapan ku palaku utama dina carita fiksi.<ref name=":2" /> * Koda (réorientasi) patali jeung [[amanat]] nu eusina teu jauh tina [[ajén moral]] nu bisa dilarapkeun dina kahirupan nya ku nu maca dina naskah téks carita fiksi.<ref name=":2" /> == Bédana fiksi jeung non-fiksi == Fiksi jeung non-fiksi sanajan sarua naratif, tapi aya bédana lebah wangun, eusi, jeung basa anu dipakéna. Leuwih jelasna dijéntrékeun kieu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Karangan Fiksi dan Nonfiksi|last=Krismarsanti|first=Ermina|publisher=PT. JePe|year=2009|isbn=|location=Surabaya|pages=7}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Fiksi !Non-fiksi |- |Imajinasi pangarang nu sipatna fiktif.<ref name=":3" /> |Fakta, réalitas, nyata dina kahirupan sapopoé.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Wangunna bisa novel atawa roman, carpon, jeung carita nyambung.<ref name=":3" /> |Wangunna bisa ésai, féature, kolom, opini, artikel, jeung résénsi.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Gambaran Subjéktifitas pangarang nu bakal ngahudang rasa nu maca.<ref name=":3" /> |Gambaran objéktifitas keur ngahudang pikiran jeung logika nu maca.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Basana bisa konotatif jeung denotatif kalawan ngahudang tafsiran nu rupa-rupa.<ref name=":3" /> |Basana dénotatif kalawan neueulkeun kana konsép nu kawatesanan (moal salah tafsir).<ref name=":3" /> |} == Struktur Fiksi == === '''Téma dina carita''' === Téma atawa jejer nyaéta inti [[carita]] anu diwangun tina runtuyan kajadian anu dipidangkeun dina [[prosa]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ngalanglang Kasusastraan Sunda|last=Rosidi|first=Ajip|publisher=Pustaka Jaya|year=2012|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=224}}</ref>. Téma téh asal kecapna tina ''thema < tithenai'' nu hartina téh neundeun. Téma téh aspék carita nu sajajar jeung ma'na dina [[pangalaman]] [[manusa]] nu salawasna miboga kesan jeung pantes diinget-inget. Ku kituna, téma téh béda jeung [[judul]]<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Teori Fiksi (DItarjamahkeun ku Sugihastuti & Rossi)|last=Stanton|first=Robert|publisher=Pustaka Pelajar|year=2012|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=32}}</ref>. Téma leuwih neueulkeun kana gagasan jeung amanat nu ngawangun eusi karangan sagemblengna<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sridianti.com/pengertian-tema-dalam-cerita-atau-novel.html|title=''Pengertian Tema dalam Cerita atau Novel''|last=Sugiana|first=Yodi|website=|publisher=http://www.sridianti.com|accessdate=09 Oktober 2017|date=18 Maret 2016}}</ref> === '''Fakta carita''' === Fakta carita téh hal-hal nu patali jeung carita fiksi. Fakta carita téh ngawengku palaku, karakter palaku, galur, jeung latar. Éta opat unsur kaasup kana fakta carita téh ku sabab sacara faktual bakal ngawangun kajadian jeung  éksisténsina dina prosa fiksi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Teori Pengkajian Fiksi|last=Nurgiyantoro|first=Burhanudin|publisher=UGM Press|year=2012|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=178}}</ref> ==== '''Palaku jeung Watek''' ==== Palaku téh individu rékaan nu ngalaman rupaning kajadian dina carita. Ari karakter palaku mah pidangan paripolah atawa kawangunna citra palaku dina [[karya]] [[sastra]]. Ditilik tina peranna, palaku diwincik jadi dua nyaéta [[protagonis]] jeung [[antagonis]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Materi Pokok Cerita Rekaan dan Drama|last=Harianto, P|first=Rahmanto, B|publisher=Depdikbud|year=1998|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=15}}</ref> * Protagonis, gambaran palaku nu lempeng atawa salawasna aya dina jalur bebeneran.<ref name=":5" /> * Antagonis, gambaran palaku nu pateungteung jeung protagonis. Hartina, jalurna dina kamunkaran atawa kajahatan.<ref name=":5" /> ===== Gambaran Watek Palaku ===== * Diskursif atawa analitik, pangarang sacara langsung nyaritakeun karakter palaku-palaku anu midang dina carita.<ref name=":4" /> * Dramatik, pangarang nembrakkeun karakter palakuna ngaliwatan kekecapan jeung paripolah dina carita. Saperti ngaliwatan [[dialog]] atawa paguneman, jalan pikiran palaku, rasa palaku jeung sajabana.<ref name=":4" /> * Kontékstual, pangarang ngagambarkeun karakter palaku ngaliwatan lingkungan carita nu ngarojongna.<ref name=":4" /> * Campuran, metodeu konvensional kalawan tujuan éféktifitas carita.<ref name=":4" /> ==== '''Galur''' ==== Galur téh mangrupa runtuyan kajadian dina carita nu patali jeung sabab-akibat. Galur téh kabagi tilu.<ref name=":02" /> * Munggaran, ngajéntrékeun pamuka carita. * Bobok Tengah, dimimitian ku ayana konflik, jeung klimaks. * Ahir, ngawengku ''denoument'' atawa peleraian.'' Denoument'' mangrupa awal tina klimaks nu tujulna kana matotoskeun pasualan dina carita ==== '''Latar''' ==== Latar/''setting'' nuduhkeun tempat, waktu, jeung kaayaan (situasi) hiji kajadian nu karandapan ku palaku. Latar téh dianggap tatapakan keur ngajéntrékeun tempat, patalina waktu sajarah, jeung lingkungan sosial rupaning kajadian nu dicaritakeun.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=A Glossary of Literary Terms|last=Abrams, M. H.|first=|publisher=Heinle & Heinle|year=1999|isbn=|location=USA|pages=284}}</ref> === '''Sarana Sastra''' === Sarana sastra nyaéta salah sahiji métodeu pangarang nyarungsung jeung milih rincian csrita keur ngahontal pola-pola anu miboga ma’na. Sarana sastra téh ngawengku simbol, gaya basa, jeung puseur implengan.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Simbol''' ===== Dina fiksi simbol téh bakal ngabalukarkeun dua akibat. Kahiji, simbol nu aya dina kajadian téh nuduhkeun ma’na tina éta kajadian. Kadua, simbol nu diulang-ulang bakal jadi panginget-nginget nu maca keur ngahontal ma’na nu gembleng tina carita. Katilu, simbol nu kapanggih kalayan intensitas nu mindeng téh bisa mantuan nu maca manggihan téma carita.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Gaya basa''' ===== Dalam sastra, gaya téh patali jeung cara atawa kamampuh pangarang ngaébréhkeun gagasan dina carita. Basa nu dipaké téh bisa humor, konkrit, imajinatif, jeung métafor. Campuran basa nu dipilih ku pangarang téh bakal ngahasilkeun gaya basa nu miboga ciri mandiri.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Puseur Implengan''' ===== Puseur implengan téh nuduhkeun carita nu dipidangkeun. Ieu unsur mangrupa cara atawa sawangan nu dipaké ku pangarang salaku sarana keur midangkeun carita ka nu maca.<ref name=":6" /> == Rujukan == gi96oyah0zrhegzgzn8f1yrd1fymtza 629981 629980 2022-08-07T02:38:24Z YogiYY 17453 /* Gambaran Watek Palaku */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fiksi''' nyaéta salah sahiji istilah anu dipaké dina sakabéh [[karya sastra]] nu wujudna [[naratif]] (carita), boh dina wangun [[prosa]], boh dina wangun [[puisi]], meunang ngaréka atawa nyusurup, lain nyaritakeun kajadian nu nyata ([[sajarah]]). Tapi, ka dieunakeun istilah fiksi disaruakeun jeung istilah prosa naratif ([[novel]] atawa [[roman]] jeung [[carita pondok]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=60}}</ref> Karangan fiksi nu diréka dumasar kana [[fakta]] atawa kanyataan, ngabalukarkeun ayana istilah roman sajarah atawa novel sajarah, roman biografis atawa novel [[biografis]].<ref name=":0" /> == Étimologi == Fiksi téh asal kecapna tina [[basa]] [[Inggris]] ''<span lang="fr" dir="ltr">fiction</span>'', tina basa [[Prancis]] Kuna jeung [[Latin]] ''<span lang="la" dir="ltr">fictio</span>'' nu hartina jieunan nu asalna tina ''<span lang="fr">fingerie</span>'' nu hartina nyieun atawa ngaréka.<ref name=":0" /> == Ciri prosa fiksi == Dina karya fiksi nyangkaruk aspék atawa ciri mandiri di antarana dijéntrékeun kieu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Buku Pendukung Pengajaran Sastra|last=Semi|first=Atar|publisher=Indonesia Tera|year=2008|isbn=|location=Magelang|pages=77-78}}</ref> * Unsur Carita. * Kaayaan [[basa]] [[téks]] fiksi anu henteu homogén. * Kajadian nu dicaritakeun (naratif). * Ayana runtuyan kajadian anu ngéntép seureuh ([[galur]]). Fiksi mangrupa carita kahirupan [[manusa]] nu sipatna fiktif, ku sabab diréka ku [[pangarang]]. Gaya nyarita pangarang henteu homogén, pangarang henteu kudu jadi jalma kahiji nu nyarita, tapi bisa méré kasempetan keur [[panyatur]] [[sékunder]] keur cumarita nepi ka ngahasilkeun [[dialog]] nu hadé. Carita nu dipidangkeun dina fiksi mangrupa carita fiktif, lamun miboga sasaruaan jeung kanyataan, éta téh ukur kabeneran wungkul. Dina wengkuan carita biasana dipidangkeun sacara ngaruntuy keun ngagambar [[konflik]] jeung kapanasaran nu [[maca]].<ref name=":1" /> == Struktur téks fiksi == * Abstrak mangrupa téks inti dina carita fiksi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dosenpendidikan.com/teks-cerita-fiksi-pengertian-jenis-unsur-struktur-kaidah/|title=“Teks Cerita Fiksi” Pengertian & ( Jenis – Unsur – Struktur – Kaidah )|date=2017-01-13|newspaper=DosenPendidikan.Com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-11}}</ref> * Oriéntasi eusina patali jeung [[jejer]], kasang tukang jejer, jeung [[palaku]] dina carita fiksi. Oriéntasi téh minangka pamuka dina carita fiksi anu seja dipidangkeun<ref name=":2" />. * Komplikasi téh [[klimaks]] tina téks carita. Dina ieu bagian biasana mimiti midang pasualan anu bakal metot panitén nu maca kana jero carita<ref name=":2" />. * Pangajén téh mangrupa bagian nu nepikeun bongbolongan tina [[konflik]] atawa pasualan nu ditémbongkeun ku pangarang dina runtuyan carita.<ref name=":2" /> * Résolusi patali jeung matotoskeun pasualan anu karandapan ku palaku utama dina carita fiksi.<ref name=":2" /> * Koda (réorientasi) patali jeung [[amanat]] nu eusina teu jauh tina [[ajén moral]] nu bisa dilarapkeun dina kahirupan nya ku nu maca dina naskah téks carita fiksi.<ref name=":2" /> == Bédana fiksi jeung non-fiksi == Fiksi jeung non-fiksi sanajan sarua naratif, tapi aya bédana lebah wangun, eusi, jeung basa anu dipakéna. Leuwih jelasna dijéntrékeun kieu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Karangan Fiksi dan Nonfiksi|last=Krismarsanti|first=Ermina|publisher=PT. JePe|year=2009|isbn=|location=Surabaya|pages=7}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Fiksi !Non-fiksi |- |Imajinasi pangarang nu sipatna fiktif.<ref name=":3" /> |Fakta, réalitas, nyata dina kahirupan sapopoé.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Wangunna bisa novel atawa roman, carpon, jeung carita nyambung.<ref name=":3" /> |Wangunna bisa ésai, féature, kolom, opini, artikel, jeung résénsi.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Gambaran Subjéktifitas pangarang nu bakal ngahudang rasa nu maca.<ref name=":3" /> |Gambaran objéktifitas keur ngahudang pikiran jeung logika nu maca.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Basana bisa konotatif jeung denotatif kalawan ngahudang tafsiran nu rupa-rupa.<ref name=":3" /> |Basana dénotatif kalawan neueulkeun kana konsép nu kawatesanan (moal salah tafsir).<ref name=":3" /> |} == Struktur Fiksi == === '''Téma dina carita''' === Téma atawa jejer nyaéta inti [[carita]] anu diwangun tina runtuyan kajadian anu dipidangkeun dina [[prosa]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ngalanglang Kasusastraan Sunda|last=Rosidi|first=Ajip|publisher=Pustaka Jaya|year=2012|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=224}}</ref>. Téma téh asal kecapna tina ''thema < tithenai'' nu hartina téh neundeun. Téma téh aspék carita nu sajajar jeung ma'na dina [[pangalaman]] [[manusa]] nu salawasna miboga kesan jeung pantes diinget-inget. Ku kituna, téma téh béda jeung [[judul]]<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Teori Fiksi (DItarjamahkeun ku Sugihastuti & Rossi)|last=Stanton|first=Robert|publisher=Pustaka Pelajar|year=2012|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=32}}</ref>. Téma leuwih neueulkeun kana gagasan jeung amanat nu ngawangun eusi karangan sagemblengna<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sridianti.com/pengertian-tema-dalam-cerita-atau-novel.html|title=''Pengertian Tema dalam Cerita atau Novel''|last=Sugiana|first=Yodi|website=|publisher=http://www.sridianti.com|accessdate=09 Oktober 2017|date=18 Maret 2016}}</ref> === '''Fakta carita''' === Fakta carita téh hal-hal nu patali jeung carita fiksi. Fakta carita téh ngawengku palaku, karakter palaku, galur, jeung latar. Éta opat unsur kaasup kana fakta carita téh ku sabab sacara faktual bakal ngawangun kajadian jeung  éksisténsina dina prosa fiksi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Teori Pengkajian Fiksi|last=Nurgiyantoro|first=Burhanudin|publisher=UGM Press|year=2012|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=178}}</ref> ==== '''Palaku jeung Watek''' ==== Palaku téh individu rékaan nu ngalaman rupaning kajadian dina carita. Ari karakter palaku mah pidangan paripolah atawa kawangunna citra palaku dina [[karya]] [[sastra]]. Ditilik tina peranna, palaku diwincik jadi dua nyaéta [[protagonis]] jeung [[antagonis]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Materi Pokok Cerita Rekaan dan Drama|last=Harianto, P|first=Rahmanto, B|publisher=Depdikbud|year=1998|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=15}}</ref> * Protagonis, gambaran palaku nu lempeng atawa salawasna aya dina jalur bebeneran.<ref name=":5" /> * Antagonis, gambaran palaku nu pateungteung jeung protagonis. Hartina, jalurna dina kamunkaran atawa kajahatan.<ref name=":5" /> ===== Gambaran Watek Palaku ===== * Diskursif atawa analitik, pangarang sacara langsung nyaritakeun karakter palaku-palaku anu midang dina carita.<ref name=":4" /> * Dramatik, pangarang nembrakkeun karakter palakuna ngaliwatan kekecapan jeung paripolah dina carita. Saperti ngaliwatan [[dialog]] atawa paguneman, jalan pikiran palaku, rasa palaku jeung sajabana.<ref name=":4" /> * Kontékstual, pangarang ngagambarkeun karakter palaku ngaliwatan lingkungan carita nu ngarojongna.<ref name=":4" /> * Campuran, metodeu konvensional kalawan keur ngahontal ééféktifna hiji carita.<ref name=":4" /> ==== '''Galur''' ==== Galur téh mangrupa runtuyan kajadian dina carita nu patali jeung sabab-akibat. Galur téh kabagi tilu.<ref name=":02" /> * Munggaran, ngajéntrékeun pamuka carita. * Bobok Tengah, dimimitian ku ayana konflik, jeung klimaks. * Ahir, ngawengku ''denoument'' atawa peleraian.'' Denoument'' mangrupa awal tina klimaks nu tujulna kana matotoskeun pasualan dina carita ==== '''Latar''' ==== Latar/''setting'' nuduhkeun tempat, waktu, jeung kaayaan (situasi) hiji kajadian nu karandapan ku palaku. Latar téh dianggap tatapakan keur ngajéntrékeun tempat, patalina waktu sajarah, jeung lingkungan sosial rupaning kajadian nu dicaritakeun.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=A Glossary of Literary Terms|last=Abrams, M. H.|first=|publisher=Heinle & Heinle|year=1999|isbn=|location=USA|pages=284}}</ref> === '''Sarana Sastra''' === Sarana sastra nyaéta salah sahiji métodeu pangarang nyarungsung jeung milih rincian csrita keur ngahontal pola-pola anu miboga ma’na. Sarana sastra téh ngawengku simbol, gaya basa, jeung puseur implengan.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Simbol''' ===== Dina fiksi simbol téh bakal ngabalukarkeun dua akibat. Kahiji, simbol nu aya dina kajadian téh nuduhkeun ma’na tina éta kajadian. Kadua, simbol nu diulang-ulang bakal jadi panginget-nginget nu maca keur ngahontal ma’na nu gembleng tina carita. Katilu, simbol nu kapanggih kalayan intensitas nu mindeng téh bisa mantuan nu maca manggihan téma carita.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Gaya basa''' ===== Dalam sastra, gaya téh patali jeung cara atawa kamampuh pangarang ngaébréhkeun gagasan dina carita. Basa nu dipaké téh bisa humor, konkrit, imajinatif, jeung métafor. Campuran basa nu dipilih ku pangarang téh bakal ngahasilkeun gaya basa nu miboga ciri mandiri.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Puseur Implengan''' ===== Puseur implengan téh nuduhkeun carita nu dipidangkeun. Ieu unsur mangrupa cara atawa sawangan nu dipaké ku pangarang salaku sarana keur midangkeun carita ka nu maca.<ref name=":6" /> == Rujukan == m3yyie8jmizoh7npwjeyd93v0yy6h4q 629982 629981 2022-08-07T02:40:11Z YogiYY 17453 /* Galur */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fiksi''' nyaéta salah sahiji istilah anu dipaké dina sakabéh [[karya sastra]] nu wujudna [[naratif]] (carita), boh dina wangun [[prosa]], boh dina wangun [[puisi]], meunang ngaréka atawa nyusurup, lain nyaritakeun kajadian nu nyata ([[sajarah]]). Tapi, ka dieunakeun istilah fiksi disaruakeun jeung istilah prosa naratif ([[novel]] atawa [[roman]] jeung [[carita pondok]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=60}}</ref> Karangan fiksi nu diréka dumasar kana [[fakta]] atawa kanyataan, ngabalukarkeun ayana istilah roman sajarah atawa novel sajarah, roman biografis atawa novel [[biografis]].<ref name=":0" /> == Étimologi == Fiksi téh asal kecapna tina [[basa]] [[Inggris]] ''<span lang="fr" dir="ltr">fiction</span>'', tina basa [[Prancis]] Kuna jeung [[Latin]] ''<span lang="la" dir="ltr">fictio</span>'' nu hartina jieunan nu asalna tina ''<span lang="fr">fingerie</span>'' nu hartina nyieun atawa ngaréka.<ref name=":0" /> == Ciri prosa fiksi == Dina karya fiksi nyangkaruk aspék atawa ciri mandiri di antarana dijéntrékeun kieu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Buku Pendukung Pengajaran Sastra|last=Semi|first=Atar|publisher=Indonesia Tera|year=2008|isbn=|location=Magelang|pages=77-78}}</ref> * Unsur Carita. * Kaayaan [[basa]] [[téks]] fiksi anu henteu homogén. * Kajadian nu dicaritakeun (naratif). * Ayana runtuyan kajadian anu ngéntép seureuh ([[galur]]). Fiksi mangrupa carita kahirupan [[manusa]] nu sipatna fiktif, ku sabab diréka ku [[pangarang]]. Gaya nyarita pangarang henteu homogén, pangarang henteu kudu jadi jalma kahiji nu nyarita, tapi bisa méré kasempetan keur [[panyatur]] [[sékunder]] keur cumarita nepi ka ngahasilkeun [[dialog]] nu hadé. Carita nu dipidangkeun dina fiksi mangrupa carita fiktif, lamun miboga sasaruaan jeung kanyataan, éta téh ukur kabeneran wungkul. Dina wengkuan carita biasana dipidangkeun sacara ngaruntuy keun ngagambar [[konflik]] jeung kapanasaran nu [[maca]].<ref name=":1" /> == Struktur téks fiksi == * Abstrak mangrupa téks inti dina carita fiksi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dosenpendidikan.com/teks-cerita-fiksi-pengertian-jenis-unsur-struktur-kaidah/|title=“Teks Cerita Fiksi” Pengertian & ( Jenis – Unsur – Struktur – Kaidah )|date=2017-01-13|newspaper=DosenPendidikan.Com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-11}}</ref> * Oriéntasi eusina patali jeung [[jejer]], kasang tukang jejer, jeung [[palaku]] dina carita fiksi. Oriéntasi téh minangka pamuka dina carita fiksi anu seja dipidangkeun<ref name=":2" />. * Komplikasi téh [[klimaks]] tina téks carita. Dina ieu bagian biasana mimiti midang pasualan anu bakal metot panitén nu maca kana jero carita<ref name=":2" />. * Pangajén téh mangrupa bagian nu nepikeun bongbolongan tina [[konflik]] atawa pasualan nu ditémbongkeun ku pangarang dina runtuyan carita.<ref name=":2" /> * Résolusi patali jeung matotoskeun pasualan anu karandapan ku palaku utama dina carita fiksi.<ref name=":2" /> * Koda (réorientasi) patali jeung [[amanat]] nu eusina teu jauh tina [[ajén moral]] nu bisa dilarapkeun dina kahirupan nya ku nu maca dina naskah téks carita fiksi.<ref name=":2" /> == Bédana fiksi jeung non-fiksi == Fiksi jeung non-fiksi sanajan sarua naratif, tapi aya bédana lebah wangun, eusi, jeung basa anu dipakéna. Leuwih jelasna dijéntrékeun kieu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Karangan Fiksi dan Nonfiksi|last=Krismarsanti|first=Ermina|publisher=PT. JePe|year=2009|isbn=|location=Surabaya|pages=7}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Fiksi !Non-fiksi |- |Imajinasi pangarang nu sipatna fiktif.<ref name=":3" /> |Fakta, réalitas, nyata dina kahirupan sapopoé.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Wangunna bisa novel atawa roman, carpon, jeung carita nyambung.<ref name=":3" /> |Wangunna bisa ésai, féature, kolom, opini, artikel, jeung résénsi.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Gambaran Subjéktifitas pangarang nu bakal ngahudang rasa nu maca.<ref name=":3" /> |Gambaran objéktifitas keur ngahudang pikiran jeung logika nu maca.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Basana bisa konotatif jeung denotatif kalawan ngahudang tafsiran nu rupa-rupa.<ref name=":3" /> |Basana dénotatif kalawan neueulkeun kana konsép nu kawatesanan (moal salah tafsir).<ref name=":3" /> |} == Struktur Fiksi == === '''Téma dina carita''' === Téma atawa jejer nyaéta inti [[carita]] anu diwangun tina runtuyan kajadian anu dipidangkeun dina [[prosa]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ngalanglang Kasusastraan Sunda|last=Rosidi|first=Ajip|publisher=Pustaka Jaya|year=2012|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=224}}</ref>. Téma téh asal kecapna tina ''thema < tithenai'' nu hartina téh neundeun. Téma téh aspék carita nu sajajar jeung ma'na dina [[pangalaman]] [[manusa]] nu salawasna miboga kesan jeung pantes diinget-inget. Ku kituna, téma téh béda jeung [[judul]]<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Teori Fiksi (DItarjamahkeun ku Sugihastuti & Rossi)|last=Stanton|first=Robert|publisher=Pustaka Pelajar|year=2012|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=32}}</ref>. Téma leuwih neueulkeun kana gagasan jeung amanat nu ngawangun eusi karangan sagemblengna<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sridianti.com/pengertian-tema-dalam-cerita-atau-novel.html|title=''Pengertian Tema dalam Cerita atau Novel''|last=Sugiana|first=Yodi|website=|publisher=http://www.sridianti.com|accessdate=09 Oktober 2017|date=18 Maret 2016}}</ref> === '''Fakta carita''' === Fakta carita téh hal-hal nu patali jeung carita fiksi. Fakta carita téh ngawengku palaku, karakter palaku, galur, jeung latar. Éta opat unsur kaasup kana fakta carita téh ku sabab sacara faktual bakal ngawangun kajadian jeung  éksisténsina dina prosa fiksi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Teori Pengkajian Fiksi|last=Nurgiyantoro|first=Burhanudin|publisher=UGM Press|year=2012|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=178}}</ref> ==== '''Palaku jeung Watek''' ==== Palaku téh individu rékaan nu ngalaman rupaning kajadian dina carita. Ari karakter palaku mah pidangan paripolah atawa kawangunna citra palaku dina [[karya]] [[sastra]]. Ditilik tina peranna, palaku diwincik jadi dua nyaéta [[protagonis]] jeung [[antagonis]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Materi Pokok Cerita Rekaan dan Drama|last=Harianto, P|first=Rahmanto, B|publisher=Depdikbud|year=1998|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=15}}</ref> * Protagonis, gambaran palaku nu lempeng atawa salawasna aya dina jalur bebeneran.<ref name=":5" /> * Antagonis, gambaran palaku nu pateungteung jeung protagonis. Hartina, jalurna dina kamunkaran atawa kajahatan.<ref name=":5" /> ===== Gambaran Watek Palaku ===== * Diskursif atawa analitik, pangarang sacara langsung nyaritakeun karakter palaku-palaku anu midang dina carita.<ref name=":4" /> * Dramatik, pangarang nembrakkeun karakter palakuna ngaliwatan kekecapan jeung paripolah dina carita. Saperti ngaliwatan [[dialog]] atawa paguneman, jalan pikiran palaku, rasa palaku jeung sajabana.<ref name=":4" /> * Kontékstual, pangarang ngagambarkeun karakter palaku ngaliwatan lingkungan carita nu ngarojongna.<ref name=":4" /> * Campuran, metodeu konvensional kalawan keur ngahontal ééféktifna hiji carita.<ref name=":4" /> ==== '''Galur''' ==== Galur téh mangrupa runtuyan kajadian dina carita nu patali jeung sabab jeung akibat. Wanda galur carita aya tilu.<ref name=":02" /> * Munggaran, ngajéntrékeun pamuka carita. * Bobok Tengah, dimimitian ku ayana konflik jeung klimaks. * Ahir, ngawengku ''denoument'' atawa peleraian.'' Denoument'' mangrupa awal tina klimaks nu tujulna kana matotoskeun pasualan anu dipidangkeun dina carita. ==== '''Latar''' ==== Latar/''setting'' nuduhkeun tempat, waktu, jeung kaayaan (situasi) hiji kajadian nu karandapan ku palaku. Latar téh dianggap tatapakan keur ngajéntrékeun tempat, patalina waktu sajarah, jeung lingkungan sosial rupaning kajadian nu dicaritakeun.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=A Glossary of Literary Terms|last=Abrams, M. H.|first=|publisher=Heinle & Heinle|year=1999|isbn=|location=USA|pages=284}}</ref> === '''Sarana Sastra''' === Sarana sastra nyaéta salah sahiji métodeu pangarang nyarungsung jeung milih rincian csrita keur ngahontal pola-pola anu miboga ma’na. Sarana sastra téh ngawengku simbol, gaya basa, jeung puseur implengan.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Simbol''' ===== Dina fiksi simbol téh bakal ngabalukarkeun dua akibat. Kahiji, simbol nu aya dina kajadian téh nuduhkeun ma’na tina éta kajadian. Kadua, simbol nu diulang-ulang bakal jadi panginget-nginget nu maca keur ngahontal ma’na nu gembleng tina carita. Katilu, simbol nu kapanggih kalayan intensitas nu mindeng téh bisa mantuan nu maca manggihan téma carita.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Gaya basa''' ===== Dalam sastra, gaya téh patali jeung cara atawa kamampuh pangarang ngaébréhkeun gagasan dina carita. Basa nu dipaké téh bisa humor, konkrit, imajinatif, jeung métafor. Campuran basa nu dipilih ku pangarang téh bakal ngahasilkeun gaya basa nu miboga ciri mandiri.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Puseur Implengan''' ===== Puseur implengan téh nuduhkeun carita nu dipidangkeun. Ieu unsur mangrupa cara atawa sawangan nu dipaké ku pangarang salaku sarana keur midangkeun carita ka nu maca.<ref name=":6" /> == Rujukan == r6op1jvba3bycafqaounr3lyl0vk7ni 629983 629982 2022-08-07T02:41:06Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fiksi''' nyaéta salah sahiji istilah anu dipaké dina sakabéh [[karya sastra]] nu wujudna [[naratif]] (carita), boh dina wangun [[prosa]], boh dina wangun [[puisi]], meunang ngaréka atawa nyusurup, lain nyaritakeun kajadian nu nyata ([[sajarah]]). Tapi, ka dieunakeun istilah fiksi disaruakeun jeung istilah prosa naratif ([[novel]] atawa [[roman]] jeung [[carita pondok]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=60}}</ref> Karangan fiksi nu diréka dumasar kana [[fakta]] atawa kanyataan, ngabalukarkeun ayana istilah roman sajarah atawa novel sajarah, roman biografis atawa novel [[biografis]].<ref name=":0" /> == Étimologi == Fiksi téh asal kecapna tina [[basa]] [[Inggris]] ''<span lang="fr" dir="ltr">fiction</span>'', tina basa [[Prancis]] Kuna jeung [[Latin]] ''<span lang="la" dir="ltr">fictio</span>'' nu hartina jieunan nu asalna tina ''<span lang="fr">fingerie</span>'' nu hartina nyieun atawa ngaréka.<ref name=":0" /> == Ciri prosa fiksi == Dina karya fiksi nyangkaruk aspék atawa ciri mandiri di antarana dijéntrékeun kieu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Buku Pendukung Pengajaran Sastra|last=Semi|first=Atar|publisher=Indonesia Tera|year=2008|isbn=|location=Magelang|pages=77-78}}</ref> * Unsur Carita. * Kaayaan [[basa]] [[téks]] fiksi anu henteu homogén. * Kajadian nu dicaritakeun (naratif). * Ayana runtuyan kajadian anu ngéntép seureuh ([[galur]]). Fiksi mangrupa carita kahirupan [[manusa]] nu sipatna fiktif, ku sabab diréka ku [[pangarang]]. Gaya nyarita pangarang henteu homogén, pangarang henteu kudu jadi jalma kahiji nu nyarita, tapi bisa méré kasempetan keur [[panyatur]] [[sékunder]] keur cumarita nepi ka ngahasilkeun [[dialog]] nu hadé. Carita nu dipidangkeun dina fiksi mangrupa carita fiktif, lamun miboga sasaruaan jeung kanyataan, éta téh ukur kabeneran wungkul. Dina wengkuan carita biasana dipidangkeun sacara ngaruntuy keun ngagambar [[konflik]] jeung kapanasaran nu [[maca]].<ref name=":1" /> == Struktur téks fiksi == * Abstrak mangrupa téks inti dina carita fiksi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dosenpendidikan.com/teks-cerita-fiksi-pengertian-jenis-unsur-struktur-kaidah/|title=“Teks Cerita Fiksi” Pengertian & ( Jenis – Unsur – Struktur – Kaidah )|date=2017-01-13|newspaper=DosenPendidikan.Com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-11}}</ref> * Oriéntasi eusina patali jeung [[jejer]], kasang tukang jejer, jeung [[palaku]] dina carita fiksi. Oriéntasi téh minangka pamuka dina carita fiksi anu seja dipidangkeun<ref name=":2" />. * Komplikasi téh [[klimaks]] tina téks carita. Dina ieu bagian biasana mimiti midang pasualan anu bakal metot panitén nu maca kana jero carita<ref name=":2" />. * Pangajén téh mangrupa bagian nu nepikeun bongbolongan tina [[konflik]] atawa pasualan nu ditémbongkeun ku pangarang dina runtuyan carita.<ref name=":2" /> * Résolusi patali jeung matotoskeun pasualan anu karandapan ku palaku utama dina carita fiksi.<ref name=":2" /> * Koda (réorientasi) patali jeung [[amanat]] nu eusina teu jauh tina [[ajén moral]] nu bisa dilarapkeun dina kahirupan nya ku nu maca dina naskah téks carita fiksi.<ref name=":2" /> == Bédana fiksi jeung non-fiksi == Fiksi jeung non-fiksi sanajan sarua naratif, tapi aya bédana lebah wangun, eusi, jeung basa anu dipakéna. Leuwih jelasna dijéntrékeun kieu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Karangan Fiksi dan Nonfiksi|last=Krismarsanti|first=Ermina|publisher=PT. JePe|year=2009|isbn=|location=Surabaya|pages=7}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Fiksi !Non-fiksi |- |Imajinasi pangarang nu sipatna fiktif.<ref name=":3" /> |Fakta, réalitas, nyata dina kahirupan sapopoé.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Wangunna bisa novel atawa roman, carpon, jeung carita nyambung.<ref name=":3" /> |Wangunna bisa ésai, féature, kolom, opini, artikel, jeung résénsi.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Gambaran Subjéktifitas pangarang nu bakal ngahudang rasa nu maca.<ref name=":3" /> |Gambaran objéktifitas keur ngahudang pikiran jeung logika nu maca.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Basana bisa konotatif jeung denotatif kalawan ngahudang tafsiran nu rupa-rupa.<ref name=":3" /> |Basana dénotatif kalawan neueulkeun kana konsép nu kawatesanan (moal salah tafsir).<ref name=":3" /> |} == Struktur Fiksi == === '''Téma dina carita''' === Téma atawa jejer nyaéta inti [[carita]] anu diwangun tina runtuyan kajadian anu dipidangkeun dina [[prosa]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ngalanglang Kasusastraan Sunda|last=Rosidi|first=Ajip|publisher=Pustaka Jaya|year=2012|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=224}}</ref>. Téma téh asal kecapna tina ''thema < tithenai'' nu hartina téh neundeun. Téma téh aspék carita nu sajajar jeung ma'na dina [[pangalaman]] [[manusa]] nu salawasna miboga kesan jeung pantes diinget-inget. Ku kituna, téma téh béda jeung [[judul]]<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Teori Fiksi (DItarjamahkeun ku Sugihastuti & Rossi)|last=Stanton|first=Robert|publisher=Pustaka Pelajar|year=2012|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=32}}</ref>. Téma leuwih neueulkeun kana gagasan jeung amanat nu ngawangun eusi karangan sagemblengna<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sridianti.com/pengertian-tema-dalam-cerita-atau-novel.html|title=''Pengertian Tema dalam Cerita atau Novel''|last=Sugiana|first=Yodi|website=|publisher=http://www.sridianti.com|accessdate=09 Oktober 2017|date=18 Maret 2016}}</ref> === '''Fakta carita''' === Fakta carita téh hal-hal nu patali jeung carita fiksi. Fakta carita téh ngawengku palaku, karakter palaku, galur, jeung latar. Éta opat unsur kaasup kana fakta carita téh ku sabab sacara faktual bakal ngawangun kajadian jeung  éksisténsina dina prosa fiksi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Teori Pengkajian Fiksi|last=Nurgiyantoro|first=Burhanudin|publisher=UGM Press|year=2012|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=178}}</ref> ==== '''Palaku jeung Watek''' ==== Palaku téh individu rékaan nu ngalaman rupaning kajadian dina carita. Ari karakter palaku mah pidangan paripolah atawa kawangunna citra palaku dina [[karya]] [[sastra]]. Ditilik tina peranna, palaku diwincik jadi dua nyaéta [[protagonis]] jeung [[antagonis]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Materi Pokok Cerita Rekaan dan Drama|last=Harianto, P|first=Rahmanto, B|publisher=Depdikbud|year=1998|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=15}}</ref> * Protagonis, gambaran palaku nu lempeng atawa salawasna aya dina jalur bebeneran.<ref name=":5" /> * Antagonis, gambaran palaku nu pateungteung jeung protagonis. Hartina, jalurna dina kamunkaran atawa kajahatan.<ref name=":5" /> ===== Gambaran Watek Palaku ===== * Diskursif atawa analitik, pangarang sacara langsung nyaritakeun karakter palaku-palaku anu midang dina carita.<ref name=":4" /> * Dramatik, pangarang nembrakkeun karakter palakuna ngaliwatan kekecapan jeung paripolah dina carita. Saperti ngaliwatan [[dialog]] atawa paguneman, jalan pikiran palaku, rasa palaku jeung sajabana.<ref name=":4" /> * Kontékstual, pangarang ngagambarkeun karakter palaku ngaliwatan lingkungan carita nu ngarojongna.<ref name=":4" /> * Campuran, metodeu konvensional kalawan keur ngahontal ééféktifna hiji carita.<ref name=":4" /> ==== '''Galur''' ==== Galur téh mangrupa runtuyan kajadian dina carita nu patali jeung sabab jeung akibat. Wanda galur carita aya tilu.<ref name=":02" /> * Munggaran, ngajéntrékeun pamuka carita. * Bobok Tengah, dimimitian ku ayana konflik jeung klimaks. * Ahir, ngawengku ''denoument'' atawa peleraian.'' Denoument'' mangrupa awal tina klimaks nu tujulna kana matotoskeun pasualan anu dipidangkeun dina carita. ==== '''Latar''' ==== Latar atawa ''setting'' anu nuduhkeun tempat, waktu, jeung kaayaan (situasi) hiji kajadian nu karandapan ku palaku. Latar téh dianggap tatapakan keur ngajéntrékeun tempat, patalina waktu sajarah, jeung lingkungan sosial rupaning kajadian nu dicaritakeun.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=A Glossary of Literary Terms|last=Abrams, M. H.|first=|publisher=Heinle & Heinle|year=1999|isbn=|location=USA|pages=284}}</ref> === '''Sarana Sastra''' === Sarana sastra nyaéta salah sahiji métodeu pangarang nyarungsung jeung milih rincian csrita keur ngahontal pola-pola anu miboga ma’na. Sarana sastra téh ngawengku simbol, gaya basa, jeung puseur implengan.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Simbol''' ===== Dina fiksi simbol téh bakal ngabalukarkeun dua akibat. Kahiji, simbol nu aya dina kajadian téh nuduhkeun ma’na tina éta kajadian. Kadua, simbol nu diulang-ulang bakal jadi panginget-nginget nu maca keur ngahontal ma’na nu gembleng tina carita. Katilu, simbol nu kapanggih kalayan intensitas nu mindeng téh bisa mantuan nu maca manggihan téma carita.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Gaya basa''' ===== Dalam sastra, gaya téh patali jeung cara atawa kamampuh pangarang ngaébréhkeun gagasan dina carita. Basa nu dipaké téh bisa humor, konkrit, imajinatif, jeung métafor. Campuran basa nu dipilih ku pangarang téh bakal ngahasilkeun gaya basa nu miboga ciri mandiri.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Puseur Implengan''' ===== Puseur implengan téh nuduhkeun carita nu dipidangkeun. Ieu unsur mangrupa cara atawa sawangan nu dipaké ku pangarang salaku sarana keur midangkeun carita ka nu maca.<ref name=":6" /> == Rujukan == sqde8h8xq885urlmq2mmi71mnl37mz8 629984 629983 2022-08-07T02:41:37Z YogiYY 17453 /* Latar */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fiksi''' nyaéta salah sahiji istilah anu dipaké dina sakabéh [[karya sastra]] nu wujudna [[naratif]] (carita), boh dina wangun [[prosa]], boh dina wangun [[puisi]], meunang ngaréka atawa nyusurup, lain nyaritakeun kajadian nu nyata ([[sajarah]]). Tapi, ka dieunakeun istilah fiksi disaruakeun jeung istilah prosa naratif ([[novel]] atawa [[roman]] jeung [[carita pondok]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=60}}</ref> Karangan fiksi nu diréka dumasar kana [[fakta]] atawa kanyataan, ngabalukarkeun ayana istilah roman sajarah atawa novel sajarah, roman biografis atawa novel [[biografis]].<ref name=":0" /> == Étimologi == Fiksi téh asal kecapna tina [[basa]] [[Inggris]] ''<span lang="fr" dir="ltr">fiction</span>'', tina basa [[Prancis]] Kuna jeung [[Latin]] ''<span lang="la" dir="ltr">fictio</span>'' nu hartina jieunan nu asalna tina ''<span lang="fr">fingerie</span>'' nu hartina nyieun atawa ngaréka.<ref name=":0" /> == Ciri prosa fiksi == Dina karya fiksi nyangkaruk aspék atawa ciri mandiri di antarana dijéntrékeun kieu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Buku Pendukung Pengajaran Sastra|last=Semi|first=Atar|publisher=Indonesia Tera|year=2008|isbn=|location=Magelang|pages=77-78}}</ref> * Unsur Carita. * Kaayaan [[basa]] [[téks]] fiksi anu henteu homogén. * Kajadian nu dicaritakeun (naratif). * Ayana runtuyan kajadian anu ngéntép seureuh ([[galur]]). Fiksi mangrupa carita kahirupan [[manusa]] nu sipatna fiktif, ku sabab diréka ku [[pangarang]]. Gaya nyarita pangarang henteu homogén, pangarang henteu kudu jadi jalma kahiji nu nyarita, tapi bisa méré kasempetan keur [[panyatur]] [[sékunder]] keur cumarita nepi ka ngahasilkeun [[dialog]] nu hadé. Carita nu dipidangkeun dina fiksi mangrupa carita fiktif, lamun miboga sasaruaan jeung kanyataan, éta téh ukur kabeneran wungkul. Dina wengkuan carita biasana dipidangkeun sacara ngaruntuy keun ngagambar [[konflik]] jeung kapanasaran nu [[maca]].<ref name=":1" /> == Struktur téks fiksi == * Abstrak mangrupa téks inti dina carita fiksi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dosenpendidikan.com/teks-cerita-fiksi-pengertian-jenis-unsur-struktur-kaidah/|title=“Teks Cerita Fiksi” Pengertian & ( Jenis – Unsur – Struktur – Kaidah )|date=2017-01-13|newspaper=DosenPendidikan.Com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-11}}</ref> * Oriéntasi eusina patali jeung [[jejer]], kasang tukang jejer, jeung [[palaku]] dina carita fiksi. Oriéntasi téh minangka pamuka dina carita fiksi anu seja dipidangkeun<ref name=":2" />. * Komplikasi téh [[klimaks]] tina téks carita. Dina ieu bagian biasana mimiti midang pasualan anu bakal metot panitén nu maca kana jero carita<ref name=":2" />. * Pangajén téh mangrupa bagian nu nepikeun bongbolongan tina [[konflik]] atawa pasualan nu ditémbongkeun ku pangarang dina runtuyan carita.<ref name=":2" /> * Résolusi patali jeung matotoskeun pasualan anu karandapan ku palaku utama dina carita fiksi.<ref name=":2" /> * Koda (réorientasi) patali jeung [[amanat]] nu eusina teu jauh tina [[ajén moral]] nu bisa dilarapkeun dina kahirupan nya ku nu maca dina naskah téks carita fiksi.<ref name=":2" /> == Bédana fiksi jeung non-fiksi == Fiksi jeung non-fiksi sanajan sarua naratif, tapi aya bédana lebah wangun, eusi, jeung basa anu dipakéna. Leuwih jelasna dijéntrékeun kieu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Karangan Fiksi dan Nonfiksi|last=Krismarsanti|first=Ermina|publisher=PT. JePe|year=2009|isbn=|location=Surabaya|pages=7}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Fiksi !Non-fiksi |- |Imajinasi pangarang nu sipatna fiktif.<ref name=":3" /> |Fakta, réalitas, nyata dina kahirupan sapopoé.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Wangunna bisa novel atawa roman, carpon, jeung carita nyambung.<ref name=":3" /> |Wangunna bisa ésai, féature, kolom, opini, artikel, jeung résénsi.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Gambaran Subjéktifitas pangarang nu bakal ngahudang rasa nu maca.<ref name=":3" /> |Gambaran objéktifitas keur ngahudang pikiran jeung logika nu maca.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Basana bisa konotatif jeung denotatif kalawan ngahudang tafsiran nu rupa-rupa.<ref name=":3" /> |Basana dénotatif kalawan neueulkeun kana konsép nu kawatesanan (moal salah tafsir).<ref name=":3" /> |} == Struktur Fiksi == === '''Téma dina carita''' === Téma atawa jejer nyaéta inti [[carita]] anu diwangun tina runtuyan kajadian anu dipidangkeun dina [[prosa]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ngalanglang Kasusastraan Sunda|last=Rosidi|first=Ajip|publisher=Pustaka Jaya|year=2012|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=224}}</ref>. Téma téh asal kecapna tina ''thema < tithenai'' nu hartina téh neundeun. Téma téh aspék carita nu sajajar jeung ma'na dina [[pangalaman]] [[manusa]] nu salawasna miboga kesan jeung pantes diinget-inget. Ku kituna, téma téh béda jeung [[judul]]<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Teori Fiksi (DItarjamahkeun ku Sugihastuti & Rossi)|last=Stanton|first=Robert|publisher=Pustaka Pelajar|year=2012|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=32}}</ref>. Téma leuwih neueulkeun kana gagasan jeung amanat nu ngawangun eusi karangan sagemblengna<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sridianti.com/pengertian-tema-dalam-cerita-atau-novel.html|title=''Pengertian Tema dalam Cerita atau Novel''|last=Sugiana|first=Yodi|website=|publisher=http://www.sridianti.com|accessdate=09 Oktober 2017|date=18 Maret 2016}}</ref> === '''Fakta carita''' === Fakta carita téh hal-hal nu patali jeung carita fiksi. Fakta carita téh ngawengku palaku, karakter palaku, galur, jeung latar. Éta opat unsur kaasup kana fakta carita téh ku sabab sacara faktual bakal ngawangun kajadian jeung  éksisténsina dina prosa fiksi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Teori Pengkajian Fiksi|last=Nurgiyantoro|first=Burhanudin|publisher=UGM Press|year=2012|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=178}}</ref> ==== '''Palaku jeung Watek''' ==== Palaku téh individu rékaan nu ngalaman rupaning kajadian dina carita. Ari karakter palaku mah pidangan paripolah atawa kawangunna citra palaku dina [[karya]] [[sastra]]. Ditilik tina peranna, palaku diwincik jadi dua nyaéta [[protagonis]] jeung [[antagonis]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Materi Pokok Cerita Rekaan dan Drama|last=Harianto, P|first=Rahmanto, B|publisher=Depdikbud|year=1998|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=15}}</ref> * Protagonis, gambaran palaku nu lempeng atawa salawasna aya dina jalur bebeneran.<ref name=":5" /> * Antagonis, gambaran palaku nu pateungteung jeung protagonis. Hartina, jalurna dina kamunkaran atawa kajahatan.<ref name=":5" /> ===== Gambaran Watek Palaku ===== * Diskursif atawa analitik, pangarang sacara langsung nyaritakeun karakter palaku-palaku anu midang dina carita.<ref name=":4" /> * Dramatik, pangarang nembrakkeun karakter palakuna ngaliwatan kekecapan jeung paripolah dina carita. Saperti ngaliwatan [[dialog]] atawa paguneman, jalan pikiran palaku, rasa palaku jeung sajabana.<ref name=":4" /> * Kontékstual, pangarang ngagambarkeun karakter palaku ngaliwatan lingkungan carita nu ngarojongna.<ref name=":4" /> * Campuran, metodeu konvensional kalawan keur ngahontal ééféktifna hiji carita.<ref name=":4" /> ==== '''Galur''' ==== Galur téh mangrupa runtuyan kajadian dina carita nu patali jeung sabab jeung akibat. Wanda galur carita aya tilu.<ref name=":02" /> * Munggaran, ngajéntrékeun pamuka carita. * Bobok Tengah, dimimitian ku ayana konflik jeung klimaks. * Ahir, ngawengku ''denoument'' atawa peleraian.'' Denoument'' mangrupa awal tina klimaks nu tujulna kana matotoskeun pasualan anu dipidangkeun dina carita. ==== '''Latar''' ==== Latar atawa ''setting'' anu nuduhkeun tempat, waktu jeung kaayaan (situasi) hiji kajadian nu karandapan ku palaku. Latar téh dianggap tatapakan keur ngajéntrékeun tempat, patalina waktu sajarah, jeung lingkungan sosial rupaning kajadian nu dicaritakeun.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=A Glossary of Literary Terms|last=Abrams, M. H.|first=|publisher=Heinle & Heinle|year=1999|isbn=|location=USA|pages=284}}</ref> === '''Sarana Sastra''' === Sarana sastra nyaéta salah sahiji métodeu pangarang nyarungsung jeung milih rincian csrita keur ngahontal pola-pola anu miboga ma’na. Sarana sastra téh ngawengku simbol, gaya basa, jeung puseur implengan.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Simbol''' ===== Dina fiksi simbol téh bakal ngabalukarkeun dua akibat. Kahiji, simbol nu aya dina kajadian téh nuduhkeun ma’na tina éta kajadian. Kadua, simbol nu diulang-ulang bakal jadi panginget-nginget nu maca keur ngahontal ma’na nu gembleng tina carita. Katilu, simbol nu kapanggih kalayan intensitas nu mindeng téh bisa mantuan nu maca manggihan téma carita.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Gaya basa''' ===== Dalam sastra, gaya téh patali jeung cara atawa kamampuh pangarang ngaébréhkeun gagasan dina carita. Basa nu dipaké téh bisa humor, konkrit, imajinatif, jeung métafor. Campuran basa nu dipilih ku pangarang téh bakal ngahasilkeun gaya basa nu miboga ciri mandiri.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Puseur Implengan''' ===== Puseur implengan téh nuduhkeun carita nu dipidangkeun. Ieu unsur mangrupa cara atawa sawangan nu dipaké ku pangarang salaku sarana keur midangkeun carita ka nu maca.<ref name=":6" /> == Rujukan == gh80yiym0j4w2unzsjdjvnqyevcc9uq 629985 629984 2022-08-07T02:42:26Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fiksi''' nyaéta salah sahiji istilah anu dipaké dina sakabéh [[karya sastra]] nu wujudna [[naratif]] (carita), boh dina wangun [[prosa]], boh dina wangun [[puisi]], meunang ngaréka atawa nyusurup, lain nyaritakeun kajadian nu nyata ([[sajarah]]). Tapi, ka dieunakeun istilah fiksi disaruakeun jeung istilah prosa naratif ([[novel]] atawa [[roman]] jeung [[carita pondok]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=60}}</ref> Karangan fiksi nu diréka dumasar kana [[fakta]] atawa kanyataan, ngabalukarkeun ayana istilah roman sajarah atawa novel sajarah, roman biografis atawa novel [[biografis]].<ref name=":0" /> == Étimologi == Fiksi téh asal kecapna tina [[basa]] [[Inggris]] ''<span lang="fr" dir="ltr">fiction</span>'', tina basa [[Prancis]] Kuna jeung [[Latin]] ''<span lang="la" dir="ltr">fictio</span>'' nu hartina jieunan nu asalna tina ''<span lang="fr">fingerie</span>'' nu hartina nyieun atawa ngaréka.<ref name=":0" /> == Ciri prosa fiksi == Dina karya fiksi nyangkaruk aspék atawa ciri mandiri di antarana dijéntrékeun kieu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Buku Pendukung Pengajaran Sastra|last=Semi|first=Atar|publisher=Indonesia Tera|year=2008|isbn=|location=Magelang|pages=77-78}}</ref> * Unsur Carita. * Kaayaan [[basa]] [[téks]] fiksi anu henteu homogén. * Kajadian nu dicaritakeun (naratif). * Ayana runtuyan kajadian anu ngéntép seureuh ([[galur]]). Fiksi mangrupa carita kahirupan [[manusa]] nu sipatna fiktif, ku sabab diréka ku [[pangarang]]. Gaya nyarita pangarang henteu homogén, pangarang henteu kudu jadi jalma kahiji nu nyarita, tapi bisa méré kasempetan keur [[panyatur]] [[sékunder]] keur cumarita nepi ka ngahasilkeun [[dialog]] nu hadé. Carita nu dipidangkeun dina fiksi mangrupa carita fiktif, lamun miboga sasaruaan jeung kanyataan, éta téh ukur kabeneran wungkul. Dina wengkuan carita biasana dipidangkeun sacara ngaruntuy keun ngagambar [[konflik]] jeung kapanasaran nu [[maca]].<ref name=":1" /> == Struktur téks fiksi == * Abstrak mangrupa téks inti dina carita fiksi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dosenpendidikan.com/teks-cerita-fiksi-pengertian-jenis-unsur-struktur-kaidah/|title=“Teks Cerita Fiksi” Pengertian & ( Jenis – Unsur – Struktur – Kaidah )|date=2017-01-13|newspaper=DosenPendidikan.Com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-11}}</ref> * Oriéntasi eusina patali jeung [[jejer]], kasang tukang jejer, jeung [[palaku]] dina carita fiksi. Oriéntasi téh minangka pamuka dina carita fiksi anu seja dipidangkeun<ref name=":2" />. * Komplikasi téh [[klimaks]] tina téks carita. Dina ieu bagian biasana mimiti midang pasualan anu bakal metot panitén nu maca kana jero carita<ref name=":2" />. * Pangajén téh mangrupa bagian nu nepikeun bongbolongan tina [[konflik]] atawa pasualan nu ditémbongkeun ku pangarang dina runtuyan carita.<ref name=":2" /> * Résolusi patali jeung matotoskeun pasualan anu karandapan ku palaku utama dina carita fiksi.<ref name=":2" /> * Koda (réorientasi) patali jeung [[amanat]] nu eusina teu jauh tina [[ajén moral]] nu bisa dilarapkeun dina kahirupan nya ku nu maca dina naskah téks carita fiksi.<ref name=":2" /> == Bédana fiksi jeung non-fiksi == Fiksi jeung non-fiksi sanajan sarua naratif, tapi aya bédana lebah wangun, eusi, jeung basa anu dipakéna. Leuwih jelasna dijéntrékeun kieu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Karangan Fiksi dan Nonfiksi|last=Krismarsanti|first=Ermina|publisher=PT. JePe|year=2009|isbn=|location=Surabaya|pages=7}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Fiksi !Non-fiksi |- |Imajinasi pangarang nu sipatna fiktif.<ref name=":3" /> |Fakta, réalitas, nyata dina kahirupan sapopoé.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Wangunna bisa novel atawa roman, carpon, jeung carita nyambung.<ref name=":3" /> |Wangunna bisa ésai, féature, kolom, opini, artikel, jeung résénsi.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Gambaran Subjéktifitas pangarang nu bakal ngahudang rasa nu maca.<ref name=":3" /> |Gambaran objéktifitas keur ngahudang pikiran jeung logika nu maca.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Basana bisa konotatif jeung denotatif kalawan ngahudang tafsiran nu rupa-rupa.<ref name=":3" /> |Basana dénotatif kalawan neueulkeun kana konsép nu kawatesanan (moal salah tafsir).<ref name=":3" /> |} == Struktur Fiksi == === '''Téma dina carita''' === Téma atawa jejer nyaéta inti [[carita]] anu diwangun tina runtuyan kajadian anu dipidangkeun dina [[prosa]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ngalanglang Kasusastraan Sunda|last=Rosidi|first=Ajip|publisher=Pustaka Jaya|year=2012|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=224}}</ref>. Téma téh asal kecapna tina ''thema < tithenai'' nu hartina téh neundeun. Téma téh aspék carita nu sajajar jeung ma'na dina [[pangalaman]] [[manusa]] nu salawasna miboga kesan jeung pantes diinget-inget. Ku kituna, téma téh béda jeung [[judul]]<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Teori Fiksi (DItarjamahkeun ku Sugihastuti & Rossi)|last=Stanton|first=Robert|publisher=Pustaka Pelajar|year=2012|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=32}}</ref>. Téma leuwih neueulkeun kana gagasan jeung amanat nu ngawangun eusi karangan sagemblengna<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sridianti.com/pengertian-tema-dalam-cerita-atau-novel.html|title=''Pengertian Tema dalam Cerita atau Novel''|last=Sugiana|first=Yodi|website=|publisher=http://www.sridianti.com|accessdate=09 Oktober 2017|date=18 Maret 2016}}</ref> === '''Fakta carita''' === Fakta carita téh hal-hal nu patali jeung carita fiksi. Fakta carita téh ngawengku palaku, karakter palaku, galur, jeung latar. Éta opat unsur kaasup kana fakta carita téh ku sabab sacara faktual bakal ngawangun kajadian jeung  éksisténsina dina prosa fiksi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Teori Pengkajian Fiksi|last=Nurgiyantoro|first=Burhanudin|publisher=UGM Press|year=2012|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=178}}</ref> ==== '''Palaku jeung Watek''' ==== Palaku téh individu rékaan nu ngalaman rupaning kajadian dina carita. Ari karakter palaku mah pidangan paripolah atawa kawangunna citra palaku dina [[karya]] [[sastra]]. Ditilik tina peranna, palaku diwincik jadi dua nyaéta [[protagonis]] jeung [[antagonis]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Materi Pokok Cerita Rekaan dan Drama|last=Harianto, P|first=Rahmanto, B|publisher=Depdikbud|year=1998|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=15}}</ref> * Protagonis, gambaran palaku nu lempeng atawa salawasna aya dina jalur bebeneran.<ref name=":5" /> * Antagonis, gambaran palaku nu pateungteung jeung protagonis. Hartina, jalurna dina kamunkaran atawa kajahatan.<ref name=":5" /> ===== Gambaran Watek Palaku ===== * Diskursif atawa analitik, pangarang sacara langsung nyaritakeun karakter palaku-palaku anu midang dina carita.<ref name=":4" /> * Dramatik, pangarang nembrakkeun karakter palakuna ngaliwatan kekecapan jeung paripolah dina carita. Saperti ngaliwatan [[dialog]] atawa paguneman, jalan pikiran palaku, rasa palaku jeung sajabana.<ref name=":4" /> * Kontékstual, pangarang ngagambarkeun karakter palaku ngaliwatan lingkungan carita nu ngarojongna.<ref name=":4" /> * Campuran, metodeu konvensional kalawan keur ngahontal ééféktifna hiji carita.<ref name=":4" /> ==== '''Galur''' ==== Galur téh mangrupa runtuyan kajadian dina carita nu patali jeung sabab jeung akibat. Wanda galur carita aya tilu.<ref name=":02" /> * Munggaran, ngajéntrékeun pamuka carita. * Bobok Tengah, dimimitian ku ayana konflik jeung klimaks. * Ahir, ngawengku ''denoument'' atawa peleraian.'' Denoument'' mangrupa awal tina klimaks nu tujulna kana matotoskeun pasualan anu dipidangkeun dina carita. ==== '''Latar''' ==== Latar atawa ''setting'' anu nuduhkeun tempat, waktu jeung kaayaan (situasi) hiji kajadian nu karandapan ku palaku. Latar téh dianggap tatapakan keur ngajéntrékeun tempat, patalina waktu sajarah, jeung lingkungan sosial rupaning kajadian nu dicaritakeun.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=A Glossary of Literary Terms|last=Abrams, M. H.|first=|publisher=Heinle & Heinle|year=1999|isbn=|location=USA|pages=284}}</ref> === '''Sarana Sastra''' === Sarana sastra nyaéta salah sahiji métodeu pangarang nyarungsum jeung milih rincian carita keur ngahontal pola-pola anu miboga ma’na. Sarana sastra téh ngawengku simbol, gaya basa, jeung puseur implengan.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Simbol''' ===== Dina fiksi simbol téh bakal ngabalukarkeun dua akibat. Kahiji, simbol nu aya dina kajadian téh nuduhkeun ma’na tina éta kajadian. Kadua, simbol nu diulang-ulang bakal jadi panginget-nginget nu maca keur ngahontal ma’na nu gembleng tina carita. Katilu, simbol nu kapanggih kalayan intensitas nu mindeng téh bisa mantuan nu maca manggihan téma carita.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Gaya basa''' ===== Dalam sastra, gaya téh patali jeung cara atawa kamampuh pangarang ngaébréhkeun gagasan dina carita. Basa nu dipaké téh bisa humor, konkrit, imajinatif, jeung métafor. Campuran basa nu dipilih ku pangarang téh bakal ngahasilkeun gaya basa nu miboga ciri mandiri.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Puseur Implengan''' ===== Puseur implengan téh nuduhkeun carita nu dipidangkeun. Ieu unsur mangrupa cara atawa sawangan nu dipaké ku pangarang salaku sarana keur midangkeun carita ka nu maca.<ref name=":6" /> == Rujukan == 3fcm1dwdf10ugpmrf3rm9jlbm11itpc 629986 629985 2022-08-07T02:42:59Z YogiYY 17453 /* Simbol */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fiksi''' nyaéta salah sahiji istilah anu dipaké dina sakabéh [[karya sastra]] nu wujudna [[naratif]] (carita), boh dina wangun [[prosa]], boh dina wangun [[puisi]], meunang ngaréka atawa nyusurup, lain nyaritakeun kajadian nu nyata ([[sajarah]]). Tapi, ka dieunakeun istilah fiksi disaruakeun jeung istilah prosa naratif ([[novel]] atawa [[roman]] jeung [[carita pondok]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=60}}</ref> Karangan fiksi nu diréka dumasar kana [[fakta]] atawa kanyataan, ngabalukarkeun ayana istilah roman sajarah atawa novel sajarah, roman biografis atawa novel [[biografis]].<ref name=":0" /> == Étimologi == Fiksi téh asal kecapna tina [[basa]] [[Inggris]] ''<span lang="fr" dir="ltr">fiction</span>'', tina basa [[Prancis]] Kuna jeung [[Latin]] ''<span lang="la" dir="ltr">fictio</span>'' nu hartina jieunan nu asalna tina ''<span lang="fr">fingerie</span>'' nu hartina nyieun atawa ngaréka.<ref name=":0" /> == Ciri prosa fiksi == Dina karya fiksi nyangkaruk aspék atawa ciri mandiri di antarana dijéntrékeun kieu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Buku Pendukung Pengajaran Sastra|last=Semi|first=Atar|publisher=Indonesia Tera|year=2008|isbn=|location=Magelang|pages=77-78}}</ref> * Unsur Carita. * Kaayaan [[basa]] [[téks]] fiksi anu henteu homogén. * Kajadian nu dicaritakeun (naratif). * Ayana runtuyan kajadian anu ngéntép seureuh ([[galur]]). Fiksi mangrupa carita kahirupan [[manusa]] nu sipatna fiktif, ku sabab diréka ku [[pangarang]]. Gaya nyarita pangarang henteu homogén, pangarang henteu kudu jadi jalma kahiji nu nyarita, tapi bisa méré kasempetan keur [[panyatur]] [[sékunder]] keur cumarita nepi ka ngahasilkeun [[dialog]] nu hadé. Carita nu dipidangkeun dina fiksi mangrupa carita fiktif, lamun miboga sasaruaan jeung kanyataan, éta téh ukur kabeneran wungkul. Dina wengkuan carita biasana dipidangkeun sacara ngaruntuy keun ngagambar [[konflik]] jeung kapanasaran nu [[maca]].<ref name=":1" /> == Struktur téks fiksi == * Abstrak mangrupa téks inti dina carita fiksi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dosenpendidikan.com/teks-cerita-fiksi-pengertian-jenis-unsur-struktur-kaidah/|title=“Teks Cerita Fiksi” Pengertian & ( Jenis – Unsur – Struktur – Kaidah )|date=2017-01-13|newspaper=DosenPendidikan.Com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-11}}</ref> * Oriéntasi eusina patali jeung [[jejer]], kasang tukang jejer, jeung [[palaku]] dina carita fiksi. Oriéntasi téh minangka pamuka dina carita fiksi anu seja dipidangkeun<ref name=":2" />. * Komplikasi téh [[klimaks]] tina téks carita. Dina ieu bagian biasana mimiti midang pasualan anu bakal metot panitén nu maca kana jero carita<ref name=":2" />. * Pangajén téh mangrupa bagian nu nepikeun bongbolongan tina [[konflik]] atawa pasualan nu ditémbongkeun ku pangarang dina runtuyan carita.<ref name=":2" /> * Résolusi patali jeung matotoskeun pasualan anu karandapan ku palaku utama dina carita fiksi.<ref name=":2" /> * Koda (réorientasi) patali jeung [[amanat]] nu eusina teu jauh tina [[ajén moral]] nu bisa dilarapkeun dina kahirupan nya ku nu maca dina naskah téks carita fiksi.<ref name=":2" /> == Bédana fiksi jeung non-fiksi == Fiksi jeung non-fiksi sanajan sarua naratif, tapi aya bédana lebah wangun, eusi, jeung basa anu dipakéna. Leuwih jelasna dijéntrékeun kieu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Karangan Fiksi dan Nonfiksi|last=Krismarsanti|first=Ermina|publisher=PT. JePe|year=2009|isbn=|location=Surabaya|pages=7}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Fiksi !Non-fiksi |- |Imajinasi pangarang nu sipatna fiktif.<ref name=":3" /> |Fakta, réalitas, nyata dina kahirupan sapopoé.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Wangunna bisa novel atawa roman, carpon, jeung carita nyambung.<ref name=":3" /> |Wangunna bisa ésai, féature, kolom, opini, artikel, jeung résénsi.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Gambaran Subjéktifitas pangarang nu bakal ngahudang rasa nu maca.<ref name=":3" /> |Gambaran objéktifitas keur ngahudang pikiran jeung logika nu maca.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Basana bisa konotatif jeung denotatif kalawan ngahudang tafsiran nu rupa-rupa.<ref name=":3" /> |Basana dénotatif kalawan neueulkeun kana konsép nu kawatesanan (moal salah tafsir).<ref name=":3" /> |} == Struktur Fiksi == === '''Téma dina carita''' === Téma atawa jejer nyaéta inti [[carita]] anu diwangun tina runtuyan kajadian anu dipidangkeun dina [[prosa]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ngalanglang Kasusastraan Sunda|last=Rosidi|first=Ajip|publisher=Pustaka Jaya|year=2012|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=224}}</ref>. Téma téh asal kecapna tina ''thema < tithenai'' nu hartina téh neundeun. Téma téh aspék carita nu sajajar jeung ma'na dina [[pangalaman]] [[manusa]] nu salawasna miboga kesan jeung pantes diinget-inget. Ku kituna, téma téh béda jeung [[judul]]<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Teori Fiksi (DItarjamahkeun ku Sugihastuti & Rossi)|last=Stanton|first=Robert|publisher=Pustaka Pelajar|year=2012|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=32}}</ref>. Téma leuwih neueulkeun kana gagasan jeung amanat nu ngawangun eusi karangan sagemblengna<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sridianti.com/pengertian-tema-dalam-cerita-atau-novel.html|title=''Pengertian Tema dalam Cerita atau Novel''|last=Sugiana|first=Yodi|website=|publisher=http://www.sridianti.com|accessdate=09 Oktober 2017|date=18 Maret 2016}}</ref> === '''Fakta carita''' === Fakta carita téh hal-hal nu patali jeung carita fiksi. Fakta carita téh ngawengku palaku, karakter palaku, galur, jeung latar. Éta opat unsur kaasup kana fakta carita téh ku sabab sacara faktual bakal ngawangun kajadian jeung  éksisténsina dina prosa fiksi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Teori Pengkajian Fiksi|last=Nurgiyantoro|first=Burhanudin|publisher=UGM Press|year=2012|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=178}}</ref> ==== '''Palaku jeung Watek''' ==== Palaku téh individu rékaan nu ngalaman rupaning kajadian dina carita. Ari karakter palaku mah pidangan paripolah atawa kawangunna citra palaku dina [[karya]] [[sastra]]. Ditilik tina peranna, palaku diwincik jadi dua nyaéta [[protagonis]] jeung [[antagonis]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Materi Pokok Cerita Rekaan dan Drama|last=Harianto, P|first=Rahmanto, B|publisher=Depdikbud|year=1998|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=15}}</ref> * Protagonis, gambaran palaku nu lempeng atawa salawasna aya dina jalur bebeneran.<ref name=":5" /> * Antagonis, gambaran palaku nu pateungteung jeung protagonis. Hartina, jalurna dina kamunkaran atawa kajahatan.<ref name=":5" /> ===== Gambaran Watek Palaku ===== * Diskursif atawa analitik, pangarang sacara langsung nyaritakeun karakter palaku-palaku anu midang dina carita.<ref name=":4" /> * Dramatik, pangarang nembrakkeun karakter palakuna ngaliwatan kekecapan jeung paripolah dina carita. Saperti ngaliwatan [[dialog]] atawa paguneman, jalan pikiran palaku, rasa palaku jeung sajabana.<ref name=":4" /> * Kontékstual, pangarang ngagambarkeun karakter palaku ngaliwatan lingkungan carita nu ngarojongna.<ref name=":4" /> * Campuran, metodeu konvensional kalawan keur ngahontal ééféktifna hiji carita.<ref name=":4" /> ==== '''Galur''' ==== Galur téh mangrupa runtuyan kajadian dina carita nu patali jeung sabab jeung akibat. Wanda galur carita aya tilu.<ref name=":02" /> * Munggaran, ngajéntrékeun pamuka carita. * Bobok Tengah, dimimitian ku ayana konflik jeung klimaks. * Ahir, ngawengku ''denoument'' atawa peleraian.'' Denoument'' mangrupa awal tina klimaks nu tujulna kana matotoskeun pasualan anu dipidangkeun dina carita. ==== '''Latar''' ==== Latar atawa ''setting'' anu nuduhkeun tempat, waktu jeung kaayaan (situasi) hiji kajadian nu karandapan ku palaku. Latar téh dianggap tatapakan keur ngajéntrékeun tempat, patalina waktu sajarah, jeung lingkungan sosial rupaning kajadian nu dicaritakeun.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=A Glossary of Literary Terms|last=Abrams, M. H.|first=|publisher=Heinle & Heinle|year=1999|isbn=|location=USA|pages=284}}</ref> === '''Sarana Sastra''' === Sarana sastra nyaéta salah sahiji métodeu pangarang nyarungsum jeung milih rincian carita keur ngahontal pola-pola anu miboga ma’na. Sarana sastra téh ngawengku simbol, gaya basa, jeung puseur implengan.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Simbol''' ===== Dina fiksi simbol téh bakal ngabalukarkeun tilu akibat. Kahiji, simbol nu aya dina kajadian téh nuduhkeun ma’na tina éta kajadian. Kadua, simbol nu diulang-ulang bakal jadi panginget-nginget nu maca keur ngahontal ma’na nu gembleng tina carita. Katilu, simbol nu kapanggih kalayan intensitas nu mindeng téh bisa mantuan nu maca manggihan téma carita.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Gaya basa''' ===== Dalam sastra, gaya téh patali jeung cara atawa kamampuh pangarang ngaébréhkeun gagasan dina carita. Basa nu dipaké téh bisa humor, konkrit, imajinatif, jeung métafor. Campuran basa nu dipilih ku pangarang téh bakal ngahasilkeun gaya basa nu miboga ciri mandiri.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Puseur Implengan''' ===== Puseur implengan téh nuduhkeun carita nu dipidangkeun. Ieu unsur mangrupa cara atawa sawangan nu dipaké ku pangarang salaku sarana keur midangkeun carita ka nu maca.<ref name=":6" /> == Rujukan == og53tzpvpr1c0kj04m2xy3fvpt0e430 629987 629986 2022-08-07T02:43:37Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fiksi''' nyaéta salah sahiji istilah anu dipaké dina sakabéh [[karya sastra]] nu wujudna [[naratif]] (carita), boh dina wangun [[prosa]], boh dina wangun [[puisi]], meunang ngaréka atawa nyusurup, lain nyaritakeun kajadian nu nyata ([[sajarah]]). Tapi, ka dieunakeun istilah fiksi disaruakeun jeung istilah prosa naratif ([[novel]] atawa [[roman]] jeung [[carita pondok]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=60}}</ref> Karangan fiksi nu diréka dumasar kana [[fakta]] atawa kanyataan, ngabalukarkeun ayana istilah roman sajarah atawa novel sajarah, roman biografis atawa novel [[biografis]].<ref name=":0" /> == Étimologi == Fiksi téh asal kecapna tina [[basa]] [[Inggris]] ''<span lang="fr" dir="ltr">fiction</span>'', tina basa [[Prancis]] Kuna jeung [[Latin]] ''<span lang="la" dir="ltr">fictio</span>'' nu hartina jieunan nu asalna tina ''<span lang="fr">fingerie</span>'' nu hartina nyieun atawa ngaréka.<ref name=":0" /> == Ciri prosa fiksi == Dina karya fiksi nyangkaruk aspék atawa ciri mandiri di antarana dijéntrékeun kieu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Buku Pendukung Pengajaran Sastra|last=Semi|first=Atar|publisher=Indonesia Tera|year=2008|isbn=|location=Magelang|pages=77-78}}</ref> * Unsur Carita. * Kaayaan [[basa]] [[téks]] fiksi anu henteu homogén. * Kajadian nu dicaritakeun (naratif). * Ayana runtuyan kajadian anu ngéntép seureuh ([[galur]]). Fiksi mangrupa carita kahirupan [[manusa]] nu sipatna fiktif, ku sabab diréka ku [[pangarang]]. Gaya nyarita pangarang henteu homogén, pangarang henteu kudu jadi jalma kahiji nu nyarita, tapi bisa méré kasempetan keur [[panyatur]] [[sékunder]] keur cumarita nepi ka ngahasilkeun [[dialog]] nu hadé. Carita nu dipidangkeun dina fiksi mangrupa carita fiktif, lamun miboga sasaruaan jeung kanyataan, éta téh ukur kabeneran wungkul. Dina wengkuan carita biasana dipidangkeun sacara ngaruntuy keun ngagambar [[konflik]] jeung kapanasaran nu [[maca]].<ref name=":1" /> == Struktur téks fiksi == * Abstrak mangrupa téks inti dina carita fiksi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dosenpendidikan.com/teks-cerita-fiksi-pengertian-jenis-unsur-struktur-kaidah/|title=“Teks Cerita Fiksi” Pengertian & ( Jenis – Unsur – Struktur – Kaidah )|date=2017-01-13|newspaper=DosenPendidikan.Com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-11}}</ref> * Oriéntasi eusina patali jeung [[jejer]], kasang tukang jejer, jeung [[palaku]] dina carita fiksi. Oriéntasi téh minangka pamuka dina carita fiksi anu seja dipidangkeun<ref name=":2" />. * Komplikasi téh [[klimaks]] tina téks carita. Dina ieu bagian biasana mimiti midang pasualan anu bakal metot panitén nu maca kana jero carita<ref name=":2" />. * Pangajén téh mangrupa bagian nu nepikeun bongbolongan tina [[konflik]] atawa pasualan nu ditémbongkeun ku pangarang dina runtuyan carita.<ref name=":2" /> * Résolusi patali jeung matotoskeun pasualan anu karandapan ku palaku utama dina carita fiksi.<ref name=":2" /> * Koda (réorientasi) patali jeung [[amanat]] nu eusina teu jauh tina [[ajén moral]] nu bisa dilarapkeun dina kahirupan nya ku nu maca dina naskah téks carita fiksi.<ref name=":2" /> == Bédana fiksi jeung non-fiksi == Fiksi jeung non-fiksi sanajan sarua naratif, tapi aya bédana lebah wangun, eusi, jeung basa anu dipakéna. Leuwih jelasna dijéntrékeun kieu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Karangan Fiksi dan Nonfiksi|last=Krismarsanti|first=Ermina|publisher=PT. JePe|year=2009|isbn=|location=Surabaya|pages=7}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Fiksi !Non-fiksi |- |Imajinasi pangarang nu sipatna fiktif.<ref name=":3" /> |Fakta, réalitas, nyata dina kahirupan sapopoé.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Wangunna bisa novel atawa roman, carpon, jeung carita nyambung.<ref name=":3" /> |Wangunna bisa ésai, féature, kolom, opini, artikel, jeung résénsi.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Gambaran Subjéktifitas pangarang nu bakal ngahudang rasa nu maca.<ref name=":3" /> |Gambaran objéktifitas keur ngahudang pikiran jeung logika nu maca.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Basana bisa konotatif jeung denotatif kalawan ngahudang tafsiran nu rupa-rupa.<ref name=":3" /> |Basana dénotatif kalawan neueulkeun kana konsép nu kawatesanan (moal salah tafsir).<ref name=":3" /> |} == Struktur Fiksi == === '''Téma dina carita''' === Téma atawa jejer nyaéta inti [[carita]] anu diwangun tina runtuyan kajadian anu dipidangkeun dina [[prosa]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ngalanglang Kasusastraan Sunda|last=Rosidi|first=Ajip|publisher=Pustaka Jaya|year=2012|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=224}}</ref>. Téma téh asal kecapna tina ''thema < tithenai'' nu hartina téh neundeun. Téma téh aspék carita nu sajajar jeung ma'na dina [[pangalaman]] [[manusa]] nu salawasna miboga kesan jeung pantes diinget-inget. Ku kituna, téma téh béda jeung [[judul]]<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Teori Fiksi (DItarjamahkeun ku Sugihastuti & Rossi)|last=Stanton|first=Robert|publisher=Pustaka Pelajar|year=2012|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=32}}</ref>. Téma leuwih neueulkeun kana gagasan jeung amanat nu ngawangun eusi karangan sagemblengna<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sridianti.com/pengertian-tema-dalam-cerita-atau-novel.html|title=''Pengertian Tema dalam Cerita atau Novel''|last=Sugiana|first=Yodi|website=|publisher=http://www.sridianti.com|accessdate=09 Oktober 2017|date=18 Maret 2016}}</ref> === '''Fakta carita''' === Fakta carita téh hal-hal nu patali jeung carita fiksi. Fakta carita téh ngawengku palaku, karakter palaku, galur, jeung latar. Éta opat unsur kaasup kana fakta carita téh ku sabab sacara faktual bakal ngawangun kajadian jeung  éksisténsina dina prosa fiksi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Teori Pengkajian Fiksi|last=Nurgiyantoro|first=Burhanudin|publisher=UGM Press|year=2012|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=178}}</ref> ==== '''Palaku jeung Watek''' ==== Palaku téh individu rékaan nu ngalaman rupaning kajadian dina carita. Ari karakter palaku mah pidangan paripolah atawa kawangunna citra palaku dina [[karya]] [[sastra]]. Ditilik tina peranna, palaku diwincik jadi dua nyaéta [[protagonis]] jeung [[antagonis]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Materi Pokok Cerita Rekaan dan Drama|last=Harianto, P|first=Rahmanto, B|publisher=Depdikbud|year=1998|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=15}}</ref> * Protagonis, gambaran palaku nu lempeng atawa salawasna aya dina jalur bebeneran.<ref name=":5" /> * Antagonis, gambaran palaku nu pateungteung jeung protagonis. Hartina, jalurna dina kamunkaran atawa kajahatan.<ref name=":5" /> ===== Gambaran Watek Palaku ===== * Diskursif atawa analitik, pangarang sacara langsung nyaritakeun karakter palaku-palaku anu midang dina carita.<ref name=":4" /> * Dramatik, pangarang nembrakkeun karakter palakuna ngaliwatan kekecapan jeung paripolah dina carita. Saperti ngaliwatan [[dialog]] atawa paguneman, jalan pikiran palaku, rasa palaku jeung sajabana.<ref name=":4" /> * Kontékstual, pangarang ngagambarkeun karakter palaku ngaliwatan lingkungan carita nu ngarojongna.<ref name=":4" /> * Campuran, metodeu konvensional kalawan keur ngahontal ééféktifna hiji carita.<ref name=":4" /> ==== '''Galur''' ==== Galur téh mangrupa runtuyan kajadian dina carita nu patali jeung sabab jeung akibat. Wanda galur carita aya tilu.<ref name=":02" /> * Munggaran, ngajéntrékeun pamuka carita. * Bobok Tengah, dimimitian ku ayana konflik jeung klimaks. * Ahir, ngawengku ''denoument'' atawa peleraian.'' Denoument'' mangrupa awal tina klimaks nu tujulna kana matotoskeun pasualan anu dipidangkeun dina carita. ==== '''Latar''' ==== Latar atawa ''setting'' anu nuduhkeun tempat, waktu jeung kaayaan (situasi) hiji kajadian nu karandapan ku palaku. Latar téh dianggap tatapakan keur ngajéntrékeun tempat, patalina waktu sajarah, jeung lingkungan sosial rupaning kajadian nu dicaritakeun.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=A Glossary of Literary Terms|last=Abrams, M. H.|first=|publisher=Heinle & Heinle|year=1999|isbn=|location=USA|pages=284}}</ref> === '''Sarana Sastra''' === Sarana sastra nyaéta salah sahiji métodeu pangarang nyarungsum jeung milih rincian carita keur ngahontal pola-pola anu miboga ma’na. Sarana sastra téh ngawengku simbol, gaya basa, jeung puseur implengan.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Simbol''' ===== Dina fiksi simbol téh bakal ngabalukarkeun tilu akibat. Kahiji, simbol nu aya dina kajadian téh nuduhkeun ma’na tina éta kajadian. Kadua, simbol nu diulang-ulang bakal jadi panginget-nginget nu maca keur ngahontal ma’na nu gembleng tina carita. Katilu, simbol nu kapanggih kalayan intensitas nu mindeng téh bisa mantuan nu maca manggihan téma carita.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Gaya basa''' ===== Dina sastra, gaya téh patali jeung cara atawa kamampuh pangarang ngaébréhkeun gagasan dina carita. Basa nu dipaké téh bisa humor, konkrit, imajinatif jeung métafor. Campuran basa nu dipilih ku pangarang téh bakal ngahasilkeun gaya basa nu miboga ciri mandiri karya anu dihasilkeun.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Puseur Implengan''' ===== Puseur implengan téh nuduhkeun carita nu dipidangkeun. Ieu unsur mangrupa cara atawa sawangan nu dipaké ku pangarang salaku sarana keur midangkeun carita ka nu maca.<ref name=":6" /> == Rujukan == 0ctdi9s3itki0no5sa6ffipr6nidzys 629988 629987 2022-08-07T02:44:11Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fiksi''' nyaéta salah sahiji istilah anu dipaké dina sakabéh [[karya sastra]] nu wujudna [[naratif]] (carita), boh dina wangun [[prosa]], boh dina wangun [[puisi]], meunang ngaréka atawa nyusurup, lain nyaritakeun kajadian nu nyata ([[sajarah]]). Tapi, ka dieunakeun istilah fiksi disaruakeun jeung istilah prosa naratif ([[novel]] atawa [[roman]] jeung [[carita pondok]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=60}}</ref> Karangan fiksi nu diréka dumasar kana [[fakta]] atawa kanyataan, ngabalukarkeun ayana istilah roman sajarah atawa novel sajarah, roman biografis atawa novel [[biografis]].<ref name=":0" /> == Étimologi == Fiksi téh asal kecapna tina [[basa]] [[Inggris]] ''<span lang="fr" dir="ltr">fiction</span>'', tina basa [[Prancis]] Kuna jeung [[Latin]] ''<span lang="la" dir="ltr">fictio</span>'' nu hartina jieunan nu asalna tina ''<span lang="fr">fingerie</span>'' nu hartina nyieun atawa ngaréka.<ref name=":0" /> == Ciri prosa fiksi == Dina karya fiksi nyangkaruk aspék atawa ciri mandiri di antarana dijéntrékeun kieu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Buku Pendukung Pengajaran Sastra|last=Semi|first=Atar|publisher=Indonesia Tera|year=2008|isbn=|location=Magelang|pages=77-78}}</ref> * Unsur Carita. * Kaayaan [[basa]] [[téks]] fiksi anu henteu homogén. * Kajadian nu dicaritakeun (naratif). * Ayana runtuyan kajadian anu ngéntép seureuh ([[galur]]). Fiksi mangrupa carita kahirupan [[manusa]] nu sipatna fiktif, ku sabab diréka ku [[pangarang]]. Gaya nyarita pangarang henteu homogén, pangarang henteu kudu jadi jalma kahiji nu nyarita, tapi bisa méré kasempetan keur [[panyatur]] [[sékunder]] keur cumarita nepi ka ngahasilkeun [[dialog]] nu hadé. Carita nu dipidangkeun dina fiksi mangrupa carita fiktif, lamun miboga sasaruaan jeung kanyataan, éta téh ukur kabeneran wungkul. Dina wengkuan carita biasana dipidangkeun sacara ngaruntuy keun ngagambar [[konflik]] jeung kapanasaran nu [[maca]].<ref name=":1" /> == Struktur téks fiksi == * Abstrak mangrupa téks inti dina carita fiksi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dosenpendidikan.com/teks-cerita-fiksi-pengertian-jenis-unsur-struktur-kaidah/|title=“Teks Cerita Fiksi” Pengertian & ( Jenis – Unsur – Struktur – Kaidah )|date=2017-01-13|newspaper=DosenPendidikan.Com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-11}}</ref> * Oriéntasi eusina patali jeung [[jejer]], kasang tukang jejer, jeung [[palaku]] dina carita fiksi. Oriéntasi téh minangka pamuka dina carita fiksi anu seja dipidangkeun<ref name=":2" />. * Komplikasi téh [[klimaks]] tina téks carita. Dina ieu bagian biasana mimiti midang pasualan anu bakal metot panitén nu maca kana jero carita<ref name=":2" />. * Pangajén téh mangrupa bagian nu nepikeun bongbolongan tina [[konflik]] atawa pasualan nu ditémbongkeun ku pangarang dina runtuyan carita.<ref name=":2" /> * Résolusi patali jeung matotoskeun pasualan anu karandapan ku palaku utama dina carita fiksi.<ref name=":2" /> * Koda (réorientasi) patali jeung [[amanat]] nu eusina teu jauh tina [[ajén moral]] nu bisa dilarapkeun dina kahirupan nya ku nu maca dina naskah téks carita fiksi.<ref name=":2" /> == Bédana fiksi jeung non-fiksi == Fiksi jeung non-fiksi sanajan sarua naratif, tapi aya bédana lebah wangun, eusi, jeung basa anu dipakéna. Leuwih jelasna dijéntrékeun kieu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Karangan Fiksi dan Nonfiksi|last=Krismarsanti|first=Ermina|publisher=PT. JePe|year=2009|isbn=|location=Surabaya|pages=7}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Fiksi !Non-fiksi |- |Imajinasi pangarang nu sipatna fiktif.<ref name=":3" /> |Fakta, réalitas, nyata dina kahirupan sapopoé.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Wangunna bisa novel atawa roman, carpon, jeung carita nyambung.<ref name=":3" /> |Wangunna bisa ésai, féature, kolom, opini, artikel, jeung résénsi.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Gambaran Subjéktifitas pangarang nu bakal ngahudang rasa nu maca.<ref name=":3" /> |Gambaran objéktifitas keur ngahudang pikiran jeung logika nu maca.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Basana bisa konotatif jeung denotatif kalawan ngahudang tafsiran nu rupa-rupa.<ref name=":3" /> |Basana dénotatif kalawan neueulkeun kana konsép nu kawatesanan (moal salah tafsir).<ref name=":3" /> |} == Struktur Fiksi == === '''Téma dina carita''' === Téma atawa jejer nyaéta inti [[carita]] anu diwangun tina runtuyan kajadian anu dipidangkeun dina [[prosa]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ngalanglang Kasusastraan Sunda|last=Rosidi|first=Ajip|publisher=Pustaka Jaya|year=2012|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=224}}</ref>. Téma téh asal kecapna tina ''thema < tithenai'' nu hartina téh neundeun. Téma téh aspék carita nu sajajar jeung ma'na dina [[pangalaman]] [[manusa]] nu salawasna miboga kesan jeung pantes diinget-inget. Ku kituna, téma téh béda jeung [[judul]]<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Teori Fiksi (DItarjamahkeun ku Sugihastuti & Rossi)|last=Stanton|first=Robert|publisher=Pustaka Pelajar|year=2012|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=32}}</ref>. Téma leuwih neueulkeun kana gagasan jeung amanat nu ngawangun eusi karangan sagemblengna<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sridianti.com/pengertian-tema-dalam-cerita-atau-novel.html|title=''Pengertian Tema dalam Cerita atau Novel''|last=Sugiana|first=Yodi|website=|publisher=http://www.sridianti.com|accessdate=09 Oktober 2017|date=18 Maret 2016}}</ref> === '''Fakta carita''' === Fakta carita téh hal-hal nu patali jeung carita fiksi. Fakta carita téh ngawengku palaku, karakter palaku, galur, jeung latar. Éta opat unsur kaasup kana fakta carita téh ku sabab sacara faktual bakal ngawangun kajadian jeung  éksisténsina dina prosa fiksi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Teori Pengkajian Fiksi|last=Nurgiyantoro|first=Burhanudin|publisher=UGM Press|year=2012|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=178}}</ref> ==== '''Palaku jeung Watek''' ==== Palaku téh individu rékaan nu ngalaman rupaning kajadian dina carita. Ari karakter palaku mah pidangan paripolah atawa kawangunna citra palaku dina [[karya]] [[sastra]]. Ditilik tina peranna, palaku diwincik jadi dua nyaéta [[protagonis]] jeung [[antagonis]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Materi Pokok Cerita Rekaan dan Drama|last=Harianto, P|first=Rahmanto, B|publisher=Depdikbud|year=1998|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=15}}</ref> * Protagonis, gambaran palaku nu lempeng atawa salawasna aya dina jalur bebeneran.<ref name=":5" /> * Antagonis, gambaran palaku nu pateungteung jeung protagonis. Hartina, jalurna dina kamunkaran atawa kajahatan.<ref name=":5" /> ===== Gambaran Watek Palaku ===== * Diskursif atawa analitik, pangarang sacara langsung nyaritakeun karakter palaku-palaku anu midang dina carita.<ref name=":4" /> * Dramatik, pangarang nembrakkeun karakter palakuna ngaliwatan kekecapan jeung paripolah dina carita. Saperti ngaliwatan [[dialog]] atawa paguneman, jalan pikiran palaku, rasa palaku jeung sajabana.<ref name=":4" /> * Kontékstual, pangarang ngagambarkeun karakter palaku ngaliwatan lingkungan carita nu ngarojongna.<ref name=":4" /> * Campuran, metodeu konvensional kalawan keur ngahontal ééféktifna hiji carita.<ref name=":4" /> ==== '''Galur''' ==== Galur téh mangrupa runtuyan kajadian dina carita nu patali jeung sabab jeung akibat. Wanda galur carita aya tilu.<ref name=":02" /> * Munggaran, ngajéntrékeun pamuka carita. * Bobok Tengah, dimimitian ku ayana konflik jeung klimaks. * Ahir, ngawengku ''denoument'' atawa peleraian.'' Denoument'' mangrupa awal tina klimaks nu tujulna kana matotoskeun pasualan anu dipidangkeun dina carita. ==== '''Latar''' ==== Latar atawa ''setting'' anu nuduhkeun tempat, waktu jeung kaayaan (situasi) hiji kajadian nu karandapan ku palaku. Latar téh dianggap tatapakan keur ngajéntrékeun tempat, patalina waktu sajarah, jeung lingkungan sosial rupaning kajadian nu dicaritakeun.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=A Glossary of Literary Terms|last=Abrams, M. H.|first=|publisher=Heinle & Heinle|year=1999|isbn=|location=USA|pages=284}}</ref> === '''Sarana Sastra''' === Sarana sastra nyaéta salah sahiji métodeu pangarang nyarungsum jeung milih rincian carita keur ngahontal pola-pola anu miboga ma’na. Sarana sastra téh ngawengku simbol, gaya basa, jeung puseur implengan.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Simbol''' ===== Dina fiksi simbol téh bakal ngabalukarkeun tilu akibat. Kahiji, simbol nu aya dina kajadian téh nuduhkeun ma’na tina éta kajadian. Kadua, simbol nu diulang-ulang bakal jadi panginget-nginget nu maca keur ngahontal ma’na nu gembleng tina carita. Katilu, simbol nu kapanggih kalayan intensitas nu mindeng téh bisa mantuan nu maca manggihan téma carita.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Gaya basa''' ===== Dina sastra, gaya téh patali jeung cara atawa kamampuh pangarang ngaébréhkeun gagasan dina carita. Basa nu dipaké téh bisa [[humor]], [[konkrit]], [[imajinatif]] jeung [[métafor]]. Campuran basa nu dipilih ku pangarang téh bakal ngahasilkeun gaya basa nu miboga ciri mandiri karya anu dihasilkeun.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Puseur Implengan''' ===== Puseur implengan téh nuduhkeun carita nu dipidangkeun. Ieu unsur mangrupa cara atawa sawangan nu dipaké ku pangarang salaku sarana keur midangkeun carita ka nu maca.<ref name=":6" /> == Rujukan == siagc7lgmhe8pg4bpc89iml51u0sfg2 629989 629988 2022-08-07T02:45:19Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fiksi''' nyaéta salah sahiji istilah anu dipaké dina sakabéh [[karya sastra]] nu wujudna [[naratif]] (carita), boh dina wangun [[prosa]], boh dina wangun [[puisi]], meunang ngaréka atawa nyusurup, lain nyaritakeun kajadian nu nyata ([[sajarah]]). Tapi, ka dieunakeun istilah fiksi disaruakeun jeung istilah prosa naratif ([[novel]] atawa [[roman]] jeung [[carita pondok]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=60}}</ref> Karangan fiksi nu diréka dumasar kana [[fakta]] atawa kanyataan, ngabalukarkeun ayana istilah roman sajarah atawa novel sajarah, roman biografis atawa novel [[biografis]].<ref name=":0" /> == Étimologi == Fiksi téh asal kecapna tina [[basa]] [[Inggris]] ''<span lang="fr" dir="ltr">fiction</span>'', tina basa [[Prancis]] Kuna jeung [[Latin]] ''<span lang="la" dir="ltr">fictio</span>'' nu hartina jieunan nu asalna tina ''<span lang="fr">fingerie</span>'' nu hartina nyieun atawa ngaréka.<ref name=":0" /> == Ciri prosa fiksi == Dina karya fiksi nyangkaruk aspék atawa ciri mandiri di antarana dijéntrékeun kieu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Buku Pendukung Pengajaran Sastra|last=Semi|first=Atar|publisher=Indonesia Tera|year=2008|isbn=|location=Magelang|pages=77-78}}</ref> * Unsur Carita. * Kaayaan [[basa]] [[téks]] fiksi anu henteu homogén. * Kajadian nu dicaritakeun (naratif). * Ayana runtuyan kajadian anu ngéntép seureuh ([[galur]]). Fiksi mangrupa carita kahirupan [[manusa]] nu sipatna fiktif, ku sabab diréka ku [[pangarang]]. Gaya nyarita pangarang henteu homogén, pangarang henteu kudu jadi jalma kahiji nu nyarita, tapi bisa méré kasempetan keur [[panyatur]] [[sékunder]] keur cumarita nepi ka ngahasilkeun [[dialog]] nu hadé. Carita nu dipidangkeun dina fiksi mangrupa carita fiktif, lamun miboga sasaruaan jeung kanyataan, éta téh ukur kabeneran wungkul. Dina wengkuan carita biasana dipidangkeun sacara ngaruntuy keun ngagambar [[konflik]] jeung kapanasaran nu [[maca]].<ref name=":1" /> == Struktur téks fiksi == * Abstrak mangrupa téks inti dina carita fiksi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dosenpendidikan.com/teks-cerita-fiksi-pengertian-jenis-unsur-struktur-kaidah/|title=“Teks Cerita Fiksi” Pengertian & ( Jenis – Unsur – Struktur – Kaidah )|date=2017-01-13|newspaper=DosenPendidikan.Com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-11}}</ref> * Oriéntasi eusina patali jeung [[jejer]], kasang tukang jejer, jeung [[palaku]] dina carita fiksi. Oriéntasi téh minangka pamuka dina carita fiksi anu seja dipidangkeun<ref name=":2" />. * Komplikasi téh [[klimaks]] tina téks carita. Dina ieu bagian biasana mimiti midang pasualan anu bakal metot panitén nu maca kana jero carita<ref name=":2" />. * Pangajén téh mangrupa bagian nu nepikeun bongbolongan tina [[konflik]] atawa pasualan nu ditémbongkeun ku pangarang dina runtuyan carita.<ref name=":2" /> * Résolusi patali jeung matotoskeun pasualan anu karandapan ku palaku utama dina carita fiksi.<ref name=":2" /> * Koda (réorientasi) patali jeung [[amanat]] nu eusina teu jauh tina [[ajén moral]] nu bisa dilarapkeun dina kahirupan nya ku nu maca dina naskah téks carita fiksi.<ref name=":2" /> == Bédana fiksi jeung non-fiksi == Fiksi jeung non-fiksi sanajan sarua naratif, tapi aya bédana lebah wangun, eusi, jeung basa anu dipakéna. Leuwih jelasna dijéntrékeun kieu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Karangan Fiksi dan Nonfiksi|last=Krismarsanti|first=Ermina|publisher=PT. JePe|year=2009|isbn=|location=Surabaya|pages=7}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Fiksi !Non-fiksi |- |Imajinasi pangarang nu sipatna fiktif.<ref name=":3" /> |Fakta, réalitas, nyata dina kahirupan sapopoé.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Wangunna bisa novel atawa roman, carpon, jeung carita nyambung.<ref name=":3" /> |Wangunna bisa ésai, féature, kolom, opini, artikel, jeung résénsi.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Gambaran Subjéktifitas pangarang nu bakal ngahudang rasa nu maca.<ref name=":3" /> |Gambaran objéktifitas keur ngahudang pikiran jeung logika nu maca.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Basana bisa konotatif jeung denotatif kalawan ngahudang tafsiran nu rupa-rupa.<ref name=":3" /> |Basana dénotatif kalawan neueulkeun kana konsép nu kawatesanan (moal salah tafsir).<ref name=":3" /> |} == Struktur Fiksi == === '''Téma dina carita''' === Téma atawa jejer nyaéta inti [[carita]] anu diwangun tina runtuyan kajadian anu dipidangkeun dina [[prosa]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ngalanglang Kasusastraan Sunda|last=Rosidi|first=Ajip|publisher=Pustaka Jaya|year=2012|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=224}}</ref>. Téma téh asal kecapna tina ''thema < tithenai'' nu hartina téh neundeun. Téma téh aspék carita nu sajajar jeung ma'na dina [[pangalaman]] [[manusa]] nu salawasna miboga kesan jeung pantes diinget-inget. Ku kituna, téma téh béda jeung [[judul]]<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Teori Fiksi (DItarjamahkeun ku Sugihastuti & Rossi)|last=Stanton|first=Robert|publisher=Pustaka Pelajar|year=2012|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=32}}</ref>. Téma leuwih neueulkeun kana gagasan jeung amanat nu ngawangun eusi karangan sagemblengna<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sridianti.com/pengertian-tema-dalam-cerita-atau-novel.html|title=''Pengertian Tema dalam Cerita atau Novel''|last=Sugiana|first=Yodi|website=|publisher=http://www.sridianti.com|accessdate=09 Oktober 2017|date=18 Maret 2016}}</ref> === '''Fakta carita''' === Fakta carita téh hal-hal nu patali jeung carita fiksi. Fakta carita téh ngawengku palaku, karakter palaku, galur, jeung latar. Éta opat unsur kaasup kana fakta carita téh ku sabab sacara faktual bakal ngawangun kajadian jeung  éksisténsina dina prosa fiksi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Teori Pengkajian Fiksi|last=Nurgiyantoro|first=Burhanudin|publisher=UGM Press|year=2012|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=178}}</ref> ==== '''Palaku jeung Watek''' ==== Palaku téh individu rékaan nu ngalaman rupaning kajadian dina carita. Ari karakter palaku mah pidangan paripolah atawa kawangunna citra palaku dina [[karya]] [[sastra]]. Ditilik tina peranna, palaku diwincik jadi dua nyaéta [[protagonis]] jeung [[antagonis]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Materi Pokok Cerita Rekaan dan Drama|last=Harianto, P|first=Rahmanto, B|publisher=Depdikbud|year=1998|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=15}}</ref> * Protagonis, gambaran palaku nu lempeng atawa salawasna aya dina jalur bebeneran.<ref name=":5" /> * Antagonis, gambaran palaku nu pateungteung jeung protagonis. Hartina, jalurna dina kamunkaran atawa kajahatan.<ref name=":5" /> ===== Gambaran Watek Palaku ===== * Diskursif atawa analitik, pangarang sacara langsung nyaritakeun karakter palaku-palaku anu midang dina carita.<ref name=":4" /> * Dramatik, pangarang nembrakkeun karakter palakuna ngaliwatan kekecapan jeung paripolah dina carita. Saperti ngaliwatan [[dialog]] atawa paguneman, jalan pikiran palaku, rasa palaku jeung sajabana.<ref name=":4" /> * Kontékstual, pangarang ngagambarkeun karakter palaku ngaliwatan lingkungan carita nu ngarojongna.<ref name=":4" /> * Campuran, metodeu konvensional kalawan keur ngahontal ééféktifna hiji carita.<ref name=":4" /> ==== '''Galur''' ==== Galur téh mangrupa runtuyan kajadian dina carita nu patali jeung sabab jeung akibat. Wanda galur carita aya tilu.<ref name=":02" /> * Munggaran, ngajéntrékeun pamuka carita. * Bobok Tengah, dimimitian ku ayana konflik jeung klimaks. * Ahir, ngawengku ''denoument'' atawa peleraian.'' Denoument'' mangrupa awal tina klimaks nu tujulna kana matotoskeun pasualan anu dipidangkeun dina carita. ==== '''Latar''' ==== Latar atawa ''setting'' anu nuduhkeun tempat, waktu jeung kaayaan (situasi) hiji kajadian nu karandapan ku palaku. Latar téh dianggap tatapakan keur ngajéntrékeun tempat, patalina waktu sajarah, jeung lingkungan sosial rupaning kajadian nu dicaritakeun.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=A Glossary of Literary Terms|last=Abrams, M. H.|first=|publisher=Heinle & Heinle|year=1999|isbn=|location=USA|pages=284}}</ref> === '''Sarana Sastra''' === Sarana sastra nyaéta salah sahiji métodeu pangarang nyarungsum jeung milih rincian carita keur ngahontal pola-pola anu miboga ma’na. Sarana sastra téh ngawengku simbol, gaya basa, jeung puseur implengan.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Simbol''' ===== Dina fiksi simbol téh bakal ngabalukarkeun tilu akibat. Kahiji, simbol nu aya dina kajadian téh nuduhkeun ma’na tina éta kajadian. Kadua, simbol nu diulang-ulang bakal jadi panginget-nginget nu maca keur ngahontal ma’na nu gembleng tina carita. Katilu, simbol nu kapanggih kalayan intensitas nu mindeng téh bisa mantuan nu maca manggihan téma carita.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Gaya basa''' ===== Dina sastra, gaya téh patali jeung cara atawa kamampuh pangarang ngaébréhkeun gagasan dina carita. Basa nu dipaké téh bisa [[humor]], [[konkrit]], [[imajinatif]] jeung [[métafor]]. Campuran basa nu dipilih ku pangarang téh bakal ngahasilkeun gaya basa nu miboga ciri mandiri karya anu dihasilkeun.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Puseur Implengan''' ===== Puseur implengan téh nuduhkeun carita nu dipidangkeun. Ieu unsur mangrupa cara atawa sawangan nu dipaké ku pangarang salaku sarana keur midangkeun carita ka nu maca. Contona palaku ''kuring'' téh salaku puseur implengan jalma kahiji.<ref name=":6" /> == Rujukan == g2r7j4jukjnhilpzwfhgh0ut88kkpiw 629990 629989 2022-08-07T02:53:48Z YogiYY 17453 added [[Category:Sastra]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fiksi''' nyaéta salah sahiji istilah anu dipaké dina sakabéh [[karya sastra]] nu wujudna [[naratif]] (carita), boh dina wangun [[prosa]], boh dina wangun [[puisi]], meunang ngaréka atawa nyusurup, lain nyaritakeun kajadian nu nyata ([[sajarah]]). Tapi, ka dieunakeun istilah fiksi disaruakeun jeung istilah prosa naratif ([[novel]] atawa [[roman]] jeung [[carita pondok]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=60}}</ref> Karangan fiksi nu diréka dumasar kana [[fakta]] atawa kanyataan, ngabalukarkeun ayana istilah roman sajarah atawa novel sajarah, roman biografis atawa novel [[biografis]].<ref name=":0" /> == Étimologi == Fiksi téh asal kecapna tina [[basa]] [[Inggris]] ''<span lang="fr" dir="ltr">fiction</span>'', tina basa [[Prancis]] Kuna jeung [[Latin]] ''<span lang="la" dir="ltr">fictio</span>'' nu hartina jieunan nu asalna tina ''<span lang="fr">fingerie</span>'' nu hartina nyieun atawa ngaréka.<ref name=":0" /> == Ciri prosa fiksi == Dina karya fiksi nyangkaruk aspék atawa ciri mandiri di antarana dijéntrékeun kieu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Buku Pendukung Pengajaran Sastra|last=Semi|first=Atar|publisher=Indonesia Tera|year=2008|isbn=|location=Magelang|pages=77-78}}</ref> * Unsur Carita. * Kaayaan [[basa]] [[téks]] fiksi anu henteu homogén. * Kajadian nu dicaritakeun (naratif). * Ayana runtuyan kajadian anu ngéntép seureuh ([[galur]]). Fiksi mangrupa carita kahirupan [[manusa]] nu sipatna fiktif, ku sabab diréka ku [[pangarang]]. Gaya nyarita pangarang henteu homogén, pangarang henteu kudu jadi jalma kahiji nu nyarita, tapi bisa méré kasempetan keur [[panyatur]] [[sékunder]] keur cumarita nepi ka ngahasilkeun [[dialog]] nu hadé. Carita nu dipidangkeun dina fiksi mangrupa carita fiktif, lamun miboga sasaruaan jeung kanyataan, éta téh ukur kabeneran wungkul. Dina wengkuan carita biasana dipidangkeun sacara ngaruntuy keun ngagambar [[konflik]] jeung kapanasaran nu [[maca]].<ref name=":1" /> == Struktur téks fiksi == * Abstrak mangrupa téks inti dina carita fiksi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dosenpendidikan.com/teks-cerita-fiksi-pengertian-jenis-unsur-struktur-kaidah/|title=“Teks Cerita Fiksi” Pengertian & ( Jenis – Unsur – Struktur – Kaidah )|date=2017-01-13|newspaper=DosenPendidikan.Com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-11}}</ref> * Oriéntasi eusina patali jeung [[jejer]], kasang tukang jejer, jeung [[palaku]] dina carita fiksi. Oriéntasi téh minangka pamuka dina carita fiksi anu seja dipidangkeun<ref name=":2" />. * Komplikasi téh [[klimaks]] tina téks carita. Dina ieu bagian biasana mimiti midang pasualan anu bakal metot panitén nu maca kana jero carita<ref name=":2" />. * Pangajén téh mangrupa bagian nu nepikeun bongbolongan tina [[konflik]] atawa pasualan nu ditémbongkeun ku pangarang dina runtuyan carita.<ref name=":2" /> * Résolusi patali jeung matotoskeun pasualan anu karandapan ku palaku utama dina carita fiksi.<ref name=":2" /> * Koda (réorientasi) patali jeung [[amanat]] nu eusina teu jauh tina [[ajén moral]] nu bisa dilarapkeun dina kahirupan nya ku nu maca dina naskah téks carita fiksi.<ref name=":2" /> == Bédana fiksi jeung non-fiksi == Fiksi jeung non-fiksi sanajan sarua naratif, tapi aya bédana lebah wangun, eusi, jeung basa anu dipakéna. Leuwih jelasna dijéntrékeun kieu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Karangan Fiksi dan Nonfiksi|last=Krismarsanti|first=Ermina|publisher=PT. JePe|year=2009|isbn=|location=Surabaya|pages=7}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Fiksi !Non-fiksi |- |Imajinasi pangarang nu sipatna fiktif.<ref name=":3" /> |Fakta, réalitas, nyata dina kahirupan sapopoé.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Wangunna bisa novel atawa roman, carpon, jeung carita nyambung.<ref name=":3" /> |Wangunna bisa ésai, féature, kolom, opini, artikel, jeung résénsi.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Gambaran Subjéktifitas pangarang nu bakal ngahudang rasa nu maca.<ref name=":3" /> |Gambaran objéktifitas keur ngahudang pikiran jeung logika nu maca.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Basana bisa konotatif jeung denotatif kalawan ngahudang tafsiran nu rupa-rupa.<ref name=":3" /> |Basana dénotatif kalawan neueulkeun kana konsép nu kawatesanan (moal salah tafsir).<ref name=":3" /> |} == Struktur Fiksi == === '''Téma dina carita''' === Téma atawa jejer nyaéta inti [[carita]] anu diwangun tina runtuyan kajadian anu dipidangkeun dina [[prosa]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ngalanglang Kasusastraan Sunda|last=Rosidi|first=Ajip|publisher=Pustaka Jaya|year=2012|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=224}}</ref>. Téma téh asal kecapna tina ''thema < tithenai'' nu hartina téh neundeun. Téma téh aspék carita nu sajajar jeung ma'na dina [[pangalaman]] [[manusa]] nu salawasna miboga kesan jeung pantes diinget-inget. Ku kituna, téma téh béda jeung [[judul]]<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Teori Fiksi (DItarjamahkeun ku Sugihastuti & Rossi)|last=Stanton|first=Robert|publisher=Pustaka Pelajar|year=2012|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=32}}</ref>. Téma leuwih neueulkeun kana gagasan jeung amanat nu ngawangun eusi karangan sagemblengna<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sridianti.com/pengertian-tema-dalam-cerita-atau-novel.html|title=''Pengertian Tema dalam Cerita atau Novel''|last=Sugiana|first=Yodi|website=|publisher=http://www.sridianti.com|accessdate=09 Oktober 2017|date=18 Maret 2016}}</ref> === '''Fakta carita''' === Fakta carita téh hal-hal nu patali jeung carita fiksi. Fakta carita téh ngawengku palaku, karakter palaku, galur, jeung latar. Éta opat unsur kaasup kana fakta carita téh ku sabab sacara faktual bakal ngawangun kajadian jeung  éksisténsina dina prosa fiksi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Teori Pengkajian Fiksi|last=Nurgiyantoro|first=Burhanudin|publisher=UGM Press|year=2012|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=178}}</ref> ==== '''Palaku jeung Watek''' ==== Palaku téh individu rékaan nu ngalaman rupaning kajadian dina carita. Ari karakter palaku mah pidangan paripolah atawa kawangunna citra palaku dina [[karya]] [[sastra]]. Ditilik tina peranna, palaku diwincik jadi dua nyaéta [[protagonis]] jeung [[antagonis]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Materi Pokok Cerita Rekaan dan Drama|last=Harianto, P|first=Rahmanto, B|publisher=Depdikbud|year=1998|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=15}}</ref> * Protagonis, gambaran palaku nu lempeng atawa salawasna aya dina jalur bebeneran.<ref name=":5" /> * Antagonis, gambaran palaku nu pateungteung jeung protagonis. Hartina, jalurna dina kamunkaran atawa kajahatan.<ref name=":5" /> ===== Gambaran Watek Palaku ===== * Diskursif atawa analitik, pangarang sacara langsung nyaritakeun karakter palaku-palaku anu midang dina carita.<ref name=":4" /> * Dramatik, pangarang nembrakkeun karakter palakuna ngaliwatan kekecapan jeung paripolah dina carita. Saperti ngaliwatan [[dialog]] atawa paguneman, jalan pikiran palaku, rasa palaku jeung sajabana.<ref name=":4" /> * Kontékstual, pangarang ngagambarkeun karakter palaku ngaliwatan lingkungan carita nu ngarojongna.<ref name=":4" /> * Campuran, metodeu konvensional kalawan keur ngahontal ééféktifna hiji carita.<ref name=":4" /> ==== '''Galur''' ==== Galur téh mangrupa runtuyan kajadian dina carita nu patali jeung sabab jeung akibat. Wanda galur carita aya tilu.<ref name=":02" /> * Munggaran, ngajéntrékeun pamuka carita. * Bobok Tengah, dimimitian ku ayana konflik jeung klimaks. * Ahir, ngawengku ''denoument'' atawa peleraian.'' Denoument'' mangrupa awal tina klimaks nu tujulna kana matotoskeun pasualan anu dipidangkeun dina carita. ==== '''Latar''' ==== Latar atawa ''setting'' anu nuduhkeun tempat, waktu jeung kaayaan (situasi) hiji kajadian nu karandapan ku palaku. Latar téh dianggap tatapakan keur ngajéntrékeun tempat, patalina waktu sajarah, jeung lingkungan sosial rupaning kajadian nu dicaritakeun.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=A Glossary of Literary Terms|last=Abrams, M. H.|first=|publisher=Heinle & Heinle|year=1999|isbn=|location=USA|pages=284}}</ref> === '''Sarana Sastra''' === Sarana sastra nyaéta salah sahiji métodeu pangarang nyarungsum jeung milih rincian carita keur ngahontal pola-pola anu miboga ma’na. Sarana sastra téh ngawengku simbol, gaya basa, jeung puseur implengan.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Simbol''' ===== Dina fiksi simbol téh bakal ngabalukarkeun tilu akibat. Kahiji, simbol nu aya dina kajadian téh nuduhkeun ma’na tina éta kajadian. Kadua, simbol nu diulang-ulang bakal jadi panginget-nginget nu maca keur ngahontal ma’na nu gembleng tina carita. Katilu, simbol nu kapanggih kalayan intensitas nu mindeng téh bisa mantuan nu maca manggihan téma carita.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Gaya basa''' ===== Dina sastra, gaya téh patali jeung cara atawa kamampuh pangarang ngaébréhkeun gagasan dina carita. Basa nu dipaké téh bisa [[humor]], [[konkrit]], [[imajinatif]] jeung [[métafor]]. Campuran basa nu dipilih ku pangarang téh bakal ngahasilkeun gaya basa nu miboga ciri mandiri karya anu dihasilkeun.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Puseur Implengan''' ===== Puseur implengan téh nuduhkeun carita nu dipidangkeun. Ieu unsur mangrupa cara atawa sawangan nu dipaké ku pangarang salaku sarana keur midangkeun carita ka nu maca. Contona palaku ''kuring'' téh salaku puseur implengan jalma kahiji.<ref name=":6" /> == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Sastra]] k7loz6ib1f0dw2w5td6xjycnqw6d3s5 629991 629990 2022-08-07T02:54:29Z YogiYY 17453 added [[Category:Élmu]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fiksi''' nyaéta salah sahiji istilah anu dipaké dina sakabéh [[karya sastra]] nu wujudna [[naratif]] (carita), boh dina wangun [[prosa]], boh dina wangun [[puisi]], meunang ngaréka atawa nyusurup, lain nyaritakeun kajadian nu nyata ([[sajarah]]). Tapi, ka dieunakeun istilah fiksi disaruakeun jeung istilah prosa naratif ([[novel]] atawa [[roman]] jeung [[carita pondok]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=60}}</ref> Karangan fiksi nu diréka dumasar kana [[fakta]] atawa kanyataan, ngabalukarkeun ayana istilah roman sajarah atawa novel sajarah, roman biografis atawa novel [[biografis]].<ref name=":0" /> == Étimologi == Fiksi téh asal kecapna tina [[basa]] [[Inggris]] ''<span lang="fr" dir="ltr">fiction</span>'', tina basa [[Prancis]] Kuna jeung [[Latin]] ''<span lang="la" dir="ltr">fictio</span>'' nu hartina jieunan nu asalna tina ''<span lang="fr">fingerie</span>'' nu hartina nyieun atawa ngaréka.<ref name=":0" /> == Ciri prosa fiksi == Dina karya fiksi nyangkaruk aspék atawa ciri mandiri di antarana dijéntrékeun kieu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Buku Pendukung Pengajaran Sastra|last=Semi|first=Atar|publisher=Indonesia Tera|year=2008|isbn=|location=Magelang|pages=77-78}}</ref> * Unsur Carita. * Kaayaan [[basa]] [[téks]] fiksi anu henteu homogén. * Kajadian nu dicaritakeun (naratif). * Ayana runtuyan kajadian anu ngéntép seureuh ([[galur]]). Fiksi mangrupa carita kahirupan [[manusa]] nu sipatna fiktif, ku sabab diréka ku [[pangarang]]. Gaya nyarita pangarang henteu homogén, pangarang henteu kudu jadi jalma kahiji nu nyarita, tapi bisa méré kasempetan keur [[panyatur]] [[sékunder]] keur cumarita nepi ka ngahasilkeun [[dialog]] nu hadé. Carita nu dipidangkeun dina fiksi mangrupa carita fiktif, lamun miboga sasaruaan jeung kanyataan, éta téh ukur kabeneran wungkul. Dina wengkuan carita biasana dipidangkeun sacara ngaruntuy keun ngagambar [[konflik]] jeung kapanasaran nu [[maca]].<ref name=":1" /> == Struktur téks fiksi == * Abstrak mangrupa téks inti dina carita fiksi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dosenpendidikan.com/teks-cerita-fiksi-pengertian-jenis-unsur-struktur-kaidah/|title=“Teks Cerita Fiksi” Pengertian & ( Jenis – Unsur – Struktur – Kaidah )|date=2017-01-13|newspaper=DosenPendidikan.Com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-11}}</ref> * Oriéntasi eusina patali jeung [[jejer]], kasang tukang jejer, jeung [[palaku]] dina carita fiksi. Oriéntasi téh minangka pamuka dina carita fiksi anu seja dipidangkeun<ref name=":2" />. * Komplikasi téh [[klimaks]] tina téks carita. Dina ieu bagian biasana mimiti midang pasualan anu bakal metot panitén nu maca kana jero carita<ref name=":2" />. * Pangajén téh mangrupa bagian nu nepikeun bongbolongan tina [[konflik]] atawa pasualan nu ditémbongkeun ku pangarang dina runtuyan carita.<ref name=":2" /> * Résolusi patali jeung matotoskeun pasualan anu karandapan ku palaku utama dina carita fiksi.<ref name=":2" /> * Koda (réorientasi) patali jeung [[amanat]] nu eusina teu jauh tina [[ajén moral]] nu bisa dilarapkeun dina kahirupan nya ku nu maca dina naskah téks carita fiksi.<ref name=":2" /> == Bédana fiksi jeung non-fiksi == Fiksi jeung non-fiksi sanajan sarua naratif, tapi aya bédana lebah wangun, eusi, jeung basa anu dipakéna. Leuwih jelasna dijéntrékeun kieu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Karangan Fiksi dan Nonfiksi|last=Krismarsanti|first=Ermina|publisher=PT. JePe|year=2009|isbn=|location=Surabaya|pages=7}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Fiksi !Non-fiksi |- |Imajinasi pangarang nu sipatna fiktif.<ref name=":3" /> |Fakta, réalitas, nyata dina kahirupan sapopoé.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Wangunna bisa novel atawa roman, carpon, jeung carita nyambung.<ref name=":3" /> |Wangunna bisa ésai, féature, kolom, opini, artikel, jeung résénsi.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Gambaran Subjéktifitas pangarang nu bakal ngahudang rasa nu maca.<ref name=":3" /> |Gambaran objéktifitas keur ngahudang pikiran jeung logika nu maca.<ref name=":3" /> |- |Basana bisa konotatif jeung denotatif kalawan ngahudang tafsiran nu rupa-rupa.<ref name=":3" /> |Basana dénotatif kalawan neueulkeun kana konsép nu kawatesanan (moal salah tafsir).<ref name=":3" /> |} == Struktur Fiksi == === '''Téma dina carita''' === Téma atawa jejer nyaéta inti [[carita]] anu diwangun tina runtuyan kajadian anu dipidangkeun dina [[prosa]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ngalanglang Kasusastraan Sunda|last=Rosidi|first=Ajip|publisher=Pustaka Jaya|year=2012|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=224}}</ref>. Téma téh asal kecapna tina ''thema < tithenai'' nu hartina téh neundeun. Téma téh aspék carita nu sajajar jeung ma'na dina [[pangalaman]] [[manusa]] nu salawasna miboga kesan jeung pantes diinget-inget. Ku kituna, téma téh béda jeung [[judul]]<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Teori Fiksi (DItarjamahkeun ku Sugihastuti & Rossi)|last=Stanton|first=Robert|publisher=Pustaka Pelajar|year=2012|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=32}}</ref>. Téma leuwih neueulkeun kana gagasan jeung amanat nu ngawangun eusi karangan sagemblengna<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sridianti.com/pengertian-tema-dalam-cerita-atau-novel.html|title=''Pengertian Tema dalam Cerita atau Novel''|last=Sugiana|first=Yodi|website=|publisher=http://www.sridianti.com|accessdate=09 Oktober 2017|date=18 Maret 2016}}</ref> === '''Fakta carita''' === Fakta carita téh hal-hal nu patali jeung carita fiksi. Fakta carita téh ngawengku palaku, karakter palaku, galur, jeung latar. Éta opat unsur kaasup kana fakta carita téh ku sabab sacara faktual bakal ngawangun kajadian jeung  éksisténsina dina prosa fiksi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Teori Pengkajian Fiksi|last=Nurgiyantoro|first=Burhanudin|publisher=UGM Press|year=2012|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=178}}</ref> ==== '''Palaku jeung Watek''' ==== Palaku téh individu rékaan nu ngalaman rupaning kajadian dina carita. Ari karakter palaku mah pidangan paripolah atawa kawangunna citra palaku dina [[karya]] [[sastra]]. Ditilik tina peranna, palaku diwincik jadi dua nyaéta [[protagonis]] jeung [[antagonis]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Materi Pokok Cerita Rekaan dan Drama|last=Harianto, P|first=Rahmanto, B|publisher=Depdikbud|year=1998|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=15}}</ref> * Protagonis, gambaran palaku nu lempeng atawa salawasna aya dina jalur bebeneran.<ref name=":5" /> * Antagonis, gambaran palaku nu pateungteung jeung protagonis. Hartina, jalurna dina kamunkaran atawa kajahatan.<ref name=":5" /> ===== Gambaran Watek Palaku ===== * Diskursif atawa analitik, pangarang sacara langsung nyaritakeun karakter palaku-palaku anu midang dina carita.<ref name=":4" /> * Dramatik, pangarang nembrakkeun karakter palakuna ngaliwatan kekecapan jeung paripolah dina carita. Saperti ngaliwatan [[dialog]] atawa paguneman, jalan pikiran palaku, rasa palaku jeung sajabana.<ref name=":4" /> * Kontékstual, pangarang ngagambarkeun karakter palaku ngaliwatan lingkungan carita nu ngarojongna.<ref name=":4" /> * Campuran, metodeu konvensional kalawan keur ngahontal ééféktifna hiji carita.<ref name=":4" /> ==== '''Galur''' ==== Galur téh mangrupa runtuyan kajadian dina carita nu patali jeung sabab jeung akibat. Wanda galur carita aya tilu.<ref name=":02" /> * Munggaran, ngajéntrékeun pamuka carita. * Bobok Tengah, dimimitian ku ayana konflik jeung klimaks. * Ahir, ngawengku ''denoument'' atawa peleraian.'' Denoument'' mangrupa awal tina klimaks nu tujulna kana matotoskeun pasualan anu dipidangkeun dina carita. ==== '''Latar''' ==== Latar atawa ''setting'' anu nuduhkeun tempat, waktu jeung kaayaan (situasi) hiji kajadian nu karandapan ku palaku. Latar téh dianggap tatapakan keur ngajéntrékeun tempat, patalina waktu sajarah, jeung lingkungan sosial rupaning kajadian nu dicaritakeun.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=A Glossary of Literary Terms|last=Abrams, M. H.|first=|publisher=Heinle & Heinle|year=1999|isbn=|location=USA|pages=284}}</ref> === '''Sarana Sastra''' === Sarana sastra nyaéta salah sahiji métodeu pangarang nyarungsum jeung milih rincian carita keur ngahontal pola-pola anu miboga ma’na. Sarana sastra téh ngawengku simbol, gaya basa, jeung puseur implengan.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Simbol''' ===== Dina fiksi simbol téh bakal ngabalukarkeun tilu akibat. Kahiji, simbol nu aya dina kajadian téh nuduhkeun ma’na tina éta kajadian. Kadua, simbol nu diulang-ulang bakal jadi panginget-nginget nu maca keur ngahontal ma’na nu gembleng tina carita. Katilu, simbol nu kapanggih kalayan intensitas nu mindeng téh bisa mantuan nu maca manggihan téma carita.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Gaya basa''' ===== Dina sastra, gaya téh patali jeung cara atawa kamampuh pangarang ngaébréhkeun gagasan dina carita. Basa nu dipaké téh bisa [[humor]], [[konkrit]], [[imajinatif]] jeung [[métafor]]. Campuran basa nu dipilih ku pangarang téh bakal ngahasilkeun gaya basa nu miboga ciri mandiri karya anu dihasilkeun.<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''Puseur Implengan''' ===== Puseur implengan téh nuduhkeun carita nu dipidangkeun. Ieu unsur mangrupa cara atawa sawangan nu dipaké ku pangarang salaku sarana keur midangkeun carita ka nu maca. Contona palaku ''kuring'' téh salaku puseur implengan jalma kahiji.<ref name=":6" /> == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Sastra]] [[Kategori:Élmu]] 1892nqbqomnls4w4528fx4azt82q54r 0 71847 630003 548981 2022-08-07T03:08:15Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Atmosphere''' atawa '''mood''', dina karya sastra mah kaasup kana rékaan [[suasana]] anu dipaké ngalataran carita sangkan némbongkeun gambaran kanu [[maca]] kana léokna kajadian nu bakal lumangsung, naha bakal pikabungaheun atawa bakal pikaketireun. Saheulaanan bisa digunakeun istilah suasana.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=|first=Prof. Dr. Iskandarwassid, M.Pd|publisher=|year=2016|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=23}}</ref> Ieu petikan di handap dicutat tina novel kalepatan ''Putra Dosana Ibu Rama'' ''(1927) karangan joehna (baca: Yuhana)'', bagian anu rék patepungna dua rumaja dina suasana suka [[bungah]].<ref name=":0" /> Dina poé Minggu pasosoré, [[langit]] mani lénglang taya nu ngahalang-halang, lir [[sutra]] paul ngading-ding semu nu midanga, [[angin]] leutik ngadalingding, nebak kana gedong-gedong nu garandang, dasar dayeuh Bandung nu semu dilingkung ku gunung, pasir mani ngelir, jalan butbat laléndor paranti nu mundar-mandir.<ref name=":0" /> Panonpoé ménggok ngulon, sinarna gading lir [[emas]] anyar disangling, sumorot sumerat sumebray, lir jamparing kancana, matak [[waas]] lamun ditingali, bet jiga nu memendakan semu isin, réhna rék tepang jeung indung peuting.<ref name=":0" /> == Unsur Novel == Kritikus anu nganalisis tina umumna ngabedakeun tilu unsur nu ngabentuk Novel nyaéta galur, panokohan jeung latar . Salian ti éta nu sanes na bersifat simbolis anu tina téori modérn disebat Atmosphere (suasana) jeung Tone (Nada).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=0mOKAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA84&lpg=PA84&dq=atmosphere++suasana+dalam+sastra&source=bl&ots=PvaHyfYpw-&sig=jBnEt0k64CILXIrTBIuaTtJ-OUw&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=atmosphere%20%20suasana%20dalam%20sastra&f=false|title=Pengkajian Prosa Fiksi|last=Wicaksono|first=Andri|date=2014-04-30|publisher=PenerbitGarudhawaca|isbn=9786027949256|language=id}}</ref> == Rujukan == 1s7dsz1lo2a5nalksgagavlur1lzl8s 630004 630003 2022-08-07T03:08:27Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Atmosphere''' atawa '''mood''' dina karya sastra mah kaasup kana rékaan [[suasana]] anu dipaké ngalataran carita sangkan némbongkeun gambaran kanu [[maca]] kana léokna kajadian nu bakal lumangsung, naha bakal pikabungaheun atawa bakal pikaketireun. Saheulaanan bisa digunakeun istilah suasana.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=|first=Prof. Dr. Iskandarwassid, M.Pd|publisher=|year=2016|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=23}}</ref> Ieu petikan di handap dicutat tina novel kalepatan ''Putra Dosana Ibu Rama'' ''(1927) karangan joehna (baca: Yuhana)'', bagian anu rék patepungna dua rumaja dina suasana suka [[bungah]].<ref name=":0" /> Dina poé Minggu pasosoré, [[langit]] mani lénglang taya nu ngahalang-halang, lir [[sutra]] paul ngading-ding semu nu midanga, [[angin]] leutik ngadalingding, nebak kana gedong-gedong nu garandang, dasar dayeuh Bandung nu semu dilingkung ku gunung, pasir mani ngelir, jalan butbat laléndor paranti nu mundar-mandir.<ref name=":0" /> Panonpoé ménggok ngulon, sinarna gading lir [[emas]] anyar disangling, sumorot sumerat sumebray, lir jamparing kancana, matak [[waas]] lamun ditingali, bet jiga nu memendakan semu isin, réhna rék tepang jeung indung peuting.<ref name=":0" /> == Unsur Novel == Kritikus anu nganalisis tina umumna ngabedakeun tilu unsur nu ngabentuk Novel nyaéta galur, panokohan jeung latar . Salian ti éta nu sanes na bersifat simbolis anu tina téori modérn disebat Atmosphere (suasana) jeung Tone (Nada).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=0mOKAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA84&lpg=PA84&dq=atmosphere++suasana+dalam+sastra&source=bl&ots=PvaHyfYpw-&sig=jBnEt0k64CILXIrTBIuaTtJ-OUw&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=atmosphere%20%20suasana%20dalam%20sastra&f=false|title=Pengkajian Prosa Fiksi|last=Wicaksono|first=Andri|date=2014-04-30|publisher=PenerbitGarudhawaca|isbn=9786027949256|language=id}}</ref> == Rujukan == 1th24u0zakjpu240fae6vw8z1khxwu1 630005 630004 2022-08-07T03:12:41Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Atmosphere''' atawa '''mood''' dina karya sastra mah kaasup kana rékaan [[suasana]] anu dipaké ngalataran carita sangkan némbongkeun gambaran kanu [[maca]] kana léokna kajadian nu bakal lumangsung, naha bakal pikabungaheun atawa bakal pikaketireun. Saheulaanan mah bisa digunakeun istilah suasana.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=|first=Prof. Dr. Iskandarwassid, M.Pd|publisher=|year=2016|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=23}}</ref> Ieu petikan di handap dicutat tina novel kalepatan ''Putra Dosana Ibu Rama''(1927) karangan Joehna (baca: Yuhana)'', bagian anu rék patepungna dua rumaja dina suasana suka [[bungah]].<ref name=":0" /> Dina poé Minggu pasosoré, [[langit]] mani lénglang taya nu ngahalang-halang, lir [[sutra]] paul ngading-ding semu nu midanga, [[angin]] leutik ngadalingding, nebak kana gedong-gedong nu garandang, dasar dayeuh Bandung nu semu dilingkung ku gunung, pasir mani ngelir, jalan butbat laléndor paranti nu mundar-mandir.<ref name=":0" /> Panonpoé ménggok ngulon, sinarna gading lir [[emas]] anyar disangling, sumorot sumerat sumebray, lir jamparing kancana, matak [[waas]] lamun ditingali, bet jiga nu memendakan semu isin, réhna rék tepang jeung indung peuting.<ref name=":0" /> == Unsur Novel == Kritikus anu nganalisis tina umumna ngabedakeun tilu unsur nu ngabentuk Novel nyaéta galur, panokohan jeung latar . Salian ti éta nu sanes na bersifat simbolis anu tina téori modérn disebat Atmosphere (suasana) jeung Tone (Nada).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=0mOKAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA84&lpg=PA84&dq=atmosphere++suasana+dalam+sastra&source=bl&ots=PvaHyfYpw-&sig=jBnEt0k64CILXIrTBIuaTtJ-OUw&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=atmosphere%20%20suasana%20dalam%20sastra&f=false|title=Pengkajian Prosa Fiksi|last=Wicaksono|first=Andri|date=2014-04-30|publisher=PenerbitGarudhawaca|isbn=9786027949256|language=id}}</ref> == Rujukan == 41vfcpwbz7pexg6zqzgwdudbdz214g0 630006 630005 2022-08-07T03:14:14Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Atmosphere''' atawa '''mood''' dina karya sastra mah kaasup kana rékaan [[suasana]] anu dipaké ngalataran carita sangkan némbongkeun gambaran kanu [[maca]] kana léokna kajadian nu bakal lumangsung, naha bakal pikabungaheun atawa bakal pikaketireun. Saheulaanan mah bisa digunakeun istilah suasana.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=|first=Prof. Dr. Iskandarwassid, M.Pd|publisher=|year=2016|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=23}}</ref> Ieu petikan di handap dicutat tina novel kalepatan ''Putra Dosana Ibu Rama''(1927) karangan Joehna (baca: Yuhana)'', bagian anu rék patepungna dua rumaja dina suasana suka [[bungah]].<ref name=":0" /> Dina poé Minggu pasosoré, [[langit]] mani lénglang taya nu ngahalang-halang, lir [[sutra]] paul ngading-ding semu nu midanga, [[angin]] leutik ngadalingding, nebak kana gedong-gedong nu garandang, dasar dayeuh Bandung nu semu dilingkung ku gunung, pasir mani ngelir, jalan butbat laléndor paranti nu mundar-mandir.<ref name=":0" /> Panonpoé ménggok ngulon, sinarna gading lir [[emas]] anyar disangling, sumorot sumerat sumebray, lir jamparing kancana, matak [[waas]] lamun ditingali, bet jiga nu memendakan semu isin, réhna rék tepang jeung indung peuting.<ref name=":0" /> == Unsur Novel == [[Kritikus]] anu nganalisis umumna ngabedakeun tilu unsur nu ngawangun novel nyaéta galur, panokohan jeung latar . Salian ti éta nu sanes na bersifat simbolis anu tina téori modérn disebat Atmosphere (suasana) jeung Tone (Nada).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=0mOKAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA84&lpg=PA84&dq=atmosphere++suasana+dalam+sastra&source=bl&ots=PvaHyfYpw-&sig=jBnEt0k64CILXIrTBIuaTtJ-OUw&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=atmosphere%20%20suasana%20dalam%20sastra&f=false|title=Pengkajian Prosa Fiksi|last=Wicaksono|first=Andri|date=2014-04-30|publisher=PenerbitGarudhawaca|isbn=9786027949256|language=id}}</ref> == Rujukan == qvmfgmmw8j8laxdsjqut84jqm70hb3a 630007 630006 2022-08-07T03:14:33Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Atmosphere''' atawa '''mood''' dina karya sastra mah kaasup kana rékaan [[suasana]] anu dipaké ngalataran carita sangkan némbongkeun gambaran kanu [[maca]] kana léokna kajadian nu bakal lumangsung, naha bakal pikabungaheun atawa bakal pikaketireun. Saheulaanan mah bisa digunakeun istilah suasana.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=|first=Prof. Dr. Iskandarwassid, M.Pd|publisher=|year=2016|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=23}}</ref> Ieu petikan di handap dicutat tina novel kalepatan ''Putra Dosana Ibu Rama''(1927) karangan Joehna (baca: Yuhana)'', bagian anu rék patepungna dua rumaja dina suasana suka [[bungah]].<ref name=":0" /> Dina poé Minggu pasosoré, [[langit]] mani lénglang taya nu ngahalang-halang, lir [[sutra]] paul ngading-ding semu nu midanga, [[angin]] leutik ngadalingding, nebak kana gedong-gedong nu garandang, dasar dayeuh Bandung nu semu dilingkung ku gunung, pasir mani ngelir, jalan butbat laléndor paranti nu mundar-mandir.<ref name=":0" /> Panonpoé ménggok ngulon, sinarna gading lir [[emas]] anyar disangling, sumorot sumerat sumebray, lir jamparing kancana, matak [[waas]] lamun ditingali, bet jiga nu memendakan semu isin, réhna rék tepang jeung indung peuting.<ref name=":0" /> == Unsur Novel == [[Kritikus]] anu nganalisis umumna ngabedakeun tilu unsur nu ngawangun novel nyaéta galur, panokohan jeung latar. Salian ti éta nu sanes na bersifat simbolis anu tina téori modérn disebat Atmosphere (suasana) jeung Tone (Nada).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=0mOKAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA84&lpg=PA84&dq=atmosphere++suasana+dalam+sastra&source=bl&ots=PvaHyfYpw-&sig=jBnEt0k64CILXIrTBIuaTtJ-OUw&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=atmosphere%20%20suasana%20dalam%20sastra&f=false|title=Pengkajian Prosa Fiksi|last=Wicaksono|first=Andri|date=2014-04-30|publisher=PenerbitGarudhawaca|isbn=9786027949256|language=id}}</ref> == Rujukan == eggd96c3ncw0ajb08sms9o09c76e07d 630008 630007 2022-08-07T03:15:16Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Atmosphere''' atawa '''mood''' dina karya sastra mah kaasup kana rékaan [[suasana]] anu dipaké ngalataran carita sangkan némbongkeun gambaran kanu [[maca]] kana léokna kajadian nu bakal lumangsung, naha bakal pikabungaheun atawa bakal pikaketireun. Saheulaanan mah bisa digunakeun istilah suasana.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=|first=Prof. Dr. Iskandarwassid, M.Pd|publisher=|year=2016|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=23}}</ref> Ieu petikan di handap dicutat tina novel kalepatan ''Putra Dosana Ibu Rama''(1927) karangan Joehna (baca: Yuhana)'', bagian anu rék patepungna dua rumaja dina suasana suka [[bungah]].<ref name=":0" /> Dina poé Minggu pasosoré, [[langit]] mani lénglang taya nu ngahalang-halang, lir [[sutra]] paul ngading-ding semu nu midanga, [[angin]] leutik ngadalingding, nebak kana gedong-gedong nu garandang, dasar dayeuh Bandung nu semu dilingkung ku gunung, pasir mani ngelir, jalan butbat laléndor paranti nu mundar-mandir.<ref name=":0" /> Panonpoé ménggok ngulon, sinarna gading lir [[emas]] anyar disangling, sumorot sumerat sumebray, lir jamparing kancana, matak [[waas]] lamun ditingali, bet jiga nu memendakan semu isin, réhna rék tepang jeung indung peuting.<ref name=":0" /> == Unsur Novel == [[Kritikus]] anu nganalisis umumna ngabedakeun tilu unsur nu ngawangun novel nyaéta galur, panokohan jeung latar. Salian ti éta nu lian mah sipatna simbolis anu tina téori modérn mah disebut Atmosphere (suasana) jeung Tone (Nada).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=0mOKAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA84&lpg=PA84&dq=atmosphere++suasana+dalam+sastra&source=bl&ots=PvaHyfYpw-&sig=jBnEt0k64CILXIrTBIuaTtJ-OUw&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=atmosphere%20%20suasana%20dalam%20sastra&f=false|title=Pengkajian Prosa Fiksi|last=Wicaksono|first=Andri|date=2014-04-30|publisher=PenerbitGarudhawaca|isbn=9786027949256|language=id}}</ref> == Rujukan == fa2lf5kewfs2sqw4hce30dm6sbpr9a2 630009 630008 2022-08-07T03:15:38Z YogiYY 17453 added [[Category:Sastra]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki '''Atmosphere''' atawa '''mood''' dina karya sastra mah kaasup kana rékaan [[suasana]] anu dipaké ngalataran carita sangkan némbongkeun gambaran kanu [[maca]] kana léokna kajadian nu bakal lumangsung, naha bakal pikabungaheun atawa bakal pikaketireun. Saheulaanan mah bisa digunakeun istilah suasana.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=|first=Prof. Dr. Iskandarwassid, M.Pd|publisher=|year=2016|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=23}}</ref> Ieu petikan di handap dicutat tina novel kalepatan ''Putra Dosana Ibu Rama''(1927) karangan Joehna (baca: Yuhana)'', bagian anu rék patepungna dua rumaja dina suasana suka [[bungah]].<ref name=":0" /> Dina poé Minggu pasosoré, [[langit]] mani lénglang taya nu ngahalang-halang, lir [[sutra]] paul ngading-ding semu nu midanga, [[angin]] leutik ngadalingding, nebak kana gedong-gedong nu garandang, dasar dayeuh Bandung nu semu dilingkung ku gunung, pasir mani ngelir, jalan butbat laléndor paranti nu mundar-mandir.<ref name=":0" /> Panonpoé ménggok ngulon, sinarna gading lir [[emas]] anyar disangling, sumorot sumerat sumebray, lir jamparing kancana, matak [[waas]] lamun ditingali, bet jiga nu memendakan semu isin, réhna rék tepang jeung indung peuting.<ref name=":0" /> == Unsur Novel == [[Kritikus]] anu nganalisis umumna ngabedakeun tilu unsur nu ngawangun novel nyaéta galur, panokohan jeung latar. Salian ti éta nu lian mah sipatna simbolis anu tina téori modérn mah disebut Atmosphere (suasana) jeung Tone (Nada).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=0mOKAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA84&lpg=PA84&dq=atmosphere++suasana+dalam+sastra&source=bl&ots=PvaHyfYpw-&sig=jBnEt0k64CILXIrTBIuaTtJ-OUw&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=atmosphere%20%20suasana%20dalam%20sastra&f=false|title=Pengkajian Prosa Fiksi|last=Wicaksono|first=Andri|date=2014-04-30|publisher=PenerbitGarudhawaca|isbn=9786027949256|language=id}}</ref> == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Sastra]] gft6y6decl2i3hwjckbkl860sw6v57y 630010 630009 2022-08-07T03:15:51Z YogiYY 17453 added [[Category:Fiksi]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki '''Atmosphere''' atawa '''mood''' dina karya sastra mah kaasup kana rékaan [[suasana]] anu dipaké ngalataran carita sangkan némbongkeun gambaran kanu [[maca]] kana léokna kajadian nu bakal lumangsung, naha bakal pikabungaheun atawa bakal pikaketireun. Saheulaanan mah bisa digunakeun istilah suasana.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=|first=Prof. Dr. Iskandarwassid, M.Pd|publisher=|year=2016|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=23}}</ref> Ieu petikan di handap dicutat tina novel kalepatan ''Putra Dosana Ibu Rama''(1927) karangan Joehna (baca: Yuhana)'', bagian anu rék patepungna dua rumaja dina suasana suka [[bungah]].<ref name=":0" /> Dina poé Minggu pasosoré, [[langit]] mani lénglang taya nu ngahalang-halang, lir [[sutra]] paul ngading-ding semu nu midanga, [[angin]] leutik ngadalingding, nebak kana gedong-gedong nu garandang, dasar dayeuh Bandung nu semu dilingkung ku gunung, pasir mani ngelir, jalan butbat laléndor paranti nu mundar-mandir.<ref name=":0" /> Panonpoé ménggok ngulon, sinarna gading lir [[emas]] anyar disangling, sumorot sumerat sumebray, lir jamparing kancana, matak [[waas]] lamun ditingali, bet jiga nu memendakan semu isin, réhna rék tepang jeung indung peuting.<ref name=":0" /> == Unsur Novel == [[Kritikus]] anu nganalisis umumna ngabedakeun tilu unsur nu ngawangun novel nyaéta galur, panokohan jeung latar. Salian ti éta nu lian mah sipatna simbolis anu tina téori modérn mah disebut Atmosphere (suasana) jeung Tone (Nada).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=0mOKAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA84&lpg=PA84&dq=atmosphere++suasana+dalam+sastra&source=bl&ots=PvaHyfYpw-&sig=jBnEt0k64CILXIrTBIuaTtJ-OUw&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=atmosphere%20%20suasana%20dalam%20sastra&f=false|title=Pengkajian Prosa Fiksi|last=Wicaksono|first=Andri|date=2014-04-30|publisher=PenerbitGarudhawaca|isbn=9786027949256|language=id}}</ref> == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Sastra]] [[Kategori:Fiksi]] lm6leupdaz7hkv1ln8fg5cxgt6kcfug 0 71849 630011 623963 2022-08-07T03:16:48Z YogiYY 17453 added [[Category:Sastra]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elegi''' asalana tina bahasa Yunani nyaéta (Ing. ''elegi'' <Pra. <Lat. <Yun. ''elegeia'' <''elegos'' midangdam).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwasid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=53-54}}</ref> Dina sastra Yunani mimitina mah istilah elegi téh dikeunakeun kana wangun puisi anu ditulis dina ''elegiac meter'', nyaéta [[padalisan]]-padalisan anu matok meunang aksen teundeut (stress) genep atawa lima.<ref name=":0" /> Lian ti éta ogé ngandung harti jejer atawa suasana anu biasa diekspresikeun dina [[wangun]] puisi kitu, utamana [[lumengis]] ngeunaan cinta atawa asmara.<ref name=":0" /> Harti kitu terus tumuwuh, ngalegaan, jadi ngandung harti puisi asmara.<ref name=":0" /> Kadieukeun hartina kungsi ngaheureutan, nyaéta puisi anu eusina midangdam sarta jajap [[pangdu'a]] ka nu anyar nilar (maot).<ref name=":0" /> Elegi téh nyaéta syair atawa nyanyian anu ngandung ratapan jeung ungkapan dukacita (khususna kana peristiwa kematian).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kbbi.web.id/elegi|title=Arti kata elegi - Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) Online|last=Setiawan|first=Ebta|website=kbbi.web.id|accessdate=2017-10-14}}</ref> == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Sastra]] h4jsepmdxij523l2nxjwnzd2ajp1x0p 630012 630011 2022-08-07T03:17:33Z YogiYY 17453 added [[Category:Fiksi]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elegi''' asalana tina bahasa Yunani nyaéta (Ing. ''elegi'' <Pra. <Lat. <Yun. ''elegeia'' <''elegos'' midangdam).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwasid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=53-54}}</ref> Dina sastra Yunani mimitina mah istilah elegi téh dikeunakeun kana wangun puisi anu ditulis dina ''elegiac meter'', nyaéta [[padalisan]]-padalisan anu matok meunang aksen teundeut (stress) genep atawa lima.<ref name=":0" /> Lian ti éta ogé ngandung harti jejer atawa suasana anu biasa diekspresikeun dina [[wangun]] puisi kitu, utamana [[lumengis]] ngeunaan cinta atawa asmara.<ref name=":0" /> Harti kitu terus tumuwuh, ngalegaan, jadi ngandung harti puisi asmara.<ref name=":0" /> Kadieukeun hartina kungsi ngaheureutan, nyaéta puisi anu eusina midangdam sarta jajap [[pangdu'a]] ka nu anyar nilar (maot).<ref name=":0" /> Elegi téh nyaéta syair atawa nyanyian anu ngandung ratapan jeung ungkapan dukacita (khususna kana peristiwa kematian).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kbbi.web.id/elegi|title=Arti kata elegi - Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) Online|last=Setiawan|first=Ebta|website=kbbi.web.id|accessdate=2017-10-14}}</ref> == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Sastra]] [[Kategori:Fiksi]] 77rm1lpyit4kamzgjl93h8g0cdx78kh 630013 630012 2022-08-07T03:18:10Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elegi''' téh asalana tina bahasa Yunani nyaéta (Ing. ''elegi'' <Pra. <Lat. <Yun. ''elegeia'' <''elegos'' midangdam).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwasid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=53-54}}</ref> Dina sastra [[Yunani]] mimitina mah istilah elegi téh dikeunakeun kana wangun puisi anu ditulis dina ''elegiac meter'', nyaéta [[padalisan]]-padalisan anu matok meunang aksen teundeut (stress) genep atawa lima.<ref name=":0" /> Lian ti éta ogé ngandung harti jejer atawa suasana anu biasa diekspresikeun dina [[wangun]] puisi kitu, utamana [[lumengis]] ngeunaan cinta atawa asmara.<ref name=":0" /> Harti kitu terus tumuwuh, ngalegaan, jadi ngandung harti puisi asmara.<ref name=":0" /> Kadieukeun hartina kungsi ngaheureutan, nyaéta puisi anu eusina midangdam sarta jajap [[pangdu'a]] ka nu anyar nilar (maot).<ref name=":0" /> Elegi téh nyaéta syair atawa nyanyian anu ngandung ratapan jeung ungkapan dukacita (khususna kana peristiwa kematian).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kbbi.web.id/elegi|title=Arti kata elegi - Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) Online|last=Setiawan|first=Ebta|website=kbbi.web.id|accessdate=2017-10-14}}</ref> == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Sastra]] [[Kategori:Fiksi]] nq5a3c9apj6na17l7nfy25uss4049w2 630014 630013 2022-08-07T03:18:56Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elegi''' téh asalana tina bahasa [[Yunani]] nyaéta (Ing. ''elegi'' <Pra. <Lat. <Yun. ''elegeia'' <''elegos'' midangdam).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwasid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=53-54}}</ref> Dina sastra Yunani mimitina mah istilah elegi téh dikeunakeun kana wangun puisi anu ditulis dina ''elegiac meter'', nyaéta [[padalisan]]-padalisan anu matok meunang aksen teundeut (stress) [[genep]] atawa [[lima]].<ref name=":0" /> Lian ti éta ogé ngandung harti jejer atawa suasana anu biasa diekspresikeun dina [[wangun]] puisi kitu, utamana [[lumengis]] ngeunaan cinta atawa asmara.<ref name=":0" /> Harti kitu terus tumuwuh, ngalegaan, jadi ngandung harti puisi asmara.<ref name=":0" /> Kadieukeun hartina kungsi ngaheureutan, nyaéta puisi anu eusina midangdam sarta jajap [[pangdu'a]] ka nu anyar nilar (maot).<ref name=":0" /> Elegi téh nyaéta syair atawa nyanyian anu ngandung ratapan jeung ungkapan dukacita (khususna kana peristiwa kematian).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kbbi.web.id/elegi|title=Arti kata elegi - Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) Online|last=Setiawan|first=Ebta|website=kbbi.web.id|accessdate=2017-10-14}}</ref> == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Sastra]] [[Kategori:Fiksi]] jpn548p3x4nwhmmqx67j8nnfp4u2bnl 630015 630014 2022-08-07T03:21:10Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elegi''' téh asalana tina bahasa [[Yunani]] nyaéta (Ing. ''elegi'' <Pra. <Lat. <Yun. ''elegeia'' <''elegos'' midangdam).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwasid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=53-54}}</ref> Dina sastra Yunani mimitina mah istilah elegi téh dikeunakeun kana wangun puisi anu ditulis dina ''elegiac meter'', nyaéta [[padalisan]]-padalisan anu matok meunang aksen teundeut (stress) [[genep]] atawa [[lima]].<ref name=":0" /> Lian ti éta ogé ngandung harti jejer atawa suasana anu biasa diekspresikeun dina [[wangun]] puisi kitu, utamana [[lumengis]] ngeunaan cinta atawa asmara.<ref name=":0" /> Harti kitu terus tumuwuh, ngalegaan, jadi ngandung harti puisi asmara.<ref name=":0" /> Kadieukeun hartina kungsi ngaheureutan, nyaéta puisi anu eusina midangdam sarta jajap [[pangdu'a]] ka nu anyar nilar (maot).<ref name=":0" /> Elegi téh nyaéta [[s'air]] atawa nyanyian anu ngandung ratapan jeung ungkapan dukacita (khususna kana peristiwa tilar dunya).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kbbi.web.id/elegi|title=Arti kata elegi - Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) Online|last=Setiawan|first=Ebta|website=kbbi.web.id|accessdate=2017-10-14}}</ref> == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Sastra]] [[Kategori:Fiksi]] h9jrxln8g9xrcp0qak3qqo990pudnx6 0 72654 629953 534740 2022-08-06T18:17:34Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tradisi''' nyaéta sagala rupa anu wangunna [[barang]] (material) jeung [[gagasan]] anu asalna ti [[jaman]] [[baheula]] ngan masih kénéh [[hirup]] nepi ka [[kiwari]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Sosiologi Perubahan Sosial|last=Sztompka, P.|first=|publisher=Prenada Media Group|year=2007|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=}}</ref> Leuwih hususna, tradisi téh prosés ngawariskeun [[norma]]-norma, [[adat istiadat]], [[kaidah]]-kaidah, jeung [[harta]] banda anu bisa dirobah, ditolak, jeung diadumaniskeun dumasar kana paripolah [[manusa]] [[harita]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Strategi Kebudayaan|last=Peursen, V.|first=|publisher=Kanisius|year=1988|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=}}</ref> Wangun tradisi téh bisa [[pangaweruh]], [[doktrin]], [[kabiasaan]], prakték, jeung sajabana anu diwariskeun sacara turun-tinurun kalawan cara ngalaksanakeunana.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Islam dalam Bingkai Budaya Lokal: Potret dari Cirebon|last=Muhaimin, A. G.|first=|publisher=PT. Logos Wacana Ilmu|year=2001|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=}}</ref> == Pungsi == * Tradisi téh mangrupa [[kawijakan]] anu turun-tinurun. Tempatna dina kasadaran, kayakainan norma, jeung [[ajén]]-inajén anu diagem dina barang atawa [[kagiatan]] jaman baheula. Dina tradisi nyangkaruk ''fragmén'' warisan [[historis]] anu boga mangpaat. Tradisi minangka gagasan jeung material anu dipaké [[manusa]] dina paripolah kiwari jeung keur ngawangun mangsa datang.<ref name=":0" /> * Méré légalitas kana sawangan hirup, kayakinan, [[pranata]], jeung aturan anu geus aya. Éta hal mikabutuh bebeneran anu nalimbeng anggotana. Salah sahiji sumber légitimasi ayana dina tradisi. Manusa salawasna miboga kayakinan sanajan résikona [[paradoksal]], hiji paripolah bakal dilaksanakeun lamun batur ogé geus ngalaksanakeun ti baheula.<ref name=":0" /> * Ngayakeun [[simbol]] idéntitas [[koléktif]] anu ngayakinkeun, ngawewegan [[loyalitas]] [[primordial]] ka [[nagara]], [[komunitas]], jeung [[kelompok]]. Tradisi [[daérah]], [[kota]], jeung komunitas [[lokal]] sarua peranna keur nalimbeng masarakat atawa anggota dina widang anu tangtu.<ref name=":0" /> * Jadi tempat panglumpatan sagala rupa kakuciwa, ngangluh, jeung teu sugema kana kahirupan [[modérn]]. Tradisi anu némbongkeun kabaheulaan nu leuwih nyugemakeun jeung jadi gaganti kareueus keur masarakat anu krisis kasugemaan.<ref name=":0" /> == Wanda Upacara == * Upacara tradisi anu aya hubunganana jeung [[tatanén]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Pengantar Ilmu Antropologi|last=Koentjaraningrat|first=|publisher=Rineka Cipta|year=2009|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=}}</ref> * Upacara tradisi mangsa [[kakandungan]], mangsa [[lahir]], mangsa [[sawawa]], mangsa [[kawin]], jeung mangsa [[tilar dunya]].<ref name=":1" /> * Upacara tradisi anu patali jeung [[alam]].<ref name=":1" /> * Upacara miéling poé anu aya hubunganana jeung [[kaagamaa]]n atawa miéling hiji jalma anu geus nyieun [[jasa]] keur nagara (réligi).<ref name=":1" /> == Struktur == * Aspék anu miboga hubungan jeung uapacara tradisi nyaéta tempat-tempat [[karamat]], tempat keur ngalaksanakeun upacara, misalna [[makam]], [[candi]], [[kuil]], [[garéja]], [[masigit]], [[situ]], [[tajug]] , jeung tempat-tempat séjénna.<ref name=":1" /> * Waktu lumangsungna upacara tradisi.<ref name=":1" /> * Aspék dina waktu ngalaksanakeun upacara tradisi misalna dina waktu [[ibadah]], poé karamat, atawa poé-poé anu dianggap [[suci]]. * Pakakas anu dipaké dina waktu upacara nyaéta [[pakakas]] [[pusaka]] atawa pakakas anu dianggap karamat misalna [[pedang]], cis atawa [[tongkat]], [[keris]], [[kujang]], [[komando]], jsb.<ref name=":1" /> * [[Jalma]]-jalma anu ngalakukeun anu mingpin upacara [[tradisional]] (para palaku), para palaku dina upacara tradisi nyaéta sakabéh [[palaku]] anu kalibet dina éta upacara.<ref name=":1" /> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Budaya]] dbbkfrbovd8zuwyvlmyj11uigtlr3p0 629954 629953 2022-08-06T18:18:21Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tradisi''' nyaéta sagala rupa anu wangunna [[barang]] (material) jeung [[gagasan]] anu asalna ti [[jaman]] [[baheula]] ngan masih kénéh [[hirup]] nepi ka [[kiwari]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Sosiologi Perubahan Sosial|last=Sztompka, P.|first=|publisher=Prenada Media Group|year=2007|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=}}</ref> Leuwih hususna, tradisi téh mangrupa prosés ngawariskeun [[norma]]-norma, [[adat istiadat]], [[kaidah]]-kaidah, jeung [[harta]] banda anu bisa dirobah, ditolak, jeung diadumaniskeun dumasar kana paripolah [[manusa]] waktu [[harita]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Strategi Kebudayaan|last=Peursen, V.|first=|publisher=Kanisius|year=1988|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=}}</ref> Wangun tradisi téh bisa [[pangaweruh]], [[doktrin]], [[kabiasaan]], prakték, jeung sajabana anu diwariskeun sacara turun-tinurun kalawan cara ngalaksanakeunana.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Islam dalam Bingkai Budaya Lokal: Potret dari Cirebon|last=Muhaimin, A. G.|first=|publisher=PT. Logos Wacana Ilmu|year=2001|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=}}</ref> == Pungsi == * Tradisi téh mangrupa [[kawijakan]] anu turun-tinurun. Tempatna dina kasadaran, kayakainan norma, jeung [[ajén]]-inajén anu diagem dina barang atawa [[kagiatan]] jaman baheula. Dina tradisi nyangkaruk ''fragmén'' warisan [[historis]] anu boga mangpaat. Tradisi minangka gagasan jeung material anu dipaké [[manusa]] dina paripolah kiwari jeung keur ngawangun mangsa datang.<ref name=":0" /> * Méré légalitas kana sawangan hirup, kayakinan, [[pranata]], jeung aturan anu geus aya. Éta hal mikabutuh bebeneran anu nalimbeng anggotana. Salah sahiji sumber légitimasi ayana dina tradisi. Manusa salawasna miboga kayakinan sanajan résikona [[paradoksal]], hiji paripolah bakal dilaksanakeun lamun batur ogé geus ngalaksanakeun ti baheula.<ref name=":0" /> * Ngayakeun [[simbol]] idéntitas [[koléktif]] anu ngayakinkeun, ngawewegan [[loyalitas]] [[primordial]] ka [[nagara]], [[komunitas]], jeung [[kelompok]]. Tradisi [[daérah]], [[kota]], jeung komunitas [[lokal]] sarua peranna keur nalimbeng masarakat atawa anggota dina widang anu tangtu.<ref name=":0" /> * Jadi tempat panglumpatan sagala rupa kakuciwa, ngangluh, jeung teu sugema kana kahirupan [[modérn]]. Tradisi anu némbongkeun kabaheulaan nu leuwih nyugemakeun jeung jadi gaganti kareueus keur masarakat anu krisis kasugemaan.<ref name=":0" /> == Wanda Upacara == * Upacara tradisi anu aya hubunganana jeung [[tatanén]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Pengantar Ilmu Antropologi|last=Koentjaraningrat|first=|publisher=Rineka Cipta|year=2009|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=}}</ref> * Upacara tradisi mangsa [[kakandungan]], mangsa [[lahir]], mangsa [[sawawa]], mangsa [[kawin]], jeung mangsa [[tilar dunya]].<ref name=":1" /> * Upacara tradisi anu patali jeung [[alam]].<ref name=":1" /> * Upacara miéling poé anu aya hubunganana jeung [[kaagamaa]]n atawa miéling hiji jalma anu geus nyieun [[jasa]] keur nagara (réligi).<ref name=":1" /> == Struktur == * Aspék anu miboga hubungan jeung uapacara tradisi nyaéta tempat-tempat [[karamat]], tempat keur ngalaksanakeun upacara, misalna [[makam]], [[candi]], [[kuil]], [[garéja]], [[masigit]], [[situ]], [[tajug]] , jeung tempat-tempat séjénna.<ref name=":1" /> * Waktu lumangsungna upacara tradisi.<ref name=":1" /> * Aspék dina waktu ngalaksanakeun upacara tradisi misalna dina waktu [[ibadah]], poé karamat, atawa poé-poé anu dianggap [[suci]]. * Pakakas anu dipaké dina waktu upacara nyaéta [[pakakas]] [[pusaka]] atawa pakakas anu dianggap karamat misalna [[pedang]], cis atawa [[tongkat]], [[keris]], [[kujang]], [[komando]], jsb.<ref name=":1" /> * [[Jalma]]-jalma anu ngalakukeun anu mingpin upacara [[tradisional]] (para palaku), para palaku dina upacara tradisi nyaéta sakabéh [[palaku]] anu kalibet dina éta upacara.<ref name=":1" /> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Budaya]] lxd9jmvrihyampvr2dpgosq80i7btzv 629955 629954 2022-08-06T18:19:11Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tradisi''' nyaéta sagala rupa anu wangunna [[barang]] (material) jeung [[gagasan]] anu asalna ti [[jaman]] [[baheula]] ngan masih kénéh [[hirup]] nepi ka [[kiwari]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Sosiologi Perubahan Sosial|last=Sztompka, P.|first=|publisher=Prenada Media Group|year=2007|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=}}</ref> Leuwih hususna, tradisi téh mangrupa prosés ngawariskeun [[norma]]-norma, [[adat istiadat]], [[kaidah]]-kaidah, jeung [[harta]] banda anu bisa dirobah, ditolak, jeung diadumaniskeun dumasar kana paripolah [[manusa]] waktu [[harita]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Strategi Kebudayaan|last=Peursen, V.|first=|publisher=Kanisius|year=1988|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=}}</ref> Wangun tradisi téh bisa [[pangaweruh]], [[doktrin]], [[kabiasaan]], prakték, jeung sajabana anu diwariskeun sacara turun-tinurun kalawan cara ngalaksanakeunana.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Islam dalam Bingkai Budaya Lokal: Potret dari Cirebon|last=Muhaimin, A. G.|first=|publisher=PT. Logos Wacana Ilmu|year=2001|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=}}</ref> == Pungsi == * Tradisi téh mangrupa [[kawijakan]] anu turun-tinurun. Tempatna dina kasadaran, kayakainan norma jeung [[ajén]]-inajén anu diagem dina wangun barang atawa [[kagiatan]] jaman baheula. Dina tradisi nyangkaruk ''fragmén'' warisan [[historis]] anu boga mangpaat. Tradisi minangka gagasan jeung material anu dipaké [[manusa]] dina paripolah kiwari jeung keur ngawangun mangsa datang.<ref name=":0" /> * Méré légalitas kana sawangan hirup, kayakinan, [[pranata]], jeung aturan anu geus aya. Éta hal mikabutuh bebeneran anu nalimbeng anggotana. Salah sahiji sumber légitimasi ayana dina tradisi. Manusa salawasna miboga kayakinan sanajan résikona [[paradoksal]], hiji paripolah bakal dilaksanakeun lamun batur ogé geus ngalaksanakeun ti baheula.<ref name=":0" /> * Ngayakeun [[simbol]] idéntitas [[koléktif]] anu ngayakinkeun, ngawewegan [[loyalitas]] [[primordial]] ka [[nagara]], [[komunitas]], jeung [[kelompok]]. Tradisi [[daérah]], [[kota]], jeung komunitas [[lokal]] sarua peranna keur nalimbeng masarakat atawa anggota dina widang anu tangtu.<ref name=":0" /> * Jadi tempat panglumpatan sagala rupa kakuciwa, ngangluh, jeung teu sugema kana kahirupan [[modérn]]. Tradisi anu némbongkeun kabaheulaan nu leuwih nyugemakeun jeung jadi gaganti kareueus keur masarakat anu krisis kasugemaan.<ref name=":0" /> == Wanda Upacara == * Upacara tradisi anu aya hubunganana jeung [[tatanén]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Pengantar Ilmu Antropologi|last=Koentjaraningrat|first=|publisher=Rineka Cipta|year=2009|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=}}</ref> * Upacara tradisi mangsa [[kakandungan]], mangsa [[lahir]], mangsa [[sawawa]], mangsa [[kawin]], jeung mangsa [[tilar dunya]].<ref name=":1" /> * Upacara tradisi anu patali jeung [[alam]].<ref name=":1" /> * Upacara miéling poé anu aya hubunganana jeung [[kaagamaa]]n atawa miéling hiji jalma anu geus nyieun [[jasa]] keur nagara (réligi).<ref name=":1" /> == Struktur == * Aspék anu miboga hubungan jeung uapacara tradisi nyaéta tempat-tempat [[karamat]], tempat keur ngalaksanakeun upacara, misalna [[makam]], [[candi]], [[kuil]], [[garéja]], [[masigit]], [[situ]], [[tajug]] , jeung tempat-tempat séjénna.<ref name=":1" /> * Waktu lumangsungna upacara tradisi.<ref name=":1" /> * Aspék dina waktu ngalaksanakeun upacara tradisi misalna dina waktu [[ibadah]], poé karamat, atawa poé-poé anu dianggap [[suci]]. * Pakakas anu dipaké dina waktu upacara nyaéta [[pakakas]] [[pusaka]] atawa pakakas anu dianggap karamat misalna [[pedang]], cis atawa [[tongkat]], [[keris]], [[kujang]], [[komando]], jsb.<ref name=":1" /> * [[Jalma]]-jalma anu ngalakukeun anu mingpin upacara [[tradisional]] (para palaku), para palaku dina upacara tradisi nyaéta sakabéh [[palaku]] anu kalibet dina éta upacara.<ref name=":1" /> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Budaya]] fftuq51vrwx98p7he0htqee4uejhtt1 629956 629955 2022-08-06T18:20:08Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tradisi''' nyaéta sagala rupa anu wangunna [[barang]] (material) jeung [[gagasan]] anu asalna ti [[jaman]] [[baheula]] ngan masih kénéh [[hirup]] nepi ka [[kiwari]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Sosiologi Perubahan Sosial|last=Sztompka, P.|first=|publisher=Prenada Media Group|year=2007|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=}}</ref> Leuwih hususna, tradisi téh mangrupa prosés ngawariskeun [[norma]]-norma, [[adat istiadat]], [[kaidah]]-kaidah, jeung [[harta]] banda anu bisa dirobah, ditolak, jeung diadumaniskeun dumasar kana paripolah [[manusa]] waktu [[harita]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Strategi Kebudayaan|last=Peursen, V.|first=|publisher=Kanisius|year=1988|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=}}</ref> Wangun tradisi téh bisa [[pangaweruh]], [[doktrin]], [[kabiasaan]], prakték, jeung sajabana anu diwariskeun sacara turun-tinurun kalawan cara ngalaksanakeunana.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Islam dalam Bingkai Budaya Lokal: Potret dari Cirebon|last=Muhaimin, A. G.|first=|publisher=PT. Logos Wacana Ilmu|year=2001|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=}}</ref> == Pungsi == * Tradisi téh mangrupa [[kawijakan]] anu turun-tinurun. Tempatna dina kasadaran, kayakainan norma jeung [[ajén]]-inajén anu diagem dina wangun barang atawa [[kagiatan]] jaman baheula. Dina tradisi nyangkaruk ''fragmén'' warisan [[historis]] anu miboga mangpaat. Tradisi minangka gagasan jeung material anu dipaké [[manusa]] dina paripolah kiwari jeung keur ngawangun generasi dina mangsa anu bakal datang.<ref name=":0" /> * Méré légalitas kana sawangan hirup, kayakinan, [[pranata]], jeung aturan anu geus aya. Éta hal mikabutuh bebeneran anu nalimbeng anggotana. Salah sahiji sumber légitimasi ayana dina tradisi. Manusa salawasna miboga kayakinan sanajan résikona [[paradoksal]], hiji paripolah bakal dilaksanakeun lamun batur ogé geus ngalaksanakeun ti baheula.<ref name=":0" /> * Ngayakeun [[simbol]] idéntitas [[koléktif]] anu ngayakinkeun, ngawewegan [[loyalitas]] [[primordial]] ka [[nagara]], [[komunitas]], jeung [[kelompok]]. Tradisi [[daérah]], [[kota]], jeung komunitas [[lokal]] sarua peranna keur nalimbeng masarakat atawa anggota dina widang anu tangtu.<ref name=":0" /> * Jadi tempat panglumpatan sagala rupa kakuciwa, ngangluh, jeung teu sugema kana kahirupan [[modérn]]. Tradisi anu némbongkeun kabaheulaan nu leuwih nyugemakeun jeung jadi gaganti kareueus keur masarakat anu krisis kasugemaan.<ref name=":0" /> == Wanda Upacara == * Upacara tradisi anu aya hubunganana jeung [[tatanén]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Pengantar Ilmu Antropologi|last=Koentjaraningrat|first=|publisher=Rineka Cipta|year=2009|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=}}</ref> * Upacara tradisi mangsa [[kakandungan]], mangsa [[lahir]], mangsa [[sawawa]], mangsa [[kawin]], jeung mangsa [[tilar dunya]].<ref name=":1" /> * Upacara tradisi anu patali jeung [[alam]].<ref name=":1" /> * Upacara miéling poé anu aya hubunganana jeung [[kaagamaa]]n atawa miéling hiji jalma anu geus nyieun [[jasa]] keur nagara (réligi).<ref name=":1" /> == Struktur == * Aspék anu miboga hubungan jeung uapacara tradisi nyaéta tempat-tempat [[karamat]], tempat keur ngalaksanakeun upacara, misalna [[makam]], [[candi]], [[kuil]], [[garéja]], [[masigit]], [[situ]], [[tajug]] , jeung tempat-tempat séjénna.<ref name=":1" /> * Waktu lumangsungna upacara tradisi.<ref name=":1" /> * Aspék dina waktu ngalaksanakeun upacara tradisi misalna dina waktu [[ibadah]], poé karamat, atawa poé-poé anu dianggap [[suci]]. * Pakakas anu dipaké dina waktu upacara nyaéta [[pakakas]] [[pusaka]] atawa pakakas anu dianggap karamat misalna [[pedang]], cis atawa [[tongkat]], [[keris]], [[kujang]], [[komando]], jsb.<ref name=":1" /> * [[Jalma]]-jalma anu ngalakukeun anu mingpin upacara [[tradisional]] (para palaku), para palaku dina upacara tradisi nyaéta sakabéh [[palaku]] anu kalibet dina éta upacara.<ref name=":1" /> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Budaya]] ane7gxvdgo4ilbxfuwzsjx0r9ulri5v 629958 629956 2022-08-07T00:58:24Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tradisi''' nyaéta sagala rupa anu wangunna [[barang]] (material) jeung [[gagasan]] anu asalna ti [[jaman]] [[baheula]] ngan masih kénéh [[hirup]] nepi ka [[kiwari]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Sosiologi Perubahan Sosial|last=Sztompka, P.|first=|publisher=Prenada Media Group|year=2007|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=}}</ref> Leuwih hususna, tradisi téh mangrupa prosés ngawariskeun [[norma]]-norma, [[adat istiadat]], [[kaidah]]-kaidah, jeung [[harta]] banda anu bisa dirobah, ditolak, jeung diadumaniskeun dumasar kana paripolah [[manusa]] waktu [[harita]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Strategi Kebudayaan|last=Peursen, V.|first=|publisher=Kanisius|year=1988|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=}}</ref> Wangun tradisi téh bisa [[pangaweruh]], [[doktrin]], [[kabiasaan]], prakték, jeung sajabana anu diwariskeun sacara turun-tinurun kalawan cara ngalaksanakeunana.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Islam dalam Bingkai Budaya Lokal: Potret dari Cirebon|last=Muhaimin, A. G.|first=|publisher=PT. Logos Wacana Ilmu|year=2001|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=}}</ref> == Pungsi == * Tradisi téh mangrupa [[kawijakan]] anu turun-tinurun. Tempatna dina kasadaran, kayakainan norma jeung [[ajén]]-inajén anu diagem dina wangun barang atawa [[kagiatan]] jaman baheula. Dina tradisi nyangkaruk ''fragmén'' warisan [[historis]] anu miboga mangpaat. Tradisi minangka gagasan jeung material anu dipaké [[manusa]] dina paripolah kiwari jeung keur ngawangun generasi dina mangsa anu bakal datang.<ref name=":0" /> * Méré légalitas kana sawangan hirup, kayakinan, [[pranata]] jeung aturan anu geus aya. Éta hal mikabutuh bebeneran anu nalimbeng anggotana. Salah sahiji sumber légitimasi ayana téh nya dina tradisi téa. Manusa salawasna miboga kayakinan sanajan balukarna [[paradoksal]], hiji paripolah bakal dilaksanakeun lamun batur ogé geus ngalaksanakeun ti jaman baheula mula.<ref name=":0" /> * Ngayakeun [[simbol]] idéntitas [[koléktif]] anu ngayakinkeun, ngawewegan [[loyalitas]] [[primordial]] ka [[nagara]], [[komunitas]], jeung [[kelompok]]. Tradisi [[daérah]], [[kota]], jeung komunitas [[lokal]] sarua peranna keur nalimbeng masarakat atawa anggota dina widang anu tangtu.<ref name=":0" /> * Jadi tempat panglumpatan sagala rupa kakuciwa, ngangluh, jeung teu sugema kana kahirupan [[modérn]]. Tradisi anu némbongkeun kabaheulaan nu leuwih nyugemakeun jeung jadi gaganti kareueus keur masarakat anu krisis kasugemaan.<ref name=":0" /> == Wanda Upacara == * Upacara tradisi anu aya hubunganana jeung [[tatanén]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Pengantar Ilmu Antropologi|last=Koentjaraningrat|first=|publisher=Rineka Cipta|year=2009|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=}}</ref> * Upacara tradisi mangsa [[kakandungan]], mangsa [[lahir]], mangsa [[sawawa]], mangsa [[kawin]], jeung mangsa [[tilar dunya]].<ref name=":1" /> * Upacara tradisi anu patali jeung [[alam]].<ref name=":1" /> * Upacara miéling poé anu aya hubunganana jeung [[kaagamaa]]n atawa miéling hiji jalma anu geus nyieun [[jasa]] keur nagara (réligi).<ref name=":1" /> == Struktur == * Aspék anu miboga hubungan jeung uapacara tradisi nyaéta tempat-tempat [[karamat]], tempat keur ngalaksanakeun upacara, misalna [[makam]], [[candi]], [[kuil]], [[garéja]], [[masigit]], [[situ]], [[tajug]] , jeung tempat-tempat séjénna.<ref name=":1" /> * Waktu lumangsungna upacara tradisi.<ref name=":1" /> * Aspék dina waktu ngalaksanakeun upacara tradisi misalna dina waktu [[ibadah]], poé karamat, atawa poé-poé anu dianggap [[suci]]. * Pakakas anu dipaké dina waktu upacara nyaéta [[pakakas]] [[pusaka]] atawa pakakas anu dianggap karamat misalna [[pedang]], cis atawa [[tongkat]], [[keris]], [[kujang]], [[komando]], jsb.<ref name=":1" /> * [[Jalma]]-jalma anu ngalakukeun anu mingpin upacara [[tradisional]] (para palaku), para palaku dina upacara tradisi nyaéta sakabéh [[palaku]] anu kalibet dina éta upacara.<ref name=":1" /> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Budaya]] ae3ow9b1t983pv9rs2le1ro56eapxgq 629959 629958 2022-08-07T00:59:44Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tradisi''' nyaéta sagala rupa anu wangunna [[barang]] (material) jeung [[gagasan]] anu asalna ti [[jaman]] [[baheula]] ngan masih kénéh [[hirup]] nepi ka [[kiwari]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Sosiologi Perubahan Sosial|last=Sztompka, P.|first=|publisher=Prenada Media Group|year=2007|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=}}</ref> Leuwih hususna, tradisi téh mangrupa prosés ngawariskeun [[norma]]-norma, [[adat istiadat]], [[kaidah]]-kaidah, jeung [[harta]] banda anu bisa dirobah, ditolak, jeung diadumaniskeun dumasar kana paripolah [[manusa]] waktu [[harita]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Strategi Kebudayaan|last=Peursen, V.|first=|publisher=Kanisius|year=1988|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=}}</ref> Wangun tradisi téh bisa [[pangaweruh]], [[doktrin]], [[kabiasaan]], prakték, jeung sajabana anu diwariskeun sacara turun-tinurun kalawan cara ngalaksanakeunana.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Islam dalam Bingkai Budaya Lokal: Potret dari Cirebon|last=Muhaimin, A. G.|first=|publisher=PT. Logos Wacana Ilmu|year=2001|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=}}</ref> == Pungsi == * Tradisi téh mangrupa [[kawijakan]] anu turun-tinurun. Tempatna dina kasadaran, kayakainan norma jeung [[ajén]]-inajén anu diagem dina wangun barang atawa [[kagiatan]] jaman baheula. Dina tradisi nyangkaruk ''fragmén'' warisan [[historis]] anu miboga mangpaat. Tradisi minangka gagasan jeung material anu dipaké [[manusa]] dina paripolah kiwari jeung keur ngawangun generasi dina mangsa anu bakal datang.<ref name=":0" /> * Méré légalitas kana sawangan hirup, kayakinan, [[pranata]] jeung aturan anu geus aya. Éta hal mikabutuh bebeneran anu nalimbeng anggotana. Salah sahiji sumber légitimasi ayana téh nya dina tradisi téa. Manusa salawasna miboga kayakinan sanajan balukarna [[paradoksal]], hiji paripolah bakal dilaksanakeun lamun batur ogé geus ngalaksanakeun ti jaman baheula mula.<ref name=":0" /> * Ngayakeun [[simbol]] idéntitas [[koléktif]] anu ngayakinkeun, ngawewegan [[loyalitas]] [[primordial]] ka [[nagara]], [[komunitas]], jeung [[kelompok]]. Tradisi [[daérah]], [[kota]], jeung komunitas [[lokal]] sarua peranna keur nalimbeng masarakat atawa anggota dina sababaraha widang anu tangtu.<ref name=":0" /> * Jadi tempat panglumpatan sagala rupa kakuciwa, kabingung, jeung teu sugema kana renggenekna kahirupan [[modérn]]. Tradisi anu némbongkeun kabaheulaan nu leuwih nyugemakeun jeung jadi gaganti kareueus keur masarakat anu kiwari ngarasa krisis kasugemaan.<ref name=":0" /> == Wanda Upacara == * Upacara tradisi anu aya hubunganana jeung [[tatanén]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Pengantar Ilmu Antropologi|last=Koentjaraningrat|first=|publisher=Rineka Cipta|year=2009|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=}}</ref> * Upacara tradisi mangsa [[kakandungan]], mangsa [[lahir]], mangsa [[sawawa]], mangsa [[kawin]], jeung mangsa [[tilar dunya]].<ref name=":1" /> * Upacara tradisi anu patali jeung [[alam]].<ref name=":1" /> * Upacara miéling poé anu aya hubunganana jeung [[kaagamaa]]n atawa miéling hiji jalma anu geus nyieun [[jasa]] keur nagara (réligi).<ref name=":1" /> == Struktur == * Aspék anu miboga hubungan jeung uapacara tradisi nyaéta tempat-tempat [[karamat]], tempat keur ngalaksanakeun upacara, misalna [[makam]], [[candi]], [[kuil]], [[garéja]], [[masigit]], [[situ]], [[tajug]] , jeung tempat-tempat séjénna.<ref name=":1" /> * Waktu lumangsungna upacara tradisi.<ref name=":1" /> * Aspék dina waktu ngalaksanakeun upacara tradisi misalna dina waktu [[ibadah]], poé karamat, atawa poé-poé anu dianggap [[suci]]. * Pakakas anu dipaké dina waktu upacara nyaéta [[pakakas]] [[pusaka]] atawa pakakas anu dianggap karamat misalna [[pedang]], cis atawa [[tongkat]], [[keris]], [[kujang]], [[komando]], jsb.<ref name=":1" /> * [[Jalma]]-jalma anu ngalakukeun anu mingpin upacara [[tradisional]] (para palaku), para palaku dina upacara tradisi nyaéta sakabéh [[palaku]] anu kalibet dina éta upacara.<ref name=":1" /> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Budaya]] b526528yybzh1ulb3aah8k1ymrym49q 629960 629959 2022-08-07T01:00:22Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tradisi''' nyaéta sagala rupa anu wangunna [[barang]] (material) jeung [[gagasan]] anu asalna ti [[jaman]] [[baheula]] ngan masih kénéh [[hirup]] nepi ka [[kiwari]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Sosiologi Perubahan Sosial|last=Sztompka, P.|first=|publisher=Prenada Media Group|year=2007|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=}}</ref> Leuwih hususna, tradisi téh mangrupa prosés ngawariskeun [[norma]]-norma, [[adat istiadat]], [[kaidah]]-kaidah, jeung [[harta]] banda anu bisa dirobah, ditolak, jeung diadumaniskeun dumasar kana paripolah [[manusa]] waktu [[harita]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Strategi Kebudayaan|last=Peursen, V.|first=|publisher=Kanisius|year=1988|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=}}</ref> Wangun tradisi téh bisa [[pangaweruh]], [[doktrin]], [[kabiasaan]], prakték, jeung sajabana anu diwariskeun sacara turun-tinurun kalawan cara ngalaksanakeunana.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Islam dalam Bingkai Budaya Lokal: Potret dari Cirebon|last=Muhaimin, A. G.|first=|publisher=PT. Logos Wacana Ilmu|year=2001|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=}}</ref> == Pungsi == * Tradisi téh mangrupa [[kawijakan]] anu turun-tinurun. Tempatna dina kasadaran, kayakainan norma jeung [[ajén]]-inajén anu diagem dina wangun barang atawa [[kagiatan]] jaman baheula. Dina tradisi nyangkaruk ''fragmén'' warisan [[historis]] anu miboga mangpaat. Tradisi minangka gagasan jeung material anu dipaké [[manusa]] dina paripolah kiwari jeung keur ngawangun generasi dina mangsa anu bakal datang.<ref name=":0" /> * Méré légalitas kana sawangan hirup, kayakinan, [[pranata]] jeung aturan anu geus aya. Éta hal mikabutuh bebeneran anu nalimbeng anggotana. Salah sahiji sumber légitimasi ayana téh nya dina tradisi téa. Manusa salawasna miboga kayakinan sanajan balukarna [[paradoksal]], hiji paripolah bakal dilaksanakeun lamun batur ogé geus ngalaksanakeun ti jaman baheula mula.<ref name=":0" /> * Ngayakeun [[simbol]] idéntitas [[koléktif]] anu ngayakinkeun, ngawewegan [[loyalitas]] [[primordial]] ka [[nagara]], [[komunitas]], jeung [[kelompok]]. Tradisi [[daérah]], [[kota]], jeung komunitas [[lokal]] sarua peranna keur nalimbeng masarakat atawa anggota dina sababaraha widang anu tangtu.<ref name=":0" /> * Jadi tempat panglumpatan sagala rupa kakuciwa, kabingung, jeung teu sugema kana renggenekna kahirupan [[modérn]]. Tradisi anu némbongkeun kabaheulaan nu leuwih nyugemakeun jeung jadi gaganti kareueus keur masarakat anu kiwari ngarasa krisis kasugemaan.<ref name=":0" /> == Wanda Upacara == * Upacara tradisi anu aya hubunganana jeung kagiatan [[tatanén]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Pengantar Ilmu Antropologi|last=Koentjaraningrat|first=|publisher=Rineka Cipta|year=2009|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=}}</ref> * Upacara tradisi mangsa [[kakandungan]], mangsa [[lahir]], mangsa [[sawawa]], mangsa [[kawin]], jeung mangsa [[tilar dunya]].<ref name=":1" /> * Upacara tradisi anu patali jeung [[alam]].<ref name=":1" /> * Upacara miéling poé anu aya hubunganana jeung [[kaagamaa]]n atawa miéling hiji jalma anu geus nyieun [[jasa]] keur nagara (réligi).<ref name=":1" /> == Struktur == * Aspék anu miboga hubungan jeung uapacara tradisi nyaéta tempat-tempat [[karamat]], tempat keur ngalaksanakeun upacara, misalna [[makam]], [[candi]], [[kuil]], [[garéja]], [[masigit]], [[situ]], [[tajug]] , jeung tempat-tempat séjénna.<ref name=":1" /> * Waktu lumangsungna upacara tradisi.<ref name=":1" /> * Aspék dina waktu ngalaksanakeun upacara tradisi misalna dina waktu [[ibadah]], poé karamat, atawa poé-poé anu dianggap [[suci]]. * Pakakas anu dipaké dina waktu upacara nyaéta [[pakakas]] [[pusaka]] atawa pakakas anu dianggap karamat misalna [[pedang]], cis atawa [[tongkat]], [[keris]], [[kujang]], [[komando]], jsb.<ref name=":1" /> * [[Jalma]]-jalma anu ngalakukeun anu mingpin upacara [[tradisional]] (para palaku), para palaku dina upacara tradisi nyaéta sakabéh [[palaku]] anu kalibet dina éta upacara.<ref name=":1" /> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Budaya]] m2vgpal5dzxuzi1qjyv8kbzrh3qa7ws 629961 629960 2022-08-07T01:01:37Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tradisi''' nyaéta sagala rupa anu wangunna [[barang]] (material) jeung [[gagasan]] anu asalna ti [[jaman]] [[baheula]] ngan masih kénéh [[hirup]] nepi ka [[kiwari]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Sosiologi Perubahan Sosial|last=Sztompka, P.|first=|publisher=Prenada Media Group|year=2007|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=}}</ref> Leuwih hususna, tradisi téh mangrupa prosés ngawariskeun [[norma]]-norma, [[adat istiadat]], [[kaidah]]-kaidah, jeung [[harta]] banda anu bisa dirobah, ditolak, jeung diadumaniskeun dumasar kana paripolah [[manusa]] waktu [[harita]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Strategi Kebudayaan|last=Peursen, V.|first=|publisher=Kanisius|year=1988|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=}}</ref> Wangun tradisi téh bisa [[pangaweruh]], [[doktrin]], [[kabiasaan]], prakték, jeung sajabana anu diwariskeun sacara turun-tinurun kalawan cara ngalaksanakeunana.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Islam dalam Bingkai Budaya Lokal: Potret dari Cirebon|last=Muhaimin, A. G.|first=|publisher=PT. Logos Wacana Ilmu|year=2001|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=}}</ref> == Pungsi == * Tradisi téh mangrupa [[kawijakan]] anu turun-tinurun. Tempatna dina kasadaran, kayakainan norma jeung [[ajén]]-inajén anu diagem dina wangun barang atawa [[kagiatan]] jaman baheula. Dina tradisi nyangkaruk ''fragmén'' warisan [[historis]] anu miboga mangpaat. Tradisi minangka gagasan jeung material anu dipaké [[manusa]] dina paripolah kiwari jeung keur ngawangun generasi dina mangsa anu bakal datang.<ref name=":0" /> * Méré légalitas kana sawangan hirup, kayakinan, [[pranata]] jeung aturan anu geus aya. Éta hal mikabutuh bebeneran anu nalimbeng anggotana. Salah sahiji sumber légitimasi ayana téh nya dina tradisi téa. Manusa salawasna miboga kayakinan sanajan balukarna [[paradoksal]], hiji paripolah bakal dilaksanakeun lamun batur ogé geus ngalaksanakeun ti jaman baheula mula.<ref name=":0" /> * Ngayakeun [[simbol]] idéntitas [[koléktif]] anu ngayakinkeun, ngawewegan [[loyalitas]] [[primordial]] ka [[nagara]], [[komunitas]], jeung [[kelompok]]. Tradisi [[daérah]], [[kota]], jeung komunitas [[lokal]] sarua peranna keur nalimbeng masarakat atawa anggota dina sababaraha widang anu tangtu.<ref name=":0" /> * Jadi tempat panglumpatan sagala rupa kakuciwa, kabingung, jeung teu sugema kana renggenekna kahirupan [[modérn]]. Tradisi anu némbongkeun kabaheulaan nu leuwih nyugemakeun jeung jadi gaganti kareueus keur masarakat anu kiwari ngarasa krisis kasugemaan.<ref name=":0" /> == Wanda Upacara == * Upacara tradisi anu aya hubunganana jeung kagiatan [[tatanén]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Pengantar Ilmu Antropologi|last=Koentjaraningrat|first=|publisher=Rineka Cipta|year=2009|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=}}</ref> * Upacara tradisi mangsa [[kakandungan]], mangsa [[lahir]], mangsa [[sawawa]], mangsa [[kawin]], jeung mangsa geus [[tilar dunya]].<ref name=":1" /> * Upacara tradisi anu patali jeung [[alam]] katut kajadianana.<ref name=":1" /> * Upacara ngareuah-reuah poé anu aya hubunganana jeung [[kaagamaan]] atawa ngareuah-reuah hiji jalma anu geus nyieun [[jasa]] keur nagara (réligi).<ref name=":1" /> == Struktur == * Aspék anu miboga hubungan jeung uapacara tradisi nyaéta tempat-tempat [[karamat]], tempat keur ngalaksanakeun upacara, misalna [[makam]], [[candi]], [[kuil]], [[garéja]], [[masigit]], [[situ]], [[tajug]] , jeung tempat-tempat séjénna.<ref name=":1" /> * Waktu lumangsungna upacara tradisi.<ref name=":1" /> * Aspék dina waktu ngalaksanakeun upacara tradisi misalna dina waktu [[ibadah]], poé karamat, atawa poé-poé anu dianggap [[suci]]. * Pakakas anu dipaké dina waktu upacara nyaéta [[pakakas]] [[pusaka]] atawa pakakas anu dianggap karamat misalna [[pedang]], cis atawa [[tongkat]], [[keris]], [[kujang]], [[komando]], jsb.<ref name=":1" /> * [[Jalma]]-jalma anu ngalakukeun anu mingpin upacara [[tradisional]] (para palaku), para palaku dina upacara tradisi nyaéta sakabéh [[palaku]] anu kalibet dina éta upacara.<ref name=":1" /> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Budaya]] t5hf7svdtg4i0jd19ug7fkqnvfqar41 629962 629961 2022-08-07T01:27:32Z YogiYY 17453 /* Struktur */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tradisi''' nyaéta sagala rupa anu wangunna [[barang]] (material) jeung [[gagasan]] anu asalna ti [[jaman]] [[baheula]] ngan masih kénéh [[hirup]] nepi ka [[kiwari]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Sosiologi Perubahan Sosial|last=Sztompka, P.|first=|publisher=Prenada Media Group|year=2007|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=}}</ref> Leuwih hususna, tradisi téh mangrupa prosés ngawariskeun [[norma]]-norma, [[adat istiadat]], [[kaidah]]-kaidah, jeung [[harta]] banda anu bisa dirobah, ditolak, jeung diadumaniskeun dumasar kana paripolah [[manusa]] waktu [[harita]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Strategi Kebudayaan|last=Peursen, V.|first=|publisher=Kanisius|year=1988|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=}}</ref> Wangun tradisi téh bisa [[pangaweruh]], [[doktrin]], [[kabiasaan]], prakték, jeung sajabana anu diwariskeun sacara turun-tinurun kalawan cara ngalaksanakeunana.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Islam dalam Bingkai Budaya Lokal: Potret dari Cirebon|last=Muhaimin, A. G.|first=|publisher=PT. Logos Wacana Ilmu|year=2001|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=}}</ref> == Pungsi == * Tradisi téh mangrupa [[kawijakan]] anu turun-tinurun. Tempatna dina kasadaran, kayakainan norma jeung [[ajén]]-inajén anu diagem dina wangun barang atawa [[kagiatan]] jaman baheula. Dina tradisi nyangkaruk ''fragmén'' warisan [[historis]] anu miboga mangpaat. Tradisi minangka gagasan jeung material anu dipaké [[manusa]] dina paripolah kiwari jeung keur ngawangun generasi dina mangsa anu bakal datang.<ref name=":0" /> * Méré légalitas kana sawangan hirup, kayakinan, [[pranata]] jeung aturan anu geus aya. Éta hal mikabutuh bebeneran anu nalimbeng anggotana. Salah sahiji sumber légitimasi ayana téh nya dina tradisi téa. Manusa salawasna miboga kayakinan sanajan balukarna [[paradoksal]], hiji paripolah bakal dilaksanakeun lamun batur ogé geus ngalaksanakeun ti jaman baheula mula.<ref name=":0" /> * Ngayakeun [[simbol]] idéntitas [[koléktif]] anu ngayakinkeun, ngawewegan [[loyalitas]] [[primordial]] ka [[nagara]], [[komunitas]], jeung [[kelompok]]. Tradisi [[daérah]], [[kota]], jeung komunitas [[lokal]] sarua peranna keur nalimbeng masarakat atawa anggota dina sababaraha widang anu tangtu.<ref name=":0" /> * Jadi tempat panglumpatan sagala rupa kakuciwa, kabingung, jeung teu sugema kana renggenekna kahirupan [[modérn]]. Tradisi anu némbongkeun kabaheulaan nu leuwih nyugemakeun jeung jadi gaganti kareueus keur masarakat anu kiwari ngarasa krisis kasugemaan.<ref name=":0" /> == Wanda Upacara == * Upacara tradisi anu aya hubunganana jeung kagiatan [[tatanén]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Pengantar Ilmu Antropologi|last=Koentjaraningrat|first=|publisher=Rineka Cipta|year=2009|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=}}</ref> * Upacara tradisi mangsa [[kakandungan]], mangsa [[lahir]], mangsa [[sawawa]], mangsa [[kawin]], jeung mangsa geus [[tilar dunya]].<ref name=":1" /> * Upacara tradisi anu patali jeung [[alam]] katut kajadianana.<ref name=":1" /> * Upacara ngareuah-reuah poé anu aya hubunganana jeung [[kaagamaan]] atawa ngareuah-reuah hiji jalma anu geus nyieun [[jasa]] keur nagara (réligi).<ref name=":1" /> == Struktur == * Aspék anu miboga hubungan jeung uapacara tradisi nyaéta tempat-tempat anu dianggap [[karamat]], tempat keur ngalaksanakeun upacara, misalna [[makam]], [[candi]], [[kuil]], [[garéja]], [[masigit]], [[situ]], [[tajug]] , jeung tempat-tempat séjénna anu dianggap [[sakral]].<ref name=":1" /> * Waktu lumangsungna upacara tradisi.<ref name=":1" /> * Aspék dina waktu ngalaksanakeun upacara tradisi misalna dina waktu [[ibadah]], poé karamat, atawa poé-poé anu dianggap [[suci]]. * Pakakas anu dipaké dina waktu upacara nyaéta [[pakakas]] [[pusaka]] atawa pakakas anu dianggap karamat misalna [[pedang]], cis atawa [[tongkat]], [[keris]], [[kujang]], [[komando]], jsb.<ref name=":1" /> * [[Jalma]]-jalma anu ngalakukeun anu mingpin upacara [[tradisional]] (para palaku), para palaku dina upacara tradisi nyaéta sakabéh [[palaku]] anu kalibet dina éta upacara.<ref name=":1" /> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Budaya]] 2a36lovobkrrhcdc8hcexuftpjmu8zl 629963 629962 2022-08-07T01:28:11Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tradisi''' nyaéta sagala rupa anu wangunna [[barang]] (material) jeung [[gagasan]] anu asalna ti [[jaman]] [[baheula]] ngan masih kénéh [[hirup]] nepi ka [[kiwari]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Sosiologi Perubahan Sosial|last=Sztompka, P.|first=|publisher=Prenada Media Group|year=2007|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=}}</ref> Leuwih hususna, tradisi téh mangrupa prosés ngawariskeun [[norma]]-norma, [[adat istiadat]], [[kaidah]]-kaidah, jeung [[harta]] banda anu bisa dirobah, ditolak, jeung diadumaniskeun dumasar kana paripolah [[manusa]] waktu [[harita]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Strategi Kebudayaan|last=Peursen, V.|first=|publisher=Kanisius|year=1988|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=}}</ref> Wangun tradisi téh bisa [[pangaweruh]], [[doktrin]], [[kabiasaan]], prakték, jeung sajabana anu diwariskeun sacara turun-tinurun kalawan cara ngalaksanakeunana.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Islam dalam Bingkai Budaya Lokal: Potret dari Cirebon|last=Muhaimin, A. G.|first=|publisher=PT. Logos Wacana Ilmu|year=2001|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=}}</ref> == Pungsi == * Tradisi téh mangrupa [[kawijakan]] anu turun-tinurun. Tempatna dina kasadaran, kayakainan norma jeung [[ajén]]-inajén anu diagem dina wangun barang atawa [[kagiatan]] jaman baheula. Dina tradisi nyangkaruk ''fragmén'' warisan [[historis]] anu miboga mangpaat. Tradisi minangka gagasan jeung material anu dipaké [[manusa]] dina paripolah kiwari jeung keur ngawangun generasi dina mangsa anu bakal datang.<ref name=":0" /> * Méré légalitas kana sawangan hirup, kayakinan, [[pranata]] jeung aturan anu geus aya. Éta hal mikabutuh bebeneran anu nalimbeng anggotana. Salah sahiji sumber légitimasi ayana téh nya dina tradisi téa. Manusa salawasna miboga kayakinan sanajan balukarna [[paradoksal]], hiji paripolah bakal dilaksanakeun lamun batur ogé geus ngalaksanakeun ti jaman baheula mula.<ref name=":0" /> * Ngayakeun [[simbol]] idéntitas [[koléktif]] anu ngayakinkeun, ngawewegan [[loyalitas]] [[primordial]] ka [[nagara]], [[komunitas]], jeung [[kelompok]]. Tradisi [[daérah]], [[kota]], jeung komunitas [[lokal]] sarua peranna keur nalimbeng masarakat atawa anggota dina sababaraha widang anu tangtu.<ref name=":0" /> * Jadi tempat panglumpatan sagala rupa kakuciwa, kabingung, jeung teu sugema kana renggenekna kahirupan [[modérn]]. Tradisi anu némbongkeun kabaheulaan nu leuwih nyugemakeun jeung jadi gaganti kareueus keur masarakat anu kiwari ngarasa krisis kasugemaan.<ref name=":0" /> == Wanda Upacara == * Upacara tradisi anu aya hubunganana jeung kagiatan [[tatanén]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Pengantar Ilmu Antropologi|last=Koentjaraningrat|first=|publisher=Rineka Cipta|year=2009|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=}}</ref> * Upacara tradisi mangsa [[kakandungan]], mangsa [[lahir]], mangsa [[sawawa]], mangsa [[kawin]], jeung mangsa geus [[tilar dunya]].<ref name=":1" /> * Upacara tradisi anu patali jeung [[alam]] katut kajadianana.<ref name=":1" /> * Upacara ngareuah-reuah poé anu aya hubunganana jeung [[kaagamaan]] atawa ngareuah-reuah hiji jalma anu geus nyieun [[jasa]] keur nagara (réligi).<ref name=":1" /> == Struktur == * Aspék anu miboga hubungan jeung uapacara tradisi nyaéta tempat-tempat anu dianggap [[karamat]], tempat keur ngalaksanakeun upacara, misalna [[makam]], [[candi]], [[kuil]], [[garéja]], [[masigit]], [[situ]], [[tajug]] , jeung tempat-tempat séjénna anu dianggap [[sakral]].<ref name=":1" /> * Waktu lumangsungna hiji upacara tradisi.<ref name=":1" /> * Aspék dina waktu ngalaksanakeun upacara tradisi misalna dina waktu [[ibadah]], poé anu dianggap karamat atawa poé-poé anu dianggap [[suci]] ku kelompok masarakat. * Pakakas anu dipaké dina waktu upacara nyaéta [[pakakas]] [[pusaka]] atawa pakakas anu dianggap karamat misalna [[pedang]], cis atawa [[tongkat]], [[keris]], [[kujang]], [[komando]], jsb.<ref name=":1" /> * [[Jalma]]-jalma anu ngalakukeun anu mingpin upacara [[tradisional]] (para palaku), para palaku dina upacara tradisi nyaéta sakabéh [[palaku]] anu kalibet dina éta upacara.<ref name=":1" /> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Budaya]] 3bnjjgtgglwdsxo3tkh8vu4od7mar30 629964 629963 2022-08-07T01:29:37Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tradisi''' nyaéta sagala rupa anu wangunna [[barang]] (material) jeung [[gagasan]] anu asalna ti [[jaman]] [[baheula]] ngan masih kénéh [[hirup]] nepi ka [[kiwari]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Sosiologi Perubahan Sosial|last=Sztompka, P.|first=|publisher=Prenada Media Group|year=2007|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=}}</ref> Leuwih hususna, tradisi téh mangrupa prosés ngawariskeun [[norma]]-norma, [[adat istiadat]], [[kaidah]]-kaidah, jeung [[harta]] banda anu bisa dirobah, ditolak, jeung diadumaniskeun dumasar kana paripolah [[manusa]] waktu [[harita]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Strategi Kebudayaan|last=Peursen, V.|first=|publisher=Kanisius|year=1988|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=}}</ref> Wangun tradisi téh bisa [[pangaweruh]], [[doktrin]], [[kabiasaan]], prakték, jeung sajabana anu diwariskeun sacara turun-tinurun kalawan cara ngalaksanakeunana.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Islam dalam Bingkai Budaya Lokal: Potret dari Cirebon|last=Muhaimin, A. G.|first=|publisher=PT. Logos Wacana Ilmu|year=2001|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=}}</ref> == Pungsi == * Tradisi téh mangrupa [[kawijakan]] anu turun-tinurun. Tempatna dina kasadaran, kayakainan norma jeung [[ajén]]-inajén anu diagem dina wangun barang atawa [[kagiatan]] jaman baheula. Dina tradisi nyangkaruk ''fragmén'' warisan [[historis]] anu miboga mangpaat. Tradisi minangka gagasan jeung material anu dipaké [[manusa]] dina paripolah kiwari jeung keur ngawangun generasi dina mangsa anu bakal datang.<ref name=":0" /> * Méré légalitas kana sawangan hirup, kayakinan, [[pranata]] jeung aturan anu geus aya. Éta hal mikabutuh bebeneran anu nalimbeng anggotana. Salah sahiji sumber légitimasi ayana téh nya dina tradisi téa. Manusa salawasna miboga kayakinan sanajan balukarna [[paradoksal]], hiji paripolah bakal dilaksanakeun lamun batur ogé geus ngalaksanakeun ti jaman baheula mula.<ref name=":0" /> * Ngayakeun [[simbol]] idéntitas [[koléktif]] anu ngayakinkeun, ngawewegan [[loyalitas]] [[primordial]] ka [[nagara]], [[komunitas]], jeung [[kelompok]]. Tradisi [[daérah]], [[kota]], jeung komunitas [[lokal]] sarua peranna keur nalimbeng masarakat atawa anggota dina sababaraha widang anu tangtu.<ref name=":0" /> * Jadi tempat panglumpatan sagala rupa kakuciwa, kabingung, jeung teu sugema kana renggenekna kahirupan [[modérn]]. Tradisi anu némbongkeun kabaheulaan nu leuwih nyugemakeun jeung jadi gaganti kareueus keur masarakat anu kiwari ngarasa krisis kasugemaan.<ref name=":0" /> == Wanda Upacara == * Upacara tradisi anu aya hubunganana jeung kagiatan [[tatanén]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Pengantar Ilmu Antropologi|last=Koentjaraningrat|first=|publisher=Rineka Cipta|year=2009|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=}}</ref> * Upacara tradisi mangsa [[kakandungan]], mangsa [[lahir]], mangsa [[sawawa]], mangsa [[kawin]], jeung mangsa geus [[tilar dunya]].<ref name=":1" /> * Upacara tradisi anu patali jeung [[alam]] katut kajadianana.<ref name=":1" /> * Upacara ngareuah-reuah poé anu aya hubunganana jeung [[kaagamaan]] atawa ngareuah-reuah hiji jalma anu geus nyieun [[jasa]] keur nagara (réligi).<ref name=":1" /> == Struktur == * Aspék anu miboga hubungan jeung uapacara tradisi nyaéta tempat-tempat anu dianggap [[karamat]], tempat keur ngalaksanakeun upacara, misalna [[makam]], [[candi]], [[kuil]], [[garéja]], [[masigit]], [[situ]], [[tajug]] , jeung tempat-tempat séjénna anu dianggap [[sakral]].<ref name=":1" /> * Waktu lumangsungna hiji upacara tradisi.<ref name=":1" /> * Aspék dina waktu ngalaksanakeun upacara tradisi misalna dina waktu [[ibadah]], poé anu dianggap karamat atawa poé-poé anu dianggap [[suci]] ku kelompok masarakat. * Pakakas anu dipaké dina waktu upacara nyaéta [[pakakas]] [[pusaka]] atawa pakakas anu dianggap karamat misalna [[pedang]], cis atawa [[tongkat]], [[keris]], [[kujang]], [[komando]], jeung pakakas anu lianna.<ref name=":1" /> * [[Jalma]] anu hiji mingpin upacara [[tradisional]] (para palaku), para palaku dina upacara tradisi nyaéta sakabéh [[palaku]] anu kalibet dina éta upacara.<ref name=":1" /> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Budaya]] h5d8xtwzf0tejg2hu4pwmwef4vqwcvu 629965 629964 2022-08-07T01:33:27Z YogiYY 17453 added [[Category:Antropologi]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tradisi''' nyaéta sagala rupa anu wangunna [[barang]] (material) jeung [[gagasan]] anu asalna ti [[jaman]] [[baheula]] ngan masih kénéh [[hirup]] nepi ka [[kiwari]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Sosiologi Perubahan Sosial|last=Sztompka, P.|first=|publisher=Prenada Media Group|year=2007|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=}}</ref> Leuwih hususna, tradisi téh mangrupa prosés ngawariskeun [[norma]]-norma, [[adat istiadat]], [[kaidah]]-kaidah, jeung [[harta]] banda anu bisa dirobah, ditolak, jeung diadumaniskeun dumasar kana paripolah [[manusa]] waktu [[harita]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Strategi Kebudayaan|last=Peursen, V.|first=|publisher=Kanisius|year=1988|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=}}</ref> Wangun tradisi téh bisa [[pangaweruh]], [[doktrin]], [[kabiasaan]], prakték, jeung sajabana anu diwariskeun sacara turun-tinurun kalawan cara ngalaksanakeunana.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Islam dalam Bingkai Budaya Lokal: Potret dari Cirebon|last=Muhaimin, A. G.|first=|publisher=PT. Logos Wacana Ilmu|year=2001|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=}}</ref> == Pungsi == * Tradisi téh mangrupa [[kawijakan]] anu turun-tinurun. Tempatna dina kasadaran, kayakainan norma jeung [[ajén]]-inajén anu diagem dina wangun barang atawa [[kagiatan]] jaman baheula. Dina tradisi nyangkaruk ''fragmén'' warisan [[historis]] anu miboga mangpaat. Tradisi minangka gagasan jeung material anu dipaké [[manusa]] dina paripolah kiwari jeung keur ngawangun generasi dina mangsa anu bakal datang.<ref name=":0" /> * Méré légalitas kana sawangan hirup, kayakinan, [[pranata]] jeung aturan anu geus aya. Éta hal mikabutuh bebeneran anu nalimbeng anggotana. Salah sahiji sumber légitimasi ayana téh nya dina tradisi téa. Manusa salawasna miboga kayakinan sanajan balukarna [[paradoksal]], hiji paripolah bakal dilaksanakeun lamun batur ogé geus ngalaksanakeun ti jaman baheula mula.<ref name=":0" /> * Ngayakeun [[simbol]] idéntitas [[koléktif]] anu ngayakinkeun, ngawewegan [[loyalitas]] [[primordial]] ka [[nagara]], [[komunitas]], jeung [[kelompok]]. Tradisi [[daérah]], [[kota]], jeung komunitas [[lokal]] sarua peranna keur nalimbeng masarakat atawa anggota dina sababaraha widang anu tangtu.<ref name=":0" /> * Jadi tempat panglumpatan sagala rupa kakuciwa, kabingung, jeung teu sugema kana renggenekna kahirupan [[modérn]]. Tradisi anu némbongkeun kabaheulaan nu leuwih nyugemakeun jeung jadi gaganti kareueus keur masarakat anu kiwari ngarasa krisis kasugemaan.<ref name=":0" /> == Wanda Upacara == * Upacara tradisi anu aya hubunganana jeung kagiatan [[tatanén]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Pengantar Ilmu Antropologi|last=Koentjaraningrat|first=|publisher=Rineka Cipta|year=2009|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=}}</ref> * Upacara tradisi mangsa [[kakandungan]], mangsa [[lahir]], mangsa [[sawawa]], mangsa [[kawin]], jeung mangsa geus [[tilar dunya]].<ref name=":1" /> * Upacara tradisi anu patali jeung [[alam]] katut kajadianana.<ref name=":1" /> * Upacara ngareuah-reuah poé anu aya hubunganana jeung [[kaagamaan]] atawa ngareuah-reuah hiji jalma anu geus nyieun [[jasa]] keur nagara (réligi).<ref name=":1" /> == Struktur == * Aspék anu miboga hubungan jeung uapacara tradisi nyaéta tempat-tempat anu dianggap [[karamat]], tempat keur ngalaksanakeun upacara, misalna [[makam]], [[candi]], [[kuil]], [[garéja]], [[masigit]], [[situ]], [[tajug]] , jeung tempat-tempat séjénna anu dianggap [[sakral]].<ref name=":1" /> * Waktu lumangsungna hiji upacara tradisi.<ref name=":1" /> * Aspék dina waktu ngalaksanakeun upacara tradisi misalna dina waktu [[ibadah]], poé anu dianggap karamat atawa poé-poé anu dianggap [[suci]] ku kelompok masarakat. * Pakakas anu dipaké dina waktu upacara nyaéta [[pakakas]] [[pusaka]] atawa pakakas anu dianggap karamat misalna [[pedang]], cis atawa [[tongkat]], [[keris]], [[kujang]], [[komando]], jeung pakakas anu lianna.<ref name=":1" /> * [[Jalma]] anu hiji mingpin upacara [[tradisional]] (para palaku), para palaku dina upacara tradisi nyaéta sakabéh [[palaku]] anu kalibet dina éta upacara.<ref name=":1" /> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Budaya]] [[Kategori:Antropologi]] ea9hbzwgsc1ljwe913wmy5kgg748k2g 629966 629965 2022-08-07T01:34:07Z YogiYY 17453 added [[Category:Adat Sunda]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tradisi''' nyaéta sagala rupa anu wangunna [[barang]] (material) jeung [[gagasan]] anu asalna ti [[jaman]] [[baheula]] ngan masih kénéh [[hirup]] nepi ka [[kiwari]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Sosiologi Perubahan Sosial|last=Sztompka, P.|first=|publisher=Prenada Media Group|year=2007|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=}}</ref> Leuwih hususna, tradisi téh mangrupa prosés ngawariskeun [[norma]]-norma, [[adat istiadat]], [[kaidah]]-kaidah, jeung [[harta]] banda anu bisa dirobah, ditolak, jeung diadumaniskeun dumasar kana paripolah [[manusa]] waktu [[harita]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Strategi Kebudayaan|last=Peursen, V.|first=|publisher=Kanisius|year=1988|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=}}</ref> Wangun tradisi téh bisa [[pangaweruh]], [[doktrin]], [[kabiasaan]], prakték, jeung sajabana anu diwariskeun sacara turun-tinurun kalawan cara ngalaksanakeunana.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Islam dalam Bingkai Budaya Lokal: Potret dari Cirebon|last=Muhaimin, A. G.|first=|publisher=PT. Logos Wacana Ilmu|year=2001|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=}}</ref> == Pungsi == * Tradisi téh mangrupa [[kawijakan]] anu turun-tinurun. Tempatna dina kasadaran, kayakainan norma jeung [[ajén]]-inajén anu diagem dina wangun barang atawa [[kagiatan]] jaman baheula. Dina tradisi nyangkaruk ''fragmén'' warisan [[historis]] anu miboga mangpaat. Tradisi minangka gagasan jeung material anu dipaké [[manusa]] dina paripolah kiwari jeung keur ngawangun generasi dina mangsa anu bakal datang.<ref name=":0" /> * Méré légalitas kana sawangan hirup, kayakinan, [[pranata]] jeung aturan anu geus aya. Éta hal mikabutuh bebeneran anu nalimbeng anggotana. Salah sahiji sumber légitimasi ayana téh nya dina tradisi téa. Manusa salawasna miboga kayakinan sanajan balukarna [[paradoksal]], hiji paripolah bakal dilaksanakeun lamun batur ogé geus ngalaksanakeun ti jaman baheula mula.<ref name=":0" /> * Ngayakeun [[simbol]] idéntitas [[koléktif]] anu ngayakinkeun, ngawewegan [[loyalitas]] [[primordial]] ka [[nagara]], [[komunitas]], jeung [[kelompok]]. Tradisi [[daérah]], [[kota]], jeung komunitas [[lokal]] sarua peranna keur nalimbeng masarakat atawa anggota dina sababaraha widang anu tangtu.<ref name=":0" /> * Jadi tempat panglumpatan sagala rupa kakuciwa, kabingung, jeung teu sugema kana renggenekna kahirupan [[modérn]]. Tradisi anu némbongkeun kabaheulaan nu leuwih nyugemakeun jeung jadi gaganti kareueus keur masarakat anu kiwari ngarasa krisis kasugemaan.<ref name=":0" /> == Wanda Upacara == * Upacara tradisi anu aya hubunganana jeung kagiatan [[tatanén]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Pengantar Ilmu Antropologi|last=Koentjaraningrat|first=|publisher=Rineka Cipta|year=2009|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=}}</ref> * Upacara tradisi mangsa [[kakandungan]], mangsa [[lahir]], mangsa [[sawawa]], mangsa [[kawin]], jeung mangsa geus [[tilar dunya]].<ref name=":1" /> * Upacara tradisi anu patali jeung [[alam]] katut kajadianana.<ref name=":1" /> * Upacara ngareuah-reuah poé anu aya hubunganana jeung [[kaagamaan]] atawa ngareuah-reuah hiji jalma anu geus nyieun [[jasa]] keur nagara (réligi).<ref name=":1" /> == Struktur == * Aspék anu miboga hubungan jeung uapacara tradisi nyaéta tempat-tempat anu dianggap [[karamat]], tempat keur ngalaksanakeun upacara, misalna [[makam]], [[candi]], [[kuil]], [[garéja]], [[masigit]], [[situ]], [[tajug]] , jeung tempat-tempat séjénna anu dianggap [[sakral]].<ref name=":1" /> * Waktu lumangsungna hiji upacara tradisi.<ref name=":1" /> * Aspék dina waktu ngalaksanakeun upacara tradisi misalna dina waktu [[ibadah]], poé anu dianggap karamat atawa poé-poé anu dianggap [[suci]] ku kelompok masarakat. * Pakakas anu dipaké dina waktu upacara nyaéta [[pakakas]] [[pusaka]] atawa pakakas anu dianggap karamat misalna [[pedang]], cis atawa [[tongkat]], [[keris]], [[kujang]], [[komando]], jeung pakakas anu lianna.<ref name=":1" /> * [[Jalma]] anu hiji mingpin upacara [[tradisional]] (para palaku), para palaku dina upacara tradisi nyaéta sakabéh [[palaku]] anu kalibet dina éta upacara.<ref name=":1" /> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Budaya]] [[Kategori:Antropologi]] [[Kategori:Adat Sunda]] k4kxgmz7jqvyioujhzfb5oinz4h0ch8 0 72832 630023 600345 2022-08-07T03:27:53Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pada''' téh nyaéta beungkeutan [[rakitan]] [[pupuh]] nu diwangun ku sababaraha [[padalisan]], unggal padalisan ilahama ditulis sajajar-sajajar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=9786027785786|location=Bandung|pages=}}</ref> Pada unggal pupuh béda-béda, boh nilik jumlah padalisanana nilik réana [[engang]] dina saban padalisan, boh nilik sorana ([[vokal]]) dina engang panungtung unggal padalisan. Unggal pupuh miboga patokan nu geus tangtu. [[Guguritan]] umumna diwangun ukur ku sababaraha pada atawa puluhan pada, ari [[wawacan]] biasana diwangun ku ratusan pada sabab panjang nga[[lalakon]] ([[naratif]]).<ref name=":0" /> == Conto == Ieu di handap conto tilu pada pupuh [[maskumambang]], dipetik tina guguritan ''Sasambatna Domba'' Adu karangan [[A. Djajasasmita]] anu dimuat dina [[Volksalmanak Sunda]] taun 1926.<ref name=":0" /> :Duh manusa mana kaniaya teuing :teu aya rasrasan :abong ka mahluk nu laip :nyiksa henteu jeung aturan :Hulu abdi karaosna langkung nyeri :tulang asa bejad :tanduk mah pon kitu deui :taya raoskeuneunana :Na dikinten abdi moal ngaraos nyeri :Pédah kabiasaanana :tapi waktosna abdi :ngan bakating kumawula Dumasar kana [[wangun]]na, atawa rakitanana, aya hadéna upama istilah pada dipaké keur ''bait'' ([[Basa]] [[Indonesia]]) atawa ''couplet'' ([[Basa]] [[Inggris]]) [[puisi Sunda]] umumna, lain keur pupuh wungkul.<ref name=":0" /> == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Istilah dina sastra Sunda]] mzbhjaqaxniidjk7gypsgbzwwfeozkf 630024 630023 2022-08-07T03:29:11Z YogiYY 17453 added [[Category:Sastra]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pada''' téh nyaéta beungkeutan [[rakitan]] [[pupuh]] nu diwangun ku sababaraha [[padalisan]], unggal padalisan ilahama ditulis sajajar-sajajar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=9786027785786|location=Bandung|pages=}}</ref> Pada unggal pupuh béda-béda, boh nilik jumlah padalisanana nilik réana [[engang]] dina saban padalisan, boh nilik sorana ([[vokal]]) dina engang panungtung unggal padalisan. Unggal pupuh miboga patokan nu geus tangtu. [[Guguritan]] umumna diwangun ukur ku sababaraha pada atawa puluhan pada, ari [[wawacan]] biasana diwangun ku ratusan pada sabab panjang nga[[lalakon]] ([[naratif]]).<ref name=":0" /> == Conto == Ieu di handap conto tilu pada pupuh [[maskumambang]], dipetik tina guguritan ''Sasambatna Domba'' Adu karangan [[A. Djajasasmita]] anu dimuat dina [[Volksalmanak Sunda]] taun 1926.<ref name=":0" /> :Duh manusa mana kaniaya teuing :teu aya rasrasan :abong ka mahluk nu laip :nyiksa henteu jeung aturan :Hulu abdi karaosna langkung nyeri :tulang asa bejad :tanduk mah pon kitu deui :taya raoskeuneunana :Na dikinten abdi moal ngaraos nyeri :Pédah kabiasaanana :tapi waktosna abdi :ngan bakating kumawula Dumasar kana [[wangun]]na, atawa rakitanana, aya hadéna upama istilah pada dipaké keur ''bait'' ([[Basa]] [[Indonesia]]) atawa ''couplet'' ([[Basa]] [[Inggris]]) [[puisi Sunda]] umumna, lain keur pupuh wungkul.<ref name=":0" /> == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Istilah dina sastra Sunda]] [[Kategori:Sastra]] 8ki9qc08lscjr02qz2vk02gyznfbkvk 0 72834 630016 535057 2022-08-07T03:21:57Z YogiYY 17453 added [[Category:Sastra]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki ''Sa'ir'' téh nyaéta ngaran salah sahiji wanda [[puisi]] [[tradisiona]]l, asal tina [[sastra]] [[Arab]] ([[Islam]]). <ref name=":0" /> Dina sapadana matok diwangun ku opat-opat [[padalisan]], unggal padalisan angger jumlah [[engang]]na, murwakantina [[laraswekas]].<ref name=":0" /> Bédana jeung [[sisindiran]], dina sa’ir mah euweuh bagian cangkang, kabéh mangrupa eusi, sarta biasana tara gembleng dina sa[[pada]] digunakeun dina déskripsi atawa [[narasi]], tapi dina wangun narasi mah kawilang teu produktip. Mimindengna dipaké dina [[wacana]] [[sawér]] atawa [[pupujian]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=9786027785786|location=Bandung|pages=}}</ref> == Conto == '''Loba Éling''' :Regepkeun ieu pépéling :hirup kudu Ioba éling :sabab ajal pasli datang :urang moal bisa mungpang :Sing inget kana papasténn :hadé goréng urang yakin :éta kabéh paparinan :Allah nu hakkulyakin :Éling-éling dulur kabéh :ibadah ulah campoléh :beurang peuting ulah weléh :bisina kaburu paéh :Karasana keur sakarat :hanjakal kaliwat-liwat :henteu ngalampahan salat :kana ibadah sok elat (Dicutat tina ''Puisi Pupujian dalam Bahasa Sunda'', [[Tini Kartini]], spk.).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Puisi Pupujian dalam Bahasa Sunda|last=Kartini|first=Tini, spk.|publisher=Proyek Penelitian Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia dan Daerah Jawa Barat.|year=1984|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=}}</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Sastra Sunda heubeul]] [[Kategori:Sastra Sunda wangun ugeran]] [[Kategori:Sastra]] 3xe62y8fwzu99uhx8bduzttwm97unal 630017 630016 2022-08-07T03:22:47Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Sa'ir'' téh nyaéta ngaran salah sahiji wanda [[puisi]] [[tradisiona]]l, asal tina [[sastra]] [[Arab]] ([[Islam]]). <ref name=":0" /> Dina sapadana matok diwangun ku opat-opat [[padalisan]], unggal padalisan angger jumlah [[engang]]na, murwakantina [[laraswekas]].<ref name=":0" /> Bédana jeung [[sisindiran]], dina sa’ir mah euweuh bagian cangkang, kabéhna téh mangrupa eusi, sarta biasana tara gembleng dina sa[[pada]] digunakeun dina déskripsi atawa [[narasi]], tapi dina wangun narasi mah kawilang teu pati produktip. Mimindengna mah dipaké dina [[wacana]] [[sawér]] atawa [[pupujian]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2016|isbn=9786027785786|location=Bandung|pages=}}</ref> == Conto == '''Loba Éling''' :Regepkeun ieu pépéling :hirup kudu Ioba éling :sabab ajal pasli datang :urang moal bisa mungpang :Sing inget kana papasténn :hadé goréng urang yakin :éta kabéh paparinan :Allah nu hakkulyakin :Éling-éling dulur kabéh :ibadah ulah campoléh :beurang peuting ulah weléh :bisina kaburu paéh :Karasana keur sakarat :hanjakal kaliwat-liwat :henteu ngalampahan salat :kana ibadah sok elat (Dicutat tina ''Puisi Pupujian dalam Bahasa Sunda'', [[Tini Kartini]], spk.).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Puisi Pupujian dalam Bahasa Sunda|last=Kartini|first=Tini, spk.|publisher=Proyek Penelitian Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia dan Daerah Jawa Barat.|year=1984|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=}}</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Sastra Sunda heubeul]] [[Kategori:Sastra Sunda wangun ugeran]] [[Kategori:Sastra]] a4ey8gx942ytebhl7rst8aa75br8o0d 0 73987 630018 548202 2022-08-07T03:23:53Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki Stansa atawa stanza nyaéta sarakit padalisan-padalisan puisi, biasana opat-opat atawa leuwih polana angger, mangrupa bagian tina sagamblengna [[puisi]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2015|isbn=978-602-7785-78-6|location=Bandung|pages=}}</ref> Dina wacana tinulis antar stansa téh dicitakna atawa ditulina direnggangkeun (aya rohang); dina basa Itali basa stanza téh ngandung harti tempat pangeureunan.<ref name=":0" /> Bisa disaruakeun jeung istilah pada (dina guguritan).<ref name=":0" /> Biasana padalisan-padalisan dina stansa téh angger pola wirahmana, panjangna méh sarua, angger jumlahna.<ref name=":0" /> Dumasar kana prékwénsi makéna, réana pdalisan dina stansa (pada), dina sastra inggris ilahar aya nu disebut (1)''couplet'', atawa kuplét, dua-dua padalisan, (2)''tercet'' atawa triplét, tilu-tilu padalisan, [[purwakanti]] laraswekas, (3)''terze rima,'' sawanda jeung ''triplet,'' tapi purwakantina pacorok a b a, b c b, c d c, (4)''quatrain,'' opat-opat padalisan. pang populérna, (5)''rhyme royal,'' (6)''ottava rima,'' dalapan-dalapan padalisan, purwakanti tina abababcc, (7)''Spenserian stanza'' (dumasar kana sajak-sajak Edmund Spenser). Kailaharan ngarakit padalisan kitu wandana dina sastra Sunda ogé geus jadi tradisi.<ref name=":0" />Bandingkeun jeung [[wawangsalan]], [[rarakitan,]]<ref name=":0" /> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Istilah]] 8qk97jqijjwb0o7yg1y5vocuco5g4vj 630019 630018 2022-08-07T03:24:38Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki Stansa atawa stanza nyaéta sarakit sababaraha padalisan puisi, biasana opat-opat atawa leuwih. Polana angger jeung mangrupa bagian tina sagamblengna [[puisi]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2015|isbn=978-602-7785-78-6|location=Bandung|pages=}}</ref> Dina wacana tinulis antar stansa téh dicitakna atawa ditulina direnggangkeun (aya rohang); dina basa Itali basa stanza téh ngandung harti tempat pangeureunan.<ref name=":0" /> Bisa disaruakeun jeung istilah pada (dina guguritan).<ref name=":0" /> Biasana padalisan-padalisan dina stansa téh angger pola wirahmana, panjangna méh sarua, angger jumlahna.<ref name=":0" /> Dumasar kana prékwénsi makéna, réana pdalisan dina stansa (pada), dina sastra inggris ilahar aya nu disebut (1)''couplet'', atawa kuplét, dua-dua padalisan, (2)''tercet'' atawa triplét, tilu-tilu padalisan, [[purwakanti]] laraswekas, (3)''terze rima,'' sawanda jeung ''triplet,'' tapi purwakantina pacorok a b a, b c b, c d c, (4)''quatrain,'' opat-opat padalisan. pang populérna, (5)''rhyme royal,'' (6)''ottava rima,'' dalapan-dalapan padalisan, purwakanti tina abababcc, (7)''Spenserian stanza'' (dumasar kana sajak-sajak Edmund Spenser). Kailaharan ngarakit padalisan kitu wandana dina sastra Sunda ogé geus jadi tradisi.<ref name=":0" />Bandingkeun jeung [[wawangsalan]], [[rarakitan,]]<ref name=":0" /> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Istilah]] ogukqjum4a54vavmvgsyjzvhzd5yt9b 630020 630019 2022-08-07T03:25:44Z YogiYY 17453 added [[Category:Sastra]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki Stansa atawa stanza nyaéta sarakit sababaraha padalisan puisi, biasana opat-opat atawa leuwih. Polana angger jeung mangrupa bagian tina sagamblengna [[puisi]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2015|isbn=978-602-7785-78-6|location=Bandung|pages=}}</ref> Dina wacana tinulis antar stansa téh dicitakna atawa ditulina direnggangkeun (aya rohang); dina basa Itali basa stanza téh ngandung harti tempat pangeureunan.<ref name=":0" /> Bisa disaruakeun jeung istilah pada (dina guguritan).<ref name=":0" /> Biasana padalisan-padalisan dina stansa téh angger pola wirahmana, panjangna méh sarua, angger jumlahna.<ref name=":0" /> Dumasar kana prékwénsi makéna, réana pdalisan dina stansa (pada), dina sastra inggris ilahar aya nu disebut (1)''couplet'', atawa kuplét, dua-dua padalisan, (2)''tercet'' atawa triplét, tilu-tilu padalisan, [[purwakanti]] laraswekas, (3)''terze rima,'' sawanda jeung ''triplet,'' tapi purwakantina pacorok a b a, b c b, c d c, (4)''quatrain,'' opat-opat padalisan. pang populérna, (5)''rhyme royal,'' (6)''ottava rima,'' dalapan-dalapan padalisan, purwakanti tina abababcc, (7)''Spenserian stanza'' (dumasar kana sajak-sajak Edmund Spenser). Kailaharan ngarakit padalisan kitu wandana dina sastra Sunda ogé geus jadi tradisi.<ref name=":0" />Bandingkeun jeung [[wawangsalan]], [[rarakitan,]]<ref name=":0" /> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Istilah]] [[Kategori:Sastra]] js28g0otogk80pc5xt8pa6qc79ziqs8 630021 630020 2022-08-07T03:26:14Z YogiYY 17453 removed [[Category:Istilah]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki Stansa atawa stanza nyaéta sarakit sababaraha padalisan puisi, biasana opat-opat atawa leuwih. Polana angger jeung mangrupa bagian tina sagamblengna [[puisi]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2015|isbn=978-602-7785-78-6|location=Bandung|pages=}}</ref> Dina wacana tinulis antar stansa téh dicitakna atawa ditulina direnggangkeun (aya rohang); dina basa Itali basa stanza téh ngandung harti tempat pangeureunan.<ref name=":0" /> Bisa disaruakeun jeung istilah pada (dina guguritan).<ref name=":0" /> Biasana padalisan-padalisan dina stansa téh angger pola wirahmana, panjangna méh sarua, angger jumlahna.<ref name=":0" /> Dumasar kana prékwénsi makéna, réana pdalisan dina stansa (pada), dina sastra inggris ilahar aya nu disebut (1)''couplet'', atawa kuplét, dua-dua padalisan, (2)''tercet'' atawa triplét, tilu-tilu padalisan, [[purwakanti]] laraswekas, (3)''terze rima,'' sawanda jeung ''triplet,'' tapi purwakantina pacorok a b a, b c b, c d c, (4)''quatrain,'' opat-opat padalisan. pang populérna, (5)''rhyme royal,'' (6)''ottava rima,'' dalapan-dalapan padalisan, purwakanti tina abababcc, (7)''Spenserian stanza'' (dumasar kana sajak-sajak Edmund Spenser). Kailaharan ngarakit padalisan kitu wandana dina sastra Sunda ogé geus jadi tradisi.<ref name=":0" />Bandingkeun jeung [[wawangsalan]], [[rarakitan,]]<ref name=":0" /> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Sastra]] qvci6z7rp0j280kaxqv3tmzc10t9vlv 630022 630021 2022-08-07T03:26:54Z YogiYY 17453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Stansa''' atawa stanza nyaéta sarakit sababaraha padalisan puisi, biasana opat-opat atawa leuwih. Polana angger jeung mangrupa bagian tina sagamblengna [[puisi]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus Istilah Sastra Sunda|last=Iskandarwassid|first=|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2015|isbn=978-602-7785-78-6|location=Bandung|pages=}}</ref> Dina wacana tinulis antar stansa téh dicitakna atawa ditulina direnggangkeun (aya rohang); dina basa Itali basa stanza téh ngandung harti tempat pangeureunan.<ref name=":0" /> Bisa disaruakeun jeung istilah pada (dina guguritan).<ref name=":0" /> Biasana padalisan-padalisan dina stansa téh angger pola wirahmana, panjangna méh sarua, angger jumlahna.<ref name=":0" /> Dumasar kana prékwénsi makéna, réana pdalisan dina stansa (pada), dina sastra inggris ilahar aya nu disebut (1)''couplet'', atawa kuplét, dua-dua padalisan, (2)''tercet'' atawa triplét, tilu-tilu padalisan, [[purwakanti]] laraswekas, (3)''terze rima,'' sawanda jeung ''triplet,'' tapi purwakantina pacorok a b a, b c b, c d c, (4)''quatrain,'' opat-opat padalisan. pang populérna, (5)''rhyme royal,'' (6)''ottava rima,'' dalapan-dalapan padalisan, purwakanti tina abababcc, (7)''Spenserian stanza'' (dumasar kana sajak-sajak Edmund Spenser). Kailaharan ngarakit padalisan kitu wandana dina sastra Sunda ogé geus jadi tradisi.<ref name=":0" />Bandingkeun jeung [[wawangsalan]], [[rarakitan,]]<ref name=":0" /> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Sastra]] fuwms8bbul85z0tqhkcany8jc8apfrq 3 102796 629951 618097 2022-08-06T18:14:17Z Pathoschild 1182 add talk page header ([[m:Synchbot|requested by MdsShakil]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {{User talk:MdsShakil/header}} tbo8m2n1p4y1shpmyu07h1k0g9pq65d 3 103780 629941 2022-08-06T16:45:11Z Pathoschild 1182 create header for talk page ([[m:Synchbot|requested by MdsShakil]]) wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; justify-content: center; align-items: center; margin: 16px 0; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa;"> <div style="padding: 12px;">[[File:Circle-icons-megaphone.svg|75px|link=[[m:User_talk:MdsShakil]]]]</div> <div style="flex: 1; padding: 12px; background-color: #dddddd; color: #555555;"> <div style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 150%; color: red; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'">Welcome to my talk page!</div> <div style="max-width: 700px">Hey! I am Shakil Hosen. I patrol many projects, and where I don't know the language I only act in cases of serious vandalism. If you think I have done anything wrong, feel free to [[m:User talk:MdsShakil|message me]] on Meta wiki. If you don't like that you can leave me messages here too, but since I do not watch all of my talk pages, your message might not get a timely response. Thanks! [[File:Face-smile.svg|18px|link=[[m:User:MdsShakil]]]]</div> </div> </div> 6ns6eellkw7iqc4yteyjnszfjmo2yio 10 103781 629957 2022-08-07T00:15:32Z Rési Dorna 13078 Nyieun kaca anyar {{Béner-core |direksi=left |judul-alt=<small>Réféktorium</small> |judul=:File:Rakvere Linnus - Refektoorium.jpg |gambar=Rakvere Linnus - Refektoorium.jpg |ukuran=1125 |rubak=1125 |luhur=180 |bagian=Gambar Petingan |bag-tutumbu=Wikipedia:Gambar_petingan |mobil=1 |mobil-bag=1 |fon=#A35200 |logo=HUPhoto circle.png |force-auto=true |deskripsi= Réféktorium (rohangan dahar) di Kastil Rakvere, Éstonia. }} wikitext text/x-wiki {{Béner-core |direksi=left |judul-alt=<small>Réféktorium</small> |judul=:File:Rakvere Linnus - Refektoorium.jpg |gambar=Rakvere Linnus - Refektoorium.jpg |ukuran=1125 |rubak=1125 |luhur=180 |bagian=Gambar Petingan |bag-tutumbu=Wikipedia:Gambar_petingan |mobil=1 |mobil-bag=1 |fon=#A35200 |logo=HUPhoto circle.png |force-auto=true |deskripsi= Réféktorium (rohangan dahar) di Kastil Rakvere, Éstonia. }} czlhad936laasjbqe9qul1rmu7qyhle 14 103782 630033 2022-08-07T03:52:49Z YogiYY 17453 Nyieun kaca anyar Lalaguan anu maké ugeran pupuh. wikitext text/x-wiki Lalaguan anu maké ugeran pupuh. s4rfgbk6kwev2k1b6yivpr32ouedp8w