Wikipedia suwiki https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepas MediaWiki 1.39.0-wmf.26 first-letter Média Husus Obrolan Pamaké Obrolan pamaké Wikipedia Obrolan Wikipedia Gambar Obrolan gambar MédiaWiki Obrolan MédiaWiki Citakan Obrolan citakan Pitulung Obrolan pitulung Kategori Obrolan kategori Portal Obrolan portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Gadget Gadget talk Gadget definition Gadget definition talk 0 990 630771 630764 2022-08-28T04:45:44Z 115.178.249.110 wikitext text/x-wiki Minangka catetan waktu nu geus kaliwat, '''abad ka-20''' nyaéta taun-taun antara 1901-2000. Dumasar kana [[kalender Gregorian]]Abad ka-20 dimimitian ti [[1 Januari]] [[1901]] sarta dipungkas [[31 Desember]] [[2000]]. Sababaraha ahli sajarah nganggep jaman ti antara 1914 nepi ka 1991 minangka [[Abad Kaduapuluh hiji nu Pondok]] ''(Short Twentieth Century)''. {| width="650px" style="text-align: center; font-size: 109%; border-collapse: collapse;" ! style="text-align:right;" | [[Milénium]]: | [[Milénium ka-2]] |- ! style="text-align:right;" | [[Daptar abad|Abad]]: | class="hlist" | * [[Abad ka-19]] * '''[[Abad ka-20]]''' * [[Abad ka-21]] |- ! style="text-align:right;" | [[Daptar dékade|Dékade]]: | class="hlist" | * [[1900-an]] * [[1910-an]] * [[1920-an]] * [[1930-an]] * [[1940-an]] * [[1950-an]] * [[1960-an]] * [[1970-an]] * [[1980-an]] * [[1990-an]] |} {{Tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} <center>[[1900-an]] [[1910-an]] [[1920-an]] [[1930-an]] [[1940-an]] [[1950-an]] [[1960-an]] [[1970-an]] [[1980-an]] [[1990-an]]</center> <center>[[1901]] [[1902]] [[1903]] [[1904]] [[1905]] [[1906]] [[1907]] [[1908]] [[1909]] [[1910]]</center> <center>[[1911]] [[1912]] [[1913]] [[1914]] [[1915]] [[1916]] [[1917]] [[1918]] [[1919]] [[1920]]</center> <center>[[1921]] [[1922]] [[1923]] [[1924]] [[1925]] [[1926]] [[1927]] [[1928]] [[1929]] [[1930]]</center> <center>[[1931]] [[1932]] [[1933]] [[1934]] [[1935]] [[1936]] [[1937]] [[1938]] [[1939]] [[1940]]</center> <center>[[1941]] [[1942]] [[1943]] [[1944]] [[1945]] [[1946]] [[1947]] [[1948]] [[1949]] [[1950]]</center> <center>[[1951]] [[1952]] [[1953]] [[1954]] [[1955]] [[1956]] [[1957]] [[1958]] [[1959]] [[1960]]</center> <center>[[1961]] [[1962]] [[1963]] [[1964]] [[1965]] [[1966]] [[1967]] [[1968]] [[1969]] [[1970]]</center> <center>[[1971]] [[1972]] [[1973]] [[1974]] [[1975]] [[1976]] [[1977]] [[1978]] [[1979]] [[1980]]</center> <center>[[1981]] [[1982]] [[1983]] [[1984]] [[1985]] [[1986]] [[1987]] [[1988]] [[1989]] [[1990]]</center> <center>[[1991]] [[1992]] [[1993]] [[1994]] [[1995]] [[1996]] [[1997]] [[1998]] [[1999]] [[2000]]</center> Dina basa sapopoe, disebut "sarebu salapan ratus" ([[1000]]), nunjul kana taun [[1900]] nepika [[1999]]. The twentieth century was a remarkable shift in the very existence of humanity due to the technological, medical, social, idéological, and international innovations. Terms like [[genocide]], [[holocaust]], [[nuclear war]], and [[terrorism]] rose to common language and an influence on the lives of everyday péople. <!-- [[War]] reached an unprecedented scale where land and armies became one of many new (what??) --> The trends of mechanization of goods and services and networks of global communication, which were begun in the [[19th century]], continued at an ever-incréasing pace in the 20th. In spite of the terror and chaos, the 20th century saw many attempts at world péace. As the 35th United States présidént [[John F. Kennedy]] said: "What kind of peace do we seek? I am talking about a genuine peace, the kind of peace that makes life on earth worth living. Not merely peace in our time, but peace in all time. Our problems are man-made, therefore they can be solved by man. For in the final analysis, our most basic common length is that we all inhabit this small planet, we all breath the same air, we all cherish our children's future, and we are all mortal." Virtually every aspect of life in virtually every human society changed in some fundamental way or another during the twentieth century. ---- * [[20th century/Death rates|Death rates]] * [[20th century/Infant mortality|Infant mortality]] * [[20th century/Infectious disease|Infectious disease]] * [[20th century/Life expectancy|Life expectancy]] * [[20th century/Maternal death rates|Maternal death rates]] * [[List of battles 1901-forward|Battles]] == Kamekaran penting, kajadian jeung beubeunangan == === Élmu jeung téhnologi === [[Gambar:AssemblyLine.jpg|thumb|250px|Line assembly Ford, 1913]] * The [[assembly line]] and [[mass production]] of motor vehicles and other goods allowed manufacturers to produce more and chéaper products. This allowed the [[automobile]] to become the most important méans of transportation. * The invention of [[Airplane|heavier-than-air flying machines]] and the [[jet engine]] allowed for the world to become "smaller". [[Space science|Space flight]] incréased knowledge of the rest of the universe and allowed for global réal-time communications via [[geosynchronous satellite]]s. * [[Mass media]] technologies such as [[film]], [[radio]], and [[television]] allow the communication of political messages and entertainment with unprecedented impact * Mass availability of the [[telephone]] and later, the [[computer]], especially through the [[Internet]], provides péople with new opportunities for néar-instantanéous communication * Applied [[electronics]], notably in its miniaturized form as [[integrated circuit]]s, made possible the above mentioned rise of [[mass media]], telecommunications, ubiquitous [[Computer|computing]], and all kinds of "intelligent" appliances; as well as many advances in natural sciences such as physics, by the use of [[Moore's Law|exponentially growing]] calculation power (see [[supercomputer]]). * The development of [[Nitrogen]] fertilizer, [[pesticide]]s and [[herbicide]]s resulted in significantly higher agricultural yield. * Advances in fundamental [[physics]] through the [[theory of relativity]] and [[quantum mechanics]] led to the development of [[nuclear weapon]]s, the [[nuclear reactor]], and the [[laser]]. [[Fusion power]] was studied extensively but remained an experimental technology at the end of the century. * The [[big bang]] modél of [[cosmology]] was developed. * Inventions such as the [[washing machine]] and [[air conditioning]] led to an incréase in both the quantity and quality of [[leisure time]] for the [[middle class]] in Western societies. * Most influencing inventions in the 20th century: [[Antibiotics]], [[Internet]] * [[Timeline of invention#1900-1999|More...]] === Perang jeung pulitik === [[Gambar:WW1_TitlePicture_For_Wikipedia_Article.jpg|thumb|300px|'''Warfare in the éarly 20th Century (1914-1918)'''<br />''Clockwise from top:'' [[front line]] [[Trench warfare|Trenches]], a [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] [[Mark I (tank)|Mark I Tank]] crossing a trench, the [[Royal Navy]] [[battleship]] [[HMS Irresistible (1898)|HMS Irresistible]] sinking after striking a [[Naval mine|mine]] at the [[battle of the Dardanelles]], a [[Vickers machine gun]] crew with [[gas mask]]s and a [[Sopwith Camel]] [[biplane]].]] * Rising [[nationalism]] and incréasing national awareness were among the causes of [[World War I]], the first of two wars to involve all the major world powers including [[Germany]], [[France]], [[Italy]], [[Jepang]], the [[United States]] and the [[British Commonwealth]]. World War I led to the création of many new countries, especially in [[Eastern Europe]]. * The economic and political aftermath of World War I led to the rise of [[Fascism]] and [[Nazism]] in Europe, and shortly to [[World War II]]. This war also involved Asia and the Pacific, in the form of [[Jepang|Japanese]] aggression against [[China]] and the United States. While the First World War mainly cost lives among soldiers, civilians suffered gréatly in the Second—from the bombing of cities on both sides, and in the unprecedented German [[genocide]] of the [[Jew]]s and others, known as the [[Holocaust]]. * Unhappiness in [[Russia]] led to the rise of [[Communism]] and the [[Russian Revolution]]. After the [[Soviet Union]]'s involvement in World War II, Communism became a major force in global politics, spréading all over the world: notably, to éastern [[Europe]], [[China]], [[Indochina]] and [[Cuba]]. This led to the [[Cold War]] with [[The West|the western world]], led by the [[United States]]. * The "fall of Communism" in the late [[1980s]] left the [[United States]] as the world's only [[superpower]]. It also led to the dissolution of the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] into successor states, many rife with [[ethnic nationalism]]. * Through the [[League of Nations]] and, after [[World War II]], the [[United Nations]], international cooperation incréased. Other efforts included the formation of the [[European Union]], léading to a common currency in much of [[Western Europe]], the [[euro]]. * The end of [[colonialism]] led to the independence of many nagara di [[Afrika]] jeung [[Asia]]. During the Cold War, many of these aligned with the USA, the USSR, or China for defense. * The création of [[Israel]], a [[Jew]]ish state in a mostly [[Arab]] region of the world, fueled many conflicts in the region, which were also influenced by the vast [[oil]] fields in many of the [[Arab]] countries. === Five overall largest mass killings of the 20th century === (méasured in numbers of péople killed; also see [http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/misc/misery.html]) * [[World War II]] and regime of [[Adolf Hitler]] (1937-1945), over 50 million déad, including the [[Holocaust]], killing two-thirds of the [[Judaism|Jewish]] population of Europe (6&nbsp;million). * Regime of [[Mao Zedong]] and [[People's Republic of China|Chinese]] famine (1949-1976), over 28 million déad. * Regime of [[Joseph Stalin]] (1924-1953), over 20 million déad. * [[World War I]] (1914-1918), over 15 million déad. * [[Russian Civil War]] (1918-1921), over 8.5 million déad. === Budaya jeung hiburan === [[Gambar:Film reel and film.jpg|thumb|250px|"[[Film]]" refers to the celluloid media on which motion pictures reside]] * [[Cinema|Movies]], [[music]] and the [[medium|media]] had a major influence on [[fashion]] and trends in all aspects of life. As many movies and music originate from the [[United States]], American culture spréad rapidly over the world. * After gaining political rights in the [[United States]] and much of [[Europe]] in the first part of the century, women became more independent throughout the century. * modérn art developed new styles such as [[expressionism]], [[cubism]], and [[surrealism]]. * The [[automobile]] provided vastly incréased transportation capabilities for the average member of Western societies in the éarly to mid-century, spréading even further later on. City design throughout most of the West became focused on transport via car. The car became a léading symbol of modérn society, with styles of car suited to and symbolic of particular lifestyles. * [[Sport]]s became an important part of society, becoming an activity not only for the privileged. Watching sports, later also on [[television]], became a popular activity. ==== Highest grossing films of the 20th century ==== # [[Titanic (1997 movie)|Titanic]] (1997) # [[Star Wars]] (1977) # [[Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace]] (1999) # [[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial]] (1982) # [[Jurassic Park]] (1993) ==== Most critically acclaimed films ==== * [[Battleship Potemkin]] (1925) * [[Citizen Kane]] (1941) * [[Psycho]] (1960) * [[The Wizard of Oz (1939 movie)|The Wizard of Oz]] (1939) * [[2001: A Space Odyssey]] (1968) * [[The Godfather]] (1972) * [[It's a Wonderful Life]] (1946) === Disease and medicine === * Though modérn medicine is better than ever, an [[influenza]] pandemic kills 25 million in [[1918]]-[[1919]] (the [[Spanish Flu]]), while [[AIDS]], killing many remains incurable and tréatments remain too expensive for wide use in [[developing countries]]. * Advances in [[medicine]], such as the invention of [[antibiotic]]s, decréased the number of péople dying from diséases. [[Contraceptive]] drugs and [[organ transplantation]] were developed. The discovery of [[DNA]] molecules and the advent of [[molecular biology]] allowed for [[cloning]] and [[genetic engineering]]. === Natural resources and the environment === * The widespréad use of [[petroleum]] in industry—both as a chemical precursor to [[plastic]]s and as a fuel for the [[automobile]] and [[airplane]]—led to the vital géopolitical importance of petroleum resources. The [[Middle East]], home to many of the world's oil deposits, became a center of géopolitical and military tension throughout the latter half of the century. * A vast incréase in [[fossil fuel]] consumption léads to depletion of natural resources, while [[air pollution]] possibly léads to [[global warming]] and the [[ozone hole]]. The problem is incréased by world-wide [[deforestation]], also causing a loss of [[biodiversity]]. The problem of a depletion of natural resources is decréased by advances in drilling technology which led to a net incréase in the amount of fossil fuel that is réadily obtainable at the end of the century, as compared with the amount considered obtainable at the beginning of the century. == Significant people == === Pamingpin dunya === * [[Afrika]] ** [[Gnassingbe Eyadema]], [[Togo]] ** [[Félix Houphouët-Boigny]], [[Côte d'Ivoire]] ** [[Kenneth Kaunda]], [[Zambia]] ** [[Jomo Kenyatta]], [[Kenya]] ** [[Idi Amin]], [[Uganda]] ** [[Nelson Mandela]], [[Afrika Kidul]] ** [[Robert Mugabe]], [[Zimbabwe]] ** [[Gamal Abdal Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]], [[Mesir]] ** [[Kwame Nkrumah]], [[Ghana]] ** [[Julius Nyerere]], [[Tanzania]] ** [[Habib Bourguiba]], [[Tunisia]] ** Colonel [[Moammar Al Qadhafi|Muammar Gaddafi]], [[Libya]] ** [[Cecil Rhodes]], [[Afrika Kidul]] ** [[Haile Selassie]], [[Étiopia]] ** [[Léopold Sédar Senghor]], [[Senegal]] ** [[Ahmed Sékou Touré]], [[Guinea]] * [[Amérika]] ** [[Theodore Roosevelt]], [[AS]] ** [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]], [[AS]] ** [[Dwight Eisenhower]], [[AS]] ** [[John F. Kennedy]], [[AS]] ** [[Richard Nixon]], [[AS]] ** [[Ronald Reagan]], [[AS]] ** [[Bill Clinton]], [[AS]] ** [[George H. W. Bush]], [[AS]] ** [[George W. Bush]], [[AS]] ** [[Wilfrid Laurier]], [[Kanada]] ** [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]], [[Kanada]] ** [[Pierre Trudeau]], [[Kanada]] ** [[Che Guevara|Ernesto 'Che' Guevara]], [[Kuba]] ** [[Fidel Castro]], [[Kuba]] ** [[Juan Peron|Juan Perón]], [[Argentina]] ** [[Salvador Allende]], [[Chili]] ** [[Augusto Pinochet]], [[Chili]] ** [[Emiliano Zápata]], [[Meksiko]] ** [[Pancho Villa]], [[Meksiko]] * [[Asia]] ** [[Mao Zedong]], [[Republik Rahayat Cina]] ** [[Deng Xiaoping]], [[Republik Rahayat Cina]] ** [[Pol Pot]], [[Cambodia]] ** [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[India]] ** [[Indira Gandhi]], [[India]] ** [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], [[Pakistan]] ** [[Mahathir Mohamad]], [[Malaysia]] ** [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[India]] ** [[Kaisar Hirohito]], [[Jepang]] ** [[Ho Chi Minh]], [[Vietnam]] ** [[Sun Yat-sen]], [[Republik Rahayat Cina]] ** [[Chiang Kai-shek]], [[Republik Cina]] ** Achmad [[Sukarno]], [[Indonesia]] ** [[Lee Kuan Yew]], [[Singapura]] * [[Eropa]] ** [[Kemal Atatürk]], [[Turki]] ** [[Neville Chamberlain]], [[United Kingdom]] ** [[Winston Churchill]], [[United Kingdom]] ** [[Margaret Thatcher]], [[United Kingdom]] ** [[Charles de Gaulle]], [[Prancis]] ** [[Eamon de Valera]], [[Republik Irlandia|Irlandia]] ** [[Franz Ferdinand, Archduke Austria]], [[Austria-Hungaria]] ** Kaiser [[Wilhelm II]], [[Jerman]] ** [[Václav Havel]], [[Républik Céko]] ** [[Adolf Hitler]], [[Jerman]] ** [[Helmut Schmidt]], [[Jerman]] ** [[Helmut Kohl]], [[Jerman]] ** [[Gerhard Schröder]], [[Jerman]] ** [[Benito Mussolini]], [[Itali]] ** [[Francisco Franco]], [[Spanyol]] ** [[Jozef Pilsudski]], [[Polandia]] ** [[Josip Broz Tito|Josip Broz 'Tito']], [[Republik Federal Sosialis Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] ** [[Milan Kucan|Milan Kučan]], [[Slovenia]] ** [[Olof Palme]], [[Swedia]] ** [[Nicolae Ceausescu]], [[Romania]] ** [[Lech Walesa]], [[Polandia]] ** [[John Paul II]], [[Dunya]] * [[Wétan Tengah]] ** [[Abdul Nasser]], [[Mesir]] atawa [[United Arab Republic]] ** [[Anwar Sadat]], [[Mesir]] atawa [[United Arab Republic]] ** [[David Ben-Gurion]], [[Israel]] ** [[Golda Meir]], [[Israel]] ** [[Menachem Begin]], [[Israel]] ** [[Hafez el Assad]], [[Syria]] ** [[Saddam Hussein]], [[Irak]] ** [[King Hussein]], [[Yordania]] * [[Rusia]] jeung [[Uni Soviet]] ** [[Czar Nicholas II]] ** [[Vladimir Lenin]] ** [[Joseph Stalin]] ** [[Leon Trotsky]] ** [[Nikita Khrushchev]] ** [[Leonid Brezhnev]] ** [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] ** [[Boris Yeltsin]] ** [[Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin]] === Scientists === * [[Niels Bohr]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Enrico Fermi]] * [[Howard Walter Florey]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Fritz Haber]] * [[Werner Karl Heisenberg]] * [[Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov]] * [[Linus Pauling]] * [[Erwin Schrödinger]] * [[John von Neumann]] * [[Alan Turing]] === Economics and business === * [[John Maynard Keynes]] * [[John Kenneth Galbraith]] * [[Milton Friedman]] * [[Henry Ford]] * [[Thomas J. Watson]] * [[Bill Gates]] === Aerospace pioneers === * [[Robert Goddard (scientist)|Robert Goddard]] * [[Wernher Von Braun]] * [[Neil Armstrong]] * [[Louis Bleriot]] * [[Yuri Gagarin]] * [[Vladimir Mikhailovich Komarov]] * [[Freddie Laker]] * [[Charles Lindbergh]] * [[Ronald E. McNair|Ron McNair]] * [[Ellison S. Onizuka|Ellison Onizuka]] * [[Herman Potocnik|Herman Potočnik Noordung]] * [[Alan Shepard]] * [[Valentina Tereshkova]] * [[Wright Brothers]] === Military leaders === * [[Charles de Gaulle]] * [[Dwight Eisenhower]] * Sir [[Bernard Freyberg]] * [[Douglas Haig]] * [[Douglas MacArthur]] * [[Rudolf Maister]] * [[Bernard Montgomery]] * [[Chester Nimitz]] * [[George Patton]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Franc Rozman Stane]] * [[Leon Trotsky]] * [[Mao Zedong]] * [[Georgy Zhukov]] === Religious figures === * [[Grigori Rasputin]] * [[Pope John XXIII]] * [[Pope John Paul II]] * [[Mother Theresa]] of [[Calcutta]] * The 13th [[Dalai Lama]] of [[Tibet]], [[Thubten Gyatso]] * The 14th [[Dalai Lama]] of [[Tibet]], [[Tenzin Gyatso]] * The Rev. [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] * The Rev. [[Billy Graham]] * [[Mohandas Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi]] * [[Prabhupada A.C. Bhaktivedanta]] === Artists === * [[Constatin Brancusi]] * [[George Braque]] * [[Salvador Dalí]] * [[Marcel Duchamp]] * [[Jacob Epstein]] * [[Juan Gris]] * [[Wassily Kandinsky]] * [[Henri Matisse]] * [[Joan Miró]] * [[Amedeo Modigliani]] * [[Piet Mondrian]] * [[Henry Moore]] * [[Pablo Picasso]] * [[Jackson Pollock]] * [[Andy Warhol]] === Entertainers === * [[The Beatles]] * [[Bob Dylan]] * [[Bob Marley]] * [[Charlie Chaplin]] * [[Charlie Parker]] * [[Elvis Presley]] * [[Frank Sinatra]] * [[Groucho Marx]] * [[Jimi Hendrix]] * [[Kraftwerk]] * [[Louis Armstrong]] * [[Lucille Ball]] * [[Marilyn Monroe]] * [[Michael Jackson]] * [[Miles Davis]] * [[Pink Floyd]] * [[Queen (band)]] * [[Spike Jones]] * [[Spike Milligan]] * [[The Velvet Underground]] === Writers and poets === * [[Louis Aragon]] * [[Samuel Beckett]] * [[Jorge Luis Borges]] * [[André Breton]] * [[Basil Bunting]] * [[Albert Camus]] * [[Noam Chomsky]] * [[Cid Corman]] * [[Hart Crane]] * [[Robert Creeley]] * [[e. e. cummings]] * [[T. S. Eliot]] * [[Paul Eluard]] * [[William Faulkner]] * [[Gabriel García Márquez]] * [[Allen Ginsberg]] * [[Alamgir Hashmi]] * [[Seamus Heaney]] * [[Ernest Hemingway]] * [[H.D.]] * [[Orrick Johns]] * [[James Joyce]] * [[Franz Kafka]] * [[Jack Kerouac]] * [[Philip Larkin]] * [[Mina Loy]] * [[Hugh MacDiarmid]] * [[Antonio Machado]] * [[Andre Malraux]] * [[Marianne Moore]] * [[Sean O'Casey]] * [[Charles Olson]] * [[George Oppen]] * [[George Orwell]] * [[Ezra Pound]] * [[Marcel Proust]] * [[Thomas Pynchon]] * [[Ayn Rand]] * [[Charles Reznikoff]] * [[Dorothy Richardson]] * [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] * [[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]] * [[Gary Snyder]] * [[Gertrude Stein]] * [[Wallace Stevens]] * [[John Millington Synge]] * [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] * [[William Carlos Williams]] * [[Virginia Woolf]] * [[W. B. Yeats]] * [[Louis Zukofsky]] === Sports figures === * [[Babe Ruth]] * [[Muhammad Ali]] * [[Wilfred Benitez]] * [[Larry Bird]] * Sir [[Donald Bradman]] * [[Roberto Clemente]] * [[Fausto Coppi]] * [[Angel Cordero]] * [[Wilfredo Gomez]] * [[Wayne Gretzky]] * Sir [[Edmund Hillary]] * [[Magic Johnson]] * [[Michael Jordan]] * [[Martina Navratilova]] * [[Diego Maradona]] * [[Jack Nicklaus]] * [[Pelé]] * [[Jackie Robinson]] * [[Martin Strel]] * [[Mark Todd (NZ)|Mark Todd]] * [[Mike Tyson]] * [[Ted Williams]] === Notorious figures === * [[Adolf Hitler]] * [[Saddam Hussein]] * [[Joseph Goebbels]] * [[Osama bin Laden]] * [[Timothy McVeigh]] * [[Charles Manson]] * [[Harold Shipman]] * [[Josef Stalin]] * [[Jeffrey Dahmer]] ==Tumbu luar== {{Kalender-pondok}} == Decades and years == {{DekadeJeungTaun1|20}} {{Abad}} [[Kategori:Abad jeung Dékadeu]] i4ap165fnszyfbncv413iih2649zu3x 630772 630771 2022-08-28T04:50:37Z 115.178.249.110 wikitext text/x-wiki Minangka catetan waktu nu geus kaliwat, '''abad ka-20''' nyaéta taun-taun antara 1901-2000. Dumasar kana [[kalender Gregorian]]Abad ka-20 dimimitian ti [[1 Januari]] [[1901]] sarta dipungkas [[31 Desember]] [[2000]]. Sababaraha ahli sajarah nganggep jaman ti antara 1914 nepi ka 1991 minangka [[Abad Kaduapuluh hiji nu Pondok]] ''(Short Twentieth Century)''. {| width="650px" style="text-align: center; font-size: 109%; border-collapse: collapse;" ! style="text-align:right;" | [[Milénium]]: | [[Milénium ka-2]] |- ! style="text-align:right;" | [[Daptar abad|Abad]]: | class="hlist" | * [[Abad ka-19]] * '''[[Abad ka-20]]''' * [[Abad ka-21]] |- ! style="text-align:right;" | [[Daptar dékade|Dékade]]: | class="hlist" | * [[1900-an]] * [[1910-an]] * [[1920-an]] * [[1930-an]] * [[1940-an]] * [[1950-an]] * [[1960-an]] * [[1970-an]] * [[1980-an]] * [[1990-an]] |} {{Tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} <center>[[1900-an]] [[1910-an]] [[1920-an]] [[1930-an]] [[1940-an]] [[1950-an]] [[1960-an]] [[1970-an]] [[1980-an]] [[1990-an]]</center> <center>[[1901]] [[1902]] [[1903]] [[1904]] [[1905]] [[1906]] [[1907]] [[1908]] [[1909]] [[1910]]</center> <center>[[1911]] [[1912]] [[1913]] [[1914]] [[1915]] [[1916]] [[1917]] [[1918]] [[1919]] [[1920]]</center> <center>[[1921]] [[1922]] [[1923]] [[1924]] [[1925]] [[1926]] [[1927]] [[1928]] [[1929]] [[1930]]</center> <center>[[1931]] [[1932]] [[1933]] [[1934]] [[1935]] [[1936]] [[1937]] [[1938]] [[1939]] [[1940]]</center> <center>[[1941]] [[1942]] [[1943]] [[1944]] [[1945]] [[1946]] [[1947]] [[1948]] [[1949]] [[1950]]</center> <center>[[1951]] [[1952]] [[1953]] [[1954]] [[1955]] [[1956]] [[1957]] [[1958]] [[1959]] [[1960]]</center> <center>[[1961]] [[1962]] [[1963]] [[1964]] [[1965]] [[1966]] [[1967]] [[1968]] [[1969]] [[1970]]</center> <center>[[1971]] [[1972]] [[1973]] [[1974]] [[1975]] [[1976]] [[1977]] [[1978]] [[1979]] [[1980]]</center> <center>[[1981]] [[1982]] [[1983]] [[1984]] [[1985]] [[1986]] [[1987]] [[1988]] [[1989]] [[1990]]</center> <center>[[1991]] [[1992]] [[1993]] [[1994]] [[1995]] [[1996]] [[1997]] [[1998]] [[1999]] [[2000]]</center> Dina basa sapopoe, disebut "sarebu salapan ratus" ([[1000]]), nunjul kana taun [[1900]] nepika [[1999]]. The twentieth century was a remarkable shift in the very existence of humanity due to the technological, medical, social, idéological, and international innovations. Terms like [[genocide]], [[holocaust]], [[nuclear war]], and [[terrorism]] rose to common language and an influence on the lives of everyday péople. <!-- [[War]] reached an unprecedented scale where land and armies became one of many new (what??) --> The trends of mechanization of goods and services and networks of global communication, which were begun in the [[19th century]], continued at an ever-incréasing pace in the 20th. In spite of the terror and chaos, the 20th century saw many attempts at world péace. As the 35th United States présidént [[John F. Kennedy]] said: "What kind of peace do we seek? I am talking about a genuine peace, the kind of peace that makes life on earth worth living. Not merely peace in our time, but peace in all time. Our problems are man-made, therefore they can be solved by man. For in the final analysis, our most basic common length is that we all inhabit this small planet, we all breath the same air, we all cherish our children's future, and we are all mortal." Virtually every aspect of life in virtually every human society changed in some fundamental way or another during the twentieth century. ---- * [[20th century/Death rates|Death rates]] * [[20th century/Infant mortality|Infant mortality]] * [[20th century/Infectious disease|Infectious disease]] * [[20th century/Life expectancy|Life expectancy]] * [[20th century/Maternal death rates|Maternal death rates]] * [[List of battles 1901-forward|Battles]] == Kamekaran penting, kajadian jeung beubeunangan == === Élmu jeung téhnologi === [[Gambar:AssemblyLine.jpg|thumb|250px|Line assembly Ford, 1913]] * The [[assembly line]] and [[mass production]] of motor vehicles and other goods allowed manufacturers to produce more and chéaper products. This allowed the [[automobile]] to become the most important méans of transportation. * The invention of [[Airplane|heavier-than-air flying machines]] and the [[jet engine]] allowed for the world to become "smaller". [[Space science|Space flight]] incréased knowledge of the rest of the universe and allowed for global réal-time communications via [[geosynchronous satellite]]s. * [[Mass media]] technologies such as [[film]], [[radio]], and [[television]] allow the communication of political messages and entertainment with unprecedented impact * Mass availability of the [[telephone]] and later, the [[computer]], especially through the [[Internet]], provides péople with new opportunities for néar-instantanéous communication * Applied [[electronics]], notably in its miniaturized form as [[integrated circuit]]s, made possible the above mentioned rise of [[mass media]], telecommunications, ubiquitous [[Computer|computing]], and all kinds of "intelligent" appliances; as well as many advances in natural sciences such as physics, by the use of [[Moore's Law|exponentially growing]] calculation power (see [[supercomputer]]). * The development of [[Nitrogen]] fertilizer, [[pesticide]]s and [[herbicide]]s resulted in significantly higher agricultural yield. * Advances in fundamental [[physics]] through the [[theory of relativity]] and [[quantum mechanics]] led to the development of [[nuclear weapon]]s, the [[nuclear reactor]], and the [[laser]]. [[Fusion power]] was studied extensively but remained an experimental technology at the end of the century. * The [[big bang]] modél of [[cosmology]] was developed. * Inventions such as the [[washing machine]] and [[air conditioning]] led to an incréase in both the quantity and quality of [[leisure time]] for the [[middle class]] in Western societies. * Most influencing inventions in the 20th century: [[Antibiotics]], [[Internet]] * [[Timeline of invention#1900-1999|More...]] === Perang jeung pulitik === [[Gambar:WW1_TitlePicture_For_Wikipedia_Article.jpg|thumb|300px|'''Warfare in the éarly 20th Century (1914-1918)'''<br />''Clockwise from top:'' [[front line]] [[Trench warfare|Trenches]], a [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] [[Mark I (tank)|Mark I Tank]] crossing a trench, the [[Royal Navy]] [[battleship]] [[HMS Irresistible (1898)|HMS Irresistible]] sinking after striking a [[Naval mine|mine]] at the [[battle of the Dardanelles]], a [[Vickers machine gun]] crew with [[gas mask]]s and a [[Sopwith Camel]] [[biplane]].]] * Rising [[nationalism]] and incréasing national awareness were among the causes of [[World War I]], the first of two wars to involve all the major world powers including [[Germany]], [[France]], [[Italy]], [[Jepang]], the [[United States]] and the [[British Commonwealth]]. World War I led to the création of many new countries, especially in [[Eastern Europe]]. * The economic and political aftermath of World War I led to the rise of [[Fascism]] and [[Nazism]] in Europe, and shortly to [[World War II]]. This war also involved Asia and the Pacific, in the form of [[Jepang|Japanese]] aggression against [[China]] and the United States. While the First World War mainly cost lives among soldiers, civilians suffered gréatly in the Second—from the bombing of cities on both sides, and in the unprecedented German [[genocide]] of the [[Jew]]s and others, known as the [[Holocaust]]. * Unhappiness in [[Russia]] led to the rise of [[Communism]] and the [[Russian Revolution]]. After the [[Soviet Union]]'s involvement in World War II, Communism became a major force in global politics, spréading all over the world: notably, to éastern [[Europe]], [[China]], [[Indochina]] and [[Cuba]]. This led to the [[Cold War]] with [[The West|the western world]], led by the [[United States]]. * The "fall of Communism" in the late [[1980s]] left the [[United States]] as the world's only [[superpower]]. It also led to the dissolution of the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] into successor states, many rife with [[ethnic nationalism]]. * Through the [[League of Nations]] and, after [[World War II]], the [[United Nations]], international cooperation incréased. Other efforts included the formation of the [[European Union]], léading to a common currency in much of [[Western Europe]], the [[euro]]. * The end of [[colonialism]] led to the independence of many nagara di [[Afrika]] jeung [[Asia]]. During the Cold War, many of these aligned with the USA, the USSR, or China for defense. * The création of [[Israel]], a [[Jew]]ish state in a mostly [[Arab]] region of the world, fueled many conflicts in the region, which were also influenced by the vast [[oil]] fields in many of the [[Arab]] countries. === Five overall largest mass killings of the 20th century === (méasured in numbers of péople killed; also see [http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/misc/misery.html]) * [[World War II]] and regime of [[Adolf Hitler]] (1937-1945), over 50 million déad, including the [[Holocaust]], killing two-thirds of the [[Judaism|Jewish]] population of Europe (6&nbsp;million). * Regime of [[Mao Zedong]] and [[People's Republic of China|Chinese]] famine (1949-1976), over 28 million déad. * Regime of [[Joseph Stalin]] (1924-1953), over 20 million déad. * [[World War I]] (1914-1918), over 15 million déad. * [[Russian Civil War]] (1918-1921), over 8.5 million déad. === Budaya jeung hiburan === [[Gambar:Film reel and film.jpg|thumb|250px|"[[Film]]" refers to the celluloid media on which motion pictures reside]] * [[Cinema|Movies]], [[music]] and the [[medium|media]] had a major influence on [[fashion]] and trends in all aspects of life. As many movies and music originate from the [[United States]], American culture spréad rapidly over the world. * After gaining political rights in the [[United States]] and much of [[Europe]] in the first part of the century, women became more independent throughout the century. * modérn art developed new styles such as [[expressionism]], [[cubism]], and [[surrealism]]. * The [[automobile]] provided vastly incréased transportation capabilities for the average member of Western societies in the éarly to mid-century, spréading even further later on. City design throughout most of the West became focused on transport via car. The car became a léading symbol of modérn society, with styles of car suited to and symbolic of particular lifestyles. * [[Sport]]s became an important part of society, becoming an activity not only for the privileged. Watching sports, later also on [[television]], became a popular activity. ==== Highest grossing films of the 20th century ==== # [[Titanic (1997 movie)|Titanic]] (1997) # [[Star Wars]] (1977) # [[Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace]] (1999) # [[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial]] (1982) # [[Jurassic Park]] (1993) ==== Most critically acclaimed films ==== * [[Battleship Potemkin]] (1925) * [[Citizen Kane]] (1941) * [[Psycho]] (1960) * [[The Wizard of Oz (1939 movie)|The Wizard of Oz]] (1939) * [[2001: A Space Odyssey]] (1968) * [[The Godfather]] (1972) * [[It's a Wonderful Life]] (1946) === Disease and medicine === * Though modérn medicine is better than ever, an [[influenza]] pandemic kills 25 million in [[1918]]-[[1919]] (the [[Spanish Flu]]), while [[AIDS]], killing many remains incurable and tréatments remain too expensive for wide use in [[developing countries]]. * Advances in [[medicine]], such as the invention of [[antibiotic]]s, decréased the number of péople dying from diséases. [[Contraceptive]] drugs and [[organ transplantation]] were developed. The discovery of [[DNA]] molecules and the advent of [[molecular biology]] allowed for [[cloning]] and [[genetic engineering]]. === Natural resources and the environment === * The widespréad use of [[petroleum]] in industry—both as a chemical precursor to [[plastic]]s and as a fuel for the [[automobile]] and [[airplane]]—led to the vital géopolitical importance of petroleum resources. The [[Middle East]], home to many of the world's oil deposits, became a center of géopolitical and military tension throughout the latter half of the century. * A vast incréase in [[fossil fuel]] consumption léads to depletion of natural resources, while [[air pollution]] possibly léads to [[global warming]] and the [[ozone hole]]. The problem is incréased by world-wide [[deforestation]], also causing a loss of [[biodiversity]]. The problem of a depletion of natural resources is decréased by advances in drilling technology which led to a net incréase in the amount of fossil fuel that is réadily obtainable at the end of the century, as compared with the amount considered obtainable at the beginning of the century. == Significant people == === Pamingpin dunya === * [[Afrika]] ** [[Gnassingbe Eyadema]], [[Togo]] ** [[Félix Houphouët-Boigny]], [[Côte d'Ivoire]] ** [[Kenneth Kaunda]], [[Zambia]] ** [[Jomo Kenyatta]], [[Kenya]] ** [[Idi Amin]], [[Uganda]] ** [[Nelson Mandela]], [[Afrika Kidul]] ** [[Robert Mugabe]], [[Zimbabwe]] ** [[Gamal Abdal Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]], [[Mesir]] ** [[Kwame Nkrumah]], [[Ghana]] ** [[Julius Nyerere]], [[Tanzania]] ** [[Habib Bourguiba]], [[Tunisia]] ** Colonel [[Moammar Al Qadhafi|Muammar Gaddafi]], [[Libya]] ** [[Cecil Rhodes]], [[Afrika Kidul]] ** [[Haile Selassie]], [[Étiopia]] ** [[Léopold Sédar Senghor]], [[Senegal]] ** [[Ahmed Sékou Touré]], [[Guinea]] * [[Amérika]] ** [[Theodore Roosevelt]], [[AS]] ** [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]], [[AS]] ** [[Dwight Eisenhower]], [[AS]] ** [[John F. Kennedy]], [[AS]] ** [[Richard Nixon]], [[AS]] ** [[Ronald Reagan]], [[AS]] ** [[Bill Clinton]], [[AS]] ** [[George H. W. Bush]], [[AS]] ** [[George W. Bush]], [[AS]] ** [[Wilfrid Laurier]], [[Kanada]] ** [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]], [[Kanada]] ** [[Pierre Trudeau]], [[Kanada]] ** [[Che Guevara|Ernesto 'Che' Guevara]], [[Kuba]] ** [[Fidel Castro]], [[Kuba]] ** [[Juan Peron|Juan Perón]], [[Argentina]] ** [[Salvador Allende]], [[Chili]] ** [[Augusto Pinochet]], [[Chili]] ** [[Emiliano Zápata]], [[Meksiko]] ** [[Pancho Villa]], [[Meksiko]] * [[Asia]] ** [[Mao Zedong]], [[Republik Rahayat Cina]] ** [[Deng Xiaoping]], [[Republik Rahayat Cina]] ** [[Pol Pot]], [[Cambodia]] ** [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[India]] ** [[Indira Gandhi]], [[India]] ** [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], [[Pakistan]] ** [[Mahathir Mohamad]], [[Malaysia]] ** [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[India]] ** [[Kaisar Hirohito]], [[Jepang]] ** [[Ho Chi Minh]], [[Vietnam]] ** [[Sun Yat-sen]], [[Republik Rahayat Cina]] ** [[Chiang Kai-shek]], [[Republik Cina]] ** Achmad [[Sukarno]], [[Indonesia]] ** [[Lee Kuan Yew]], [[Singapura]] * [[Eropa]] ** [[Kemal Atatürk]], [[Turki]] ** [[Neville Chamberlain]], [[United Kingdom]] ** [[Winston Churchill]], [[United Kingdom]] ** [[Margaret Thatcher]], [[United Kingdom]] ** [[Charles de Gaulle]], [[Prancis]] ** [[Eamon de Valera]], [[Republik Irlandia|Irlandia]] ** [[Franz Ferdinand, Archduke Austria]], [[Austria-Hungaria]] ** Kaiser [[Wilhelm II]], [[Jerman]] ** [[Václav Havel]], [[Républik Céko]] ** [[Adolf Hitler]], [[Jerman]] ** [[Helmut Schmidt]], [[Jerman]] ** [[Helmut Kohl]], [[Jerman]] ** [[Gerhard Schröder]], [[Jerman]] ** [[Benito Mussolini]], [[Itali]] ** [[Francisco Franco]], [[Spanyol]] ** [[Jozef Pilsudski]], [[Polandia]] ** [[Josip Broz Tito|Josip Broz 'Tito']], [[Republik Federal Sosialis Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] ** [[Milan Kucan|Milan Kučan]], [[Slovenia]] ** [[Olof Palme]], [[Swedia]] ** [[Nicolae Ceausescu]], [[Romania]] ** [[Lech Walesa]], [[Polandia]] ** [[John Paul II]], [[Dunya]] * [[Wétan Tengah]] ** [[Abdul Nasser]], [[Mesir]] atawa [[United Arab Republic]] ** [[Anwar Sadat]], [[Mesir]] atawa [[United Arab Republic]] ** [[David Ben-Gurion]], [[Israel]] ** [[Golda Meir]], [[Israel]] ** [[Menachem Begin]], [[Israel]] ** [[Hafez el Assad]], [[Syria]] ** [[Saddam Hussein]], [[Irak]] ** [[King Hussein]], [[Yordania]] * [[Rusia]] jeung [[Uni Soviet]] ** [[Czar Nicholas II]] ** [[Vladimir Lenin]] ** [[Joseph Stalin]] ** [[Leon Trotsky]] ** [[Nikita Khrushchev]] ** [[Leonid Brezhnev]] ** [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] ** [[Boris Yeltsin]] ** [[Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin]] === Scientists === * [[Niels Bohr]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Enrico Fermi]] * [[Howard Walter Florey]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Fritz Haber]] * [[Werner Karl Heisenberg]] * [[Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov]] * [[Linus Pauling]] * [[Erwin Schrödinger]] * [[John von Neumann]] * [[Alan Turing]] === Economics and business === * [[John Maynard Keynes]] * [[John Kenneth Galbraith]] * [[Milton Friedman]] * [[Henry Ford]] * [[Thomas J. Watson]] * [[Bill Gates]] === Aerospace pioneers === * [[Robert Goddard (scientist)|Robert Goddard]] * [[Wernher Von Braun]] * [[Neil Armstrong]] * [[Louis Bleriot]] * [[Yuri Gagarin]] * [[Vladimir Mikhailovich Komarov]] * [[Freddie Laker]] * [[Charles Lindbergh]] * [[Ronald E. McNair|Ron McNair]] * [[Ellison S. Onizuka|Ellison Onizuka]] * [[Herman Potocnik|Herman Potočnik Noordung]] * [[Alan Shepard]] * [[Valentina Tereshkova]] * [[Wright Brothers]] === Military leaders === * [[Charles de Gaulle]] * [[Dwight Eisenhower]] * Sir [[Bernard Freyberg]] * [[Douglas Haig]] * [[Douglas MacArthur]] * [[Rudolf Maister]] * [[Bernard Montgomery]] * [[Chester Nimitz]] * [[George Patton]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Franc Rozman Stane]] * [[Leon Trotsky]] * [[Mao Zedong]] * [[Georgy Zhukov]] === Religious figures === * [[Grigori Rasputin]] * [[Pope John XXIII]] * [[Pope John Paul II]] * [[Mother Theresa]] of [[Calcutta]] * The 13th [[Dalai Lama]] of [[Tibet]], [[Thubten Gyatso]] * The 14th [[Dalai Lama]] of [[Tibet]], [[Tenzin Gyatso]] * The Rev. [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] * The Rev. [[Billy Graham]] * [[Mohandas Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi]] * [[Prabhupada A.C. Bhaktivedanta]] === Artists === * [[Constatin Brancusi]] * [[George Braque]] * [[Salvador Dalí]] * [[Marcel Duchamp]] * [[Jacob Epstein]] * [[Juan Gris]] * [[Wassily Kandinsky]] * [[Henri Matisse]] * [[Joan Miró]] * [[Amedeo Modigliani]] * [[Piet Mondrian]] * [[Henry Moore]] * [[Pablo Picasso]] * [[Jackson Pollock]] * [[Andy Warhol]] === Entertainers === * [[The Beatles]] * [[Bob Dylan]] * [[Bob Marley]] * [[Charlie Chaplin]] * [[Charlie Parker]] * [[Elvis Presley]] * [[Frank Sinatra]] * [[Groucho Marx]] * [[Jimi Hendrix]] * [[Kraftwerk]] * [[Louis Armstrong]] * [[Lucille Ball]] * [[Marilyn Monroe]] * [[Michael Jackson]] * [[Miles Davis]] * [[Pink Floyd]] * [[Queen (band)]] * [[Spike Jones]] * [[Spike Milligan]] * [[The Velvet Underground]] === Writers and poets === * [[Louis Aragon]] * [[Samuel Beckett]] * [[Jorge Luis Borges]] * [[André Breton]] * [[Basil Bunting]] * [[Albert Camus]] * [[Noam Chomsky]] * [[Cid Corman]] * [[Hart Crane]] * [[Robert Creeley]] * [[e. e. cummings]] * [[T. S. Eliot]] * [[Paul Eluard]] * [[William Faulkner]] * [[Gabriel García Márquez]] * [[Allen Ginsberg]] * [[Alamgir Hashmi]] * [[Seamus Heaney]] * [[Ernest Hemingway]] * [[H.D.]] * [[Orrick Johns]] * [[James Joyce]] * [[Franz Kafka]] * [[Jack Kerouac]] * [[Philip Larkin]] * [[Mina Loy]] * [[Hugh MacDiarmid]] * [[Antonio Machado]] * [[Andre Malraux]] * [[Marianne Moore]] * [[Sean O'Casey]] * [[Charles Olson]] * [[George Oppen]] * [[George Orwell]] * [[Ezra Pound]] * [[Marcel Proust]] * [[Thomas Pynchon]] * [[Ayn Rand]] * [[Charles Reznikoff]] * [[Dorothy Richardson]] * [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] * [[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]] * [[Gary Snyder]] * [[Gertrude Stein]] * [[Wallace Stevens]] * [[John Millington Synge]] * [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] * [[William Carlos Williams]] * [[Virginia Woolf]] * [[W. B. Yeats]] * [[Louis Zukofsky]] === Sports figures === * [[Babe Ruth]] * [[Muhammad Ali]] * [[Wilfred Benitez]] * [[Larry Bird]] * Sir [[Donald Bradman]] * [[Roberto Clemente]] * [[Fausto Coppi]] * [[Angel Cordero]] * [[Wilfredo Gomez]] * [[Wayne Gretzky]] * Sir [[Edmund Hillary]] * [[Magic Johnson]] * [[Michael Jordan]] * [[Martina Navratilova]] * [[Diego Maradona]] * [[Jack Nicklaus]] * [[Pelé]] * [[Jackie Robinson]] * [[Martin Strel]] * [[Mark Todd (NZ)|Mark Todd]] * [[Mike Tyson]] * [[Ted Williams]] === Notorious figures === * [[Adolf Hitler]] * [[Saddam Hussein]] * [[Joseph Goebbels]] * [[Osama bin Laden]] * [[Timothy McVeigh]] * [[Charles Manson]] * [[Harold Shipman]] * [[Josef Stalin]] * [[Jeffrey Dahmer]] ==Tumbu luar== {{Kalender-pondok}} == Decades and years == {{DekadeJeungTaun1|20}} {{Abad}} [[Kategori:Abad jeung Dékadeu]] hswvdaok7vyddtph2zvymejgcgpmxt3 0 2171 630773 630565 2022-08-28T04:51:01Z 115.178.249.110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taun_nav|1945}} == Kajadian =={{MonthR_31_Reb|Agustus}} * [[15 Agustus]] - sanggeus digempur ku dua [[bom atom]], [[Jepang]] taluk ka [[Amérika Serikat]] * [[17 Agustus]] - kamerdikaan [[Indonésia]] diproklamirkeun ku [[Sukarno]]-[[Mohamad Hatta|Hatta]] == Nu pupus == {{MonthR_31_Sap|Désémber}} * [[16 Désémber]] - [[Fumimaro Konoe]], [[Perdana Mentri Jepang]] ka-34, 38 jeung 39. == Hadiah Nobel == * [[Kimia]] - [[Artturi Ilmari Virtanen]] pikeun panalungtikanana ngeunaan kimia [[tatanén]] jeung nutrisi. {{Kalender-pondok}} e8edvaa8o7jxq9wzafarhags8syarh1 0 27419 630768 535633 2022-08-28T01:21:40Z 2404:C0:2C10:0:0:0:1F06:A235 /* Budaya Sunda */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{for|bubur sacara jembar|Bubur (disambiguasi)}} {{Kotak info Kadaharan | name = Bubur béas | image = Chinese rice congee.jpg | caption = Bubur béas [[Tiongkok]] dipurulukan [[abon]] jeung ''[[zha cai]]'' (ditambahan [[katuncar]] di sisina) | alternate_name = | country = [[Asia]] | region = | national_cuisine = | creator = | year = | mintime = | maxtime = | type = [[Bubur]] | course = | served = | main_ingredient = Varéatif | minor_ingredient = | variations = | serving_size = | calories = | protein = | fat = | carbohydrate = | glycemic_index = | similar_dish = | other = }} {{Contains Chinese text}} {{Contains Indic text}} '''Bubur béas''', '''bubur sangu''' atawa '''bubur bodas'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/wisata/dest-det.php?id=662&lang=id|title=Bubur Bodas-Dinas Pariwisata dan Kebudayaan Provinsi Jawa Barat|website=www.disparbud.jabarprov.go.id|accessdate=2017-11-10}}</ref>, sok disebut ogé '''[[bubur]]''' hungkul ({{lang-en|'''Congee'''}}) nyaéta jenis bubur nu bahan dasarna tina béas anu geus teu bireuk deui dikonsumsi di unggal nagara di [[Asia]], utamana mah di [[Wétan Jauh]]. Nalika didahar minangka bubur sangu biasa, ilaharna mah sok disuguhkeun jeung deungeunna. Deungeunna téh kayaning [[daging]], [[lauk]], jeung kaldu, ditambahkeunna mun bubur baris disuguhkeun. Bubur béas mah geus jadi kadaharan utama, komona mah pikeun nu gering, pikeun [[orok]] sarta [[balita]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/wisata/dest-det.php?id=660&lang=id|title=Bubur Beas-Dinas Pariwisata dan Kebudayaan Provinsi Jawa Barat|website=www.disparbud.jabarprov.go.id|accessdate=2017-11-10}}</ref> Ngaran bubur téh saenyana rupa-rupa pisan, gumantung kana bahan utama béas nu dipakéna sarta bahan tatambahna.<ref>{{cite book|title=Congee - Special Porridge (Chinese Edition)|date=1 April 2006|isbn=9868213630|accessdate=26 September 2017}}</ref> == Ngonsumsi == Pikeun ngolahkeunna, béas diasakanna jeung [[cai]] nu loba nepi ka keun beyé. Bubur béas bisa dijieun dina [[buleng]] atawa ogé dina [[panci]]. Ari béas nu dipakéna bisa maké béas bodas nu ilahar dipaké, atawa [[béas beureum]], bisa ogé [[béas ketan]] atawa gandum, gumantung kana bahan nu nyangkaruk, sarta pangaruh budaya di unggal wewengkon nu béda-béda. Ari di [[Kabudayaan Sunda|budaya Sunda]], bubur téh sok didahar iraha baé, anu umumna mah sok didahar pikeun [[Sarapan|nyarap]], sarta didahar di waktu peuting. Aya ogé nu ngadahar bubur téh minangka gaganti sangu nu ditambahan ku deungeunna. Ieu cocog pisan pikeun jalma gering atawa budak orok, lantaran gampang pisan dicerna ku usus jalma gering mah.<ref>Robert Saunders (1789) "Boutan & Thibet", ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society'' Vol. 79, p. 101</ref> == Unggal nagara == === Burma === Di [[Burma]] (kiwari disebut Myanmar), bubur béas disebut {{lang|my|ဆန်ပြုတ်}} ''hsan byok'' {{IPA-my|sʰàmbjoʊʔ|}}, hartina "kulub sangu". [[Bubur]]<nowiki/>na éncér pisan tur polos, sok dijieun ngan ukur tina béas jeung cai, ngan sakapeung mah sok ditambahan ku [[daging hayam]] atawa [[daging bagong|bagong]]. Disuguhkeun kalawan dipurulukan cacagan bawang daun jeung [[goréng bawang]] garing. Kawas di nagara-nagara Asia lianna, bubur béas dianggap minangka kadaharan pikeun kaséhatan. === Filipina === [[File:Lugawjf.JPG|thumb|[[Bulacan]] LTB (Lugaw, tokwa, baboy)]] [[File:Home - Dinner.jpg|thumb|Hispanized ''arroz caldo'']] ''Lugaw'' (diéjah {{IPA-tl|ˈluɡaw|}}) nyaéta ngaran [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] pikeun bubur béas.{{efn|"This dish is sometimes referred to as rice porridge and in the Philippines it is usually called lugaw or lugao (from Tagalog)."<ref>{{cite book | last=Moore | first=B. | last2=Centre | first2=Australian National Dictionary | title=Who's centric now?: the present state of post-colonial Englishes | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2001 | isbn=978-0-19-551450-6 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Ws1ZAAAAMAAJ | access-date=August 11, 2017 | page=178}}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7W-RBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA111|title=Philippines Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments|publisher=International Business Publications, USA|year=2012|isbn=978-1-4387-7532-6|series=Philippines Country Study Guide|page=111|access-date=August 11, 2017}}</ref> Ari wangunna sarua kawas bubur ala [[Kanton]], biasana mah kintel pisan, wangunna teu béda jiga sangu, ngan becey. Ngasakan buburna ditambahan ku keureutan [[jahé]]. Rasa séjénna bisa ditambahkeun kumaha kahayang. Mimindengna mah sok dipurulukan ku [[bawang daun]] jeung [[goréng bawang]] [[Bawang bodas|bodas]] garing. Kawas okayu Jepang, ditambahan ku lauk atawa daging hayam nu ngajadikeun tatambah rasa kaldu. Lúgaw ogé bisa disuguhkeun jeung ''tokwa't baboy'' ([[tahu]] atawa daging bagong nu dikeureutan pasagi), ''goto'' ([[babat]] [[sapi]]), ''utak'' ([[uteuk]] [[bagong]]), ''dilà'' ([[létah]] [[bagong]]), tulang rangu sapi, jeung ''calamansi'', [[saos lauk]], jeung [[kécap]]. Sok disuguhkeun kanu gering jeung nu rérémpo, sarta dipikaresep ku urang Filipina nu dumuk di iklim nu leuwih tiis lantaran ieu bubur téh haneut, lembut, jeung gampang dicerna. Sawatara provinsi mah leuwih milih ngagunakeun istilah ''arroz caldo'' nu dipangaruhan ku [[basa Spanyol]] ([[inggrisifikasi]] tina ''caldo de arroz'', sacara harfiah hartina "sop sangu"), nu sok dianggap minangka susuguh [[Éropa]] ku lantaran ngaranna. ''Arroz caldo'' saéstuna mah bubur Tiongkok nu diluyukeun jeung karep padumuk kolonial Spanyol nu nangtayungan réstoran-réstoran Tiongkok di [[Filipina]]. ''Arroz caldo'' biasana mah maké samara [[konéng]] jeung [[pedes hideung]] nu diteundeun di gigireun [[jahé]] jeung [[bawang daun]] sangkan leuwih basajan. ''Arroz caldo'' leuwih kasohor di kalangan urang-urang [[Ilocano]], [[Hiligaynon]], jeung [[Cebuano]] (nu sacara lokal nyebutna minangka ''pospas''), sok sanajan di provinsi séjén mah kayaning Cebu jeung Bohol, sok ngadaharna téh ku cara ditambahan [[hurang]], [[minyak zaitun]], [[daun salam]], jeung [[sosis Cina]]. Vérsi dahareun panutup tina ''lugaw'' téh nyaéta ''[[champorado]]'', nu dijieun tina [[sangu]], bubuk coklat jeung [[gula]], jeung di luhurna dikucuran [[susu]]. Biasana disuguhkeunna pasosoré minangka caneuteun, sanajan bisa ogé didahar jang nyarap. Di wewengkon séjén nu maké basa [[Hiligaynon]], ''lugaw'' bisa nujul kana ''[[binignit]]'', sop dahareun panutup nu béda deui.{{Chinese |c=粥 |p=zhōu |w=chou1 |j=zuk¹ |y=jūk |ci={{IPA-yue|tsʊ́k|}} |buc=Cé̤ṳk |altname=Min Chinese name |c2=[[wikt:糜|糜]] |poj2=môai/mê/bôe/bê ({{IPA-nan|tʃók|IPA}}) |h=zuk⁵ ({{IPA-hak|tsūk|IPA}}) |lmz=tzoq ({{IPA-wuu|tsɔ́ʔ|IPA}}) |toi= zuk¹ ({{IPA-yue|tsūk|IPA}}) |kanji=1. 粥<br />2. [[wikt:白|白]] [[wikt:粥|粥]] |hiragana=1. かゆ<br /> 2. しらがゆ |revhep=1. kayu<br />2. shiragayu |hangul=죽 |hanja=[[wikt:粥|粥]] |rr=juk |por=canja |mr=chuk |msa=bubur |vie=cháo |hán việt âm=chúc |tha=โจ๊ก chok ({{IPA-th|tɕóːk|IPA}}) |hin=गांजी ganji |tgl=lúgaw |ind=bubur kanji |tam=கஞ்சி kanji |mar=पेज pej |lang1=Lao |lang1_content= {{lang|lo|ເຂົ້າປຽກ}} khào piak ({{IPA-lo|kʰaːo piːək|IPA}}) |lang2=Khmer |lang2_content={{lang|km|បបរ}} bâbâr ({{IPA-km|bɑˈbɑː|IPA}}) |lang3=Burmese |lang3_content={{lang|my|ဆန်ပြုတ်}} hsan byok {{IPA-my|sʰàmbjoʊʔ|IPA}} |lang4=Javanese |lang4_content=bubur |lang5=Bengali |lang5_content={{lang|bn|জাউ}} jau ({{IPA-bn|dʒaw|IPA}}) |lang6=Malayalam |lang6_content= {{lang|ml|കഞ്ഞി}} kanji |lang7=Oriya |lang7_content={{lang|or|କାଞ୍ଜି}} kaanji |lang8=Telugu |lang8_content={{lang|te|గంజి}} ganji |lang9=Kannada |lang9_content=ಗಂಜಿ ganji |lang10=Sinhala |lang10_content=කැඳ kanda |lang11=Tulu |lang11_content=ganji |lang12=Spanish |lang12_content=[[wikt:arroz|arroz]] [[wikt:caldo|caldo |lang13=Konkani |lang13_content= Kanji, Pez<ref>{{cite web|author1=Gauree Malkarnekar &#124; TNN|title=‘Pez’ soothes the fever and the brow|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Pez-soothes-the-fever-and-the-brow/articleshow/54874130.cms|website=The Times of India |archiveurl= |format=Newspaper article|date=October 16, 2016 |deadurl=no |accessdate=June 29, 2017}}</ref>]] }} == Budaya Sunda == Di wewengkon [[Sunda|Pasundaan,]] aya istilah "ngabubur beureum jeung ngabubur bodas" anu mangrupa adat istiadat nu masih dimumulé ku [[Urang Sunda|masarakat Sunda]] minangkana mah tradisi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Billyardi|first=Ramdhan|date=2017-7-3|title=Tumbak Sewu Dan Beberapa Adat Sunda Yang Hampir Punah|url=http://eprints.ummi.ac.id/89/|journal=Rampak Serantau|doi=|pmid=|access-date=2017-11-11}}</ref> Ieu bubur téh mangrupa bubur bodas anu diwadahan kana pisin nu dipasikeun, nu sapasi deuina pikeun ngawadahan [[bubur beureum]]. Jadi sapisin téh ngawadahan dua rupa bubur.<ref name=":0" /> [[Bubur beureum]] bu[[bur bodas]] bisa kapanggih dina acara-acara tinangtu, kayaning dina acara méré ngaran orok atawa ngaganti ngaran hiji jalma. Ku kituna, nyangkaruk patanyaan dina hirup kumbuh [[urang Sunda]] "Geus ngabubur beureum ngabubur acan?" ieu patanyaan téh umumna mah bijil nalika nanyakeun ngaran budak nu kakara bral ka alam [[dunya]] nu umurna kakara babaraha poé atawa dikedalkeun ka jalma nu ngaganti ngaranna. Kulawarga si orok, umumna mah kolotna, ngabagikeun ieu dua jenis bubur pikeun némbongkeun yén [[orok]] téh geus dibéré ngaran.<ref name=":0" /> Nyangkaruk makna simbolis kana ayana ieu dua jenis bubur. Duanana ngalambangkeun wawanén jeung kasucian, [[Beureum]] minangkana mah simbul tina wawanén jeung bodas minangkana mah simbul kasucian. Dina tradisi méré ngaran, ieu dua bubur téh mangrupa simbul tina harepan kulawarga sangkan jaganing géto si orok téh mibanda kasaimbangan antara watek wanén jeung suci nu hartina mihak kana kawani.<ref name=":0" /> Dina acara miéling 10 [[Muharam]] atawa nu dipikawanoh ku [[Asyura|Asyuro]], bubur beureum jeung bubur bodas gé dijieun, sakapeung mah sok disebut [[bubur suro]]. Ieu bubur umumna mah dibagikeun isuk-isuk sanggeus poé miéling [[Asyura|Suro]] jeung dibagikeun ku jalma nu beunghar, utamana mah para ajengan, pingpinan pondok pasantrén, atawa marbot, imam masjid. Ajén tina ieu dua jenis bubur dihartikeun minangka bentuk napak tilas kana kajadian Syuhadana Sayyidina [[Husein bin Ali|Huséin]] (incu Kangjeng Nabi [[Muhammad]] SAW.) di Padang Karbala ku pasukan [[Yazid bin Muawiyah|Yazid]]. ieu bubur minangka simbul wawanén jeung getih syuhada ti [[Huséin bin Ali|Sayyidina Husein]]. Sedengkeun bubur bodas minangka simbul kasucian nu dibéla ku Sayyidina Huséin.<ref name=":0" /> == Tempo ogé == {{portal|Food}} {{Div col|colwidth=15em}} * [[Bubur]] * [[Bubur hayam]] * [[Bubur beureum]] * [[Bubur kacang héjo]] * [[Bubur ketan hideung]] * [[Bubur lolos]] * [[Bubur glintir]] * [[Bubur hanjeli]] * [[Bubur lada]] * [[Bubur sumsum]]{{Div col end}} ==Catetan== {{notelist}} == Rujukan == {{reflist|30em}}{{dahareun-pondok}} [[Kategori:Sangu]] [[Kategori:Bubur| ]] 6k8pk7ep9sdcwz2z2yv3b0ig2oxno4n 630769 630768 2022-08-28T01:22:34Z 2404:C0:2C10:0:0:0:1F06:A235 /* Budaya Sunda */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{for|bubur sacara jembar|Bubur (disambiguasi)}} {{Kotak info Kadaharan | name = Bubur béas | image = Chinese rice congee.jpg | caption = Bubur béas [[Tiongkok]] dipurulukan [[abon]] jeung ''[[zha cai]]'' (ditambahan [[katuncar]] di sisina) | alternate_name = | country = [[Asia]] | region = | national_cuisine = | creator = | year = | mintime = | maxtime = | type = [[Bubur]] | course = | served = | main_ingredient = Varéatif | minor_ingredient = | variations = | serving_size = | calories = | protein = | fat = | carbohydrate = | glycemic_index = | similar_dish = | other = }} {{Contains Chinese text}} {{Contains Indic text}} '''Bubur béas''', '''bubur sangu''' atawa '''bubur bodas'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/wisata/dest-det.php?id=662&lang=id|title=Bubur Bodas-Dinas Pariwisata dan Kebudayaan Provinsi Jawa Barat|website=www.disparbud.jabarprov.go.id|accessdate=2017-11-10}}</ref>, sok disebut ogé '''[[bubur]]''' hungkul ({{lang-en|'''Congee'''}}) nyaéta jenis bubur nu bahan dasarna tina béas anu geus teu bireuk deui dikonsumsi di unggal nagara di [[Asia]], utamana mah di [[Wétan Jauh]]. Nalika didahar minangka bubur sangu biasa, ilaharna mah sok disuguhkeun jeung deungeunna. Deungeunna téh kayaning [[daging]], [[lauk]], jeung kaldu, ditambahkeunna mun bubur baris disuguhkeun. Bubur béas mah geus jadi kadaharan utama, komona mah pikeun nu gering, pikeun [[orok]] sarta [[balita]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/wisata/dest-det.php?id=660&lang=id|title=Bubur Beas-Dinas Pariwisata dan Kebudayaan Provinsi Jawa Barat|website=www.disparbud.jabarprov.go.id|accessdate=2017-11-10}}</ref> Ngaran bubur téh saenyana rupa-rupa pisan, gumantung kana bahan utama béas nu dipakéna sarta bahan tatambahna.<ref>{{cite book|title=Congee - Special Porridge (Chinese Edition)|date=1 April 2006|isbn=9868213630|accessdate=26 September 2017}}</ref> == Ngonsumsi == Pikeun ngolahkeunna, béas diasakanna jeung [[cai]] nu loba nepi ka keun beyé. Bubur béas bisa dijieun dina [[buleng]] atawa ogé dina [[panci]]. Ari béas nu dipakéna bisa maké béas bodas nu ilahar dipaké, atawa [[béas beureum]], bisa ogé [[béas ketan]] atawa gandum, gumantung kana bahan nu nyangkaruk, sarta pangaruh budaya di unggal wewengkon nu béda-béda. Ari di [[Kabudayaan Sunda|budaya Sunda]], bubur téh sok didahar iraha baé, anu umumna mah sok didahar pikeun [[Sarapan|nyarap]], sarta didahar di waktu peuting. Aya ogé nu ngadahar bubur téh minangka gaganti sangu nu ditambahan ku deungeunna. Ieu cocog pisan pikeun jalma gering atawa budak orok, lantaran gampang pisan dicerna ku usus jalma gering mah.<ref>Robert Saunders (1789) "Boutan & Thibet", ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society'' Vol. 79, p. 101</ref> == Unggal nagara == === Burma === Di [[Burma]] (kiwari disebut Myanmar), bubur béas disebut {{lang|my|ဆန်ပြုတ်}} ''hsan byok'' {{IPA-my|sʰàmbjoʊʔ|}}, hartina "kulub sangu". [[Bubur]]<nowiki/>na éncér pisan tur polos, sok dijieun ngan ukur tina béas jeung cai, ngan sakapeung mah sok ditambahan ku [[daging hayam]] atawa [[daging bagong|bagong]]. Disuguhkeun kalawan dipurulukan cacagan bawang daun jeung [[goréng bawang]] garing. Kawas di nagara-nagara Asia lianna, bubur béas dianggap minangka kadaharan pikeun kaséhatan. === Filipina === [[File:Lugawjf.JPG|thumb|[[Bulacan]] LTB (Lugaw, tokwa, baboy)]] [[File:Home - Dinner.jpg|thumb|Hispanized ''arroz caldo'']] ''Lugaw'' (diéjah {{IPA-tl|ˈluɡaw|}}) nyaéta ngaran [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] pikeun bubur béas.{{efn|"This dish is sometimes referred to as rice porridge and in the Philippines it is usually called lugaw or lugao (from Tagalog)."<ref>{{cite book | last=Moore | first=B. | last2=Centre | first2=Australian National Dictionary | title=Who's centric now?: the present state of post-colonial Englishes | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2001 | isbn=978-0-19-551450-6 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Ws1ZAAAAMAAJ | access-date=August 11, 2017 | page=178}}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7W-RBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA111|title=Philippines Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments|publisher=International Business Publications, USA|year=2012|isbn=978-1-4387-7532-6|series=Philippines Country Study Guide|page=111|access-date=August 11, 2017}}</ref> Ari wangunna sarua kawas bubur ala [[Kanton]], biasana mah kintel pisan, wangunna teu béda jiga sangu, ngan becey. Ngasakan buburna ditambahan ku keureutan [[jahé]]. Rasa séjénna bisa ditambahkeun kumaha kahayang. Mimindengna mah sok dipurulukan ku [[bawang daun]] jeung [[goréng bawang]] [[Bawang bodas|bodas]] garing. Kawas okayu Jepang, ditambahan ku lauk atawa daging hayam nu ngajadikeun tatambah rasa kaldu. Lúgaw ogé bisa disuguhkeun jeung ''tokwa't baboy'' ([[tahu]] atawa daging bagong nu dikeureutan pasagi), ''goto'' ([[babat]] [[sapi]]), ''utak'' ([[uteuk]] [[bagong]]), ''dilà'' ([[létah]] [[bagong]]), tulang rangu sapi, jeung ''calamansi'', [[saos lauk]], jeung [[kécap]]. Sok disuguhkeun kanu gering jeung nu rérémpo, sarta dipikaresep ku urang Filipina nu dumuk di iklim nu leuwih tiis lantaran ieu bubur téh haneut, lembut, jeung gampang dicerna. Sawatara provinsi mah leuwih milih ngagunakeun istilah ''arroz caldo'' nu dipangaruhan ku [[basa Spanyol]] ([[inggrisifikasi]] tina ''caldo de arroz'', sacara harfiah hartina "sop sangu"), nu sok dianggap minangka susuguh [[Éropa]] ku lantaran ngaranna. ''Arroz caldo'' saéstuna mah bubur Tiongkok nu diluyukeun jeung karep padumuk kolonial Spanyol nu nangtayungan réstoran-réstoran Tiongkok di [[Filipina]]. ''Arroz caldo'' biasana mah maké samara [[konéng]] jeung [[pedes hideung]] nu diteundeun di gigireun [[jahé]] jeung [[bawang daun]] sangkan leuwih basajan. ''Arroz caldo'' leuwih kasohor di kalangan urang-urang [[Ilocano]], [[Hiligaynon]], jeung [[Cebuano]] (nu sacara lokal nyebutna minangka ''pospas''), sok sanajan di provinsi séjén mah kayaning Cebu jeung Bohol, sok ngadaharna téh ku cara ditambahan [[hurang]], [[minyak zaitun]], [[daun salam]], jeung [[sosis Cina]]. Vérsi dahareun panutup tina ''lugaw'' téh nyaéta ''[[champorado]]'', nu dijieun tina [[sangu]], bubuk coklat jeung [[gula]], jeung di luhurna dikucuran [[susu]]. Biasana disuguhkeunna pasosoré minangka caneuteun, sanajan bisa ogé didahar jang nyarap. Di wewengkon séjén nu maké basa [[Hiligaynon]], ''lugaw'' bisa nujul kana ''[[binignit]]'', sop dahareun panutup nu béda deui.{{Chinese |c=粥 |p=zhōu |w=chou1 |j=zuk¹ |y=jūk |ci={{IPA-yue|tsʊ́k|}} |buc=Cé̤ṳk |altname=Min Chinese name |c2=[[wikt:糜|糜]] |poj2=môai/mê/bôe/bê ({{IPA-nan|tʃók|IPA}}) |h=zuk⁵ ({{IPA-hak|tsūk|IPA}}) |lmz=tzoq ({{IPA-wuu|tsɔ́ʔ|IPA}}) |toi= zuk¹ ({{IPA-yue|tsūk|IPA}}) |kanji=1. 粥<br />2. [[wikt:白|白]] [[wikt:粥|粥]] |hiragana=1. かゆ<br /> 2. しらがゆ |revhep=1. kayu<br />2. shiragayu |hangul=죽 |hanja=[[wikt:粥|粥]] |rr=juk |por=canja |mr=chuk |msa=bubur |vie=cháo |hán việt âm=chúc |tha=โจ๊ก chok ({{IPA-th|tɕóːk|IPA}}) |hin=गांजी ganji |tgl=lúgaw |ind=bubur kanji |tam=கஞ்சி kanji |mar=पेज pej |lang1=Lao |lang1_content= {{lang|lo|ເຂົ້າປຽກ}} khào piak ({{IPA-lo|kʰaːo piːək|IPA}}) |lang2=Khmer |lang2_content={{lang|km|បបរ}} bâbâr ({{IPA-km|bɑˈbɑː|IPA}}) |lang3=Burmese |lang3_content={{lang|my|ဆန်ပြုတ်}} hsan byok {{IPA-my|sʰàmbjoʊʔ|IPA}} |lang4=Javanese |lang4_content=bubur |lang5=Bengali |lang5_content={{lang|bn|জাউ}} jau ({{IPA-bn|dʒaw|IPA}}) |lang6=Malayalam |lang6_content= {{lang|ml|കഞ്ഞി}} kanji |lang7=Oriya |lang7_content={{lang|or|କାଞ୍ଜି}} kaanji |lang8=Telugu |lang8_content={{lang|te|గంజి}} ganji |lang9=Kannada |lang9_content=ಗಂಜಿ ganji |lang10=Sinhala |lang10_content=කැඳ kanda |lang11=Tulu |lang11_content=ganji |lang12=Spanish |lang12_content=[[wikt:arroz|arroz]] [[wikt:caldo|caldo |lang13=Konkani |lang13_content= Kanji, Pez<ref>{{cite web|author1=Gauree Malkarnekar &#124; TNN|title=‘Pez’ soothes the fever and the brow|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Pez-soothes-the-fever-and-the-brow/articleshow/54874130.cms|website=The Times of India |archiveurl= |format=Newspaper article|date=October 16, 2016 |deadurl=no |accessdate=June 29, 2017}}</ref>]] }} == Budaya Sunda == Di wewengkon [[Sunda|Pasundaan,]] aya istilah "ngabubur beureum jeung ngabubur bodas" anu mangrupa adat istiadat nu masih dimumulé ku [[Urang Sunda|masarakat Sunda]] minangkana mah tradisi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Billyardi|first=Ramdhan|date=2017-7-3|title=Tumbak Sewu Dan Beberapa Adat Sunda Yang Hampir Punah|url=http://eprints.ummi.ac.id/89/|journal=Rampak Serantau|doi=|pmid=|access-date=2017-11-11}}</ref> Ieu bubur téh mangrupa bubur bodas anu diwadahan kana pisin nu dipasikeun, nu sapasi deuina pikeun ngawadahan [[bubur beureum]]. Jadi sapisin téh ngawadahan dua rupa bubur.<ref name=":0" /> [[Bubur beureum]] [[bur bodas|bubur bodas]] bisa kapanggih dina acara-acara tinangtu, kayaning dina acara méré ngaran orok atawa ngaganti ngaran hiji jalma. Ku kituna, nyangkaruk patanyaan dina hirup kumbuh [[urang Sunda]] "Geus ngabubur beureum ngabubur acan?" ieu patanyaan téh umumna mah bijil nalika nanyakeun ngaran budak nu kakara bral ka alam [[dunya]] nu umurna kakara babaraha poé atawa dikedalkeun ka jalma nu ngaganti ngaranna. Kulawarga si orok, umumna mah kolotna, ngabagikeun ieu dua jenis bubur pikeun némbongkeun yén [[orok]] téh geus dibéré ngaran.<ref name=":0" /> Nyangkaruk makna simbolis kana ayana ieu dua jenis bubur. Duanana ngalambangkeun wawanén jeung kasucian, [[Beureum]] minangkana mah simbul tina wawanén jeung bodas minangkana mah simbul kasucian. Dina tradisi méré ngaran, ieu dua bubur téh mangrupa simbul tina harepan kulawarga sangkan jaganing géto si orok téh mibanda kasaimbangan antara watek wanén jeung suci nu hartina mihak kana kawani.<ref name=":0" /> Dina acara miéling 10 [[Muharam]] atawa nu dipikawanoh ku [[Asyura|Asyuro]], bubur beureum jeung bubur bodas gé dijieun, sakapeung mah sok disebut [[bubur suro]]. Ieu bubur umumna mah dibagikeun isuk-isuk sanggeus poé miéling [[Asyura|Suro]] jeung dibagikeun ku jalma nu beunghar, utamana mah para ajengan, pingpinan pondok pasantrén, atawa marbot, imam masjid. Ajén tina ieu dua jenis bubur dihartikeun minangka bentuk napak tilas kana kajadian Syuhadana Sayyidina [[Husein bin Ali|Huséin]] (incu Kangjeng Nabi [[Muhammad]] SAW.) di Padang Karbala ku pasukan [[Yazid bin Muawiyah|Yazid]]. ieu bubur minangka simbul wawanén jeung getih syuhada ti [[Huséin bin Ali|Sayyidina Husein]]. Sedengkeun bubur bodas minangka simbul kasucian nu dibéla ku Sayyidina Huséin.<ref name=":0" /> == Tempo ogé == {{portal|Food}} {{Div col|colwidth=15em}} * [[Bubur]] * [[Bubur hayam]] * [[Bubur beureum]] * [[Bubur kacang héjo]] * [[Bubur ketan hideung]] * [[Bubur lolos]] * [[Bubur glintir]] * [[Bubur hanjeli]] * [[Bubur lada]] * [[Bubur sumsum]]{{Div col end}} ==Catetan== {{notelist}} == Rujukan == {{reflist|30em}}{{dahareun-pondok}} [[Kategori:Sangu]] [[Kategori:Bubur| ]] lfr0y2ov1ftkrt6ig09bhb16ur7jh5t 0 34642 630796 600636 2022-08-28T09:19:36Z VpuipV 21463 👌👌👌 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} {{Taxobox |name = Keong sawah |image = Pila ampullacea pilidae 000.JPG |image_caption = Cangkang ''Pila ampullacea''. |regnum = [[Animal]]ia |phylum = [[Mollusca]] |classis = [[Gastropoda]] |unranked_familia = clade [[Caenogastropoda]]<br /> informal group [[Architaenioglossa]] |superfamilia = [[Ampullarioidea]] |familia = [[Ampullariidae]] |subfamilia = [[Ampullariinae]] |tribus = [[Ampullariini]] |genus = ''[[Pila (gastropod)|Pila]]'' |subgenus = |species = '''''Pila ampullacea''''' |species_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758) |synonyms = ''Pila polita'' }} '''Tutut''' nyaéta [[sato]] anu cangkangan nu hirupna dina leutak.<ref name="Kamus">Danadibrata,R.A.(2006).Kamus Basa Sunda.Bandung: Kiblat Buku Utama.</ref> Tutut sok diangeun pikeun deungeun [[sangu]] ari didaharnna dikecrok nepi ka beunang eusina.<ref name="Kamus"/> Tutut miboga cangkang anu mangrupa [[imah]]na anu wangunna méncos rerenggian.<ref name="Kamus"/> Tutut sabenerna tiasa dijadikeun dahareun nu loba mibanda protéin kawilang loba. =='''Kandungan Giji'''== Giji dina tutut ([[Inggris]]: ''snail'') atawa [[basa Perancis]] disebut ''Escargot'', mangrupa jinis sato moluska.<ref name="tutut1"/> Tutut miboga 100 spesies jeung gumantung kana jinis tempat cicingna.<ref name="tutut1"/> Biasana tutut anu didahar téh anu jinis [[Helix pomatia]] jeung [[Helix aspersa]].<ref name="tutut1"/> Tutut jadi kadaharan anu rasana ngeunah, tutut pikeun kadahareu lain di [[Indonésia]] waé tapi di nagara-nagara séjén ogé saperti [[Perancis]] anu cara sajina téh saperti ''appetizer'', sedengkeun di [[Amérika]] jeung [[Australia]], tutut anu disebutna ''abalone'' ilaharna didahar pikeun dahareun anu pang utamana, saperti ''Spaghetti with escargots'' jeung ''Abalone in oyster sauce''.<ref name="tutut1"/> Tutut loba ngandung [[protéin]], tapi saeutik [[lemak]]na.<ref name="tutut1"/> Dina saratus gram bagian anu bisa didahar aya 16 g protéin, jadi lamun urang ngadahar 100 g tutut, dina awak urang bakal aya 32% protéin tina kabutuhan sapopoé.<ref name="tutut1"/> Konsumsi protéin hewani dina dahareun sapopoé dibutuhkeun ku awak salain protéin nabati.<ref name="tutut1">[http://baltyra.com/2011/09/01/tutut-kraca-%E2%80%93-keong-sawah-yang-kaya-gizi/ Tutut Kraca – Keong Sawah Yang Kaya Gizi] (Dicutat tanggal 21 November 2011)</ref> Lemak dina 100 g tutut nyaéta 1,4 g.<ref name="tutut1"/> Lemak anu aya dina tutut mangrupa asam [[lemak essensial]] dina bentuk [[asam linoleat]] jeung [[asam linolenat]].<ref name="tutut1"/> Kandungan vitamin dina tutut rada loba kalayan dominasi [[vitamin A]], [[vitamin E]], [[niacin]] jeung [[folat]].<ref name="tutut1"/> Lamun urang ngadahar 100 gram tutut, jadi urang bakal nyumponan 2% vitamin A, 23% vitamin E, 7% niacin jeung 66% folat.<ref name="tutut1"/> Kandungan mineral anu aya dina tutut mangrupa [[kalsium]], [[zat beusi]], [[magnesium]], [[kalium]] jeung [[fosfor]].<ref name="tutut1"/> Lamun urang ngadahar 100 g tutut, jadi geus nyumponan 17% kalsium jeung 13,5% zat beusi pikeun kabutuhan awak sapopoé.<ref name="tutut1"/> Zat beusi dina tutut jumlahna 3,5&nbsp;mg, leuwih loba dibandingkeun zat besi dina [[daging]] (2,5&nbsp;mg) atawa [[lauk]] (2,4&nbsp;mg).<ref name="tutut1"/> ==catetan== {{reflist}} <gallery> File:Bellam javan 140813-0826 bo.JPG|Sayur tutut File:Bellam javan 140813-0833 bo.JPG|thumb|Tutut asak File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - ZMA.MOLL.33135 - Bellamya javanica von dem Busch, 1844 - Viviparidae - Mollusc shell.jpeg|Tutut sawah </gallery> [[Kategori:Gastropoda]] [[Kategori:Sato cai]] 3odwlhod3efrtmznla42he6uc03oy1c 0 36612 630797 618733 2022-08-28T10:53:22Z CommonsDelinker 211 [[commons:User:Orgullobot/commands|Bot]]: Ngaganti Football_iu_1996.jpg ku Football_in_Bloomington,_Indiana,_1996.jpg wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|Soccer}} {{Infobox sport | image = Football in Bloomington, Indiana, 1996.jpg | imagesize = 300px | caption = Panarajang <small>(No. 10)</small> rék najong bal ngaliwatan kiper musuh sangkan asup ka gawang jeung nyitak skor. | union = [[FIFA]] | nickname = Méngbal, sépak bola, bola, ''football, soccer, footy/footie, "the beautiful game", "the world game"'' | first = Britania panengah abad ka-19 | country/region = Sakuliah dunya | registered = | clubs = | contact = Enya | team = 11 per tim | mgender = Nya, kompetisi kapisah | category = [[Olah raga tim]], [[Olah raga nu maké bal]] | equipment = [[Bal (maén bal)|Bal]] | venue = [[Lapangan maén bal]] | olympic = [[Olimpiade 1900|1900]] }} [[Gambar:La mejor Hinchada de Futbol Argentino.jpg|jmpl|Dina maén bal, tujuan dasar para pangpayén nyaéta pikeun ajak timnya salami pertandingan.]] '''Maén bal''', atanapi '''méngbal''', '''sépak bal''', nyaéta [[olah raga tim|olah raga]] nu dimaénkeun antawis 2 di mana saban tim [[pamaén bal|pamaénna]] 11 urang kalawan hiji [[bal (maén bal)|bal]], di mana bal bisa gerak ku cara ditajong maké [[suku]] atawa dipentalkeun kana unggal babagian [[awak]] salian ti [[leungeun]].<ref name="hiji">{{en}}[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/soccer Soccer] (diaksés ping 1 September 2015)</ref>. Dina abad ka-21, olah raga ieu dimaénkeun ku leuwih ti 250 juta pamaén di leuwih 200 nagara, nyieunanna olahraga nu pangsohorna sajagad raya.<ref name=EB>{{cite web|title= Overview of Soccer |coauthors= |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/550852/football|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate=2008-06-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Guttman |first=Allen |editor=Eric Dunning, Joseph A. Maguire, Robert E. Pearton |title=The Sports Process: A Comparative and Developmental Approach |year=1993 |accessdate=2008-01-26 |publisher=Human Kinetics |location=[[Champaign, Illinois|Champaign]] |isbn=0-88011-624-2 |page=129 |chapter=The Diffusion of Sports and the Problem of Cultural Imperialism |chapterurl=http://books.google.com/books?id=tQY5wxQDn5gC&pg=PA129&lpg=PA129&dq=world's+most+popular+team+sport&source=web&ots=6ns3wVUEGV&sig=SZPKYSDMJBrO1uV4mPxNbKyAuJY#PPA129,M1 |quote=the game is complex enough not to be invented independently by many preliterate cultures and yet simple enough to become the world's most popular team sport }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Dunning |first=Eric |authorlink=Eric Dunning |title=Sport Matters: Sociological Studies of Sport, Violence and Civilisation |year=1999 |accessdate=2008-01-26 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London |isbn=0-415-06413-9 |page=103 |chapter=The development of soccer as a world game |chapterurl=http://books.google.com/books?id=X3lX_LVBaToC&pg=PA105&lpg=PA105&dq=world's+most+popular+team+sport&source=web&ots=ehee9Lr9o1&sig=nyvDhcrPoR8lXhYKE7k4CZYg_qU#PPA103,M1 |quote=During the twentieth century, soccer emerged as the world's most popular team sport }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mueller |first1=Frederick |last2=Cantu |first=Robert |last3=Van Camp |first3=Steven |title=Catastrophic Injuries in High School and College Sports |year=1996 |accessdate=2008-01-26 |publisher=Human Kinetics |location=[[Champaign, Illinois|Champaign]] |isbn=0-87322-674-7 |page=57 |chapter=Team Sports |chapterurl=http://books.google.com/books?id=XG6AIHLtyaUC&pg=PA57&lpg=PA57&dq=soccer+most+popular+team+sport&source=web&ots=QzydYB5Am0&sig=w_ouIgmegjytYFfWy7k92guTNfU#PPA57,M1 |quote=Soccer is the most popular sport in the world and is an industry worth over [[US$]]400 billion world wide. 80% of this is generated in Europe, though its popularity is growing in the United States. It has been estimated that there were 22 million soccer players in the world in the early 1980s, and that number is increasing. In the United States soccer is now a major sport at both the high school and college levels }}</ref> Olah raga ieu dimaénkeun dina hiji [[Lapangan maén bal|lapangan]] pasagi panjang ti jukut atanapi [[jukut jieunan]], kalawan hiji [[gawang]] di tengah-tengah ti saban sisi pondokna. Aya sawatara strategi anu nyerang jeung anu mertahankeun kalayan pola anu bisa dilarapkeun ka unggal kasabelasan dina laga.<ref name="sb">[http://www.g-excess.com/6030/pengertian-permainan-sepak-bola-beserta-peraturannya/ Pengertian Permainan Sepak Bola Beserta Peraturannya] (Dicutat tanggal 12 November 2011)</ref> Dina méngbal aya sababaraha pola nyaéta pola nyerang jeung pola mertahankeun.<ref name="sb"/> Dina pola nyerang miboga tujuan nyaéta ngasupkeun bola ka gawang lawan, ku sabab kitu diperlukeun strategi jeung téhnik dina nyerang.<ref name="sb"/> Sedengkeun pola mertahankeun pikeun méré perlawanan ka lawan sangkan henteu gol.<ref name="sb"/> Tujuan maén bal nyéta nyitak skor ku cara ngasupkeun balna ka gawang musuh. Tim nu boga skor nu panglobana nalika wayahna séép nyaéta nu meunang. Upami skorna sarua, biasana dinyatakeun [[seri]] atawa lanjut ka [[babak tambihan]] jeung/atawa hiji [[adu pénalti (maén bal)|adu pénalti]]. ''[[Laws of the Game (maén bal)|Laws of the Game]]'' (aturan kaulinan) aslina disusun di Inggris ku ''[[The Football Association|Football Association]]'' dina 1863 sarta geus robah-robah saprak éta. Maén bal internasionalna diatur ku [[FIFA]], nu ngurus [[Piala Dunya FIFA]] nu dilaksanakeun saban 4 taun.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/en/marketing/newmedia/index/0,3509,10,00.html |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20061230124633/http://www.fifa.com/en/marketing/newmedia/index/0,3509,10,00.html |archivedate=2006-12-30 |title=2002 FIFA World Cup TV Coverage |publisher=FIFA |date=2006-12-05 |accessdate=2008-01-06}}</ref> ==Étimologi jeung ngaran== <!-- Keep this overview section streamlined! Please place details and debate of what name is used where (other than the five nations noted) and other name debate issues in the dedicated article [[Names for association football]] rather than here! --> Aturan maén bal disusun di Inggris ku ''the Football Association'' dina 1863 sarta ngaran [[basa Inggris]] ''association football'' dijeung pikeun ngabédakeunana jeung [[Football|wangun ''football'' nu lian]] keur éta, utamina [[rugbi football]]. Sesebutan ''soccer'' asalna ti Inggris, kahiji muncul dina 1880-an salaku hiji singketan [[Oxford "-er"]] pikeun kecap "association".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usembassy.org.uk/rss/transcripts/worldcup2006a.html |title=The Yanks are Coming: A U.S. World Cup Preview |accessdate=2009-06-06 |last=Mazumdar |first=Partha |date=2006-06-05 |publisher=Embassy of the United States in London}}</ref> Di [[Dunya pamaké basa Inggris]], olah raga ieu bisana disebut ''football'' (atawa ''footy'') di Britania Raya, sarta ''soccer'' di [[Australia]], [[Kanada]], [[Selandia Anyar]], jeung [[Amérika Sarikat]]. Di Indonésia, umumna kawanoh salaku ''sepak bola'' atanapi ''bola'' hungkul. ==Cara maén== [[File:U20-WorldCup2007-Okotie-Onka edit2.jpg|thumb|left|Saurang kiper ngeureunkeun bal ti tajongan deukeut ti jero kotak pénalti]] Olah raga ieu dimaénkeun dumasar kana sababaraha aturan nu disebut [[Laws of the Game (maén bal)|''Laws of the Game'']]. Kaulinan ieu dimaénkeun maké bal nu bundeur (kira-kira {{convert|28|in|cm|abbr=on|disp=flip}} kurilingna dina standar FIFA). 2 tim (11 urang saban tim) parebut bal pikeun ngasupkeunnana ka gawang musuh. Tim nu miboga skor nu panglobana basa wayahna béak nyaéta nu meunang; lamun dua tim éta skorna sarua, patandingan éta disebut seri. Saban tim dipingpin ku hiji [[Kaptén (maén bal)|kaptén]] nu ngan miboga 1 tanggung jawab sakumaha disebutkeun ku ''Laws of the Game'': dimilukeun dina undian koin saméméh ''kick-off'' atawa adu pénalti.<ref name="laws51-52"/> Aturan utamina nyaéta pamaén iwal [[Kiper (maén bal)|kiper]] teu kénging ngeunaan balna maké panangan/leungeunna, kajaba basa pikeun [[alungan ka jero]] (''throw-in''). Sanajan umuna ngagunakeun suku, pamaén kénging ngagunakeun sadaya bagian awakna pikeun maénkeun balna, ("nyundul" lamun maké mastaka)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://expertfootball.com/training/heading.php |title=How to head a football ) |accessdate=2011-01-03}}</ref> salian ti panangan jeung leungeunna.<ref name="fouls">{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws12_02.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 12) |accessdate=2007-09-24| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071011115718/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws12_02.htm| archivedate = 11 October 2007}}</ref> Sadaya pamaén bébas maénkeun bal ka mana waé di jero lapangan, iwal dina posisi ''[[Offside (maén bal)|offside]]''<ref name="offsidelaw">{{cite book |title=Laws of the Game 2010/2011 |chapter=Law 11 – Offside |url=http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/generic/81/42/36/lawsofthegame_2010_11_e.pdf |format=PDF |author=IFAB |authorlink=International Football Association Board |publisher=FIFA |accessdate=2011-03-04 |page=31}}</ref>, nu ngahasilkeun tajongan bébas pikeun tim lawanna. Dina kaulinan nu umum, pamaén ngusahakeun pikeun nyitak gol langkung nyieun kasempetan individual ku cara ngadalikeun balna, saperti kalawan ''[[dribbling]]'', ngoper balna ka batur satim, sarta bari najong balna ka gawang musuh, nu dijagaan ku kiper musuh. Pamaén musuh bisa mibogaan kadali balna ku cara motong operan musuhna atanapi ku cara [[Tackle#Maén bal|'tackling'']] musuh nu keur mibanda balna; tapi, kontak pisik biasana bahaya, jeung bisa ngahasilkeun tajongan bébas pikeun musuhna. [[File:Soccer goalkeeper.jpg|thumb|Saurang kiper ngusahakeun ngeureunkeun bal sangkan teu asup ka gawangna]] Dina tingkat profésional, kalobaannana patandingan ngan nyieun seutik gol. Contona, [[Liga Primér FA 2005-06|usum 2005–06]] [[Liga Primér]] Inggris ngan nyieun rarata 2,48 gol per patandingan.<ref>{{cite news |title=England Premiership (2005/2006) |work=Sportpress.com |url=http://www.sportpress.com/stats/en/738_england_premiership_2005_2006/11_league_summary.html |accessdate=2007-06-05}}</ref> ''The Laws of the Game'' teu nyebutkeun posisi pamaén nanaon salian kiper,<ref name=LAW301>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws3_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 3–Number of Players) |accessdate=2007-09-24 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070913142527/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws3_01.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2007-09-13}}</ref> tapi aya sababaraha [[posisi maén bal|posisi]] husus. Umumna, aya 3 kategori posisi nu utama: ''[[striker]]'' (atanapi 'pamaén payun'), nu pancén utamina pikeun nyitak gol; [[Bék (maén bal)|bék]], nu tujuana nyegah musuhna nyitak gol; sarta [[pamaén tengah]]. Pamaén-pamaén dina posisi ieu biasana disebut pamaén ''outfield'', pikeun ngabédakeunnana jeung kiper. Posisi-posisi ieu teras dibagi dumasar wewengkon lapangan di mana pamaén éta. Contona, aya bék tengah, pamaén tengah kénca, jeung pamaén tengah katuhu. 10 pamaén ''outfield'' bisa disusun dina rupa-rupa kombinasi susunan. Jumlah pamaén di unggal posisi nangtukeun pola maén tim; upami nu narajang jumlahna leuwih ti jumlah békna nyieun pola maén nu agrésif jeung ofénsif, samentara nu sabalikna nyieun pola maén nu leuwih defénsif. Ngan aya saeutik larangan dina pagerakan pamaén jadina pamaén bisa gentos posisi iraha waé.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/rules_and_equipment/4196830.stm |title=Positions guide, Who is in a team? |work=BBC Sport |publisher=BBC |accessdate=2007-09-24 | date=2005-09-01}}</ref> Susunan pamaén-pamaén kawanoh salaku [[Formasi (maén bal)|''formasi'']]. Nangtoskeun formasi biasana hak prérogatif [[Manager (maén bal)|manager]] tim.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/rules_and_equipment/4197420.stm |title=Formations |work=BBC Sport |publisher=BBC |accessdate=2007-09-24 | date=2005-09-01}}</ref> ==Sajarah== {{utama|Sajarah maén bal}} [[File:Fußballgeschichte (1872).jpg|thumb|right|Inggris lawan Skotlandia dina [[Patandingan pawakilan Inggris v Skotlandia (1870–1872)|patandingan maén bal internasional kahiji]] ([[The Oval]], 1872)]] [[File:1stRoyalEngineers.png|thumb|left|Tim [[Royal Engineers A.F.C.|Royal Engineers]] nu meunangkeun [[Final Piala FA 1872|Final Piala FA]] dina 1872]] Aya sababaraha bukti yén maén bal datangna ti perang-perang jaman baheula. Baheulana méngbal téh olahraga anu ahéng tur pikasieuneun ku sabab encan ayana peraturan [[FIFA]].<ref name="bola1"/> Para pamaéna osok silih serang anu teu kabendung anu balukarna anarkis.<ref name="bola1"/> Kaulinan nu aya najong balna geus dimaénkeun di raloba nagara di rupa-rupa jaman. Dumasar FIFA, "wangun pangawalna kaulinan nu mana aya bukti ilmiahna nyaéta hiji latihan ti hiji manual militér ti abad ka-2 jeung ka-3 SM di Cina", nu mana kawanoh salaku ''[[cuju]]''.<ref>{{cite web | title = History of Football | publisher=FIFA| url = http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/history/game/historygame1.html | accessdate =2006-11-20}}</ref> Lain di [[Cina]] wungkul tapi di [[Jepang]] ogé tapi béda ngarana méngbal di Jepang disebut ''Kemari''. Jadi dina hakékatna mah olahraga méngbal téh mimitina di daérah [[Asia]] namung kamekarana jeung sumebarna méngbal [[Éropa]] anu ngamimitian ngamodifikasi méngbal jadi olahraga modéren anu dieuyeuban ku ayana peraturan dina maénna.<ref name="bola1">[http://sejarahsepakbola.com/ Asal Mula dan Sejarah Sepakbola] (Dicutat tanggal 4 Oktober 2011)</ref> <br/> Aturan maén bal modérn dumasar kana usaha patengahan abad ka-19 pikeun ngastandarisasi [[kaulinan maénbal sakola Inggris|rupa-rupa wangun maén bal]] nu dimaénkeun di sakola-sakola di Inggris. Sajarah maén bal di Inggris bisa ditéangan balik ka [[maén bal jaman patengahan|saheunteuna abad ka-8]].<ref>{{cite web | title = History of Football – Britain, the home of Football | publisher=FIFA| url = http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/history/game/historygame2.html | accessdate =2006-11-20}}</ref> [[Aturan Cambridge]]{{dash}}kahiji dirancang di [[Universitas Cambridge]] dina 1848{{dash}}miboga pangaruh husus kana pamekaran aturan-aturan nu salajengna, kaasup maén bal. Aturan Cambridge ditulis di [[Kampus Trinity, Cambridge]], dina hiji panglawungan pawakilan sakola saperti [[Kampus Eton|Eton]], [[Sakola Harrow|Harrow]], [[Sakola Rugby|Rugby]], [[Kampus Winchester|Winchester]], jeung [[Sakola Shrewsbury|Shrewsbury]]. Aturan éta teu diadopsi sadunya. Dina 1850-an, raloba klub nu teu kahubung jeung sakola atanapi universitas dibentuk di sapanjuru dunya panyatur basa Inggris, pikeun maénkeun rupa-rupa wangun maén bal. Sababaraha di antawisna ahirna miboga aturanna sorangan nu béda, cotona [[Sheffield F.C.]], nu dibentuk ku urut murid sakola dina 1857,<ref>{{cite book |last=Harvey |first=Adrian |title=Football, the first hundred years |publisher=Routledge |page=126 |year=2005 |location=London |isbn=0-415-35018-2}}</ref> nu mana nuju ka dibentukna [[Sheffield & Hallamshire Football Association|Sheffield FA]] dina 1867. Dina 1862, [[J. C. Thring|John Charles Thring]] ti [[Sakola Uppingham]] ogé manggihan sababaraha sét aturan nu boga pangaruh.<ref>{{cite news |first=David |last=Winner |date=2005-03-28 | title = The hands-off approach to a man's game |newspaper=The Times |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,27-1544006,00.html |accessdate=2007-10-07 | location=London}}</ref> Usaha-usaha ieu mangaruhan dibentukna ''[[The Football Association]]'' (Asosiasi Maén Bal, The FA) dina 1863, nu mana kahiji patepung dina 26 Oktober 1863 di [[Freemasons' Tavern]] (Warung [miras] Freemason) di [[Jalan Great Queen]], London.<ref name="FAhistory">{{cite web |title=History of the FA |publisher=Football Association (FA) |url=http://www.thefa.com/TheFA/TheOrganisation/Postings/2004/03/HISTORY_OF_THE_FA.htm |accessdate=2007-10-09| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20050407161619/http://www.thefa.com/TheFA/TheOrganisation/Postings/2004/03/HISTORY_OF_THE_FA.htm| archivedate = 7 April 2005}}</ref> Sahiji-hijina sakola nu diwakilkeun di panglawungan ieu nyaéta [[Sakola Charterhouse|Charterhouse]]. Freemason's Tavern jadi patempatan pikeun 5 panglawungan salajengna antawis Oktober jeung Désémber, nu mana ngahasilkeun sét aturan komprehénsif kahiji. Di panglawungan ahir, panata harta kahiji FA, wakil ti [[Blackheath Rugby Club|Blackheath]], kaluar jeung klubna ti FA ku lantaran dihupusna 2 konsép aturan ti panglawungan saméméhna: nu kahiji, ngijinkeun mawa bal jeung leungeun; nu kadua pikeun ngahalangan, lumpat misalna, ku cara najong sampéanna), néngklasanna, jeung nyekelannana. [[Sajarah rugbi union|Klub rugbi football Inggris nu lian mimiliuan ieu]] jeung teu ngagabung ka FA, atawa ninggalkeun FA jeung teras dina 1871 ngawangun [[Union Rugbi Football]]. 11 klub sésana, dina kaluluguan [[Ebenezer Cobb Morley]], ngesahkeun 13 aturan asli kauliinan.<ref name="FAhistory"/> Sheffield FA maén kalawan aturana sorangan nepi ka 1870-an bari FA nyerep sababaraha aturan éta nepi bédana ngan saeutik.<ref name="Merger">{{cite book|author=Young, Percy M.|year=1964|title=Football in Sheffield|pages=28–29|publisher=S. Paul}}</ref> ''Laws of the game'' ayeuna ditangtoskeun ku [[Badan Asosiasi Maén Bal Internasional]] (IFAB).<ref>{{cite web |title=IFAB|url=http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/ifab/aboutifab.html|publisher=FIFA |accessdate=2011-12-10}}</ref> Badan éta ngadeg taun 1886<ref>{{cite web |title=The International FA Board |publisher=FIFA |url=http://access.fifa.com/en/history/history/0,3504,3,00.html |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070422035010/http://access.fifa.com/en/history/history/0,3504,3,00.html |archivedate=2007-04-22 |accessdate=2007-09-02}}</ref> sanggeus hiji panglawungan di [[Manchester]] antawis The Football Association, [[Asosiasi Maén Bal Skotlandia]], [[Asosiasi Maén Bal Wales]], sarta [[Asosiasi Maén Bal Irlandia]]. Kompetisi maén bal nu pangkolotna sadunya nyaéta [[Piala FA]], nu diwangun ku [[C. W. Alcock]] jeung geus dilombakeun antawis tim-tim Inggris saprak 1872. [[Skotlandia v Inggris (1872)|Patandingan maén bal internasional resmi nu kahiji]] lumangsung dina 1872 antawis Skotlandia jeung Inggris di [[Glasgow]]. Inggris minangka imah pikeun [[The Football League|liga maén bal]] nu kahiji di dunya, nu diwangun di [[Birmingham]] dina 1888 ku diréktur [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]], [[William McGregor (maén bal)|William McGregor]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The History Of The Football League |publisher=Football League |url=http://www.football-league.co.uk/page/History/HistoryDetail/0,,10794~1357277,00.html |date=2010-09-22 |accessdate=2011-03-04}}</ref> Wangun aslina miboga 12 klub ti [[Daratan Tengah Inggris|''Midlands'']] (Daratan Tengah) jeung [[Inggris Kalér]]. [[Fédération Internationale de Football Association|FIFA]], badan maén bal internasional, diwangun di [[Paris]] dina 1904 jeung nyebutkeun bakal satia ka ''Laws of the Game''-na Football Association.<ref name=Wherebegan/> Tumuwuhna popularitas patandingan internasional ngarah ka pangakuan pawakilan FIFA ka [[Badan Asosiasi Maén Bal Internasional]] dia 1913. Badan éta ayeuna miboga 4 wakil ti FIFA jeung 1 ti unggal opat asosiasi ti Britania.<ref name="IFAB works"/> Kiwari, maén bal diulinkeun dina hiji tingkat [[olah raga profésional|profésional]] di sakuliah dunya. Jutaan jalmi biasa angkat ka stadion maén bal pikeun nongton tim dukunganna,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://football.guardian.co.uk/news/theknowledge/0,9204,1059366,00.html |title=Baseball or Football: which sport gets the higher attendance? |last1=Ingle |first1=Sean |last2=Glendenning |first2=Barry |date=2003-10-09 |work=The Guardian |location=UK |newspaper=The Guardian |accessdate=2006-06-05 }}</ref> samentara milyaran lianna nongton patandingan di televisi atanapi di Internét.<ref>{{cite web | title = TV Data | publisher=FIFA | url = http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/marketingtv/factsfigures/tvdata.html | accessdate = 2007-09-02 | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070922225713/http://fifa.com/aboutfifa/marketingtv/factsfigures/tvdata.html| archivedate = 22 September 2007}}</ref> Aya loba ogé nu maén bal dina tingkat amatir. Dumasar hiji survéy FIFA, dibéwarakeun dina 2001, leuwih ti 240 juta urang ti leuwih ti 200 nagara régulér maén bal.<ref>{{cite web | title = FIFA Survey: approximately 250 million footballers worldwide | publisher=FIFA | url = http://access.fifa.com/infoplus/IP-199_01E_big-count.pdf | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060915133001/http://access.fifa.com/infoplus/IP-199_01E_big-count.pdf | archivedate = 2006-09-15 | format = PDF |accessdate= 2006-09-15}}</ref> Maén bal miboga panongton televisi sadunya nu panglobana dina olah raga.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/marketing/news/newsid=111247/|title=2006 FIFA World Cup broadcast wider, longer and farther than ever before |publisher=FIFA|date=6 February 2007|accessdate=2009-10-11}}</ref> [[Tim nasional maén bal Basisir Gading]] ngabantos ngamankeun gencatan pakarang di [[Perang Sadulur Basisir Gading]] dina 2006<ref>{{cite web |title=More than a game |work=Common Ground News Service |url=http://www.commongroundnews.org/article.php?sid=1&id=2079 |last=Stormer |first=Neil |date=2006-06-20 |accessdate=2010-03-02}}</ref> jeung leuwih tebih ngirangan tegangan antawis pamaréntah jeung nu berontak dina 2007 langkung tanding maén bal di ibu kota pamberontakan, [[Bouaké]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Best Feet Forward | work=Vanity Fair | url = http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2007/07/ivorycoast200707 |first=Merrill |last=Austin | date = 2007-07-10 | accessdate = 2010-03-02 }}</ref> Bandinganna, maén bal kawanoh kalawan luas salaku pertimbangan sabab ayana [[Perang Maén Bal]] dina Juni 1969 antawis [[Él Salvador]] jeung [[Honduras]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Has football ever started a war? |newspaper=The Guardian |url=http://football.guardian.co.uk/theknowledge/story/0,,2017161,00.html |last1=Dart |first1=James |last2=Bandini |first2=Paolo |date=2007-02-21 |accessdate=2007-09-24 |location=London}}</ref> Olah raga ieu ogé miburukan tegangan dina awal [[perang Yugoslav]] dina 1990-an, nalika patandingan antawis [[NK Dinamo Zagreb|Dinamo Zagreb]] jeung [[Red Star Belgrade]] jadi karusuhan dina Maret 1990.<ref>{{cite news | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | title= The Soccer Wars | last=Drezner |first=Daniel |authorlink=Daniel W. Drezner |date=2006-06-04 |page=B01 |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/02/AR2006060201401.html |accessdate=2008-05-21}}</ref> ==Aturan== Aya 17 aturan di "Laws of the Game". Aturan nu sarua disusun pikeun dipaké dina sadaya tingkat, sanajan modifikasi katangtu pikeun kelompok saperti junior, sénior, putri, jeung jalmi kalawan kakirangan fisik, diijinkeun. "Laws of the Game" dimedalkeun ku FIFA, tapi diurus ku [[Badan Asosiasi Maén Bal Internasional]] (IFAB), sanésna FIFA.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/lawsofthegame.html| title=Laws Of The Game |publisher=FIFA |accessdate=2007-09-02}}</ref> Tambihannana kana 17 aturan, raloba kaputusan IFAB jeung instruksi lianna mangaruhan régulasi maén bal. Nu pangrumitna nyaéta [[offside (maén bal)|''offside'']]. <!-- The offside law limits the ability of attacking players to receive the ball when closer to the opponent's goal line than: the ball itself; the second-to-last defending player (which can include the goalkeeper); and the half-way line.<ref name="offsidelaw"/> --> ===Pamaén, kalengkepan, jeung ofisial=== {{See also|Posisi maén bal|Formasi (maén bal)|Pakéan (maén bal)}} Unggal tim miboga maksimal 11 pamaén (teu kaasup [[cadangan (maén bal)|cadangan]]), salah sahijina kedah janten [[kper (maén bal)|kiper]]. Aturan kompetisi bisa nyebutkeun jumlah pamaén minimal dina hiji tim, biasana 7. Kiper mangrupa sahiji-hijina pamaén nu kaci maénkeun balna jeung panangan, tapi sabenerna pamaén nu lian ogé kaci ukur keur''throw-in'' (alungan ka jero) hungkul. Sanajan aya sababaraha rupa [[posisi maén bal|posisi]] di mana pamaén ''outfielder'' (non-kiper) ditempatkeun ku palatih, posisi-posisi ieu teu diterangkeun jeung diatur.<ref name=LAW301/> [[Pakéan (maén bal)|Pakéan]] (''seragam'') nu dipibutuh nyaéta baju, calana, kaos suku, alas suku, jeung upami diperlukeun [[palindung suku]]. [[Hélem (maén bal)|Palindung mastaka]] sanés kalengkepan dasar, tapi kiwari, pamaén tiasa makéna pikeun ngalindungan soranganna ti kacilakaan. Pamaén teu meunang maké nanaon nu bahaya pikeun manéhna atawa pamaén lian, kawas jewellery atanapi arloji. Kiper kedah maké pakéan anu gampang dibédakeung jeung nu dipaké ku pamaén lian jeung ofisial.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws4_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 4–Players' Equipment) |accessdate=2007-09-24 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070913141601/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws4_01.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2007-09-13}}</ref> Sababaraha pamaén bisa digentos ku cadangan. Jumlah maksimal panggantian nu diijinkeun dina raloba laga doméstik jeung internasional nyaéta 3, sanajan jumlah éta bisa robah di kompetisi lian atanapi patandingan sababaturan. Alesan digentosna pamaén contona ku lantaran cedera, capé, kirang éféktif, taktik, atanapi [[miceun waktos]]. Dina patandingan standar, pamaén nu geus digentos teu kaci maén deui dina patandingan éta.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws3_02.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 3–Substitution procedure) |accessdate=2007-09-24| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071011144947/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws3_02.htm| archivedate = 11 October 2007}}</ref> IFAB nyarankeun yén "hiji patandingan kedahna teu dilanjutkeun upami dua tim éta pamaénna nu maénna kirang ti 7 urang." Kaputusan méré poin tina patandingan nu katinggal kitu dumasar kana asosiasi maén bal sosoranganna.<ref>{{cite book |title=Laws of the Game 2010/2011 |chapter=Law 3 – The Number of Players |url=http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/generic/81/42/36/lawsofthegame_2010_11_e.pdf |format=PDF |author=IFAB |authorlink=International Football Association Board |publisher=FIFA |accessdate=2011-03-04 |page=62}}</ref> <div id="Match officials"></div>Hiji patandingan diluluguan ku saurang [[wasit (maén bal)|wasit]], nu mibanda "kakawassan pinuh ngalaksanakeun ''Laws of the Game'' dina patandingan di mana manéhna ditunjuk kanana" (Hukum 5), jeung kaputusanna final. Wasit dibantos ku 2 [[asistén wasit]]. Di loba patandingan tingkat luhur, aya ogé saurang [[ofisial kaopat]] nu ngabantoasn wasit jeung bisa ngagentos ofisial nu lian.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws5_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 5–The referee) |accessdate=2007-09-24 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070913141909/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws5_01.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2007-09-13}}</ref> ===Lapangan=== {{utama|Lapangan maén bal}} [[File:Football pitch metric.svg|thumb|400px|Lapangan standar kalawan ukuranna]] Ku lantaran aturanna disusun di Inggris, jeung ngan diurus ku 4 asosiasi maén bal Britania dina [[IFAB]], diménsi lapangan maén bal standar aslina ngagunakeun [[unit impérial]]. Aturan ayeuna ngagunakeun diménsi kalawan ajén pakiraan [[SI|métrikna]] (dipiluan ku unit tradisional di jero kurung), sanajan pamakéan populér condongna tetep maké unit tradisional di nagara pamaké basa Inggris kalawan sajarah [[métrikasi]] nu rélatif anyar (atanapi métrikasi sabagian), saperti Britania.<ref>{{cite news |title=Will we ever go completely metric? |work=BBC news |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3934353.stm |date=2004-09-02 |last=Summers |first=Chris |accessdate=2007-10-07}}</ref> Panjang lapangan pikeun patandingan internasional déwan 100–110&nbsp;m (110–120&nbsp;yd) jeung lébarna 64–75&nbsp;m (70–80&nbsp;yd). Lapangan pikeun patandingan non-internasional bisa 90–120&nbsp;m (100–130&nbsp;yd) panjangna jeung 45–90&nbsp;m (50–100&nbsp;yd) lébarna. Sanajan kitu, dina 2008, IFAB ngasahkeun ukuran panjang standar 105&nbsp;m (344&nbsp;suku) jeung lébra 68&nbsp;m (223&nbsp;suku) salaku diménsi lapangan standar pikeun patandingan internasional.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/ifab/media/news/newsid=707751/|title=Goal-line technology put on ice |publisher=FIFA |date=2008-03-08 |accessdate=2010-06-19}}</ref><!-- ref for last sentence only --> Kaputusan ieu sabenerna teu pernah diréalisasikeun.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/administration/77/82/55/circularno.1145-amendmentstothelawsofthegame-2008.pdf |title=FIFA Amendments to the Laws of the Game, 2008 |publisher=FIFA |format=PDF |accessdate=2011-03-04}}</ref> Gurat wates nu panjang ngaranna ''touchlines'', samentwis nu pondok nyaéta ''goal lines'' (gurat gawang). Hiji gawang pasagi panjang ditempatkeun di tengah unggal gurat gawang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws1_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 1.1–The field of play) |accessdate=2007-09-24| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070913142202/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws1_01.htm| archivedate = 13 September 2007}}</ref> Jarak antawis 2 tihang gawang vértikal nyaéta 7,32&nbsp;m (8&nbsp;yd), jeung tihang horisontalna kedah 2,44&nbsp;m (8&nbsp;ft) luhureun taneuh. Jaring biasana dipasang di tukangeun gawang, tapi teu dipibutuh ku aturan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws1_04.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 1.4–The Field of play) |accessdate=2007-09-24| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071011144942/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws1_04.htm| archivedate = 11 October 2007}}</ref> Hareupeun gawang aya nu kawanoh salaku [[aréa pénalti]]. <!-- Aréa ieu dicirian ku gurat gawang, two lines starting on the goal line 16.5&nbsp;m (18&nbsp;yd) from the goalposts and extending 16.5&nbsp;m (18&nbsp;yd) into the pitch perpendicular to the goal line, and a line joining them. This area has a number of functions, the most prominent being to mark where the goalkeeper may handle the ball and where a penalty foul by a member of the defending team becomes punishable by a [[penalty kick (football)|penalty kick]]. Other markings define the position of the ball or players at [[Kick-off (association football)|kick-off]]s, goal kicks, penalty kicks and corner kicks.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws1_03.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 1.3–The field of play) |accessdate=2007-09-24| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071011084145/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws1_03.htm| archivedate = 11 October 2007}}</ref> --> ===Durasi jeung cara ngeureunkeun waktos=== Patandingan standar miboga 2 babak. Unggal babak panjangna 45 menit. Biasana aya istirahat 15 menit antawis babak-babak. Wasit nyaéta panjaga waktu resmi. Wasit bisa nambihkeun waktosna dina ahir unggal babak ku lantaran misalna aya pamaén nu digentosan, cidera, atawa hal-hal lianna. Waktu tambihan ieu kawanoh ogé salaku ''stoppage time'', ''injury time'', atanapi ''loss time''. Lilana waktu tambihan dumasar kana kaputusan wasit. Dina patandingan di mana aya ofisial kaopat, nuju ka réngséna hiji babak, wasit méré nyahoan baraha menit waktos anu rék ditambih. Ofisial kaopat teras nginformasikeun para pamaén jeung panongton kalawan nyandak papan nu némbongkeun menit tambihannana. Waktu tambihan bisa ditambih deui ku wasit.<ref name="rule7.2">{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws7_02.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 7.2–The duration of the match) |accessdate=2007-09-24 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071011144952/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws7_02.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2007-10-11}}</ref> Waktu tambihan dipikawanohkeun ku lantaran kacilakaan dina 1891 dina hiji patandingan antawis [[Stoke City F.C.|Stoke]] jeung [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]]. Kaaayaan 1–0 sarta waktosna ngan sésa 2 menit, Stoke dibéré pénalti. Kiper Aston Villa najong balna kaluar lapangan. Basa balna geus balik, waktu 90&nbsp;menit geus béak jeung patandinganna réngsé.<ref>[[The Sunday Times]] ''Illustrated History Of Football'' Reed International Books Limited 1996. p.11 ISBN 1-85613-341-9</ref> Aturan nu sarua ogé mikawanohkeun yén upami waktosna geus béak tapi aya pénalti nu kedah dilakukeun, durasi babak éta dilamikeun deui nepi ka pénalti dilaksanakeun, ku kituna taya patandingan nu réngsé kalawan hiji pénalti pikeun dilakukeun.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws7_03.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 7.3–The duration of the match) |accessdate=2010-03-03| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080603064822/http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws7_03.htm| archivedate = 3 June 2008}}</ref> Dina kompetisi liga, patandingan bisa réngsé dina kadudukan seri, tapi dina sababaraha kompetisi sistim gugur, upami hiji patandingan réngséna seri, patandingan éta bisa lanjut ka babak tambihan, unggall babakna 15-menit. Upami skorna masih kénéh seri, sababaraha kompetisi ngijinkeun pamakéan [[adu pénalti]] (resmina dina ''Laws of the Game'': "kicks from the penalty mark") pikeun nangtoskeun tim nu mana nu ngalanjutkeun ka puteran salajengna dina turnamén éta. Gol nu dicitak dina babak tambihan diétang kana skor ahir patandingan, tapi gol ti adu pénalti ukur dipaké pikeun nagroskeun tim mana nu meunangna (gol dina adu pénalti teu diétang kana skor ahir).<ref name="laws51-52">{{cite book |title=Laws of the Game 2010/2011 |chapter=Procedures to determine the winner of a match or home-and-away |url=http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/generic/81/42/36/lawsofthegame_2010_11_e.pdf |format=PDF |author=IFAB |authorlink=International Football Association Board |publisher=FIFA |accessdate=2011-03-04 |pages=51–52}}</ref> Dina kompetisi nu ngagunakeun [[patandingan 2 laga]], unggal tim tanding di stadion kandangna sakali. Skor agrégat ti 2 patandingan éta nangtukeun tim mana nu lanjut. Upami skor agrégatna sarua, [[aturan gol tandang]] bisa dipaké pikeun nangtoskeun nu meunangna, nu mana nu meunangna nyaéta tim nu nyitak gol panglobana basa maén di kandang musuhna. Upami hasilna masih kénéh sarua, adu pénalti.<ref name="laws51-52"/> Dina ahir 1990-an jeung awal 2000-an, [[IFAB]] nyobian cara nangtoskeun nu meunang tanpa adu pénalti. Di antarana ngeureunkeun patandingan dina babak tambihan, boh basa gol kahiji dina babak tambihan dicitak (''[[golden goal]]''), boh hiji tim skorna mingpin dina ahir babak kahiji babak tambihan (''[[silver goal]]''). ''Golden goal'' dipaké dina Piala Dunya [[Piala Dunya FIFA 1998|1998]] jeung [[Piala Dunya FIFA 2002|2002]]. Patandingan Piala Dunya nu kahiji ditangtukeun ku ''golden goal'' nyaéta meunangna [[tim nasional maén bal Perancis|Perancis]] ti [[tim nasional maén bal Paraguay|Paraguay]] dina 1998. [[tim nasional maén bal Jérman|Jérman]] mangrupa nagara kahiji nu nyitak ''golden goal'' dina hiji kompetisi gedé, ngéléhkeun [[tim nasional maén bal Céko|Céko]] di final [[Euro 1996]]. ''Silver goal' dipaké dina [[Euro 2004]]. Pacobaan ieu duanana teu dilanjutkeun ku IFAB.<ref>{{cite news | title = Time running out for silver goal |publisher=Rediff.com |agency=Reuters | url = http://www.rediff.com/sports/2004/jul/02silver.htm | last=Collett |first=Mike | date = 2004-07-02 | accessdate =2007-10-07}}</ref> ===Bal asup jeung kaluar=== Dina ''Laws of the Game'', 2 dasar patandingan nyaéta ''bal di'' jeung ''di luar maén''. Ti mimitina unggal babak kalawan kick-off nepi ka réngséna, bal salawasna aya di pamaénan, iwal nalika balna kaluar lapangan, atanapi patandingan distop heula ku wasit. Basa balna kaluar ti pamaénan, maénna di-"ulang" deui ku salah sahiji cara ti 8métodeunu aya dumasar sababna: [[File:Shunsuke1 20080622.jpg|thumb|right|Saurang pamaén ngalaksanakeun tajongan bébas. Musuhna ngawangun "témbok" pikeun ngalingan balna]] * [[Kick-off (maén bal)|Kick-off]]: sanggeus hiji gol ku tim lawan, atanapi mimitian unggal babak.<ref name="restart">{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws8_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 8) |accessdate=2007-09-24 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070913142456/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws8_01.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2007-09-13}}</ref> * [[Alungan ka jero]]: basa balna kaluar ti gurat sisi (nu panjang, sanés nu aya gawangna); dibéré ka lawan ti tim nu pangahirna ngeunaan bal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws15_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 15–The Throw-in) |accessdate=2007-10-14 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070913142556/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws15_01.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2007-09-13}}</ref> * [[Tajongan gawang]]: basa balna kaluar liwat garis gawang tanpa hiji skor nu dicitak sarta pangahirna dikeunaan ku tim nu narajang; dibéré ka tim musuhna.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws16_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 16–The Goal Kick) |accessdate=2007-10-14 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070913141725/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws16_01.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2007-09-13}}</ref> * [[Tajongan juru]]: basa balna geus meuntasan gurat gawang tanpa aya gol nu kacitak tina sarta pangahirna dikeunaan ku tim nu ditarajangan; dibéré ka tim nu narajang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws17_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 17–The Corner Kick) |accessdate=2007-10-14 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070913142324/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws17_01.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2007-09-13}}</ref> * [[Tajongan bébas teu langsung]]: dibéré ka lawanna tim nu ngalakukeun palanggaran "non-pidana", palanggaran téhnis katangtos, atanapi basa pamaénanna dieureunkeun saheulaan. Teu kaci nyitak gol langsung liwat tajongan ieu (tanpa ngeunaan paamén lian).<ref name="freekick">{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws13_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 13–Free Kicks) |accessdate=2007-10-14 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070913142645/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws13_01.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2007-09-13}}</ref> * [[Tajongan bébasa langsung]]: dibéré ka lawanna tim nu ngalakukeun palanggaran "pidana".<ref name="freekick"/> Kénging nyitak gol langsung liwat tajongan ieu. * [[Tajongan pénalti (maén bal)|Tajongan pénalti]]: dibéré ka lawanna tim nu ngalakukeun palanggaran di kotak pénalti soranganna.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws14_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 14–The Penalty Kick) |accessdate=2007-10-14 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070913142717/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws14_01.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2007-09-13}}</ref> * ''[[Dropped-ball]]'': basa wasitna ngeureunkeun patandingan saheulaan pikeun alesan-alesan lian, saperti aya pamaén nu cedera serius di lapangan. Kaputusan kieu carang aya dina patandingan normal.<ref name="restart"/> ===Palanggaran=== {{double image|right|Yellow card.svg|60|Red card.svg|60|Pamaén dibéré pangélingan maké kartu konéng, jeung dikaluarkeun maké kartu beureum. Warna-warna ieu kahiji dipikawanohkeun dina [[Piala Dunya FIFA 1970]] jeung masih dianggo nepi ka ayeuna.}} [[File:Ryan Valentine scores.jpg|thumb|left|Saurang pamaén nyitak hiji tajongan pénalti nu dihadiahkeun sanggeus hiji palanggaran kana timna dina kotak pénalti lawanna]] Hiji [[palanggaran (maén bal)|palanggaran]] aya basa saurang pamaén ngalakukeun hiji kalakuan katangtos nu kaserat dina Laws of the Game nalika balna keur dimaénkeun. Lalaku anu nyababkeun palanggaran kaserat dina Law 12. Ku sangaja ngeunaan balna maké tangan, néngklasan musuh, atanapi ngadorong musuh, mangrupa conto "pidana", bisa dihukum ku [[tajongan bébas langsung]] atanapi [[tajongan pénalti (maén bal|tajongan pénalti]] dumasar di mana palanggaran éta aya. Palanggaran lian dihukum ku hiji [[tajongan bébas teu langsung]].<ref name="fouls"/> Wasit bisa ngahukum saurang pamaén atanapi ku cara méré pangélingan ([[kartu palanggaran|kartu konéng]]) atanapi ngaluarkeunna ([[kartu palanggaran|kartu beureum]]). Kartu konéng kadua bisa nyababkeun pamaén narima kartu beureum. Saurang pamaén nu dibéré kartu kuning kawanoh salaku geus "booked", wasit nyerat nami si pamén dina buku resmina. Upami saurang pamaén geus dikaluarkeun, pamaén cadangan teu kénging ngeusian posisina. Non-pamaén saperti ménéjer jeung staf teu kénging dibéré kartu, tapi bisa diusir upami kalakuanna katempo teu sopaneun.<ref name="fouls"/> Tinimbang ngeureunkeun patandingan, wasit bisa ngidinkeun patandingan lanjut. Upami kitu, nu kawas kitu bisa nguntungkeun tim lawanna nu ngalakukeun palanggaranna. Hal ieu kawanoh salaku "''playing an advantage''".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/rules_and_equipment/4188646.stm |title=Referee's signals: advantage |work=BBC Sport |publisher=BBC |accessdate=2011-03-04 |date=14 September 2005}}</ref> Wasit bisa "''call back''" patandingan jeung méré hukuman éta palanggaran upami teu jadi "''advantage''" dina "sababaraha detik". Upami hiji palanggaran teu dihukuman ku lantaran keur aya ''advantage'', nu ngalakukeunnana masih bisa dihukum ku sabab palanggaran salajengna nu dilakukeunnana.<ref>{{cite book |title=Laws of the Game 2010/2011 |chapter=Law 5: Referee: Advantage |url=http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/generic/81/42/36/lawsofthegame_2010_11_e.pdf |format=PDF |author=IFAB |authorlink=International Football Association Board |publisher=FIFA |accessdate=2011-03-04 |page=66}}</ref> ==Babon organisasi== {{See also|Maén bal di sakuliah dunya}} Babon organisasi internasional maén bal (jeung varian-varianna, kawas [[futsal]] jeung [[maén bal basisir]]) nu diakuan nyaéta [[FIFA|Fédération Internationale de Football Association]] (FIFA). Markas FIFA aya di [[Zurich]]. 6 konféderasi kawewengkonan kahubung jeung FIFA; nyaéta:<ref name="confeds">{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/confederations/ |title=Confederations |publisher=FIFA |accessdate=2011-03-04}}</ref> * Asia: [[Konféderasi Maén Bal Asia|Asian Football Confederation]] (AFC) * Afrika: [[Konféderasi Maén Bal Afrika|Confederation of African Football]] (CAF) * Éropa: [[UEFA|Union of European Football Associations]] (UEFA) * Amérika Kalér/Tengah & Karibia: [[CONCACAF|Konféderasi Maén Bal Amérika Kalér, Tengah, jeung Karibia]] (CONCACAF) * Oséania: [[Konféderasi Maén Bal Oséania]] (OFC) * Amérika Kidul: [[CONMEBOL|Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol/Confederação Sul-americana de Futebol]] (CONMEBOL) Asosiasi nasional ngawasan maén bal dina nagara sosoranganna. Hali ieu umumna harina sarua jeung [[nagara daulat]], (conto: [[Fédération Camerounaise de Football]] di [[Kamerun]]) tapi ngawengku ogé sababaraha asosiasi nu ngawasan éntitas sub-nasional (contona [[Scottish Football Association]] di [[Skotlandia]]). 208 asosiasi nasional kaafiliasi boh jeung FIFA atanapi konféderasi kabuanaanna.<ref name="confeds"/> FIFA miboga tanggung jawab pikeun nyusun kompetisi jeung aturan-aturanna nu patali, tapi Laws of the Game sabenerna diatur ku [[Badan Asosiasi Maén Bal Internasional]], di mana unggal asosiasi ti Britania Raya miboga hiji sora, samentara FIFA sacara koléktif miboga 4 sora.<ref name="IFAB works">{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/ifab/aboutifab.html |title=The IFAB: How it works |publisher=FIFA |accessdate=2011-03-04}}</ref> ==Pasanggiri internasional== {{utama|Daptar pasanggiri maén bal}} Kompetisi maén bal internasional utami nyaéta [[Piala Dunya FIFA|Piala Dunya]], diatur ku FIFA. Kompetisi ieu lumangsung dina jangka waktos 4 taun. Leuwih ti 190 tim nasional palomba-lomba dina turnamén. Puteran finalna, nu dilaksanakeun unggal 4 taun, mimilukeun 32 tim nasional dina jangka waktos 4 minggu.<ref>Jumlah tim nu asup ka puteran final robah-robah saprak mimitina Piala Dunya. Nu panganyarna nyaéta 32 tim, saprak [[Piala Dunya FIFA 1998|1998]].</ref> Turnamén nu panganyarna, [[Piala Dunya FIFA 2010]], dilaksanakeun di [[Afrika Kidul]] ti 11 Juni nepi ka 11 Juli.<ref>{{cite web | title = The FIFA Calendar | publisher=FIFA | url = http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/calendar/events.html | accessdate = 2010-06-12}}</ref> Aya [[Maén bal di Olimpiade|pasanggiri maén bal]] dina unggal [[Olimpiade Usum Panas]] saprak 1900, iwal dina 1932 di [[Olimpiade 1932|Los Angeles]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.olympic.org/football-equipment-and-history?tab=1 |title=Football Equipment and History |publisher=International Olympic Committee (IOC) |accessdate=2011-03-04}}</ref> Saméhémh mimitina Piala Dunya, maén bal nu dina Olimpiade (utamina dina 1920-an) miboga status nu sarua jeung Piala Dunya. Aslina, cabang ieu ngan pikeun amatir hungkul,<ref name=Wherebegan>{{cite web |url=http://access.fifa.com/en/history/history/0,3504,4,00.html |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070608215029/http://access.fifa.com/en/history/history/0,3504,4,00.html |archivedate=2007-06-08 |title=Where it all began |publisher=FIFA |accessdate=2007-06-08}}</ref> tapi, saprak [[Olimpiade 1984]], pamaén profésional diidinkeun ngiring, sanajan kalawan larangan katangtos nu nyegahan nagara nurunkeun timna nu pangkiatna. Ayeuna, turnamén maén bal putra dina Olimpiade dimaénkeun ku pamaén U-23. Baheula, Olimpiade miboga larangan ngeunaan umur sababaraha pamaén;<ref>{{cite web |title=Football – An Olympic Sport since 1900 |publisher=International Olympic Committee (IOC) |url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/sports/programme/index_uk.asp?SportCode=FB |archiveurl=http://replay.waybackmachine.org/20090601015157/http://www.olympic.org/uk/sports/programme/index_uk.asp?SportCode=FB |archivedate=2009-06-01 |accessdate=2007-10-07}}</ref> tapi praktikna euweuh dina Olimpiade 2008. Turnamén putrina ditambihkeun dina 1996. Lain jeung nu putrana, euweuh larangan ngeunaan yuswa pamaén dina turnamén nu putrina.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://olympics.sportinglife.com/olympics/story/0,23911,14986,00.html |title=Event Guide – Football |work=sportinglife |publisher=365 media group |accessdate=2011-03-05}}</ref> Sanggeus Piala Dunya, kompetisi internasional maén bal nu penting lianna nyaéta kajuaraan konféderasi, nu diatur ku asosiasi kabuanaan jeung dilombakeun antawis tim-tim nasional. Kajuaraanna nyaéta [[Kajuaraan Maén Bal Éropa UEFA|Kajuaraan Éropa]] (UEFA), [[Copa América]] (CONMEBOL), [[Piala Bangsa-Bangsa Afrika]] (CAF), [[Piala Asia]] (AFC), [[Piala Emas CONCACAF]] (CONCACAF), jeung [[Piala Bangsa-Bangsa OFC]] (OFC). [[Piala Konféderasi FIFA]] dilombakeun antawis 6 juara konféderasi, juara [[Piala Dunya FIFA]] keur éta, jeung nagara tuan rumah Piala Konféderasi éta sorangan. Kompetisi ieu umumna katémbong salaku pamanasan pikeun Piala Dunya FIFA. Aya ogé kompetisi konféderasi pikeun klub contona saperti [[UEFA Champions League]] jeung [[Copa Libertadores de América]]. Nu meunang kajuaraan konféderasi ngawakilkeun konféderasina dina [[Piala Dunya Klub FIFA]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Organising Committee strengthens FIFA Club World Cup format | publisher=FIFA| url=http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/clubworldcup/japan2007/releases/newsid=570740.html|date=2007-08-14 | accessdate =2007-10-07}}</ref> ==Pasanggiri lokal== {{utama|Maén bal di sakuliah dunya}} [[File:Cesc Fàbregas Anderson.jpg|thumb|2 pamaén parebut bal]] Umumna, babon organisasi di unggal nagara nguruskeun [[sistim liga]] dina hiji [[usum doméstik maén bal|usum doméstik]], biasana miboga sababaraha [[divisi (olahraga)|divisi]], di mana tim-tim mibandaan poin dina sausum dumasar hasil atandinganna. Tim-tim ditempatkeun kana [[klasemén]], diurutkeun dumasar poin nu dipibanda. Dina ahir usum, tim nu panglobana mibanda poin nyaéta nu meunang. Umumna dina ahir usum, sababaraha tim nu pangluhurna [[promosi jeung dégradasi|promosi]] ka divisi nu leuwih luhur. Sabalikna, hiji atanapi sababaraha tim nu dina ahir usum jadi panghandapna dégradasi ka divisi nu leuwih handap.<ref>{{cite journal |title=European and North American Sports Differences(?) |title=Scottish Journal of Political Economy |last=Fort |first=Rodney |month=September |year=2000 |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=431–455 |doi=10.1111/1467-9485.00172}}</ref> Pangajabaan sistem ieu aya di sababaraha liga [[Amérika Latin]], nu ngabagi kajuaraan kana 2 bagian, [[Apertura jeung Clausura]] (Basa Spanyol pikeun ''Pamuka'' jeung ''Panutup''), ngahadiahan ka unggal juara bagian.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://msn.foxsports.com/foxsoccer/latinamerica/story/Estudiantes-win-Argentina-Apertura-title |title=Estudiantes win Argentina Apertura title |date=2010-12-13 |newspaper=FoxSports |agency=Associated Press |quote=Under the system used in Argentina and most of Latin America, two season titles are awarded each year – the Apertura and Clausura.}}</ref> Sababaraha liga top midangkeun pamaén-pamaén béntang; sabalikne di liga nu leuwih leutik, pamaén bisa jadi nu boga gawé lian atanapi amatiran. Lima liga Éropa top&nbsp;– [[Premier League]] (Inggris),<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/7321408.stm |work=BBC Sport |publisher=BBC |title= Premier League conquering Europe |date=2008-03-31 |accessdate=2008-05-27 | first=Ian | last=Hughes}}</ref> [[La Liga]] (Spanyol), [[Serie A]] (Italia), [[Fußball-Bundesliga|Bundesliga]] (Jérman), jeung [[Ligue 1]] (Perancis)&nbsp;– mincut raloba pamahttp://tiatizzianni.com/wp-content/uploads/4307103713_0e18a0d57f.jpgn alus sadunya sarta unggal liga miboga total biaya bayaran leuwih ti £600 yuta/[[Euro|€]]763 yuta/$AS 1,185 milyar.<ref>{{cite news |last=Taylor |first=Louise |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2008/may/29/premierleague |newspaper=The Guardian |title=Leading clubs losing out as players and agents cash in |date=2008-05-29 |accessdate=2008-11-28 | location=London}}</ref> ==Maén bal putri== {{utama|Maén bal putri}} Awéwé geus ngulinkeun maén bal saprak patandingan putri nu kahiji kacutat nyaéta dina 1895 di London Kalér. Maén bal pikeun awéwé sok dihubngkeun jeung patandingan amal sarta latihan fisik, utamina di Britania Raya.<ref name="BBCwomen-Gregory">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/women/4607171.stm |title=How women's football battled for survival |last=Gregory |first=Patricia |work=BBC sport |publisher=BBC |date=2005-06-03 |accessdate=2010-02-19}}</ref> Cara nempo kieu mimiti ngarobah dina 1970-an kalawan torobosan dina maén bal pikeun awéwé nu diorganisir. Tumuwuhna maén bal pikeun awéwé, ngahasilkeun kompetisi tingkat boh [[maén bal putri di sakuliah dunya|nasional]] boh [[kompetisi maén bal putri internasional|internasional]]. Maén bal putri pernah miboga "jaman kajayaan" di Britania Raya dina awal 1920-an basa panongtonna nepi ka 50.000 di sababaraha patandingan;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/women/4603149.stm |title=Trail-blazers who pioneered women's football |last=Alexander |first=Shelley |work=BBC sport |publisher=BBC |date=2005-06-03 |accessdate=2010-02-19}}</ref> tapi dieureunkeun dina 5 Désémber 1921 nalika Asosiasi Maén Bal Inggris nyorakeun sangkan ngalaranganna ti lapangan nu dipaké ku anggotana. Larangan éta dibatalkeun dina Désémber 1969 kalawan pamilihan sora di UEFA pikeun ngakuan sacara resmi maén bal putri dina 1971.<ref name="BBCwomen-Gregory"/> [[Piala Dunya Putri FIFA]] mimiti dina 1991 jeung saprak éta geus dilaksanakeun unggal 4 taun.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=103/awards/index.html |title=Tournaments: Women's World Cup |publisher=FIFA |accessdate=2011-03-11}}</ref> ==Tingali ogé== {{Portal|Maén bal}} *[[Budaya maén bal]] *[[Taktik jeung kaahlian maén bal]] *[[Daptar klub maén bal]] *[[Daptar klub maén bal putri]] *[[Daptar tim nasional maén bal putra]] *[[Daptar panyitak gol top maén bal]] *[[Daptar panyitak gol top maén bal dumasar nagara]] *[[Daptar pamaén bal]] *[[Maén bal Paralimpiade]] *[[Variasi maén bal]] ==Rujukan== {{Reflist|3}} ==Tumbu kaluar== {{Commons|Football (Soccer)}} * [http://www.fifa.com/ Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)] * [http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/lawsofthegame.html Laws of the Game (LOTG)] * [http://www.rsssf.com/ The Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF)] *[https://88betgo.com/ ngaramal meunangna soccer] {{Association football laws}} {{Association football terminology}} {{Association football chronology}} {{Team Sport}} {{Olympic sports}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Maen bal}} [[Kategori:Kaulinan nu maké bal]] [[Kategori:Maén bal| ]] [[Kategori:Olah raga ti Inggris]] [[Kategori:Kode football]] [[Kategori:Aturan maén bal]] mb5xxo50wapbn9r2s34sk0j48nnjana 0 50091 630784 621314 2022-08-28T08:31:20Z Salm Abdullah 22990 Ngembangkeun artikel wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = lightgreen | name = Pedes | image =Pepper bunches Piper nigrum.jpg | image_width = 210px | image_caption = Pedes | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Piperales]] | familia = [[Piperaceae]] | genus = ''[[Piper (genus)|Piper]]'' | species = '''''P. nigrum''''' | binomial = ''Piper nigrum'' | binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] }} '''Pedes''' atawa '''Marica''' (''Piper nigrum'') nyaéta salah sahiji [[tutuwuhan]] ngarambat tina kulawarga ''[[Piperaceae]]''.<ref name="hiji">Sarpian,T. 2003. ''Pedoman Berkebun Lada dan Analisis Usaha Tani''. Jakarta: Kanisius ISBN 9792107649</ref> Tutuwuhan ieu miboga [[buah]] nu sok dimanfaatkeun salaku bumbu dapur jeung mangrupa tutuwuhan [[pertanian]] nu miboga prospék usaha nu luhur.<ref name="hiji"/> Tutuwuhan ieu sumebar di loba wilayah [[indonesia]] jeung miboga loba ngaran daérah, misalna Sa'ang ([[Madura]]), Sahang ([[Bangka Belitung]]) jeung sajabana.<ref name="hiji"/> ==Bungbu== Pedes atawa sahang dipikawanoh ogé minangka salah sahiji [[bungbu dapur]] atawa panyedep kaolahan. Jaman baheula loba jalma nu daragang pikeun néangan asal mula atawa tempat ayana pedes nepikeun ka bisana ngarojong kana padagangan jeung pelayaran dunya. == Bagian-bagian tangkal == === Gagang === [[Gagang]] tangkal pedes jadi ngarambat dina sahiji [[tiang]], sakapeung ogé ngajalar dina luhur [[taneuh]]<ref name="Sarpian"/> Panjang gagang bisa nepika 15 [[meter]], tapi dina gagang tangkal pedes, biasanya sok dipotong jeung disésakeun kira-kira 275–300 cm.<ref name="Sarpian"/> Bentuk gagangna kabagi-bagi jiga tangkal tiwu jeung panjang bukuna kira-kira 4–7 cm, hal éta gumantung kana tingkat kasuburan.<ref name="Sarpian"/> Panjang buku dina pangkal biasana lebih pendék dibanding jeung ruas nu aya dina tengah-tengah atawa tungtung, sedengkeun ukuran [[diameter]] rata-rata 6–25 mm.<ref name="Sarpian"/> === Akar === Akar anu dipiboga ku tangkal pedes nyaéta akar tunggang tapi mirip jeung akar serat.<ref name="Sarpian"/> Ukuranna leutik teu sapanjang akar tunggang biasa.<ref name="Sarpian"/> Nurutkeun jenisna, akar tutuwuhan ieu dibagi jadi dua, nyaéta akar napel jeung akar taneuh. <ref name="Sarpian"/> Akar napel nyaéta akar anu tumuwuh dina unggal titik dina taneuh jeung panjangna rata-rata 2,5-3,5 cm. <ref name="Sarpian"/> Dina hiji ruas buku bisa tumuwuh saloba 10-25 untaian akar.<ref name="Sarpian"/> Saterusna akar taneuh nyaéta akar anu tumuwuh dina batang tangkal pedes anu aya dina taneuh. Ti hiji suku gagang bisa tumuwuh kira-kira 10-20 untaian akar<ref name="Sarpian"/> === Dahan === ==Rujukan== {{reflist}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Piperaceae]] [[Kategori:Bungbu]] [[Kategori:tutuwuhan ubar]] ar9fdagpnnnv68ecbmt58lqch16xliy 630785 630784 2022-08-28T08:34:40Z Salm Abdullah 22990 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = lightgreen | name = Pedes | image =Pepper bunches Piper nigrum.jpg | image_width = 210px | image_caption = Pedes | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Piperales]] | familia = [[Piperaceae]] | genus = ''[[Piper (genus)|Piper]]'' | species = '''''P. nigrum''''' | binomial = ''Piper nigrum'' | binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] }} '''Pedes''' atawa '''Marica''' (''Piper nigrum'') nyaéta salah sahiji [[tutuwuhan]] ngarambat tina kulawarga ''[[Piperaceae]]''.<ref name="hiji">Sarpian,T. 2003. ''Pedoman Berkebun Lada dan Analisis Usaha Tani''. Jakarta: Kanisius ISBN 9792107649</ref> Tutuwuhan ieu miboga [[buah]] nu sok dimanfaatkeun salaku bumbu dapur jeung mangrupa tutuwuhan [[pertanian]] nu miboga prospék usaha nu luhur.<ref name="hiji"/> Tutuwuhan ieu sumebar di loba wilayah [[indonesia]] jeung miboga loba ngaran daérah, misalna Sa'ang ([[Madura]]), Sahang ([[Bangka Belitung]]) jeung sajabana.<ref name="hiji"/> ==Bungbu== Pedes atawa sahang dipikawanoh ogé minangka salah sahiji [[bungbu dapur]] atawa panyedep kaolahan. Jaman baheula loba jalma nu daragang pikeun néangan asal mula atawa tempat ayana pedes nepikeun ka bisana ngarojong kana padagangan jeung pelayaran dunya. == Bagian-bagian tangkal == === Gagang === [[Gagang]] tangkal pedes jadi ngarambat dina sahiji [[tiang]], sakapeung ogé ngajalar dina luhur [[taneuh]].Panjang gagang bisa nepika 15 [[meter]], tapi dina gagang tangkal pedes, biasanya sok dipotong jeung disésakeun kira-kira 275–300 cm. Bentuk gagangna kabagi-bagi jiga tangkal tiwu jeung panjang bukuna kira-kira 4–7 cm, hal éta gumantung kana tingkat kasuburan. Panjang buku dina pangkal biasana lebih pendék dibanding jeung ruas nu aya dina tengah-tengah atawa tungtung, sedengkeun ukuran [[diameter]] rata-rata 6–25 mm. === Akar === Akar anu dipiboga ku tangkal pedes nyaéta akar tunggang tapi mirip jeung akar serat. Ukuranna leutik teu sapanjang akar tunggang biasa. Nurutkeun jenisna, akar tutuwuhan ieu dibagi jadi dua, nyaéta akar napel jeung akar taneuh. Akar napel nyaéta akar anu tumuwuh dina unggal titik dina taneuh jeung panjangna rata-rata 2,5-3,5 cm. Dina hiji ruas buku bisa tumuwuh saloba 10-25 untaian akar. Saterusna akar taneuh nyaéta akar anu tumuwuh dina batang tangkal pedes anu aya dina taneuh. Ti hiji suku gagang bisa tumuwuh kira-kira 10-20 untaian akar. === Dahan === ==Rujukan== {{reflist}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Piperaceae]] [[Kategori:Bungbu]] [[Kategori:tutuwuhan ubar]] a8qpmq68c15ccffyh9p6lc9snimokrl 630790 630785 2022-08-28T08:39:41Z Salm Abdullah 22990 Ngembangkeun artikel wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = lightgreen | name = Pedes | image =Pepper bunches Piper nigrum.jpg | image_width = 210px | image_caption = Pedes | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Piperales]] | familia = [[Piperaceae]] | genus = ''[[Piper (genus)|Piper]]'' | species = '''''P. nigrum''''' | binomial = ''Piper nigrum'' | binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] }} '''Pedes''' atawa '''Marica''' (''Piper nigrum'') nyaéta salah sahiji [[tutuwuhan]] ngarambat tina kulawarga ''[[Piperaceae]]''.<ref name="hiji">Sarpian,T. 2003. ''Pedoman Berkebun Lada dan Analisis Usaha Tani''. Jakarta: Kanisius ISBN 9792107649</ref> Tutuwuhan ieu miboga [[buah]] nu sok dimanfaatkeun salaku bumbu dapur jeung mangrupa tutuwuhan [[pertanian]] nu miboga prospék usaha nu luhur.<ref name="hiji"/> Tutuwuhan ieu sumebar di loba wilayah [[indonesia]] jeung miboga loba ngaran daérah, misalna Sa'ang ([[Madura]]), Sahang ([[Bangka Belitung]]) jeung sajabana.<ref name="hiji"/> ==Bungbu== Pedes atawa sahang dipikawanoh ogé minangka salah sahiji [[bungbu dapur]] atawa panyedep kaolahan. Jaman baheula loba jalma nu daragang pikeun néangan asal mula atawa tempat ayana pedes nepikeun ka bisana ngarojong kana padagangan jeung pelayaran dunya. == Bagian-bagian tangkal == === Gagang === [[Gagang]] tangkal pedes jadi ngarambat dina sahiji [[tiang]], sakapeung ogé ngajalar dina luhur [[taneuh]].Panjang gagang bisa nepika 15 [[meter]], tapi dina gagang tangkal pedes, biasanya sok dipotong jeung disésakeun kira-kira 275–300 cm. Bentuk gagangna kabagi-bagi jiga tangkal tiwu jeung panjang bukuna kira-kira 4–7 cm, hal éta gumantung kana tingkat kasuburan. Panjang buku dina pangkal biasana lebih pendék dibanding jeung ruas nu aya dina tengah-tengah atawa tungtung, sedengkeun ukuran [[diameter]] rata-rata 6–25 mm. === Akar === Akar anu dipiboga ku tangkal pedes nyaéta akar tunggang tapi mirip jeung akar serat. Ukuranna leutik teu sapanjang akar tunggang biasa. Nurutkeun jenisna, akar tutuwuhan ieu dibagi jadi dua, nyaéta akar napel jeung akar taneuh. Akar napel nyaéta akar anu tumuwuh dina unggal titik dina taneuh jeung panjangna rata-rata 2,5-3,5 cm. Dina hiji ruas buku bisa tumuwuh saloba 10-25 untaian akar. Saterusna akar taneuh nyaéta akar anu tumuwuh dina batang tangkal pedes anu aya dina taneuh. Ti hiji suku gagang bisa tumuwuh kira-kira 10-20 untaian akar. === Dahan === Tangkal pedes miboga dua rupa pedes, nyaéta dahan ortotropik jeung dahan pang plagiatrop. Dahan ortotropik nyaéta dahan anu tumuwuh tina axils daun dina buku gagang, boh dina luhur cai atawa dina taneuh. Saterusna, cabang plagiatrop mangrupa dahan anu tumuwuh tina buku dahan, biasana dahanna bakal tumuwuh saenggeus tangkal pedes ngabuahan dua kali. Beuki loba buku dahanna, beuki loba buahna. ==Rujukan== {{reflist}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Piperaceae]] [[Kategori:Bungbu]] [[Kategori:tutuwuhan ubar]] sno77z2gstbpsi1houe3k9g3oypejd3 630793 630790 2022-08-28T09:10:06Z Salm Abdullah 22990 Ngembangkeun artikel wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = lightgreen | name = Pedes | image =Pepper bunches Piper nigrum.jpg | image_width = 210px | image_caption = Pedes | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Piperales]] | familia = [[Piperaceae]] | genus = ''[[Piper (genus)|Piper]]'' | species = '''''P. nigrum''''' | binomial = ''Piper nigrum'' | binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] }} '''Pedes''' atawa '''Marica''' (''Piper nigrum'') nyaéta salah sahiji [[tutuwuhan]] ngarambat tina kulawarga ''[[Piperaceae]]''.<ref name="hiji">Sarpian,T. 2003. ''Pedoman Berkebun Lada dan Analisis Usaha Tani''. Jakarta: Kanisius ISBN 9792107649</ref> Tutuwuhan ieu miboga [[buah]] nu sok dimanfaatkeun salaku bumbu dapur jeung mangrupa tutuwuhan [[pertanian]] nu miboga prospék usaha nu luhur.<ref name="hiji"/> Tutuwuhan ieu sumebar di loba wilayah [[indonesia]] jeung miboga loba ngaran daérah, misalna Sa'ang ([[Madura]]), Sahang ([[Bangka Belitung]]) jeung sajabana.<ref name="hiji"/> ==Bungbu== Pedes atawa sahang dipikawanoh ogé minangka salah sahiji [[bungbu dapur]] atawa panyedep kaolahan. Jaman baheula loba jalma nu daragang pikeun néangan asal mula atawa tempat ayana pedes nepikeun ka bisana ngarojong kana padagangan jeung pelayaran dunya. == Botani == Salian ti India, lada hideung loba dibudidayakeun di Indonésia, Malaysia, Brazil, Sri Lanka, Vietnam jeung Cina.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://djpen.kemendag.go.id/app_frontend/admin/docs/researchcorner/5231378874256.pdf|title=djpen.kemendag.go.id}}</ref> Tangkal pedes miboga daun anu lega, héjo ngagurilap, kalayan gagang anu rapih selang-seling, ogé miboga kembang leutik bodas, rengkep, teu boga gagang, cucukan ipis, sarta dina hiji kelompok aya kira-kira 50. Sedengkeun buahna buleud kira-kira diaméter 05-1,0 cm siki tunggal. Pedes jadi beureum konéng asak jeung sast ngandung hiji. Seungitna kuat jeung rada lada.<ref name=":0" /> == Bagian tangkal == === Gagang === [[Gagang]] tangkal pedes jadi ngarambat dina sahiji [[tiang]], sakapeung ogé ngajalar dina luhur [[taneuh]].Panjang gagang bisa nepika 15 [[meter]], tapi dina gagang tangkal pedes, biasanya sok dipotong jeung disésakeun kira-kira 275–300 cm.<ref name="hiji" /> Bentuk gagangna kabagi-bagi jiga tangkal tiwu jeung panjang bukuna kira-kira 4–7 cm, hal éta gumantung kana tingkat kasuburan. Panjang buku dina pangkal biasana lebih pendék dibanding jeung ruas nu aya dina tengah-tengah atawa tungtung, sedengkeun ukuran [[diameter]] rata-rata 6–25 mm.<ref name="hiji" /> === Akar === Akar anu dipiboga ku tangkal pedes nyaéta akar tunggang tapi mirip jeung akar serat. Ukuranna leutik teu sapanjang akar tunggang biasa. <ref name="hiji" />Nurutkeun jenisna, akar tutuwuhan ieu dibagi jadi dua, nyaéta akar napel jeung akar taneuh. Akar napel nyaéta akar anu tumuwuh dina unggal titik dina taneuh jeung panjangna rata-rata 2,5-3,5 cm.<ref name="hiji" /> Dina hiji ruas buku bisa tumuwuh saloba 10-25 untaian akar. Saterusna akar taneuh nyaéta akar anu tumuwuh dina batang tangkal pedes anu aya dina taneuh. Ti hiji suku gagang bisa tumuwuh kira-kira 10-20 untaian akar.<ref name="hiji" /> === Dahan === Tangkal pedes miboga dua rupa pedes, nyaéta dahan ortotropik jeung dahan pang plagiatrop<ref name="hiji" />. Dahan ortotropik nyaéta dahan anu tumuwuh tina axils daun dina buku gagang, boh dina luhur cai atawa dina taneuh. Saterusna, cabang plagiatrop mangrupa dahan anu tumuwuh tina buku dahan, biasana dahanna bakal tumuwuh saenggeus tangkal pedes ngabuahan dua kali. Beuki loba buku dahanna, beuki loba buahna.<ref name="hiji" /> ==Rujukan== {{reflist}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Piperaceae]] [[Kategori:Bungbu]] [[Kategori:tutuwuhan ubar]] 3q3mp2mli5bt9cohg4h6x61whoseclg 630794 630793 2022-08-28T09:12:11Z VpuipV 21463 👌 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = lightgreen | name = Pedes | image =Pepper bunches Piper nigrum.jpg | image_width = 210px | image_caption = Pedes | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Piperales]] | familia = [[Piperaceae]] | genus = ''[[Piper (genus)|Piper]]'' | species = '''''P. nigrum''''' | binomial = ''Piper nigrum'' | binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] }} '''Pedes''' atawa '''Marica''' (''Piper nigrum'') nyaéta salah sahiji [[tutuwuhan]] ngarambat tina kulawarga ''[[Piperaceae]]''.<ref name="hiji">Sarpian,T. 2003. ''Pedoman Berkebun Lada dan Analisis Usaha Tani''. Jakarta: Kanisius ISBN 9792107649</ref> Tutuwuhan ieu miboga [[buah]] nu sok dimanfaatkeun salaku bumbu dapur jeung mangrupa tutuwuhan [[pertanian]] nu miboga prospék usaha nu luhur.<ref name="hiji"/> Tutuwuhan ieu sumebar di loba wilayah [[indonésia]] jeung miboga loba ngaran daérah, misalna Sa'ang ([[Madura]]), Sahang ([[Bangka Belitung]]) jeung sajabana.<ref name="hiji"/> ==Bungbu== Pedes atawa sahang dipikawanoh ogé minangka salah sahiji [[bungbu dapur]] atawa panyedep kaolahan. Jaman baheula loba jalma nu daragang pikeun néangan asal mula atawa tempat ayana pedes nepikeun ka bisana ngarojong kana padagangan jeung pelayaran dunya. == Botani == Salian ti India, lada hideung loba dibudidayakeun di Indonésia, Malaysia, Brazil, Sri Lanka, Vietnam jeung Cina.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://djpen.kemendag.go.id/app_frontend/admin/docs/researchcorner/5231378874256.pdf|title=djpen.kemendag.go.id}}</ref> Tangkal pedes miboga daun anu lega, héjo ngagurilap, kalayan gagang anu rapih selang-seling, ogé miboga kembang leutik bodas, rengkep, teu boga gagang, cucukan ipis, sarta dina hiji kelompok aya kira-kira 50. Sedengkeun buahna buleud kira-kira diaméter 05-1,0 cm siki tunggal. Pedes jadi beureum konéng asak jeung sast ngandung hiji. Seungitna kuat jeung rada lada.<ref name=":0" /> == Bagian tangkal == === Gagang === [[Gagang]] tangkal pedes jadi ngarambat dina sahiji [[tiang]], sakapeung ogé ngajalar dina luhur [[taneuh]].Panjang gagang bisa nepika 15 [[meter]], tapi dina gagang tangkal pedes, biasanya sok dipotong jeung disésakeun kira-kira 275–300 cm.<ref name="hiji" /> Bentuk gagangna kabagi-bagi jiga tangkal tiwu jeung panjang bukuna kira-kira 4–7 cm, hal éta gumantung kana tingkat kasuburan. Panjang buku dina pangkal biasana lebih pendék dibanding jeung ruas nu aya dina tengah-tengah atawa tungtung, sedengkeun ukuran [[diameter]] rata-rata 6–25 mm.<ref name="hiji" /> === Akar === Akar anu dipiboga ku tangkal pedes nyaéta akar tunggang tapi mirip jeung akar serat. Ukuranna leutik teu sapanjang akar tunggang biasa. <ref name="hiji" />Nurutkeun jenisna, akar tutuwuhan ieu dibagi jadi dua, nyaéta akar napel jeung akar taneuh. Akar napel nyaéta akar anu tumuwuh dina unggal titik dina taneuh jeung panjangna rata-rata 2,5-3,5 cm.<ref name="hiji" /> Dina hiji ruas buku bisa tumuwuh saloba 10-25 untaian akar. Saterusna akar taneuh nyaéta akar anu tumuwuh dina batang tangkal pedes anu aya dina taneuh. Ti hiji suku gagang bisa tumuwuh kira-kira 10-20 untaian akar.<ref name="hiji" /> === Dahan === Tangkal pedes miboga dua rupa pedes, nyaéta dahan ortotropik jeung dahan pang plagiatrop<ref name="hiji" />. Dahan ortotropik nyaéta dahan anu tumuwuh tina axils daun dina buku gagang, boh dina luhur cai atawa dina taneuh. Saterusna, cabang plagiatrop mangrupa dahan anu tumuwuh tina buku dahan, biasana dahanna bakal tumuwuh saenggeus tangkal pedes ngabuahan dua kali. Beuki loba buku dahanna, beuki loba buahna.<ref name="hiji" /> ==Rujukan== {{reflist}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Piperaceae]] [[Kategori:Bungbu]] [[Kategori:tutuwuhan ubar]] q2jjqtopecpmxwpv9uyjsccpabn0t64 0 72411 630786 533059 2022-08-28T08:35:02Z Akbar Soepadhi 23282 nyieun wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bubur bodas''' nyaéta hiji makanan tradisional anu pembuatana dijieun tina beas. Aya bedana antara bubur bodas jeung [[bubur béas]], bubur bodas biasana dina racikanana sok ditambahan ku cikalapa, daun pandan, jeung uyah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://food.detik.com/info-kuliner/d-2758479/bubur-merah-dan-putih-rayakan-kehadiran-anggota-keluarga-baru|title=Bubur Merah dan Putih Rayakan Kehadiran Anggota Keluarga Baru|website=detikfood|language=id-ID|accessdate=2022-08-28}}</ref> Pikeun tradisi masarakat Sunda basisir (Kacamatan Pameungpeuk, Kabupaten Garut), bubur bodas disuguhkeun dina acara hajatan atawa syukuran pikeun nu ngalahirkeun, utamana nalika kakandungan tilu bulan. Biasana kadaharan ieu disuguhken oge jeung [[bubur beureum]], jeung jajanan nu sanésna.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rismelati|first=Risma|last2=Asri Soraya|first2=Afsari|last3=Septiani|first3=Ayu|date=Agustus 2019|title=Kepercayaan Dalam Siklus Kehidupan Pada Masyarakat Sunda Pesisir (Kecamatan Pameungpeuk, Kabupaten Garut, Jawa Barat)|url=https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/pustaka/article/download/61026/35188/|journal=Pustaka|volume=XIX|issue=1|page=25|issn=2528-7508|access-date=28 Agustus 2022}}</ref> Bubur Bereum ogé biasa dijadikeun sasajen tambahan minangka bagian tina tradisi Nyalin pikeun masarakat di Dusun Kubang, Désa Sidamulya, [[Kabupatén Ciamis|Ciamis]]. Kadaharan tradisional ieu disuguhkeun bareng jeung bubur bereum, cara bereum, cara bodas, lauk goreng, [[awug]], [[papais]], [[saroja]] atawa tumpi, [[ranginang]], bolu, cau, kupat salamet, kupat tangtang angin, tumis, apem, manisan. papaya, rokok, jeung cai bodas.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yanuariska|first=Yogi Yogaswara|last2=Sudaryat|first2=Yayat|last3=Isnendes|first3=Retty|date=Oktober 2017|title=Tradisi Nyalin dalam Kehidupan Masyarakat Sunda (Kajian Struktur dan Etnopedagogik)|url=https://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/lokabasa/article/download/14204/8197|journal=Lokabasa|volume=8|issue=2|access-date=28 Agustus 2022}}</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> == Tempo oge == * [[Bubur beureum]] * [[Bubur béas]] 8wxwznyvique1pqkqyv0vdaysiurdwo 630787 630786 2022-08-28T08:35:59Z Akbar Soepadhi 23282 added [[Category:Bubur]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bubur bodas''' nyaéta hiji makanan tradisional anu pembuatana dijieun tina beas. Aya bedana antara bubur bodas jeung [[bubur béas]], bubur bodas biasana dina racikanana sok ditambahan ku cikalapa, daun pandan, jeung uyah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://food.detik.com/info-kuliner/d-2758479/bubur-merah-dan-putih-rayakan-kehadiran-anggota-keluarga-baru|title=Bubur Merah dan Putih Rayakan Kehadiran Anggota Keluarga Baru|website=detikfood|language=id-ID|accessdate=2022-08-28}}</ref> Pikeun tradisi masarakat Sunda basisir (Kacamatan Pameungpeuk, Kabupaten Garut), bubur bodas disuguhkeun dina acara hajatan atawa syukuran pikeun nu ngalahirkeun, utamana nalika kakandungan tilu bulan. Biasana kadaharan ieu disuguhken oge jeung [[bubur beureum]], jeung jajanan nu sanésna.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rismelati|first=Risma|last2=Asri Soraya|first2=Afsari|last3=Septiani|first3=Ayu|date=Agustus 2019|title=Kepercayaan Dalam Siklus Kehidupan Pada Masyarakat Sunda Pesisir (Kecamatan Pameungpeuk, Kabupaten Garut, Jawa Barat)|url=https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/pustaka/article/download/61026/35188/|journal=Pustaka|volume=XIX|issue=1|page=25|issn=2528-7508|access-date=28 Agustus 2022}}</ref> Bubur Bereum ogé biasa dijadikeun sasajen tambahan minangka bagian tina tradisi Nyalin pikeun masarakat di Dusun Kubang, Désa Sidamulya, [[Kabupatén Ciamis|Ciamis]]. Kadaharan tradisional ieu disuguhkeun bareng jeung bubur bereum, cara bereum, cara bodas, lauk goreng, [[awug]], [[papais]], [[saroja]] atawa tumpi, [[ranginang]], bolu, cau, kupat salamet, kupat tangtang angin, tumis, apem, manisan. papaya, rokok, jeung cai bodas.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yanuariska|first=Yogi Yogaswara|last2=Sudaryat|first2=Yayat|last3=Isnendes|first3=Retty|date=Oktober 2017|title=Tradisi Nyalin dalam Kehidupan Masyarakat Sunda (Kajian Struktur dan Etnopedagogik)|url=https://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/lokabasa/article/download/14204/8197|journal=Lokabasa|volume=8|issue=2|access-date=28 Agustus 2022}}</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> == Tempo oge == * [[Bubur beureum]] * [[Bubur béas]] [[Kategori:Bubur]] o8iq3ntnzqa27x776az2gj89kj4bpdn 630788 630787 2022-08-28T08:36:17Z Akbar Soepadhi 23282 added [[Category:Kadaharan Indonésia]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bubur bodas''' nyaéta hiji makanan tradisional anu pembuatana dijieun tina beas. Aya bedana antara bubur bodas jeung [[bubur béas]], bubur bodas biasana dina racikanana sok ditambahan ku cikalapa, daun pandan, jeung uyah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://food.detik.com/info-kuliner/d-2758479/bubur-merah-dan-putih-rayakan-kehadiran-anggota-keluarga-baru|title=Bubur Merah dan Putih Rayakan Kehadiran Anggota Keluarga Baru|website=detikfood|language=id-ID|accessdate=2022-08-28}}</ref> Pikeun tradisi masarakat Sunda basisir (Kacamatan Pameungpeuk, Kabupaten Garut), bubur bodas disuguhkeun dina acara hajatan atawa syukuran pikeun nu ngalahirkeun, utamana nalika kakandungan tilu bulan. Biasana kadaharan ieu disuguhken oge jeung [[bubur beureum]], jeung jajanan nu sanésna.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rismelati|first=Risma|last2=Asri Soraya|first2=Afsari|last3=Septiani|first3=Ayu|date=Agustus 2019|title=Kepercayaan Dalam Siklus Kehidupan Pada Masyarakat Sunda Pesisir (Kecamatan Pameungpeuk, Kabupaten Garut, Jawa Barat)|url=https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/pustaka/article/download/61026/35188/|journal=Pustaka|volume=XIX|issue=1|page=25|issn=2528-7508|access-date=28 Agustus 2022}}</ref> Bubur Bereum ogé biasa dijadikeun sasajen tambahan minangka bagian tina tradisi Nyalin pikeun masarakat di Dusun Kubang, Désa Sidamulya, [[Kabupatén Ciamis|Ciamis]]. Kadaharan tradisional ieu disuguhkeun bareng jeung bubur bereum, cara bereum, cara bodas, lauk goreng, [[awug]], [[papais]], [[saroja]] atawa tumpi, [[ranginang]], bolu, cau, kupat salamet, kupat tangtang angin, tumis, apem, manisan. papaya, rokok, jeung cai bodas.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yanuariska|first=Yogi Yogaswara|last2=Sudaryat|first2=Yayat|last3=Isnendes|first3=Retty|date=Oktober 2017|title=Tradisi Nyalin dalam Kehidupan Masyarakat Sunda (Kajian Struktur dan Etnopedagogik)|url=https://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/lokabasa/article/download/14204/8197|journal=Lokabasa|volume=8|issue=2|access-date=28 Agustus 2022}}</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> == Tempo oge == * [[Bubur beureum]] * [[Bubur béas]] [[Kategori:Bubur]] [[Kategori:Kadaharan Indonésia]] sl6dnv3pqtg1q1wx25h7lhr12mw3a8w 630789 630788 2022-08-28T08:36:31Z Akbar Soepadhi 23282 added [[Category:Kadaharan]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bubur bodas''' nyaéta hiji makanan tradisional anu pembuatana dijieun tina beas. Aya bedana antara bubur bodas jeung [[bubur béas]], bubur bodas biasana dina racikanana sok ditambahan ku cikalapa, daun pandan, jeung uyah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://food.detik.com/info-kuliner/d-2758479/bubur-merah-dan-putih-rayakan-kehadiran-anggota-keluarga-baru|title=Bubur Merah dan Putih Rayakan Kehadiran Anggota Keluarga Baru|website=detikfood|language=id-ID|accessdate=2022-08-28}}</ref> Pikeun tradisi masarakat Sunda basisir (Kacamatan Pameungpeuk, Kabupaten Garut), bubur bodas disuguhkeun dina acara hajatan atawa syukuran pikeun nu ngalahirkeun, utamana nalika kakandungan tilu bulan. Biasana kadaharan ieu disuguhken oge jeung [[bubur beureum]], jeung jajanan nu sanésna.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rismelati|first=Risma|last2=Asri Soraya|first2=Afsari|last3=Septiani|first3=Ayu|date=Agustus 2019|title=Kepercayaan Dalam Siklus Kehidupan Pada Masyarakat Sunda Pesisir (Kecamatan Pameungpeuk, Kabupaten Garut, Jawa Barat)|url=https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/pustaka/article/download/61026/35188/|journal=Pustaka|volume=XIX|issue=1|page=25|issn=2528-7508|access-date=28 Agustus 2022}}</ref> Bubur Bereum ogé biasa dijadikeun sasajen tambahan minangka bagian tina tradisi Nyalin pikeun masarakat di Dusun Kubang, Désa Sidamulya, [[Kabupatén Ciamis|Ciamis]]. Kadaharan tradisional ieu disuguhkeun bareng jeung bubur bereum, cara bereum, cara bodas, lauk goreng, [[awug]], [[papais]], [[saroja]] atawa tumpi, [[ranginang]], bolu, cau, kupat salamet, kupat tangtang angin, tumis, apem, manisan. papaya, rokok, jeung cai bodas.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yanuariska|first=Yogi Yogaswara|last2=Sudaryat|first2=Yayat|last3=Isnendes|first3=Retty|date=Oktober 2017|title=Tradisi Nyalin dalam Kehidupan Masyarakat Sunda (Kajian Struktur dan Etnopedagogik)|url=https://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/lokabasa/article/download/14204/8197|journal=Lokabasa|volume=8|issue=2|access-date=28 Agustus 2022}}</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> == Tempo oge == * [[Bubur beureum]] * [[Bubur béas]] [[Kategori:Bubur]] [[Kategori:Kadaharan Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Kadaharan]] fhpq1508c8xnma4g3aw2oemdw8ltjcn 630791 630789 2022-08-28T08:53:21Z Akbar Soepadhi 23282 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bubur bodas''' nyaéta hiji makanan tradisional anu pembuatana dijieun tina beas. Aya bedana antara bubur bodas jeung [[bubur béas]], bubur bodas biasana dina racikanana sok ditambahan ku cikalapa, daun pandan, jeung uyah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://food.detik.com/info-kuliner/d-2758479/bubur-merah-dan-putih-rayakan-kehadiran-anggota-keluarga-baru|title=Bubur Merah dan Putih Rayakan Kehadiran Anggota Keluarga Baru|website=detikfood|language=id-ID|accessdate=2022-08-28}}</ref> Pikeun tradisi masarakat Sunda basisir (Kacamatan Pameungpeuk, Kabupaten Garut), bubur bodas disuguhkeun dina acara hajatan atawa syukuran pikeun nu ngalahirkeun, utamana nalika kakandungan tilu bulan. Biasana kadaharan ieu disuguhken oge jeung [[bubur beureum]], jeung jajanan nu sanésna.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rismelati|first=Risma|last2=Asri Soraya|first2=Afsari|last3=Septiani|first3=Ayu|date=Agustus 2019|title=Kepercayaan Dalam Siklus Kehidupan Pada Masyarakat Sunda Pesisir (Kecamatan Pameungpeuk, Kabupaten Garut, Jawa Barat)|url=https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/pustaka/article/download/61026/35188/|journal=Pustaka|volume=XIX|issue=1|page=25|issn=2528-7508|access-date=28 Agustus 2022}}</ref> Bubur Bereum ogé biasa dijadikeun sasajen tambahan minangka bagian tina tradisi Nyalin pikeun masarakat di Dusun Kubang, Désa Sidamulya, [[Kabupatén Ciamis|Ciamis]]. Kadaharan tradisional ieu disuguhkeun bareng jeung bubur bereum, cara bereum, cara bodas, lauk goreng, [[awug]], [[papais]], [[saroja]] atawa tumpi, [[ranginang]], bolu, cau, kupat salamet, kupat tangtang angin, tumis, apem, manisan. papaya, rokok, jeung cai bodas.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yanuariska|first=Yogi Yogaswara|last2=Sudaryat|first2=Yayat|last3=Isnendes|first3=Retty|date=Oktober 2017|title=Tradisi Nyalin dalam Kehidupan Masyarakat Sunda (Kajian Struktur dan Etnopedagogik)|url=https://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/lokabasa/article/download/14204/8197|journal=Lokabasa|volume=8|issue=2|page=236|access-date=28 Agustus 2022}}</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> == Tempo oge == * [[Bubur beureum]] * [[Bubur béas]] [[Kategori:Bubur]] [[Kategori:Kadaharan Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Kadaharan]] humhfjyvvj5ebxsqr3r67k16wgoyiq7 630795 630791 2022-08-28T09:17:09Z Akbar Soepadhi 23282 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Distinguish|bubur béas}} '''Bubur bodas''' nyaéta hiji makanan tradisional anu pembuatana dijieun tina beas. Aya bedana antara bubur bodas jeung [[bubur béas]], bubur bodas biasana dina racikanana sok ditambahan ku cikalapa, daun pandan, jeung uyah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://food.detik.com/info-kuliner/d-2758479/bubur-merah-dan-putih-rayakan-kehadiran-anggota-keluarga-baru|title=Bubur Merah dan Putih Rayakan Kehadiran Anggota Keluarga Baru|website=detikfood|language=id-ID|accessdate=2022-08-28}}</ref> Pikeun tradisi masarakat Sunda basisir (Kacamatan Pameungpeuk, Kabupaten Garut), bubur bodas disuguhkeun dina acara hajatan atawa syukuran pikeun nu ngalahirkeun, utamana nalika kakandungan tilu bulan. Biasana kadaharan ieu disuguhken oge jeung [[bubur beureum]], jeung jajanan nu sanésna.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rismelati|first=Risma|last2=Asri Soraya|first2=Afsari|last3=Septiani|first3=Ayu|date=Agustus 2019|title=Kepercayaan Dalam Siklus Kehidupan Pada Masyarakat Sunda Pesisir (Kecamatan Pameungpeuk, Kabupaten Garut, Jawa Barat)|url=https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/pustaka/article/download/61026/35188/|journal=Pustaka|volume=XIX|issue=1|page=25|issn=2528-7508|access-date=28 Agustus 2022}}</ref> Bubur Bereum ogé biasa dijadikeun sasajen tambahan minangka bagian tina tradisi Nyalin pikeun masarakat di Dusun Kubang, Désa Sidamulya, [[Kabupatén Ciamis|Ciamis]]. Kadaharan tradisional ieu disuguhkeun bareng jeung bubur bereum, cara bereum, cara bodas, lauk goreng, [[awug]], [[papais]], [[saroja]] atawa tumpi, [[ranginang]], bolu, cau, kupat salamet, kupat tangtang angin, tumis, apem, manisan. papaya, rokok, jeung cai bodas.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yanuariska|first=Yogi Yogaswara|last2=Sudaryat|first2=Yayat|last3=Isnendes|first3=Retty|date=Oktober 2017|title=Tradisi Nyalin dalam Kehidupan Masyarakat Sunda (Kajian Struktur dan Etnopedagogik)|url=https://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/lokabasa/article/download/14204/8197|journal=Lokabasa|volume=8|issue=2|page=236|access-date=28 Agustus 2022}}</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> == Tempo oge == * [[Bubur beureum]] * [[Bubur béas]] [[Kategori:Bubur]] [[Kategori:Kadaharan Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Kadaharan]] 2w88jt82a9eelhbd4gtmcuk4apc745z 0 103816 630774 2022-08-28T07:10:55Z Serigalakampus 21776 Ngajieun kaca anyar Bubur Beureum wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bubur beureum''' nyaéta jenis bubur anu dijieun tina béas jeung gula beureum, umumna disajikeun baréng jeung [[bubur bodas]]. Bubur beureum jeung bubur bodas geus jadi tradisi dina budaya Indonésia<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://food.detik.com/info-kuliner/d-2758479/bubur-merah-dan-putih-rayakan-kehadiran-anggota-keluarga-baru|title=Bubur Merah dan Putih Rayakan Kehadiran Anggota Keluarga Baru|website=detikfood|language=id-ID|accessdate=2022-08-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dhiyaul Auliyah|last2=Arief Sudrajat|date=2022-02-07|title=BUBUR MERAH PUTIH SEBAGAI SIMBOL PEMBERIAN NAMA ANAK DALAM PERSPEKTIF SOSIOLOGI BUDAYA|url=https://jurnal.ustjogja.ac.id/index.php/sosio/article/view/11599|journal=SOSIOHUMANIORA: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Sosial Dan Humaniora|volume=8|issue=1|pages=54–63|doi=10.30738/sosio.v8i1.11599|issn=2579-4728}}</ref>. == Rujukan == <references /> 5ytprzd1su00jnjzty2012ihy06nu18 630780 630774 2022-08-28T07:40:59Z Serigalakampus 21776 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bubur beureum''' nyaéta jenis bubur anu dijieun tina béas jeung gula beureum, umumna disajikeun baréng jeung [[bubur bodas]]. Bubur beureum jeung bubur bodas geus jadi tradisi dina budaya Indonésia<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://food.detik.com/info-kuliner/d-2758479/bubur-merah-dan-putih-rayakan-kehadiran-anggota-keluarga-baru|title=Bubur Merah dan Putih Rayakan Kehadiran Anggota Keluarga Baru|website=detikfood|language=id-ID|accessdate=2022-08-28}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Dhiyaul Auliyah|last2=Arief Sudrajat|date=2022-02-07|title=BUBUR MERAH PUTIH SEBAGAI SIMBOL PEMBERIAN NAMA ANAK DALAM PERSPEKTIF SOSIOLOGI BUDAYA|url=https://jurnal.ustjogja.ac.id/index.php/sosio/article/view/11599|journal=SOSIOHUMANIORA: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Sosial Dan Humaniora|volume=8|issue=1|pages=54–63|doi=10.30738/sosio.v8i1.11599|issn=2579-4728}}</ref>. == Cara nyieun == Bubur beureum dijieun tina béas, cipati, daun pandan, jeung uyah anu direbus bareng. Bubur beureum disajikeun bareng jeung bubur bodas dina hiji wadah. == Dina kabudayaan Indonésia == === Budaya Jawa === Dina budaya Jawa, bubur beureum bareng jeung bubur bodas dijieun dina syukuran babaran jeung méré ngaran budak. Bubur beureum nyimbolkeun tina harepan kolotna méh jadi budak anu boga kawani keur hirup dina kasucian jeung kabeneran. Di samping éta, bubur beureum jeung bubur bodas masing-masing ngalambangkeun sél spérma jeung sél telur anu panggih jeung ngababarkeun hiji manusa di alam dunya<ref name=":0" />. === Budaya Sunda === Dina budaya Sunda, bubur beureum ilahar dijadikeun bagian tina tradisi [[Nyalin]], nyaéta tradisi masarakat agaris dina nunjukkeun panghormatan jeung rasa syukur, ku cara panén paré diiringan ku upacara masihan barang-barang keur nunjukkeun rasa hormat ka Nyi Pohaci Sanghyang Sri<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yanuariska|first=Yogi Yogaswara|last2=Sudaryat|first2=Yayat|last3=Isnendes|first3=Retty|date=2017|title=TRADISI NYALIN DALAM KEHIDUPAN MASYARAKAT SUNDA (Kajian Struktur dan Etnopedagogik)|url=https://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/lokabasa/article/view/14204|journal=LOKABASA|language=en-US|volume=8|issue=2|pages=223–243|doi=10.17509/jlb.v8i2.14204|issn=2528-5904}}</ref>. == Rujukan == <references /> qf8sdhe48pvahb4ko9o4xb2v455ht6d 630781 630780 2022-08-28T07:47:53Z Serigalakampus 21776 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotak info Kadaharan | name = Bubur beureum | image = | caption = | alternate_name = | country = [[Indonésia]] | region = [[Jawa Kulon]], [[Jawa Tengah]] | national_cuisine = | creator = | year = | mintime = | maxtime = | type = [[Bubur]] | course = | served = | main_ingredient = Béas | minor_ingredient = Cipati, gula beureum | variations = | serving_size = | calories = | protein = | fat = | carbohydrate = | glycemic_index = | similar_dish = [[Bubur bodas]], [[Bubur béas]] | other = }} '''Bubur beureum''' nyaéta jenis bubur anu dijieun tina béas jeung gula beureum, umumna disajikeun baréng jeung [[bubur bodas]]. Bubur beureum jeung bubur bodas geus jadi tradisi dina budaya Indonésia<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://food.detik.com/info-kuliner/d-2758479/bubur-merah-dan-putih-rayakan-kehadiran-anggota-keluarga-baru|title=Bubur Merah dan Putih Rayakan Kehadiran Anggota Keluarga Baru|website=detikfood|language=id-ID|accessdate=2022-08-28}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Dhiyaul Auliyah|last2=Arief Sudrajat|date=2022-02-07|title=BUBUR MERAH PUTIH SEBAGAI SIMBOL PEMBERIAN NAMA ANAK DALAM PERSPEKTIF SOSIOLOGI BUDAYA|url=https://jurnal.ustjogja.ac.id/index.php/sosio/article/view/11599|journal=SOSIOHUMANIORA: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Sosial Dan Humaniora|volume=8|issue=1|pages=54–63|doi=10.30738/sosio.v8i1.11599|issn=2579-4728}}</ref>. == Cara nyieun == Bubur beureum dijieun tina béas, cipati, daun pandan, jeung uyah anu direbus bareng. Bubur beureum disajikeun bareng jeung bubur bodas dina hiji wadah. == Dina kabudayaan Indonésia == === Budaya Jawa === Dina budaya Jawa, bubur beureum bareng jeung bubur bodas dijieun dina syukuran babaran jeung méré ngaran budak. Bubur beureum nyimbolkeun tina harepan kolotna méh jadi budak anu boga kawani keur hirup dina kasucian jeung kabeneran. Di samping éta, bubur beureum jeung bubur bodas masing-masing ngalambangkeun sél spérma jeung sél telur anu panggih jeung ngababarkeun hiji manusa di alam dunya<ref name=":0" />. === Budaya Sunda === Dina budaya Sunda, bubur beureum ilahar dijadikeun bagian tina tradisi [[Nyalin]], nyaéta tradisi masarakat agaris dina nunjukkeun panghormatan jeung rasa syukur, ku cara panén paré diiringan ku upacara masihan barang-barang keur nunjukkeun rasa hormat ka Nyi Pohaci Sanghyang Sri<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yanuariska|first=Yogi Yogaswara|last2=Sudaryat|first2=Yayat|last3=Isnendes|first3=Retty|date=2017|title=TRADISI NYALIN DALAM KEHIDUPAN MASYARAKAT SUNDA (Kajian Struktur dan Etnopedagogik)|url=https://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/lokabasa/article/view/14204|journal=LOKABASA|language=en-US|volume=8|issue=2|pages=223–243|doi=10.17509/jlb.v8i2.14204|issn=2528-5904}}</ref>. == Rujukan == <references /> smrqi56akxsjb7vwpvg41jmtm2awfz3 630783 630781 2022-08-28T07:56:40Z Serigalakampus 21776 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotak info Kadaharan | name = Bubur beureum | image = | caption = | alternate_name = | country = [[Indonésia]] | region = [[Jawa Kulon]], [[Jawa Tengah]] | national_cuisine = | creator = | year = | mintime = | maxtime = | type = [[Bubur]] | course = | served = | main_ingredient = Béas | minor_ingredient = Cipati, gula beureum | variations = | serving_size = | calories = | protein = | fat = | carbohydrate = | glycemic_index = | similar_dish = [[Bubur bodas]], [[Bubur béas]] | other = }} '''Bubur beureum''' nyaéta jenis bubur anu dijieun tina béas jeung gula beureum, umumna disajikeun baréng jeung [[bubur bodas]]. Bubur beureum jeung bubur bodas geus jadi tradisi dina budaya Indonésia<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://food.detik.com/info-kuliner/d-2758479/bubur-merah-dan-putih-rayakan-kehadiran-anggota-keluarga-baru|title=Bubur Merah dan Putih Rayakan Kehadiran Anggota Keluarga Baru|website=detikfood|language=id-ID|accessdate=2022-08-28}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Dhiyaul Auliyah|last2=Arief Sudrajat|date=2022-02-07|title=BUBUR MERAH PUTIH SEBAGAI SIMBOL PEMBERIAN NAMA ANAK DALAM PERSPEKTIF SOSIOLOGI BUDAYA|url=https://jurnal.ustjogja.ac.id/index.php/sosio/article/view/11599|journal=SOSIOHUMANIORA: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Sosial Dan Humaniora|volume=8|issue=1|pages=54–63|doi=10.30738/sosio.v8i1.11599|issn=2579-4728}}</ref>. == Cara nyieun == Bubur beureum dijieun tina béas, cipati, daun pandan, jeung uyah anu direbus bareng. Bubur beureum disajikeun bareng jeung bubur bodas dina hiji wadah. == Dina kabudayaan Indonésia == === Budaya Jawa === Dina budaya Jawa, bubur beureum bareng jeung bubur bodas dijieun dina syukuran babaran jeung méré ngaran budak. Bubur beureum nyimbolkeun tina harepan kolotna méh jadi budak anu boga kawani keur hirup dina kasucian jeung kabeneran. Di samping éta, bubur beureum jeung bubur bodas masing-masing ngalambangkeun sél spérma jeung sél telur anu panggih jeung ngababarkeun hiji manusa di alam dunya<ref name=":0" />. === Budaya Sunda === Dina budaya Sunda, bubur beureum ilahar dijadikeun bagian tina tradisi [[Nyalin]], nyaéta tradisi masarakat agaris dina nunjukkeun panghormatan jeung rasa syukur, ku cara panén paré diiringan ku upacara masihan barang-barang keur nunjukkeun rasa hormat ka Nyi Pohaci Sanghyang Sri. Tradisi nyalin salah sahijina aya di Desa Sidamulya, [[Kabupatén Ciamis]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yanuariska|first=Yogi Yogaswara|last2=Sudaryat|first2=Yayat|last3=Isnendes|first3=Retty|date=2017|title=TRADISI NYALIN DALAM KEHIDUPAN MASYARAKAT SUNDA (Kajian Struktur dan Etnopedagogik)|url=https://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/lokabasa/article/view/14204|journal=LOKABASA|language=en-US|volume=8|issue=2|pages=223–243|doi=10.17509/jlb.v8i2.14204|issn=2528-5904}}</ref>. Di wewengkon sanés, hususna di [[Kabupatén Garut|Garut]], [[Tasikmalaya]], jeung [[Cirebon]], bubur beureum umumna disajikeun dina perayaan [[Asyura|Poé Asyura]] unggal 10 Muharram<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/gaya-hidup/20220808171834-262-831845/tradisi-tiap-10-muharram-apa-itu-bubur-asyura|title=Tradisi Tiap 10 Muharram, Apa Itu Bubur Asyura?|last=tim|website=gaya hidup|language=id-ID|accessdate=2022-08-28}}</ref>. == Rujukan == <references /> p6hnipv4jf284q6we2cpkll8tqa2oxr 0 103817 630775 2022-08-28T07:11:41Z Hayati Mayang Arum 12262 Nyieun kaca anyar '''Rengkong''' nyaéta ngaran alat anu digunakeun pikeun manggul paré. Sarta mangrupa salah sahiji kasenian tradisional anu diwariskeun ku karuhun Sunda, anu nepi ka kiwari masih hirup jeung ngawarnaan masarakat agraris di sajumlah wewengkon daerah tanah priangan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indonesiakaya.com/pustaka-indonesia/rengkong-kesenian-tradisional-yang-lahir-dari-budaya-agraris/|title=Rengkong, Kesenian Tradisional yang Lahir dari Budaya Agraris|website=Indonesia... wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rengkong''' nyaéta ngaran alat anu digunakeun pikeun manggul paré. Sarta mangrupa salah sahiji kasenian tradisional anu diwariskeun ku karuhun Sunda, anu nepi ka kiwari masih hirup jeung ngawarnaan masarakat agraris di sajumlah wewengkon daerah tanah priangan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indonesiakaya.com/pustaka-indonesia/rengkong-kesenian-tradisional-yang-lahir-dari-budaya-agraris/|title=Rengkong, Kesenian Tradisional yang Lahir dari Budaya Agraris|website=Indonesia Kaya|accessdate=2022-08-28}}</ref> == Rujukan == br6dpz9rw4c7tj3pwtxfzonmwxtbktl 630779 630775 2022-08-28T07:39:53Z Hayati Mayang Arum 12262 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rengkong''' nyaéta ngaran alat anu digunakeun pikeun manggul paré. Sarta mangrupa salah sahiji kasenian tradisional anu diwariskeun ku karuhun Sunda, anu nepi ka kiwari masih hirup jeung ngawarnaan masarakat agraris di sajumlah wewengkon daerah tanah priangan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indonesiakaya.com/pustaka-indonesia/rengkong-kesenian-tradisional-yang-lahir-dari-budaya-agraris/|title=Rengkong, Kesenian Tradisional yang Lahir dari Budaya Agraris|website=Indonesia Kaya|accessdate=2022-08-28}}</ref> Di sajumlah kampung adat, ngarengkong jadi kasenian anu paling sering minton, utamana nalika geugeusan paré dibawa ka pilemburan pikeun ditunda dina leuit. == Rujukan == 28iuzf1ubbb4btlb2zcn2z1se14vcrb 630782 630779 2022-08-28T07:56:24Z Hayati Mayang Arum 12262 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rengkong''' nyaéta ngaran alat anu digunakeun pikeun manggul paré. Sarta mangrupa salah sahiji kasenian tradisional anu diwariskeun ku karuhun Sunda, anu nepi ka kiwari masih hirup jeung ngawarnaan masarakat agraris di sajumlah wewengkon daerah tanah priangan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indonesiakaya.com/pustaka-indonesia/rengkong-kesenian-tradisional-yang-lahir-dari-budaya-agraris/|title=Rengkong, Kesenian Tradisional yang Lahir dari Budaya Agraris|website=Indonesia Kaya|accessdate=2022-08-28}}</ref> Di sajumlah kampung adat, ngarengkong jadi kasenian anu paling sering minton, utamana nalika geugeusan paré dibawa ka pilemburan pikeun ditunda dina leuit.[https://portalbandungtimur.pikiran-rakyat.com/budaya/pr-94999329/kesenian-tradisional-rengkong-bentuk-syukur-berlimpahnya-hasil-panen] == Rujukan == 9dz0dslxy40fbcze0ke8y4488ouh9sr 0 103818 630776 2022-08-28T07:35:10Z Mirani Pramitasari 26631 Nyieun kaca anyar '''Bubur hanjeli''' nyaéta bubur anu dijieun tina beras hanjeli, gula kawung, cipati, daun pandan, jeung garam saeutik.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sukabumiupdate.com/posts/68457/bubur-hanjeli-sajian-buka-puasa-yang-nikmat-dari-desa-waluran-mandiri-sukabumi|title=Bubur Hanjeli, Sajian Buka Puasa yang Nikmat dari Desa Waluran Mandiri Sukabumi|last=Somantri (red)|first=Andri|year=2020|accessdate=28 Agustus 2022}}</ref> wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bubur hanjeli''' nyaéta bubur anu dijieun tina beras hanjeli, gula kawung, cipati, daun pandan, jeung garam saeutik.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sukabumiupdate.com/posts/68457/bubur-hanjeli-sajian-buka-puasa-yang-nikmat-dari-desa-waluran-mandiri-sukabumi|title=Bubur Hanjeli, Sajian Buka Puasa yang Nikmat dari Desa Waluran Mandiri Sukabumi|last=Somantri (red)|first=Andri|year=2020|accessdate=28 Agustus 2022}}</ref> fcnwg2nkb4rcnydt7qkegjjjumuckfg 630777 630776 2022-08-28T07:35:40Z Mirani Pramitasari 26631 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bubur hanjeli''' nyaéta bubur anu dijieun tina beras hanjeli, gula kawung, cipati, daun pandan, jeung garam saeutik.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sukabumiupdate.com/posts/68457/bubur-hanjeli-sajian-buka-puasa-yang-nikmat-dari-desa-waluran-mandiri-sukabumi|title=Bubur Hanjeli, Sajian Buka Puasa yang Nikmat dari Desa Waluran Mandiri Sukabumi|last=Somantri (red)|first=Andri|year=2020|accessdate=28 Agustus 2022}}</ref> == Rujukan == stnuion8luig1beukgn5n63s62b10q7 630778 630777 2022-08-28T07:37:05Z Mirani Pramitasari 26631 added [[Category:Kadaharan urang Sunda]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bubur hanjeli''' nyaéta bubur anu dijieun tina beras hanjeli, gula kawung, cipati, daun pandan, jeung garam saeutik.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sukabumiupdate.com/posts/68457/bubur-hanjeli-sajian-buka-puasa-yang-nikmat-dari-desa-waluran-mandiri-sukabumi|title=Bubur Hanjeli, Sajian Buka Puasa yang Nikmat dari Desa Waluran Mandiri Sukabumi|last=Somantri (red)|first=Andri|year=2020|accessdate=28 Agustus 2022}}</ref> == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Kadaharan urang Sunda]] jhf4cuoo1wqef5lyd57ks0aenu1zps1 630792 630778 2022-08-28T08:56:57Z Mirani Pramitasari 26631 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bubur hanjeli''' nyaéta bubur anu dijieun tina beras hanjeli, gula kawung, cipati, daun pandan, jeung garam saeutik.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sukabumiupdate.com/posts/68457/bubur-hanjeli-sajian-buka-puasa-yang-nikmat-dari-desa-waluran-mandiri-sukabumi|title=Bubur Hanjeli, Sajian Buka Puasa yang Nikmat dari Desa Waluran Mandiri Sukabumi|last=Somantri (red)|first=Andri|year=2020|accessdate=28 Agustus 2022}}</ref> Beras hanjeli dijieun tina biji jali anu digiling.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kumpulan Istilah Pangan|last=Muhandri|first=Tjahja|publisher=IPB Press|year=2019|isbn=978-602-440-750-6|location=Bogor|pages=124|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Kumpulan_Istilah_Pangan/yH8IEAAAQBAJ?hl=id&gbpv=1&dq=bubur+hanjeli&pg=PA124&printsec=frontcover}}</ref> === Jali === Jali (ngaran ilmiahna Coix lacryma-jobi L.) kaasup kana serealia atawa biji-bijian anu dipelak di daerah tropis. Jali disebat ogé tanaman mutiara China, bentuk biji jali nyaéta bulat jeung warnana bodas kusam.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.liputan6.com/ramadan/read/642942/bubur-jali-nan-legit-bagus-buat-kesehatan-tubuh|title=Bubur Jali nan Legit Bagus Buat Kesehatan Tubuh|last=Febrida|first=Melly|access-date=28 Agustus 2022}}</ref> == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Kadaharan urang Sunda]] m7v1ff85vjran1i5lhamrhbsomyjxpc