Wikipedia suwiki https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepas MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.8 first-letter Média Husus Obrolan Pamaké Obrolan pamaké Wikipedia Obrolan Wikipedia Gambar Obrolan gambar MédiaWiki Obrolan MédiaWiki Citakan Obrolan citakan Pitulung Obrolan pitulung Kategori Obrolan kategori Portal Obrolan portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 3755 710861 661250 2026-06-28T06:15:48Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710861 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | name = Dinosaurus | fossil_range = {{fossilrange|233.23|0|[[Triassik Ahir]]–[[Holosén|Ayeuna]], 233.23 – 0 Mya| | earliest=247.22|PS=(Rentang kaasup manuk (Aves)) }} (Kamungkinan jejak Triassik Tengah) | image = Dinosauria montage 2.jpg | image_upright = 1.3 | image_caption = Kompilasi rorongkong dinosaurus. Saarah jarum jam ti kiri atas: ''[[Microraptor|Microraptor gui]]'' ([[Theropoda]] buluan), ''[[Apatosaurus|Apatosaurus louisae]]'' ([[Sauropoda]] gedé), ''[[Edmontosaurus|Edmontosaurus regalis]]'' ([[Ornithopoda]] nu pamatukna siga bébék), ''[[Triceratops|Triceratops horridus]]'' ([[ceratopsia]] nu boga tanduk), ''[[Stegosaurus|Stegosaurus stenops]]'' ([[Stegosauria]] nu boga pelat di tongkorna), ''[[Pinacosaurus|Pinacosaurus grangeri]]'' ([[Ankylosauria]] nu boga armor kendel) | taxon = Dinosauria | authority = [[Richard Owen|Owen]], 1842 | subdivision_ranks = Grup major | subdivision = {{Collapse top|title=Pembagian |left=yes|padding=0|border=0|border2=0|bg=clear|bg2=clear}} *{{extinct}}[[Silesauridae]]? <small>([[parafilétik]]?)</small><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ferigolo|first1=Jorge|last2=Langer|first2=Max C.|date=2007-01-01|title=A Late Triassic dinosauriform from south Brazil and the origin of the ornithischian predentary bone|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/08912960600845767|journal=Historical Biology|volume=19|issue=1|pages=23–33|doi=10.1080/08912960600845767|s2cid=85819339|issn=0891-2963}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Langer|first1=Max C.|last2=Ferigolo|first2=Jorge|date=2013-01-01|title=The Late Triassic dinosauromorph ''Sacisaurus agudoensis'' (Caturrita Formation; Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil): anatomy and affinities|url=https://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/379/1/353|journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications|language=en|volume=379|issue=1|pages=353–392|doi=10.1144/SP379.16|bibcode=2013GSLSP.379..353L|s2cid=131414332|issn=0305-8719}}</ref><ref name="cabreira2016">{{cite journal|last1=Cabreira|first1=S.F.|last2=Kellner|first2=A.W.A.|last3=Dias-da-Silva|first3=S.|last4=da Silva|first4=L.R.|last5=Bronzati|first5=M.|last6=de Almeida Marsola|first6=J.C.|last7=Müller|first7=R.T.|last8=de Souza Bittencourt|first8=J.|last9=Batista|first9=B.J.|last10=Raugust|first10=T.|last11=Carrilho|first11=R.|date=2016|title=A Unique Late Triassic Dinosauromorph Assemblage Reveals Dinosaur Ancestral Anatomy and Diet|journal=Current Biology|volume=26|issue=22|pages=3090–3095|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2016.09.040|pmid=27839975|doi-access=free|first12=A.|last12=Brodt|first13=M.C.|last13=Langer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Müller|first1=Rodrigo Temp|last2=Garcia|first2=Maurício Silva|date=2020-08-26|title=A paraphyletic 'Silesauridae' as an alternative hypothesis for the initial radiation of ornithischian dinosaurs|journal=Biology Letters|volume=16|issue=8|pages=20200417|doi=10.1098/rsbl.2020.0417|pmid=32842895|pmc=7480155|doi-access=free}}</ref> *{{extinct}}[[Herrerasauridae]]<ref>Matthew G. Baron; Megan E. Williams (2018). "A re-evaluation of the enigmatic dinosauriform Caseosaurus crosbyensis from the Late Triassic of Texas, USA and its implications for early dinosaur evolution". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 63. {{doi|10.4202/app.00372.2017}}.</ref><ref>Andrea Cau (2018). "The assembly of the avian body plan: a 160-million-year long process" (PDF). Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana. 57 (1): 1–25. {{doi|10.4435/BSPI.2018.01}}.</ref> *{{extinct}}[[Sauropodomorpha]] *[[Theropoda]] *{{extinct}}[[Ornithischia]] *Dinosaurus nu teu pasti **?{{extinct}}''[[Nyasasaurus]]'' **?{{extinct}}''[[Pisanosaurus]]'' ([[Ornithischia]]? or [[Silesauridae]]?) **{{extinct}}''[[Buriolestes]]'' **{{extinct}}''[[Chilesaurus]]'' **{{extinct}}''[[Chindesaurus]]'' **{{extinct}}''[[Daemonosaurus]]'' **{{extinct}}''[[Eodromaeus]]'' **{{extinct}}''[[Nhandumirim]]'' **{{extinct}}''[[Tawa hallae|Tawa]]'' **{{extinct}}''[[Thecospondylus]]'' **{{extinct}}''[[Velocipes]]'' **{{extinct}}[[Guaibasauridae]] {{collapse bottom}} }} '''Dinosaurus''' mangrupa [[sato]] [[vertebrata]] nu ngadominasi [[ékosistim]] [[darat]] salila leuwih ti 160 juta taun (munggaran mucunghul kira 230 juta taun ka tukang). Dominasi dinosaurus tumpur dina ahir mangsa [[Cretaceous]] 65 juta taun ka tukang, alatan kajadian alam nu maéhan spésiés-spésiésna. Para ahli loba nu nganggap [[manuk]] modéren salaku turunan langsung ti dinosaurus [[téropoda]]. Ti saprak munggaran kapanggih salaku fosil dina abad ka-19, dinosaurus jadi pangirutan jalma réa di [[musium|musium-musium]] di sakuliah dunya. Dinosaurus jadi bagian tina budaya dunya sarta tetep populér, utamana pikeun barudak. Misalna dina pilem ''[[Jurassic Park]]'' (Taman Jurasik), nu ogé dirojong ku papanggihan-papanggihan nu terus kagali nepi ka kiwari. Istilah ''dinosaurus'' ogé dipaké sacara informal pikeun ngagambarkeun réptil prasajarah, kayaning [[pélikosaurus]] ''[[Dimetrodon]]'', [[ptérosaurus]] jangjangan, sarta [[ihtiosaurus]] cai, [[plésiosaurus]], jeung [[mosasaurus]], najan sabenerna mah lain dinosaurus. == Dinosaurus téh naon? == === Watesan === [[Gambar:Triceratops 1.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Rorongkong]] [[Triceratops|triseratop]] di [[National Museum of Natural History|Musium Nasional Sajarah Alam]] [[Smithsonian Institution|Smithsonian]].]] [[Superordo]] atawa [[clade|klad]] '''"Dinosauria"''' mimiti dipaké sacara formal ku [[Richard Owen]], lmuwan [[Inggris]], taun [[1842]]. Istilah ieu diturunkeun tina kecap [[basa Yunani]] ''deinos'' ("kacida badagna") ''sauros'' ("kadal" atawa "réptil"). Owen milih ieu istilah pikeun némbongkeun nunjukkeun rasa hélokna kana ukuran jeung "kaagungan" sato nu geus lastari ieu, lain alatan kasieun mun enya nyanghareupan ieu sato raksasa. Dinosaurus téh rupa-rupa pisan. Aya nu [[hérbivora]], tapi lolobana mah [[karnivora]]. Aya nu leumpangna ku [[bipéd|dua suku]], aya nu ku [[kuadrupéd|opat suku]], aya ogé nu bisa duanana (misalna ''[[Amosaurus]]''). Dina [[taksonomi]] filogénétik, dinosaurus téh kawates pikeun sakabéh turunan karuhun umum (''common ancestor'') ''[[Triseratop]]'' jeung [[manuk]] modéren.<!-- [[Ornitisia]] is defined as all taxa sharing a more recent common ancestor with ''Triceratops'' than with [[Saurischia]]. Saurischia is defined as all taxa sharing a more recent common ancestor with birds than with Ornithischia. It has also been suggested that Dinosauria be defined as all the descendants of the most recent common ancestor of ''[[Megalosaurus]]'' and ''[[Iguanodon]]''. There is an almost universal consensus among paleontologists that [[bird]]s are the descendants of [[theropoda|theropod]] dinosaurs. Using the strict [[cladistics|cladistical]] definition that all descendants of a single common ancestor are related, modern birds ''are'' dinosaurs and dinosaurs are, therefore, not extinct. Modern [[bird]]s are classified by most paleontologists as belonging to the subgroup [[Maniraptora]], which are [[Coelurosauria|coelurosaur]]s, which are [[Theropoda|theropods]], which are [[Saurischia|saurischians]], which are dinosaurs. However, referring to birds as "avian dinosaurs" and to all other dinosaurs as "non-avian dinosaurs" is clumsy. Birds are still birds, at least in popular usage and among [[ornithologist]]s. It is also technically correct to refer to birds as a distinct group under the older [[Linnaean classification]] system, which accepts [[paraphyletic]] taxa that exclude some descendants of a single common ancestor. Paleontologists mostly use [[cladistics]], which classifies birds as dinosaurs, to construct their taxonomies, but many other scientists do not. For clarity, this article will use "dinosaur" as a synonym for "non-avian dinosaur", and "bird" as a synonym for "avian dinosaur" (meaning any animal that evolved from the common ancestor of ''[[Archaeopteryx]]'' and modern birds). It should be noted that this article's definition of "bird" differs from the definition common in everyday language; to most non-scientists, a "bird" is simply a two-legged animal with wings and feathers. --> === Ukuran === Sato nu ngalaman fosilisasi téh perséntasena saeutik pisan, sarta lolobana mah kakubur na taneuh. Ku kituna, para élmuwan ogé meureun teu pasti pisan ngeunaan [[organisme pangbadagna|dinosaurus nu pangbadagna atawa nu pangleutikna]]. Nu kagali dina kaayaan lengkep mah ukur saeutik, komo nepi ka aya kulit atawa jaringan lemesna mah, jarang pisan. Ngawangun ulang rorongkong ku ngabandingkeun morfologi tulang jeung spésiés nu dipikawanoh sarupa, mangrupa seni nu teu pasti. '''Dinosaurus pangbadagna jeung pangleutikna''' [[Gambar:Trex1.png|thumb|210px|Ukuran manusa dibandingkeun jeung ''[[Tyrannosaurus rex]]''.]] Sanajan bukti-buktina teu lengkep, sacara umum mah tétéla yén golongan dinosaurus téh kaasup badag. Ti golongan dinosaurus, nu kasebut raksasa téh [[Sauropoda]]. Sauropod pangleutikna leuwih badag batan nu lianna di habitatna, sedengkeun nu pangbadagna dianggap mangrupa mangkeluk pangbadagna nu kungsi kumelendang di alam dunya. Dinosaurus pangjangkungna sarta pangbeuratna (dumasar rorongkong lengkep), nyaéta ''[[Brahiosaurus]]'', nu kapanggih di [[Tanzania]] antara [[1907]]–[[1912]]. Rorongkong ieu geus dipindahkeun sarta dipintonkeun di [[Musium Humboldt]] di [[Berlin]]: jangkungna [[1 E1 m|12 m]], sedengkeun beuratna meureun antara [[1 E4 kg|30.000–60.000 kg]] (33–66 ton). Dinosaurus pangpanjangna nyaéta ''[[Diplodokus]]'': [[1 E1 m|27 m]], kapanggih taun [[1907]] di [[Wyoming]], AS, dipintonkeun di [[Musium Sajarah Alam Carnegie]], [[Pittsburgh]]. Aya dinosaurus nu leuwih badag, tapi teu pasti pisan, ku sabab kasimpulan ieu ngan dumasar kana sabagian leutik conto fosil nu teu lengkep.<!-- The largest specimens on record were all discovered in the 1970s or later, and include the massive ''[[Argentinosaurus]]'', which may have weighed [[1 E5 kg|80,000–100,000 kg]] (88–121 tons); the longest, the [[1 E1 m|40 m]] (130 ft) long ''[[Supersaurus]]''; and the tallest, the [[1 E1 m|18 m]] (60 ft) ''[[Sauroposeidon]]'', which could have reached a sixth-floor window. Dinosaurs were the largest of all terrestrial animals. The largest [[elephant]] on record weighed [[1 E4 kg|12,000 kg]] (13.2 tons), while the tallest [[giraffe]] was [[1 E0 m|6 m]] (20 ft) tall. Even giant prehistoric [[mammal]]s such as the ''[[Indricotherium]]'' and the Columbian [[mammoth]] were dwarfed by the giant sauropods. Only a handful of modern aquatic animals approach them in size, most notably the [[blue whale]] (which reaches up to [[1 E5 kg|190,000 kg]] (209 tons) and [[1 E1 m|33.5 m]] (110 ft) in length). Not including modern birds like the [[bee hummingbird]], the smallest dinosaurs known were about the size of a [[crow]] or a [[chicken]]. The ''[[Microraptor]]'', ''[[Parvicursor]]'', and ''[[Saltopus]]'' were all under [[1 E-1 m|60 cm]] (2 ft) in length. --> '''Ukuran rata-rata''' "Ukuran rata-rata dinosaurus" di dieu bisa dipadungdengkeun. Bukti nu aya nunjukkeun yén niléyna béda di saban yuga, antara yuga Triasik, Jurasik awal, Jurasik ahir, jeung Krétasius. Ceuk Bill Erickson, "Siger tengah beurat dinosaurus téh antara 500 kg nepi ka 5 métrik ton [...] Dalapan puluh persén biomasa ti formasi Morrison Ahir Jurasik di kulon AS téh mangrupa stégosaurus jeung sauropod; nu panungtung ieu beuratna 20-an ton." === Paripolah === Interprétasi ngeunaan paripolah dinosaurus sacara umum dumasar kana dedegan fosil awak jeung [[habitat]]na, [[simulasi komputer]] [[biomékanika]]na, sarta tina babadingan jeung sato modéren nu mibanda [[perenah ékologis]] nu sarupa. Ku kituna, pamahaman kiwari ngeunaan paripolah dinosaurus téh dumasar kana spékulasi, sarta bakal salawasna kontroversial. Najan kitu, aya kasapukan umum yén sababaraha paripolah nu ilahar aya dina buhaya jeung manuk, dulur dinosaurus pangdeukeutna, ogé ilahar pikeun dinosaurus. Bukti munggaran ngeunaan polah ngagorombol aya dina papanggihan 31 dinosaurus ''[[Iguanodon]]'' taun [[1878]] di [[Bernissart]], [[Bélgia]], nu kakubur sanggeusna tigebrus sarta kakubur dina jungkrang. Bukti nu sarupa ogé aya dina papanggihan spésiés-spésiés dinosaurus lianna. Tapak ratusan (atawa malah rébuan) hérbivora nunjukkeun yén hadrosaurid (''duck-bill'') pindah ngagorombol, kawas [[Bison Amérika]] atawa [[Antelop]] Afrika. Tapak sauropod nunjukkeun yén sasatoan ieu migrasina téh babarengan sababaraha spésiés bari salawasna ngajaga anak-anakna tetep di tengah rombongan, sahingga kajaga kasalametanana. Papanggihan [[Jack Horner (paléontolog)|Jack Horner]] taun [[1978]], nyaéta mangrupa [[sayang]] ''[[Maiasaura]]'' ("dinosaurus nu indungna bageur") di [[Montana]] nunjukkeun yén indung dinosaurus tetep ngasuh anakna sanggeus borojol/megar. Aya ogé bukti nu nunjukkeun yén dinosaurus yuga Krétasius, kayaning sauropod [[Patagonia]] ''[[Saltasaurus]]'' (papanggihan taun [[1997]]), boga kabiasaan nyayang nu sarupa, sarta ngabentuk koloni sayang nu lega kawas [[pinguin]]. [[Maniraptora]] [[Mongolia]] (''[[Oviraptor]]'') kagali dina posisi [[nyileungleum]] kawas [[hayam]] taun [[1993]]. Tapak ogé ngabuktikeun ayana kabiasaan ngasuh di antara sauropod jeung ornitopod di [[Pulo Skye]] di Inggris. Sayang jeung [[endog]] mindeng pisan kapanggih, nu nunjukkeun paripolah nu sarupa jeung manuk/buhaya modéren. <!-- The [[Sagittal crest|crest]]s and frills of some dinosaurs, like the [[marginocephalia]]ns, [[theropod]]s and [[lambeosaurin]]es, may have been too fragile to be used for active defense, so they were likely used for sexual or aggressive displays, though little is known about dinosaur mating and [[territory (animal)|territorialism]]. The nature of dinosaur [[Animal communication|communication]] also remains enigmatic, and is an active area of research. For example, recent evidence suggests that the hollow crests of the lambeosaurines may have functioned as [[resonance chamber]]s used for a wide range of [[vocalization]]s. From a behavioral standpoint, one of the most valuable dinosaur fossils was discovered in the [[Gobi Desert]] in 1971. It included a ''[[Velociraptor]]'' attacking a ''[[Protoceratops]]'',{{ref|raptorceratopsfossil}} proving that dinosaurs did indeed attack and eat each other. While [[cannibal]]istic behavior among [[theropod]]s is no surprise,{{ref|cannibaldino}} this too was confirmed by tooth marks from Madagascar in 2003.{{ref|dinocannibalism}} There seem to have been no burrowing and few climbing dinosaur species. This is somewhat surprising when compared to the later mammalian radiation in the [[Cenozoic]], which included many species of these types. As to how the animals moved, [[biomechanics]] has provided significant insight. For example, studies of the forces exerted by muscles and gravity on dinosaurs' skeletal structure have demonstrated how fast dinosaurs could run,{{ref|gaitdinospeed}}{{ref|speedcalculator}} whether [[diplodocid]]s could create [[sonic boom]]s via [[whip]]-like tail snapping,{{ref|boom}} whether giant theropods had to slow down when rushing for food to avoid fatal injuries,{{ref|hastydino}} and if sauropods could float.{{ref|floatingdino}} --> == Ulikan ngeunaan dinosaurus == Pangaweruh ngeunaan dinosaurus dihasilkeun tina rupa-rupa catetan fosil jeung non-fosil, nyaéta fosil [[tulang]], [[tai]], [[tapak]], [[gastrolit]], [[bulu]], imprési [[kulit]], [[Viscus|jeroan]], jeung [[jaringan lemes]]. Anapon widang-widang anu ngarojong tumuwuhna ieu pangaweruh, di antarana [[fisika]], [[kimia]], [[biologi]], jeung [[élmu bumi]] (di mana [[paléontologi]] mangrupa salah sahiji sub-disiplina). <!-- Dinosaur remains have been found on every continent on Earth, including [[Antarctica]]. Numerous fossils of the same dinosaur species have been found on completely different continents, corroborating the generally-accepted theory that all land masses were at one time connected in a super-continent called [[Pangaea]]. Pangaea began to break apart during the [[Triassic]] period roughly 230 million years ago.{{ref|joined}} ===The current "dinosaur renaissance"=== The field of dinosaur research has enjoyed a surge in activity that began in the 1970s and is ongoing. This was triggered, in part, by [[John Ostrom]]'s discovery of ''[[Deinonychus]]'', an active, vicious [[predator]] that may have been [[warm-blooded]] (homeothermic), in marked contrast to the prevailing image of dinosaurs as sluggish and [[cold-blooded]]. [[Vertebrate paleontology]], arguably the primary scientific discipline involved in dinosaur research, has become a global [[science]]. Major new dinosaur discoveries have been made by paleontologists working in previously unexploited regions, including [[India]], [[South America]], [[Madagascar]], [[Antarctica]], and most significantly in [[China]] (the amazingly well-preserved [[feathered dinosaurs]] in [[China]] have further solidified the link between dinosaurs and their living descendants, modern [[bird]]s). The widespread application of [[cladistics]], which rigorously analyzes the relationships between biological organisms, has also proved tremendously useful in [[scientific classification|classifying]] dinosaurs. Cladistic analysis, among other modern techniques, helps to compensate for an often incomplete and fragmentary [[fossil record]]. ===Classification=== ''Main article'': [[List of dinosaur classifications|Dinosaur classification]] Dinosaurs (including birds) are [[archosaur]]s, like modern [[crocodilia|crocodilian]]s. Archosaurs' [[diapsid]] skulls have two holes located where the jaw muscles attach, called [[temporal fenestrae]]. Most reptiles (including birds) are diapsids; mammals, with only one temporal fenestra, are called [[synapsid]]s; and [[turtle]]s, with no temporal fenestra, are [[anapsid]]s. Anatomically, dinosaurs share many other archosaur characteristics, including teeth that grow from sockets rather than as direct extensions of the jawbones. Within the archosaur group, dinosaurs are differentiated most noticeably by their gait. Dinosaur legs extend directly beneath the body, whereas the legs of lizards and crocodylians sprawl out to either side. All dinosaurs were land animals. Many other types of reptiles lived at the same time as the dinosaurs. Some of these are commonly, but incorrectly, thought of as dinosaurs, including [[plesiosaur]]s (which are not closely related to the dinosaurs) and [[pterosaurs]], which developed separately from reptilian ancestors in the late Triassic period. Dinosaurs are divided into two [[Order (biology)|orders]], the ''[[Saurischia]]'' and the ''[[Ornithischia]]'', on the basis of their hip structure. Saurischians (from the Greek meaning "[[lizard]] hip") are dinosaurs that originally retained the hip structure of their ancestors. They include all the [[Theropoda|theropods]] (bipedal [[carnivore]]s) and [[Sauropoda|sauropod]]s (long-necked [[herbivore]]s). Ornithischians (from the Greek meaning "bird-hip") is the other dinosaurian order, most of which were [[quadruped]]al herbivores. <center> {| | width=50% valign=top| [[Image:Saurischia.png|thumb|220px|[[Saurischia]]n pelvis structure.]] | width=50% valign=top| [[Image:Ornithischia.png|thumb|220px|[[Ornithischia]]n pelvis structure.]] |} </center> The following is a simplified classification of dinosaurs familes. A more detailed version can be found at [[List of dinosaur classifications]]. The dagger (†) is used to indicate taxa that are [[extinct]]. ===Order [[Saurischia]]=== * †Family [[Herrerasauridae]] * Suborder [[Theropoda]] ** †Superfamily [[Coelophysoidea]] ** †Superfamily [[Ceratosauria]] *** †Family [[Abelisauridae]] ** (unranked) [[Tetanurae]] *** †Family [[Spinosauridae]] *** †(unranked) [[Carnosauria]] *** (unranked) [[Coelurosauria]] **** †Family [[Coeluridae]] **** †Superfamily [[Tyrannosauridae|Tyrannosauroidea]] **** †Superfamily [[Ornithomimidae|Ornithomimosauria]] ***** †Family [[Alvarezsauridae]] **** (unranked) [[Maniraptora]] ***** †(unranked) [[Oviraptorosauria]] ****** †Superfamily [[Therizinosauria]] ***** †Superfamily [[Deinonychosauria]] ****** †Family [[Troodontidae]] ****** †Family [[Dromaeosauridae]] ****** †Family [[Microraptoria]] ***** Class [[Aves]] (birds) * †Suborder [[Sauropodomorpha]] ** †''[[Thecodontosaurus]]'' ** †Family [[Plateosauridae]] ** †''[[Riojasaurus]]'' ** †(unranked) [[Sauropoda]] *** †Family [[Diplodocidae]] *** †(unranked) [[Macronaria]] **** †(unranked) [[Titanosauriformes]] ***** †Family [[Brachiosauridae]] ***** †Family [[Titanosauridae]] === †Order [[Ornithischia]] === * †Suborder [[Thyreophora]] ** †Superfamily [[Stegosauria]] ** †Superfamily [[Ankylosauria]] * †Suborder [[Cerapoda]] ** †Family [[Heterodontosauridae]] ** †Superfamily [[Pachycephalosauria]] ** †Superfamily [[Ceratopsia]] *** †Family [[Psittacosauridae]] *** †Family [[Protoceratopsidae]] *** †Family [[Ceratopsidae]] ** †Superfamily [[Ornithopoda]] *** †Family [[Hypsilophodontidae]] *** †Family [[Iguanodontidae]] *** †Family [[Hadrosauridae]] ===Evolution=== [[Image:Eoraptor.jpg|right|thumb|210px|A reconstruction of [[Eoraptor]], an early dinosaur.]] Dinosaurs split off from their [[archosaur]] ancestors approximately 230 million years ago during the early [[Triassic]] period, roughly 20 million years after the [[Permian-Triassic extinction event]] wiped out an estimated 95 percent of all life on Earth.{{ref|permian1}} {{ref|permian2}} [[Radiometric dating]] of fossils from the early dinosaur species [[Eoraptor]] establishes its presence in the fossil record at this time. Paleontologists believe Eoraptor resembles the [[Common descent|common ancestor]] of all dinosaurs; {{ref|evolution}} if this is true, its traits suggest that the first dinosaurs were small, bipedal predators.{{ref|eoraptor}} Also among the earliest dinosaurs was the primitive [[Lagosuchus]]; [[Saltopus]], which was barely larger than a human hand, appeared slightly later. The first few lines of primitive dinosaurs diversified rapidly through the rest of the Triassic period; dinosaur species quickly evolved the specialized features and range of sizes needed to exploit nearly every terrestrial [[ecological niche]]. During the period of dinosaur predominance, which encompassed the ensuing [[Jurassic]] and [[Cretaceous]] periods, nearly every known land animal larger than [[1 E0 m|1 meter]] in length was a dinosaur. The [[Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event]], which occured approximately 65 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous period, caused the extinction of all dinosaurs except for the line that had already given rise to the first birds. Other [[diapsid]] species related to the dinosaurs also survived the event. --> == Padungdengan == === Getih haneut? === [[Gambar:DMSN dinosaurs.jpg|thumb|right|210px|Modél dinosaurus di [[Royal Ontario Museum]].]] Padungdengan ngeunaan régulasi temperatur awak dinosaurus geus aya ti taun [[1960-an]]. Mimitina mah para lolobana élmuwan téh teu satuju mun dinosaurus bisa ngatur suhu awakna. Ka dieunakeun, [[éndotérm]]i dinosaurus malah jadi kasapukan balaréa, sedengkeun padungdenganana pindah kana mékanisme pangaturan suhuna. <!-- After dinosaurs were discovered, paleontologists first posited that they were [[ectotherm]]ic creatures: "terrible [[lizard]]s" as their name suggests. This supposed cold-bloodedness implied that dinosaurs were relatively slow, sluggish organisms, comparable to modern reptiles, which need external sources of heat in order to regulate their body temperature. Dinosaur ectothermy remained a prevalent view until [[Robert T. Bakker|Robert T. "Bob" Bakker]], an early proponent of dinosaur endothermy, published an influential paper on the topic in 1968. Modern evidence indicates that dinosaurs thrived in cooler temperate climates, and that at least some dinosaur species must have regulated their body temperature by internal biological means (perhaps aided by the animals' bulk). Evidence of [[endotherm]]ism in dinosaurs includes the discovery of [[polar dinosaurs in Australia]] and [[Antarctica]] (where they would have experienced a cold, dark six-month winter), the discovery of dinosaurs whose feathers may have provided regulatory insulation, and analysis of blood-vessel structures that are typical of endotherms within dinosaur bone. Skeletal structures suggest that theropods and other dinosaurs had active lifestyles better suited to an endothermic cardiovascular system, while sauropods exhibit fewer endothermic characteristics. It is certainly possible that some dinosaurs were endothermic while others were not. Scientific debate over the specifics continues.{{ref|parsons}} Complicating the debate is the fact that warm-bloodedness can emerge based on more than one mechanism. Most discussions of dinosaur endothermy tend to compare them to average birds or mammals, which expend energy to elevate body temperature above that of the environment. Small birds and mammals also possess [[insulation]], such as [[fat]], [[fur]], or [[feather]]s, which slows down heat loss. However, large mammals, such as elephants, face a different problem due to their relatively small ratio of surface area to volume ([[Haldane]]'s principle). This ratio compares the volume of an animal with the area of its skin: as an animal gets bigger, its surface area increases more slowly than its volume. At a certain point, the amount of heat radiated away through the skin drops below the amount of heat produced inside the body, forcing animals to use additional methods to avoid overheating. In the case of elephants, they are hairless, and have large ears which increase their surface area, and have behavioral adaptations as well (such as using the trunk to spray water on themselves and mud wallowing). These behaviors increase cooling through evaporation. Large dinosaurs would presumably have had to deal with similar issues; their body size would dictate that they lost heat relatively slowly to the surrounding air, and so could have been what are called [[gigantothermy|bulk endotherms]], animals that are warmer than their environments through sheer size rather than through special adaptations like those of birds or mammals. However, so far this theory fails to account for the vast number of dog- and goat-sized dinosaur species which made up the bulk of the ecosystem during the Mesozoic period. --> === Hubungan antara dinosaurus buluan jeung manuk === {{utama|Dinosaurus buluan}} Manuk jeung dinosaurus lain-unggas mibanda fitur-fitur nu sarupa. Manuk jeung dinosaurus [[teropod]] boga leuwih ti saratus fitur nu mirip, sahingga sacara umum diaku salaku dulur kuna anu pangdeukeutna.<!-- '''Bulu''' [[Image:Archaeopteryx-model.jpg|thumb|240px|right|Modél ''[[Archaeopteryx|Archaeopteryx lithographica]]'' nu dipintonkeun di [[Oxford University Museum of Natural History|Musium Sajarah Alam Universitas Oxford]].]] ''[[Archaeopteryx]]'', conto alus "dinosaurus buluan" munggaran, kagali taun [[1861]]. Spésimén mimitina kapanggih di [[batu kapur Solnhofen]], Jérman kidul, nu mangrupa hiji ''[[Lagerstätten|lagerstätte]]'', formasi géologis nu a rare and remarkable geological formation known for its superbly detailed fossils. Archaeopteryx is a [[transitional fossil]], with features clearly intermediate between those of modern reptiles and birds. Brought to light just two years after Darwin's seminal ''[[The Origin of Species]]'', its discovery spurred the nascent debate between proponents of [[evolutionary biology]] and [[creationism]]. This early bird is so dinosaur-like that, without a clear impression of feathers in the surrounding rock, specimens are commonly mistaken for ''[[Compsognathus]]''. Since the 1990s, a number of additional [[feathered dinosaurs]] have been found, providing even stronger evidence of the close relationship between dinosaurs and modern birds. Most of these specimens were unearthed in the [[Liaoning]] province in northeastern [[China]], which was part of an island continent during the Cretaceous period. Though feathers have been found only in the [[Lagerstätten|lagerstätte]] of the [[Yixian Formation]] and a few other places, it is possible that dinosaurs elsewhere in the world were also feathered. The lack of widespread fossil evidence for feathered dinosaurs may be due to the fact that delicate features like skin and feathers are not often preserved by [[fossil]]ization and thus are absent from the fossil record. The feathered dinosaurs discovered so far include ''[[Beipiaosaurus]]'', ''[[Caudipteryx]]'', ''[[Dilong paradoxus|Dilong]]'', ''[[Microraptor]]'', ''[[Protarchaeopteryx]]'', ''[[Shuvuuia]]'', ''[[Sinornithosaurus]]'', ''[[Sinosauropteryx]]'', and ''[[Jinfengopteryx]]''. Dinosaur-like birds like ''[[Confuciusornis]]'', which are anatomically closer to modern avians, have also been discovered. All of these specimens come from the same formation in northern China. The [[dromaeosauridae]] family in particular seems to have been heavily feathered, and at least one dromaeosaurid, ''[[Cryptovolans]]'', may have been capable of flight. '''Skeleton''' [[Image:TRex3a.jpg|250px|left|thumb|''[[Tyrannosaurus rex]]'' skeleton at the [[Field Museum of Natural History]].]] Because feathers are often associated with birds, feathered dinosaurs are often touted as the [[missing link]] between birds and dinosaurs. However, the multiple skeletal features also shared by the two groups represent the more important link for [[paleontologist]]s. Furthermore, it is increasingly clear that the relationship between birds and dinosaurs, and the evolution of flight, are more complex topics than previously realized. For example, while it was once believed that birds evolved from dinosaurs in one linear progression, some scientists, most notably [[Gregory S. Paul]], conclude that dinosaurs such as the [[dromaeosaur]]s may have evolved from birds, losing the power of flight while keeping their feathers in a manner similar to the modern ostrich and other [[ratite]]s. Comparison of bird and dinosaur skeletons, as well as [[cladistics|cladistic analysis]], strengthens the case for the link, particularly for a branch of theropods called [[maniraptor]]s. Skeletal similarities include the [[neck]], [[pubis]], [[wrist]] (semi-lunate [[carpal]]), [[arm]] and [[pectoral girdle]], [[shoulder blade]], [[furcula|clavicle]] and [[keel (bird)|breast bone]]. '''Reproductive biology''' [[Image:Trex skull.gif|250px|thumb|''[[Tyrannosaurus rex]]'' skull at [[Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh|Carnegie Museum Natural History]].]] A discovery of features in a ''[[Tyrannosaurus rex]]'' [[skeleton]] recently provided even more evidence that dinosaurs and birds evolved from a common ancestor and, for the first time, allowed paleontologists to establish the sex of a dinosaur. When laying eggs, female birds grow a special type of bone in their limbs. This [[medullary bone]], which is rich in calcium, forms a layer inside the hard outer bone that is used to make eggshells. The presence of endosteally-derived bone tissues lining the interior marrow cavities of portions of the ''[[Tyrannosaurus rex]]'' specimen's hind limb suggested that ''T. rex'' used similar reproductive strategies, and revealed the specimen to be female. A dinosaur embryo was found without teeth, suggesting that some parental care was required to feed the young dinosaur. It is also possible that the adult dinosaurs regurgitated into a young dinosaur's mouth to provide sustenance, a behavior that is also characteristic of numerous modern bird species. '''Lungs''' Large meat-eating dinosaurs had a complex system of air sacs similar to those found in modern birds, according to an investigation which was led by [[Patrick O'Connor]] of [[Ohio University]]. The lungs of theropod dinosaurs(carnivores that walked on two legs and had birdlike feet) likely pumped air into hollow sacs in their [[skeleton]]s, as is the case in birds. "What was once formally considered unique to birds was present in some form in the ancestors of birds", O'Connor said. The study was funded in part by the [[National Science Foundation]].{{ref|lungs}} '''Heart and sleeping posture''' Modern [[computerized tomography]] (CT) scans of dinosaur chest cavities (conducted in 2000) found the apparent remnants of complex four-chambered hearts, much like those found in today's mammals and birds. A recently discovered [[Troodontidae|troodont]] fossil demonstrates that the dinosaurs slept like certain modern birds, with their heads tucked under their arms.{{ref|sleepingdino}} This behavior, which may have helped to keep the head warm, is also characteristic of modern birds. '''Gizzard''' Another piece of evidence that birds and dinosaurs are closely related is the use of [[gizzard]] stones. These stones are swallowed by animals to aid digestion and break down food and hard fibres once they enter the stomach. When found in association with [[fossil]]s, gizzard stones are called [[gastrolith]]s. Because a particular stone could have been swallowed at one location before being carried to another during migration, paleontologists sometimes use the stones found in dinosaur stomachs to establish possible [[migration]] routes. --> === Bukti dinosaurus Sénozoik === Dina taun [[2002]], paléontolog Zielinski jeung Budahn ngalaporkeun kapanggihna fosil tulang cokor [[hadrosauridae|hadrosaurus]] di [[El Ojo]], Amérika Kidul. Formasi tempat kapanggihna nunjukkeun yén asalna ti yuga [[Paléosin]] awal, kira 64,5 juta taun ka tukang. Mun bener, lain ngised ka strata éta alatan kajadian alam lainna, ieu jadi bukti yén aya [[populasi]] dinosaurus nu salamet, sahanteuna salila satengah juta taun, nepi ka yuga Sénozoik. === Ngahirupkeun deui dinosaurus === Kamajuan [[téhnologi]] pikeun sabagian jalma kadang dihubungkeun jeung harepan bisa ngahirupkeun deui dinosaurus. Dina buku ''[[Jurassic Park]]'' karangan [[Michael Crichton]], nu mopulérkeun ieu pamanggih, élmuwan ngagunakeun [[getih]] tina fosil [[reungit]] nu kakurung ku [[geutah]] tangkal jaman Mésozoik pikeun ngawangun ulang [[DNA]] dinosaurus, sarta ngeusi jurang kromosomna ku [[gén]] [[bangkong]] modéren. Mun ditilik sacara ilmiah, téhnik ieu téh hésé pisan kalaksana. Nu utama mah ku sabab DNA téh bakal ruksak kahakan waktu, alatan keuna ku udara, cai, jeung radiasi (luruhna DNA bisa diukur ku uji [[rasemisasi]]). Aya dua laporan ngeunaan hasilna ékstraksi DNA kuna tina fosil dinosaurus, tapi hasil pamariksaan nunjukkeun yén dua laporan ieu teu bisa dikonfirmasi. Najan kitu, [[péptida]] visual fungsional ti dinosaurus (téoritis) kungsi dihasilkeun ngagunakeun métode wangun ulang filogénétik kana runtuyan gén spésiés dulurna nu hirup kénéh (réptil jeung manuk). Mun téa mah DNA dinoasurus bisa diwangun ulang, tetep baé bakal susah "numuwuhkeun" dinosaurus ngagunakeun téhnologi kiwari, sabab euweuh spésiés ayeuna nu bisa nyadiakeun [[zigot]] pikeun prosés [[émbriogenesis]]na. === Kapanggihna jaringan lemes dina fosil dinosaurus === Dina jurnal ''[[Science]]'' bulan [[Maret 2005]], Dr. Mary Higby Schweitzer saparakanca ngémbarkeun matéri jaringan lemes tina jero tulang cokor ''[[Tyrannosaurus rex]]'' nu umurna 68 juta taun (ti [[Formasi Hell Creek]] di [[Montana]]). Sanggeus kacokot, jaringan ieu diréhidrasi. Sanggeus fosil tulang ieu diolah sababaraha minggu pikeun miceun kandungan mineral tina solobong sungsum tulangna (prosésna katelah demineralisasi), Schweitzer manggihan struktur weuteuh kayaning [[saluran getih]], matriks tulang, jeung jaringan panyambung (serat tulang). Pamariksaan maké [[mikroskop]] nunjukkeun yén jaringan lemes dinosaurus téa téh malah masih alus nepi ka tingkat sélulér. Watek jeung kandunganana mah can pertéla pisan, sedengkeun kapentingan papanggihan ieu ogé can écés rék ka mana léosna. == Téori kapunahan == <!--{{utama|Kajadian kapunahan Krétasius-Térsiér}}--> Punahna dinosaurus sacara masal sarta ngadadak, nu lumangsung kira 65 juta taun ka tukang, mangrupa hiji kajadian anu acan bisa kabongkar dina [[paléontologi]]. Sasatoan nu séjén gé loba nu ngilu punah dina mangsa harita téh, kayaning [[amonit]] ([[moluska]] mirip [[nautilus]]), [[mosasaurus]], plésiosaurus, ptérosaurus, [[kuya]] jeung [[buhaya]] hérbivora, bangsa manuk, jeung loba pisan kelompok mamalia. Nu ngabalukarkeun ieu kajadian, geus mimiti ditalungtik ti taun [[1970-an]]. Kiwari, aya sababaraha téori nu diaku ku para ahli. === Tabrakan astéroid === [[Gambar:Chicxulub radar topography.jpg|thumb|[[Kawah Chicxulub]] di tungtung [[Tanjung Yucatán]], nu kabentuk alatan tabrakan jeung astéroid nu bisa ngabalukarkeun punahna dinosaurus.]] Téori tabrakan astérioid, nu munggaran diajukeun ku [[Walter Alvarez]] ahir [[1970-an]], numbukeun kapunahan dina tungtung yuga Krétaséus jeung tabrakan kira 65.5 juta taun ka tukang. Alvarez ngajukeun yén ngaronjatna kadar [[iridium]] ngadadak nu kacatet sumebar di sakuliah dunya. Bukti-bukti nu aya nunjukkeun yén banda angkasa nu neunggar Tanjung Yucatán téh diaméterna 10&nbsp;km, sahingga nyiptakeun [[kawah Chicxulub]] nu lébarna [[1 E5 m|170&nbsp;km]] nu ngabalukarkeun kapunahan masal. Para élmuwan can sapuk ngeunaan hal ieu, naha punahna dinosaurus téh gara-gara kajadian ieu atawa kajadian saméméhna. Ceuk sabagian élmuwan, [[météor]] ieu ngabalukarkeun nyirorotna suhu Bumi, tapi ceuk sabagian nu lain, kajadian ieu téh justru ngaronjatkeun suhu Bumi. Najan gancangna kapunahan ieu teu bisa dicindekkeun tina catetan fosil wungkul, sababaraha modél nu kungsi dijieun tetep nunjukkeun yén kajadian ieu téh lumangsung gancang, saharita. Kasapukan para élmuwan nu satuju kana ieu téori nyebutkeun yén kajadian ieu téh sakaligus nyiptakeun kapunahan boh sacara langsung (alatan [[panas]] tina tabrakan météorit) sarta sacara teu langsung (alatan nyirorotna suhu balukar tina katutupna sinar srangéngé ku rabengna kebul tina tabrakan tadi). === Hujan astéroid—awan Oort === Sarupa jeung téori tabrakan Alvarez (nu ngalibetkeun hiji astéroid atawa [[komét]]), téori ieu ngunggelkeun leupasna komét-komét tina [[awan Oort]] alatan gangguan gravitasi balukar tina aya béntang nu ngaliwat. Hiji atawa sababaraha ti ieu komét nubruk Bumi dina waktu nu méh bareng, sahingga ngabalukarkeun kapunahan saampar dunya. Sarua jeung tubrukan astéroid, kajadian ieu ngabalukarkeun nyirorotna suhu global. === Parobahan lingkungan === Dina puncak jaman dinosaurus, di kutub téh euweuh és, sedengkeun beungeut laut ayana 100-250 [[méter]] luhureun beungeut laut ayeuna. Suhu Bumi ogé leuwih saragam, ti kutub ka katulistiwa téh bédana ukur 25&nbsp;°C. Rata-ratana mah, suhu [[atmosfir]] téh leuwih haneut; di kutub leuwih haneut 50&nbsp;°C batan ayeuna. Komposisi atmosfir dina jaman dinosaurus ogé béda ti ayeuna. Kadar [[karbon dioksida]] 12 kali ti kadar ayeuna, sedengkeun kadar [[oksigén]] di atmosfir gé 32-35% (ayeuna mah ukur 21%). Najan kitu, dina Krétasius tungtung, lingkungan téh ngadadak obah. Aktivitas gunung api nyirorot, sahingga suhu niisan alatan nyirorotna kadar CO₂. Kadar oksigén di atmosfir ogé mimiti obah nepi ka tungtungna nyirorot ogé. Sabagian élmuwan boga hipotésis yén parobahan iklim, katambah ku leutikna kadar oksigén, ngabalukarkeun paéhna rupa-rupa spésiés. == Jujutan kapanggihna == Fosil dinosaurus geus dipikawanoh salila rébuan taun sajarah manusa, najan watek nu sabenerna mah can bener-bener jéntré; ku urang Cina mah dianggap tulang [[Naga Cina|naga]], sedengkeun urang Éropah percaya yén éta téh ruruntuk raksasa sarta mangkeluk lian nu paraéh alatan [[Deluge (mitologi)|Caah Badag]]. Spésiés dinosaurus nu munggaran diidéntifikasi nyaéta ''[[Iguanodon]]'', kapanggih taun [[1822]] ku ahli géologi Inggris [[Gideon Mantell]], nu dianggap sarupa jeung tulang [[iguana]] modéren. Dua taun ti harita, [[William Buckland]], profésor [[géology]] di [[Universitas Oxford]], ngagali fosil tulang ''[[Megalosaurus bucklandii]]'' deukeut [[Oxford]]. Buckland lajeng jadi jalma munggaran nu ngalaporkeun papanggihanana dina jurnal ilmiah. Ulikan ngeunaan "kadal fosil raksasa" ngadadak jadi pangirutan élmuwan Éropah jeung Amérika, sahingga taun [[1842]], istilah "dinosaur" ieu diwanohkeun ku ahli paléontologi Inggris, [[Richard Owen]]. Anjeunna manggihan yén ruruntuk nu geus kapanggih, ''Iguanodon'', ''Mégalosaurus'', jeung ''[[Hilaosaurus]]'', mibanda fitur-fitur nu béda, sahingga nempatkeun éta fosil dina golongan taksonomi nu béda. Kalawan pangrojong ti [[Pangéran Albert ti Saxe-Coburg-Gotha]], salakina [[Ratu Victoria]], Owen ngadegkeun [[Natural History Museum]] (Musium Sajarah Alam) di [[Kensington Kidul]], [[London]], pikeun mintonkeun koléksi nasional fosil dinosaurus sarta banda [[biologi]] jeung géologi lianna. Taun [[1858]], dinosaurus Amérika munggaran kagali di kota leutik [[Haddonfield, New Jersey]] (sabenerna mah geus kapanggih ti saméméhna, tapi can kaulik). Mangkeluk ieu dingaranan ''[[Hadrosaurus]] foulkii'', tina ngaran kota jeung nu manggihanana, [[William Parker Foulke]]. Papanggihan ieu penting pisan, sabab ''Hadrosaurus'' mangrupa rorongkong dinosaurus munggaran nu kapanggih dina kaayaan méh lengkep, nepi ka pertéla watek [[bipédal]]na. Papanggihan révolusional, sabab saméméhna mah para élmuwan téh yakin yén dinosaurus téh leumpang maké opat suku, kawas ilaharna kadal. <!--Papanggihan Foulke ieu nimbulkeun "demam" dinosaurus di [[Amérika Serikat|AS]]. Dinosaur mania was exemplified by the fierce rivalry between [[Edward Drinker Cope]] and [[Othniel Charles Marsh]], both of whom raced to be the first to find new dinosaurs in what came to be known as the [[Bone Wars]]. The feud probably originated when Marsh publicly pointed out that Cope's reconstruction of an ''[[Elasmosaurus]]'' skeleton was flawed; Cope had inadvertently placed the [[plesiosaur]]'s head at what should have been the animal's tail end. The fight between the two scientists lasted for over 30 years, ending in 1897 when Cope died after spending his entire fortune on the dinosaur hunt. Marsh won the contest primarily because he was better funded through a relationship with the [[US Geological Survey]]. Unfortunately, many valuable dinosaur specimens were damaged or destroyed due to the pair's rough methods; for example, their diggers often used [[dynamite]] to unearth bones (a method modern paleontologists would find sacrilegious). Despite the pair's unrefined methods, their contributions to paleontology were vast; Marsh unearthed 86 new species of dinosaur and Cope discovered 56, for a total of 142 new species. Cope's collection is now at the [[American Museum of Natural History]] in [[New York]], while Marsh's is on display at the [[Peabody Museum of Natural History]] at [[Yale University]].{{ref|batofbones}} Since 1897, the search for dinosaur fossils has extended to every continent, including [[Antarctica]]. The first Antarctic dinosaur to be discovered, the [[nodosaur]]id ''[[Ankylosaurus]]'', was found on [[Ross Island]] in 1986, although it was 1994 before an Antarctic species, the ''[[Cryolophosaurus ellioti]]'', was formally named and described in a scientific journal. Current dinosaur "hot spots" include southern South America (especially [[Argentina]]) and [[China]]. China in particular has produced many exceptional [[feathered dinosaur]] specimens due to the unique geology of its dinosaur beds, as well as an ancient arid climate particularly conducive to [[fossil]]ization. --> == Baca ogé == [[Gambar:Chicago Illinois - Sue the TRex- Field Museum2.jpg|thumb|Rorongkong [[Tiranosaurus Réks]] atawa katelah T-Réks di Field Museum, [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]].]] * [[Fosil]] * [[Daptar dinosaurus]] * [[Daptar klasifikasi dinosaurus]] * [[Kahirupan prasajarah]] * [[Réptil prasajarah]] *[[Jaman Réptil]] *[[Kapunahan Kapur-Térsiér]], kapunahan massal anu munahkeun dinosaurus (65 juta taun ka tukang). == Rujukan == * ''[[:en:Dinosaur|Dinosaur]]'', Wikipédia édisi basa Inggris per 15 Pébruari 2006. * Kevin Padian & Philip J. Currie (1997). ''Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs''. Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-226810-5. (Artikel-artikelna ditulis ku para ahli). * [[Gregory S. Paul|Paul, Gregory S.]] (2000). ''The Scientific American Book of Dinosaurs''. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-26226-4. * Paul, Gregory S. (2002). ''Dinosaurs of the Air: The Evolution and Loss of flight in Dinosaurs and Birds''. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-6763-0. * [[David B. Weishampel|Weishampel, David B.]] (2004). ''The Dinosauria''. University of California Press; éd ka-2. ISBN 0-520-24209-2. == Tumbu kaluar == {{commons|Dinosauria}} * [http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/life/dinosaurs-other-extinct-creatures/index.html Dinosaurs & other extinct creatures] ti [[Natural History Museum]]. Loka populér di London, ngandung gambar jeung katrangan-katrangan anu lengkep. * [http://www.arches.uga.edu/~rfreeman/GEOL3350_'4HistoryDinoSt.htm History of Dinosaur discovery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060217211451/http://www.arches.uga.edu/~rfreeman/GEOL3350_%274HistoryDinoSt.htm |date=2006-02-17 }} Kala papanggihan dinosaurus. * [http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dinosaurs/ Dinosaurs: Facts and Fiction] ti [[United States Geological Survey]]. Dadaran populér. * [https://www.efor-real.com/2763/nature-extinction-killed-dinosaurs-many-theories/ What Killed The Dinosaurs: The Many Theories] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629214324/https://www.efor-real.com/2763/nature-extinction-killed-dinosaurs-many-theories/ |date=2019-06-29 }}. Loka populér, dilengkepan ku gambar. * [http://www.dinodata.net/Discussions/dinosaurs.html Discussions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041011101259/http://www.dinodata.net/Discussions/dinosaurs.html |date=2004-10-11 }} ti DinoData. Kumpulan padungdengan modéren ngeunaan dinosaurus. * [http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/dinosaur.html Dinosauria] ti Musium Paléontologi UC Berkeley. * [http://www.dinosaurnews.org/ The Dinosaur News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050323232010/http://dinosaurnews.org/ |date=2005-03-23 }} ''headline'' ngeunaan dinosaurus ti sakuliah dunya. Warta anyar, kaasup papanggihan jeung rupa-rupa pamanggih, dilengkepan ku tumbu ka loka-loka lianna. * [http://www.bowdoin.edu/~dbensen/ OPUS: Dinosaur by Daniel Bensen] Galeri lukisan dinosaurus. [[Kategori:Dinosaurus]] [[Kategori:Paléontologi]] [[Kategori:Paléozoologi]] [[Kategori:Réptil prasajarah]] [[Kategori:Sauropsida]] nnaltokzdnxoev4aidt6jhuon2od9di 0 14076 710855 709478 2026-06-28T03:58:05Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710855 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Batulawang | native_name = ᮘᮒᮥᮜᮝᮀ | settlement_type = Désa | subdivision_name = [[Jawa Barat]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Kota Banjar]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Pataruman, Kota Banjar|Pataruman]] | postal_code = 46326 | population_total = 3.672 | population_as_of = 2010 | coordinates = {{coord|7|24|56|S|108|34|04|E|display=inline,title}} }} '''Batulawang''' (ᮘᮒᮥᮜᮝᮀ) nyaéta hiji désa di [[Kacamatan Pataruman]], [[Kota Banjar]], [[Jawa Barat]]. == Géografi == === Wates wewengkon === * Kalér: Désa Mulyasari * Wétan: [[Désa Karyamukti]] * Kidul: Désa Kutawaringin ([[Kacamatan Purwadadi]], [[Kabupatén Ciamis]]) * Kulon: Désa Hegarsari == Sajarah == === Dina Naskah Kidung Lakbok === Batulawang disebut dina [[Kidung Lakbok|naskah kuno Kidung Lakbok]] (1956). Dina '''Pupuh 24''' disebutkeun: ''"Paranti Gusti ningali, ngawangwang ka Batulawang."'' Ieu nunjukkeun yén Batulawang geus aya ti jaman Karajaan Sunda-Galuh minangka tempat "ngawangwang" (ningali ka kaayaan Bandjarpatroman). === Ki Demang Wangsafyudin === Tokoh anu ngahirupkeun deui tradisi [[Ngabungbang Batulawang]] saatos lami padam. Ki Demang ogé anu ngajaga bukti-bukti tradisi '''membatik''' di Pataruman.<ref name="kompasiana">Kompasiana (2018). [https://www.kompasiana.com/permanas/5b6d05d95e1373344005a262/kota-banjar-dan-tradisi-membatik Kota Banjar dan Tradisi Membatik].</ref> === Pemekaran Désa Karyamukti === Désa Karyamukti mangrupa hasil pemekaran ti Désa Batulawang dumasar kana Surat Keputusan Gubernur tanggal 7 Juni 1979. Ngaran "Batulawang" asalna aya di Dusun Sukaharja (ayeuna wilayah Karyamukti).<ref name="karyamukti">[https://karyamukti-banjar.desa.id/ Sejarah Desa Karyamukti]. Situs Resmi Désa Karyamukti.</ref> == Budaya == === Ngabungbang === Désa Batulawang kawentar ku tradisi '''[[Ngabungbang Batulawang|Ngabungbang]]''', anu tos ditetepkeun salaku [[Warisan Budaya Takbenda Indonesia]] ku Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan taun 2018 ngaliwatan SK No. 264/M/2018.<ref name="ngabungbang">[https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngabungbang_Batulawang Ngabungbang Batulawang]. Wikipedia Indonesia.</ref> === Batu Kasur === Di Dusun Tundagan aya '''Batu Kasur''', situs prasejarah anu dikaitkeun sareng legenda Sangkuriang. Masarakat satempat percaya yén éta mangrupikeun seserahan Sangkuriang ka Dayang Sumbi.<ref name="batukasur">TIMES Indonesia (2025). [https://timesindonesia.co.id/peristiwa-daerah/569464/mengenal-batu-kasur-kota-banjar-tempat-yang-dikeramatkan-warga-desa-batulawang Mengenal Batu Kasur Kota Banjar].</ref> === Seren Taun === Di Dusun Pagerbatu dilaksanakeun '''Upacara Seren Taun''', tradisi syukur hasil bumi anu asalna ti jaman Kerajaan Pajajaran.<ref name="serentaun">Fasa, Cika Amelia Raka (2025). [http://repository.unigal.ac.id/handle/123456789/6684 Makna Filosofis Upacara Seren Taun Dusun Pagerbatu]. Universitas Galuh.</ref> == Démografi == Dumasar Sensus Penduduk 2010, Désa Batulawang boga 3.672 jiwa.<ref name="sensus2010">BPS, Sensus Penduduk Indonesia 2010.</ref> == Tempo ogé == * [[Kidung Lakbok]] * [[Ngabungbang Batulawang]] * [[Gunung Sangkur]] * [[Karajaan Sunda]] * [[Désa Karyamukti]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Pranala luar == * [https://banjarkota.go.id/ Situs Resmi Kota Banjar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260122193903/https://banjarkota.go.id/ |date=2026-01-22 }} [[Kategori:Désa di Kota Banjar]] [[Kategori:Kacamatan Pataruman]] hdv8dmku6gqw9qlnmq5xn41808m2x9b 0 26974 710866 681061 2026-06-28T08:48:15Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710866 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Telekomunikasi atawa''' '''STT Telkom''' nyaéta paguron luhur swasta milik [[Telkom|PT Telekomunikasi Indonésia Tbk]]. (PT Telkom) anu mangrupa [[Badan Usaha Milik Nagara]]. Paguron luhur ieu perenahna persisna di Bandung Kidul, di wewengkon Dayeuh Kolot. STT Telkom nyaéta Paguron Luhur Swasta (PTS) anu museurkeun program-programna pikeun ngarojong kamekaran téknologi sarta industri telekomunikasi. Tujuan diadegkeunna ieu sakola téh pikeun nyumponan kaperluan ayana ahli dina industri telekomunikasi anu tumuwuh pohara gancang. == Sajarah == Ngadegna STT Telkom nyaéta ku alpukahna Ir [[Cacuk Sudarijanto]], diréktur utama [[PT Telkom]] taun 1988-1992. Tujuan awalna nyaéta pikeun nyadiakeun tanaga-tanaga ahli pikeun PT Telkom. Pikeun mayungan institusi-institusi atikan anu baris dirojongna, PT Telkom nyieun yayasan nu ngaranna [http://www.ypt.or.id/ Yayasan Pendidikan Telkom(YPT)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080413145700/http://www.ypt.or.id/ |date=2008-04-13 }}. Yayasan Pendidikan Telkom (YPT) ngadegkeun STT Telkom jeung [http://www.stmb.ac.id/ Sakola Tinggi Manajemen Bisnis Telkom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080325012846/http://www.stmb.ac.id/ |date=2008-03-25 }}. Tanggal resmi nangtungna STT Telkom nyaéta [[28 Séptember]] [[1990]]. Jalma-jalma anu miboga andil gedé dina naratas STT Telkom nyaéta Ir Bambang Hidayat sarta Ir [[Darmastoto]]. Waktu munggaran diadegkeun STT Telkom ngan nampa mahasiswa ti golongan pagawé PT Telkom. Dina taun 1991 jeung 1992 STT Telkom mimiti nampa mahasiswa ti SLTA umum jeung nawarkeun ikatan dines ka PT Telkom. Tapi alatan ayana parobahan kawijakan ti pihak manajemén PT Telkom, program béasiswa sarta ikatan dines dieureunkeun. Ayeuna STT Telkom nampa siswa anu asalna ti lulusan SLTA, mahasiswa anu baris neruskeun undakan studi S1 atawa S2 sarta pagawé pausahaan anu hayang ngaronjatkeun pangawasaan élmu sarta kéahlian dina widang téknologi telekomunikasi. == Jurusan == # Jurusan Téknik Elektro # Jurusan Téknik Industri # Jurusan Téknik Informatika == Pupuhu STT Telkom == * Ir Bambang Hidayat * Ir Taufiq Hasan * Prof Dr [[Andi Hakim Nasution]] * Ir Harsono * Ir Husni Amani == Kamahasiswaan == === Kulawarga Mahasiswa === * Déwan Wawakil Mahasiswa(DPM) * Badan Éksekutif Mahasiswa(BEM) === Himpunan Mahasiswa Jurusan === * Himpunan Mahasiswa Téknik Élektro([[HIMATEL]]) * Himpunan Mahasiswa Téknik Industri(HMTI) * Himpunan Mahasiswa Téknik Informatika(HMIF) === Unit Kagiatan Mahasiswa === ==== Widang Olah Raga ==== # Astacala, Perhimpunan Mahasiswa Pecinta Alam Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Telkom. Tempat ngariung para [[mahasiswa]] petualang, pacinta sarta panggiat alam bébas. Di dieu diwangun persatuan, dipupuk sumanget babarengan, dibina mental sarta fisik, diseukeutkeun naluri, nalar, rekréasi sarta kapadulian ka lingkungan. ASTACALA ngadeg dina tanggal [[17 Oktober]] [[1992]]. Unggal taun Astacala ngayakeun Atikan Dasar pikeun nampa anggota anyar. # Institut Bioénérgi Padma Bakti # Bal Baskét # Ténis Méja # Ténis Lapang # Taé Kwon Do # WUSHU Naga Mas # Yudo # Aikido ==== Widang Karohanian ==== # [http://www.skistttelkom.or.id/ Sentra Kagiatan Islam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929195754/http://www.skistttelkom.or.id/ |date=2007-09-29 }} # [http://stttelkom.ac.id/ukm/PMK Persekutuan Mahasiswa Kristen]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} # [http://stttelkom.ac.id/ukm/KMK KMK St.Aloysius] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080316034946/http://www.stttelkom.ac.id/ukm/KMK/ |date=2008-03-16 }} # [http://stttelkom.ac.id/ukm/KMH KMH Saraswati] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216080734/http://www.stttelkom.ac.id/ukm/KMH/ |date=2008-02-16 }} ==== Widang Kasenian/Atikan ==== # Masarakat Jurnalistik # Student English Club(SEC) # Paduan Suara Mahasiswa(PSM) # Unit Seni Budaya Minang(USBM) # UKM Seni dan Budaya Djawa # Unit Kesenian Sumatra Utara (Ukksu) # UKM Band # Swara Waditra Sunda (SWS),ukm nu bergerak di bidang budaya sunda. Diadegkeun dina kaping '''''4 desember 1993'''''. SWS sifatna formal, independen, sareng kekeluargaan nu didasarkeun ''silih asah, silih asih, silih asuh'' nu hoyong ngamajukeun sareng ngembangkeun ''Ki Sunda'' ka pentas nu leuwih tinggi disarengan kuwibawa sareng wiwaha, didasarkeun ku kondisi ''ngaping'' sareng ''ngageuing'' di sadaya anggotana. # Kasenian Bali (Widyacana Murti) # Kerukunan Mahasiswa Sumbagsel (KEMMAS) # Unit Budaya Aceh (UIKA) # Unit Budaya Jepang (Japan Genki) # Robotic Club # Programming Club === Portal Mahasiswa === Students STT Telkom mangrupa hiji portal milik komunitas mahasiswa STT Telkom. Portal ieu mekar saprak taun 1999 dimimitian ku riset group Laboratorium Internet Application and Reséarch Development (IARD) anu aya dina binaan jurusan Téknik Élektro STT Telkom waktu harita sarta terus dimekarkeun nepi ka ayeuna. Fitur anu pangréana dipikaresep nyaéta Forum Sawala Mahasiswa STT Telkom. Ogé geus mekar fitur séjénna kawas webchat (irc), Surélék Mahasiswa, blog, stréaming sarta nu séjénna. ==== LUG STT Telkom ==== [[Berkas:LUG.gif|thumb|right]] Mitembeyan tina gerakan pikeun ngamasarakatkeun pamakéan software bébas, Linux User Group STT Telkom ngadegkeun nu disebut LUG-STTTELKOM. Komunitas anu geus dimimitian saprak taun 2000 ieu ngupayakeun pikeun nyebarkeun hiji paradigma anu jejerna Open Source Campus Agreement (OSCA). Ésénsi ti OSCA ieu sorangan katémbong ti lobana pamakéan software anu boga lisénsi bébas di kampus kalawan nyartakeun source code program pikeun ditalungtik leuwih jauh deui. Ku kituna, para sivitasa akademik bisa nyieun kréasi, modifikasi sarta ngarasakeun software kasebut pikeun saterusna disebarkeun atawa dijual kalawan tetep méré kabébasan anu sarua sarta pikeun kapentingan babarengan. Kalawan ngalakonan sagala rupa kagiatan leuleutikan anu lolobana ngawangun oprek Linux, LUG STT Telkom mindeng ngayakeun sawala leutik ngeunaan linux, ngoprék bareng, démo aplikasi linux, démo instalasi linux, sarta nu séjénna. ==== STT Telkom Programming Club ==== Mangrupa kumpulan penalaran anu jadi ujung tumbak STT Telkom dina jero ngahontal préstasi ti kompetisi-kompetisi skala nasional sarta internasional. Programming Club ancrub dina jero widang programming hususna sarta IT umumna. Programming Club diadegkeun dina bulan Januari 2006 pikeun ngumpulkeun para programmer pangalusna nu aya di STT Telkom dina jero hiji wadah. Préstasi anu dihasilkeun nepi ka bulan Agustus 2007: jawara III Microsoft Imagine Cup Software Design, jawara III Microsoft Project Hoshimi, honorable mention ACM Indonésia National Contest 2007, jawara III Pekan Ilmiah Nasional Algorithm - Problem Solving and Security Contest, jawara II, III, IV, sarta V Genia National Programming Contest, sarta 16 kali asup ka final kompetisi IT nasional séjénna. == Tumbu kaluar == * {{id}} [http://www.stttelkom.ac.id/ Loka resmi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080310194535/http://www.stttelkom.ac.id/ |date=2008-03-10 }} * {{id}} [http://profesional.stttelkom.ac.id Program Profésional STT Telkom]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{id}} [http://students.stttelkom.ac.id Portal Students STT Telkom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040905173124/http://students.stttelkom.ac.id/ |date=2004-09-05 }} * {{id}} [http://www.ikast3.org Ikatan Alumni STT Telkom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325044116/http://www.ikast3.org/ |date=2013-03-25 }} * {{id}} [http://lug-stttelkom.web.id/ LUG STT Telkom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211003945/http://lug-stttelkom.web.id/ |date=2007-12-11 }} * {{id}} [http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/lug_stttelkom/ milis LUG STT Telkom] * {{id}} [http://www.ie.stttelkom.ac.id/ Loka Téknik Industri] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016070900/http://ie.stttelkom.ac.id/ |date=2007-10-16 }} * {{id}} [http://www.astacala.org/ Loka Astacala] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315141636/http://astacala.org/ |date=2008-03-15 }} {{PTS di Indonésia}} [[Kategori:Paguron luhur di Indonésia|Institut Teknologi Telkom]] 73vnf3ju45cjpdns0e6x8tsfingijpk 0 27023 710859 710558 2026-06-28T05:51:40Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710859 wikitext text/x-wiki Dihandap ieu nyaéta '''daptar setasiun [[radio]] di [[Indonésia]]'''. == [[Sumatera]] == === Nanggroe Acéh Darussalam === ==== Dayeuh Sabang ==== * 99.9 Mhz - Radio Pro FM ==== Dayeuh Banda Acéh jeung Kabupatén Acéh Besar ==== * 89.4 Mhz - Radio Binkara FM * 90.6 Mhz - Radio Serambi FM * 95.3 Mhz - Radio Meugah FM * 96.9 Mhz - Radio SIS FM * 98.5 Mhz - Radio Baiturrahman FM * 99.3 Mhz - Radio Toss FM * 101.2 Mhz - Radio Kontiki FM [http://www.kontikifm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304135648/http://www.kontikifm.com/ |date=2008-03-04 }} * 101.6 Mhz - Radio Antero FM [http://www.radioantero.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328101359/http://www.radioantero.com/ |date=2008-03-28 }} * 102.8 Mhz - Radio Freshone FM * 103.2 Mhz - Radio KISS FM [http://www.kissfm.co.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714135003/http://www.kissfm.co.id/ |date=2009-07-14 }} * 103.6 Mhz - Radio Jati FM * 104.4 Mhz - Radio Prima FM [http://www.radioprimafm.com] * 105.2 Mhz - Radio Flamboyan FM * 106.0 Mhz - [[Radio Nikoya FM]] [http://www.radioprimafm.com] * 107.8 Mhz - Radio Komunitas Seha FM * 107.8 Mhz - Radio Komunitas Meuraxa FM * 107.9 Mhz - Radio Komunitas Suara Perempuan FM ==== Kabupatén Pidie - Sigli ==== * 101.2 Mhz - Radio Askar FM ==== Dayeuh Lhokseumawe sarta Kabupatén Acéh Kalér ==== * 89.9 Mhz - RRI Pro-3 * 94.4 Mhz - RRI Pro-2 * 99.0 Mhz - RRI Pro-1 * 101.1 Mhz - Radio Vina Vira FM * 101.5 Mhz - Radio Bujang Salim FM * 102.7 Mhz - Radio Istiqomah Arun FM * 103.6 Mhz - Radio Adyemaja FM * 105.1 Mhz - Radio Surya FM ==== Kabupatén Bireuen ==== * 97.6 Mhz - Radio Wangwangan FM * 98.1 Mhz - Radio Getsu FM * 105.1 Mhz - Radio Andyta FM ==== Kabupatén Acéh Tengah - Takengon ==== * 104.0 Mhz - Radio Amanda FM ==== Kabupatén Acéh Jaya - Calang ==== * 101.0 Mhz - Radio Rapeja FM ==== Kabupatén Acéh Tenggara - Kutacané ==== * 99.0 Mhz - Radio DB 99 FM ==== Kabupatén aceh selatan - Tapaktuan ==== * 88.9 Mhz - Radio SIT FM * 101.1 Mhz - Radio Kluetezz FM * 101,5 Mhz - Radio Kutanaga FM ==== Kabupatén Acéh Kulon - Meulaboh ==== * 107.6 Mhz - Radio Komunitas Matahari FM * 101.2 Mhz - Radio Dalka FM ==== Kabupatén Acéh Wétan - Langsa ==== * 106.1 Mhz - Radio Gipsi FM ==== Kabupatén Gayo Lues ==== * 101.1 Mhz - Radio Telangke FM ==== Kabupatén Acéh Singkil - Subulussalam ==== * 104.8 Mhz - Radio Xtra FM * 104.0 Mhz - Radio Wangwangan Pesona FM ==== Kabupatén Simeulue - Sinabang ==== * Radio Smong FM 98.7 Mhz Sinabang * Radio Simeulue Voice FM 98.7 Mhz Cai Tiis === Sumatera Kulon === * [[101 Arbes FM Padang]] 101 MHZ [http://www.arbesfm.com]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [[Pronews 90 FM Padang]] 90 MHZ [http://www.pronewsfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725010108/http://www.pronewsfm.com/ |date=2010-07-25 }} * [[Prodangdut 91.6 FM Padang]] 91.6 MHZ * [[Prosport 92.4 FM Padang]] 92.4 MHZ * [[Classy FM Padang]] 103.4 MHZ [http://www.classyfm.co.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615001852/http://www.classyfm.co.id/ |date=2011-06-15 }} * [[Favorit FM Padang]] 101.8 MHZ [http://www.favorit-fm.co.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230110554/http://www.favorit-fm.co.id/ |date=2007-12-30 }} * [[Elsifm Bukittinggi]] 103,1 MHZ [http://www.elsifm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100702012244/http://www.elsifm.com/ |date=2010-07-02 }} * [[Rezafm Pasaman]] 103,5 MHZ [http://www.elsifm.com/rezafm.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415085611/http://www.elsifm.com/rezafm.php |date=2008-04-15 }} * [[SSBS FM Padang]] 94.3 Mhz * [[Radio Komunitas Gama Smanthr3 FM Padang]] 89.7 Mhz * [[BOOS FM 104.2 Padang]] 104.2 Mhz === Jambi === * [[Irma Nada]] 97.5 MHZ * [[Kalapa Indah]] 837 KHZ === Kapuloan Bangka Belitung === * [[Radio Sonora 101.1 FM]] [http://www.sonora.co.id] === Lubuklinggau === * [[Radio DKJFM 103.4 FM]] [http://www.dkjfm.web.id]{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [[Radio PAPEJA 101.8 FM]] [http://www.papejafm.web.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402024335/http://www.papejafm.web.id/ |date=2008-04-02 }} * [[Radio WANGWANGAN ATLAS 101 FM]] [http://www.citrafm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603040703/http://www.citrafm.com/ |date=2008-06-03 }} === Palémbang === * Radio Trijaya FM 87.6 MHZ * RRI Pro 2 FM 88.4 Mhz * Radio Orban FM 90.0 MHZ * Radio Sentra FM 90.8 MHZ * RRI Pro 3 FM 91.6 MHZ * RRI Pro 1 FM 92.4 MHZ * Radio Sriwijaya FM 94.3 MHZ * Radio Trax FM 95.1 MHZ * Radio Eljhon FM 95.9 MHZ * Radio Musi FM 96.7 MHZ * Radio Play FM 97.5 MHZ * Radio Elita FM 98.3 MHZ * Radio SPI FM 99.1 MHZ * Radio Global FM 101.0 MHZ * Radio Smart FM 101.8 MHZ * Radio Sonora FM 102.6 MHZ [http://www.sonora.co.id] * Radio Dangdut Indonesia FM 103.0 MHZ * Radio LCBS FM 103.4 MHZ * Radio Moméa FM 104.2 MHZ * Radio Lanugraha FM 105.0 MHZ * Radio Ramona FM 105.8 MHZ * Radio Darussalam FM 106.7 MHZ === Riau === ==== Pekanbaru ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Radio Gress FM 105.8MHZ * Radio Pas FM 105MHZ * Radio Warna FM 104.2MHZ * Radio Clapita Mas FM 103.4MHZ * Radio Suara Arum Cendana FM 102.6MHZ * Radio Monaria FM 101.8MHZ * Radio CBSFM 101MHZ * Radio Racika FM 100.2MHZ * Radio Audi FM 99.9MHZ * Radio Smart Mandiri FM 99.5MHZ * Radio RRI Prog3 FM 99.1MHZ * Radio [http://www.arfm.info/ ARFM 93.5MHZ] * Radio Bharabas FM 97.5MHZ * Radio Graha FM 96.7MHZ * Radio Pondasi FM 95.9MHZ * Radio POP FM 95.6MHZ * Radio Jalur Sakti 95.1MHZ * Radio Mentari FM 94.7MHZ * Radio SF3 94.3MHZ * Radio Indra FM 98.3MHZ * Radio Persada FM 92.4MHZ * Radio Robbani FM 91.6MHZ * Radio RRI Prog1 FM 91.2MHZ * Radio IKMI FM 90.8MHZ * Radio Pluss FM 90.0MHZ * Radio RRI Prog2 FM 88.4MHZ * Radio Aditya FM 87.6MHZ {{col-css3-end}} ==== Talukkuantan ==== * Radio Narosa FM 99.3MHZ * Radio Nikita FM 106.8MHZ === Kapuloan Riau === ==== Ujung Balé (Karimun) ==== * Radio ROK FM 107.2 FM ==== Tanjungpinang (Bintan) ==== * Radio BISS FM 103.20 MHZ (Jl. Ahmad Yani) * Radio Swara Pesona Bintan (Radio Club FM) 105.3 MHZ [http://www.clubfm.co.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404003112/http://www.clubfm.co.id/ |date=2008-04-04 }} * Radio Galaxy 107.3 FM [http://www.galaxy-fm.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109160327/http://www.galaxy-fm.net/ |date=2007-11-09 }} ==== Tembilahan ==== * Radio Senada FM 105.2 MHZ [http://www.elshinta.com] ==== Batam ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Radio Suara Marga Semesta (Radio Sing FM) 105.5 MHZ [http://www.singfmradio.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080122040754/http://www.singfmradio.com/ |date=2008-01-22 }} * Radio 87.6 FM The Younger's Station Seila Radio (PT.Lintas Sei Ladi) * Gress Radio Batam 88.0 MHZ * Radio Swara Wira Perkasa (Radio Wira FM) 91.7 MHZ * Radio Ramako Batam (Batam FM) 100.7 MHZ * Radio Discovery Minang (Radio Elshinta) 104.3 MHZ * Radio Hang FM 106.0 MHZ * Radio Kencana Ria Indah Suara (Kei FM) 102.3 MHZ * Radio Bigs 104.7 FM * Radio Era Baru (Xi wang zhi sheng)106.5 FM * Radio GFAN Bethelindo (Radio GFAN) 105.1 FM {{col-css3-end}} == '''[[Jawa]] barat''' == '''Bandung''' * Elshinta Radio Bandung - 89,3 FM * Global Radio Bandung - 89,7 - FM <br /> ==[[Jakarta]]== '''AM''' * Suara Melin Perdana,PT - 603 AM - KBR68H Jakarta [http://www.kbr68h.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019210102/http://www.kbr68h.com/ |date=2012-10-19 }} * Sekuntum Bunga Yonina,PT - 666 AM - Radio SBY Jakarta * Tona, PT - 702 AM - Batak's Radio Station - Jakarta * Gracia, PT - 720 AM Jakarta * Radio Suara As Syafi'iyah, PT: AM 792 Khz * Buana Komunika, PT - Radio Univ. Mercu Buana - 810 AM Jakarta * Puspa Dwi Cipta Swara,PT - 936 AM - P2sc Jakarta * RRI 999 AM Jakarta * Suara Multazam,PT - 1026 AM Jakarta * Siaran Pusat Cendrawasih,PT - 1062 AM Jakarta * Suara Mega Asri Indonésia,PT - 1080 AM Jakarta * Perkumpulan Mahasiswa Univ. Tarumanagara - 1098 AM Jakarta * RRI 1332 AM Jakarta * Ragesa Radio AM 1458 Khz * Hana Wangwangan Swara Jakarta,PT - 1494 AM Jakarta {{col-css3-end}} '''FM''' {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Hard Rock FM: 87.6 MHZ [http://www.hardrockfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080318205005/http://www.hardrockfm.com/ |date=2008-03-18 }} * Mustang FM: 88.0 MHZ [http://www.mustangfm.com] * GLOBAL Radio: 88.4 MHZ * RADIO MUSIC FM [https://radiomusicfm.mantep.my.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529163331/https://radiomusicfm.mantep.my.id/ |date=2024-05-29 }} * RRI Jakarta Pro 3: 88.8 MHZ [http://www.rri-online.com] * Campursari Radio: 89.2 MHZ * Publica FM: 89.6 MHZ * Elshinta: 90.0 MHZ [http://www.elshinta.com] * Cosmopolitan FM: 90.4 MHZ [http://www.cosmopolitanfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218052241/http://www.cosmopolitanfm.com/ |date=2008-12-18 }} * Suara Gema Pemwangunan Utama (OZ Radio): 90.8 MHZ * RRI Jakarta Pro 1: 91.2 MHZ [http://www.rri-online.com] * Indika Milenia (Indika FM): 91.6 MHZ [http://www.indikafm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411211958/https://indikafm.com/ |date=2023-04-11 }} * Radio Sonora: 92.0 MHZ [http://www.sonora.co.id] * PAS FM: 92.4 MHZ [http://202.146.225.106:8000] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930122422/http://202.146.225.106:8000/ |date=2007-09-30 }} * PAS FM Jakarta 92.4FM; Surabaya 104.3FM; Semarang 106FM; Solo 90.9FM [http://202.146.225.106:8000] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930122422/http://202.146.225.106:8000/ |date=2007-09-30 }} * RRI Jakarta Pro 4: 92.8 MHZ [http://www.rri-online.com] * HOT FM: 93.2 MHZ * Radio X Jkt: 93.5 MHZ [http://www.radioxjakarta.wordpress.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626192503/https://radioxjakarta.wordpress.com/ |date=2018-06-26 }} * MERSI FM: 93.9 MHZ * Garda Asia Bumi (Woman Radio): 94.3 MHZ * U FM (Agustina Yunior): 94.7 MHZ [http://www.u-fm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705124700/http://www.u-fm.com/ |date=2008-07-05 }} * KIS FM: 95.1 MHZ [http://www.kisfmjakarta.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051211070825/http://www.kisfmjakarta.com/ |date=2005-12-11 }} * Radio Alaikassalam Sejahtera Jakarta PT.(RAS FM): 95.5 MHZ * Smart FM: 95.9 MHZ [http://www.smartfm.com] * Radio Pelita Kasih (RPK FM): 96.3 MHZ [http://www.radiopelitakasih.com] * Swara Rhadana Dunia (HITZ FM): 96.7 MHZ * RDI: 97.1 MHZ * Female Radio: 97.9 MHZ [http://www.femaleradio.com] * Cakrawala Gita Swara (Mandarin Station): 98.3 MHZ * GEN FM: 98.7 MHZ [http://www.987genfm.com/] * Delta FM: 99.1 MHZ [http://www.deltafm.net] * Smooth FM: 99.5 MHZ * Virgin Radio Jakarta 99.9 MHZ [http://www.virginradiojakarta.com] * Radio El-gangga: 100.3 MHZ - Bekasi * 101 Jak FM: 101.0 MHZ [http://www.radioonejakarta.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723234943/http://www.radioonejakarta.com/ |date=2008-07-23 }} * iRadio: 101.4 MHZ [http://www.traxonsky.com] * Terik Matahari Bahana Pemwangunan, PT. Radio Bahana 101.8 MHZ * Prambors FM: 102.2 MHZ [http://www.pramborsfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509134111/http://www.pramborsfm.com/ |date=2008-05-09 }} * Camajaya Surya Nada, PT - Radio Camajaya: 102.6 MHZ Jakarta * Pop FM Jakarta: 103.0 MHZ [http://riapopfm.big.net.id/listen.pls] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928131507/http://riapopfm.big.net.id/listen.pls |date=2007-09-28 }} * Taman Mini, PT (Radio DFM): 103.4 MHZ Jakarta * Pesona Gita Anindita, PT - Brava Radio: 103.8 MHZ Jakarta * IMAX - Community Radio FM 104.0 MHZ Cijantung - Jakarta * Media Suara Trisakti,PT FM: 104.2 MHZ Jakarta * Trijaya Shakti,PT FM: 104.6 MHZ Jakarta [http://www.trijayafm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028074244/http://www.trijayafm.com/ |date=2007-10-28 }} * RRI Jakarta Pro 2 (Pro 2 FM): 105.0 MHZ [http://www.rri-online.com] * RIM FM Jakarta: 105.2 MHZ * Niaga Chakti Bhudi Bhakti, PT - CBB FM: 105.4 MHZ Jakarta * Ramako Jaya Raya, PT - MOST FM: 105.8 MHZ - Jakarta [http://www.mostfm.com] * Bens Radio:106.2 MHZ Jakarta * Pidawuh Sosok Sohor, PT - V-Radio: 106.6 MHZ Jakarta * Persada FM : 106.9 MHZ * Radio Mitra: 107.1 MHZ * Star Radio: 107.3 MHZ * Music City FM: 107.5 MHZ * Radio JJM: 107.7 MHZ * REM SSK: 107.9 MHZ {{col-css3-end}} === [[Banten]] === ==== Banten ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Héartline FM: 100.6 MHZ [http://www.heartline.co.id] * EMC Radio PT. El Mizan 93,6 FM * Sora Tunggal Angakasa Raya,PT - STAR FM: 107.3 FM - Dayeuh Tangerang, Banten * Bergaya Nyanyian Irama Sejati,PT - Bens Radio: 106.2 FM - Ciputat,Kab. Tangerang, Banten * PBS FM (Pahla Buana Sakti): 104.8 FM - Dayeuh Sérang, Banten * TOP FM: 91.8 FM - Dayeuh Cilegon, Banten * Banten FM: 95.3 FM - Dayeuh Cilegon, Banten * Harmoni FM: 98.1 FM - Dayeuh Sérang, Banten * Krakatau FM: 93.7 FM - Labuan, Banten * Radio Wangwangan Mega Swara (Megaswara FM) FM 91.4 MHZ - Sérang * Dimensi FM: 94.9 FM - Dayeuh Sérang, Banten * Pimas FM: 97.7 FM - Wewengkon Industri Sérang Wétan Cikandé * HOT Radio: 88.2 FM - Dayeuh Sérang, Banten * Radio Siaran Pemerintah Kota Cilegon: 98.8 FM - Dayeuh Cilegon, Banten * Radio Siaran Pemerintah Daerah Kabupatén Serang: 101.6 FM - Dayeuh Sérang, Banten * Radio Siaran Pemerintah Daerah Kabupatén Pandeglang: 97.3 FM - Pandéglang, Banten {{col-css3-end|2}} ==== Bekasi ==== * Gaya: 93.60 MHZ * M2 Radio: 94.00 Mhz * Radio Elgangga: FM 100.3 MHZ. * Radio Dakta: 107.00 MHZ === [[Jawa Kulon]] === ==== Sukabumi ==== * Radio Kiwari FM 95.4 MHZ * LPK Perkumpulan Pelaku Agribisnis dan Wirausaha Caraka Buana Suara - CBSNFM 107.7 * ==== Bogor ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Agri FM 107.7 Mhz [http://agrifm.blogspot.com] * Radio Siaran Pemerintah Kota Bogor FM 89.4 MHZ * Radio Kancah Irama Suara Indonesia (KISI) FM 93.4 MHZ * Radio Tegar Beriman (Pemerintah Kabupatén Cibinong) FM 95.3 MHZ * Radio Ika Lesmana FM 100.1 MHZ * Radio Wangwangan Mega Swara (Megaswara FM) FM 100.8 MHZ * Radio Swara Irama Kusuma Sena (Radio Elpas) FM 103.6 MHZ * Radio Swara Lidya Sari (Radio TABIR) FM 104.0 MHZ * RRI Bogor Pro-1 FM 106.8 MHZ * RRI Bogor Pro-3 FM 107.5 MHZ * Mitra Cerita 16, PT - Music City (MC): 107.5 FM - Cimanggis {{col-css3-end}} ==== Bandung ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * U-fm Bandung 104.3 FM [http://ufm.broadbandsimaya.com:8100/listen.pls] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930135145/http://ufm.broadbandsimaya.com:8100/listen.pls |date=2007-09-30 }} * Radio MGT 101.1 FM "Spirit Of Your Life". Jl. Buah Batu 8 Bandung 40262 [http://www.mgtradio.com/] * Delta FM 94,4 * Female Radio 96,4 * Prambors Radio Bandung 98.4 FM [http://www.pramborsfm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509134111/http://www.pramborsfm.com/ |date=2008-05-09 }} * Radio 98,8 Raka FM Jalan Sukajadi no.223 Bandung * Trijaya FM Bandung 91.3 FM * Rase FM Bandung 102.3 FM [http://www.rasefm.com/] * Radio Paramuda Bandung 93.7 FM * Radio Ardan Bandung 105.9 FM [http://www.ardanradio.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313041301/http://www.ardanradio.com/ |date=2008-03-13 }} atawa [http://202.138.229.74:8000/ online streaming]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * KLCBS 100.4 FM [http://www.klcbs.net/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410222115/http://klcbs.net/ |date=2008-04-10 }} * Oz Radio Bandung 103.1 FM [http://www.ozradio.net/index.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060212160839/http://www.ozradio.net/index.php |date=2006-02-12 }} * 99ers Radio Bandung 100 FM [http://www.999.fm]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314203753/http://www.999.fm/ |date=2008-03-14 }} * Buzz FM 89.7 FM [http://www.needbuzz.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226112639/http://www.needbuzz.com/ |date=2008-02-26 }} * Maestro FM 92.5 FM * B Radio 95.6 FM * Radio Maraghita FM 106.7 * MQ FM 102.7 FM [http://www.cybermq.com/mqfm/index.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061012071119/http://www.cybermq.com/mqfm/index.php |date=2006-10-12 }} * K-lite FM 107.1 FM [http://www.klitefm.net.ms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314023632/http://www.klitefm.net.ms/ |date=2008-03-14 }} * Radio Global, ''relay'' Radio Elshinta 89.3 FM * GRG Radio Bandung 100.7 FM Jl.Talun No. 81 Majalaya Bandung * Poshway 107.9 FM * Hard Rock FM Bandung 87.7 FM [http://www.hardrockfm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080318205005/http://www.hardrockfm.com/ |date=2008-03-18 }} * [[I Radio Bandung]] 105.1 FM Jl. Sulanjana 15 [http://www.iradiofm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019202540/http://www.iradiofm.com/ |date=2008-10-19 }} * Pop FM Bandung 106.3 FM * Radio Zora FM 90.1 FM Jalan Sumur Bandung 12 - Bandung [http://www.zora901fm.co.id]{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * RADIO CBL FM 91,7 FM Jl. Guntur Sari Wetan * Monalisa FM 101,3 FM Jl. Sriguntung 12 Bandung * Radio Walagri 93.3 FM, Jl. Ir. H. Djuanda no. 101 Dago - Bandung * Radio SKY9050FM Jl. Diponegoro 21 - Bandung 40115 {{col-css3-end}} ==== Cimahi ==== * AR 92.9 FM ==== Cirebon ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * SHELTER 95.3 FM Cirebon's No.1 Hits Music Station [http://www.shelter953fm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608072029/http://www.shelter953fm.com/ |date=2017-06-08 }} * DBFM 90.8 MHZ The Family Station [http://www.db908fm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822154604/http://www.db908fm.com/ |date=2007-08-22 }} * Pilaradio 88.6 MHZ Cirebon * RRI Pro 2 FM 97.5 MHZ * Nuansa FM 104.2 MHZ * Gita Suara FM 99.1 MHZ * Gracia FM 95.9 MHZ * IS Radio FM 91.80 MHZ * Cirebon FM 92.85 MHZ * Prima Sonata FM * Sindang Kasih 103.6 FM Cirebon * Salma FM * Maritim FM {{col-css3-end}} ==== Indramayu ==== * KC-10 87.9 FM * TRIAN FM 102,5 MHZ. INDRAMAYU BERCANDA PANTURA ==== Karawang ==== * Radio Komunitas Majlis Ta'lim [http://nh.web.id/ NH FM 107.7 MHZ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115090632/http://nh.web.id/ |date=2008-01-15 }}, Jl. Pramuka Km. 4, Mushalla Daarunnadwah, Désa Keusik Mukti, Kec. Telagasari, Kab. Karawang, JABAR 41381 ==== Kuningan ==== * Rasuci FM * Kost FM === '''[[Jawa Tengah]]''' === ==== [[Kabupatén Brebes]] - Jateng ==== '''FM''' * Pop FM Brebes (97,2 FM) * Gemilang FM Brebes (106,5) * MS Radio Limbangan - Brebes(105,5 FM) * Top FM Bumiayu (95,1 FM)NO 1 DI BUMIAYU * RSPD Brebes- Singosari News FM Ketanggungan (90,5 FM) * RSPD Paguyangan-brebes '''AM''' * RSPD AM * Radio BSA (Berhias Suara Angkasa)<1026 Khz> ==== Kudus ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Manggala FM 100.40 Mhz * Muria AM 1440 Khz * Suara Kudus FM (RSPD) 88.00 Mhz * Pop kudus FM 93.70 Mhz * Gelora FM 107.10 Mhz * Pamira FM 93.00 Mhz * RTK FM 106.30 Mhz?? * UMK Radio FM 94.6 Mhz {{col-css3-end}} ==== Jepara ==== * R-lisa FM 89.6 Mhz ==== Kebumen (URUT FREKUWENSI AJA DI RUBAH) ==== * Ardhana FM 89,3 (DVK) * IN FM 90,5 RSPD KEBUMEN. * Bima Sakti FM 96,8 * GONG RADIO GOMBONG 97,3 MHZ ( GAWE ATI BOMBONG ) * MAS FM 101,7 RCM RADIO-NET. * Prima FM 105,3. * ==== Pati ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Pesantenan FM 95.90 Mhz * Pas FM 101.00 Mhz * Pragola FM 94.30 Mhz * Pop FM 90.80 Mhz * Boswin FM 99.90 Mhz??? * Harbos FM 102.60 Mhz * Jalesveva FM Juwana 87.60 Mhz {{col-css3-end}} ==== Purwokerto ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Dian Swara FM: 98.2 Mhz * RGM FM * RRI Pro 2 FM: 99.0 Mhz * Cipta Ngora Binangkit FM: 99.8 Mhz * Paduka Dirgantara FM: 100.6 Mhz * Swara Mitra Nusantara FM: 104.9 Mhz * Gema Mahasiswa UNSUD FM: 105.7 Mhz * Tara Valaria FM: 106.5 Mhz * RRI Pro 3 FM: 107.3 Mhz * Channel 99 Purbalinga 90.2 * Pop FM BANJARNEGARA 91 * Yasika FM 91.5 * Pop FM 91.9 * RGBS 92.3 * RRI PRO 1 93.1 * King FM 93.9 * SBS Purbalingga 94.7 * Ardi Lawt 96.4 * Dian Swara 98.2 * Prima FM 98.6 * RRI PRO 2 99 * Pop FM Banyumas 100.2 * Paduka FM 100.6 * Suara Purwokerto FM 101.4 * Crez FM 103 * Satria Ajibarang 103.9 * Mitra FM 104.9 Purwokerto * Radenmas FM Baturaden 105.3 * Metro FM 105.7 * Ria FM 106.5 * RRI PRO 3 107.3 * Prima FM Banjarnegara 97.7 {{col-css3-end}} ==== Purwodadi ==== * Pop FM: 91.5 Mhz ==== Salatiga ==== * Pesona FM: 88.40 MHZ * Swara Salatiga FM: 106.60 Mhz * Zenith FM: 97.20 MHZ * Elisa FM: 103.9 MHZ ==== Semarang ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Pas FM: 106 Mhz - * RRI Pro-1 FM: 89.0 Mhz stasiun relay di Gn. Depok Banyumas FM: 99.4 MHZ, Gn. Gantungan FM: 101.8 MHZ, Gn. Muria-colo FM:91.2 MHZ sarta AM: 801 KHZ * TOP FM: 89.4 Mhz * Trijaya FM Semarang: 89.8 Mhz * TRAX FM Semarang: 90.2 Mhz * RRI Pro-3 FM: 90.6 Mhz jaringan jakarta * Elshinta FM: 91.0 Mhz * Smart FM: 93.4 Mhz * RRI Pro-2 FM: 95.3 MHZ * Female FM: 96.1 Mhz * Suara Semarang FM: 96.9 Mhz * Pro Alma FM: 97.7 Mhz * Gaya FM: 98.5 Mhz * Merci FM: 98.9 Mhz * Radiks FM: 99.3 Mhz * RCTFM: 101.2 Mhz * IBC FM: 101.6 Mhz * Prambors FM: 102.0 Mhz * Gajahmada FM: 102.4 Mhz [http://www.gajahmadafm.co.id]{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Jatayu FM: 102.8 Mhz * Kis FM: 103.2 Mhz * IMELDA: 104.4 Mhz * Suara Sakti FM: 105.2 Mhz * Rasika FM: 105.6 Mhz * Radio Dakwah Islam( DAIS ) FM: 107.9 MHZ * Borobudur * Lusiana * Kalimasada * Rhema Radio FM 88,6 MHZ [http://www.rhemaradio.com/main/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080222200801/http://www.rhemaradio.com/main/ |date=2008-02-22 }} {{col-css3-end}} ==== Surakarta ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Karavan FM 107.3 Mhz Jl.MH.Thamrin 11 Manahan Solo [http://www.karavanfm.co.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119072958/http://www.karavanfm.co.id/ |date=2008-01-19 }} * PAS 90.9 FM - Radio Bisnis Solo JL.Raya Solo Anyar * Prambors Radio 99.2 MHZ [http://www.pramborsfm.com]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Solo Radio 92.9 FM (Ardan Group) * PTPN Rasitania 99.4FM * Jimbaran FM 103.9 Mhz Jl.MH Thamrin 11 Solo * SAS 104.3 FM JL.Raya Solo anyar * GSM 97.6 FM * Suara Slenk 92.5 FM * MQ 100.9 FM * Hizbullah 101.4 FM * Imanuel FM * JPI 106.3 FM * Pro1 FM * Pro2 FM * Swara Graha 92.1 * Mentari FM * Ria 98.8 FM Solo Sonora Group [http://www.sonora.co.id] * Kharisma 100.3 FM * Metta 104.7 FM * Solopos 103 FM * Suara Wening Ati MQ FM * UMS FM * Fiesta FM FISIP UNS 085647244884. Gedong 1 Lt. 2 FISIP UNS * Unisri FM * Ramakusala FM * Radio Komunitas Global Etnik STSI FM * 89.6 STAR FM * Pujangga 94.7 FM Pedan, Klaten [http://www.pramborsfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509134111/http://www.pramborsfm.com/ |date=2008-05-09 }} * Prima 91.7 fm * Salma 103.3 fm Klaten al-mabrrur komp. RSI (0272)325804 * Candisewu 96.6 fm Klaten Jl. Bhayangkara (0272)322888 * RWK 89.9 fm Klaten Jl. Nonoman 238 (0272)321578 * IC 106.7 fm Klaten Islamic Center JL. Solo-jogja Km 4 * Pedan radio 88 fm Klaten Jl. R.warsito relay Gn.mijil {{col-css3-end}} ==== Tegal ==== * La Bamba FM (97,6 FM) Tegal * Sananta Gelora, PT (105 FM) Tegal [http://www.sananta.com/]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * DLC * Roshinta * Elshinta Tegal (99,9 FM) * Radi Raka * Paramount 106 FM ==== Magelang ==== * [[Magelang FM]] === [[Yogyakarta]] === {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Arma Sebelas/Radio Dangdut TPI FM 87.9 MHZ * Q Radio FM 88.3 MHZ * I Radio FM 88.7 MHZ * Fantasy FM 89.1 MHZ * Rasia Lima FM 89.5 MHZ [http://www.rbgroup.co.id/rasialima] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060823150949/http://www.rbgroup.co.id/rasialima/ |date=2006-08-23 }} * Sasando FM 90.3 MHZ * PTDI Medari FM 90.7 MHZ * RRI Pro 1 FM 91.1 MHZ * Amega (Aristia Megaswara) FM 91.9 MHZ * MQ FM 92.3 MHZ * MBS FM 92.7 MHZ [http://www.rbgroup.co.id/mbs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060518190140/http://www.rbgroup.co.id/mbs/ |date=2006-05-18 }} * Swara Argo Sosro FM 93.2 MHZ * Rama FM 93.5 MHZ * Pratama FM 93.8 MHZ * Radio Persatuan Bantul FM 94.2 MHZ * Kotaperak FM 94.6 MHZ * Masdha FM 95.0 MHZ * Yasika FM 95.4 MHZ * Prambors FM 95.8 MHZ [http://www.pramborsfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509134111/http://www.pramborsfm.com/ |date=2008-05-09 }} * Ista FM 96.2 MHZ * Trijaya FM 97.0 MHZ [http://www.trijayafm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028074244/http://www.trijayafm.com/ |date=2007-10-28 }} * Sonora FM 97.4 MHZ [http://www.sonora.co.id] * EMC FM 97.8 MHZ * Pop FM Yogya FM 98.2 MHZ * GCD FM 98.6 MHZ * Vedac FM 99.0 MHZ * Retjo Buntung FM 99.4 MHZ [http://www.retjobuntungfm.co.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060724214631/http://www.retjobuntungfm.co.id/ |date=2006-07-24 }} * Radio Anak Jogja FM 99.9 MHZ * Prima FM 100.2 MHZ * Andalan Muda FM 100.5 MHZ * Channel 5 FM 100.9 MHZ * Star FM (radio gaul-nya Jogja) FM 101.3 MHZ * Swaragama FM 101.7 MHZ [http://home.swaragama.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060517214153/http://home.swaragama.com/ |date=2006-05-17 }} * Eltira FM 102.1 MHZ [http://www.eltirafm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828232839/http://www.eltirafm.com/ |date=2008-08-28 }} * RRI Pro 2 FM 102.5 MHZ * RRI Pro 3 FM 102.9 MHZ * Disaga FM 103.3 MHZ * Female Radio FM 103.7 MHZ * Ardhia FM 104.1 MHZ * Unisi FM 104.5 MHZ * Rakosa Female Radio FM 105.3 MHZ [http://www.rbgroup.co.id/rakosa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060110153044/http://rbgroup.co.id/rakosa/ |date=2006-01-10 }} * Petra FM 105.7 MHZ * [[Geronimo FM]] 106.1 MHZ [http://www.geronimo.fm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309052759/http://www.geronimo.fm/ |date=2008-03-09 }} * Uty FM 106.9 MHZ * Suara Indrakila FM 107.2 MHZ * Global FM 107.6 MHZ {{col-css3-end}} === [[Jawa Wétan]] === ==== Batu - Malang ==== * Swara Buana FM * Kencana FM - FM 98,6 MHZ * Biga FM - FM 92,5 MHZ * Pro FM - FM 107,4 MHZ * Tidar FM - FM 90,3 MHZ * Simfoni - FM 106,9 MHZ * Mensana FM - FM 102.5 MHZ * Mitra FM ([[Elshinta]]) - FM 97.0 MHZ ==== Banyuwangi ==== *. Radio Komunitas Bung Tomo Banyuwangi * Visfm 101.5 MHZ Banyuwangi [http://www.visfmradio.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116052401/http://visfmradio.com/ |date=2007-11-16 }} * Sritanjung FM 102.3 MHZ Banyuwangi * MAS FM 94.3 MHZ Banyuwangi ==== Blitar ==== *RadioDonna 101.8 FM Srengat-blitar [http://www.donnafm.co.cc] *Satria 89,7 FM Blitar radio seni sarta budaya *Mayangkara - FM 101 MHZ *Patria - FM 102.6 MHZ *Mahardika - FM 95.9 ( radio pamaréntah wewengkon dayeuh ) *Persada - FM 93.4 MHZ ( radio pamaréntah wewengkon kab ) *Istana FM 88.4 MHZ *Purnama FM 95.1 MHZ *Radio Budaya jawa FM 87.6 MHZ *radio grast 91.6 Mhz *Radio GlobalFm blitar 107,8 Mhz ==== Jember ==== * RRI Jember - AM 963 khz, FM 87.9 MHZ, FM 89.5 MHZ, FM 95.4 MHZ, 104.5 MHZ * RKPD Jember * Frenco Radio - FM 90.2 MHZ * Radio Suara Akbar - FM 94.6 MHZ * Radio Suara Kartika - FM 107.3 MHZ * Radio Prosalina FM - 101.3 MHZ [http://prosalinaradio.com/] * Radio Kirana Indah Sentra Suara (KISS FM) - FM 96.2 MHZ * [[Trijaya FM|Best FM (Trijaya Network)]] - FM 102.9 MHZ * Radio Soka Adiswara - FM 102.1 MHZ [http://www.soka-radio.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080131130838/http://www.soka-radio.com/ |date=2008-01-31 }} * Radio Warta Mutiara - FM 99.10 MHZ * Radio Boss FM - FM 93.7 MHZ * Ratu FM - FM 92.85 MHZ * M.I. FM - FM 92.5 MHZ ==== Malang ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * RRI Malang - AM 891 khz, FM 94.6 MHZ, FM 99.4 MHZ, FM 105.3 MHZ * Radio Kalimaya Bhaskara - FM 102.1 MHZ * Radio Tritara Yaksa - AM 828 khz * Radio Kutilang - AM 1188 khz * Radio Wangwangan Protiga - FM 87.9 MHZ * Radio Makobu FM - FM 88.7 MHZ [http://www.makobu.com/] * RCB FM - FM 89.5 MHZ * Radio Tidar Sakti - FM 90.3 MHZ * Radio Andalus - FM 91.1 MHZ * Radio Senaputra - FM 92.1 MHZ * Bhiga FM - FM 92.5 MHZ * Radio Elfara - FM 93.0 MHZ * AWEUHAN FM - FM 93.5 MHZ * Radio DJFM - FM 93.8 MHZ * Radio Kosmonita - FM 95.4 MHZ * Pionir FM - FM 96.2 MHZ * Radio Solagracia - FM 97.2 MHZ * Radio KDS8 - FM 97.8 MHZ * Radio Kencana FM - FM 98.6 MHZ * Radio Duta FM - FM 99.15 MHZ * UM FM - FM 99.9 MHZ * FM Voice Brawijaya One - FM 100.5 MHZ * Radio Malang Kucecwara - FM 101.3 MHZ * Radio Gita FM - FM 102.9 MHZ * Puspita FM - FM 103.7 MHZ * Mitra Adiswara FM - FM 104.5 MHZ [http://www.radiomasfm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225172306/http://radiomasfm.com/ |date=2008-02-25 }} * Tritara FM - FM 106.1 MHZ * Kanjuruhan FM - FM 106.5 MHZ * Sejahtera FM - FM 107.9 MHZ {{col-css3-end}} ==== Ngawi ==== * Radio Srikandi FM 107,7 Mhz * Radio Gema Suara Kebonagung (GSK FM) 89,6 Mhz ==== Ponorogo ==== * Radio Gema Surya News, Music & Culture * Radio Duta Nusantara * Romansa FM * GONG FM * Gress FM * AVIDA FM * Radio MADU Fm Ponorogo FM 107.70 Mhz * [[Smezho FM]] [http://www.smezhofm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019031602/http://www.smezhofm.com/ |date=2007-10-19 }} * Suara Gontor FM * Radio Suara Bumimas FM 103.7 MHZ ==== Surabaya ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * RRI Surabaya - AM 585 khz, FM 95.2 MHZ, FM 99.2 MHZ, FM 106.3 MHZ [http://www.rrisurabaya.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070129082215/http://www.rrisurabaya.com/ |date=2007-01-29 }} * RKPD Kodya Surabaya - AM 1350 khz * JT-FM (Radio Pamaréntah Propinsi Jawa Wétan) - FM 98.9 MHZ * Radio Pendidikan JAwa Timur - AM 1503 khz, 107.5 MHZ * RKIP - AM 1449 khz * Radio Susana FM - FM 91.3 MHZ * Pas FM - FM 104.3 Mhz - Radio Bisnis Surabaya [http://www.pasfm.co.id/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102055628/http://www.pasfm.co.id/ |date=2007-11-02 }} * EBS FM - FM 105.9 Mhz [http://www.ebsfm.com/] * Suara Surabaya - FM 100.00 Mhz [http://www.suarasurabaya.net] * Sonora Surabaya FM - FM 98,0 Mhz [http://www.sonorasurabaya.co.id] * SCFM [[Trijaya FM|Trijaya Surabaya]] - FM 104.70 MHZ * [[Elshinta|Radio Elshinta]] - FM 97.6 MHZ * Prambors FM 89.3 [http://www.pramborsfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509134111/http://www.pramborsfm.com/ |date=2008-05-09 }} * Kota FM - FM 88.1 MHZ [http://www.kotafm.co.id/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707093014/http://www.kotafm.co.id/ |date=2007-07-07 }} * [[DJFM 94.8]] - FM 94.80 Mhz [http://www.djfm.co.id] * Bungin FM - FM 96.80 Mhz [http://www.deltafm.net/] * Kosmonita - FM 92.50 Mhz [http://www.kosmonitafm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704191810/http://www.kosmonitafm.com/ |date=2007-07-04 }} * Global FM - FM 90.90 Mhz [http://www.globalfm.co.id/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302203222/http://www.globalfm.co.id/ |date=2008-03-02 }} * Wijaya FM - FM 103.30 Mhz [http://www.wijayafm.co.id/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808163841/http://www.wijayafm.co.id/ |date=2007-08-08 }} * Hard Rock FM - FM 89.70 Mhz [http://www.hardrockfm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080318205005/http://www.hardrockfm.com/ |date=2008-03-18 }} * [[Mercury 96 FM]] - FM 96.00 Mhz [http://www.mercuryfm.co.id/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107003736/http://www.mercuryfm.co.id/ |date=2017-01-07 }} * Metro FM - FM 88.5 MHZ [http://www.metrofm.co.id/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070608185621/http://www.metrofm.co.id/ |date=2007-06-08 }} * Istara FM - FM 101.1 MHZ [http://www.istarafm.com/] * JJ FM - FM 105.1 MHZ [http://www.jjfmradio.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703022604/http://www.jjfmradio.com/ |date=2007-07-03 }} * Smart FM - FM 88.9 MHZ [http://www.smartfm.com/] * Colors FM - FM 87.7 MHZ [http://www.colorsfm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220033038/http://www.colorsfm.com/ |date=2013-12-20 }} {{col-css3-end}} ==== Trenggalek ==== * [http://www.madufm.multiply.com/ Radio MADU FM BASISIR PRIGI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209215838/http://madufm.multiply.com/ |date=2009-02-09 }} FM 96.20 MHZ [http://www.radiomadufm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121001137/http://www.radiomadufm.com/ |date=2008-11-21 }} * Radio MADU FM Trenggalek FM 100.4 MHZ [http://www.madufm.multiply.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209215838/http://madufm.multiply.com/ |date=2009-02-09 }} * Graha Musik Gaul FM / Granada FM 97.4 MHZ * Radio GEMA PERDIKAN FM Trenggalek 101,5 MHZ (http://www.radioperdikanfm.com{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}) ==== Tulungagung ==== * [http://www.RADIOMADUFM.com/ Radio Komunitas Pesantren MADU FM Campurdarat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121001137/http://www.radiomadufm.com/ |date=2008-11-21 }} - FM 107.70 MHZ [http://www.radiomadufm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121001137/http://www.radiomadufm.com/ |date=2008-11-21 }} * [http://www.RADIOMADUFM.com/ Radio Komunitas Petani MADU FM Tangunggunung] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121001137/http://www.radiomadufm.com/ |date=2008-11-21 }} - FM 107.70 MHZ [http://madufmgunung.multiply.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091114151008/http://madufmgunung.multiply.com/ |date=2009-11-14 }} * Liiur FM - FM 90.9 MHZ [http://www.liiur.com/station/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080204210014/http://www.liiur.com/station/ |date=2008-02-04 }} * Radio Jos FM Tulungagung * Radio Perkasa FM * Radio jaya FM Tulungagung * Radio RKS Tulungagung * Radio Guyub Rukun Freq 106.70 MHZ == [[Bali]] sarta [[Nusa Tenggara]] == === Bali === {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Rock FM 88.2 MHZ * R* Hardrock FM: 87.8 MHZ [http://www.hardrockfm.com]{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Rupa-rupa Rama (AR), FM 104.4 MHZ * Bali Perkasa (Balisa), FM 101.6 MHZ * Bali SWIB (Swara Widdya Besakih), AM 702 MHZ * Batur (Raba), AM 954 MHZ * Barong, AM 1188 MHZ * Besakih Rasisonia, AM 702 MHZ * Cakra Swara Perkasa (CSP), AM 1044 MHZ * Cassanova, FM 102 MHZ * Wangwangan Dharma Balisatya (CDBS), FM 94.5 MHZ * Duta, FM 92.6 MHZ * Elkoga, FM 96.9 MHZ * FBI, FM 91.8 MHZ * Gema Merdeka, FM 98.1 MHZ * Genta Bali, FM 96.1 MHZ * Global FM Bali, FM 99.15 MHZ * Guntur, FM 97.7 MHZ * Phoenix, FM 91 MHZ {{col-css3-end}} === Nusa Tenggara Kulon === * RRI Mataram - AM 855 khz, FM 89.2 MHZ, FM 91.4 MHZ, FM 93.5 MHZ, FM 96.3 MHZ, FM 104.2 MHZ * Radio Suara KotaMataram - FM 105.0 MHZ * Radio Riper FM - FM 97.5 MHZ [http://www.ripergroup.com/riper-profile.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927090915/http://www.ripergroup.com/riper-profile.php |date=2007-09-27 }} * Radio Sutra - FM 91.6 MHZ [http://www.ripergroup.com/sutra-profile.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927090927/http://www.ripergroup.com/sutra-profile.php |date=2007-09-27 }} * Radio Rasesa Sumbawa - FM 98.8 MHZ [http://www.ripergroup.com/rasesa-profile.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927090921/http://www.ripergroup.com/rasesa-profile.php |date=2007-09-27 }} == [[Kalimantan]] == === Banjarmasin === * Radio Smartfm 101.1 FM === Balikpapan === * SBI 102,1 Mhz * Gemaya 104.5 FM [http://www.gemayafm.web.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229061603/http://www.gemayafm.web.id/ |date=2007-12-29 }} * Smartfm 97.8 Mhz * Swara Media 101.3 * RSPD 99,9 FM * AMA FM 105,3 FM * Radio Sangkakala Bornéo 91,1 MHZ FM * phalma 94,6 MHZ [http://www.phalmafm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930011148/http://www.phalmafm.com/ |date=2007-09-30 }} * Rock Radio 88.7 FM [http://www.friendster.com/rockradio] === Berau === * RSPD Berau 99,3 [http://www.rspdberau.mcommunity.biz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404183313/http://www.rspdberau.mcommunity.biz/ |date=2008-04-04 }} === Bontang === * Radio Nuansa 97,2 fm === Martapura === * Radio M 107.1 FM [http://www.radiommartapura.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127132840/http://www.radiommartapura.com/ |date=2007-11-27 }} === Palangka Raya === * Radio Kalaweit 99.1 FM [http://www.kalaweitfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801184607/http://kalaweitfm.com/ |date=2015-08-01 }} * Radio OZON 105.8 FM [http://www.ozonfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026061223/http://www.ozonfm.com/ |date=2007-10-26 }} === Pontianak === {{col-css3-begin|2}} * RRI Pontianak * Radio Swara Prima 99,5 FM * Trijaya FM Pontianak: 97.5 FM * RRI Pro 2 FM * RRI Pro 3 FM * Radio Sonora 96,7 FM [http://www.sonora.co.id] * Radio Volare [http://www.volarefm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430001753/http://www.volarefm.com/ |date=2008-04-30 }} * Radio Mitra Mahardika * Prokom (Pro Komunikasi), Radio Komunitas {{col-css3-end}} ==== Luar Pontianak ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Suara Sambas (104 Fm) * Vinka 88.50 FM (Kabupatén Ketapang) * Renita 103.5 FM (Kabupatén Ketapang) * Suara Melawi 93.5 FM (Kabupatén Melawi) {{col-css3-end}} === Samarinda === * Radio Dino 90.9 FM [http://dino909fm.blogspot.com/2007/08/radio-dino-909-fm-samarinda.html] * Radio One Way 95.2 FM * Radio Bornéo 96.0 FM [http://borneofm.anakborneo.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404212249/http://borneofm.anakborneo.com/ |date=2008-04-04 }}[http://profiles.friendster.com/36306818] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406034914/http://profiles.friendster.com/36306818 |date=2010-04-06 }} * Radio Héartline 98.4 FM [http://www.yaski.co.id/radio.asp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930121534/http://www.yaski.co.id/radio.asp |date=2007-09-30 }} * Radio Suara Mahakam 101.1 FM * Radio Metro Mulawarman 101.9 FM * Radio Mitra 102.7 FM * Radio Paras 103.5 FM * Radio Gembira Raya 104.3 FM * Radio Gema Nirwana 105.1 FM === Sampit === * Radio Pesona 100,3 FM == [[Sulawesi]] == * Radio Komunitas * Radio Pendidikan dan Lingkungan Hidup 107,90 MHZ === Gorontalo === *Selebes 101 fm. *SK FM. *Nada 90,8fm. *BPKB Radio 94.7 FM === Kendari === * RRI Kendari - FM 90.8 MHZ, FM 96.7 MHZ, AM 954 khz === Makassar === * RRI Makassar - FM 94.4 MHZ, FM 96.8 MHZ * Savana FM Makassar - FM 106.5 MHZ === Manado === * RRI Manado - FM 94.5 MHZ, FM 97.7 MHZ, FM 104.4 MHZ === Palu === * RRI Palu - FM 90.8 MHZ, FM 105.0 MHZ = Radio komunitas = == Riau == == Tanjungpinang == * Radio Edukasi LPMP Riau 107.7 MHZ == Wewengkon Husus Ibukota Jakarta == === Jakarta Wétan === * FORSIWAK (Forum Radio Silaturahmi Warga Kalisari) - Kalisari 13790 * Pasbit FM 98.1 - JL. Raya Bogor KM. 26 Pekayon * Kaktus FM 98.7 - Kalapa Dua Wétan, Ciracas * RCB (Radio Wangwangan Betawi) FM 98.9 - Pekayon13790, * Power FM 104.0 - Cijantung 13770 * Damar Jaya FM 104.4 - Kalapa Dua Wétan, Ciracas * Hertz Radio FM 107.4 - Jalan Pemuda, Rawamangun * AKA Radio FM 108.0 - Cijantung 13770 * N3d Radio FM 88.6 - Kalapa Dua Wétan, Ciracas * Sky FM 88.2 - Ciracas * RKP(Radio komunitas PKP) 1077 FM - Kalapa Dua Wetan, Ciracas * Agri FM 107.7 Mhz [http://agrifm.blogspot.com] === Bandung === * Radio Komunitas Majalaya Sejahtera RAKOMAJASERA FM 107.70 MHZ === Pontianak === * Radio RAMA (Suara Masyarakat Adat) 107,9 FM, * Mazmur 21 / Psalm 21 (Komunitas Yordan), 107,7 FM === Luar Pontianak === * Bambai, Sejiram (Kabupatén Kapuas Hulu) * Bujakng Pabaras, Hayu Gundaleng (Kabupatén Landak) * Dermaga Ria Persada, Sekadau (Kabupatén Sekadau) AM 936 * Gari Bindang, Manismata (Kabupatén Ketapang) * Gema Solidaritas, Ketapang (Kabupatén Ketapang) * Gempita, Sungai Pinyuh (Kabupatén Pontianak) * Manjing Tarah, Ujung (Kabupatén Ketapang) * Menara, Bengkayang (Kabupatén Pontianak) * Pamela, Ngabang (Kabupatén Landak) * Patanyakng, Balai Semandang (Kabupatén Ketapang) * Sunia Nawangi, Tunang (Kabupatén Landak) * Swara Buluh Perindu, Bodok (Kabupatén Sanggau) * Swara Melawi, Nanga Pinoh (Kabupatén Melawi) == Jawa Wétan == Blitar Radio Global Fm Blitar 107.8 Mhz == Tulungagung == * [http://www.radiomadufm.com/ Radio Komunitas Pesantren MADU FM Campurdarat Tulungagung Freq 107.70 Mhz ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121001137/http://www.radiomadufm.com/ |date=2008-11-21 }} * [http://madufmgunung.multiply.com/Radio Komunitas Petani dan Nelayan Madu Fm Tanggunggunung Freq 107.80 Mhz ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801082902/http://madufmgunung.multiply.com/Radio |date=2013-08-01 }} * Radio Komunitas Pesantren Madu FM Bendil jati Timur Sumbergempol Freq 107.9 Mhz == Jombang == * Radio Komunitas Suara Warga Jombang == Ponorogo == * Radio Komunitas Madu Fm Ponorogo Freq 107.7 MHZ == Trenggalek == * Radio Gema Perdikan FM Durenan Trenggalek * Radio Komunitas Madu Fm Pantai prigi Trenggalek Freq 96.20 MHZ * Radio Komunitas Madu FM Trenggalek Freq 100,4 MHZ * Radio Komonitas RBS FM panggul Freq 107,30 mhz # Radio Komonitas Bintangsurya freg 107,30 mhz [[Kategori:Radio]] p3d4sdt25trsgi1qj6s460wcq8j043p 0 34578 710867 655582 2026-06-28T09:20:11Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710867 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |native_name = Bailiwick of Jersey<br/>''Bailliage de Jersey''<br/>Bailiwick Jersey |common_name = Jersey |image_flag = Flag of Jersey.svg |image_coat = Coat of Arms of Jersey.svg |image_map = Europe-Jersey.svg |map_caption = {{map caption|location_color=héjo kolot}} |national_anthem = "[[God Save the Queen]]"&nbsp;<small>(resmi)</small><br/>"[[Ma Normandie]]" ("Normandia Kuring")&nbsp;<small>(resmi pikeun kaperluan basa pabédaan lagu kabangsaan dipibutuh)</small><br/><small> |official_languages = [[basa Inggris|Inggris]], [[basa Perancis|Perancis]] |regional_languages = [[Jérriais]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statesassembly.gov.je/documents/propositions/22189-12814-1972005.htm |title=Development Of A Cultural Strategy For The Island |publisher=Statesassembly.gov.je |accessdate=31 May 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511111031/http://www.statesassembly.gov.je/documents/propositions/22189-12814-1972005.htm |date=11 May 2011 }}</ref> |ethnic_groups = 51.1% Jersey, 34.8% [[urang Britania|Briton]], 6.4% [[urang Portugis|Portugis]], 2.6% [[urang Irlandia|Irlandia]], 1.7% [[urang Perancis|Perancis]], 2.3% kulit bodas nu lian, 1.1% nu lian<ref>[http://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20Census01Chapter2%20200211022%20SU.pdf Chapter 2 – Population Characteristics, Population by cultural and ethnic background.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323145644/http://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20Census01Chapter2%20200211022%20SU.pdf |date=2012-03-23 }}</ref> |capital = [[Saint Helier]] |latd=49 |latm=11.401 |latNS=N |longd=2 |longm=06.600 |longEW=W |largest_city = [[Saint Helier]] |government_type = [[Démokrasi parleménter|Sistem parleménter]], [[Monarki konstitusional]], jeung [[Depéndensi makuta]] |leader_title1 = [[Duke of Normandia|Duke]] |leader_name1 = {{nowrap|[[Elizabeth II ti Britania Raya|Elizabeth II]], [[Adipati Normandia]]}} |leader_title2 = [[Guberur Létnan Jersey|Gubernur Létnan]] |leader_name2 = [[John McColl]] |leader_title3 = ''[[Daptar Bailiffs Jersey|Bailiff]]'' |leader_name3 = [[Michael Birt (Bailiff Jersey)|Michael Birt]] |leader_title4 = [[Mentri Pupuhu Jersey|Mentri Pupuhu]] |leader_name4 = [[Terry Le Sueur]] |area_rank = ka-219 |area_magnitude = 1 E8 |area = 116 |areami² = 45 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = 0 |population_estimate = 92.500<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gov.je/Government/JerseyWorld/StatisticsUnit/FactsFigures/Pages/JerseyFiguresBooklet.aspx#Jersey |title=in Figures 2010 |publisher=Gov.je |date=28 April 2011 |accessdate=31 May 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110507015416/http://www.gov.je/Government/JerseyWorld/StatisticsUnit/FactsFigures/Pages/JerseyFiguresBooklet.aspx#Jersey |date=7 May 2011 }}</ref> |population_estimate_rank = ka-190 |population_estimate_year = Désémber 2009 |population_density = 797 |population_densitymi² = 2.064 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = ka-14{{smallsup|2}} |GDP_PPP = $13,6 milyar |GDP_PPP_rank = ka-167 |GDP_PPP_year = 2003 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = £40.067 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ka-6 |sovereignty_type = Status |sovereignty_note = [[Depéndensi makuta]] |established_event1 = Pamisahan ti daratan utama Normandia |established_event2 = [[Poé Kamerdikaan|Merdika]] ti panjajahan Jérman |established_date1 = <br/>1204 |established_date2 = <br/>9 Méi 1945 |currency = [[Pound sterling]], [[Euro]] |currency_code = GBP |time_zone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]]⁴ |utc_offset = |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = +1 |drives_on = kénca |cctld = [[.je]] |calling_code = 44 <small>(biasana +44-153)</small> |patron_saint = [[Helier|St. Helier]] |footnote1 = [http://www.gov.je/NR/rdonlyres/7571029D-45BF-4122-B6C2-14A4586898F6/0/2007populationupdate.pdf Populasi Padumuk Jersey 2007] |footnote2 = Réngking dumasar kana kapadetan populasi Kapuloan Channel kaasup [[Guernsey]]. |footnote3 = Jersey nyitak koin jeung uang [[Pound sterling|sterling]] manéhnasorangan (tempo [[Pound Jersey]]). |footnote4 = Dina hiji réferéndum 16 Oktober 2008, panyora nolak hiji proposal pikeun ngadopsi [[Wanci Éropa Tengah]], by 72.4%.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jersey rejects time-zone change |publisher=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/jersey/7671009.stm |accessdate=18 October 2008 |date=16 October 2008 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> }} '''Jersey''', resmina '''Bailiwick of Jersey''' ([[Jérriais]]: ''Jérri''), mangrupa hiji [[Depéndensi Makuta]] Britania<ref name="States">{{cite web |title=www.gov.je – Welcome to the States of Jersey website |publisher=States of Jersey |year=2006 |url=http://www.gov.je/ |accessdate=15 October 2006 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919212139/http://www.gov.je/ |date=19 September 2016 }}</ref> deukeut basisir [[Normandia]], Prancis.<ref>{{cite web |title=Where is Jersey |publisher=Jersey Tourism |url=http://www.jersey.com/wij/wij_en.htm |accessdate=15 October 2006 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060820081549/http://www.jersey.com/wij/wij_en.htm |archivedate=20 August 2006 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820081549/http://www.jersey.com/wij/wij_en.htm |date=20 August 2006 }}</ref> [[Bailiwick]] ieu ngawengku ogé dua grup pulo leutik nu teu deui didumukan, ''[[Minquiers]]'' jeung ''[[Écréhous]]'', sarta ''[[Pierres de Lecq]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Walking – Walking Routes – Moonwalks |publisher=Jersey Tourism |url=http://www.jersey.com/content_page.asp?id=127 |accessdate=18 October 2006 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070919080504/http://www.jersey.com/content_page.asp?id=127 |date=19 September 2007 }}</ref> jeung batu jeung karang séjén. Jersey jeung [[Guernsey]] mindeng dirujuk ka ''[[Kapuloan Channel]]'' tapi sanés hiji unit konstitusional atawa politis. Tilu [[Depéndensi Makuta]], Jersey, Guernsey, jeung [[Pulo Man]] masing-masing miboga hubungan kapisah ka Makuta Britania.<ref>{{Cite book | last = House of Commons Justice Committee | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Crown Dependencies | publisher = The Stationery Office Ltd | series = | volume = 8th Report of Session 2009-10 | edition = HC 56-1 | date = | location = | pages = | language = | url = http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmjust/56/5602.htm | doi = | id = | isbn = 9780215553348 | mr = | zbl = | jfm = }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126050625/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmjust/56/5602.htm |date=2011-11-26 }}</ref> Maranéhna sanés bagian ti [[Britania Raya]].<ref>http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/QueenandCrowndependencies/ChannelIslands.aspx {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921052748/http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/QueenandCrowndependencies/ChannelIslands.aspx |date=2012-09-21 }}</ref> Britania Raya sacara konstitusionalna boga tanggung jawab kana patahanan Jersey.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statesassembly.gov.je/documents/reports/46527-24954-2762008.htm#_Toc188083991 |title=Civil Unreported Templates |publisher=Statesassembly.gov.je |accessdate=31 May 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511111106/http://www.statesassembly.gov.je/documents/reports/46527-24954-2762008.htm#_Toc188083991 |date=11 May 2011 }}</ref> Jersey sanés bagian ti [[Uni Éropa]], tapi miboga hubungan istiméwa kanana, dilayanan salaku bagian ti Komunitas Éropa pikeun tujuan dagang bébas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gov.je/Government/JerseyWorld/InternationalAffairs/Pages/RelationshipEUandUK.aspx |title=Jersey's relationship with the UK and EU |publisher=Gov.je |accessdate=31 May 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113143949/http://www.gov.je/Government/JerseyWorld/InternationalAffairs/Pages/RelationshipEUandUK.aspx |date=13 November 2010 }}</ref> == Toponim == === Sesebutan baheula === * ''Andium'' (?) 4^e C.<ref>''[[Antonine Itinerary]]'', 4e C.</ref> * ''insula Gersoi'' 1022/1026.<ref>Marie Fauroux, ''Recueil des actes des ducs de Normandie (911–1066)'', Mémoire de la Société des Antiquaires de Normandie XXXVI, Caen, 1961, p. 161, § 49.</ref> * ''insula Gerseii'', var. ''Gersey'', ''Gersei'', ''Gersoii'' 1042.<ref>''ibid.'', p. 255, § 99.</ref> * ''Gersus'' ~1070.<ref>Adrian Room, ''Dictionary of place names in the British Isles'', Bloomsbury, London, 1988, p. 188.</ref> * ''insula de Gerzoi'' 1080/~1082.<ref>Lucien Musset, ''Les actes de Guillaume le Conquérant et de la Reine Mathilde pour les abbayes caennaises'', Mémoires de la société des Antiquaires de Normandie XXXVII, Caen, 1967, p. 84, § 8.</ref> * ''insula de Gersoi'' 1066/1083.<ref>''ibid.'', p. 94, § 11.</ref> * ''insula Gersoi'' 1066/1083.<ref>''ibid.'', p. 97, § 12.</ref> * ''l'isle de Gersui'' 1160/1174.<ref>[[Wace]], ''Roman de Rou'' (1160/1174), édition de Hugo Andersen, Heilbronn, 1877, III, v. 5302, 5305.</ref> * ''in Gersoio'' 1223/1236.<ref>Julie Fontanel, ''Le cartulaire du chapitre cathédral de Coutances'', Archives départementales de la Manche, Saint-Lô, 2003, p. 411, § 273.</ref> * ''Gersuy'' 1339.<ref>Léopold Delisle, ''Les actes normands de la Chambre des Comptes sous Philippe de Valois (1328–1350)'', Rouen, Le Brument, 1871, p. 208, § 116.</ref> * ''Gersui'' 1339.<ref>''Ibid.'', p. 209, § 117.</ref> * ''insula de Jersey'' 1372.<ref>''Rôles Normands et Français et autres piéces tirées des archives de Londres par Bréquigny en 1764, 1765 et 1766'', Mémoires de la société des Antiquaires de Normandie XXIII (3^e série, 3^e volume), 1re partie, Paris, 1858, p. 4b, § 42.</ref> * ''insula de Jereseye'' 1372.<ref>''ibid.'', p. 4b, § 46.</ref> * ''insula de Gersey'' 1386.<ref>''ibid.'', p. 5b, § 61.</ref> * ''insula […] de Jersey'' 1419.<ref>''ibid.'', p. 72a, § 393.</ref> * ''Iarsay'' [réad ''Jarsay''] 1585.<ref>Gerard Mercator (1512–1594), ''Britannia et Normandia cum confinibus regionibus'', Duisbourg, 1585 [NBF, Collection d'Anville, cote 00456 bis.</ref> * ''Jarsey'' 1693.<ref>Greenville Collins, ''Chart of the channell, Manche'', 1693 [BNF, Collection d'Anville, cote 00757].</ref> * ''Jerzey'' 1753.<ref>Herman van Loon, ''D2.me [= Deuxiéme] carte particuliere des costes de Normandie contenant les costes du Cotentin depuis la Pointe de la Percée Jusqu'a Granville ou sont Comprises les Isles de Jersey, Grenezey, Cers, et Aurigny, avec les Isles de Brehat. Comme elles paroissent a basse Mer dans les grandes marées'', Atlas Van Keulen, Amsterdam, 1753 [BN]</ref> * ''Isle de Gersey'' 1753/1785.<ref>Peta [[César-François Cassini de Thury|Cassini]].</ref> * ''Ile de Jersey'' 1854.<ref>V. Lavasseur, ''Atlas National Illustré des 86 départements et des possessions de la France'', A. Combette éditeur, Paris, 1854.</ref> ==Réferénsi== {{Reflist}} ==Tumbu kaluar== * {{en}} [http://www.gov.je Loka resmi] * {{en}} [http://www.jersey.com/index.asp?bhsh=768&bhsw=1024&bhiw=1024&bhih=586&bhqs=1 Loka pariwisata] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929012534/http://www.jersey.com/index.asp?bhsh=768&bhsw=1024&bhiw=1024&bhih=586&bhqs=1 |date=2007-09-29 }} * {{en}} [http://www.aboutjersey.net AboutJersey.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081101155103/http://www.aboutjersey.net/ |date=2008-11-01 }} * {{en}} [http://www.bbc.co.uk/jersey BBC Jersey] * {{en}} [http://jersey.typepad.com/ Jersey.Typepad.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113092323/http://jersey.typepad.com/ |date=2011-11-13 }} * {{en}} [http://www.mapquest.com/maps/map.adp?formtype=address&searchtype=address&country=GB&addtohistory=&address=&city=jersey&zipcode= Peta Jersey] {{éropa|state=show}}<br> {{depéndensi Britania|state=show}}<br> {{Kap Channel|state=show}} [[Kategori:Jersey]] {{nagara-geo-stub|Britania Raya}} sumj1xkfvnitaeh0svp463os4xjk91j 0 34673 710862 653398 2026-06-28T06:47:01Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710862 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Polkadotskirt.jpg|thumb|Erok dina gantungan baju]] [[File:The Evolution of the Skirt (1916).webm|thumb|thumbtime=1|''The Evoltion of the skirt'', Harry Julius, 1916]] '''Erok''' nyaéta [[papakéan]] [[awéwé]] anu [[baju]]na jeung ka handapna ngahiji, sok disebut ogé rok.<ref name="Kamus"/> Erok mangrupa potongan Sianghai ti gigirna maké cowak nepi ka saluhureun tuur nepi ka lamun dipaké ngaléngkah téh [[pingping]] katémbong ngolépat.<ref name="Kamus"/> Erok téh rupa-rupa aya anu dicowak ti tukang atawa ti gigir.<ref name="Kamus">[Danadibrata,R.A.(2006).''Kamus Basa Sunda''.Bandung: Kiblat Buku Utama.</ref> ==Sajarah== Mimitina diwanohkeun ku [[Mary Quant]], awéwé katurunan [[Inggris]].<ref name="erok1"/> Manéhna salah saurang ''fashion desainer''.<ref name="erok1"/> Dina taun [[1955]], Mary Quant jeung salakina [[Alexander Plunkett Grene]] muka [[toko]] husus [[raksukan]] anu ngarana Bazaar. Ayana rok mini sabenerna modifikasi tina rok biasa, dina taun 1958 loba awéwé maraké rok.<ref name="erok1"/> Dina taun [[1960]], ''trend'' maraké erok anu dimodifikasi ku sabab loba ngarasa teu merenah dina naraék [[beus]] jadi diciptakeun erok anu mini atawa sentut.<ref name="erok1"/> Tuluy taun 1960, lahirna ngaran mini alatan Mary Quant bakat ku bogoh pisan kana mobilna jadi rok ciptaana dingaranan mini sarua jeung pabrik anu nyieun éta mobil karesepna.<ref name="erok1"/> Dina ahir taun 1960an, Mary Quant salah sahiji anu manggihan ''tren fashion'' ''hot pants''.<ref name="erok1">[http://www.kaskus.us/showthread.php?t=3277723 Sejarah Rok Mini] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712155233/http://www.kaskus.us/showthread.php?t=3277723 |date=2010-07-12 }} (Dicutat tanggal 8 November 2011)</ref> Kaén erok gumantung kana musim.<ref name="rok"/> Lamun maké erok di musim panas, jadi anu cocog maké erok anu tina kaén popelin, kaén terpal, atawa denim.<ref name="rok">[http://www.glamcheck.com/fashion/2010/07/19/all-about-skirts-shapes-body-types-it-suits-the-most/ All About Skirts, its shapes, and body types it suits the most] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127131618/http://www.glamcheck.com/fashion/2010/07/19/all-about-skirts-shapes-body-types-it-suits-the-most/ |date=2011-11-27 }} (en) (Dicutat tanggal 20 November 2011)</ref> Salain ti éta erok anu dipaké bahan na kudu anu ipis saperti [[kapas]] [[katun]] jeung [[kaén voile]] atawa ''poliester'' saperti ''georgettes'', ''sifon'' atawa ''jaring''.<ref name="rok"/> ==Catetan== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Pakéan]] [[Kategori:Mode]] r2b7utsgfi12ns44oy7mybcidgjnbsf 0 88371 710863 704790 2026-06-28T07:18:57Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710863 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotak info Jalma|name=Gary Lineker|image=Gary Lineker 2011.jpg|image_size=200|caption=Lineker tahun 2011|birth_name=Gary Winston Lineker|birth_place=[[Leicester]], Inggris|height=|occupation=Penyiar Siaran Olahraga, Manten Pamaen Bola|spouse={{marriage|Michelle Cockayne|1986|2006|reason=divorced}}<br>{{marriage|[[Danielle Lineker|Danielle Bux]]|2009|2016|reason=divorced}}|children=4|parents=Barry Lineker<br>Margaret Abbs|salary=£1.5&nbsp;juta (approx.) (Gajih BBC)|Lahir={{birth date and age|1960|11|30|df=y}}}} '''Gary Winston Lineker''' OBE (weton 30 November 1960) manten pamaen bola profesional Inggris, ayeuna jadi penyiar acara olahraga. Jinisna nyepeng rekor gol Inggris di Piala Dunia FIFA ku 10 gol. Karir media Lineker dimimitian jeung BBC, di mana dirina mawakeun program menbal ''Match of the Day'' nepi ka akhir salapan puluhan. Dirina ogé kungsi gawe di Al Jazaara Sports, Eredivisie Live, NBC Sport Network jeung kiwari jadi host BT Sport’s ngaliput Liga Champions UEFA. Lineker ngamimitan karir menbalna di Leicester City tahun 1978, rengse tahun 1984-85 jadi top scorer bareng di Divisi Hiji. Dirina tuluy pindah ka pangilon Liga Champions Everton, di mana dirina numbuh jadi panyerang éféktifku nyetak 30 gol tina 41 kali maen. Kahormatan munggaranna kapibanda basa maen di Barcelona basa meunangkeun Piala Liga Spanyol tahun 1988 jeung Piala Winner Eropa di taun 1989. Mulang deui ka Inggris taun 89, gabung jeung Tottenham Hotspur. Salila tilu usum nyetak 67 gol tina 105 kali maen tur meunangkeun Piala FA. Klub pamungkas Lineker nyaéta Nagoya Grampus Eight, sarta tuluy pangsiun sanggeus dua usum di Jepang. Lineker ngamimitan maen pikeun Inggris di taun 1984. Mibanda 80 ''caps'' nyetak 48 gol salila 8 taun karir internasionalna. mangrupa sekor katilu pangluhurna, sahandapeun Bobby Charlton jeung Wayne Rooney. Rasio gol banding jumlah maen Lineker masih panggungulna di nagarana. ku kituna Lineker kajojo jadi salah sahiji panyerang Inggris pinunjul sapanjang waktu. Lineker mangrupa ''top scorer'' di Piala Dunia 1986 tur meunangkeun Sapatu Emas, ngan hiji-hijina urang Inggris nu bisa kitu, semet ka Harry Kane di Piala Dunia 2018. Dirina ogé mangrupa hiji-hijna pamaen nu bisa jadi ''top scorer'' di Inggris ti tilu klub nu beda (Leicester City, Everton jeung Tottenham Hotspur). Najan karirna panjang, Lineker can kungsi meunang kartu koneng atawa beureum.<ref name="kielty">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/patrickkielty/guests/gary_lineker.shtml|title=Northern Ireland – Patrick Kielty, Almost Live|publisher=BBC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031214002405/http://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/patrickkielty/guests/gary_lineker.shtml|archive-date=14 December 2003|accessdate=3 May 2016|date=14 December 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2005/aug/10/theknowledge.sport|title=Multi-talented footballers|last=Dart|first=James|date=10 August 2005|work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> WalhasilLineker diganjar pangajén FIFA Fair Play Award di taun 1990. Dina karir seniorna salila 16 taun sarta 567 kali maen, Lineker geus nyitak total 330 gol, kaasup 282 gol di tingkat kleb. Sanggeus pangsiun tina maenbal dirina diasupkeun kana ''English Footbal Hall of Fame''. Salaku bobotoh satia Leicester City, Lineker mimpin hiji konsorsiun nu neundeun investasi di klub heubeulna, nyalametkeun tina kabangkrutan sarta tuluy ditunjuk jadi wakil présidén kahormatan. == Kahirupan wanci ngora == Lineker lahir di Leicester, putra ti Margaret P jeung Barry Lineker.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.englandfootballonline.com/TeamPlyrsBios/PlayersL/BioLinekerGW.html|title=Gary Lineker|work=englandfootballonline.com|accessdate=26 June 2018|author=|date=15 April 2016}}</ref> Ngaran tengah Winston dicokot ti Winston Churchill nu tanggal lahirna sarua.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-big-interview-gary-lineker-mhhxl325rzj|title=The big interview: Gary Lineker|last=Lovejoy|first=Joe|work=The Times|accessdate=29 June 2018|date=14 March 2004}}</ref> Boga adi ngaranna Wayne,<ref name="Observer3">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/apr/08/golf.broadcasting|title=He's still the golden shot|last=Ferguson|first=Euan|date=8 April 2007|work=[[The Observer]]|accessdate=15 December 2008}}</ref> dua taun sahandapeun, Gede bareng kulaargana di kota, Lineker remen maenbal jeung adina. Bapana Lineker usaha toko bubuahan di Leicester, kitu ogé baheula akina William jeung uyutna Géorge.<ref name="Observer3"/> Bapana ngajalankeun kios sayuran jeung buah-buahan di pasar Leicester. Keur budak basa jadi pamaen ngora kénéh Lineker remen ngabantuan di kios.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/news/leicester-news/tributes-pour-after-gary-lineker-391946|title=Tributes pour in after Gary Lineker announces his father's death|work=[[Leicester Mercury]]|accessdate=16 September 2017|date=29 August 2017}}</ref> Lineker mimiti asup ka Sakola Caldecote Road (SD Caldecote),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caldecote.leicester.sch.uk|title=Caldecote Primary|publisher=Caldecote.leicester.sch.uk|accessdate=19 January 2013}}</ref> Braunstone di Leicester (wetanen Meridian Centre), sakitu netepna mah di luar dayeuh. Tuluy asup ka Sakola Boy's Grammar Kota Leicester (kiwari Kampus Kota Leicester) di Downing Drive Evington di puser dayeuh Leicester ku lantaran resep kénéh maenbal dibanding rugby, rugby harita mangrupa olahraga utama di sakola-sakola sabudeureun imahna.Walhasil, mangsa harita, dirina cicing di ninina nu netep di kota. Lineker boga bakat nu sarua antara maenbal jeung crikcet. Ti umur 11 nepi 16 ngaptenan tim Sakola Leicestershire, tur ngarasa bakal leuwih sukses dina crickett manan dina bola. Basa wanci ngorana Lineker maen di Aylestone Park Youth, nu pikahareunpeunna jadi présidén klub.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/leicestershire/7934620.stm Grass-roots football gets £11m] BBC News, 10 March 2009</ref> Lineker ninggalkeun sakola ku opat program ''O Levels''. Salah sahiji guruna nulis dian rapotna yén dirina "konsentrasi teuing kana menbal' jeung dirina kudu "tong hirup tina éta". Lineker tuluy gabung ka akademi muda di Leicester City di taun 1976.<ref name="indep">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/passedfailed-an-education-in-the-life-of-gary-lineker-match-of-the-day-presenter-and-former-footballer-1915343.html|title=Passed/Failed: An education in the life of Gary Lineker|date=4 March 2010|work=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> == Karir Klub == === Leicester City === Lineker ngamimitian karirna di kleb kotana Leicester City sanggeus bérés sakola di taun 1977. Jadi pamaen profesional dina musin 1978-79, début seniorna dimimitian dina poé Taun Baru 1979 nalika ngéléhkeun Oldham Athletic di Divisi Dua di Filber Street. Lineker meunangkeun gelar juara Divisi Dua sataun ka hareupna ku 19 kali tampil, tapi di taun 1980-81 ngan maen 9 kali basa Leicester langsung ngalaman kamunduran. Najan kitu, di tahun 1981-82 dirina jadi pamaen reguler, nyitak 19 gol di total kabéh kompetisi usum éta. Sanajan gagal promosi, Leicester hasil nepi ka semifinal Piala FA, sarta tahun hareupna mampu naek promosi, harita Lineker nyitak 26 gol di Divisi Dua. Di taun 1983-84 Lineker munggaran ngarasakeun maen reguler di Divisi Hiji sarta jadi kadua pangluhurna dina nyitak gol ku 22 gol. Najan kitu Leicester gagal asup papan atas. Taun 1984-85. Lineker jadi ''top scorer'' bareng di Divisi Utama ku 24 gol, ngalaman suburna mimitran jeung Alan Smith. Dina wanci éta dirina narik perhatian kleb-kleb nu leuwih gedé, sarta pindah ti Filbert Street geus mangrupa kapastian. === Everton === Dina panutupan usum taun 1985, Everton, juara bertahan liga champions neken Lineker ku £800.000; Lineker nyitak 40 gol tina 57 maen pikeun tim anyarna di taun 1985-86. Lineker ogé mimpin deui panyitak gol di Divisi Hiji, ayeuna ku 30 gol (kaasup 3 kali hattricks), jeung ngarojong Everton ka posisi ka-dua di Liga. Harita Everton nepi ka final Piala FA noron ka tilu kalina, tapi eleh 3-1 ku Liverpool, najan Lineker mere kaunggulan tiheula sanggeus ngunggulan lumpat Alan Hansen pikeun nyetak gol. Liverpool ogé ngunggulan Everton ngajuaraan liga ku ngan dua poin. "Kuring ngan ukur sakeudeung di Merseyside, 9 atawa 10 bulan, tapi éta mangrupa kabagjaan pribadi, sacara profesional mangrupa periode paling sukses dina karir kuring," ceuk Lineker, "Kuring masih kénéh boga hubungan batin jeung Everton." Lineker nyetak tilu ''hattrick'' pikeun Everton. Lineker sacara konsisten netelakeun yén mangsa di Everton mangrupa mangsa panghadéna salila dirina maen. === Barcelona === Sanggeus meunangkeun Sapatu Emas di Piala Dunia 1986 di Meksiko, Lineker neken kontrak jeung Barcelona ku £2,8 juta. Harita Barcelona keur dilatih ku manten manajer Queens Park Rangers, Terry Venables, nu ogé narik striker Manchester United jeung Wales, Mark Hughes. Barcelona mere kasempetan munggaran pikeun Lineker keur maen di tingkat Eropa, Leicester mah can kungsi lolos ka liga Eropa basa Lineker keur maen kénéh téh, kitu deui Everton dilarang maen di Liga Eropa dina taun 1985-86 alatan diterapkeunna larangan maen pikeun klub-klub Inggris di kompetisi Eropa alatan tragedi Heysel. Hasil Sapatu Emas di final téa medalkeun paluang pikeun sukses di Camp Nou, Lineker teu nguciwakeun, nyetak 21 gol tina 41 kali maen di musim kahijina, kaasup ''hattrick'' waktu meunang 3-2 ngalawan satru kabuyutan réal Madrid.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.talkfootball.co.uk/guides/football_legends_gary_lineker.html|title=Gary Lineker|publisher=Talk Football|accessdate=9 March 2008}}</ref> Barcelona menangkeun Copa del Rey di 1988 jeung Piala Winner Eropa di 1989. Lineker maen basa Barcelena eleh tandang tur kandang sacara teu disangka-sangka di Dundee United. Manajer Barcelona Johan Cruyff nempatkeun Lineker di gelandang katuhu sarta tungtungna mah Lineker teu jadi pilihan utama tim deui. Ku 42 gol tina 103 kali tampil di La Liga, Lineker jadi pancitak gol Inggris pangunggulna dina sajarah kompetisi, Tapi ka dieuna kasusul ku Gareth Bale di taun 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-3502065/Gary-Lineker-loses-British-scoring-record-La-Liga-Gareth-Bale-takes-crown.html|title=Gareth Bale breaks La Liga British scoring record as Gary Lineker loses the crown|date=21 March 2016|work=[[Daily Mail]]|accessdate=3 May 2016}}</ref> === Tottenham Hotspur === Manajer Manchester United, Alex Ferguson nyoba narik Lineker lewat mantan batur nyerangna di Barcelona, Mark Hughes, tapi Lineker malah milih ka Tottenham Hotspur di Juli 1989 ku nilai kontrak £1,1 juta. Salila tilu usum nyetak 67 gol tina 105 kali maen jeung meunangkeun Piala FA pikeun klubna. Mereskeun Divisi Hiji salaku top scorer di taun 1989-90, nyitak 24 gol, sarta Spurs nincak di posisi ka-tilu. Lineker akhirna menangkeun tropi Inggris waktu meunangkeun Piala FA taun 1991 jeung Spurs, ngéléhkeun Nottingham Forest 2-1. Najan éta ge Lineker dianggap nyitak gol kontroversi nu kuduna ofset jeung ogé pinaltina gagal, katahan ku kiper Mark Crossley.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirrorfootball.co.uk/archive/E-ON-Great-Saves-1991-FA-Cup-final-special-Totttenham-2-1-Nottingham-Forest-unseen-pictures-of-Mark-Crossley-Gary-Lineker-Brian-Clough-and-co-plus-original-Daily-Mirror-match-reports-and-features-from-our-archive-article321299.html|title=E.ON Great Saves No.6: Mark Crossley|publisher=Mirror Football|accessdate=1 February 2012}}</ref> Lineker geus ngarojong Tottenham lolos ka final. Di semi final dirina nyitak dua gol basa meunang 3-1 hiji ngalawan saingan sakota ti North London, Arsenal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metro.co.uk/sport/821636-tottenham-v-arsenal-top-five-north-london-derbies|title=Tottenham v Arsenal: Top five North London derbies|work=[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]]|accessdate=29 May 2011|date=14 April 2010}}</ref> Lineker nyanking posisi kadua panyitak gol pangluhurna dina 1991-92 ku 28 gol tina 35 maen, handapeun Ian Wright nu nyitak 29 gol tina 43 maen. Sakitu pintonan personalna hadé, Tottenham ngarengsekeun akhir liga pre-Premier dina posisi ka-15. Gol pamungkas Lineker dina menbal Inggris datang di akhir musim basa eleh 3-1 ku Manchester United di Old Trafford. === Nagoya Grampus Eight === Bulan November 1991, Lineker meunang tawaran dua taun kontrak ti anggota Liga J1 Nagoya Grampus Eight. Biaya transfer £2 juta dibayarkeun ka Tottenham Hotspur. Sacara resmi Lineker gabung ka Nagoya Grampus Eight sanggeus maen nu panungtungan pikeun Spurs dina tanggal 2 Mei 1992, nyitak gol hiburan basa eleh 3-1 ti Manchester United dina poéan panungtungan usum éta.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsint-archive.co.uk/pages/S.asp?pubsel=BOTH&SrchText=Lineker&edn=&DateFromDD=01&DateFromMM=Sep&DateFromYY=1991&page=&SortOrder=Asc&SortOrder=asc&SortOrder=asc&SortOrder=asc&SortSpec=&DateToDD=30&DateToMM=Nov&ResultListMax=200&Submit1=Search&source=thetimes&DateToYY=1991&byline=&head=&Collection=NI%C2%A7%3D&Caption=&SortField=SDate&SortField=Pub&SortField=EDN&SortField=Page&ST=NS&Site=ALL&ResultCount=20&BackDD=Day&summreqd=yes&QueryText=%28Lineker%29+%3CAND%3E+%28PUB%3DBOTH%29+%3CAND%3E+%28%28SDate%3E%3D9%2F1%2F1991%29+%3CAND%3E+%28SDate%3C%3D11%2F30%2F1991%29%29&BackMM=Month&indexkey=3D12283075330327469E230&advsrch=0&BackYY=Year&_P=5&ResultMaxDocs=200&|title=''The Times'' and ''The Sunday Times'' Archive|publisher=Newsint-archive.co.uk|accessdate=29 May 2011}}{{dead link|date=February 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Memehna pisan, Tottenham nolak tawaran ti klub nu pinuh ambisi, Blackburn, nu karak dicepeng ku Jack Walker.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1353251/Jack-Walker.html|title=Jack Walker|date=19 August 2000|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|accessdate=29 May 2011}}</ref> Sanggeus nyetak 9 gol tina 23 kali maen salila dua musim nu direwong ku cidera<ref name="scmp">{{cite web|url=http://www.scmp.com/article/50591/lineker-broken-right-toe|title=Lineker: broken right toe|publisher=}}</ref> bareng Nagoya Grampus Eight, Lineker ngumumkeun reureuhna tina maen bola di Bulan September 1994. Media Inggris mah memehna geus ngawartakeun yén dirina bakal balik ka Inggris pikeun ngumplitan karir maenna di Middlesbrough atawa Southampton.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football-lineker-the-predator-with-mass-appeal-by-retiring-now-the-striker-with-the-wholesome-image-1450427.html|title=Football: Lineker, the predator with mass appeal: By retiring now, the striker with the wholesome image has again shown perfect timing. Phil Shaw reports|last1=Shaw|first1=Phil|date=22 September 1994|work=The Independent|accessdate=6 July 2016}}</ref> == Karir internasional == Lineker kungsi maen sakali di tim nasional Inggris B, menang kandang 2-0 lawan Selandia Baru B tanggal 13 November 1984. Lineker mimiti maen full di tim Inggris basa ngalawan Skotlandia taun 1984. Dirina maen lima kali di Piala Dunia 1986 jeung jadi ''top scorer'' turnamen ku 6 gol, meunangkeun sapatu emas, ngajadikeun dirina pamaen Inggris munggaran nu bisa kitu. Lineker nyetak ''hattrick'' kadua pangterehna di turnamen Piala Dunia FIFA lawan Polandia, pamaen Inggris kadua nu bisa nyitak ''hattrick'' di Piala Dunia, sarta nyetak dua gol lawan Paraguay di puteran kadua. Ampir salila turnamen dirina mamake perban gip dina leungeunna.Lineker nyetak gol pikeun Inggris di parapat final lawan Argentina, tapi antukna eleh lantaran Diego Maradona nyetak dua gol pikeun tim lawan (gol kahiji jadi ''hand'' "Tangan Tuhan", jeung gol nu kadua jadi "Gol Abad Ieu"). Di taun 1988, Lineker maen di Piala Eropa 88, tapi gagal nyitak gol, Inggris eleh tiluan kalina maen dina puteran Grup. Kadieunakeun katohian yén Lineker geus mimiti katarajang hepatitis.<ref>C. Malam, p. 100.</ref><ref>The first was against [[Spain national football team|Spain]] 18 February 1987 and the second time against [[Malaysia national football team|Malaysia]] 12 June 1991.</ref> Di Piala Dunia 1990, Lineker nyetak opat gol pikeun ngarojong Inggris nepi ka semifinal sabada memehna seri waé jeung ngan meunang ipis. Dirina keur teu ngarareunah salila turnamen, sarta kababayan basa maen bubuka grup lawan Republik Irlandia.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.joe.ie/uncategorized/lineker-admits-to-shitting-himself-literally-against-ireland-at-italia-90/12833|title=Lineker Admits to Shitting Himself (Literally) Against Ireland at Italia '90|work=Joe|accessdate=20 April 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407051908/http://www.joe.ie/uncategorized/lineker-admits-to-shitting-himself-literally-against-ireland-at-italia-90/12833 |date=7 April 2015 }}</ref> Sabada tinggaleun 1-0 ku gol Andréas Brehme di semi final, Lineker nampa operan ti Paul Parker jeung nembus dua pamaen tukang Jerman Barat pikeun nyaruakeun skor, tapi Jerman Barat meunang gul-gulan jeung tuluy meunangkeun piala. Sanggeusna Lineker nyarita; "Menbal téh permaenan nu sederhana; 22 pamaen ngundag hiji bal salila 90 menit, jeung tungtungna Jerman meunang."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/players/do-you-remember/newsid=1010260/index.html|title=Classic Players – Lineker, still at the top – FIFA:|publisher=FIFA|accessdate=25 November 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714021630/http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/players/do-you-remember/newsid=1010260/index.html |date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> Lineker pangsiun ti menbal internasional ku 81 ''cap'' jeung 48 gol, sagol leuwih leutik ti rekor Inggris Sir Bobby Charlton (tina 106 ''cap''). Dina anu kasebut laga Inggris pamungkasna, lawan Swedia di Piala Eropa 1992, dirina diganti ku palatih Inggris Graham Taylor ku striker Arsenal, Alan Smith, ngilangkeun kasempetan pikeun nyaruaan - atawa ngaleuwihan - rekor Charlton.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.englandfootballonline.com/Seas1990-00/1991-92/M0688Swe1992.html|title=Sweden 2 England 1 Match Summary and Report|work=England Football Online|publisher=EnglandInteractive|accessdate=19 May 2010|date=17 June 1992}}</ref> Samemehna Lineker gagal nyitak pinalti nu bisa nyaruakeun rekorna, di pre-turnamen sosobatan lawan Brazil.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/gallery/2009/nov/12/england-brazil-previous-meetings?picture=355511205|title=Past encounters between England and Brazil|date=12 November 2009|work=The Guardian|accessdate=19 May 2010}}</ref> Lineker kaciri kuciwana kana kaputusan éta téh, teu ngareret-rerert acan ka Taylor basa asup ka tempat cadangan. Dina dua kali kajadian, Lineker nyitak opat gol pikeun Inggris sarta Lineker mangrupa hiji tina ngan sababaraha urang pamaen nu can kungsi nampa kartu koneng atawa beureum dina sagala tipe permaenan.<ref>Malam, pp. 140, 141.</ref> == Karir Media == Nuluykeun reureuhna tina maenbal profesional, Lineker ngembangkeun karir di media, asup ka BBC Radio 5 Live salaku narasumber maenbal memeh ngagantikeun Des Lynam salaku pamawa warta liputan maenbal di BBC, kaasup ogé program nu maké bandera menbal, ''Match of the Day''. Lineker ogé jadi kapten tim di pintonan olahraga ''They Think It's All Over'' ti taun 1995 nepi ka 2003. Saincahna Steve Rider ti BBC, Lineker, nu jago dina golf hiburan ku sa-''handicap'' tina opat, jadi presenter piken liputan golf BBC. ogé midangkeun ''Grandstand'' di studio London mangsa harita Desmond Lynam keur di Aintree basa Grand National keur ditutup alatan ancaman bom dina balapan taun 1997. Najan meunang kritikan ti sasamana,<ref name="Observer3"/> Lineker nuluykeun hanca liputan BBC di ''the Masters and the Open'', di mana dirina nunjukkeun kamampuan bahasana ku cara wawancara dadakan jeung pamaen Argentina Andres Romero dina bahasa Spanyol.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.churchtimes.co.uk/content.asp?id=42724|title=A sporting chance for unity|work=Church Times|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227073407/http://www.churchtimes.co.uk/content.asp?id=42724|archivedate=27 December 2008|accessdate=3 August 2009|author=Simon Parke|deadurl=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227073407/http://www.churchtimes.co.uk/content.asp?id=42724 |date=27 December 2008 }}</ref> Lineker ogé tampil dina acara taun 1991 ''Pasosore jeung Gary Lineker'' beunang Arthur Smith jeung Chris England, nu tuluy diadaptasi pikeun acara tivi taun 1994. Lineker midangkeun seri TV genep babak pikeun BBC di taun 1998 (didirekturan ku Lloyd Stanton) nu disebut ''Sapatu Emas'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0149464/|title=Golden Boots|publisher=IMDb|accessdate=14 October 2012}}</ref> bareng jeung selebritis maenbal sejenna. Mangrupankeun kapanjangan sajarah tina Piala Dunia, fokus kana 'Sapatu Emas' (''top scorers''). 2001, Lineker tampil dina acara TV ''Brass Eye'' (episode "Paedogeddon").<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1335764/Celebrities-fail-to-see-the-joke-on-Brass-Eye.html|title=Celebrities fail to see the joke on Brass Eye|last=O'Neill|first=Sean|date=30 July 2001|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref> Taun 2002, Lineker ngilu tampil sacara ''cameo'' dina film ''Bend it Like Beckham''. Taun 2005, Lineker ditungtut karena dianggap mitnah ku pamaen Ustrali Harry Kewell gara-gara komentar Lineker dina The Sunday Telegraph ngeunaan pindahan Kewell ti Leeds United ka Liperpool. Tapi juri gagal nangtukeun putusan. Kapanggih dina kasus éta téh rehna artikelna meunang di tulis tonggong ku jurnalis Sunday Telegraph sanggeus wawancara telepon jeung Lineker.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://football.guardian.co.uk/News_Story/0,1563,1520864,00.html|title=Lineker and Kewell settle libel case out of court|last=Booth|first=Robert|date=4 July 2006|work=The Guardian|accessdate=13 November 2006}}</ref> Taun 2006, Lineker nyokot peran akting salaku pangeusi sora ''Underground Ernie'' di saluran BBC Barudak, ''CBeebies''.<ref name="UndergroundErnie">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/4326588.stm|title=Tube trains get lines in series|date=10 October 2005|work=BBC News|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=3 June 2015}}</ref> Desember 2008, Lineker minton di program télévisi ITV1 ''Who Wants to be a Millionaire?'' di mana dirina jeung pamaen rugby Inggris Austin Héaley menang £50.000 pikeun disumbangkeun ka Yayasan Cidera Tulang Belakang Nicholls. Taun 2009, Lineker jeung geureuhana, Danielle, nyepeung acara ''Northern Exposure'' BBC. Mei 2010, Lineker eureun jadi kolumnis ''the Mail on Sunday'', alatan protes kana ''sting operation'' ka Lord Triesman nu dilaporkeun ngabahayakeun kana tawaran Inggris pikeun jadi tuan rumah Piala Dunia 2018. Lineker tuluy gawe jadi pamawa warta liputan maenbal bahasa Inggris pikeun Al Jazeera Sport, nu disiakeun ka sajumlah loba wilayah Timur Tengah. Dirina ninggalkeun TV Qatar éta di taun 2012. Taun 2013, Lineker mimiti gawe pikeun NBCSN salaku bagian tina liputan Liga Premeir-na, sarta ngarojong kana ''Match of the Day'' versi Amerika.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2013/apr/16/nbc-premier-league-match-of-the-day|title=Lineker and Match of the Day feature in NBC's Premier League plans|last=Parker|first=Graham|date=16 April 2013|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> 9 Juni 2015, Lineker jadi persenter utama lipuntan Liga Champions BT Sport. 13 Agustus 2016, Lineker midangkeun ''Match of the Day'' kahiji musim 2016-17 ngan maké calana boksen. Dirina kungsi janji di twitter Desember 2015, yén mun Leicester City menang Liga Premier, dirina bakal "midangkeun ''Match of the Day'' make calana jero wungkul". Dina 18 Oktober 2016, Lineker nyorakeun dina tweeter hiji bantahan kana pernyataan nu dijieun ku PM David Davies nu mana Davies nyarankeun yén Inggris Raya kudu ngajalankeun tes gigi ka para pengungsi pikeun mariksa umurna.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/david-davies-child-refugees-savaged-by-just-about-everyone_uk_58070e8ee4b0dcd029900242|title=Even Dentists Are Tearing Apart Tory MP's Call For Child Refugee Tooth Age Checks|date=19 October 2016|newspaper=HuffPost|access-date=29 October 2016}}</ref> Lineker ngabéwarankeun "Tindakan ka para pangungsi ngora ieu téh rasis pisan jeung bener-bener teu boga hate. Kunaon negri urang téh?" <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://twitter.com/GaryLineker/status/788407048031600640|title=Gary Lineker on Twitter|work=Twitter|access-date=29 October 2016}}{{Primary source inline|date=May 2018}}</ref> Hal ieu ngalantarankeun ''The Sun'' manggil Lineker, mecat tina ''Match of the Day,'' nganggap Lineker geus ngalanggar panduan netral BBC.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/feminism/2016/10/would-you-let-your-child-change-their-gender|title=Would you let your child change their gender?|website=New Statesman|access-date=29 October 2016}}</ref> Lineker ngagambarkeun kontroversi éta téh itung-itung "panggebug" tapi nuluykeun pangbelaanna pikeun para pangungsi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://twitter.com/GaryLineker/status/789366146977980416|title=Gary Lineker on Twitter|work=Twitter|access-date=29 October 2016}}{{Primary source inline|date=May 2018}}</ref> July 2018, Lineker ngumumkeun dukunganna pikeun ''People's Vote'', hiji kampanye nu nungtut pamilihan umum pikeun putusan akhir Brexit antara Inggris Raya jeung Uni Eropa.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.sky.com/story/gary-lineker-joins-campaign-for-second-brexit-referendum-11448862|title=Gary Lineker joins campaign for second Brexit referendum|last=Heffer|first=Greg|date=26 July 2018|work=[[Sky News]]|access-date=26 July 2018}}</ref> === Iklan Walkers === Lineker geus sababaraha kali tampil dina iklan perusahaan opieun Walkers di Leicester, saprak 1994, asalna neken 200.000 kontrak.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/why-walkers-lineker-marriage-made-last-plus-5-garys-funniest-ads/1385016|title=Why Walkers and Lineker have a marriage made to last, plus 5 of Gary's funniest ads|last1=Lafferty|first1=Catherine|last2=Charles|first2=Gemma|work=Campaign|accessdate=29 June 2018|date=25 February 2016}}</ref> Walkers sakapeung ngaranan kiripik kentang cuka asin-na maké Lineker, dingaranan 'Salt & Lineker', di akhir 90-an.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/appointment-view-linekers-highlights-walkers/1084911|title=Appointment to view: Lineker's highlights with Walkers|work=Campaign|accessdate=29 June 2018|author=Sarah Johnson|date=16 August 2011}}</ref> === Goalhanger Films === Mei 2014, Lineker ngawangun perusahaan produksi sorangan, Goalhanger Films Ltd. bareng jeung Manten ITV Controller Tony Pastor.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Gary Lineker launches sport doc indie Goal Hanger|url=http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/news/people/gary-lineker-launches-sport-doc-indie-goal-hanger/5076420.article|magazine=Broadcastnow|accessdate=26 May 2015|date=21 August 2014}}</ref> Salila Piala Dunia 2914, Lineker midangkeun sababara vidéo pondok nu diproduksi ku Goalhanger Films di You Tube nu dijudulan Blahzil. Mei 2015, perusahaanna ngaluarkeun film dokumenter 60 menit dipidangkeun ku Lineker, judulna ''Gary Lineker on the Road to FA Cup Glory'' pikeun BBC. == Kahirupan pribadi == Lineker nyanding ka Michelle Cockayne di taun 1986. Bulan Mei Michelle ngajukeun cerai ku alesan yén Lineker boga "kalakuan teu puguh". Lineker jeung Michell boga opat budak lalaki, Géorge, Harry, Tobias jeung Angus. Duanana silih nyatakeun yeun situasina geus teu bisa diislahkeun.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4960106.stm|title=Gary Lineker and wife to separate|date=30 April 2006|work=BBC News|accessdate=13 November 2006}}</ref> Lineker dijadikeun warga kahormatan Leicester City taun 1995 sarta kajojo salaku "putra kadeudeuh Leicester".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/competitions/championship/3036643/Lineker-keen-to-bale-out-Leicester-for-his-boys-sake.html|title=Lineker keen to bale out Leicester for his boys' sake|last=Ley|first=John|date=24 October 2002|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|access-date=3 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/leicester/content/articles/2005/02/22/gary_lineker_road_opens_feature.shtml|title=BBC – Leicester – Features – Lineker honoured|publisher=BBC|accessdate=3 June 2015|date=23 February 2005}}</ref> Oktober 2002, Lineker nandonan 5 juta pikeun nyalametkeun manten klubna Leicester City, nu tigebrus kana masalah administrasi hukum. Lineker ngagambarkeun yén ilibiungna téh leuwih mangrupa "amal" batan "kapentingan pribadi."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/competitions/championship/3036643/Lineker-keen-to-bale-out-Leicester-for-his-boys-sake.html|title=Lineker keen to bail out Leicester for his boys' sake|last=Ley|first=John|date=24 October 2002|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|location=London}}</ref> Dirina nyatakeun yén dirina bakal ngamodalan sajumlah duit sarta anggota konsorsium lainna bakal nyumbang jumlah nu sarua. Lineker nepungan grup bobotoh pikeun ngajak maranéhna pikeun ngumpulkeun duit keur nyalametkeun klub lilana. Tungtungna mah Leicester salamet tina likuidasi. Lineker ayeuna jadi Wakil présidén kahormatan di Leicester City F.C. Lineker kawin ka Daniell Bux tanggal 2 September 2009 di Ravello, Italia. Maranéhna menangkeun £30.000 hadiah pikeun amal di acara ITV's ''Mr and Mrs''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Linekers-163-30-000-charity-win-Star-Mr-Mrs/story-12083486-detail/story.html|title=Linekers in £30,000 charity win on All Star Mr & Mrs|date=19 January 2010|work=Leicester Mercury|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208055612/https://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Linekers-163-30-000-charity-win-Star-Mr-Mrs/story-12083486-detail/story.html|archivedate=8 December 2015|deadurl=yes|accessdate=6 December 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208055612/https://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Linekers-163-30-000-charity-win-Star-Mr-Mrs/story-12083486-detail/story.html |date=8 December 2015 }}</ref> Tanggal 13 Januari 2016, Lineker jeung Bux ngumumkeun cerei, sanggeus genep taun rumah tangga.<ref name="kids">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/12096442/Gary-Lineker-and-his-wife-to-divorce-because-hes-too-old-to-start-another-family.html|title=Gary Lineker and his wife to divorce 'because he's too old to start another family'|work=The Daily Telegraph|accessdate=13 January 2016|date=13 January 2016}}</ref> Alesanna cenah Lineker teu hayang boga budak deui.<ref name="kids" /> November 2017, Lineker katuliskeun dina Paradise Papers dina hubunganna jeung skema panolakan pajak lantaran mibanda properti di Barbados jeung hiji perusahaan di Kapulauan Virgin. == Statistik Karir == === Klub === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" |Musim ! rowspan="2" |Klub ! colspan="3" |Liga ! colspan="2" |Piala ! colspan="2" |Piala Liga ! colspan="2" |Kontinéntal ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Divisi !Maen !Gul !Maen !Gul !Maen !Gul !Maen !Gul !Maen !Gul |- ! colspan="3" |Inggris ! colspan="2" |Liga ! colspan="2" |Piala FA ! colspan="2" |Liga ! colspan="2" |Eropa ! colspan="2" |Total |- |1978–79 | rowspan="7" |Leicester City | rowspan="2" |Divisi Dua |7 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |7 |1 |- |1979–80 |19 |3 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |20 |3 |- |1980–81 |Divisi Hiji |9 |2 |1 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |10 |3 |- |1981–82 | rowspan="2" |Divisi Dua |39 |17 |5 |2 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— |47 |19 |- |1982–83 |40 |26 |1 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |43 |26 |- |1983–84 | rowspan="2" |Divisi Hiji |39 |22 |1 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |41 |22 |- |1984–85 |41 |24 |4 |3 |3 |2 | colspan="2" |— |48 |29 |- |1985–86 |Everton |Divis Hiji |41 |30 |6 |5 |5 |3 | colspan="2" |— |52 |38 |- ! colspan="3" |Spanyol ! colspan="2" |Liga ! colspan="2" |Copa del Rey ! colspan="2" |Copa de la Liga ! colspan="2" |Eropa ! colspan="2" |Total |- |1986–87 | rowspan="3" |[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] | rowspan="3" |La Liga |41 |20 |1 |1 | colspan="2" |— |8 |0 |50 |21 |- |1987–88 |36 |16 |5 |2 | colspan="2" |— |8 |2 |49 |20 |- |1988–89 |26 |6 |4 |1 | colspan="2" |— |8 |4 |38 |11 |- ! colspan="3" |Inggris ! colspan="2" |Liga ! colspan="2" |Piala FA ! colspan="2" |Piala Liga ! colspan="2" |Eropa ! colspan="2" |Total |- |1989–90 | rowspan="3" |Tottenham Hotspur | rowspan="3" |Divisi Hiji |38 |24 |1 |0 |6 |2 | colspan="2" |— |45 |26 |- |1990–91 |32 |15 |6 |3 |5 |1 | colspan="2" |— |43 |19 |- |1991–92 |35 |28 |2 |0 |5 |5 |8 |2 |50 |35 |- ! colspan="3" |Jepang ! colspan="2" |Liga ! colspan="2" |Piala Kaisar ! colspan="2" |Piala Liga ! colspan="2" |[[Konfédérasi Maénbal Asia|Asia]] ! colspan="2" |Total |- |1993 | rowspan="2" |Nagoya Grampus Eight | rowspan="2" |Liga J1 |7 |1 |0 |0 |5 |4 | colspan="2" |— |12 |5 |- |1994 |11 |3 |0 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |12 |3 |- ! rowspan="3" |Nagara ! colspan="2" |Inggris !340 !192 !28 !14 !30 !13 !8 !2 !406 !221 |- ! colspan="2" |Spanyol !103 !42 !10 !4 ! colspan="2" |— !24 !6 !137 !52 |- ! colspan="2" |Jepang !18 !4 !0 !0 !6 !4 ! colspan="2" |— !24 !8 |- ! colspan="3" |Total !461 !238 !38 !18 !36 !17 !32 !8 !567 !281 |} === Internasional === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="3" |Tim Nasional Inggris |- !Taun !Maen !Gul |- |1984 |1 |0 |- |1985 |9 |6 |- |1986 |10 |8 |- |1987 |7 |9 |- |1988 |10 |3 |- |1989 |9 |3 |- |1990 |15 |8 |- |1991 |11 |9 |- |1992 |8 |2 |- !Total !80 !48 |} === Gol Intenasional === == Pangajén == === Klub === '''Leicester City''' * Liga Divisi Dua: 1980 ; Everton * Charity Shield FA: 1985 ; Barcelona * Copa del Rey: 1988 * Piala Winners Eropa: 1989 ; Tottenham Hotspur * Piala FA: 1991 === International === ; Inggris * Tempat kaopat Piala Dunia: 1990 '''<big>Individual</big>''' * English Second Division ''Top Scorer'' Divisi Dua: 1982–83<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/tablese/engtops.html|title=English League Leading Goalscorers|publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628202228/http://www.rsssf.com/tablese/engtops.html|archivedate=28 June 2011|dead-url=yes|accessdate=11 June 2011}}</ref> * Top Scorer Divisi Hiji: 1984–85, 1985–86, 1989–90 * Pamaen Taun Ieu PFA : 1985–86 * Pamaen Bal Taun Ieu FWA: 1985–86, 1991–92 * Sapatu Emas Piala Dunia FIFAt: 1986 * Tim Piala Dunia All Star: 1986 * <nowiki><i>Onze de Bronze</i></nowiki>: 1986 * <nowiki><i>Ballon d'Or</i></nowiki>: Runner-up 1986 * Pangajén FIFA Fair Play: 1990 * Pangajén FWA <nowiki><i>Tribute</i></nowiki> : 1997 * Pamaen Taun Ieu FIFAr: Pangajén Perunggu 1991<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/ballon-dor/archive/edition=1991/overview.html|title=Matthaus takes inaugural award|publisher=FIFA|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227091021/http://www.fifa.com/ballon-dor/archive/edition%3D1991/overview.html|archivedate=27 February 2015|dead-url=yes|accessdate=27 February 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227091021/http://www.fifa.com/ballon-dor/archive/edition%3D1991/overview.html |date=27 February 2015 }}</ref> * FIFA 100 * Tembok Kahormatan Menbal Inggris: 2003<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/explore-the-museum/hall-of-fame/about-the-hall-of-fame|title=About the Hall of Fame|publisher=National Football Museum|accessdate=5 January 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109105741/http://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/explore-the-museum/hall-of-fame/about-the-hall-of-fame |date=9 November 2016 }}</ref> * Tim Abad Ieu PFA (1977–1996): 2007<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.givemefootball.com/pfa-legends/teams-of-the-century/team-of-the-century-1977-1996|title=Team of the Century: 1977–1996 – Souness, Robson & Hoddle...not a bad midfield trio!|date=30 August 2007|work=GiveMeFootball.com|publisher=Give Me Football|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022111004/http://www.givemefootball.com/pfa-legends/teams-of-the-century/team-of-the-century-1977-1996|archive-date=22 October 2008|dead-url=yes|access-date=22 September 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022111004/http://www.givemefootball.com/pfa-legends/teams-of-the-century/team-of-the-century-1977-1996 |date=22 October 2008 }}</ref> == Referensi == <references /> == Bacaeun kapayun == * {{Cite book|title=Gary Lineker: Strikingly Different|first=Colin|last=Malam|publisher=Stanley Paul|location=London|year=1993|isbn=0-09-175424-0}} == Pranala == [[:en:Gary Lineker|Gary Lineker]] [[Kategori:Urang Inggris]] [[Kategori:Olahragawan]] [[Kategori:Biografi]] [[Kategori:Olahraga]] [[Kategori:Piala Dunia]] [[Kategori:Liga Inggris]] [[Kategori:Nu babar taun 1960]] [[Kategori:Top Scorer]] [[Kategori:Liga Spanyol]] [[Kategori:Menbal]] [[Kategori:Pamaen Inggris]] [[Kategori:1960]] 90v25z935lxicn5v90ij1ops05tf9i4 0 99338 710856 675119 2026-06-28T04:31:52Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710856 wikitext text/x-wiki {{taxobox | color = lightgreen |name =Bunut |image =Leaves I IMG 9786.jpg |image_caption = Tangkal Bunut |regnum = Plantae |divisio = |classis =Dicotyledonee |ordo =Urticales |familia =Moraceae |genus =Ficus |species =Xanthophyllum lanceatum |binomial =Ficus glabella Blume |binomial_authority = |synonyms =Ficus virens Aiton.<ref name=“Plant list”>{{Cite web| url = http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2810544| title = The Plant List| date = 15. Maret 2020| accessdate = 15. Maret 2020| work = A Working list of all plant species| year = 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916031152/http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2810544 |date=2019-09-16 }}</ref> |}} '''Bunut'''; ''Ficus glabella'' nyaéta hiji tangkal nu asalna tina kulawarga ''moraceae''. <ref name=“Umberto”>{{Cite book | title =RC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology (5 Volume Set)| first =Umberto| last = Quattrocchi| publisher =CRC Press| location =London| year =2016| pages =1738|ISBN=9781482250640|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=-37OBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1739&lpg=PA1739&dq=Ficus+Glabella&source=bl&ots=8hOAmu3gZ0&sig=ACfU3U0Pv_dnGQD-ZHEgRGDKJWpCJfJ0Ww&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjYk-T74ZnoAhVZOisKHVLHAlg4ChDoATABegQIChAB#v=onepage&q=Ficus%20Glabella&f=false|accessdate=14 Maret 2020}}</ref> Bunut loba kapanggih hirup di sisi [[leuweung]], sisi [[susukan]], tegalan, remen ogé kapanggih hirup dina sela-sela batu.<ref name=“ Agricultural”>{{Cite book | title =Plant Inventory| first =Agricultural | last =. Research Service. Plant Science Research Division| publisher = Agricultural Research Service. Plant Science Research Division| location =United States, University of Chicago| year =1934| pages =11|ISBN=9786023862207|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=3oEmAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA11&lpg=RA2-PA11&dq=Ficus+Glabella&source=bl&ots=blNDPQ-TeS&sig=ACfU3U0Vs7EJyrabfZDimy4fLxC2JKsIiw&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi42tmz95noAhWi7XMBHbNMCTc4FBDoATAAegQIChAB#v=onepage&q=Ficus%20Glabella&f=false|accessdate=14 Maret 2020}}</ref><ref name=“GBIF”>{{Cite web| url = https://www.gbif.org/species/114558656| title = GBIF| date = 15. Maret 2020| accessdate = 15. Maret 2020| work = is an international network and research infrastructure funded by the world's governments and aimed at providing anyone, anywhere, open access to data about all types of life on Earth.| year = 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250315030913/https://www.gbif.org/species/114558656 |date=2025-03-15 }}</ref> Tangkal bunut di daérah [[Jawa]] disebut ogé ''wunut''.<ref name=“Lies”>{{Cite book | title =Gunung Sewu: Menguak Jejak Sejarah Flora, Merekonstruksi Kawasan Karst| first =Lies| last =Rahayu, W. Faida, Sunarto, Sutikno, Chafid Fandeli| publisher =UGM PRESS| location =London| year =2018| pages =101|ISBN=9786023862207|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=Tq1dDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA101&lpg=PA101&dq=Ficus+Glabella&source=bl&ots=r_KRmckzbo&sig=ACfU3U0KbS7f-KJGR2E_Vuvtnk9-lDivUw&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjYk-T74ZnoAhVZOisKHVLHAlg4ChDoATAGegQICBAB#v=onepage&q=Ficus%20Glabella&f=false|accessdate=14 Maret 2020}}</ref> Tangkal bunut asalna ti daérah [[Asia]], [[Cina]] jeung ''semenanjung'' melayu, daun ipis panjang 2 nepika 4 inci. Wujudna lonyod awas [[endog]], buahna laleutik diaméter kurang ti setengah inci, kelirna semubeureun, sakapeung aya nu borontok konéng.<ref name=“Plant”>{{Cite book | title =Plant Inventory: 1931-1935| first =United States| last =Bureau of Plant Industry. Division of Plant Exploration and Introduction, United States. Agricultural Research Service. Horticultural Crops Research Branch, United States. Department of Agriculture, United States. Agricultural Research Service. New Crops Research Branch, Agricultural Research Center-West (U.S.). Northeastern Region, United States. Science and Education Administration. Federal Research| publisher =The departement| location =Ohio State University| year =1933| pages =11|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=yevc3xft550C&pg=RA4-PA11&lpg=RA4-PA11&dq=Ficus+glabella+Blume&source=bl&ots=3dlj5ufpH1&sig=ACfU3U2-wCvNXl1sRS7BSWcTjUvxUXcSUg&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi02dTTsO3oAhV563MBHWI4CEE4ChDoATAEegQIDBBD#v=onepage&q=Ficus%20glabella%20Blume&f=false|accessdate=(disungsi – 15 April 2020)}}</ref> ==Ciri mandiri== * '''Daun''' salambar kelirna hejo kolot konyod mencos katungtungna palebah cupat daun semu buleud.<ref name=“Plant”/> Urat daun katempo ngagurat semu bodas di handapeun daun, dipalebah handap daun uratna karasa ngajendul.<ref name=“Plant”/> Cupat daun kurang leuwih 2 – 3 cm kelirna hejo ngora, kaluar tina régang atawa dahan. Daun ngora atawa mibanda kelir hejo ngora, urat daun katembong semu koneng pias. Pucuk daun nu kakara bijil kelirna semu beureum, pucuk daun nu masih kuncup/kudu di simbutan ku salumpit.<ref name=“Plant list”/><ref name=“Plant”/> * '''Buah''' barijil tina dahan jeung regang, dina saranggeuy aya kana 1-2 siki buahna.<ref name=“Plant”/> Kelirna hejo semu konéng, terus robah kelirna semu [[beureum]] mangsa geus kolot<ref name=“Plant”/> Ukuranna laleutik kawas buah [[takokak]], buleudanna atawa diaméter buahna kurang leuwih 5 – 10 mm.<ref name=“Plant”/> Cupat buahna pondok aya kana 5 mm, napel kana dahan atawa tangkalna.<ref name=“Plant list”/> *'''Tangkal''' mibanda kulit kai nu kasar kawas rorombeheun, kelirna na hawuk aya ogé nu semu [[coklat]].<ref name=“Plant”/> R.egang jeung dahan nu ka palebah pucuk, kelirna héjo nepika hééjo ngora sarta tur semu borontok konéng atawa bodas.<ref name=“Plant”/> Jangkung tangkalna bisa nepika 10 méter, kagolongkeun tangkal kai nu panjang umurna bisa hirup nepika puluhan taun.<ref name=“Plant”/> Tangkal nu geus kolot bakal bijil akar gantung tina dahan, sok disebut janggot.<ref name=“Plant list”/> ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|2}} ==Tutumbu kaluar== # [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QspD99Lr8JE]|Ngabinihkeun tangkal bunut # [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hmy-Hq2Bm_E]|Nyieun bonsai tina tangkal bunut <gallery caption="Bunut"> File:Ficus virens ? (3188514242).jpg|Buah bunut ngora kénéh File:Starr-070727-7678-Ficus virens-fruit-Near Ala Moana Blvd-Oahu (24890191055).jpg|Buah nu geus asak atawa kolot File:Ficus virens-3-bsi-yercaud-salem-India.jpg|Buahna nu geus asak File:Ficus virens in trunk axil of Melaleuca quinquenervia 7th Brigade Park Chermside P1080820.jpg|Daun Bunut File:Starr-090813-4223-Ficus virens-young red leaves-Hawaiian Canoe Club Kahului-Maui (24878758421).jpg|Pucuk daun File:Ficus virens fruit.jpg|Buan nu geus marurag File:Ficus virens trunk.jpg|Tangkan nu geus janggotan File:Ficus virens-1-JNTBGRI-kerala-India.jpg|Bonsai tangkal bunut File:Starr-090813-4222-Ficus virens-young leaves-Hawaiian Canoe Club Kahului-Maui (24945758646).jpg|Daun ngora </gallery> {{pondok}} {{common}} [[Kategori:Moraceae]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan tropis]] quz5z2c8iem5q3ufi2jav0gimsd40c6 0 105675 710868 706044 2026-06-28T09:44:07Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710868 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coor title dm|5|0|N|97|12|E|region:ID-AC_type:adm2nd|display=title}} {{Dati2|nami=Kabupatén Aceh Utara |settlement_type = Kabupaten |translit_lang1_type = [[Abjad Jawi|Jawoe/Jawi]] |translit_lang1_type1 = Alfabet Aceh |translit_lang1_info = اچيه باروﺡ |translit_lang1_info1 = Acèh Barôh |foto =[[ file:Kantor Bupati Aceh Utara.jpg|250px]] |caption = Kantor Bupati Aceh Utara di Lhoksukon |lambang = Lambang kab acehutara.png |peta = [[Gambar:Lokasi Aceh Kabupaten Aceh Utara.svg|250px]] |kordinat = {{coord|5.00|96.75|region:ID_type:city}} |julukan = [[Samudera Pasai|Bumoë Samudera Pasèe]] |motto = |semboyan = |propinsi = [[Aceh]] |ibukota = [[Lhoksukon, Aceh Utara|Lhoksukon]] |dasar hukum = UU Nomor 7 Tahun 1956<ref name="UU">{{cite web|url=https://otda.kemendagri.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Pembentukan-Daerah-Daerah-Otonom-di-Indonesia-s.d-Tahun-2014-2.pdf|title=Pembentukan Daerah-Daerah Otonom di Indonesia s/d Tahun 2014|website=www.otda.kemendagri.go.id|accessdate=8 Desember 2021|archive-date=12 Juli 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712121648/http://otda.kemendagri.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Pembentukan-Daerah-Daerah-Otonom-di-Indonesia-s.d-Tahun-2014-2.pdf|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712121648/http://otda.kemendagri.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Pembentukan-Daerah-Daerah-Otonom-di-Indonesia-s.d-Tahun-2014-2.pdf |date=2019-07-12 }}</ref> |tanggal = 14 November 1956<ref name="UU"/> |hari jadi = [[7 September]] [[1226]]<ref>http://www.acehutara.go.id/berita-sah%E2%80%A6-hari-jadi-aceh-utara-ditetapkan-7-september.html{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |kacamatan = 27 [[kacamatan]]<ref name="Permendagri-137-2017"/> |kalurahan = 852 [[Gampong]]<ref name="Permendagri-137-2017"/> |kapala daerah = [[Bupati]] |nami kapala daerah = [[Mahyuzar Reuby]] (Pj.) |nami wakil kapala daerah = ''lowong'' |sekretaris daerah = Dayan Albar (Pj.) |ketua DPRD = Arafat Ali |lega = 3296,86 km² |luasref = <ref name="Permendagri-137-2017"/> |pangeusi = 627543 |pendudukref = <ref name="DUKCAPIL"/> |penduduktahun = 31 Desember [[2023]] |kapadetan = auto |agama = {{ublist |item_style=white-space; |99,95% [[Islam]] |{{Tree list}} * 0,04% [[Kekristenan]] ** 0,03% [[Protestan]] ** 0,01% [[Katolik]] {{Tree list/end}} |0,01% [[Agama Buddha|Buddha]]<ref name="DUKCAPIL"/>}} |bahasa = [[Bahasa Indonesia|Indonesia]], [[Bahasa Aceh|Aceh]] |IPM = {{increase}} 72,50 ([[2023]])<br> <span style="background:Yellow;color:#00726a">&nbsp;tinggi&nbsp;</span><ref name="IPM">{{cite web|url=https://aceh.bps.go.id/indicator/26/74/1/ipm.html|title=Indeks Pembangunan Manusia (IPM) 2021-2023|website=www.aceh.bps.go.id|accessdate=28 Januari 2024}}</ref> |kodearea = +62 645 |kodepos = 24xxx |apbd = Rp 2.339.452.690.669-<ref name="APBD 2018">{{cite web |url=http://www.djpk.kemenkeu.go.id/?p=5412 |title=APBD 2018 ringkasan update 04 Mei 2018 |date=2018-05-04 |accessdate=2018-07-06 |archive-date=2018-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706132521/http://www.djpk.kemenkeu.go.id/?p=5412 |dead-url=no }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706132521/http://www.djpk.kemenkeu.go.id/?p=5412 |date=2018-07-06 }}</ref> |pad = Rp 358.698.548.452- |dau = Rp 911.862.322.000- ([[2021]]) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.djpk.kemenkeu.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/DAU_rotated.pdf|title=Rincian Alokasi Dana Alokasi Umum Provinsi/Kabupaten Kota Dalam APBN T.A 2021|website=www.djpk.kemenkeu.go.id|date=(2021)|accessdate=8 Desember 2021|page=1|format=pdf|archive-date=2021-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207084638/http://www.djpk.kemenkeu.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/DAU_rotated.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref> |flora = |fauna = |zona waktu = UTC +7 [[Waktu Indonesia Barat|WIB]] |nomor_polisi = BL ''xxxx'' K**/Q* |web = {{url|acehutarakab.go.id}} }} '''Kabupatén Acéh Utara''' ({{Lang-ace|[[abjad Jawi|Jawoe/Jawi]]: اچيه باروﺡ|Acèh Barôh}}) nyaéta hiji [[Kabupatén]] anu perenahna di Propinsi [[Acéh]], [[Indonésia]].<ref name="Permendagri-137-2017">{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017 |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |access-date= 3 Oktober 2019 |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017/mode/2up |archive-date= 29 Desember 2018}}</ref><ref name="Permendagri-72-2019">{{cite web |url= http://jdih.setjen.kemendagri.go.id/pm/Permendagri%20No%2072%20Th%202019+lampiran.pdf |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 72 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Permendagri nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/permendagriindonesia722019 |archive-date= 25 Oktober 2019 |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |access-date= 15 Januari 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ieu Kabupatén puseur dayeuhna dipindahkeun anu asalna ti Lhokseumawe pindah ka [[Lhoksukon]], ieu alatan Lhokseumawe dijadikeun salaku kota ''otonom''. Jumlah masarakat Acéh Utara nalika akhir taun [[2023]] lobana 627.543 jiwa.<ref name="DUKCAPIL">{{cite web|url=https://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/|title=Visualisasi Data Kependudukan - Kementerian Dalam Negeri 2023|website=www.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id|accessdate=28 Januari 2024|format=Visual}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705211227/http://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/ |date=2022-07-05 }}</ref> == Géografi == Wewengkon Acéh Utara mibanda ''[[topografi]]'' wewengkon anu loba ''variasina'', timimiti ''dataran'' landeuh anu lega di kalér manjang ti kulon ka wétan nepika daérah pigunungan di kidul. Luhur patempatanna rata-rata wewengkon Acéh Utara téh 125 m. ''Jalan lintas timur'' [[Sumatra]] ngaliwatan wewengkon dataran landeuh kukituna wewengkon landeuhmah leuwih onjoy dina widang ékonomi tibatan wewengkon kidul anu perenahna leuwih ka jero. Di wewengkon landeuh ogé leuwih mindeng kabanjiran nalika usum [[hujan]] gedé di wewengkon kidul, salah sahiji wewengkon anu kabanjiran tayalian kacamatan: [[Lhoksukon]], [[Matangkuli]], [[Pirak]], [[Samudera]], [[Lapang]], [[Tanah Luas]], [[Tanah Pasir]] sarta [[Meurah Mulia]]. Limpasan ti susukan Keureutoe jeung [[susukan]] Pasee jadi bangbaluh taunan pikeun masarakat Acéh Utara anu aya di éta kacamatan-kacamatan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.acehutara.go.id/page-geografi.html|title=Geografi|last=Utara|first=Pemerintah Kabupaten Aceh|website=Geografi|language=English|access-date=2019-10-29|archive-date=2019-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002023843/http://www.acehutara.go.id/page-geografi.html|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002023843/http://www.acehutara.go.id/page-geografi.html |date=2019-10-02 }}</ref> Wewengkon landeuh kalolobaan dipaké lahan tatanén kayaning pa[[sawah]]an jeung padumukan, dibasisir dimangpaatekun pikeun [[tambak]] lauk sagigireun éta di wewengkon dataran tonggoh loba lahan perkebunan anu mimiti loba digarap ku masarakat. Poténsi tatanén di Acéh Utara masih tacan bisa diandelkeun pikeun ngaronjatkeun taraf hidup Mac s parakatna alatan sistem [[irigasi]] pasawahanna masih kénéh ngandelkeun irigasi [[tradisional]] malahanmah, sawaréh masih mangrupa [[sawah]] tadah hujan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://atdr.unsyiah.ac.id:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/783/1/Laporan%20Rencana%20Tata%20Ruang%20Wilayah%20Kabupaten%20Aceh%20Utara.pdf |title=Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Kab. Aceh Utara |access-date=2019-10-29 |archive-date=2021-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203133610/http://atdr.unsyiah.ac.id:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/783/1/Laporan%20Rencana%20Tata%20Ruang%20Wilayah%20Kabupaten%20Aceh%20Utara.pdf |dead-url=yes }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203133610/http://atdr.unsyiah.ac.id:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/783/1/Laporan%20Rencana%20Tata%20Ruang%20Wilayah%20Kabupaten%20Aceh%20Utara.pdf |date=2021-02-03 }}</ref> Dina widang ''perkebunan'' Acéh Utara mibanda perkebunan [[kalapa sawit]], karét jeung [[coklat]] anu dikokolakeun ku [[PT Perkebunan Nusantara I]] anu ngokolakeun lahan perkebunan kalapa sawit anu legana 46.377 ha, karét 11.918 ha tur [[coklat]] legana 354 ha. Sagigireun melak ''komoditas'' di lahan sorangan + inti, PTPN I ogé ngokolakeun ''areal'' ''Plasma'' milik patani anu legana nepi ka 16.832 ha diwangun ku kalapa sawit 6.714 jeung karét 10.118 ha. Mimitina PTPN I ieu ogé ngokolakeun ''perkebunan'' [[tiwu]] anu diolah ngajadi [[gula]] di pabrik gula [[Cot Girek]], hanjakal pabrik ieu henteu dipaké dina waktu lila nepi ka tungtungna di ''konvérsi'' jadi [[pabrik]] pangolahan [[kalapa sawit]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tagar.id/pabrik-gula-terbesar-di-aceh-utara-menjadi-besi-tua|title=Pabrik Gula Terbesar di Aceh Utara Menjadi Besi Tua|last=News|first=Tagar|date=2017-12-23|website=TAGAR|language=id|access-date=2019-10-29|archive-date=2019-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029072230/https://www.tagar.id/pabrik-gula-terbesar-di-aceh-utara-menjadi-besi-tua|dead-url=no}}</ref> === Wates === {{batas_USBT |utara = [[Selat Malaka]] jeung [[Kota Lhokseumawe]] |selatan = [[Kabupaten Bener Meriah]] |barat = [[Kabupaten Bireuen]] |timur = [[Kabupaten Aceh Timur]] }} == Sajarah == Acéh Utara kiwari nempatan urut wewengkon Karajaan Islam [[Samudera Pasai]]. Kasultanan Pasai numutkeun sababaraha pamanggih disebut salaku karajaan pang heulana anu ngalarapkeun sistem karajaan Islam di [[Nusantara]]. Kasultanan Pasai ngahontal kamakmuran nepika 300 taun, nepika datang mangsana dijorag ku ''penjelajah'' ti bangsa Éropa anu ngayakeun serangan ka kasultanan nepika tumpur ampir teu nyésa. Ngan saeutik tapak anu nyésa tina sajarah kamashuran [[Kasultanan Pasai]] anu masih bisa katempo kiwari. Situs sajarah [[Kasultanan Samudera Pasai]] anu paling katempo tayalian kompléks [[pajaratan]] Sultan [[Malikussaleh]] sarta pajaratan Sultanah Nahrasiyah anu perenahna di basisir kacamatan [[Samudera]] kiwari. Dina mangsa katukang remen pisan kapanggih ''artefak'' sajarah mangrupa béngol/''koin'' [[duit]] [[émas]] kapanggih pabalatak karuang [[taneuh]] dina urut merenahna puseur dayeuh anu baheulana urut Kasultanan Pasai, tapi kiwarimah manggihan anu kawas kitu téh geus arang langka kajadian.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tagar.id/situs-sejarah-kerajaan-islam-yang-terlupakan-di-aceh|title=Situs Sejarah Kerajaan Islam yang Terlupakan di Aceh|last=News|first=Tagar|date=2017-12-23|website=TAGAR|language=id|access-date=2019-10-29|archive-date=2019-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029072228/https://www.tagar.id/situs-sejarah-kerajaan-islam-yang-terlupakan-di-aceh|dead-url=no}}</ref> Nalika [[Walanda]] ngajajah Acéh tur hasil ngadegkeun pamaréntahan ''kolonial'' dina taun 1904, Acéh Utara ditetepkeun salaku hiji (Kabupatén) ''Afdeeling'' anu dipingpin ku Asistén Résidén. ''Wilayah'' anu lega ieu dingaranan ''Afdeeling Noord Kust Van Aceh'' (Kabupatén Acéh Utara). ''Afdeeling'' ieu dibagi kana 3 ''onderafdeeling'' (Kawadanaan) anu dipupuhuan ku saurang ''Countroleur'' (Wadana) tayalian: ''Onder Afdeeling'' Bireuen, ''Onder Afdeeling'' Lhokseumawe sarta ''Onder Afdeeling'' Lhoksukon. Sagigireun kitu pamaréntah Hindia Walanda ogé netepkeun sababaraha Daérah kakawasaan Ulee Balang anu mibanda pamaréntahan sorangan pikeun daérah tur rakyatna. Daérah ieu dingaranan salaku ''Zelf Bestuur'' tayalian sagigireun ''Onder Afdeeling'' éta di Acéh Utara ogé mibanda sababaraha Daérah ''Ulee Balang'' ''(Zelf Bestuur)'' anu miboga hak mamaréntah sorangan ka daérah tur rakyatna tayalian Ulee Balang Keureutoe, Geureugok, Jeumpa, jeung Peusangan unggal Zelf Bestuur ieu dipingpin ku Ampon Chik.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://yasirmaster.blogspot.com/2012/12/mengenal-aceh-utara-yang-dulu-disebut.html|title=Mengenal Aceh Utara yang Dulu Disebut Luhak|access-date=2019-10-29|archive-date=2019-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029072229/http://yasirmaster.blogspot.com/2012/12/mengenal-aceh-utara-yang-dulu-disebut.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> Dina mangsa kamerdékaan [[wewengkon]] pamaréntahan Acéh Utara dianggerkeun dina wilayah anu kungsi ditetepkeun ku [[Walanda]] . Dumasar kana Undang Undang Nomer I taun 1957 ogé [[Keputusan Presiden Indonesia]] Nomor 6 taun 1959. Kabupatén Daérah Tingkat II Acéh Utara dibagi kana 3 (tilu) Kawadanaan nyaéta : Kawadanaan Bireuen diwangun ku 7 kacamatan, Kawadanaan Lhokseumawe diwangun ku 8 Kacamatan, Kawadanaan Lhoksukon diwangun ku 8 kecamatan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.acehutara.go.id/page-sejarah-aceh-utara.html|title=Sejarah Aceh Utara|last=Utara|first=Pemerintah Kabupaten Aceh|website=Sejarah Aceh Utara|language=English|access-date=2019-10-29|archive-date=2019-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001235234/http://www.acehutara.go.id/page-sejarah-aceh-utara.html|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001235234/http://www.acehutara.go.id/page-sejarah-aceh-utara.html |date=2019-10-01 }}</ref> Sagigireun ngaronjatna jeung dibarung ku mekarna wilayah, nambahna jumlah pangeusi sarta sumanget ''otonomi'' daérah dina taun 1999 dina urut kawadanaan Bireun ditetepkeun ngajadi [[Kabupatén Bireuen]] sarta dina taun 2001 [[Kota Lhokseumawe]] nyusul ngajadi kotamadya anyar anu leupas ti Kabupatén Acéh Utara. == Pamaréntahan == === Bupati === {{utama|Daftar Bupati Acéh Utara}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- !style="background:#fad000;"| No !style="background:#fad000;" colspan=2| Bupati !style="background:#fad000;"| Mimiti ngajabat !style="background:#fad000;"| Eureun ngajabat !style="background:#fad000;"| Katerangan. !style="background:#fad000;"| Wakil Bupati |- | * | [[file:Mahyuzar.jpg|100px]] |[[Mahyuzar Reuby]]<br><small>([[Penjabat]])</small> |14 Juli 2023 |''Petahana'' |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://waspadaaceh.com/mahyuzar-reuby-dilantik-jadi-pj-bupati-aceh-utara-ini-sosoknya/|title=Mahyuzar Reuby Dilantik Jadi Pj Bupati Aceh Utara, Ini Sosoknya|first=Kia|last=Gayo|date=15 Juli 2023|access-date=28 Januari 2024 |website=waspadaaceh.com}}</ref> |''Lowong'' |- |} === Déwan Perwakilan === {{utama|Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Kabupaten Aceh Utara}} [[Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Kabupaten Aceh Utara]] sok disebut ogé '''[[Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Kabupaten Aceh Utara|DPRK Aceh Utara]]''' mangrupakeun ''lembaga'' ''[[législatif]] [[Unikameral]]'' anu jadi batur gawé Pamaréntah Kabupatén Acéh Utara''',''' [[Acéh]]. Kantor Déwan Perwakilan Rakyat Kabupatén Acéh Utara anu saméméhna aya di Kota [[Lhokseumawe]], kiwari dipindahkeun ka puseur dayeuh Acéh Utara anu perenahna di Landing, [[Lhoksukon]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://portalsatu.com/read/news/ini-nama-nama-anggota-dprk-aceh-utara-yang-dilantik-29-wajah-baru-52205|title=Ini Nama-Nama Anggota DPRK Aceh Utara yang Dilantik, 29 Wajah Baru - PORTALSATU.com|website=portalsatu.com|language=id|access-date=2019-10-29|archive-date=2019-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029072233/http://portalsatu.com/read/news/ini-nama-nama-anggota-dprk-aceh-utara-yang-dilantik-29-wajah-baru-52205|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029072233/http://portalsatu.com/read/news/ini-nama-nama-anggota-dprk-aceh-utara-yang-dilantik-29-wajah-baru-52205 |date=2019-10-29 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://aceh.tribunnews.com/2019/09/03/ini-ketua-dan-wakil-sementara-dprk-aceh-utara-dan-agenda-yang-harus-dituntaskan|title=Ini Ketua dan Wakil Sementara DPRK Aceh Utara dan Agenda yang Harus Dituntaskan|work=[[Tribunnews|Tribunnews.com]]|language=id|access-date=2019-10-29|last=Jafaruddin|archive-date=2019-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029072232/https://aceh.tribunnews.com/2019/09/03/ini-ketua-dan-wakil-sementara-dprk-aceh-utara-dan-agenda-yang-harus-dituntaskan|dead-url=no}}</ref> {{:Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kabupaten Aceh Utara}} === Kacamatan === {{utama|Daftar kacamatan jeung gampong di Kabupatén Acéh Utara}} {{:Daftar kecamatan dan gampong di Kabupaten Aceh Utara}} == Démografi == Dumasar kana étnis/séké sélér warga anu maneuh di Acéh Utara dieusi ku étnis Acéh (pang lobana), Disusul ku étnis [[Jawa]], [[Gayo]], [[Batak]], jeung [[Melayu]]. Pang lobana [[ageman]] anu dipuhit tayalian ageman [[Islam]] méh 99%, saeutik pisan masyarakat di Acéh Utara anu agemana lian ti Islam. Alatan kitu, teu katempo aya imah paragi ibadah salian ti [[masjid]] jeung mushola/[[tajug]] .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://acehutarakab.bps.go.id/statictable/2018/01/31/532/3-2-jumlah-penduduk-kabupaten-aceh-utara-menurut-kecamatan-2012---2016-.html|title=Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Aceh Utara|website=acehutarakab.bps.go.id|access-date=2019-10-29|archive-date=2019-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029072231/https://acehutarakab.bps.go.id/statictable/2018/01/31/532/3-2-jumlah-penduduk-kabupaten-aceh-utara-menurut-kecamatan-2012---2016-.html|dead-url=no}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029072231/https://acehutarakab.bps.go.id/statictable/2018/01/31/532/3-2-jumlah-penduduk-kabupaten-aceh-utara-menurut-kecamatan-2012---2016-.html |date=2019-10-29 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.acehutara.go.id/page-demografi.html|title=Demografi|last=Utara|first=Pemerintah Kabupaten Aceh|website=Demografi|language=English|access-date=2019-10-29|archive-date=2019-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002012646/http://www.acehutara.go.id/page-demografi.html|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002012646/http://www.acehutara.go.id/page-demografi.html |date=2019-10-02 }}</ref><ref name="AGAMA">{{cite web|url=https://sp2010.bps.go.id/index.php/site/tabel?search-tabel=Penduduk+Menurut+Wilayah+dan+Agama+yang+Dianut&tid=321&search-wilayah=Kabupaten+Aceh+Utara&wid=1111000000&lang=id|title=Penduduk Menurut Wilayah dan Agama yang Dianut di Kabupaten Aceh Utara|website=www.sp2010.bps.go.id|accessdate=21 Januari 2021|archive-date=2022-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910231016/https://sp2010.bps.go.id/index.php/site/tabel?search-tabel=Penduduk+Menurut+Wilayah+dan+Agama+yang+Dianut&tid=321&search-wilayah=Kabupaten+Aceh+Utara&wid=1111000000&lang=id|dead-url=no}}</ref> == Atikan == === Paguron Luhur di Acéh Utara === * [[Univérsitas Malikussaleh]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unimal.ac.id/|title=Unimal|website=www.unimal.ac.id|language=en|access-date=2019-10-29|archive-date=2019-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029073736/http://www.unimal.ac.id/|dead-url=no}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029073736/http://www.unimal.ac.id/ |date=2019-10-29 }}</ref> * [[Institut Agama Islam Negeri Lhokseumawe|IAIN Malikussaleh]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iainlhokseumawe.ac.id/|title=Beranda - Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN) Lhokseumawe|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-29|archive-date=2019-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412065120/https://www.iainlhokseumawe.ac.id/|dead-url=no}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412065120/https://www.iainlhokseumawe.ac.id/ |date=2019-04-12 }}</ref> * Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Getsempena, Lhoksukon<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stikesgetsempena.ac.id/|title=STIKes Getsempena Lhoksukon|last=admin|website=STIKes Getsempena Lhoksukon|language=id-ID|access-date=2019-10-29|archive-date=2019-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029073733/https://stikesgetsempena.ac.id/|dead-url=no}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029073733/https://stikesgetsempena.ac.id/ |date=2019-10-29 }}</ref> * Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam Jami`atul Tarbiyah, Lhoksukon<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://staijamitar.ac.id/ |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2019-10-29 |archive-date=2019-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029072235/https://staijamitar.ac.id/ |dead-url=no }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029072235/https://staijamitar.ac.id/ |date=2019-10-29 }}</ref> * Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Ekonomi Syariah, Baktiya <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sties-baktiya.ac.id/|title=STIES-BAKTIYA – SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU EKONOMI SYARIAH BAKTIYA|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-29|archive-date=2019-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029072234/https://sties-baktiya.ac.id/|dead-url=no}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029072234/https://sties-baktiya.ac.id/ |date=2019-10-29 }}</ref> * Akademi Kesehatan Aceh Utara<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://akkesacehutara.ac.id/home.html|title=AKKES ACEH UTARA|website=akkesacehutara.ac.id|access-date=2019-10-29|archive-date=2019-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029072231/http://akkesacehutara.ac.id/home.html|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029072231/http://akkesacehutara.ac.id/home.html |date=2019-10-29 }}</ref> == Ékonomi == Kalolobaan masarakat Acéh Utara pakasabanna kana tani, lobana jalma anu teu boga pagawéan téh alatan ''SDM'' anu kurang. antukna ngabalukarkeun teu loba usaha jasa jeung [[industri]] anu bisa hirup. Alatan ti kitu dina taun 2017 Kabupatén Acéh Utara jadi warga kahiji anu pang miskinna di sakuliah Acéh, tayalian ngahontal 118.740 jiwa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://aceh.tribunnews.com/2018/02/24/aceh-utara-termiskin|title=Aceh Utara Termiskin|work=[[Tribunnews|Tribunnews.com]]|language=id|access-date=2018-04-16|last=Hasyim|archive-date=2018-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417024122/http://aceh.tribunnews.com/2018/02/24/aceh-utara-termiskin|dead-url=no}}</ref> Dina séktor tatanén, daérah ieu mibanda réputasi anu unggulan salaku penghasil [[béas]] anu kacida penting. Kukituna sakabéh Kabupatén Acéh Utara mangrupakeun daérah Tingkat II anu paling poténsial di provinsi kalayan pendapatan per kapitana di luhur Rp. 1,4 juta teu kaasup migas atawa Rp. 6 juta lamun jeung migas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docplayer.info/54345158-Kabupaten-aceh-utara-katalog-bps-badan-pusat-statistik.html|title=KABUPATEN ACEH UTARA. Katalog BPS : BADAN PUSAT STATISTIK - PDF|website=docplayer.info|access-date=2019-10-29|archive-date=2019-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029072231/https://docplayer.info/54345158-Kabupaten-aceh-utara-katalog-bps-badan-pusat-statistik.html|dead-url=no}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029072231/https://docplayer.info/54345158-Kabupaten-aceh-utara-katalog-bps-badan-pusat-statistik.html |date=2019-10-29 }}</ref> Ladang gas jeung minyak kapanggih di [[Lhokseumawe]], [[puseur dayeuh]] Acéh Utara dina taun 1970-an. Alatan éta, Acéh mimiyi di datangan kub invéstor luar negeri anu kataji kana sumber daya alamna anu ngalayah. Tisaprak éta, [[gas alam cair]] atawa ''Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)'' anu diolah di kilang [[PT Arun Natural Gas Liquefaction]] (NGL) Co, dihasilkeun tina instalasi [[ExxonMobil Oil Indonesia Inc]]. (EMOI) di zona industri Lhokseumawe, geus ngarobah ieu wewengkon jadi hiji kawasan industri [[petrokimia]] modérn.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sippa.ciptakarya.pu.go.id/sippa_online/ws_file/dokumen/rpi2jm/DOCRPIJM_15081444594__BAB_IV-Profil_Kota.pdf |title=Profil Kota Kabupaten Aceh Utara |access-date=2019-10-29 |archive-date=2019-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029072233/http://sippa.ciptakarya.pu.go.id/sippa_online/ws_file/dokumen/rpi2jm/DOCRPIJM_15081444594__BAB_IV-Profil_Kota.pdf |dead-url=yes }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029072233/http://sippa.ciptakarya.pu.go.id/sippa_online/ws_file/dokumen/rpi2jm/DOCRPIJM_15081444594__BAB_IV-Profil_Kota.pdf |date=2019-10-29 }}</ref> Kabupatén ieu kagolongkeun salaku kawasan industri panggedéna di propinsi ieu sarta kagolongkeun industri panggedéna di luar pulo [[Jawa]], hususna tisaprak dibukana industri pengolahan gas alam cair PT Arun LNG di [[Lhokseumawe]] dina tahun [[1974]]. Di daérah ieu ogé aya pabrik-pabrik gedé anj lainna: Pabrik Kertas Kraft Acéh, pabrik gemuk AAF (Aceh Asean Fertilizer) sarta pabrik gemuk [[Pupuk Iskandar Muda]] (PIM). Kagiatan ékonomi Kabupatén Acéh Utara ''didominasi'' ku dua séktor, tayalian séktor pertambangan jeung ''penggalian'', sarta séktor industri pangolahan. Dina séktor ''pertambangan'', sumur-sumur gas anu dikokolakeun ku PT Exxon Mobil Oil Indonésia tangtuna jadi salah sahiji ''faktor'' kaunggulan ieu séktor. Kalawan kontribusi Rp 8,6 triliun kana Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (PDRB) taun 2000, ieu jadi undakan ka hiji disusul ku séktor industri lobana Rp 4,7 triliun. Dina widang ageman, masarakat Acéh Utara téh ampir sakabéhna muhit agemN [[Islam]] anu taat kana agamana. Dina taun 1994, kacatet 782 jalma anu munggah haji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.depkes.go.id/resources/download/profil/PROFIL_KAB_KOTA_2014/1111_Aceh_Kab_Aceh_Utara_2014.pdf |title=Profil Aceh Utara |access-date=2019-10-29 |archive-date=2019-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711092534/http://www.depkes.go.id/resources/download/profil/PROFIL_KAB_KOTA_2014/1111_Aceh_Kab_Aceh_Utara_2014.pdf |dead-url=yes }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711092534/http://www.depkes.go.id/resources/download/profil/PROFIL_KAB_KOTA_2014/1111_Aceh_Kab_Aceh_Utara_2014.pdf |date=2019-07-11 }}</ref> === Industri === [[file:POINT 1 ARUN LNG TANAH LUAS.JPG|jmpl|250px|Titik kahiji tempat kapanggihna ''gas alam cair'' di Tanah Lega]] Tisaprak taun 70'an Acéh Utara mangrupikeun daérah [[Industri]] di Acéh, teu héran mun harita Acéh Utara disebut salaku Kota Petro Dolar, alatan harita Acéh Utara kaasup daérah pangbeungharna di Indonésia tina hasil Migas panggedéna di Indonésia mangsa éta, sanajan hasil tina Sumber Daya Alam ngaleuyah, tapi henteu méré pangaruh anu signifikan pikeun rahayat Acéh Utara. ya ogé industri séjén di Acéh Utara, tayalian;<ref>[http://perpustakaan.bappenas.go.id/lontar/file?file=digital/24774-&#x5B;_Konten_&#x5D;-DR.DAYAN%20DAWOOD,MA.DKK.pdf Industri Aceh Utara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320193140/https://perpustakaan.bappenas.go.id/lontar/file?file=digital/24774-%5B_Konten_%5D-DR.DAYAN%20DAWOOD,MA.DKK.pdf |date=2022-03-20 }}{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * PT [[Pupuk Iskandar Muda]], di Krueng Geukuh * PT [[ASEAN Aceh Fertilizer]], di Krueng Geukuh * PT [[ExxonMobil Indonesia]], di Landing. * PT [[Kertas Kraft Aceh]], di [[Jamuan, Banda Baro, Aceh Utara|Jamuan]]. * PT [[Arun Natural Gas Liquefaction]] * [[Kawasan Ekonomi Khusus Arun Lhokseumawe]] == Kasehatan == === Rumah sakit === {{utama|Daftar rumah sakit di Kabupaten Aceh Utara}} {{:Daftar rumah sakit di Kabupaten Aceh Utara}} == Pariwisata == [[File:Monumen Islam Samudera Pasee.jpg|jmpl|ki|Monumén Islam Samudra Pasai]] Dua destinasi wisata sajarah anu aya di Acéh Utara tayalian situs sajarah titinggal [[Kasultanan Samudera Pasai]] di Kacamatan Samudera, Imah [[Cut Meutia]] di kacamatan Pirak Timu sarta tugu parjoangan Teungku Abdul Jalil Cot Plieng di kacamatan Syamtalira Bayu. Sedangkeun destinasi wisata alamna tayaliam [[curug]] Blang Kulam di kacamatan Kuta Makmur, pamandian Krueng Sawang di kacamatan Sawang jeung basisir Ulee Reubek di [[kacamatan]] Seunuddon, tempat wisata pagunungan anu perenahna di Gunung Salak [[Nisam Antara, Aceh Utara]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://festivaljalanjalan.com/tempat-wisata-di-aceh-utara/|title=5 Tempat Wisata di Aceh Utara yang Paling Keren untuk Dikunjungi {{!}} FJJ|website=festivaljalanjalan.com|access-date=2019-10-29|archive-date=2019-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029072232/https://festivaljalanjalan.com/tempat-wisata-di-aceh-utara/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Transportasi == Acéh Utara tayalian hiji-hijina daérah di propinsi Acéh anu kaasup mibanda sarana transportasi paling lengkep. Beus umum antar kota antar propinsi nganteurkeun panumpang di jalan lintas Sumatra sadia beurang peuting. Pikeun panumpang anu naék kapal udRa6 aya [[Bandar Udara Malikus Saleh]] pernahna di kacamatan Muara Batu. Bandara ieu mimiti ramé ku kapal udara ukuran sedeng anu ngangkut panumpang ka [[Bandara Kuala Namu]] di Sumatera Utara. Atuh angkutan laut ogé geus sayaga pelabuhan Krueng Geukueh anu dibangun salaku pelabuhan industri jeung sarana pangangkutan komoditas tatanén katut industri. Karéta api ogé geus sayaga di Acéh Utara, jalur rél karéta api jarak deukeut geus ngahubungkeun antara kota Lhokseumawe jeung Kutablang, Bireuen kiwari geus dimangpaatekun. Sagigireun éta alat transportasi anu ilahar dipaké masarakat tayalian béca mesin pikeun pamakéan antar désa dina jarak deukeut ogé sadia beus mini anu ngangkut panumpang dina jarak jauh jeung sedang. Alat transportasi alternatif séjén tayalian RBT atawa Ojég anu nganteurkeun panumpang di padésaan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://acehutarakab.bps.go.id/subject/17/transportasi.html|title=Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Aceh Utara|website=acehutarakab.bps.go.id|access-date=2019-10-29|archive-date=2019-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023144050/https://acehutarakab.bps.go.id/subject/17/transportasi.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> === Transportasi Darat === # Terminal [[Muara Batu, Aceh Utara|Krueng Mane]] # Terminal [[Dewantara, Aceh Utara|Krueng Geukuh]] # Terminal [[Samudera, Aceh Utara|Geudong]] # Terminal [[Lhoksukon, Aceh Utara|Lhoksukon]] # Terminal [[Tanah Jambo Aye, Aceh Utara|Panton Labu]]. === Transportasi Udara === # [[Bandar Udara Malikus Saleh]], di [[Pinto Makmur]] <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.antaranews.com/berita/688363/bandara-malikussaleh-perlu-segera-diperluas|title=Bandara Malikussaleh perlu segera diperluas|last=Mukhlis|work=[[Lembaga Kantor Berita Nasional Antara|ANTARA News]]|language=id-ID|access-date=2018-04-16|editor-last=Marboen|editor-first=Ade P|archive-date=2018-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417024306/https://www.antaranews.com/berita/688363/bandara-malikussaleh-perlu-segera-diperluas|dead-url=no}}</ref> # [[Bandar Udara Lhok Sukon]] di Landing. === Transportasi Laut === # [[Pelabuhan Internasional Samudera Pasai, Krueng Geukuh]] === Stasiun Karéta Api === # [[Stasiun kereta api|Stasiun Kereta Api]] [[Muara Batu, Aceh Utara|Krueng Mane]] # [[Stasiun kereta api|Stasiun Kereta Api]] [[Keude Bungkaih, Muara Batu, Aceh Utara|Bungkaih]] # [[Stasiun kereta api|Stasiun Kereta Api]] [[Keude Krueng Geukeuh, Dewantara, Aceh Utara|Krueng Geukuh]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2019/05/27/13415531/di-aceh-kereta-perintis-jadi-wisata-transportasi-untuk-anak|title=Di Aceh, Kereta Perintis Jadi Wisata Transportasi untuk Anak|work=[[Kompas.com]]|language=id|access-date=2019-10-29|editor-last=Rachmawati|last=Masriadi|archive-date=2019-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922122322/https://regional.kompas.com/read/2019/05/27/13415531/di-aceh-kereta-perintis-jadi-wisata-transportasi-untuk-anak|dead-url=no}}</ref> == Dicutat tina == {{reflist|2}} == Tutumbu ka luar == * {{id}} [http://www.acehutara.go.id Situs resmi Pemerintah Kabupaten Aceh Utara] {{Kabupaten Aceh Utara}} {{Aceh}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Babagian administratif di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Kota di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Acéh]] [[Kategori:Sumatra]] [[Kategori:Kabupatén di Acéh]] biqcle77dzkmystnqwexxu90qkzz4mb 0 106227 710858 676698 2026-06-28T05:31:03Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710858 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italic title}} {{Taxobox | color = red | name = Nona makan sirih | image = Clerodendrum thomsoniae-bunga-Lany pirna.jpg | image_width = 240px | image_caption = ''Clerodendrum thomsoniae'' | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Spermatophyta]] | classis = [[Dicotyledonae]] | ordo = [[Lamiales]] | familia = [[Lamiaceae]] | genus = ''[[Clerodendrum]]'' | species = '''''Clerodendrum thomsoniae''''' | binomial = ''Clerodendrum thomsoniae'' | binomial_authority = [[Balf. f. rather than Balf.]] }} '''''Clerodendrum thomsoniae''''' atawa '''nona makan sirih''' nyaéta salah sahiji tangkal ngarambat anu asalna tina kulawarga ''(Lamiaceae)'', asli ti Afrika kulon jeung sacara lega dipelak di daérah tropis jeung subtropis, salah sahijina Indonésia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Datiles|first=Marianne Jennifer|last2=Acevedo-Rodríguez|first2=Pedro|date=2014-09-30|title=Clerodendrum thomsoniae (bleeding glory bower)|url=https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.1079/cabicompendium.14337|journal=CABI Compendium|volume=CABI Compendium|pages=14337|doi=10.1079/cabicompendium.14337}}</ref> == Ciri Mandiri == ''Clerodendrum thomsoniae'' miboga ciri-ciri kembang ukuran 1,5-2,5 cm warnana bodas sarta mahkota kembangna warna beureum. Panjang tangkalna bisa nepi ka 3-7 m. Ukuran daun antara 5,2-14 × 2,7-7 cm atawa miboga rupa siga elips atau lanset, warna héjo kolot jeung uratna nonjol. Kembang nu kaasup kana jenis pepelakan hias ieu bisa ogé hirup di dataran tinggi atawa leuweung.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Datiles|first=Marianne Jennifer|last2=Acevedo-Rodríguez|first2=Pedro|date=2014-09-30|title=Clerodendrum thomsoniae (bleeding glory bower)|url=https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.1079/cabicompendium.14337|journal=CABI Compendium|volume=CABI Compendium|pages=14337|doi=10.1079/cabicompendium.14337}}</ref> == Kagunaan == Salian ti éta, kembang jenis ieu miboga kagunaan sangkan dipaké jang pangobatan, sanajan kagunaan anu pasti can disebutkeun. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gbif.org/species/3889087|title=Clerodendrum thomsoniae Balf.f.|website=www.gbif.org|language=en|accessdate=2025-02-15}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215061122/https://www.gbif.org/species/3889087 |date=2025-02-15 }}</ref> == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Artikel WikiTutuwuhan-Lany pirna]] 5wiayoc4j1m2fgv2e91oogamutmjasg 0 106630 710864 684523 2026-06-28T07:29:12Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710864 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Gereja Katolik Santo Ignatius, Cimahi 04.jpg|jmpl|Gereja Katolik Santo Ignatius, Cimahi]] Geréja Santo Ignatius Cimahi mangrupakeun tempat ibadah umat Katolik di Kota Cimahi, anu wangunanna miboga sajarah panjang. Geréja ieu geus diwangun ti taun 1905 di Jalan Baros, Kota Cimahi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://keuskupanbandung.org/section-item/69|title=Keuskupan Bandung - Paroki Santo Ignatius - Cimahi / Kota Cimahi|website=keuskupanbandung.org|accessdate=2025-07-19}}</ref> Geréja Santo Ignatius Cimahi jadi pusat kagiatan kaagamaan umat Katolik di Cimahi. Geréja ieu ngayakeun misa sarta sakramén Geréja Katolik umumna, sapertos pembaptisan, rarabi, sarta Ékaristi. Di luar éta, geréja ieu ogé aktip ngayakeun kagiatan sosial sarta pangembangan komunitas anu ditujukeun kanggo masarakat sakitar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jabar/berita/d-7152815/telusur-saksi-bisu-peninggalan-kolonial-belanda-di-cimahi|title=Telusur Saksi Bisu Peninggalan Kolonial Belanda di Cimahi|last=Ega|first=Diva|website=detikjabar|language=id-ID|accessdate=2025-07-19}}</ref> Sanajan kitu, umat Katolik di Cimahi geus aya ti saacan taun 1908. Lolobana umat Katolik téh lain padumuk asli Kota Cimahi, tapi mimitina nyaéta pandatang ti Walanda atawa ti babagé daérah di Indonésia anu mimitina tantara Kerajaan Walanda sarta Tantara KNIL.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kilasnusantara.id/2023/09/sejarah-gedung-bioskop-rio-dan-gereja-santo-ignatius-ditetapkan-sebagai-cagar-budaya-kota-cimahi/|title=Sejarah Gedung Bioskop Rio Dan Gereja Santo Ignatius, Ditetapkan Sebagai Cagar Budaya Kota Cimahi|last=Redaksi|website=Kilas Nusantara|language=id|accessdate=2025-07-19}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251221092023/https://kilasnusantara.id/2023/09/sejarah-gedung-bioskop-rio-dan-gereja-santo-ignatius-ditetapkan-sebagai-cagar-budaya-kota-cimahi/ |date=2025-12-21 }}</ref> == Arsitéktur == Saperti wangunan geréja umumna, Geréja Santo Ignatius Cimahi miboga témbok anu jangkung, bagéan hareupna diwangun tina kaca dékoratif satengah buleud sarta luhurna dibéré lambang kelompok Kristen Santo Ignatius.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cimahikota.go.id/index.php/artikel/detail/1187-gereja-santo-ignatius-cimahi|title=Gereja Santo Ignatius Cimahi - Selamat Datang di Website Resmi Pemerintah Daerah Kota Cimahi|website=cimahikota.go.id|accessdate=2025-07-19}}</ref> Wangunan geréja ieu miboga lega 18x6m. == Sajarah == 20 Désémber 1908, gedung geréja tampa kupel atawa manara ieu réngsé diberkatan sarta dibaptis sangkan panyalindung Santo Ignatius Loyola, nyaéta mantan perwira tangtara Spanyol anu janten imam sarta pangadeg Ordo Serikat Yesus (SY). Dina poé bersajarah éta, diayakeun misa sukuran lantaran genep putra sarta 10 putri atawa sinyo jeung noni Walanda narima komuni pertamana.<ref name=":0" /> Numutkeun kana tradisi, sanajan ieu geréja diberkatan jeung dibaptis tanggal 20 Désémber, tepang taun geréja dirayakeun saluyu jeung Pésta Wasta Santo Ignatius Loyola anu unggal taunna diperingatan tanggal 31 Juli.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://cimahikota.go.id/index.php/artikel/detail/1187-gereja-santo-ignatius-cimahi|title=Gereja Santo Ignatius Cimahi - Selamat Datang di Website Resmi Pemerintah Daerah Kota Cimahi|website=cimahikota.go.id|accessdate=2025-07-19}}</ref> Geréja Santo Ignatius jadi pelopor perkembangan agama Katolik di Kota Cimahi. Taun 1908, umat Katolik di Paroki Santo Ignatius Kota Cimahi aya 230 jalma, 100 taun ka hareup nyaéta taun 2008, geus nambah jadi 7134 jalma, anu aya ti 10 wilayah, 56 lingkungan, jeung 3 stasi.<ref name=":0" /> == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Wangunan di Jawa Kulon]] [[Kategori:Artikel Kopdar Wiki Cagar Budaya 2.0]] [[Kategori:Artikel Wiki Cagar Budaya 2.0]] 4sc1u32nopt2wb45gjuz7k99mm7liax 0 107912 710857 706137 2026-06-28T04:54:16Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710857 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width:22em; border-spacing:2px; background-color:#f8f9fa; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; float:right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em;" |+ style="font-size:1.25em; font-weight:bold; padding:0.2em; background-color:#d3e3d3;" | Cemara Angin |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:0.4em;" | [[File:Cemara Angin (Casuarina Junghuhniana) in Samosir Island.JPG|center|250px|''Casuarina junghuhniana'' di Pulo Samosir.]] |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#d3e3d3;" | Status Konservasi |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:0.2em;" | [[File:Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg|200px]]<br/>[[Risiko Rendah]] (LC) {{sfn|Oldfield|2022}} |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#d3e3d3;" | Klasifikasi Ilmiah |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Karajaan | [[Tutuwuhan|Plantae]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Ordo | [[Fagales]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Familia | [[Casuarinaceae]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Genus | ''[[Casuarina]]'' |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Spésiés | '''''C. junghuhniana''''' |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#d3e3d3;" | Nami Binomial |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''''Casuarina junghuhniana'''''<br/><small>[[Miq.]]</small> |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#d3e3d3;" | Sub-spésiés |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:left; padding-left:1em;" | * ''C. j.'' subsp. ''junghuhniana'' * ''C. j.'' subsp. ''timorensis'' |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#d3e3d3;" | Sinonim |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;" | ''Casuarina montana'' <small>Lesch. ex Miq.</small> |} '''''Camara gunung''''', ogé katelah kalayan nami; camara angin; ''[[Casuarina junghuhniana]]'' atanapi '''[[Geseng]]''', nyaéta hiji spésiés tangkal dina kulawarga [[Casuarinaceae]] anu asalna ti [[Jawa]] sarta [[Kapuloan Sunda Leutik]]. Ieu spésiés parantos diwanohkeun ka [[Pakistan]] sarta [[Bangladés]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Taxonomy browser (Casuarina junghuhniana)|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=418441&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|publisher=[[National Center for Biotechnology Information]]|access-date=2021-01-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Casuarina junghuhniana Miq.|url=https://www.gbif.org/species/101343307|website=www.gbif.org|publisher=[[GBIF]]|language=en|access-date=2021-01-26}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804111713/https://www.gbif.org/species/101343307 |date=2023-08-04 }}</ref> == Katerangan == ''Casuarina junghuhniana'' mangrupa tangkal [[Malar héjo|cemara]] anu jangkungna tiasa dugi ka 15–35 m.<ref name=":0">Normita Thongtham.</ref> Daun-daunna diwangun ku rangrang anu ramping, seueur dahan warna héjo dugi ka héjo semu kulawu kalayan diaméter 0,8–1 mm, mibanda [[Daun|skala leutik]] (sisit) dina bunderan 9–11. Ieu tutuwuhan téh [[Morfologi reproduksi tumbuhan|dioecious]] (imah dua) sarta [[Kembang|kembangna]] dihasilkeun dina wangun [[Bunga majemuk|kembang majemuk]] siga [[Bunga untai|catkin]] leutik. [[Buah]]na mibanda struktur kai lonyod, mirip sareng kerucut konifér anu diwangun ku seueur [[Putik|karpél]], masing-masing eusina hiji [[biji]] anu mibanda jangjang leutik panjangna 4–5 mm.<ref name=":6">Pl@ntUse [https://uses.plantnet-project.org/en/Casuarina_junghuhniana_(PROSEA) ''Casuarina junghuhniana'' (PROSEA)] Diaksés 4 Januari 2021.</ref> Bédana sareng ''[[Cemara laut|Casuarina equisetifolia]]'', Cemara Gunung mibanda tajuk anu langkung sempit, sarta dahan-dahanna langkung rapih. Tangkalna lempeng sarta teu mibanda buku (knots).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":32">บ้านและสวน [https://www.baanlaesuan.com/plants/annual/136575.html สนประดิพัทธ์] Amarin Printing and Publishing, 4 Juli 2016.</ref> Siga sababaraha spésiés sanés tina génus ''[[Casuarina]]'', ''C. junghuhniana'' mangrupa tutuwuhan [[aktinorhizal]] anu sanggup meungkeut nitrogén tina atmosfir. Béda sareng kulawarga tutuwuhan [[Fabaceae]] (saperti kacang, alfalfa, atanapi ''Acacia''), ''Casuarina'' mibanda [[simbiosis]] sareng actinomycete ''[[Frankia (genus)|Frankia]]''.<ref>National Academy of Sciences.</ref> == Kandungan Kimia == Saperti kulawarga Casuarinaceae lianna, ''C. junghuhniana'' mibanda kandungan kimia anu mangpaat. Kulit tangkalna beunghar ku '''[[Tamin]]''' (tannin) anu luhur, mibanda sipat astringén. Salian ti éta, daun sarta rangrangna mibanda sanyawa '''[[Flavonoid]]''' sarta asam fénolat anu fungsina salaku antioksidan alami sarta mékanisme pertahanan tangkal tina hama.{{sfn|National Academy of Sciences|1984}} == Kagunaan == Cemara gunung mibanda rupa-rupa mangpaat, di antarana: * '''Pikeun Konstruksi''': Kaina kaasup kana kai anu teuas sarta awét, mindeng dipaké pikeun tihang wangunan, konstruksi beurat, sarta parabot rumah tangga. * '''Suluh''': Ieu kai dipikawanoh mibanda nilai kalor anu luhur pisan (sakitar 5.000 kkal/kg), janten salasahiji sumber kai duruk sarta areng anu kualitasna saé pisan di wilayah pagunungan. * '''Panghalang Angin (Windbreak)''': Kusabab tajukna anu kékép sarta jangkung, ieu tangkal mindeng dipelak di sisi [[kebon]] pikeun nahan gelebugna angin ageung sangkan teu ngaruksak pepelakan tatanén. * '''Konservasi Lahan''': Kamampuhna meunhkeut [[nitrogén]] tina hawa sarta akar anu kuat ngajadikeun ieu tangkal cocog pisan pikeun [[réboisasi]] lahan bulistir atanapi urut bituna gunung api. == Sebaran sarta Habitat == Di Indonésia, ''C. junghuhniana'' sumebar sacara alami ti mimiti [[Jawa Tengah]] dugi ka Timor. Ieu tangkal tumuwuh subur dina [[taneuh]] anu asalna tina lebu vulkanik sarta pasir basisir. Ieu spésiés mibanda kamampuh adaptasi anu luar biasa dina kaayaan taneuh anu haseum (acidic) sarta wilayah anu mibanda usum halodo anu panjang. == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q15377311}} [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]] [[Kategori:Flora Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Casuarina]] [[Kategori:Flora Jawa]] [[Kategori:Spésiés résiko rendah]] [[Kategori:Tangkal]] lvywdvv55597cddf4q5apyfniaz25a8 0 108599 710865 709705 2026-06-28T07:42:21Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710865 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:250px; font-size:90%;" ! colspan="2" | Gunung Babakan |- | '''Lokasi''' || [[Kota Banjar]], [[Jawa Barat]], Indonesia |- | '''Ciri has''' || Pusat Observasi Bulan, Sumber cai alam, Situs Karamat Singaperbangsa |} '''Gunung Babakan''', ogé katelah '''Bukit Babakan''' atanapi '''Gunung Pemancar''', nyaéta ngaran gunung anu aya di wewengkon [[Kota Banjar]], [[Jawa Barat]].<ref name="harapanrakyat2017"/> ...saterusna '''Gunung Babakan''', ogé katelah '''Bukit Babakan''' atanapi '''Gunung Pemancar''', nyaéta ngaran gunung anu aya di wewengkon [[Kota Banjar]], [[Jawa Barat]].<ref name="harapanrakyat2017"/> Gunung ieu kawentar ku hutan lindung di sabudeureunana, sumber cai alam anu teu pernah garing, [[Pusat Observasi Bulan]], sareng situs karamat.<ref name="banjarkota2019"/><ref name="newsTasikmalaya2024"/><ref name="harapanrakyat2019"/><ref name="galura2023"/> Gunung Babakan ogé disebatkeun dina naskah kuno [[Kidung Lakbok]] minangka bagian tina ramalan. == Dina Kidung Lakbok == Dina naskah [[Kidung Lakbok]] bagian ''Saur Sepuh Kapungkur'', Gunung Babakan disebutkeun ''kawin'' jeung [[Gunung Sangkur]] minangka tanda ''jaman ahir'' sateuacan ''Bandjar bakal bandjir''.<ref name="naskahLengkap"/> == Lokasi == Numutkeun website resmi Pemerintah Kota Banjar, rukyat hilal rutin dilaksanakeun di puncak Gunung Babakan, [[Kelurahan Karangpanimbal]], [[Kecamatan Purwaharja]], [[Kota Banjar]].<ref name="banjarkota2019"/> == Sumber cai == Dumasar laporan NewsTasikmalaya.com taun 2024, di sisi Gunung Babakan aya sumber cai alami anu teu pernah garing. Cai ieu dimanpaatkeun ku warga sabudeureunana, utamana Lingkungan Cikadu, [[Kelurahan Purwaharja]], [[Kota Banjar]].<ref name="newsTasikmalaya2024"/> == Pusat Observasi Bulan == Di Gunung Babakan aya [[Pusat Observasi Bulan]] (POB) anu diwangun saprak taun 2006. POB ieu dianggo ku Badan Hisab dan Ru'yat Daerah (BHRD) pikeun ngamati hilal awal bulan Hijriyah.<ref name="banjarkota2019"/><ref name="harapanrakyat2019"/> == Situs Karamat Singaperbangsa == Di Gunung Babakan aya situs karamat anu disebut '''Petilasan Adipati Singaperbangsa'''. Situs ieu aya di Jalan Siliwangi, Kota Banjar, sareng sering didatangan ku warga anu ziarah.<ref name="galura2023"/> == Rujukan == <references> <ref name="banjarkota2019">{{cite web |title = Rukyat Hilal yang Bertempat di Puncak Gunung Babakan Kota Banjar |website = banjarkota.go.id |date = 5 Juni 2019 |url = https://banjarkota.go.id/umum/rukyat-hilal-yang-bertempat-di-puncak-gunung-babakan-kota-banjar/ |access-date = 23 Méi 2026 |language = id }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name="harapanrakyat2017">{{cite web |title = Bukit Babakan Tempat Swafoto Baru di Banjar |website = harapanrakyat.com |date = 19 Juli 2017 |author = Muhlisin |url = https://harapanrakyat.com |access-date = 23 Méi 2026 |language = id }}</ref> <ref name="harapanrakyat2019">{{cite web |title = POB Gunung Babakan Kota Banjar Perlu Dibenahi |website = harapanrakyat.com |date = 7 Agustus 2019 |author = Muhlisin |url = https://harapanrakyat.com |access-date = 23 Méi 2026 |language = id }}</ref> <ref name="newsTasikmalaya2024">{{cite web |title = Sumber Air di Gunung Babakan Banjar, Penyelamat Warga di Tengah Kemarau Panjang |website = NewsTasikmalaya.com |date = 7 Séptémber 2024 |author = Martin |url = https://newstasikmalaya.com/sumber-air-di-gunung-babakan-banjar-penyelamat-warga-di-tengah-kemarau-panjang |access-date = 23 Méi 2026 |language = id }}</ref> <ref name="galura2023">{{cite web |title = Ngalongok Situs Karamat Singaperbangsa di Gunung Babakan Kota Banjar |website = galura.pikiran-rakyat.com |date = 27 Januari 2023 |author = Aam Permana S |url = https://galura.pikiran-rakyat.com/nyungsi-bihari/pr-2966165454/ngalongok-situs-karamat-singaperbangsa-di-gunung-babakan-kota-banjar |access-date = 23 Méi 2026 |language = id }}</ref> <ref name="naskahLengkap">M. Karso Prawiraatmadja. (1956). ''Kidung Lakbok''. Bandjar: M. Karso Prawiraatmadja.</ref> </references> [[Kategori:Gunung di Jawa Barat]] [[Kategori:Toponimi Sunda]] [[Kategori:Kota Banjar]] [[Kategori:Observatorium di Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Situs sejarah di Jawa Barat]] b57n3qx4btr3ydcv81of3pre1b0odyo 0 108601 710860 709710 2026-06-28T06:14:09Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710860 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:250px; font-size:90%;" ! colspan="2" | Dinas Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Kota Banjar |- | '''Dasar Hukum''' || Peraturan Wali Kota Banjar Nomor 81 Tahun 2021<ref name="perwali2021"/> |- | '''Status''' || Perangkat Daerah Tipe A<ref name="perwali2021"/> |- | '''Kepala Dinas''' || Dedi Suardi |- | '''Alamat''' || [[Kota Banjar]], [[Jawa Barat]] |} '''Dinas Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Kota Banjar''' (disingket '''Disdikbud Kota Banjar''') nyaéta unsur palaksana [[urusan pamaréntahan]] dina widang [[pendidikan]] jeung [[kabudayaan]] anu jadi kewenangan [[Kota Banjar]], [[Jawa Barat]]. Dinas ieu dipingpin ku saurang Kepala Dinas anu tanggung jawab ka [[Wali Kota Banjar]] ngaliwatan [[sekretaris daerah]].<ref name="perwali2021"/><ref name="perwali2018"/> == Dasar Hukum jeung Struktur Organisasi == Dinas Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Kota Banjar diadegkeun dumasar kana: * Peraturan Wali Kota Banjar Nomor 52 Tahun 2018 (perubahan munggaran)<ref name="perwali2018"/> * Peraturan Wali Kota Banjar Nomor 81 Tahun 2021 (perubahan kadua)<ref name="perwali2021"/> Dinas ieu digolongkeun kana '''tipe A''' anu ngawadahan palaksanaan fungsi dinas kalawan beban kerja anu gedé.<ref name="perwali2021"/> === Struktur Organisasi === Dumasar kana Perwali Nomor 81 Tahun 2021, susunan organisasi Dinas Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Kota Banjar diwangun ku:<ref name="perwali2021"/> * '''Sekretariat''', ngabogaan 3 Subbagian: * Umum jeung Kepegawaian * Keuangan * Perencanaan jeung Evaluasi * '''Bidang Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini jeung Pendidikan Masyarakat''' * Seksi Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini * Seksi Pendidikan Masyarakat * '''Bidang Pendidikan Dasar''' * Seksi Kurikulum * Seksi Sarana jeung Prasarana * '''Bidang Tenaga Pendidik''' * Seksi Kualifikasi jeung Kompetensi * Seksi Pengembangan Karir Pendidik * '''Bidang Kebudayaan''' * Seksi Museum, Kepurbakalaan, Sajarah jeung Nilai-Nilai Tradisional * Seksi Kesenian, Bahasa jeung Sastra == Tugas jeung Fungsi == Dinas Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Kota Banjar miboga tugas ngabantu Wali Kota dina ngalaksanakeun urusan pamaréntahan widang [[pendidikan]] jeung [[kabudayaan]] anu jadi kewenangan daerah.<ref name="perwali2021"/> Fungsi anu dijalankeun diantarana:<ref name="perwali2021"/> # Perumusan kawijakan urusan pendidikan jeung kabudayaan # Pelaksanaan kawijakan urusan pendidikan jeung kabudayaan # Pelaksanaan évaluasi jeung laporan urusan pendidikan jeung kabudayaan # Pelaksanaan administrasi dinas urusan pendidikan jeung kabudayaan # Pembinaan aparatur sipil negara dina dinas == Kagiatan == === 2025 === Dina taun 2025, Dinas Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Kota Banjar ngalaksanakeun sababaraha program unggulan:<ref name="jabarekspres2025"/> * Pelatihan Pembuatan Alat Permainan Edukatif (APE) pikeun 198 guru PAUD * Workshop Calon Pendamping Percepatan Penurunan Stunting di Satuan PAUD * Program Bantuan Berdaya Didik pikeun 1.000 peserta didik * Program Baca Tulis Al-Qur'an (BTQ) pikeun siswa kelas V Dina bulan April 2025, Disdikbud ogé ngayakeun kagiatan '''Halal Bihalal Keluarga Besar Dinas Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Kota Banjar''' anu dibuka ku Wakil Wali Kota Banjar, Dr. H. Supriana, M.Pd., di Lapangan Indoor UPTD SMPN 1 Banjar.<ref name="halal2025"/><ref name="tribuananews2025"/> === 2026 === Dina bulan Pébruari 2026, Kepala Dinas Dedi Suardi masihan pernyataan ka média ngeunaan penanganan isu internal di lingkungan Disdikbud. == Rujukan == <references> <ref name="perwali2021">Peraturan Wali Kota Banjar Nomor 81 Tahun 2021 tentang Kedudukan, Susunan Organisasi, Tugas dan Fungsi, serta Tata Kerja Dinas Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.</ref> <ref name="perwali2018">Peraturan Wali Kota Banjar Nomor 52 Tahun 2018 tentang Kedudukan, Susunan Organisasi, Tugas Pokok dan Fungsi, serta Tata Kerja Dinas Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.</ref> <ref name="halal2025">{{cite web |title = Halal Bihalal Keluarga Besar Dinas Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Kota Banjar |website = banjarkota.go.id |date = 2025-04-11 |url = https://banjarkota.go.id/umum/halal-bihalal-keluarga-besar-dinas-pendidikan-dan-kebudayaan-kota-banjar/ |access-date = 2026-05-23 |language = id }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name="jabarekspres2025">{{cite web |title = Tancap Gas di 2025, Disdikbud Kota Banjar Percepat Transformasi Pendidikan dan Pelestarian Budaya |website = jabarekspres.com |date = 2025-12-23 |url = https://jabarekspres.com/berita/2025/12/23/tancap-gas-di-2025-disdikbud-kota-banjar-percepat-transformasi-pendidikan-dan-pelestarian-budaya/ |access-date = 2026-05-23 |language = id }}</ref> <ref name="tribuananews2025">{{cite web |title = Wakil Wali Kota Banjar Ajak Tenaga Pendidik Tingkatkan Sinergi |website = tribuananews.co.id |date = 2025-04-12 |url = https://www.tribuananews.co.id/wakil-wali-kota-banjar-ajak-tenaga-pendidik-tingkatkan-sinergi-di-acara-halal-bihalal-dinas-pendidikan-dan-kebudayaan/ |access-date = 2026-05-23 |language = id }}</ref> </references> [[Kategori:Dinas di Kota Banjar]] [[Kategori:Pendidikan di Jawa Barat]] [[Kategori:Kota Banjar]] [[Kategori:Lembaga pamaréntahan Kota Banjar]] 81qv2y0adbf82y3jwbphe936fypbjq6 0 108756 710849 2026-06-28T03:42:04Z Lany pirna 21881 nyieun artikel anyar 710849 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Bangunan Rumah Potong Hewan (RPH) Abattoir-1.jpg|jmpl|320x320px|Wangunan Rumah Potong Hewan (RPH) Abattoir]] '''Abattoir in Tjimahi Regentschap''' mangrupa salasahiji satu wangunan bersejarah di Kota Cimahi paninggalan masa pamaréntahan Hindia-Walanda. Pernahna aya di di Jalan Sukimun, RT 03/04 Kalurahan Baros, Kecamatan Cimahi Tengah, Kota Cimahi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cimahikota.go.id/index.php/artikel/detail/1211-rumah-pemotongan-hewan-(rph)-cimahi|title=Rumah Pemotongan Hewan (RPH) Cimahi - Selamat Datang di Website Resmi Pemerintah Daerah Kota Cimahi|website=cimahikota.go.id|accessdate=2026-06-28}}</ref> Baheulana wangunann téh dipaké pikeun rumah potong hewan (RPH) anu katelah rumah pajagalan Tjimahi, kalawan legana wangunan sakitar 10 rébu méter pasagi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sadayapadu.cimahikota.go.id/wisata-123/RUMAH%20PEMOTONGAN%20HEWAN|title=RUMAH PEMOTONGAN HEWAN - SADAYAPADU|website=RUMAH PEMOTONGAN HEWAN - SADAYAPADU|language=en|accessdate=2026-06-28}}</ref> RPH ieu difungsikeun pikeun nyumponan pangabutuh pangan para tentara di Cimahi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/berita-jawa-barat/d-4790021/menguak-sejarah-abattoir-di-cimahi-yang-ada-sejak-zaman-belanda?page=2|title=Menguak Sejarah Abattoir di Cimahi yang Ada Sejak Zaman Belanda|last=Maulana|first=Yudha|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-06-28}}</ref> Wangunan ieu ogé resmi jadi wangunan cagar budaya di Kota Cimahi dina taun 2024. == Sajarah == Dina mangsa pendudukan Jepang (1942-1945), wangunan anu diwangun nalika jaman pamaréntahan Hindia-Walanda ieu téh masih kénéh difungsikeun, méméh tungtungna wewengkon/basa kapamilikan fasilitas ieu dialihkeun ka Résidén Priangan.<ref name=":0" /> == Rujukan == bdv6o16v4367lzwrx54gjdzcndgy689 710850 710849 2026-06-28T03:44:42Z Lany pirna 21881 nambahkeun foto 710850 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Bangunan Rumah Potong Hewan (RPH) Abattoir-1.jpg|jmpl|320x320px|Wangunan Rumah Potong Hewan (RPH) Abattoir]] '''Abattoir in Tjimahi Regentschap''' mangrupa salasahiji satu wangunan bersejarah di Kota Cimahi paninggalan masa pamaréntahan [[Hindia-Walanda]]. Pernahna aya di di Jalan Sukimun, RT 03/04 Kalurahan Baros, Kecamatan Cimahi Tengah, [[Kota Cimahi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cimahikota.go.id/index.php/artikel/detail/1211-rumah-pemotongan-hewan-(rph)-cimahi|title=Rumah Pemotongan Hewan (RPH) Cimahi - Selamat Datang di Website Resmi Pemerintah Daerah Kota Cimahi|website=cimahikota.go.id|accessdate=2026-06-28}}</ref> Baheulana wangunann téh dipaké pikeun rumah potong hewan (RPH) anu katelah rumah pajagalan Tjimahi, kalawan legana wangunan sakitar 10 rébu méter pasagi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sadayapadu.cimahikota.go.id/wisata-123/RUMAH%20PEMOTONGAN%20HEWAN|title=RUMAH PEMOTONGAN HEWAN - SADAYAPADU|website=RUMAH PEMOTONGAN HEWAN - SADAYAPADU|language=en|accessdate=2026-06-28}}</ref> RPH ieu difungsikeun pikeun nyumponan pangabutuh pangan para tentara di Cimahi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/berita-jawa-barat/d-4790021/menguak-sejarah-abattoir-di-cimahi-yang-ada-sejak-zaman-belanda?page=2|title=Menguak Sejarah Abattoir di Cimahi yang Ada Sejak Zaman Belanda|last=Maulana|first=Yudha|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-06-28}}</ref> Wangunan ieu ogé resmi jadi wangunan cagar budaya di Kota Cimahi dina taun 2024. == Sajarah == Dina mangsa pendudukan [[Jepang]] (1942-1945), wangunan anu diwangun nalika jaman pamaréntahan Hindia-Walanda ieu téh masih kénéh difungsikeun, méméh tungtungna wewengkon kapamilikan fasilitas ieu dialihkeun ka Résidén [[Parahiyangan|Priangan]].<ref name=":0" /> == Galeri == <gallery showfilename="yes"> File:Bangunan Rumah Potong Hewan (RPH) Abattoir-5.jpg|Pananda Cagar Budaya Wangunan RPH Abattoir File:Bangunan Rumah Potong Hewan (RPH) Abattoir -2.jpg| Bagéan pintu File:Bangunan Rumah Potong Hewan (RPH) Abattoir -3.jpg|Bagéan samping File:Bangunan Rumah Potong Hewan (RPH) Abattoir.jpg|Tampak hareup </gallery> == Rujukan == 653emhg63ywyp6em82vrzmrjgt9gpux 710851 710850 2026-06-28T03:45:00Z Lany pirna 21881 added [[Category:Artikel Kopdar WCB 3.0]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 710851 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Bangunan Rumah Potong Hewan (RPH) Abattoir-1.jpg|jmpl|320x320px|Wangunan Rumah Potong Hewan (RPH) Abattoir]] '''Abattoir in Tjimahi Regentschap''' mangrupa salasahiji satu wangunan bersejarah di Kota Cimahi paninggalan masa pamaréntahan [[Hindia-Walanda]]. Pernahna aya di di Jalan Sukimun, RT 03/04 Kalurahan Baros, Kecamatan Cimahi Tengah, [[Kota Cimahi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cimahikota.go.id/index.php/artikel/detail/1211-rumah-pemotongan-hewan-(rph)-cimahi|title=Rumah Pemotongan Hewan (RPH) Cimahi - Selamat Datang di Website Resmi Pemerintah Daerah Kota Cimahi|website=cimahikota.go.id|accessdate=2026-06-28}}</ref> Baheulana wangunann téh dipaké pikeun rumah potong hewan (RPH) anu katelah rumah pajagalan Tjimahi, kalawan legana wangunan sakitar 10 rébu méter pasagi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sadayapadu.cimahikota.go.id/wisata-123/RUMAH%20PEMOTONGAN%20HEWAN|title=RUMAH PEMOTONGAN HEWAN - SADAYAPADU|website=RUMAH PEMOTONGAN HEWAN - SADAYAPADU|language=en|accessdate=2026-06-28}}</ref> RPH ieu difungsikeun pikeun nyumponan pangabutuh pangan para tentara di Cimahi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/berita-jawa-barat/d-4790021/menguak-sejarah-abattoir-di-cimahi-yang-ada-sejak-zaman-belanda?page=2|title=Menguak Sejarah Abattoir di Cimahi yang Ada Sejak Zaman Belanda|last=Maulana|first=Yudha|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-06-28}}</ref> Wangunan ieu ogé resmi jadi wangunan cagar budaya di Kota Cimahi dina taun 2024. == Sajarah == Dina mangsa pendudukan [[Jepang]] (1942-1945), wangunan anu diwangun nalika jaman pamaréntahan Hindia-Walanda ieu téh masih kénéh difungsikeun, méméh tungtungna wewengkon kapamilikan fasilitas ieu dialihkeun ka Résidén [[Parahiyangan|Priangan]].<ref name=":0" /> == Galeri == <gallery showfilename="yes"> File:Bangunan Rumah Potong Hewan (RPH) Abattoir-5.jpg|Pananda Cagar Budaya Wangunan RPH Abattoir File:Bangunan Rumah Potong Hewan (RPH) Abattoir -2.jpg| Bagéan pintu File:Bangunan Rumah Potong Hewan (RPH) Abattoir -3.jpg|Bagéan samping File:Bangunan Rumah Potong Hewan (RPH) Abattoir.jpg|Tampak hareup </gallery> == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Artikel Kopdar WCB 3.0]] b5n61zzk0w9giud4p8itfsumzw20isu 710852 710851 2026-06-28T03:45:22Z Lany pirna 21881 added [[Category:Wangunan sajarah di Jawa Kulon]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 710852 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Bangunan Rumah Potong Hewan (RPH) Abattoir-1.jpg|jmpl|320x320px|Wangunan Rumah Potong Hewan (RPH) Abattoir]] '''Abattoir in Tjimahi Regentschap''' mangrupa salasahiji satu wangunan bersejarah di Kota Cimahi paninggalan masa pamaréntahan [[Hindia-Walanda]]. Pernahna aya di di Jalan Sukimun, RT 03/04 Kalurahan Baros, Kecamatan Cimahi Tengah, [[Kota Cimahi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cimahikota.go.id/index.php/artikel/detail/1211-rumah-pemotongan-hewan-(rph)-cimahi|title=Rumah Pemotongan Hewan (RPH) Cimahi - Selamat Datang di Website Resmi Pemerintah Daerah Kota Cimahi|website=cimahikota.go.id|accessdate=2026-06-28}}</ref> Baheulana wangunann téh dipaké pikeun rumah potong hewan (RPH) anu katelah rumah pajagalan Tjimahi, kalawan legana wangunan sakitar 10 rébu méter pasagi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sadayapadu.cimahikota.go.id/wisata-123/RUMAH%20PEMOTONGAN%20HEWAN|title=RUMAH PEMOTONGAN HEWAN - SADAYAPADU|website=RUMAH PEMOTONGAN HEWAN - SADAYAPADU|language=en|accessdate=2026-06-28}}</ref> RPH ieu difungsikeun pikeun nyumponan pangabutuh pangan para tentara di Cimahi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/berita-jawa-barat/d-4790021/menguak-sejarah-abattoir-di-cimahi-yang-ada-sejak-zaman-belanda?page=2|title=Menguak Sejarah Abattoir di Cimahi yang Ada Sejak Zaman Belanda|last=Maulana|first=Yudha|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-06-28}}</ref> Wangunan ieu ogé resmi jadi wangunan cagar budaya di Kota Cimahi dina taun 2024. == Sajarah == Dina mangsa pendudukan [[Jepang]] (1942-1945), wangunan anu diwangun nalika jaman pamaréntahan Hindia-Walanda ieu téh masih kénéh difungsikeun, méméh tungtungna wewengkon kapamilikan fasilitas ieu dialihkeun ka Résidén [[Parahiyangan|Priangan]].<ref name=":0" /> == Galeri == <gallery showfilename="yes"> File:Bangunan Rumah Potong Hewan (RPH) Abattoir-5.jpg|Pananda Cagar Budaya Wangunan RPH Abattoir File:Bangunan Rumah Potong Hewan (RPH) Abattoir -2.jpg| Bagéan pintu File:Bangunan Rumah Potong Hewan (RPH) Abattoir -3.jpg|Bagéan samping File:Bangunan Rumah Potong Hewan (RPH) Abattoir.jpg|Tampak hareup </gallery> == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Artikel Kopdar WCB 3.0]] [[Kategori:Wangunan sajarah di Jawa Kulon]] mzzgnnuhbav8ewc4qilnkw3wnns6d6n 710853 710852 2026-06-28T03:45:41Z Lany pirna 21881 added [[Category:Cimahi Tengah, Cimahi]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 710853 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Bangunan Rumah Potong Hewan (RPH) Abattoir-1.jpg|jmpl|320x320px|Wangunan Rumah Potong Hewan (RPH) Abattoir]] '''Abattoir in Tjimahi Regentschap''' mangrupa salasahiji satu wangunan bersejarah di Kota Cimahi paninggalan masa pamaréntahan [[Hindia-Walanda]]. Pernahna aya di di Jalan Sukimun, RT 03/04 Kalurahan Baros, Kecamatan Cimahi Tengah, [[Kota Cimahi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cimahikota.go.id/index.php/artikel/detail/1211-rumah-pemotongan-hewan-(rph)-cimahi|title=Rumah Pemotongan Hewan (RPH) Cimahi - Selamat Datang di Website Resmi Pemerintah Daerah Kota Cimahi|website=cimahikota.go.id|accessdate=2026-06-28}}</ref> Baheulana wangunann téh dipaké pikeun rumah potong hewan (RPH) anu katelah rumah pajagalan Tjimahi, kalawan legana wangunan sakitar 10 rébu méter pasagi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sadayapadu.cimahikota.go.id/wisata-123/RUMAH%20PEMOTONGAN%20HEWAN|title=RUMAH PEMOTONGAN HEWAN - SADAYAPADU|website=RUMAH PEMOTONGAN HEWAN - SADAYAPADU|language=en|accessdate=2026-06-28}}</ref> RPH ieu difungsikeun pikeun nyumponan pangabutuh pangan para tentara di Cimahi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/berita-jawa-barat/d-4790021/menguak-sejarah-abattoir-di-cimahi-yang-ada-sejak-zaman-belanda?page=2|title=Menguak Sejarah Abattoir di Cimahi yang Ada Sejak Zaman Belanda|last=Maulana|first=Yudha|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-06-28}}</ref> Wangunan ieu ogé resmi jadi wangunan cagar budaya di Kota Cimahi dina taun 2024. == Sajarah == Dina mangsa pendudukan [[Jepang]] (1942-1945), wangunan anu diwangun nalika jaman pamaréntahan Hindia-Walanda ieu téh masih kénéh difungsikeun, méméh tungtungna wewengkon kapamilikan fasilitas ieu dialihkeun ka Résidén [[Parahiyangan|Priangan]].<ref name=":0" /> == Galeri == <gallery showfilename="yes"> File:Bangunan Rumah Potong Hewan (RPH) Abattoir-5.jpg|Pananda Cagar Budaya Wangunan RPH Abattoir File:Bangunan Rumah Potong Hewan (RPH) Abattoir -2.jpg| Bagéan pintu File:Bangunan Rumah Potong Hewan (RPH) Abattoir -3.jpg|Bagéan samping File:Bangunan Rumah Potong Hewan (RPH) Abattoir.jpg|Tampak hareup </gallery> == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Artikel Kopdar WCB 3.0]] [[Kategori:Wangunan sajarah di Jawa Kulon]] [[Kategori:Cimahi Tengah, Cimahi]] scp5dxox5ntsi7mkuicydn88yjfb5h6 710854 710853 2026-06-28T03:46:04Z Lany pirna 21881 710854 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Bangunan Rumah Potong Hewan (RPH) Abattoir-1.jpg|jmpl|320x320px|Wangunan Rumah Potong Hewan (RPH) Abattoir]] '''Abattoir in Tjimahi Regentschap''' mangrupa salasahiji satu wangunan bersejarah di Kota Cimahi paninggalan masa pamaréntahan [[Hindia-Walanda]]. Pernahna aya di di Jalan Sukimun, RT 03/04 Kalurahan Baros, Kecamatan Cimahi Tengah, [[Kota Cimahi]], [[Jawa Kulon]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cimahikota.go.id/index.php/artikel/detail/1211-rumah-pemotongan-hewan-(rph)-cimahi|title=Rumah Pemotongan Hewan (RPH) Cimahi - Selamat Datang di Website Resmi Pemerintah Daerah Kota Cimahi|website=cimahikota.go.id|accessdate=2026-06-28}}</ref> Baheulana wangunann téh dipaké pikeun rumah potong hewan (RPH) anu katelah rumah pajagalan Tjimahi, kalawan legana wangunan sakitar 10 rébu méter pasagi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sadayapadu.cimahikota.go.id/wisata-123/RUMAH%20PEMOTONGAN%20HEWAN|title=RUMAH PEMOTONGAN HEWAN - SADAYAPADU|website=RUMAH PEMOTONGAN HEWAN - SADAYAPADU|language=en|accessdate=2026-06-28}}</ref> RPH ieu difungsikeun pikeun nyumponan pangabutuh pangan para tentara di Cimahi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/berita-jawa-barat/d-4790021/menguak-sejarah-abattoir-di-cimahi-yang-ada-sejak-zaman-belanda?page=2|title=Menguak Sejarah Abattoir di Cimahi yang Ada Sejak Zaman Belanda|last=Maulana|first=Yudha|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-06-28}}</ref> Wangunan ieu ogé resmi jadi wangunan cagar budaya di Kota Cimahi dina taun 2024. == Sajarah == Dina mangsa pendudukan [[Jepang]] (1942-1945), wangunan anu diwangun nalika jaman pamaréntahan Hindia-Walanda ieu téh masih kénéh difungsikeun, méméh tungtungna wewengkon kapamilikan fasilitas ieu dialihkeun ka Résidén [[Parahiyangan|Priangan]].<ref name=":0" /> == Galeri == <gallery showfilename="yes"> File:Bangunan Rumah Potong Hewan (RPH) Abattoir-5.jpg|Pananda Cagar Budaya Wangunan RPH Abattoir File:Bangunan Rumah Potong Hewan (RPH) Abattoir -2.jpg| Bagéan pintu File:Bangunan Rumah Potong Hewan (RPH) Abattoir -3.jpg|Bagéan samping File:Bangunan Rumah Potong Hewan (RPH) Abattoir.jpg|Tampak hareup </gallery> == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Artikel Kopdar WCB 3.0]] [[Kategori:Wangunan sajarah di Jawa Kulon]] [[Kategori:Cimahi Tengah, Cimahi]] fbaemwowfo7uw5katoxzqdibtwto0ok