Algoritma

<mediawiki xmlns="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/ http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11.xsd" version="0.11" xml:lang="su">
  <siteinfo>
    <sitename>Wikipedia</sitename>
    <dbname>suwiki</dbname>
    <base>https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepas</base>
    <generator>MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.1</generator>
    <case>first-letter</case>
    <namespaces>
      <namespace key="-2" case="first-letter">Média</namespace>
      <namespace key="-1" case="first-letter">Husus</namespace>
      <namespace key="0" case="first-letter" />
      <namespace key="1" case="first-letter">Obrolan</namespace>
      <namespace key="2" case="first-letter">Pamaké</namespace>
      <namespace key="3" case="first-letter">Obrolan pamaké</namespace>
      <namespace key="4" case="first-letter">Wikipedia</namespace>
      <namespace key="5" case="first-letter">Obrolan Wikipedia</namespace>
      <namespace key="6" case="first-letter">Gambar</namespace>
      <namespace key="7" case="first-letter">Obrolan gambar</namespace>
      <namespace key="8" case="first-letter">MédiaWiki</namespace>
      <namespace key="9" case="first-letter">Obrolan MédiaWiki</namespace>
      <namespace key="10" case="first-letter">Citakan</namespace>
      <namespace key="11" case="first-letter">Obrolan citakan</namespace>
      <namespace key="12" case="first-letter">Pitulung</namespace>
      <namespace key="13" case="first-letter">Obrolan pitulung</namespace>
      <namespace key="14" case="first-letter">Kategori</namespace>
      <namespace key="15" case="first-letter">Obrolan kategori</namespace>
      <namespace key="100" case="first-letter">Portal</namespace>
      <namespace key="101" case="first-letter">Obrolan portal</namespace>
      <namespace key="710" case="first-letter">TimedText</namespace>
      <namespace key="711" case="first-letter">TimedText talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="828" case="first-letter">Modul</namespace>
      <namespace key="829" case="first-letter">Pembicaraan Modul</namespace>
      <namespace key="1728" case="first-letter">Acara</namespace>
      <namespace key="1729" case="first-letter">Pembicaraan Acara</namespace>
    </namespaces>
  </siteinfo>
  <page>
    <title>Algoritma</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1187</id>
    <revision>
      <id>708989</id>
      <parentid>649817</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T00:59:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>708989</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4890" sha1="od7kp0lpuozyunuc33ahmlhw2td2037" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:flowchart.png|frame|right|[[Flowchart|Diagram alir]] mindeng dipaké pikeun ngagambarkeun algoritma.]]

'''Algorit'''
* 
* The greedy method. A [[greedy algorithm]] is similar to a [[Dynamic programming|dynamic programming algorithm]], but the difference is that at éach stage you don't have to have the solutions to the subproblems, you can maké a &quot;greedy&quot; choice of what looks best for the moment.
* Linéar programming. When you solve a problem using [[linear programming]] you put the program into a number of [[Linear algebra|linear]] [[Inequality|inequalities]] and then try to maximize (or minimize) the inputs. Many problems (such as the [[maximum flow]] for directed [[Graph (mathematics)|graphs]]) can be stated in a linéar programming way, and then be solved by a 'generic' algorithm such as the [[Simplex algorithm]]. 
* Séarch and enumeration. Many problems (such as playing [[chess]]) can be modélled as problems on [[graph theory|graphs]]. A [[graph exploration algorithm]] specifies rules for moving around a graph and is useful for such problems. This category also includes the [[search algorithm]]s and [[backtracking]].
* The probabilistic and heuristic paradigm. Algorithms belonging to this class fit the definition of an algorithm more loosely. [[Probabilistic algorithm]]s are those that maké some choices randomly (or pseudo-randomly); for some problems, it can in fact be proved that the fastest solutions must involve some randomness. [[Genetic algorithm]]s attempt to find solutions to problems by mimicking biological [[evolution]]ary processes, with a cycle of random mutations yielding successive generations of 'solutions'. Thus, they emulate reproduction and &quot;survival of the fittest&quot;. In [[genetic programming]], this approach is extended to algorithms, by regarding the algorithm itself as a 'solution' to a problem. Also there are [[heuristic]] algorithms, whose general purpose is not to find a final solution, but an approximate solution where the time or resources to find a perfect solution are not practical. An example of this would be [[simulated annealing]] algorithms, a class of [[heuristic]] [[probabilistic algorithm]]s that vary the solution of a problem by a random amount. The name 'simulated annéaling' alludes to the metallurgic term méaning the héating and cooling of metal to achieve freedom from defcects. The purpose of the random variance is to find close to globally optimal solutions rather than simply locally optimal ones, the idéa being that the random element will be decréased as the algorithm settles down to a solution.

Another way to classify algorithms is by implementation. A [[recursive algorithm]] is one that invokes (makes reference to) itself repéatedly until a certain condition matches, which is a method common to [[functional programming]]. Algorithms are usually discussed with the assumption that computers execute one instruction of an algorithm at a time. Those computers are sometimes called serial computers. An algorithm designed for such an environment is called a serial algorithm, as opposed to [[parallel algorithm]]s, which take advantage of computer architectures where several processors can work on a problem at the same time. The various heuristic algorithm would probably also fall into this category, as their name (e.g. a genetic algorithm) describes its implementation.

A [[list of algorithms]] discussed in Wikipedia is available.

== Tempo ogé ==
* [[Algorism]]
* [[Bulletproof algorithm]]s
* [[Numerical analysis]]
* [[Cryptography|Cryptographic algorithms]]
* [[Sort algorithm]]s
* [[Search algorithm]]s
* [[Merge algorithm]]s
* [[String algorithms]]
* [[List of algorithms]]
* [[Timeline of algorithms]]
* [[Struktur data]]
* [[Genetic Algorithm]]s
* [[Randomised algorithm]]s
* [[Computability logic]]

== Sumber séjén ==
* [[Donald E Knuth]]: ''[[The Art of Computer Programming]]'', Vol 1–3, Addison Wesley 1998. Widely held as a definitive reference. ISBN 0-201-48541-9.
* [[List of important publications in computer science#Algorithms|Important algorithm-related publications]]

== Tumbu kaluar ==
* Gaston H. Gonnet and Ricardo Baeza-Yates: Example programs from [http://www.dcc.uchile.cl/~rbaeza/handbook/ ''Handbook of Algorithms and Data Structures.''] Free source code for lots of important algorithms.
* [http://www.nist.gov/dads/ Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050624234059/http://www.nist.gov/dads/ |date=2005-06-24 }}. &quot;This is a dictionary of algorithms, algorithmic techniques, data structures, archetypical problems, and related definitions.&quot;
* [http://www.nr.com Numerical Recipes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516044136/http://www.nr.com/ |date=2008-05-16 }}

[[Kategori:Aljabar]]
[[Kategori:Algoritma]]
[[Kategori:Élmu komputer]]
[[Kategori:Matematika]]</text>
      <sha1>od7kp0lpuozyunuc33ahmlhw2td2037</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Iduladha</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25806</id>
    <revision>
      <id>708977</id>
      <parentid>708970</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-07T19:35:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Barras</username>
        <id>3234</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Malikkeun éditan Jeremy Manik, diganti deui ka vérsi ahir ku ~2026-24989-87</comment>
      <origin>708499</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3385" sha1="9v919toozhrj7hz4xqpdsh2veacyi62" xml:space="preserve">{{Islam}}
[[File:Jiangwan Mosque - Eid Al-Adha.JPG|thumb|Idul Adha di Tiongkok]]

'''Idul Adha''' (atawa di [[Malaysia]] sarta [[Singapura]], '''Poé Raya Haji''', [[basa Arab]]: عيد الأضحى) nyaéta hiji poé raya [[Islam]]. 

Poé Raya Idul Adha ragrag dina tanggal 10 bulan [[Dulhijah]], poé ieu ragrag persis 70 poé sanggeus perayaan [[Idul Fitri]]. Poé ieu ogé reujeung poé-poé [[Tasyrik]] [[Waktu haram puasa|diharamkan puasa]] pikeun umat Islam.

Puseur perayaan Idul Adha nyaéta hiji désa leutik di [[Arab Saudi]] anu ngaranna [[Mina]], deukeut [[Mekkah]]. Di dieu aya tilu tihang batu anu ngalambangkeun [[Iblis]] sarta kudu dibaledog ku batu ku umat [[Muslim]] anu keur munggah [[Haji]].

Poé Idul Adha nyaéta penclutna ibadah Haji anu dilaksanakeun umat Muslim.

== Netepkeun Idul Adha ==
Umat Islam ngayakinan, yén pilar sarta inti ti ibadah haji nyaéta [[wukuf]] di Arafah, samentara Poé Arafah éta sorangan nyaéta poé sabot jamaah haji di taneuh suci keur ngalakonan [[wukuf]] di Arafah, sakumaha pidawuh Nabi saw.:

Ibadah haji nyaéta (wukuf) di Arafah. (HR at-tirmidzi, Ibn Majah, al-baihaqi, ad-daruquthni, Ahmad, sarta al-hakim. Al-hakim ngoméntaran, “Hadits ieu sahih, sekalipun anjeunna duaan [Bukhari-muslim] henteu ngaluarkeunana”).

Ogé pidawuh anjeunna:

Poé Raya Idul Fitri maranéh nyaéta poé nalika maranéh berbuka (réngsé puasa Ramadan), sarta Poé Raya Idul Adha maranéh nyaéta poé nalika maranéh meuncit kurban, sedengkeun Poé Arafah nyaéta poé nalika maranéh (jamaah haji) ngariung di Arafah. (HR as-syafii ti ‘Aisyah, dina al-umm, juz I, hal. 230).

Mangka sakuduna, umat Islam di sakumna dunya anu henteu keur ngalakukeun ibadah haji ngajadikeun penentuan poé Arafah di taneuh suci minangka padoman. Lain leumpang sorangan-sorangan kawas ayeuna ieu. Sumawona Nabi Muhammad ogé geus negeskeun hal éta. Dina hadits anu diomongkeun ku Husain bin al-harits al-jadali ngomong, yén amir Makkah kungsi nepikeun khutbah, saterusna ngomong:

Rasulullah saw. geus nalatahan ka kami ambéh kami ngalakukeun ibadah haji dumasar ru’yat (hilal Dzulhijjah). Lamun kami henteu bisa nyaksianana, saterusna aya dua saksi adil (anu nyaksianana), mangka kami kudu mengerjakan manasik dumasar kesaksian maranéhanana. (HR Lebu Dawud, al-baihaqi sarta ad-daruquthni. Ad-daruquthni ngoméntaran, “Hadits ieu isnadnya bersambung, sarta sahih.”).

Hadits ieu ngécéskeun: Kahiji, yén palaksanaan ibadah haji kudu didasarkan ka hasil ru’yat hilal 1 Dzulhijjah, ku kituna iraha wukuf sarta Idul Adhanya bisa ditetepkeun. Kadua, talatah Nabi ka amir Makkah, minangka pangawasa wewengkon, tempat di mana perhelatan haji dilaksanakeun, pikeun ngalakonan ru’yat; lamun henteu junun, mangka ru’yat batur, anu nyatakeun kesaksiannya ka amir Makkah.

== Tempo ogé ==
* [[Islam]]
* [[Daptar topik ageman Islam]]
* [[Kalender Hijriyah]]
* [[Kurban]]

== Tumbu luar ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050217230439/http://www.geocities.com/budayadunia/PerayaanAidilAdha.htm Ngeunaan Perayaan Idul Adha dina basa Malayu]
* [http://www.asinah.net/travel-guides/saudiarabiahajj.html Ngeunaan Haji sarta Palaksanaan Wukuf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110082637/http://www.asinah.net/travel-guides/saudiarabiahajj.html |date=2008-01-10 }}

[[Kategori:Poé raya Islam]]
[[Kategori:Poé peré di Indonésia]]</text>
      <sha1>9v919toozhrj7hz4xqpdsh2veacyi62</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chiba, Chiba</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25872</id>
    <revision>
      <id>708991</id>
      <parentid>650200</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T02:32:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>708991</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2846" sha1="t4z1lp9ais9qs1rl3ymqk0n7zeuaj93" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox City Japan
| Name = Kota Chiba
| JapaneseName = 千葉市
| Region = [[Kantō region|Kantō]]
| Prefecture = [[Chiba Prefecture|Chiba]]
| Area_km2 = 272.08
| Population = 931,544
| Density_km2 = 3415.77
| PopDate = 2007
| Mayor = [[Keiichi Tsuruoka]]
|Coords= {{coor dm|35|36|N|140|7|E|region:JP_type:city}}
| Tree = [[Keyaki]]
| Flower = [[Nelumbo nucifera]]
| CityHallPostalCode = 260-8722
| CityHallAddress = 1-1, Chiba-minato, Chūō-ku, Chiba
| CityHallPhone = 043-245-5111
| CityHallLink = [http://www.city.chiba.jp/somu/shichokoshitsu/kokusai/EnTop.html Kota Chiba]
| MapImage = Map Chiba en.png
}}
{{Nihongo|'''Kota Chiba'''|千葉市|Chiba-shi}} nyaéta ibu [[Kota-kota Jepang|kota]] [[Chiba Prefecture|Préféktur Chiba]], [[Jepang]]. Aya kurangleuwih 40&amp;nbsp;km wetaneun pusat Kota [[Tokyo]] di [[Tokyo Bay|Basisir Tokyo]]. Kota Chiba jadi [[designated city|kota metropolitan]] dina taun 1992, kiwari populasina ampir 930,000.

Kota Chiba ogé salah sahiji palabuan laut utama di [[Wewengkon Kantō]] nyaéta Palabuan Chiba, salah sahiji palabuan laut nu pangsibukna di Jepang. Sabagéan gedé Kota Chiba mangrupa paimahan, sanajan aya sababaraha pabrik jeung gudang nu ayana sapanjang basisir. Aya sababaraha pusat karaméan utama, kaasup pusat bisnis kota basisir [[Makuhari]], di [[Makuhari Messe]] jeung Pusat Chiba, tempat kantor pamaréntah kota jeung préféktur.

Chiba kawentar ku [[Chiba Urban Monorail]], [[monorail]] gantung pangpanjangna sadunya, asup kana [[Guinness Book of World Records]]. Tempat tujuan di Chiba nyaéta: Kasori Shellmound, ''shellmound'' panggedéna sadunya nu legana 134,000m², Basisir Inage, basisir jieunan munggaran jeung pangpanjangna di Jepang, Taman Zoologi Kota Chiba nu mibanda koleksi [[red panda]] Futa, nu jangkungna sarua jeung jalma.

Dina carita fiksi, Kota masa depan Chiba kawentar dina [[William Gibson]] novel [[cyberpunk]], [[Neuromancer]].

== Tumbu kaluar ==
{{commonscat|Chiba, Chiba}}
* Official website [http://www.city.chiba.jp/ in Japanese], [http://www.city.chiba.jp/somu/shichokoshitsu/kokusai/EnTop.html in English] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422131728/http://www.city.chiba.jp/somu/shichokoshitsu/kokusai/EnTop.html |date=2014-04-22 }} and [http://www.city.chiba.jp/somu/shichokoshitsu/kokusai/KrTop.html in Korean] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103111736/http://www.city.chiba.jp/somu/shichokoshitsu/kokusai/KrTop.html |date=2007-01-03 }}
* {{wikivoyage|Chiba}}
* [http://www.chibabeat.com: Chiba Japan Information Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304095718/http://chibabeat.com/ |date=2019-03-04 }}

{{Chiba}}

{{Regions and administrative divisions of Japan}}

{{pondok}}

&lt;!--Categories--&gt;
[[Kategori:Kota di Préféktur Chiba]]
[[Kategori:Kota palabuan di Jepang]]

&lt;!--Other languages--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>t4z1lp9ais9qs1rl3ymqk0n7zeuaj93</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Paléstina (wewengkon)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>32927</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709000</id>
      <parentid>705005</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T05:53:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>709000</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15890" sha1="qrviuigl4r07gl0zo8a0iij9zo9iahz" xml:space="preserve">{{Orphan|date=April 2017}}

:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://international.sindonews.com/read/1229111/45/siapa-saja-negara-tetangga-palestina-selain-israel-ada-3-negara-arab-1697616635|title=Siapa Saja Negara Tetangga Palestina? Selain Israel ada 3 Negara Arab|website=SINDOnews Internasional|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-10-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;''Pikeun guna lian ti Paléstina, tempo [[Paléstina (disambiguasi)]]''
[[Gambar:MiddleEast.A2003031.0820.250m.jpg|thumb|300px|Bates wewengkon digambaran liwat citra satelit taun 2003 dina warna abu-abu anom]]
'''Paléstina''' '''دولة فلسطين''' ([[basa Arab]]), '''Palestina''' ([[basa Suryani]]) mangrupa hiji wewengkon di [[Wétan Tengah]] antara [[Laut Tengah]] jeung [[Walungan Yordan]].[[Gambar:Palestinearab.jpg|thumb|]]
[[Gambar:Jerusalem_Dome_of_the_rock_BW_14.JPG|thumb|]]
[[Gambar:Mill_(British_Mandate_for_Palestine_currency,_1927).jpg|thumb|]]

[[Gambar:Stamp_palestine_10_mils.jpg|thumb|]]
[[Gambar:British_Mandate_Palestinian_passport.jpg|thumb|]]
 Status politikna masih dina paséa. Kalobaannana nagara di dunya kaasup nagara-nagara anggota [[OKI]], [[ASEAN]], jeung [[Gerakan Non-Blok]] ngakuan kaayaan boh nagara Israél boh nagara Palestina.

== Géografi ==
[[Gambar:Hebrew_Arabic_English_road_signs.jpg|thumb|Papan nami dina tilu bas di Paléstina. [[Basa Ibrani|Ibrani]], [[Basa Arab|Arab]], jeung [[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]]]
Paléstina aya di bagian kulon banua [[Asia]] nu ngabentang antara garis lintng méridian 15-34 jeung 40-35 ka wétan, jeung antara garis lintang méridian 30-29 jeung 15-33 ka kalér.

Paléstina ngawangun bagian kidul-wétan ti hiji géografis nu gedé di bagia wétan dunia Arab nu disebut nagri Syam. Salian Paléstina, nagri Syam diwangun ti [[Libanon]], [[Suriah]], jeung [[Yordania]]. Dina mimitina, nagara-nagara ieu miboga wates nu koléktif di luar watesna jeung [[Mesir]].

Watesna Paléstina dimimitian ti Libanon di Ras El-Nakoura di wewengkon [[Laut Tengah]] (Laut Méditérania) jeung ku garis lurus ngarah ka wétan nepi ka wewengkon di deukeutna kota leutik Libanon nyaéta kota Bent Jubayel, di mana garis pamisah antara kadua nagara ieu condong ka kalér eujeung juruna nu ampir lurus. Dina titik ieu, watesna ayana ngurilingan cinyusu [[Walungan Yordan]] nu jadi bagian ti Paléstina dina jalan leutik nu ngawatesannana ti wewengkon Wétan eujeung wewengkon Suriah jeung dano Al Hola, Lout, jeung Tabariyya.

Wates jeung Yordania dimimitian di wewengkon kidul dano Tabariyya dina muara walungan Al Yarmouk. Teras sapanjang walungan Yordan. Ti cinyusu Walungan Yordan, wates ieu ka arah Kidul meulah pitengahan Laut Maot sacara géométrikal jeung lebak Araba, nepi ka wewengkon Aqaba.

Wates jeung Mesir bisa digambaran ku garis nu ampir lurus nu meulah antara wewengkon semi-pulo Seena jeung sagara keusik Al Naqab. Wates ieu dimimitian di Rafah di Laut Tengah nepi ka wewengkon Taba di Teluk Aqaba.

Di bagian Kulon, Paléstina aya di sisi cai bébas internasional ti Laut Tengah eujeung jarak kira-kira 250&amp;nbsp;km ti Ras El-Nakoura di bagian kidul nepi ka Rafah di bagian kidul.

== Pamaréntahan ==
Ayeuna, wewengkon Paléstina kabagi kana dua éntitas politik:
* Wewengkon nagara [[Israél]]
* Wewengkon [[Otoritas Nasional Paléstina]] ([[Jalur Gaza]] jeung sabagian di [[Tepi Kulon|Kulon]])

== Tempo ogé ==
* [[Konflik Israél jeung Paléstina]]

== Tumbu luar ==
{{Commons category|Palestine|Paléstina}}
{{Commons category|Israel|Israél}}
{{wikivoyage|Israel}}
{{wikivoyage|Palestinian Territories}}
* {{en}} [http://english.wafa.ps/ WAFA - kantor warta Paléstina ]
* [http://www.palestinechronicle.com/ The Palestine Chronicle]
* [http://www.palestine-net.com Welcome to Palestine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709034720/http://www.palestine-net.com/ |date=2011-07-09 }}
* The Hope Simpson Report (London, 1930) [http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/e3ed8720f8707c9385256d19004f057c!OpenDocument]
* Palestine Royal Commission Report (the Peel Report) (London, 1937) [http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/peel1.html]
* Report to the Council of the Léague of Nations (1928) [http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/3d14c9e5cdaa296d85256cbf005aa3eb/a212ce7d6edb27c6052565d4005af973!OpenDocument] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005130923/http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/3d14c9e5cdaa296d85256cbf005aa3eb/a212ce7d6edb27c6052565d4005af973!OpenDocument |date=2008-10-05 }}
* Report to the Council of the Léague of Nations (1929) [http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/38bed104db074b49052565e70054eb22!OpenDocument]
* Report to the Council of the Léague of Nations (1934) [http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/3d14c9e5cdaa296d85256cbf005aa3eb/a212ce7d6edb27c6052565d4005af973!OpenDocument] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005130923/http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/3d14c9e5cdaa296d85256cbf005aa3eb/a212ce7d6edb27c6052565d4005af973!OpenDocument |date=2008-10-05 }}
* Report to the Council of the Léague of Nations (1935) [http://domino.un.org/UNISPAl.NSF/3d14c9e5cdaa296d85256cbf005aa3eb/b672dc87b2d50447052565d4005173df!OpenDocument] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005170211/http://domino.un.org/UNISPAl.NSF/3d14c9e5cdaa296d85256cbf005aa3eb/b672dc87b2d50447052565d4005173df!OpenDocument |date=2008-10-05 }}
* [http://www.mideastweb.org/palpop.htm www.mideastweb.org - A website with a wealth of statistics regarding population in Palestine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814065619/http://www.mideastweb.org/palpop.htm |date=2011-08-14 }}
* [http://www.worldstatesmen.org WorldStatesmen- Maps, flags, chronology, see Israel and Palestinian National Authority]
* [http://www.hweb.org.uk/content/view/69/3/ hWeb - Israel-Palestine in Maps] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430234538/http://www.hweb.org.uk/content/view/69/3/ |date=2008-04-30 }}
* [http://www.commonlanguageproject.net/?page_id=41#Palestine Palestine Fact Sheet] from the Common Language Project
* [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Palestine 1911 Encyclopedia description of Palestine]
* [http://www.ldfp.eu Liberal Democrat Friends of Palestine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221065738/http://www.ldfp.eu/ |date=2010-12-21 }}
* [http://www.un.org/Depts/dpa/ngo/history.html History of the Palestine Problem, UN website]

; Peta
* [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~gov46/sykes-picot-1916.gif Sykes-Picot Agreement, 1916] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621152059/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~gov46/sykes-picot-1916.gif |date=2007-06-21 }}
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/israel/images/israel04.jpg 1947 UN Partition Plan]
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/israel/images/israel05.jpg 1949 Armisitice Lines]
* [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~gov46/israel-post-armstice-1949.gif Israel After 1949 Armistice Agreements] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621152101/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~gov46/israel-post-armstice-1949.gif |date=2007-06-21 }}
* [http://www.ldfp.eu/Maps.html Liberal Democrat Friends of Palestine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620001232/http://www.ldfp.eu/Maps.html |date=2008-06-20 }}
* [http://www.ottomanpalestine.com The Ottoman Palestine Pictures]

== Pustaka ==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
* Abu-Lughod, Ibrahim (1971). (Ed)., ''The Transformation of Palestine''. Illinois: Northwestern Press.
* Avneri, Arieh (1984), The Claim of Dispossession, Tel Aviv: Hidekel Press
* Bachi, Roberto (1974), The Population of Israel, Jerusalem: Institute of Contemporary Jewry, Hebrew University
* Belfer-Cohen, Anna and Bar-Yosef, Ofer (2000). éarly Sedentism in the Néar éast. A Bumpy Ride to Village Life. In Ian Kuijt (Ed.). ''Life in Neolithic Farming Communities: Social Organization, Identity, and Differentiation''. Springer. ISBN 0-306-46122-6
* Biger, Gidéon (1981). Where was Palestine? Pre-World War I perception, ''AREA'' (Journal of the Institute of British Géographers) Vol 13, No. 2, pp.&amp;nbsp;153–160.
* Broshi, Magen (1979). The Population of Western Palestine in the Roman-Byzantine Period, ''Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research'', No. 236, p.&amp;nbsp;7, 1979.
* Byatt, Anthony (1973). Josephus and population numbers in first century Palestine. ''Palestine Exploration Quarterly'', 105, pp.&amp;nbsp;51–60.
* Chancey, Mark A. (2005). ''Greco-Roman Culture and the Galilee of Jesus''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-84647-1
* Chase, Kenneth (2003). ''Firearms: A Global History to 1700''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-82274-2
* Doumani, Beshara (1995). ''Rediscovering Palestine: Merchants and Peasants in Jabal Nablus 1700-1900''. UC Press. ISBN 0-520-20370-4
* Ember, Melvin &amp; Peregrine, Peter N. (2002). ''Encyclopedia of Prehistory.'' Springer. ISBN 0-306-46262-1
* Farsoun, Samih K. and Naseer Aruri (2006), ''Palestine and the Palestinians'', Westview Press, 2nd edition, ISBN 0-8133-4336-4
* Finkelstein, I, Mazar, A and Schmidt, B. (2007). ''The Quest for the Historical Israel''. The Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 978-1-58983-277-0
* Gelber, Yoav (1997). ''Jewish-Transjordanian Relations 1921-48: Alliance of Bars Sinister''. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-4675-X
* Gerber, Haim (1998). &quot;Palestine&quot; and other territorial concepts in the 17th century, ''International Journal of Middle East Studies'', Vol 30, pp.&amp;nbsp;563–572.
* Gilbar, Gar G. (ed.), ''Ottoman Palestine: 1800-1914''. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-07785-5
* Gilbar, Gar G. (1986). The Growing Economic Involvement of Palestine With the West, 1865-1914. In David Kushner (Ed.). ''Palestine in the Late Ottoman Period: Political, Social and Economic Transformation''. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 90-04-07792-8
* [[Martin Gilbert|Gilbert, Martin]] (2005). ''The Routledge Atlas of the Arab-Israeli Conflict''. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-35900-7
* Gottheil, Fred M. (2003) [http://www.meforum.org/article/522/ The Smoking Gun: Arab Immigration into Palestine, 1922-1931], ''[[Middle East Quarterly]]'', X(1).
* Hansen, Mogens Herman (Ed.) (2000). ''A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures: An Investigation''. Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. ISBN 87-7876-177-8
* Harris, David Russell (1996). ''The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia''. Routledge. ISBN 1-85728-537-9
* Hayes, John H. and Mandell, Sara R. (1998). ''The Jewish People in Classical Antiquity: From Alexander to Bar Kochba''. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 0-664-25727-5
* Hughes, Mark (1999). ''Allenby and British Strategy in the Middle East, 1917-1919''. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-4920-1
* Ingrams, Doreen (1972). ''Palestine Papers 1917-1922''. London: John Murray. ISBN 0-8076-0648-0
* [[Rashid Khalidi|Khalidi, Rashid]] (1997). ''Palestinian Identity. The Construction of Modern National Consciousness''. [[Columbia University Press]]. ISBN 0-231-10515-0
* Johnston, Sarah Iles (2004). ''Religions of the Ancient World: A Guide''. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01517-7
* Karpat, Kemal H. (2002). ''Studies on Ottoman Social and Political History''. Brill. ISBN 90-04-12101-3
* [[Shmuel Katz|Katz, Shmuel]] (1973) ''Battleground: Fact and Fantasy in Palestine'' Shapolsky Pub; ISBN 0-933503-03-2
* Killebrew, Ann E. (2005). ''Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, Philistines and Early Israel 1300-1100 BCE''. Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 1-58983-097-0
{{col-2}}
* Kimmerling, Baruch and Migdal, Joel S. (1994). ''Palestinians: The Making of a People'', Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-65223-1
* [[Hans Köchler|Köchler, Hans]] (1981). ''The Legal Aspects of the Palestine Problem with Special Regard to the Question of Jerusalem''. Vienna: Braumüller. ISBN 3-7003-0278-9
* Kurz, Anat N. (2005) ''Fatah and the Politics of Violence: The Institutionalization of a Popular Struggle''. Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 1-84519-032-7, 9781845190323.
* Lewis, B. (1993). ''Islam in History: Ideas, People and Events in the Middle East''. Open Court Publishing. ISBN 0-8126-9518-6
* Le Strange, Guy (1965). ''Palestine under the Moslems'' (Originally published in 1890; reprinted by Khayats) ISBN 0-404-56288-4
* Loftus, J. P. (1948), Féatures of the demography of Palestine, Population Studies, Vol 2
* Louis, Wm. Roger (1969). The United Kingdom and the Beginning of the Mandates System, 1919-1922. ''International Organization'', 23(1), pp.&amp;nbsp;73–96.
* McCarthy, Justin (1990). ''The Population of Palestine''. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-07110-8.
* Mandel, Neville J. (1976). ''The Arabs and Zionism Before World War I''. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-02466-4
* [[Fabio Maniscalco|Maniscalco, Fabio]]. (2005). ''Protection, conservation and valorisation of Palestinian Cultural Patrimony'' Massa Publisher. ISBN 88-87835-62-4.
* Metzer, Jacob (1988). ''The Divided Economy of Mandatory Palestine''. Cambridge University Press.
* Mills, Watson E. (1990). ''Mercer Dictionary of the Bible''. Mercer University Press. ISBN 0-86554-373-9
* Pastor, Jack (1997). ''Land and Economy in Ancient Palestine''. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-15960-1
* Porath, Yehoshua (1974). ''The Emergence of the Palestinian-Arab National Movement'', 1918-1929. London: Frank Cass. ISBN 0-7146-2939-1
* Redmount, Carol A. 'Bitter Lives: Israel in and out of Egypt' in ''The Oxford History of the Biblical World'', ed: Michael D. Coogan, (Oxford University Press: 1999)
* Rogan, Eugene L. (2002). ''Frontiers of the State in the Late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1850-1921''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-89223-6.
* Rosen, Steven A. (1997). ''Lithics After the Stone Age: A Handbook of Stone Tools from the Levant''. Rowman Altamira. ISBN 0-7619-9124-7
* [[Howard Sachar|Sachar, Howard M.]] (2006). ''A History of Israel: From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time'', 2nd ed., revised and updated. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-679-76563-8
* Said, Edward W. and Christopher Hitchens (2001). ''Blaming the Victims: Spurious Scholarship and the Palestinian Question''. Verso. ISBN 1-85984-340-9.
* Schlor, Joachim (1999). ''Tel Aviv: From Dream to City''. réaktion Books. ISBN 1-86189-033-8
* Scholch, Alexander (1985) ''&quot;The Demographic Development of Palestine 1850-1882&quot;'', International Journal of Middle éast Studies, XII, 4, November 1985, pp.&amp;nbsp;485–505
* Shahin, Mariam (2005). ''Palestine: A Guide'', Interlink Books. ISBN 1-56656-557-X
* Schmelz, Uziel O. (1990) Population characteristics of Jerusalem and Hebron regions according to Ottoman Census of 1905. In Gar G. Gilbar, ed., ''Ottoman Palestine: 1800-1914''.Leiden: Brill.
* Shiloh, Yigal (1980). The Population of Iron Age Palestine in the Light of a Sample Analysis of Urban Plans, Aréas, and Population Density, ''Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research'', No. 239, p.&amp;nbsp;33, 1980.
* Sicker, Martin (1999). ''Reshaping Palestine: From Muhammad Ali to the British Mandate, 1831-1922''. Praeger/Greenwood. ISBN 0-275-96639-9
* Stéarns, Peter N. {{worldhistory}}	
* Twain, Mark (1867). ''Innocents Abroad''. Penguin Classics. ISBN 0-14-243708-5
* [[UNSCOP]] [http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/07175de9fa2de563852568d3006e10f3!OpenDocument Report to the General Assembly] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401144548/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/07175de9fa2de563852568d3006e10f3!OpenDocument |date=2009-04-01 }}
* Westermann, ''Großer Atlas zur Weltgeschichte''. ISBN 3-07-509520-6
* Whitelam, Keith (1997). ''The Invention of Ancient Israel: The Silencing of Palestinian History'', Routledge, ISBN 0415107598, ISBN 978-0415107594
* ''Buku Ensiklopedia Indonesia''.

{{geo-pondok}}

[[Kategori:Paléstina| ]]
[[Kategori:Wewengkon nu dipaséakeun]]</text>
      <sha1>qrviuigl4r07gl0zo8a0iij9zo9iahz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Propinsi Jowzjan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>37356</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709002</id>
      <parentid>489861</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T06:04:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>709002</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1341" sha1="pz9axcbw2srulc70mt2ke9oxyrhnp5e" xml:space="preserve">{{Geobox|Province
|country = {{flag|Apganistan}}
|name = Jowzjan
|native_name = جوزجان
|map = Afghanistan-Jowzjan.png
|map_caption = Lokasi Propinsi Jowzjan di Apganistan
|capital = [[Sheberghan]]
|capital_lat_d =  36.75
|capital_long_d = 66.00
|coordinates_type = region:AF_type:adm1st
|population_as_of = 2009  &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| author= Central Statistics Office of Afghanistan| publisher= | title= Settled Population of country by Provinces and sex for 2006-2009 years| accessdate= 2009-11-30| url= http://www.cso.gov.af/demography/population.html}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128120310/http://www.cso.gov.af/demography/population.html |date=2010-01-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|population = 485.300
|population_density = 
|area = 11798
|timezone = UTC+4:30
|free_type = [[Basa di Apganistan|Basa utami]]
|free = [[basa Uzbék|Uzbék]]&lt;br/&gt;[[basa Turkmén|Turkmén]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Pérsia Dari]]&lt;br/&gt;
}}
'''Jowzjān''' atanapi '''Jōzjān''' atanapi '''Jawzjan''' ([[Basa Pérsia]]: جوزجان) nyaéta salasahiji ti 34 [[propinsi di Apganistan]]. Propinsi ieu aya di beulah kalér nagara. Ibu kotana nyaéta [[Sheberghan]].

== Rujukan ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Provinces of Afghanistan}}
{{Districts of Jowzjan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jowzjan}}
[[Kategori:Propinsi di Apganistan]]
[[Kategori:Propinsi Jowzjan| ]]


{{nagara-geo-stub|Apganistan}}</text>
      <sha1>pz9axcbw2srulc70mt2ke9oxyrhnp5e</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Propinsi Kabul</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>37357</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709003</id>
      <parentid>697705</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T06:04:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>709003</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2774" sha1="7oo59fqgobggxh20gi7j90h91ei23t1" xml:space="preserve">{{For|ibu kota Apganistan|Kabul}}
{{Geobox|Province
|country = {{flag|Apganistan}}
|name = Kabul
|native_name = کابل
|map = Afghanistan-Kabul.png
|map_caption = Lokasi Propinsi Kabul di Apganistan
|capital = [[Kabul]]
|capital_lat_d = 34.00
|capital_long_d = 69.00
|coordinates_type = region:AF_type:adm1st
|population_as_of = 2009
|population = 3.568.500
|population_note =&lt;ref name=&quot;CSO&quot; /&gt;
|population_density = 763
|leader_type = [[daptar gubernur Kabul|Gubernur]]
|leader = Ahmadullah Alizai 
|area = 4462  
|timezone = UTC+4:30
|free_type = [[Basa di Apganistan|Basa utama]]
|free =&lt;br/&gt;[[basa Pastun|Pastun]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Pérsia Dari]]
}}
'''Kābul''' ({{lang-ps|کابل ''Kābəl''}}, {{lang-fa|کابل ''Kābol''}}) nyaéta salah sahiji ti 34 [[propinsi di Apganistan]]. Propinsi ieu aya di beulah wétan nagara. Ibu kota propinsi ieu nyaéta [[Kabul|Kota Kabul]], nu mangrupa ibu kota [[Apganistan]]. Populasi propinsi ieu nyaéta 3,5 yuta jiwa sakumaha dina 2009,&lt;ref name=&quot;CSO&quot;&gt;[http://www.cso.gov.af/demography/population.html Central Statistics Office, Afghanistan Statistical Yearbook 2009/10] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128120310/http://www.cso.gov.af/demography/population.html |date=2010-01-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt; nu méh 80 persén hirup di wewengkon pakotaan.&lt;ref name=&quot;MRRD&quot;&gt;&quot;Kabul Provincial Profile&quot;, NABP (National Area-Based Development Programme), Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development, Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, [http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/Provincial%20Profiles/Kabul%20PDP%20Provincial%20profile.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727100218/http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/Provincial%20Profiles/Kabul%20PDP%20Provincial%20profile.pdf |date=2011-07-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tingali ogé ==
*[[Kabulistan]]

==Rujukan==
{{Reflist}}

==Tumbu kaluar==
{{Commons category|Kabul Province}}
*[http://www.aisk.org/misc/woik2007issue42.pdf What's On In Kabul (pdf format)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614010937/http://www.aisk.org/misc/woik2007issue42.pdf |date=2007-06-14 }}
*[http://www.afghanistan-photos.com/crbst_5.html Historical Photos of Kabul] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070520024731/http://www.afghanistan-photos.com/crbst_5.html |date=2007-05-20 }}
*[http://www.zharov.com/dupree/chapter04.html Historical Guide to Afghanistan (Kabul)]
*[http://www.kabulcaravan.com/kabul.php Kabul Caravan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070506041225/http://www.kabulcaravan.com/kabul.php |date=2007-05-06 }}

{{Provinces of Afghanistan}}
{{Districts of Kabul}}
{{Kabul Province}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kabul}}
[[Kategori:Propinsi di Apganistan]]
[[Kategori:Propinsi Kabul| ]]
[[Kategori:Budha di Apganistan]]
[[Kategori:Hindu di Apganistan]]


{{nagara-geo-stub|Apganistan}}</text>
      <sha1>7oo59fqgobggxh20gi7j90h91ei23t1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Propinsi Paktika</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>37400</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709006</id>
      <parentid>484085</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T06:04:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>709006</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1350" sha1="h5ert03pcyhe80o4czy2nn83nfwhhy4" xml:space="preserve">{{Geobox|Province
|country = {{flag|Apganistan}}
|name = Paktika
|native_name = پکتیکا
|image = Afghan shepherd and his flock.jpg
|map = Paktika in Afghanistan.svg
|map_caption = Lokasi Propinsi Paktika di Apganistan
|capital = [[Sharana, Apganistan|Sharana]]
|capital_lat_d = 32.5
|capital_long_d = 68.8
|coordinates_type = type:adm1st_region:AF
|population_as_of = 2009
|population = 393,800
|population_note = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| author= Central Statistics Office of Afghanistan| publisher= | title= Settled Population of country by Provinces and sex for 2006-2009 years| accessdate= 2009-11-30| url= http://www.cso.gov.af/demography/population.html}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128120310/http://www.cso.gov.af/demography/population.html |date=2010-01-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|area = 19482
|population_density = 
|timezone = UTC+4:30
|free_type = [[basa di Apganistan|Basa utami]]
|free = [[Basa Pastun]]
}}
'''Paktika''' ({{lang-ps|'''پکتیکا'''}}) nyaéta salah sahiji ti 34 [[propinsi di Apganistan]]. Propinsi ieu aya di beulah kidul-wétan nagara. Ibu kotana nyaéta [[Sharana, Apganistan|Sharana]].

==Rujukan==
{{Reflist}}

{{Provinces_of_Afghanistan}}
{{Districts of Paktika}}
{{War on Terror}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paktika}}
[[Kategori:Propinsi Paktika| ]]
[[Kategori:Propinsi di Apganistan]]


{{nagara-geo-stub|Apganistan}}</text>
      <sha1>h5ert03pcyhe80o4czy2nn83nfwhhy4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Propinsi Panjshir</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>37415</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709007</id>
      <parentid>474852</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T06:04:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>709007</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1378" sha1="ccqns1w4ir49q1m7z6dwqfnm9setp5q" xml:space="preserve">{{Geobox|Province
|country = {{flag|Apganistan}}
|name = Panjshir  
|native_name = پنج شیر
|map = Afghanistan-Panjshir.png
|map_caption = Lokasi Propinsi Panjshir di Apganistan
|capital = [[Bazarak e Qaramana, Panjshir|Bazarak]]
|capital_lat_d = 35.4
|capital_long_d = 70.0
|coordinates_type = region:AF_type:adm1st
|population_as_of = 2009&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| author= Central Statistics Office of Afghanistan| publisher= | title= Settled Population of country by Provinces and sex for 2006-2009 years| accessdate= 2009-11-30| url= http://www.cso.gov.af/demography/population.html}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128120310/http://www.cso.gov.af/demography/population.html |date=2010-01-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|population = 139000
|area = 3610 
|population_density = 
|timezone = UTC+4:30
|free_type = [[basa di Apganistan|Basa utami]]
|free = Tajik (Dari)
}}
'''Panjshir''' ({{lang-fa|پنجشیر}}, harpiahna &quot;Lima Singa&quot;, ogé diéjah '''Panjsher''') nyaéta salah sahiji ti 34 [[propinsi di Apganistan]].

== Rujukan ==
{{Reflist}}

== Tumbu kaluar ==
*[http://www.nps.edu/Programs/CCS/Panjshir.html Naval Postgraduate School - Panjshir Province]

{{Provinces of Afghanistan}}
{{Districts of Panjshir}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Panjshir}}
[[Kategori:Propinsi Panjshir| ]]
[[Kategori:Propinsi di Apganistan]]
[[Kategori:Nu ngadeg taun 2004]]


{{nagara-geo-stub|Apganistan}}</text>
      <sha1>ccqns1w4ir49q1m7z6dwqfnm9setp5q</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Propinsi Parwan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>37419</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709008</id>
      <parentid>495609</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T06:04:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>709008</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1662" sha1="8tz9s38dqd9paxse7792wgl5fslzsuc" xml:space="preserve">{{redirect|Parwan|lokalitas di Australia|Parwan, Victoria}}
{{Geobox|Province
|country = {{flag|Apganistan}}
|name = Parwān
|native_name = پروان
|map = Afghanistan-Parvan.png
|map_caption = Lokasi Propinsi Parwan di Apganistan
|capital = [[Charikar]]
|capital_lat_d = 35.0
|capital_long_d = 69.0
|coordinates_type = region:AF_type:adm1st
|population_as_of =
|population = 600,000
|population_note = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| author= Central Statistics Office of Afghanistan| publisher= | title= Settled Population of country by Provinces and sex for 2006-2009 years| accessdate= 2009-11-30| url= http://www.cso.gov.af/demography/population.html}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128120310/http://www.cso.gov.af/demography/population.html |date=2010-01-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|area = 5974
|population_density = 
|timezone = UTC+4:30
|free_type = [[basa di Apganistan|Basa utami]]
|free = [[Pérsia Dari]]
}}
'''Parwān''' ([[Basa Pérsia]]: پروان), ogé diéjah '''Parvān''', pernah ogé jadi ngaran ti hiji kota kuna di pagunungan [[Hindu Kush]],&lt;ref name=&quot;EI&quot;&gt;[[Richard Nelson Frye|Frye, Richard Nelson]] (1999). &quot;Farwan (also Parwan)&quot;. ''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]'' CD-ROM Edition v. 1.0. Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV. Retrieved on 2007-12-18.&lt;/ref&gt; nyaéta ayeuna mangrupa hiji propinsi administratif di [[Apganistan]] beulah kalér. Ibu kotana nyaéta [[Charikar]].

== Rujukan ==
{{commons category|Parwan Province}}
{{reflist}}

{{Provinces of Afghanistan}}
{{Districts of Parwan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parwan}}
[[Kategori:Hazarajat]]
[[Kategori:Propinsi di Apganistan]]
[[Kategori:Propinsi Parwan| ]]


{{nagara-geo-stub|Apganistan}}</text>
      <sha1>8tz9s38dqd9paxse7792wgl5fslzsuc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Propinsi Samangan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>37420</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709009</id>
      <parentid>675908</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T06:04:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>709009</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2218" sha1="7m9md2lsrm361kv6ppic0wm8uanz4w9" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name = Propinsi Samangan
| native_name = سمنگان
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = [[propinsi di Apganistan|Propinsi]]
| image_skyline =Samangan Province.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Propinsi Samangan
| image_map = Samangan in Afghanistan.svg
| map_alt = Lokasi Propinsi Samangan di Apganistan
| map_caption = Lokasi Propinsi Samangan di Apganistan
| coordinates_region = AF
| subdivision_type = Nagara
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Apganistan}}
| parts_type = County
| seat_type = Ibu kota
| seat = [[Samangan]]
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 11262
| area_note =
| population_footnotes = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author= Central Statistics Office of Afghanistan|publisher= |title= Settled Population of country by Provinces and sex for 2006-2009 years|accessdate= 2009-11-30|url= http://www.cso.gov.af/demography/population.html}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128120310/http://www.cso.gov.af/demography/population.html |date=2010-01-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total = 350400
| population_as_of = 2009
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[basa di Apganistan|Basa utami]]
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Pérsia Dari]], [[Basa Uzbék|Uzbék]]
| timezone1 = [[Wanci Standar Apganistan|AST]]
| utc_offset1 = +04:30
}}
'''Samangan''' ({{lang-fa|سمنگان}}) nyaéta salah sahiji ti 34 [[propinsi di Apganistan]]. Propinsi ieu ngawengku {{convert|11218 |km2|mi2}} sarta miboga populasi kira-kira 313.211 jiwa (2006).&lt;ref name=profile&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mrrd.gov.af/nabdp/Provincial%20Profiles/Samangan%20PDP%20Provincial%20profile.pdf|format=pdf|title=Samangan|accessdate=2010-10-19|publisher=Government of Afghanistan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Rujukan==
{{reflist}}

==Tumbu kaluar==
{{commons category}}
* Dupree, Nancy Hatch (1977): ''An Historical Guide to Afghanistan''. 1st Edition: 1970. 2nd Edition. Revised and Enlarged. Afghan Tourist Organization. [http://www.zharov.com/dupree/index.html]

{{Provinces of Afghanistan}}
{{Districts of Samangan}}
{{Shahnameh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Samangan}}
[[Kategori:Hazarajat]]
[[Kategori:Propinsi di Apganistan]]
[[Kategori:Propinsi Samangan| ]]


{{nagara-geo-stub|Apganistan}}</text>
      <sha1>7m9md2lsrm361kv6ppic0wm8uanz4w9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Propinsi Sar-e Pol</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>37422</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709010</id>
      <parentid>681249</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T06:04:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>709010</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1942" sha1="6m4mx0fz66bq9it4b8zlkq60ktwlvko" xml:space="preserve">{{Geobox|Province
|country = {{flag|Apganistan}}
|name = Sar-e Pol
|native_name = سرپل
|map = Sare Pol districts.png
|map_caption = Distrik-distrik di Sar-e Pol
|capital =[[Sar-e Pol (kota)|Sar-e Pol]]
|capital_lat_d = 35.6
|capital_long_d = 66.3
|coordinates_type=region:AF_type:adm1st
|population_as_of = 2009
|population = 505,400
|population_note = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| author= Central Statistics Office of Afghanistan| publisher= | title= Settled Population of country by Provinces and sex for 2006-2009 years| accessdate= 2009-11-30| url= http://www.cso.gov.af/demography/population.html}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128120310/http://www.cso.gov.af/demography/population.html |date=2010-01-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|area = 16360
|population_density =
|timezone = UTC+4:30
|free_type = [[basa di Apganistan|Basa utami]]
|free = [[Pérsia Dari]], [[Basa Uzbék|Uzbék]]
}}
'''Sar-e Pol''', ogé diéjah '''Sari Pul''' ({{lang-fa|سرپل}}), nyaéta salah sahiji ti 34 [[propinsi di Apganistan]]. Propinsi ieu aya di beulah kalér nagara.

==Rujukan==
{{Reflist}}

==Tumbu kaluar==
*[http://www.nps.edu/programs/ccs/SariPul/SariPul.html Naval Postgraduate School, Program for Culture and Conflict Studies, Afghanistan, Sar-e Pol Province]
*[http://www.areu.org.af/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;Itemid=26&amp;task=doc_download&amp;gid=777 Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit (AREU), Afghanistan Livelihood Trajectories: Evidence from Sar-i-Pul] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709093010/http://www.areu.org.af/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=doc_download&amp;gid=777&amp;Itemid=26 |date=2010-07-09 }}
*[http://sanjei.blogfa.com/ Voice of Sangcharak]

{{Provinces of Afghanistan}}
{{Districts of Sar-e Pol}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sare Pol}}
[[Kategori:Propinsi di Apganistan]]
[[Kategori:Propinsi Sar-e Pol| ]]
[[Kategori:Nu ngadeg taun 1988]]
[[Kategori:1988 di Apganistan]]
[[Kategori:Hazarajat]]


{{nagara-geo-stub|Apganistan}}</text>
      <sha1>6m4mx0fz66bq9it4b8zlkq60ktwlvko</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Propinsi Maidan Wardak</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>37426</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709005</id>
      <parentid>651707</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T06:04:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>709005</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1582" sha1="t6jf7yithlkocirrtz9q4skom63b17d" xml:space="preserve">{{Geobox|Province
|country = {{flag|Apganistan}}
|name = Maidan Wardak
|map = Afghanistan-Maidan Vardak.png
|map_caption = Lokasi Propinsi Maidan Wardak di Apganistan
|capital = [[Maidan Shahr]]
|capital_lat_d = 34.4
|capital_long_d = 68.4
|coordinates_type = region:AF_type:adm1st
|population_as_of = 
|population = 540,100
|population_note =&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| author= Central Statistics Office of Afghanistan| publisher= | title= Settled Population of country by Provinces and sex for 2006-2009 years| accessdate= 2009-11-30| url= http://www.cso.gov.af/demography/population.html}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128120310/http://www.cso.gov.af/demography/population.html |date=2010-01-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|area = 9934 
|population_density = 46.2
|timezone = UTC+4:30
|free_type = [[basa di Apganistan|Basa utami]]
|free = [[Basa Pastun]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Pérsia Dari]]
}}
'''Propinsi Maidan Wardak''' (ogé diéjah '''Maidan Wardag''', atanapi '''Maidan Vardak''', {{lang-ps|میدان وردګ}} {{lang-fa|میدان وردک}}, {{IPA-ar|Maidan warˈdak|}}) nyaéta salah sahiji ti 34 [[propinsi di Apganistan]]. Propinsi ieu aya di wewengkon tengah-wétan nagara. Ibu kotana nyaéta [[Maidan Shar]].

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

==Tumbu kaluar==
*http://www.mwardag.gov.af {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728160350/http://www.mwardag.gov.af/ |date=2013-07-28 }}

{{Provinces of Afghanistan}}
{{Districts of Maidan Wardak}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maidan Wardak}}
[[Kategori:Propinsi Maidan Wardak| ]]
[[Kategori:Propinsi di Apganistan]]


{{nagara-geo-stub|Apganistan}}</text>
      <sha1>t6jf7yithlkocirrtz9q4skom63b17d</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Propinsi Zabul</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>37428</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709011</id>
      <parentid>485694</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T06:04:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>709011</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1665" sha1="kqzszdn5s00d31sq59ofb2eyhh0d63a" xml:space="preserve">{{For|wewengkon historisna|Zabulistan}}
{{Geobox|Province
|country = {{flag|Apganistan}}
|name = Zabul
|native_name = زابل
|map = Afghanistan-Zabol.png
|map_caption = Lokasi Propinsi Zabul di Apganistan
|capital = [[Qalat (Zabul)|Qalat]]
|capital_lat_d = 32.1
|capital_long_d = 67.1
|coordinates_type = region:AF_type:adm1st
|population = 276,100
|population_note =&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| author= Central Statistics Office of Afghanistan| publisher= | title= Settled Population of country by Provinces and sex for 2006-2009 years| accessdate= 2009-11-30| url= http://www.cso.gov.af/demography/population.html}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128120310/http://www.cso.gov.af/demography/population.html |date=2010-01-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|area = 17343 
|area_note =&lt;ref name=statoids&gt;[http://www.statoids.com/uaf.html Provinces of Afghanistan] on [http://www.statoids.com/ Statoids].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://afghanistan.usaid.gov/en/Province.34.aspx Afghanistan's Provinces&amp;nbsp;– Zabul at USAID]&lt;/ref&gt;
|density = 
|timezone = UTC+4:30
|free_type = [[basa di Apganistan|Basa utami]]
|free = [[Basa Pastun]]
}}
{{coord|32.1|67.1|type:adm1st_region:AF|display=title}}

'''Zabul''' ({{lang-ps|'''زابل'''}}) ({{lang-fa|'''زابل'''}}) nyaéta salah sahiji [[propinsi di Apganistan]].

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

== Tingali ogé ==
* [[Zabulistan]]
* [[Jayapala]]
* [[Abu Ali Lawik]]
* [[Zabol]]

{{Provinces of Afghanistan}}
{{Districts of Zabul}}
{{War on Terror}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zabul}}
[[Kategori:Propinsi Zabul| ]]
[[Kategori:Propinsi di Apganistan]]
[[Kategori:Perang nu mimilukeun Taliban]]
[[Kategori:Nu ngadeg taun 1963]]


{{nagara-geo-stub|Apganistan}}</text>
      <sha1>kqzszdn5s00d31sq59ofb2eyhh0d63a</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bandar Udara Nusawiru</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>98907</id>
    <revision>
      <id>708990</id>
      <parentid>708712</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T01:53:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>708990</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5714" sha1="97nfpnhz56ye17jz5asl9vlh5p1ovvl" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox airport|
name=Cijulang Nusawiru Airport|
website={{URL|www.indonesiaairport.com}}|
r1-surface=[[Asphalt]]|
r1-length-f=|
r1-length-m=1,400|
r1-number=07/25|
metric-rwy=y|
pushpin_label_position=top|
pushpin_label='''CJN'''|
pushpin_map_caption=Location of the airport in Java|
pushpin_map=Indonesia Java|
image_map_caption=|
image_map=|
coordinates={{coord|07|43|12|S|108|29|19|E|region:ID|display=inline,title}}|
nativename=&lt;small&gt;{{lang|id|Bandar Udara Cijulang Nusawiru}}&lt;/small&gt;|
elevation-f=|elevation-m=5|metric-elev=y|
location=[[Cijulang]], [[Kabupatén Pangandaran]], [[Jawa Kulon]], [[Indonésia]]|city-served=[[Pangandaran]]|
operator=UPT Ditjen Hubud Kementerian Perhubungan RI|
owner=|
type=Publik|
ICAO=WICN&lt;!--WI1A--&gt;|IATA=CJN|
image=|footnotes=Sources: Airport Guide&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.the-airport-guide.com/airport.php?airports_id=9574 The Airport Guide :: Airport Information for NUSAWIRU&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402195832/http://www.the-airport-guide.com/airport.php?airports_id=9574 |date=2012-04-02 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

'''Bandar''' '''Udara Nusawiru (IATA: CJN, ICAO: WICN''') atawa '''Bandar Udara Pangandaran'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://indonesiaairport.com/provinces/java/cijulang_nusawiru_airport.htm|title=Cijulang Nusawiru Airport - IndonesiaAirport.com|website=indonesiaairport.com|accessdate=2020-02-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; nyaéta salah sahiji bandar udara di kacamatan [[Cijulang, Pangandaran|Cijulang]], [[Kabupatén Pangandaran]], [[Jawa Kulon|Propinsi Jawa Kulon]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web
| url = http://disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/wisata/dest-det.php?id=1106&amp;lang=id
| title = Bandara Nusawiru-Dinas Pariwisata dan Kebudayaan Provinsi Jawa Barat
| website = disparbud.jabarprov.go.id
| access-date = 2020-02-08
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210120153000/http://disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/wisata/dest-det.php?id=1106&amp;lang=id
| archive-date = 2021-01-20
| url-status = dead
}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Bandar Udara Pangandaran kaasup salah sahiji bandar udara perintis anu aya di [[Indonésia]].   

== Sajarah ==
Bandar Udara Nusawiru diwangun jeung diresmikeun Pamaréntah Jawa Kulon di taun 1996. Bandar Udara ieu dikokola ku Dinas Perhubungan Jawa Barat. Bandar Udara Nusawiru muka sababaraha rute penerbangan, saperti ka [[Jakarta]] ([[Bandar Udara Halim Perdanakusuma]]), [[Cilacap]] ([[Bandar Udara Tunggul Wulung]]), jeung [[Kota Bandung|Bandung]] ([[Bandar Udara Internasional Huséin Sastranegara|Bandar Udara Husein Sastranegara]])&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

Di awal masa reformasi, Bandar Udara Nusawiru kungsi ditutup terus dibuka deui taun 2004. Di taun 2016, Bandar Udara Nusawiru dirénovasi dina rangka nyiapkeun [[Pekan Olahraga Nasional 2016|Pekan Olahraga Nasional (PON) 2016]] di Provinsi Jawa Kulon. Sejauh ieu ngan aya hiji maskapai penerbangan di bandar udara ieu, nyaéta [[Susi Air]].

Di taun 2019, Pamaréntah Propinsi Jawa Kulon bakal ngembangkeun kawasan Bandar Udara Nusawiru jadi ''transit oriented development'' (TOD). Babaraha rencana anu dicanangkeun Pamaréntah nyaéta pangwangunan aréa wisata di sabudeureun Bandar Udara Nusawiru, panataan ulang aréa Basisir Pangandaran, jeung panambahan landasan pacu nepi panjangna 1.800 méter.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kabar24.bisnis.com/read/20181008/78/846765/jabar-tawarkan-bandara-nusawiru-jadi-tod|title=Jabar Tawarkan Bandara Nusawiru Jadi TOD {{!}} Kabar24|website=Bisnis.com|accessdate=2020-02-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di taun ieu ogé, pengelolaan Bandar Udara Nusawiru bakal diserahkeun ka pihak swasta, pikeun ngarojong Kabupatén Pangandaran jadi salah sahiji Kawasan Ékonomi Khusus di Jawa Kulon&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.radartasikmalaya.com/bandara-nusawiru-dialihkan-ke-swasta/|title=Bandara Nusawiru Dialihkan ke Swasta|last=Tasikmalaya|first=Admin Radar|website=Radar Tasikmalaya|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-02-08}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205080756/https://www.radartasikmalaya.com/bandara-nusawiru-dialihkan-ke-swasta/ |date=2020-12-05 }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Fasilitas ==
Bandar Udara Nusawiru aya di tingkat kaluhuran 5 méter di luhureun beungeut sagara. Bandar udara ieu boga hiji landasan pacu anu panjang jeung lébarna 1,400 m x 30 m&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
| url = https://www.majalahbandara.com/2019/03/05/bandara-nusawiru-dukung-program-kek-pangandaran/
| title = BANDARA NUSAWIRU Dukung Program KEK Pangandaran
| website = MAJALAH BANDARA
| language = id
| access-date = 2020-02-08
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210619102450/https://www.majalahbandara.com/2019/03/05/bandara-nusawiru-dukung-program-kek-pangandaran/
| archive-date = 2021-06-19
| url-status = dead
}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;, anu dilapisan ku aspal&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Bandar Udara Nusawiru dikokola ku UPT Ditjen Hubud, di handapeun [[Kementerian Perhubungan RI]]. Bandar Udara Nusawiru ngagaduhan lega ''runway'' 42,000 m², ''taxiway'' 100 m², jeung ''apron'' 150 m²&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://hubud.dephub.go.id/website/BandaraDetail.php?id=204|title=Direktorat Jenderal Perhubungan Udara {{!}} Data Bandar Udara|website=hubud.dephub.go.id|accessdate=2020-02-08}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207202018/http://hubud.dephub.go.id/website/BandaraDetail.php?id=204 |date=2020-02-07 }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Umumna, pesawat saperti [[Cessna CN-235]] digunakeun pikeun ngalayanan panerbangan di bandar udara ieu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;  

[[Gambar:PKVVKnusawiru.JPG|jmpl|300x300px|Pesawat [[Pilatus PC-6 Porter]] anu [[Susi Air]] di Bandar Udara Nusawiru]]

== Rujukan ==

[[Kategori:Bandar udara di Jawa Kulon]]</text>
      <sha1>97nfpnhz56ye17jz5asl9vlh5p1ovvl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Takabbur</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>107932</id>
    <revision>
      <id>708978</id>
      <parentid>708939</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-07T22:48:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>708978</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6453" sha1="bkbvo9b0p2p2u9rlvrwj0nxiyfzmlg5" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| bodyclass  = vcard
| bodestyle  = width: 220px; font-size: 90%;
| title      = Takabbur
| title_ar   = التَّكَبُّرُ
| image      = [[file:Grupello Narcisse.jpg|180px|center|Ilustrasi jalma nu ngarasa luhur.]]
| caption    = Reueus kaleuleuwihi ku diri sorangan
| label1     = Harti
| data1      = Sombong, adigung
| label2     = Lawan
| data2      = [[Tawadhu]]
| label3     = Hukum
| data3      = Haram
| label4     = Akar
| data4      = Rasa leuwih ti batur
| label5     = Dampak
| data5      = Nolak bebeneran
| label6     = Dasar
| data6      = [[Al-Qur'an]] &amp; [[Sunnah]]
}}

'''Takabbur''' ({{lang-ar|التَّكَبُّرُ}}) atanapi sombong nyaéta hiji sikep méntal sarta lampah anu némbongkeun rasa leuwih punjul, leuwih mulya, atawa leuwih hébat batan batur, bari nganggap réméh ka sasama.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Al-Ghazali |title=Ihya Ulumuddin |publisher=Darul Fikr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina Islam, takabbur kaasup kana [[Akhlak Mazmumah]] anu pangbahayana sabab ieu mangrupa dosa munggaran anu dipigawé ku [[Iblis]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://nu.or.id |title=Bahaya Sifat Takabbur |publisher=NU Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Filosofi==
Sacara filosofis, takabbur téh mangrupa &quot;Halusinasi Spiritual&quot;. Jalma anu takabbur sabenerna keur hirup dina ''[[fatamorgana]]''; manéhna ngarasa miboga kasampurnaan, padahal sakabéh anu dipiboga (harta, rupa, kacerdasan) téh saukur titipan anu sipatna samentara. Sombong téh ibarat maké pakéan anu sanés hakna. Dina [[hadits qudsi]], Allah negeskeun yén kaagungan jeung kasombongan téh mangrupa &quot;papakéan&quot; Mantenna; saha waé mahluk anu wani maké éta papakéan, mangka bakal ditarajang ku benduna Allah.

Dina jihat éksisténsial, takabbur ngajadikeun manusa &quot;lolong&quot; kana [[hakékat]] dirina salaku mahluk anu asalna tina sari pati taneuh sarta bakal balik deui jadi taneuh. Jalma sombong sabenerna keur ngawangun bénténg antara dirina jeung bebeneran. Nalika haté geus pinuh ku rasa agul, mangka hidayah moal bisa asup, sabab cai bebeneran ngan bakal ngocor ka tempat anu handap ([[tawadhu]]), moal bisa cicing di tempat anu luhur (takabbur).

== Ciri jeung Hakékat Takabbur ==
Rasulullah SAW parantos ngawatesan hakekat sombong dina dua perkara utama:
# [[Batarul Haqq]]: Nolak bebeneran sabab ngarasa éta bebeneran datangna tina jalma anu dianggap leuwih handap.
# [[Ghamthun Naas]]: Nganggap réméh, ngahina, atawa ngaleutikkeun ajén jalma séjén ({{rtl-lang|ar|الْكِبْرُ بَطَرُ الْحَقِّ وَغَمْطُ النَّاسِ}} — HR. Muslim).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://sunnah.com/muslim:91 |title=Sahih Muslim 91}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dasar Hukum ==
=== Al-Qur'an ===
Allah SWT henteu mikaresep ka jalma anu sombong sarta agul ku dirina:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
{{rtl-lang|ar|إِنَّهُ لَا يُحِبُّ الْمُسْتَكْبِرِينَ}}
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;Saéstuna Mantenna (Allah) henteu mikaresep ka jalma-jalma anu sombong.&quot;'' (QS. An-Nahl: 23).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://quran.com/16/23 |title=Surah An-Nahl - 23}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Hadist ===
Sipat sombong sanajan sagedé siki sasawi bisa jadi pangahalang asup ka surga:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
{{rtl-lang|ar|لَا يَدْخُلُ الْجَنَّةَ مَنْ كَانَ فِي قَلْبِهِ مِثْقَالُ ذَرَّةٍ مِنْ كِبْرٍ}}
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;Moal asup surga jalma anu dina haténa aya sipat sombong sanajan sagedé siki sasawi.&quot;'' (HR. Muslim).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://sunnah.com/muslim:91 |title=Sahih Muslim 91}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Tingkatan Takabbur ==
Numutkeun para ulama, hususna [[Al-Ghazali|Imam Al-Ghazali]], takabbur téh aya sababaraha tingkatan dumasar kana objékna:

* '''Takabbur ka Allah:''' Ieu mangrupa tingkatan anu pangparahna, nyaéta nalika manusa nolak ibadah atawa ngarasa teu butuh ku Pangéran.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Ghazali. ''Ihya Ulumuddin''. Beirut: Darul Ma'rifah. Jilid 3, h. 343.&lt;/ref&gt; Conto nyata nyaéta [[Namrud]] jeung [[Fir'aun]].&lt;ref&gt;QS. Al-Baqarah: 258; QS. Al-Qashash: 38.&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Takabbur ka Rasul:''' Nolak nuturkeun ajaran para Nabi kusabab ngarasa dirina leuwih palinter atawa leuwih mulya sacara turunan atawa jabatan.&lt;ref&gt;An-Nawawi. ''Riyadhus Shalihin''. Kairo: Darul Hadith, h. 212.&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Takabbur ka Sasama Manusa:''' Ngarasa diri leuwih unggul dina hal élmu, amal ibadah, katurunan, kageulisan, atawa kabeungharan harta.&lt;ref&gt;Ibnu Qudamah. ''Mukhtashar Minhajul Qashidin''. Damaskus: Maktabah Darul Bayan, h. 235.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jinis Takabbur ==
Sipat sombong ogé bisa ditenjo tina cara nembongkeunana:
# '''Takabbur Zhahir (Nembrak):''' Sombong anu katingali tina laku lampah, omongan, sarta paroman beungeut anu nembongkeun kaangkuhan.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Jurjani. ''At-Ta'rifat''. Beirut: Darul Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, h. 182.&lt;/ref&gt;
# '''Takabbur Bathin (Nyumput):''' Sipat agul anu aya dina jero haté (''kibr''). Sanajan dina laku lampah katingali sopan, tapi dina jero haténa mah ngarasa leuwih luhur batan batur.&lt;ref&gt;Ibnul Qayyim Al-Jauziyyah. ''Madarijus Salikin''. Kairo: Darul Hadith. Jilid 2, h. 314.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dampak Negatif Takabbur ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Widang !! Dampak
|-
| '''Spiritual''' || Kahalangan tina hidayah sarta jauh tina rahmat Allah.&lt;ref&gt;QS. Al-A'raf: 146.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''Intelektual''' || Teu bisa narima élmu anyar atawa nasehat sabab ngarasa geus pangnyahona.&lt;ref&gt;Mujahid bin Jabir dina ''Shahih Bukhari'' (Bab Ilmu).&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''Sosial''' || Dijauhan ku batur, teuas haté, sarta mindeng ngabalukarkeun papaséaan (konflik).&lt;ref&gt;Al-Mubarakfuri. ''Tuhfatul Ahwadzi''. Jilid 6, h. 132.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''Akhirat''' || Meunang siksa naraka sarta kahalangan asup ka surga.&lt;ref&gt;HR. Muslim no. 91.&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Takabbur anu Diwenangkeun ==
Dina Islam, aya hiji kaayaan dimana nembongkeun &quot;rasa luhur&quot; téh diwenangkeun, nyaéta nalika nyanghareupan musuh dina médan perang pikeun ngaleutikkeun méntal lawan, atawa nembongkeun kawibawaan di hareupeun jalma anu sombong pisan sangkan manéhna sadar.&lt;ref&gt;As-Suyuthi. ''Al-Asybah wan Nazhair''. Beirut: Darul Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, h. 512.&lt;/ref&gt; Aya paribasa:
&lt;blockquote&gt;''&quot;Al-kibru 'ala mutakabbir shadaqah&quot;'' (Sombong ka jalma nu sombong téh kaasup shodaqah).&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mulla Ali al-Qari. ''Al-Asrar al-Marfu'ah fil Akhbar al-Mawdu'ah'', h. 272.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tingali Ogé ==
* [[Riya]]
* [[Sum'ah]]
* [[Ujub]]
* [[Hasad]]

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}
{{Sipat awon dina Islam}}
[[Kategori:Islam]]
[[Kategori:Akhlak]]
[[Kategori:Penyakit Hati]]
[[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah]]</text>
      <sha1>bkbvo9b0p2p2u9rlvrwj0nxiyfzmlg5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>708979</id>
      <parentid>708978</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-07T22:49:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Tingali Ogé */</comment>
      <origin>708979</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6459" sha1="9r5lhtncwom0naz3im1ljroqpsf7xjo" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| bodyclass  = vcard
| bodestyle  = width: 220px; font-size: 90%;
| title      = Takabbur
| title_ar   = التَّكَبُّرُ
| image      = [[file:Grupello Narcisse.jpg|180px|center|Ilustrasi jalma nu ngarasa luhur.]]
| caption    = Reueus kaleuleuwihi ku diri sorangan
| label1     = Harti
| data1      = Sombong, adigung
| label2     = Lawan
| data2      = [[Tawadhu]]
| label3     = Hukum
| data3      = Haram
| label4     = Akar
| data4      = Rasa leuwih ti batur
| label5     = Dampak
| data5      = Nolak bebeneran
| label6     = Dasar
| data6      = [[Al-Qur'an]] &amp; [[Sunnah]]
}}

'''Takabbur''' ({{lang-ar|التَّكَبُّرُ}}) atanapi sombong nyaéta hiji sikep méntal sarta lampah anu némbongkeun rasa leuwih punjul, leuwih mulya, atawa leuwih hébat batan batur, bari nganggap réméh ka sasama.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Al-Ghazali |title=Ihya Ulumuddin |publisher=Darul Fikr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina Islam, takabbur kaasup kana [[Akhlak Mazmumah]] anu pangbahayana sabab ieu mangrupa dosa munggaran anu dipigawé ku [[Iblis]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://nu.or.id |title=Bahaya Sifat Takabbur |publisher=NU Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Filosofi==
Sacara filosofis, takabbur téh mangrupa &quot;Halusinasi Spiritual&quot;. Jalma anu takabbur sabenerna keur hirup dina ''[[fatamorgana]]''; manéhna ngarasa miboga kasampurnaan, padahal sakabéh anu dipiboga (harta, rupa, kacerdasan) téh saukur titipan anu sipatna samentara. Sombong téh ibarat maké pakéan anu sanés hakna. Dina [[hadits qudsi]], Allah negeskeun yén kaagungan jeung kasombongan téh mangrupa &quot;papakéan&quot; Mantenna; saha waé mahluk anu wani maké éta papakéan, mangka bakal ditarajang ku benduna Allah.

Dina jihat éksisténsial, takabbur ngajadikeun manusa &quot;lolong&quot; kana [[hakékat]] dirina salaku mahluk anu asalna tina sari pati taneuh sarta bakal balik deui jadi taneuh. Jalma sombong sabenerna keur ngawangun bénténg antara dirina jeung bebeneran. Nalika haté geus pinuh ku rasa agul, mangka hidayah moal bisa asup, sabab cai bebeneran ngan bakal ngocor ka tempat anu handap ([[tawadhu]]), moal bisa cicing di tempat anu luhur (takabbur).

== Ciri jeung Hakékat Takabbur ==
Rasulullah SAW parantos ngawatesan hakekat sombong dina dua perkara utama:
# [[Batarul Haqq]]: Nolak bebeneran sabab ngarasa éta bebeneran datangna tina jalma anu dianggap leuwih handap.
# [[Ghamthun Naas]]: Nganggap réméh, ngahina, atawa ngaleutikkeun ajén jalma séjén ({{rtl-lang|ar|الْكِبْرُ بَطَرُ الْحَقِّ وَغَمْطُ النَّاسِ}} — HR. Muslim).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://sunnah.com/muslim:91 |title=Sahih Muslim 91}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dasar Hukum ==
=== Al-Qur'an ===
Allah SWT henteu mikaresep ka jalma anu sombong sarta agul ku dirina:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
{{rtl-lang|ar|إِنَّهُ لَا يُحِبُّ الْمُسْتَكْبِرِينَ}}
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;Saéstuna Mantenna (Allah) henteu mikaresep ka jalma-jalma anu sombong.&quot;'' (QS. An-Nahl: 23).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://quran.com/16/23 |title=Surah An-Nahl - 23}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Hadist ===
Sipat sombong sanajan sagedé siki sasawi bisa jadi pangahalang asup ka surga:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
{{rtl-lang|ar|لَا يَدْخُلُ الْجَنَّةَ مَنْ كَانَ فِي قَلْبِهِ مِثْقَالُ ذَرَّةٍ مِنْ كِبْرٍ}}
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;Moal asup surga jalma anu dina haténa aya sipat sombong sanajan sagedé siki sasawi.&quot;'' (HR. Muslim).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://sunnah.com/muslim:91 |title=Sahih Muslim 91}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Tingkatan Takabbur ==
Numutkeun para ulama, hususna [[Al-Ghazali|Imam Al-Ghazali]], takabbur téh aya sababaraha tingkatan dumasar kana objékna:

* '''Takabbur ka Allah:''' Ieu mangrupa tingkatan anu pangparahna, nyaéta nalika manusa nolak ibadah atawa ngarasa teu butuh ku Pangéran.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Ghazali. ''Ihya Ulumuddin''. Beirut: Darul Ma'rifah. Jilid 3, h. 343.&lt;/ref&gt; Conto nyata nyaéta [[Namrud]] jeung [[Fir'aun]].&lt;ref&gt;QS. Al-Baqarah: 258; QS. Al-Qashash: 38.&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Takabbur ka Rasul:''' Nolak nuturkeun ajaran para Nabi kusabab ngarasa dirina leuwih palinter atawa leuwih mulya sacara turunan atawa jabatan.&lt;ref&gt;An-Nawawi. ''Riyadhus Shalihin''. Kairo: Darul Hadith, h. 212.&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Takabbur ka Sasama Manusa:''' Ngarasa diri leuwih unggul dina hal élmu, amal ibadah, katurunan, kageulisan, atawa kabeungharan harta.&lt;ref&gt;Ibnu Qudamah. ''Mukhtashar Minhajul Qashidin''. Damaskus: Maktabah Darul Bayan, h. 235.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jinis Takabbur ==
Sipat sombong ogé bisa ditenjo tina cara nembongkeunana:
# '''Takabbur Zhahir (Nembrak):''' Sombong anu katingali tina laku lampah, omongan, sarta paroman beungeut anu nembongkeun kaangkuhan.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Jurjani. ''At-Ta'rifat''. Beirut: Darul Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, h. 182.&lt;/ref&gt;
# '''Takabbur Bathin (Nyumput):''' Sipat agul anu aya dina jero haté (''kibr''). Sanajan dina laku lampah katingali sopan, tapi dina jero haténa mah ngarasa leuwih luhur batan batur.&lt;ref&gt;Ibnul Qayyim Al-Jauziyyah. ''Madarijus Salikin''. Kairo: Darul Hadith. Jilid 2, h. 314.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dampak Negatif Takabbur ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Widang !! Dampak
|-
| '''Spiritual''' || Kahalangan tina hidayah sarta jauh tina rahmat Allah.&lt;ref&gt;QS. Al-A'raf: 146.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''Intelektual''' || Teu bisa narima élmu anyar atawa nasehat sabab ngarasa geus pangnyahona.&lt;ref&gt;Mujahid bin Jabir dina ''Shahih Bukhari'' (Bab Ilmu).&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''Sosial''' || Dijauhan ku batur, teuas haté, sarta mindeng ngabalukarkeun papaséaan (konflik).&lt;ref&gt;Al-Mubarakfuri. ''Tuhfatul Ahwadzi''. Jilid 6, h. 132.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''Akhirat''' || Meunang siksa naraka sarta kahalangan asup ka surga.&lt;ref&gt;HR. Muslim no. 91.&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Takabbur anu Diwenangkeun ==
Dina Islam, aya hiji kaayaan dimana nembongkeun &quot;rasa luhur&quot; téh diwenangkeun, nyaéta nalika nyanghareupan musuh dina médan perang pikeun ngaleutikkeun méntal lawan, atawa nembongkeun kawibawaan di hareupeun jalma anu sombong pisan sangkan manéhna sadar.&lt;ref&gt;As-Suyuthi. ''Al-Asybah wan Nazhair''. Beirut: Darul Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, h. 512.&lt;/ref&gt; Aya paribasa:
&lt;blockquote&gt;''&quot;Al-kibru 'ala mutakabbir shadaqah&quot;'' (Sombong ka jalma nu sombong téh kaasup shodaqah).&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mulla Ali al-Qari. ''Al-Asrar al-Marfu'ah fil Akhbar al-Mawdu'ah'', h. 272.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tingali Ogé ==
* [[Riya]]
* [[Sum'ah]]
* [[Ujub]]
* [[Hasud|Hasad]]

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}
{{Sipat awon dina Islam}}
[[Kategori:Islam]]
[[Kategori:Akhlak]]
[[Kategori:Penyakit Hati]]
[[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah]]</text>
      <sha1>9r5lhtncwom0naz3im1ljroqpsf7xjo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Syirik</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>107947</id>
    <revision>
      <id>708974</id>
      <parentid>706252</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-07T15:55:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>708974</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3615" sha1="3llv69ky1ymlvey1ccseudi0h2q18uf" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| title    = Syirik
| image    = 
| caption  = Syirik mangrupikeun dosa ageung dina ajaran Islam.
| label1   = Basa Arab
| data1    = &lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; lang=&quot;ar&quot;&gt;شرك&lt;/div&gt;
| label2   = Harti
| data2    = Nyakutukeun Allah
| label3   = Ageman
| data3    = [[Islam]]
| label4   = Lawan tina
| data4    = [[Tauhid]]
}}

'''Syirik''' ({{lang-ar|شرك}}) nyaéta istilah dina ageman [[Islam]] pikeun laku lampah nyakutukeun/nyéléwéng ti [[Allah]] SWT ka mahluk-Na atanapi hal-hal sanésna.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Asfahani, Al-Raghib. (2009). Mufradat Alfaz al-Qur'an. Dar al-Ma'rifah.&lt;/ref&gt; Jalma anu migawé syirik disebut '''Musyrik'''. Syirik dianggap salaku dosa anu paling ageung sarta moal dihampura ku Allah upami anu ngamalkeuna maot sateuacan tobat.&lt;ref&gt;Ibn Kathir. (1373). Tafsir al-Qur'an al-Azim.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Étimologi ==
Kecap syirik asalna tina akar kecap [[Basa Arab]] ''sy-r-k'' (ش-ر-ك) anu hartosna &quot;sakutu&quot;, &quot;campur&quot;, atanapi &quot;babarengan&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Lane, E. W. (1863). Arabic-English Lexicon. Williams and Norgate.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina kontéks tauhid, syirik hartosna nganggap aya kakuatan sanés anu satara sareng kakawasaan Allah SWT.

== Dasar Hukum dina Al-Qur'an ==
Al-Qur'an negeskeun yén syirik mangrupikeun hiji-hijina dosa anu kacida beuratna sarta moal dihampura:&lt;ref&gt;Kementerian Agama RI. (2019). Al-Qur'an dan Terjemahannya.&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Surat An-Nisa Ayat 48:'''
: &lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; lang=&quot;ar&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 1.5em; font-family: 'Amiri', 'Traditional Arabic', serif;&quot;&gt;إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ لَا يَغْفِرُ أَن يُشْرَكَ بِهِۦ وَيَغْفِرُ مَا دُونَ ذَٰلِكَ لِمَن يَشَآءُ&lt;/div&gt;
: ''&quot;Saéstuna Allah moal ngahampura dosa syirik, sarta Anjeunna ngahampura dosa salian ti éta (syirik) pikeun saha baé anu dikersakeun ku Anjeunna...&quot;''&lt;ref&gt;Kementerian Agama RI. Al-Qur'an dan Terjemahannya, QS. An-Nisa: 48.&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Surat Luqman Ayat 13:'''
: &lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; lang=&quot;ar&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 1.5em; font-family: 'Amiri', 'Traditional Arabic', serif;&quot;&gt;إِنَّ ٱلشِّرْكَ لَظُلْمٌ عَظِيمٌ&lt;/div&gt;
: ''&quot;Saéstuna nyakutukeun (Allah) téh bener-bener kadhaliman anu kacida gedéna.&quot;''&lt;ref&gt;Kementerian Agama RI. Al-Qur'an dan Terjemahannya, QS. Luqman: 13.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Papasingan Syirik ==
Para ulama ngabagi syirik kana dua jinis utama:&lt;ref&gt;An-Nawawi. (1277). Riyadhus Shalihin.&lt;/ref&gt;

# '''Syirik Akbar (Syirik Ageung):''' Nyakutukeun Allah sacara nyata, sapertos nyembah berhala, ménta tulung ka kuburan, atanapi percaya yén aya nu ngatur alam dunya salian ti Allah. Ieu ngaluarkeun jalma tina Islam.
# '''Syirik Ashghar (Syirik Alit):''' Laku lampah anu teu ngaluarkeun jalma tina Islam tapi ngurangan ajén tauhid. Conto anu paling umum nyaéta '''Riya''' (pamer amal ibadah supados dipuji ku manusa).

== Syirik dina Tradisi Sunda ==
Dina kabudayaan masarakat [[Tatar Sunda]], pépéling sangkan ngajauhan syirik sering ditepikeun ngaliwatan ajaran pasantrén atanapi sastra kaagamaan.&lt;ref&gt;Ekadjati, E. S. (1995). Kebudayaan Sunda: Suatu Pendekatan Sejarah.&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Pamali:''' Sababaraha kapercayaan kuno (mitos) anu dianggap miboga kakuatan gaib salian ti Allah sering dilereskeun ku para ulama supados umat Islam tetep dina jalur tauhid.
* '''Munjung sarta Muja:''' Istilah Sunda pikeun laku lampah syirik sapertos ménta kabeungharan ka mahluk gaib, anu kacida dilarangna dina ajaran Islam.

== Référénsi ==
{{reflist}}
{{Sipat awon dina Islam}}
== Tempo Ogé ==
* [[Tauhid]]
* [[Islam]]
* [[Munafék]]
* [[Ibadah]]

[[Kategori:Islam]]
[[Kategori:Aqidah]]
[[Kategori:Dosa dina Islam]]
[[Kategori:Kosa kata Islam]]</text>
      <sha1>3llv69ky1ymlvey1ccseudi0h2q18uf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>708986</id>
      <parentid>708974</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-07T22:59:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Nambihan kategori</comment>
      <origin>708986</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3734" sha1="gs30bebo8tsswg5gztgykir5n1i79q3" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| title    = Syirik
| image    = 
| caption  = Syirik mangrupikeun dosa ageung dina ajaran Islam.
| label1   = Basa Arab
| data1    = &lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; lang=&quot;ar&quot;&gt;شرك&lt;/div&gt;
| label2   = Harti
| data2    = Nyakutukeun Allah
| label3   = Ageman
| data3    = [[Islam]]
| label4   = Lawan tina
| data4    = [[Tauhid]]
}}

'''Syirik''' ({{lang-ar|شرك}}) nyaéta istilah dina ageman [[Islam]] pikeun laku lampah nyakutukeun/nyéléwéng ti [[Allah]] SWT ka mahluk-Na atanapi hal-hal sanésna.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Asfahani, Al-Raghib. (2009). Mufradat Alfaz al-Qur'an. Dar al-Ma'rifah.&lt;/ref&gt; Jalma anu migawé syirik disebut '''Musyrik'''. Syirik dianggap salaku dosa anu paling ageung sarta moal dihampura ku Allah upami anu ngamalkeuna maot sateuacan tobat.&lt;ref&gt;Ibn Kathir. (1373). Tafsir al-Qur'an al-Azim.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Étimologi ==
Kecap syirik asalna tina akar kecap [[Basa Arab]] ''sy-r-k'' (ش-ر-ك) anu hartosna &quot;sakutu&quot;, &quot;campur&quot;, atanapi &quot;babarengan&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Lane, E. W. (1863). Arabic-English Lexicon. Williams and Norgate.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina kontéks tauhid, syirik hartosna nganggap aya kakuatan sanés anu satara sareng kakawasaan Allah SWT.

== Dasar Hukum dina Al-Qur'an ==
Al-Qur'an negeskeun yén syirik mangrupikeun hiji-hijina dosa anu kacida beuratna sarta moal dihampura:&lt;ref&gt;Kementerian Agama RI. (2019). Al-Qur'an dan Terjemahannya.&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Surat An-Nisa Ayat 48:'''
: &lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; lang=&quot;ar&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 1.5em; font-family: 'Amiri', 'Traditional Arabic', serif;&quot;&gt;إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ لَا يَغْفِرُ أَن يُشْرَكَ بِهِۦ وَيَغْفِرُ مَا دُونَ ذَٰلِكَ لِمَن يَشَآءُ&lt;/div&gt;
: ''&quot;Saéstuna Allah moal ngahampura dosa syirik, sarta Anjeunna ngahampura dosa salian ti éta (syirik) pikeun saha baé anu dikersakeun ku Anjeunna...&quot;''&lt;ref&gt;Kementerian Agama RI. Al-Qur'an dan Terjemahannya, QS. An-Nisa: 48.&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Surat Luqman Ayat 13:'''
: &lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; lang=&quot;ar&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 1.5em; font-family: 'Amiri', 'Traditional Arabic', serif;&quot;&gt;إِنَّ ٱلشِّرْكَ لَظُلْمٌ عَظِيمٌ&lt;/div&gt;
: ''&quot;Saéstuna nyakutukeun (Allah) téh bener-bener kadhaliman anu kacida gedéna.&quot;''&lt;ref&gt;Kementerian Agama RI. Al-Qur'an dan Terjemahannya, QS. Luqman: 13.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Papasingan Syirik ==
Para ulama ngabagi syirik kana dua jinis utama:&lt;ref&gt;An-Nawawi. (1277). Riyadhus Shalihin.&lt;/ref&gt;

# '''Syirik Akbar (Syirik Ageung):''' Nyakutukeun Allah sacara nyata, sapertos nyembah berhala, ménta tulung ka kuburan, atanapi percaya yén aya nu ngatur alam dunya salian ti Allah. Ieu ngaluarkeun jalma tina Islam.
# '''Syirik Ashghar (Syirik Alit):''' Laku lampah anu teu ngaluarkeun jalma tina Islam tapi ngurangan ajén tauhid. Conto anu paling umum nyaéta '''Riya''' (pamer amal ibadah supados dipuji ku manusa).

== Syirik dina Tradisi Sunda ==
Dina kabudayaan masarakat [[Tatar Sunda]], pépéling sangkan ngajauhan syirik sering ditepikeun ngaliwatan ajaran pasantrén atanapi sastra kaagamaan.&lt;ref&gt;Ekadjati, E. S. (1995). Kebudayaan Sunda: Suatu Pendekatan Sejarah.&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Pamali:''' Sababaraha kapercayaan kuno (mitos) anu dianggap miboga kakuatan gaib salian ti Allah sering dilereskeun ku para ulama supados umat Islam tetep dina jalur tauhid.
* '''Munjung sarta Muja:''' Istilah Sunda pikeun laku lampah syirik sapertos ménta kabeungharan ka mahluk gaib, anu kacida dilarangna dina ajaran Islam.

== Référénsi ==
{{reflist}}
{{Sipat awon dina Islam}}
== Tempo Ogé ==
* [[Tauhid]]
* [[Islam]]
* [[Munafék]]
* [[Ibadah]]

[[Kategori:Islam]]
[[Kategori:Aqidah]]
[[Kategori:Dosa dina Islam]]
[[Kategori:Kosa kata Islam]]
[[Kategori:Islam]]
[[Kategori:Akhlak]]
[[Kategori:Psikologi]]
[[Kategori:Penyakit Hati]]
[[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah]]</text>
      <sha1>gs30bebo8tsswg5gztgykir5n1i79q3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Munafék</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>107948</id>
    <revision>
      <id>708971</id>
      <parentid>708936</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-07T15:10:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Ciri-ciri Munafék */</comment>
      <origin>708971</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3757" sha1="lgvalv9ccswvfirskb6z10g3mjlswj7" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| title    = Munafék
| image    = 
| caption  = Munafék mangrupikeun pasipatan anu kacida dilarangna dina Islam.
| label1   = Basa Arab
| data1    = &lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; lang=&quot;ar&quot;&gt;منافق&lt;/div&gt;
| label2   = Harti
| data2    = Pura-pura iman
| label3   = Ageman
| data3    = [[Islam]]
| label4   = Lawan tina
| data4    = [[Siddiq]] (Jujur)
}}

'''Munafék''' ({{lang-ar|منافق}}) nyaéta istilah dina ageman [[Islam]] pikeun nyebut jalma anu némbongkeun kaimanan dina lisan sarta paripolahna, tapi sabenerna haténa nyumputkeun kakufuran atanapi teu percaya ka [[Allah]] SWT.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Asfahani, Al-Raghib. (2009). Mufradat Alfaz al-Qur'an. Dar al-Ma'rifah.&lt;/ref&gt; Laku lampah jalma munafék disebutna '''Nifak'''. Dina Al-Qur'an, jalma munafék dianggap leuwih bahaya tibatan jalma kafir sabab maranéhna aya di jero lingkungan umat Islam.&lt;ref&gt;Ibn Kathir. (1373). Tafsir al-Qur'an al-Azim.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Étimologi ==
Kecap munafék asalna tina akar kecap [[Basa Arab]] ''n-f-q'' (ن-ف-ق) anu hartosna &quot;liang sato (saperti liang beurit)&quot; anu miboga dua panto; asup tina panto anu hiji, kaluar tina panto anu séjén.&lt;ref&gt;Lane, E. W. (1863). Arabic-English Lexicon. Williams and Norgate.&lt;/ref&gt; Sacara istilah, ieu ngagambarkeun jalma anu miboga dua beungeut dina kahirupanana.

== Dasar Hukum dina Al-Qur'an ==
[[Al-Qur'an]] maparin pépéling anu kacida kerasna ngeunaan balesan pikeun jalma-jalma munafék di ahérat:&lt;ref&gt;Kementerian Agama RI. (2019). Al-Qur'an dan Terjemahannya.&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Surat An-Nisa Ayat 145:'''
: &lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; lang=&quot;ar&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 1.5em; font-family: 'Amiri', 'Traditional Arabic', serif;&quot;&gt;إِنَّ ٱلْمُنَٰفِقِينَ فِى ٱلدَّرْكِ ٱلْأَسْفَلِ مِنَ ٱلنَّارِ&lt;/div&gt;
: ''&quot;Saéstuna jalma-jalma munafék téh (ditempatkeun) dina tingkatan panghandapna tina naraka...&quot;''&lt;ref&gt;Kementerian Agama RI. Al-Qur'an dan Terjemahannya, QS. An-Nisa: 145.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ciri-ciri Munafék ==
Dina [[Hadits]], [[Muhammad|Rasulullah]] SAW parantos ngajelaskeun ciri-ciri utama jalma munafék supados umat Islam tiasa waspada:&lt;ref&gt;An-Nawawi. (1277). Riyadhus Shalihin.&lt;/ref&gt;

: &lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; lang=&quot;ar&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 1.5em; font-family: 'Amiri', 'Traditional Arabic', serif;&quot;&gt;آيَةُ الْمُنَافِقِ ثَلَاثٌ إِذَا حَدَّثَ كَذَبَ وَإِذَا وَعَدَ أَخْلَفَ وَإِذَا اؤْتُمِنَ خَانَ&lt;/div&gt;
: ''&quot;Ciri jalma munafék téh aya tilu: upama nyarita sok bohong, upama jangji sok jalir, sarta upama dipercaya sok khianat.&quot;''&lt;ref&gt;Sahih Bukhari, Hadits No. 33; Sahih Muslim, Hadits No. 59.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Papasingan Nifak ==
Para ulama ngabagi nifak kana dua jinis:&lt;ref&gt;Al-Qahthani, Said bin Ali. (2010). Syarah Aqidah Washitiyah.&lt;/ref&gt;
# '''Nifak I'tiqadi (Nifak Akidah):''' Munafék dina kayakinan, nyaéta pura-pura Islam tapi haténa kafir. Ieu ngaluarkeun jalma tina Islam.
# '''Nifak 'Amali (Nifak Perbuatan):''' Munafék dina laku lampah, sapertos sok bohong atanapi jalir jangji, sanajan haténa masih miboga kaimanan. Ieu mangrupikeun dosa ageung tapi teu ngaluarkeun jalma tina Islam.

== Munafék dina Kahirupan Sapopoé ==
Dina kabudayaan [[Tatar Sunda]], pasipatan munafék kacida dipantangna sarta dianggap teu miboga étika. Istilah-istilah sapertos &quot;lunca-linci luncat mulang&quot; atanapi &quot;ngali deudeul&quot; sering dianggo pikeun ngagambarkeun jalma anu teu miboga kateguhan dina omongan sarta sok cidra kana jangji.&lt;ref&gt;Ekadjati, E. S. (1995). Kebudayaan Sunda: Suatu Pendekatan Sejarah.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Référénsi ==
{{reflist}}

== Tempo Ogé ==
* [[Islam]]
* [[Rukun Iman|Iman]]
* [[Fasiq]]
* [[Syirik]]
{{Sipat awon dina Islam}}
[[Kategori:Islam]]
[[Kategori:Aqidah]]
[[Kategori:Akhlak]]
[[Kategori:Kosa kata Islam]]</text>
      <sha1>lgvalv9ccswvfirskb6z10g3mjlswj7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>708983</id>
      <parentid>708971</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-07T22:54:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Nambihan kategori</comment>
      <origin>708983</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3876" sha1="fqifjd5v0anrpi7ut7witikqg84iel8" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| title    = Munafék
| image    = 
| caption  = Munafék mangrupikeun pasipatan anu kacida dilarangna dina Islam.
| label1   = Basa Arab
| data1    = &lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; lang=&quot;ar&quot;&gt;منافق&lt;/div&gt;
| label2   = Harti
| data2    = Pura-pura iman
| label3   = Ageman
| data3    = [[Islam]]
| label4   = Lawan tina
| data4    = [[Siddiq]] (Jujur)
}}

'''Munafék''' ({{lang-ar|منافق}}) nyaéta istilah dina ageman [[Islam]] pikeun nyebut jalma anu némbongkeun kaimanan dina lisan sarta paripolahna, tapi sabenerna haténa nyumputkeun kakufuran atanapi teu percaya ka [[Allah]] SWT.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Asfahani, Al-Raghib. (2009). Mufradat Alfaz al-Qur'an. Dar al-Ma'rifah.&lt;/ref&gt; Laku lampah jalma munafék disebutna '''Nifak'''. Dina Al-Qur'an, jalma munafék dianggap leuwih bahaya tibatan jalma kafir sabab maranéhna aya di jero lingkungan umat Islam.&lt;ref&gt;Ibn Kathir. (1373). Tafsir al-Qur'an al-Azim.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Étimologi ==
Kecap munafék asalna tina akar kecap [[Basa Arab]] ''n-f-q'' (ن-ف-ق) anu hartosna &quot;liang sato (saperti liang beurit)&quot; anu miboga dua panto; asup tina panto anu hiji, kaluar tina panto anu séjén.&lt;ref&gt;Lane, E. W. (1863). Arabic-English Lexicon. Williams and Norgate.&lt;/ref&gt; Sacara istilah, ieu ngagambarkeun jalma anu miboga dua beungeut dina kahirupanana.

== Dasar Hukum dina Al-Qur'an ==
[[Al-Qur'an]] maparin pépéling anu kacida kerasna ngeunaan balesan pikeun jalma-jalma munafék di ahérat:&lt;ref&gt;Kementerian Agama RI. (2019). Al-Qur'an dan Terjemahannya.&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Surat An-Nisa Ayat 145:'''
: &lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; lang=&quot;ar&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 1.5em; font-family: 'Amiri', 'Traditional Arabic', serif;&quot;&gt;إِنَّ ٱلْمُنَٰفِقِينَ فِى ٱلدَّرْكِ ٱلْأَسْفَلِ مِنَ ٱلنَّارِ&lt;/div&gt;
: ''&quot;Saéstuna jalma-jalma munafék téh (ditempatkeun) dina tingkatan panghandapna tina naraka...&quot;''&lt;ref&gt;Kementerian Agama RI. Al-Qur'an dan Terjemahannya, QS. An-Nisa: 145.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ciri-ciri Munafék ==
Dina [[Hadits]], [[Muhammad|Rasulullah]] SAW parantos ngajelaskeun ciri-ciri utama jalma munafék supados umat Islam tiasa waspada:&lt;ref&gt;An-Nawawi. (1277). Riyadhus Shalihin.&lt;/ref&gt;

: &lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; lang=&quot;ar&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 1.5em; font-family: 'Amiri', 'Traditional Arabic', serif;&quot;&gt;آيَةُ الْمُنَافِقِ ثَلَاثٌ إِذَا حَدَّثَ كَذَبَ وَإِذَا وَعَدَ أَخْلَفَ وَإِذَا اؤْتُمِنَ خَانَ&lt;/div&gt;
: ''&quot;Ciri jalma munafék téh aya tilu: upama nyarita sok bohong, upama jangji sok jalir, sarta upama dipercaya sok khianat.&quot;''&lt;ref&gt;Sahih Bukhari, Hadits No. 33; Sahih Muslim, Hadits No. 59.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Papasingan Nifak ==
Para ulama ngabagi nifak kana dua jinis:&lt;ref&gt;Al-Qahthani, Said bin Ali. (2010). Syarah Aqidah Washitiyah.&lt;/ref&gt;
# '''Nifak I'tiqadi (Nifak Akidah):''' Munafék dina kayakinan, nyaéta pura-pura Islam tapi haténa kafir. Ieu ngaluarkeun jalma tina Islam.
# '''Nifak 'Amali (Nifak Perbuatan):''' Munafék dina laku lampah, sapertos sok bohong atanapi jalir jangji, sanajan haténa masih miboga kaimanan. Ieu mangrupikeun dosa ageung tapi teu ngaluarkeun jalma tina Islam.

== Munafék dina Kahirupan Sapopoé ==
Dina kabudayaan [[Tatar Sunda]], pasipatan munafék kacida dipantangna sarta dianggap teu miboga étika. Istilah-istilah sapertos &quot;lunca-linci luncat mulang&quot; atanapi &quot;ngali deudeul&quot; sering dianggo pikeun ngagambarkeun jalma anu teu miboga kateguhan dina omongan sarta sok cidra kana jangji.&lt;ref&gt;Ekadjati, E. S. (1995). Kebudayaan Sunda: Suatu Pendekatan Sejarah.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Référénsi ==
{{reflist}}

== Tempo Ogé ==
* [[Islam]]
* [[Rukun Iman|Iman]]
* [[Fasiq]]
* [[Syirik]]
{{Sipat awon dina Islam}}
[[Kategori:Islam]]
[[Kategori:Aqidah]]
[[Kategori:Akhlak]]
[[Kategori:Kosa kata Islam]]
[[Kategori:Islam]]
[[Kategori:Akhlak]]
[[Kategori:Psikologi]]
[[Kategori:Penyakit Hati]]
[[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah]]</text>
      <sha1>fqifjd5v0anrpi7ut7witikqg84iel8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Riya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108033</id>
    <revision>
      <id>708980</id>
      <parentid>708931</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-07T22:50:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Nambihan kategori</comment>
      <origin>708980</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3792" sha1="rqmc6anxkrfql2i95mo0kwdl4k02sbn" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;width:22em; font-size:90%; background:#f9f9f9; border:1px solid #aaa; float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em;&quot;
|+ style=&quot;font-size:larger; background:#cedff2;&quot; | '''Riya'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | [[file:Eye iris.jpg|200px|Ilustrasi Ikhlas salaku lawan tina Riya]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Ikhlas mangrupa lawan tina sipat Riya.&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Étimologi
| Basa Arab: ''ra’a'' (رؤية)
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Hartosna
| Ningali / Pamér amal
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Hukum
| [[Haram]] ([[Syirik]] Khafi)
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Lawan kecap
| [[Ikhlas]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Sumber hukum
| [[Al-Qur'an]] &amp; [[Hadist]]
|}


'''Riya'''; pamrih asalna tina kecap basa [[Arab]] ''ra’a'' (رؤية) anu hartosna &quot;ningali&quot;. Sacara [[istilah]], riya hartosna ngalakukeun hiji amal [[ibadah]] atanapi kasaéan sanés karana [[Allah]], tapi hoyong katingal ku batur supados kénging pamuji.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Hafiz Ibnu Hajar. ''Fathul Bari''. Jilid 11, hal. 336.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Filosofi Riya ==
Sacara [[filosofi]], riya téh mangrupa panyakit [[haté]] anu ngajadikeun manusa &quot;ngahamba&quot; kana pamuji batur. Manéhna leuwih mentingkeun ''citra'' (bungkus) batan hakikat (eusi), sahingga haténa moal kungsi merdéka.&lt;ref&gt;Ibnul Qayyim. ''Madarijus Salikin''. Jilid 2, hal. 80.&lt;/ref&gt; Ibarat lebu dina luhureun batu datar, amal riya bakal leungit sapada harita nalika ditiup angin ujian.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Ghazali. ''Ihya Ulumuddin''. Jilid 3, Bab Bahaya Riya.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ciri-ciri Jalma Riya ==
Numutkeun [[Ali bin Abi Thalib]], aya tilu ciri utama jalma anu kakepuk ku sipat riya:&lt;ref&gt;Adz-Dzahabi. ''Al-Kaba'ir''. Hal. 120.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sumanget ibadah upami aya nu ningali, tapi kedul upami nuju sorangan.
* Nambihan amalna upami dipuji ku manusa, tapi ngirangan amalna upami dicawad ku batur.
* Hoyong dipikaterang ku batur sagala kasaéan anu parantos dilakukeunana.

== Bahaya Riya ==
Dina ajaran [[Islam]], riya téh kaasup kana ''Syirik Khafi'' (syirik anu samar). Bahayana nyaéta:
# Bisa ngahapus ganjaran amal ibadah sahingga amalna jadi sia-sia.&lt;ref&gt;[[Al-Qur'an]], Surah Al-Baqarah: 264.&lt;/ref&gt;
# Ngajantenkeun haté teu tenang margi terus-terusan gumantung kana pangakuan manusa.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Qusyairi. ''Ar-Risalah al-Qusyairiyyah''. Hal. 150.&lt;/ref&gt;
# Di [[ahérat]], jalma anu riya bakal pangheulana dihisab sarta amanna diduruk ku seuneu naraka.&lt;ref&gt;[[Hadist]] Riwayat Muslim, No. 1905.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bénten Riya sareng Sum'ah ==
* '''Riya''': Hoyong katingal ku panon (visual) dina nalika migawé ibadah.&lt;ref&gt;Imam An-Nawawi. ''Syarah Shahih Muslim''. Jilid 13, hal. 115.&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Sum'ah''': Hoyong kadangu (audio) ku ceuli carita kahadéanana ku batur sanggeus ibadahna réngsé.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Munawi. ''Faidul Qadir''. Jilid 4, hal. 30.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalil Naqli ==
Dina Al-Qur'an, Allah SWT dawuh:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Maka kacilakaan pikeun jalma-jalma anu solat, (nyaéta) jalma-jalma anu lali tina solatna, jalma-jalma anu '''riya'''.&quot; (QS. Al-Ma'un: 4-6)&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Panutup ==
Pikeun nyageurkeun panyakit riya, Rasulullah SAW ngajarkeun [[doa]]:

&lt;center&gt;'''اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي أَعُوذُ بِكَ أَنْ أُشْرِكَ بِكَ وَأَنَا أَعْلَمُ، وَأَسْتَغْفِرُكَ لِمَا لَا أَعْلَمُ'''&lt;/center&gt;

''&quot;Allahumma inni a'udzubika an usyrika bika wa ana a'lamu, wa astaghfiruka lima laa a'lamu.&quot;''&lt;ref&gt;HR. Ahmad &amp; Al-Bukhari dina Al-Adab Al-Mufrad.&lt;/ref&gt;
(Hartosna: &quot;Ya Allah, abdi nyalindung ka Gusti tina nyaruakeun Gusti bari abdi terang, sarta abdi nyuhunkeun ampun tina perkara anu abdi teu terang.&quot;)
== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Sipat awon dina Islam}}
[[Kategori:Islam]]
[[Kategori:Akhlak]]
[[Kategori:Psikologi]]
[[Kategori:Penyakit Hati]]
[[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah]]</text>
      <sha1>rqmc6anxkrfql2i95mo0kwdl4k02sbn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ujub</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108450</id>
    <revision>
      <id>708981</id>
      <parentid>708964</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-07T22:51:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>708981</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3129" sha1="d3urgej0ikjudqa6re18xpespdbl9f8" xml:space="preserve">'''Ujub''' (basa [[Basa Arab|Arab]]: عُجْب) nyaéta sipat ngarasa reueus, hébat, atanapi kagum ku kaleuwihan diri sorangan bari mopohokeun yén éta kabéh téh paparin ti [[Allah]] SWT.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid. ''Ihya Ulumuddin''. Jilid 3. Mesir: Darul Hadits. h. 368.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ar-Raghib al-Ashfahani. ''Mufradat Alfadh al-Qur'an''. Beirut: Darul Qalam. h. 548.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina [[Élmu Tasawuf]], ujub kaasup kana panyakit haté anu samar sarta bisa ngaruksak (ngabatalkeun) ganjaran tina amal-amal kasaéan jalma.&lt;ref&gt;Ibnul Qayyim al-Jauziyyah. ''Al-Fawa'id''. Arab Saudi: Darul 'Alam al-Fawa'id. h. 153.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalil tina Al-Qur'an ==
Allah SWT ngalarang manusa pikeun ngarasa dirina leuwih suci atawa leuwih hadé batan batur:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
فَلَا تُزَكُّوا أَنْفُسَكُمْ ۖ هُوَ أَعْلَمُ بِمَنِ اتَّقَىٰ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;...Maka ulah maraneh ngarasa diri suci. Anjeunna (Allah) langkung uninga ka saha jalma anu takwa.&quot;'' (QS. An-Najm [53]: 32)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Dalil tina Hadits ==
Rasulullah SAW ngingetkeun bahaya ujub salaku salah sahiji panyakit anu ngaruksak (''al-muhlikat''):

&lt;blockquote&gt;
ثَلَاثٌ مُهْلِكاتٌ: شُحٌّ مُطاعٌ، وَهَوًى مُتَّبَعٌ، وَإِعْجابُ المَرْءِ بِنَفْسِهِ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;Tilu perkara anu ngaruksak: koret anu diturutkeun, hawa nafsu anu dituturkeun, sarta hiji jalma anu ngarasa hébat (ujub) ka dirina sorangan.&quot;'' (HR. Al-Bazzar dina Musnad-na No. 80; At-Thabrani dina Al-Mu’jam al-Awsat No. 5452)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Bahaya Ujub ==
Dumasar kana sumber-sumber primér di luhur, para ulama nyimpulkeun sababaraha bahaya ujub:
# Ngabatalkeun Pahala: Ujub bisa ngaleungitkeun ganjaran ibadah anu geus capé-capé dilampahkeun.
# Bibit Takabur: Ujub téh panto asup kana sipat [[Takabur]] (sombong ka batur).
# Mopohokeun Syukur: Jalma ujub moal bisa syukur anu bener sabab ngarasa hasil téh tina kamampuh sorangan.

== Babandingan sareng Narsisme ==
Dina élmu [[psikologi]], sipat ujub miboga kamiripan sareng istilah '''[[narsisme]]'''. Sanajan kitu, aya béda anu mandiri antara duanana:
* Ujub: Langkung kana aspék [[rohani]] sarta hubungan hamba sareng [[Gusti Allah]]. Jalma anu ujub ngarasa reueus ku kaleuwihan dirina sarta hilap yén éta téh paparin ti Gusti. Ujub bisa lumangsung dina jero haté sanajan keur nyérorangan.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Ghazali. ''Ihya Ulumuddin''. Jilid 3. h. 370.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Narsisme: Langkung kana gangguan [[kapribadian]] sarta hubungan sosial. Jalma narsis biasana butuh pangakuan, pujian, sarta rasa kagum anu kaleuleuwihi ti batur pikeun muaskeun égo dirina.&lt;ref&gt;American Psychiatric Association. ''Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina kontéks sosial budaya Sunda, paripolah narsis anu némbongkeun kaonjoyan diri sacara kaleuleuwihi sering disebut ogé kalayan istilah '''gumasep''' (pikeun lalaki) atanapi '''guméulis''' (pikeun awéwé).

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}
{{Sipat awon dina Islam}}
[[Kategori:Islam]]
[[Kategori:Akhlak]]
[[Kategori:Psikologi]]
[[Kategori:Penyakit Hati]]
[[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah]]</text>
      <sha1>d3urgej0ikjudqa6re18xpespdbl9f8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kangker téstis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108451</id>
    <revision>
      <id>708995</id>
      <parentid>708952</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T04:17:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>708995</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11376" sha1="qa3ww94zfw2ycuxxn9jemzqelt9ipyx" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Seminoma of the Testis.jpg|jmpl|Gambaran kangker téstis]]
'''Kangker téstis''' nyaéta kangker anu tumuwuh dina [[téstis]], bagian tina sistem réproduksi lalaki. Gejalana bisa mangrupa bénjolan dina téstis atawa bareuh atawa rasa nyeri dina [[skrotum]]. Pangubatanana bisa ngakibatkeun [[mandul]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/testicular/patient/testicular-treatment-pdq|title=Testicular Cancer Treatment - NCI|website=www.cancer.gov|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Faktor résikona kaasup ''undescended testis'' (téstis nu teu turun), riwayat kulawarga anu boga panyakit ieu, jeung riwayat kangker téstis saméméhna. Leuwih ti 95% mangrupa tumor sél nutfah anu dibagi jadi ''seminoma'' jeung ''non-seminoma''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Goldman-Cecil Medicine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Testicular&amp;pg=PA1335|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|date=2019-08-16|isbn=978-0-323-55087-1|language=en|first=Lee|last=Goldman|first2=Andrew I.|last2=Schafer}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jenis séjénna kaasup tumor stroma ''sex-cord'' jeung limfoma. Diagnosis biasana dumasar kana pamariksaan fisik, ultrasound, jeung tés getih. Pangangkatan téstis liwat operasi sarta pamariksaan di handapeun mikroskop tuluy dilakukeun pikeun nangtukeun jenisna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Kangker téstis téh kacida bisa diubatanana sarta biasana bisa cageur. Pilihan pangubatanana bisa mangrupa operasi, terapi radiasi, [[kémoterapi]], atawa transplantasi sél indung (''stem cell''). Sanajan dina kasus kangkerna geus sumebar lega, kémoterapi méré tingkat kacageuran leuwih ti 80%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Feldman|first=Darren R.|date=2008-02-13|title=Medical Treatment of Advanced Testicular Cancer|url=http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.299.6.672|journal=JAMA|language=en|volume=299|issue=6|pages=672|doi=10.1001/jama.299.6.672|issn=0098-7484}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sacara global, kangker téstis mangaruhan sakitar 686.000 urang dina taun 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators|date=2016-10-08|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5055577/|journal=Lancet (London, England)|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|issn=1474-547X|pmc=5055577|pmid=27733282}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina taun éta, panyakit ieu ngabalukarkeun 9.400 nu maot, naék ti 7.000 nu maot dina taun 1990.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators|date=2015-01-10|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4340604/|journal=Lancet (London, England)|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–171|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2|issn=1474-547X|pmc=4340604|pmid=25530442}}&lt;/ref&gt; Angkana leuwih saeutik di nagara nu keur mekar dibandingkeun jeung nagara maju.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/testicular-cancer/incidence|title=Testicular cancer incidence statistics {{!}} Cancer Research UK|website=www.cancerresearchuk.org|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karajanganana paling mindeng kajadian ka lalaki umur 20 nepi ka 34 taun, sarta jarang kajadian saméméh umur 15 taun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hayes-Lattin|first=Brandon|last2=Nichols|first2=Craig R.|date=2009-10|title=Testicular cancer: a prototypic tumor of young adults|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2796329/|journal=Seminars in Oncology|volume=36|issue=5|pages=432–438|doi=10.1053/j.seminoncol.2009.07.006|issn=0093-7754|pmc=2796329|pmid=19835738}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tingkat kasalametan hirup lima taun di [[Amérika Sarikat]] nyaéta sakitar 95%. Hasilna leuwih hadé lamun panyakitna can sumebar (lokal).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/testis.html|title=Cancer of the Testis - Cancer Stat Facts|website=SEER|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tanda jeng gejala ==
Salah sahiji tanda munggaran kangker téstis téh biasana mangrupa bénjolan atawa bareuh dina téstis. ''U.S. Preventive Services Task Force'' (USPSTF) henteu nyarankeun pamariksaan rutin pikeun kangker téstis ka rumaja jeung sawawa anu euweuh gejalaan, kaasup pamariksaan mandiri sacara rutin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/testicular-cancer-screening|title=Recommendation: Testicular Cancer: Screening {{!}} United States Preventive Services Taskforce|website=www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org|accessdate=2026-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tapi, ''American Cancer Society'' nyarankeun yén sawatara lalaki kudu mariksa téstisna sabulan sakali, utamana lamun boga riwayat kulawarga anu kakeunaan kangker, sarta ''American Urological Association'' nyarankeun pamariksaan téstis mandiri sabulan sakali pikeun sakabéh lalaki ngora.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cancer.org/Cancer/TesticularCancer/DetailedGuide/testicular-cancer-detection|title=Can testicular cancer be found early?|website=www.cancer.org|accessdate=2026-05-07}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121112821/http://www.cancer.org/Cancer/TesticularCancer/DetailedGuide/testicular-cancer-detection |date=2011-11-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.urologyhealth.org/urology/index.cfm?article=101|title=Urology Care Foundation - Urology A-Z - Testicular Cancer: Testicular Self-Examination (TSE)|last=The Boston Group, Urology Care Foundation|website=www.urologyhealth.org|accessdate=2026-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gejalana ogé bisa mangrupa hiji atawa leuwih tina hal-hal ieu di handap:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Shaw|first=Joel|date=2008-02-15|title=Diagnosis and Treatment of Testicular Cancer|url=https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2008/0215/p469.html|journal=American Family Physician|language=en-US|volume=77|issue=4|pages=469–474}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Bénjolan dina salah sahiji téstis anu bisa karasa nyeri atawa henteu.
* Nyeri nu nyit-nyitan atawa nyeri nu tumpul dina beuteung bagian handap atawa skrotum.
* Perasaan anu sok disebut &quot;beurat&quot; dina skrotum.
* Téstis karasa teuas.
* Dada ngagedéan (''gynecomastia'') alatan éfék hormonal tina β-hCG.
* Nyeri cangkéréng (''lumbago'') alatan kangkerna geus sumebar ka [[kelenjar getah bening]] sapanjang tonggong.

Teu pati ilahar kanker téstis sumebar ka organ séjén, iwal ti bayah. Tapi, lamun éta kajadian, gejala-gejala ieu di handap bisa mucunghul:

* Sésék napas (''dyspnea''), [[batuk]], atawa batuk getih (''hemoptysis'') alatan sumebarna métastasis ka bayah.
* Bénjolan dina beuheung alatan métastasis ka kelenjar getah bening.

Kangker téstis, ''cryptorchidism'' (téstis teu turun), ''hypospadias'', jeung kualitas sél mani anu goréng téh ngawangun sindrom anu katelah ''testicular dysgenesis syndrome''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Skakkebæk|first=N.E.|last2=Rajpert-De Meyts|first2=E.|last3=Main|first3=K.M.|date=2001-05|title=Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: an increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects: Opinion|url=https://academic.oup.com/humrep/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/humrep/16.5.972|journal=Human Reproduction|language=en|volume=16|issue=5|pages=972–978|doi=10.1093/humrep/16.5.972|issn=1460-2350}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Faktor ==
Faktor résiko utama pikeun kamekaran kangker téstis téh nyaéta ''cryptorchidism'' (téstis anu henteu turun). Sacara umum dipercaya yén ayana tumor milu mangaruhan kana kajadianana ''cryptorchidism''; nalika ''cryptorchidism'' lumangsung babarengan jeung tumor, mangka tumorna condong badag. Faktor résiko séjénna kaasup hériah inguinalis (turun béro),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=1994-05-28|title=Aetiology of testicular cancer: association with congenital abnormalities, age at puberty, infertility, and exercise. United Kingdom Testicular Cancer Study Group|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2540340/|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|volume=308|issue=6941|pages=1393–1399|issn=0959-8138|pmc=2540340|pmid=7912596}}&lt;/ref&gt; sindrom Klinefelter, sarta ''mumps orchitis'' (radang téstis alatan panyakit gondongan).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Swerdlow|first=A. J.|last2=Huttly|first2=S. R.|last3=Smith|first3=P. G.|date=1987-01|title=Testicular cancer and antecedent diseases|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2001571/|journal=British Journal of Cancer|volume=55|issue=1|pages=97–103|doi=10.1038/bjc.1987.20|issn=0007-0920|pmc=2001571|pmid=2880604}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aktivitas fisik pakait jeung nurunna résiko, sedengkeun gaya hirup ''sedentary'' (kurang gerak) pakait jeung naékna résiko. Munculna ciri-ciri lalaki anu leuwih awal ogé pakait jeung naékna résiko. Hal ieu bisa jadi mangrupa gambaran tina hormon éndogén atawa lingkungan.

Angka kangker téstis anu leuwih luhur di nagara-nagara Kulon geus dikaitkeun jeung pamakéan ganja (''cannabis'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Daling|first=Janet R.|last2=Doody|first2=David R.|last3=Sun|first3=Xiaofei|last4=Trabert|first4=Britton L.|last5=Weiss|first5=Noel S.|last6=Chen|first6=Chu|last7=Biggs|first7=Mary L.|last8=Starr|first8=Jacqueline R.|last9=Dey|first9=Sudhansu K.|date=2009-03-15|title=Association of marijuana use and the incidence of testicular germ cell tumors|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2759698/|journal=Cancer|volume=115|issue=6|pages=1215–1223|doi=10.1002/cncr.24159|issn=0008-543X|pmc=2759698|pmid=19204904}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/138372|title=Testicular Cancer Risk Linked To Marijuana Smoking|website=www.medicalnewstoday.com|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-independent.com/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/cannabis-linked-to-testicular-cancer-1604487.html|title=Cannabis linked to testicular cancer|website=The Independent|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/cancer/understanding-cancer-basics|title=Basics of Cancer|website=WebMD|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayana pola panalungtikan anu terus nambahan ti waktu ka waktu némbongkeun yén hal ieu téh mungkin, sanajan hubunganana can bener-bener kacindekkeun. Hal ieu ngayakinkeun sawatara dokter sarta panalungtik pikeun nyarankeun ka lalaki ngora, utamana maranéhna anu boga riwayat kulawarga ''cystic fibrosis'' atawa hérnia indirek, supaya ngeureunan atawa nyingkahan pamakéan ganja salaku léngkah pancegahan tambahan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Callaghan|first=Russell C.|last2=Allebeck|first2=Peter|last3=Akre|first3=Olof|last4=McGlynn|first4=Katherine A.|last5=Sidorchuk|first5=Anna|date=2017-11|title=Cannabis Use and Incidence of Testicular Cancer: A 42-Year Follow-up of Swedish Men between 1970 and 2011|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5812006/|journal=Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &amp; Prevention: A Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology|volume=26|issue=11|pages=1644–1652|doi=10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-17-0428|issn=1538-7755|pmc=5812006|pmid=29093004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Référénsi ==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>qa3ww94zfw2ycuxxn9jemzqelt9ipyx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kangker tiroid</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108452</id>
    <revision>
      <id>708994</id>
      <parentid>708958</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T04:17:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>708994</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="17256" sha1="1s5qy1iavobqem3fcirbm4mc2b00bil" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Thyroid cancer.jpg|jmpl|Kangker tiroid]]
'''Kangker tiroid''' nyaéta [[kangker]] anu tumuwuh tina jaringan kelenjar [[tiroid]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Mehanna|first=Hisham|last2=Sidhu|first2=Paul S.|last3=Madani|first3=Gitta|last4=Woolley|first4=Rebecca|last5=Boelaert|first5=Kristien|last6=Nankivell|first6=Paul|last7=Da Forno|first7=Phil|last8=Moreman|first8=Kate|last9=Palmer|first9=Andrew|date=2024-10|title=Evaluation of US Elastography in Thyroid Nodule Diagnosis: The                     ElaTION Randomized Control Trial|url=https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/radiol.240705|journal=Radiology|volume=313|issue=1|pages=e240705|doi=10.1148/radiol.240705|issn=0033-8419}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/thyroid/patient/thyroid-treatment-pdq|title=Thyroid Cancer Treatment - NCI|website=www.cancer.gov|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ieu mangrupa panyakit di mana sél-sél tumuwuh sacara teu normal sarta boga poténsi pikeun nyambuang (sumebar) ka bagian awak séjénna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer|title=Cancer|website=www.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/understanding/what-is-cancer|title=What Is Cancer? - NCI|website=www.cancer.gov|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gejalana bisa mangrupa bareuh atawa bénjolan dina [[beuheung]], hésé neureuy atawa parobahan sora kaasup serak, atawa rarasaan aya nu nyelap dina genggerong alatan éfék massa tina tumorna. Tapi, lolobana kasus mah tara aya gejalaan (asimptomatik).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Boucai|first=Laura|last2=Zafereo|first2=Mark|last3=Cabanillas|first3=Maria E.|date=2024-02-06|title=Thyroid Cancer: A Review|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2814532|journal=JAMA|language=en|volume=331|issue=5|pages=425|doi=10.1001/jama.2023.26348|issn=0098-7484}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kangker ogé bisa muncul dina tiroid sanggeus sumebar tina lokasi séjén, anu dina kasus kieu mah teu digolongkeun salaku kangker tiroid.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/thyroid/hp/thyroid-treatment-pdq|title=Thyroid Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) - NCI|website=www.cancer.gov|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Faktor résikona kaasup paparan radiasi nalika ngora, boga tiroid anu ngabadagan, riwayat kulawarga, jeung obésitas (lintuh teuing).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Carling|first=Tobias|last2=Udelsman|first2=Robert|date=2014-01-14|title=Thyroid Cancer|url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-med-061512-105739|journal=Annual Review of Medicine|language=en|volume=65|issue=Volume 65, 2014|pages=125–137|doi=10.1146/annurev-med-061512-105739|issn=0066-4219}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Shin|first=Aesun|last2=Cho|first2=Sooyoung|last3=Jang|first3=Doeun|last4=Abe|first4=Sarah Krull|last5=Saito|first5=Eiko|last6=Rahman|first6=Md Shafiur|last7=Islam|first7=Md Rashedul|last8=Sawada|first8=Norie|last9=Shu|first9=Xiao-Ou|date=2022-03|title=Body Mass Index and Thyroid Cancer Risk: A Pooled Analysis of Half a Million Men and Women in the Asia Cohort Consortium|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8971972/|journal=Thyroid: Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association|volume=32|issue=3|pages=306–314|doi=10.1089/thy.2021.0445|issn=1557-9077|pmc=8971972|pmid=34915752}}&lt;/ref&gt; Opat jenis utamana nyaéta kangker tiroid ''papiler'', kangker tiroid ''folikular'', kangker tiroid ''medular'', jeung kangker tiroid ''anaplastik''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Diagnosis biasana dumasar kana ultrasound jeung aspirasi jarum leutik (''fine needle aspiration''). Pamariksaan (screening) ka jalma anu teu boga gejala sarta boga résiko normal pikeun ieu panyakit téh teu disarankeun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=US Preventive Services Task Force|last2=Bibbins-Domingo|first2=Kirsten|last3=Grossman|first3=David C.|last4=Curry|first4=Susan J.|last5=Barry|first5=Michael J.|last6=Davidson|first6=Karina W.|last7=Doubeni|first7=Chyke A.|last8=Epling|first8=John W.|last9=Kemper|first9=Alex R.|date=2017-05-09|title=Screening for Thyroid Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement|url=http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.2017.4011|journal=JAMA|language=en|volume=317|issue=18|pages=1882|doi=10.1001/jama.2017.4011|issn=0098-7484}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pilihan pangubatanana bisa mangrupa operasi, terapi radiasi kaasup [[iodin radioaktif]], [[kémoterapi]], [[hormon tiroid]], terapi targét, jeung pengawasan anu telik (''watchful waiting'').&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Operasi bisa ngalibetkeun pangangkatan sabagian atawa sagemblengna tiroid. Tingkat kasalametan hirup lima taun di [[Amérika Sarikat]] nyaéta 98%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/thyro.html|title=Cancer of the Thyroid - Cancer Stat Facts|website=SEER|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sacara global dina taun 2015, 3,2 juta urang boga kanker tiroid. Dina taun 2012, aya 298.000 kasus anyar. Paling mindeng didiagnosis dina rentang umur 20 nepi ka 65 taun. Kaum awéwé leuwih mindeng kakeunaan dibandingkeun lalaki. Jalma turunan [[Asia]] leuwih ilahar kakeunaan; kalayan tingkat kamotian anu leuwih luhur di antarana awéwé [[Pilipina]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=San Juan|first=Mari Des|last2=Paz-Pacheco|first2=Elizabeth|date=2023|title=Incidence, Recurrence and Mortality Among Filipinos With Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: A Systematic Review|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10213166/|journal=Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies|volume=38|issue=1|pages=100–107|doi=10.15605/jafes.038.01.14|issn=2308-118X|pmc=10213166|pmid=37252408}}&lt;/ref&gt; Angkana terus naék dina sababaraha dékade pamungkas, anu dipercaya alatan detéksi anu leuwih hadé. Dina taun 2015, panyakit ieu ngabalukarkeun 31.900 urang maot.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators|date=2016-10-08|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5388903/|journal=Lancet (London, England)|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1|issn=1474-547X|pmc=5388903|pmid=27733281}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tanda jeung Gejala ==
Lolobana jalma anu boga kangker tiroid mah teu boga gejala dina waktu didiagnosis, sarta ''nodul tiroid'' biasana kapanggihna teu ngahaja nalika keur dipariksa gambar (imaging) dina bagian beuheung.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cancernetwork.com/cancer-management-11/chapter05/article/10165/1402668|title=Chapter 5: Thyroid and Parathyroid Cancers - Cancer Network|website=www.cancernetwork.com|accessdate=2026-05-07}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100228072652/http://www.cancernetwork.com/cancer-management-11/chapter05/article/10165/1402668 |date=2010-02-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nepi ka 65% urang déwasa boga nodul leutik dina tiroidna, tapi biasana kurang ti 10% tina éta nodul anu tétéla mangrupa kangker.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Durante|first=Cosimo|last2=Grani|first2=Giorgio|last3=Lamartina|first3=Livia|last4=Filetti|first4=Sebastiano|last5=Mandel|first5=Susan J.|last6=Cooper|first6=David S.|date=2018-03-06|title=The Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Nodules: A Review|url=http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.2018.0898|journal=JAMA|language=en|volume=319|issue=9|pages=914|doi=10.1001/jama.2018.0898|issn=0098-7484}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sakapeung, tanda munggaranna nyaéta ngagedéanana [[kelenjar getah bening]]. Gejala satuluyna anu bisa muncul nyaéta rasa nyeri dina bagian hareup [[beuheung]] jeung parobahan sora alatan deukeutna posisi saraf laring ''recurrent''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cancer.columbia.edu/cancer-types-care/types/thyroid-cancer/about-thyroid-cancer|title=Thyroid Cancer Symptoms &amp; Diagnosis|website=Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center (HICCC) - New York|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; kana kelenjar tiroid. Ieu nodul jeung kelenjar getah bening anu ngagedéan téh ogé bisa ngabalukarkeun bareuh dina beuheung sarta hésé neureuy.

Kanker tiroid biasana kapanggih dina pasién anu ''euthyroid'' (fungsi tiroidna normal), tapi gejala ''hipertiroidisme'' atawa ''hipotiroidisme'' bisa pakait jeung tumor anu badag atawa anu geus métastasis sarta ''well-differentiated''. Nodul tiroid jadi perhatian husus nalika kapanggih dina jalma anu umurna di handapeun 20 taun. Dina umur sakieu, nodul tiroid leuwih gedé kamungkinanana mangrupa tumor ganas (malignan) dibandingkeun tumor lindeuk (benign).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Grani|first=Giorgio|last2=Sponziello|first2=Marialuisa|last3=Filetti|first3=Sebastiano|last4=Durante|first4=Cosimo|date=2024-12|title=Thyroid nodules: diagnosis and management|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41574-024-01025-4|journal=Nature Reviews Endocrinology|language=en|volume=20|issue=12|pages=715–728|doi=10.1038/s41574-024-01025-4|issn=1759-5037}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Faktor ==
Kangker tiroid dianggap aya pakaitna jeung sajumlah faktor lingkungan sarta genetik, tapi nepi ka ayeuna masih aya kateupastian ngeunaan cukang lantap pastina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.creativebiolabs.net/thyroid-cancer-overview-signaling-pathway-diagnosis-targeted-therapy.htm|title=Thyroid Cancer Overview - Creative Biolabs|website=www.creativebiolabs.net|accessdate=2026-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Paparan lingkungan tina radiasi ionisasi, boh tina sumber alami atawa sumber jieunan, disangka boga peran anu penting. Paningkatan angka kangker tiroid anu signifikan lumangsung ka jalma anu kakeunaan radiasi ''mantlefield'' pikeun panyakit [[limfoma]], sarta maranéhna anu kakeunaan ''iodine-131'' sanggeus musibah nuklir Chernobyl,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/radiation/i-131|title=I-131 Radiation Exposure from Fallout - NCI|website=www.cancer.gov|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fukushima, Kyshtym, jeung Windscale.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=dos Santos Silva|first=I.|last2=Swerdlow|first2=A. J.|date=1993-02|title=Thyroid cancer epidemiology in England and Wales: time trends and geographical distribution|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1968194/|journal=British Journal of Cancer|volume=67|issue=2|pages=330–340|doi=10.1038/bjc.1993.61|issn=0007-0920|pmc=1968194|pmid=8431362}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tiroiditis (radang tiroid) jeung panyakit tiroid séjénna ogé bisa jadi panyabab kana kangker tiroid.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pacini|first=F.|last2=Castagna|first2=M. G.|last3=Brilli|first3=L.|last4=Pentheroudakis|first4=G.|date=2010-05-01|title=Thyroid cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up|url=https://www.annalsofoncology.org/article/S0923-7534(19)39638-3/fulltext|journal=Annals of Oncology|language=English|volume=21|pages=v214–v219|doi=10.1093/annonc/mdq190|issn=0923-7534}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sabab tina faktor genetik di antarana nyaéta ''multiple endocrine neoplasia'' tipe 2, anu sacara nyata ningkatkeun angka kajadian, utamana jenis ''medullary'' anu kawilang jarang.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/thyroid/hp/medullary-thyroid-genetics-pdq|title=Genetics of Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Neoplasias (PDQ®) - NCI|website=www.cancer.gov|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mutasi dina gén pikeun MenA jeung Men2B dina ''multiple endocrine neoplasia'' tanggung jawab kana 25% kasus kanker tiroid ''medullary''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Hipertiroidisme nyaéta kaleuwihan fungsi kelenjar tiroid anu ngabalukarkeun hormon tiroid dilepaskeun sacara kaleuleuwihi. Ieu hormon téh mangaruhan kana métabolisme, kamekaran, kamekaran otak, suhu awak, jeung fungsi réproduksi. Ieu kaayaan ogé dikaitkeun jeung panyakit ''Graves''. Salah sahiji gejala hipertiroidisme nyaéta parobahan ukuran tiroid, anu pakait jeung pasién anu tétéla boga kangker tiroid. Aya ogé hipotiroidisme, nyaéta nalika kelenjar tiroid kurang fungsina, anu pakait jeung ''Hashimoto's thyroidosis''. ''Hashimoto's thyroidosis'' boga hubungan langsung kana ningkatna résiko kangker tiroid, bareng jeung sababaraha jenis kangker séjénna. Baraya kulawarga anu boga masalah tiroid dina hirupna kamungkinan badag bakal nurunkeun éta panyakit ka kulawargana. Tapi, masalah tiroid ieu bisa mucunghul dina rupa-rupa cara, mimitian tina hipotiroidisme, hipertiroidisme, panyakit ''Graves'', ''Hashimoto's thyroidosis'', nepi ka kangker.

FDA merlukeun peringatan husus (''boxed warning'') dina brosur bungkus ''GLP-1 agonist'' alatan résiko tumor sél-C tiroid, kaasup kangker tiroid ''medullary'' (MTC), kalayan peringatan yén ''GLP-1 agonist'' téh kontradindikasi (teu meunang dipaké) ku jalma anu boga riwayat kulawarga atawa riwayat pribadi MTC atawa ''multiple endocrine neoplasia'' tipe 2.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Nachawi|first=Noura|last2=Rao|first2=Pratibha PR|last3=Makin|first3=Vinni|date=2022-08-01|title=The role of GLP-1 receptor agonists in managing type 2 diabetes|url=https://www.ccjm.org/content/89/8/457|journal=Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine|language=en|volume=89|issue=8|pages=457–464|doi=10.3949/ccjm.89a.21110|issn=0891-1150|pmid=35914933}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina beurit, pamakéan jangka panjang ''GLP-1 agonist'' ngarangsang [[sékrési kalsitonin]], anu ngabalukarkeun hipertropi sél-C sarta ningkatna résiko kangker tiroid, tapi euweuh paningkatan sékrési kalsitonin anu katitén dina manusa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Yu|first=Minzhi|last2=Benjamin|first2=Mason M.|last3=Srinivasan|first3=Santhanakrishnan|last4=Morin|first4=Emily E.|last5=Shishatskaya|first5=Ekaterina I.|last6=Schwendeman|first6=Steven P.|last7=Schwendeman|first7=Anna|date=2018-05|title=Battle of GLP-1 delivery technologies|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6843995/|journal=Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews|volume=130|pages=113–130|doi=10.1016/j.addr.2018.07.009|issn=1872-8294|pmc=6843995|pmid=30009885}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hiji studi kohort nasional rétropéktif di [[Prancis]] manggihan ayana kanaékan résiko kangker tiroid (sakabéh jenis jeung ''medullary'') sanggeus 1-3 taun pangubatan [[Diabétes mélitus|diabetes]] maké ''GLP-1 agonist'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Bezin|first=Julien|last2=Gouverneur|first2=Amandine|last3=Pénichon|first3=Marine|last4=Mathieu|first4=Clément|last5=Garrel|first5=Renaud|last6=Hillaire-Buys|first6=Dominique|last7=Pariente|first7=Antoine|last8=Faillie|first8=Jean-Luc|date=2023-02-01|title=GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and the Risk of Thyroid Cancer|url=https://diabetesjournals.org/care/article/46/2/384/147888/GLP-1-Receptor-Agonists-and-the-Risk-of-Thyroid|journal=Diabetes Care|language=en|volume=46|issue=2|pages=384–390|doi=10.2337/dc22-1148|issn=0149-5992}}&lt;/ref&gt; tapi hal ieu henteu katitén dina uji kontrol acak,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://dom-pubs.pericles-prod.literatumonline.com/action/cookieAbsent|title=Error - Cookies Turned Off|website=Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism|language=en|doi=10.1111/dom.70291|pmc=12803555|pmid=41287564|accessdate=2026-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; kitu ogé dina studi rétropéktif skala badag séjénna,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Morales|first=Daniel R.|last2=Bu|first2=Fan|last3=Viernes|first3=Benjamin|last4=DuVall|first4=Scott L.|last5=Matheny|first5=Michael E.|last6=Simon|first6=Katherine R.|last7=Falconer|first7=Thomas|last8=Richter|first8=Lauren R.|last9=Ostropolets|first9=Anna|date=2025-08-01|title=Risk of Thyroid Tumors With GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: A Retrospective Cohort Study|url=https://diabetesjournals.org/care/article/48/8/1386/160553/Risk-of-Thyroid-Tumors-With-GLP-1-Receptor|journal=Diabetes Care|language=en|volume=48|issue=8|pages=1386–1394|doi=10.2337/dc25-0154|issn=0149-5992|pmc=12281980|pmid=40465422}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/action/cookieAbsent|title=Sage Journals: Discover world-class research|website=Sage Journals|language=en|doi=10.1089/thy.2024.0387|accessdate=2026-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; kaasup hiji studi pamakéan jangka panjang ''GLP-1 agonist'' kalayan pangawasan leuwih ti 10 taun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pollack|first=Rena|last2=Stokar|first2=Joshua|date=2025-11|title=Long-Term Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonist Use Is Not Associated With Increased Risk of Thyroid Cancer in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12582397/|journal=Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews|volume=41|issue=8|pages=e70104|doi=10.1002/dmrr.70104|issn=1520-7560|pmc=12582397|pmid=41182904}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hiji studi leutik ka pasién kangker tiroid résiko rendah anu keur ngaliwatan pangawasan aktip némbongkeun yén térapi ''GLP-1RA'' henteu mangaruhan kana kinétika tumuwuhna tumor.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Patrizio|first=Armando|last2=Newman|first2=Samantha K|last3=Tuttle|first3=R Michael|last4=Boucai|first4=Laura|date=2025-12-05|title=Effect of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists on Patients with Thyroid Carcinomas Undergoing Active Surveillance|url=https://academic.oup.com/jes/article/doi/10.1210/jendso/bvaf182/8322882|journal=Journal of the Endocrine Society|language=en|volume=10|issue=1|doi=10.1210/jendso/bvaf182|issn=2472-1972|pmc=12686943|pmid=41376649}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Référénsi ==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>1s5qy1iavobqem3fcirbm4mc2b00bil</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hasud</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108455</id>
    <revision>
      <id>708972</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-07T15:40:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ngabaladah</comment>
      <origin>708972</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4771" sha1="blioi5gekxzmhqxlddxn6kk8md9v3nk" xml:space="preserve">'''Hasud''' (basa [[Basa Arab|Arab]]: حَسَد) atanapi dina basa Sunda sering disebut '''dengki''', nyaéta sipat haté anu teu resep ningal batur meunang kanikmatan sarta miboga harepan supados éta kanikmatan téh leungit tina diri batur.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Jurjani, Ali bin Muhammad. ''Kitab At-Ta'rifat''. Beirut: Darul Kitab al-Ilmiyyah. h. 87.&lt;/ref&gt; Hasud kaasup salah sahiji panyakit haté anu kacida dibenduna ku [[Allah]] SWT margi miboga sipat nentang kana papastén (takdir) Gusti anu parantos masihan kanikmatan ka hamba-Na.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid. ''Ihya Ulumuddin''. Jilid 3. Mesir: Darul Hadits. h. 190.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalil tina Al-Qur'an ==
Allah SWT parantos ngingetkeun urang supados nyalindung tina kajahatan jalma anu boga sipat hasud:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
وَمِنْ شَرِّ حَاسِدٍ إِذَا حَسَدَ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;...sarta tina kagoréngan jalma anu hasud nalika manéhna midamel hasud.&quot;'' (QS. Al-Falaq [113]: 5)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Dina ayat sanés, Allah nyabitkeun yén sipat hasud téh mangrupa sipat jalma-jalma anu nolak kana bebeneran:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
أَمْ يَحْسُدُونَ النَّاسَ عَلَىٰ مَا آتَاهُمُ اللَّهُ مِنْ فَضْلِهِ ۖ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;Naha maranehna harasud ka manusa (Muhammad) lantaran kurnia anu geus dipaparinkeun ku Allah ka manéhna?&quot;'' (QS. An-Nisa [4]: 54)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Dalil tina Hadits ==
Rasulullah SAW nandeskeun yén hasud bisa ngahéab sarta ngahakan sakabéh amal kahadéan urang:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
إِيَّاكُمْ وَالْحَسَدَ فَإِنَّ الْحَسَدَ يَأْكُلُ الْحَسَنَاتِ كَمَا تَأْكُلُ النَّارُ الْحَطَبَ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;Sing jarauhan ku aranjeun sipat hasud, sabab saéstuna hasud téh ngadahar (ngaleungitkeun) kahadéan sakumaha seuneu ngadahar suluh.&quot;'' (HR. Abu Dawud No. 4903)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Babandingan sareng Rasa Sirik ==
Dina kajian psikologi modéren, hasud miboga patali anu raket sareng istilah '''''envy''''' atanapi dina basa Sunda disebut '''sirik pidik'''.
* **Sirik Pidik: Tayalian parasaan teu ngeunah haté nalika ningal kaonjoyan atanapi milik batur. Ieu rasa sipatna ''universal'', nanging upami teu dikadalikeun bisa janten panyakit méntal anu ngaruksak katenangan diri.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, R.H. ''Envy: Theory and Research''. Oxford University Press.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Bédana sareng Hasud: Hasud mangrupa tingkatan sirik anu paling bahaya. Upami sirik saukur hoyong jiga batur, hasud mah parantos dibarengan ku niat jahat supados kanikmatan batur éta leungit atanapi ruksak.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Ghazali. ''Ihya Ulumuddin''. Jilid 3. h. 192.&lt;/ref&gt;
* **Ghibthah (Sirik anu Positif):** Islam mikawanoh istilah ''ghibthah'', nyaéta rasa sirik anu dimeunangkeun, nyaéta nalika urang hoyong nyonto kahadéan batur (saperti ibadahna atanapi kedermawananana) tanpa miboga rasa cua atanapi niat ngaleungitkeun kanikmatan éta tina diri batur.&lt;ref&gt;Ibnul Qayyim al-Jauziyyah. ''Jala'ul Afham''. h. 451.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bahaya Hasud ==
# Ngaruksak Amal: Sakumaha disebutkeun dina hadits, sagala pahala bisa leungit ku ayana sipat dengki.
# Panyakit Awak: Jalma anu hasud haténa moal tenang, pikiranana ruksak, anu antukna tiasa mangaruhan kana kasehatan fisikna.
# Mutuskeun Silaturahmi: Hasud téh bibit tina pirang-pirang papaséaan sarta adu domba.

== Cara Ngubaran Sipat Hasud ==
Dina ajaran [[Islam]], aya sababaraha tarékah pikeun meper sarta ngubaran panyakit hasud sangkan henteu ngarerab kana haté, di antarana:&lt;ref&gt;Al-Ghazali. ''Ihya Ulumuddin''. Jilid 3. h. 201-205.&lt;/ref&gt;

# '''Panceg Dina Rasa Ridho:''' Sadar yén sagala kanikmatan anu aya di batur téh mangrupa papastén (takdir) sarta kawijaksanaan ti [[Allah]] SWT. Hasud sabenerna mangrupa bentuk &quot;protés&quot; ka Gusti nu Maha Ngatur rejeki.
# '''Ngalatih Rasa Syukur:''' Salawasna ningal ka jalma anu sahandapeun dina urusan dunya. Hal ieu bakal numbuhkeun rasa sukur kana saniskala kanikmatan anu parantos katarima ku diri sorangan.
# '''Ngadu'akeun Kasaéan pikeun Batur:''' Nalika timbul rasa sirik, lawan éta parasaan ku cara ngadu'akeun sangkan kanikmatan batur éta janten barokah. Rasulullah SAW ngadawuh yén malaikat bakal ngadu'akeun hal anu sarua pikeun jalma anu ngadu'akeun dulurna dina kaayaan batur éta teu apal.
# '''Émut kana Bahaya Hasud:''' Salawasna émut yén hasud téh lir ibarat seuneu anu ngahakan suluh, nyaéta bisa méakkeun sakabéh pahala amal kahadéan anu parantos dikumpulkeun.
# '''Méré Hadiah atanapi Ngucapkeun Wilujeng:''' Sacara lahiriah, lawan sipat hasud ku cara migawé sabalikna, saperti masihan hadiah atanapi ngucapkeun wilujeng ka jalma anu nuju kenging kanikmatan. Ieu tarékah tiasa meper haté sarta ngaleungitkeun rasa cua.
== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}
{{Sipat awon dina Islam}}
[[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah]]</text>
      <sha1>blioi5gekxzmhqxlddxn6kk8md9v3nk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>708982</id>
      <parentid>708972</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-07T22:51:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Nambihan kategori</comment>
      <origin>708982</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4860" sha1="84jgy281ougj1gecr17xofwi13pgt76" xml:space="preserve">'''Hasud''' (basa [[Basa Arab|Arab]]: حَسَد) atanapi dina basa Sunda sering disebut '''dengki''', nyaéta sipat haté anu teu resep ningal batur meunang kanikmatan sarta miboga harepan supados éta kanikmatan téh leungit tina diri batur.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Jurjani, Ali bin Muhammad. ''Kitab At-Ta'rifat''. Beirut: Darul Kitab al-Ilmiyyah. h. 87.&lt;/ref&gt; Hasud kaasup salah sahiji panyakit haté anu kacida dibenduna ku [[Allah]] SWT margi miboga sipat nentang kana papastén (takdir) Gusti anu parantos masihan kanikmatan ka hamba-Na.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid. ''Ihya Ulumuddin''. Jilid 3. Mesir: Darul Hadits. h. 190.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalil tina Al-Qur'an ==
Allah SWT parantos ngingetkeun urang supados nyalindung tina kajahatan jalma anu boga sipat hasud:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
وَمِنْ شَرِّ حَاسِدٍ إِذَا حَسَدَ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;...sarta tina kagoréngan jalma anu hasud nalika manéhna midamel hasud.&quot;'' (QS. Al-Falaq [113]: 5)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Dina ayat sanés, Allah nyabitkeun yén sipat hasud téh mangrupa sipat jalma-jalma anu nolak kana bebeneran:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
أَمْ يَحْسُدُونَ النَّاسَ عَلَىٰ مَا آتَاهُمُ اللَّهُ مِنْ فَضْلِهِ ۖ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;Naha maranehna harasud ka manusa (Muhammad) lantaran kurnia anu geus dipaparinkeun ku Allah ka manéhna?&quot;'' (QS. An-Nisa [4]: 54)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Dalil tina Hadits ==
Rasulullah SAW nandeskeun yén hasud bisa ngahéab sarta ngahakan sakabéh amal kahadéan urang:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
إِيَّاكُمْ وَالْحَسَدَ فَإِنَّ الْحَسَدَ يَأْكُلُ الْحَسَنَاتِ كَمَا تَأْكُلُ النَّارُ الْحَطَبَ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;Sing jarauhan ku aranjeun sipat hasud, sabab saéstuna hasud téh ngadahar (ngaleungitkeun) kahadéan sakumaha seuneu ngadahar suluh.&quot;'' (HR. Abu Dawud No. 4903)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Babandingan sareng Rasa Sirik ==
Dina kajian psikologi modéren, hasud miboga patali anu raket sareng istilah '''''envy''''' atanapi dina basa Sunda disebut '''sirik pidik'''.
* **Sirik Pidik: Tayalian parasaan teu ngeunah haté nalika ningal kaonjoyan atanapi milik batur. Ieu rasa sipatna ''universal'', nanging upami teu dikadalikeun bisa janten panyakit méntal anu ngaruksak katenangan diri.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, R.H. ''Envy: Theory and Research''. Oxford University Press.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Bédana sareng Hasud: Hasud mangrupa tingkatan sirik anu paling bahaya. Upami sirik saukur hoyong jiga batur, hasud mah parantos dibarengan ku niat jahat supados kanikmatan batur éta leungit atanapi ruksak.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Ghazali. ''Ihya Ulumuddin''. Jilid 3. h. 192.&lt;/ref&gt;
* **Ghibthah (Sirik anu Positif):** Islam mikawanoh istilah ''ghibthah'', nyaéta rasa sirik anu dimeunangkeun, nyaéta nalika urang hoyong nyonto kahadéan batur (saperti ibadahna atanapi kedermawananana) tanpa miboga rasa cua atanapi niat ngaleungitkeun kanikmatan éta tina diri batur.&lt;ref&gt;Ibnul Qayyim al-Jauziyyah. ''Jala'ul Afham''. h. 451.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bahaya Hasud ==
# Ngaruksak Amal: Sakumaha disebutkeun dina hadits, sagala pahala bisa leungit ku ayana sipat dengki.
# Panyakit Awak: Jalma anu hasud haténa moal tenang, pikiranana ruksak, anu antukna tiasa mangaruhan kana kasehatan fisikna.
# Mutuskeun Silaturahmi: Hasud téh bibit tina pirang-pirang papaséaan sarta adu domba.

== Cara Ngubaran Sipat Hasud ==
Dina ajaran [[Islam]], aya sababaraha tarékah pikeun meper sarta ngubaran panyakit hasud sangkan henteu ngarerab kana haté, di antarana:&lt;ref&gt;Al-Ghazali. ''Ihya Ulumuddin''. Jilid 3. h. 201-205.&lt;/ref&gt;

# '''Panceg Dina Rasa Ridho:''' Sadar yén sagala kanikmatan anu aya di batur téh mangrupa papastén (takdir) sarta kawijaksanaan ti [[Allah]] SWT. Hasud sabenerna mangrupa bentuk &quot;protés&quot; ka Gusti nu Maha Ngatur rejeki.
# '''Ngalatih Rasa Syukur:''' Salawasna ningal ka jalma anu sahandapeun dina urusan dunya. Hal ieu bakal numbuhkeun rasa sukur kana saniskala kanikmatan anu parantos katarima ku diri sorangan.
# '''Ngadu'akeun Kasaéan pikeun Batur:''' Nalika timbul rasa sirik, lawan éta parasaan ku cara ngadu'akeun sangkan kanikmatan batur éta janten barokah. Rasulullah SAW ngadawuh yén malaikat bakal ngadu'akeun hal anu sarua pikeun jalma anu ngadu'akeun dulurna dina kaayaan batur éta teu apal.
# '''Émut kana Bahaya Hasud:''' Salawasna émut yén hasud téh lir ibarat seuneu anu ngahakan suluh, nyaéta bisa méakkeun sakabéh pahala amal kahadéan anu parantos dikumpulkeun.
# '''Méré Hadiah atanapi Ngucapkeun Wilujeng:''' Sacara lahiriah, lawan sipat hasud ku cara migawé sabalikna, saperti masihan hadiah atanapi ngucapkeun wilujeng ka jalma anu nuju kenging kanikmatan. Ieu tarékah tiasa meper haté sarta ngaleungitkeun rasa cua.
== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}
{{Sipat awon dina Islam}}
[[Kategori:Islam]]
[[Kategori:Akhlak]]
[[Kategori:Psikologi]]
[[Kategori:Penyakit Hati]]
[[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah]]</text>
      <sha1>84jgy281ougj1gecr17xofwi13pgt76</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Su'udzon</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108456</id>
    <revision>
      <id>708973</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-07T15:51:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ngabaladah</comment>
      <origin>708973</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2572" sha1="dlrugevpfuacm03eb2ixjuji22bzigf" xml:space="preserve">
'''Su'udzon''' (basa [[Basa Arab|Arab]]: سُوءُ الظَّنِّ) nyaéta sipat haté anu miboga sangka goréng atanapi kacurigaan anu taya dasarna ka batur atanapi ka [[Allah]] SWT.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Jurjani, Ali bin Muhammad. ''Kitab At-Ta'rifat''. Beirut: Darul Kitab al-Ilmiyyah. h. 142.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina ajaran [[Islam]], su'udzon kaasup kana sipat madzmumah anu kacida dilarangna margi bisa ngaruksak silaturahmi sarta ngadorong manusa kana dosa [[Ghibah]] (ngomongkeun batur).

== Dalil tina Al-Qur'an ==
Allah SWT sacara teges ngalarang kaum Muslimin pikeun miboga sipat sangka goréng:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا اجْتَنِبُوا كَثِيرًا مِنَ الظَّنِّ إِنَّ بَعْضَ الظَّنِّ إِثْمٌ ۖ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;Wahai jalma-jalma anu ariman! Jauhan ku aranjeun kalolobaan tina sangkaan (zhan), saéstuna sawaréh tina sangkaan éta téh dosa...&quot;'' (QS. Al-Hujurat [49]: 12)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Dalil tina Hadits ==
Rasulullah SAW ngingetkeun yén sangka goréng téh mangrupa kalimah anu paling bohong:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
إِيَّاكُمْ وَالظَّنَّ فَإِنَّ الظَّنَّ أَكْذَبُ الْحَدِيثِ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;Sing jarauhan ku aranjeun sipat sangka (goréng), sabab saéstuna sangka (goréng) téh mangrupa kalimah anu paling bohong.&quot;'' (HR. Bukhari No. 5144 &amp; Muslim No. 2563)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Babandingan sareng Husnudzon ==
Sabalikna tina su'udzon nyaéta '''[[Husnudzon]]''' (sangka saé). Islam ngajarkeun urang supados salawasna miboga sangka saé, boh ka papada manusa, boh ka Allah SWT nalika urang nuju kenging cocoba hirup.

== Cara Meper Sipat Su'udzon ==
Pikeun ngubaran sarta meper ieu sipat sangkan henteu ngarerab kana haté, para ulama nyarankeun sababaraha tarékah:&lt;ref&gt;Al-Ghazali. ''Ihya Ulumuddin''. Jilid 3. h. 150.&lt;/ref&gt;
# '''Milari Alesan Kasaéan (Tabayyun):''' Nalika ningal batur midamel hal anu katingalna goréng, cobian milari 70 alesan kasaéan pikeun éta jalma sateuacan urang nyimpulkeun anu goréng.
# '''Émut kana Kakurangan Diri:''' Tibatan sibuk nyurigaan batur, langkung saé urang ningal kana kakurangan sarta dosa diri sorangan anu masih kénéh seueur.
# '''Ngadu'akeun Kasaéan:''' Upami urang mimiti curiga ka batur, lawan éta rasa ku cara ngadu'akeun éta jalma sangkan kenging hidayah sarta barokah ti Allah.
# '''Ngajauhan Ghibah:''' Su'udzon téh panto utama ghibah. Ku cara ngajaga lisan, urang ogé nuju ngajaga haté tina sangka goréng.

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}
{{Sipat awon dina Islam}}
[[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah]]</text>
      <sha1>dlrugevpfuacm03eb2ixjuji22bzigf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>708984</id>
      <parentid>708973</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-07T22:55:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Nambihan kategori</comment>
      <origin>708984</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2662" sha1="68tts8rvec7ky8j9xc81icck5mgvz8l" xml:space="preserve">
'''Su'udzon''' (basa [[Basa Arab|Arab]]: سُوءُ الظَّنِّ) nyaéta sipat haté anu miboga sangka goréng atanapi kacurigaan anu taya dasarna ka batur atanapi ka [[Allah]] SWT.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Jurjani, Ali bin Muhammad. ''Kitab At-Ta'rifat''. Beirut: Darul Kitab al-Ilmiyyah. h. 142.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina ajaran [[Islam]], su'udzon kaasup kana sipat madzmumah anu kacida dilarangna margi bisa ngaruksak silaturahmi sarta ngadorong manusa kana dosa [[Ghibah]] (ngomongkeun batur).

== Dalil tina Al-Qur'an ==
Allah SWT sacara teges ngalarang kaum Muslimin pikeun miboga sipat sangka goréng:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا اجْتَنِبُوا كَثِيرًا مِنَ الظَّنِّ إِنَّ بَعْضَ الظَّنِّ إِثْمٌ ۖ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;Wahai jalma-jalma anu ariman! Jauhan ku aranjeun kalolobaan tina sangkaan (zhan), saéstuna sawaréh tina sangkaan éta téh dosa...&quot;'' (QS. Al-Hujurat [49]: 12)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Dalil tina Hadits ==
Rasulullah SAW ngingetkeun yén sangka goréng téh mangrupa kalimah anu paling bohong:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
إِيَّاكُمْ وَالظَّنَّ فَإِنَّ الظَّنَّ أَكْذَبُ الْحَدِيثِ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;Sing jarauhan ku aranjeun sipat sangka (goréng), sabab saéstuna sangka (goréng) téh mangrupa kalimah anu paling bohong.&quot;'' (HR. Bukhari No. 5144 &amp; Muslim No. 2563)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Babandingan sareng Husnudzon ==
Sabalikna tina su'udzon nyaéta '''[[Husnudzon]]''' (sangka saé). Islam ngajarkeun urang supados salawasna miboga sangka saé, boh ka papada manusa, boh ka Allah SWT nalika urang nuju kenging cocoba hirup.

== Cara Meper Sipat Su'udzon ==
Pikeun ngubaran sarta meper ieu sipat sangkan henteu ngarerab kana haté, para ulama nyarankeun sababaraha tarékah:&lt;ref&gt;Al-Ghazali. ''Ihya Ulumuddin''. Jilid 3. h. 150.&lt;/ref&gt;
# '''Milari Alesan Kasaéan (Tabayyun):''' Nalika ningal batur midamel hal anu katingalna goréng, cobian milari 70 alesan kasaéan pikeun éta jalma sateuacan urang nyimpulkeun anu goréng.
# '''Émut kana Kakurangan Diri:''' Tibatan sibuk nyurigaan batur, langkung saé urang ningal kana kakurangan sarta dosa diri sorangan anu masih kénéh seueur.
# '''Ngadu'akeun Kasaéan:''' Upami urang mimiti curiga ka batur, lawan éta rasa ku cara ngadu'akeun éta jalma sangkan kenging hidayah sarta barokah ti Allah.
# '''Ngajauhan Ghibah:''' Su'udzon téh panto utama ghibah. Ku cara ngajaga lisan, urang ogé nuju ngajaga haté tina sangka goréng.

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}
{{Sipat awon dina Islam}}

[[Kategori:Islam]]
[[Kategori:Akhlak]]
[[Kategori:Psikologi]]
[[Kategori:Penyakit Hati]]
[[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah]]</text>
      <sha1>68tts8rvec7ky8j9xc81icck5mgvz8l</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Syi'rik</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108457</id>
    <redirect title="Syirik" />
    <revision>
      <id>708975</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-07T15:56:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Mindahkeun ka [[Syirik]]</comment>
      <origin>708975</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19" sha1="51p8dcb1xk2w63inkhf7giivgxq64vg" xml:space="preserve">#redirect[[Syirik]]</text>
      <sha1>51p8dcb1xk2w63inkhf7giivgxq64vg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fasik</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108458</id>
    <revision>
      <id>708976</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-07T16:47:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ngabaladah</comment>
      <origin>708976</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2935" sha1="ena4ugkwc2f4jd0t3brr21m6xvg5ed6" xml:space="preserve">'''Fasik''' (basa [[Basa Arab|Arab]]: فاسق) nyaéta istilah dina ajaran [[Islam]] pikeun nyebut jalma anu kaluar tina jalan kataatan ka [[Allah]] SWT sarta [[Rasulullah|Rasul-Na]].&lt;ref&gt;Ar-Raghib al-Ashfahani. ''Mufradat Alfadh al-Qur'an''. Beirut: Darul Qalam. h. 636.&lt;/ref&gt; Sacara ''terminologi'', fasik hartosna jalma anu percaya ka Allah nanging terus-terusan midamel dosa gedé atanapi ngabiasakeun dosa leutik bari teu aya rasa kaduhung.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Jurjani, Ali bin Muhammad. ''Kitab At-Ta'rifat''. Beirut: Darul Kitab al-Ilmiyyah. h. 167.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalil tina Al-Qur'an ==
Allah SWT parantos nandeskeun yén jalma anu fasik téh nyaéta jalma anu jalir jangji ka Mantenna:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
الَّذِينَ يَنْقُضُونَ عَهْدَ اللَّهِ مِنْ بَعْدِ مِيثَاقِهِ وَيَقْطَعُونَ مَا أَمَرَ اللَّهُ بِهِ أَنْ يُوصَلَ وَيُفْسِدُونَ فِي الْأَرْضِ ۚ أُولَئِكَ هُمُ الْخَاسِرُونَ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;(Nyaéta) jalma-jalma anu jalir jangji ka Allah sanggeus éta jangji dikukuhkeun, sarta mutuskeun naon anu diparéntahkeun ku Allah sangkan disambungkeun (silaturahmi), sarta nyieun karuksakan di bumi. Maranéhna téh jalma-jalma anu rugi.&quot;'' (QS. Al-Baqarah [2]: 27)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Salian ti éta, dina kontéks sosial (muamalah), Allah ngingetkeun urang supados waspada nalika nampi wartos ti jalma anu fasik:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا إِنْ جَاءَكُمْ فَاسِقٌ بِنَبَإٍ فَتَبَيَّنُوا...
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;Wahai jalma-jalma anu ariman! Upami datang ka aranjeun saurang jalma anu fasik mawa hiji warta, mangka pariksa deui ku aranjeun (tabayyun)...&quot;'' (QS. Al-Hujurat [49]: 6)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Papasingan Fasik ==
Dina kitab-kitab tafsir, sipat fasik kabagi janten dua tingkatan utama:&lt;ref&gt;Ibnul Qayyim al-Jauziyyah. ''Madarijus Salikin''. Jilid 1. h. 361.&lt;/ref&gt;
# '''Fasik Akbar (Gedé):''' Nyaéta jalma anu kaluar tina Islam (kufur) margi nolak syariat Allah.
# '''Fasik Ashghar (Leutik):''' Nyaéta saurang Muslim anu tetep boga iman, nanging manéhna mindeng midamel maksiat atanapi dosa gedé (saperti jinah, judi, atanapi mabok) sarta can tobat.

== Cara Meper Sipat Fasik ==
Pikeun nyingkahan diri sangkan henteu ragrag kana sipat fasik, para ulama nyarankeun sababaraha hal:
# '''Tobat Nasuha:''' Buru-buru menta hampura ka Allah sarta jangji moal ngulang deui kamaksiatan anu parantos dilakukeun.
# '''Menerkeun Ibadah:''' Ngajaga solat lima waktu, margi solat téh bisa nyegah tina perbuatan keji sarta mungkar.
# '''Ngumpul sareng Jalma Sholéh:''' Lingkungan anu saé bakal ngajaga urang tina pangaruh buruk anu bisa ngadorong kana kefasikan.
# '''Dzikrul Maut:''' Salawasna émut kana maot sangkan haté salawasna waspada dina saban léngkah.

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}
{{Sipat awon dina Islam}}
[[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah]]</text>
      <sha1>ena4ugkwc2f4jd0t3brr21m6xvg5ed6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>708985</id>
      <parentid>708976</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-07T22:58:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Nambihan kategori</comment>
      <origin>708985</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3024" sha1="cqy89o2piy0f9mj1yb3h6fhnnyy0gp9" xml:space="preserve">'''Fasik''' (basa [[Basa Arab|Arab]]: فاسق) nyaéta istilah dina ajaran [[Islam]] pikeun nyebut jalma anu kaluar tina jalan kataatan ka [[Allah]] SWT sarta [[Rasulullah|Rasul-Na]].&lt;ref&gt;Ar-Raghib al-Ashfahani. ''Mufradat Alfadh al-Qur'an''. Beirut: Darul Qalam. h. 636.&lt;/ref&gt; Sacara ''terminologi'', fasik hartosna jalma anu percaya ka Allah nanging terus-terusan midamel dosa gedé atanapi ngabiasakeun dosa leutik bari teu aya rasa kaduhung.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Jurjani, Ali bin Muhammad. ''Kitab At-Ta'rifat''. Beirut: Darul Kitab al-Ilmiyyah. h. 167.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalil tina Al-Qur'an ==
Allah SWT parantos nandeskeun yén jalma anu fasik téh nyaéta jalma anu jalir jangji ka Mantenna:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
الَّذِينَ يَنْقُضُونَ عَهْدَ اللَّهِ مِنْ بَعْدِ مِيثَاقِهِ وَيَقْطَعُونَ مَا أَمَرَ اللَّهُ بِهِ أَنْ يُوصَلَ وَيُفْسِدُونَ فِي الْأَرْضِ ۚ أُولَئِكَ هُمُ الْخَاسِرُونَ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;(Nyaéta) jalma-jalma anu jalir jangji ka Allah sanggeus éta jangji dikukuhkeun, sarta mutuskeun naon anu diparéntahkeun ku Allah sangkan disambungkeun (silaturahmi), sarta nyieun karuksakan di bumi. Maranéhna téh jalma-jalma anu rugi.&quot;'' (QS. Al-Baqarah [2]: 27)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Salian ti éta, dina kontéks sosial (muamalah), Allah ngingetkeun urang supados waspada nalika nampi wartos ti jalma anu fasik:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا إِنْ جَاءَكُمْ فَاسِقٌ بِنَبَإٍ فَتَبَيَّنُوا...
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;Wahai jalma-jalma anu ariman! Upami datang ka aranjeun saurang jalma anu fasik mawa hiji warta, mangka pariksa deui ku aranjeun (tabayyun)...&quot;'' (QS. Al-Hujurat [49]: 6)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Papasingan Fasik ==
Dina kitab-kitab tafsir, sipat fasik kabagi janten dua tingkatan utama:&lt;ref&gt;Ibnul Qayyim al-Jauziyyah. ''Madarijus Salikin''. Jilid 1. h. 361.&lt;/ref&gt;
# '''Fasik Akbar (Gedé):''' Nyaéta jalma anu kaluar tina Islam (kufur) margi nolak syariat Allah.
# '''Fasik Ashghar (Leutik):''' Nyaéta saurang Muslim anu tetep boga iman, nanging manéhna mindeng midamel maksiat atanapi dosa gedé (saperti jinah, judi, atanapi mabok) sarta can tobat.

== Cara Meper Sipat Fasik ==
Pikeun nyingkahan diri sangkan henteu ragrag kana sipat fasik, para ulama nyarankeun sababaraha hal:
# '''Tobat Nasuha:''' Buru-buru menta hampura ka Allah sarta jangji moal ngulang deui kamaksiatan anu parantos dilakukeun.
# '''Menerkeun Ibadah:''' Ngajaga solat lima waktu, margi solat téh bisa nyegah tina perbuatan keji sarta mungkar.
# '''Ngumpul sareng Jalma Sholéh:''' Lingkungan anu saé bakal ngajaga urang tina pangaruh buruk anu bisa ngadorong kana kefasikan.
# '''Dzikrul Maut:''' Salawasna émut kana maot sangkan haté salawasna waspada dina saban léngkah.

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}
{{Sipat awon dina Islam}}
[[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah]]
[[Kategori:Islam]]
[[Kategori:Akhlak]]
[[Kategori:Psikologi]]
[[Kategori:Penyakit Hati]]</text>
      <sha1>cqy89o2piy0f9mj1yb3h6fhnnyy0gp9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ghibah</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108459</id>
    <revision>
      <id>708987</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-07T23:17:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ngabaladah</comment>
      <origin>708987</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2892" sha1="torojms78j53oatj2jlcucs15w0el3b" xml:space="preserve">'''Ghibah''' (basa [[Basa Arab|Arab]]: غيبة) nyaéta hiji kalakuan ngomongkeun kagoréngan atanapi aib batur nalika éta jalma euweuh, anu sakirana upami éta jalma ngadangu manéhna moal mikaresep.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Jurjani, Ali bin Muhammad. ''Kitab At-Ta'rifat''. Beirut: Darul Kitab al-Ilmiyyah. h. 162.&lt;/ref&gt; Ghibah kaasup kana dosa gedé anu bisa ngancem katenangan hirup sarta ngahapus pahala amal kasaéan.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Ghazali. ''Ihya Ulumuddin''. Jilid 3. Mesir: Darul Hadits. h. 143.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalil tina Al-Qur'an ==
[[Allah]] SWT parantos ngingetkeun ngeunaan hinana jalma anu midamel ghibah dina Surah Al-Hujurat:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
وَلَا يَغْتَبْ بَعْضُكُمْ بَعْضًا ۚ أَيُحِبُّ أَحَدُكُمْ أَنْ يَأْكُلَ لَحْمَ أَخِيهِ مَيْتًا فَكَرِهْتُمُوهُ ۚ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;...jeung ulah sawaréh ti aranjeun ngomongkeun sawaréh anu séjén (ghibah). Naha aya salah saurang ti aranjeun anu resep ngadahar daging dulurna sorangan anu geus jadi bangké? Tangtu aranjeun ngarasa geuleuh...&quot;'' (QS. Al-Hujurat [49]: 12)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Dalil tina Hadits ==
Rasulullah SAW nandeskeun harti ghibah nalika ditaros ku para sahabat:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
أَتَدْرُونَ مَا الْغِيبَةُ؟ قَالُوا: اللهُ وَرَسُولُهُ أَعْلَمُ. قَالَ: ذِكْرُكَ أَخَاكَ بِمَا يَكْرَهُ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;Naha aranjeun nyaho naon ari ghibah téh?&quot; Para sahabat ngajawab: &quot;Allah sarta Rasul-Na nu langkung uninga.&quot; Rasul ngadawuh: &quot;Aranjeun nyaritakeun perkara ngeunaan dulur aranjeun anu manéhna teu mikaresep.&quot;'' (HR. Muslim No. 2589)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Bédana Ghibah sareng Fitnah ==
Sering pisan masarakat pahili antara ghibah sareng fitnah:
* Ghibah: Nyaritakeun hal anu leres aya (fakta) dina diri batur, nanging éta jalma teu resep upami hal éta dicaritakeun.
* Fitnah (Buhtan): Nyaritakeun hal anu teu aya (bohong/ngada-ngada) ngeunaan batur kalayan maksud hayang ngaruksak ngaranna.

== Cara Meper sarta Ngubaran Ghibah ==
Pikeun ngajaga lisan tina dosa ghibah, para ulama nyarankeun sababaraha tarékah:
# '''Ngajaga Lisan:''' Salawasna émut kana dawuh Nabi yén sing saha anu iman ka Allah sarta poé ahir, mangka kudu nyarita anu hadé atawa leuwih hadé cicing.
# '''Ningal Kasalahan Sorangan:''' Sadarkeun yén urang ogé boga loba aib. Tibatan sibuk nyaritakeun aib batur, langkung saé urang sibuk ngoméan diri sorangan.
# '''Ngajauhan Majelis Ghibah:''' Upami aya kumpulan jalma anu nuju ngomongkeun batur, urang kedah ngingetkeun atanapi milih angkat ti dinya supados henteu kenging dosa anu sarua.
# '''Ngadu'akeun Kasaéan:''' Upami urang kantos midamel ghibah, gancang tobat sarta du'akeun jalma anu ku urang dicaritakeun éta sangkan kenging barokah sarta hampura ti Gusti.

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}
{{Sipat awon dina Islam}}
[[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah]]</text>
      <sha1>torojms78j53oatj2jlcucs15w0el3b</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>708988</id>
      <parentid>708987</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-07T23:18:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Nambihan kategori</comment>
      <origin>708988</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2981" sha1="2nlpvbcik9ouegyeqolbqs2ft0q8kt5" xml:space="preserve">'''Ghibah''' (basa [[Basa Arab|Arab]]: غيبة) nyaéta hiji kalakuan ngomongkeun kagoréngan atanapi aib batur nalika éta jalma euweuh, anu sakirana upami éta jalma ngadangu manéhna moal mikaresep.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Jurjani, Ali bin Muhammad. ''Kitab At-Ta'rifat''. Beirut: Darul Kitab al-Ilmiyyah. h. 162.&lt;/ref&gt; Ghibah kaasup kana dosa gedé anu bisa ngancem katenangan hirup sarta ngahapus pahala amal kasaéan.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Ghazali. ''Ihya Ulumuddin''. Jilid 3. Mesir: Darul Hadits. h. 143.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalil tina Al-Qur'an ==
[[Allah]] SWT parantos ngingetkeun ngeunaan hinana jalma anu midamel ghibah dina Surah Al-Hujurat:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
وَلَا يَغْتَبْ بَعْضُكُمْ بَعْضًا ۚ أَيُحِبُّ أَحَدُكُمْ أَنْ يَأْكُلَ لَحْمَ أَخِيهِ مَيْتًا فَكَرِهْتُمُوهُ ۚ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;...jeung ulah sawaréh ti aranjeun ngomongkeun sawaréh anu séjén (ghibah). Naha aya salah saurang ti aranjeun anu resep ngadahar daging dulurna sorangan anu geus jadi bangké? Tangtu aranjeun ngarasa geuleuh...&quot;'' (QS. Al-Hujurat [49]: 12)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Dalil tina Hadits ==
Rasulullah SAW nandeskeun harti ghibah nalika ditaros ku para sahabat:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
أَتَدْرُونَ مَا الْغِيبَةُ؟ قَالُوا: اللهُ وَرَسُولُهُ أَعْلَمُ. قَالَ: ذِكْرُكَ أَخَاكَ بِمَا يَكْرَهُ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;Naha aranjeun nyaho naon ari ghibah téh?&quot; Para sahabat ngajawab: &quot;Allah sarta Rasul-Na nu langkung uninga.&quot; Rasul ngadawuh: &quot;Aranjeun nyaritakeun perkara ngeunaan dulur aranjeun anu manéhna teu mikaresep.&quot;'' (HR. Muslim No. 2589)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Bédana Ghibah sareng Fitnah ==
Sering pisan masarakat pahili antara ghibah sareng fitnah:
* Ghibah: Nyaritakeun hal anu leres aya (fakta) dina diri batur, nanging éta jalma teu resep upami hal éta dicaritakeun.
* Fitnah (Buhtan): Nyaritakeun hal anu teu aya (bohong/ngada-ngada) ngeunaan batur kalayan maksud hayang ngaruksak ngaranna.

== Cara Meper sarta Ngubaran Ghibah ==
Pikeun ngajaga lisan tina dosa ghibah, para ulama nyarankeun sababaraha tarékah:
# '''Ngajaga Lisan:''' Salawasna émut kana dawuh Nabi yén sing saha anu iman ka Allah sarta poé ahir, mangka kudu nyarita anu hadé atawa leuwih hadé cicing.
# '''Ningal Kasalahan Sorangan:''' Sadarkeun yén urang ogé boga loba aib. Tibatan sibuk nyaritakeun aib batur, langkung saé urang sibuk ngoméan diri sorangan.
# '''Ngajauhan Majelis Ghibah:''' Upami aya kumpulan jalma anu nuju ngomongkeun batur, urang kedah ngingetkeun atanapi milih angkat ti dinya supados henteu kenging dosa anu sarua.
# '''Ngadu'akeun Kasaéan:''' Upami urang kantos midamel ghibah, gancang tobat sarta du'akeun jalma anu ku urang dicaritakeun éta sangkan kenging barokah sarta hampura ti Gusti.

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}
{{Sipat awon dina Islam}}
[[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah]]
[[Kategori:Islam]]
[[Kategori:Akhlak]]
[[Kategori:Psikologi]]
[[Kategori:Penyakit Hati]]</text>
      <sha1>2nlpvbcik9ouegyeqolbqs2ft0q8kt5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Namimah</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108460</id>
    <revision>
      <id>708992</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T04:03:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ngabaladah</comment>
      <origin>708992</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2443" sha1="bmrsxzhido53cwqi8uq8imvnrs9d76n" xml:space="preserve">'''Namimah''' (basa [[Basa Arab|Arab]]: نميمة) nyaéta hiji kalakuan mindahkeun caritaan batur ka jalma séjén kalayan maksud hayang ngadu-ngadu, nyiptakeun papaséaan, atanapi ngaruksak hubungan silaturahmi.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Jurjani, Ali bin Muhammad. ''Kitab At-Ta'rifat''. Beirut: Darul Kitab al-Ilmiyyah. h. 244.&lt;/ref&gt; Namimah kaasup salah sahiji dosa gedé anu kacida dilarangna margi bisa ngancem persatuan masarakat sarta miboga siksa anu beurat di alam kubur.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Ghazali. ''Ihya Ulumuddin''. Jilid 3. Mesir: Darul Hadits. h. 156.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalil tina Al-Qur'an ==
[[Allah]] SWT parantos nandeskeun yén jalma anu sok ngadu-ngadu téh mangrupa sipat anu hina:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
وَلَا تُطِعْ كُلَّ حَلَّافٍ مَهِينٍ . هَمَّازٍ مَشَّاءٍ بِنَمِيمٍ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;Jeung ulah maneh nurut ka sakur jalma anu sok sumpah bari hina, anu sok ngahina (nyawad) sarta anu sok ngiderkeun namimah (ngadu-ngadu).&quot;'' (QS. Al-Qalam [68]: 10-11)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Dalil tina Hadits ==
Rasulullah SAW nandeskeun yén jalma anu midamel namimah moal bisa asup sawarga:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
لَا يَدْخُلُ الْجَنَّةَ نَمَّامٌ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;Moal asup sawarga jalma anu sok ngadu-ngadu (namimah).&quot;'' (HR. Bukhari No. 6056 &amp; Muslim No. 105)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Salian ti éta, dina hadits séjén dicaritakeun yén Rasulullah kantos ngaliwat ka dua kuburan anu keur disiksa, salah sahijina téh jalma anu nalika hirupna sok midamel namimah (HR. Bukhari No. 218).

== Cara Meper Sipat Namimah ==
Pikeun nyingkahan diri sarta meper ieu sipat sangkan henteu ngarerab kana haté sarta lisan, para ulama nyarankeun sababaraha hal:&lt;ref&gt;An-Nawawi. ''Riyadhus Shalihin''. Bab: Haramna Namimah.&lt;/ref&gt;
# '''Ulah Langsung Percaya (Tabayyun):''' Upami aya jalma mawa béja ngeunaan kagoréngan batur ka urang, ulah langsung percaya. Bisa jadi éta jalma nuju midamel namimah.
# '''Ngarasa Cua kana Maksiat:''' Urang kedah nanamkeun rasa cua kana kalakuan ngadu-ngadu margi éta téh sipat anu dibendu ku Allah sarta Rasul-Na.
# '''Ulah Milu Nyebarkeun:''' Upami urang ngadangu hiji béja anu sipatna ngadu-ngadu, cukup eureun di urang baé, ulah dicaritakeun deui ka batur.
# '''Émut kana Siksa Kubur:''' Salawasna émut yén namimah téh salah sahiji sabab utama saurang hamba disiksa dina jero kubur sateuacan engké disiksa di ahirat.

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}
{{Sipat awon dina Islam}}
[[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah]]</text>
      <sha1>bmrsxzhido53cwqi8uq8imvnrs9d76n</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>708993</id>
      <parentid>708992</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T04:04:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>708993</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2532" sha1="3rk4jv85gxb4hzqwsp0oblp4h65ahvr" xml:space="preserve">'''Namimah''' (basa [[Basa Arab|Arab]]: نميمة) nyaéta hiji kalakuan mindahkeun caritaan batur ka jalma séjén kalayan maksud hayang ngadu-ngadu, nyiptakeun papaséaan, atanapi ngaruksak hubungan silaturahmi.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Jurjani, Ali bin Muhammad. ''Kitab At-Ta'rifat''. Beirut: Darul Kitab al-Ilmiyyah. h. 244.&lt;/ref&gt; Namimah kaasup salah sahiji dosa gedé anu kacida dilarangna margi bisa ngancem persatuan masarakat sarta miboga siksa anu beurat di alam kubur.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Ghazali. ''Ihya Ulumuddin''. Jilid 3. Mesir: Darul Hadits. h. 156.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalil tina Al-Qur'an ==
[[Allah]] SWT parantos nandeskeun yén jalma anu sok ngadu-ngadu téh mangrupa sipat anu hina:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
وَلَا تُطِعْ كُلَّ حَلَّافٍ مَهِينٍ . هَمَّازٍ مَشَّاءٍ بِنَمِيمٍ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;Jeung ulah maneh nurut ka sakur jalma anu sok sumpah bari hina, anu sok ngahina (nyawad) sarta anu sok ngiderkeun namimah (ngadu-ngadu).&quot;'' (QS. Al-Qalam [68]: 10-11)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Dalil tina Hadits ==
Rasulullah SAW nandeskeun yén jalma anu midamel namimah moal bisa asup sawarga:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
لَا يَدْخُلُ الْجَنَّةَ نَمَّامٌ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;Moal asup sawarga jalma anu sok ngadu-ngadu (namimah).&quot;'' (HR. Bukhari No. 6056 &amp; Muslim No. 105)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Salian ti éta, dina hadits séjén dicaritakeun yén Rasulullah kantos ngaliwat ka dua kuburan anu keur disiksa, salah sahijina téh jalma anu nalika hirupna sok midamel namimah (HR. Bukhari No. 218).

== Cara Meper Sipat Namimah ==
Pikeun nyingkahan diri sarta meper ieu sipat sangkan henteu ngarerab kana haté sarta lisan, para ulama nyarankeun sababaraha hal:&lt;ref&gt;An-Nawawi. ''Riyadhus Shalihin''. Bab: Haramna Namimah.&lt;/ref&gt;
# '''Ulah Langsung Percaya (Tabayyun):''' Upami aya jalma mawa béja ngeunaan kagoréngan batur ka urang, ulah langsung percaya. Bisa jadi éta jalma nuju midamel namimah.
# '''Ngarasa Cua kana Maksiat:''' Urang kedah nanamkeun rasa cua kana kalakuan ngadu-ngadu margi éta téh sipat anu dibendu ku Allah sarta Rasul-Na.
# '''Ulah Milu Nyebarkeun:''' Upami urang ngadangu hiji béja anu sipatna ngadu-ngadu, cukup eureun di urang baé, ulah dicaritakeun deui ka batur.
# '''Émut kana Siksa Kubur:''' Salawasna émut yén namimah téh salah sahiji sabab utama saurang hamba disiksa dina jero kubur sateuacan engké disiksa di ahirat.

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}
{{Sipat awon dina Islam}}
[[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah]]
[[Kategori:Islam]]
[[Kategori:Akhlak]]
[[Kategori:Psikologi]]
[[Kategori:Penyakit Hati]]</text>
      <sha1>3rk4jv85gxb4hzqwsp0oblp4h65ahvr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Zhalim</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108461</id>
    <revision>
      <id>708996</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T04:20:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ngabaladah</comment>
      <origin>708996</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5034" sha1="kndsapqi5yyohwpwbrkzzcql6llji32" xml:space="preserve">'''Zhalim''' (basa [[Basa Arab|Arab]]: ظُلْم, ''zhulm'') nyaéta hiji kalakuan nempatkeun hiji perkara sanés dina tempatna, atanapi ngalampahkeun hal anu ngalanggar hak batur sarta aturan [[Allah]] SWT.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Jurjani, Ali bin Muhammad. ''Kitab At-Ta'rifat''. Beirut: Darul Kitab al-Ilmiyyah. h. 144.&lt;/ref&gt; Sipat zhalim mangrupa lawan tina sipat [[Adil]]. Dina ajaran [[Islam]], zhalim kaasup kana dosa gedé anu bakal mawa kagelapan pikeun palakuna di poé kiamat.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Ghazali. ''Ihya Ulumuddin''. Jilid 3. h. 125.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalil tina Al-Qur'an ==
Allah SWT negeskeun yén Mantenna moal maparin hidayah ka jalma-jalma anu zhalim:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
وَاللَّهُ لَا يَهْدِي الْقَوْمَ الظَّالِمِينَ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;...sarta Allah henteu maparin pituduh ka kaum anu zhalim.&quot;'' (QS. Ali Imran [3]: 86)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Salian ti éta, Allah ogé ngingetkeun yén Mantenna henteu lali kana naon anu dipidamel ku jalma zhalim:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
وَلَا تَحْسَبَنَّ اللَّهَ غَافِلًا عَمَّا يَعْمَلُ الظَّالِمُونَ ۚ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;Jeung ulah pisan-pisan manéh nyangka yén Allah lali kana naon anu dipidamel ku jalma-jalma anu zhalim...&quot;'' (QS. Ibrahim [14]: 42)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Dalil tina Hadits ==
Rasulullah SAW nandeskeun yén kazhaliman téh bakal janten kagelapan di ahirat:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
الظُّلْمُ ظُلُمَاتٌ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;Kazhaliman téh nyaéta kagelapan (anu kacida) dina poé kiamat.&quot;'' (HR. Bukhari No. 2447 &amp; Muslim No. 2579)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Dina [[Hadits Qudsi]], Allah SWT ngadawuh: *&quot;Wahai hamba-hamba Kami, saéstuna Kami parantos ngaharamkeun sipat zhalim ka diri Kami, sarta Kami ngajadikeun éta zhalim téh haram di antara aranjeun, mangka ulah aranjeun silih zhaliman.&quot;* (HR. Muslim No. 2577)

== Papasingan Zhalim ==
Dina pandangan syariat, zhalim kabagi janten tilu rupa:&lt;ref&gt;Ibnul Qayyim al-Jauziyyah. ''Al-Wabilus Sayyib''. h. 54.&lt;/ref&gt;
# Zhalim ka Allah: Nyaéta [[Syirik|syirik]] atanapi nyakutukeun Allah. Ieu mangrupa kazhaliman anu paling gedé.
# Zhalim ka Papada Manusa: Nyaéta nganiaya batur, saperti maok harta, nyiduh, neunggeul, atanapi ngaruksak ngaran batur.
# Zhalim ka Diri Sorangan: Nyaéta midamel dosa sarta maksiat anu matak ngarugikeun jiwa sarta raga sorangan di dunya sarta ahirat.

== Conto Paripolah Zhalim dina Kahirupan ==

Dina kahirupan sapopoé, zhalim miboga rupa-rupa bentuk anu parantos diwanti-wanti ku syara:

=== 1. Widang Padamelan (Upah Pagawé) ===
Zhalim anu paling sering lumangsung nyaéta nunda-nunda hak pagawé. Rasulullah SAW ngadawuh:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
أَعْطُوا الأَجِيرَ أَجْرَهُ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَجِفَّ عَرَقُهُ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;Pikeunkeun upah pagawé saméméh kesangna garing.&quot;'' (HR. Ibnu Majah No. 2443; divalidasi ku Al-Albani)&lt;ref&gt;Al-Bushiri. ''Zawaid Ibnu Majah''. Jilid 2. h. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 2. Widang Hutang Piutang ===
Nunda-nunda mayar hutang pikeun jalma anu mampuh kaasup kana bentuk kazhaliman. Rasulullah SAW negeskeun:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
مَطْلُ الْغَنِيِّ ظُلْمٌ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;Nunda-nunda (mayar hutang) ku jalma anu mampuh téh mangrupa hiji kazhaliman.&quot;'' (HR. Bukhari No. 2287 &amp; Muslim No. 1564)&lt;ref&gt;An-Nawawi. ''Syarah Shahih Muslim''. Jilid 10. h. 227.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 3. Widang Kulawarga (Adil ka Barudak) ===
Sepuh anu pilih kasih ka barudakna kaasup kana laku zhalim. Dina hiji riwayat, Rasulullah SAW nolak janten saksi kana hibah saurang bapak anu ngan dipaparinkeun ka hiji anak bari anak nu sanésna henteu:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
فَاتَّقُوا اللَّهَ وَاعْدِلُوا بَيْنَ أَوْلَادِكُمْ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;Mangka takwa aranjeun ka Allah, sarta kudu adil aranjeun ka barudak aranjeun.&quot;'' (HR. Bukhari No. 2586 &amp; Muslim No. 1623)&lt;ref&gt;Al-Asqalani, Ibnu Hajar. ''Fathul Bari''. Jilid 5. h. 211.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 4. Widang Sosial (Nganiaya Kahormatan) ===
Ngaruksak ngaran batur atanapi nyandak hak milik batur sanajan saeutik. Rasulullah SAW ngadawuh:
* Sing saha jalma anu zhalim nyandak sawengkon taneuh batur (sanajan ngan sauzat), mangka dina poé kiamat éta taneuh bakal dikalungkeun kana beuheungna ti tujuh lapis bumi (HR. Bukhari No. 2452).

== Cara Meper sarta Ngubaran Sipat Zhalim ==
# '''Tobat sarta Ménta Hampura ka Batur:''' Upami zhalimna patali sareng manusa, tobatna moal sah upami can ménta hampura sarta ngabalikeun hak jalma anu parantos dizhaliman.
# '''Émut kana Doa Jalma anu Dizhaliman:''' Rasulullah ngingetkeun yén doa jalma anu dizhaliman téh mujarab sarta moal aya hahalangna ka Allah SWT.
# '''Ngalatih Sipat Adil:''' Salawasna nempatkeun sagala perkara dina tempatna sarta mikirkeun balukar tina saban tindakan ka batur.
# '''Sieun ku Balesan di Ahirat:''' Sadar yén di ahirat mah moal aya harta anu bisa dianggo nebus dosa, iwal ti amal kahadéan urang anu bakal dibikeun ka jalma anu dizhaliman.

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}
{{Sipat awon dina Islam}}
[[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah]]</text>
      <sha1>kndsapqi5yyohwpwbrkzzcql6llji32</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>708997</id>
      <parentid>708996</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T04:21:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>708997</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5123" sha1="ix9jrghm4lfgce80qqqfgno2drpcrcw" xml:space="preserve">'''Zhalim''' (basa [[Basa Arab|Arab]]: ظُلْم, ''zhulm'') nyaéta hiji kalakuan nempatkeun hiji perkara sanés dina tempatna, atanapi ngalampahkeun hal anu ngalanggar hak batur sarta aturan [[Allah]] SWT.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Jurjani, Ali bin Muhammad. ''Kitab At-Ta'rifat''. Beirut: Darul Kitab al-Ilmiyyah. h. 144.&lt;/ref&gt; Sipat zhalim mangrupa lawan tina sipat [[Adil]]. Dina ajaran [[Islam]], zhalim kaasup kana dosa gedé anu bakal mawa kagelapan pikeun palakuna di poé kiamat.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Ghazali. ''Ihya Ulumuddin''. Jilid 3. h. 125.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalil tina Al-Qur'an ==
Allah SWT negeskeun yén Mantenna moal maparin hidayah ka jalma-jalma anu zhalim:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
وَاللَّهُ لَا يَهْدِي الْقَوْمَ الظَّالِمِينَ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;...sarta Allah henteu maparin pituduh ka kaum anu zhalim.&quot;'' (QS. Ali Imran [3]: 86)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Salian ti éta, Allah ogé ngingetkeun yén Mantenna henteu lali kana naon anu dipidamel ku jalma zhalim:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
وَلَا تَحْسَبَنَّ اللَّهَ غَافِلًا عَمَّا يَعْمَلُ الظَّالِمُونَ ۚ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;Jeung ulah pisan-pisan manéh nyangka yén Allah lali kana naon anu dipidamel ku jalma-jalma anu zhalim...&quot;'' (QS. Ibrahim [14]: 42)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Dalil tina Hadits ==
Rasulullah SAW nandeskeun yén kazhaliman téh bakal janten kagelapan di ahirat:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
الظُّلْمُ ظُلُمَاتٌ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;Kazhaliman téh nyaéta kagelapan (anu kacida) dina poé kiamat.&quot;'' (HR. Bukhari No. 2447 &amp; Muslim No. 2579)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Dina [[Hadits Qudsi]], Allah SWT ngadawuh: *&quot;Wahai hamba-hamba Kami, saéstuna Kami parantos ngaharamkeun sipat zhalim ka diri Kami, sarta Kami ngajadikeun éta zhalim téh haram di antara aranjeun, mangka ulah aranjeun silih zhaliman.&quot;* (HR. Muslim No. 2577)

== Papasingan Zhalim ==
Dina pandangan syariat, zhalim kabagi janten tilu rupa:&lt;ref&gt;Ibnul Qayyim al-Jauziyyah. ''Al-Wabilus Sayyib''. h. 54.&lt;/ref&gt;
# Zhalim ka Allah: Nyaéta [[Syirik|syirik]] atanapi nyakutukeun Allah. Ieu mangrupa kazhaliman anu paling gedé.
# Zhalim ka Papada Manusa: Nyaéta nganiaya batur, saperti maok harta, nyiduh, neunggeul, atanapi ngaruksak ngaran batur.
# Zhalim ka Diri Sorangan: Nyaéta midamel dosa sarta maksiat anu matak ngarugikeun jiwa sarta raga sorangan di dunya sarta ahirat.

== Conto Paripolah Zhalim dina Kahirupan ==

Dina kahirupan sapopoé, zhalim miboga rupa-rupa bentuk anu parantos diwanti-wanti ku syara:

=== 1. Widang Padamelan (Upah Pagawé) ===
Zhalim anu paling sering lumangsung nyaéta nunda-nunda hak pagawé. Rasulullah SAW ngadawuh:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
أَعْطُوا الأَجِيرَ أَجْرَهُ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَجِفَّ عَرَقُهُ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;Pikeunkeun upah pagawé saméméh kesangna garing.&quot;'' (HR. Ibnu Majah No. 2443; divalidasi ku Al-Albani)&lt;ref&gt;Al-Bushiri. ''Zawaid Ibnu Majah''. Jilid 2. h. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 2. Widang Hutang Piutang ===
Nunda-nunda mayar hutang pikeun jalma anu mampuh kaasup kana bentuk kazhaliman. Rasulullah SAW negeskeun:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
مَطْلُ الْغَنِيِّ ظُلْمٌ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;Nunda-nunda (mayar hutang) ku jalma anu mampuh téh mangrupa hiji kazhaliman.&quot;'' (HR. Bukhari No. 2287 &amp; Muslim No. 1564)&lt;ref&gt;An-Nawawi. ''Syarah Shahih Muslim''. Jilid 10. h. 227.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 3. Widang Kulawarga (Adil ka Barudak) ===
Sepuh anu pilih kasih ka barudakna kaasup kana laku zhalim. Dina hiji riwayat, Rasulullah SAW nolak janten saksi kana hibah saurang bapak anu ngan dipaparinkeun ka hiji anak bari anak nu sanésna henteu:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
فَاتَّقُوا اللَّهَ وَاعْدِلُوا بَيْنَ أَوْلَادِكُمْ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;Mangka takwa aranjeun ka Allah, sarta kudu adil aranjeun ka barudak aranjeun.&quot;'' (HR. Bukhari No. 2586 &amp; Muslim No. 1623)&lt;ref&gt;Al-Asqalani, Ibnu Hajar. ''Fathul Bari''. Jilid 5. h. 211.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 4. Widang Sosial (Nganiaya Kahormatan) ===
Ngaruksak ngaran batur atanapi nyandak hak milik batur sanajan saeutik. Rasulullah SAW ngadawuh:
* Sing saha jalma anu zhalim nyandak sawengkon taneuh batur (sanajan ngan sauzat), mangka dina poé kiamat éta taneuh bakal dikalungkeun kana beuheungna ti tujuh lapis bumi (HR. Bukhari No. 2452).

== Cara Meper sarta Ngubaran Sipat Zhalim ==
# '''Tobat sarta Ménta Hampura ka Batur:''' Upami zhalimna patali sareng manusa, tobatna moal sah upami can ménta hampura sarta ngabalikeun hak jalma anu parantos dizhaliman.
# '''Émut kana Doa Jalma anu Dizhaliman:''' Rasulullah ngingetkeun yén doa jalma anu dizhaliman téh mujarab sarta moal aya hahalangna ka Allah SWT.
# '''Ngalatih Sipat Adil:''' Salawasna nempatkeun sagala perkara dina tempatna sarta mikirkeun balukar tina saban tindakan ka batur.
# '''Sieun ku Balesan di Ahirat:''' Sadar yén di ahirat mah moal aya harta anu bisa dianggo nebus dosa, iwal ti amal kahadéan urang anu bakal dibikeun ka jalma anu dizhaliman.

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}
{{Sipat awon dina Islam}}
[[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah]]
[[Kategori:Islam]]
[[Kategori:Akhlak]]
[[Kategori:Psikologi]]
[[Kategori:Penyakit Hati]]</text>
      <sha1>ix9jrghm4lfgce80qqqfgno2drpcrcw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Khianat</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108462</id>
    <revision>
      <id>708998</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T04:31:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ngabaladah</comment>
      <origin>708998</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3283" sha1="p11rg7y5bhgk04z7ycc99yltt5kgaxd" xml:space="preserve">{{Sipat awon dina Islam}}

'''Khianat''' (basa [[Basa Arab|Arab]]: خيانة, ''khiyanah'') nyaéta hiji kalakuan jalir tina jangji, nyaléwéngkeun kapercayaan (amanah), atanapi hianat kana tanggung jawab anu parantos dipaparinkeun ku batur atanapi ku [[Allah]] SWT.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Jurjani, Ali bin Muhammad. ''Kitab At-Ta'rifat''. Beirut: Darul Kitab al-Ilmiyyah. h. 102.&lt;/ref&gt; Khianat mangrupa lawan tina sipat [[Amanah]] sarta kaasup salah sahiji tanda utama jalma [[Munafék]].

== Dalil tina Al-Qur'an ==
Allah SWT sacara teges ngalarang kaum Muslimin pikeun midamel khianat, boh ka Allah, ka Rasul, atanapi ka sasama manusa:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لَا تَخُونُوا اللَّهَ وَالرَّسُولَ وَتَخُونُوا أَمَانَاتِكُمْ وَأَنْتُمْ تَعْلَمُونَ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;Wahai jalma-jalma anu ariman! Ulah aranjeun hianat ka Allah jeung Rasul, sarta (ulah ogé) aranjeun hianat kana amanat-amanat anu dipercayakeun ka aranjeun, bari aranjeun nyaho.&quot;'' (QS. Al-Anfal [8]: 27)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Dalil tina Hadits ==
Rasulullah SAW nandeskeun yén khianat téh mangrupa ciri khas jalma munafék:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
آيَةُ الْمُنَافِقِ ثَلَاثٌ: إِذَا حَدَّثَ كَذَبَ، وَإِذَا وَعَدَ أَخْلَفَ، وَإِذَا اؤْتُمِنَ خَانَ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;Tanda jalma munafék téh aya tilu: nalika nyarita manéhna bohong, nalika jangji manéhna jalir, sarta nalika dipercaya manéhna khianat.&quot;'' (HR. Bukhari No. 33 &amp; Muslim No. 59)&lt;ref&gt;An-Nawawi. ''Syarah Shahih Muslim''. Jilid 2. h. 45.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Conto Paripolah Khianat sarta Rujukanana ==

=== 1. Dina Urusan Rumah Tangga ===
Khianat dina rumah tangga sanés ngan saukur selingkuh, nanging ogé nyebarkeun rusiah pasangan. Rasulullah SAW ngadawuh yén jalma anu panggoréngna tempatna di poé kiamat nyaéta salaki atanapi pamajikan anu nyebarkeun rusiah ranjangna ka batur (HR. Muslim No. 1437).&lt;ref&gt;Al-Qurthubi. ''Al-Mufhim''. Jilid 4. h. 165.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2. Dina Urusan Padamelan (Korupsi) ===
Nyaléwéngkeun fasilitas kantor atanapi nyandak harta nagara (korupsi) kaasup kana khianat anu kacida gedéna (Ghulul).
* '''Rujukan:''' &quot;Sing saha jalma anu Kami angkat pikeun hiji pagawean, tuluy Kami pasihan gaji, mangka naon baé anu dicandak ku manéhna di luar gaji éta mangrupa khianat (ghulul).&quot; (HR. Abu Dawud No. 2943).

=== 3. Dina Urusan Politik/Pamingpin ===
Pamingpin anu teu nyubadanan jangji kampanyéna atanapi teu merhatoskeun rahayatna kaasup khianat ka umat. Rasulullah SAW ngadawuh yén pamingpin anu khianat ka rahayatna mangka Allah ngaharamkeun sawarga pikeun manéhna (HR. Bukhari No. 7150).

== Cara Meper sarta Ngubaran Sipat Khianat ==
# '''Ngajaga Amanah:''' Ngalatih diri pikeun salawasna nepatan jangji, sanajan dina hal leutik.
# '''Sieun ku Balusan di Ahirat:''' Sadar yén di poé kiamat engké, saban jalma anu khianat bakal dipasihan bandéra salaku tanda kahianatanana supados kanyahoan ku sakabéh mahluk (HR. Bukhari No. 6177).
# '''Mikirkeun Balukar Sosial:''' Khianat bakal ngaruksak kapercayaan (trust). Sakali urang khianat, bakal hésé pikeun batur percaya deui ka urang.

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah]]</text>
      <sha1>p11rg7y5bhgk04z7ycc99yltt5kgaxd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>708999</id>
      <parentid>708998</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T04:33:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>708999</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3372" sha1="5zh2f7x2y23a6hnkwb56jmqqvhxanyw" xml:space="preserve">{{Sipat awon dina Islam}}

'''Khianat''' (basa [[Basa Arab|Arab]]: خيانة, ''khiyanah'') nyaéta hiji kalakuan jalir tina jangji, nyaléwéngkeun kapercayaan (amanah), atanapi hianat kana tanggung jawab anu parantos dipaparinkeun ku batur atanapi ku [[Allah]] SWT.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Jurjani, Ali bin Muhammad. ''Kitab At-Ta'rifat''. Beirut: Darul Kitab al-Ilmiyyah. h. 102.&lt;/ref&gt; Khianat mangrupa lawan tina sipat [[Amanah]] sarta kaasup salah sahiji tanda utama jalma [[Munafék]].

== Dalil tina Al-Qur'an ==
Allah SWT sacara teges ngalarang kaum Muslimin pikeun midamel khianat, boh ka Allah, ka Rasul, atanapi ka sasama manusa:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لَا تَخُونُوا اللَّهَ وَالرَّسُولَ وَتَخُونُوا أَمَانَاتِكُمْ وَأَنْتُمْ تَعْلَمُونَ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;Wahai jalma-jalma anu ariman! Ulah aranjeun hianat ka Allah jeung Rasul, sarta (ulah ogé) aranjeun hianat kana amanat-amanat anu dipercayakeun ka aranjeun, bari aranjeun nyaho.&quot;'' (QS. Al-Anfal [8]: 27)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Dalil tina Hadits ==
Rasulullah SAW nandeskeun yén khianat téh mangrupa ciri khas jalma munafék:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
آيَةُ الْمُنَافِقِ ثَلَاثٌ: إِذَا حَدَّثَ كَذَبَ، وَإِذَا وَعَدَ أَخْلَفَ، وَإِذَا اؤْتُمِنَ خَانَ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;Tanda jalma munafék téh aya tilu: nalika nyarita manéhna bohong, nalika jangji manéhna jalir, sarta nalika dipercaya manéhna khianat.&quot;'' (HR. Bukhari No. 33 &amp; Muslim No. 59)&lt;ref&gt;An-Nawawi. ''Syarah Shahih Muslim''. Jilid 2. h. 45.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Conto Paripolah Khianat sarta Rujukanana ==

=== 1. Dina Urusan Rumah Tangga ===
Khianat dina rumah tangga sanés ngan saukur selingkuh, nanging ogé nyebarkeun rusiah pasangan. Rasulullah SAW ngadawuh yén jalma anu panggoréngna tempatna di poé kiamat nyaéta salaki atanapi pamajikan anu nyebarkeun rusiah ranjangna ka batur (HR. Muslim No. 1437).&lt;ref&gt;Al-Qurthubi. ''Al-Mufhim''. Jilid 4. h. 165.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2. Dina Urusan Padamelan (Korupsi) ===
Nyaléwéngkeun fasilitas kantor atanapi nyandak harta nagara (korupsi) kaasup kana khianat anu kacida gedéna (Ghulul).
* '''Rujukan:''' &quot;Sing saha jalma anu Kami angkat pikeun hiji pagawean, tuluy Kami pasihan gaji, mangka naon baé anu dicandak ku manéhna di luar gaji éta mangrupa khianat (ghulul).&quot; (HR. Abu Dawud No. 2943).

=== 3. Dina Urusan Politik/Pamingpin ===
Pamingpin anu teu nyubadanan jangji kampanyéna atanapi teu merhatoskeun rahayatna kaasup khianat ka umat. Rasulullah SAW ngadawuh yén pamingpin anu khianat ka rahayatna mangka Allah ngaharamkeun sawarga pikeun manéhna (HR. Bukhari No. 7150).

== Cara Meper sarta Ngubaran Sipat Khianat ==
# '''Ngajaga Amanah:''' Ngalatih diri pikeun salawasna nepatan jangji, sanajan dina hal leutik.
# '''Sieun ku Balusan di Ahirat:''' Sadar yén di poé kiamat engké, saban jalma anu khianat bakal dipasihan bandéra salaku tanda kahianatanana supados kanyahoan ku sakabéh mahluk (HR. Bukhari No. 6177).
# '''Mikirkeun Balukar Sosial:''' Khianat bakal ngaruksak kapercayaan (trust). Sakali urang khianat, bakal hésé pikeun batur percaya deui ka urang.

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah]]
[[Kategori:Islam]]
[[Kategori:Akhlak]]
[[Kategori:Psikologi]]
[[Kategori:Penyakit Hati]]</text>
      <sha1>5zh2f7x2y23a6hnkwb56jmqqvhxanyw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Curang</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108463</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709001</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T06:03:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ngabaladah</comment>
      <origin>709001</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3820" sha1="0q88odwutmovnuexmncsoymz73gr2fn" xml:space="preserve">{{Sipat awon dina Islam}}

'''Curang''' (basa [[Basa Arab|Arab]]: تطفيف, ''tathfif'') nyaéta hiji kalakuan ngurangan hak batur dina urusan takeran, timbangan, atanapi ukuran pikeun néangan kauntungan pribadi sacara teu sah.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Jurjani, Ali bin Muhammad. ''Kitab At-Ta'rifat''. Beirut: Darul Kitab al-Ilmiyyah. h. 61.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina ajaran [[Islam]], curang dina timbangan kaasup kana dosa gedé anu bisa ngadatangkeun azab sarta ngaleungitkeun barokah tina harta banda.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Ghazali. ''Ihya Ulumuddin''. Jilid 2. h. 78.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalil tina Al-Qur'an ==
[[Allah]] SWT parantos nurunkeun hiji surah husus anu dingaranan [[Al-Mutaffifin]] (Jalma-jalma anu curang) pikeun ngingetkeun bahayana ieu sipat:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
وَيْلٌ لِلْمُطَفِّفِينَ . الَّذِينَ إِذَا اكْتَالُوا عَلَى النَّاسِ يَسْتَوْفُونَ . وَإِذَا كَالُوهُمْ أَوْ وَزَنُوهُمْ يُخْسِرُونَ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;Cilaka kacida pikeun jalma-jalma anu curang (dina timbangan). (Nyaéta) jalma-jalma anu lamun nampa takeran ti batur, maranéhna ménta dipinuhan. Tapi lamun maranéhna naker atawa nimbang pikeun batur, maranéhna ngurangan.&quot;'' (QS. Al-Mutaffifin [83]: 1-3)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Salian ti éta, Allah ogé marentahkeun urang supados salawasna jujur dina nimbang:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
وَأَوْفُوا الْكَيْلَ إِذَا كِلْتُمْ وَزِنُوا بِالْقِسْطَاسِ الْمُسْتَقِيمِ ۚ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;Jeung penuhan takeran nalika aranjeun naker, sarta timbang ku timbangan anu bener...&quot;'' (QS. Al-Isra [17]: 35)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Dalil tina Hadits ==
Rasulullah SAW nandeskeun yén kacurangan dina timbangan bakal mawa balukar sosial sarta alam:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
...وَلَمْ يَنْقُصُوا الْمِكْيَالَ وَالْمِيزَانَ إِلَّا أُخِذُوا بِالسِّنِينَ وَشِدَّةِ الْمَؤُونَةِ وَجَوْرِ السُّلْطَانِ عَلَيْهِمْ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;...jeung teu pati-pati hiji kaum ngurangan takeran sarta timbangan, iwal ti maranéhna bakal dititah ku halodo panjang, hésé ku kadaharan (krisis), sarta dizhaliman ku pangawasa.&quot;'' (HR. Ibnu Majah No. 4019; divalidasi ku Al-Albani).&lt;ref&gt;As-Sindi. ''Hasyiyah Ibnu Majah''. Jilid 2. h. 488.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Conto Paripolah Curang dina Kahirupan ==

=== 1. Dina Dagang (Pasar) ===
* Ngurangan Timbangan: Ngagunakeun alat timbang anu parantos diropéa (diakalan) supados beurat barang anu ditarima ku nu meuli langkung saeutik batan anu sakuduna.
* Nyamunikeun Cacat Barang: Ngajual barang anu ruksak nanging disimpen di handap, sedengkeun anu saé disimpen di luhur pikeun ngabobodo nu meuli.

=== 2. Dina Padamelan (Korupsi Waktu) ===
* Curang Waktu: Datang kabeurangan sarta mulang leuwih awal, nanging laporan jam gawéna dipinuhan. Ieu kaasup ngurangan &quot;takeran&quot; waktu anu parantos dibayar ku pausahaan.

=== 3. Dina Konstruksi sarta Téknik ===
* Ngurangan Spésifikasi: Ngagunakeun bahan wangunan anu kualitasna langkung handap batan anu aya dina kontrak pikeun ngala kauntungan leuwih. Ieu kacida bahayana margi bisa ngancem kasalametan jalma loba.

== Cara Meper sarta Ngubaran Sipat Curang ==
# '''Sadar kana Pangawasan Allah:''' Yakin yén sanajan nu meuli teu ningal urang ngurangan timbangan, Allah Maha Ningal sarta bakal naroskeun hak éta di ahirat.
# '''Mikirkeun Barokah: Harta anu saeutik tapi hasil tina kajujuran langkung barokah sarta matak tenang batan harta loba hasil tina kacurangan anu bakal méak ku panyakit atanapi musibah.
# '''Muhasabah ngeunaan Umat-umat Kapungkur: Émut kana sajarah Kaum Nabi Syu'aib anu diazab ku Allah ku sabab teu daék eureun tina kalakuan ngurangan timbangan (QS. Hud: 84-85).

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah]]</text>
      <sha1>0q88odwutmovnuexmncsoymz73gr2fn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>709004</id>
      <parentid>709001</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T06:04:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>709004</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3909" sha1="nm08jwwj67mx75foszzkcxjw8p6zdrv" xml:space="preserve">{{Sipat awon dina Islam}}

'''Curang''' (basa [[Basa Arab|Arab]]: تطفيف, ''tathfif'') nyaéta hiji kalakuan ngurangan hak batur dina urusan takeran, timbangan, atanapi ukuran pikeun néangan kauntungan pribadi sacara teu sah.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Jurjani, Ali bin Muhammad. ''Kitab At-Ta'rifat''. Beirut: Darul Kitab al-Ilmiyyah. h. 61.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina ajaran [[Islam]], curang dina timbangan kaasup kana dosa gedé anu bisa ngadatangkeun azab sarta ngaleungitkeun barokah tina harta banda.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Ghazali. ''Ihya Ulumuddin''. Jilid 2. h. 78.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalil tina Al-Qur'an ==
[[Allah]] SWT parantos nurunkeun hiji surah husus anu dingaranan [[Al-Mutaffifin]] (Jalma-jalma anu curang) pikeun ngingetkeun bahayana ieu sipat:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
وَيْلٌ لِلْمُطَفِّفِينَ . الَّذِينَ إِذَا اكْتَالُوا عَلَى النَّاسِ يَسْتَوْفُونَ . وَإِذَا كَالُوهُمْ أَوْ وَزَنُوهُمْ يُخْسِرُونَ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;Cilaka kacida pikeun jalma-jalma anu curang (dina timbangan). (Nyaéta) jalma-jalma anu lamun nampa takeran ti batur, maranéhna ménta dipinuhan. Tapi lamun maranéhna naker atawa nimbang pikeun batur, maranéhna ngurangan.&quot;'' (QS. Al-Mutaffifin [83]: 1-3)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Salian ti éta, Allah ogé marentahkeun urang supados salawasna jujur dina nimbang:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
وَأَوْفُوا الْكَيْلَ إِذَا كِلْتُمْ وَزِنُوا بِالْقِسْطَاسِ الْمُسْتَقِيمِ ۚ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;Jeung penuhan takeran nalika aranjeun naker, sarta timbang ku timbangan anu bener...&quot;'' (QS. Al-Isra [17]: 35)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Dalil tina Hadits ==
Rasulullah SAW nandeskeun yén kacurangan dina timbangan bakal mawa balukar sosial sarta alam:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
...وَلَمْ يَنْقُصُوا الْمِكْيَالَ وَالْمِيزَانَ إِلَّا أُخِذُوا بِالسِّنِينَ وَشِدَّةِ الْمَؤُونَةِ وَجَوْرِ السُّلْطَانِ عَلَيْهِمْ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;...jeung teu pati-pati hiji kaum ngurangan takeran sarta timbangan, iwal ti maranéhna bakal dititah ku halodo panjang, hésé ku kadaharan (krisis), sarta dizhaliman ku pangawasa.&quot;'' (HR. Ibnu Majah No. 4019; divalidasi ku Al-Albani).&lt;ref&gt;As-Sindi. ''Hasyiyah Ibnu Majah''. Jilid 2. h. 488.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Conto Paripolah Curang dina Kahirupan ==

=== 1. Dina Dagang (Pasar) ===
* Ngurangan Timbangan: Ngagunakeun alat timbang anu parantos diropéa (diakalan) supados beurat barang anu ditarima ku nu meuli langkung saeutik batan anu sakuduna.
* Nyamunikeun Cacat Barang: Ngajual barang anu ruksak nanging disimpen di handap, sedengkeun anu saé disimpen di luhur pikeun ngabobodo nu meuli.

=== 2. Dina Padamelan (Korupsi Waktu) ===
* Curang Waktu: Datang kabeurangan sarta mulang leuwih awal, nanging laporan jam gawéna dipinuhan. Ieu kaasup ngurangan &quot;takeran&quot; waktu anu parantos dibayar ku pausahaan.

=== 3. Dina Konstruksi sarta Téknik ===
* Ngurangan Spésifikasi: Ngagunakeun bahan wangunan anu kualitasna langkung handap batan anu aya dina kontrak pikeun ngala kauntungan leuwih. Ieu kacida bahayana margi bisa ngancem kasalametan jalma loba.

== Cara Meper sarta Ngubaran Sipat Curang ==
# '''Sadar kana Pangawasan Allah:''' Yakin yén sanajan nu meuli teu ningal urang ngurangan timbangan, Allah Maha Ningal sarta bakal naroskeun hak éta di ahirat.
# '''Mikirkeun Barokah: Harta anu saeutik tapi hasil tina kajujuran langkung barokah sarta matak tenang batan harta loba hasil tina kacurangan anu bakal méak ku panyakit atanapi musibah.
# '''Muhasabah ngeunaan Umat-umat Kapungkur: Émut kana sajarah Kaum Nabi Syu'aib anu diazab ku Allah ku sabab teu daék eureun tina kalakuan ngurangan timbangan (QS. Hud: 84-85).

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah]]
[[Kategori:Islam]]
[[Kategori:Akhlak]]
[[Kategori:Psikologi]]
[[Kategori:Penyakit Hati]]</text>
      <sha1>nm08jwwj67mx75foszzkcxjw8p6zdrv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>709012</id>
      <parentid>709004</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T06:09:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>709012</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3907" sha1="21z62j42i3fpev2w07ttprgqagk2aht" xml:space="preserve">'''Curang''' (basa [[Basa Arab|Arab]]: تطفيف, ''tathfif'') nyaéta hiji kalakuan ngurangan hak batur dina urusan takeran, timbangan, atanapi ukuran pikeun néangan kauntungan pribadi sacara teu sah.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Jurjani, Ali bin Muhammad. ''Kitab At-Ta'rifat''. Beirut: Darul Kitab al-Ilmiyyah. h. 61.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina ajaran [[Islam]], curang dina timbangan kaasup kana dosa gedé anu bisa ngadatangkeun azab sarta ngaleungitkeun barokah tina harta banda.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Ghazali. ''Ihya Ulumuddin''. Jilid 2. h. 78.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalil tina Al-Qur'an ==
[[Allah]] SWT parantos nurunkeun hiji surah husus anu dingaranan [[Al-Mutaffifin]] (Jalma-jalma anu curang) pikeun ngingetkeun bahayana ieu sipat:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
وَيْلٌ لِلْمُطَفِّفِينَ . الَّذِينَ إِذَا اكْتَالُوا عَلَى النَّاسِ يَسْتَوْفُونَ . وَإِذَا كَالُوهُمْ أَوْ وَزَنُوهُمْ يُخْسِرُونَ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;Cilaka kacida pikeun jalma-jalma anu curang (dina timbangan). (Nyaéta) jalma-jalma anu lamun nampa takeran ti batur, maranéhna ménta dipinuhan. Tapi lamun maranéhna naker atawa nimbang pikeun batur, maranéhna ngurangan.&quot;'' (QS. Al-Mutaffifin [83]: 1-3)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Salian ti éta, Allah ogé marentahkeun urang supados salawasna jujur dina nimbang:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
وَأَوْفُوا الْكَيْلَ إِذَا كِلْتُمْ وَزِنُوا بِالْقِسْطَاسِ الْمُسْتَقِيمِ ۚ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;Jeung penuhan takeran nalika aranjeun naker, sarta timbang ku timbangan anu bener...&quot;'' (QS. Al-Isra [17]: 35)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Dalil tina Hadits ==
Rasulullah SAW nandeskeun yén kacurangan dina timbangan bakal mawa balukar sosial sarta alam:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
...وَلَمْ يَنْقُصُوا الْمِكْيَالَ وَالْمِيزَانَ إِلَّا أُخِذُوا بِالسِّنِينَ وَشِدَّةِ الْمَؤُونَةِ وَجَوْرِ السُّلْطَانِ عَلَيْهِمْ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;...jeung teu pati-pati hiji kaum ngurangan takeran sarta timbangan, iwal ti maranéhna bakal dititah ku halodo panjang, hésé ku kadaharan (krisis), sarta dizhaliman ku pangawasa.&quot;'' (HR. Ibnu Majah No. 4019; divalidasi ku Al-Albani).&lt;ref&gt;As-Sindi. ''Hasyiyah Ibnu Majah''. Jilid 2. h. 488.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Conto Paripolah Curang dina Kahirupan ==

=== 1. Dina Dagang (Pasar) ===
* Ngurangan Timbangan: Ngagunakeun alat timbang anu parantos diropéa (diakalan) supados beurat barang anu ditarima ku nu meuli langkung saeutik batan anu sakuduna.
* Nyamunikeun Cacat Barang: Ngajual barang anu ruksak nanging disimpen di handap, sedengkeun anu saé disimpen di luhur pikeun ngabobodo nu meuli.

=== 2. Dina Padamelan (Korupsi Waktu) ===
* Curang Waktu: Datang kabeurangan sarta mulang leuwih awal, nanging laporan jam gawéna dipinuhan. Ieu kaasup ngurangan &quot;takeran&quot; waktu anu parantos dibayar ku pausahaan.

=== 3. Dina Konstruksi sarta Téknik ===
* Ngurangan Spésifikasi: Ngagunakeun bahan wangunan anu kualitasna langkung handap batan anu aya dina kontrak pikeun ngala kauntungan leuwih. Ieu kacida bahayana margi bisa ngancem kasalametan jalma loba.

== Cara Meper sarta Ngubaran Sipat Curang ==
# '''Sadar kana Pangawasan Allah:''' Yakin yén sanajan nu meuli teu ningal urang ngurangan timbangan, Allah Maha Ningal sarta bakal naroskeun hak éta di ahirat.
# '''Mikirkeun Barokah: Harta anu saeutik tapi hasil tina kajujuran langkung barokah sarta matak tenang batan harta loba hasil tina kacurangan anu bakal méak ku panyakit atanapi musibah.
# '''Muhasabah ngeunaan Umat-umat Kapungkur: Émut kana sajarah Kaum Nabi Syu'aib anu diazab ku Allah ku sabab teu daék eureun tina kalakuan ngurangan timbangan (QS. Hud: 84-85).

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}
{{Sipat awon dina Islam}}
[[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah]]
[[Kategori:Islam]]
[[Kategori:Akhlak]]
[[Kategori:Psikologi]]
[[Kategori:Penyakit Hati]]</text>
      <sha1>21z62j42i3fpev2w07ttprgqagk2aht</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tatanén (curang)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108464</id>
    <redirect title="Curang" />
    <revision>
      <id>709013</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T06:10:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Mindahkeun ka [[Curang]]</comment>
      <origin>709013</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19" sha1="j2wpy7u4oji1r24g1cq6fctkwy3elmi" xml:space="preserve">#redirect[[curang]]</text>
      <sha1>j2wpy7u4oji1r24g1cq6fctkwy3elmi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>