Wikipedia suwiki https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepas MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.9 first-letter Média Husus Obrolan Pamaké Obrolan pamaké Wikipedia Obrolan Wikipedia Gambar Obrolan gambar MédiaWiki Obrolan MédiaWiki Citakan Obrolan citakan Pitulung Obrolan pitulung Kategori Obrolan kategori Portal Obrolan portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 4382 710933 654260 2026-07-04T11:53:59Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710933 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Skeletal muscle.jpg|right|300px|thumbnail|Otot rangka, ti gelempengan nepi ka sélna]] '''Otot''' mangrupa [[jaringan (biologi)|jaringan]] [[kontraksi otot|kontraktil]] awak nu diturunkeun tina lapisan mésodermal sél émbrionik. Pancénna pikeun ngahasilkeun [[gaya]] atawa pikeun [[ojah (fisika)|ojah]], boh pindah tempat atawa ojah dina [[organ internal]]. lolobana kontraksi otot lumangsung tanpa [[sadar]] sangkan bisa hirup, misalna kontraksi [[jantung]] atawa [[peristalsis]], nu ngadorong dahareun sapanjang [[sistim cerna]]. Gerakan ramo atawa leungeun mangrupa hasil tina kontraksi otot sadar nu bisa diatur. == Tipeu == Otot kabagi kana tilu tipeu: * [[Otot lemes]] atawa "involuntary muscle" nu aya di antara organ-organ jeung wangun sapereti [[oesofagus]], [[burih]], [[peujit]], [[brongki]], [[rahim]], [[urétér]], [[kantong cikiih]], jeung [[saluran getih]]. * [[Otot kardiak]] nu ogé "involuntary muscle" tapi hususon pikeun otot nu aya dina [[jantung]]. * [[Otot rangka]] atawa "voluntary muscle" nu nyantélkeun [[téndon]]na kana [[tulang]] sarta dipaké pikeun mangaruhan ojahna [[rorongkong|rangka]] ([[lokomosi]]). <!-- Cardiac and skeletal muscle are "striated" in that they contain [[sarcomere]] and are packed into highly-regular arrangements of bundles; smooth muscle has neither. Striated muscle is often used in short, intense bursts, whereas smooth muscle sustains longer or even near-permanent contractions. Skeletal muscle is further divided into several subtypes: * Type I, slow oxidative, ''slow twitch'', or "red" muscle is dense with [[capillary|capillaries]] and is rich in [[mitochondria]] and [[myoglobin]], giving the muscle tissue its characteristic red color. It can carry more [[oxygen]] and sustain [[aerobic metabolism|aerobic]] activity. * Type II, ''fast twitch'', muscle has three major kinds that are, in order of increasing contractile speed:<ref>{{cite journal | last = Larsson | first = L | coauthors = Edstrom L, Lindegren B, Gorza L, Schiaffino S | year = 1991 | month = July | title = MHC composition and enzyme-histochemical and physiological properties of a novel fast-twitch motor unit type | journal = The American Journal of Physiology | volume = 261 | issue = 1 pt 1 | pages = C93–101 | id = PMID 1858863 | url = http://ajpcell.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/261/1/C93 | accessdate = 11 June 2006 }}</ref> **a) Type IIa, which, like slow muscle, is aerobic, rich in mitochondria and capillaries and appears red. **b) Type IIx (also known as type IId), which is less dense in mitochondria and myoglobin. This is the fastest muscle type in humans. It can contract more quickly and with a greater amount of force than oxidative muscle, but can sustain only short, [[anaerobic metabolism|anaerobic]] bursts of activity before muscle contraction becomes painful (often attributed to a build-up of [[lactic acid]]). N.B. in some books and articles this muscle in humans was, confusingly, called type IIB.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Smerdu | first = V | coauthors = Karsch-Mizrachi I, Campione M, Leinwand L, Schiaffino S | year = 1994 | month = December | title = Type IIx myosin heavy chain transcripts are expressed in type IIb fibers of human skeletal muscle | journal = The American Journal of Physiology | volume = 267 | issue = 6 pt 1 | pages = C1723–1728 | id = PMID 7545970 | url = http://ajpcell.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/267/6/C1723 | accessdate = 11 June 2006 }} ''Note: Access to full text requires subscription; abstract freely available''</ref> **c) Type IIb, which is anaerobic, [[glycolysis|glycolytic]], "white" muscle that is even less dense in mitochondria and myoglobin. In small animals like rodents or rabbits this is the major fast muscle type, explaining the pale color of their meat.--> == Anatomi == Otot téh diwangun ku [[sél (biologi)|sél-sél]] otot (osok ogé disebut [[serat otot]]). Di antara sél-sél otot ieu aya [[myofibril]] (ngandung [[sarkomér]] nu diwangun ku [[aktin]] jeung [[myosin]]. Sél otot téh dirapihkeun ku [[éndomysium]], dibeungkeutan jadi mangrupa [[fasikel]] ku [[perimysium]]; beungkeutan-beungkeutan otot ieu lajeng ngahiji jadi otot nu dirapihkeun ku [[épimysium]]. <!--[[muscle spindle|Muscle spindles]] are distributed throughout the muscles and provide sensory feedback information to the [[central nervous system]]. [[Skeletal muscle]], which involves muscles from the skeletal tissue, is arranged in discrete groups, examples of which include the ''[[biceps brachii muscle|biceps brachii]]''. It is connected by [[tendon]]s to processes of the [[skeleton]]. In contrast, smooth muscle occurs at various scales in almost every organ, from the [[skin]] (in which it controls erection of [[body hair]]) to the [[blood vessel]]s and [[digestive tract]] (in which it controls the caliber of a [[Lumen (anatomy)|lumen]] and [[peristalsis]]). There are approximately 650 skeletal muscles in the human body (see [[list of muscles of the human body]]). Contrary to popular belief, the number of muscle fibers cannot be increased through [[exercise]]; instead the muscle cells simply get bigger. It is however believed that myofibrils have a limited capacity for growth through [[hypertrophy]] and will split if subject to increased demand. == Pisiologi == The ten types of muscle have significant differences. However, all but three use the movement of [[actin]] against [[myosin]] to create [[Muscle contraction|contraction]] and relaxation. In skeletal muscle, contraction is stimulated by [[action potential|electrical impulses]] transmitted by the [[nerve]]s, the motor nerves and [[motoneuron]]s in particular. All skeletal muscle and many smooth muscle contractions are facilitated by the [[neurotransmitter]] [[acetylcholine]]. Muscular activity accounts for most of the body's [[energy]] consumption. Muscles store energy for their own use in the form of [[glycogen]], which represents about 1% of their mass. This can be rapidly converted to [[glucose]] when more energy is necessary. == Nervous control == === [[Efferent nerve fiber|Efferent]] leg === [[Vertebrate]]s move muscles in response to [[somatic nervous system|voluntary]] and [[autonomic nervous system|autonomic]] signals from the [[brain]]. Deep muscles, superficial muscles, [[Template:Muscles of head|muscles of the face]] and internal muscles all correspond with dedicated regions in the brain. In addition, muscles react to [[reflex action|reflexive]] nerve stimuli that do not always send signals all the way to the brain, but most muscle activity is the result of complex interactions between various areas of the brain. Nerves that control skeletal muscles in [[mammal|mammals]] correspond with neuron groups along the [[primary motor cortex]] of the brain's [[cerebral cortex]]. Commands are routed though the [[basal ganglia]] and are modified by input from the [[cerebellum]] before being relayed through the [[pyramidal tract]] to the [[spinal cord]] and from there to the [[motor end plate]] at the muscles. Along the way, feedback loops such as that of the [[extrapyramidal system]] contribute signals to influence muscle tone and response. Deeper muscles such as those involved in [[posture]] often are controlled from nuclei in the [[brain stem]] and [[basal ganglia]]. === [[Afferent nerve fiber|Afferent]] leg === Sometimes known as [[muscle memory]], the [[sense]] of where our bodies are in space is called [[proprioception]], the perception of body awareness. More easily demonstrated than explained, proprioception is the "unconscious" awareness of where the various regions of the body are located at any one time. This can be demonstrated by anyone closing their eyes and waving their hand around. Assuming proper proprioceptive function, at no time will the person lose awareness of where the hand actually is, even though it is not being detected by any of the other senses. Several areas in the brain coordinate movement and position with the feedback information gained from proprioception. The [[cerebellum]] and [[nucleus ruber]] in particular continuously sample position against movement and make minor corrections to assure a smooth projection. == Role in health and disease == === Exercise === [[Exercise]] is often recommended as a means of improving [[motor skill]]s, [[physical fitness|fitness]] and muscle strength. Exercise has several effects upon muscles, [[connective tissue]] and [[bone]], and the nerves that stimulate the muscles. Various exercises require a predominance of certain muscle fiber utilization over another. Aerobic events, which rely primarily on the aerobic system, use a higher percentage of TYPE I or (slow-twitch) muscle fibers. Shorter events, which rely on the anaerobic energy delivery system, use predominantly TYPE II muscle fibers, or (fast-twitch) muscle fibers. Humans are genetically predisposed with a larger percentage of one type of muscle group over another. An individual born with a greater percentage of TYPE I muscle fibers would theoretically be more adept at endurance events, such as triathlons, distance running, and long cycling events, whereas a human born with a greater percentage of TYPE II muscle fibers would be more likely to excel at anaerobic events such as a 200 meter dash, or weight lifting. === Disease === :''For more detail, also see [[Neuromuscular disease]]'' There are many diseases and conditions which cause a decrease in muscle mass, known as [[atrophy]]. For example diseases such as cancer and AIDS induce a body wasting syndrome called "cachexia", which is notable for the severe [[muscle atrophy]] seen. Other syndromes or conditions which can induce skeletal [[muscle atrophy]] are congestive heart disease and liver disease. During aging, there is a gradual decrease in the ability to maintain skeletal muscle function and mass. This condition is called "sarcopenia". The exact cause of sarcopenia is unknown, but it may be due to a combination of the gradual failure in the "satellite cells" which help to regenerate skeletal muscle fibers, and a decrease in sensitivity to or the availability of critical secreted growth factors which are necessary to maintain muscle mass and satellite cell survival. In addition to the simple loss of muscle mass ([[atrophy]]), or the age-related decrease in muscle function (sarcopenia), there are other diseases which may be caused by structural defects in the muscle (the dystrophies), or by inflammatory reactions in the body directed against muscle (the myopathies). Symptoms of muscle disease may include [[weakness]] or [[spasticity]]/rigidity, [[myoclonus]] (twitching) and [[myalgia]] (muscle pain). Diagnostic procedures that may reveal muscular disorders include testing [[creatine kinase]] levels in the blood and [[electromyography]] (measuring electrical activity in muscles). In some cases, [[muscle biopsy]] may be done to identify a [[myopathy]], as well as [[genetic testing]] to identify [[DNA]] abnormalities associated with specific myopathies. [[Neuromuscular disease]]s are those that affect the muscles and/or their nervous control. In general, problems with nervous control can cause [[spasticity]] or [[paralysis]], depending on the location and nature of the problem. A large proportion of [[neurological disorder]]s leads to problems with movement, ranging from [[cerebrovascular accident]] (stroke) and [[Parkinson's disease]] to [[Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease]]. == The strongest human muscle == Depending on what definition of "strongest" is used, many different muscles in the human body can be characterized as being the "strongest." In ordinary parlance, muscular "strength" usually refers to the ability to exert a [[force]] on an external object—for example, lifting a weight. By this definition, the [[masseter]] or [[jaw]] muscle is the strongest. The 1992 [[Guinness Book of Records]] records the achievement of a bite strength of 975 [[lbf]] (4337 [[Newton|N]]) for two seconds. What distinguishes the masseter is not anything special about the muscle itself, but its advantage in working against a much shorter lever arm than other muscles. If "strength" refers to the force exerted by the muscle itself, e.g., on the place where it inserts into a bone, then the strongest muscles are those with the largest cross-sectional area at their belly. This is because the tension exerted by an individual skeletal (striated) [[muscle fiber]] does not vary much, either from muscle to muscle, or with length. Each fiber can exert a force on the order of 0.3 micronewtons. By this definition, the strongest muscle of the body is usually said to be the [[Quadriceps|Quadriceps femoris]] or the [[Gluteus maximus]]. Again taking strength to mean only "force" (in the [[Physicist|physicist]]'s sense, and as contrasted with "[[energy]]" or "[[Power (physics)|power]]"), then a shorter muscle will be stronger "pound for pound" (i.e., by [[weight]]) than a longer muscle. The [[uterus]] may be the strongest muscle by weight in the human body. At the time when an [[infant]] is delivered, the human uterus weighs about 40 oz (1.1 kg). During childbirth, the uterus exerts 25 to 100 lbf (100 to 400 N) of downward force with each contraction. The external muscles of the eye are conspicuously large and strong in relation to the small size and weight of the [[eyeball]]. It is frequently said that they are "the strongest muscles for the job they have to do" and are sometimes claimed to be "100 times stronger than they need to be." Eye movements, however, probably do "need" to be exceptionally fast. The unexplained statement that "the [[tongue]] is the strongest muscle in the body" appears frequently in lists of surprising facts, but it is difficult to find any definition of "strength" that would make this statement true. Note that the tongue consists of sixteen muscles, not one. The tongue may possibly be the strongest muscle at birth. The [[heart]] has a claim to being the muscle that performs the largest quantity of physical work in the course of a lifetime. Estimates of the power output of the human heart range from 1 to 5 watts. This is much less than the maximum power output of other muscles; for example, the quadriceps can produce over 100 watts, but only for a few minutes. The heart does its work continuously over an entire lifetime without pause, and thus can "outwork" other muscles. An output of one watt continuously for seventy years yields a total work output of 2 to 3 ×10⁹ [[joule]]s. == Efficiency == The [[mechanical efficiency|efficiency]] of human muscle has been measured (in the context of [[Watercraft rowing|rowing]] and [[cycling]]) at 14% to 27%. The efficiency is defined as the ratio of [[mechanical work]] done to the total energy output (heat plus work). == Muscle evolution == According to a recent study published in 1999 [http://www.umbi.umd.edu/~collins/myoinformatics/muscle-evolution.pdf], specialized forms of [[Skeletal muscle|skeletal]] and [[cardiac muscle]]s predated the divergence of the [[vertebrate]]/[[arthropod]] evolutionary line. This indicates that these types of muscle developed in a common [[ancestor]] sometime before 700 million years ago (mya). Vertebrate smooth muscle (smooth muscle found in humans) was found to have evolved independently from the skeletal and cardiac muscles.--> == Rujukan == * ''[[:en:Muscle|Muscle]]'', Wikipédia édisi basa Inggris. * Costill, David L and Wilmore, Jack H. (2004). ''Physiology of Sport and Exercise.'' Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics. ISBN 0-7360-4489-2. * Phylogenetic Relationship of Muscle Tissues Deduced from Superimposition of Gene Trees, Satoshi OOta and Naruya Saitou, Mol. Biol. Evol. 16(6) 856-7, 1999 <!-- === Catetan === <References/>--> == Tumbu kaluar == * [http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2003/IradaMuslumova.shtml Physics factbook] (Héart output 1.3 to 5 watts, lifetime output 2 to 3 ×10⁹ joules) * [http://www.akoa.org/story.dbm?sid=167 Alaska optometric association] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060220085850/http://www.akoa.org/story.dbm?sid=167 |date=2006-02-20 }} (External eye muscles "100 times as strong as they need to be") * [http://www.courses.vcu.edu/DANC291-003/unit_7.htm course notes for a Virginia Commonwealth dance course] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304182914/http://www.courses.vcu.edu/DANC291-003/unit_7.htm |date=2021-03-04 }} (Quadriceps "strongest") * [http://www.dundee.ac.uk/medther/StrokeSSM/ClinExamNeuro.htm University of Dundee] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107094530/http://www.dundee.ac.uk/medther/StrokeSSM/ClinExamNeuro.htm |date=2006-01-07 }} article on performing neurological examinations (Quadriceps "strongest") * [http://www.coachesinfo.com/category/rowing/77/ Muscle efficiency in rowing] * [http://www.gssiweb.com/reflib/attachment.cfm?id=11 "Gatorade Sports Science Institute" on muscle efficiency in cyclists (PDF)]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.svacina.com/triggerpoints.html Trigger Point Therapy for Myofascial Pain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060708045337/http://www.svacina.com/triggerpoints.html |date=2006-07-08 }} * [http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/muscle/mustut.htm Human Muscle Tutorial] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980221073751/http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/muscle/mustut.htm |date=1998-02-21 }} (cléar pictures of main human muscles and their latin names, good for orientation) == Baca ogé == * [[Daptar otot awak manusa]] * [[Miopati]] (patologi sél otot) * [[Miotomi]] * [[Atrofi]] * [[Atrofi otot]] * [[Otot rangka]] {{pondok}} {{sistim otot}} {{jaringan biologis}} [[Kategori:Sistim otot]] [[Kategori:Jaringan]] [[Kategori:Anatomi]] [[Kategori:Fisiologi olahraga]] 60t01eesy646wuqzz317ixmp2yg5rhn 0 4559 710929 708361 2026-07-04T10:13:32Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710929 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Country | conventional_long_name = Malaysia <!-- Do not change - see section entitled The name of the Federation-->| common_name = Malaysia | native_name = مليسيا| image_flag = Flag of Malaysia.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Malaysia.svg | symbol_type = Émblim | image_map = LocationMalaysia.svg | national_motto = ''Bersekutu Bertambah Mutu''<br />(ngahiji nambah mutu) | national_anthem = "''[[Negaraku]]''" | official_languages = [[basa Malayu|Malayu]]<br /> | capital = [[Kuala Lumpur]]¹ | latd=2 | latm=30 | latNS=N | longd=112 | longm=30 | longEW=E | largest_city = Kuala Lumpur | government_type = [[Féderasi|Féderal]] [[monarki konstitusional]] | leader_title1 = [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong|Nu Dipertuan Agung]] | leader_title2 = [[Perdana Mentri Malaysia|Perdana Mentri]] | leader_name1 = [[Abdullah al-Haj]] | leader_name2 = [[Ismail Sabri Yaakob]] | area_rank = ka-66 | area_magnitude = 1_E8 | area = 330,803 | areami²= 127,724<!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> | percent_water = 0.3 | population_estimate = 34,564,810 | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = ka-45 | population_census_year = 2020 | population_census = 32,447,385 | population_density = 78 | population_densitymi² = 206 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> | population_density_rank = ka-97 | GDP_PPP_year=2005 | GDP_PPP = $290 miliar | GDP_PPP_rank = ka-33 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $12,106 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ka-61 | HDI_year = 2003 | HDI = 0.796 | HDI_rank = ka-61 | HDI_category = <font color="#FFCC00">sedeng</font> | sovereignty_type = [[Kamerdékaan]] | established_event1 = ti [[United Kingdom|UK]] (ukur Malaya) | established_event2 = '''Ngadeg''' | established_date1 = [[31 Agustus]], [[1957]] | established_date2 = jeung [[Sabah]], [[Sarawak]], [[Singapura]] [[16 Séptémber]], [[1963]] | currency = [[Ringgit Malaysia|Ringgit]] (RM) | currency_code = MYR | time_zone = [[Malaysian Standard Time|MST]] | utc_offset = +8 | time_zone_DST = - | utc_offset_DST = +8 | cctld= [[.my]] | calling_code = 60² | footnotes = 1. [[Putrajaya]] mangrupa kadudukan utama di pamaréntahan<br /> 2. 020 ti [[Singapura]] }} '''Malaysia''' mangrupa [[féderasi]] [[nagara bagian Malaysia|13 nagara bagian]] di [[Asia Tenggara]], nu ngadeg taun [[1963]]. Nagara ieu ngawengku dua wewengkon géografis nu dipisahkeun ku [[Laut Cina Kidul]]: * [[Malaysia Semenanjung|Malaysia Kulon]] (atawa ''Peninsular Malaysia'') di [[Semenanjung Malaya]] nu babagi wates lemahna di beulah kalér jeung [[Muangtai]] tur kahubungkeun jeung [[Singapura]] di beulah kidulna ku [[Johor-Singapore Causeway]] jeung [[Malaysia-Singapura Second Link]]. Wilayah ieu ngawengku 11 nagara bagéan, [[Johor]], [[Kedah]], [[Kelantan]], [[Melaka|Malaka]], [[Negeri Sembilan]], [[Pahang]], [[Pérak]], [[Perlis]], [[Penang]], [[Selangor]] jeung [[Terengganu]], katut tulu teritori federal, [[Putrajaya]], [[Labuan]] jeung [[Kuala Lumpur]]. * [[Malaysia Wétan]] nempatan bagéan kaler pulo [[Kalimantan]], wawatesan jeung [[Indonesia]] katut Kasultanan [[Brunei]]. Wilayah ieu ngawengku teritori federal kapuloan [[Labuan]] jeung nagara bagéan [[Sabah]] katut [[Sarawak]]. {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} Salaku nagara Malaysia janten tilas Koloni, seueur [[institusi]] Malaysia anu didasar kanu tilas Inggris. Salaku tambihan, sistem Pamaréntah Malaysia kénéh ngarujuk kanu sistem Inggris [[Westminster system]]. The [[Pamingpin nagara]] nyaéta[[Yang di-Pertuan-agung]] (Anu sacara harti gampil raja), anu kapilih diantawi sultan sultan nagara bagéan kanggo lima taon , ngadamel anjeunna salaku nagara anu ngajalankeun monarki dua sistem (salian tina [[Vatican City]]). Salaku nagara anu ngamalkeun [[konstitusional Monarki]], ceupeungan Eksekutif dijalankeun ku [[Perdana Menteri Malaysia|Prime Minister]], di mana raja aya salaku simbol nagara. Cabang législatif diwangun ku [[Parlemén Malaysia|Parlemén]], anu lolobana dumasar kana [[Parlemén Inggris]]. [[Pengadilan Malaysia|peradilan]] ogé geus diadegkeun dina [[Konstitusi Malaysia|Konstitusi]]. [[Barisan Nasional]] (National Front), hiji koalisi sababaraha partéy pulitik, geus maréntah Malaysia saprak Malaya merdéka dina 1957. Mimitina, ékonomi Malaysia kacida gumantungna kana aktivitas tatanén jeung tambang, tapi ayeuna geus ngalih fokus kana [[manufacturing|manufaktur]] jeung pariwisata salaku sumber panghasilan utama. Sanajan kitu, Malaysia tetep salah sahiji produsén karet jeung sawit nu panghadéna. Dina taun 1970-an, pamaréntah ngalaksanakeun Kebijakan Ékonomi Anyar (NEP) nu kontrovérsial pikeun nyanghareupan bédana panghasilan antara urang Melayu jeung urang Cina. Sanajan sajarahna didominasi ku [[urang Malayu|Melayu]], masarakat Malaysia modérn téh hétérogén, kalawan minoritas [[Cina Malaysia|Cina]] jeung [[India Malaysia|India]]. Pulitik Malaysia geus kacatet pikeun sipat disangka komunal maranéhanana; tilu partéy komponén utama Barisan Nasional masing-masing ngawatesan kaanggotaan pikeun hiji grup étnis, sarta hiji-hijina kekerasan utama nagara geus katempo saprak kamerdikaan nyaéta [[Kajadian 13 Méi]] karusuhan ras dina hudang kampanye pamilihan dumasar. dina masalah ras. == Ngaran Féderasi == Pasal 1(1) [[Konstitusi Malaysia|Konstitusi Féderal]] nyebutkeun yén "Federasi wajib dipikawanoh, dina basa Malayu jeung Inggris, salaku Malaysia". Ngaran "'''Federasi Malaysia'''" kituna teu boga sanksi resmi. Ngaran Malaysia diadopsi dina 1963 nalika Singapura, Sabah sareng Sarawak ngagabung sareng Féderasi Malaya pikeun ngabentuk Malaysia. Saméméh taun 1963, [[Federasi Malaya]] dipikawanoh salaku ''Persekutuan Tanah Melayu'' dina basa Malayu, sahingga ngaran resmina béda dina dua basa. == Sajarah == {{utama|Sajarah Malaysia}} Bukti pamatuhan manusa modérn di Malaysia balik deui ka 40.000 taun katukang. [32] D Ujung Melayu, pangeusi kahiji anu dipikir téh Negritos. [33] Padagang jeung padumuk ti India jeung China anjog tina mimiti Maséhi abad kahiji, ngadegkeun palabuhan dagang jeung kota basisir di abad kadua jeung katilu. ayana maranéhanana nyababkeun kuatna pangaruh India jeung Cina dina budaya lokal, jeung rahayat Semenanjung Malaya ngadopsi agama Hindu jeung Budha. prasasti Sanskrit katémbong mimiti abad kaopat atawa kalima. [34] Karajaan Langkasuka jeung kar kira-kira abad kadua di wewengkon kalér Semenanjung Malaya, langgeng nepi ka kira-kira abad 15. [28] Antara abad ka 7 jeung ka 13, loba Ujung Melayu kidul ieu nyorang bagian ti Kakaisaran maritim Sriwijaya. Sanggeus tumiba Srivijaya, Kakaisaran Majapahit ngalaman pangaruh leuwih lolobana Ujung Malaysia jeung Kapuloan Melayu. [35] Islam mimiti nyebar di antara Malayu dina abad 14. [36] Dina mimiti abad ka-15, Sultan Iskandar Shah, raja runaway urut Karajaan Singapura, ngadegkeun Kasultanan Malaka, ilahar dianggap nagri bébas kahiji di wewengkon ujung. [37] Malaka ieu hiji puseur komersial nu penting salila jaman eta, mincut dagang ti sakuliah wewengkon. <!-- [[Jajirah Malaya] has long benefited from its central position in the maritime trade routes between [[China]] and the [[Middle East]]. [[Ptolemy]] showed it on his early map with a label that translates as "''Golden Chersonese''", the Straits of Malacca as "''Sinus Sabaricus''". The earliest recorded Malay kingdoms grew from coastal city-ports established in the 10th century AD. These include [[Langkasuka]] and [[Lembah Bujang]] in [[Kedah]], as well as [[Beruas]] and [[Gangga Negara]] in [[Perak]] and [[Pan Pan]] in [[Kelantan]]. It is thought that originally these were Hindu or Buddhist nations. The first evidence of [[Islam]] in the Malay peninsula dates from the 14th century in [[Terengganu]], but according to the [[Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa|Kedah Annals]], the 9th Maharaja Derbar Raja (1136-1179 AD) of [[Sultanate of Kedah]] converted to Islam and changed his name to Sultan Muzaffar Shah. Since then there have been 27 Sultans who ruled Kedah. There were numerous Malay kingdoms in the 2nd and 3rd century A.D., as many as 30 according to Chinese sources. Kedah – Kedaram or Kataha, in ancient Pallavi or Sanskrit script – was in the direct route of invasions of Indian traders and kings. Rajendra Chola, who is now thought to have laid Kota Gelanggi to waste, put Kedah to heel in 1025 but his successor, Vir Rajendra Chola, had to put down a Kedah rebellion to overthrow the invaders. The Buddhist [[Nakhon Si Thammarat kingdom|kingdom of Ligor]] took control of Kedah shortly after, and its King Chandrabhanu used it as a base to attack Sri Lanka in the 11the century, an event noted in a stone inscription in Nagapattinum in Tamil Nadu and in the Sri Lankan epic, Mahavamsa. During the first millennium, the religion of the Malay peninsula veered between Hinduism and Sanskrit until eventually converted to Islam. But not before Hindu, Buddhist and Sanskrit became embedded into the Malay worldview. We can still see traces of this in political ideas, social structure, rituals, language, arts and cultural practices. To this day, when a Malay considers anything important, he looks for a Sanskrit word to describe it: It is the Sanskrit pradana mantri (the Malay perdana mentri) here while in another Malay land, it is Penghulu ng Pilipina for its president. The [[Proton (company)|Proton]] car model names are from Sanskrit whilst the [[Perodua]] resorts to Malay names and is a poor and inferior to be bought only because the Proton is beyond one's means. There are reports of other areas older than Kedah – the ancient kingdom of Ganganegara, around Bruas in Perak, for instance – that pushes Malaysian history even further into antiquity. If that is not enough, a Tamil poem, Pattinapillai, of the second century A.D., describes goods from Kadaram heaped in the broad streets of the Chola capital; a seventh century Sanskrit drama, Kaumudhimahotsva, refers to Kedah as Kataha-nagari. The Agnipurana also mentions a territory known Anda-Kataha with one of its boundaries delineated by a peak, which scholars believe is Gunong Jerai. Stories from the Katasaritasagaram describe the life of elegance of life in Kataha. All this is revealed after earlier archaeological and historical inquiry. Kota Gelanggi does not, it would appear, reveal more than the details of that long India, Hindu, Buddhist, Chola presence, the fitting of a historical jig-saw of a land that has a rich and enviable history long before the advent of Islam. We have been constrained by a mental block of not wanting to look beyond the Sejarah Melayu for our historical past. Malaysia's first prime minister, and a scion of the Kedah royal family, wanted independent Malaya to be know as Langkasuka, a kingdom that a millennium ago dominated north Malaya and southern Thailand, but he gave up the idea when he discovered that its capital was in Thailand. And the present contretemps between Malaysia and Thailand over the southern Thai Malays is also caught in this cultural time-warp. In the early [[15th century]], the [[Sultanate of Malacca]] was established under a dynasty founded by [[Parameswara]], a prince from [[Palembang]], who fled from the island Temasek (now Singapore). Parameswara decided to establish his kingdom in Malacca after witnessing an astonishing incident where a white mouse deer kicked one of his hunting dogs. With [[Melaka|Malacca]] as its capital, the sultanate controlled the areas which are now [[Peninsula Malaysia]], southern [[Thailand]] ([[Patani]]), and the eastern coast of [[Sumatra]]. It existed for more than a century, and within that time period [[Islam]] spread to most of the [[Malay Archipelago]]. [[Melaka|Malacca]] was the foremost trading port at the time in Southeast Asia. In [[1511]], Malacca was conquered by [[Portugal]], which established a colony there. The sons of the last [[sultan]] of Malacca established two sultanates elsewhere in the peninsula - the Sultanate of Perak to the north, and the Sultanate of Johor (originally a continuation of the old [[Melaka|Malacca]] sultanate) to the south. After the fall of [[Melaka|Malacca]], three nations struggled for the control of [[Malacca Strait]]: the Portuguese (in Malacca), the Sultanate of Johor, and the [[Aceh|Sultanate of Aceh]]. This conflict went on till [[1641]], when the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] (allied to the Sultanate of Johor) gained control of Malacca. [[United Kingdom|Britain]] established its first colony in the Malay peninsula in [[1786]], with the granting of the island of Penang to the [[British East India Company]] by the Sultan of Kedah. In [[1824]], the [[United Kingdom|British]] took control of Malacca following the [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824]] which divided the Malaya archipelago between Britain and the Netherlands, with Malaya in the British zone. In [[1826]], Britain established the [[crown colony]] of the [[Straits Settlements]], uniting its three possessions in Malaya: Penang, Malacca and Singapore. The Straits Settlements were administered under the East India Company in [[Calcutta]] until [[1867]], when they were transferred to the [[Colonial Office]] in London. [[File:KualaLumpurAbdulSamadBldg.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Sultan Abdul Samad Building]] in Kuala Lumpur houses the [[High Court of Malaya]] at Kuala Lumpur and the Trade Court. Kuala Lumpur was the capital of the Federated Malay States and is the current Malaysian capital.]] [[Image:Malaysia.JPG|thumb|300px|[[Kuala Lumpur]], the capital and largest city of Malaysia]] During the late [[19th century]], many Malay states decided to obtain British help in settling their internal conflicts. The commercial importance of [[tin]] mining in the Malay states to merchants in the Straits Settlements led to British government intervention in the tin-producing states in the Malay Peninsula. British [[gunboat diplomacy]] was employed to bring about a peaceful resolution to civil disturbances caused by Chinese gangsters, and the [[Pangkor Treaty of 1874]] paved the way for the expansion of British influence in Malaya. By the turn of the 20th century the states of [[Pahang]], [[Selangor]], [[Perak]], and [[Negeri Sembilan]], known together as the [[Federated Malay States]] (not to be confused with the [[Federation of Malaya]]), were under the ''de facto'' control of British [[resident (title)|Residents]] appointed to advise the Malay rulers. The British were "advisers" by name but in reality they were the puppet masters behind the Malay rulers. The remaining five states in the peninsula, known as the [[Unfederated Malay States]], while not directly under rule from London, also accepted British advisors around the turn of the [[20th century]]. Of these, the four northern states of Perlis, Kedah, Kelantan and Terengganu had previously under [[Thailand|Siamese]] control. On the island of [[Borneo]], Sabah was governed as the crown colony of [[British North Borneo]], while Sarawak was acquired from [[Brunei]] as the personal kingdom of the Brooke family, who ruled as white rajahs. As part of its history, the [[Sultanate of Sulu]] was granted the territory as a prize for helping the Sultan of Brunei against his enemies and from then on that part of Borneo is recognized as part of the Sultan of Sulu's sovereignty. In 1878, Baron Von Overbeck, an Austrian partner representing The British North Borneo Co. and his partner British Alfred Dent, leased the territory known as "[[Sabah]]" - roughly translated as "the land beneath the winds". In return the company will provide arms to the Sultan to resist the Spaniards and 5,000 Malaysian ringgits annual rental based on the Mexican dollars value at that time or its equivalent in gold. This lease have been continued until the independence and formation of the Malaysian federation in 1963 together with [[Singapore]], [[Sarawak]] and Malaysia. Up to these days, the Malaysians have been continuing the rental payment of 5,300 Malaysian Ringgit - a 300 Ringgit increased from original rent. Following the [[Japan|Japanese]] occupation of Malaya ([[1942]]-[[1945]]) during [[World War II]], popular support for independence grew. Post-war British plans to unite the administration of Malaya under a single crown colony called the [[Malayan Union]] foundered on strong opposition from the [[ethnic Malay|Malays]], who opposed the emasculation of the Malay rulers and the granting of citizenship to the [[ethnic Chinese]]. The Malayan Union, established in [[1946]] and consisting of all the British possessions in Malaya with the exception of Singapore, was dissolved in [[1948]] and replaced by the [[Federation of Malaya]], which restored the autonomy of the rulers of the Malay states under British protection. During this time, rebels under the leadership of the [[Communist Party of Malaya]], who were mostly Chinese, launched guerrilla operations designed to force the British out of Malaya. The [[Malayan Emergency]], as it was known, lasted from 1948 to [[1960]], and involved a long anti-insurgency campaign by [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] troops in Malaya. Against this backdrop, independence for the Federation within the Commonwealth was granted on [[31 August]] [[1957]] (see [[Hari Merdeka]]. In [[1963]] the Federation was expanded with the admission of the then-British crown colonies of Singapore, Sabah (British North Borneo) and Sarawak, and renamed Malaysia. The Sultanate of [[Brunei]], though initially expressing interest in joining the Federation, withdrew from the planned merger due to opposition from certain segments of the population as well as arguments over the payment of oil royalties. The early years of independence were marred by [[Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation|conflict with Indonesia]] (''Konfrontasi'') over the formation of Malaysia, Singapore's eventual exit in 1965, and racial strife in the form of [[1969 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Race Riots|racial riots]] in 1969 (popularly known as the "May 13" riots). The [[Philippines]] also made an active claim on Sabah in that period based upon the Sultanate of Brunei's cession of its north-east territories to the [[Sultanate of Sulu]] in 1704. The claim is still ongoing. After the [[May 13 Incident|May 13 racial riots]] of 1969, the controversial [[Malaysian New Economic Policy|New Economic Policy]] - intended to increase the share of the economic pie owned by the bumiputeras as opposed to other ethnic groups - was launched by Prime Minister [[Tun Abdul Razak]]. Malaysia has since maintained a delicate ethno-political balance, with a system of government that has attempted to combine overall economic development with political and economic policies that favour [[Bumiputra]]s, which includes the majority Malays, but not always the indigenous population. Between the 1980s and the early 1990s, Malaysia experienced significant economic growth under the premiership of Tun Dr [[Mahathir bin Mohamad]]. The period saw a shift from an agriculture-based economy to one based on manufacturing and industry in areas such as computers and consumer electronics. It was during this period, too, that the physical landscape of Malaysia has changed with the emergence of numerous mega-projects. The most notable of these projects are the [[Petronas Twin Towers]] (at the time the tallest building in the world), KL International Airport (KLIA), the Sepang F1 Circuit, the Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC), the Bakun hydroelectric dam and Putrajaya, a new federal administrative capital. In the late 1990s, Malaysia was shaken by the [[Asian financial crisis]] as well as political unrest caused by the sacking of the deputy prime minister Dato' Seri [[Anwar Ibrahim]]. In 2003, Dr Mahathir, Malaysia's longest serving prime minister, retired in favour of his deputy, [[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]], commonly known as Pak Lah. --> == Pulitik == <!--Please add new information into relevant articles of the series--> {{morepolitics|country=Malaysia}} [[Gambar:MalaysianParliament.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Malaysian House of Parliament|The Parliament building]]]] <!-- Malaysia is a [[federation|federal]] [[constitutional monarchy|constitutional]] [[elective monarchy|elective]] monarchy. It is nominally headed by the Paramount Ruler or ''[[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]]'', commonly referred to as the King of Malaysia. Yang di-Pertuan Agong are selected for five-year terms from among the nine [[Malay Ruler|Sultan]]s of the [[Malay states]]; the other four states, which have titular Governors, do not participate in the selection. The system of government in Malaysia is closely modeled on that of [[Westminster System|Westminster]] [[parliamentary system]], a legacy of [[British Empire|British colonial rule]]. In practice however, more power is vested in the executive branch of government than in the legislative, and the judiciary has been weakened by sustained attacks by the government during the Mahathir era. [[Malaysian general election|Parliamentary elections]] are held at least once every five years, with the last general election being in March 2004. Since independence in 1957, Malaysia has been governed by a multi-racial coalition known as the [[Barisan Nasional]] (formerly the Alliance). [[Executive branch|Executive power]] is vested in the [[Cabinet of Malaysia|cabinet]] led by the [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|prime minister]]; the Malaysian [[Constitution of Malaysia|constitution]] stipulates that the prime minister must be a member of the lower house of [[Parliament of Malaysia|parliament]] who, in the opinion of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, commands a majority in parliament. The cabinet is chosen from among members of both houses of Parliament and is responsible to that body. The bicameral [[parliament]] consists of the [[upper house]], the Senate or ''Dewan Negara'' (literally the "Chamber of the Nation") and the [[lower house]], the House of Representatives or ''Dewan Rakyat'' (literally the "Chamber of the People"). All 69 Senators sit for 6-year terms; 26 are elected by the 13 state assemblies, and 43 are appointed by the king. The 219 members of the House of Representatives are elected from single-member constituencies by universal adult suffrage, for a maximum term of 5 years. [[Legislative power]] is divided between federal and state legislatures. The state governments are led by chief ministers (''Menteri Besar'' or ''Ketua Menteri'', the latter term being used in states without hereditary rulers), selected by the state assemblies (''Dewan Undangan Negeri'') advising their respective sultans or governors. The national media are largely controlled by the government and by political parties in the [[Barisan Nasional]]/National Front ruling coalition and the opposition has little access to the media. The print media are controlled by the Government through the requirement of obtaining annual publication licences under the [[Printing and Presses Act]]. --> == Géografi == [[Gambar:My-map.png|thumb|right|450px|Map of Peninsular and East Malaysia]] {{utama|Geography of Malaysia}} <!-- The two distinct parts of Malaysia, separated from each other by the [[South China Sea]], share a largely similar landscape in that both [[Peninsular Malaysia|West]] and [[East Malaysia]] feature coastal plains rising to often densely forested hills and mountains, the highest of which is [[Mount Kinabalu]] at 4,095.2 metres (13,435.7&nbsp;[[foot (unit of length)|ft]]) on the island of [[Borneo]]. The local [[climate]] is [[equatorial]] and characterised by the annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to February) [[monsoon]]s. [[Tanjung Piai]], located in the southern state of [[Johor]], is the southernmost tip of continental [[Asia]] — if [[Singapore]], an island connected to the continent by a man-made [[causeway]], is excluded. The [[Strait of Malacca]], lying between [[Sumatra]] and West Malaysia, is arguably the most important shipping lane in the world. [[Putrajaya]] is the newly created administrative capital for the federal government of Malaysia, aimed in part to ease growing congestion within Malaysia's capital city, [[Kuala Lumpur]]. The prime minister's office moved in 1999 and the move is expected to be completed in 2005. Kuala Lumpur remains the seat of parliament, as well as the commercial and financial capital of the country. Other major cities include [[George Town, Penang|George Town]], [[Ipoh]], [[Johor Bahru]] and [[Kuching]]. --> == Ékonomi == {{utama|Economy of Malaysia}} <!-- The [[Malay Peninsula]] and indeed [[Southeast Asia]] has been a centre of trade for centuries. Various items such as [[porcelain]] and [[spice]] were actively traded even before [[Sultanate of Malacca|Malacca]] and Singapore rose to prominence. In the 17th century, large deposits of [[tin]] were found in several [[Malay states]]. Later, as the [[British Empire|British]] started to take over as administrators of [[Malaya]], [[rubber]] and [[palm oil]] trees were introduced for commercial purposes. Over time, Malaya became the world's largest major producer of tin, rubber, and palm oil. These three commodities, along with other raw materials, firmly set Malaysia's economic tempo well into the mid-20th century. Instead of relying on the local Malays as a source of labour, the British brought in Chinese and Indians to work on the mines and plantations. Although many of them returned to their respective home countries after their agreed tenure ended, some remained in Malaysia and settled permanently. As Malaya moved towards independence, the government began implementing economic [[five-year plan]]s, beginning with the [[First Malayan Five Year Plan]] in 1955. Upon the establishment of Malaysia, the plans were re-titled and renumbered, beginning with the [[First Malaysia Plan]] in 1965. In 1970s, Malaysia began to imitate the footsteps of the original four [[Asian Tigers]] and committed itself to a transition from being reliant on mining and agriculture to an economy that depends more on manufacturing. With [[Japan]]ese investment, heavy industries flourished and in a matter of years, Malaysian [[export]]s became the country's primary growth engine. Malaysia consistently achieved more than 7% [[GDP]] growth along with low [[inflation]] in the 1980s and the 1990s. During the same period, the government tried to eradicate poverty with the controversial [[New Economic Policy (Malaysia)|New Economic Policy]] (NEP), in the wake of the [[May 13 Incident]] of racial rioting in 1969. Its main objective was the elimination of the association of race with economic function, and the first five-year plan to begin implementing the NEP was the [[Second Malaysia Plan]]. The success or failure of the NEP is the subject of much debate, although it was officially retired in 1990 and replaced by the [[National Development Policy]] (NDP). The rapid economic boom led to a variety of supply problems, however. Labour shortages soon resulted in an influx of millions of foreign workers, many illegal. Cash-rich [[PLC]]s and consortiums of banks eager to benefit from increased and rapid development began large infrastructure projects. This all ended when the [[Asian Financial Crisis]] hit in the fall of 1997, delivering massive shock to Malaysia's economy. As characteristic of other countries affected by the crisis, there was speculative short-selling of the Malaysian currency, the [[ringgit]]. [[Foreign direct investment]] fell at an alarming rate and, as capital flowed out of the country, the value of the ringgit dropped from MYR 2.50 per USD to, at one point, MYR 4.80 per USD. The [[Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange]]'s composite index plummeted from approximately 1300 points to nearly merely 400 points in a matter of weeks. After the sacking of finance minister [[Anwar Ibrahim]], a National Economic Action Council was formed to deal with the monetary crisis. [[Bank Negara]] imposed [[capital controls]] and [[fixed exchange rate|pegged]] the Malaysian ringgit at 3.80 to a US dollar. Malaysia refused economic aid packages from the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) and the World Bank, however, surprising many analysts. In [[March 2005]], the [[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development]] (UNCTAD) published a paper on the sources and pace of Malaysia's recovery, written by Jomo K.S. of the applied economics department, [[University of Malaya]], [[Kuala Lumpur]]. The paper concluded that the controls imposed by Malaysia's government neither hurt nor helped recovery. The chief factor was an increase in electronics components exports, which was caused by a large increase in the demand for components in the United States, which was caused, in turn, by a fear of the effects of the arrival of the year 2000 ([[Y2K]]) upon older computers and other digital devices. However, the post Y2K slump of 2001 did not affect Malaysia as much as other countries. This may have been clearer evidence that there are other causes and effects that can be more properly attributable for recovery. One possibility is that the currency speculators had run out of finance after failing in their attack on the [[Hong Kong]] dollar in August 1998 and after the [[Russian ruble]] collapsed. (See [[George Soros]]) Regardless of cause/effect claims, rejuvenation of the economy also coincided with massive government spending and budget deficits in the years that followed the crisis. Later, Malaysia enjoyed faster economic recovery compared to its neighbours. In many ways, however, the country has yet to recover to the levels of the pre-crisis era. While the pace of development today is not as rapid, it is seen to be more sustainable. And, although the controls and economic housekeeping may not have been the principal reason for recovery, there is no doubt that the banking sector is more resilient to external shocks now. The current account has also settled into a structural surplus providing a cushion to capital flight. Asset prices are now a fraction of their pre-crisis heights. The [[fixed exchange rate]] regime was abandoned in July 2005 in favour of managed [[floating exchange rate|floating system]] within an hour of [[China]]'s announcing of the same move. In the same week, the ringgit strengthened a percent against various major currencies and was expected to appreciate further. As of December 2005, however, expectations of further appreciation were muted as [[capital flight]] exceeded USD 10 billion. In [[September 2005]], Sir Howard J. Davies, director of the [[London School of Economics]], at a meeting [[Kuala Lumpur]], cautioned Malaysian officials that if they want a flexible capital market, they will have to lift the ban on short-selling put into effect during the crisis. On March 23 2006, Malaysia removed the ban on short selling. <ref>[[Financial Times]]. ''[http://news.ft.com/cms/s/3659eba2-ba91-11da-980d-0000779e2340.html Malaysia relaxes short-selling ban]''. Extracted March 28, 2006.</ref> --> == Sumber daya alam == <!-- Malaysia is well-endowed with natural resources in areas such as agriculture, forestry as well as minerals. In terms of agriculture, Malaysia is the world's primary exporter of natural rubber and palm oil, which together with saw logs and sawn timber, [[cocoa]], [[black pepper|pepper]], [[pineapple]] and [[tobacco]] dominate the growth of the sector. Palm oil is also a major foreign exchange earner. Regarding forestry resources, it is noted that logging only began to make a substantial contribution to the economy during the nineteenth century. Today an estimated 59 percent of Malaysia remains forested. The rapid expansion of the timber industry, particularly after the 1960s, has brought about a serious erosion problem in the country's forest resources. However, in line with the Government's commitment to protect the environment and the ecological system, forestry resources are being managed on a sustainable basis and accordingly the rate of tree felling has been on the downtrend. In addition, substantial areas are being silviculturally treated and reforestation of degraded forest land is also being carried out. The Malaysian government provide plans for the enrichment of some 312.30 square kilometres (120.5&nbsp;[[square mile|sq&nbsp;mi]]) of land with rattan under natural forest conditions and in rubber plantations as an intercrop. To further enrich forest resources, fast-growing timber species such as ''meranti tembaga'', ''merawan'' and ''sesenduk'' are also being planted. At the same time, the cultivation of high-value trees like teak and other trees for pulp and paper are also encouraged. [[Rubber]], once the mainstay of the Malaysian economy, has been largely replaced by [[oil palm]] as Malaysia's leading agricultural export. Tin and petroleum are the two main mineral resources that are of major significance in the Malaysian economy. Malaysia was once the world's largest producer of [[tin]] until the collapse of the tin market in the early 1980s. In the 19th and 20th Century, tin played a predominant role in the Malaysian economy. It was only in 1972 that petroleum and natural gas took over from tin as the mainstay of the mining sector. Meanwhile, the contribution by tin has declined. Petroleum and natural gas which were discovered in oilfields offshore from Sabah, Sarawak and Terengganu have contributed much to the Malaysian economy particularly in those three states. Other minerals of some importance or significance include copper, gold, bauxite, iron-ore and coal together with industrial minerals like clay, kaolin, silica, limestone, barite, phosphates and dimension stones such as granite as well as marble blocks and slabs. Small quantities of [[gold]] are produced. In 2004, Minister in the Prime Minister's Department, [[Datuk Mustapa Mohamed]], revealed that Malaysia's oil reserves stood at 4.84 billion barrels while natural gas reserves increased to 89 trillion [[Cubic foot|cubic feet]] (2,500&nbsp;km³). This was an increase of 7.2 percent. The government predicts that at current production rates Malaysia will be able to produce oil for 18 years and gas for 35 years. In 2004 Malaysia is ranked 24th in terms of world oil reserves and 13th for gas. 56% of the oil reserves exist in the Peninsula while 19% exist in East Malaysia. The government collects oil royalties of which 5% are passed to the states and the rest retained by the federal government. <!---Every states maintain the right to control resources inside the states. However oil and gas are controlled by the federal government. The states where the resources are found will be given royalties.---> == Transportasi jeung Komunikasi == {{main2|Transportation in Malaysia|Communications in Malaysia}} [[Gambar:KualaLumpurTower.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[Kuala Lumpur Tower]] enhances communication quality within Kuala Lumpur and the [[Klang Valley]].]] <!-- Malaysia has extensive railroads that connect all major cities and town on the peninsular and east Malaysia itself. There is a train service in West Malaysia run by KTM and several LRTs in Kuala Lumpur such as the [[Ampang Line]], [[Sri Petaling Line]] (formerly called [[STAR LRT]]), [[Kelana Jaya Line]] (formerly called [[PUTRA LRT]]). The [[North-South Expressway]] basically spans from the northern tip of Bukit Kayu Hitam and Johor Baru in the south, which also connects roads into Thailand and Singapore. There are sea ports in Tanjong Kidurong, Kota Kinabalu, Kuching, Pasir Gudang, Penang, Port Kelang, Sandakan and Tawau. There are also world class airports that provide international and domestic destinations. Roads in the East Malaysia and the eastern coast of West Malaysia are still relatively undeveloped. Those are highly curved roads passing through mountainous regions and many are still unsealed, gravel roads. This has resulted in the continued use of rivers as the main mode of transportation for interior residents. Malaysia is also the home of the first low-cost carrier in the region, [[Air Asia]]. It retains Kuala Lumpur as its hub and maintains flights around Southeast Asia and now China as well. The intercity telecommunication service is provided on Peninsular Malaysia mainly by microwave radio relay. International telecommunications are provided through submarine cables and satellite. In December 2004, Energy, Water and Communications Minister [[Lim Keng Yaik|Datuk Seri Dr Lim Keng Yaik]] reported that only 0.85 percent or 218,004 people in Malaysia used broadband services. However these values are based on subscriber number, whilst household percentage can reflect the situation more accurately. This represented an increase from 0.45% in three quarters. He also stated that the government targeted usage of 5% by 2006 and doubling to 10% by 2008. Lim Keng Yaik had urged local telecommunication companies and service provider to open up the last mile and lower prices to benefit the users. One of the largest and most significant telecommunication companies of choice in Malaysia is Telekom Malaysia Berhad (TM), providing products and services from fixed line, mobile to Internet Service Provider. --> == Kaséhatan == <!-- Malaysian society places importance on the expansion and development of healthcare, putting 5% of the government social sector development budget into public healthcare - an increase of more than 47% over the previous figure. This has meant an overall increase of more than RM 2 billion. With a rising and aging population, the Government wishes to improve in many areas including the refurbishment of existing hospitals, building and equipping new hospitals, expansion of the number of polyclinics, and improvements in training and expansion of telehealth. Over the last couple of years they have increased their efforts to overhaul the systems and attract more foreign investment. The Malaysian healthcare system requires doctors to perform a compulsory 3 years service with public hospitals to ensure the manpower of these hospitals is maintained. Recently foreign doctors have also been encouraged to take up employment here. There is still, however, a compound shortage of medical workforce, especially that of highly trained specialists resulting in certain medical care and treatment only available in large cities. Recent efforts to bring many facilities to other towns have been hampered by lack of expertise to run the available equipment made ready by investments. There are currently 114 government hospitals and healthcare centres with a total of 28,163 beds. There are also seven special medical institutions (including psychiatric institutions) with a total of 6,292 beds. As for private hospitals, there are 225 of them (including maternity and nursing homes) in Malaysia, and they provide 9,498 beds. The majority are in urban areas and, unlike many of the public hospitals, are equipped with the latest diagnostic and imaging facilities. Private hospitals have not generally been seen as an ideal investment - it has often taken up to 10 years before companies have seen any profits. However, the situation has now changed and companies are now looking into this area again, particularly in view of the increasing interest by foreigners in coming to Malaysia for medical care. * [[List of hospitals in Malaysia|List of Malaysian hospitals]] --> == Pendidikan == {{utama|Pangatikan di Malaysia}} <!-- Malaysian children begin schooling from the age of 5 or 6 in kindergarten. Year One begins the year a child turns 7. There is an exam taken when leaving Primary school, called 'Ujian Penilaian Sekolah Rendah', or UPSR (Primary School Assessment Examination) which is taken by all Year Six students before going into secondary schools. The purpose of this examination is to assess the quality of the primary education in Malaysia. An exam called Penilaian Tahap Satu (PTS; First Level Assessment) was used to measure the ability of bright students, and to allow them to move from Year 3 to 5. This exam has since been removed. Secondary education lasts five years. At the end of the third year or Form Three, students must sit for the 'Penilaian Menengah Rendah' (PMR; Lower Secondary Assessment), to guide them on what subjects to take in the next year. The combination of subjects available to Form 4 students vary from one school to another. In the last year (Form 5), students sit for 'Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia', or SPM (Malaysian Certificate of Education; equivalent to the British Ordinary or 'O' levels, now referred to as GCSEs). Some Chinese choose to study in Independent High School, where most subjects are taught in Chinese. Independent high school takes 6 years to complete. Instead of sitting for PMR or SPM, student will sit for UEC in Junior Middle 3 (Form 3) and Senior Middle 3 (Form 6). Some independent high schools teach in Malay and Chinese, so that the students can sit for PMR, SPM and UEC. Students wishing to enter university must complete 2 more years of secondary schooling. They must take up either the school based Form Six and sit for Sijil Tinggi Pelajaran Malaysia', or STPM (Malaysia Higher Certificate of Education; equivalent to the British Advanced or 'A' levels), matriculation (1 year only), or other pre-university courses before they may apply for entry into local universities. Independent High School students can enter some of the universities using their UEC result. Students can opt to go to private colleges after secondary studies. Most colleges have education links with overseas universities especially in the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia. Malaysian students abroad study mostly in the [[United Kingdom|UK]], [[United States]], [[Australia]], [[Singapore]], [[Japan]], [[Canada]] and [[New Zealand]]. Until recently, all subjects except foreign languages ([[Malaysian English|English]], Mandarin and Tamil) were taught in [[Bahasa Melayu]] (Malay). The result was that while many Malaysian students were proficient with the Malay language, they later struggled with English based tertiary education, especially in overseas universities and colleges. Currently [[Mathematics]] and [[Science]] subjects such as [[Biology]], [[Physics]], [[Chemistry]] are taught in English. The reasoning was that students would no longer be hindered by the language barrier during their tertiary education in fields such as [[medicine]] and [[engineering]]. All other subjects are taught in [[Bahasa Melayu]]. In addition to the National Curriculum, Malaysia has many international schools. International schools offer students the opportunity to study the curriculum of another country. These schools mainly cater for the growing expatriate population in the country. International schools include - [[Australian International School, Malaysia]] (Australian curriculum), The Alice Smith School (British curriculum), [[The Garden International School]] (British curriculum), The [[International School of Kuala Lumpur]] (International Baccalaureate and American curriculum), The Japanese School of Kuala Lumpur (Japanese curriculum), Lycée Français de Kuala Lumpur (French curriculum) amongst others. --> == Démografi == {{utama|Demographics of Malaysia}} <!-- Malaysia's population is comprised of many ethnic groups, with the politically dominant [[Malay people|Malay]]s making up the majority. By constitutional definition, all Malays are [[Islam|Muslim]]. About a quarter of the population are [[overseas Chinese|Chinese]], who have historically played an important role in trade and business. Malaysians of [[India]]n descent comprise about 10% of the population and include [[Hinduism|Hindus]], [[Islam|Muslims]], [[Sikhism|Sikhs]], [[Christianity|Christians]], and [[Buddhism|Buddhists]]. About 90% of the Indian community is [[Tamil people|Tamil]] but various other groups are represented, including [[Kerala|Malayali]]s, [[Punjabi]]s and [[Telugu people|Telugus]]. Non-Malay indigenous groups make up more than half of the state of [[Sarawak]]'s population, constitute about 66% of [[Sabah]]'s population, and also exist in much smaller numbers on the Peninsula, where they are collectively called [[Orang Asli]]. The non-Malay indigenous population is divided into dozens of ethnic groups, but they share some general cultural similarities. Other Malaysians also include those of, inter alia, [[Europe]]an, [[Middle East]]ern, [[Cambodia]]n, and [[Vietnam]]ese descent. Europeans and [[Eurasian (mixed ancestry)|Eurasians]] include British who colonized and settled in Malaysia and some [[Portugal|Portuguese]], and most of the Middle Easterners are [[Arab]]s. A small number of Kampucheans and Vietnamese settled in Malaysia as Vietnam War refugees. Population distribution is uneven, with some 20 million residents concentrated on the [[Malay Peninsula]]. [[May 13]], [[1969]] saw an incident of civil unrest which was then thought to be largely due to the socio-economic imbalance of the country along racial lines, though in retrospect it may have been more motivated by political firebrands in both governing and opposition parties, as the violence involved only the areas in and around the capital, with much of the country remaining at peace. This incident led to the adoption of the [[Malaysian New Economic Policy|New Economic Policy]] as a two-pronged approach to address racial and economic inequality and to eradicate poverty in the country. Due to the rise in labour intensive industries, Malaysia has 10 to 20 percent foreign workers with the uncertainty due in part to the large number of illegal workers; there are a million legal foreign workers and perhaps another million unauthorized foreigners. The state of Sabah alone has nearly 20% of its 2.5 million population listed as illegal foreign workers in the last census. Unauthorized foreigners are subject to RM10,000 fines and two-year prison terms, while Malaysian employers face up to a year in jail and a fine of up to RM50,000 for each illegal worker hired, with those hiring more than five also liable to caning. [[Caning]] is a standard punishment for more than 40 crimes in Malaysia, ranging from sexual abuse to drug use. Administered with a thick rattan stick, it splits the skin and leaves scars. Some 380,000 unauthorized foreigners left during an "amnesty" that began in Fall 2004 and was extended several times. During amnesties, unauthorized foreigners can leave without paying fines for staying illegally in the country. On March 1, 2005, some 300,000 policemen as well as the 560,000-strong Peoples Volunteer Corp began searching for the remaining unauthorized foreigners under Operation Tegas; the volunteers receive RM100 for each foreigner arrested. ''Source: [http://migration.ucdavis.edu/mn/index.php Migration News, April 2005 Volume 12 Number 2]'' --> == Ageman == [[Gambar:MosqueJamek.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Masjid Jamek]] is one of the most recognizable mosques in Malaysia.]] <!-- Malaysia is a multi-religious society, and [[Islam]] is the country's [[official religion]]. The four main religions are Islam (60.4% of the population according to government census figures in 2000), [[Buddhism]] (19.2%), [[Hinduism]] (6.3%), and [[Christianity]] (9.1%, mostly in East Malaysia, i.e. [[Borneo]]). Until the 20th century, most practiced [[animism|traditional beliefs]], which arguably still linger on to a greater degree than Malaysian officialdom is prepared to acknowledge. The aforementioned figures may be skewed as they do not take into account the fact that all Malay persons are officially regarded and treated as Muslim, regardless of private belief. Although the Malaysian constitution theoretically guarantees religious freedom, in practice the situation is not so simple (See [[Status of religious freedom in Malaysia]]). Non-Muslims often experience restrictions in activities such as construction of religious buildings <ref name="Non Muslim restrictions 1">Inter Press Service: [http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=33451 Temple Demolitions Spell Creeping Islamisation]. Retrieved [[4 June]] [[2006]].</ref> <ref name="Non Muslim restrictions 2">BBC : [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4965580.stm Pressure on multi-faith Malaysia]. Retrieved [[4 June]] [[2006]].</ref>. Meanwhile Muslims are obliged to follow the decisions of [[sharia]] courts. As a legal matter, it is not yet clear whether Muslims may freely leave Islam. In some situations, the Malaysian courts have denied one's right to freedom of religion even when one has renounced Islam (such as the Yeshua Jalilludin versus the Minister of Home Affairs case in the 1980's). Generally one who wishes to leave Islam makes a legal declaration, but this is still not recognised by the Malaysian civil courts. One is said to have to obtain a declaration of apostasy with a Syariah Court, but the court will not generally grant one. Malaysians tend to personally respect one another's religious beliefs, with inter-religious problems arising mainly from the political sphere. --> * [[Buda di Malaysia]] * [[Islam di Malaysia]] * [[Kristen di Malaysia]] * [[Hindu di Malaysia]] * [[Status kabébasan rélijius di Malaysia]] == Budaya == {{utama|Culture of Malaysia}} <!-- Malaysia is a multi-ethnic, multi-cultural and multilingual society, consisting of 65% Malays and other indigenous tribes, 25% Chinese, 7% Indians. The Malays, which form the largest community, are all Muslims since one has to be Muslim to be legally Malay under Malaysian law. The Malays play a dominant role politically and are included in a grouping identified as [[bumiputra]]. Their native language is [[Malay language|Malay]] ([[Bahasa Melayu]]). Bahasa Malaysia which is largely similar to Bahasa Melayu in most practical terms is the national language of the country. In the past, Bahasa Melayu was written widely in [[Jawi]], a script based on Arabic. Over time, [[romanized]] script overtook Jawi as the dominant script. This was largely due to the influence of the colonial education system which taught children in romanised writing rather than in Arabic script. The largest indigenous tribe in terms of numbers is the [[Iban people|Iban]] of Sarawak, who number over 600,000. The Iban who still live in traditional jungle villages live in [[longhouse]]s along the Rajang and Lupar rivers and their tributaries. The [[Bidayuh]] (170,000) are concentrated in the south-western part of Sarawak. The largest indigenous tribe in Sabah is the [[Kadazan]]. They are largely Christian subsistence farmers. The [[Orang Asli]] (140,000), or aboriginal peoples, comprise a number of different ethnic communities living in Peninsular Malaysia. Traditionally nomadic hunter-gatherers and agriculturists, many have been sedentarised and partially absorbed into modern Malaysia. However, they remain the poorest group in the country. The Chinese population in Malaysia is mostly [[Buddhist]] (of [[Mahayana]] sect), [[Taoist]] or [[Christianity|Christian]]. Chinese in Malaysia speak a variety of Chinese dialects including [[Hokkien (dialect)|Hokkien]]/[[Fujian]], [[Cantonese language|Cantonese]], [[Hakka]] and [[Teochew]]. Many middle to upper-middle class Chinese in Malaysia also speak [[English language|English]] as a first language. Chinese have historically been dominant in the Malaysian business community. The Indians in Malaysia are mainly Hindu [[Tamil people|Tamils]] from southern India, speaking [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu people|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]], and [[Hindi]], living mainly in the larger towns on the west coast of the peninsula. Many middle to upper-middle class Indians in Malaysia also speak [[English language|English]] as a first language. There is also a sizeable [[Sikh]] community. [[Eurasian (mixed ancestry)|Eurasians]], Cambodians, Vietnamese, and indigenous tribes make up the remaining population. A small number of Eurasians, of mixed Portuguese and Malay descent, speak a [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]-based [[creole language|creole]], called [[Kristang language|Papiá Kristang]]. There are also Eurasians of mixed Malay and Spanish descent, mostly in [[Sabah]]. Descended from immigrants from the [[Philippines]], some speak [[Chavacano]], the only [[Spanish-based creole language]] in [[Asia]]. [[Cambodia]]ns and Vietnamese are mostly Buddhists (Cambodians of [[Theravada]] sect and Vietnamese, Mahayana sect). Malaysian traditional music is heavily influenced by Chinese and Islamic forms. The music is based largely around the gendang (drum), but includes other percussion instruments (some made of shells); the rebab, a bowed string instrument; the serunai, a double-reed oboe-like instrument; flutes, and trumpets. The country has a strong tradition of dance and dance dramas, some of Thai, Indian and Portuguese origin. Other artistic forms include [[wayang|wayang kulit]] (shadow puppet theatre), [[silat]] (a stylised martial art) and crafts such as [[batik]], weaving, and silver and brasswork. --> == Kawarganagaraan == {{utama|Malaysian citizenship}} Sadaya Malaysians téh warga Federal tanpa kawarganagaraan formal dina pada-pada nagara bagéanna. Unggal warga dipangnyitakkeun biometric [[identity card]], katelahna téh "[[MyKad]]", dina yuswa 12, sarta kudu mawa kartu sareng maranéhna. Warga kedah pikeun nampilkeun kartu jati dirina ka pulisi, atawa dina kasus kaayaan darurat, ka tanaga militer, pikeun dicirian. Lamun kartu teu bisa dihasilkeun langsung, téhnisna jalmi boga 24 jam dina hukum pikeun nyieun éta di kantor pulisi nu pangdeukeutna. == Poe pere == {{utama|Holidays in Malaysia}} Malaysia jeung nagara bagian na niténan sababaraha libur. Sababaraha dihukum federally sedengkeun anu sanésna dirayakeun ku sababaraha nagara bagian wungkul. == Tempo ogé == {{Malaysian Topics}} == Rujukan == <references/> == Tumbu kaluar == {{portalpar|Malaysia}} {{sisterlinks|Malaysia}} === Situs resmi === <div class="references-small"> * [http://www.gov.my/ myGovernment Portal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827155920/http://www.gov.my/ |date=2008-08-27 }} - Malaysian Government Portal * [http://www.bernama.com.my/ Bernama] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512085506/http://www.bernama.com.my/ |date=2008-05-12 }} - Malaysian national news agency * [http://www.statistics.gov.my Malaysian Department of Statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611041219/http://www.statistics.gov.my/ |date=2008-06-11 }} * [http://www.tourism.gov.my/ Tourism Malaysia] - Malaysian tourism portal * [http://www.pmo.gov.my/ Office of the Prime Minister of Malaysia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060831085625/http://www.pmo.gov.my/website/webdb.nsf/vf_Front_PM?OpenForm |date=2006-08-31 }} * [http://www.rtm.net.my/ Radio Televisyen Malaysia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013210336/http://www.rtm.net.my/ |date=2008-10-13 }} - Government-owned television network * [http://www.matrade.gov.my/ Malaysia External Trade Development Corporation] * [http://www.smidec.gov.my/ Small Medium Industries Development Corporation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125084637/http://www.smidec.gov.my/ |date=2020-11-25 }} </div> {{Malaysia}} {{D8}} {{Asia Tenggara}} {{Asia}} {{Nagara Persemakmuran}} {{Gerakan Non-Blok}} {{OKI}} [[Kategori:Nagara]] [[Kategori:Nagara anggota ASEAN]] [[Kategori:Urut jajahan Inggris]] [[Kategori:Malaysia| A]] [[Kategori:Monarki]] [[Kategori:Nagara anggota OKI]] [[Kategori:Nagara D8]] a0oimxti9lfgtgho2xzz5rech4sd6ms 0 29495 710925 704160 2026-07-04T01:45:11Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kanal TV | Ngaran = BANDUNG TV | Ngaran séjén = PT.Bandung Media Televisi Indonesia | Gambar = Logo bdg tv 2016.png | logosize = 180px | Imagesize = | Ngadeg = [[3 Januari]] [[2005]] | Pamilik = | Kantor pusat = [[Bandung]], [[Indonesia]] | Slogan = "JATI DIRI PASUNDAN | Saluran sadulur = [[Aceh TV]], [[Bali TV]], [[Jogja TV]], [[Semarang TV]], [[Sriwijaya TV]] jeung [[Surabaya TV]] | Ambahan = Regional / Daerah | Ramat loka = www.bandungtv.tv }} '''Bandung TV''' nyaéta [[setasion]] [[televisi]] (TV) lokal swasta munggaran di [[dayeuh]] [[Bandung]], [[Jawa Kulon]]. Minangka wadah kréativitas masarakat Sunda, Bandung TV, télévisi lokal munggaran di Bandung sarta Jawa Kulon nitikbeuratkeun [[program]] [[acara]]na dina usaha nyaangan masarakat dina sagala aspék kahirupan kalawan dadasar seni budaya. Titik beurat ieu dipilih alatan seni budaya mangrupa titik puseur kahirupan anu ngusikkeun diménsi sosial sarta ékonomi masarakat. Kalawan ayana usaha ngahirupkeun deui jatidiri wewengkon Jawa Kulon, nangtungna Nagara Républik Indonésia dina kabinékaan baris kabiruyungan. Setasiun ieu bisa diaksés ngaliwatan parigi (saluran) 38 [[UHF]]. Sloganna '''JATI DIRI PASUNDAN''' ditujukeun pikeun ngangkat deui ajén-inajén [[budaya]] sarta poténsi lokal anu aya di [[Jawa Kulon]] umumna sarta [[Bandung]] hususna minangka dayeuh puseur propinsi. Logo Bandung TV diwangun ku sawatara unsur nyaéta [[Wijayakusumah|Kembang Cangkok Wijayakusumah]], [[Kujang]], sarta tulisan BANDUNG mangrupa manunggaling Tri Tangtu di Buana, nyaéta sang Rama, sang Resi, sarta sang Ratu, atawa mangrupa hakékat tina sipat manusa linuhung anu silih asih, silih asah, sarta silih asuh. == Program == Sawatara ti antara program-program Bandung TV anu ngarojong usaha ngangkat [[budaya lokal]] nyaéta: * Pamintonan hasil [[kréativitas]] para nonoman [[Pasundan]] jeung harepan éksisténsi maranéhanana dipikanyaho ku masarakat réa mangrupa program '''MIDANG''' ( program pintonan kasenian, Senén-kemis pkl.11.00 WIB ), '''WAYANG GOLEK''' ( Saptu-minggu,pkl.22.30 WIB ), '''GOLEMPANG''' ( Dialog Budaya Basa Sunda, saban Kemis pkl.21.00 WIB ), '''SEKAR AMIS''' ( tembang Sunda, saban Jumaah pkl. 21.00 WIB ), '''WARUNG TUMARITIS''' ( wayang golék minimalis kalawan dalang ki Opik Sunandar Sunarya, saban Senén,pkl.21.00 WIB ), '''KLIP PARAHYANGAN''' (program lagu-lagu Sunda saban poé pkl. 17.30 WIB ), '''BENTANG PARAHYANGAN''' (lagu pop sunda, saban Rebo pkl.16.30 WIB ), '''MANDALAWANGI''' (program husus wisata di Bandung sarta Jawa Kulon, saban poé Senén pkl.21.00 WIB), '''DALINGDING ASIH''' (program tembang Sunda, saban poé Saptu pkl. 19.00 WIB). * Program pikeun nonoman Bandung anu kréatif nyaéta: '''réaKSI''' (Remaja Aksi dan Kréasi, saban poé Minggu pkl.20.30 WIB ),'''SoundXplore''' (saban poé Rebo, pkl.21.00 WIB ), '''PILOKS''' (Pilihan Lagu OKS, saban poé Saptu,pkl.16.30 WIB ),'''Music Holic''' (saban poé Senén, Salasa sarta Rebo,pkl. 20.00 WIB), '''101% West Clip''' (saban poé Minggu, pkl.22.30 WIB), '''KABAR BINTANG''' (Program Sabudeureun Artis Sinetron, Film, Panyanyi & Grup Band Lokal, Nasional atawa Internasional reujeung kagiatan-kagiatanana, saban Minggu pkl.16.00 WIB ) * Program berita mangrupa laporan sabudeureun Dayeuh Bandung jeung Jawa Kulon nu dimaksudkeun pikeun ngadalikeun kawijakan pamaréntah wewengkon sarta méré informasi ka masarakat. ** '''Seputar Bandung Raya''' jam 18.30 [[WIB]] saban poé ** '''Tangara Pasundan''', warta dina [[Basa Sunda]] jam 13.00 WIB saban poé ** Program berita anu disiarkan sacara langsung babarengan jeung jaringan TV [[Bali TV]]-[[Jogja TV]]-[[Semarang TV]]; '''Lintas Mancanegara''', '''Suluh Indonésia''', '''Mozaik Khatulistiwa''', '''Warisan Nusantara''', '''Pesona Balanja'''. ** '''Inpakta''' (Informasi Paling Aktual) jam 14.00, 16.00 & 21.00 [[WIB]] ** '''Bandung Akhir Pekan''' saban minggu jam 08.00 [[WIB]],[[Features]] * '''Program interaktif:''' ** '''Topik Pers''' ngabahas masalah sosial, ékonomi sarta hal-ahal anu keur haneut digunemkeun. Program ieu disiarkeun sacara langsung antukna ngagampangkeun masarakat pikeun kalibet sacara interaktif méré pananya atawa kamandang ngaliwatan telepon 022-4205467. ** Dialog-dialog pangobatan alternatif; Reiki Ling Chi, Tritunggal, Solusi Anjeun, Dokter Urang, Dialog Husus, jll. ** Dialog langsung antara panongton kalawan narasumber kawas budayawan, sosiolog, seniman [[Sunda]]. ** Dialog dina basa Sunda; Golempang **Informasi olahraga disiarkeun sacara langsung sarta interaktif: *** '''Gelanggang [[Siliwangi]]''' *** '''Balad Persib''' pikeun bobotoh [[Persib]] *** '''Persib On Bandung TV''' [[Persib]] * Program séjénna ** '''Lejel Home Shopping''', program produk-produk Koréa jam 09.00 WIB sarta 13.30 WIB saban poé. ** '''Ngopi Euy''', program sisi séjén dayeuh Bandung. ==Tumbu ka luar== *{{id}} [http://www.bandungtv.tv www.bandungtv.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218160428/http://www.bandungtv.tv/ |date=2008-12-18 }} *[https://btsportlivestream.com/ maén bal hirup] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602124326/https://btsportlivestream.com/ |date=2022-06-02 }} {{Televisi Indonesia}} [[Kategori:Setasion televisi Indonésia]] 8flr6uscozm3nqu4kw5al8rueuqcifw 0 39034 710924 664224 2026-07-03T19:24:52Z HyBoxwood 37043 [[w:zh:Template_talk:中华人民共和国国徽#編輯請求_2026-04-17_将svg替换为File:中華人民共和國國徽.svg]] 710924 wikitext text/x-wiki {{For|kagunaan lian|Dhaka (disambiguasi)}} {{stack begin}} {{Infobox settlement <!-- See the Table at Infobox settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage --> <!-- Basic info --------------> |official_name = Dhaka |native_name = {{lang|bn|ঢাকা}} |nickname = |settlement_type = [[Ibu kota]] |motto = |image_skyline = Dhaka Landmarks.jpg |imagesize = 280px |image_caption = Cicirén Dhaka ''(saarah jarum jam ti luhur)'': [[Jatiyo Sangshad|Majelis Nasional]], pamandangan [[Motijheel]], [[Baitul Mukarram|Masigit Baitul Mukarram]], [[bécak]], [[Ahsan Manjil]], [[Shaheed Minar, Dhaka|Shaheed Minar]], pamandangan [[Karwan Bazar]] |map_caption = Lokasi Dhaka di [[Bangladés]] |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Bangladesh <!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position = center |pushpin_map_caption = Lokasi Dhaka di Bangladés |pushpin_mapsize =280 <!-- Location ------------------> |coordinates_display = inline,title |coordinates_region = BD |subdivision_type = [[daptar nagara|Nagara]] |subdivision_name = [[Bangladés]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Divisi di Bangladés|Divisi]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Divisi Dhaka]] |subdivision_type2 = [[distrik di Bangladés|Distrik]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Distrik Dhaka]] <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = Ngadeg |established_date = 1608 |established_title2 = Status kota |established_date2 = 1947 |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Metric <!-- Enter: Metric, if Metric (imperial) is desired --> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 360 |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_km2 = <!-- See table @ Template:Infobox settlement for details on automatic unit conversion --> |area_water_km2 = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of =2008|population_footnotes =<ref name="BangladeshStatPock2008"/> |population_total = 7000940 |population_metro = 12797394 |population_density_sq_mi = |population_density_km2 = 23029 |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title = |population_blank1_footnotes = |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title = |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[Wanci Standar Bangladés|BST]] |utc_offset = +6 |latd=23 |latm=42 |lats=0 |latNS=N |longd=90 |longm=22 |longs=30 |longEW=E |elevation_footnotes =<ref name="Elevation of Dhaka">{{cite web|url=http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/places/maps/map_city_dhaka.html|title=Dhaka, Bangladesh Map|work=National Geographic|accessdate=2009-09-06}}</ref> |elevation_m = 4 |elevation_ft = 13,12 <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = [[Kode pos]] |postal_code = 1000, 1100, 12xx, 13xx |area_code = |blank_name = Kode telepon nasional |blank_info = +880 |blank1_name = [[nomer telepon di Bangladés|Kode telepon]] |blank1_info = 02 |blank2_name = [[Gross domestic product|GDP PPP]] (2008) |blank2_info = $78 milyar<ref name="PricewaterhouseCoopers">http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562</ref> |website = [http://www.dhakacity.org/ Ramatloka resmi] |footnotes = }} {{stack end}} '''Dhaka''' ({{lang-bn|ঢাকা}}; {{IPA-bn|ˈɖʱaka}}; éjahan heubeul: '''Dacca''',<ref name=dacca>{{cite news|title=PAKISTAN: Dacca, City of the Dead|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,876963,00.html|accessdate=15 November 2011|newspaper=Time|date=3 May 1971}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827020715/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,876963,00.html |date=27 August 2013 }}</ref> baheulana '''Jahangirnagar'''<ref name=jn>{{cite web|title=About Dhaka|url=http://www.btd.com.bd/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=66&Itemid=84|publisher=btd|accessdate=15 November 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115170723/http://www.btd.com.bd/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=66&Itemid=84 |date=15 January 2013 }}</ref> dina jaman [[Kakaisaran Mughal]]) nyaéta [[ibu kota]] [[Bangladés]] sarta kota utama di [[Divisi Dhaka]]. Dhaka mangrupa [[mégapolitan]] sarta salah sahiji ti kota-kota utama di Asia Kidul. Dhaka aya di gigireun [[Walungan Buriganga]]. Dhaka, sareng [[wewengkon métropolitan]]na, miboga populasi kira-kira langkung ti 12 juta jiwa dina taun 2008, teras jadi kota nu panggedéna di Bangladés.<ref name="BangladeshStatPock2008">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/SubjectMatterDataIndex/pk_book_09.pdf|title=Statistical Pocket Book, 2008|publisher=Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics|format=PDF|accessdate=2009-08-15}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121200847/http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/SubjectMatterDataIndex/pk_book_09.pdf |date=2010-11-21 }}</ref> Dhaka mangrupa [[daptar aglomerasi urban dumasar populasi (PBB)|kota nu panggedéna sadunya ka-9]]<ref>Bank Dunya (30 Juli 2010). [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/BANGLADESHEXTN/Resources/295759-1271081222839/BDCAS.pdf Country Assistance Strategy for the People's Republic of Bangladesh for the Period FY11-14], kaca 4.</ref> sarta [[daptar kota dumasar kapadetan populasi|kota nu pangpadetna sadunya ka-28]]. Dhaka miboga lalandia ''Kota Masigit''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dhakacity.com.bd/ |title=everything about our city |publisher=Dhaka City |accessdate=2010-05-08 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522090205/http://dhakacity.com.bd/ |date=2013-05-22 }}</ref> sarta jeung 400.000 [[bécak]], kota ieu ogé dilandi ''Ibu Kota Bécak Dunya''.<ref name="bbcnews1">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/2300179.stm|title=Dhaka's beleaguered rickshaw wallahs|last=Lawson |first=Alastair|date=5 October 2002|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2009-09-19}}</ref> paDhaka kiwari mangrupa puseur kahirupan [[Pulitik Bangladés|pulitik]], [[budaya Bangladés|budaya]], jeung [[ékonomi Bangladés|ékonomi]] di Bangladés.<ref name="gob">{{cite web|url=http://www.bangladesh.gov.bd/index.php?option=com_content&task=category&id=174&Itemid=27&lang=bn|title=Price Information of Essential Commodities|publisher=National Web Portal, Government of Bangladesh|format=php|accessdate=2009-02-27|language=Bengali}}</ref> Sanajan prasarana perkotaanana mangrupa nu pangmajuna di nagarana, Dhaka miboga masalah perkotaan saperti polusi jeung kalobaan pangeusi. Kota ieu ogé miboga asupan populasi ti warga sanagara, nu dumasar laporan, nyieun Dhaka salaku kota panggancangna tumbuhna sadunya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/10542218.stm|publisher=BBC News|title=Danger in Dhaka, the fastest-growing city|date=7 July 2010}}</ref> ==Kota kembar== {| class="wikitable" "text-align:left;font-size:100%;"| |- ! style="background:#39e; color:white; height:17px; width:120px;"| Nagara ! ! style="background:#39e; color:white; width:140px;"| Kota ! ! style="background:#39e; color:white; width:150px;"| Nagara bagian / Wewengkon |- style="color:black; background:white;" |! !| {{Flagicon|Cina}} [[Cina]] |! !| [[File:中華人民共和國國徽.svg|25px]] [[Guangzhou]] |! !| [[Guangdong|Propinsi Guangdong]] |- style="color:black;" |! !| {{Flagicon|India}} [[India]] |! !| [[File:Emblem of India.svg|25px]] [[Kolkata]] |! !| [[Benggala Kulon]] |} ==Tingali ogé== {{Portal|Dhaka}} * [[Daptar kota di Bangladés]] * [[Daptar wangunan nu pangluhurna di Dhaka]] ==Rujukan== {{Reflist|30em}} {{IndicText}} ==Bacaaan salajengna== * {{Cite book|title=Dhaka -past present future|editor=Sharuf Uddin Ahmed |publisher=The Asiatic Society, Dhaka |year=1991 |isbn=984-512-335-x}} * {{Cite book |last= Karim |first=Abdul |title=History of Bengal, Mughal Period (I) |location=Rajshahi |year=1992}} * {{Cite book |last= Pryer |first=Jane |title=Poverty and Vulnerability in Dhaka Slums: The Urban Livelihood Study |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |isbn=0-7546-1864-1 |year= 2003 |id= {{OCLC|123337526}} {{OCLC|243482310}} {{OCLC|50334244}} {{OCLC|50939515}} }} * {{Cite book |last = Rabbani |first = Golam |year=1997 |title=Dhaka, from Mughal outpost to metropolis |publisher=University Press, Dhaka |isbn=984-05-1374-5 }} * {{Cite book |last= Sarkar |first=Sir Jadunath |title=History of Bengal (II) |location=Dhaka |year=1948}} * {{Cite book |last= Taifoor |first=S.M. |title=Glimpses of Old Dacca |location=Dhaka |year=1956}} ==Tumbu kaluar== {{Sister project links}} * [http://amrabangladeshi.net/ Amra Bangladeshi Blog] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814153421/http://amrabangladeshi.net/ |date=2018-08-14 }} *[http://www.dhakacity.org/ Official Dhaka City Corporation website] *[http://www.alormela.org/ Alormela, A Web Portal of Bangladesh] *[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/160598/Dhaka Encyclopædia Britannica Article on Dhaka] *[http://www.banglapedia.org/httpdocs/HT/D_0145.HTM Banglapedia (the national encyclopedia of Bangladesh) article on Dhaka] *[http://www.travelaloft.com/ Travelaloft, Tours and Travel Information of Bangladesh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121228013916/http://www.travelaloft.com/ |date=2012-12-28 }} *[http://www.panoramabangladesh.com/ Scrapbook of Bangladesh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091205012325/http://www.panoramabangladesh.com/ |date=2009-12-05 }} *[http://www.globalpost.com/video/asia/100902/on-location-bangladesh-dhaka Bangladesh: Dhaka Rising] – vidéo by ''[[Global Post]]'' *[http://www.shahriarcatering.webs.com/aboutus.htm/ Food of Old Dhaka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130001843/http://www.shahriarcatering.webs.com/aboutus.htm |date=2011-11-30 }} {{Dhaka|state=uncollapsed}} {{Dhakaplaces}} {{BDeshCities}} {{List of Asian capitals by region|state=collapsed}} {{World's most populated urban areas}} [[Kategori:Dhaka| ]] [[Kategori:Ibu kota di Asia]] [[Kategori:Pamukiman di Divisi Dhaka]] [[Kategori:Asia Kidul]] {{bangladesh-stub}} a7ifacmdsw12e9x4jymf17qq6e0s9v7 0 43063 710923 705922 2026-07-03T19:24:27Z HyBoxwood 37043 [[w:zh:Template_talk:中华人民共和国国徽#編輯請求_2026-04-17_将svg替换为File:中華人民共和國國徽.svg]] 710923 wikitext text/x-wiki {{geulis}}{{redirect|Tiongkok}} {{hatnote|''Pikeun pamaréntahan [[Kuomintang]] anu kiwari maréntah Taiwan, tingali [[Républik Tiongkok]]''}} {{Infobox country | native_name = 中华人民共和国<br />''Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó'' | conventional_long_name = Républik Rahayat Tiongkok | common_name = Républik Rahayat Tiongkok | image_flag = Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg | image_coat = 中華人民共和國國徽.svg | symbol_type = Lambang | image_map = People's Republic of China (orthographic projection).svg | map_caption = Wewengkon RRT warnana héjo kolot.<br />Wewengkon klaim tapi teu dikawasaan warnana héjo ngora. | map_width = 220px | national_anthem = <center> </center><br />"[[Barisan Para Sukarélawan]]"<br />《义勇军进行曲》 ([[Pinyin]]: ''Yìyǒngjūn Jìnxíngqǔ'') | official_languages = [[Basa Tionghoa Standar|Mandarin Standar Modérn]]<ref name="langlaw">{{cite web |url=http://www.gov.cn/english/laws/2005-09/19/content_64906.htm |title=Law of the People's Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language |publisher=Gov.cn |accessdate=30 April 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724204951/http://www.gov.cn/english/laws/2005-09/19/content_64906.htm |date=24 July 2013 }}</ref> | languages_type = Basa tulis resmi | languages = [[Basa Tionghoa Vérnakular|Tionghoa Vérnakular]] | languages_sub = ya | languages2_type = [[Aksara resmi]] | languages2 = [[Aksara Tionghoa basajan]]<ref name="langlaw" /> | languages2_sub = ya | regional_languages = <small>[[basa Mongolia|Mongolia]], [[basa Tibet Standar|Tibet]], [[basa Uyghur|Uyghur]], [[basa Zhuang Standar|Zhuang]], jeung [[Basa di Tiongkok|lianna]]</small> | ethnic_groups = 91,51% [[Urang Han|Han]]; 55 minoritas diaku<br />{{Collapsible list|title=<small>[[Daptar kelompok étnis]]</small>|1,30% [[Urang Zhuang|Zhuang]]|0,86% [[Urang Manchu|Manchu]]|0,79% [[Urang Uyghur|Uyghur]]|0,79% [[Urang Hui|Hui]]|0,72% [[Urang Miao|Miao]]|0,65% [[Urang Yi|Yi]]|0,62% [[Urang Tujia|Tujia]]|0,47% [[Urang Mongol di Tiongkok|Mongol]]|0,44% [[Urang Tibet|Tibet]]|0,26% [[Buyei]]|0,15% [[Urang Koréa di Tiongkok|Koréa]]|1,05% lianna}} | capital = [[Béijing]] (Peking) | latd=39 |latm=55 |latNS=N |longd=116 |longm=23 |longEW=E | largest_city = [[Shanghai]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chan, K. W. |title=Misconceptions and Complexities in the Study of China's Cities: Definitions, Statistics, and Implications |journal=Eurasian Geography and Economics |year=2007 |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=383–412 |url=http://courses.washington.edu/chinageo/ChanCityDefinitionsEGE2007.pdf |accessdate=30 April 2015 |doi=10.2747/1538-7216.48.4.383 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115173048/http://courses.washington.edu/chinageo/ChanCityDefinitionsEGE2007.pdf |date=15 January 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://china.usc.edu/(S(swqn0p55xbqmsu45cwso5lzy)A(IEcheuFczAEkAAAAODRlNTk2OTMtMDViMC00Yjk5LWFmZTgtODc1OTA1YWYxMDM4e9e8O7-g5_HYhuft0Huy7h2GlGg1))/ShowAverageDay.aspx?articleID=910 |title=What are China's largest and richest cities? |publisher=University of Southern California |year=2007 |accessdate=30 April 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109005931/http://china.usc.edu/(S(swqn0p55xbqmsu45cwso5lzy)A(IEcheuFczAEkAAAAODRlNTk2OTMtMDViMC00Yjk5LWFmZTgtODc1OTA1YWYxMDM4e9e8O7-g5_HYhuft0Huy7h2GlGg1))/ShowAverageDay.aspx?articleID=910 |date=9 November 2013 }}</ref> <!-- | demonym = Chinese --> | government_type = [[Marxisme–Leninisme]], [[nagara partéy tunggal]]<ref name="pplrepub">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=China |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/111803/China |accessdate=17 Maret 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401044739/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/111803/China |date=2009-04-01 }}</ref>{{Ref label |complex|a|}} | leader_title1 = [[Présidén Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Présidén]] | leader_name1 = [[Xi Jinping]] | leader_title2 = [[Perdana Menteri Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Perdana Menteri]] | leader_name2 = [[Li Qiang]] | leader_title3 = Pupuhu Kongrés | leader_name3 = [[Zhao Leji]] | leader_title4 = Pupuhu Konferénsi | leader_name4 = [[Wang Hunsing]] | legislature = [[Kongrés Rahayat Nasional]] | sovereignty_type = [[Sajarah Tiongkok|Pangbentukan]] | area_footnote ={{Ref label |territory|c|}} atawa 9.671.018&nbsp;km² {{Ref label |territory|c|}} | area_km2 = 9.640.821 | area_sq_mi = 3704427 | area_rank = ka-3/ka-4 | area_magnitude = 1 E12 | percent_water = 2,8{{Ref label |mainland|d|}} |population_estimate = 1.353.821.000 |population_estimate_rank = ka-1 |population_estimate_year = 2011 | population_census = 1.339.724.852<ref name="Estimate2011">{{cite web |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20110428_402722244.htm |title=Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census |publisher=Stats.gov.cn |accessdate=30 April 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610201205/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20110428_402722244.htm |date=10 June 2011 }}</ref> | population_census_year = 2010 | population_census_rank = ka-1 | pop_den_footnote = | population_density_km2 = 139,6 | population_density_sq_mi = 363,3 | population_density_rank = ka-81 | GDP_nominal = $13.374 triliun<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=42&pr.y=14&sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=924&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= |title=China |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=30 April 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409084623/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=42&pr.y=14&sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=924&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= |date=9 April 2015 }}</ref> | GDP_nominal_rank = ka-2 | GDP_nominal_year = 2013 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $9.828<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = ka-90 | GDP_PPP_year = 2013 | GDP_PPP = $8.939 triliun<ref name="imf2" /> | GDP_PPP_rank = ka-2 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $6.569<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ka-91 | Gini = 41,5<ref name="Ref_">[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html CIA World Factbook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513124910/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |date=2009-05-13 }} [Gini rankings]</ref> | Gini_year = 2007 | HDI_year = 2011 | HDI = {{increase}} 0,663<ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Table1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2011|year=2011|publisher=Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa|accessdate=17 April 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111152313/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Table1.pdf |date=11 November 2011 }}</ref> | HDI_rank = ka-89 | HDI_category = <span style="color:#fc0;">sedeng</span> | currency = [[Renminbi|Renminbi (yuan)]] (¥) | currency_code = CNY | time_zone = [[Waktu Standar Tiongkok]] | utc_offset = +8 | date_format = yyyy-mm-dd <br />''atawa'' yyyy{{lang|zh|年}}m{{lang|zh|月}}d{{lang|zh|日}} <br />CE; [[Kalénder Tiongkok|CE-1949]]) | drives_on = Katuhu, iwal Hong Kong jeung Makau | cctld = [[.cn]]{{Ref label |mainland|c|}} [[.中國]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://brussels38.icann.org/meetings/brussels2010/transcript-board-25jun10-en.txt |title=ICANN Board Meeting Minutes |publisher=ICANN |accessdate=30 April 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707121158/http://brussels38.icann.org/meetings/brussels2010/transcript-board-25jun10-en.txt |date=7 July 2010 }}</ref> [[.中国]] | calling_code = [[+86|86]]{{Ref label |mainland|c|}} }} {{Infobox Chinese | collapse = no | title = Tiongkok | pic = China (Chinese characters).svg | piccap = "Tiongkok" dina [[Aksara Tionghoa basajan|Hanzi Basajan]] (luhur) jeung [[Hanzi Tradisional]] (handap) | picupright = 0.45 | t = {{linktext|中國}} | s = {{linktext|中国}} | p = Zhōngguó | w = Chung¹-kuo² | mi = {{IPAc-cmn|zh|ong|1|.|g|wo|2}} | sic = Zong¹ gwe² | bpmf = ㄓㄨㄥ&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ㄍㄨㄛˊ | xej = ﺟْﻮﻗُﻮَع | tp = Jhongguó | mps = Jūngguó | gr = Jonggwo | myr = Jūnggwó | zh-dungan = Җунгуй | poj = Tiong-kok | tl = Tiong-kok | gan = Tung-koe̍t | hsn = Tan³³-kwɛ²⁴/ | wuu = Tson^平-koh^入 | j = Zung1gwok3 | y = Jùnggwok ''or'' Jūnggwok | ci = {{IPAc-yue|z|ung|7|.|gw|ok|3}} ''or'' {{IPAc-yue|z|ung|1|.|gw|ok|3}} | h = Dung²⁴-gued² | phfs = Chûng-koet | buc = Dṳ̆ng-guók | hhbuc = De̤ng-go̤h | mblmc = Dô̤ng-gŏ | por = China | showflag = p | order = st | l = {{nowrap|Nagara Tengah atawa Puseur<ref name=zg>{{citation |contribution=Reconstructing China beyond Homogeneity |p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bEiDBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 105] |series=''Political Theories in East Asian Context'' |title=Patriotism in East Asia |editor=Jun-Hyeok Kwak |editor2=Koichiro Matsuda |display-editors=0 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon |date=2015 |last=Bilik |first=Naran }}</ref>}} }} {{Infobox Chinese | title = Républik Rahayat Tiongkok | pic = PRC (Chinese characters.svg| | piccap = "Républik Rahayat Tiongkok" dina [[Aksara Tionghoa basajan|Hanzi Basajan]] (luhur) jeung [[Hanzi Tradisional]] (handap) | picupright = 1.15 | t = {{linktext|中華人民共和國}} | s = {{linktext|中华人民共和国}} | p = Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó | gr = Jonghwa Renmin Gonqhergwo | mps = Jūnghuá Rénmín Gùnghéguó | w = Chung¹-hua² Jên²-min²<br />Kung⁴-ho²-kuo² | tp = Jhonghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó | myr = Jūnghwá Rénmín Gùnghégwó | mi = {{IPAc-cmn|zh|ong|1|.|h|wa|2|-|r|en|2|.|m|in|2|-|g|ong|4|.|h|e|2|.|g|wo|2}} | sic = Zong¹ hua² Zen² min²<br />Gong⁴ hwe² gwe² | bpmf = ㄓㄨㄥ&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ㄏㄨㄚˊ<br />ㄖㄣˊ&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ㄇㄧㄣˊ<br />ㄍㄨㄥˋ&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ㄏㄜˊ&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ㄍㄨㄛˊ | xej = ﺟْﻮﺧُﻮَ ژٌمٍ ﻗْﻮحْقُوَع | zh-dungan = Җунхуа Жынмин Гунхәгуй | poj = Tiong-hôa Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok | tl = Tiong-huâ Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok | gan = Chungfa Ninmin Khungfokoet | wuu = Tson^平 gho^平 zin^平 min^平<br />gon^去 ghu^平 koh^入 | j = Zung1waa4 Jan4man4 Gung6wo4gwok3 | ci = {{IPAc-yue|z|ung|7|.|w|aa|4|-|j|an|4|.|m|an|4|-|g|ung|6|.|w|o|4|.|gw|ok|3}}<br />''or''<br />{{IPAc-yue|z|ung|1|.|w|aa|4|-|j|an|4|.|m|an|4|-|g|ung|6|.|w|o|4|.|gw|ok|3}} | y = Jùng'wàh Yàhnmàhn Guhng'wòhgwok<br />''or''<br />Jūng'wàh Yàhnmàhn Guhng'wòhgwok | hsn = /tan³³ go¹³ ŋin¹³ min¹³<br />gan⁴⁵ gu¹³ kwɛ²⁴/ | h = Dung²⁴ fa¹¹ ngin¹¹ min¹¹ kiung⁵⁵ fo¹¹ gued² | phfs = Chûng-fà Ngìn-mìn<br />Khiung-fò-koet | buc = Dṳ̆ng-huà Ìng-mìng<br />Gê̤ṳng-huò-guók | hhbuc = De̤ng-huá Cíng-míng<br />Gē̤ng-hó̤-go̤h | mblmc = Dô̤ng-uǎ Nêng-měng<br />Gō̤ng-uǎ-gŏ | mon = [[File:Mongolian-PRC2.svg|70px|alt=Bügüde nayiramdaqu dumdadu arad ulus, ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ]] | monr = Bügüde nayiramdaqu dumdadu arad ulus | tib = {{bo-textonly|ཀྲུང་ཧྭ་མི་དམངས་སྤྱི<br />མཐུན་རྒྱལ་ཁབ}} | wylie = krung hwa mi dmangs spyi mthun rgyal khab | zwpy = Zhunghua Mimang Jitun Gyalkab | uig = جۇڭخۇا خەلق جۇمھۇرىيىتى | uly = Jungxua Xelq Jumhuriyiti | uyy = Junghua Həlⱪ Jumⱨuriyiti | sgs = Junghua Hälk̂ Jumĥuriyiti | usy = Җуңхуа Хәлқ Җумһурийити | zha = Cunghvaz Yinzminz Gunghozgoz | por = República Popular da China | showflag = p | order = st }} '''Républik Rahayat Tiongkok''' ({{zh|t=中華人民共和國|s=中华人民共和国|p=Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó}} {{Audio-IPA|Zh-Zhonghua renmin gongheguo.ogg|tʂʊŋ˥xua˧˥ʐɛn˧˥mɪn˧˥kʊŋ˥˩xə˧˥kuɔ˧˥}}, singgetna '''Tiongkok'''; ti [[28 Juni]] [[1967]] nepi ka [[14 Maret]] [[2014]]<ref>[http://news.liputan6.com/read/2025991/sby-ganti-istilah-china-jadi-tionghoa-ahok-itu-langkah-tepat SBY ganti istilah China jadi Tionghoa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924062502/http://news.liputan6.com/read/2025991/sby-ganti-istilah-china-jadi-tionghoa-ahok-itu-langkah-tepat |date=2014-09-24 }} Diaksés 30 April 2015</ref> mah sok disebut '''Républik Rahayat Tjina'''/'''RRT''' atawa '''Républik Rahayat Cina'''/'''RRC''', harpiah: Républik Rahayat [[Tionghoa]]) nyaéta hiji nagara anu nganjrek di wewengkon [[Asia Kalér]] nu ibukotana téh di [[Béijing]]. Nagara ieu mibanda sajumlahing pangeusi anu kawilang [[Daptar nagara dumasar jumlah pangeusi|panglobana di sakuliah dunya]] (kurang leuwih 1,35 milyar jiwa) jeung lega wewengkon 9,69 yuta kilométer pasagi, ngabalukarkeun [[Daptar nagara dumasar lega wewengkon|nagara ka-4 panglegana]] di sakuliah dunya.<ref name="listofcountriesoftheworld.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.listofcountriesoftheworld.com/area-land.html |title=Countries of the world ordered by land area |publisher=Listofcountriesoftheworld.com |accessdate=30 April 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305040447/http://www.listofcountriesoftheworld.com/area-land.html |date=5 March 2010 }}</ref> Nagara ieu diadegkeun dina taun [[1949]] sabérésna [[Perang Sadulur Tiongkok]], ti harita dipingpin ku hiji [[partéy pulitik|partéy]] tunggal, nyaéta [[Partéy Komunis Tiongkok]] (PKT).<ref name="kemenlu">{{cite web|url=http://www.kemlu.go.id/beijing/Documents/Informasi%20Dasar%20RRT.pdf|title=Informasi Dasar RRT|publisher=Kementerian Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia|accessdate=30 April 2015}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Étimologi== [[File:Zhongguo.gif|thumb|left|<center>''Tulisan Tiongkok'', anu ditulis dina aksara Tionghoa tradisional jeung aksara Tionghoa basajan</center>]] Dina larapanana RRT téh leuwih dipikawanoh minangka ''Cina'' nu asalna tina kecap [[basa Pérsia]] ''Chin'' ({{lang|fa|چین}}), anu mangrupa serepan tina [[basa Sansakerta]], nyaéta kecap ''[[Cina|Cīna]]'' ({{lang|sa|चीन}}).<ref name="dict">{{cite web |url = http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/China?qsrc=2888 |title = The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language : China |publisher = Boston and New York: Houghton-Mifflin |accessdate = 5/6/2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921131850/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/China?qsrc=2888 |date=2011-09-21 }}</ref> Katerangan ieu mimiti dicatet dina taun [[1516]] dina jurnal urang Portugis [[Duarte Barbosa]].<ref>"China". ''Oxford English Dictionary'' (1989). ISBN 0-19-957315-8.<br /> ''[http://books.google.com.vn/books?id=edzW9fuOF-cC&pg=PA211&dq=#v=onepage&q=%22Very%20Great%20Kingdom%20of%20China%22&f=false The Book of Duarte Barbosa]'' (bagian judul "The Very Great Kingdom of China"). ISBN 81-206-0451-2. In the [http://purl.pt/435/ Asli basa Portugisna] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508211742/http://purl.pt/435|date=2013-05-08}}, bagian judul "O Grande Reino da China".</ref> Jurnal éta ditarjamahkeun jeung dipedalkeun di [[Inggris]] dina taun [[1555]].<ref>Eden, Richard (1555). ''Decades of the New World'': "The great China whose kyng is thought the greatest prince in the world."<br />{{cite book | title=Western Views of China and the Far East, Volume 1 | publisher=Asian Research Service | year=1984 | page=34 |first=Henry Allen |last=Myers}}</ref> Téori séjén anu diusulkeun dina [[abad ka-17]] ku [[Martino Martini]], yén Cina asalna tina "Qin" ({{lang|zh-hans|秦}}), wewengkon pangkulonna ti karajaan Cina mangsa [[Dinasti Zhou]].<ref name="Martini">Martino, Martin, ''Novus Atlas Sinensis'', Vienna 1655, Preface, p. 2.</ref> Kecap ieu ogé dipaké dina kitab suci Hindu mungguran, kaasup ''[[Mahābhārata]]'' ([[abad ka-5 SM]]) jeung [[Manusmṛti|Hukum Manu]] ([[abad ka-2 SM]] ).<ref>{{cite book|title=The Clash of Empires: the invention of China in modern world making|last=Liu|first=Lydia He|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2009|pages=77–78|isbn=9780674040298 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp188_yelang_china.pdf |title = The Polity of Yelang and the Origin of the Name 'China' |publisher = Geoff Wade |accessdate = 5/6/2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117222125/http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp188_yelang_china.pdf |date=2017-11-17 }}</ref> Ngaran resmi nagara modérnna mah Républik Rahayat Tiongkok ({{zh| s=中华人民共和国| hp=Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó}}). Ngaran vernakularna mah nyaéta ''{{lang|zh-latn-pinyin|Zhōngguó}}'' ({{zh|s=中国}}, tina ''{{lang|zh-latn-pinyin|zhōng}}'', "puseur" atawa "tengah", jeung ''{{lang|zh-latn-pinyin|guó}}'', "nagara", atawa istilah modérnna mah "bangsa") ku kituna jadi wéh ''{{lang|zh-latn-pinyin|Zhōnghuá}}'' ({{zh|s=中华}}), sanajan dina runtuyan sajarahna ngaran resmi nagara ieu téh geus digunta-ganti waé ku dinasti-dinasti jeung pamaréntahan modérn. Istilah ''{{lang|zh-latn-pinyin|Zhōngguó}}'' nyangkaruk dina mangrupa-rupa téks kuna, kayaning sajarah klasik ti [[abad ka-6 SM]], sarta dina mangsa pra-kakaisaran mah sok dipaké minangka konsép pikeun ngabédakeun jeung budaya séké sélér [[Huaxia]] anu dianggap "barbar". Istilah ieu bisa mangrupa tunggal atawa jamak, nujul ka kelompok nagara atawa propinsi di dataran tengah, tapi ti [[abad ka-19]] mah teu dipaké deui minangka ngaran pikeun nagara ka sakumna wewengkon RRT.<ref>Wilkinson, Endymion (2000). ''Chinese History: A Manual''. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Rev. and enl. kaca 132. ISBN 0-674-00247-4.</ref> ==Bandéra jeung Lambang== {{utama|Bandéra jeung Lambang Républik Rahayat Tiongkok}} ===Bandéra=== Warna [[beureum]] dina bandéra Tiongkok ngalambangkeun révolusi [[Komunis]] jeung sakaligus ngaréfléksikeun warna tradisional masarakat Tiongkok. [[Béntang]] [[emas]] gedé ngagambarkeun [[Partéy Komunis Tiongkok]], sedengkeun opat [[béntang]] leutik ngagambarkeun kelas sosial masarakat. Lima béntang sakumna ngagambarkeun pentingna angka lima pikeun pamikiran jeung sajarah Tiongkok. Warna [[konéng]] dina lima béntangna ngagambarkeun yén Tiongkok mangrupa kelompok étnis [[konéng]].<ref name="kemenlu"/> ===Lambang=== Lambang nasional RRT ngagambarkeun kadaulatan Tiongkok anu eusina bandéra nasional RRT, [[Tiananmen]], jeung beunyeur [[paré]]. [[Tiananmen]] ayana di handapeun [[cahya]] lima [[béntang]] sarta dikurilingan ku beunyeur [[paré]] jeung giri-giri di handapna.<ref name="kemenlu"/> Lima béntang hartina kasatuan masarakat Tiongkok dina kapamingpinan [[Partéy Komunis Tiongkok]]. [[Tiananmen]] mangrupa tempat dilaksanakeunna upacara pangwangunan RRT. Beunyeur paré jeung giri-giri ngagambarkeun kaum patani jeung kelas pagawé. Sakumna mah, lambang nasional RRT ngacirikeun yén Tiongkok mangrupa nagara [[sosialis]] anu dipingpin ku kelas pagawé jeung dumasar kana aliansi pagawé–patani.<ref name="kemenlu"/> ==Sajarah== ===Prasajarah=== [[Gambar:Territories of Dynasties in China.gif|thumb|<center>Téritorial Évolusi Tiongkok.</center>]] Ti jaman [[Néolitik]] mula, masarakat Tiongkok geus kaorganisir sarta netep dina ngalakonan kagiatan tani jeung [[peternakan]]. Kagiatan melak paré geus dimimitian ti taun [[5000 SM]]. Sedengkeun barang tina perunggu geus kapanggih di [[Majiayao]] (antara taun [[2300 SM]] – [[2700 SM]]), hal ieu nétélakeun yén jaman perunggu di Tiongkok geus dimimitian kurang leuwih ti taun [[2100 SM]] samangsa [[Dinasti Xia]]. Tapi sakumna pangwangunan perunggu téh bisa kaparenganana mah dina mangsa [[Dinasti Shang]] ([[1122 SM]] – [[1766 SM]]).<ref>Aedeen Cremin. 2007. ''Archaeologica: the world's most significant sites and cultural treasures'', Global Book Publishing. kaca 246.</ref><ref>Patricia Buckley Ebrey. 1996. ''The Cambridge illustrated history of China'', Cambridge University Press. kaca 22.</ref>. ===Dinasti Munggaran=== [[Dinasti Xia]] mangrupa dinasti munggaran,<ref name=CRO>{{cite web |author= Diario del Pueblo |publisher= People.com.cn |url= http://spanish.people.com.cn/refran/breve.htm |title= Breve cronología histórica de China |accessdate= 5/7/2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308125407/http://spanish.people.com.cn/refran/breve.htm |date=2021-03-08 }}</ref> tapi can pernah kabukti sacara konkrit da nu ayana ngan saukur catetan sastrana wungkul.<ref name=XIA>{{cite web |publisher= Arte Historia.jcyl.es |url= http://www.artehistoria.jcyl.es/civilizaciones/contextos/2827.htm |title= Las dinastías Xia y Shang (China) |accessdate= 5/7/2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724070625/http://www.artehistoria.jcyl.es/civilizaciones/contextos/2827.htm |date=2012-07-24 }}</ref> Dumasar rujukan dina téks-téks kuna ieu, diperkirakeun yén [[Dinasti Xia]] geus maréntah kurang leuwih taun [[2205 SM]], anu nujul kana tilu kaisar: [[Fu Xi]], [[Shen Nong]] jeung [[Huang Di]].<ref name=XIA/> Dina mangsa saméméh dinasti ieu ngadeg, kakawasaan pangluhurna mah nyaéta mangsa transisi gagantian kakawasaan antara Dinasti [[Dinasti Xia|Xia]] jeung [[Dinasti Yi|Yi]]. Dinasti munggaran Tiongkok anu ninggalkeun tapak sajarah mah nyaéta [[Dinasti Shang]], anu mertahankeun sistem féodal saru di tungtung walungan Huáng Hé' antara [[abad ka-17 SM]] nepi ka [[abad ka-11 SM]]. Sanajan kitu, mimitina mah [[Dinasti Shang]] téh maréntah di Propinsi Shandong kidul<ref name=CRO/> anu masih mangrupa daérah rawa kénéh dina mangsa harita mah, nepikakeun kakuatanna jadi leuwih gedé batan séké sélér nu aya di wewengkon wétan, anu sok disebut séké sélér yi.<ref name=CRO/> Raja Tang, dianggap minangka raja anu luhung ku élmu jembar ku panalar sarta wijaksana dina mingpin [[Dinasti Shang]], ibukota karajaanna dipuseurkeun di wewengkon [[Erligang]].<ref name=CRO/> Tulisan Tiongkok pangkolotna anu kapanggih nyaéta ukiran tulang ahli nujum ti [[Dinasti Shang]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&pg=PA904#v=onepage&q&f=false | page=904 | number=Pam |name=Hollister |title=Zhengzhou | encyclopedia=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania |editor=Schellinger, Paul E.; Salkin, Robert M.|editorial= Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers |year=1996|language= english}}</ref> sarta ngandung tulisan tina karakter Tionghoa modérn. [[Dinasti Shang]] kaéléhkeun ku urang [[Dinasti Zhou|Zhou]] anu ngadegkeun [[Dinasti Zhou]] anu maréntah antara [[abad ka-12 SM]] nepi ka [[abad ka-5 SM]], nalika kakawasaan [[Dinasti Zhou|Zhou]] laun-laun museur sarta sumebar jadi mangrupa kakawasaan [[féodal]] nepi ka antukna karajaan téh teu boga pangawasa, ti dinya bijil sawatara nagara indepénden anu silih merangan antar maranéhanana salila usum semi jeung usum gugur mangsa harita. Antara [[abad ka-5 SM]] jeung [[abad ka-3 SM]] éta mangrupa période nagara perang, nu mana wilayah Tiongkok kiwari kabagi jadi tujuh nagara ngadaulat, masing-masing dipingpin ku rajana sorangan, menteri jeung tentarana ogé dibentuk. ===Kakaisaran Tiongkok=== [[File:Terracotta Army 5.jpg|thumb|<center>Patung taneuh liat anu nanjeur di makam prajurit Qin Shi Huang (abad ka-3 SM).</center>]] [[Qin Shi Huang]] saurang gubernur nagara [[Qin]], anu ngadegkeun kasatuan nagara Tiongkok munggaran dina taun [[221]], mungkasan période perang antar nagara. [[Qin Shi Huang]] "Kaisar Munggaran" diproklamasikeun sarta loba ngayakeun réformasi, hususna mah kawajiban standarisasi basa Cina resmi, sistem ukur, sarta mata uang. [[Dinasti Qin]] ngan lumangsung 15 taun ti sanggeus maotna kaisar [[Qin Shi Huang]], antukna bijil kawijakan legalisasi otoritér nu ngabalukarkeun béréndélan pangberontakan.<ref name="memuseum">{{cite web|title=Northern Song Dynasty (960–1127)|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/nsong/hd_nsong.htm|publisher=MetMuseum.org|accessdate=5/7/2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010152800/https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/nsong/hd_nsong.htm |date=2017-10-10 }}</ref> Tuluy bijil [[Dinasti Han]], anu mikawasa Tiongkok ti [[206]] M nepi ka [[220]] M, nyiptakeun idéntitas budaya pangeusina anu mayeng nepi ka kiwari. Dinasti ieu terus ngalegaan wilayah kakaisaran Tiongkokna liwat kampanyeu militér ngurilingan [[Koréa]], [[Viétnam]], [[Mongolia]] jeung [[Asia Tengah]], ogé anu ngarojong dibabakanna [[Jalur Sutra]].<ref name="memuseum"/> [[Dinasti Han]] sacara tumuluy jadi nagara nu paékonomianna pangbadagna tur pangkolotna di dunya. [[Dinasti Han]] ngadopsi paham [[Konfusianisme]] minangka idéologi nagarana, idéologi anu dikembangkeun dina période usum semi jeung usum gugur. Sanajan sacara resmi ninggalkeun légalisme "idéologi nagara Qin", lembaga jeung kawijakan légalistikna mah tetep dijadikeun minangka dasar pamaréntahan [[Dinasti Han]].<ref name="memuseum"/> Sanggeus runtuhna [[Dinasti Han]], dituturkeun ku période séjén hasil tina susa-sésa [[Dinasti Han]] anu dipikawanoh minangka période Tilu Karajaan. Nagara-nagara anu bijil dina période ini, salasahijina karajaan Wu, ngajalin hubungan diplomatik jeung [[Jepang]] sarta ngawanohkeun sistem panulisan anu aya. Taun [[558]] Tiongkok balik deui aya dina kakawasaan [[Dinasti Sui]], anu singget pisan da ku éléhna téa dina [[Perang Goguryeo-Sui]] ([[598]]-[[614]]).<ref name="memuseum"/> [[File:The Great Wall of China at Jinshanling.jpg|thumb|300px|left|<center>Témbok badag Tiongkok, anu diwangun ku dinasti-dinasti sacara tuluy-tumuluy leuwih ti 2.000 taun pikeun ngaraksa tina serangan para pangjajah Xiongnu Mongolia jeung Manchuria.</center>]] Dina pangawasaan [[Dinasti Tang]] jeung [[Dinasti Song]], téknologi jeung budaya Tiongkok nepi kana jaman kaemasanna. [[Dinasti Tang]] tetep ngawasa nepi ka pertengahan [[abad ka-8]], nalika pangberontakan An Shi ngancurkeun kasejahteraan kakaisaran. [[Dinasti Song]] nyaéta pamaréntahan munggaran di dunya anu nyetak tagihan sarta ngaberlakukeun kawijakan pikeun ngawangun tentara anu permanén.<ref name="memuseum"/> Antara [[abad ka-10]] nepi ka [[abad ka-11]], pangeusi Tiongkok jadi dua kali lipet nyaéta kurang leuwih 100 yuta jiwa, sawaréhna mah éta téh balukar tina tarékah lelegaan pamelakan paré di daérah tengah jeung kulon, sarta ngareuahna hasil panén. Salila pamaréntahan [[Dinasti Song]] loba hasil anu karasa di antarana dina widang filsafat jeung seni, saham ogé paniagaan sarta karya seni. Hiji kabinangkitan Konfusianisme ogé bijil dina nyanghareupan tumuwuhna paham Buddhisme salila pamaréntahan [[Dinasti Tang]].<ref name="memuseum"/> [[File:La cité interdite 0244.JPG|thumb|<center>Istana kakaisaran Tiongkok ti pertengahan Dinasti Ming (abad ka-15)</center>]] Dina [[abad ka-13]], Tiongkok saeutik-saeutik ditaklukeun ku [[kakaisaran Mongol]]. Taun [[1271]], pamingpin Mongol [[Kubilai Khan]] ngadegkeun [[Dinasti Yuan]]. [[Dinasti Yuan|Yuan]] naklukeun susa-sésa panungtung ti [[Dinasti Song]] taun [[1279]]. Saméméh invasi Mongol, pangeusi Tiongkok [[Dinasti Song]] téh nyaéta 120 yuta jiwa, jadi ngurangan 60 yuta nalika sénsus taun [[1300]].<ref>Ping-ti Ho. "An Estimate of the Total Population of Sung-Chin China". dina ''Études Song''. Séri 1. Nomor 1. 1970. kaca 33–53.</ref> Saurang tukang tani nu ngaranna [[Zhu Yuanzhang]] ngagulingkeun [[Dinasti Yuan]] dina taun [[1368]] sarta sarta ngadegkeun [[Dinasti Ming]]. Dina pangawasaan [[Dinasti Ming]], Tiongkok marengan jaman kaemasan lianna, ngembangkeun salasahiji armada laut pangkuatna sadunya tur ékonomi pangbeungharna sarta makmur di tengah ngembangna seni jeung budaya Tiongkok. [[Dinasti Ming]] salila période ieu ngistrénan [[Cheng Ho]] mingpin éksplorasi ka sakuliah dunya, nepi ka [[Buana Afrika|Afrika]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jul/25/kenya-china | work=The Guardian | first=Xan | last=Rice | title=Chinese archaeologists' African quest for sunken ship of Ming admiral | date=25 July 2010 | location=London | accessdate=5/7/2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226213152/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jul/25/kenya-china |date=26 February 2013 }}</ref> Dina mangsa awal [[Dinasti Ming]], ibukota Tiongkok dipindahkeun ti [[Nanjing]] ka [[Béijing]]. Salila [[Dinasti Ming]], filsuf saperti [[Wang Yangming]] loba ngritik sarta nyumebarkeun paham [[Neo-Konfusianismena]] ku konsép [[individualisme]] jeung moralitas bawaan.<ref name="Wang">{{cite web|title=Wang Yangming (1472—1529)|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/wangyang/|work=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|accessdate=5/7/2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502074204/http://www.iep.utm.edu/wangyang/ |date=2015-05-02 }}</ref> Dina taun [[1644]], Béijing dikepung ku koalisi pasukan pangberontak anu dipingpin ku [[Li Zicheng]], seurang pajabat Ming anu mingpin pangberontakan patani. Antukna Kaisar Ming Chongzhen maéhan manéh nalika kota éta dipikawasa.<ref name="Wang"/> === Républik Tiongkok (1912–1949) === [[File:Sunyatsen1.jpg|thumb|120px|<center>Sun Yat-sen</center>]] {{utama|Républik Tiongkok (1912-1949)|Républik Tiongkok|Sajarah Républik Tiongkok}} Dina taun [[1900]], Tiongkok mangrupa tempat kajadianna [[Pangberontakan Boxer]] anu harita gagal.<ref name="Boxer">{{cite web|title=Boxer Rebellion|url=http://www.history.com/topics/boxer-rebellion|accessdate=5/7/2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427222115/http://www.history.com/topics/boxer-rebellion |date=2015-04-27 }}</ref> Sékté kakaisaran anu gagal dina ngayakeun réformasi, antukna digulingkeun dina taun [[1911]] sarta didéklarasikeun wéh [[Républik Tiongkok]] bari nyokot wewengkon Tuva anu dipikawasa ku [[Uni Soviét]] jeung wewengkon [[Mongolia]]. Sedengkeun [[Tibét]] nyatakeun diri merdéka.<ref name="Boxer"/> Pangadeg [[Républik Tiongkok]], [[Sun Yat-sén]] anu jadi présidén munggaranna. Tapi karusuhan lumangsung di nagara ieu, ku sabab jénderal jeung panglima perangna hayang narik perhatian. Dina taun [[1928]], para panglima perang diéléhkeun dina kapamingpinan [[Chiang Kai-shek]]. di dinya lumangsung ogé perang sadulur anu lila antara [[Nasionalis]] jeung [[Komunis]], kapotong ku perang antara Tiongkok-Jepang. [[Jepang]] loba nyieun nagara-nagara bonéka di wewengkon Tiongkok anu ditaklukeunna. Taun [[1941]], Tiongkok meunangkeun perang Tiongkok-Jepang ku bantuan ti [[Amérika Sarikat]], kaasup dina wangun pasokan senjata.<ref name="Boxer"/> ===Républik Rahayat Tiongkok=== [[File:1945 Mao and Chiang.jpg|thumb|<center>Mao Zedong jeung Chiang Kai-shek taun 1946.</center>]] Sabérésna [[perang Tiongkok–Jepang]] dina taun [[1945]] balukar tina éléhna [[Jepang]] di [[Perang Dunya II]], pasalingsingan antara [[PKT]] jeung [[Kuomintang]] angot deui.<ref name="UNY">{{cite web |author= Ririn Darini, M.Hum |publisher= Fakultas Ilmu Sosial - Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta |url= http://staff.uny.ac.id/sites/default/files/Garis%20Besar%20Sej%20Cina%20Era%20Mao.pdf |title= Garis Besar Sejarah China Era Mao |accessdate= 5/8/2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412200540/http://staff.uny.ac.id/sites/default/files/Garis%20Besar%20Sej%20Cina%20Era%20Mao.pdf |date=2015-04-12 }}</ref> Sanggeus éléhna [[Jepang]], pamaréntah [[Républik Tiongkok]] rusuh nitah ka sakumna aparatur pikeun nyokot kadudukan tentara [[Jepang]] di kurang leuwih wewengkon Tiongkok.<ref name="UNY"/> Sedengkeun [[Zhu Te]], Panglima Angkatan Bersenjata [[PKC]] ngaluarkeun paréntah supaya sabagian Tentara Beureum asup ka [[Manchuria]] jeung nungtut ka pamaréntah Tiongkok supaya ngalocotan senjata sakabéh tantara [[Jepang]].<ref name="UNY"/> Harita Tentara Beureum ngawasaan daérah pilemberun anu lega pisan sangkan Pamaréntah Tiongkok hariwangeun. Ku kituna Pamaréntah Tiongkok ménta pitulung [[Amérika Sarikat]] mikeun nulungan ngabéréskeun masalahna di Tiongkok.<ref name="UNY"/> [[Présidén Truman]] ngutus [[Jénderal George Marshall]] pikeun lalampahan minangka panumbu dina sengketa antara Pamaréntah Nasionalis jeung [[Partéy Komunis Tiongkok]].<ref name="UNY"/> Salasahiji anu direncanakeunna nyaéta palaksanaan paleburan tentara dua pihak jadi hiji tentara nasional.<ref name="UNY"/> Tapi sanggeuss Marshall indit mah perang antara Pamaréntah Nasionalis jeung [[PKT]] bijil deui malah mah mingkin lega cakupanna.<ref name="UNY"/> Najan mimitina mah éléh waé, tapi Tentara Beureum mingkin ngalegaan pangaruhna komona di daérah pilemburan, tarékah éta liwat pulitik ''land reform'' ti [[PKT]].<ref name="UNY"/> Taneuh-taneuh kabogaan tuan taneuh dicokot tur dibikeun ka para patani pikeun digarap.<ref name="UNY"/> Tentara Beureum anu ngawasaan wewengkon Tiongkok kalér gagancangan ka belah kiduleun Walungan [[Yang Tze]]. Tuluy ngarebut [[Nanking]], ibu kota pamaréntahan [[Nasionalis Tiongkok]].<ref name="UNY"/> Balukarna, pamaréntah Nasionalis Tiongkok kapaksa kudu mindahkeun ibu kotana ka [[Kanton]]. Tuluy wewengkon [[Hangou]], [[Shanghai]] jeung [[Qingdao]] sacara tuluy-tumuluy beunang ku kaum [[komunis]].<ref name="UNY"/> Sanggeus sapasi ti wewengkon Tiongkok bisa kakawasaan, ti dinya [[Mao Zedong]] mimiti nyiapkeun pangwangunan hiji Nagara Tiongkok anu sakumaha dicita-citakeun ku Partéy Komunis.<ref name="UNY"/> Léngkah munggaranna mah ku ngabentuk membentuk Panitia Sisiapan Majelis Pamusyawaratan Pulitik.<ref name="UNY"/> Panitia ieu ngahasil dina milih 21 urang pikeun ngajabat minangka Déwan Poéan ku [[Mao Zedong]] minangka pupuhuna sarta [[Chou Enlai]] minangka wakil pupuhu.<ref name="UNY"/> Ku stratégi ''lembur ngepung kota'', [[PKT]] bisa nyingkirkeun [[Kuomintang]] sarta dina tanggal [[1 Oktober]] [[1949]] meroklamasikeun ngadegna Républik Rahayat Tiongkok (RRT) anu ibukotana di [[Béijing]].<ref name="UNY"/> Pamingping pangluhurna tentara RRC nyaéta [[Zhu De]], sedengkeun [[Chou Enlai]] jadi Perdana Menteri rangkepan jeung Menteri Luar Negeri.<ref name="UNY"/> Tanggal [[14 Oktober]] [[1949]] [[Kanton]] bisa dipikawasa ku [[Tentara Beureum]], sangkan pamaréntah nasionalis kapaksa pindah ka [[Chongqing]].<ref name="UNY"/> Dina tanggal [[28 Nopémber]] [[1949]] [[Chongqing]] ogé beunang [[Tentara Beureum]].<ref name="UNY"/> Tuluy Propinsi [[Yunnan]] jeung [[Hainan]] beunang, nu antukna [[Républik Tiongkok|pamaréntah nasionalis]] teu boga wewengkon deui di Tiongkok daratan. Pamaréntahan [[Chiang Kai Shek]] kabur ka [[Taipéi]] anu nganjrek di [[Pulo Formosa]] ([[Taiwan]]).<ref name="UNY"/> Dina tanggal [[1 Maret]] [[1950]], [[Chiang Kai Shek]] ngajabat deui minangka présidén [[Républik Tiongkok]].<ref name="UNY"/> Sanggeus diproklamirkeunna Républik Rahayat Tiongkok, [[Uni Soviét]] ngakukeun kana kadaulatanna RRT sarta megatkeun hubungan diplomatikna jeung pamaréntahan [[Républik Tiongkok|Nasionalis Tiongkok]].<ref name="UNY"/> India ogé ngakukeun kana kadaulatan RRT dina tanggal [[30 Désémber]] [[1949]].<ref name="UNY"/> Dina tanggal [[6 Januari]] [[1950]] Inggris ngakukeun kadaulatan RRT sahingga Inggris mangrupa nagara démokratis kulon munggaran anu ngayakeun hubungan jeung pamaréntahan RRT.<ref name="UNY"/> ==Pulitik== ===Pamaréntahan=== Ti mimiti diwanohkeunna réformasi [[ékonomi]] taun [[1978]], RRT geus jadi nagara anu ronjatan [[ékonomi]]na paling gancang di dunya. Dina taun [[2012]], RRT téh nagara nu [[ékonomi]]na pangbadagna kadua di dunya, sanggeus [[Amérika Sarikat]], boh total nominal [[PDB]]na boh ''purchasing power parity''/[[Paritas Daya Beuli|paritas daya beulina]] (PPP), ogé jadi [[éksport]]ir jeung [[import]]ir barang panggedéna kadua di dunya. RRT mibanda [[senjata]] [[nuklir]] jeung [[tentara]] panggedéna di dunya, ku anggaran tatahanan panggedéna kadua di dunya.<ref name="kemenlu"/> Dibandingkeun jeung kawijakan ''closed-door'' RRT dina taun [[1970]]-an, [[liberal]]isasi mah geus nyieun iklim administrasi di RRT jadi teu pati réstriktif. [[Partéy Komunis Tiongkok]] (PKT) nyekel peran paling penting dina struktur [[pulitik]] RRT.<ref name="kemenlu"/> Prosés demokratisasi jeung réformasi pulitik anu dijalankeun jeung ''China characteristic'' bareng jeung kamajuan ékonomi sarta tingkat kasejahteraan masarakat RRT geus ngabijilkeun konsép anyar di widang pangwangunan ékonomi anu dipiwanoh ku sebutan ''Beijing Consensus''.<ref name="kemenlu"/> Konsép ieu nujul kana ngahasilna Pamaréntah RRT dina ngawangun jeung ngadorong paékonomian RRT sangkan bisa nahan tina hanteman [[krisis monétér]] global taun [[2008]]–[[2009]] anu ditulungan ku kuatna stabilitas [[pulitik]] jeung kaamanan nasional sangkan loba anu niléy yén RRT bisa jadi "modél anyar" dina ngawangun hiji [[nagara]].<ref name="kemenlu"/> ===''National People’s Congress'' (NPC)=== [[File:GreatHall auditorium.jpg|thumb|350px|<center>Gedong tempat diayakeunna ''National People’s Congress'' (NPC).</center>]] RRT nganut sistem [[unikameral]], anu kakawasaan pangluhurna aya di ''[[National People’s Congress]]'' (NPC/Parlemén). Sanajan aya 9 [[partéy pulitik|partéy]] di jero [[NPC]], tapi sora mayoritas aya di [[PKT]].<ref name="kemenlu"/> Sedengkeun 8 partéy lianna, nyaéta [[Partéy Komite Révolusi Tiongkok Kuomintang]], [[Liga Démokratik Tiongkok]], [[Pangwangunan Nasional Démokratik]], [[Partéy Kamajuan Démokrasi]], [[Partéy Démokratik Tani jeung Buruh]], [[Partéy Zhi Gong]], [[Partéy Daérah Istiméwa Taiwan Démokrasi]], sarta [[Partéy Asosiasi 9-3]]/3 [[Séptémber]], ngan nepikeun aspirasi masarakat anu diwakilanna. Anggota NPC dipilih liwat pangumpulan sora sacara rusiah ku propinsi, daérah otonomi, jeung kotamadya anu langsung ditangtayungan pamaréntah puseur sarta [[militer]].<ref name="kemenlu"/> Lian ti kitu, kelompok séké sélér minoritas ogé miboga wawakil di [[NPC]], boh anu kagabung dina Partéy boh utusan daérah.<ref name="kemenlu"/> [[NPC]] mibanda anggota 2.987 urang nu mangsa jabatanna 5 taun. [[NPC]] ngayakeun sidang paripurna unggal taun sakali jeung mun Komite Tetep nganggap perlu atawa mun leuwih ti 1/5 anggota [[NPC]] ngusulkeunna, [[NPC]] bisa ngayakeun sidang unggal waktu. NPC ngayakeun sidang munggaran dina taun [[1954]].<ref name="kemenlu"/> [[NPC]] miboga fungsi jeung kakawasaan, di antara ngamandeménkeun [[UUD]] jeung mikaawas palaksanaanna; ngasahkeun status dasar nagara; milih [[présidén]] jeung wakil [[présidén]]; netepkeun perdana menteri luyu jeung usul présidén; netepkeun wakil-wakil perdana menteri, panaséhat nagara, menteri-menteri, auditor nagara, jeung sékjén déwan nagara dumasar usul perdana menteri; milih puhu Komite Militer Pusat jeung netepkeun anggota-anggotana; milih jaksa agung; milih puhu mahkamah agung; mariksa sarta nyatujuan rencana nasional pangwangunan [[ékonomi]] jeung [[sosial]] sarta laporan palaksanaanna; mariksa jeung nyatujuan anggaran nagara sarta laporan palaksanaanna; jeung mutuskeun masalah-masalah kanagaraan séjénna.<ref name="kemenlu"/> Di sagigireun éta, RRT ogé mibanda lembaga panaséhat, nyaéta ''[[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference]]'' (CPPCC) anu anggotana téh unsur [[PKT]], Partéy-Partéy non-komunis (8 Partéy), golongan étnis minoritas, agama, cindikiawan, organisasi sosial, jeung organisasi masarakat, kayaning [[palang mérah]], pamuda, jeung urang-urang Tiongkok parantauan. Anggota CPPCC kurang leuwih 2.237 urang.<ref name="kemenlu"/> [[Lembaga Peradilan]] di antarana Mahkamah Rahayat Agung (MA), peradilan daérah luyu jeung tingkat daérahna, peradilan militér, jeung peradilan rahayat husus. Mangsa jabatan Puhu MA nyaéta 5 taun jeung bisa dipilih deui ngan pikeun 2 mangsa jabatan. MA miboga tanggung jawab ka [[NPC]]. Sedengkeun peradilan daérah miboga tanggung jawab ka lembaga nagara anu ngawangunna, tapi pangawasan administrasina dilakonan ku lembaga peradilan sacara jumenjang. MA ngaawas Peradilan Rahayat Daérah tingkat I, sedengkeun Peradilan Rahayat Daérah tingkat I ngaawas Peradilan Rahayat Daérah tingkat II.<ref name="kemenlu"/> Sidang [[NPC]] tanggal [[5 Maret|5]]–[[14 Maret]] [[2011]], geus ngasahkeun [[Repelita]] ka-12 pangwangunan [[ékonomi]] jeung [[sosial]] RRT taun [[2011]]–[[2015]], jeung ngaklém geus nepi targét pangwangunan sistim hukum [[sosialis]] anu mikarakter [[Tiongkok]]. Pikeun RRT, Repelita ka-12 kacida penting pikeun ngawangun masarakat anu sejahtera dina segala rupa hal salian penting pikeun neuleuman réformasi jeung nembrakna sarta ngagancangkeun transformasi tumuwuhna [[ékonomi]].<ref name="kemenlu"/> [[File:The 1st Session of the 12th National People's Congress open 20130305.jpg|thumb|350px|<center>Sidang NPC ka-12 taun 2013.</center>]] Lian ti kitu, dina sidang NPC tanggal [[5 Maret|5]]–[[14 Maret]] [[2012]] pamaréntah RRT boga angkeuhan bakal ngarurusuh réformasi pamaréntahan liwat ngalegaan démokrasi sosialis, palaksanaan pamilu, jeung panangtayungan hak nyora warga nagara kana jalanna pamaréntahan sarta nyiptakeun pamaréntahan anu bersih, nu bébas tina [[korupsi]]. Sidang ogé ngabahas ngeunaan amandemén ''[[Criminal Procedure Law]]'' anu leuwih nyanghareupkeun hak asasi manusa hususna patalian jeung hak katuduh palaku kriminalitas. Amandemén éta ogé ngatur ngeunaan larangan larapan kakerasan dina invéstigasi ka katuduh jeung ngklarifikasi prosedur jéntré ngeunaan hukuman maot. Larapan hukuman maot kudu meunang widi heula ti pangadilan luhur jeung lamun pangadilan luhur nolak hukuman maot, mangka kasusna akan dibalikeun ka pangadilan lokal.<ref name="kemenlu"/> Taun [[2012]] mangrupa taun kacida pentingna pikeun RRT, nu mana dina tanggal [[8 Nopémber|8]]–[[14 Nopémber]] [[2012]] geus diayakeun Kongrés Nasional PKT ka-18. Kongrés éta ngahasilkeun di antarana: *Amandemén Konstitusi PKT, nyaéta ngasupkeun konsép pamikiran Pangwangunan Sacara Ilmiah minangka salasahiji tetekon gawé PKT bareng jeung [[Marxisme-Leninisme]], Pamikiran [[Mao Zedong]], Téori [[Deng Xiaoping]] jeung konsép Tilu Kawawakilan sarta rumojong kamajuan ékologi sosialis; *Milih anggota Komite Tetép Politbiro PKT ka-18 anu lobana tujuh urang (saméméhna PKT ka-17 lobana salapan urang); *Milih Xi Jinping minangka Sékjén PKT anu anyar ngagantikeun Hu Jintao; *Milih Xi Jinping minangka Puhu Komisi Militér Puseur PKT.<ref name="kemenlu"/> Sidang pléno munggaran [[NPC]] ka-12 anu lumangsung tanggal [[5 Maret|5]]-[[17 Maret]] [[2013]], geus netepkeun kapamingpinan anyar RRT nyaéta alihan tina Generasi ka-4 ka Generasi ka-5 ([[Xi Jinping]]) pikeun mingpin RRT sapuluh taun ka hareup. Sidang geus milih jeung netepkeun [[Xi Jinping]] minangka Présidén jeung Puhu Komisi Militér Puseur (KMP) Nasional RRT anu anyar ngagantikeun [[Hu Jintao]] anu pangsiun, jeung [[Li Yuanchao]] kapilih jadi Wakil [[Présidén]] ngagantikeun [[Xi Jinping]]. Sidang ogé geus milih jeung netepkeun [[Zhang Dejiang]] minangka Puhu Komite Tetep [[NPC]] ka-12 (Puhu DPR RRT). [[File:Great Hall Of The People At Night.JPG|thumb|500px|left|<center>Gedong NPC anu tohaga ditémbong ti luar.</center>]] Dina tanggal [[15 Maret]] [[2013]], sanggeus dinominasikeun ku Présidén Xi Jinping, Li Keqiang kapilih jadi Perdana Menteri RRT ngagantikeun [[Wen Jiabao]] anu pangsiun. Lian ti kitu, [[Zhou Qiang]] kapilih jadi Puhu Mahkamah Rahayat Agung RRT ngagantikeun [[Wang Shengjun]] jeung [[Cao Jiaming]] kapilih deui jadi Jaksa Rahayat Agung RRT.<ref name="kemenlu"/> Sedengkeun pikeun jabatan Wakil Puhu KMP, sanggeus dinominasikeun ku Présidén [[Xi Jinping]], [[NPC]] netepkeun [[Fan Changlong]] jeung [[Xu Qiliang]] minangka Wakil KMP jeung ogé netepkeun dalapan anggota KMP nyaéta: [[Chang Wanquan]], [[Fang Fenghui]], [[Zhang Yang]], [[Zhao Keshi]], [[Zhang Youxia]], [[Wu Shengli]], [[Ma Xiaotian]] jeung [[Wei Fenghe]].<ref name="kemenlu"/> Sidang éta ogé ngadopsi réstrukturisasi [[kabinét]] ti 27 kamenterian jadi 25 kamenterian anu tujuanna pikeun ngurangan birokrasi jeung nyieun pamaréntah nu leuwih éfisién pikeun ngajamin éféktivitas jalanna pamaréntahan kaasup pikeun neken prakték [[korupsi]].<ref name="kemenlu"/> ===Hubungan jeung Républik Tiongkok=== Dina pakuat-pakaitna jeung [[Taiwan]], hubungan kadua belah pihak aya dina kamajuan ti mimiti "Presiden" Taiwan [[Ma Ying-jeou]] ngajabat dina bulan [[Méi]] [[2008]]. Sabulan sanggeus pangistrénan, runtuyan patemuan digelar antara lembaga semiresmi kadua belah pihak, nyaéta ''Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits'' (ARATS/Daratan) jeung ''Straits Exchange Foundation'' (SEF/Taiwan) anu sempet nagen salila salapan taun. Nepi ka taun [[2012]] katompérnakeun, kadua belah pihak geus nandatanganan 18 pajangjian, di antarana: palayaran langsung, pengawangan langsung, palayanan pos langsung, katahanan pangan, pajangjian gawé bareng kaséhatan, atikan, haki, pajangjian inspéksi produk jeung karantina, tutukeuran wisatawan, panangtayungan invéstasi sarta pajangjian rancangan gawé bareng [[ékonomi]] (''Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement'' ECFA). Sawatara kasupaketan penting lianna nyaéta supaya kadua pihak geus mimiti ngabahas isu hubungan [[pulitik]] jeung [[militér]] sarta gawé bareng tutukeuran [[budaya]].<ref name="kemenlu"/> === Hubungan Luar Negeri Lianna === Ti mimiti dicanangkeunna kawijakan réformasi taun [[1978]], pola kawijakan luar negeri RRT gé ngalaman parobahan dadasar. Sanajan tetep miharep kapentingan dina ngajaga weuteuhna wilayah jeung stabilitas kaamanan, tapi kawijakan pulitik luar negerina mah diarahkeun keur ngadukung suksésna pangwangunan nasional jeung marengkeun harmonisasi hubungan antarbangsa. Dina mimitina, RRT ngawanohkeun konsép ''peaceful rise'', kiwari pemerintah RRT ngaganti ku istilah ''peaceful development''. RRT kaciri ngamangpaatkeun sagala forum [[internasional]]/[[régional]], ogé sacara bilateral sangkan bisa ngamankeun kapentingan nasionalna.<ref name="kemenlu"/> Dina tingkat régional RRT martisipasi aktif, di antarana dina rarancang gawé bareng [[ASEAN]], [[ARF]], [[EAS]], [[ESCAP]], [[APEC]], [[ACD]], [[BRICS]] ([[Brasil]], [[Rusia]], [[India]], RRT, jeung [[Afrika Kidul]]), [[G20]], [[SCO]] (''Shanghai Cooperation Organization''), jeung ''Greater Mekong Subregion'' ([[GMS]]). Sedengkeun dina tingkat multilateral, RRT nyaéta salasahiji anggota tetep DK PBB (P5), ITU, ICAO, IMO, CEDAW, jeung badan husus PBB lianna. RRT jadi pihak mangrupa-rupa pajangjian internasional, di antarana Traktat Non-Proliferasi Nuklir (NPT), Konvénsi Sanjata Kimiawi'','' Konvensi Senjata Biologis, sarta Traktat Palarangan Sakabéhna Uji Coba Nuklir (CTBT).<ref name="kemenlu"/> Sedengkeun dina hal ngabérésan aksi separatisme di [[Tibet]], salasahiji tarékah anu dilakonan ku pamaréntah RRT nyaéta diwangunna jalur [[karéta api]] sapanjang 1.956&nbsp;km, anu numbukeun kota [[Golmud]] di Propinsi [[Qinghai]] jeung kota [[Lhasa]] di [[Tibet]], anu diresmikeun dina taun [[1996]]. Babaraha pihak nilik pangwangunan jalur kareta api ieu minangka upaya Pamaréntah RRT pikeun ngadeukeutkeun [[Tibet]] jeung [[Béijing]].<ref name="kemenlu"/> ===Babagian Administratif=== RRT dibagi jadi 22 provinsi (''sheng''), 5 daerah otonom (''zizhiqu''), jeung 4 kotamadya (''shih'') anu dikontrol langsung ku pamaréntah puseur). RRT ogé mibanda 2 daérah otonomi husus nyaéta [[Hong Kong]] jeung [[Makau]] sarta ngaklaim kadaulatan pikeun provinsi ka-23 nyaéta [[Taiwan]], anu kadaptarna mah minangka nagara kapisah.<ref name="statoid">{{cite web |url=http://www.statoids.com/ucn.html |title=China Provinces |publisher=www.statoids.com |accessdate=5/5/2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040101151906/http://www.statoids.com/ucn.html |date=2004-01-01 }}</ref> Euweuh hiji ogé tina babagian administratif ieu anu diaku ku pamaréntah [[Républik Tiongkok]], anu ngaklaim sakabéh wilayah RRT. {{Peta_leutik_propinsi_RRT/daptar_propinsi}} {{Peta_leutik_propinsi_RRT}} ==Ékonomi== ===Sajarah Ékonomi=== Ti taun [[1970]]-an katompérnakeun, RRT geus ngarobah sistem paékonomianna tina [[sistem ékonomi]] katutup jeung ''centrally planned'' jadi [[sistem ékonomi]] anu leuwih nyoko kana [[pasar]]. Jeung ngaimpléméntasikeun kawijakan éta dina taun [[2010]] RRT suksés jadi [[éksportir]] pangbadagna sadunya. Réformasi [[ékonomi]] RRT dimimitian sacara tumahap nyaéta kaluar tina sistem patanian koléktif jeung ngalegakeunna dina liberalisasi [[harga]], déséntralisasi fiskal, ngaronjatkeun [[otonomi]] [[BUMN]], ngadiversifikasi sistem [[perbankan]], ngembangkeun pasar [[saham]], ngaronjatkeun tumuwuhna séktor [[swasta]], jeung muka diri kana padagangan, sarta [[invéstasi]] luar negeri.<ref name="kemenlu"/> Dina taun [[2012]], di tengah kajadian krisis kauangan global, RRT masih bisa mertahankeun tumuwuhna [[ékonomi]] anu stabil jeung tetep. Sawatara préstasi anu dicekel ku RRT di antarana nyaéta naékna GDP tina RMB 26,6 triliun (4,2 triliun [[USD]]) jadi RMB 51,9 trilyun (8,3 triliun [[USD]]), anu nempatkeun RRT di réngking kadua sacara global. Disagigireun éta, beubeunangan pamaréntah ogé naék tina RMB 5,1 triliun (822 miliar [[USD]]) jadi RMB 11,7 triliun (1,88 triliun [[USD]]) ku nambahna lapangan gawé saloba 58,7 yuta.<ref name="kemenlu"/> Salasahiji konci ngahasilna Pamaréntah RRT dina mertahankeun tumuwuhna [[ékonomi]] di tengah [[krisis global]] nyaéta palarapan kawijakan [[fiskal]] anu pro-aktif, kawijakan ''easy moneter'', palarapan kawijakan finansial nu sagembléngna, rumonjatanna balanja pamaréntah, jeung nyieun pangurangan pajak sacara struktural. Disagigireun éta, igé dilakonan panyaluyuan giro wajib minimum jeung suku bunga pikeun mertaankeun tumuwuhna anu pas dina suplai [[duit]] jeung [[krédit]]. Dina ngaréspon trén parobahan makro [[ékonomi]], pamaréntah ogé sacara gancang nginténsifkeun impléméntasi kawijakan, ngurangan daya dorong ti kawijakan stimulus sacara tepat waktu, jeung ngimpléméntasikeun kawijakan fiskal pro-aktif jeung [[kawijakan monétér]] anu ati-ati. Dina raraga pikeun ngagancangkeun panyaluyuan [[struktur ékonomi]] jeung ngembangkeun kualitas sarta kinérja pangwangunan [[ékonomi]], pamaréntah geus ngalakonan runtuyan tarékah pikeun ngadorong pamundutan [[doméstik]]. Minangka hasilna, kontribusi pamundutan doméstik kana tumuwuhna [[ékonomi]] ngaronjat.<ref name="kemenlu"/> ===Industri=== Di widang [[industri]], RRT ngalakonan sawatara tarékah pikeun meromosikeun transformasi séktor [[industri]] anu antukna ngajadikeun [[industri]] [[manufaktur]] RRT panggedéna di dunya, ku tumuwuhna niléy tambah taunan rata-rata nepi 13,4%. Hal ieu sakaligus ngajadikeun [[manufaktur téknologi]] luhur minangka pilar utama [[ékonomi]] RRT. Disagigireun éta, dina période lima taun ieu, industri stratégis kawengku ''clean energy'', konsérvasi énérgi, panangtayungan lingkungan, téknologi komunikasi jeung ''bio-medicines'' geus tumuwuh gancang. Kontribusi séktor jasa kana GPD ogé rumonjat kurang leuwih 2,7%, jeung ngajadikeun séktor ieu bisa nyiptakeun lapangan gawé leuwih loba batan séktor séjén.<ref name="kemenlu"/> Padagangan internasional RRT dina waktu lima taun panungtung rata-rata tumuwuh 12,2%/taun jeung RRT aya dina réngking kadua nagara anu padaganganna pangbadagna di dunya. RRT geus jadi pangékspor pangbadagna sadunya sarta kontribusina ka pasar internasional ogé ngaronjat leuwih ti 2% tinimbang taun [[2007]]. Pikeun [[invéstasi]], salila lima taun pamaréntah geus ngagunakeun [[invéstasi]] asing saloba 552,8 miliar [[USD]]. Sarta pikeun ngarojong ékspansi pangusaha RRT kaluar negeri, pamaréntah ngalarapkeun stratégi ''go global''.<ref name="kemenlu"/> ==Géografi== [[File:YellowRiver Gorges.jpg|thumb|150px|<center>Jungkrang walungan Huáng Hé'</center>]]RRT mangrupa nagara pangbadagna ka-3 di dunya sanggeus [[Rusia]] jeung [[Kanada]], wewengkonna ngawengku daratan anu kacida legana di tapak [[Paadaban Lebak Walungan Konéng]]. Di beulah wétan, salian ti basisir [[Sagara Konéng]] jeung [[Sagara Tiongkok Wétan]], kapanggih ogé hiji daratan anu lega tur padet nu ditempatan ku lapangan taneuh anyar, basisir [[Laut Tiongkok Kidul|Sagara Tiongkok Kidul]] leuwih ngabentuk gugunungan jeung Tiongkok beulah kidul didominasi wewengkon pasir jeung jajaran gunung anu leuwih héndép. Di beulah tengah ngétan kapanggih délta 2 walungan utama Tiongkok, Huang He (Walungan Konéng) jeung Chang Jiang (Walungan Panjang). Walungan-walungan utama séjénna nyaéta Zhu Jiang, Songhua Jiang, Mekong, Brahmaputra jeung Amur. Ka beulah kulonna, jajaran gunung anu utama, hususna Himalaya kalawan titik pangjangkungna di Tiongkok [[Gunung Everest]], jeung ciri-ciri plato jangkung di antara wentang daratan anu leuwih garing ti batan gurun samodél [[Gurun Taklamakan]] jeung [[Gurun Gobi]]. Ku sabab halodo panjang jeung jigana gara-gara patanén anu leutik migawé badéy lebu geus jadi hal anu biasa dina usum semi di Tiongkok. Nurutkeun Badan Pangraksa Lingkungan Tiongkok, Gurun Gobi geus dimekarkeun jeung mangrupa sumber utama badéy lebu anu mangaruhan Tiongkok jeung wewengkon [[Asia Kalér Ngétan]] séjénna saperti [[Koréa]] jeung [[Jepang]]. Keusik ti beulah kalér geus kacaturkeun nepi ke basisir kulon [[Amérika Sarikat]]. Pangurusan cai walungan (saperti pamiceunan sésa tinja, pangotoran ku kilang, jeung ékstraksi cai pikeun irigasi jeung inumeun) jeung ngaheureutanna taneuh pasir matak ngabalukarkeun dampak goréng ka nagara séjén.{{fact}} ===Walungan=== {{utama|Daptar walungan di RRT}} Dua walungan utama RRT, Huáng Hé' (Walungan Konéng) jeung Chang Jiang (Yangzi atawa Walungan Yangtze), sarta walungan mutiara (Zhu Jiang) sistem délta nu dicirian ku Xi Jiang (Walungan kulon) di [[kidul wétan]] RRT, geus aya rarancangan gawé pikeun ngamekarkeun kagiatan [[tani]] jeung tumuwuhna populasi ti sapanjang [[sajarah Tiongkok]].<ref name="afe">{{cite web |url=http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/china/geog/maps.htm#2a |title=Chinese Geography: Readings and Maps |publisher=afe.easia.columbia.edu |accessdate=6/5/2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430063920/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/china/geog/maps.htm#2a |date=2015-04-30 }}</ref> Walungan séjén nyaéta Heilong Jiang (dipikawanoh ogé minangka walungan Amur ceuk ngaran [[Rusia]]na) nyirikeun wates antara RRT jeung [[Rusia]]. Dina mangsa baheula, daérah ieu téh salah sahiji konfrontasi antara dua nagara.<ref name="afe"/> ===Pagunungan=== [[File:Huangshan, China (YELLOW MOUNTAIN-LANDSCAPE) VIII (1061671042).jpg|thumb|250px|<center>Pagunungan Huangshan</center>]] {{utama|Daptar pagunungan di RRT}} [[Himalaya]], pagunungan anu pangluhurna di dunya, ngawangun wawatesan kidul kulon jeung [[India]], [[Nepal]] sarta [[Bhutan]], ogé di dinya nganjrekna poncrot pangluhurna di dunya.<ref name="wa">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/china/cnland.htm|title=Geography of China|publisher=www.worldatlas.com|accessdate=6/5/2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508131753/http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/china/cnland.htm |date=2015-05-08 }}</ref> Nganjrekna poncrot pangluhurna [[Himalaya]] téh nyaéta di RRT, anu dipikawanoh minangka [[Gunung Everest]], anu mangrupa gunung pangluhurna di dunya, sarta luhurna nepi kana 8.850 m.<ref name="wa"/> Loba walungan anu bijil ti [[Himalaya]], kaasup walungan Indus jeung Brahmaputra. Di bagéan kalér wétan, wawates RRT jeung [[Rusia]] ogé diwates ku pagunungan cingcin luhur.<ref name="wa"/> ===Gurun=== Gurun Gobi mayakpak ti belah [[kulon]] ka [[wétan]] di sapanjang wawatesan jeung [[Mongolia]].<ref name="wa"/> Éta mangrupa topografi variatif ti gurun pasir ka tutugan gunung anu landeuh sarta dataran luhur anu ngabaris nepi ka [[Mongolia]].<ref name="wa"/> Halodo kateterusan ngabalukarkeun daérah kaserang badéy kekebul, sahingga RRT kaleungitan sayuta héktar per taunna wewengkon nu jadi gurun.<ref name="wa"/> Titik panglandeuhna di RRT nyaéta logak gersang Tupan anu nganjrek di bagian [[kulon]], sarta mangrupa titik panglandeuhna katilu di [[marcapada]].<ref name="wa"/> ===Flora jeung Fauna=== [[File:Panda ChiangMaiZoo humarkus.jpg|thumb|170px|<center>Panda badag di Chiang Mai Zoo</center>]] RRT mangrupa salasahiji ti 17 [[nagara mégadiversitas]],<ref name="environment">{{cite web |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/soe/2001/publications/theme-reports/biodiversity/biodiversity01-3.html |title=Biodiversity Theme Report |publisher=Environment.gov.au |date=10/12/2009 |dateaccess=5/6/2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208141905/http://www.environment.gov.au/soe/2001/publications/theme-reports/biodiversity/biodiversity01-3.html |date=2008-12-08 }}</ref> sarta nganjrek di antara dua [[ékologi]] pangbadagna di dunya: [[Paléarktik]] jeung [[Indomalaya]]. RRT mibanda leuwih ti 34.687 spésiés [[amfibi]], [[manuk]], [[mamalia]], [[réptil]] jeung tutuwuhan vaskular, ogé minangka nagara katilu anu paling réa kaanékaragaman hayatina di [[marcapada]], sanggeus [[Brazil]] jeung [[Kolombia]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://rainforests.mongabay.com/03highest_biodiversity.htm|title= Countries with the Highest Biological Diversity|publisher= Mongabay.com|accessdate= 5/6/2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326060253/http://rainforests.mongabay.com/03highest_biodiversity.htm |date=2013-03-26 }}</ref> Malah mah RRT téh imah pikeun 551 spesies mamalia (ka-3 di dunya)<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.iucnredlist.org/initiatives/mammals/analysis/geographic-patterns|title= IUCN Initiatives – Mammals – Analysis of Data – Geographic Patterns 2012|publisher= IUCN Red List.com|accessdate= 5/6/2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512150801/http://www.iucnredlist.org/initiatives/mammals/analysis/geographic-patterns |date=2013-05-12 }}</ref>, 1.221 jenis manuk (ka-8 di dunya)<ref>{{cite web|url= http://rainforests.mongabay.com/03birds.htm|title= Countries with the most bird species|publisher= Mongabay.com|accessdate= 5/6/2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216152146/http://rainforests.mongabay.com/03birds.htm |date=2013-02-16 }}</ref>, 424 spésiés [[réptil]] (ka-7 di dunya)<ref>{{cite web|url= http://rainforests.mongabay.com/03reptiles.htm|title= Countries with the most reptile species|publisher= Mongabay.com|accessdate= 5/6/2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216152129/http://rainforests.mongabay.com/03reptiles.htm |date=2013-02-16 }}</ref> jeung 333 spésiés amfibi (ka-7 di dunya)<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.iucnredlist.org/initiatives/amphibians/analysis/geographic-patterns#diversity|title= IUCN Initiatives – Amphibians – Analysis of Data – Geographic Patterns 2012|publisher= IUCN Red List.com|accessdate= 5/6/2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512145131/http://www.iucnredlist.org/initiatives/amphibians/analysis/geographic-patterns#diversity |date=2013-05-12 }}</ref>. di antara spésiés éndemik mamalia di nagara ieu, nyaéta: [[panda]], monyét bulu emas, maung tiongkok kulon, manuk Moron, ibis Jepang, lumba-lumba walungan bodas jeung [[aligator tiongkok]].<ref name="mongabay">{{cite web|url= http://rainforests.mongabay.com/03plants.htm|title= Countries with the most vascular plant species|publisher= Mongabay.com|accessdate= 5/6/2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112001508/http://rainforests.mongabay.com/03plants.htm |date=2014-01-12 }}</ref> Di wewengkonna mah aya leuwih ti 32.000 spésiés tutuwuhan vaskular jeung mangrupa imah pikeun mangrupa-rupa leuweung konifer tiis.<ref name="mongabay"/> Éta ngadominasi di kalér sarta mangrupa habitat pikeun saro sarupaning [[uncal]], beruang hideung asia jeung leuwih ti 120 spésiés [[manuk]].<ref name="mongabay"/> Di rungkun konifer baseuh bisa dipanggihan leunjeuran [[awi]].<ref name="mongabay"/> [[Tangkal yew]] (''Taxus chinensis'') jeung juniper ayana di dataran luhur nu mana rododrendón ngagantikeun awi.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.rebanadasderealidad.com.ar/economia-10-01.htm|title= El bambú: ¿un recurso sustentable?|accessdate= 5/6/2015|publisher= Varas, Eugenio J.}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514202854/http://www.rebanadasderealidad.com.ar/economia-10-01.htm |date=2014-05-14 }}</ref> Leuweung subtropis, anu ngadominasi di puseur jeung kulon nyaéta imah pikeun leuwih ti 146.000 spésiés flora. [[Leuweung tropis]] jeung [[leuweung usuman]], sanajan kawates ku [[Yunnan]] jeung [[Hainan]] tapina ngandung saparapat tina sakabéh spésiés sato jeung tutuwuhan anu kapanggih di RRT.<ref name=FF>{{cite web |obra= China.org.cn |url= http://spanish.china.org.cn/spanish/xi-jk/206.htm |title= Flora y fauna de China |accessdate= 5/6/2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095625/http://spanish.china.org.cn/spanish/xi-jk/206.htm |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> Di RRT tumuwuh leuwih ti 10.000 spésiés supa,<ref name="mongabay"/> anu ampir 6.000-na mah nyaéta supa jarangkung. Spésiés tutuwuhan anu penting lianna kawengku: [[metasecouya]], camara tiongkok, Cataya, pinus Taiwan, cemara fujiano davidia, guatapercha jeung campotecia.<ref name=FF/> Sahenteuna 840 spésiés sato kaancam punah, utamana ku sabab tarékah manusa kayaning parusakan habitat, polusi jeung moro sato pikeun dahareun, kulit sarta bahan-bahan pikeun ubar tradisional.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/animals/stories/infographic-top-20-countries-with-most-endangered-species|title= Top 20 countries with most endangered species IUCN Red List|publisher= MNN.com|accessdate= 5/6/2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424182826/http://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/animals/stories/infographic-top-20-countries-with-most-endangered-species |date=2013-04-24 }}</ref> Spésiés kaancam punah anu ditangtayungan ku hukum dina taun 2005 aya leuwih ti 2.349 wewengkon lindung ngawengku legana 149.950.000 ha, 15% tina wilayah PRT.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nature Reserves|url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/Brief/193257.htm|publisher=China.org.cn|accessdate=5/6/2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010150919/http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/Brief/193257.htm |date=2017-10-10 }}</ref> Tanggal [[11 Juni]] [[1992]] pamaréntah PRT nandatanganan [[Konvénsi Kaanékaragaman Hayati Rio de Janeiro]], sarta jadi anggota Konvénsi dina tanggal [[5 Januari]] [[1993]]. Satuluyna ngahasilkeun hiji stratégi jeung rancangan aksi nasional kaanékaragaman hayati, yén sanggeus tinjauan ditarima ku konvénsi dina tanggal [[21 Séptémber]] [[2010]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbd.int/convention/parties/list/ |title=List of Parties |accessdate=5/6/2015 |publisher=CBD.int }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124005746/http://www.cbd.int/convention/parties/list/ |date=2011-01-24 }}</ref> ==Infrastruktur== [[File:Tianjin Railway station platform with CRH3 in background.jpg|thumb|Stasion karéta api Tianjin nu aya CRH3 di tukangna]] ===Tumuwuhna Pangwangunan=== Dina widang infrastruktur, salila période lima taun, pamaréntah geus suksés ngabangun leuwih ti 18 yuta unit [[imah]] nu disubsidi jeung ngoméan 12 yuta unit [[imah]] di daérah pasisian.<ref name="kemenlu"/> Disagigireun éta, ogé geus suksés diwangun 19.700&nbsp;km jalur [[kareta api]], nu mana 8951&nbsp;km na nyaéta jalur [[kareta api]] éksprés.<ref name="kemenlu"/> Pamaréntah ogé geus ngawangun 609.000&nbsp;km jalan anyar, jeung 42.000&nbsp;km na mangrupa [[jalan tol]], anu nambah panjang [[jalan tol]] sacara sakabéhna jadi 95.600&nbsp;km.<ref name="kemenlu"/> Leuwih jerona, ogé geus diwangun 31 bandara jeung 602 palabuan pikeun 10.000 ton kapal sarta pangwangunan proyék badag pikeun ngamalirkeun gas jeung listrik ti [[kulon]] ka [[wétan]].<ref name="kemenlu"/> ===Jalan=== [[Jalan tol]] Tiongkok nu panjangna 65.000 kilométer mangrupa [[jalan tol]] pangpanjangna kadua di dunya, handapeun [[Amérika Sarikat]].<ref name="jalan">{{cite web |url=http://www.asiatradehub.com/china/roads.asp |title=Roads Sector in China |publisher=asiatradehub.com |accessdate=5/15/2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150422032927/http://www.asiatradehub.com/china/roads.asp |date=2015-04-22 }}</ref> *Taun [[2020]] pamaréntah RRT geus ngarencanakeun pikeun méréskeun tilu yuta kilométer [[jalan tol]] jeung jalan raya, naék ti nu tadina dua yuta kilométer dina taun [[2008]].<ref name="jalan"/> *RRT mangrupa puseur [[jalan tol]], ku sabab jalan tol RRT téh 70% ti total jalan tol di sakuliah dunya.<ref name="jalan"/> *Pamaréntah RRT ngabiayaan ampir sakabéh proyék jalan ku anggaranna sorangan, sedengkeun séktor swasta miboga perang nu kawates.<ref name="jalan"/> *Séktor [[jalan tol]] téh salah sahiji bisnis anu nguntungkeun pisan di RRT pikeun taun [[2009]], bareng jeung bisnis ''real estate'' sarta kauangan.<ref name="jalan"/> ===Karéta Api=== Galur [[karéta api]] RRT dina taun [[2008]] katompérnakeun, geus nepi kana 79,687.5&nbsp;km, aya dina réngking kahiji sa-[[Asia]].<ref name="kareta1">{{cite web |url=http://www.asiatradehub.com/china/railways.asp |title=China Railways- Overview |publisher=asiatradehub.com |accessdate=5/15/2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325102338/http://www.asiatradehub.com/china/railways.asp |date=2015-03-25 }}</ref> Ti wétan ka kulon, kalér ka kidul, dikombinasikeun ku diwangunna galur nu cukup gedé nyaéta galur [[karéta api]] [[Ganzhi]] nu jadi faktor ronjatanna.<ref name="kareta1"/> Pangoperasian transportasi [[karéta api]] di RRT geus dimimitian ti taun [[2008]],<ref name="kareta2">{{cite web |url=http://www.asiatradehub.com/china/railways3.asp |title=The operation of rail transport in China |publisher=asiatradehub.com |accessdate=5/15/2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031225702/http://www.asiatradehub.com/china/railways3.asp |date=2013-10-31 }}</ref> kabagi jadi [[karéta api]] nasional sarta [[karéta api]] pagawé nu tujuanna pikeun ngalarapkeun konsép pangwangunan ilmiah, dinas ogé ngutamakeun kapentingan rahayat, nu inovasina terus maju dina kasatuan, ogé pikeun miceun runtuyan kamacétan, pangwangunan transportasi [[karéta api]] RRT geus nepi kana préstasi anu luar biasa.<ref name="kareta2"/> ==Atikan== Dina taun [[1986]], RRT geus ngarumuskeun tujuan jangka panjang pangwangunan wajib diajar salapan taun pikeun sakumna budak. Dina taun [[1997]], RRT miboga 628.840 [[sakola dasar]], 78.642 [[sekolah luhur]] jeung 1.020 sakola husus.<ref name="asiap">{{cite web|url= http://www.asia-planet.net/china/education.htm|title= Education|publisher= Orasia co., ltd.|accessdate= 5/7/2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410152232/http://www.asia-planet.net/china/education.htm |date=2011-04-10 }}</ref> Dina bulan [[Pébruari]] [[2006]], pamaréntah ngarévisi target pikeun ngayakeun atikan wajib diajar salapan taun tur haratis, kaasup nyadiakeun buku pangajaranna sarta di tingkat kuliahanna ogé, di [[propinsi]] belah [[kulon]] kawilang miskinna.<ref name="chinaeco">{{cite web|url= http://en.ce.cn/National/Rural/200602/21/t20060221_6154334.shtml|title= China pledges free 9-year education in rural west|publisher= China Economic Net|accessdate= 5/7/2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010152014/http://en.ce.cn/National/Rural/200602/21/t20060221_6154334.shtml |date=2017-10-10 }}</ref> [[File:HUST-Main-building-4111.jpg|thumb|Universitas Sains dan Téknologi Huazhong nu ngadeg di Wuhan]] Dina taun [[2002]], tingkat masarakat anu beunta kana widang atikan di RRT nyaéta 90,9%, anu komposisina 95,1% lalaki jeung 86,5% awéwé.<ref name="pop">{{cite web|url= http://travelblog.org/World/ch-ppl.html|title= Chinese People|publisher= TravelBlog|accessdate= 5/7/2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070811222854/http://www.travelblog.org/World/ch-ppl.html |date=2007-08-11 }}</ref> Dina bulan Maret [[2007]], RRT ngumumkeun kaputusan pikeun ngajadikeun atikan minangka "Prioritas Stratégis Nasional", ku anggaran nasionalna tilu kali lipet dina dua taun sarta tambahan 223.500.000.000 yuan disadiakeun salila lima taun pikeun ngaronjatkeun atikan wajib di daérah kapencil.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-03/05/content_5800996.htm|title= Premier Wen announces hefty educational investment|publisher= news.xinhuanet.com|accessdate= 5/7/2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414054357/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-03/05/content_5800996.htm |date=2016-04-14 }}</ref> Kualitas universitas RRT mah variatif nu lolobanana mah daptarna téh di [[Béijing University]], [[Universitas Rahayat Tiongkok]] (''Renmin University of China''), jeung [[Tsinghua University]] di [[Béijing]], [[Fudan University]], [[Shanghai Jiao Tong University]], [[Xi'an Jiaotong University]] di Xi'an, [[Nanjing University]] di Nanjing, [[Universitas Sains jeung Téknologi RRT]] di Hefei, [[Universitas Zhejiang]] di Hangzhou sarta [[Wuhan University]] di Wuhan.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-02/21/content_418027.htm|title= Chinese University Ranking unveiled|publisher= China Daily|accessdate= 5/7/2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514060937/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-02/21/content_418027.htm |date=2011-05-14 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://rank2003.netbig.com/en/rnk_1_0_0.htm|title= All-around Ranking|publisher= Netbig rank|accessdate= 5/7/2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104140729/http://rank2003.netbig.com/en/rnk_1_0_0.htm |date=2011-01-04 }}</ref> Di RRT, sistem atikanna dibagi jadi tilu kategori: atikan dasar, atikan luhur, dan atikan déwasa. Geus ditetepkan yén unggal budak téh kudu miluan wajib diajar salapan taun dina atikan formal.<ref name="edu.cn">{{cite web|url= http://www.edu.cn/20041203/3123354.shtml|title= Education System in China|publisher= China Education and Research Network|accessdate= 5/7/2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518094522/http://www.edu.cn/20041203/3123354.shtml |date=2015-05-18 }}</ref> ===Atikan Dasar=== Atikan dasar di Tiongkok di antarana atikan pra-sakola, atikan dasar jeung atikan menengah biasa. Prasakola, atawa taman kanak-kanak, paling lila nepi ka tilu taun, nu patokanna ti umur tilu taun nepi ka umur genep taun, liwat ti éta sok langsung di ka sakola dasarkeun.<ref name="edu.cn"/> Taun akademik anu dilarapkeunana dibagi jadi dua seméster.<ref name="edu.cn"/> Atikan menengah dibagi jadi atikan menengah umum jeung husus, [[SMK]] atawa atikan téknik. Atikan menengah umum dibagi geui jadi sakola menengah umum handap jeung sakola menengah umum luhur.<ref name="edu.cn"/> Lulusan sakola dasar nu hayang neruskeun kudu nyokot ujian asup anu dikokola sacara lokal, anu dipertimbangkeun ka hareupna boh leuwih cocog ka sakola menengah umum atawa ka menengah kajuruan.<ref name="edu.cn"/> Sakola menengah kajuruan kagiatanna antara dua nepi ka opat taun sarta dilatih jadi pagawé calakan, [[patani]], ogé jadi tanaga manajerial jeung tanaga téknis.<ref name="edu.cn"/> Sedengkeun sakola téknik kagiatanna opat taun pikeun ngalatih tanaga téknis.<ref name="edu.cn"/> ===Atikan Luhur=== Atikan luhur nyaéta tingkatan sarjana kayaning [[paguron luhur]] junior 2-3 taun(sakapeung mah disebut siklus pondok [[paguron luhur]]), [[paguron luhur]] 4 taun, sarta universitas anu nawarkeun program pangajaran akademik jeung kajuruanna.<ref name="edu.cn"/> Loba ogé [[paguron luhur]] jeung universitas menawarkan program [[pascasarjana]] anu nojo ka tingkat master atawa [[Ph.D.]]<ref name="edu.cn"/> Atikan luhur Tiongkok di tingkat sarjana dibagi jadi program tilu taun jeung program opat taun.<ref name="edu.cn"/> ===Atikan Déwasa=== Kategori atikan jalma déwasa patumpang-tindih jeung tilu kategori dina atikan luhur.<ref name="edu.cn"/> Atikan déwasa tingkat dasar kaasup Sakola Dasar, Sekolah Dasar Patani-Pagawé, jeung kelas kaaksaraan.<ref name="edu.cn"/> Atikan menengah déwasa ngawengku sakola menengah husus [[radio]]/[[TV]], sakola menengah husus pikeun kader, sakola menengah husus pikeun staf jeung pagawé, sakola menengah husus pikeun patani sarta sakola husus palatihan [[guru]] jeung koréspondénsi sakola.<ref name="edu.cn"/> Atikan dewasa tingkat luhur kaasup universitas radio/TV, lembaga kader, [[paguron luhur]] pagawé, [[paguron luhur]] patani, [[paguron luhur]] koréspondénsi sarta [[paguron luhur]] atikan.<ref name="edu.cn"/> == Budaya Tiongkok di Tatar Sunda == '''Pangaruh budaya Tiongkok di Tatar Sunda''' lumangsung ti mimiti datangna [[Tiongkok|Bangsa Tiongkok]] di Kapuloan Nusantara<ref name="Buku1">Museum Negeri Sri Baduga. 2007. ''Budaya Cina di Tatar Sunda''. Bandung: Museum Negeri Sri Baduga</ref><ref>[http://www.slideshare.net/mobile/andreaja9693/budaya-cina-sunda Http://www.slideshare.net/mobile/andreaja9693/budaya-cina-sunda] [Diaksés ping 18 Septémber 2017]</ref>. Numutkeun sumber kronik Tiongkok kuna masa [[Dinasti Han]], nétélakeun yén saudagar Tiongkok geus ngalakukeun lalayaran ka [[Asia Tenggara]] dina abad ka-2 SM nyaéta di sabudeureun Palembang jeung Bornéo<ref name="Buku1" />. Budaya Tiongkok mibanda pangaruh nu loba keur unggal aspék kahirupan masarakat Tatar Sunda, ti mimiti kadaharan, pakakas, corak jeung modél baju, dagang, tatanén, basa, katut pangobatan.<ref name="Buku1" /> Dina widang kadaharan misalna aya tahu, [[togé]], [[tauco]], [[moci]], [[baso]], [[siomay]], [[bihun]], [[emih]] jeung [[kécap]].<ref name="Buku1" /> Dina widang pakakas, péso, katél, jeung wawadahan tina keramik lianna.<ref name="Buku1" /> Dina widang corak jeung modél baju misalna calana pangsi, [[kabaya encim]], [[kelom]] jeung [[payung]], katut motif batik [[méga mendung]] ti daérah pasisian [[Cirebon]].<ref name="Buku1" /> Dina widang dagang misalna ayana [[sempoa]] jeung timbangan.<ref name="Buku1" /> Dina widang tatanén contona cara melak paré kalawan maké sistem sawah.<ref name="Buku1" /> Dina widang basa tinangtu loba kekecapan serepan tina [[basa Tiongkok]], di antarana kecap [[bolay]], [[cap]], [[cét]], [[jimpo]], [[kinca]], [[loténg]], jrrd.<ref name="Buku1" /> Pon komo dina widang pangobatan mah, ti mimiti rupaning ubar katut pakakas médisna.<ref name="Buku1" /> ==Rujukan== {{reflist|30em}} == Bacaan satuluyna == {{refbegin|40em}} * Farah, Paolo (2006). "Five Years of China's WTO Membership: EU and US Perspectives on China's Compliance with Transparency Commitments and the Transitional Review Mechanism". ''Legal Issues of Economic Integration''. Kluwer Law International. Volume 33, Number 3. pp.&nbsp;263–304. [https://ssrn.com/abstract=916768 Abstract]. * Heilig, Gerhard K. (2006/2007). ''[http://www.china-profile.com/bib/bib_start.htm China Bibliography – Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105234238/http://www.china-profile.com/bib/bib_start.htm|date=5 Nopémber 2015 }}.'' China-Profile.com. * Jaffe, Amy Myers, "Green Giant: Renewable Energy and Chinese Power", ''[[Foreign Affairs]]'', vol. 97, no. 2 (Maret / April 2018), pp.&nbsp;83–93. * [[Ian Denis Johnson|Johnson, Ian]], "What Holds China Together?", ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'', vol. LXVI, no. 14 (26 September 2019), pp.&nbsp;14, 16, 18. "The [[Manchus]]... had [in 1644] conquered the last ethnic Chinese empire, the [[Ming empire|Ming]] [and established Imperial China's last dynasty, the [[Qing]]]... The Manchus expanded the empire's borders northward to include all of [[Mongolia]], and westward to [[Tibet]] and [[Xinjiang]]." [p.&nbsp;16.] "China's rulers have no faith that anything but force can keep this sprawling country intact." [p.&nbsp;18.] * {{cite book|last=Lagerwey|first=John|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WAOOzQi0dCkC|year=2010|title=China: A Religious State|publisher=University of Hong Kong Press|location=Hong Kong|isbn=978-988-8028-04-7 }} * {{cite book|last=Meng|first=Fanhua|title=Phenomenon of Chinese Culture at the Turn of the 21st century|year=2011|publisher=Silkroad Press|location=Singapore|isbn=978-981-4332-35-4}} * {{cite book|author = Sang Ye|title = China Candid: The People on the People's Republic|year=2006|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=978-0-520-24514-3 }} * {{cite book|last=Selden|first=Mark|title=The People's Republic of China: Documentary History of Revolutionary Change|year=1979|publisher=Monthly Review Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-85345-532-5|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/peoplesrepublico0000unse }} * {{cite book|last = Shambaugh|first = David L.|year = 2008|title = China's Communist Party: Atrophy and Adaptation|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=aMpj-MboMR4C|publisher = University of California Press|location = Washington, DC; Berkeley, CA|isbn = 978-0-520-25492-3 }} {{refend}} {{Sister project links|China|auto=1|wikt=y|v=y}} {{Library resources box}} === Pamaréntahan === * [http://english.gov.cn/ Puseur tina Pamaréntah Républik Rahayat Tiongkok] {{in lang|en}} === Informasi umum === * [http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/china/home.html China at a Glance] from ''[[People's Daily]]'' * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13017877 BBC News – China Profile] * [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/ China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220073104/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/ |date=2021-12-20 }}. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120609183901/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/china.htm China, People's Republic of] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{Curlie|Regional/Asia/China}} * [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/111803/China China]'s ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' éntri === Peta === * [https://maps.google.com/maps?q=China&ll=30.600094,103.710938&spn=64.10009,177.1875&om=1 Google Maps—China] * {{Wikiatlas|Républik Rahayat Tiongkok}} * {{OSM relation|270056}} <!-- {{China topics}}--> {{Navboxes | title = Wewengkon Géograpis | list = {{Countries of Asia}} }} {{Navboxes | title = Kaanggotaan Internasional | list = <!--{{Trilateral meeting leaders}} -->{{G8 nations}}<!-- {{G20}} {{BRICS}}--> {{East Asia Summit (EAS)}}<!-- {{Socialism by state}} {{UN Security Council}}--> {{World Trade Organization}}<!-- {{Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation}} {{Shanghai Cooperation Organisation}}--> }} <!--{{States with limited recognition}} {{Province-level divisions of China}}--> {{Coord|35|N|103|E|type:country|display=title}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:China, People's Republic Of}} [[Kategori:Nagara di Asia Wétan]] odephwpjiowixyzorvkxb01lf6hn27z 0 47834 710928 684670 2026-07-04T05:17:08Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710928 wikitext text/x-wiki {{taxobox |name = Hiris (Gude) |image = Cajanus caja 080716-1078 ayot.jpg |image_caption = Gude, ''Cajanu caja''<br>dari [[Amanatun Utara, Timor Tengah Selatan|Ayotupas]], [[Timor Tengah Selatan]] |regnum = [[Plantae]] |unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]] |unranked_classis = [[Eudikotil]] |unranked_ordo = [[Rosidae]] |ordo = [[Fabales]] |familia = [[Fabaceae]] |genus = ''[[Cajanus]]'' |species = '''''C. cajan''''' |binomial = ''Cajanus cajan'' |binomial_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Charles Frederick Millspaugh|Millsp.]]<ref>{{aut|Millspaugh, C.F.}} 1900. ''Publications of the Field Columbian Museum''. Botanical series. '''2'''(1): 53. Chicago, IL.</ref> |synonyms= * ''Cytisus cajan'' <small>L. (1753)</small><ref>{{aut|Linne, C. von}}. 1753. ''Species plantarum :exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, ...'' [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358745#page/181/mode/1up '''2''': 739]. Holmiae : Impensis Laurentii Salvii</ref> * ''Cytisus pseudocajan'' <small>[[Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin|Jacq.]] (1772)</small><ref>{{aut|Jacquin, N.J. von}}. 1772. [http://www.botanicus.org/item/31753003324966 ''Hortus Botanicus Vindobonensis'' v. '''2'''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513051335/http://www.botanicus.org/item/31753003324966 |date=2022-05-13 }}: 54. Vindobonae : Typis Leopoldi Joannis Kaliwoda, aulae imperialis typographi.</ref> * ''Cajanus flavus'' <small>[[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle|DC.]] (1813)</small>, nom. illeg. * ''Cajanus indicus'' <small>[[Curt Polycarp Joachim Sprengel|Spreng.]] (1826)</small><ref>{{aut|Sprengel, C.P.J.}}. 1826. ''Systema vegetabilium [Caroli Linnaei ... ]. Editio decima sexta. [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/15254#page/249/mode/1up vol. '''III''': 248]. Gottingae, Sumtibus Librariae Dieterichianae.</ref> * ''Cytisus guineensis'' <small>[[Heinrich Cristian Friedrich Schumacher|Schumach.]] & Thonn. (1827)</small><ref>{{aut|Schumacher, H.C.F.}} 1827. ''Beskrivelse af Guineeiske Planter som ere Fundne af Danske Botanikere, Isaet af Etatsraad Thonning ved F. C. Schumacher. Kjöbenhavn'' [http://archive.org/stream/beskrivelseafgui00schu#page/348/mode/2up p.349]</ref> |synonyms_ref =<ref>{{The Plant List: [http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/ild-2524 ''Cajanus cajan'' (L.) Millsp.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409020537/http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/ild-2524 |date=2023-04-09 }}</ref> |accessdate=21 November 2013}} '''Hiris''' atawa '''Gude''', '''kacang gude''', atau '''kacang bali''' ('''''Cajanus cajan''''') nyaéta sarupaning [[tangkal]] [[kacang-kacangan]] anu hirupna nahun (perenial). [[Siki]]na bisa didahar sarta mangrupa sumber [[pangan]] séjéna. Ieu tangkal kawilang tahan kana iklim panas ku lantaran éta tangkal hiris dipaké tangkal ''penghijauan'' di daérah anu mibanda lahan garing, di sabaraha tempat dipelak digalengan [[sawah]] atawa pager hirup anu ngurilingan sisi [[kebon]]. Di [[Indonesia]], ieu tangkal katelah ''binatung'' ([[Makassar]]),<ref name=vlsm/> ''fouhate'' ([[Bahasa Ternate|Ternaté]] jeung [[Tidore]]),<ref name=prosea>{{cite web |date= |title=Cajanus cajan Druce. |publisher=Prosea - Prohati |url=http://www.proseanet.org/prohati2/browser.php?docsid=185 |accessdate=27 April 2013 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413020811/http://proseanet.org/prohati2/browser.php?docsid=185 |date=13 April 2016 }}</ref> ''Hiris'', ''kacang kai'', ''kacang gude'' ([[Bahasa Jawa|Jawa]]), ''kacang bali'' ([[Bahasa Melayu]]), ''kacang hiris'' ([[Bahasa Sunda|Sunda]]), ''kance'' ([[Bahasa Bugis|Bugis]]), ''kekace'', ''undis'' ([[Bahasa Bali|Bali]]), ''kacang iris'', ''kacang turis'', ''lebui'', ''legui'', ''puwe jai'' ([[Halmahéra]]), ''tulis'' ([[Roté]]), ''tunis'' ([[Timor]]), ''ritik lias'' ([[Batak]] [[Karo]]), jeung ''koloure ''(Tomia-Wakatobi).<ref name=iptek>{{cite web |url=http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/pd_tanobat/view.php?mnu=2&id=114 |title=Gude |publisher=IPTEKnet |accessdate=27 April 2013 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515064604/http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/pd_tanobat/view.php?mnu=2&id=114 |date=15 May 2013 }}</ref> == Gambaran == [[File:Cajanus cajan Blanco1.167-cropped.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Gambar Hiris dijieun ku Blanco]] [[File:Cajanus cajan MHNT.BOT.2015.2.47.jpg|thumb|left|180px|''Cajanus cajan'']] Hiris mangrupa [[perdu]] jangkung nepi ka 3 [[meter|m]].<ref name=sastra/> Ieu tangkal henteu mibanda umur panjang kurang leuwih 1-5 [[taun]] salila hirupna.<ref name=prosea/> dina [[tangkal]]na aya [[bulu]]-bulu anu lemes, tur mibanda dahan anu kawilang loba. Tangkalna buleud tur aya guratan dina saluareun kulitna kelirna [[héjo]] nepi ka rada kacoklatan. [[Daun]]na sapasang, unggal pasang mibanda tilu palapah. Ieu daunna ogé mibanda bulu-bulu anu lemes, wujudna lonyod <ref name=iptek/> [[kulit]] [[dahan]]na mibanda kelir héjo. [[kembang]]na jiga [[kukupu]] ngaranggeuy aya sababaraha [[kembang]] dina saranggeuy panjangna kurang leuwih 15-30 [[cm]], kelirna semu ''jiga'' layung nepikeun ka rada kacoklatan .<ref name=sastra/> [[serbuk sari]] mibanda kelir [[konéng]], [[putik]]na ngan hiji, melengkung, mahkotana ogé konéng .<ref name=vlsm/> [[Buah]]na polong, mibanda ukuran kurang leuwih 7,5 [[cm]],<ref name=sastra/> lempeng/aya ogé anu melengkung jiga [[arit]]. Sikina laleutik di mana masih ngora mibanda kelir [[bodas]], robah kelir sikina jadi gading dina mangsa gumading, nepi ka [[coklat]], di mana geus kolot <ref name=prosea/>. [[Akar]]na tunggang, sarta mibanda kelir [[bodas]] rada rumeuk.<ref name=vlsm>{{cite web |date=14 November 2001 |title=Cajanus cajan Millspaugh. |publisher=[[Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia|Departemen Kesehatan]] |url=http://bebas.vlsm.org/v12/artikel/ttg_tanaman_obat/depkes/buku1/1-050.pdf |accessdate=27 April 2013 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207052904/http://bebas.vlsm.org/v12/artikel/ttg_tanaman_obat/depkes/buku1/1-050.pdf |date=7 December 2008 }}</ref> [[File:Starr 080610-8265 Cajanus cajan.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Siki buah Hiris di mana geus kolot]] Siki [[buah]] hiris sirungan dina 2-3 minggu ti saprak dipelakeun dina [[taneuh]]. Umur 56-210 [[poé]] Kaluar [[kembang]]. Tangkal hiris kagolongkeun déwasa di mana geus nincak umur 95-256 poé dina kaayaan normal [[usum]] [[hujan]] jeung beurang leuwih lila ieu tangkal gancang pisan kembangan. Tapi di [[Indonésia]] mah, [[usum]] kembangan jeung buahan bisa waé sapanjang taun. == Habitat == [[File:Cajanu caja 080716-1074 ayot.JPG|thumb|right|180px|Polong (Buah hiris ngora)]] Dilaporkeun ku [[Setijati Sastrapradja]] jeung baturna dina taun [[1981]], gude/hiris mimiti kapanggih di [[Afrika]]. Kaduana di [[India]] anu mangrupa puseur tina rupa-rupa pepelakan. Kiwari, ieu tangkal hiris loba kapanggih di nagara-nagara [[tropis]] ogé [[subtropis]].<ref name=sastra>{{aut|Sastrapradja, Setijati; Lubis, Siti Harti Aminah; Djajasukma, Eddy; Soetarno, Hadi; Lubis, Ischak}} (1981). Proyek Penelitian Potensi Sumber Daya Ekonomi:Sayur-Sayuran '''6''':36{{spaced ndash}}37. Jakarta: LIPI bekerja sama dengan Balai Pustaka. [[OCLC]] 66307472.|accessdate=1 Agustus 2013</ref> Numutkeun catetan [[Prosea]], hiris/gude asal muasalna ti [[India]], satuluyna nyebar nepi ka [[Asia Tenggara]]. Gude nepi ka Afrika dina taun 2000 SM bisa ogé saméméhna ti éta, nepi ka nagara [[Amerika]] ngaliwatan [[budak]]-budak beulian ti Afrika , jeung disawang ieu hiris ngaliwan ogé [[Atlantik]] jeung[[Pasifik]]. Kiwari ieu tangkal téh loba jadi pepelakan di nagara [[tropis]], kaasup di jerona [[Anakbenua India]] jeung [[Afrika Selatan]], meureun mimiti tina abad ka-17 Masehi.<ref name=Inshadow>{{aut|Carney, J. A.; Rosomoff, R. N.}} (2009). ''In the Shadow of Slavery. Africa’s Botanical legacy in the Atlantic World''. Berkeley:University of California Press.</ref> Catetan-catetan séjén mertelakeun kamungkinan ieu tangkal asalna ti [[India]]. Di dieu aya tangkal liar anu mangrupa kulawarrgana (''Mansi'') tempatna di leuweung [[tropis]].<ref>{{aut|Van der Maeson, L. J. G.}} (1995). "Pigeonpea ''Cajanus cajan''", hal. 251–5 <u>dalam</u> {{aut|Smartt, J.; Simmonds, N. W.}} (eds.), ''Evolution of Crop Plants''. [[Essex]]:Longman.</ref> Papanginggah arkéologis ngeunaan ieu kacang bali sahenteuna aya dina dua situs [[Neolitik]] di [[Odisha]], [[Gopalpur]] jeung [[Golbai Sassan]] umurna kurang leuwih 3.400 jeung 3.000 taun anu geus kaliwat, jeung hiji situs di [[India kidul]], [[Sanganakallu]] jeung [[Tuljapur Garhi]], ogé mibanda umur kurang leuwih 3,400 taun kaliwat.<ref>{{cite doi|10.1179/174963106x123232}}</ref> Ti [[India]], nepi keun ka [[Afrika wétan]] jeung [[Afrika Kulon]]. Dinamangsa kapanggih ku urang [[Eropa]], nya di dieu pisan dingaranan ''Congo Pea'' (Kacang Kongo).<ref name=Inshadow/> Di [[Indonésia]], tangkal hiris geus dibudidayakeun sahenteuna di pulo [[Jawa]]ti [[abad ka-6]] maséhi. [[Budidaya]] hiris dina ukuran loba tacan pernah dilakukeun, tapi kacang hiris ieu umumna dihasilkeun di pulo Jawa, [[Bali]], [[Nusa Tenggara ]], [[Sulawesi]], jeung [[Wakatobi]].<ref name="p49">{{aut|Mas'ud, Syharir}} ''[http://balitsereal.litbang.deptan.go.id/ind/images/stories/p49.pdf Kajian Perusak Polong Sebagai Hama Utama pada Kacang Gude di Sulawesi Selatan]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'' hal.373{{spaced ndash}}379. <u>dalam</u> Prosiding Pekan Serealia Nasional. ISBN 978-979 8940-29-3.</ref> Utamana di jawa beulah wetan loba huma-huma ogé kebon anu kaayaana 2000 [[mdpl]].<ref name=sastra/> Heyne nétélakeun yén ieu tangkal bisa jadi kalawan subur dina 1650 [[mdpl]]. Tangkal hiris bisa dibudidayakeun di nagara-nagara anu mibanda iklim tropis atawa subtropis. Baheula di dataran [[Sunda]], tangkal hiris bisa jadi sanajan dipelakeun dina [[taneuh]] anu kawilang garing <ref name=Heyne/> Di [[Jawa]], tangkal hiris dijieu pepelakan anu ngabantu pikeun nyukupan kabutuhan pangan jeung gemuk héjo. Bisa jadi dipelakeun ti mimiti dataran lebak nepikeun ka dataran luhur 2000 [[mdpl]]. Dina hirupna mikabutuh pisan kana cahaya panon poé jeung kurang kuat di mana taneuh beueus.<ref name=Setiawan>{{aut|[[Setiawan Dalimartha|Dalimartha, Setiawan]]}} (1999). ''[http://books.google.co.id/books?id=7Xnukm8r-Y4C&pg=PA65 Atlas Tumbuhan Obat Indonesia]'' '''1''':65{{spaced ndash}}67. [[Jakarta]]:Trubus Agriwidya. ISBN 979-661-051-5.</ref> ==Kagunaan jeung mangpaat == [[Polong]] hiris anu ngora kénéh dipaké [[lalab]], [[sayur]] atawa [[rujak]]. [[Siki]]na saméméh dikonsumsi biasana digoréng heula, sakapeung bisa ogé dimangpaatkeun pikeun ubar, dijieun [[témpé]] jeung [[tahu]] gagantina [[kadelé]], atawa diolah ku jalan disangray.<ref>{{efn|Catatan penggunaan kacang gude sudah lebih awal dibuat oleh [[Karel Heyne]] (1916 dalam ''De nuttige planten van Nederlandsch-Indië'' [Tumbuhan berguna dari Hindia Belanda]), dia mengutip pernyataan H.C.H. De Bie (Januari 1915) dari ''Pemimpin Pengoesaha Tanah'' ([[EYD]]:Pemimpin Pengusaha Tanah) yang mempergunakan daun kacang gude yang direbus dan polong mudanya yang dipakai untuk semacam [[tempe]]</ref>.<ref name=Heyne>{{aut|[[Karel Heyne|Heyne, Karel]]}} (1916). ''[http://archive.org/stream/denuttigeplanten02heyn#page/332/mode/2up De nuttige planten van Nederlandsch-Indië] [Tumbuhan berguna dari Hindia Belanda]''. '''2''':332. [[Batavia]]:Ruygrok.</ref> Di Anak benua India, kacang hiris diarah sikina tuluy diolah jadi hiji kadaharan anukatelah ''dhal'. Baheula Heyne dina taun [[1916]], ''dhal'' dianggap kurang kagunaana; ku lantaran éta kacang hiris dijieun kadaharan panutup anu dibéré rasa amis .<ref name=Heyne/> Daun ngorana bisa dilalab saméméhna diléob atawa diseupan heula.<ref name=Setiawan/> [[Kembang]] jeung [[siki]]na ogé sakapeung disayur. Dahan jeung [[tangkal]] dipaké pikeun suluh atawa dijieun karinjang. Mangpaat séjén tangkal hiris nyaéta mangrupa pepelakan palawija pikeun iuh-iuh pikeun tangkal valina, ogé panahan angin. Di [[Madagaskar]], daunna dipaké ogé pikeun parab [[hileud]] sutra. Kandungan [[kimia]] jeung [[gizi]]na, dipikanyaho: daunna ngandung [[flavonoid]], [[saponin]], jeung [[polifenol]]. Sedengkeun dahan jeung tangkalna flavonoida, saponin, jeung [[tanin]].<ref name=Setiawan/> Menurut situs ''Globinmed.com'', disebutkan lebih lengkap kandungan [[gizi]]na:2'-o-methylcajanone, 7-hydroxy-methoxyisolaflavone, alpha-copaene, beta-himachalene, cajaminose, cajanin, asam cajaninistilbene, cajaquinone, lupéol, orientin, asam fitat, pinostrobin, vitexin, jeung sajabana.<ref name=globinmed>{{cite web |title=''Cajanus cajan'' |work=Globinmed |url=http://www.globinmed.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=85412:cajanus-cajan&catid=199:safety-of-herbal&Itemid=139 |accessdate=21 November 2013 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202150924/https://www.globinmed.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=85412:cajanus-cajan&catid=199:safety-of-herbal&Itemid=139 |date=2 December 2020 }}</ref> [[Energi]] yang terkandung berkisar 1450 kJ/100 g. [[Biji]] segar mengandung [[vitamin]], terutama [[provitamin A]] dan [[vitamin B kompleks]].<ref name=detail>{{aut|van der Maesen, L.J.G.}} (1989)."''Cajanus cajan'' (L.) Millsp". In: {{aut|van der Maesen, L.J.G. & Somaatmadja, S.}} (Editor). "Plant Resources of South-East Asia No. 1: Pulses." Pudoc, Wageningen, The Netherlands, hal. 39-42 <u>dalam</u> {{cite web |url=http://proseanet.org/prosea/e-prosea_detail.php?frt=&id=1 |title=''Cajanus cajan'' |work=E-Prosea Detail |accessdate=1 Agustus 2013 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610195911/http://proseanet.org/prosea/e-prosea_detail.php?frt=&id=1 |date=2015-06-10 }}</ref> Hiris bisa dimangpaatkeun pikeun ubar ararateul, Heyne nalungtik di [[Buitenzorg]] (kiwari [[Bogor]]) daun hiris diléob tuluy caina diinum .<ref name=sastra/><ref name=Heyne/> Daun hiris ogé dipaké pikeun ngubaran geuring kuneng, sariawan dina baham, sesek nafas, jeung gangguan padaharan. Di [[Jawa]], daun hiris dipaké pikeun ngubaran galingging, jeung [[herpes]]. Akar tangkal hiris ogé mujarab pikeun ngubaran cacingeun, batuk berdahak, jeung raheut. Aya ogé sikina dipaké pikeun ngubaran bagéan awak anu bareuh .<ref name=Setiawan/> Disababaraha tempat di [[Afrika]], ieu tangkal hiris dipaké pikeun ngubaran kasakit padaharan. Malahan di [[Madagaskar]] ieu tangkal téh dipaké pikeun ngosok huntu. séjén ti éta tangkal hiris bisa digunakeun pikeun ngubaran infeksi [[mata]], nyeri ceuli, Jeung akarna dipaké ngubaran panyakit [[sipilis]].<ref name=globinmed/> == Melak hiris == Hiris mangrupa pepelakan sumber [[pangan]] anu loba kagunanana, di [[Indonésia]] ([[Jawa Timur]]jeung [[Pulau Sunda]]) ogé [[Filipina]]gude mangrupa tangkal anu mindeng dipelak di daérah anu garing, dipelak disisi [[kebon]] jeung [[sawah]]-sawah. Dipelak tina sikina. Bisa dipelak babarengan jeung [[sorgum]], [[suuk]] atawa [[kapas]].<ref name=detail/> panyakit atawa [[Hama]] tangkal gude anu mindeng ngaganggu nyaéta [[spesies]] ''[[Heliothis]]'' jeung [[lalat buah]] ''[[Agromyza]]''. Sedengkeun, di Sulawesi beulah kaler, kacang gude diganggu ku hama [[polong]], nyaéta ''[[Maruca testulalis]]'' jeung''[[Helicoverpa]]'' sp. Sok padahal ieu, beubeunangan tatanén kacang hiris ieu mangrupa panambah pikeun nyubadanan kabutuhan kadaharan atawa pangan.<ref name=p49/> Disebutkeun ku [[Rumphius]] anu dilaporkeun ku Heyne- di mana "[[hileud]] buah jeung daun bakal daratang dina mangsa asup kana usum [[hujan]]. Tangkal hiris buahan genep bulan ti saprak dipelak.<ref name=Heyne/><ref name=detail/> == Taksonomi == Dilaporkeun ku ''Heyne'', hiris kabagi jadi sababaraha [[forma]], jeung dibédakeun dumasar kana kelir [[kulit]] buah [[[[siki]]]], utamana:<ref name=Heyne/> * Abu-abu [[bodas]]; * [[Konéng]]; * [[coklat]] jeung ; * [[hideung]] ==Dicutat tina== '''Catatan bawah''' {{notelist}} '''Referensi''' {{reflist|30em}} {{commons category|Cajanus cajan}} [[Kategori:Bungbuahan]] [[Kategori:Fabaceae]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan tropis]] hen7j5yfnwhu5tumiih9rifhly8oht1 3 103810 710931 710921 2026-07-04T11:02:28Z Zulf 21463 /* Help */ Bales 710931 wikitext text/x-wiki == [[Reundeu]] jeung [[Piléa pumila]] == Éta pada benerkeun heula artikelna heunteu hiji kalimah hungkul, maké ContentTranslation hungkul. Engké bisa dihapus. Éta gé mun ngaran takson teu kedah ditambahkeun curek di ngranna pan lain basa Sunda. [[Pamaké:RXerself|RXerself]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:RXerself|sawala]]) 13 Séptémber 2022 00.17 (UTC) {{ping:RXerself}} ouh enya kang ,hampura acan bener.terkendala kouta sareung tranlate jwung informasina😁 <span style="border:2px solid #000;padding:2px;"><font style="color:#00D6ff;background:#000;">'''[[Pamaké:VpuipV|🌹VpuipV ]]'''</font> <font style="color:#000;background:#00D6ff;">'''[[Obrolan Pamaké:VpuipV|&nbsp;✉&nbsp;]]'''</font></span> 13 Séptémber 2022 01.11 (UTC) == Gening ka anjeun! == Wilujeng janten kuncen, kang Rarani. Mudah-mudahan tiasa ngagunakeun alat-alat ieu sacara bijaksana. Ku jalan kitu, kuring nganggo Google Tarjamah 🗿 [[Pamaké:Serigala Sumatera|Serigala Sumatera]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Serigala Sumatera|sawala]]) 16 Juni 2025 13.39 (UTC) : siap hatur nuhun kang [[User:Rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-weight:bold;font-family:cursive, serif">RaRani</span>]] ^{[[User talk:rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-size:small;font-family:cursive, serif;">(Talk)</span>]]} 16 Juni 2025 13.47 (UTC) == Protecting pages in MediaWiki namespace == Just as a note, you don't need to add admin protection to MediaWiki: namespace pages. They can by default only be edited by admins and interface admins. [[Pamaké:Svartava|Svartava]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Svartava|sawala]]) 18 Juni 2025 15.37 (UTC) :ok sir, thank you for the information [[User:Rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-weight:bold;font-family:cursive, serif">RaRani</span>]] ^{[[User talk:rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-size:small;font-family:cursive, serif;">(Talk)</span>]]} 18 Juni 2025 22.57 (UTC) == Revdels == Hello, could you explain why have you been hiding log entries from some time? I don't see anything that needs to be removed in those logs. [[Pamaké:Svartava|Svartava]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Svartava|sawala]]) 30 Juni 2025 04.06 (UTC) :@[[Pamaké:Svartava|Svartava]] where exactly? [[User:Rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-weight:bold;font-family:cursive, serif">RaRani</span>]] ^{[[User talk:rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-size:small;font-family:cursive, serif;">(Talk)</span>]]} 1 Juli 2025 03.03 (UTC) :Okay sir, I don't think that's something that needs to be worried about. [[User:Rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-weight:bold;font-family:cursive, serif">RaRani</span>]] ^{[[User talk:rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-size:small;font-family:cursive, serif;">(Talk)</span>]]} 1 Juli 2025 03.10 (UTC) ::[https://su.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Husus:HapusRevisi&target=Husus%3ACatatan%2Frights&type=logging&ids=119149], [https://su.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Husus:HapusRevisi&target=Husus%3ACatatan%2Frights&type=logging&ids=117326]. [[Pamaké:Svartava|Svartava]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Svartava|sawala]]) 1 Juli 2025 03.23 (UTC) :::I tried the tool myself so there should be no significant problem sir. and I know the policy regarding sysop, if you monitor me please go ahead. but if you continue to question it of course I will defend. I know you are a global sysop but for small wikis there are also policies. thank you [[User:Rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-weight:bold;font-family:cursive, serif">RaRani</span>]] ^{[[User talk:rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-size:small;font-family:cursive, serif;">(Talk)</span>]]} 1 Juli 2025 05.43 (UTC) ::::If you mean that you were trying / testing the tool, then please revert your tests after it so that the logs can remain visible as there is no clear reason to hide the logs. Thanks, --[[Pamaké:Svartava|Svartava]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Svartava|sawala]]) 1 Juli 2025 06.05 (UTC) == Permablocking IPs == Please do not permablock (or for any excessively long duration when not appropriate) IPs like you did at [[Husus:Kontribusi/89.248.248.82]] as in most cases IPs are not permanently assigned and can vary. [[Pamaké:Svartava|Svartava]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Svartava|sawala]]) 1 Juli 2025 03.28 (UTC) :I don't think there is a policy on suwiki, I borrowed or based on idwiki's policy, because it is still under idwiki [[User:Rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-weight:bold;font-family:cursive, serif">RaRani</span>]] ^{[[User talk:rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-size:small;font-family:cursive, serif;">(Talk)</span>]]} 1 Juli 2025 05.37 (UTC) ::The IP was identified as LTA and should be permanently blocked. [[User:Rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-weight:bold;font-family:cursive, serif">RaRani</span>]] ^{[[User talk:rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-size:small;font-family:cursive, serif;">(Talk)</span>]]} 1 Juli 2025 05.38 (UTC) ::Is there a policy on idwiki that permit indefinitely blocking IPs? [[Pamaké:Svartava|Svartava]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Svartava|sawala]]) 1 Juli 2025 06.01 (UTC) :::@yes there is, and it's up to the sysos. for fatal cases and such as LTA [[User:Rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-weight:bold;font-family:cursive, serif">RaRani</span>]] ^{[[User talk:rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-size:small;font-family:cursive, serif;">(Talk)</span>]]} 1 Juli 2025 10.38 (UTC) == sorry == Why am I [[w:id:wikipedia:Blokir|blocked]] what did I do wrong? [[Pamaké:Mistsplitter Reforged|Mistsplitter Reforged]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Mistsplitter Reforged|sawala]]) 27 Juli 2025 04.53 (UTC) :@[[Pamaké:Mistsplitter Reforged|Mistsplitter Reforged]] anda di blokir di wiki lain..waktu itu saya blok anda..tapi sudah saya buka. [[User:Rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-weight:bold;font-family:cursive, serif">RaRani</span>]] ^{[[User talk:rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-size:small;font-family:cursive, serif;">(Talk)</span>]]} 27 Juli 2025 05.14 (UTC) ::kenapa saya diblokir apakah saya salah? [[Pamaké:Mistsplitter Reforged|Mistsplitter Reforged]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Mistsplitter Reforged|sawala]]) 27 Juli 2025 05.15 (UTC) :::@[[Pamaké:Mistsplitter Reforged|Mistsplitter Reforged]] anda di blokir di jawiki dan enwiki [[User:Rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-weight:bold;font-family:cursive, serif">RaRani</span>]] ^{[[User talk:rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-size:small;font-family:cursive, serif;">(Talk)</span>]]} 27 Juli 2025 05.34 (UTC) ::::Ohhh itu saya diblokir gara punya akun bernama “maaf jika saya tidak apal dengan kata norwegia ininya gitu” ::::sedangkan di enwiki saya diblok karena mengedit halaman pengguna saya sendiri sebanyak2 sampe diblokir [[Pamaké:Mistsplitter Reforged|Mistsplitter Reforged]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Mistsplitter Reforged|sawala]]) 27 Juli 2025 06.22 (UTC) ::::Makanya jika menangani hal semacam ini bicara dulu dengan saya jangan asal blokir [[Pamaké:Mistsplitter Reforged|Mistsplitter Reforged]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Mistsplitter Reforged|sawala]]) 27 Juli 2025 06.24 (UTC) ::::Sepertinya saya kenal dengan kamu di idwiki bernama [[w:id:User:rarani|rarani]] [[Pamaké:Mistsplitter Reforged|Mistsplitter Reforged]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Mistsplitter Reforged|sawala]]) 27 Juli 2025 06.26 (UTC) :::::@[[Pamaké:Mistsplitter Reforged|Mistsplitter Reforged]] lah memang saya rarani 😆😆 [[User:Rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-weight:bold;font-family:cursive, serif">RaRani</span>]] ^{[[User talk:rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-size:small;font-family:cursive, serif;">(Talk)</span>]]} 27 Juli 2025 21.55 (UTC) == Undangan sarasehan pengurus 2025 == Halo, Anda menerima pesan ini sebagai salah satu [[m:Administrators of Wikimedia projects/Indonesian projects|pengurus proyek-proyek Wikimedia dalam bahasa yang dipertuturkan di Indonesia]]. Kami mengharapkan kehadiran Anda dalam sarasehan tahunan pengurus Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia yang akan berlangsung pada: * Hari: Minggu, 17 Agustus 2025 * Waktu: 90 menit, dimulai pukul 15.00 WIB / 16.00 WITA / 17.00 WIT * Tempat: Ruang obrolan daring Zoom (pranala dibagikan kepada yang mendaftar di bawah via surel) Anda dapat mendaftar dengan [[w:id:Wikipedia:Pengurus/Sarasehan/2025#Peserta|membubuhkan tanda tangan di sini]] dan [[w:id:Wikipedia:Pengurus/Sarasehan/2025#Agenda|menambahkan usulan agenda untuk dibahas di sini]]. Terima kasih dan salam, [[User:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|dwadieff]] [[User talk:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|✉]] 6 Agustus 2025 07.04 (UTC) :@[[Pamaké:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|David Wadie Fisher-Freberg]] baik,sebisa mungkin saya akan mengusahakanya. <span style="border:3px outset;border-radius:9pt 0;padding:1px 7px;background:linear-gradient(to bottom right, blue,#00FF7F)">[[User:Zulf|<span style="color:#fff;font:1em Lucida Sans">🍃Zulf🍃</span>]]</span>^{[[User talk:Zulf|''talk'']]} 6 Agustus 2025 19.03 (UTC) == Dilindungi dan rusak: "Citakan:Tl" == Mohon memperbaiki [[Citakan:Tl]] yang sama sekali rusak setelah "impor" terkini. Mungkin juga jangan melindungi halaman tanpa alasan '''sangat keras'''. [[Pamaké:Taylor 49|Taylor 49]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Taylor 49|sawala]]) 9 Agustus 2025 16.33 (UTC) :@[[Pamaké:Taylor 49|Taylor 49]] baik pak, saya lihat itu hanya kesalahan kata yang seharunya "citakan" dan bukan " templat". <span style="border:3px outset;border-radius:9pt 0;padding:1px 7px;background:linear-gradient(to bottom right, blue,#00FF7F)">[[User:Zulf|<span style="color:#fff;font:1em Lucida Sans">🍃Zulf🍃</span>]]</span>^{[[User talk:Zulf|''talk'']]} 9 Agustus 2025 23.06 (UTC) :Saya lihat juga halaman tidak dilindungi kok. <span style="border:3px outset;border-radius:9pt 0;padding:1px 7px;background:linear-gradient(to bottom right, blue,#00FF7F)">[[User:Zulf|<span style="color:#fff;font:1em Lucida Sans">🍃Zulf🍃</span>]]</span>^{[[User talk:Zulf|''talk'']]} 9 Agustus 2025 23.42 (UTC) == [[ᮃᮎᮥᮤᮊᮦᮨᮖ ᮝᮆᮒᮥᮕ (ᮒᮥᮜᮂᮦᮔ᮪)]] and [[Citakan:ᮊᮜᮥ]] == Hi. Could you please have a look at these two pages and delete them if necessary? I think they are test pages, but I'm not sure. [[Pamaké:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|sawala]]) 14 Oktober 2025 21.57 (UTC) :ok, i will review it soon <span style="border:3px outset;border-radius:9pt 0;padding:1px 7px;background:linear-gradient(to bottom right, blue,#00FF7F)">[[User:Zulf|<span style="color:#fff;font:1em Lucida Sans">🍃Zulf🍃</span>]]</span>^{[[User talk:Zulf|''talk'']]} 14 Oktober 2025 22.23 (UTC) :@[[Pamaké:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh]] The page has been deleted, thank you for your report. <span style="border:3px outset;border-radius:9pt 0;padding:1px 7px;background:linear-gradient(to bottom right, blue,#00FF7F)">[[User:Zulf|<span style="color:#fff;font:1em Lucida Sans">🍃Zulf🍃</span>]]</span>^{[[User talk:Zulf|''talk'']]} 14 Oktober 2025 22.30 (UTC) == Nyuhunkeun PIPAS == Sampurasun, wilujeng wengi Kang @[[Pamaké:Zulf|Zulf]]. Tiasa nyunhunkeun hak Pamaca IP Akun Samentara ka abdi di Wikipédia Sunda? [[Pamaké:Apri DAV|Apri DAV]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Apri DAV|sawala]]) 31 Oktober 2025 13.03 (UTC) :@[[Pamaké:Apri DAV|Apri DAV]] kudu leuwih di tingkatkeun deui bangunamah kang kontribusina, di ayeunamah acan tiasa. <span style="border:3px outset;border-radius:9pt 0;padding:1px 7px;background:linear-gradient(to bottom right, blue,#00FF7F)">[[User:Zulf|<span style="color:#fff;font:1em Lucida Sans">🍃Zulf🍃</span>]]</span>^{[[User talk:Zulf|''talk'']]} 31 Oktober 2025 23.35 (UTC) ::Siap kang 🫡 [[Pamaké:Apri DAV|Apri DAV]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Apri DAV|sawala]]) 1 Nopémber 2025 13.18 (UTC) == Pengecualian blokir IP == Hi Bung @[[Pamaké:Zulf|Zulf]], Bisakah anda memberi saya hak Pengecualian blokir IP? Soalnya akun saya keluar muluh ketika sudah login dan saya ingin berkontribusi disini. Salam hangat! [[Pamaké:Nathan Veritas|Nathan Veritas]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Nathan Veritas|sawala]]) 20 April 2026 23.53 (UTC) :{{Done}} [https://su.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Husus:Catatan&logid=127815] <span style="border:3px outset;border-radius:9pt 0;padding:1px 7px;background:linear-gradient(to bottom right, blue,#00FF7F)">[[User:Zulf|<span style="color:#fff;font:1em Lucida Sans">🍃Zulf🍃</span>]]</span>^{[[User talk:Zulf|''talk'']]} 22 April 2026 13.54 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 28 April 2026 20.11 (UTC) </div> (This message was sent to [[:Obrolan pamaké:Rarani]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472482 --> == Hak sysop anjeun bakal geura kadaluwarsa == Halo, ieu mangrupa panginget otomatis salaku bagian tina [[metawiki:Global reminder bot|Bot panginget global]] pikeun meré nyaho yén idin "sysop" (Kuncén ⭐️) anjeun bakal kadaluwarsa dina 12:56, 16 Juni 2026 (UTC). Kanggo sabagéan ageung hak, anjeun kedah nganyarankeunana dina [[WP:PERM]], kacuali anjeun dibéjaan sanés nalika hak anjeun disatujuan. <small>{{grey|Pikeun milih kaluar tina béwara béakna hak pamaké, tambahkeun diri anjeun ka [[m:Global reminder bot/Exclusion]].}}</small> [[Pamaké:Leaderbot|Leaderbot]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Leaderbot|sawala]]) 10 Juni 2026 19.42 (UTC) == Help == Hello, can you help me to improve [[Genosida Gaza|this]] article. Thank you [[Pamaké:جودت|جودت]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:جودت|sawala]]) 3 Juli 2026 08.11 (UTC) :For which part? <span style="border:3px outset;border-radius:9pt 0;padding:1px 7px;background:linear-gradient(to bottom right, blue,#00FF7F)">[[User:Zulf|<span style="color:#fff;font:1em Lucida Sans">🍃Zulf🍃</span>]]</span>^{[[User talk:Zulf|''talk'']]} 4 Juli 2026 11.02 (UTC) pvp1dlwr16cvd94tzxki5deg3v4hl96 710932 710931 2026-07-04T11:10:59Z جودت 37035 /* Help */ Bales 710932 wikitext text/x-wiki == [[Reundeu]] jeung [[Piléa pumila]] == Éta pada benerkeun heula artikelna heunteu hiji kalimah hungkul, maké ContentTranslation hungkul. Engké bisa dihapus. Éta gé mun ngaran takson teu kedah ditambahkeun curek di ngranna pan lain basa Sunda. [[Pamaké:RXerself|RXerself]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:RXerself|sawala]]) 13 Séptémber 2022 00.17 (UTC) {{ping:RXerself}} ouh enya kang ,hampura acan bener.terkendala kouta sareung tranlate jwung informasina😁 <span style="border:2px solid #000;padding:2px;"><font style="color:#00D6ff;background:#000;">'''[[Pamaké:VpuipV|🌹VpuipV ]]'''</font> <font style="color:#000;background:#00D6ff;">'''[[Obrolan Pamaké:VpuipV|&nbsp;✉&nbsp;]]'''</font></span> 13 Séptémber 2022 01.11 (UTC) == Gening ka anjeun! == Wilujeng janten kuncen, kang Rarani. Mudah-mudahan tiasa ngagunakeun alat-alat ieu sacara bijaksana. Ku jalan kitu, kuring nganggo Google Tarjamah 🗿 [[Pamaké:Serigala Sumatera|Serigala Sumatera]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Serigala Sumatera|sawala]]) 16 Juni 2025 13.39 (UTC) : siap hatur nuhun kang [[User:Rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-weight:bold;font-family:cursive, serif">RaRani</span>]] ^{[[User talk:rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-size:small;font-family:cursive, serif;">(Talk)</span>]]} 16 Juni 2025 13.47 (UTC) == Protecting pages in MediaWiki namespace == Just as a note, you don't need to add admin protection to MediaWiki: namespace pages. They can by default only be edited by admins and interface admins. [[Pamaké:Svartava|Svartava]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Svartava|sawala]]) 18 Juni 2025 15.37 (UTC) :ok sir, thank you for the information [[User:Rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-weight:bold;font-family:cursive, serif">RaRani</span>]] ^{[[User talk:rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-size:small;font-family:cursive, serif;">(Talk)</span>]]} 18 Juni 2025 22.57 (UTC) == Revdels == Hello, could you explain why have you been hiding log entries from some time? I don't see anything that needs to be removed in those logs. [[Pamaké:Svartava|Svartava]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Svartava|sawala]]) 30 Juni 2025 04.06 (UTC) :@[[Pamaké:Svartava|Svartava]] where exactly? [[User:Rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-weight:bold;font-family:cursive, serif">RaRani</span>]] ^{[[User talk:rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-size:small;font-family:cursive, serif;">(Talk)</span>]]} 1 Juli 2025 03.03 (UTC) :Okay sir, I don't think that's something that needs to be worried about. [[User:Rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-weight:bold;font-family:cursive, serif">RaRani</span>]] ^{[[User talk:rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-size:small;font-family:cursive, serif;">(Talk)</span>]]} 1 Juli 2025 03.10 (UTC) ::[https://su.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Husus:HapusRevisi&target=Husus%3ACatatan%2Frights&type=logging&ids=119149], [https://su.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Husus:HapusRevisi&target=Husus%3ACatatan%2Frights&type=logging&ids=117326]. [[Pamaké:Svartava|Svartava]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Svartava|sawala]]) 1 Juli 2025 03.23 (UTC) :::I tried the tool myself so there should be no significant problem sir. and I know the policy regarding sysop, if you monitor me please go ahead. but if you continue to question it of course I will defend. I know you are a global sysop but for small wikis there are also policies. thank you [[User:Rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-weight:bold;font-family:cursive, serif">RaRani</span>]] ^{[[User talk:rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-size:small;font-family:cursive, serif;">(Talk)</span>]]} 1 Juli 2025 05.43 (UTC) ::::If you mean that you were trying / testing the tool, then please revert your tests after it so that the logs can remain visible as there is no clear reason to hide the logs. Thanks, --[[Pamaké:Svartava|Svartava]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Svartava|sawala]]) 1 Juli 2025 06.05 (UTC) == Permablocking IPs == Please do not permablock (or for any excessively long duration when not appropriate) IPs like you did at [[Husus:Kontribusi/89.248.248.82]] as in most cases IPs are not permanently assigned and can vary. [[Pamaké:Svartava|Svartava]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Svartava|sawala]]) 1 Juli 2025 03.28 (UTC) :I don't think there is a policy on suwiki, I borrowed or based on idwiki's policy, because it is still under idwiki [[User:Rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-weight:bold;font-family:cursive, serif">RaRani</span>]] ^{[[User talk:rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-size:small;font-family:cursive, serif;">(Talk)</span>]]} 1 Juli 2025 05.37 (UTC) ::The IP was identified as LTA and should be permanently blocked. [[User:Rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-weight:bold;font-family:cursive, serif">RaRani</span>]] ^{[[User talk:rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-size:small;font-family:cursive, serif;">(Talk)</span>]]} 1 Juli 2025 05.38 (UTC) ::Is there a policy on idwiki that permit indefinitely blocking IPs? [[Pamaké:Svartava|Svartava]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Svartava|sawala]]) 1 Juli 2025 06.01 (UTC) :::@yes there is, and it's up to the sysos. for fatal cases and such as LTA [[User:Rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-weight:bold;font-family:cursive, serif">RaRani</span>]] ^{[[User talk:rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-size:small;font-family:cursive, serif;">(Talk)</span>]]} 1 Juli 2025 10.38 (UTC) == sorry == Why am I [[w:id:wikipedia:Blokir|blocked]] what did I do wrong? [[Pamaké:Mistsplitter Reforged|Mistsplitter Reforged]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Mistsplitter Reforged|sawala]]) 27 Juli 2025 04.53 (UTC) :@[[Pamaké:Mistsplitter Reforged|Mistsplitter Reforged]] anda di blokir di wiki lain..waktu itu saya blok anda..tapi sudah saya buka. [[User:Rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-weight:bold;font-family:cursive, serif">RaRani</span>]] ^{[[User talk:rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-size:small;font-family:cursive, serif;">(Talk)</span>]]} 27 Juli 2025 05.14 (UTC) ::kenapa saya diblokir apakah saya salah? [[Pamaké:Mistsplitter Reforged|Mistsplitter Reforged]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Mistsplitter Reforged|sawala]]) 27 Juli 2025 05.15 (UTC) :::@[[Pamaké:Mistsplitter Reforged|Mistsplitter Reforged]] anda di blokir di jawiki dan enwiki [[User:Rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-weight:bold;font-family:cursive, serif">RaRani</span>]] ^{[[User talk:rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-size:small;font-family:cursive, serif;">(Talk)</span>]]} 27 Juli 2025 05.34 (UTC) ::::Ohhh itu saya diblokir gara punya akun bernama “maaf jika saya tidak apal dengan kata norwegia ininya gitu” ::::sedangkan di enwiki saya diblok karena mengedit halaman pengguna saya sendiri sebanyak2 sampe diblokir [[Pamaké:Mistsplitter Reforged|Mistsplitter Reforged]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Mistsplitter Reforged|sawala]]) 27 Juli 2025 06.22 (UTC) ::::Makanya jika menangani hal semacam ini bicara dulu dengan saya jangan asal blokir [[Pamaké:Mistsplitter Reforged|Mistsplitter Reforged]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Mistsplitter Reforged|sawala]]) 27 Juli 2025 06.24 (UTC) ::::Sepertinya saya kenal dengan kamu di idwiki bernama [[w:id:User:rarani|rarani]] [[Pamaké:Mistsplitter Reforged|Mistsplitter Reforged]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Mistsplitter Reforged|sawala]]) 27 Juli 2025 06.26 (UTC) :::::@[[Pamaké:Mistsplitter Reforged|Mistsplitter Reforged]] lah memang saya rarani 😆😆 [[User:Rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-weight:bold;font-family:cursive, serif">RaRani</span>]] ^{[[User talk:rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-size:small;font-family:cursive, serif;">(Talk)</span>]]} 27 Juli 2025 21.55 (UTC) == Undangan sarasehan pengurus 2025 == Halo, Anda menerima pesan ini sebagai salah satu [[m:Administrators of Wikimedia projects/Indonesian projects|pengurus proyek-proyek Wikimedia dalam bahasa yang dipertuturkan di Indonesia]]. Kami mengharapkan kehadiran Anda dalam sarasehan tahunan pengurus Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia yang akan berlangsung pada: * Hari: Minggu, 17 Agustus 2025 * Waktu: 90 menit, dimulai pukul 15.00 WIB / 16.00 WITA / 17.00 WIT * Tempat: Ruang obrolan daring Zoom (pranala dibagikan kepada yang mendaftar di bawah via surel) Anda dapat mendaftar dengan [[w:id:Wikipedia:Pengurus/Sarasehan/2025#Peserta|membubuhkan tanda tangan di sini]] dan [[w:id:Wikipedia:Pengurus/Sarasehan/2025#Agenda|menambahkan usulan agenda untuk dibahas di sini]]. Terima kasih dan salam, [[User:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|dwadieff]] [[User talk:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|✉]] 6 Agustus 2025 07.04 (UTC) :@[[Pamaké:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|David Wadie Fisher-Freberg]] baik,sebisa mungkin saya akan mengusahakanya. <span style="border:3px outset;border-radius:9pt 0;padding:1px 7px;background:linear-gradient(to bottom right, blue,#00FF7F)">[[User:Zulf|<span style="color:#fff;font:1em Lucida Sans">🍃Zulf🍃</span>]]</span>^{[[User talk:Zulf|''talk'']]} 6 Agustus 2025 19.03 (UTC) == Dilindungi dan rusak: "Citakan:Tl" == Mohon memperbaiki [[Citakan:Tl]] yang sama sekali rusak setelah "impor" terkini. Mungkin juga jangan melindungi halaman tanpa alasan '''sangat keras'''. [[Pamaké:Taylor 49|Taylor 49]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Taylor 49|sawala]]) 9 Agustus 2025 16.33 (UTC) :@[[Pamaké:Taylor 49|Taylor 49]] baik pak, saya lihat itu hanya kesalahan kata yang seharunya "citakan" dan bukan " templat". <span style="border:3px outset;border-radius:9pt 0;padding:1px 7px;background:linear-gradient(to bottom right, blue,#00FF7F)">[[User:Zulf|<span style="color:#fff;font:1em Lucida Sans">🍃Zulf🍃</span>]]</span>^{[[User talk:Zulf|''talk'']]} 9 Agustus 2025 23.06 (UTC) :Saya lihat juga halaman tidak dilindungi kok. <span style="border:3px outset;border-radius:9pt 0;padding:1px 7px;background:linear-gradient(to bottom right, blue,#00FF7F)">[[User:Zulf|<span style="color:#fff;font:1em Lucida Sans">🍃Zulf🍃</span>]]</span>^{[[User talk:Zulf|''talk'']]} 9 Agustus 2025 23.42 (UTC) == [[ᮃᮎᮥᮤᮊᮦᮨᮖ ᮝᮆᮒᮥᮕ (ᮒᮥᮜᮂᮦᮔ᮪)]] and [[Citakan:ᮊᮜᮥ]] == Hi. Could you please have a look at these two pages and delete them if necessary? I think they are test pages, but I'm not sure. [[Pamaké:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|sawala]]) 14 Oktober 2025 21.57 (UTC) :ok, i will review it soon <span style="border:3px outset;border-radius:9pt 0;padding:1px 7px;background:linear-gradient(to bottom right, blue,#00FF7F)">[[User:Zulf|<span style="color:#fff;font:1em Lucida Sans">🍃Zulf🍃</span>]]</span>^{[[User talk:Zulf|''talk'']]} 14 Oktober 2025 22.23 (UTC) :@[[Pamaké:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh]] The page has been deleted, thank you for your report. <span style="border:3px outset;border-radius:9pt 0;padding:1px 7px;background:linear-gradient(to bottom right, blue,#00FF7F)">[[User:Zulf|<span style="color:#fff;font:1em Lucida Sans">🍃Zulf🍃</span>]]</span>^{[[User talk:Zulf|''talk'']]} 14 Oktober 2025 22.30 (UTC) == Nyuhunkeun PIPAS == Sampurasun, wilujeng wengi Kang @[[Pamaké:Zulf|Zulf]]. Tiasa nyunhunkeun hak Pamaca IP Akun Samentara ka abdi di Wikipédia Sunda? [[Pamaké:Apri DAV|Apri DAV]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Apri DAV|sawala]]) 31 Oktober 2025 13.03 (UTC) :@[[Pamaké:Apri DAV|Apri DAV]] kudu leuwih di tingkatkeun deui bangunamah kang kontribusina, di ayeunamah acan tiasa. <span style="border:3px outset;border-radius:9pt 0;padding:1px 7px;background:linear-gradient(to bottom right, blue,#00FF7F)">[[User:Zulf|<span style="color:#fff;font:1em Lucida Sans">🍃Zulf🍃</span>]]</span>^{[[User talk:Zulf|''talk'']]} 31 Oktober 2025 23.35 (UTC) ::Siap kang 🫡 [[Pamaké:Apri DAV|Apri DAV]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Apri DAV|sawala]]) 1 Nopémber 2025 13.18 (UTC) == Pengecualian blokir IP == Hi Bung @[[Pamaké:Zulf|Zulf]], Bisakah anda memberi saya hak Pengecualian blokir IP? Soalnya akun saya keluar muluh ketika sudah login dan saya ingin berkontribusi disini. Salam hangat! [[Pamaké:Nathan Veritas|Nathan Veritas]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Nathan Veritas|sawala]]) 20 April 2026 23.53 (UTC) :{{Done}} [https://su.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Husus:Catatan&logid=127815] <span style="border:3px outset;border-radius:9pt 0;padding:1px 7px;background:linear-gradient(to bottom right, blue,#00FF7F)">[[User:Zulf|<span style="color:#fff;font:1em Lucida Sans">🍃Zulf🍃</span>]]</span>^{[[User talk:Zulf|''talk'']]} 22 April 2026 13.54 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 28 April 2026 20.11 (UTC) </div> (This message was sent to [[:Obrolan pamaké:Rarani]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472482 --> == Hak sysop anjeun bakal geura kadaluwarsa == Halo, ieu mangrupa panginget otomatis salaku bagian tina [[metawiki:Global reminder bot|Bot panginget global]] pikeun meré nyaho yén idin "sysop" (Kuncén ⭐️) anjeun bakal kadaluwarsa dina 12:56, 16 Juni 2026 (UTC). Kanggo sabagéan ageung hak, anjeun kedah nganyarankeunana dina [[WP:PERM]], kacuali anjeun dibéjaan sanés nalika hak anjeun disatujuan. <small>{{grey|Pikeun milih kaluar tina béwara béakna hak pamaké, tambahkeun diri anjeun ka [[m:Global reminder bot/Exclusion]].}}</small> [[Pamaké:Leaderbot|Leaderbot]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Leaderbot|sawala]]) 10 Juni 2026 19.42 (UTC) == Help == Hello, can you help me to improve [[Genosida Gaza|this]] article. Thank you [[Pamaké:جودت|جودت]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:جودت|sawala]]) 3 Juli 2026 08.11 (UTC) :For which part? <span style="border:3px outset;border-radius:9pt 0;padding:1px 7px;background:linear-gradient(to bottom right, blue,#00FF7F)">[[User:Zulf|<span style="color:#fff;font:1em Lucida Sans">🍃Zulf🍃</span>]]</span>^{[[User talk:Zulf|''talk'']]} 4 Juli 2026 11.02 (UTC) ::@[[Pamaké:Zulf|Zulf]] I just want you to review it and ensure it follows the grammatical rules, because I am not sufficiently familiar with the language. [[Pamaké:جودت|جودت]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:جودت|sawala]]) 4 Juli 2026 11.10 (UTC) bfcmtlq1jc9dw9acasevqyi2in5e1jn 0 104807 710930 674317 2026-07-04T10:55:02Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710930 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Monumén Laskar Wanita Indonésia''' kakoncara ku sebutan LASWI diadegkeun di [[Kota Bandung|Bandung]] tanggal 12 Oktober 1945 atas prakarsa [[Ny. Sumarsih Yati Arudji Kartawinata]]. Tugu ieu ayana di [[Jalan Perintis Kemerdékaan]], [[Babakanciamis, Sumurbandung, Bandung|Babakan Ciamis]], [[Sumur Bandung, Bandung|Kacamatan Sumur Bandung]], [[Kota Bandung]], Jawa Kulon. LASWI mangrupa hasil gabungan Barisan Srikandi jeung Pemuda Putri (PPI), anggotana asalna ti rupa-rupa lapisan masarakat, diantarana mojang, ibu rumah tangga jeung randa, anu umurna umumna kira-kira 18 taun. Tujuan dibentukna Laskar Wanita nyaéta pikeun méré pangrojong kana gerakan pajoang ngalawan sekutu. Peran LASWI dina waktos éta kalebet partisipasi dina tempur jeung pejuang lalaki, ngalaksanakeun kagiatan sosial, jeung sakapeung mancén intelijen.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bandung.go.id/features/detail/26/monumen-laskar-wanita-indonesia|title=Monumen Laskar Wanita Indonesia|last=Bandung|first=Website Resmi Kota|website=https://www.bandung.go.id|language=id|accessdate=2023-11-24}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124120643/https://www.bandung.go.id/features/detail/26/monumen-laskar-wanita-indonesia |date=2023-11-24 }}</ref> == Sajarah == Diimimitian ku kahariwang ngeunaan kaayaan vakumna kakawasaan di [[Indonésia]] sabulan saenggeus [[Proklamasi Kamerdékaan Indonésia|Proklamasi]] dibacakeun ku [[Sukarno]] 75 taun ka tukang. Kahariwang ieu nimbulkeun perlawanan ti masarakat [[Kota Bandung|Bandung]], anu dipicu ku datangna pasukan [[Inggris]] anu bersekutu jeung Administrasi Sipil [[Hindia-Walanda|Hindia Walanda]] (NICA).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://bandunginfogaya.com/pages/single.php?id=1579|title=Monumen Laswi, Kisah Penghargaan Perempuan Sunda Melawan Sekutu|website=Bandung Info Gaya|accessdate=2023-11-24}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124122349/https://bandunginfogaya.com/pages/single.php?id=1579 |date=2023-11-24 }}</ref> Dina suasana [[skeptisisme]] ka sekutu, para nonoman di [[Kota Bandung|Bandung]] ngahiji sacara spontan ngawangun gerakan perlawanan. Sanggeus datangna sekutu, rupa-rupa konflik jeung battles bitu di sagala rupa tempat. Propaganda jeung kahayang [[Walanda]] pikeun ngawasa deui Indonésia dilawan ku résistansi anu keras ku masarakat anu teu hayang kamerdékaan Indonésia dileungitkeun. Dina respon kana kaayaan ieu, LASWI kabentuk sarta mimiti ngabarantas kahariwangan ieu.<ref name=":0" /> Salian ti méré kontribusi pikeun ngajaga kamerdékaan, LASWI ogé kalibatkeun dina acara puncak perang [[Bandung Lautan Api]] tanggal 24 Maret 1946. Salah sahiji prinsip anu ditekenkeun ka satiap anggota nya éta larangan kana hubungan asmara (cinta). Hal ieu dilakukeun pikeun ngajaga disiplin, fokus kana perjuangan, jeung ngahindarkeun pelanggaran moral dina palayanan militér.<ref name=":0" /> Ngaran LASWI sorangan masih dipikahormat jeung diinget ku [[Kota Bandung]]. Tapak-tapak perjuangan ieu masih kénéh kapanggih di [[Kota Bandung|Bandung]] kiwari, boh dina wangun ngaran jalan di puseur dayeuh boh ngaliwatan tugu anu nangtung di [[Jalan Viaduct]].<ref name=":0" /> Di puseur dayeuh [[Kota Bandung|Bandung]] aya tugu di Jalan Perintis Kemerdékaan anu diadegkeun pikeun ngahormat perjuangan Pasukan Wanita Indonésia (LASWI) dina ngabéla kamerdékaan Indonésia. LASWI anu diwangun di Bandung tanggal 12 Oktober 1945 ku Ny. Sumarsih Yati Arudji Kartawinata, mangrupa gabungan ti Barisan Srikandi jeung Pemuda Putri (PPI). Tugu ieu ayana di Jl. Perintis Kemerdékaan Babakan Ciamis Kecamatan Sumur Bandung Kota Bandung Jawa Kulon.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nubandung.id/2022/09/monumen-laswi-di-kota-bandung.html|title=Hormati Pejuang Wanita, Berdiri Gagah Monumen Laswi di Kota Bandung|language=id|accessdate=2023-12-17}}</ref> Anggota LASWI miboga kasang tukang anu rupa-rupa, kalebet budak awéwé, ibu rumah tangga, sareng randa kalayan umur rata-rata sakitar 18 taun. Tujuan dibentukna LASWI nyaéta pikeun ngarojong gerakan pajoang ngalawan sekutu. Peranna dina waktos éta kalebet tarung sareng prajurit lalaki, kagiatan sosial, sareng kadang tugas intelijen.<ref name=":1" /> Kawas monumén prajurit anu lain, monumén LASWI ngagambarkeun anggotana ngagem saragam tentara kuno jeung nyekel pakarang. Ieu arca téh karya [[Sunaryo]], pematung ti Bandung jeung alumni Seni Rupa ITB. Salian ti arca LASWI, Sunaryo ogé nyiptakeun stilisasi Bandung Lautan Api anu sumebar di sagala rupa lokasi di Kota Bandung.<ref name=":1" /> Karya Sunaryo séjénna nyaéta Tugu Bandung Lautan Api jeung Tugu Dasasila (Simpang Lima) anu perenahna di parapatan Jalan Asia-Afrika, Jalan Gotot Subroto, Jalan Karapitan, Jalan Ahmad Yani, jeung Jalan Sunda.<ref name=":1" /> Pembentukan LASWI dilaksanakeun kalawan tujuan pikeun mantuan lalaki anu tarung di garis hareup jeung di garis tukang. Saméméh aub dina tempur, anggota LASWI ngalaman latihan fisik jeung méntal ngalibetkeun rupa-rupa aspék, saperti latihan marching, penguasaan pakarang, taktik gerilya, layanan médis, kaahlian kecerdasan, jeung saterusna.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tangerangraya.id/tempo-doeloe/pr-1954092115/laswi-para-perempuan-ini-terlibat-dalam-bandung-lautan-api|title=Laswi, Para Perempuan Ini Terlibat dalam Bandung Lautan Api - Tangerang Raya|last=Saptorini|website=Laswi, Para Perempuan Ini Terlibat dalam Bandung Lautan Api - Tangerang Raya|language=id|accessdate=2023-12-17}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217042811/https://www.tangerangraya.id/tempo-doeloe/pr-1954092115/laswi-para-perempuan-ini-terlibat-dalam-bandung-lautan-api |date=2023-12-17 }}</ref> Ku tekad anu kuat, anggota LASWI awéwé gancang ngawasa pakarang, diantarana tumbak awi, bedil, péstol jeung keris. Aranjeunna dilatih janten prajurit anu siap sareng terampil. Adaptasi maranéhanana dicerminkeun dina kamampuan pikeun ngalegaan gerakanna ka daérah anu butuh kontribusi pejuang. Ku cara kitu, LASWI lain ngan ukur boga peran di lini hareup, tapi ogé bisa méré kontribusi anu signifikan dina rupa-rupa front, luyu jeung kabutuhan kondisi anu disanghareupan.<ref name=":2" /><references /> ke11apdtnyam6qfx5fv9rek1exwdur4 0 108486 710926 709084 2026-07-04T02:13:18Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710926 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Batulawang''' nyaéta hiji [[désa]] di [[Pataruman, Banjar|Kacamatan Pataruman]], [[Kota Banjar]], [[Jawa Kulon]].<ref name="pemkot">[https://banjarkota.go.id/desa-batulawang/ Profil Desa Batulawang - Situs Resmi Pemkot Banjar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260122184442/https://banjarkota.go.id/desa-batulawang/ |date=2026-01-22 }}</ref> == Sajarah == Désa ieu disebut dina naskah ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'' (1956) karya [[R.A. Ranajangga Ma'lim]] minangka "tempat njingkuk / panyingkuran" jeung lokasi "Batu peti nu mupusti".<ref name="kidung">''Kidung Lakbok'', 1956, Bait 15 & 21. [[:commons:File:Kidung_Lakbok_-_Buku_Lengkap.pdf|Baca naskah lengkep 40 kaca]]</ref> == Pamaréntahan == Kantor Désa Batulawang perenahna di Jl. Desa Batulawang, Kacamatan Pataruman, Kota Banjar, Kode Pos 46336.<ref name="pemkot"/> Taun 2018, Batulawang ditetepkeun jadi '''Kampung Keserasian Sosial''' percontohan Kota Banjar ku Wali Kota Hj. Ade Uu Sukaesih.<ref name="kks">[https://banjarkota.go.id/umum/kampung-keserasian-sosial-di-desa-batulawang/ Kampung Keserasian Sosial di Desa Batulawang - Pemkot Banjar, 21 Des 2018]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Taun 2025, Batulawang jadi '''désa pertama di Kota Banjar''' nu ngagelarkeun Musdesus pembentukan '''Koperasi Merah Putih'''.<ref name="koperasi">[https://www.newstasikmalaya.com/public/desa-batulawang-jadi-pelopor-musdesus-pembentukan-koperasi-merah-putih-di-kota-banjar News Tasikmalaya: Desa Batulawang Jadi Pelopor Koperasi Merah Putih, 17 Mei 2025]</ref> == Cagar Budaya == Dumasar Kidung Lakbok jeung data [[Dinas Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Kota Banjar]], di Batulawang aya 8 situs Cagar Budaya [[Karajaan Galuh]]:<ref name="pemkot"/> # Gunung Sangkur # Batu Peti # '''Batu Kasur''' – Batu prasejarah di Dusun Tundagan nu dianggap sakral sejak zaman Sangkuriang. Warga ngadangu sora gamelan misterius unggal purnama.<ref name="times">[https://banjar.times.co.id/news/peristiwa/AD3egKty3/mengenal-batu-kasur-kota-banjar-tempat-yang-dikeramatkan-warga-desa-batulawang TIMES Indonesia: Mengenal Batu Kasur, 16 Desember 2025]</ref> # Sanghyang Bedil # Batu Pangkon # Sumur Bandung # Kyal Panembahan # Banyu Mudal == Budaya == Batulawang mangrupa tempat asal [[Ngabungbang Batulawang|upacara adat Ngabungbang]] nu dilaksanakeun unggal 14 Mulud atawa 15 Rabiul-Awwal. Upacara ieu resmi didukung ku [[Pemerintah Kota Banjar]]<ref name="ngabungbang">[https://banjarkota.go.id/berita-utama/ngabungbang-di-desa-batulawang-kota-banjar/ Berita Resmi: Ngabungbang di Desa Batulawang - Pemkot Banjar, 13 Sept 2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502082018/http://banjarkota.go.id/berita-utama/ngabungbang-di-desa-batulawang-kota-banjar/ |date=2017-05-02 }}</ref> sarta geus jadi objék panalungtikan akademik di UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta taun 2008.<ref name="skripsi">[https://digilib.uin-suka.ac.id/id/eprint/2286/ Skripsi: Upacara Ngabungbang di Desa Batulawang - Rizki Farida, UIN Suka, 2008]</ref> == Pendidikan == Di Batulawang aya '''SD Negeri 1 Batulawang''' kalawan NPSN 20225164, perenahna di Jalan Cimanggu.<ref name="dapodik">[https://referensi.data.kemendikdasmen.go.id/pendidikan/npsn/20225164 Data Pokok SD Negeri 1 Batulawang - Kemendikdasmen 2026]</ref> == Pariwisata == Batulawang jadi titik rujukan jarak wisata di Kota Banjar. Sababaraha objék wisata nu deukeut ti Batulawang di antarana Alun-Alun Kota Banjar (5,3 km), Taman Kota Banjar (5,7 km), sarta Wisata Alam Ciung Wanara (10,8 km).<ref name="trip">[https://id.trip.com/travel-guide/attraction/batulawang-2152120/tourist-attractions/ Atraksi Wisata di Batulawang - Trip.com]</ref> == Tempo Ogé == * [[Ngabukbak Lakbok]] * [[Lakbok]] * [[Kota Banjar]] * [[Karajaan Galuh]] * [[Ngabungbang Batulawang]] == Rujukan == <references /> == Tutumbu Luar == * [https://banjarkota.go.id/desa-batulawang/ Profil Desa Batulawang - Pemkot Banjar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260122184442/https://banjarkota.go.id/desa-batulawang/ |date=2026-01-22 }} * [https://banjar.times.co.id/news/peristiwa/AD3egKty3/mengenal-batu-kasur-kota-banjar-tempat-yang-dikeramatkan-warga-desa-batulawang Liputan Batu Kasur - TIMES Indonesia] * [https://referensi.data.kemendikdasmen.go.id/pendidikan/npsn/20225164 SD Negeri 1 Batulawang - Kemendikdasmen] * [https://digilib.uin-suka.ac.id/id/eprint/2286/ Skripsi Ngabungbang Batulawang - UIN Suka 2008] [[Kategori:Pataruman, Banjar]] [[Kategori:Désa di Kota Banjar]] [[Kategori:Cagar Budaya di Jawa Kulon]] [[Kategori:Galuh]] [[Kategori:Kampung Keserasian Sosial]] [[Kategori:Koperasi Merah Putih]] [[Kategori:Sakola di Kota Banjar]] [[Kategori:Pariwisata di Kota Banjar]] [[Kategori:Objék panalungtikan akademik]] 4afkq3gjgwtoo3lz83ueg9u827g9527 0 108487 710927 709546 2026-07-04T04:57:14Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710927 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gunung Sangkur''' nyaéta salah sahiji situs [[cagar budaya]] [[Karajaan Galuh]] sarta [[kompleks gunung api]] nu aya di [[Batulawang]], [[Pataruman]], [[Kota Banjar]]. Gunung ieu kawentar minangka kawasan angker nu miboga rupa-rupa larangan adat sarta jadi lokasi wisata edukasi.<ref name="times">{{cite news|url=https://timesindonesia.co.id/peristiwa-daerah/348627/menguak-tabir-misteri-larangan-di-gunung-sangkur-kota-banjar|title=Menguak Tabir Misteri Larangan di Gunung Sangkur Kota Banjar|publisher=TIMES Indonesia|date=24 Mei 2021|accessdate=10 Méi 2026}}</ref><ref name="kemenag">{{cite web|url=https://jabar.kemenag.go.id/daerah/kenali-alam-min-1-kota-banjar-ajak-siswa-jelajahi-gunung-sangkur-qXy2ar|title=Kenali Alam, MIN 1 Kota Banjar Ajak Siswa Jelajahi Gunung Sangkur|publisher=Kemenag Jabar|date=1 Februari 2025|accessdate=10 Méi 2026}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Géologi == Kompleks Gunung api Sangkur aya di beulah wétan [[Kota Banjar]] sarta diwangun ku sababaraha bukit terisolir. Dumasar Peta Geologi Lembar Majenang, kawasan ieu mangrupa produk interaksi lava-sedimen basah-air.<ref name="jgsm">{{cite journal|author=Agustina Djafar, dkk.|title=Produk Interaksi Lava-Sedimen Basah-Air pada Kompleks Gunung api Sangkur, Kota Banjar, Provinsi Jawa Barat|journal=Jurnal Geologi dan Sumberdaya Mineral|volume=25|issue=3|year=2024|publisher=Kementerian ESDM|doi=10.33332/jgsm.geologi.v25i3.869|url=https://jgsm.geologi.esdm.go.id/index.php/JGSM/article/view/869}}</ref> == Étimologi jeung Legenda == Ngaran "Sangkur" numutkeun naskah [[Kidung Lakbok]] Bait 14-15 asalna tina kecap "njingkur" atawa "nyingkur" nu hartina nyumput. Gunung ieu disebut minangka tempat "njingkur" atawa "panyingkuran" sabab baheula jadi tempat saha waé nu nyumput saenggeus perang.<ref name="kidung">[[Kidung Lakbok]], 1956, Bait 14-15</ref> Wujud gunungna ogé seukeut kawas pakarang sangkur.<ref name="harapan">{{cite news|url=https://www.harapanrakyat.com/2023/06/asal-usul-nama-gunung-sangkur-kota-banjar-hingga-legenda-sangkuriang/|title=Asal Usul Nama Gunung Sangkur Kota Banjar hingga Legenda Sangkuriang|publisher=Harapan Rakyat|date=4 Juni 2022|accessdate=10 Méi 2026}}</ref> Salian ti éta, Gunung Sangkur disebut patali jeung legenda [[Sangkuriang]] ti [[Gunung Tangkuban Parahu]].<ref name="harapan"/> Situs ieu ogé nyimpen carita [[Ki Tekel]] jeung bagong gaib.<ref name="harapan"/> == Sajarah == Gunung Sangkur disebut dina naskah [[Kidung Lakbok]] Bait 15 minangka "Gunung Sangkur tempat njingkur".<ref name="kidung"/> == Cagar Budaya == Dina 17 Juni 2020, wewengkon Gunung Sangkur dikokolakeun ku [[Lembaga Masyarakat Desa Hutan]] (LMDH) [[Desa Kujangsari]].<ref name="pemkot">{{cite web|url=https://banjarkota.go.id/umum/tasyakuran-lmdh-gunung-sangkur-kota-banjar/|title=Tasyakuran LMDH Gunung Sangkur Kota Banjar|publisher=Pemerintah Kota Banjar|date=18 Juni 2020|accessdate=10 Méi 2026}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Dinas Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Kota Banjar]] netepkeun kawasan Gunung Sangkur minangka [[Situs Diduga Objek Cagar Budaya]] (ODCB). Di lerengna aya sababaraha monolit sakral, di antarana '''Batu Bangkis''' jeung '''Batu Kasur'''.<ref name="newstasik">{{cite news|url=https://www.newstasikmalaya.com/batu-bangkis-monolit-sakral-di-lereng-gunung-sangkur-kota-banjar|title=Batu Bangkis, Monolit Sakral di Lereng Gunung Sangkur Kota Banjar|publisher=News Tasikmalaya|date=30 November 2025|accessdate=10 Méi 2026}}</ref><ref name="kasur">{{cite news|url=https://www.harapanrakyat.com/2023/05/cerita-batu-kasur-di-gunung-sangkur-kota-banjar-sosok-berjubah-putih-hingga-pesantren-gaib/|title=Cerita Batu Kasur di Gunung Sangkur Kota Banjar, Sosok Berjubah Putih hingga Pesantren Gaib|publisher=Harapan Rakyat|date=15 April 2023|accessdate=10 Méi 2026}}</ref> === Batu Kasur === '''Batu Kasur''' mangrupa monolit di puncak Gunung Sangkur, kawasan [[Desa Mulyasari]], nu nyimpen rupa-rupa carita mistis. Numutkeun warga, di tempat ieu aya pasantrén gaib jeung sosok berjubah bodas.<ref name="kasur"/> == Larangan Adat == Gunung Sangkur kawentar minangka kawasan angker nu miboga rupa-rupa larangan atawa pamali pikeun nu datang.<ref name="times"/> Larangan ieu patali jeung kapercayaan masarakat satempat kana kasakralan situs éta. == Pendidikan == Dina 1 Februari 2025, [[Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Negeri 1 Kota Banjar]] ngayakeun kagiatan luar ruangan "Kenali Alam" ku cara ngajak siswa ngajajah Gunung Sangkur minangka bagian tina program pendidikan berbasis lingkungan.<ref name="kemenag"/> == Tingali ogé == * [[Batulawang]] * [[Kidung Lakbok]] * [[Karajaan Galuh]] * [[Batu Bangkis]] * [[Batu Kasur]] * [[Sangkuriang]] * [[Geologi Jawa Barat]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Cagar Budaya Karajaan Galuh]] [[Kategori:Situs Sajarah di Kota Banjar]] [[Kategori:Gunung di Kota Banjar]] [[Kategori:Legenda Sunda]] [[Kategori:Tempat Angker di Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Gunung api di Jawa Barat]] [[Kategori:Wisata Edukasi di Kota Banjar]] [[Kategori:Situs Megalitikum di Jawa Barat]] lr6dmggtbhro3e1wv70ptonm9gata6i