Wikipedia suwiki https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepas MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.9 first-letter Média Husus Obrolan Pamaké Obrolan pamaké Wikipedia Obrolan Wikipedia Gambar Obrolan gambar MédiaWiki Obrolan MédiaWiki Citakan Obrolan citakan Pitulung Obrolan pitulung Kategori Obrolan kategori Portal Obrolan portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 1268 710942 600403 2026-07-04T19:29:38Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710942 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Ékonométri''''' sacara literatur hartina 'ukuran ekonomi', mangrupa cabang tina [[ékonomi]] nu maké [[statistik|metoda statistik]] keur diajar [[empirical|sacara empiris]] téori ékonomi jeung nu pakait. Ekonometri mangrupa kombinasi tina [[mathematical economics|matematika ékonomi]], statistik, statistik ékonomi jeung tiori ékonomi. '''Ékonométri''' nyaéta élmu anu ngabahas masalah ukar-ukur kaitan [[ékonomi]]. Ku kituna, ékonométri nyaéta élmu anu ngawengku téori ékonomi, [[matematika]], sarta [[statistika]] dina sahiji sistem anu buleud, jadi hiji élmu anu mandiri sarta nu béda jeung élmu ékonomi, matematika, atawa statistika. Ékonométri dipaké minangka pakakas analisis ékonomi anu boga tujuan pikeun nguji benerna téorama-téorama téori ékonomi anu mangrupa hubungan antar[[variabel]] ékonomi jeung data émpiris. Téorama-téorama anu mibanda sipat ''apriori'' dina [[élmu ékonomi]] dinyatakeun leuwih tiheula dina wangun matematika antukna bisa dipigawé ngujian téorama-téorama kasebut. Wangun matematika téorama ékonomi ieu disebut ''modél''. Jieunan modél ékonométri mangrupa salah sahiji sumbangan ékonométri sagigireun jieunan prédiksi (ramalan atawa ''forecasting'') sarta jieunan sagala rupa kaputusan alternatif anu boga sipat kuantitatif antukna bisa ngagampangkeun para pangambil kaputusan pikeun nangtukeun pilihan. Salah sahiji bagian pangpentingna dina ékonométri nyaéta [[analisis régrési]]. Analisis ieu dipaké pikeun mikanyaho kaitan antara hiji [[variabel]] jeung variabel séjénna. Dumasar kana data anu dipaké, ékonométri dibagi jadi tilu analisis, nyaéta analisis [[dérét waktu]] (''time series''), [[antar-bagian]] (''cross section''), sarta analisis data [[panel]]. Analisis dérét waktu ngécéskeun ngeunaan laku-lampah hiji variabel dina sawatara waktu nu paturut-turut, béda jeung analisis antar-bagian anu ngécéskeun kaitan antara sawatara wewengkon dina hiji waktu nu tangtu (''snapshot''). Samentara éta analisis data panel ngagabungkeun data dérét waktu jeung data antar-bagian. == Awal mekarna ékonométri == Padika kuantitatif dina élmu ékonomi sabenerna geus lila dimekarkeun saprak abad ka-18. [[Vilfredo Pareto]] ([[Paris]], 15 Juli 1848 -- [[Jenewa]], 19 Agustus 1923) boga sumbangan dina ngécéskeun distribusi panghasilan sarta pilihan individu ngaliwatan ''pendekatan'' matematika anu dumasar kana téori ékonomi. Sajaba ti Pareto, Marie-esprit-léon Walras ti [[Perancis]] dina abad ka-18 ngamekarkeun téori kasaimbangan umum anu ngécéskeun ngeunaan aliran barang jeung jasa dina perékonomian. Dina awal taun [[1950]]-an ékonométri dimekarkeun minangka hiji cabang nu misah ti élmu ékonomi. [[Jan Tinbergen]] ti [[Walanda]], anu kiwari ngaranna diabadikan minangka salah sahiji institusi akademi di [[Éropah]] (''Tinbergen Institute''), mangrupa salah saurang inohong utama anu ngamekarkeun élmu ieu. == Ékonométri kiwari == Ayeuna ékonométri geus mekar sakitu gancangna antukna réa jurnal ilmiah anu didédikasikeun pikeun élmu ieu, kawas ''Econometrica''[http://www.econometricsociety.org/], ''Journal of Econometrics'', ''Journal of Applied Econometrics''[http://jae.wiley.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915085956/http://jae.wiley.com/ |date=2008-09-15 }}, sarta ''Journal of the Operational Research''[http://www.palgrave-journals.com/jors/index.html]. Pamakéan ékonométri geus sakitu jembar ku kituna ampir kabéh jurnal, tésis, disertasi, sarta skripsi dina élmu ékonomi maké ékonométri minangka salah sahiji pakakas anu dipaké. Samentara éta dina praktékna, ékonométri utamana dipaké di [[bank séntral]], ku tim ékonomi [[pamaréntah]] pikeun nyieun parencanaan sarta analisis kawijakan ékonomi, sarta ogé ku dunya usaha pikeun ngoptimalkeun unjuk gawé pausahaan. Sajaba dina widang [[monéter]], ékonométri ogé geus réa dipaké di sagala rupa widang ékonomi anu séjén sarta ogé bisnis sarta manajemén, kawas [[mikroékonomi]], [[marketing]], sarta [[finance]]. Di [[Indonésia]], panerapan ékonométri masih kawates sarta mekarna élmu ieu ngan dina lembaga /[[universitas]] nu titangtu waé. Dua di antara ti saeutik akademisi dina widang ékonométri di Indonésia nyaéta Profesor [[Insukindro]] ti [[Universitas Gadjah Mada]] utamana berkah panerapan ékonométri pikeun [[ékonomi monéter]] sarta Dr. [[Ari Kuncoro]] ti [[Universitas Indonésia]] alatan pagawéanana dina widang [[mikroékonométri]]. == Inohong-inohong widang ékonométri nu meunangkeun Nobel == * Jan Tinbergen jeung [[Ragnar Anton Kittil Frisch]] meunang Hadiah Nobel Ékonomi taun [[1969]] (taun kahiji Hadiah Nobel Ékonomi dibikeun) alatan ngamekarkeun sarta nerapkeun modél dinamik pikeun analisis ékonomi. * [[Lawrence Robert Klein]], profésor ékonomi di [[University of Pennsylvania]], meunang Nobel taun 1980 berkah pagawéanana dina nyieun modél ékonomi ngaliwatan komputer. * [[Trygve Magnus Haavelmo]] dihadiahan dina taun 1989. Sumbangan utamana dina artikel anu ditulis ku manéhna taun [[1944]] dina jurnal ''Econometrica'' anu dijudulan "''The Probability Approach to Econometrics''". * [[Daniel Little Mcfadden]] sarta [[James Joseph Heckman]] babagi pangajén pikeun taun [[2000]] pikeun pagawéanana dina widang [[mikroékonométri]]. [[Daniel Mcfadden|Mcfadden]] ngadegkeun laboratorium ékonométri di [[University of California, Berkeley]], [[Amérika Sarikat]]. * [[Robert Fry Engle]] jeung [[Clive William John Granger]] dina taun [[2003]] alatan sumbangan maranéhanana dina ngamekarkeun analisis dérét waktu. [[Robert F. Engle|Engle]] jadi [[panaratas]] padika ''autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity'' (ARCH) sedengkeun Granger panaratas padika kointegrasi. == Tempo ogé == [[Ékonomi]] [[Kategori:Ékonomi]] 46apc6w8ol05obp1qhwsq9rfnbuii2v 0 13350 710935 703333 2026-07-04T12:38:48Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710935 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pulitik Malaysia}} '''Perdana Mentri Malaysia''' mangrupikeun kapala pamaréntah Malaysia. Perdana Menteri dipilih ku Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Raja Malaysia, ti antara anggota parlemén anu nampi dukungan mayoritas ti parlemén. Biasana pamimpin parpol anu paling kuat di parlemén (Déwan Rahayat) kapilih janten perdana menteri. Ti saprak kamerdékaan dina 1957, sadaya Perdana Menteri asalna ti UMNO (United Malays National Organisation: United Malays National Organisation), partai panggedéna di Barisan Nasional (katelah Parti Perikat dugi ka 1969). Aya kasalempang yén boh UMNO sareng Partai Islam Malaysia moal ngalarang anu sanés Bumiputera (contona ti etnik Cina) janten Perdana Menteri, tapi pamaréntah sababaraha kali mastikeun masarakat yén konsensus Malaysia henteu meryogikeun Perdana Menteri janten Bumiputera. == Daptar Perdana Mentri Malaysia == {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! colspan = "3" | Perdana Mentri ! colspan = "2" | Panjang jasa ! rowspan = "2" | Partéi pulitik ! rowspan = "2" | Kabinet ! rowspan = "2" | Jaman |- ! No ! Potrét ! Nami ! Candak jabatan ! Tungtung jabatan |- align=center | colspan = "8" | [[File:Coat of arms of Malaysia.svg|20px]] '''[[Pamaréntah Malaysia]]''' [[File:Government Ensign of Malaysia.svg|20px]] |- align=center ! style="background:#000080; color:white" rowspan=5| '''1''' | rowspan = "5" | [[File:Tunku abd rahman.jpg|100px]] | rowspan = "5" | '''[[Tunku Abdul Rahman]]'''<br><small>{{ small | ''Bapa Kamerdekaan Malaysia'' }}</small><br />[[File:Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra al-haj signature.svg | 70px ]] | 1 Agustus 1955 | 28 Agustus 1957 | rowspan = "5" | [[Partéi Alliance (Malaysia)|Alliance]] ([[UMNO]]) | rowspan = "5" | I • II • III • IV | rowspan = "2" | 00 |- align=center | 31 Agustus 1957 | 27 Juni 1959 |- align=center | 19 Agustus 1959 | 1 Maret 1964 | 01 |- align=center | 21 Maret 1964 | 20 Maret 1969 | 02 |- align=center | 10 Mei 1969 | 22 September 1970 | rowspan = "2" | 03 |- align=center ! style="background:#000080; color:white" rowspan=2| '''2''' | rowspan = "2" | | rowspan = "2" | '''[[Tun Abdul Razak]]'''<br><small>{{ small | ''Bapa Pangwangunan Malaysia'' }}</small> | 22 September 1970 | 31 Juli 1974 | [[Partéi Alliance (Malaysia)|Alliance]] ([[UMNO]]) | rowspan = "2" | I • II |- | 24 Agustus 1974 | 14 Januari 1976{{ref label|Note1|A|A}} | [[Barisan Nasional|BN]] ([[UMNO]]) | rowspan = "2" | 04 |- align=center ! style="background:#000080; color:white" rowspan=2| '''3''' | rowspan = "2" | | rowspan = "2" | '''[[Hussein Onn]]'''<br><small>{{ small | ''Bapa Perpaduan Malaysia'' }}</small> | 14 Januari 1976 | 12 Juni 1978 | rowspan = "2" | [[Barisan Nasional|BN]] ([[UMNO]]) | rowspan = "2" | I • II |- align=center | 8 Juli 1978 | 16 Juli 1981 | rowspan = "2" | 05 |- align=center ! style="background:#000080; color:white" rowspan=6| '''4''' | rowspan = "6" | [[File:Mahathir Mohamad addressing the UN 2003.jpg|100px]] | rowspan = "6" | '''[[Mahathir Mohamad]]'''<br><small>{{ small | ''Bapa Kemajuan Malaysia'' }}</small><br /> | 16 Juli 1981 | 29 Maret 1982 | rowspan = "6" | [[Barisan Nasional|BN]] ([[UMNO]]) | rowspan = "6" | [[Kabinet Mahathir Mohamad|I]] • II • III • IV • V • VI |- align=center | 22 April 1982 | 19 Juli 1986 | 06 |- align=center | 3 Agustus 1986 | 4 Oktober 1990 | 07 |- align=center | 21 Oktober 1990 | 6 April 1995 | 08 |- align=center | 25 Maret 1995 | 10 Nopémber 1999 | 09 |- align=center | 29 Nopémber 1999 | 31 Oktober 2003 | rowspan=2 | 10 |- align=center ! style="background:#000080; color:white" rowspan=3| '''5''' | rowspan = "3" | | rowspan = "3" | '''[[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]]'''<br><small>{{ small | ''Bapa Pangwangunan Modal Insan Malaysia'' }}</small> | 31 Oktober 2003 | 2 Maret 2004 | rowspan = "3" | [[Barisan Nasional|BN]] ([[UMNO]]) | rowspan = "3" | I • II • III |- align=center | 21 Maret 2004 | 13 Pébruari 2008 | 11 |- align=center | 8 Maret 2008 | 3 April 2009 | rowspan=2 | [[Pemilihan umum Malaysia 2008|12]] |- align=center ! style="background:#000080; color:white" rowspan=2| '''6''' | rowspan = "2" | [[File:Najib Razak 2008-08-21.jpg|100px]] | rowspan = "2" | '''[[Najib Razak]]'''<br><small>{{ small | ''Bapa Transformasi Malaysia'' }}</small><br />[[File:Najib Razak Signature.svg | 70px ]] | 3 April 2009 | 3 April 2013 | rowspan = "2" | [[Barisan Nasional|BN]] ([[UMNO]]) | rowspan = "2" | [[Kabinet Najib Razak|I]] • [[Kabinet Najib II|II]] |- align=center | 6 Mei 2013 | 9 Mei 2018 | [[Pemilihan umum Malaysia 2013|13]] |- align=center ! style="background:#ED1C24; color:white" | '''7''' | [[File:Mahathir Mohamad in 18th Summit of Non-Aligned Movement (cropped).jpg|100px]] | '''[[Mahathir Mohamad]]'''<br><small>{{ small | ''Bapa Kemajuan Malaysia'' }}</small><br /> | 10 Mei 2018 | 24 Pébruari 2020{{ref label|Note1|B|B}} | [[Pakatan Harapan|PH]] ([[Partéy Pribumi Ngahiji Malaysia|PPBM]]) | [[Kabinet Mahathir VII|VII]] | rowspan="3" |[[Pemilihan umum Malaysia 2018|14]] |- ! style="background:#003153; color:white" | '''8''' | [[File:Muhyiddin Yassin (51087589446) (cropped).jpg|100px]] | '''[[Muhyiddin Yassin]]'''<br />[[File:TSMY sign.png | 70px ]] | 1 Maret 2020 | 21 Agustus 2021{{ref label|Note1|B|B}} | [[Perikatan Nasional|PN]] ([[Partéy Pribumi Ngahiji Malaysia|PPBM]]) | [[Kabinet Muhyiddin|I]] |- bgcolor = #EEEEEE ! style="background:#000080; color:white" | '''9''' | [[File:Ismail Sabri Yaakob 01042022 (cropped).jpg|100px]] | '''[[Ismail Sabri Yaakob]]'''<br />[[File:Ismail Sabri Signature.svg|70px]] | 21 Agustus 2021 | 24 Nopémber 2022 | [[Barisan Nasional|BN]] ([[UMNO]]) | [[Kabinet Ismail Sabri|I]] |- align=center ! style="background:#ED1C24; color:white" | '''10''' | [[File:Anwar Ibrahim (3x4 crop).jpg|100px]] | '''[[Anwar Ibrahim]]'''<br />[[File:Anwar ibrahim.png|70px]] | 24 Nopémber 2022 | ''Kiwari'' | [[Pakatan Harapan|PH]] ([[Partéy Kaadilan Rakyat (Malaysia)|PKR]]) | [[Kabinet Anwar Ibrahim|I]] |[[Pemilihan umum Malaysia 2022|15]] |} ;Catatan * {{note label|Note1|A|A}} Pupus dina waktos jabatan * {{note label|Note1|B|B}} Mundur ==== Garis Waktos ==== <onlyinclude> <timeline> ImageSize = width:1000 height:auto barincrement:12 PlotArea = top:20 bottom:80 right:100 left:20 AlignBars = late DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/01/1957 till:01/01/2023 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:5 start:1957 Colors = id:lightpurple value:lightpurple legend:ALLIANCE id:blue value:blue legend:BN id:red value:red legend:PH id:darkblue value:darkblue legend:PN Legend = columns:4 left:150 top:24 columnwidth:100 TextData = pos:(20,27) textcolor:black fontsize:M text:"Party:" BarData = bar:Abtunrah bar:Abrahus bar:Husonn bar:Mamo bar:Paklah bar:Najibraz bar:Abah bar:Ismail bar:Anwar PlotData= width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till bar:Abtunrah from: 31/08/1957 till: 22/09/1970 color:lightpurple text:"[[Tunku Abdul Rahman]]" fontsize:8 bar:Abrahus from: 22/09/1970 till: 31/05/1974 color:lightpurple from: 01/06/1974 till: 14/01/1976 color:blue text:"[[Abdul Razak Hussein]]" fontsize:8 bar:Husonn from: 15/01/1976 till: 16/07/1981 color:blue text:"[[Hussein Onn]]" fontsize:8 bar:Mamo from: 16/07/1981 till: 31/10/2003 color:blue text:"[[Mahathir Mohamad]]" fontsize:8 bar:Paklah from: 31/10/2003 till: 03/04/2009 color:blue text:"[[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]]" fontsize:8 bar:Najibraz from: 03/04/2009 till: 09/05/2018 color:blue text:"[[Mohd Najib Abdul Razak]]" fontsize:8 bar:Mamo from: 10/05/2018 till: 24/02/2020 color:red text:"[[Mahathir Mohamad]]" fontsize:8 bar:Abah from: 01/03/2020 till: 16/08/2021 color:darkblue text:"[[Muhyiddin Yassin]]" fontsize:8 bar:Ismail from: 21/08/2021 till: 24/11/2022 color:blue text:"[[Ismail Sabri Yaakob]]" fontsize:8 bar:Anwar from: 24/11/2022 till: 31/12/2022 color:red text:"[[Anwar Ibrahim]]" fontsize:8 </timeline> </onlyinclude> {{MalPM}} == Tumbu luar == * [http://www.pmo.gov.my Official Website of the Prime Minister of Malaysia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060831085625/http://www.pmo.gov.my/website/webdb.nsf/vf_Front_PM?OpenForm |date=2006-08-31 }} [[Kategori:Perdana Mentri Malaysia|*]] [[Kategori:Daptar office-holders]] 0dg30qajrzec5sial4fq4h6uhrmn5z5 0 19857 710939 657325 2026-07-04T16:48:42Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710939 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DiseaseDisorder infobox | Name = Talasémia | ICD10 = {{ICD10|D|56||d|55}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|282.4}} | }} '''Talasémia''' mangrupa [[kasakit getih|kasakit]] nurun alatan cacadna molekul [[globin]] dina [[sél getih beureum]]. Cacad genetik dina [[sintésis]] ranté globin ngabalukarkeun teu stabil atawa teu normalna angkutan [[oksigén]], sedengkeun [[sél (biologi)|sél]] [[getih]]na leuwih gampang ruksak/paéh. Tarékah pikeun natambaan ieu kasakit nyaéta ku cara [[transfusi getih]] unggal dua-tilu minggu; mun transfusi getih nu ngabalukarkeun numpukna kandungan [[beusi]] ieu geus karasa nyusahkeun, tarékah lianna nyaéta ku [[cangkok sungsum tulang]]. Ngaran ieu kasakit dicokot tina [[basa Yunani]] '[[Thalassa (mitologi)|Thalassa]]' nu hartina [[sagara]] jeung 'haima' nu hartina getih. Sagara nu dimaksud nyaéta sagara Méditerania, wewengkon kapanggihna ieu kasakit. Talasémia aya di ampir sakabéh [[populasi]], utamana di wewengkon [[tropis]]. == Klasifikasi == Talasémia digolongkeun dumasar kana [[molekul]] globin anu cacadna: * talasémia α (alpa), alatan kurangna produksi globin α * talasémia β (béta), alatan cacadna globin β. == Prévalénsi == Ieu kasakit karandapan ku 16% urang [[Siprus]], 3-14% di [[Muangtai]], jeung 3-8% di populasi [[Indonésia]], [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladés]], jeung [[Cina]]. Populasi séjén nu ngarandapan ieu kasakit di antarana Amérika Latin, Karibia, Méditerania (misalna [[Spanyol]] jeung [[Itali]]), jeung Aprika. <!-- ===Alpha (α) thalassemias=== The alpha thalassemias involve the genes HBA1 <small>({{OMIM|141800}})</small> and HBA2 <small>({{OMIM|141850}})</small>, inherited in a Mendelian recessive fashion. It is also connected to the deletion of the 16p chromosome. α thalassemias result in decreased alpha-globin production, therefore fewer alpha-globin chains are produced, resulting in an excess of β chains in adults and excess γ chains in newborns. The excess β chains form unstable tetramers (called hemoglobin H) that have abnormal oxygen dissociation curves. There are four genetic loci for α globin, two of which are maternal in origin and two of which are paternal in origin. The more of these loci that are deleted or affected by mutation, the more severe will be the manifestations of the disease: * If all ''four'' loci are affected, the [[fetus]] cannot live once outside the uterus and may not survive gestation: most such infants are dead at birth with ''[[hydrops fetalis]]'', and those who are born alive die shortly after birth. They are [[oedema|edematous]] and have little circulating hemoglobin, and the hemoglobin that is present is all tetrameric γ chains (hemoglobin Barts). Usually, this involves homozygous inheritance of an alpha thalassemia trait, type 1. * If ''three'' loci are affected, '''Hemoglobin H disease''' results. Two unstable hemoglobins are present in the blood, both hemoglobin Barts (tetrameric γ chains) and hemoglobin H (tetrameric β chains). Both of these unstable hemoglobins have a higher affintity for oxygen than normal hemoglobin, resulting in poor oxygen delivery to tissues. There is a [[microcytic]] [[hypochromic]] [[anemia]] with [[Target cell (codocyte)|target cell]]s and [[Heinz body|Heinz bodies]] (precipitated Hb H) on the [[peripheral blood smear]]. The disease may first be noticed in childhood or in early adult life, when the anemia and [[splenomegaly]] are noted. This is usually due to compound heterozygous inheritance of alpha thalassemia type 1 and type 2 traits. * If ''two'' of the four α loci are affected, '''alpha thalassemia trait, type 1''' results. Two α loci permit nearly normal [[erythropoiesis]], though there is a mild microcytic hypochromic anemia. There is a high prevalence (about 30%) of deletion of one of the two α loci on chromosomes of people of recent African origin, and so the inheritance of two such chromosomes is not uncommon. The disease in this form can be mistaken for [[iron deficiency anemia]] and treated inappropriately with iron. Two modes of alpha thalassemia trait, type 1 has been noted. One involves ''cis'' deletion of two alpha loci on the same chromosome; another involves ''trans'' deletion of allelelic genes on homologous chromosomes (no. 16). * If ''one'' of the four α loci is affected, '''alpha minor or alpha+ thalassemia trait or alpha thalassemia trait, type 2''' results and there is minimal effect. Three α-globin loci are enough to permit normal hemoglobin production, and there is no [[anemia]] or hypochromia in these people. They have been called ''α thalassemia carriers''. ===Beta (β) thalassemias=== Beta thalassemia (Cooley's Anemia) is due to mutations in the HBB gene on chromosome 11 <small>({{OMIM|141900}})</small>, also inherited in a Mendelian recessive fashion. In β thalassemia, a decrease in beta-globin production occurs, causing a less-than-normal amount of beta-globin chains to be made. This results in a relative excess of α chains, but these do not form tetramers: rather, they bind to the [[red blood cell]] membranes producing membrane damage, and at high concentrations have the tendency to form toxic aggregates. The severity of the damage depends on the nature of the mutation. Some mutations (β^o) prevent any formation of β chains; others (β⁺) allow some β chain formation to occur. Recently, increasing reports suggest that up to 5% of patients with beta-thalassemias produce fetal hemoglobin (HbF), and use of hydroxyurea also has a tendency to increase the production of HbF, by as yet unexplained mechanisms. Any given individual has two β globin alleles, one from their mother and one from their father: * If ''both'' have thalassemia mutations, a severe microcytic, hypochromic anemia called '''β thalassemia major''' or '''Cooley's anemia''' results. Untreated, this results in death before age twenty: treatment consists of periodic [[blood transfusion]]; splenectomy if splenomegaly is present, and treatment of transfusion-caused iron overload. Cure is possible by [[bone marrow transplantation]]. * If only ''one'' β globin allele bears a mutation, '''β thalassemia minor''' results (sometimes referred to as '''β thalassemia trait'''). This is a mild anemia with microcytosis. Symptoms include weakness and [[fatigue (physical)|fatigue]] - in most cases β thalassemia minor may be asymptomatic and many people may be unaware they have this disorder. Detection usually involves counting the mean corpuscular volume (size of red blood cells) and noticing a slightly decreased mean volume than normal. * '''Thalassemia intermedia''' is a condition intermediate between the major and minor forms. Sufferers can often manage a normal life but may need occasional transfusions e.g. at times of illness or pregnancy. This really depends on the severity of their anemia. The actual genetic cause of β thalassemias are actually very diverse and a number of different mutations can cause reduced or absent β globin synthesis. Usually, superscripts 0 and + are added to β to indicate complete absence, and deficient synthesis of β globins respectively. Mainly there are two forms of genetic defects which produce β thalassemias: * '''Nondeletion forms''': These defects generally involve a single base substitution or small deletion or inserts near or upstream of the β globin gene. Most commonly, mutations occur in the promoter regions preceding the beta-globin genes. Less often, abnormal splice variants are believed to contribute to the disease. * '''Deletion forms''': Deletions of different sizes involving the β globin gene produce different syndromes such as (β^o) or hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin syndromes. ===Delta (δ) thalassemia=== As well as alpha and beta chains being present in hemoglobin about 3% of adult hemoglobin is made of alpha and delta chains. Just as with beta thalassemia, mutations can occur which affect the ability of this gene to produce delta chains. A mutation that prevents formation of any delta chains is termed a delta⁰ mutation, whereas one that decreases but does not eliminate production of delta chain is termed a delta⁺ mutation. When one inherits two delta⁰ mutations, no hemoglobin A2 (alpha2,delta2) can be formed. Hematologically, however, this is innocuous because only 2-3% of normal adult hemoglobin is hemoglobin A2. The individual will have normal hematological parameters (erythrocyte count, total hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, red cell distribution width). Individuals who inherit only one delta thalassemia mutation gene will have a decreased hemoglobin A2, but also no hematological consequences. The importance of recognizing the existence of delta thalassemia is seen best in cases where it may mask the diagnosis of beta thalassemia trait. In beta thalassemia, there is an increase in hemoglobin A2, typically in the range of 4-6% (normal is 2-3%). However, the co-existence of a delta thalassemia mutation will decrease the value of the hemoglobin A2 into the normal range, thereby obscurring the diagnosis of beta thalassemia trait. This can be important in genetic counseling, because a child who is the product of parents each of whom has beta⁰ thalassemia trait has a one in four chance of having beta thalassemia major. ===In combination with other hemoglobinopathies=== Thalassemia can co-exist with other hemoglobinopathies. The most common of these are: *hemoglobin E/thalassemia: common in [[Cambodia]], [[Thailand]], and parts of [[India]]; clinically similar to β thalassemia major or thalassemia intermedia. *hemoglobin S/thalassemia, common in African and Mediterranean populations; clinically similar to sickle cell anemia, with the additional feature of [[splenomegaly]] *hemoglobin C/thalassemia: common in Mediterranean and African populations, hemoglobin C/β^o thalassemia causes a moderately severe hemolytic anemia with splenomegaly; hemoglobin C/β⁺ thalassemia produces a milder disease. ==Treatment and complications== Anyone with thalassemia should consult a properly qualified [[hematologist]]. Thalassemias may co-exist with other deficiencies such as [[folic acid]] (or folate, a B-complex vitamin) and [[iron deficiency]] (only in Thalassemia Minor). ===Thalassemia Major and Intermedia=== Thalassemia Major patients receive frequent [[blood transfusions]] that lead to [[iron overload]]. Iron [[chelation treatment]] is necessary to prevent iron overload damage to the internal organs in patients with Thalassemia Major. Because of recent advances in iron chelation treatments, patients with Thalassemia Major can live long lives if they have access to proper treatment. Popular chelators include [[deferoxamine]] and [[deferiprone]]. Of the two, deferoxamine is preferred; it is associated with fewer [[Adverse effect (medicine)|side-effects]].<ref>{{cite journal | author=Maggio A, D'Amico G, ''et al.'' | title=Deferiprone versus deferoxamine in patients with thalassemia major: a randomized clinical trial | journal=Blood Cells Mol Dis | year=2002 | volume=28 | issue=2 | pages=196&ndash;208 | id=PMID 12064916 }}</ref> The most common complaint by patients is that it is difficult to comply with the intravenous chelation treatments because they are painful and inconvenient. The oral chelator [[deferasirox]] (marketed as Exjade) was recently approved for use in some countries and may offer some hope with compliance. Untreated thalassemia Major eventually leads to death usually by [[heart failure]], therefore birth screening is very important. In recent years, bone marrow transplant has shown promise with some patients of thalassemia major. Successful [[transplant]] can eliminate the patients dependencies in transfusions. All Thalassemia patients are prone to health complications that involve the [[spleen]] (which is often enlarged and frequently removed) and gall stones. These complications are mostly prevalent to thalassemia Major and Intermedia patients. Thalassemia Intermedia patients vary a lot in their treatment needs depending on the severity of their anemia. ===Thalassemia Minor=== Contrary to popular belief, Thalassemia Minor patients should not avoid iron-rich foods by default. A serum [[ferritin]] test can determine what their iron levels are and guide them to further treatment if necessary. Thalassemia Minor, although not life threatening on its own, can affect quality of life due to the effects of a mild to moderate [[anemia]]. Studies have shown that thalassemia Minor often coexists with other diseases such as [[asthma]]<ref>{{cite journal | author=Palma-Carlos AG, Palma-Carlos ML, Costa AC | title="Minor" hemoglobinopathies: a risk factor for asthma | journal=Allerg Immunol (Paris) | year=2005 | volume=37 | issue=5 | pages=177&ndash;82 }}</ref>, and even [[bipolar disorder]]<ref>{{cite journal | author=Brodie BB | title=Heterozygous β-thalassaemia as a susceptibility factor in mood disorders: excessive prevalence in bipolar patients | journal=Clin Pract Epidemiol Mental Health | year=2005 | volume=1 | pages=6 | id={{doi|10.1186/1745-0179-1-6}} }}</ref>. ==Thalassemia prevention and management== [[Image:Autorecessive.svg|thumb|450px|Autosomal recessive inheritance]] α and β thalassemia are often inherited in an [[autosome|autosomal]] [[recessive gene|recessive]] fashion although this is not always the case. Reports of [[dominant gene|dominantly]] inherited α and β thalassemias have been reported the first of which was in an Irish family who had a two deletions of 4 and 11 bp in exon 3 interrupted by an insertion of 5 bp in the β-globin gene. For the [[autosome|autosomal]] [[recessive gene|recessive]] forms of the disease both parents must be carriers in order for a child to be affected. If both parents carry a hemoglobinopathy trait, there is a 25% chance with each pregnancy for an affected child. [[Genetic counseling]] and [[genetic testing]] is recommended for families that carry a thalassemia trait. There are an estimated 60-80 million people in the world who carry the beta thalassemia trait alone. This is a very rough estimate and the actual number of thalassemia Major patients is unknown due to the prevalence of thalassemia in less developed countries in the Middle East and Asia. Countries such as India, Pakistan and Iran are seeing a large increase of thalassemia patients due to lack of genetic counseling and screening. There is growing concern that thalassemia may become a very serious problem in the next 50 years, one that will burden the world's blood bank supplies and the health system in general. There are an estimated 1,000 people living with Thalassemia Major in the United States and an unknown number of carriers. Because of the prevalence of the disease in countries with little knowledge of thalassemia, access to proper treatment and diagnosis can be difficult. As with other genetically acquired disorders, aggressive birth screening and genetic counseling is recommended. A screening policy exists on both sides of the island of [[Cyprus]] to reduce the incidence of thalassemia, which since the program's implementation in the 1970s (which also includes pre-natal screening and abortion) has reduced the number of children born with the hereditary blood disease from 1 out of every 158 births to almost zero.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Leung NT, Lau TK, Chung TKH | title=Thalassemia screening in pregnancy | journal=Curr Opinion in Ob Gyn | year=2005 | volume=17 | pages=129&ndash;34 }}</ref> ==Benefits== Being a carrier of the disease may confer a degree of protection against [[malaria]], and is quite common among people from [[Italy|Italian]] or [[Greece|Greek]] origin, and also in some African and Indian regions. This is probably by making the red blood cells ''more'' susceptible to the less lethal species ''Plasmodium vivax'', simultaneously making the host RBC environment unsuitable for the [[merozoites]] of the lethal strain ''Plasmodium falciparum''. This is believed to be a selective survival advantage for patients with the various thalassemia traits. In that respect it resembles another [[genetic disease|genetic disorder]], [[sickle-cell disease]]. [[Wiktionary:epidemiology|Epidemiological]] evidence from [[Kenya]] suggests another reason: protection against severe [[anemia]] may be the advantage.<ref name="Uyoga2006">{{cite conference | author=Wambua S, Mwangi TW, Kortok M, Uyoga SM, Macharia AW, Mwacharo JK, Weatherall DJ, Snow RW, Marsh K, Williams TN | title=The effect of α⁺-Thalassaemia on the Incidence of Malaria and other diseases in children living on the coast of Kenya | booktitle=PLoS Med 3(5): e158. | year=2006 }}</ref>. People diagnosed with [[heterozygous]] (carrier) Beta-Thalassemia have some protection against [[coronary heart disease]].<ref>{{cite journal | author=Tassiopoulos S,Deftereos S,Konstantopoulos K,Farmakis D,Tsironi M,Kyriakidis M,Aessopos A. | title=Does heterozygous beta-thalassemia confer a protection against coronary artery disease? | journal=Ann N Y Acad Sci. | year=2005 | volume=1053 | pages=467&ndash;70 }}</ref> == Rujukan == <references/> --> == Tumbu kaluar == * [http://www.errantgene.com Errant Gene Therapeutics - Caring for Orphan Diseases]: Thalagen - Gene therapy tréatment for beta Thalassemia * {{OMIM|141900}} (beta-thalassemia), {{OMIM|141800}} (alpha-thalassemia) * [http://thalassemia.org Cooley's Anemia Foundation] Léading the fight against thalassemia * [http://thalassemia.com Northern Comprehensive Thalassemia Center]: Provides information about the diséase and related matters. * [http://www.thalassemia.com.pk Thalassemia Free Pakistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070606035953/http://www.thalassemia.com.pk/ |date=2007-06-06 }}, A private charity foundation providing reséarch material, and support for thalassemic patients and their families * [http://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic2229.htm Thalassemia Overview (Latest Research)] * [http://www.thalassemiapatientsandfriends.com Thalassemia Patients and Friends]: Message board for those affected. * [http://www.thalforum.com Thalforum.com - Thalassemia Community Forum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214035143/https://www.thalforum.com/ |date=2021-02-14 }}: Thalassemia Discussion Forum for Thalassemia Patients, Families and Care-givers. * [http://www.thalassemia.ca Thalassemia Foundation of Canada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050403184138/http://www.thalassemia.ca/ |date=2005-04-03 }}: *[http://www.hemoglobal.org Hemoglobal] A fully registered Canadian charity providing medical aid to Sri Lankan children with thalassemia. * [http://www.helpthals.org Thalassemia Support Foundation] Helping Patients Find Hope * [http://www.micrelmed.com Micrel Medical Devices] Sells Iron-Chelation equiptment for Thalassemia patients {{Hématologi}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Cacad genetik]] [[Kategori:Cacad getih]] [[Kategori:Kalainan getih]] im2acgy0h89ah8sguubyxu5w2ytrmoz 0 25898 710943 673225 2026-07-04T19:35:58Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710943 wikitext text/x-wiki {{electromagnetism3}}<!----> '''Éléktromagnétisme''', dina [[fisika]], nyaéta [[fénoména]] di mana hiji [[médan (fisika)|médan]] ngeprakkeun hiji [[gaya]] kana [[Partikel éleménter|partikel]] nu sifatna mibanda [[muatan listrik]], sarta sabalikna kapangaruhan ku hadirna sarta gerak partikel dimaksud. {{tarjamahkeun|Inggis}} The magnetic field is produced by the motion of electric charges, i.e. [[electric current]]. The magnetic field causes the magnetic force associated with [[magnet]]s. While preparing for an evening lecture on 21 April 1820, [[Hans Christian Ørsted]] developed an experiment which provided evidence that surprised him. As he was setting up his materials, he noticed a compass needle deflected from magnetic north when the electric current from the battery he was using was switched on and off. This deflection convinced him that magnetic fields radiate from all sides of a wire carrying an electric current, just as light and héat do, and that it confirmed a direct relationship between electricity and magnetism. At the time of discovery, Ørsted did not suggest any satisfactory explanation of the phenomenon, nor did he try to represent the phenomenon in a mathematical framework. However, three months later he began more intensive investigations. Soon theréafter he published his findings, proving that an electric current produces a magnetic field as it flows through a wire. The CGS unit of magnetic induction (oersted) is named in honor of his contributions to the field of electromagnetism. His findings resulted in intensive reséarch throughout the scientific community in [[electrodynamics]]. They influenced French physicist [[André-Marie Ampére]]'s developments of a single mathematical form to represent the magnetic forces between current-carrying conductors. Ørsted's discovery also represented a major step toward a unified concept of energy. Ørsted was not the first person to examine the relation between electricity and magnetism. In 1802 [[Gian Domenico Romagnosi]], an Italian legal scholar, deflected a magnetic needle by electrostatic charges. He interpreted his observations as ''The Relation'' between electricity and magnetism. Actually, no galvanic current existed in the setup and hence no electromagnetism was present. An account of the discovery was published in 1802 in an Italian newspaper, but it was largely overlooked by the contemporary scientific community. A changing magnetic field produces an electric field (this is the phenomenon of [[electromagnetic induction]], the basis of operation for [[electrical generator]]s, [[induction motor]]s, and [[transformer]]s). Similarly, a changing electric field generates a magnetic field. Because of this interdependence of the electric and magnetic fields, it makes sense to consider them as a single coherent entity—the electromagnetic field. This unification, which was observed by [[Michael Faraday]], extended by [[James Clerk Maxwell]], and partially reformulated by [[Oliver Heaviside]], is one of the triumphs of [[19th century]] physics. It had far-réaching consequences, one of which was the understanding of the nature of [[light]]. As it turns out, what is thought of as "light" is actually a propagating [[oscillation|oscillatory]] disturbance in the electromagnetic field, i.e., an electromagnetic [[wave]]. Different [[frequency|frequencies]] of oscillation give rise to the different forms of [[electromagnetic radiation]], from [[radio wave]]s at the lowest frequencies, to visible light at intermediate frequencies, to [[gamma ray]]s at the highest frequencies. The théoretical implications of electromagnetism led to the development of [[special relativity]] by [[Albert Einstein]] in [[1905]]. == The electromagnetic force == {{utama|Electromagnetic force}} The force that the electromagnetic field exerts on electrically charged particles, called the '''electromagnetic force''', is one of the four [[fundamental force]]s. The other fundamental forces are the [[strong interaction|strong nuclear force]] (which holds [[atomic nucleus|atomic nuclei]] together), the [[weak interaction|weak nuclear force]] (which causes certain forms of [[radioactive decay]]), and the [[gravity|gravitational force]]. All other forces are ultimately derived from these fundamental forces. As it turns out, the electromagnetic force is the one responsible for practically all the phenomena encountered in daily life, with the exception of gravity. Roughly spéaking, all the forces involved in interactions between [[atom]]s can be traced to the electromagnetic force acting on the electrically charged [[proton]]s and [[electron]]s inside the atoms. This includes the forces we experience in "pushing" or "pulling" ordinary material objects, which come from the [[intermolecular force]]s between the individual [[molecule]]s in our bodies and those in the objects. It also includes all forms of [[chemistry|chemical phenomena]], which arise from interactions between [[Molecular orbital|electron orbitals]]. == Classical electrodynamics == The scientist [[William Gilbert]] proposed, in his ''[[De Magnete]]'' ([[1600]]), that electricity and magnetism, while both capable of causing attraction and repulsion of objects, were distinct effects. Mariners had noticed that lightning strikes had the ability to disturb needle, but the link between lightning and electricity was not confirmed until [[Benjamin Franklin]]'s proposed experiments in [[1752]]. One of the first to discover and publish a link between man-made electric current and magnetism was [[Gian Domenico Romagnosi|Romagnosi]], who in [[1802]] noticed that connecting a wire across a [[Voltaic pile]] deflected a néarby [[compass]] needle. However, the effect did not become widely known until [[1820]], when [[Hans Christian Ørsted|Ørsted]] performed a similar experiment. Ørsted's work influenced [[André-Marie Ampére|Ampére]] to produce a théory of electromagnetism that set the subject on a mathematical foundation. An accurate théory of electromagnetism, known as [[classical electromagnetism]], was developed by various [[physicist]]s over the course of the [[19th century]], culminating in the work of [[James Clerk Maxwell]], who unified the preceding developments into a single théory and discovered the electromagnetic nature of light. In classical electromagnetism, the electromagnetic field obeys a set of equations known as [[Maxwell's equations]], and the electromagnetic force is given by the [[Lorentz force|Lorentz force law]]. One of the peculiarities of classical electromagnetism is that it is difficult to reconcile with [[classical mechanics]], but it is compatible with [[special relativity]]. According to Maxwell's equations, the [[speed of light]] is a universal constant, dependent only on the [[Permittivity|electrical permittivity]] and [[magnetic permeability]] of the [[vacuum]]. This violates [[Galilean invariance]], a long-standing cornerstone of classical mechanics. One way to reconcile the two théories is to assume the existence of a [[luminiferous aether]] through which the light propagates. However, subsequent experimental efforts failed to detect the presence of the aether. In [[1905]], [[Albert Einstein]] solved the problem with the introduction of [[special relativity]], which replaces classical kinematics with a new théory of kinematics that is compatible with classical electromagnetism. In addition, relativity théory shows that in moving frames of reference a magnetic field transforms to a field with a nonzero electric component and vice versa; thus firmly showing that they are two sides of the same coin, and thus the term "electromagnetism". == The photoelectric effect == In another paper published in that same yéar, Albert Einstein undermined the very foundations of classical electromagnetism. His théory of the [[photoelectric effect]] (for which he won the Nobel prize for physics) posited that light could exist in discrete particle-like quantities, which later came to be known as [[photon]]s. Einstein's théory of the photoelectric effect extended the insights that appéared in the solution of the [[ultraviolet catastrophe]] presented by [[Max Planck]] in [[1900]]. In his work, Planck showed that hot objects emit [[electromagnetic radiation]] in discrete packets, which léads to a finite total [[energy]] emitted as [[black body radiation]]. Both of these results were in direct contradiction with the classical view of light as a continuous wave. Planck's and Einstein's théories were progenitors of [[quantum mechanics]], which, when formulated in [[1925]], necessitated the invention of a quantum théory of electromagnetism. This théory, completed in the [[1940s]], is known as [[quantum electrodynamics]] (or "QED"), and is one of the most accurate théories known to physics. == Definition == The term [[electrodynamics]] is sometimes used to refer to the combination of electromagnetism with [[mechanics]], and déals with the effects of the electromagnetic field on the dynamic behavior of electrically charged particles. == Units == '''Electromagnetic units''' are part of a system of electrical units based primarily upon the magnetic properties of electric currents, the fundamental cgs unit being the abampere. The units are: * [[ampere]] (current) * [[coulomb]] (charge) * [[farad]] (capacitance) * [[henry (unit)|henry]] (inductance) * [[ohm]] (resistance) * [[volt]] (electric potential) * [[watt]] (power) In the electromagnetic cgs system, electrical current is a fundamental quantity defined via [[Ampére's law]] and takes the [[Permeability (electromagnetism)|permeability]] as a dimensionless quantity (relative perméability) whose value in a vacuum is unity. As a consequence, the square of the speed of light appéars explicitly in some of the equations interrelating quantities in this system. {{SI_electromagnetism_units}} == See also == <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:4; column-count:4;"> * [[Abraham-Lorentz force]] * [[Classical electromagnetism]] * [[Double-slit experiment]] * [[Electricity]] * [[Electromagnet]] * [[Electromagnetic modeling]] * [[Electromagnetic wave equation]] * [[Electromechanics]] * [[Electrostatics]] * [[Formulation of Maxwell's equations in special relativity]] * [[Gamma ray]] * [[Lorentz force]] * [[Maglev]] <!--yes, the disambig page; both articles can be relevant to electromagneticism.--> * [[Magnetism]] * [[Maxwell's equations in curved spacetime]] * [[Microwave]] * [[Optics]] * [[Photon polarization]] * [[Plasma (physics)]] * [[Polarization]] * [[Radio wave]] * [[Waveguide]] * [[X-ray]] </div> == References == <!-- ---------------------------------------------------------- See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for a discussion of different citation methods and how to generate footnotes using the <ref>, </ref> and <reference /> tags ----------------------------------------------------------- --> {{reflist}} '''Web''' * {{Citation | last = Nave | first = R. | title = Magnetic Field Strength H | url = http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/magfield.html | access-date = 2007-06-04 }} * {{Citation | last = Keitch | first = Paul | title = Magnetic Field Strength and Magnetic Flux Density | url = http://www.electric-fields.bris.ac.uk/MagneticFieldStrength.htm | access-date = 2007-06-04 }} * {{Citation | last = Oppelt | first = Arnulf | date = [[2006-11-02]] | title = magnetic field strength | url = http://searchsmb.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,290660,sid44_gci763586,00.html | access-date = 2007-06-04 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905094533/http://searchsmb.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,290660,sid44_gci763586,00.html |date=2008-09-05 }} * {{Citation | title = magnetic field strength converter | url = http://www.unitconversion.org/unit_converter/magnetic-field-strength.html | access-date = 2007-06-04 }} '''Books''' * {{cite book | author=Durney, Carl H. and Johnson, Curtis C. | title=Introduction to modern electromagnetics | publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]] |year=1969 |id=ISBN 0-07-018388-0}} * {{cite book | author=Rao, Nannapaneni N. | title=Elements of engineering electromagnetics (4th ed.)| publisher=[[Prentice Hall]] |year=1994 |id=ISBN 0-13-948746-8}} * {{cite book | last = Tipler | first = Paul | title = Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Vol. 2: Light, Electricity and Magnetism | edition = 4th ed. | publisher = W. H. Freeman | year = 1998 | id = ISBN 1-57259-492-6 }} * {{cite book | last = [[David J. Griffiths|Griffiths]] | first = David J. | title = Introduction to Electrodynamics | edition = 3rd ed. | publisher = Prentice Hall | year = 1998 | id = ISBN 0-13-805326-X }} * {{cite book | last = Jackson | first = John D. | title = Classical Electrodynamics | edition = 3rd ed. | publisher = Wiley | year = 1998 | id = ISBN 0-471-30932-X }} * {{cite book | last = Rothwell | first = Edward J. | coauthors = Cloud, Michael J. | title = Electromagnetics | publisher = CRC Press | year = 2001 | id = ISBN 0-8493-1397-X }} * {{cite book | last = Wangsness | first = Roald K. | coauthors = Cloud, Michael J. | title = Electromagnetic Fields (2nd Edition) | publisher = Wiley | year = 1986 | id = ISBN 0-471-81186-6 }} * {{cite book | last = Dibner | first = Bern | title = Oersted and the discovery of electromagnetism | publisher = Blaisdell Publishing Company | year = 1961 | id = ISSN 99-0317066-1 ; 18 }} </div> == External links == * [http://www.emtalk.com Electromagnetic Tutorials and Forums] EM Talk * [http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Physics/8-02Electricity-and-MagnetismSpring2002/VideoLectures/index.htm MIT Video Lectures - Electricity and Magnetism] from Spring 2002. Taught by Professor Walter Lewin. * [http://www.lightandmatter.com/area1book4.html Electricity and Magnetism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061015174156/http://www.lightandmatter.com/area1book4.html |date=2006-10-15 }} - an online textbook (uses algebra, with optional calculus-based sections) * [http://www.plasma.uu.se/CED/Book/ Electromagnetic Field Theory] - an online textbook (uses calculus) * [http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/em/em.html Classical Electromagnetism: An intermediate level course] - an online intermediate level texbook downloadable as PDF file * [http://www.scienceaid.co.uk/physics/electricity/electromagnetism.html Science Aid: electromagnetism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060711115340/http://www.scienceaid.co.uk/physics/electricity/electromagnetism.html |date=2006-07-11 }} Electromagnetism, aimed at teens. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060603123952/http://www.motionmountain.net/C-4-EDYN.pdf Motion Mountain] A modérn introduction to electromagnetism and its effects in everyday life. * [http://www.rfzone.org/free-rf-ebooks/ Books on Electromagnetism and RF field] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218171119/http://www.rfzone.org/free-rf-ebooks/ |date=2007-12-18 }} * [http://dcjenn.com/ Dr. David C. Jenn's site] - specializing in radar systems and electromagnetic scattering and radiation * [http://www.ee.umd.edu/~taylor/frame1.htm Gallery of Electromagnetic Personalities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061206001941/http://www.ee.umd.edu/~taylor/frame1.htm |date=2006-12-06 }} * [http://monopole.ph.qmw.ac.uk/~bill/emt/LecNotes.html MSci Electromagnetic Theory Lecture Notes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930190141/http://monopole.ph.qmw.ac.uk/~bill/emt/LecNotes.html |date=2007-09-30 }} * [http://newton.ex.ac.uk/teaching/CDHW/EM/ PHY2206 Electromagnetic Fields Course Handouts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119204722/http://newton.ex.ac.uk/teaching/CDHW/EM/ |date=2008-01-19 }} * [http://phys.csuchico.edu:16080/kagan/204B/lecture/ Dr. David Kagan Physics 204B Lecture Notes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230183027/http://phys.csuchico.edu:16080/kagan/204B/lecture/ |date=2007-12-30 }} * [http://www.ece.rutgers.edu/~orfanidi/ewa/ Sophocles J. Orfanidis' Electromagnetic Waves and Antennas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220093657/http://www.ece.rutgers.edu/~orfanidi/ewa/ |date=2008-12-20 }} * [http://www.maths.qmul.ac.uk/~hve/MAS207/ MAS207 Electromagnetism Lecture Notes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050502101322/http://www.maths.qmul.ac.uk/~hve/MAS207/ |date=2005-05-02 }} * [http://www.physics.uq.edu.au/courses/phys1002/notes/ PHYS1002 - Electromagnetism, Optics, Relativity and Quantum Physics I] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060918030816/http://www.physics.uq.edu.au/courses/phys1002/notes/ |date=2006-09-18 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050720043537/http://www.physics.uq.edu.au/people/ficek/pdfs/ph3050.pdf Dr. Zbigniew Ficek's PHYS3050 Electromagnetic theory lecture notes] * [http://www.sp.phy.cam.ac.uk/teaching/em/ University of Cambridge's Advanced Physics Electromagnetism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111113345/http://www.sp.phy.cam.ac.uk/teaching/em/ |date=2008-01-11 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060917150219/http://ece-www.colorado.edu/~ecen4634/4634-Lectures-Labs-1-10.pdf ECEN4364 Principles of RF and Microwave Measurements lecture notes] * [http://www.maths.ox.ac.uk/~lmason/B7/ B7 Relativity and Electromagnetism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024045102/http://www2.maths.ox.ac.uk/~lmason/B7/ |date=2007-10-24 }} * [http://www.maths.ox.ac.uk/~nwoodh/sr/ NMJ Woodhouse's Special Relativity and Electromagnetism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024045106/http://www2.maths.ox.ac.uk/~nwoodh/sr/ |date=2007-10-24 }} * [http://www.maths.ox.ac.uk/~nwoodh/gr/ NMJ Woodhouse's General Relativity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009183410/http://www2.maths.ox.ac.uk/~nwoodh/gr/ |date=2007-10-09 }} * [http://www.apriorijournal.org/volume1/chalmers.pdf Maxwell, Mechanism and the Nature of Electricity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070604222819/http://www.apriorijournal.org/volume1/chalmers.pdf |date=2007-06-04 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060822042955/http://ftp.physics.uwa.edu.au/pub/Electromagnetism/Electromagnetism.pdf Electromagnetism Mathematica notes] * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B13-09K-Ubc "National Grid", electromagnetic sound art] * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LQoYOXmUuE0 "Disinformation", electromagnetic sound art] * [http://www.ee.byu.edu/forms/ Differential Forms in Electromagnetic Theory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222153757/http://www.ee.byu.edu/forms/ |date=2007-12-22 }} * [http://www.sonnetsoftware.com/bio/maxbio.pdf The Life of James Clerk Maxwell] - prepared by James C. Rautio of Sonnet Software, Inc. * [http://uk.arxiv.org/PS_cache/physics/pdf/0311/0311011.pdf Classical Electrodynamics and Theory of Relativity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171342/http://uk.arxiv.org/PS_cache/physics/pdf/0311/0311011.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} - by Ruslan Sharipov * [http://www.icm.edu.pl/edukacja/mat/axial.php Axial Vectors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209112349/http://www.icm.edu.pl/edukacja/mat/axial.php |date=2008-02-09 }} - by Alain Bossavit {{FundamentalForces}} {{Physics-footer}} [[Kategori:Éléktromagnétisme| ]] [[Kategori:Éléktrodinamika| ]] [[Kategori:Konsép fisika dasar]] syfqdjuvbabrns1qjubnxddyxzbyqfo 0 75486 710936 557170 2026-07-04T13:19:17Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710936 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pulitik adu domba''' ('''''devide et impera''''') mangrupa kombinasi strategi [[pulitik]], [[militér]], jeung [[ékonomi]] anu boga tujuan meunangkeun sarta ngajaga kakuatan ku cara megatkeun kumpulan nepi ka jadi kumpulan leutik anu leuwih gampang dikawasa. Dina kontéks nu séjén, pulitik pecah belah ogé hartina nyegah kumpulan-kumpulan leutik ngahiji jadi grup anu kuat. Dina awalna, ''devide et impera'' mangrupa strategi [[perang]] diadopsi ku bangsa ''colonialist'' mimiti dina abad ka-15 ([[Spanyol]], [[Portugal|Portugis]], [[Walanda]], [[Inggris]], [[Perancis)]]. Bangsa-bangsa éta ngalakukeun ékspansi jeung nalukkeun pikeun manggihan sumber daya alam, utamana di wewengkon tropis. Luyu jeung waktu, métodeu nalukkeun maranéhanana ngembang, jadi ''devide et impera'' lain saukur salaku strategi perang tapi jadi strategi pulitik.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.berdikarionline.com/memahami-operasi-strategi-devide-et-impera/|title=Memahami Operasi Strategi ''Devide et Impera''|last=Saptamaji|first=Rolip|website=Berdikari Online|accessdate=2017-10-16}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512001613/https://www.berdikarionline.com/memahami-operasi-strategi-devide-et-impera/ |date=2023-05-12 }}</ref> == Teknik == Unsur anu dipaké dina rékayasa pulitik ieu nyaéta: * Jieun atanapi ajak bagian ti masarakat pikeun nyegah aliansi anu bisa ngancam daya kapamingpinan anu daulat. * Mantuan jeung ngamajukeun jalma anu daék digawé jeung pamingpin nu daulat. * Ngadorong kapercayaan tur mumusuhan antara [[komunitas]]. * Ajak anu mampuh mantuan waragad pulitik jeung militér. == Rujukan == <references group=""></references> [[Kategori:Pulitik]] [[Kategori:Artikel Peserta WSSA]] 3c7rwq583e0kmivh1fsa3diy6ximm5k 0 91060 710934 654307 2026-07-04T12:06:01Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710934 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Panata acara''' nyaéta istilah umum keur jalma anu ngatur hiji [[kagiatan]] atawa [[acara]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.komunikasipraktis.com/2014/10/pembawa-acara-pengertian-dan-jenis.html|title=Pembawa Acara: Pengertian dan Jenis-Jenisnya|last=Menulis|first=Komunikasi Praktis-|last2=Berbicara|website=Komunikasi Praktis|accessdate=2019-08-09|last3=Blogging|last4=Media|last5=Humas}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809005936/https://www.komunikasipraktis.com/2014/10/pembawa-acara-pengertian-dan-jenis.html |date=2019-08-09 }}</ref> Panata acara mindeng disebut ogé ''pewara,'' ''pranata acara,'' atawa ''Master Of Ceremony (MC)''. <ref name=":0" /> Pancén panata acara sacara umum patali jeung ngiberkeun acara anu keur lumangsung, ngatur acara sangkan tetep ngaruntuy luyu jeung aturan, jeung dina ngatur acara kudu niténan [[étika]] keprotokolan.<ref name=":1">http://aceh.kemenag.go.id/file/file/keghumas/jmkd1342521639.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222232150/http://aceh.kemenag.go.id/file/file/keghumas/jmkd1342521639.pdf |date=2018-12-22 }}</ref> == Pancén utama == * Narékahan ngajaga panitén pamiarsa sangkan nuturkeun runtuyan acara sacara gemet.<ref name=":1" /> * Ngungkulan bangbaluh anu ngaganggu lumangsungna acara.<ref name=":1" /> * Mantuan kahéngkéran jeung kakurangan [[panata calagara]] sangkan acara leuwih hadé.<ref name=":1" /> == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Proyek kurikulum]] 30l4kqmfxf2w3bkwuggbgdfd9yh1quq 0 106144 710937 698155 2026-07-04T13:19:30Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710937 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pulitik pecah beulah''', pulitik adu domba, atawa ''divide et impera'' nyaéta kombinasi [[stratégi pulitik]], [[militér]], jeung ékonomi anu tujuanna pikeun meunangkeun jeung ngajaga kakawasaan ku cara mecahkeun kelompok gedé jadi kelompok-kelompok leutik anu leuwih gampang diéléhkeun. Dina kontéks séjén, pulitik pecah beulah ogé hartina nyegah kelompok-kelompok leutik pikeun ngahiji jadi hiji kelompok gedé anu leuwih kuat. Mimitina, pulitik pecah beulah téh mangrupa stratégi perang anu diterapkeun ku bangsa-bangsa kolonialis ti mimiti abad ka-15 ([[Spanyol]], [[Portugal|Portugis]], [[Walanda]], [[Inggris]], [[Prancis]]). Bangsa-bangsa éta ngalakukeun ékspansi jeung ngéléhkeun pikeun néangan sumber-sumber kabeungharan alam, utamana di wewengkon tropis. Lila-lila, métode pangéléhan ieu maranéhna ngalaman kamekaran, sahingga pulitik pecah beulah henteu deui sakadar jadi stratégi perang tapi leuwih jadi stratégi pulitik kakawasaan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.berdikarionline.com/memahami-operasi-strategi-devide-et-impera/|title=Memahami Operasi Strategi Devide et impera - Berdikari Online|last=Hartono|first=Rudi|language=id|accessdate=2025-01-19}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512001613/https://www.berdikarionline.com/memahami-operasi-strategi-devide-et-impera/ |date=2023-05-12 }}</ref> == Téknik == Unsur-unsur anu dijadikeun téknik dina politik ieu nyaéta: * Nyiptakeun atawa ngadorong perpecahan dina masarakat pikeun nyegah aliansi anu bisa nentang kakawasaan anu berdaulat. * Nulung jeung ngamajukeun jalma-jalma anu daék gawé bareng jeung kakawasaan anu berdaulat. * Ngadorong kateupercayaan jeung permusuhan antara masarakat. * Ngadorong konsumerisme anu boga kamampuhan pikeun ngalemahkeun biaya pulitik jeung militer. == Pulitik pecah beulah di Indonésia == Pulitik pecah beulah kaasup stratégi anu digunakeun ku penjajah kolonial Walanda pikeun ngadu domba antara karajaan-karajaan di Nusantara jeung anggota-anggotana (pangéran-pangéran) anu henteu puas jeung pamaréntahan raja karajaan-karajaan éta. === Politik pecah belah di Jawa === [[Walanda]] (VOC) ngalaksanakeun pulitik pecah beulah di antarana di [[Kasultanan Mataram]] anu hasilna Perjanjian Mataram jeung [[VOC]] taun 1743, [[Perjanjian Giyanti]] (1755) anu ngabagi Kasultanan Mataram jadi [[Surakarta]] jeung [[Daérah Istiméwa Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta]], [[Perjanjian Salatiga]] (1757) anu ngabagi Surakarta jeung [[Mangkunegaran]], sarta Perjanjian 1813 (jeung pamaréntah Inggris) anu ngabagi Yogyakarta jeung [[Pakualaman]]. Salian ti éta, aya ogé [[Perjanjian Cirebon]] 1688 anu ngabagi-bagi [[Kasultanan Cirebon]]. === Awal kamerdékaan Indonesia === Pikeun ngagagalkeun ngadegna Nagara Kesatuan Républik Indonesia (NKRI) pasca kamerdékaan Indonésia 1945, pulitik pecah beulah ogé jadi alat pikeun mecahkeun hiji bangsa supaya bisa éléhkeun kalawan tujuan meunangkeun jeung ngajaga kakawasaan ku cara mecah kelompok gedé jadi kelompok-kelompok leutik supaya leuwih gampang dikawasakeun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.donisetyawan.com/politik-devide-et-impera-voc/|title=Politik devide et Impera VOC - Donisaurus|language=id-ID|accessdate=2025-01-20}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221120245/https://www.donisetyawan.com/politik-devide-et-impera-voc/ |date=2025-02-21 }}</ref> Dina taun 1947-1948, Walanda ngabentuk nagara bonéka kalawan ngajangjikeun kamerdékaan ka sababaraha nagara bonéka anu geus dijieunna, di antarana Nagara Indonesia Wétan (ayeuna [[Papua]]), Nagara Sumatera Wétan, Nagara Madura, Nagara Pasundan, Nagara Sumatera Kidul, jeung Nagara Jawa Wétan.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Terbentuknya Republik Indonesia Serikat|url=https://www.kompas.com/skola/read/2020/02/10/080000569/terbentuknya-republik-indonesia-serikat|newspaper=KOMPAS.com|date=2022-01-27|access-date=2025-01-20|language=id|first=Kompas Cyber|last=Media}}</ref> Dina [[Perang Dunya II]], [[Jepang]] ngaku éléh ti tentara sekutu kalawan dibomna kota [[Hiroshima|Hirosima]] jeung [[Préféktur Nagasaki|Nagasaki]] dina 6 jeung 8 Agustus 1945. Saenggeus Jepang nyerah ka sekutu dina 14 Agustus 1945, sekutu nganjurkeun Jepang pikeun ngalaksanakeun ''status quo'', nyaéta ngajaga kaayaan anu aya dina waktu éta nepi ka kadatangan tentara sekutu ka Indonésia. Dina 16 Séptémber 1945, rombongan Walanda, wakil sekutu, ngabéréskeun di [[Tanjung Priok, Tanjung Priok, Jakarta Kalér|Tanjung Priok]]. Kadatangan tentara Sekutu ieu dibarengan ku [[NICA]] (Netherland Indies Civil Administration – pamaréntahan sipil Hindia Walanda) anu dipingpin ku [[Dr. Hubertus J. van Mook]], anu disiapkeun pikeun muka rundingan dumasar pidato siaran radio [[Ratu Wilhelmina]] taun 1942 (''statkundige conceptie'' atawa konsépsi kenegaraan). Aya kakosongan pamaréntahan anu ngawasa di Indonésia anu diakibatkeun ku éléhna Jepang. Ku kituna, para pamuda (Golongan Muda) ngalakukeun penculikan ka Soekarno-Hatta anu saterusna nganjurkeun duanana ka [[Rengasdengklok, Karawang|Rengasdengklok]] dina 16 Agustus 1945.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Saat Sutan Syahrir Mendengar Berita soal Kekalahan Jepang dari Sekutu pada 10 Agustus 1945...|url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2018/08/10/14032071/saat-sutan-syahrir-mendengar-berita-soal-kekalahan-jepang-dari-sekutu-pada|newspaper=KOMPAS.com|date=2018-08-10|access-date=2025-01-20|language=id|first=Kompas Cyber|last=Media}}</ref> Peristiwa Rengasdengklok kajadian dina 16 Agustus 1946, nyaéta penculikan dua bapak proklamator Républik Indonésia, Soekarno jeung Hatta, ka [[Kabupatén Karawang|Karawang]], [[Jawa Kulon|Jawa]] [[Jawa Kulon|Kulon]], kalayan tujuan supaya gancang ngumumkeun kamerdékaan Indonésia dina 17 Agustus 1945. Tapi Walanda henteu ngaku kamerdékaan Indonésia 1945, sabab hayang balik ngaku kakawasaan. Hal ieu anu ngabalukarkeun [[Agrési Militér Walanda I|agrési militér I]] taun 1947 jeung [[Agresi militér II|agrési militér II]] taun 1948.<ref name=":0" /> === Agrési Walanda I jeung II === Saenggeus Indonésia merdéka dina 1945, Walanda masih kénéh boga urusan jeung Indonésia, nyaéta mulangkeun sakumna wilayah anu baheulana jajahan Walanda pikeun jadi bagian ti Nagara Kesatuan Républik Indonésia (NKRI). Pikeun jadi nagara anu berdaulat, sababaraha tahapan ngalawan Walanda dilakukeun pikeun ngajaga téritori anu geus diumumkeun ti Sabang nepi ka Merauké. === '''Perjanjian Linggarjati 1946''' === Perjanjian anu lumangsung di Linggarjati, Jawa Kulon, dihadiran ku pihak ti Indonésia anu diwakilan ku [[Sutan Sjahrir|Sutan Syahrir]] jeung ti pihak Walanda diwakilan ku [[Wim Schermerhorn]], anu ngahasilkeun résolusi anu ngalemahkeun Indonésia sacara ''de facto''. Dina perjanjian éta ngan ukur ngaku Jawa, Sumatera, jeung Madura salaku bagian ti nagara Indonésia. === '''Agrési Militer Walanda I 1947''' === Dina 21 Juli 1947, Wakil Gubernur Jenderal Walanda [[Johannes van Mook]] netelakeun yén hasil Perundingan Linggarjati henteu berlaku deui jeung ngamimitian operasi militér anu dipikawanoh salaku Agrési Militer Walanda I anu lumangsung nepi ka 5 Agustus 1947.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribunnews.com/nasional/2019/07/21/agresi-militer-belanda-i|title=Agresi Militer Belanda I|website=Tribunnews.com|language=id-ID|accessdate=2025-01-20}}</ref> Walanda nyebut operasi militér ieu salaku Aksi Polisionil jeung nyatakeun tindakan ieu minangka urusan doméstik. Tujuan utama agrési Walanda nyaéta ngarebut daérah-daérah perkebunan anu beunghar jeung daérah anu miboga sumber daya alam, utamana minyak. === '''Perjanjian Rénville 1948''' === Akibat agrési militér I anu dilakukeun Walanda, [[Amérika Sarikat]] turun tangan pikeun nganétralkeun kaayaan kalawan jadi panengah antara Indonésia jeung Walanda. Kaduana tuluy nandatanganan [[Perjanjian Renville|perjanjian Rénville]] dina 17 Januari 1948 di kapal perang Amérika Sarikat salaku tempat nétral USS Renville, anu ngalabuh di palabuhan Tanjung Priok, Jakarta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://video.tribunnews.com/view/89920/perjanjian-renville-perjanjian-yang-disahkan-pada-17-januari-1948-di-atas-kapal-amerika-serikat-ya|title=Perjanjian Renville, Perjanjian yang Disahkan pada 17 Januari 1948 di Atas Kapal Amerika Serikat ya|website=Tribun Video|language=id-ID|accessdate=2025-01-20}}</ref> Hasil tina perjanjian ieu, Indonésia hasil maksa gencatan senjata, tapi kaleungitan sabagéan wewengkonna. Walanda ngan ukur ngaku kedaulatan RI di Jawa tengah, Yogyakarta, jeung Sumatera, sarta ménta TNI narik pasukanana ti wewengkon pendudukan. === '''Agrési Militer Walanda II 1948''' === Dina 19 Désémber 1948, Walanda ngalanggar gencatan senjata jeung eusi Perjanjian Renville. Walanda ngagerakkeun 80.000 pasukanana tuluy nyerang ibu kota Indonésia anu waktu éta di Yogyakarta jeung ngalakukeun panangkapan ka Soekarno, Mohammad Hatta, Sjahrir jeung sababaraha tokoh séjén.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://video.tribunnews.com/view/90162/agresi-militer-belanda-ii-penyerbuan-pasukan-belanda-terhadap-wilayah-republik-indonesia|title=Agresi Militer Belanda II, Penyerbuan Pasukan Belanda Terhadap Wilayah Republik Indonesia|website=Tribun Video|language=id-ID|accessdate=2025-01-20}}</ref> === '''Konférénsi Méja Bundar 1949''' === Akibatna, Amérika Sarikat deui ngadesek Walanda pikeun ngarunding jeung Indonésia dina Konférénsi Méja Bundar (KMB) di [[Dén Haag]] dina 2 Nopémber 1949, ngeunaan mulangkeun sakumna wilayah jajahan Walanda ka Indonésia, kaasup Papua di jero éta. Perjanjian ieu nyatakeun Walanda satuju pikeun mindahkeun kadaulatan pulitikna kana sakumna wilayah baheula Hindia Walanda ka Indonésia. Husus pikeun Papua Kulon jadi hiji-hijina bagian ti Hindia Walanda anu henteu dipindahkeun ka Indonésia sarta status Papua Kulon bakal dibahas sataun saterusna, nyaéta dina 1950.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=Konferensi Meja Bundar: Latar Belakang, Tujuan, Hasil, dan Dampaknya|url=https://www.kompas.com/skola/read/2020/02/11/100000169/konferensi-meja-bundar--latar-belakang-tujuan-hasil-dan-dampaknya|newspaper=KOMPAS.com|date=2020-02-11|access-date=2025-01-20|first=Kompas Cyber|last=Media}}</ref> === '''Nagara Bagian Indonesia Timur (Papua) di Indonesia''' === Salila 1947-1948, pihak Walanda ngahaja hayang ngawasaan Indonésia kalayan babari, sarta ngabagi-bagi jadi kelompok leutik, kalayan total 6 bagéan, diantarana diantarana Nagara Indonésia Timur (ayeuna Papua), Nagara Sumatera Timur, Nagara Madura, Nagara Pasundan, Nagara Sumatera Kidul, jeung Nagara Jawa Timur. Ti saprak 1950 nepi ka 1961, Walanda masih can mulangkeun Papua nepi ka 1961, dimana Walanda kedah mulangkeun Papua jadi bagian ti Indonesia dumasar hasil kesepakatan Konferensi Meja Bundar (KMB), di Den Haag, Walanda, anu bakal dibahas sataun saterusna, nyaéta dina 1950.<ref name=":1" /> Walanda masih ngawasaan Papua Barat minangka wilayah jajahanna, alesanna sabab Walanda masih hayang ngajaga pangaruhna di wewengkon Asia Pasifik samentara éta ogé ménta nguatkeun basis ékonomina di Papua. Walanda sacara diam-diam ngadegkeun nagara boneka Papua. Walanda ngamimitian kalawan ngabentuk komite anu dingaranan New Guinea Council dina tanggal 19 Oktober 1961. Adapun tugasna ngarancang Manifesto pikeun Kamerdékaan jeung Pamaréntahan Mandiri, bandéra nasional (Bandéra Bintang Kejora), cap nagara, milih "Hai Tanahku Papua" salaku lagu kabangsaan, jeung ménta masarakat pikeun dipikawanoh salaku urang Papua. Walanda ngaku bandéra jeung lagu ieu dina tanggal 18 Nopémber 1961, sarta peraturan ieu mimiti berlaku dina tanggal 1 Désémber 1961. Dina taun anu sarua, Walanda samentara éta ogé ngadegkeun pasukan Papoea Vrijwilligers Korps atawa Korps Relawan Papua (PVK), tentara buatan Walanda anu diwangun ku pribumi Papua.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://historia.id/politik/articles/papua-dan-ambisi-presiden-pertama-P3q1X|title=Papua dan Ambisi Presiden Pertama|website=Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia|language=id-ID|accessdate=2025-01-20}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610145443/https://historia.id/politik/articles/papua-dan-ambisi-presiden-pertama-P3q1X |date=2023-06-10 }}</ref> == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Pulitik]] 1q01g7mgrehd8ph9tzdkj1tic3phm0n 0 107656 710940 703255 2026-07-04T17:09:48Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710940 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Translate google.png|jmpl|Salah sahiji mesin tarjamahan anu loba dipaké kubalaréa]] '''Tarjamahan mesin''' téh mangrupa pamakean [[téknik komputasi]] pikeun narjamahkeun téks atawa ucapan tina hiji basa ka [[basa]] séjén, kaasup ogé nuansa kontéks, [[idiomatik]], jeung [[pragmatik]] tina dua basa anu dipaké.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aws.amazon.com/id/what-is/machine-translation/|title=Apa itu Terjemahan Mesin? - Penjelasan tentang Terjemahan Mesin - AWS|website=Amazon Web Services, Inc.|language=id-ID|accessdate=2025-11-22}}</ref> Sanajan sababaraha modél basa geus mampuh ngahasilkeun tarjamahan anu bisa kaharti, tetep baé boga watesan ku alatan rumitna basa jeung émosi. Hasilna mindeng kurang jero jeung kurang rapih sacara [[sémantik]]. Kualitas tarjamahan ogé kapangaruhan ku béda [[linguistik]], tata basa, [[nada]], jeung [[budaya]], nepi ka teu bisa sapinuhna ngagantikeun kinerja panarjamah manusa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/can-machine-translation-replace-human-future-gte-localize-6petc|title=Can Machine Translation Replace Human Translation In The Future?|website=www.linkedin.com|language=en|accessdate=2025-11-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Role of AI in Translation and Interpretation|last=Mohammed H|first=Al Aqad|publisher=IGI global|year=2025|isbn=9798337300603}}</ref> Pangaronjatkeun kualitas tarjamahan merlukeun pamahaman kana adat-istiadat jeung kontéks [[sajarah]] masarakat anu jadi sasaran. Intervénsi manusa jeung isyarat visual ogé tetep diperlukeun dina tarjamahan simultan. Di sisi séjén, kustomisasi nu husus pikeun widang séjén misalna pikeun dokuméntasi téknis atawa téks resmi bisa ngahasilkeun hasil anu leuwih stabil, sarta biasana dipaké dina situs wéb multibasa jeung basis data profésional.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mastertcloc.unistra.fr/2024/01/25/the-pros-and-cons-of-machine-translation/|title=The Pros and Cons of Machine Translation|last=Anichini|first=Nicole|website=TCLoc Master's|language=en-US|accessdate=2025-11-22}}</ref> Pendekatan awal dina tarjamahan mesin lolobana dumasar kana aturan ''(rule-based)'' atawa [[Statistika|statistik]]. Métode ieu tuluy digantikeun ku tarjamahan mesin saraf<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/google-translate-gets-a-deep-learning-upgrade|title=Google Translate Gets a Deep-Learning Upgrade - IEEE Spectrum|website=spectrum.ieee.org|language=en|accessdate=2025-11-22}}</ref> jeung modél basa gedé.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uk.pcmag.com/ai/151950/google-translate-vs-chatgpt-which-one-is-the-best-language-translator|title=Google Translate vs. ChatGPT: Which One Is the Best Language Translator?|website=PCMag UK|language=en-gb|accessdate=2025-11-22}}</ref> == Jinis-jinis == === Mesin tarjamah ''rule-based (RBMT)'' === ''Rule-Based Machine Translation (RBMT)'' nyaéta jenis tarjamahan mesin anu gumantung kana sistem [[gramatika]] dina basa sumber jeung basa tujuan pikeun nyieun modél nu miboga akurasi tarjamahan anu maksimal. Sistem gramatika éta bisa ditambahan ku kamus istilah husus gumantung kana kabutuhan aplikasi, misalna kamus istilah kedokteran atawa bisnis pikeun ngaronjatkeun katepatan hasil tarjamahan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://valiance.ai/jenis-jenis-machine-translation/|title=Jenis-Jenis Machine Translation|last=admin|website=Valiance|language=en-US|accessdate=2025-11-22}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251208075505/https://valiance.ai/jenis-jenis-machine-translation/ |date=2025-12-08 }}</ref> === Mesin tarjamah statistik === ''Statistical Machine Translation (Statistical MT)'' jalanana ku diajar sakabéh korpus tarjamahan anu geus divalidasi ku tanaga manusa. Béda jeung RBMT, ''Statistical MT'' téh narjamahkeun dumasar kana [[frasa]], lain kecap per kecap. Tarjamahan dina ''Statistical MT'' migunakeun korpus tarjamahan manusa éta minangka modél, anu tuluy diterapkeun kana téks dina basa sasaran pikeun ngalakukeun tarjamahan sacara otomatis.<ref name=":0" /> === Mesin tarjamah ''neural'' === ''Neural Machine Translation (NMT)'' nyaéta pendekatan panganyarna dina tarjamahan mesin anu diwangun ku jaringan “saraf” tiruan. NMT jadi hiji kamajuan gedé sabab nyieun sistem tunggal anu bisa narjamahkeun rupa-rupa basa tanpa kudu nyocogkeun aturan-aturan khusus saperti anu diperlukeun dina ''Statistical MT'' atawa RBMT. Ku sabab kitu, NMT dipiharep bisa ngaleuwihan watesan sistem tarjamahan anu dumasar kana frasa atawa kecap, sarta bisa ngahasilkeun kualitas tarjamahan anu leuwih hadé tibatan dua pendekatan saméméhna.<ref name=":0" /> == Sumber rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Akal Imitasi]] bh9wm0gyab5gxhocqui41mqy8oyixaj 0 107921 710941 706173 2026-07-04T17:19:52Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710941 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="text-align: left; width: 250px; font-size: 90%; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background-color: #f8f9fa; float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em;" |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #8B4513; color: white; font-size: 125%;" | Tengkawang Tungkul |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[file:Stamp of Indonesia - 2008 - Colnect 385205 - Helmeted Hornbill Rhinoplax vigil Light Red Meranti Shor.jpeg|230px]]<br><small>Buah Tengkawang Tungkul (Rubroshorea stenoptera) anu mibanda jajambaran pikeun hiber.</small> |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #8B4513; color: white;" | Taksonomi |- | '''Dunya''' || [[Plantae]] |- | '''Ordo''' || [[Malvales]] |- | '''Kulawarga''' || [[Dipterocarpaceae]] |- | '''Genus''' || ''[[Rubroshorea]]'' |- | '''Spésiés''' || '''''R. stenoptera''''' |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #8B4513; color: white;" | Nami Binomial |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | '''''Rubroshorea stenoptera'''''<br><small>([[Burck]]) [[P.S.Ashton]] & [[J.Heer.]]</small> |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #8B4513; color: white;" | Sinonim |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 85%;" | ''Shorea stenoptera'' Burck |} '''Tengkawang Tungkul''' (''Rubroshorea stenoptera'') nyaéta salah sahiji jinis tatangkalan kai ti kulawarga [[Dipterocarpaceae]] anu mangrupa tutuwuhan asli ti Pulo [[Kalimantan]].<ref name="Kew" /> Tutuwuhan ieu kacida pentingna sacara ékonomi margi mangrupa sumber utama lemak nabati (mentéga tengkawang) sarta kai kualitas luhur.<ref name="Heyne" /> == Riwayat Taksonomi == Spésiés ieu mimitina didéskripsikeun ku William Burck dina taun 1887 kalayan nami ''Shorea stenoptera''.<ref name="POWO" /> Nami spésiésna, ''stenoptera'', dicandak tina basa Yunani nyaéta ''steno'' (sempit/leutik) sarta ''pteron'' (jangjang), anu nujul kana wangun jajambaran dina buahna.<ref name="POWO" /> Dumasar kana panalungtikan filogenetik panganyarna, spésiés ieu dipindahkeun tina genus ''Shorea'' ka genus anyar nyaéta ''Rubroshorea'' ku P.S. Ashton sarta J. Heckenhauer.<ref name="Kew" /> == Nami Vernakular == Di sababaraha daérah di [[Indonésia]], tutuwuhan ieu mibanda nami anu béda-béda (vernakular).<ref name="Heyne" /> Di [[Kalimantan]], masarakat Dayak nyebutna '''Tengkawang''' atanapi '''Tangkawang'''.<ref name="Heyne" /> Dina basa Sunda sarta basa Indonésia, tutuwuhan ieu sacara resmi katelahna '''Tengkawang Tungkul'''.<ref name="Heyne" /> Dina dunya internasional, siki tutuwuhan ieu dipikawanoh salaku ''Illipe nut'' atanapi ''Borneo Tallow Nut''.<ref name="Kew" /> == Pedaran Botanis (Pemerian) == Tangkal Tengkawang Tungkul tiasa tumbuh janten raksasa leuweung anu jangkungna dugi ka 50 méter kalayan diaméter batang tiasa langkung ti 150 cm.<ref name="POWO" /> Kulit tangkalna warnana coklat semu kulawu, téksturna rata sarta mibanda alur-alur deet.<ref name="POWO" /> Daunna wangunna jiga bunder endog (ovate) kalayan ujung anu mencos, ukuran panjangna antara 18-40 cm sarta lébar 8-22 cm.<ref name="POWO" /> Tékstur daunna kandel jiga kulit (coriaceous) sarta mibanda urat daun anu nonjol di bagian handapna.<ref name="POWO" /> Kembangna disusun dina malai (panicle) anu panjangna dugi ka 20 cm, mibanda kelopak kembang anu warnana semu beureum.<ref name="POWO" /> Buahna mangrupa buah kacang anu kabungkus ku lima jajambaran (jangjang) anu panjangna teu sarua; tilu jangjang panjangna dugi ka 10 cm, sedengkeun dua jangjang séjénna langkung pondok.<ref name="POWO" /> Jangjang ieu fungsina pikeun mantuan buah muter nalika murag tina tangkal sangkan tiasa kabawa angin.<ref name="POWO" /> == Kagunaan == Siki tengkawang mibanda kandungan lemak nabati sakitar 50% anu mibanda sipat teuas dina hawa normal.<ref name="Heyne" /> Lemak ieu dianggo dina industri pangan salaku gaganti lemak coklat (cocoa butter substitute), sarta dianggo ogé dina industri kosmétik pikeun bahan sabun sarta losion.<ref name="Kew" /> Kaina kaasup kana golongan kai meranti beureum anu kacida teuasna sarta awét pikeun bahan wangunan sarta jati.<ref name="Heyne" /> == Taxon identifiers == {| class="navbox" style="width:100%; margin:1em auto; font-size:88%; text-align:left; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:1px; background-color:#f8f9fa;" |- ! style="background-color:#f0f0f0; padding:0.2em 0.5em; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; width:15%;" | [[Taxon identifiers]] | style="padding:0.2em 0.5em;" | * <span style="background-color:#e8e8e8; padding:0 2px;">[[Wikidata]]:</span> '''[[d:Special:EntityPage/Q15444154|Q15444154]]''' * <span style="background-color:#e8e8e8; padding:0 2px;">[[IPNI]]:</span> [https://www.ipni.org/n/77303023-1 77303023-1] * <span style="background-color:#e8e8e8; padding:0 2px;">[[GBIF]]:</span> [https://www.gbif.org/species/11497210 11497210]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * <span style="background-color:#e8e8e8; padding:0 2px;">[[POWO]]:</span> [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77303023-1 77303023-1] |} == Rujukan == {{reflist|refs= <ref name="Kew">Govaerts, R. (2003). ''World Checklist of Selected Plant Families''. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.</ref> <ref name="Heyne">Heyne, K. (1927). ''De nuttige planten van Nederlandsch-Indië''. Departement van Landbouw, Nijverheid en Handel.</ref> <ref name="POWO">Plants of the World Online (POWO). ''Rubroshorea stenoptera (Burck) P.S.Ashton & J.Heer.''. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.</ref> }} [[Kategori:Dipterocarpaceae]] [[Kategori:Tatangkalan]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan industri]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]] 6crrrs5q71jt708y2bk32bdviyosrv8 0 108470 710938 709027 2026-07-04T13:24:37Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710938 wikitext text/x-wiki | ngaran = Pulo Majeti | gambar = | katerangan_gambar = Pulo Majeti ayana di tengah Rawa Lakbok, Kota Banjar | lokasi = [[Rawa Lakbok]], Kelurahan Purwaharja, [[Kota Banjar]], [[Jawa Kulon]] | jenis = Pulo di rawa, situs budaya | legenda = Karajaan nu dipingpin ku Prabu Onom (Raja Siluman) | acara = [[Hajat Bumi]] • Seba Hasil Bumi | luas = 947 héktar <small>(Wewengkon Rawa Onom)</small> }} '''Pulo Majeti''' nyaéta hiji pulo leutik nu aya di tengah [[Rawa Lakbok]], wewengkon Kelurahan Purwaharja, [[Kota Banjar]], [[Jawa Kulon]].<ref>'''Misteri Pulo Majeti Bagian 1'''. • Kumparan. 16 Agustus 2017.</ref> Tempat ieu kasohor kalayan sebutan **"Kampung Siluman"**, sabab dina sajarah jeung carita rahayat dianggap minangka puseur karajaan mahluk halus atawa jin nu dipingpin ku **Prabu Onom**, nu katelah ogé Raja Siluman atawa Raja Jin.<ref>'''Kisah Kerajaan Pulo Majeti di Kampung Siluman Banjar'''. • detikJabar. 21 Séptémber 2022.</ref><ref>'''Cerita Kerajaan Pulo Majeti Kota Banjar yang Pernah Dipimpin Raja Jin'''. • Harapan Rakyat. Juli 2024.</ref> == Legenda jeung Sajarah == Dumasar kana naskah sajarah [[Kidung Lakbok]] karya M. Karso Prawiraatmadja (taun 1956), Pulo Majeti mangrupa puseur kakawasaan Prabu Onom. Karajaan ieu cenah wujudna "alam ghaib", teu katingali ku panon manusa biasa, tapi ayana nyata tur ngawasa sakumna wewengkon rawa.<ref>'''Kidung Lakbok'''. • Wikisource Sunda.</ref> Masarakat satempat yakin yén Prabu Onom jeung pangiringna sok némbongan dina rupa-rupa wujud, kaasup wujud jalma biasa, pikeun silih tempas jeung manusa.<ref>'''Kisah Kerajaan Pulo Majeti di Kampung Siluman Banjar'''. • detikJabar. 21 Séptémber 2022.</ref> Numutkeun carita rahayat, baheula pangeusi sakumna karajaan Pulo Majeti ujug-ujug robah wujudna sarta "bertransformasi jadi mahluk halus" sacara sakedapan, nepi ka tuluy teu katingali deui ku jalma loba. Ti harita, wewengkon ieu dianggap tempat cicing bangsa jin jeung mahluk lelembut lianna.<ref>'''Misteri Pulo Majeti Bagian 1'''. • Kumparan. 16 Agustus 2017.</ref> Kacaritakeun saha waé nu asup ka jero wewengkon ieu tanpa idin atawa pangaweruh nu cukup, bakal gampang kasasar, leungit, atawa ngarasa aya hal-hal nu teu kaharti.<ref>'''Cerita Kerajaan Pulo Majeti Kota Banjar yang Pernah Dipimpin Raja Jin'''. • Harapan Rakyat. Juli 2024.</ref> Dina struktur pamaréntahan karajaan ieu, Prabu Onom dibantuan ku tujuh pajabat luhur nu katelah **"Tujuh Pangagung Nagari"**, nu masing-masing ngawasa bagéan-bagéan wewengkon jeung unsur alam di sabudeureun Rawa Lakbok.<ref>'''Cerita Kerajaan Pulo Majeti Kota Banjar yang Pernah Dipimpin Raja Jin'''. • Harapan Rakyat. Juli 2024.</ref> == Situs jeung Kaayaan Alam == Di jero Pulo Majeti aya hiji situs kabudayaan nu wujudna wangunan tumpukan batu tilu undakan, sarupa jeung makam atawa tempat pamujaan karuhun. Nepi ka ayeuna, situs ieu masih sering didatangan ku jalma-jalma nu boga kapentingan rohani, sarta dianggap minangka tempat "pesugihan" nu kasohor.<ref>'''Misteri Pulo Majeti Bagian 1'''. • Kumparan. 16 Agustus 2017.</ref> Sacara géografis, Pulo Majeti perenahna di tengah [[Rawa Lakbok]] nu bagian tengahna katelah ogé **Rawa Onom**. Lega sakumna wewengkon rawa jeung pulo ieu kira-kira ngahontal 947 héktar, sanajan kiwari loba bagian nu geus dirobah jadi sawah jeung lahan tatanén.<ref>'''Misteri Pulo Majeti Bagian 1'''. • Kumparan. 16 Agustus 2017.</ref> Salian ti nilai sajarahna, wewengkon ieu oge mibanda nilai kaanekaragaman hayati nu luhur. Aya rupa-rupa tutuwuhan langka nu hirup di dinya, di antarana: *Ficus retusa*, *Elaeocarpus littoralis*, *Nephrolepis radicans*, *Scirpodendron ghaeri*, *Floscopa scandens*, *Stenochlaena palustris*, jeung sababaraha spésiés palem *Licuala*.<ref>'''Keanekaragaman Hayati Rawa Lakbok'''. • banjarkota.go.id.</ref> == Kagiatan jeung Fungsi Budaya == Pulo Majeti mangrupa bagian penting tina kahirupan budaya masarakat Kota Banjar. Unggal taun, Pamaréntah Kota Banjar babarengan jeung warga satempat ngayakeun upacara adat **[[Hajat Bumi]]** atawa **Seba Hasil Bumi**. Kagiatan ieu mangrupa wujud ngamumule warisan karuhun, ngahormat ka Prabu Onom salaku nu ngajaga alam, sarta nyuhunkeun kasalametan jeung kasuburan tatanén.<ref>'''Gelar Budaya Seba Hasil Bumi Hajat Pulo Majeti'''. • banjarkota.go.id. 2 Juli 2022.</ref> Dina prosésina, dilaksanakeun ogé upacara **"Hajat Tatanen ka Tujuh Pang Agung Nagari"** di Pendopo Kota Banjar. Dina ieu kagiatan, warga masrahkeun sasajen saperti tumpeng, hayam, jeung hasil bumi lianna ka Wali Kota Banjar minangka wawakil masarakat, tuluy dihaturkeun sacara simbolis ka karuhun jeung nu ngawasa alam.<ref>'''Gelar Budaya Seba Hasil Bumi Hajat Pulo Majeti'''. • banjarkota.go.id. 2 Juli 2022.</ref> Tujuan pokona nyaéta pikeun ngajaga kasaimbangan alam, ngajaga lingkungan hirup, sarta nguatkeun rasa persatuan jeung silih asuh di antara warga. Kusabab dianggap tempat suci, umumna masarakat dilarang asup ka jero Pulo Majeti, iwal ti waktu keur lumangsung upacara adat resmi.<ref>'''Cerita Kerajaan Pulo Majeti Kota Banjar yang Pernah Dipimpin Raja Jin'''. • Harapan Rakyat. Juli 2024.</ref> == Tingali ogé == * [[Rawa Lakbok]] * [[Kidung Lakbok]] * [[Wayang Kila]] * [[Ngababak Lakbok]] * [[Hajat Bumi]] * [[Ruwatan]] == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} <ref>'''Misteri Pulo Majeti Bagian 1'''. [https://m.kumparan.com/dukun-millennial/misteri-pulo-majeti-bagian-1 Kumparan], 16 Agustus 2017.</ref> <ref>'''Kisah Kerajaan Pulo Majeti di Kampung Siluman Banjar'''. [https://www.detik.com/jabar/budaya/d-6298707/kisah-kerajaan-pulo-majeti-di-kampung-siluman-banjar detikJabar], 21 Séptémber 2022.</ref> <ref>'''Cerita Kerajaan Pulo Majeti Kota Banjar yang Pernah Dipimpin Raja Jin'''. [https://www.harapanrakyat.com/2024/07/cerita-kerajaan-pulo-majeti-kota-banjar-yang-pernah-dipimpin-raja-jin/ Harapan Rakyat], Juli 2024.</ref> <ref>'''Kidung Lakbok'''. [https://su.wikisource.org/wiki/Kidung_Lakbok Wikisource Sunda].</ref> <ref>'''Gelar Budaya Seba Hasil Bumi Hajat Pulo Majeti'''. [https://banjarkota.go.id/umum/gelar-budaya-seba-hasil-bumi-hajat-pulo-majeti/ banjarkota.go.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260209171030/https://banjarkota.go.id/umum/gelar-budaya-seba-hasil-bumi-hajat-pulo-majeti/ |date=2026-02-09 }}, 2 Juli 2022.</ref> <ref>'''Keanekaragaman Hayati Rawa Lakbok'''. [https://banjarkota.go.id/keanekaragaman-hayati-rawa-lakbok-2023 banjarkota.go.id]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref> [[Kategori:Pulo di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Tempat sakral di Jawa Kulon]] [[Kategori:Kacamatan Lakbok]] [[Kategori:Mitologi Sunda]] [[Kategori:Kota Banjar]] [[Kategori:Hajat Bumi]] [[Kategori:Situs budaya di Jawa Kulon]] [[Kategori:Warisan budaya teu wujud]] ntzm8hwo524731s0fusdh0si3rhmv8l 0 108761 710944 710918 2026-07-04T23:15:17Z Zulf 21463 /* */ 710944 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox civilian attack | title = Genosida Gaza | location = [[Jalur Gaza]] | date = {{Start date|2023|10|07|df=y}} – ayeuna | partof = [[Perang Israel-Hamas]] jeung [[Wilayah pendudukan Israel|Okupasi Israel ka wilayah Paléstina]] | image = Damage_in_Gaza_Strip_during_the_October_2023_-_36.jpg | image_size = 300px | alt = Poto | caption = Warga Paléstina nampi parawatan di lanté bangsal darurat Rumah Sakit [[Rumah Sakit Al-Shifa|Al-Shifa]] anu pinuh ku jalma di Kota Gaza, Oktober 2023. | native_name = | native_name_lang = | coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LON|region:XXXX_type:event|display=inline,title}} --> | time = | target = [[Urang Paléstina]] | type = [[Genosida]], [[hukuman koléktif]], [[pambunuhan massal]], [[pabersihan étnis]], [[pindahan paksa]], [[pengeboman]], [[pambunuhan anu ditargetkeun]], [[kalaparan (kejahatan)|kalaparan]] salaku métode perang, [[hukuman pati]], [[Kekerasan seksual dan berbasis gender terhadap warga Palestina selama perang Israel-Hamas|pameureusa]] | fatalities = {{bulleted list| |Saeutikna 41.200 urang tiwas{{efn|name=gazamoh|Nurutkeun [[Kementerian Kaséhatan Gaza]] jeung Kantor Informasi Pamaréntah,<ref name="Death-number"/> anu sateuacanna dianggap bisa dipercaya ku organisasi-organisasi nonjol sarta indepénden.<ref>{{cite news |last=Prothero |first=Mitchell |date=25 January 2024 |title=Israeli Intelligence Has Deemed Hamas-Run Health Ministry's Death Toll Figures Generally Accurate |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/y3w4w7/israeli-intelligence-health-ministry-death-toll |work=[[Vice News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303132219/https://www.vice.com/en/article/y3w4w7/israeli-intelligence-health-ministry-death-toll |archive-date=3 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Huynh |first1=Benjamin Q. |last2=Chin |first2=Elizabeth T. |last3=Spiegel |first3=Paul B. |date=6 December 2023 |title=No evidence of inflated mortality reporting from the Gaza Ministry of Health |journal=[[The Lancet]] |volume=403 |number=10421 |pages=23–24 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02713-7 |pmid=38070526}}</ref> Dina période anu sarua, saeutikna 700 urang Paléstina tiwas di [[Tepi Barat]].<ref name="Death-number"/>}} |Diberenjakeun leuwih ti 10.000 urang katimbun ruruntuhan<ref name="10,000">{{cite web |title=10,000 people feared buried under the rubble in Gaza |url=https://palestine.un.org/en/267691-10000-people-feared-buried-under-rubble-gaza |date=3 May 2024 |website=[[Palestine and the United Nations|Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa di Paléstina]] |access-date=5 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505021224/https://palestine.un.org/en/267691-10000-people-feared-buried-under-rubble-gaza |archive-date=5 May 2024}}</ref> |Jumlah tilar dunya henteu langsung kamungkinan ageung sababaraha kali lipet leuwih luhur{{efn|Nganggo métode anu dijelaskeun dina ''The Lancet'', [[Devi Sridhar]], lulugu kaséhatan global di [[Universitas Edinburgh]], nulis dina éditorial Séptémber 2024 yén "total tilar dunya saprak konflik dimimitian diperkirakeun sakitar 335.500 urang sacara sakabéh".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sridhar |first1=Devi |title=Scientists are closing in on the true, horrifying scale of death and disease in Gaza |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/article/2024/sep/05/scientists-death-disease-gaza-polio-vaccinations-israel |website=The Guardian |access-date=13 September 2024}}</ref>}}{{sfn|Khatib|McKee|Yusuf|2024|p=237}}}} | injuries = Saeutikna 95.400<ref name="Death-number">{{cite news |last1=Siddiqui |first1=Usaid |last2=Najjar |first2=Farah |date=20 September 2024 |title=Israel's war on Gaza updates: 'Netanyahu knows Americans can't stop him' - Here's what happened today |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/9/20/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israeli-attacks-kill-dozens-in-gaza-west-bank-2?update=3192255 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921134541/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/9/20/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israeli-attacks-kill-dozens-in-gaza-west-bank-2?update=3192255 |archive-date=21 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="10,000"/> | victims = * Karuksakan atanapi karuksakan sakitar 80% bumi sarta 50% wangunan di Gaza{{sfn|Semerdjian|2024|p=4|ref=Semerdjian2024a}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Malsin |first1=Jared |date=30 December 2023 |title=The Ruined Landscape of Gaza After Nearly Three Months of Bombing |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/gaza-destruction-bombing-israel-aa528542 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |access-date=4 January 2024 |archive-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104000648/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/gaza-destruction-bombing-israel-aa528542 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|Karuksakan kasebat kalebet:<ref>{{cite news |first1=Tamila |last1=Varshalomidze |first2=Maziar |last2=Motamedi |title=Netanyahu criticises Israel's allies for 'short memory' |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=17 March 2024 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/17/israels-war-on-gaza-live-13-aid-trucks-reach-north-malnutrition-doubles?update=2778271 |access-date=17 March 2024 |archive-date=17 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317121442/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/17/israels-war-on-gaza-live-13-aid-trucks-reach-north-malnutrition-doubles?update=2778271 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://reliefweb.int/map/occupied-palestinian-territory/unosat-gaza-strip-comprehensive-damage-assessment-january-2024 |title=UNOSAT Gaza Strip Comprehensive Damage Assessment-January 2024 |website=[[ReliefWeb]] |date=1 February 2024 |access-date=21 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240210004011/https://reliefweb.int/map/occupied-palestinian-territory/unosat-gaza-strip-comprehensive-damage-assessment-january-2024 |archive-date=10 February 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><br/>{{bulleted list|saeutikna 360.000 bumi|392 fasilitas pendidikan|267 tempat ibadah|17 rumah sakit ngan fungsi sabagian|83% sumur cai taneuh henteu beroperasi}}}} * 20% tina populasi mayingan "tingkat karawanan pangan akut anu parah pisan" anu ngalibetkeun "kakurangan pangan anu ékstrém, kalaparan, sarta kalulutan"<ref>{{cite news |last=Burke |first=Jason |date=24 June 2024 |title=One in five households in Gaza go whole days without food, draft UN report says |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jun/24/gaza-households-hunger-draft-un-report |work=[[The Guardian]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706152623/https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jun/24/gaza-households-hunger-draft-un-report |archive-date=6 July 2024}}</ref> * 1.900.000+ pangungsi internal<ref name="HRW-Starvation"/><ref>{{harvnb|Sathar|2023}}; {{harvnb|Qutami|2023|p=532}}; {{harvnb|Semerdjian|2024|p=4|ref=Semerdjian2024a}}</ref> | motive = * Pambalesan sarta tumpukan amarah tina [[serangan 7 Oktober]]<ref>{{harvnb|Fassin|2024|pp=1–2}}; {{harvnb|Semerdjian|2024|pp=1, 3|ref=Semerdjian2024a}}; {{harvnb|Levene|2024|pp=1–2}}</ref><ref name="Response">{{harvnb|Mackenzie|Lubell|2023|ps=: "Israel has tightened its blockade on and bombarded Gaza for three weeks after the Islamist group Hamas' Oct. 7 assault killed 1,400 Israelis [...] Abbas ... said, "Our people in the Gaza Strip are facing a war of genocide and massacres committed by the Israeli occupation forces in full view of the entire world." "}} ; {{harvnb|Antonio|2023|ps=: "Israeli Ambassador to the Philippines Ilan Fluss rejected the notion that his country is committing genocide in Gaza City, where a two-week war has erupted [...] their measures were targeting Hamas members, and they were "taking all measures to avoid having civilians affected" by attacks. "We are informing civilians even before attacks: keep away from Hamas' infrastructure and Hamas' facilities," [...] Hamas attacked Israel on Oct. 7, and killed at least 1,400 people, mostly civilians."}} ; {{harvnb|Chacar|2023}}; {{harvnb|Smith|McCarthy|Londoño|Jordan|2023}}; {{harvnb|Nichols|2023}}; {{harvnb|Bishara|2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Abraham |first=Yuval |date=3 April 2024 |title='Lavender': The AI machine directing Israel's bombing spree in Gaza |url=https://www.972mag.com/lavender-ai-israeli-army-gaza/ |access-date=3 July 2024 |magazine=[[+972 Magazine]] |language=en-US |quote="There was a completely permissive policy regarding the casualties of [bombing] operations — so permissive that in my opinion it had an element of revenge," D., an intelligence source, claimed. … A. also used the word "revenge" to describe the atmosphere inside the army after October 7.}}</ref> * [[Zionisme]]{{sfn|Litvin|2023}}{{sfn|Levene|2024|p=5}} * [[Anti-Paléstinanisme]],{{sfn|Sultany|2024|pp=2–3}} [[Rasisme anti-Arab]],<ref>{{cite web |title=On the Dehumanization of the Palestinians |url=https://www.palestine-studies.org/en/node/1654481 |website=palestine-studies.com |publisher=Institute for Palestine Studies |access-date=3 July 2024 |quote=The current genocidal assaults on Palestinians in the Gaza strip have undoubtedly been enabled by decades of anti-Palestinian racism propagated by both government and military officials and by media outlets. ... This has never been clearer than over the course of the last two weeks as U.S. and Israeli political and military leaders sow fear and paranoia, and trot out the worst anti-Arab rhetoric we have seen since the period following 9/11. This racist rhetoric is intended to dehumanize the Palestinians in order to neutralize public outrage at what may amount to the worst ethnic cleansing since the 1948 Nakba and what constitutes a genocide at the hands of one of the most advanced militaries in the world, all while world powers watch and do nothing.}}</ref> sarta [[Islamofobia]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The role of Islamophobia in the genocide in Gaza |url=https://www.cage.ngo/articles/the-role-of-islamophobia-in-the-genocide-in-gaza |website=[[Cage (organisation)|CAGE]] |publisher=Cage International |access-date=3 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525142150/https://www.cage.ngo/articles/the-role-of-islamophobia-in-the-genocide-in-gaza |archive-date=25 May 2024}}</ref> * [[Kolonialisme pamukim]]<ref>{{harvnb|Lederman|2024|pp=1–2, 5}}; {{harvnb|Segal|Daniele|2024|p=2}}; {{harvnb|Shaw|2024|pp=1–2}}; {{harvnb|Üngör|2024|pp=3–4, 5–6}}</ref> | accused = [[Israel]] * [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] sarta [[kabinet perang Israel]] jeung [[Pamaréntah Israel|Pamaréntah]] * [[Pasukan Pertahanan Israel]], di handap pimpinan [[Yoav Gallant]] * [[Kementerian Kaamanan Nasional (Israel)|Kementerian Kaamanan Nasional Israel]], di handap pimpinan [[Itamar Ben-Gvir]] '''Kacandakan''' *[[Amérika Sarikat]], di handap pamaréntahan [[Joe Biden|Biden]] *[[Britania Raya]], di handap kementerian [[Rishi Sunak|Sunak]] jeung [[Keir Starmer|Starmer]] *[[Jérman]], di handap [[kabinet Scholz]] *[[Australia]], di handap [[Pamaréntahan Albania]] | litigation = [[Kasus genosida Afrika Kidul ngalawan Israel]] | english_name = | duration = | also_known_as = }} ``` Para ahli, pamaréntah, badan-badan [[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]], sarta [[Organisasi non-pamaréntah|organisasi-organisasi non-pamaréntah]] parantos netepkeun yén [[Israel]] ngalakukeun [[genosida]] ka rahayat Paléstina salami [[Invasi Jalur Gaza ku Israel|invasi]] sarta [[pengeboman Jalur Gaza]] dina [[Perang Israel–Hamas|perang Israel-Hamas]] anu nuju lumangsung. Panalungtikan ogé nunjukkeun yén naon anu kajantenan di Gaza mangrupikeun anu panggoréngna saatos abad ka-20. Kulantaran kitu, ieu kajadian ngaleuwihan pangeboman Sakutu di Jérman salami Perang Dunia II dina jangka waktu anu jauh leuwih sakedap. Saurang dokter Amérika anu angkat ka Gaza nétélakeun yén naon anu kajantenan di Gaza téh sanés perang, melainkan Musnahkeun total. [[Pelapor Husus Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]], [[Francesca Albanese]], parantos ngutip pernyataan-pernyataan pajabat sénior Israel anu katingal aya "[[Genosida#Niat untuk menghancurkan|niat pikeun ngancurkeun]]" ([[Genosida#Secara keseluruhan atau sebagian|sacara sagemblengna atanapi sabagian]]) padumuk Gaza. Pernyataan pajabat Israel kasebat mangrupikeun hiji kaayaan sarta kalebet salah sahiji kriteria yén Israel parantos ngalakukeun genosida.{{harvnb|Burga|2023}}; {{harvnb|Soni|2023|p=81}} Mayoritas cendekiawan Wétan Tengah anu sabagian ageung dumasar di AS percanten yén tindakan-tindakan Israel di Gaza dimaksudkeun supados éta wilayah teu tiasa dicicingan deui ku warga Paléstina, sarta 75% ti maranéhna nyebatkeun tindakan-tindakan Israel di Gaza mangrupikeun "kajahatan perang ageung anu sami sareng genosida" atanapi "[[genosida]]". Dina bulan Juni 2024, Kantor Hak Asasi Manusa PBB nyawad pambunuhan anu [[Pembunuhan pekerja kesehatan selama Perang Israel-Hamas|dilaporkeun ka 500 padamel kaséhatan]]. Dina bulan Agustus 2024, ngan 17 tina 36 rumah sakit di Gaza anu fungsi sabagian; 84% pusat kaséhatan di wilayah kasebat parantos ruksak atanapi kabeunangan karuksakan. [[Blokade Israel di Jalur Gaza Oktober 2023|Blokade Israel]] anu dilarapkeun kalintang nyumbang kana [[kalaparan]] sarta ancaman bencana kalaparan di Jalur Gaza, samentawis pasukan Israel parantos nyegah [[pasokan kamanusaan]] dugi ka padumuk Paléstina, ngahalangan atanapi nyerang konvoi kamanusaan. Dina awal konflik, Israel mutuskeun pasokan cai sarta listrik ti Jalur Gaza. Israel ogé parantos [[Penghancuran warisan budaya selama invasi Israel di Jalur Gaza|ngancurkeun seueur wangunan penting sacara budaya]], kalebet 13 perpustakaan, sakabéh tina 12 universitas di Gaza sarta 80% sakolana, puluhan masjid, tilu réja, sarta dua muséum. Dina pertengahan Agustus 2024, saatos salapan bulan serangan, aksi militer Israel parantos ngabalukarkeun leuwih ti 40.000 tilar dunya warga Paléstina anu dikonfirmasi—1 tina unggal 59 urang di Gaza—kalayan rata-rata 148 tilar dunya unggal dinten. Sabagian ageung korban nyaéta warga sipil, anu di antarana saeutikna 50% nyaéta awéwé sarta barudak, sarta leuwih ti [[Pembunuhan wartawan selama Perang Israel-Hamas|100 wartawan]]. Rébuan mayit sanésna diperkirakeun aya di handapeun ruruntuhan wangunan anu ruksak. Pamaréntah [[Afrika Kidul]] parantos ngamimitian prosés hukum, [[Afrika Selatan v. Israel (Konvensi Genosida)|Afrika Kidul v. Israel]], ngalawan Israel di [[Mahkamah Internasional]] (ICJ), kalayan tuduhan palanggaran [[Konvensi Genosida]]. Dina putusan awal, ICJ mutuskeun yén Afrika Kidul ngagaduhan hak pikeun ngajukeun kasusna ngalawan Israel, samentawis Paléstina diaku ngagaduhan "hak anu asup akal pikeun ditangtayungan tina genosida" anu mayingan résiko nyata karuksakan anu teu tiasa dilereskeun deui. Pangadilan maréntahkeun Israel pikeun matuh kana kawajibanna dumasar kana Konvensi Genosida ku cara nyandak sadaya tindakan dina kawenanganna pikeun nyegah kajantenanna tindakan genosida, pikeun nyegah sarta ngahukum panyuntrung (hasutan) kana genosida, sarta pikeun ngawenangkeun layanan kamanusaan dasar lebet ka Gaza. Pangadilan ogé saterusna maréntahkeun Israel pikeun ningkatkeun bantosan kamanusaan ka Gaza sarta pikeun nyegah tindakan genosida salami [[Serangan Rafah 2024|serangan Rafah]]. Pamaréntah Israel nolak tuduhan Afrika Kidul, sarta nuduh pangadilan boga sikep [[Antisemitisme|antisemit]], hal anu [[Persenjataan antisemitisme|mindeng dilakukeunana]] nalika dikritik. == Tingali ogé == * [[Kajahatan perang Israel dina perang Israel-Hamas]] * [[Dugaan genosida dina serangan anu dipimpin Hamas dina taun 2023 ngalawan Israel]] * [[Stéréotip sato ka warga Paléstina dina wacana Israel]] * [[Kuburan massal Jalur Gaza]] * [[Palanggaran hak asasi manusa ka warga Paléstina ku Israel]] * [[Rasisme di Israel]] * [[Kekerasan seksual dan berbasis gender terhadap warga Palestina selama perang Israel-Hamas|Kakerasan séksual sarta dumasar gender ka warga Paléstina salami perang Israel-Hamas]] == Catetan suku == == Referensi == === Karya anu dicutat === {{refbegin|colwidth=30}} ==Rujukan== pg5ufuv9yt1jeth56mc0j9m5f0zevx9 710945 710944 2026-07-04T23:16:17Z Zulf 21463 /* */ 710945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox civilian attack | title = Genosida Gaza | location = [[Jalur Gaza]] | date = {{Start date|2023|10|07|df=y}} – ayeuna | partof = [[Perang Israel-Hamas]] jeung [[Wilayah pendudukan Israel|Okupasi Israel ka wilayah Paléstina]] | image = Damage_in_Gaza_Strip_during_the_October_2023_-_36.jpg | image_size = 300px | alt = Poto | caption = Warga Paléstina nampi parawatan di lanté bangsal darurat Rumah Sakit [[Rumah Sakit Al-Shifa|Al-Shifa]] anu pinuh ku jalma di Kota Gaza, Oktober 2023. | native_name = | native_name_lang = | coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LON|region:XXXX_type:event|display=inline,title}} --> | time = | target = [[Urang Paléstina]] | type = [[Genosida]], [[hukuman koléktif]], [[pambunuhan massal]], [[pabersihan étnis]], [[pindahan paksa]], [[pengeboman]], [[pambunuhan anu ditargetkeun]], [[kalaparan (kejahatan)|kalaparan]] salaku métode perang, [[hukuman pati]], [[Kekerasan seksual dan berbasis gender terhadap warga Palestina selama perang Israel-Hamas|pameureusa]] | fatalities = {{bulleted list| |Saeutikna 41.200 urang tiwas{{efn|name=gazamoh|Nurutkeun [[Kementerian Kaséhatan Gaza]] jeung Kantor Informasi Pamaréntah,<ref name="Death-number"/> anu sateuacanna dianggap bisa dipercaya ku organisasi-organisasi nonjol sarta indepénden.<ref>{{cite news |last=Prothero |first=Mitchell |date=25 January 2024 |title=Israeli Intelligence Has Deemed Hamas-Run Health Ministry's Death Toll Figures Generally Accurate |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/y3w4w7/israeli-intelligence-health-ministry-death-toll |work=[[Vice News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303132219/https://www.vice.com/en/article/y3w4w7/israeli-intelligence-health-ministry-death-toll |archive-date=3 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Huynh |first1=Benjamin Q. |last2=Chin |first2=Elizabeth T. |last3=Spiegel |first3=Paul B. |date=6 December 2023 |title=No evidence of inflated mortality reporting from the Gaza Ministry of Health |journal=[[The Lancet]] |volume=403 |number=10421 |pages=23–24 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02713-7 |pmid=38070526}}</ref> Dina période anu sarua, saeutikna 700 urang Paléstina tiwas di [[Tepi Barat]].<ref name="Death-number"/>}} |Diberenjakeun leuwih ti 10.000 urang katimbun ruruntuhan<ref name="10,000">{{cite web |title=10,000 people feared buried under the rubble in Gaza |url=https://palestine.un.org/en/267691-10000-people-feared-buried-under-rubble-gaza |date=3 May 2024 |website=[[Palestine and the United Nations|Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa di Paléstina]] |access-date=5 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505021224/https://palestine.un.org/en/267691-10000-people-feared-buried-under-rubble-gaza |archive-date=5 May 2024}}</ref> |Jumlah tilar dunya henteu langsung kamungkinan ageung sababaraha kali lipet leuwih luhur{{efn|Nganggo métode anu dijelaskeun dina ''The Lancet'', [[Devi Sridhar]], lulugu kaséhatan global di [[Universitas Edinburgh]], nulis dina éditorial Séptémber 2024 yén "total tilar dunya saprak konflik dimimitian diperkirakeun sakitar 335.500 urang sacara sakabéh".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sridhar |first1=Devi |title=Scientists are closing in on the true, horrifying scale of death and disease in Gaza |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/article/2024/sep/05/scientists-death-disease-gaza-polio-vaccinations-israel |website=The Guardian |access-date=13 September 2024}}</ref>}}{{sfn|Khatib|McKee|Yusuf|2024|p=237}}}} | injuries = Saeutikna 95.400<ref name="Death-number">{{cite news |last1=Siddiqui |first1=Usaid |last2=Najjar |first2=Farah |date=20 September 2024 |title=Israel's war on Gaza updates: 'Netanyahu knows Americans can't stop him' - Here's what happened today |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/9/20/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israeli-attacks-kill-dozens-in-gaza-west-bank-2?update=3192255 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921134541/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/9/20/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israeli-attacks-kill-dozens-in-gaza-west-bank-2?update=3192255 |archive-date=21 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="10,000"/> | victims = * Karuksakan atanapi karuksakan sakitar 80% bumi sarta 50% wangunan di Gaza{{sfn|Semerdjian|2024|p=4|ref=Semerdjian2024a}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Malsin |first1=Jared |date=30 December 2023 |title=The Ruined Landscape of Gaza After Nearly Three Months of Bombing |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/gaza-destruction-bombing-israel-aa528542 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |access-date=4 January 2024 |archive-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104000648/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/gaza-destruction-bombing-israel-aa528542 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|Karuksakan kasebat kalebet:<ref>{{cite news |first1=Tamila |last1=Varshalomidze |first2=Maziar |last2=Motamedi |title=Netanyahu criticises Israel's allies for 'short memory' |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=17 March 2024 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/17/israels-war-on-gaza-live-13-aid-trucks-reach-north-malnutrition-doubles?update=2778271 |access-date=17 March 2024 |archive-date=17 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317121442/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/17/israels-war-on-gaza-live-13-aid-trucks-reach-north-malnutrition-doubles?update=2778271 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://reliefweb.int/map/occupied-palestinian-territory/unosat-gaza-strip-comprehensive-damage-assessment-january-2024 |title=UNOSAT Gaza Strip Comprehensive Damage Assessment-January 2024 |website=[[ReliefWeb]] |date=1 February 2024 |access-date=21 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240210004011/https://reliefweb.int/map/occupied-palestinian-territory/unosat-gaza-strip-comprehensive-damage-assessment-january-2024 |archive-date=10 February 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><br/>{{bulleted list|saeutikna 360.000 bumi|392 fasilitas pendidikan|267 tempat ibadah|17 rumah sakit ngan fungsi sabagian|83% sumur cai taneuh henteu beroperasi}}}} * 20% tina populasi mayingan "tingkat karawanan pangan akut anu parah pisan" anu ngalibetkeun "kakurangan pangan anu ékstrém, kalaparan, sarta kalulutan"<ref>{{cite news |last=Burke |first=Jason |date=24 June 2024 |title=One in five households in Gaza go whole days without food, draft UN report says |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jun/24/gaza-households-hunger-draft-un-report |work=[[The Guardian]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706152623/https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jun/24/gaza-households-hunger-draft-un-report |archive-date=6 July 2024}}</ref> * 1.900.000+ pangungsi internal<ref name="HRW-Starvation"/><ref>{{harvnb|Sathar|2023}}; {{harvnb|Qutami|2023|p=532}}; {{harvnb|Semerdjian|2024|p=4|ref=Semerdjian2024a}}</ref> | motive = * Pambalesan sarta tumpukan amarah tina [[serangan 7 Oktober]]<ref>{{harvnb|Fassin|2024|pp=1–2}}; {{harvnb|Semerdjian|2024|pp=1, 3|ref=Semerdjian2024a}}; {{harvnb|Levene|2024|pp=1–2}}</ref><ref name="Response">{{harvnb|Mackenzie|Lubell|2023|ps=: "Israel has tightened its blockade on and bombarded Gaza for three weeks after the Islamist group Hamas' Oct. 7 assault killed 1,400 Israelis [...] Abbas ... said, "Our people in the Gaza Strip are facing a war of genocide and massacres committed by the Israeli occupation forces in full view of the entire world." "}} ; {{harvnb|Antonio|2023|ps=: "Israeli Ambassador to the Philippines Ilan Fluss rejected the notion that his country is committing genocide in Gaza City, where a two-week war has erupted [...] their measures were targeting Hamas members, and they were "taking all measures to avoid having civilians affected" by attacks. "We are informing civilians even before attacks: keep away from Hamas' infrastructure and Hamas' facilities," [...] Hamas attacked Israel on Oct. 7, and killed at least 1,400 people, mostly civilians."}} ; {{harvnb|Chacar|2023}}; {{harvnb|Smith|McCarthy|Londoño|Jordan|2023}}; {{harvnb|Nichols|2023}}; {{harvnb|Bishara|2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Abraham |first=Yuval |date=3 April 2024 |title='Lavender': The AI machine directing Israel's bombing spree in Gaza |url=https://www.972mag.com/lavender-ai-israeli-army-gaza/ |access-date=3 July 2024 |magazine=[[+972 Magazine]] |language=en-US |quote="There was a completely permissive policy regarding the casualties of [bombing] operations — so permissive that in my opinion it had an element of revenge," D., an intelligence source, claimed. … A. also used the word "revenge" to describe the atmosphere inside the army after October 7.}}</ref> * [[Zionisme]]{{sfn|Litvin|2023}}{{sfn|Levene|2024|p=5}} * [[Anti-Paléstinanisme]],{{sfn|Sultany|2024|pp=2–3}} [[Rasisme anti-Arab]],<ref>{{cite web |title=On the Dehumanization of the Palestinians |url=https://www.palestine-studies.org/en/node/1654481 |website=palestine-studies.com |publisher=Institute for Palestine Studies |access-date=3 July 2024 |quote=The current genocidal assaults on Palestinians in the Gaza strip have undoubtedly been enabled by decades of anti-Palestinian racism propagated by both government and military officials and by media outlets. ... This has never been clearer than over the course of the last two weeks as U.S. and Israeli political and military leaders sow fear and paranoia, and trot out the worst anti-Arab rhetoric we have seen since the period following 9/11. This racist rhetoric is intended to dehumanize the Palestinians in order to neutralize public outrage at what may amount to the worst ethnic cleansing since the 1948 Nakba and what constitutes a genocide at the hands of one of the most advanced militaries in the world, all while world powers watch and do nothing.}}</ref> sarta [[Islamofobia]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The role of Islamophobia in the genocide in Gaza |url=https://www.cage.ngo/articles/the-role-of-islamophobia-in-the-genocide-in-gaza |website=[[Cage (organisation)|CAGE]] |publisher=Cage International |access-date=3 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525142150/https://www.cage.ngo/articles/the-role-of-islamophobia-in-the-genocide-in-gaza |archive-date=25 May 2024}}</ref> * [[Kolonialisme pamukim]]<ref>{{harvnb|Lederman|2024|pp=1–2, 5}}; {{harvnb|Segal|Daniele|2024|p=2}}; {{harvnb|Shaw|2024|pp=1–2}}; {{harvnb|Üngör|2024|pp=3–4, 5–6}}</ref> | accused = [[Israel]] * [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] sarta [[kabinet perang Israel]] jeung [[Pamaréntah Israel|Pamaréntah]] * [[Pasukan Pertahanan Israel]], di handap pimpinan [[Yoav Gallant]] * [[Kementerian Kaamanan Nasional (Israel)|Kementerian Kaamanan Nasional Israel]], di handap pimpinan [[Itamar Ben-Gvir]] '''Kacandakan''' *[[Amérika Sarikat]], di handap pamaréntahan [[Joe Biden|Biden]] *[[Britania Raya]], di handap kementerian [[Rishi Sunak|Sunak]] jeung [[Keir Starmer|Starmer]] *[[Jérman]], di handap [[kabinet Scholz]] *[[Australia]], di handap [[Pamaréntahan Albania]] | litigation = [[Kasus genosida Afrika Kidul ngalawan Israel]] | english_name = | duration = | also_known_as = }} Para ahli, pamaréntah, badan-badan [[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]], sarta [[Organisasi non-pamaréntah|organisasi-organisasi non-pamaréntah]] parantos netepkeun yén [[Israel]] ngalakukeun [[genosida]] ka rahayat Paléstina salami [[Invasi Jalur Gaza ku Israel|invasi]] sarta [[pengeboman Jalur Gaza]] dina [[Perang Israel–Hamas|perang Israel-Hamas]] anu nuju lumangsung. Panalungtikan ogé nunjukkeun yén naon anu kajantenan di Gaza mangrupikeun anu panggoréngna saatos abad ka-20. Kulantaran kitu, ieu kajadian ngaleuwihan pangeboman Sakutu di Jérman salami Perang Dunia II dina jangka waktu anu jauh leuwih sakedap. Saurang dokter Amérika anu angkat ka Gaza nétélakeun yén naon anu kajantenan di Gaza téh sanés perang, melainkan Musnahkeun total. [[Pelapor Husus Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]], [[Francesca Albanese]], parantos ngutip pernyataan-pernyataan pajabat sénior Israel anu katingal aya "[[Genosida#Niat untuk menghancurkan|niat pikeun ngancurkeun]]" ([[Genosida#Secara keseluruhan atau sebagian|sacara sagemblengna atanapi sabagian]]) padumuk Gaza. Pernyataan pajabat Israel kasebat mangrupikeun hiji kaayaan sarta kalebet salah sahiji kriteria yén Israel parantos ngalakukeun genosida.{{harvnb|Burga|2023}}; {{harvnb|Soni|2023|p=81}} Mayoritas cendekiawan Wétan Tengah anu sabagian ageung dumasar di AS percanten yén tindakan-tindakan Israel di Gaza dimaksudkeun supados éta wilayah teu tiasa dicicingan deui ku warga Paléstina, sarta 75% ti maranéhna nyebatkeun tindakan-tindakan Israel di Gaza mangrupikeun "kajahatan perang ageung anu sami sareng genosida" atanapi "[[genosida]]". Dina bulan Juni 2024, Kantor Hak Asasi Manusa PBB nyawad pambunuhan anu [[Pembunuhan pekerja kesehatan selama Perang Israel-Hamas|dilaporkeun ka 500 padamel kaséhatan]]. Dina bulan Agustus 2024, ngan 17 tina 36 rumah sakit di Gaza anu fungsi sabagian; 84% pusat kaséhatan di wilayah kasebat parantos ruksak atanapi kabeunangan karuksakan. [[Blokade Israel di Jalur Gaza Oktober 2023|Blokade Israel]] anu dilarapkeun kalintang nyumbang kana [[kalaparan]] sarta ancaman bencana kalaparan di Jalur Gaza, samentawis pasukan Israel parantos nyegah [[pasokan kamanusaan]] dugi ka padumuk Paléstina, ngahalangan atanapi nyerang konvoi kamanusaan. Dina awal konflik, Israel mutuskeun pasokan cai sarta listrik ti Jalur Gaza. Israel ogé parantos [[Penghancuran warisan budaya selama invasi Israel di Jalur Gaza|ngancurkeun seueur wangunan penting sacara budaya]], kalebet 13 perpustakaan, sakabéh tina 12 universitas di Gaza sarta 80% sakolana, puluhan masjid, tilu réja, sarta dua muséum. Dina pertengahan Agustus 2024, saatos salapan bulan serangan, aksi militer Israel parantos ngabalukarkeun leuwih ti 40.000 tilar dunya warga Paléstina anu dikonfirmasi—1 tina unggal 59 urang di Gaza—kalayan rata-rata 148 tilar dunya unggal dinten. Sabagian ageung korban nyaéta warga sipil, anu di antarana saeutikna 50% nyaéta awéwé sarta barudak, sarta leuwih ti [[Pembunuhan wartawan selama Perang Israel-Hamas|100 wartawan]]. Rébuan mayit sanésna diperkirakeun aya di handapeun ruruntuhan wangunan anu ruksak. Pamaréntah [[Afrika Kidul]] parantos ngamimitian prosés hukum, [[Afrika Selatan v. Israel (Konvensi Genosida)|Afrika Kidul v. Israel]], ngalawan Israel di [[Mahkamah Internasional]] (ICJ), kalayan tuduhan palanggaran [[Konvensi Genosida]]. Dina putusan awal, ICJ mutuskeun yén Afrika Kidul ngagaduhan hak pikeun ngajukeun kasusna ngalawan Israel, samentawis Paléstina diaku ngagaduhan "hak anu asup akal pikeun ditangtayungan tina genosida" anu mayingan résiko nyata karuksakan anu teu tiasa dilereskeun deui. Pangadilan maréntahkeun Israel pikeun matuh kana kawajibanna dumasar kana Konvensi Genosida ku cara nyandak sadaya tindakan dina kawenanganna pikeun nyegah kajantenanna tindakan genosida, pikeun nyegah sarta ngahukum panyuntrung (hasutan) kana genosida, sarta pikeun ngawenangkeun layanan kamanusaan dasar lebet ka Gaza. Pangadilan ogé saterusna maréntahkeun Israel pikeun ningkatkeun bantosan kamanusaan ka Gaza sarta pikeun nyegah tindakan genosida salami [[Serangan Rafah 2024|serangan Rafah]]. Pamaréntah Israel nolak tuduhan Afrika Kidul, sarta nuduh pangadilan boga sikep [[Antisemitisme|antisemit]], hal anu [[Persenjataan antisemitisme|mindeng dilakukeunana]] nalika dikritik. == Tingali ogé == * [[Kajahatan perang Israel dina perang Israel-Hamas]] * [[Dugaan genosida dina serangan anu dipimpin Hamas dina taun 2023 ngalawan Israel]] * [[Stéréotip sato ka warga Paléstina dina wacana Israel]] * [[Kuburan massal Jalur Gaza]] * [[Palanggaran hak asasi manusa ka warga Paléstina ku Israel]] * [[Rasisme di Israel]] * [[Kekerasan seksual dan berbasis gender terhadap warga Palestina selama perang Israel-Hamas|Kakerasan séksual sarta dumasar gender ka warga Paléstina salami perang Israel-Hamas]] == Catetan suku == == Referensi == === Karya anu dicutat === {{refbegin|colwidth=30}} ==Rujukan== mhwnscl5etmha0nzo9cw2i6in4bennf 710946 710945 2026-07-04T23:19:11Z Zulf 21463 Zulf mindahkeun kaca [[Genosida Gaza]] ka [[Génosida Gaza]]: Judul anu salah éja, atawa typo. 710945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox civilian attack | title = Genosida Gaza | location = [[Jalur Gaza]] | date = {{Start date|2023|10|07|df=y}} – ayeuna | partof = [[Perang Israel-Hamas]] jeung [[Wilayah pendudukan Israel|Okupasi Israel ka wilayah Paléstina]] | image = Damage_in_Gaza_Strip_during_the_October_2023_-_36.jpg | image_size = 300px | alt = Poto | caption = Warga Paléstina nampi parawatan di lanté bangsal darurat Rumah Sakit [[Rumah Sakit Al-Shifa|Al-Shifa]] anu pinuh ku jalma di Kota Gaza, Oktober 2023. | native_name = | native_name_lang = | coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LON|region:XXXX_type:event|display=inline,title}} --> | time = | target = [[Urang Paléstina]] | type = [[Genosida]], [[hukuman koléktif]], [[pambunuhan massal]], [[pabersihan étnis]], [[pindahan paksa]], [[pengeboman]], [[pambunuhan anu ditargetkeun]], [[kalaparan (kejahatan)|kalaparan]] salaku métode perang, [[hukuman pati]], [[Kekerasan seksual dan berbasis gender terhadap warga Palestina selama perang Israel-Hamas|pameureusa]] | fatalities = {{bulleted list| |Saeutikna 41.200 urang tiwas{{efn|name=gazamoh|Nurutkeun [[Kementerian Kaséhatan Gaza]] jeung Kantor Informasi Pamaréntah,<ref name="Death-number"/> anu sateuacanna dianggap bisa dipercaya ku organisasi-organisasi nonjol sarta indepénden.<ref>{{cite news |last=Prothero |first=Mitchell |date=25 January 2024 |title=Israeli Intelligence Has Deemed Hamas-Run Health Ministry's Death Toll Figures Generally Accurate |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/y3w4w7/israeli-intelligence-health-ministry-death-toll |work=[[Vice News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303132219/https://www.vice.com/en/article/y3w4w7/israeli-intelligence-health-ministry-death-toll |archive-date=3 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Huynh |first1=Benjamin Q. |last2=Chin |first2=Elizabeth T. |last3=Spiegel |first3=Paul B. |date=6 December 2023 |title=No evidence of inflated mortality reporting from the Gaza Ministry of Health |journal=[[The Lancet]] |volume=403 |number=10421 |pages=23–24 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02713-7 |pmid=38070526}}</ref> Dina période anu sarua, saeutikna 700 urang Paléstina tiwas di [[Tepi Barat]].<ref name="Death-number"/>}} |Diberenjakeun leuwih ti 10.000 urang katimbun ruruntuhan<ref name="10,000">{{cite web |title=10,000 people feared buried under the rubble in Gaza |url=https://palestine.un.org/en/267691-10000-people-feared-buried-under-rubble-gaza |date=3 May 2024 |website=[[Palestine and the United Nations|Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa di Paléstina]] |access-date=5 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505021224/https://palestine.un.org/en/267691-10000-people-feared-buried-under-rubble-gaza |archive-date=5 May 2024}}</ref> |Jumlah tilar dunya henteu langsung kamungkinan ageung sababaraha kali lipet leuwih luhur{{efn|Nganggo métode anu dijelaskeun dina ''The Lancet'', [[Devi Sridhar]], lulugu kaséhatan global di [[Universitas Edinburgh]], nulis dina éditorial Séptémber 2024 yén "total tilar dunya saprak konflik dimimitian diperkirakeun sakitar 335.500 urang sacara sakabéh".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sridhar |first1=Devi |title=Scientists are closing in on the true, horrifying scale of death and disease in Gaza |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/article/2024/sep/05/scientists-death-disease-gaza-polio-vaccinations-israel |website=The Guardian |access-date=13 September 2024}}</ref>}}{{sfn|Khatib|McKee|Yusuf|2024|p=237}}}} | injuries = Saeutikna 95.400<ref name="Death-number">{{cite news |last1=Siddiqui |first1=Usaid |last2=Najjar |first2=Farah |date=20 September 2024 |title=Israel's war on Gaza updates: 'Netanyahu knows Americans can't stop him' - Here's what happened today |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/9/20/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israeli-attacks-kill-dozens-in-gaza-west-bank-2?update=3192255 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921134541/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/9/20/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israeli-attacks-kill-dozens-in-gaza-west-bank-2?update=3192255 |archive-date=21 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="10,000"/> | victims = * Karuksakan atanapi karuksakan sakitar 80% bumi sarta 50% wangunan di Gaza{{sfn|Semerdjian|2024|p=4|ref=Semerdjian2024a}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Malsin |first1=Jared |date=30 December 2023 |title=The Ruined Landscape of Gaza After Nearly Three Months of Bombing |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/gaza-destruction-bombing-israel-aa528542 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |access-date=4 January 2024 |archive-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104000648/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/gaza-destruction-bombing-israel-aa528542 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|Karuksakan kasebat kalebet:<ref>{{cite news |first1=Tamila |last1=Varshalomidze |first2=Maziar |last2=Motamedi |title=Netanyahu criticises Israel's allies for 'short memory' |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=17 March 2024 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/17/israels-war-on-gaza-live-13-aid-trucks-reach-north-malnutrition-doubles?update=2778271 |access-date=17 March 2024 |archive-date=17 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317121442/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/17/israels-war-on-gaza-live-13-aid-trucks-reach-north-malnutrition-doubles?update=2778271 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://reliefweb.int/map/occupied-palestinian-territory/unosat-gaza-strip-comprehensive-damage-assessment-january-2024 |title=UNOSAT Gaza Strip Comprehensive Damage Assessment-January 2024 |website=[[ReliefWeb]] |date=1 February 2024 |access-date=21 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240210004011/https://reliefweb.int/map/occupied-palestinian-territory/unosat-gaza-strip-comprehensive-damage-assessment-january-2024 |archive-date=10 February 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><br/>{{bulleted list|saeutikna 360.000 bumi|392 fasilitas pendidikan|267 tempat ibadah|17 rumah sakit ngan fungsi sabagian|83% sumur cai taneuh henteu beroperasi}}}} * 20% tina populasi mayingan "tingkat karawanan pangan akut anu parah pisan" anu ngalibetkeun "kakurangan pangan anu ékstrém, kalaparan, sarta kalulutan"<ref>{{cite news |last=Burke |first=Jason |date=24 June 2024 |title=One in five households in Gaza go whole days without food, draft UN report says |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jun/24/gaza-households-hunger-draft-un-report |work=[[The Guardian]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706152623/https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jun/24/gaza-households-hunger-draft-un-report |archive-date=6 July 2024}}</ref> * 1.900.000+ pangungsi internal<ref name="HRW-Starvation"/><ref>{{harvnb|Sathar|2023}}; {{harvnb|Qutami|2023|p=532}}; {{harvnb|Semerdjian|2024|p=4|ref=Semerdjian2024a}}</ref> | motive = * Pambalesan sarta tumpukan amarah tina [[serangan 7 Oktober]]<ref>{{harvnb|Fassin|2024|pp=1–2}}; {{harvnb|Semerdjian|2024|pp=1, 3|ref=Semerdjian2024a}}; {{harvnb|Levene|2024|pp=1–2}}</ref><ref name="Response">{{harvnb|Mackenzie|Lubell|2023|ps=: "Israel has tightened its blockade on and bombarded Gaza for three weeks after the Islamist group Hamas' Oct. 7 assault killed 1,400 Israelis [...] Abbas ... said, "Our people in the Gaza Strip are facing a war of genocide and massacres committed by the Israeli occupation forces in full view of the entire world." "}} ; {{harvnb|Antonio|2023|ps=: "Israeli Ambassador to the Philippines Ilan Fluss rejected the notion that his country is committing genocide in Gaza City, where a two-week war has erupted [...] their measures were targeting Hamas members, and they were "taking all measures to avoid having civilians affected" by attacks. "We are informing civilians even before attacks: keep away from Hamas' infrastructure and Hamas' facilities," [...] Hamas attacked Israel on Oct. 7, and killed at least 1,400 people, mostly civilians."}} ; {{harvnb|Chacar|2023}}; {{harvnb|Smith|McCarthy|Londoño|Jordan|2023}}; {{harvnb|Nichols|2023}}; {{harvnb|Bishara|2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Abraham |first=Yuval |date=3 April 2024 |title='Lavender': The AI machine directing Israel's bombing spree in Gaza |url=https://www.972mag.com/lavender-ai-israeli-army-gaza/ |access-date=3 July 2024 |magazine=[[+972 Magazine]] |language=en-US |quote="There was a completely permissive policy regarding the casualties of [bombing] operations — so permissive that in my opinion it had an element of revenge," D., an intelligence source, claimed. … A. also used the word "revenge" to describe the atmosphere inside the army after October 7.}}</ref> * [[Zionisme]]{{sfn|Litvin|2023}}{{sfn|Levene|2024|p=5}} * [[Anti-Paléstinanisme]],{{sfn|Sultany|2024|pp=2–3}} [[Rasisme anti-Arab]],<ref>{{cite web |title=On the Dehumanization of the Palestinians |url=https://www.palestine-studies.org/en/node/1654481 |website=palestine-studies.com |publisher=Institute for Palestine Studies |access-date=3 July 2024 |quote=The current genocidal assaults on Palestinians in the Gaza strip have undoubtedly been enabled by decades of anti-Palestinian racism propagated by both government and military officials and by media outlets. ... This has never been clearer than over the course of the last two weeks as U.S. and Israeli political and military leaders sow fear and paranoia, and trot out the worst anti-Arab rhetoric we have seen since the period following 9/11. This racist rhetoric is intended to dehumanize the Palestinians in order to neutralize public outrage at what may amount to the worst ethnic cleansing since the 1948 Nakba and what constitutes a genocide at the hands of one of the most advanced militaries in the world, all while world powers watch and do nothing.}}</ref> sarta [[Islamofobia]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The role of Islamophobia in the genocide in Gaza |url=https://www.cage.ngo/articles/the-role-of-islamophobia-in-the-genocide-in-gaza |website=[[Cage (organisation)|CAGE]] |publisher=Cage International |access-date=3 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525142150/https://www.cage.ngo/articles/the-role-of-islamophobia-in-the-genocide-in-gaza |archive-date=25 May 2024}}</ref> * [[Kolonialisme pamukim]]<ref>{{harvnb|Lederman|2024|pp=1–2, 5}}; {{harvnb|Segal|Daniele|2024|p=2}}; {{harvnb|Shaw|2024|pp=1–2}}; {{harvnb|Üngör|2024|pp=3–4, 5–6}}</ref> | accused = [[Israel]] * [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] sarta [[kabinet perang Israel]] jeung [[Pamaréntah Israel|Pamaréntah]] * [[Pasukan Pertahanan Israel]], di handap pimpinan [[Yoav Gallant]] * [[Kementerian Kaamanan Nasional (Israel)|Kementerian Kaamanan Nasional Israel]], di handap pimpinan [[Itamar Ben-Gvir]] '''Kacandakan''' *[[Amérika Sarikat]], di handap pamaréntahan [[Joe Biden|Biden]] *[[Britania Raya]], di handap kementerian [[Rishi Sunak|Sunak]] jeung [[Keir Starmer|Starmer]] *[[Jérman]], di handap [[kabinet Scholz]] *[[Australia]], di handap [[Pamaréntahan Albania]] | litigation = [[Kasus genosida Afrika Kidul ngalawan Israel]] | english_name = | duration = | also_known_as = }} Para ahli, pamaréntah, badan-badan [[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]], sarta [[Organisasi non-pamaréntah|organisasi-organisasi non-pamaréntah]] parantos netepkeun yén [[Israel]] ngalakukeun [[genosida]] ka rahayat Paléstina salami [[Invasi Jalur Gaza ku Israel|invasi]] sarta [[pengeboman Jalur Gaza]] dina [[Perang Israel–Hamas|perang Israel-Hamas]] anu nuju lumangsung. Panalungtikan ogé nunjukkeun yén naon anu kajantenan di Gaza mangrupikeun anu panggoréngna saatos abad ka-20. Kulantaran kitu, ieu kajadian ngaleuwihan pangeboman Sakutu di Jérman salami Perang Dunia II dina jangka waktu anu jauh leuwih sakedap. Saurang dokter Amérika anu angkat ka Gaza nétélakeun yén naon anu kajantenan di Gaza téh sanés perang, melainkan Musnahkeun total. [[Pelapor Husus Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]], [[Francesca Albanese]], parantos ngutip pernyataan-pernyataan pajabat sénior Israel anu katingal aya "[[Genosida#Niat untuk menghancurkan|niat pikeun ngancurkeun]]" ([[Genosida#Secara keseluruhan atau sebagian|sacara sagemblengna atanapi sabagian]]) padumuk Gaza. Pernyataan pajabat Israel kasebat mangrupikeun hiji kaayaan sarta kalebet salah sahiji kriteria yén Israel parantos ngalakukeun genosida.{{harvnb|Burga|2023}}; {{harvnb|Soni|2023|p=81}} Mayoritas cendekiawan Wétan Tengah anu sabagian ageung dumasar di AS percanten yén tindakan-tindakan Israel di Gaza dimaksudkeun supados éta wilayah teu tiasa dicicingan deui ku warga Paléstina, sarta 75% ti maranéhna nyebatkeun tindakan-tindakan Israel di Gaza mangrupikeun "kajahatan perang ageung anu sami sareng genosida" atanapi "[[genosida]]". Dina bulan Juni 2024, Kantor Hak Asasi Manusa PBB nyawad pambunuhan anu [[Pembunuhan pekerja kesehatan selama Perang Israel-Hamas|dilaporkeun ka 500 padamel kaséhatan]]. Dina bulan Agustus 2024, ngan 17 tina 36 rumah sakit di Gaza anu fungsi sabagian; 84% pusat kaséhatan di wilayah kasebat parantos ruksak atanapi kabeunangan karuksakan. [[Blokade Israel di Jalur Gaza Oktober 2023|Blokade Israel]] anu dilarapkeun kalintang nyumbang kana [[kalaparan]] sarta ancaman bencana kalaparan di Jalur Gaza, samentawis pasukan Israel parantos nyegah [[pasokan kamanusaan]] dugi ka padumuk Paléstina, ngahalangan atanapi nyerang konvoi kamanusaan. Dina awal konflik, Israel mutuskeun pasokan cai sarta listrik ti Jalur Gaza. Israel ogé parantos [[Penghancuran warisan budaya selama invasi Israel di Jalur Gaza|ngancurkeun seueur wangunan penting sacara budaya]], kalebet 13 perpustakaan, sakabéh tina 12 universitas di Gaza sarta 80% sakolana, puluhan masjid, tilu réja, sarta dua muséum. Dina pertengahan Agustus 2024, saatos salapan bulan serangan, aksi militer Israel parantos ngabalukarkeun leuwih ti 40.000 tilar dunya warga Paléstina anu dikonfirmasi—1 tina unggal 59 urang di Gaza—kalayan rata-rata 148 tilar dunya unggal dinten. Sabagian ageung korban nyaéta warga sipil, anu di antarana saeutikna 50% nyaéta awéwé sarta barudak, sarta leuwih ti [[Pembunuhan wartawan selama Perang Israel-Hamas|100 wartawan]]. Rébuan mayit sanésna diperkirakeun aya di handapeun ruruntuhan wangunan anu ruksak. Pamaréntah [[Afrika Kidul]] parantos ngamimitian prosés hukum, [[Afrika Selatan v. Israel (Konvensi Genosida)|Afrika Kidul v. Israel]], ngalawan Israel di [[Mahkamah Internasional]] (ICJ), kalayan tuduhan palanggaran [[Konvensi Genosida]]. Dina putusan awal, ICJ mutuskeun yén Afrika Kidul ngagaduhan hak pikeun ngajukeun kasusna ngalawan Israel, samentawis Paléstina diaku ngagaduhan "hak anu asup akal pikeun ditangtayungan tina genosida" anu mayingan résiko nyata karuksakan anu teu tiasa dilereskeun deui. Pangadilan maréntahkeun Israel pikeun matuh kana kawajibanna dumasar kana Konvensi Genosida ku cara nyandak sadaya tindakan dina kawenanganna pikeun nyegah kajantenanna tindakan genosida, pikeun nyegah sarta ngahukum panyuntrung (hasutan) kana genosida, sarta pikeun ngawenangkeun layanan kamanusaan dasar lebet ka Gaza. Pangadilan ogé saterusna maréntahkeun Israel pikeun ningkatkeun bantosan kamanusaan ka Gaza sarta pikeun nyegah tindakan genosida salami [[Serangan Rafah 2024|serangan Rafah]]. Pamaréntah Israel nolak tuduhan Afrika Kidul, sarta nuduh pangadilan boga sikep [[Antisemitisme|antisemit]], hal anu [[Persenjataan antisemitisme|mindeng dilakukeunana]] nalika dikritik. == Tingali ogé == * [[Kajahatan perang Israel dina perang Israel-Hamas]] * [[Dugaan genosida dina serangan anu dipimpin Hamas dina taun 2023 ngalawan Israel]] * [[Stéréotip sato ka warga Paléstina dina wacana Israel]] * [[Kuburan massal Jalur Gaza]] * [[Palanggaran hak asasi manusa ka warga Paléstina ku Israel]] * [[Rasisme di Israel]] * [[Kekerasan seksual dan berbasis gender terhadap warga Palestina selama perang Israel-Hamas|Kakerasan séksual sarta dumasar gender ka warga Paléstina salami perang Israel-Hamas]] == Catetan suku == == Referensi == === Karya anu dicutat === {{refbegin|colwidth=30}} ==Rujukan== mhwnscl5etmha0nzo9cw2i6in4bennf 0 108762 710947 2026-07-04T23:19:11Z Zulf 21463 Zulf mindahkeun kaca [[Genosida Gaza]] ka [[Génosida Gaza]]: Judul anu salah éja, atawa typo. 710947 wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIH [[Génosida Gaza]] n89tssfx3qkhx66v5el368a1ejcunw2