Wikipedia suwiki https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepas MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.10 first-letter Média Husus Obrolan Pamaké Obrolan pamaké Wikipedia Obrolan Wikipedia Gambar Obrolan gambar MédiaWiki Obrolan MédiaWiki Citakan Obrolan citakan Pitulung Obrolan pitulung Kategori Obrolan kategori Portal Obrolan portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 30027 710972 660531 2026-07-10T02:40:33Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710972 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = ''Beunying'' | image = beunying.jpg | status = VU | status_system = IUCN2.3 | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | divisio = [[Tuwuhan kembangan|Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Rosales]] | familia = [[Moraceae]] | genus = ''[[Ficus]]'' | species = '''''F. fistulosa''''' | binomial = ''Ficus fistulosa''}} '''''Beunying'''''; ''Ficus fistulosa'' nyaéta hiji [[spésiés]] tina [[tuwuhan]] dina kulawarga [[Moraceae]].<ref name=”Rig”>{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.com/books/about/A_Dictionary_of_the_Sunda_Language_of_Ja.html?hl=id&id=1PIUAAAAYAAJ#v=onepage&q=Beunteur&f=false| title =Rigg| last =Rigg| first =Jonathan | publisher =Lange| location =Universitas Harvard| year =1862|ISBN=-|pages =52}} Disungsi29 Januari 2022</ref><ref name=”DE ”>{{Cite book| url =https://archive.org/details/denuttigeplanten02heyn| title =DE NUTTIGE PLANTEN VAN NEDERLANDSCH-INDIË| last =HEYNE| first =K. | publisher =Ruygrok & Co BATVIA | location =Linrary New York Botanical Garden| year =1913|ISBN=|pages =66}} Disungsi11 Januari 2022</ref> Ieu tutuwuhan téh ngandung potensi jadi ubar lantaran ngandung senyawa [[alkaloid]], [[triterpenoid]] jeung [[flavonoid]] anu mangrupa kelompok senyawa bioaktif<ref name="ipb">[http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/49698 Uji bioaktivitas zat ekstraktif kayu beunying (Ficus fistulosa Reinw) dan hamerang (Ficus fulva Reinw) menggunakan brine shrimp lethality test] diakses 8 Mei 2015</ref>. Jangkung tangkalna bisa nepi kana 20 m jeung 21 dbh, jeung diaméter 25&nbsp;cm.<ref name="asiaplant">[http://www.asianplant.net/Moraceae/Ficus_fistulosa.htm Ficus fistulosa Reinw. ex Blume, Bijdr. (1825)] diakses 8 Mei 2015</ref> Catangna boga geutah anu warnana bodas. Kalakayna regas, babari potong. ''Stipula'' kira-kira 10&nbsp;mm, gundul. Ukuran diaméter buahna 10mm, warnana konéng semu coklat, wangunna buleud, mibanda daging buah. Buahanna téh ranggeuyan napel kana kalakay jeung catangna.<ref name="asiaplant"/> ==Ékologi== Beunying bisa hirup dina kondisi alam ti mimiti wilayah ''dipterocarp'' campuran nu teu kaganggu, nepi ka leuweung sub-pagunungan, sarta nepi kana 1.700 m. Dina tonggong pasir jeung pagunungan anu miboga tékstur [[taneuh teula]] (taneuh liat) nu pacampur jeung keusik.<ref name="asiaplant"/> ==Distribusi== Ti mimiti India wétan jeung [[laut Cina kidul]] ka [[New Guinea]]. Di [[Bornéo]] loba kapanggih di [[Sarawak]], [[Sabah]] jeung [[Kalimantan Wétan]].<ref name="asiaplant"/> ==Kagunaan<ref name="asiaplant"/> == *Pucukna bisa didahar atah keur ubar [[méncrét]]. *Buahna bisa didahar. ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|2}} ==Tutumbu Kaluar== * [http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BPriyadi1001.pdf Five hundred plant species in Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, West Java: a checklist including Sundanese names, distribution and use.] Priyadi et al. 2010. CIFOR, Bogor, Indonésia. ISBN 978-602-8693-22-6 * [http://www.figweb.org/Ficus/index.htm Figweb] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050428035506/http://www.figweb.org/Ficus/index.htm |date=2005-04-28 }} Major reference site for the genus ''Ficus'' * [http://www.figweb.org/Interaction/Video/index.htm Video: Interaction of figs and fig wasps] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060212192755/http://www.figweb.org/Interaction/Video/index.htm |date=2006-02-12 }} Multi-award-winning documentary * [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/fig.html Fruits of Warm Climates: Fig] * [http://www.ficustrees.info Ficus Tree and Fig Care Information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081020002403/http://www.ficustrees.info/ |date=2008-10-20 }} * [http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/fig.html California Rare Fruit Growers: Fig Fruit Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031124540/https://crfg.org/pubs/ff/fig.html |date=2020-10-31 }} * [http://www.nafex.org/figs.htm North American Fruit Explorers: Fig] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410033353/http://www.nafex.org/figs.htm |date=2009-04-10 }} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5038116.stm BBC: Fig fossil clue to early farming] *{{Citebook|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=-t_ICgAAQBAJ&pg=PA343&dq=bridelia+stipularis&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjT3-jphu7TAhUcSY8KHV-cCAsQ6AEIMTAB#v=onepage&q=bridelia%20stipularis&f=false|title=Medicinal Plants Of The Asia-pacific: Drugs For The Future? |last=Christophe|first=Wiart|date=January 2006|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=9789814480338|ref=harv}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Moraceae]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan ubar]] d95gc8bp2lfdeivqwex73311kd7auma 0 31885 710981 706467 2026-07-10T07:25:56Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710981 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Kente l.jpg|thumb|Inséktisida ([[Tanzania]])]] '''Inséktisida''' nyaéta [[péstisida]] nu pikeun ngabasmi [[serangga]] (insékta), kaasup ovisida (pikeun [[endog]]na) jeung larvisida (pikeun [[larva]]na). Ieu péstisida dipaké pikeun kaperluan [[tatanén]], [[kedokteran]], [[industri]], jeung rumah tangga. Ngaronjatna hasil tatanén salila abad ka-20 dianggap minangka hasil tina dipakéna inséktisida<ref>van Emden HF, Pealall DB (1996) ''Beyond Silent Spring'', Chapman & Hall, London, 322pp.</ref>. Kiwari, kahariwang mimiti mucunghul ku sabab péstisida bisa ngaganggu [[ékosistem]], malah bisa ngaracunan sasatoan jeung manusa anu lain targétna. == Pangaruh lingkungan == === Balukar ka spésiés nontargét === Sababaraha inséktisida bisa maéhan atawa ngabahyakeun lain ukur hamana. Pikeun conto, manuk bisa karacunan mun ngahakan sisikian anu anyar disemprot inséktisida.<ref name="palmerw">Palmer, WE, Bromley, PT, and Brandenburg, RL. [http://ipm.ncsu.edu/wildlife/peanuts_wildlife.html Wildlife & pesticides - Peanuts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815004302/http://ipm.ncsu.edu/wildlife/peanuts_wildlife.html |date=2011-08-15 }}. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service. Retrieved on 14 October 2007.</ref> == Rujukan == {{Reflist|2}} == Bacaan salajengna == * McWilliams, James E., “‘The Horizon Opened Up Very Greatly’: Leland O. Howard and the Transition to Chemical Insecticides in the United States, 1894–1927,” ''Agricultural History,'' 82 (Fall 2008), 468–95. == Tumbu kaluar == *[http://www.dropdata.org International Pesticide Application Research Centre (IPARC)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801105210/http://dropdata.org/ |date=2015-08-01 }} *[http://www.pestworld.com Pestworld.org] – Official site of the National Pest Management Association {{Wiktionarypar|insecticide}} * [http://www.alanwood.net/pesticides/class_insecticides.html Classification of insecticides] <!-- please somebody incorporate here data from there --> *Stréaming online vidéo about efforts to reduce insecticide use in rice in Bangladesh. [http://www.irri.org/videos/LITE-research.wmv on Windows Media Player] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061102001739/http://www.irri.org/videos/LITE-research.wmv |date=2006-11-02 }}, [http://www.irri.org/videos/LITE-research.rm on Real Player] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061102001718/http://www.irri.org/videos/LITE-research.rm |date=2006-11-02 }} * [http://grounds-mag.com/mag/grounds_maintenance_insecticides_work/index.html How Insecticides Work] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903022817/http://grounds-mag.com/mag/grounds_maintenance_insecticides_work/index.html |date=2013-09-03 }} – Has a thorough explanation on how insecticides work. *[http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/WATER/U/alternative.html University of California Integrated pest management program] *[http://www.msue.msu.edu/objects/content_revision/download.cfm/revision_id.496061/workspace_id.-4/01500536.html/ Using Insecticides] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091126070818/http://www.msue.msu.edu/objects/content_revision/download.cfm/revision_id.496061/workspace_id.-4/01500536.html/ |date=2009-11-26 }}, Michigan State University Extension * Example of Insecticide application in the [http://www.zen-garden.org/html/page_control.htm Tsubo-en Zen garden] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602083834/http://www.zen-garden.org/html/page_control.htm |date=2012-06-02 }} (Japanese dry rock garden) in Lelystad, The Netherlands. * Home Insecticides Brands [http://www.insectia.info] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002224107/http://www.insectia.info/ |date=2017-10-02 }} at Insectia.info {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Inséktisida]] [[Kategori:Péstisida]] m1ysdl0v87s7nbyle9ko2unb67th9x3 0 46811 710971 707601 2026-07-10T01:33:10Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710971 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Here is a table of data; skip past it to edit the text. --> {| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;" ! {{chembox header}}| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''<ref>''Merck Index'', 11th Edition, '''861'''.</ref> |- |align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" |[[File:Aspartame.svg|200px|Model-2D-aspartam]] |- | align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[File:Aspartame-3D-balls.png|200px|Model bola dan stik aspartam]] |- | [[IUPAC nomenclature|Ngaran kimia]] | {{{IUPAC|''N''-(<small>L</small>-α-Aspartyl)-<small>L</small>-phenylalanine,{{br}}1-methyl ester}}} |- | Ngaran Séjéna | [[NutraSweet]]{{br}}[[Canderel]]{{br}}[[Equal (sweetener)|Equal]] |- | [[Rumus Kimia]] | C₁₄H₁₈N₂O₅ |- | [[Beurat Molekul]] | 294.301 g/mol |- | [[CAS registry number|CAS number]] | [{{{CAS|22839-47-0}}}] |- | [[Titik Le'eh]] | 246-247&nbsp;°C |- | [[Titik ngaggolak]] | Leyur (terurai) |- | [[Simplified molecular input line entry specification|SMILES]] | {{{SMILES|[NH3+] [C@@H](CC([O-])=O)C(N[C@@H]{{br}}(CC1=CC=CC=C1)C(OC)=O)=O}}} |- | {{chembox header}} | <small>[[Wikipedia:Chemical infobox|Disclaimer and references]]</small> |- |} '''Aspartam''' (APM; ''æspərteɪm '' atawa ''əspɑrteɪm'' ) nyaéta pangamis ''non-sakarida'' gaganti gula. Ilaharna dipaké dina olahan kadaharan atawa inuman. Di Uni Éropa, dipiwanoh E951. Aspartam mangrupa ''metil ester'' tina asam ''aspartat'' /''fenilalanin dipeptida''. pangheulana dijual ka balaréa maké ngaran '''''NutraSweet'''''. Aspartam mimiti di[[sintétik]] dina taun 1965, jeung dipatén dina taun 1992. '''Aspartam''' ogé geus ramé jadi obrolan jalma réa utamana ngeunaan [[bahaya]] atawa henteuna upama ''dikonsumsi'' manusa, nepika kiwari jadi bahan pacéngkadan/''kontroversi'' [[politik]] jeung ''médis'', [[Amérika]] Serikat jeung DPR-na kungsi ngayakeun riung mungpulang anu maksud jeung tujuana taya lian pikeun nyawalakeun ieu béja utamana mangrupa ''hoax'' dina [[internet]] <ref name=Snopes1>[http://www.snopes.com/medical/toxins/aspartame.asp Aspartame] on [[Snopes.com]]</ref><ref>[http://www.acsh.org/opinion/acsh-debunks-internet-health-hoax-2/ ACSH Debunks Internet Health Hoax] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509171916/http://www.acsh.org/opinion/acsh-debunks-internet-health-hoax-2/ |date=2013-05-09 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990167,00.html A Web of Deceit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129164127/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C990167%2C00.html |date=2009-01-29 }}</ref> ti saprak ''US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)'' nyatujuan ieu ''aspartam'' dimangpaatkeun pikeun campuran [[kadaharan]] ogé inuman dina taun 1981.<ref name="gao-87"/>{{rp|2}} The [[European Food Safety Authority]] concluded in its 2013 re-evaluation that aspartame and its bréakdown products are safe for human consumption at current levels of exposure,<ref>{{cite journal|title=Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of aspartame (E 951) as a food additive|journal=EFSA Journal|date=10 December 2013|volume=11|issue=12|page=263|doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3496|url=http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/3496.htm}}</ref>:. 2 [[Éropa]] ngayakeun deui sawala jeung bagéan kaamanan kadaharan-na, hasilna taun 2013 diayakeun deui panalungtikan ngeunaan ieu aspartam di mana ditétélakeun aspartam ieu aman pikeun ''dikonsumsi'' [[manusa]] ngan dina wates anu geus ditangtukeun waé.<ref name=Magnuson>{{Cite journal|author=Magnuson BA |title=Aspartame: a safety evaluation based on current use levels, regulations, and toxicological and epidemiological studies |journal=Critical Reviews in Toxicology |volume=37 |issue=8 |pages=629–727 |year=2007 |pmid=17828671 |doi=10.1080/10408440701516184|author2=Burdock GA|author3=Doull J|last4=Kroes|first4=R. M.|last5=Marsh|first5=G. M.|last6=Pariza|first6=M. W.|last7=Spencer|first7=P. S.|last8=Waddell|first8=W. J.|last9=Walker|first9=R.|display-authors=3}}</ref> hal ieu dumasar kana pituduh médis ogé ku lantaran, ieu aspartam dilimpudan ku ''[[fenilalanin]]'', jadi singsaha waé anu ngarandapan ''[[fenilketonuria]]'' anu sipatna turunan/tikudrat wayahna kudu ngajauhan/henteu ngadahar aspartam. ==Kimia== Aspartam téh nyaéta [[métil éster']] tina [[dipeptida]] ''asam amino'' asalna ti alam ''asam L-aspartat'' jeung ''L-fenilalanin''. dina kaayaan ''asam'' kuat atawa ''basa'', aspartam bisa ngahasilkeun [[métanol]] ku jalan ''[[hidrolisis]]''. Bisa waé ngahasilkeun ''asam amino'' bébas. Dina kaayaan anu luar biasa. .<ref> {{Cite journal | author = David J. Ager, David P. Pantaleone, Scott A. Henderson, [[Alan R. Katritzky]], Indra Prakash, D. Eric Walters | title = Commercial, Synthetic Non-nutritive Sweeteners | journal = [[Angewandte Chemie International Edition]] | year = 1998 | volume = 37 | issue = 13–24 | pages = 1802–1817 | doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19980803)37:13/14<1802::AID-ANIE1802>3.0.CO;2-9}}</ref> [[Sintétik]] aspartam geus didaptarkeun patén.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Yagasaki |first= Makoto |author2=Hashimoto, Shin-ichi |date=November 2008 |title= Synthesis and application of dipeptides; current status and perspectives |journal= Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology |volume= 81 |issue= 1 |pages= 13–22 |pmid= 18795289 |doi= 10.1007/s00253-008-1590-3 }}</ref> pikeun nga[[sintétik]] aspartam pikeun urusan komérsial aya dua cara. Dina [[sintétik]] [[kimia]], dua golongan [[karboksil]] tina [[asam aspartat]] dihijikeun jadi [[anhidrida]], jeung gugus [[amino]] dilimpudan ku [[sanyawa]] anu baris ngahalangan [[réaksi]] katutuluyan dina ieu golongan. [[Fenilalanin]] [[termetilasi]] jeung dikombinasikan ku ''anhidrida'' ''aspartat'' dilimpudan-N; satulyna golongan anu ngahalangan ''asam aspartat'' di ''hidrolisis asam.'' kakurangan dina ieu cara nyaéta ngahasilkeun [[hiji]] ''produk sampingan'' anu mibanda rasa pait, dijieun dina [[waktu]] kumpulan [[karboksil]] robah jadi ''asam aspartat'' anu engkéna jadi ''fenilalanin''. Hiji ''prosés'' ngagunakeun [[énzim]] tina ''Bacillus thermoproteolyticus'' pikeun nga-katalisis ''kondensasi'' ''asam amino'' kimiawi dirobah anu bakal ngahasilkeun produk sampingan henteu mibanda rasa pait. Aya deui cara samodél kieu tapi can dilakukeun dina skala komersial, menggunakan ''asam aspartat'' ''dimodifikasi'', ngan hanjakal beubeunannganna saeutik. [[Métode]] untuk langsung mroduksi ''aspartil-fenilalanin'' ku cara ''enzimatik'', dituturkeun ku ''metilasi kimia'', ogé geus dicobaan, tapi teu ditaékkeun pikeun produksi industri. ==Sajarah== Aspartam mimiti kapanggih dina taun [[1965]] ku ahli [[kimia]] nyaéta [[James M. Schlatter]], ieu pamanggih henteu ngahaja ku lantaran dina waktu harita Schlatter téh keur digawé dihiji pausahaan “GD Searle & Company”. Schlatter nyieun sintétis aspartam anu mangrupa léngkah munggaran pikeun ngahasilkeun [[tetrapeptide]] tina [[gastrin]] [[hormon]], satadina panalungtikan Schlatter ieu maksudna pikeun nyieun [[ubar]] “anti-ulkus”. Dina mangsa Schlatter rék muka kertas catetan, teu ngahaja ngalétak heula ramona, karasa aya rasa amis dina ramona anu saméméhna kakeunaan ku aspartam tadi <ref name=Magnuson/><ref>{{cite book |last= Mazur |first= Robert H. |editor1-last= Inglett |editor1-first= George E. |title= Symposium: sweeteners |year= 1974 |publisher= AVI Publishing |location= Westport, CT |isbn= 0-87055-153-1 |lccn= 73-94092 |pages= 159–163 |chapter= Aspartic acid-based sweetners}}</ref><ref name="isbn0-632-04452-7">{{cite book |author=Lewis, Ricki |title=Discovery: windows on the life sciences |publisher=Blackwell Science |location=Oxford |year=2001 |page=4 |isbn=0-632-04452-7 |oclc= }}</ref><ref>Mazur, R.H. (1984). Discovery of aspartame. In Aspartame: Physiology and Biochemistry (L. D. Stegink and L. J. Filer Jr., Eds.). Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 3–9.</ref> Dina taun [[1975]], dirojong ku rasa panasaran jeung ayana béja-béja geus nerekab ka mana mana antukna ‘’US FDA 25’’ ngumpulkeun ahli-ahli pikeun nalungtik ieu aspartam, pamustunganna ieu para ahli balaka ngalaporkeun yén ayana "kakurangan anu kacida serieus sajeroeun prakna ngalaksanakeun prakték Searle". FDA usaha pikeun ngaresmikeun 15 panalungtikan pikeun manggihan béja jeung bukti anu bisa ngadukung. Dina taun [[1979]], Puseur kaamanan kadaharan jeung [[gizi]] (CFSAN) méré kacindekan, yén aspartam aman pikeun dipaké, ieu dumasar kana panalungtikan anu geus dilakukeun. Dina taun [[1980]], FDA ngayakeun hiji kumpulan (PBOI) anu diwangun ku para inohong jeung panaséhat independen anu diwawadianan pikeun nalungtik ngeunaan aspartam, cénah bisa ngalantarankeun kanker otak. Sakali deui ''PBOI'' méré kacindekan yén aspartam ieu henteu ngabalukarkeun ayana karuksakan dina otak, ngan jadi hiji kaayaan ngeunaan kangker anu dirandapan ku beurit dina mangsa keur dilaksanakeun uji coba di laboratorium éta tacan aya kancindekan deui.<ref name="gao-87">{{cite web |title=U.S. GAO – HRD-87-46 Food and Drug Administration: Food Additive Approval Process Followed for Aspartame, 18 June 1987 |accessdate=5 September 2008 |url=http://www.gao.gov/docdblite/info.php?rptno=HRD-87-46 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530034513/http://www.gao.gov/docdblite/info.php?rptno=HRD-87-46 |date=30 May 2020 }}</ref>{{rp|94–96}}<ref>Testimony of Dr. Adrian Gross, Former FDA Investigator to the U.S. Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources, 3 November 1987. Hearing title: "NutraSweet Health and Safety Concerns." Document # Y 4.L 11/4:S.HR6.100, page&nbsp;430–439.</ref>:. 94-96 Numutkeun bukti hasil panalungtikan élmuwan [[Jepang]] kalawan sakabéh anggota PBOI tacan aya anu mibanda ieu hasil panalungtikan, ogé dumasar kana béja jeung pépéling para ahli geus kapanggihna hiji kasalahan dina mangsa ngalaksanakeun analisis statistik anu ngabalukarkeun PBOI jadi mangmang, tapi ieu ogé heneuweuh anu nyaluyuan, komisaris FDA Hayes nyaluyuan aspartam pikeun dimangpaatkeun dina barang-barang anu garing. Dina taun [[1983]], ''FDA'' satuluyna nyatujuan aspartam dipaké pikeun campuran inuman anu ngandung [[Soda|karbonasi]], ogé dimangpaatkeun dina inuman anu séjéna, ieu geus ditetepkeun dina taun [[1993]]. Dina taun [[1996]], ''FDA'' ngaleungitkeun sakabéh katangtuan anu ngawates wangenan pamakéan aspartam, hartina aspartam meunang dipaké dina sakumna kadaharan jeung inuman. Sababaraha nagara di [[Uni Éropa]] nyatujuan aspartam pikeun dimangpaatkeun dina taun [[1980-an]], disusul ku nagara séjénna di [[Éropa]] dina taun [[1994]]. Dina taun [[2002]] ditétélakeun deui ku Komisi Eropa Komite Ilmiah Makanan Ulasan studi keselamatan berikutnya nyaluyuan kana pamangpaatan ieu aspartam. Dina taun [[2006]] Otoritas Kaamanan Kadaharan Éropa ogé nyalujuan pamangpaatan aspartam tapi dina jumlah anu geus ditangtukeun luyu jeung hasil panalungtikanna.<ref name=FDA1996>[https://web.archive.org/web/20041128020903/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/answers/ans00772.html FDA Statement on Aspartame], 18 November 1996</ref> ==Balukarna kana kaséhatan== Pikeun ngabuktikeun ieu aspartam aman pikeun dikonsumsi, saméméhna geus dilaksanakeun panalungtikan kacida jérona (ekstensif) ti saprak aspartam mimiti kapanggih malah nepikeun ka dicobaan heula ka sasatoan, ogé panalungtikan ''klinis'' jeung ''epidemiologis'', jeung pangawasan ''postmarketing'' .<ref>{{Cite book | last = Mitchell | first = Helen | title = Sweeteners and sugar alternatives in food technology | place = Oxford, UK | publisher=Wiley-Blackwell | year = 2006 | page = 94| isbn = 1-4051-3434-8 | postscript = <!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref> Aspartam mangrupa salah sahiji bahan kadaharan anu pangbeuratna dina undakan ujian saméméh dibéwarakeun bisa dipaké. Pamaréntah dina masalah ieu nitah hiji ''lembaga'' ''independen'' pikeun ngalakukeun panalungtikan anu saterusna dibewarakeun kabalaréa. Nepi kakiwari geus dijejerkeun yén aspartam moal nanaon lamun di konsumsi dina wates anu geus ditangtukeun .<ref name=Magnuson/><ref name=FSANZ2>Food Standards Australia New Zealand: {{cite web |title=Food Standards Australia New Zealand: Aspartame – what it is and why it's used in our food |accessdate=9 December 2008|url= http://www.nzfsa.govt.nz/consumers/chemicals-nutrients-additives-and-toxins/aspartame/|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20081216093929/http://www.nzfsa.govt.nz/consumers/chemicals-nutrients-additives-and-toxins/aspartame/|archivedate= 16 December 2008}}</ref><ref name=Butchko>{{cite journal |last1=Butchko |first1=H |last2=Stargel |first2=WW |last3=Comer |first3=CP |last4=Mayhew |first4=DA |last5=Benninger |first5=C |last6=Blackburn |first6=GL |last7=De Sonneville |first7=LM |last8=Geha |first8=RS |last9=Hertelendy |first9=Z |title=Aspartame: Review of Safety |journal=Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology |volume=35 |issue=2 Pt 2 |pages=S1–93 |year=2002 |pmid=12180494 |doi=10.1006/rtph.2002.1542}}</ref> aya kana 100 badan hukum di unggal nagara anu nétélakeun aspartam geus dianggap aman pikeun dikonsumsi ku manusa <ref>{{cite web| title= Aspartame| publisher= UK FSA| date= 17 June 2008| url= https://www.food.gov.uk/science/additives/aspartame/| accessdate= 23 September 2010| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20101007120121/http://www.food.gov.uk/safereating/chemsafe/additivesbranch/sweeteners/55174| archivedate= 7 October 2010 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007120121/http://www.food.gov.uk/safereating/chemsafe/additivesbranch/sweeteners/55174 |date=7 October 2010 }}</ref> ditegeskeun ogé ku otoritas kaamana kadaharan eropa ( EFSA ) <ref>{{cite web| title = Aspartame | publisher=EFSA | url = http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/anstopics/topic/aspartame.htm | accessdate = 23 September 2010}}</ref> jeung badan kasehatan kanada .<ref>{{cite web | title = Aspartame | publisher=Health Canada | url = http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/securit/addit/sweeten-edulcor/aspartame-eng.php | accessdate = 23 September 2010| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100922181732/http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/securit/addit/sweeten-edulcor/aspartame-eng.php| archivedate= 22 September 2010 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> ==Tinggali Oge== *[[Xylitol]] *[[Permén]] *[[Gula]] *[[Ubar]] ==Tutumbu Kaluar== *[http://indodiabetes.com/apa-itu-aspartam-dan-mengapa-aspartam-berbahaya.html Bahaya Aspartam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227105426/http://indodiabetes.com/apa-itu-aspartam-dan-mengapa-aspartam-berbahaya.html |date=2015-12-27 }} *[https://zulliesikawati.wordpress.com/tag/aspartam/ Aspartam Gaganti Gula] *[http://www.madehow.com/Volume-3/Aspartame.html Kumaha Aspartam dijieun] {{Pondok}} ==Dicutat Tina== {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Kadaharan]] bp1usaarzc7plirl9qannv9e9ob3yop 0 75514 710979 710528 2026-07-10T06:50:19Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710979 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hiroyuki Sawano''' (澤野 弘之 ''Sawano Hiroyuki'', babar kaping 12 September 1980) nyaéta komposer, panata lagu, musisi, penulis lirik, jeung pianis Jepang, leuwih kasohor pikeun karyana dina loba animé, séri télevisi, sarta pilem. Manéhna diwakilan ku Legendoor antara taun 2006 jeung 2017, ayeuna diwakilan ku VV-ALKLINE. Dina taun 2014 manéhna ngaluncurkeun proyék lagu vokal anyar nu dibéré ngaran <nowiki>''</nowiki>'''SawanoHiroyuki[nZk]'''<nowiki>''</nowiki>.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://wowjapan.asia/2016/07/music-4-composers-behind-awesome-anime-soundtrack-music/|title=4 Composers Behind That Awesome Anime Soundtrack Music|last=|first=|website=|publisher=|accessdate=}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808045242/https://wowjapan.asia/4-composers-behind-that-awesome-anime-soundtrack-music/ |date=2020-08-08 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://natalie.mu/music/pp/sawanohiroyuki03|title=SawanoHiroyuki[nZk]「o1」インタビュー|last=|first=|website=|publisher=|accessdate=}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408010211/https://natalie.mu/music/pp/sawanohiroyuki03 |date=2018-04-08 }}</ref> == Biografi == Sawano dibabarkeun kaping 12 September 1980 di [[Tokyo]], Jepang. Manéhna ngamimitian maén piano pas di [[sakola dasar]]. Ti umur 17 manéhna neuleuman komposisi, susunan, orkestrasi, sarta piano handapeun Nobuchika Tsuboi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016125401/http://www.legendoor.com/a_01/|title=Legendoor Website {{!}} 澤野弘之 {{!}} PROFILE|last=|first=|website=|publisher=|accessdate=}}</ref> Anjeunna geus aktif salaku komposer saprak taun 2004.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sawanohiroyuki.com/works-artist_etc.html|title=HIROYUKI SAWANO OFFICIAL WEBSITE: Works|last=|first=|website=|publisher=|accessdate=}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622020249/http://www.sawanohiroyuki.com/works-artist_etc.html |date=2017-06-22 }}</ref> Dina taun 2014 manéhna ngaluncurkeun proyék lagu vokal anyar nu dibéré ngaran <nowiki>''</nowiki>'''SawanoHiroyuki[nZk]'''<nowiki>''</nowiki>, ngajieun album mimiti ''UnChild'' jeung Aimer salaku vokalis handapeun ngaran SawanoHiroyuki[nZk]:Aimer. Saprak harita lagu-lagu na handapeun proyék lagu vokal ieu ogé dipaké salaku bubuka jeung panutup pikeun rupa-rupa animé, kaasup ''[[Aldnoah.Zero]]'', ''[[Seraph of the End]]'', ''[[Mobile Suit Gundam Unicorn RE:0096]]'', ''[[Legend of the Galactic Heroes: The New Thesis - Encounter]]'', jeung ''[[Re:Creators]]''. Proyék lagu vokal Sawano ieu dipindahkeun ka labél Sacra Musik handapeun Sony Music Entertainment Jepang dina April 2014. Dina kaping 2 Juli 2017, kontrak Sawano jeung Legendoor mungkas sanggeus ngeunaan 12 taun. Manéhna ayeuna diwakilan ku VV-ALKLINE. == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Komposer]] [[Kategori:Artikel Peserta WSSA]] j2ig3vfqm7n20zfrv7fq5nwxdshkhk4 0 85725 710973 681298 2026-07-10T04:12:49Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710973 wikitext text/x-wiki Ieu mangrupa '''daptar [[bandar udara]] di [[Indonésia]]''' sarta kodeu [[IATA]] na séwang-séwang, ngan teu kabéh bandara miboga [[Kodeu bandar udara IATA|kodeu IATA]]: == Bandara == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" |- style="vertical-align:baseline;" ! style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" | [[Daptar kota di Indonésia|Lokasi nu dilayanan]] ! style="text-align:left;" | [[Propinsi di Indonésia|Propinsi]] ! style="text-align:left; width:4em;" | [[Kodeu Bandara ICAO|ICAO]] ! style="text-align:left; width:4em;" | [[Kodeu Bandara IATA|IATA]] ! style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" | Ngaran Bandara ! Séké-sélér ngaran |- style="font-weight:bold; background:#ddd;" | {{sort|ZZ|[[Pulo Jawa|Jawa]]}} | | | | | |- valign="top" | [[Bawéan]] | [[Jawa Wétan]] | | BXW | [[Bandar Udara Harun Thohir]]<br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Harun Thohir Airport''<br>[[Bawéan]]: {{lang|mad-Arab|ْبَانْدَرْ اُودَارَا هَارُون طَاهِر}} <br>[[Basa Jawa|Jawa]]: {{Script|Javanese|ꦦꦥꦤ꧀ꦲꦁꦒꦺꦒꦤꦲꦫꦸꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦲꦶꦂ}} (<small>''{{transl|mad|Papan Anggegana Harun Thohir}}''</small>) |[[Harun Thohir]], nyaéta salasahiji ti dua anggota KKO (Korps Komando; kiwari disebut Korps Marinir) Indonésia anu ditéwak di Singapura nalika kajadian Konfrontasi jeung Malaysia. |- valign="top" | [[Bandung]] | [[Jawa Kulon]] | WICC | BDO | '''[[Bandar Udara Internasional Huséin Sastranegara]]'''<br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Huséin Sastranegara International Airport''<br>[[Basa Sunda|Sunda]]: {{Sund|ᮘᮔ᮪ᮓᮁ ᮅᮓᮛ ᮄᮔᮁᮒᮨᮁᮔᮞᮤᮚᮧᮔᮜ᮪ ᮠᮥᮞᮦᮚᮤᮔ᮪ ᮞᮞ᮪ᮒᮢᮔᮨᮌᮛ}}<br><small>(''{{transl|su|Bandar Udara Internasional Huséin Sastranegara}}'') |[[Huséin Sastranegara]], Pionir ti [[TNI Angkatan Udara]]. |- valign="top" | [[Bogor]] | [[Jawa Kulon]] | WIAJ | – | [[Bandar Udara Atang Sanjaya|Pangkalan Udara Atang Senjaya]]<br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Atang Senjaya Airbase''<br>[[Basa Sunda|Sunda]]: {{Sund|ᮕᮀᮊᮜᮔ᮪ ᮅᮓᮛ ᮃᮒᮀ ᮞᮨᮔ᮪ᮏᮚ}}<br><small>(''{{transl|su|Pangkalan Udara Ateng Sanjaya}}'') | [[Atang Sendjaja]], kantor [[TNI Angkatan Udara]]. |- valign="top" | [[Kabupatén Banyuwangi]] | [[Jawa Wétan]] | WADY | BWX | [[Bandar Udara Banyuwangi]]<br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Banyuwangi Airport''<br>[[Basa Osing|Osing]]: {{Script|Osing|ꦦꦥꦤ꧀ꦲꦁꦒꦺꦒꦤꦨꦾꦪꦸꦮꦔꦆ}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|osi|Papan Anggegana Byayuwangai}}'') | |- |[[Tasikmalaya]] |[[Jawa Kulon]] |WICM |TSY |[[Bandar Udara Wiriadinata]]<br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Wiriadinata Airport''<br>[[Basa Sunda|Sunda]]: {{Sund|ᮘᮔ᮪ᮓᮁ ᮅᮓᮛ ᮝᮤᮛᮡᮓᮤᮔᮒ}}<br><small>(''{{transl|su|Bandar Udara Wiriadinata}}'') |Wiriadinata, catatan [[Paskhas]] komando. |- valign="top" | [[Cirebon]] | [[Jawa Kulon]] | WICD | CBN | [[Bandar Udara Penggung|Bandar Udara Cakrabhuwana]]<br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Cakrabhuwana Airport''<br>[[Basa Cirebon|Cirebon]]: {{Script|Javanese|ꦦꦥꦤ꧀ꦲꦁꦒꦺꦒꦤꦕꦏꦿꦨꦸꦮꦤ}} (<small>''{{transl|jv|Papan Anggegana Cakrabhuwana}}''</small>) [[Basa Sunda|Sunda]]: {{Sund|ᮘᮔ᮪ᮓᮁ ᮅᮓᮛ ᮎᮊᮢᮽᮝᮔ}}<br><small>(''{{transl|su|Bandar Udara Cakrabhuwana}}'') | |- valign="top" | [[Cilacap]] | [[Jawa Tengah]] | WAHL | CXP | [[Bandar Udara Tunggul Wulung]] <br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Tunggul Wulung Airport''<br>[[Basa Jawa|Jawa]]: {{Script|Javanese|ꦦꦥꦤ꧀ꦲꦁꦒꦺꦒꦤꦠꦸꦁꦒꦸꦭ꧀ꦮꦸꦭꦸꦁ}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|jv|Papan Anggegana Tunggul Wulung}}'') |[[Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung|Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung]] |- valign="top" | [[Kapuloan Seribu|Kabupatén Kapuloan Seribu]] | [[DKI Jakarta]] | WIIG | PPJ | [[Bandar Udara Pulo Panjang]]<br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Pulo Panjang Airport'' | |- valign="top" | [[Jakarta]] | [[Jakarta|Daérah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta]] | WIHH | HLP | '''[[Bandar Udara Internasional Halim Perdanakusuma]]''' <br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport'' |[[Halim Perdanakusuma]] |- valigin="top" | [[Jakarta]] | [[Jakarta|Daérah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta]] | <s>WIID</s> | <s>JKT</s> | '''[[Bandar Udara Kemayoran|Bandar Udara Internasional Kemayoran]]<s><s>''' <br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Kemayoran Internati'''''<s><s>'''''onal Airport'' | |- valign="top" | [[Jakarta]], [[Tangerang]] | [[Jakarta|Daérah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta]], [[Banten]] | WIII | [[Bandar Udara Internasional Soekarno-Hatta|CGK]] | '''[[Bandar Udara Internasional Soekarno–Hatta]]''' (ngagantikeun Bandar Udara Kemayoran tanggal 31 Maret 1985) <br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Soekarno-Hatta International Airport'' |[[Sukarno]] jeung [[Mohammad Hatta]], Bapa Proklamator Indonésia. |- valign="top" | [[Tangerang Kidul]] | [[Banten]] | WIHP | PCB | [[Bandar Udara Pondok Cabé]] <br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Pondok Cabe Airport'' | |- valign="top" | [[Kabupatén Tangerang]] | [[Banten]] | WIRR | BTO | [[Bandar Udara Budiarto]] <br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Budiarto Airport'' |Budiarto |- valign="top" | [[Kabupatén Majalengka]] | [[Jawa Kulon]] | WICA | KJT | '''[[Bandar Udara Internasional Kertajati]]'''<br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Kertajati International Airport'' |rencanana pikeun ngagantikeun Bandar Udara Internasional Huséin Sastranegara |- valign="top" | [[Kabupatén Pandeglang]] | [[Banten]] | – | – | [[Bandar Udara Tanjung Lesung]] <br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Tanjung Lesung Airport'' [[Basa Banten|Banten]]: {{Sund|ᮘᮔ᮪ᮓᮁ ᮅᮓᮛ ᮒᮔ᮪ᮏᮥᮀ ᮜᮨᮞᮥᮀ}}''<br><small>({{transl|su|Bandar Udara Tanjung Lesung}})'' | |- valign="top" | [[Jember]] | [[Jawa Wétan]] | WARE | JBB | [[Bandar Udara Notohadinegoro]] <br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Notohadinegoro Airport''<br>[[Basa Jawa|Jawa]]: {{Script|Javanese|ꦦꦥꦤ꧀ꦲꦁꦒꦺꦒꦤꦟꦠꦲꦢꦶꦤꦼꦒꦫ}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|jv|Papan Anggegana Natahadinegara}}'') |Notohadinegoro |- valign="top" | [[Malang]] | [[Jawa Wétan]] | WARA | MLG | [[Bandar Udara Abdul Rachman Saléh]] <br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Abdul Rachman Saleh Airport''<br>[[Basa Jawa|Jawa]]: ꦦꦥꦤ꧀ꦲꦁꦒꦺꦒꦤꦄꦧ꧀ꦢꦸꦭ꧀ꦫꦃꦩꦤ꧀ꦯꦭꦺꦃ<br>(<small>''{{transl|jv|Papan Anggegana Abdul Rachman Saleh}}'') |[[Abdulrahman Saléh (pahlawan)]] |- valign="top" | [[Kabupatén Pangandaran]] | [[Jawa Kulon]] | WICD | – | [[Bandar Udara Nusawiru]] <br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: '' Nusawiru Airport'' [[Basa Sunda|Sunda]]: {{Sund|ᮘᮔ᮪ᮓᮁ ᮅᮓᮛ ᮒᮔ᮪ᮏᮥᮀ ᮜᮨᮞᮥᮀ}}''<br><small>({{transl|su|Bandar Udara Cijulang Nusawiru}})'' | |- valign="top" | [[Semarang]] | [[Jawa Tengah]] | WAHS | SRG | '''[[Bandar Udara Internasional Ahmad Yani]]''' <br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Ahmad Yani International Airport''<br>[[Basa Jawa|Jawa]]: ꦦꦥꦤ꧀ꦲꦁꦒꦺꦒꦤꦄꦧ꧀ꦢꦸꦭ꧀ꦫꦃꦩꦤ꧀ꦯꦭꦺꦃ<br>(<small>''{{transl|jv|Papan Anggegana Abdul Rachman Saleh}}'') |[[Ahmad Yani]], Pahlawan. |- valign="top" | [[Surabaya]] | [[Jawa Wétan]] | WARR | SUB | '''[[Bandar Udara Internasional Juanda]]''' [http://www.juanda-airport.com/] <br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Juanda International Airport''<br>[[Basa Jawa|Jawa]]: ꦦꦥꦤ꧀ꦲꦁꦒꦺꦒꦤꦗꦸꦮꦤ꧀ꦢ<br>(<small>''{{transl|jv|Papan Anggegana Internasional Juanda}}'') |[[Juanda Kartawijaya]], Politikus Indonésia sarta Perdana Menteri panungtung Indonésia. |- valign="top" | [[Surakarta]], [[Kabupatén Boyolali]] | [[Jawa Tengah]] | WAHQ | SOC | '''[[Bandar Udara Internasional Adisumarmo]]'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.angkasapura1.co.id/eng/location/surakarta.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2006-03-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060513160637/http://www.angkasapura1.co.id/ENG/location/surakarta.htm |archivedate=13 May 2006 |df= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060513160637/http://www.angkasapura1.co.id/ENG/location/surakarta.htm |date=2006-05-13 }}</ref><br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Adisumarmo International Airport''<br>[[Basa Jawa|Jawa]]: ꦦꦥꦤ꧀ꦲꦁꦒꦺꦒꦤꦲꦢꦶꦯꦸꦩꦂꦩ<br>(<small>''{{transl|jv|Papan Anggegana Internasional Adisumarma}}''</small>)<br>Cina: {{zh|t=|p=|c=|s=阿迪·苏马尔莫国际机场|labels=no}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|zh|Ādí Sūmǎ'ěrmò Guójì Jīchǎng}}''</small>) |[[Adisumarmo Wiryokusumo]] |- valign="top" | [[Kota Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta]], [[Kabupatén Sléman]] | [[Daérah Istiméwa Yogyakarta]] | WAHH | JOG | '''[[Bandar Udara Internasional Adisucipto]]''' [http://www.adisutjipto-airport.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531021000/http://adisutjipto-airport.com/ |date=2019-05-31 }}<br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Adisucipto International Airport''<br>[[Basa Jawa|Jawa]]: ꦦꦥꦤ꧀ꦲꦁꦒꦺꦒꦤꦗꦸꦮꦤ꧀ꦢ<br>(<small>''{{transl|jv|Papan Anggegana Internasional Adisucipta}}</small>) |[[Agustinus Adisucipto]], Kantor TNI. |- valign="top" | [[Kota Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta]], [[Kabupatén Kulon Progo]] | [[Daérah Istiméwa Yogyakarta]] | WAHI | YIA | '''[[Bandar Udara Internasional Yogyakarta]]''' [http://yogyakarta-airport.co.id/]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}<br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Yogyakarta International Airport''<br>[[Basa Jawa|Jawa]]: ꦥꦥꦤ꧀ꦲꦁꦒꦼꦒꦤꦲꦤ꧀ꦠꦂꦧꦁꦱꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦠ<br>(<small>''{{transl|jv|Papan Anggegana Internasional Ngayogyakarta}}</small>) | |- style="font-weight:bold; background:#ddd;" | {{sort|ZZ|[[Sumatra]]}} | | | | | |- valign="top" | [[Kabupatén Acéh Tenggara]] | [[Acéh]] | | | '''[[Bandar Udara Alas Leuser]]'''<br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Alas Leuser Airport''<br>[[Basa Acéh|Acéh]]: {{lang|ace-Arab|بندر اودارا الس ليوسار}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|ace|Bandar Udara Alas Leuser}}''</small>) | |- valign="top"Alas_Leuser_Airport | [[Banda Acéh]] | [[Acéh]] | WITT | BTJ | '''[[Bandar Udara Internasional Sultan Iskandar Muda]]'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.angkasapura2.co.id/cabang/btj/content.php?menu=8&page_id=1|title=Halaman Tidak Ditemukan - PT Angkasa Pura II|first=PT Angkasa Pura II|last=(Persero)|website=www.angkasapura2.co.id}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231024054/http://www.angkasapura2.co.id/cabang/btj/content.php?menu=8&page_id=1 |date=2018-12-31 }}</ref><br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Sultan Iskandarmuda International Airport''<br>[[Basa Acéh|Acéh]]: {{lang|ace-Arab|بندر اودارا انتر نڠڬرو سلطان إسكندر مودا}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|ace|Bandar Udara Antar Nanggroë Sultan Iskandar Muda}}''</small>) |[[Iskandar Muda]] |- valign="top" | [[Bandar Lampung]] | [[Lampung]] | WILL | TKG | '''[[Bandar Udara Internasional Radin Inten II]]''' <br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Radin Inten II International Airport'' |[[Radin Inten II]] |- valign="top" | [[Batam]] | [[Kapuloan Riau]] | WIDD | BTH | '''[[Bandar Udara Hang Nadim|Bandar Udara Internasional Hang Nadim]]''' [http://www.hangnadim-airport.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108050708/http://www.hangnadim-airport.com/ |date=2016-11-08 }}<br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Hang Nadim International Airport''<br>[[Basa Melayu|Melayu]]: {{lang|ms-Arab|لاڤڠن تربڠ انتربڠسا هڠ نديم}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|ms|Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Hang Nadim}}''</small>)<br>Cina: {{zh|t=|p=|c=|s=韓那丁國際機場|labels=no}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|zh|Hánnà Dīng Guójì Jīchǎng}}''</small>) |Hang Nadim |- valign="top" | [[Kapuloan Batu]] | [[Sumatra Kalér]] | WIMO | LSE | [[Bandar Udara Lasondré]]<ref>[http://hubud.dephub.go.id/?en+info_bandara+detail+94] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223001311/http://hubud.dephub.go.id/?en+info_bandara+detail+94 |date=2014-12-23 }}</ref><br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Lasondre Airport'' | |- valign="top" | [[Kota Bengkulu|Bengkulu]] | [[Bengkulu]] | WIGG | BKS | [[Bandar Udara Fatmawati Soekarno]]<br><br> [[Basa Inggris|Inggris:]] ''Fatmawati Soekarno Airport'' |[[Fatmawati]] |- valign="top" | [[Dumai]] | [[Riau]] | WIBD | DUM | [[Bandar Udara Pinang Kampai]]<br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Pinang Kampai Airport''<br>[[Basa Melayu|Melayu]]: {{lang|ms-Arab|لاڤڠن تربڠ قيناغ كمقاي}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|ms|Lapangan Terbang Pinang Kampai}}''</small>)<br>Cina: {{zh|t=|p=|c=|s=槟榔坎帕机场|labels=no}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|zh|Bīnláng Kǎnpà Jīchǎng}}''</small>) | |- valign="top" | [[Gunung Sitoli]] | [[Sumatra Kalér]] | WIMB | GNS | [[Bandar Udara Binaka]]<ref>[http://hubud.dephub.go.id/?en+info_bandara+detail+38] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726100413/http://hubud.dephub.go.id/?en+info_bandara+detail+38 |date=2014-07-26 }}</ref><br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Binaka Airport'' | |- valign="top" | [[Kota Jambi]] | [[Jambi]] | WIJJ | DJB | [[Bandar Udara Sultan Thaha]] <br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Sultan Thaha Airport''<br>[[Melayu Jambi]]: {{lang|jax-Arab|بندر اودارو سلطان تهاها}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|jax|Bandar Udaro Sultan Thaha}}''</small>) |[[Thaha Syaifuddin]] |- valign="top" | [[Lubuklinggau]] | [[Sumatra Kidul]] | WIPB | LLG | [[Bandar Udara Silampari]] <br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Silampari Airport<br>''[[Basa Musi|Musi]]: {{lang|mui-Arab|بندر اودارو سيلمڤاري}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|mui|Bandar Udaro Silampari}}''</small>) | |- valign="top" | [[Médan]], [[Kabupatén Deli Serdang]] | [[Sumatra Kalér]] | WIMM | KNO (Saméméhna: MES) | '''[[Bandar Udara Internasional Kualanamu]] <br>'''<br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Kualanamu International Airport''<br>[[Basa Melayu|Melayu]]: {{lang|ms-Arab|لاڤڠن تربڠ انتربڠسا كوالانامو}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|ms|Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Kualanamu}}''</small>)<br>[[Basa Batak|Batak]]: {{btk|ᯅᯊ᯲ᯑᯒ᯲ ᯥᯑᯒ ᯤᯊ᯲ᯖᯨᯒ᯲ᯊᯚᯪᯛᯬᯊᯞ᯲ ᯄᯮᯋᯞᯊᯔᯮ|size=}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|btk|Bandar Udara Internasional Kualanamu}}''</small>)<br>Cina: {{zh|t=|p=|c=|s=瓜拉納穆國際機場|labels=no}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|zh|Guālānàmù Guójì Jīchǎng}}''</small>)<br>[[Basa Tamil|Tamil]]: குவாளா நாமு பன்னாட்டு வானூர்தி நிலையம்<br>(<small>''{{transl|ta|Kōlānamō Paṉṉāṭṭu Vāṉūrti Nilaiyam}}''</small>) | |- valign="top" | [[Médan]] | [[Sumatra Kalér]] | WIMK | MES | [[Pangkalan Udara Soewondo]]'''<br>'''<br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: Soewondo Airbase<br>[[Basa Melayu|Melayu]]: {{lang|ms-Arab|ڤڠكالن اودارا سوووندو}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|ms|Pangkalan Udara Suwondo}}''</small>)<br>[[Basa Batak|Batak]]: {{btk|ᯇᯝ᯲ᯄᯞᯊ᯲ ᯥᯑᯒ ᯚᯮᯋᯬᯢᯬ|size=}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|btk|Pangkalan Udara Suwondo}}''</small>)<br>Cina: {{zh|t=|p=|c=|s=苏文多空军基地|labels=no}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|zh|Sūwénduō Kōngjūn Jīdì}}''</small>)<br>[[Basa Tamil|Tamil]]: ஸீவண்டோ ஏர் ஃபோர்ஸ் பேஸ்<br>(<small>''{{transl|ta|Sīvaṇṭō Ēr Hpōrs Pēs}}''</small>) |Suwondo |- valign="top" | [[Padang]] | [[Sumatra Kulon]] | WIEE | PDG | '''[[Bandar Udara Internasional Minangkabau]]<br>'''<br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: Minangkabau Airport<br>[[Basa Minangkabau|Minangkabau]]: {{lang|min-Arab|بندر اودارو اينتيرنسيونل مينڠكاباو}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|min|Bandar Udaro Minangkabau}}''</small>) | |- valign="top" | [[Padang Sidempuan]] | [[Sumatra Kalér]] | WIME | AEG | [[Bandar Udara Aek Godang]]<ref>[http://hubud.dephub.go.id/?en+info_bandara+detail+93] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223001831/http://hubud.dephub.go.id/?en+info_bandara+detail+93 |date=2014-12-23 }}</ref>'''<br>'''<br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: Aek Godang Airport<br>[[Basa Batak|Batak]]: {{btk|ᯅᯢᯒ᯲ ᯥᯑᯒ ᯀᯄᯨᯄ᯲ ᯎᯬᯑᯝ᯲|size=}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|btk|Bandar Udara Aek Godang}}''</small>) | |- valign="top" | [[Palémbang]] | [[Sumatra Kidul]] | WIPP | PLM | '''[[Bandar Udara Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II|Bandar Udara Internasional Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II]]''' [http://www.bandarasmb2.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713071831/https://www.bandarasmb2.com/ |date=2019-07-13 }} <br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II International Airport<br>''[[Basa Musi|Musi]]: {{lang|mui-Arab|بندر اودارو سلطان محمود بدر الدين ٢}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|mui|Bandar Udaro Internasional Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II}}''</small>) Cina: {{zh|t=|p=|c=|s=苏丹马哈茂德巴达鲁丁二世国际机场|labels=no}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|zh|Sūdān Mǎhāmàodé Bādálǔdīng Èr Shì Guójì Jīchǎng}}''</small>) |[[Mahmud Badaruddin II]] |- valign="top" | [[Pangkal Pinang]] | [[Kapuloan Bangka Belitung]] | WIPK | PGK | [[Bandar Udara Dépati Amir]]<br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Depati Amir Airport<br>''[[Melayu Bangka]]: {{lang|mfb-Arab|لاڤڠن تربڠ دڤاتي أمير}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|mfb|Lapangan Terbang Depati Amir}}''</small>) Cina: {{zh|t=|p=|c=|s=德帕蒂·阿米尔机场|labels=no}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|zh|Dépàdì Āmǐ'ěr Jīchǎng}}''</small>) |[[Depati Amir]] |- valign="top" | [[Kabupatén Simalungun]], [[Kabupatén Toba Samosir]] | [[Sumatra]] | WIMP | SIW | [[Bandar Udara Sibisa]]<ref>[http://hubud.dephub.go.id/?en+info_bandara+detail+65] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223000648/http://hubud.dephub.go.id/?en+info_bandara+detail+65 |date=2014-12-23 }}</ref>'''<br>'''<br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: Sibisa Airport<br>[[Basa Batak|Batak]]: {{btk|ᯅᯢᯓ᯲ ᯥᯑᯓ ᯙᯪᯅᯪᯙ|size=}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|btk|Bandar Udara Sibisa}}''</small>) | |- valign="top" | [[Pekanbaru]] | [[Riau]] | WIBB | PKU | '''[[Bandar Udara Sultan Syarif Kasim II|Bandar Udara Internasional Sultan Syarif Kasim II]]'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.angkasapura2.co.id/cabang/pku/content.php?menu=8&page_id=2|title=Halaman Tidak Ditemukan - PT Angkasa Pura II|first=PT Angkasa Pura II|last=(Persero)|website=www.angkasapura2.co.id}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231024154/http://www.angkasapura2.co.id/cabang/pku/content.php?menu=8&page_id=2 |date=2018-12-31 }}</ref><br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Sultan Syarif Kasim II International Airport<br>''[[Basa Melayu|Melayu]]: {{lang|ms-Arab|لاڤڠن تربڠ انتربڠسا سلطان شريف قاسم ٢}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|ms|Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Sultan Syarif Kasim II}}''</small>) Cina: {{zh|t=|p=|c=|s=苏丹谢里夫卡西姆二世国际机场|labels=no}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|zh|Sūdān Xiélǐfū Kǎxīmǔ Èr Shì Guójì Jīchǎng}}''</small>) | [[Sultan Syarif Kasim II]] |- valign="top" | [[Ranai, Kapuloan Natuna|Ranai]] | [[Kapuloan Riau]] | WION | NTX | [[Bandar Udara Ranai]] <br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Ranai Airport<br>''[[Basa Melayu|Melayu]]: {{lang|ms-Arab|لاڤڠن تربڠ راناي}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|ms|Lapangan Terbang Ranai}}''</small>) Cina: {{zh|t=|p=|c=|s=拉奈机场|labels=no}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|zh|Lānài Jīchǎng}}''</small>) | |- valign="top" | [[Sibolga]] | [[Sumatra Kalér]] | WIMS | FLZ | [[Bandar Udara Ferdinand Lumban Tobing]]<ref>[http://hubud.dephub.go.id/?en+info_bandara+detail+92] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222235502/http://hubud.dephub.go.id/?en+info_bandara+detail+92 |date=2014-12-22 }}</ref> '''<br>'''<br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: Ferdinand Lumban Tobing Airport<br>[[Basa Batak|Batak]]: {{btk|ᯆᯢᯓ᯲ ᯥᯑᯒ ᯇᯨᯒ᯲ᯑᯪᯉᯉ᯲ᯑ᯲ ᯞᯮᯔ᯲ᯅᯉ᯲ ᯗᯭᯆᯫᯰ|size=}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|btk|Bandar Udara Ferdinand Lumban Tobing}}''</small>) | [[Ferdinand Lumbantobing]] |- valign="top" | [[Siborong-Borong]] | [[Sumatra Kalér]] | WIMN | DTB | [[Bandar Udara Internasional Silangit]]<ref>[http://hubud.dephub.go.id/?en+info_bandara+detail+66] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223001721/http://hubud.dephub.go.id/?en+info_bandara+detail+66 |date=2014-12-23 }}</ref> '''<br>'''<br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: Silangit International Airport<br>[[Basa Batak|Batak]]: {{btk|ᯆᯢᯓ᯲ ᯥᯑᯒ ᯤᯊ᯲ᯖᯨᯒ᯲ᯊᯚᯪᯛᯬᯊᯞ᯲ ᯘᯫᯞᯝᯫᯗ᯲|size=}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|btk|Bandar Udara Internasional Silangit}}''</small>) | |- valign="top" | [[Simpang Ampék]] | [[Sumatra Kulon]] | – | – | [[Bandar Udara Pusako Anak Nagari]]<br><br>[[Indonésian language|Indonésian]]: ''Alas Leuser Airport''<br>[[Basa Acéh|Acéh]]: {{lang|ace-Arab|بندر اودارا ڤوساكو انق نڬاري}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|ace|Bandar Udara Pusako Anak Nagari}}''</small>) | |- valign="top" | [[Sinabang]] | [[Acéh]] | WITG/WIML* | SNX | [[Bandar Udara Lasikin]]<br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggria]]: ''Lasikin Airport''<br>[[Basa Acéh|Acéh]]: {{lang|ace-Arab|بندر اودارا لسيكين}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|ace|Bandar Udara Lasikin}}''</small>) | |- valign="top" | [[Sipora]] | [[Sumatra Kulon]] | WIBR | RKI | [[Bandar Udara Rokot]] '''<br>'''<br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggria]]: Rokot Airport<br>[[Basa Minangkabau|Minangkabau]]: {{lang|ace-Arab|بندر اودارو روكوت}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|min|Bandar Udaro Rokot}}''</small>) | |- valign="top" | [[Suka Makmué]] | [[Acéh]] | WITC | MEQ | [[Bandar Udara Cut Nyak Dhien]] <br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: '' Nyak Dhien Airport''<br>[[Basa Acéh|Acéh]]: {{lang|ace-Arab|بندر اودارا چوت ڽاء دهين}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|ace|Bandar Udara Cut Nya' Dhien}}''</small>) |[[Cut Nyak Dhien]] |- valign="top" | [[Takéngon]] | [[Acéh]] | WITK | TXE | [[Bandar Udara Rembélé]] <br><br>[[Indonésian language|Inggris]]: ''Takengon Rembele Airport''<br>[[Basa Acéh|Acéh]]: {{lang|ace-Arab|بندر اودارا تقيڠون رمبيلي}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|ace|Bandar Udara Takengon Rembele}}''</small>) | |- valign="top" | [[Tanjung Pandan]] | [[Kapuloan Bangka Belitung]] | WIKT | TJQ | [[Bandar Udara Internasional H.A.S. Hanandjoeddin]]<br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''H.A.S. Hanandjoeddin International Airport'' Chinese: {{zh|t=|p=|c=|s=H.A.S.哈南柔丁国际机场|labels=no}}''<br>(<small>{{transl|zh|H.A.S. Hānánróudīng Guójì Jīchǎng}}</small>)''<br>[[Basa Melayu|Melayu]]: {{lang|ms-Arab|لاڤڠن تربڠ H.A.S. حنانجو الدين}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|ms|Lapangan Terbang Antarbangsa H.A.S. Hanandjoeddin}}''</small>) | H.A.S. Hanandjoeddin |- valign="top" | [[Tanjung Pinang]] | [[Kapuloan Riau]] | WIDN | TNJ | '''[[Bandar Udara Raja Haji Fisabilillah|Bandar Udara Internasional Raja Haji Fisabilillah]]'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.angkasapura2.co.id/cabang/bth/content.php?menu=8&page_id=1|title=Halaman Tidak Ditemukan - PT Angkasa Pura II|first=PT Angkasa Pura II|last=(Persero)|website=www.angkasapura2.co.id}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231023854/http://www.angkasapura2.co.id/cabang/bth/content.php?menu=8&page_id=1 |date=2018-12-31 }}</ref> <br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Raja Haji Fisabilillah International Airport<br>''[[Basa Melayu|Melayu]]: {{lang|ms-Arab|لاڤڠن تربڠ انتربڠسا راج حاج فيسبيلي الله}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|ms|Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Raja Haji Fisabilillah}}''</small>) Cina: {{zh|t=|p=|c=|s=拉加·哈士·菲什比利拉国际机场|labels=no}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|zh|Lājiā·Hàshi·Fēishénbǐlìlā Guójì Jīchǎng}}''</small>) | [[Raja Haji Fisabilillah]] |- style="font-weight:bold; background:#ddd;" | {{sort|ZZ|[[Kalimantan]]}} | | | | | |- valign="top" | [[Balikpapan]] | [[Kalimantan Wétan]] | WALL | BPN | '''[[Bandar Udara Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman]]'''[http://www.sepingganairport.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301105008/http://www.sepingganairport.com/ |date=2019-03-01 }} <br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman Airport'' | Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman |- valign="top" | [[Banjarmasin]] | [[Kalimantan Kidul]] | WAOO | BDJ | [[Bandar Udara Syamsudin Noor|'''Bandar Udara Internasional Syasmsuddin Noor''']] [http://syamsudinnoorairport.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120015016/http://www.syamsudinnoorairport.net/ |date=2011-11-20 }}<br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Syamsuddin Noor International Airport<br>''[[Basa Banjar|Banjar]]: {{lang|bjn-Arab|بندر اودارا انتربڠسا شمس الدين نور}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|bjn|Bandar Udara Antarbangsa Syamsuddin Noor}}''</small>) Chinese: {{zh|t=|p=|c=|s=沙姆苏丁努尔国际机场|labels=no}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|zh|Shāmǔsūdīng Nǔěr Guójì Jīchǎng}}''</small>) | [[Syamsudin Noor]] |- valign="top" | [[Bandar Udara Gusti Syamsir Alam]] | [[Kalimantan Kidul]] | WAOK | KBU | [[Bandar Udara Gusti Syamsir Alam]]<br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Gusti Syamsir Alam Airport<br>''[[Basa Banjar|Banjar]]: {{lang|bjn-Arab|بندر اودارا ڬوستي شمسير عالم}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|bjn|Bandar Udara Gusti Syamsir Alam}}''</small>) | Gusti Syamsir Alam |- valign="top" | [[Tanjung Redep, Berau|Tanjung Redep]], [[Kabupatén Berau|Berau]] | [[Kalimantan Wétan]] | WAQT | BEJ | [[Bandar Udara Berau|Bandar Udara Kalimarau]] <br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Kalimarau Airport''n="top" |- valign="top" | [[Bontang]] | [[Kalimantan Wétan]] | WALC | BXT | [[Bandar Udara PT. Badak Bontang]] <br><br>[[Indonésian language|Indonésian]]: ''Bandar Udara PT Badak Bontang'' | |- valign="top" | [[Kabupatén Mahakam Ulu]] | [[Kalimantan Wétan]] | WALJ | DTD | Bandar Udara Datah Dawai<br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Datah Dawai Airport'' | |- valign="top" | [[Ketapang]] | [[Kalimantan Kulon]] | WIOK | KTG | [[Bandar Udara Ketapang|Bandar Udara Rahadi Osman]] <br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Rahadi Osman Airport'' Cina: {{zh|t=|p=|c=|s=拉哈迪奥斯曼机场|labels=no}}''<br>(<small>{{transl|zh|Lāhādí Àosīmàn Jīchǎng}}</small>)''<br>[[Basa Melayu|Melayu]]: {{lang|ms-Arab|لاڤڠن تربڠ رحادي عثمان}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|ms|Lapangan Terbang Rahadi Osman}}''</small>) | [[Rahadi Oesman]] |- valign="top" | [[Long Apung]] | [[Kalimantan Kalér]] | WAQL | LPU | [[Bandar Udara Long Apung]] <br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Long Apung Airport'' | |- valign="top" | [[Long Bawan]] | [[Kalimantan Kalér]] | WAQJ | LBW | [[Bandar Udara Juvai Semaring]]<br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Juvai Semaring Airport'' | |- valign="top" | [[Malinau]] | [[Kalimantan Kalér]] | WALM | – | [[Bandar Udara Robert Atty Bessing]]<br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Robert Atty Bessing Airport'' | Robert Atty Bessing |- valign="top" | [[Melak]] | [[Kalimantan Wétan]] | WALE | – | [[Bandar Udara Melalan]] <br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Melalan Airport'' | |- valign="top" | [[Muara Teweh]] | [[Kalimantan Tengah]] | WAOM | – | [[Bandar Udara Beringin]] <br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Beringin Airport'' | |- valign="top" | [[Nunukan]] | [[Kalimantan Kalér]] | WAQA | NNX | [[Bandar Udara Nunukan]] <br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Nunukan Airport'' | |- valign="top" | [[Palangkaraya]] | [[Kalimantan Tengah]] | WAGG | PKY | [[Bandar Udara Tjilik Riwut]] <br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Tjilik Riwut Airport'' | [[Tjilik Riwut]] |- valign="top" | [[Pangkalanbun]] | [[Kalimantan Tengah]] | WAGI | PKN | [[Bandar Udara Iskandar]] <br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Iskandar Airport<br>''[[Basa Melayu|Melayu]]: {{lang|ms-Arab|لاڤڠن تربڠ إسكندر}}<br>(<small>{{transl|ms|Lapangan Terbang Iskandar}}</small>) | Iskandar |- valign="top" | [[Pontianak, Indonésia|Pontianak]] | [[Kalimantan Kulon]] | WIOO | PNK | '''[[Bandar Udara Supadio|Bandar Udara Internasional Supadio]]'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.angkasapura2.co.id/cabang/pnk/content.php?menu=8&page_id=1|title=Halaman Tidak Ditemukan - PT Angkasa Pura II|first=PT Angkasa Pura II|last=(Persero)|website=www.angkasapura2.co.id}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231024000/http://www.angkasapura2.co.id/cabang/pnk/content.php?menu=8&page_id=1 |date=2018-12-31 }}</ref><br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Supadio International Airport<br>''[[Melayu Pontianak]]: {{lang|ms-Arab|لاڤڠن تربڠ انتربڠسا سوڤديو}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|ms|Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Supadio}}''</small>) Cina: {{zh|t=|p=|c=|s=苏巴迪奥国际机场|labels=no}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|zh|Sūbādí'ào Guójì Jīchǎng}}''</small>) | Supadio |- valign="top" | [[Putussibau]] | [[Kalimantan Kulon]] | WIOP | PSU | [[Bandar Udara Pangsuma]] <br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Pangsuma Airport'' | |- | [[Samarinda]] || [[Kalimantan Wétan]] || WALS | SRI | '''[[Bandar Udara Internasional Aji Pangeran Tumenggung Pranoto]]''' <br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Aji Pangeran Tumenggung Pranoto International Airport'' | [[Aji Pangeran Tumenggung Pranoto]] |- valign="top" | [[Sampit]] | [[Kalimantan Tengah]] | WAGS | SMQ | [[Bandar Udara Sampit|Bandar Udara H. Asan]]<br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''H. Asan Airport'' | H. Asan |- valign="top" | [[Sintang]] | [[Kalimantan Kulon]] | WIOS | SQG | [[Bandar Udara Sintang|Bandar Udara Susilo]]<br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Susilo Airport'' | Susilo |- valign="top" | [[Tanjung Selor]] | [[Kalimantan Kalér]] | WAQD | TJS | [[Bandar Udara Tanjung Harapan]] <br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Tanjung Harapan Airport'' | |- valign="top" | [[Tarakan, Kalimantan Kalér|Tarakan]] | [[Kalimantan Kalér]] | WAQQ | TRK | '''[[Bandar Udara Juwata|Bandar Udara Internasional Juwata]] <br><br>'''[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Juwata International Airport'' | |- style="font-weight:bold; background:#ddd;" | {{sort|ZZ|[[Sulawesi]]}} | | | | | |- valign="top" | [[Bau-Bau]] | [[Sulawesi Tenggara]] | WAWB | BUW | [[Bandar Udara Bétoambari]] | |- valign="top" | [[Kota Gorontalo]] | [[Gorontalo]] | WAMG | GTO | [[Bandar Udara Jalaluddin|Bandar Udara Djalaluddin]] | [[Djalaludin Tantu]] |- valign="top" | [[Kendari]] | [[Sulawesi Tenggara]] | WAWW | KDI | [[Bandar Udara Haluoléo]] (Bandar Udara Wolter Monginsidi) | [[Lakilaponto|Halu Oléo]] (Sultan anu kagenep, saméméhna ngaranna [[Robert Wolter Mongisidi|Wolter Mongisidi]] (Pahlawan) |- valign="top" | [[Kabupatén Kolaka]] | [[Sulawesi Tenggara]] | – | PUM | [[Bandar Udara Sangia Nibandéra]] | |- valign="top" | [[Makassar]] | [[Sulawesi Kidul]] | WAAA | UPG | '''[[Bandar Udara Internasional Sultan Hasanuddin]]''' (Bandar Udara Hasanuddin) [http://www.hasanuddin-airport.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406131718/http://www.hasanuddin-airport.com/ |date=2008-04-06 }} | [[Sultan Hasanuddin]] |- valign="top" | [[Kota Mamuju|Mamuju]] | [[Sulawesi Kulon]] | WAAJ | MJU | [[Bandar Udara Tampa Padang]] | |- valign="top" | [[Manado]] | [[Sulawesi Kalér]] | WAMM | MDC | '''[[Bandar Udara Sam Ratulangi|Bandar Udara Internasional Sam Ratulangi]]'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.angkasapura1.co.id/eng/location/manado.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2006-03-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060422051018/http://www.angkasapura1.co.id/eng/location/manado.htm |archivedate=22 April 2006 |df= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060422051018/http://www.angkasapura1.co.id/eng/location/manado.htm |date=2006-04-22 }}</ref> | [[Sam Ratulangi|Dr. Gerungan Saul Samuel Jacob Ratulangi]] |- valign="top" | [[Masamba]] | [[Sulawesi Kidul]] | WAWN | MXB | [[Bandar Udara Andi Jémma]] | |- valign="top" | [[Kabupatén Pulo Talaud]] | [[Sulawesi Kalér]] | | | [[Bandar Udara Miangas]] | |- valign="top" | [[Mélonguané]] | [[Sulawesi Kalér]] | WAMN | MNA | [[Bandar Udara Mélangguané]] | |- valign="top" | [[Kabupatén Pulo Sangihé|Pulo Sangihé]] | [[Sulawesi Kalér]] | WAMH | NAH | [[Bandar Udara Naha (Indonésia)|Bandar Udara Naha]] | |- valign="top" | [[Kabupatén Morowali|Morowali]] | [[Sulawesi Tengah]] | – | MOH<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2018/07/09/new-airport-wings-air-connect-central-sulawesi-cities.html|title=New airport, Wings Air connect Central Sulawesi cities|first=The Jakarta|last=Post|publisher=}}</ref> | [[Bandar Udara Morowali]] | |- valign="top" | [[Palu]] | [[Sulawesi Tengah]] | WAFF | PLW | [[Bandar Udara Mutiara SIS Al-Jufrie]] (Bandar Udara Masovu) |[[Idrus bin Salim Al-Jufri|SIS Al-Jufrie]] |- valign="top" | [[Poso]] | [[Sulawesi Tengah]] | WAMP | PSJ | [[Bandar Udara Kasiguncu]] | |- valign="top" | [[Kabupatén Luwu]] | [[Sulawesi Kidul]] | WAFD | LLO | [[Bandar Udara Palopo Lagaligo]] | |- valign="top" | [[Kabupatén Selayar]] | [[Sulawesi Kidul]] | WAWH | KSR | [[Bandar Udara H. Aroeppala]] | |- valign="top" | [[Kabupatén Tojo Una-Una]] | [[Sulawesi Tengah]] | – | AMP | [[Bandar Udara Tanjung Api]] | |- style="font-weight:bold; background:#ddd;" | {{sort|[[Nusa Tenggara]]|[[Selat Sunda]]}} | | | | | |- valign="top" | [[Atambua]] | [[Nusa Tenggara Wétan]] | WATA | ABU | [[Bandar Udara Haliwén]] | |- valign="top" | [[Bima]] | [[Nusa Tenggara Kulon]] | WADB | BMU | [[Bandar Udara Sultan Muhammad Salahuddin]] (Bandar Udara Bima) | Sultan Muhammad Salahuddin |- valign="top" | [[Denpasar]] | [[Bali]] | WADD | DPS | '''[[Bandar Udara Internasional Ngurah Rai]]''' (Bandar Udara Tuban)[http://www.ngurahrai-airport.co.id] | [[Ngurah Rai|I Gusti Ngurah Rai]] |- valign="top" | [[Éndé, Indonésia|Éndé]] | [[Nusa Tenggara Wétan]] | WATE | ENE | [[Bandar Udara Éndé|Bandar Udara H. Hasan Aroeboesman]] (Bandar Udara Éndé) | [[Hasan Aroeboesman]] |- valign="top" | [[Kupang]] | [[Nusa Tenggara Wétan]] | WATT | KOE | [[Bandar Udara Él Tari]] (Bandar Udara Éltari) |[[Él Tari]] |- valign="top" | [[Labuan Bajo]] | [[Nusa Tenggara Wétan]] | WATO | LBJ | [[Bandar Udara Komodo]] (Bandar Udara Mutiara II) | [[Naga Komodo]], Spésiés kadal panggedéna di dunya |- valign="top" | [[Kota Mataram|Mataram]] | [[Nusa Tenggara Kulon]] | WADL | LOP | '''[[Bandar Udara Internasional Lombok|Bandar Udara Internasional Lombok Praya]]''' (menggantikan [[Bandar Udara Selaparang]] pada 1 Oktober 2011) | |- valign="top" | [[Kota Mataram|Mataram]] | [[Nusa Tenggara Kulon]] | <s>WADL</s> | <s>LOP</s> | [[Bandar Udara Selaparang]] (ditutup mimiti 30 September 2011) | |- valign="top" | [[Mauméré] | [[Nusa Tenggara Wétan]] | WATC | MOF | [[Bandar Udara Frans Séda]] (Bandar Udara Mauméré) | [[Frans Seda]] |- valign="top" | [[Pulo Savu]] | [[Nusa Tenggara Wétan]] | WATS | SAU | [[Bandar Udara Tardamu]] | |- valign="top" | [[Sumbawa Besar]] | [[Nusa Tenggara Kulon]] | WADS | SWQ | [[Bandar Udara Sultan Muhammad Kaharuddin III]] ([[Bandar Udara Brangbiji]]) | Sultan Muhammad Kaharuddin III |- valign="top" | [[Waikabubak]] | [[Nusa Tenggara Wétan]] | WATK | TMC | [[Bandar Udara Tambolaka]] (Bandar Udara Waikabubak) | |- valign="top" | [[Waingapu]] | [[Nusa Tenggara Wétan]] | WATU | WGP | [[Bandar Udara Mau Hau]] (Bandar Udara Waingapu) | |- style="font-weight:bold; background:#ddd;" | {{sort|[[Kapuloan Maluku]]|[[Pulo Maluku]]}} | | | | | |- valign="top" | [[Amahai]] | [[Maluku|Maluku]] | WAPA | AHI | [[Bandar Udara Amahai]] | |- valign="top" | [[Kota Ambon|Ambon]] | [[Maluku|Maluku]] | WAPP | AMQ | [[Bandar Udara Pattimura]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.angkasapura1.co.id/eng/location/ambon.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2006-03-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060422051005/http://www.angkasapura1.co.id/eng/location/ambon.htm |archivedate=22 April 2006 |df= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060422051005/http://www.angkasapura1.co.id/eng/location/ambon.htm |date=2006-04-22 }}</ref> | [[Pattimura]] |- valign="top" | [[Bandanaira|Banda]] | [[Maluku|Maluku]] | WAPC | NDA | [[Bandar Udara Bandanaira]] | |- valign="top" | [[Bénjina]] | [[Maluku|Maluku]] | WAPK | BJK | [[Bandar Udara Nangasuri Aru]] | |- valign="top" | [[Buli, Halmahera|Buli]] | [[Maluku Kalér]] | WAEM | WUB | [[Bandar Udara Buli]] | |- valign="top" | [[Dobo, Indonésia|Dobo]] | [[Maluku|Maluku]] | WAPD | DOB | [[Bandar Udara Dobo]] | |- valign="top" | [[Galela]] | [[Maluku Kalér]] | WAEG | GLX | [[Bandar Udara Gamar Malamo]] | |- valign="top" | [[Kao, Indonésia|Kao]] | [[Maluku|Maluku]] | WAEK<ref>{{cite web|url=https://skyvector.com/airport/WAEK/Kao-Kuabang-Airport|title=WAEK - Kao/Kuabang Airport - SkyVector|website=skyvector.com}}</ref> | KAZ<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.iata.org/publications/Pages/code-search.aspx|title=IATA - Codes - Airline and Airport Codes Search|first=|last=IATA|website=www.iata.org}}</ref> | [[Bandar Udara Kao]] | |- valign="top" | [[Labuha]] | [[Maluku Kalér]] | WAEL<ref name="skyvector.com">{{cite web|url=https://skyvector.com/airport/WAEL/Oesman-Sadik-Labuha-Airport|title=WAEL - Oesman Sadik/Labuha Airport - SkyVector|website=skyvector.com}}</ref> | LAH<ref name="auto"/> | [[Bandar Udara Oesman Sadik]]<ref name="skyvector.com"/> | |- valign="top" | [[Tual, Indonésia|Tual]] | [[Maluku|Maluku]] | WAPL | LUV | [[Bandar Udara Dumatubin|Bandar Udara Dumatubin]] | |- valign="top" | [[Moa (Indonésia)|Pulo Moa]] | [[Maluku|Maluku]] | | JIO | [[Bandar Udara Jos Orno Imsula]] | |- valign="top" | [[Pulo Morotai]] | [[Maluku Kalér]] | WAEW | OTI | [[Bandar Udara Pitu]] | |- valign="top" | [[Namlea]] | [[Maluku|Maluku]] | WAPR | NAM | [[Bandar Udara Namléa]] | |- valign="top" | [[Namrolé]] | [[Maluku|Maluku]] | WAPG | NRE | [[Bandar Udara Namrolé]] | |- valign="top" | [[Saumlaki]] | [[Maluku|Maluku]] | WAPS | SXK | [[Bandar Udara Saumlaki|Bandar Udara Mathilda Batlayeri]] | |- valign="top" | [[Ternate]] | [[Maluku Kalér]] | WAEE | TTE | [[Bandar Udara Babullah|Bandar Udara Sultan Babullah]] | |- style="font-weight:bold; background:#ddd;" | {{sort|ZZ|[[Daérah Papua Kulon|Papua]]}} | | | | | |- valign="top" | [[Anggi]] | [[Papua Kulon|Papua Kulon]] | WAUA | AGD | [[Bandar Udara Anggi]] | |- valign="top" | [[Ayawasi]] | [[Papua Kulon|Papua Kulon]] | WASA | AYX | [[Bandar Udara Ayawasi]] | |- valign="top" | [[Babo, Papua Kulon|Babo]] | [[Papua Kulon|Papua Kulon]] | WASO | BXB | [[Bandar Udara Babo]] | |- valign="top" | [[Kabupatén Biak]] | [[Papua|Papua]] | WABB | BIK | '''[[Bandar Udara Internasional Frans Kaisiépo]]'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.angkasapura1.co.id/eng/location/biak.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2006-03-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060422050839/http://www.angkasapura1.co.id/eng/location/biak.htm |archivedate=22 April 2006 |df= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060422050839/http://www.angkasapura1.co.id/eng/location/biak.htm |date=2006-04-22 }}</ref> | [[Frans Kaisiépo]] |- valign="top" | [[Bintuni]] | [[Papua Kulon|Papua Kulon]] | WASB<ref name="world-airport-codes.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.world-airport-codes.com/Indonésia/bintuni-858.html|title=Stenkol - Indonésia|publisher=}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | NTI<ref name="world-airport-codes.com"/> | [[Bandar Udara Bintuni]] | |- valign="top" | [[Fakfak]] | [[Papua Kulon|Papua Kulon]] | WASF | FKQ | [[Bandar Udara Fakfak]] | |- valign="top" | [[Jayapura]] | [[Papua|Papua]] | WAJJ | DJJ | '''[[Bandar Udara Internasional Sentani]]''' | |- valign="top" | [[Kaimana]] | [[Papua Kulon|Papua Kulon]] | WASK | KNG | [[Bandar Udara Utarom]] | |- valign="top" | [[Manokwari]] | [[Papua Kulon|Papua Kulon]] | WAUU | MKW | [[Bandar Udara Rendani]] | |- valign="top" | [[Merauké]] | [[Papua|Papua]] | WAKK | MKQ | [[Bandar Udara Internasional Mopah]] | |- valign="top" | [[Kabupatén Nabiré]] | [[Papua|Papua]] | WABI | NBX | [[Bandar Udara Nabire]] | |- valign="top" | [[Noemfoor]], [[Pulo Schouten]] | [[Papua|Papua]] | WABF | FOO | [[Bandar Udara Kornasorén]] (Bandar Udara Jenburuwo) | |- valign="top" | [[Oksibil]] | [[Papua|Papua]] | WAJO | ORG | [[Bandar Udara Oksibil|Iskak International Airport]] | |- valign="top" | [[Kota Sorong|Sorong]] | [[Papua Kulon|Papua Kulon]] | WASS | SOQ | [[Bandar Udara Dominé Édward Osok]] (ngagantikeun [[Bandar Udara Jefman]]) | |- valign="top" | [[Timika]] | [[Papua|Papua]] | WABP | TIM | [[Bandar Udara Timika|Bandar Udara Moses Kilangin]] | |- valign="top" | [[Wasior]] | [[Papua Kulon|Papua Kulon]] | WASW<ref name="world-airport-codes.com1">{{cite web|url=https://www.world-airport-codes.com/Indonésia/wasior-7544.html|title=Wasior - Indonésia|publisher=}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | WSR<ref name="world-airport-codes.com1"/> | [[Bandar Udara Wasior]] | |- valign="top" | [[Wamena]], [[Kabupatén Puncak Jaya]] | [[Papua|Papua]] | WAVV | WMX | [[Bandar Udara Wamena]] | |} == Tingali ogé == * [[Daptar bandar udara pangsibukna di Indonésia]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Tumbu kaluar == * {{id}} [http://www.angkasapura1.co.id Situs web PT Angkasa Pura I] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518023345/http://www.angkasapura1.co.id/ |date=2013-05-18 }} * {{id}} [http://www.angkasapura2.co.id Situs web PT Angkasa Pura II] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213021309/http://www.angkasapura2.co.id/ |date=2019-12-13 }} * {{id}} [http://hubud.dephub.go.id/?id/bandara/index Daptar bandara di situs Dirjen Hubud Kemenhub RI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511145435/http://hubud.dephub.go.id/?id/bandara/index |date=2019-05-11 }} * {{en}} [http://www.world-airport-codes.com/alphabetical/country-abbreviations/i.html#ID World Airport Codes: Daptar Bandar Udara Indonésia] * {{en}} [http://www.Indonésiaphotography.com/maps/aviamaps.php Peta Interaktif dan Data Bandar Udara Udara Indonésia]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{en}} [http://www.Indonésiaphotography.com/info/index.php?cat=2&catSub=11 Peta dan Data Bandar Udara Udara Indonésia]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Bandara di Indonésia}} [[Kategori:Bandar udara di Indonésia| ]] [[Kategori:Daptar bandar udara dumasar nagara|Indonésia]] 9fvgotyq155z1yt6ow6ighy3muyv7u6 0 99599 710984 704989 2026-07-10T11:26:55Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Penyangkalan-medis}} {{Infobox drug | Watchedfields = changed | verifiedrevid = 459442331 | drug_name = | INN = | type = <!-- empty --> | image = Chloroquine.svg | width = 200 | alt = | image2 = Chloroquine 3D structure.png | width2 = 180 | alt2 = | caption = <!-- Clinical data --> | pronounce = {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|l|ɔː|r|ə|k|w|iː|n}} | tradename = Aralen, other | Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|monograph|chloroquine-phosphate}} | MedlinePlus = | licence_CA = <!-- Health Canada may use generic or brand name (generic name preferred) --> | licence_EU = <!-- EMA uses INN (or special INN_EMA) --> | DailyMedID = Chloroquine | licence_US = Chloroquine | pregnancy_AU = <!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X --> | pregnancy_AU_comment = | pregnancy_US = <!-- A / B / C / D / X / N --> | pregnancy_US_comment = | pregnancy_category= | dependency_liability = | addiction_liability = | routes_of_administration = | class = | ATCvet = | ATC_prefix = P01 | ATC_suffix = BA01 | ATC_supplemental = <!-- Legal status --> | legal_AU = <!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled--> | legal_AU_comment = | legal_BR = <!-- OTC, A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, D1, D2, E, F--> | legal_BR_comment = | legal_CA = <!-- OTC, Rx-only, Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII --> | legal_CA_comment = | legal_DE = <!-- Anlage I, II, III or Unscheduled--> | legal_DE_comment = | legal_NZ = <!-- Class A, B, C --> | legal_NZ_comment = | legal_UK = P | legal_UK_comment = | legal_US = Rx-only | legal_US_comment = | legal_UN = <!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV--> | legal_UN_comment = | legal_status = <!-- For countries not listed above --> <!-- Pharmacokinetic data --> | bioavailability = | protein_bound = | metabolism = Liver | metabolites = | onset = | elimination_half-life = 1-2 bulan | duration_of_action = | excretion = <!-- Identifiers --> | CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}} | CAS_number = 54-05-7 | CAS_supplemental = | PubChem = 2719 | IUPHAR_ligand = 5535 | DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}} | DrugBank = DB00608 | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | ChemSpiderID = 2618 | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} | UNII = 886U3H6UFF | KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}} | KEGG = D02366 | ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ChEBI = 3638 | ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ChEMBL = 76 | NIAID_ChemDB = 000733 | PDB_ligand = | synonyms = Chloroquine phosphate <!-- Chemical and physical data --> | IUPAC_name = (''RS'')-''N'''-(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)-''N'',''N''-diethyl-pentane-1,4-diamine | C=18 | H=26 | Cl=1 | N=3 | molecular_weight = 319.872 | SMILES = Clc1cc2nccc(c2cc1)NC(C)CCCN(CC)CC | Jmol = | StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChI = 1S/C18H26ClN3/c1-4-22(5-2)12-6-7-14(3)21-17-10-11-20-18-13-15(19)8-9-16(17)18/h8-11,13-14H,4-7,12H2,1-3H3,(H,20,21) | StdInChI_comment = | StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChIKey = WHTVZRBIWZFKQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N | density = | density_notes = | melting_point = | melting_high = | melting_notes = | boiling_point = | boiling_notes = | solubility = | sol_units = | specific_rotation = }} '''Klorokuin''' nyaéta turunan tina ''aminoqulnoloe'' nu munggaran dimekarkeun dina taun [[1940]]-an salaku ubar nu dipaké pikeun nyingkahan sarta ngubaran panyakit [[malaria]] nu disababkeun ku ''P.vivak'', ''P.malaria'', ''P.oyale'', jeung ''P. falcifarum'' nu sénsitip (''P. falcifarum'' nu teu résisten kana klorokuin).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00608|title=Chloroquine|website=www.drugbank.ca|accessdate=2020-06-03}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526165001/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00608 |date=2020-05-26 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2719|title=Chloroquine|last=PubChem|website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/mtm/chloroquine.html|title=Chloroquine Uses, Side Effects & Warnings|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-10}}</ref> == Kagunaan == Klorokuin nu miboga ngaran [[kimia]] C18H26ClN3 dipaké pikeun ngubarann panyakit nular nu disababkeun ku [[parasit]] salian ti éta, ubar ieu ogé bisa dipaké pikeun ngungkulan [[amebiasis]], ''[[rheumatoid arthritis]]'', pangobatan jeung profilaksis [[virus Zika]]. sarta [[lupus]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/m.drugportal/rn/54-05-7|title=Drug Information Portal - Mobile - U.S. National Library of Medicine - Drug Search Results|website=druginfo.nlm.nih.gov|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref> Kiwari ogé klorokuin keur ngalumangsungkeun uju klinis pikeun ngungkulan panyakit nu kiwari jadi pandémi nyaéta panyakit [[COVID-19]].<ref name=":0" /> Klorokuin kabukti bisa ngahambat [[énzim]] parasit ''heme'' ''polimerase'' nu ngarobah ''heme'' nu ngandung racun jadi ''hemazoin'' nu teu ngandung racun, nu tuluy nyababkeun akumulasi ''heme'' ngandung racun dina jero parasit.<ref name=":1" /> == Cara gawé == Klorokuin kaasup kana kelas anggota kelas 4 amoniquinoline, gawé kucara ngahambat tumuwuhna parasit plasmodium dina [[sél getih beureum]] , sarta gancang pikeun nurunkeun panas awak jeung ngeureunkeun panas (dina 24 nepi ka 48 jam) sarta ngabersihan parasitemia (48 neppi ka 72 jam) nu disababkeun ku parasit nu sénsitip. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.farmasi-id.com/chloroquine-klorokuin/|title=Chloroquine (Klorokuin) {{!}} Kandungan, Indikasi, Efek Samping, Dosis, Obat Apa|website=Farmasi-id.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-06-03}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603170309/https://www.farmasi-id.com/chloroquine-klorokuin/ |date=2020-06-03 }}</ref> == Ngaran lian == Ieu di handap sababaraha ngaran lian tina Klorokuin:<ref name=":0" /> * Chloraquine * Chlorochin * Chloroquina * Chloroquine * Chloroquinium * Chloroquinum * Cloroquina == Hal nu kudu diperhatikeun == Klorokuin nyaéta ubar nu bisa interaksi jeung sababaraha kaayaan kaséhatan. Jéntrékeun ka dokter mun anjeun miboga masalah kaséhatan lian, utamana:<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-8633/chloroquine-oral/details|title=Drugs & Medications|website=www.webmd.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hellosehat.com/obatan-suplemen/obat/chloroquine/|title=Chloroquine : Fungsi, Dosis, Efek Samping, Cara Pakai|website=Hello Sehat|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref> * Alérgi kana senyawa 4-aminoquinoline, contona hydroxychloroquine * gangguan titinggalian atawa panyakit [[panon]] (parobahan visual dina [[rétina]]) kusabab senyawa 4-aminoquinoline * panyakit nu patali jeung [[getih]] sarta [[tulang sumsum]] * gangguan dédéngéan *[[otot]] leuleus, [[psoriasis]], [[porphyria]], gangguan sistem [[saraf]] pusat, jeung ''myasthenia gravis'' * masalah saluran pencernaan atawa masalah dina [[beuteung]] *[[épilépsi]], kejang, panyakit [[jantung]], panyakit [[ginjal]], sarta teu saimbangna éléktrolit * defisiensi ''glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase'' (G6PD) * Jéntrékeun ka dokter mun keur nyusuan budak, kakandungan atawa ngabogaan rencana hamil * jéntrékeun mun karék ngalakonan vaksinasi kayaning vaksinansi [[rabiés]], [[tifus]], [[koléra]], salian ti éta saacan ngalakukeun tindakan medis séjén kudu dijéntrékeun mun urang keur ngonsumsi klorokuin * Miboga kacanduan [[alkohol]] * Keur ngonsumsi ubar séjén kayaning ubar ''herbal'' jeung suplemén * Lakukeun pamariksan kadar gula darah sacara berkala, salila pamakéan ubar ieu kusabab klorokuin bisa nyababkeun turunna kadar gula dina getih == Interaksi Klorokuin == Mun diinum jeung sababaraha jinis ubar nu tangtu, klorokuin dapatbisa nyababkeun sababaraha interaksi, kayaning:<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alodokter.com/klorokuin|title=Klorokuin|website=Alodokter|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref> * Ningkatna résiko katarajang ku [[dermatitis]], mun dipaké jeung [[Fenilbutazone|''fenilbutazone'']] * Turunna éféktivitas klorokuin, mun dipaké jeung [[Cimetidine|''cimetidine'']] atawa [[antasida]] * Ningkatna résiko katarajang aritmia ventrikel, mun dipaké jeung ''[[amiodarone]]'' atawa ''[[halofantrine]]'' * Ningkatna résiko katarajanng sindrom Stevens-Johnson, mun dipaké jeung [[pirimetamin]] atawa ''[[sulfadoxine]]'' * Turunna éféktivitas ''neostigmine'', ''pyridostigmine'', atawa ''ampicillin'' * Ningkatna résiko katarajang kejang, mun dipaké jeung ''[[mefloquine]]'' * Ningkatna résiko éfék samping klorokuin, mun dipaké jeung ''[[quinacrine]]'' *Ningkatkeun résiko naékna ratug jantung mun nginuum klorokuin jeung ieu ubar: [[amiodaron]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/amiodarone-with-chloroquine-167-0-593-0.html|title=Amiodarone and chloroquine Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-10}}</ref> [[arsenik trioksid]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/arsenic-trioxide-with-chloroquine-236-0-593-0.html|title=Arsenic trioxide and chloroquine Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-10}}</ref> *Pamakéan ''[[aurothioglucose]]'' jeung klorokuin teu disarankeun kusabab bisa nyababkeun gangguan getih jeung éfék samping nu leuwih parna lianna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/aurothioglucose-with-chloroquine-292-0-593-0.html|title=Aurothioglucose and chloroquine Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-10}}</ref> == Éfék samping == Éfék samping mangrupa hiji éfék nu teu dipiharep tina ubar. Éfék samping ieu bisa mangrupa-rupa di sababaraha jalma gumantung kana kaayaan panyakit, umur, beurat awak, jinis kelamin, étnis, jeung sababaraha kaayaan kaséhatan lianna. Ieu di handap sababaraha éfék samping nu bisa karasa sanggeus nginum klorokuin:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> * Panon: karusakan rétina nu reversibel, titinggalian teu jelas, hésé keur mokuskeun titinggalian, sarta titinggalian berkabut. * Sistem saraf: kejang, psikosis, nyeri [[sirah]] bisa nepi ka parna * Gastrointestinal: sebel, utah, [[diaré]] jeung abdominal. * Dermatologi: parobahan pigmén [[kulit]], pruritus, rontokna buuk, erupsi kulit. == Tutumbu kaluar == * [https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/chloroquine-index.html Interaksi Klorokuin] * [https://www.drugs.com/sfx/chloroquine-side-effects.html Éfék samping Klorokuin] == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Ubar]] 90lgncunj5gbk6z4jxls1xe6h2bwhf9 0 99649 710975 626246 2026-07-10T05:25:10Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710975 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Penyangkalan-medis}} {{Drugbox | Verifiedfields = changed | Watchedfields = changed | verifiedrevid = 457457901 | IUPAC_name = 5,5-diphenylimidazolidine-2,4-dione | image = Phenytoin structure.svg | alt = Structural formula of phenytoin | width = 150 | image2 = Phenytoin 3D ball.png | alt2 = Ball-and-stick model of the phenytoin molecule | width2 = 160 <!-- Clinical data --> | pronounce = {{IPAc-en|f|ə|ˈ|n|ɪ|t|oʊ|ᵻ|n|,_|ˈ|f|ɛ|n|ᵻ|t|ɔɪ|n}} | tradename = Originally Dilantin, many names worldwide<ref name=genericnames/> | Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|monograph|phenytoin}} | MedlinePlus = a682022 | DailyMedID = Fenitoin | pregnancy_AU = D | pregnancy_US = D | legal_AU = S4 | legal_CA = Rx-only | legal_UK = POM | legal_US = Rx-only | routes_of_administration = Ngaliwatan baham, intravena <!-- Pharmacokinetic data --> | bioavailability = 70–100% oral, 24.4% for rectal administration | protein_bound = 95% | metabolism = [[liver]] | onset = 10 to 30 min (IV)<ref name=Ros2010/> | elimination_half-life = 10–22 jam | duration_of_action= 24 jam<ref name=Ros2010/> | excretion = Utamana ngaliwatan ampedu, urin <!-- Identifiers --> | IUPHAR_ligand = 2624 | CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}} | CAS_number = 57-41-0 | ATC_prefix = N03 | ATC_suffix = AB02 | ATC_supplemental = | ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}} | ChEBI = 8107 | PubChem = 1775 | DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}} | DrugBank = DB00252 | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | ChemSpiderID = 1710 | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} | UNII = 6158TKW0C5 | KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}} | KEGG = D00512 | ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}} | ChEMBL = 16 <!-- Chemical data --> | C=15 | H=12 | N=2 | O=2 | molecular_weight = 252.268 g/mol | smiles = O=C2NC(=O)NC2(c1ccccc1)c3ccccc3 | StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}} | StdInChI = 1S/C15H12N2O2/c18-13-15(17-14(19)16-13,11-7-3-1-4-8-11)12-9-5-2-6-10-12/h1-10H,(H2,16,17,18,19) | StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}} | StdInChIKey = CXOFVDLJLONNDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N }} Fenitoin atawa obat anti-[[épilépsi]] ogé disebut antikonsulvan nu miboga ngaran dagang Dilantin, nyaéta ubar nu dipaké pikeun ngendalikeun kejang. Ubar ieu teu bisa ngubaran sakabéh jenis kejang. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/phenytoin.html|title=Phenytoin (Dilantin) Uses, Dosage, Side Effects|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-05}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00252|title=Phenytoin|website=www.drugbank.ca|accessdate=2020-06-05}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806144131/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00252 |date=2020-08-06 }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682022.html|title=Phenytoin: MedlinePlus Drug Information|website=medlineplus.gov|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-05}}</ref> == Cara gawé == Fenitoin digolongkeun salaku turunan ''hydantoin'', masingkeun ngabogaan indeks terapeutik nu leutik. Ubar ieu biasana langsung diinum (oral), sanajan kitu, ubar ieu ogé aya dina bentuk suntikan nu dibérékeun ku [[dokter]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hellosehat.com/hidup-sehat/fakta-unik/efek-samping-minum-obat-fenitoin/|title=Adakah Efek Samping Fenitoin (Phenytoin) yang Mungkin Terjadi?|website=Hello Sehat|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-06-05}}</ref> Fenitoin salaku salah sahiji antikonvulsan nu cara gawé ubar fenitoin ieu kucara ngalaunkeun impuls di [[Uteuk|otak]] nu nyababkeun kejang, salian ti éta ubar ieu mantuan ngajaga gawéna [[sél saraf]] (neuron) nu aya dina uteuk nu gawé aktif salila kejang, singgetna ubar ieu mantuan ngurangan frékuénsi kejang.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alodokter.com/phenytoin|title=Phenytoin|website=Alodokter|accessdate=2020-06-05}}</ref> == Ngaran lian == Ieu di handap sababaraha ngarn lian tina Fenitoin:<ref name=":0" /> * Fenitoina * Phentytoin * Phenytoin * Phenytoine * Phenytoinum Sadengkeun ngaran dagangna nyaéta:<ref name=":1" /> * Dilantin, * Kutoin * Phenytoin Sodium, * Decatona, * Curelepz, * Phenitin, * Ikaphen, * Zentropil, *Natrium Penytoin Phapros, *Phenytoin OGB Mersi, *Phenytoin Ikapharmindo == Hal nu kudu diperhatikeun == Ieu di handap aya sababaraha hl nu kudu diperhatikeun saacan nginum ubar ieu:<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/dosage/phenytoin.html|title=Phenytoin Dosage Guide with Precautions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-05}}</ref> * Ningkatkeun résiko hipotensi jeung gangguan irama [[jantung]] dina pamakéan fenitoin nu dibérékeun ngaliwatan suntikan nu kaliwat gancang, * Pamakén fenitoin pikeun pasén épilépsi kronis bisa ngurangan kandungan mineral dina [[tulang]], * Fenitoin miboga résiko ngurangan vitamin tina jero awak, nepi ka nyababkeun leutikna kadar [[kalsium]] jeung [[fosfat]] dina [[getih]], * Ati-ati pikeun pasén nu ngarandapan panyakit [[aritmia]], albumin rendah, gangguan dina hati, hormon tiroid rendah, [[agranulositosis]], [[anémia]], [[trombositopenia]], [[pansitopenia]], [[Diabétes mélitus|diabétes]], jeung [[porfiria]]. * Fenitoin bisa ningkatkeun dorongan pikeun bunuh diri, ati-ati komo mun munggaran nginum ieu ubar, *Jéntrékeun ka dokter mun anjeun keur kakandungan, nyusuan atawa boga rencana rék hamil. Pasén teu meunang hamil salila ngonsumsi ubar ieu kusabab bisa ngabahayakeun jabang bayi . *Mun anjeun ngalakukeun oprasi kaasup oprasi keur [[huntu]], jéntrékeun ka dokter yén anjeun keur ngonsumsi fenitoin. *Anjeun kudu apal mun ubar ieu nyababkeun tunduh, lieur, jeung masalah kordinasi lianna, ulah mawa kendaraanatawa ngajalankeun mesin sangeus ngonsumsi ubar ieu.. * Ulah ngeureunkeu ubar atawa overdosis sanggeus maké fenitoin. == Interaksi == === Interaksi ubar === *[[Aspirin]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/aspirin-low-strength-with-phenytoin-243-3197-1863-0.html|title=Aspirin Low Strength and phenytoin Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref> *''[[Carbamazepine]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/carbamazepine-with-phenytoin-497-0-1863-0.html|title=Carbamazepine and phenytoin Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref> *''[[Coumadin]]'' (warfarin),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/coumadin-with-phenytoin-2311-1529-1863-0.html|title=Coumadin and phenytoin Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref> *''[[Fluoxetine]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/fluoxetine-with-phenytoin-1115-0-1863-0.html|title=Fluoxetine and phenytoin Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref> *[[Ibuprofen]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/ibuprofen-with-phenytoin-1310-0-1863-0.html|title=Ibuprofen and phenytoin Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref> *''[[Lipitor]] (atorvastatin''),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/lipitor-with-phenytoin-276-128-1863-0.html|title=Lipitor and phenytoin Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref> *''[[Lyrica]]'' (pregabalin),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/lyrica-with-phenytoin-1937-2171-1863-0.html|title=Lyrica and phenytoin Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref> *''[[Seroquel]] (quetiapine''),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/phenytoin-with-seroquel-1863-0-1979-1274.html|title=Phenytoin and Seroquel Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref> *''[[Slidenafil]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/phenytoin-with-sildenafil-1863-0-2061-0.html|title=Phenytoin and sildenafil Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref> *''[[Tylenol]]'' (acetaminophel),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/phenytoin-with-tylenol-1863-0-11-12.html|title=Phenytoin and Tylenol Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref> *''[[Zonisamide]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/phenytoin-with-zonisamide-1863-0-2334-0.html|title=Phenytoin and zonisamide Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref> === Interaksi panyakit === *[[Disraksia getih]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/disease-interactions/phenytoin.html|title=Phenytoin Disease Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref> *[[Panyakit kawaya]]/hati,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/disease-interactions/phenytoin.html|title=Phenytoin Disease Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref> *[[Porfiria]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/disease-interactions/phenytoin.html|title=Phenytoin Disease Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref> *[[Panyakit ginjal|Disfungsi ginjal]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/disease-interactions/phenytoin.html|title=Phenytoin Disease Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref> *[[Kardiotoksisitas]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/disease-interactions/phenytoin.html|title=Phenytoin Disease Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref> *[[Aritmia]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/disease-interactions/phenytoin.html|title=Phenytoin Disease Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref> *[[Hiperglikémia]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/disease-interactions/phenytoin.html|title=Phenytoin Disease Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref> *[[Anémia megaloblastik]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/disease-interactions/phenytoin.html|title=Phenytoin Disease Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref> *[[Ostéomalacia]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/disease-interactions/phenytoin.html|title=Phenytoin Disease Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref> * Kacanduan [[alkohol]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/disease-interactions/phenytoin.html|title=Phenytoin Disease Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref> * Tés fungsi [[tiroid]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/disease-interactions/phenytoin.html|title=Phenytoin Disease Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref> == Éfék samping == Éfék samping mangrupa hiji éfék nu teu dipiharep tina ubar. Éfék samping ieu bisa mangrupa-rupa di sababaraha jalma gumantung kana kaayaan panyakit, umur, beurat awak, jinis kelamin, étnis, jeung sababaraha kaayaan kaséhatan lianna. Ieu di handap sababaraha éfék samping nu bisa karasa sanggeus nginum fenitoin<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/sfx/phenytoin-side-effects.html|title=Phenytoin Side Effects: Common, Severe, Long Term|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref> === Éfék samping fenitoin nu ilahar karasa === * Hésé leumpang * Kaayaan méntal nu turun * Ngomong kurang jelas * Kabingungan * Hésé [[saré]] * Nyeri [[sirah]] * Ngarasa geumpeur *[[Trémor]], ngadarégdég atawa masalah iana ngeunaan kontrol jeung kordinasi [[otot]] dina [[leungeun]] atawa [[suku]], * Hésé rénghap hésé ngomong, hésé nelen * Sebel jeung utah * Nyeri [[beuteung]] * Ruam dina [[kulit]] === Éfék samping fenitoin nu langka === * Hésé ngagerakeun [[panon]] * Ningkatna gerakan dina kongkolak panon * Leumpang gagaléongan * Éksprési beungeut teu biasa * Gerakan nu ngulang dina [[biwir]], [[létah]], beungeut, leungeun, sarta suku === Éfék samping fenitoin nu parna === * Ruam nu parna dina kulit nu nyababkeun karasa ateul, kabeureuman, molotok, nepi ka raraheut. * Déprési jeung rasa kahariwang nu kaleuleuwihi * Aya kahayang pikeun nyilakakeun awak sorangan * Parobahan kaayan haté atawa paripolah nu teu ciga biasana * Hipersensitivitas multiorgan nu nyababkeun panas awak, pembengkakan [[kelenjar getah bening]], perdarahan, kacapéan nu parah, inféksi, kulit atawa bagéan bobodas panon jadi konéng * Aya réaksi alérgi kayaning ruam, ateul sarta barareuhdina sababaraha bagéan awak * Linglung nu parna. == Tutumbu kaluar == * [https://www.drugs.com/sfx/phenytoin-side-effects.html Éfék samping fenitoin] * [https://www.drugs.com/dosage/phenytoin.html Dosis fenitoin] * [https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/phenytoin.html Interaksi ubar fenitoin] == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Ubar]] l9vejvknmav0tjbmv8yvmd34plf0p7f 0 99660 710978 626282 2026-07-10T06:47:36Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710978 wikitext text/x-wiki {{keur dikeureuyeuh}} {{Penyangkalan-medis}} {{Infobox drug|Verifiedfields=changed|ChemSpiderID=3526|ChEMBL=1535|ChEMBL_Ref={{ebicite|correct|EBI}}|ChEBI=5801|ChEBI_Ref={{ebicite|changed|EBI}}|KEGG2=C07043|KEGG2_Ref={{keggcite|correct|kegg}}|KEGG=D08050|KEGG_Ref={{keggcite|correct|kegg}}|UNII=4QWG6N8QKH|UNII_Ref={{fdacite|correct|FDA}}|ChemSpiderID_Ref={{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}|PDB_ligand=|DrugBank=DB01611|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|IUPHAR_ligand=7198|PubChem=3652|CAS_supplemental=|CAS_number=118-42-3|CAS_number_Ref={{cascite|correct|??}}|excretion=Mostly [[kidney]] (23–25% as unchanged drug), also [[Bile|biliary]] (<10%) <!-- Identifiers -->|duration_of_action=|elimination_half-life=32–50 days|onset=|NIAID_ChemDB=|synonyms=Hydroxychloroquine sulfate <!-- Chemical and physical data -->|metabolism=[[Liver]]|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|sol_units=|solubility=|boiling_notes=|boiling_point=|melting_notes=|melting_high=|melting_point=|density_notes=|density=|StdInChIKey=XXSMGPRMXLTPCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N|StdInChI_comment=|IUPAC_name=(''RS'')-2-[{4-[(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)amino]pentyl}(ethyl)amino]ethanol|StdInChI=1S/C18H26ClN3O/c1-3-22(11-12-23)10-4-5-14(2)21-17-8-9-20-18-13-15(19)6-7-16(17)18/h6-9,13-14,23H,3-5,10-12H2,1-2H3,(H,20,21)|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|Jmol=|SMILES=Clc1cc2nccc(c2cc1)NC(C)CCCN(CC)CCO|molecular_weight=335.872|O=1|N=3|Cl=1|H=26|C=18|chemical_formula=|metabolites=|protein_bound=45%|Watchedfields=changed|pronounce=|pregnancy_US=N|pregnancy_AU_comment=<ref name="Drugs.com pregnancy">{{cite web | title=Hydroxychloroquine Use During Pregnancy | website=Drugs.com | date=28 February 2020 | url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/hydroxychloroquine.html | access-date=21 March 2020}}</ref>|pregnancy_AU=D|licence_US=|DailyMedID=Hydroxychloroquine|licence_EU=|licence_CA=<!-- Health Canada may use generic or brand name (generic name preferred) -->|MedlinePlus=a601240|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|monograph|hydroxychloroquine-sulfate}}|tradename=Plaquenil, others|caption2=Hydroxychloroquine freebase molecule <!-- Clinical data -->|pregnancy_category=|caption=|alt2=|width2=200|image2=Hydroxychloroquine-based-on-xtal-Mercury-3D-balls.png|alt=|width=250|image=Hydroxychloroquine.svg|type=<!-- empty -->|INN=|drug_name=|verifiedrevid=443862546|pregnancy_US_comment=<ref name="Drugs.com pregnancy" />|dependency_liability=|bioavailability=Variable (74% on average); [[Cmax (pharmacology)|T_max]] = 2–4.5 hours|legal_DE=<!-- Anlage I, II, III or Unscheduled-->|legal_status=Rx-only <!-- Pharmacokinetic data -->|legal_UN_comment=|legal_UN=<!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV-->|legal_US_comment=|legal_US=Rx-only|legal_UK_comment=|legal_UK=POM|legal_NZ_comment=|legal_NZ=<!-- Class A, B, C -->|legal_DE_comment=|legal_CA_comment=|addiction_liability=|legal_CA=<!-- OTC, Rx-only, Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->|legal_BR_comment=|legal_BR=<!-- OTC, A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, D1, D2, E, F-->|legal_AU_comment=|legal_AU=S4|ATC_supplemental=<!-- Legal status -->|ATC_suffix=BA02|ATC_prefix=P01|ATCvet=|class=|routes_of_administration=[[Oral administration|By mouth]] ([[Tablet (pharmacy)|tablets]])|specific_rotation=}} '''Hidroksiklorokuin''' mangrupa ubar turunan [[klorokuin]] nyaéta ubar nu dipaké pikeun nyingkahan jeung ngungkulan panyakit [[malaria]]. Salian ti éta ubar ieu ogé dipaké ngungkulan panyakit sistem kekebalan awak atawa [[autoimun]], kayaning [[lupus]], atawa peradangan [[sendi]] (''rheumatoid arthritis''). Pamakéan hidroksiklorokuin pikeun ngungkulan kadua kaayaan ieu mangrupa léngkah alternatif,upamana pangobatan utama nu geus dilakukeun saacanna euweuh hasil.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/hydroxychloroquine.html|title=Hydroxychloroquine Uses, Dosage & Side Effects|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/3652|title=Hydroxychloroquine|last=PubChem|website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribunnewswiki.com/2020/03/23/hydroxychloroquine-hidroksiklorokuin|title=Hydroxychloroquine (Hidroksiklorokuin)|website=Tribunnewswiki.com|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/3652|title=Hydroxychloroquine|last=PubChem|website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref> == Kagunaan == Hidroksiklorokuin nyaéta ubar guinoline nu dipaké pikeun ngubaran atawa nyingkahan panyakit nu disababkeun ku [[parasit]] ti ''[[Plasmodium malariae]]'', ''[[Plasmodium ovale]]'', ''[[Plasmodium vivax]]'', atau ''[[Plasmodium falciparum]]'' nu asup kana jero awak ngaliwatan [[reungit]] Malaria nu nyoco, sanajan kitu ubar ieu éféktif ngalawan sakabéh jenis malaria, biasana di wewengkon di mana inféksi ieu geus résistén kana ubar nu sarupa nu disebut klorokuin. Salian ti éta hidroksiklorokuin bisa dipaké pikeun ngubaran gejala ''[[rheumatoid arthritis]]'' jeung panyakit lupus, Hidrosiklorokuin kiwari dipaké pikeung nyobaan ngubaran jeung ngeureunkeun [[Koronavirus]], sanajan kitu ubar ieu can dipikanyoho tingkat kaamanan jeung kaéféktifanna pikeu ieu panyakit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01611|title=Hydroxychloroquine|website=www.drugbank.ca|accessdate=2020-06-06}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604022240/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01611 |date=2020-06-04 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.suara.com/health/2020/06/04/110814/peneliti-hidroksiklorokuin-tidak-mencegah-gejala-akibat-virus-corona|title=Peneliti: Hidroksiklorokuin Tidak Mencegah Gejala Akibat Virus Corona|website=suara.com|language=id|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a601240.html|title=Hydroxychloroquine: MedlinePlus Drug Information|website=medlineplus.gov|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref> == Cara maké == Pikeun maké ubar ieu kudu saluyu jeung anjuran [[dokter]]. Hadéna mah ubar ieu téh diinum sanggeus dahar pikeun nyingkahan kasakit [[maag]]. Usahakeun pikeun nginum hidrosiklorokuin dina waktu nu sarua unggal poéna.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alodokter.com/hydroxychlroquine|title=Hydroxychloroquine|website=Alodokter|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref> == Ngaran lian == Ieu di handap sababaraha ngarn lian tina hidrosiklorokuin: * Hidroxicloroquina * Hydroxychloroquine * Hydroxychloroquinum * Oxichlorochine * Oxichloroquine Sadengkeun ngaran dagangna nyaéta:<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://drugs-about.com/ing/hydroxychloroquine.html|title=Hydroxychloroquine pharmaceutical drugs and health products|website=drugs-about.com|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref> * Plaquenil, * Quinoric, * Hydroquin, * Axemal (di India), * Dolquine, * Quensyl == Interaksi Hidrosiklorokuin == === Interaksi ubar === Ieu di handap interaksi hidroksiklorokuin jeung sababraha jenis ubar lianna: *''[[Amitriptyline]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/amitriptyline-with-hydroxychloroquine-168-0-1298-0.html|title=Amitriptyline and hydroxychloroquine Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref> *''[[Tramadol]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/hydroxychloroquine-with-tramadol-1298-0-2221-0.html|title=Hydroxychloroquine and tramadol Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref> *''[[Cymbalta]]'' (''[[duloxetine]]''),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/cymbalta-with-hydroxychloroquine-949-2273-1298-0.html|title=Cymbalta and hydroxychloroquine Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref> *''[[Leflunomide]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/hydroxychloroquine-with-leflunomide-1298-0-1440-0.html|title=Hydroxychloroquine and leflunomide Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref> *''[[Methotrexate]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/hydroxychloroquine-with-methotrexate-1298-0-1590-0.html|title=Hydroxychloroquine and methotrexate Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref> *''[[Metoprolol Succinate ER]]'' (metoprolol),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/hydroxychloroquine-with-metoprolol-succinate-er-1298-0-1615-14142.html|title=Hydroxychloroquine and Metoprolol Succinate ER Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref> *''[[Metoprolol Tartrate]]'' (metoprolol),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/hydroxychloroquine-with-metoprolol-tartrate-1298-0-1615-16311.html|title=Hydroxychloroquine and Metoprolol Tartrate Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref> *''ProAir HFA'' ([[albuterol]]),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/hydroxychloroquine-with-proair-hfa-1298-0-109-2464.html|title=Hydroxychloroquine and ProAir HFA Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref> === Interaksi jeung panyakit === Ieu di handap sababrah panyakit nu interaksi jeung ubah hidroksiklorokuin:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/disease-interactions/hydroxychloroquine.html|title=Hydroxychloroquine Disease Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-07}}</ref> *[[Okuloksisitas]], *[[Porfiria]], *[[Aritmia]], * Penekanan [[sumsum tulang]], *[[Ototoxicity]], *[[Kejang]], *[[Defisiensi glukosa-6-PD]], *[[Hepatotoksisitas]], *[[Myasthenia gravis]], *[[Psoriasis]], *[[Diabétes]], * Panyakit [[jantung]], * Gangguan [[ginjal]], == Éfék samping == Éfék samping mangrupa hiji éfék nu teu dipiharep tina ubar. Éfék samping ieu bisa mangrupa-rupa di sababaraha jalma gumantung kana kaayaan panyakit, umur, beurat awak, jinis kelamin, étnis, jeung sababaraha kaayaan kaséhatan lianna. Ieu di handap sababaraha éfék samping nu bisa karasa sanggeus nginum hidrosiklorokuin:<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/sfx/hydroxychloroquine-side-effects.html|title=Hydroxychloroquine Side Effects: Common, Severe, Long Term|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hellosehat.com/obatan-suplemen/obat/hydroxychloroquine/|title=Hydroxychloroquine : Fungsi, Dosis, Efek Samping, Cara Pakai|website=Hello Sehat|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref> * Nyeri [[sirah]] atawa lieur * Linglung * Sebel, Utah * Nyeri [[Burih|padaharan]] * Diaré * Ruam [[kulit]] * Ngurangan kahayang dahar * Tunduh * Titinggalian nu teu jelas *[[Ceuli]] nngahiung * Leuleus * Gangguan irama jantung * Geuneuk atawa ayana perdarahan dina jero kulit * Parobahan suasana haté *[[Buuk]] rontok * Kejang == Tutumbu kaluar == * [https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/hydroxychloroquine.html Interaksi ubar] * [https://www.drugs.com/sfx/hydroxychloroquine-side-effects.html Éfék ubar] == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Ubar]] 1pqnn9b8c8dzelq1af9jk2qno1rscqu 0 99676 710982 690078 2026-07-10T09:47:36Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710982 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Penyangkalan-medis}} {{Infobox drug | verifiedrevid=451682337 | IUPAC_name=5''H''-dibenzo[''b'',''f'']azepine-5-carboxamide | image=Carbamazepine.svg | width = 175 | image2=Carbamazepine 3D.png | width2 = 175 <!--Clinical data--> | class = [[Anticonvulsant]] | tradename = Tegretol, Temporol, Neurotol, others | Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|monograph|carbamazepine}} | MedlinePlus = a682237 | DailyMedID = Carbamazepine | pregnancy_AU = D | pregnancy_US = D | legal_AU = S4 | legal_CA = Rx | legal_UK = POM | legal_US = Rx | legal_status = | routes_of_administration = Ngaliwatan baham <!--Pharmacokinetic data--> |bioavailability=~100% |protein_bound=70-80% |metabolism=[[Liver|Hepatic]]—by [[CYP3A4]], pikeun ngaktifkeun [[epoxide]] bentuk (carbamazepine-10,11 epoxide) |elimination_half-life=36 jam (dosis tunggal), 16-24 jam (dosis nu diulang) |excretion=Urin (72%), fésés (28%) <!--Identifiers--> | IUPHAR_ligand = 5339 |CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}} |CAS_number=298-46-4 |CAS_supplemental={{CAS|85756-57-6}} |ATC_prefix=N03 |ATC_suffix=AF01 |ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} |ChEBI=3387 |PubChem=2554 | DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}} |DrugBank=DB00564 | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} |ChemSpiderID=2457 | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} |UNII=33CM23913M | KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}} |KEGG=D00252 | ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} |ChEMBL=108 <!--Chemical data--> |C=15 |H=12 |N=2 |O=1 |molecular_weight=236.269&nbsp;g/mol |smiles=c1ccc2c(c1)C=Cc3ccccc3N2C(=O)N | StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} |StdInChI=1S/C15H12N2O/c16-15(18)17-13-7-3-1-5-11(13)9-10-12-6-2-4-8-14(12)17/h1-10H,(H2,16,18) | StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} |StdInChIKey=FFGPTBGBLSHEPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N }} '''Karbamazepin''' atawa nu dipiwanoh salaku Tegretol nyaéta ubar antikolvusan jeung [[ubar analgesik]] nu dipaké pikeun ngungkulan kejang<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00564|title=Carbamazepine|website=www.drugbank.ca|accessdate=2020-06-12}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713143704/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00564 |date=2020-07-13 }}</ref> jeung ngubaran nyeri nu diakibatkeun ku gangguan [[saraf neuralgia trigeminal]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/carbamazepine.html|title=Carbamazepine Uses, Dosage & Side Effects|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-12}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alodokter.com/carbamazepine|title=Carbamazepine|website=Alodokter|accessdate=2020-06-12}}</ref> Munggaran disatujuan ku FDA dina taun [[1955]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682237.html|title=Carbamazepine: MedlinePlus Drug Information|website=medlineplus.gov|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-13}}</ref> == Kagunaan == Karbamazepin nyaéta ubar antikonvulsan nu miboga kagunaan pikeun ngungkulan sababaraha jinis panyakit kayaning kejang atawa [[épilépsi]], nyeri kusabab neuralgia trigeminal, sarta biasa dipake pikeun ngendalikeun gejala [[Gangguan bipolar|bipolar]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://farmasetika.com/2019/12/05/inovasi-rute-pemberian-karbamazepin-untuk-kejang-epilepsi/|title=Inovasi Rute Pemberian Karbamazepin untuk Kejang Epilepsi|website=Info Farmasi Terkini Berbasis Ilmiah dan Praktis|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-06-13}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607044656/https://farmasetika.com/2019/12/05/inovasi-rute-pemberian-karbamazepin-untuk-kejang-epilepsi/ |date=2020-06-07 }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://reference.medscape.com/drug/tegretol-xr-equetro-carbamazepine-343005#3|title=Tegretol, Equetro (carbamazepine) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more|website=reference.medscape.com|accessdate=2020-06-13}}</ref> Karbamazepin téh antikolvusan munggaran nu dipaké pikeun ngungkulan jalma nu miboga gejala bipolar.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> == Cara gawé == Karbamazepin gawé kucara ngastabilkeun aliran impuls [[saraf]],<ref name=":1" />ngurangan panyebaran aktivitas kejang di [[Uteuk|otak]] sarta mulihkeun sacara normal aktivitas saraf.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sehatq.com/obat/carbamazepine|title=Carbamazepine {{!}} Fungsi, Cara Pemakaian, Dosis, Efek Samping|website=SehatQ|language=id|accessdate=2020-06-13}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613181049/https://www.sehatq.com/obat/carbamazepine |date=2020-06-13 }}</ref> Karbamazepin jadi ubar lini kahiji pikeun ngubaran épilépsi. Karbamazepin gawé kucara ngablokir asupna ion [[Natrium]] (Na+) kana ''voltage-gated sodium channel'' atawa biasa disebut ''sodium channel blockers''. Ilaharna, kaayaan intrasél téh sifatna negatif (-) sedengkan kaayaan extrasel sifatna positif (+), asupna ion Na+ nyababkeun intrasel jadi sifat positif (+) jeung nyababkeun sél aktif, kajadian ieu biasa disebut ku depolarisasi. Nu tuluy sél bakal istirahat kucara aksi repolarisasi. Panghambatan dicokotna Na+ ku karbamazepin nyegah lumangsungna depolarisasinu tuluy aktivitas listrik dina saraf otak bisa kakontrol.<ref name=":3" /> == Cara maké == Cara maké karbamazepin ieu kudu saluyu jeung anjuran [[dokter]] atawa [[apotéker]]. Konsumsi karbamazepin ieu sacara taratur, diwanci nu saru unggal poéna.<ref name=":4" /> Pikeun nginum ubar ieu alusna mah diinum babarengan jeung kadaharan séjénna pikeun ngurangan résiko sebel jeung utah, teureuy tablét atawa kapsul, ulah dibubukkeun, atawa digayem.<ref name=":1" /> Sadengkeun tablét nu digayem, kudu digayem heula saméméh diteureuy. Kocok suspensi ''oral'' (cairan) saacan anjeun ngukur dosis, paké takeran nu geus disadiakeun, boh séndok ukur atawa pipét. isa jadi ubar ieu bakal karasa éfékna dina opat minggu saacan gejala ngurangan. Tuluykeun nginum ubar ieu saluyu jeung patunjuk dokter, ulah ngaeureunkeun nginum ubar ieu mun lain paréntah dokter, dieureunkeunna ngonsumsi ubar ieu bisa nyababkeun ningkatna kejang. <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /> == Métabolisme == Karbamazepin sabagéan gedé dmétabolisme dihati besar dimetabolisme dihaté. Énzim haté CYP3A4 nyaéta énzim utama nu ngamétabolisme karbamazepin jadi metabolit aktifna, karbamazepin-10,11-epoksida, nu tuluy dimétabolisme jadi bentuk trans-diol ku énzim epoksida hidrolase. [[Énzim sitokrom]] haté lianna nu miboga kontribusi dina métabolisme karbamazepin nyaéta CYP2C8, CYP3A5, jeung CYP2B6. Karbamazepin ogé ngalaman glukuronidasi hepatik ku énzim UGT2B7 jeung sababaraha réaksi métabolik lianna nu lumangsung, ngahasilkeun pambentukan métabolit hidroksi minor jeung metabolit kuinon. Alusna, karbamazepin ngainduksi métabolismena sorangan. paningkatan pambersihan, pangurangan waktu paruh, jeung pangurangan kadar serum karbamazepin.<ref name=":0" /> == Ngaran lian == === Ngaran lian karbamazepin === Ieu di handap ngaran lian tina karbamazepin nyaéta:<ref name=":0" /> * Carbamazepen * Carbamazepin * Carbamazepina * Carbamazépine * Carbamazepine * Carbamazepinum * CBZ === Ngaran dagang === Ieu di handap sababaraha ngaran dagang karbamazepin:<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1" /> * Tegretol, * Carbamazepine, * Bamgetol 200 * Carbatrol, * Epitol, * Equetro, * Tegretol XR == Hal nu kudu diperhatikeun == * Anjeun teu meunang ngonsumsi karbamazepin mun miboga riwayat penekanan [[sumsum tulang]], sarta miboga alérgi, atawa nginum antidéprésan kayaning [[amitriptilin]], [[desipramine]], [[doxepin]], [[imipramine]], atawa [[nortriptyline]].<ref name=":4" /> * Karbamazepin bisa nyababkeun réaksi fatal dina [[kulit]], kayaning sindrom ''Stevens-Johnson'' jeung ''toxic epidermal necrolysis'' (TEN).<ref name=":1" /> * Karbamazepin bisa nyababkeun [[anémia aplastik]] jeung [[agranulositosis]]. Résiko ieu ningkat ka pasén nu pernah nginum karbamazepin sarta ngalaman éfék samping mangrupa gangguan dina [[getih]].<ref name=":1" /> * Ngonsumsi karbamezapin bisa nyieun kulit pasén leuwih sénsitif kana cahaya [[panonpoé]], ku kituna ulah poho maké krim anti panon paoé sarta pakéan nu nutupan awak mun iinditan. <ref name=":4" /> * Jéntrékeun ka dokter mun anjeun miboga panyakit konéng atawa [[hépatitis]], [[panyakit jantung]], [[panyakit ginjal]], [[glaukoma]], [[porfiria]], sarta kadar natrium leutik.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /> * Jéntrékeun ka dokter mun anjeun keur ngajalanan pangobatan ku ubar antivirus.<ref name=":4" /> * Ulah nyupiran atawa ngoprasikeun alat beurat mun keur nginum karbamazepin, kusabab ubar ieu nyababkeun tunduh.<ref name=":4" /> * Ingkahan [[alkohol]] mun anjeun keur ngonsumsi ubar ieu.<ref name=":4" /> * Lamun anjeun keur hamil, béré nyaho dokter, kusabab ubar ieu kaasup kana résiko kahamilan katégori D numutkeun U''S Food and Drugs Administration'' (FDA)<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> * Ulah maké karbamazepin mun anjeun geus maké inhibitor MAO dina waktu 14 poé terakhir. Interaksi ubar nu bahaya bisa lumangsung. Inhibitor MAO kaasup ''[[furazolidone]], [[isocarboxazid]], [[linezolid]], [[phenelzine]], [[rasagiline]], [[selegiline]],'' jeung ''[[tranylcypromine]]''.<ref name=":4" /> == Interaksi Karbamazepin == Ieu di handap sababraha interaksi karbamazepin jeung ubar séjén: * Ningkatna kadar karbamazepin dina getih mun dipaké babarengan jeung [[cimetidine]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/carbamazepine-with-cimetidine-497-0-669-0.html|title=Carbamazepine and cimetidine Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-13}}</ref> * Nurunna kadar karbamazepin dina getih mun diinum babarengna jeung [[cisplatin]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/carbamazepine-with-cisplatin-497-0-678-0.html|title=Carbamazepine and cisplatin Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-13}}</ref> * Ngurangan éféktivitas aripiprazole jeung pél KB.<ref name=":1" /> * Ningkatna résiko inféksi nu bahaya mun diinum jeung [[cladribine]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/carbamazepine-with-cladribine-497-0-684-0.html|title=Carbamazepine and cladribine Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-13}}</ref> * Éfék racun tina karbamazepin bisa ningkat mun dipaké babarengan jeung [[lithium]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/carbamazepine-with-lithium-497-0-1477-0.html|title=Carbamazepine and lithium Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-13}}</ref> * Kusabab éfékna kana sistem saraf pusat, pamakéan [[buprenorfin]] babarengan jeung karbamazepin bisa nyababkeun éfék samping nu leuwih serius, kayaning gangguan rénghap, koma, atawa bisa jadi leungitna pati. Salian ti éta pamakéa karbamazepin ogé ngurangan kadar buprenorfin dina getih.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/buprenorphine-with-carbamazepine-438-0-497-0.html|title=Buprenorphine and carbamazepine Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-13}}</ref> * Ningkatna résiko hiponatremia, mun dipake babarengan jeung diuretik.<ref name=":1" /> == Éfék samping == Éfék samping mangrupa hiji éfék nu teu dipiharep tina ubar. Éfék samping ieu bisa mangrupa-rupa di sababaraha jalma gumantung kana kaayaan panyakit, umur, beurat awak, jinis kelamin, étnis, jeung sababaraha kaayaan kaséhatan lianna. Ieu di handap sababaraha éfék samping nu bisa karasa sanggeus nginum karbamazepin:<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/sfx/carbamazepine-side-effects.html|title=Carbamazepine Side Effects: Common, Severe, Long Term|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-13}}</ref> * Tunduh *[[Ataksia]] * Lieur * Sebel, utah *[[Biwir]] garing * Gagal haté *[[Sindrom Stevens-Johnson]] *[[Serangan jantung]] *[[Diaré]] * Gangguan saré atawa [[insomnia]] * Awak lalungsé * Ruam sarta arateul dina [[kulit]] == Tutumbu kaluar == * [https://www.drugs.com/sfx/carbamazepine-side-effects.html Éfék samping Karbamazepin] * [https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/carbamazepine.html Interaksi Karbamazepin] == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Ubar]] nidnaxsy2kwc7it3gixprq5eiyn8z6h 0 100778 710980 665350 2026-07-10T07:05:33Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710980 wikitext text/x-wiki {{taxobox |name = Hoé Badak |image = Plectoc elon 071211-2485 kbdg.JPG |image_width = 220px |image_caption = Hoé badak, ''Plectocomia elongata''<br>Ti [[Kabandungan, Sukabumi|Kabandungan]], [[Sukabumi]] |status = |status_system = IUCN3.1 |regnum = [[Plantae]] |unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]] |unranked_classis = [[Monokotil]] |unranked_ordo = [[Commelinids]] |ordo = [[Arecales]] |familia = [[Arecaceae]] |genus = ''[[Plectocomia]]'' |species = '''''P. elongata''''' |binomial = ''Plectocomia elongata'' |binomial_authority = [[Carl (Karl) Friedrich Philipp von Martius|Mart.]] ex [[Carl (Karl) Ludwig von Blume|Blume]]<ref>{{aut|Schultes, J.A. & J.H. Schultes}}. 1830. ''Caroli a Linné ... Systema vegetabilium: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species ... '' [http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/Imagenes/O_ROE_Syst_Veg_8/ROE_Syst_Veg_8_0648.pdf ''Editio nova, speciebus inde ab editione XV ...'' '''7'''(2): 1333] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195532/http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/Imagenes/O_ROE_Syst_Veg_8/ROE_Syst_Veg_8_0648.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}. Stuttgardtiae :Sumtibus J. G. Cottae. (Oct.-Dec. 1830)</ref> |synonyms = *''Rotang maximus'' {{small|Baill.}} |}} '''Hoé badak'''; ('''''Plectocomia elongata''''') nyaéta hiji tutuwuhan anu asalna tina kulawargga ''Arecaceae''.<ref name=hoé>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=125865 Flora of China, Vol. 23 Page 134, <big>钩叶藤属</big> gou ye teng shu, ''Plectocomia'' Martius ex Schultes & J. H. Schultes, Syst. Veg. 7: 1333. 1830.]</ref> Kagolongkeun tutuwuhan palem-paleman ([[Palmae]]) loba kapanggih hirup menyebar di [[Asia Tenggara]] utamana di [[Indonésia]] beulah kulon.<ref name =hoé2>{{Cite book |author=Andrew Henderson |year=2009 |title=Palms of Southern Asia |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-0-691-13449-9 |page=156 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O8_HfArx3PEC&pg=PA156}}</ref> Palma ieu ngahasilkeun [[hoé]] anu ukuranna gedé, tapi nepi ka kiwari tacan pati dimangpaatkeun utamana dina widang industri.<ref name=hoé/> ==Ngaran séjén== Hoé Badak mibanda ngaran daérah kayaning: ''bubuay, bubuway'', ''hoé badak'' ([[basa Sunda|Sd.]]); jeung ''pĕnjalin warak'' ([[bahasa Jawa|Jw.]])<ref name=heyne404>{{aut|[[Karel Heyne|Heyne, K.]]}} 1987. ''Tumbuhan Berguna Indonesia'' '''I''': 404. Badan Litbang Kehutanan, Departemen Kehutanan. Jakarta. (versi berbahasa [[Belanda]] [http://archive.org/stream/denuttigeplanten1922heyn#page/350/mode/2up -1922- '''I''': 351]</ref><ref name=100tumbuhan>{{aut|Sabara, Edith; Sopian}} (Februari 2011). ''100 Tumbuhan Dilindungi di Gede Pangrango''. (Tanpa kota): [[Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango|TNGGP]] bekerjasama dengan [[Green Radio]]. hal.35. ISBN 978-602-98815-0-9.</ref> == Ciri mandiri == [[File :Plectoc elon 071211-2481 kbdg.JPG|jmpl|kiri|180px|Hoé badak tangkal ngora]] Hoé anu ukuranana gedé, tunggal aya ogé anu ngadapur, ngarambat panjang bisa nepi ka 30-50 [[méter|m]]. [[Tangkal]] ukuran gedé, diaméter palapah [[daun]] nepika 25-100 [[milimeter|mm]]. [[Daun]] ukuran gedé, panjang nepika 6–7 m, termasuk sirus 3 m sarta palapah daun 20-30 [[sentimeter|cm]]. Palspah daun kelirna héjo, carucukan ''horizontal'' atawa ngéntép kawas sisir miring (''roset''). Anak daun aya 50-60 di katuhu ''rakis'', wujudna pita lonyod, ngéntép teu sajajar atawa ngumpul 2-3. Palebah luhur anak daun héjo ari palebah handapna semu bodas.<ref name=atlas>{{aut|Jasni, R. Damayanti & T. Kalima}}. 2012. ''Atlas Rotan Indonesia.'' [http://www.forda-mof.org//files/Atlas_Rotan_JIlid_1_Cetakan_ke-21.pdf Jil. '''1''': 22-5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201190845/https://www.forda-mof.org/files/Atlas_Rotan_JIlid_1_Cetakan_ke-21.pdf |date=2022-12-01 }}. Puslitbang Keteknikan Kehutanan dan Pengolahan Hasil Hutan. Bogor.</ref> ''[[Perbungaan]]''; kembang bijil di tungtung, aya kana 7-10 bongkol paranjang nepika 80&nbsp;cm kelirna bodas susu.<ref name=100tumbuhan/> [[Buah]] diaméterna lk. 1,5&nbsp;cm, ditutupan ku sisit-sisit anu kelirna coklat semu beureum. [[Siki]] diaméterna kurang leuwih 1&nbsp;cm.<ref name=atlas/> Usum kembangan bulan Juni - Agustus, dituluykeun usum buahan nepika Desember.<ref>Taman Safari Indonesia: [http://tamansafari.com/flora/preview.php?id=60 ''Plectocomia elongata''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525214357/http://tamansafari.com/flora/preview.php?id=60 |date=2014-05-25 }}</ref> Buahna coklat, tur buluan.<ref name=100tumbuhan/> Disebut hoé [[badak]] alatan ukuran tangkalna gedé, teuas jeung heuras kawas kulit [[badak]]. Mangsana geus kolot réngsé buahan, hoé ieu lalaunan paéh sorangan.<ref name=100tumbuhan/> == Agihan jeung ékologi== Hoé badak loba kapangg hirup ti mimiti [[Vietnam]], [[Malaysia]], [[Brunei]], [[Sabah]], [[Sarawak]], [[Sumatra]], nepi ka [[Jawa]].<ref>FAO: [http://www.fao.org/docrep/x0451e/x0451e06.htm Tropical Palm - Asian region] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127100018/http://www.fao.org/docrep/x0451e/x0451e06.htm |date=2007-11-27 }}</ref>. Belum lama ini didapati pula di [[Kamboja]]<ref>{{aut|Khou, E.H.}} 2008. [http://assets.panda.org/downloads/rattan_of_cambodia__guide.pdf ''A field guide to the rattans of Cambodia'': 56]. WWF Greater Mekong - Cambodia Country Programme. Phnom Penh.</ref> Varietas ''philippinensis'' dipikanyaho hirup nyebar di pulo-pulo [[Palawan]], Biliran, jeung Leyte, [[Pilipina]].<ref>ITTO: [http://www.itto.int/files/itto_project_db_input/2561/Technical/7%20plectocomia(feb%202009)species.pdf ''Plectocomia elongata'' var. ''philippinensis'' Madulid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415064218/http://www.itto.int/files/itto_project_db_input/2561/Technical/7%20plectocomia(feb%202009)species.pdf |date=2023-04-15 }}</ref>. Hoé ieu utamans kapanggih di dataran landeuh nepika daérah tonggoh 1.200 m dpl<ref name=atlas/> == Mangaat == Hoé badak ngahasilkeun tangkal hoé anu kelirna coklat nepika coklat semu beureum, kalayan diaméter nepika 9&nbsp;cm tur panjang buku-bukuna antara 30–40&nbsp;cm. Hoé ieu jarang dimangpaatkeun, kajaba ka dieunakeun dimangpaatekun pikeun rangka [[mebel]]. Buahna ieu dihakan ku [[lutung]]. Geutahna diinum atawa dibalurkeun kana awak pikeun narékahan nyeri awak atawa galingging. Geutah anu didéang sakeudeung dina bumbung [[awi]] bisa dimangpaatekun pikeun ngubaran raheut. Buahna bisa sa didahar; kitu deui malai/bunganya di [[Jawa kulon]] dimangpaatekun pikeu mapaésan gapura.<ref name=heyne404/> == Dicutat tina == {{reflist|2}} == Tutumbu ka luar == * Flora of Indonesia: [http://herbariumbiologiunj.edublogs.org/2008/12/18/plectocomia-elongata/ ''Plectocomia elongata''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208140058/https://herbariumbiologiunj.edublogs.org/2008/12/18/plectocomia-elongata/ |date=2022-12-08 }} * The Plant List: [http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-157816 ''Plectocomia elongata''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415064216/http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-157816 |date=2023-04-15 }} * Flora of Singapore: [http://floraofsingapore.wordpress.com/2010/05/18/plectocomia-elongata/ ''Plectocomia elongata''] {{tumbuhan-stub}} [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Arecaceae]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan tropis ]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan industri]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Ubar ]] sd80tit3g6skdvkglcyz6aj9ajjzkm8 0 103634 710976 675217 2026-07-10T05:25:19Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710976 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Marga tutuwuhan kembangan ti suku Moraceae}} {{Automatic taxobox | name = Tangkal ara | fossil_range = {{fossilrange|Maastrichtian|Present}} | image = Sycomoros old.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Ficus sycomorus]]'' | parent_authority = [[Dumort.]] | taxon = Ficus | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] | subdivision_ranks = [[Spésiés]] | subdivision = 800-an }} '''''Ficus''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|aɪ|k|ə|s}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ficus |title=ficus |work=Merriam-Webster |via=merriam-webster.com}}</ref> atawa {{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|iː|k|ə|s}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Sunset Western Garden Book |year=1995 |pages=606–607 |publisher=Sunset Books |isbn=978-0-37603-851-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/ficus |title=Definition of 'ficus' |work=Collins English Dictionary |via=collinsdictionary.com}}</ref>) nyaéta hiji [[marga]] [[tutuwuhan]] anu ngawengku 850-an [[spésiés]] [[tangkal]] [[kai]], [[rungkun]], [[rambat]], [[épipit]], jeung [[hémiépipit]] dina [[suku]] [[Moraceae]]. Ieu marga pituin wewengkon [[tropis]], ngan sababaraha spésiés anu bisa nepi ka wewengkon [[ugahari]]/sedeng. Conto spésiésna anu kawentar di antarana [[tin]] (''F. careca'') anu pituin Asia Kulon-ngidul jeung [[Méditerania]] (ti [[Apganistan]] nepi ka [[Portugal]]), dipelak ti mangsa bihari pikeun diala [[buah]]na. Sababaraha spésiés ''Ficus'' anu dipikawanoh di [[Pasundan]] di antarana<ref>{{Cite book|title=Five hundred plant species in Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, West Java|last=H. Priyadi, G. Takao, I. Rahmawati, B. Supriyanto, W.I. Nursal, I. Rahman|publisher=CIFOR|year=2010|isbn=978-602-8693-22-6|location=Bogor}}</ref>: {{multicol}} *[[Amis mata]] - ''F. montana'' *[[Areuy warejit]] - ''F. punctata'' *[[Beunying]] - ''F. fistulosa'' *[[Caliling]] - ''F. magnoliaefolia'' *[[Caringin]] - ''F. benjamina'' *[[Darangdang]] - ''F. melinocarpa'' *[[Hampelas]] - ''F. ampelas'' *[[Hamberang]] - ''F. padana'' *[[Kiara]] - ''F. calophilla'' {{multicol-break}} *[[Kiara wunuk]]/kiara gambir - ''F. drupacea'' *[[Ki gember]] - ''Ficus'' sp. *[[Ki walén]] - ''F. ribes'' *[[Kondang]] - ''F. variegata'' *[[Ki ciat]] - ''F. septica'' *[[Loa]] - ''F. racemosa'' *[[Pangsar]] - ''F. callosa'' *[[Seuhang]] - ''F. grossularioides'' {{multicol-end}} == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Rujukan umum == {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite journal |last=Berg |first=C.C. |title=Flora Malesiana Precursor for the Treatment of Moraceae 4: ''Ficus'' subgenus ''Synoecia'' |journal=Blumea |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=551–571 |date=28 November 2003 |doi=10.3767/000651903X489546 |url=http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/565443 }} *{{cite book |last1=Berg |first1=C.C. |last2=Hijmann |first2=M.E.E. |title=Flora of Tropical East Africa |year=1989 |editor=R.M. Polhill |chapter=Chapter 11: ''Ficus'' |pages=43–86 }} * {{cite book |last1=Berg |first1=C.C. |last2=Corner |first2=E.J.H. |year=2005 |title=Flora malesiana. Series I, Seed plants. Volume 17. Part 2, Moraceae (Ficus) |location=Leiden |publisher=National herbarium Nederland, Universiteit Leiden branch|isbn= 978-9-07123-661-7|oclc= 492578589}} * {{cite book |last1=Carauta |first1=Pedro |last2=Diaz |first2=Ernani |year=2002 |title=Figueiras no Brasil |publisher=Editora UFRJ |location=Rio de Janeiro |isbn=978-85-7108-250-2 }} * {{cite book |author-link=Ira J. Condit |last=Condit |first=Ira J |date=1969 |title=Ficus: the exotic species |publisher=University of California, Division of Agricultural Sciences |oclc= 1086743649}} * {{cite book |last=Denisowski |first=Paul |year=2007 |url=http://www.mandarintools.com/worddict.html |title=Chinese–English Dictionary |chapter-url=http://www.mandarintools.com/cgi-bin/wordlook.pl?word=fig&searchtype=english&where=whole |chapter=Fig |access-date=November 1, 2008 }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Harrison | first1 = Rhett D | year = 2005 | title = Figs and the diversity of tropical rain forests | url = http://eebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol206/Connell1978_IntermedDisturb.pdf | journal = BioScience | volume = 55 | issue = 12 | pages = 1053–1064 | doi = 10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[1053:FATDOT]2.0.CO;2 | doi-access = free }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224162520/http://eebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol206/Connell1978_IntermedDisturb.pdf |date=2021-02-24 }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Kislev | first1 = Mordechai E. | last2 = Hartmann | first2 = Anat | last3 = Bar-Yosef | first3 = Ofer | year = 2006 | title = Early Domesticated Fig in the Jordan Valley | journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]] | volume = 312 | issue = 5778| pages = 1372–1374 | doi = 10.1126/science.1125910 | pmid=16741119 | bibcode = 2006Sci...312.1372K | s2cid = 42150441 }} [http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/sci;312/5778/1372/DC1 Supporting Online Material] * {{cite journal|ref=none | last1 = Kislev | first1 = Mordechai E. | last2 = Hartmann | first2 = Anat | last3 = Bar-Yosef | first3 = Ofer | year = 2006 | title = Response to Comment on "Early Domesticated Fig in the Jordan Valley" | journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]] | volume = 314 | issue = 5806| page = 1683b | doi = 10.1126/science.1133748 | pmid = 17170278 | bibcode = 2006Sci...314.1683K | doi-access = free }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Lev-Yadun | first1 = Simcha | last2 = Ne'eman | first2 = Gidi | last3 = Abbo | first3 = Shahal | last4 = Flaishman | first4 = Moshe A | year = 2006 | title = Comment on "Early Domesticated Fig in the Jordan Valley" | journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]] | volume = 314 | issue = 5806| page = 1683a | doi = 10.1126/science.1132636 | pmid=17170278| bibcode = 2006Sci...314.1683L | doi-access = free }} * {{cite book |last1=Lewington |first1=Anna |last2=Parker |first2=Edward |year=1999 |title=Ancient trees: Trees that live for 1000 years |location=London |publisher=Collins & Brown |isbn=978-18-5585-704-9}} * {{cite journal | last1 = Rønsted | first1 = Nina | last2 = Weiblen | first2 = George D. | last3 = Cook | first3 = James M. | last4 = Salamin | first4 = Nicholas | last5 = Machado | first5 = Carlos A. | last6 = Savoainen | first6 = Vincent | year = 2005 | title = 60 million years of co-divergence in the fig-wasp symbiosis | journal = [[Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences]] | volume = 272 | issue = 1581| pages = 2593–2599 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2005.3249 | pmid = 16321781 |ref={{harvid|Rønsted ''et al.''|2005}}| pmc = 1559977 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Rønsted |first1=N |last2=Weiblen |first2=G.D. |last3=Clement |first3=W.L. |last4=Zerega |first4=N.J.C. |last5=Savolainen |first5=V. |year=2008 |title=Reconstructing the phylogeny of figs (Ficus, Moraceae) to reveal the history of the fig pollination mutualism |url=http://geo.cbs.umn.edu/RonstedEtAl2008a.pdf |journal=Symbiosis |volume=45 |issn=0334-5114 |ref={{harvid|Rønsted ''et al.''|2008}} }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126221654/https://geo.cbs.umn.edu/RonstedEtAl2008a.pdf |date=2022-01-26 }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Shanahan | first1 = M. | last2 = Compton | first2 = S. G. | last3 = So | first3 = Samson | last4 = Corlett | first4 = Richard | year = 2001 | title = Fig-eating by vertebrate frugivores: a global review | journal = [[Biological Reviews]] | volume = 76 | issue = 4| pages = 529–572 | doi = 10.1017/S1464793101005760 | pmid=11762492| s2cid = 27827864 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20091019170541/http://geocities.com/mikeshanahan/figs/figreview.html Electronic appendices] *{{cite journal |last1=van Noort |first1=Simon |last2=van Harten |first2=Antonius |title=The species richness of fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Agaonidae, Pteromalidae) in Yemen |journal=Fauna of Arabia |year=2006 |volume=22 |pages=449–472 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230600455 |access-date=2013-01-01 }} {{Refend}} ==Tutumbu kaluar== {{Commons category|Ficus}} * [http://www.figweb.org/Ficus/index.htm Figweb] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050428035506/http://www.figweb.org/Ficus/index.htm |date=2005-04-28 }}—Major reference site for the genus ''Ficus'' * [http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2019/browse/classification/kingdom/Plantae/genus/Ficus/fossil/0/match/1 World checklist of Ficus species from the Catalogue of Life], 845 species supplied by M. Hassler's World Plants. * [http://www.figweb.org/Interaction/Video/index.htm Video: Interaction of figs and fig wasps] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060212192755/http://www.figweb.org/Interaction/Video/index.htm |date=2006-02-12 }}—Multi-award-winning documentary * [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/fig.html Fruits of Warm Climates: Fig] * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5038116.stm BBC: Fig fossil clue to early farming] '''Pidéo''' * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UCUtpmwacoE How the fig tree strangles other plants for survival in the rainforest] {{Moraceae genera}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q59798}} {{Authority control}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Ficus]] [[Kategori:Moraceae]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan tropis]] [[Kategori:Turuwuhan]] 5jn52d8qy7nrtte9sp7w5klr2twglgo 0 103931 710974 704789 2026-07-10T04:50:18Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710974 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Berlinger Bereg Kit doping sampling bottles by Augustas Didzgalvis.jpg|jmpl|Contoh Botol anu Eusina Doping.]] '''Doping''' téh asalna tina kecap ''dope'', nyaéta campuran narkoba jeung [[Narkoba|narkotika]] anu asalna dipaké pikeun balap kuda di Inggris. Doping nujul kana konsumsi ubar oral atawa parenteral atawa zat ku atlit dina hiji kompetisi. Tujuan utama konsumsi doping nyaéta pikeun ningkatkeun préstasi olahraga ku cara anu teu wajar. Zat asing atawa ubar anu dikonsumsi pasti dina jumlah anu teu normal atawa dikonsumsi dina dosis teu normal.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nurliani|last2=Asyhari|first2=Hasbi|date=2021|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F7JLEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA89&dq=doping+adalah&hl=en|title=Gizi Olahraga|location=Pekalongan|publisher=Penerbit NEM|isbn=9786235668185|pages=89|language=id}}</ref> Nurutkeun IOC (''International Olympic Committee'') taun [[1990]], doping mangrupa usaha pikeun ngaronjatkeun kinerja ku cara ngagunakeun zat atawa métodeu anu dipahing dina [[Olah raga|olahraga]] sarta henteu patali jeung indikasi médis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://geotimes.id/opini/penggunaan-doping-dalam-dunia-olahraga/|title=Penggunaan Doping dalam Dunia Olahraga|last=Az-Zahra|first=Hanaya|website=GEOTIMES|language=id-ID|accessdate=2022-02-08}}</ref> == Sajarah == Istilah dope mimiti dipikawanoh dina taun 1889, nyaéta dina hiji lomba pacuan kuda di [[Inggris]]. Kecap dope asalna tina hiji sélér bangsa di [[Républik Afrika Tengah|Afrika Tengah]]. Dina waktu harita, doping henteu jadi masalah. Kasus tilar dunya munggaran alatan doping lumangsung taun 1886 (dina waktu éta istilah doping teu acan dipikawanoh), nyaéta dina olahraga balap sapédah di kota Bordeaux ka Paris di Perancis anu jarakna 600&nbsp;km. Hiji pembalap tilar dunya sanggeus dibéré ubar pikeun ngaronjatkeun kamampuh ku palatihna. Sajarah pamakéan doping dina olahraga kurang leuwih aya ti abad ka-19 dina [[ngojay]], sarta paling umum nyaéta dina balap sapéda. Waktu harita, ubar populér dipaké doping nyaéta [[Kaféin|kafein]], [[gula]] larut dina éter, inuman alkohol, nitrogliserin, [[Heroin, Putauw|heroin]], jeung [[kokain]] . Dina 1910, gerakan anti doping dina olahraga mimiti muncul sanggeus Rusia manggihan cara pikeun mariksa doping, sarta dina waktu éta doping ditantang ku masarakat alatan bahaya éta. Saatos diajar ngeunaan bahaya, kampanye ngabasmi doping dimimitian. Saterusna, masarakat mimiti ngarti pentingna nyegah doping di atlit sahingga dina 1972 hiji ujian doping resmi dilaksanakeun di [[Olimpiade]] Usum tiis di Grenoble. Sanajan kitu, sanajan métode tés pikeun doping atawa bahaya na geus dipikawanoh, nepi ka ayeuna pamakéan doping masih dilaksanakeun ku atlit kalawan alesan yén atlit teu ngarti atawa teu hayang ngarti bahaya doping, kahayang atlit. meunang sagala cara, stimulasi hadiah nalika unggul, atlit ngarasa yakin yén ubar maranéhna nyokot mangrupa novelty nu teu bisa dideteksi dina cikiih maranéhanana.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Giriwijoyo|first=Santosa|last2=Ray|first2=Hamidie Ronald Daniel|last3=Sidik|first3=Dikdik Zafar|date=2020|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-lT5DwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA142&dq=doping+adalah&hl=en|title=Kesehatan, Olahraga, dan Kinerja|location=Jakarta|publisher=Bumi Medika|isbn=978-602-6711-10-6|pages=141|language=id}}</ref> == Wanda == Wanda doping anu biasa dipaké. === Morfin === Morfin boga pangaruh pisan dina SSP ( ''Sistem'' Saraf Pusat) dina wangun [[Analgesik|analgesia]], ningkatkeun parobahan mood anu teu teratur, ngantuk ekstrim, jeung depresi pernapasan. Upami morfin aya dina saluran pencernaan, éta bisa nyababkeun turunna motilitas [[peujit]], seueul jeung emesis. Sajaba ti éta, aya ogé jalma beunghar anu karacunan nepi ka titik koma, miosis sarta depresi engapan.<ref name=":0"/> === Stéroid anabolik === Atlit mawa stéroid anabolik pikeun ningkatkeun massa otot jeung kakuatan. Dina awak, jinis stéroid anabolik nyaéta [[téstostéron]] . Stéroid anabolik dicokot kalawan tujuan synthetically modifying téstostéron. Réa atlit nyangkut nginum obat ieu sabab bisa ngirangan nyeri jeung nyepetkeun pamulihan otot saatos latihan.<ref name=":1"/> Doping jinis ieu dina sistem kardiovaskular bakal nyababkeun [[Kolesterol|koléstérol]] HDL turun jeung ningkat ngadadak, métabolisme ati bakal ruksak jeung rentan ka panyakit tumor ati, pikeun réproduksi lalaki nyababkeun produksi jeung mobilitas [[spérma]] turun. Ari dina awéwé, éta bakal ngabalukarkeun amménorrhea, HIV sarta AIDS alatan inféksi jarum unsterile, ngalaman depresi, sarta ngabalukarkeun [[Jarawat|jerawat]] kaleuleuwihan dina beungeut.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.viva.co.id/vstory/opini-vstory/1426271-bahaya-penggunaan-doping-terhadap-kesehatan-atlet|title=Bahaya Penggunaan Doping Terhadap Kesehatan Atlet {{!}} Halaman 2|last=Ayuning|first=Sekar Putri|website=www.viva.co.id|language=id|accessdate=2022-02-08}}</ref> === Hormon péptida === Jenis doping ieu bisa nyababkeun tremor, [[Hiperténsi|hipertensi]], kahariwang, résiko gumpalan [[getih]], stroke jeung résiko serangan [[jantung]].<ref name=":0"/> === Sekat béta === Jenis ''doping'' ieu dipaké pikeun nurunkeun denyut jantung biasana dipaké pikeun panahan atawa shooting angka. Jenis ''doping'' ieu ngagaduhan efek samping tina gangguan bobo, nurunkeun tekanan darah, jeung penyempitan saluran pernapasan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Royana|first=Ibnu Fatkhu|date=2016|title=DOPING DALAM OLAHRAGA|url=http://journal.upgris.ac.id/index.php/jendelaolahraga/article/view/1099|journal=Jendela Olahraga|language=en|volume=1|issue=1 Juli|pages=5|doi=10.26877/jo.v1i1|issn=2579-7662}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815124114/http://journal.upgris.ac.id/index.php/jendelaolahraga/article/view/1099 |date=2022-08-15 }}</ref> === Stéroid sintétik === Jenis ieu, disebut ogé ''ubar desainer'', mangrupa ubar nu bisa lulus pamaké tina deteksi ku tés doping. Zat ieu husus dijieun pikeun atlit tanpa lisénsi [[Tatamba|médis]] [[Hukum|légal]] . Dampak konsumsina bisa ngancem kaséhatan awak atlit éta sorangan.<ref name=":1"/> === Diuretik === Obat diuretik nalika dikonsumsi bakal nyababkeun sering urination. Ieu kajadian pikeun mantuan éncér ubar doping nu geus diasupkeun kana awak. Sajaba ti éta, diuretik ogé bisa leungit beurat pikeun kaperluan olahraga tangtu nu ngagunakeun beurat awak salaku indikator cocok.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Budiawan|first=Made|date=2013|title=DOPING DALAM OLAHRAGA|url=https://ejournal.undiksha.ac.id/index.php/semnasmipa/article/view/2726|journal=Prosiding Seminar Nasional FMIPA UNDIKSHA III Tahun 2013|language=en|issue=333}}</ref> Balukar samping tina obat ieu nyaéta pusing, turunna tekanan darah, kram jeung ngalaman teu saimbangna éléktrolit.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sehatq.com/artikel/doping-dalam-olahraga-dan-risikonya|title=Mengenal Doping dalam Olahraga dan Risikonya|last=Azelia|first=Trifiana|website=SehatQ|language=id|accessdate=2022-02-07}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208004637/https://www.sehatq.com/artikel/doping-dalam-olahraga-dan-risikonya |date=2022-02-08 }}</ref> === Doping getih === Doping getih nyaéta prosés ngaronjatkeun sél getih beureum kalawan tujuan nganteurkeun [[oksigén]] ka bayah jeung otot dina jumlah badag. Carana bisa ngalangkungan transfusi getih atawa konsumsi obat anu ngandung ''éritropoétin.'' Tujuan konsumsi doping getih nyaéta pikeun manjangkeun daya tahan kinerja atlit dina pertandingan. Nalika aya réa [[oksigén]], atlit bisa langkung stabil jeung kirang kacapean. Konsumsi ubar ''éritropoétin'' sanés pikeun tujuan médis dikhawatirkan bakal ngalaman gumpalan getih nepi ka maot.<ref name=":1"/> === Ephedrin === Jenis ubar ieu mangrupa stimulan pikeun sistem [[Saraf|saraf pusat]] . Pangaruhna ampir sami jeung adrenalin. Efek samping tina jenis doping ieu bisa nyababkeun stroke, masalah jantung jeung masalah akut anu sanés.<ref name=":1"/> === Hormon pertumbuhan === Jenis ieu mangrupa ubar anu ditujukeun pikeun murangkalih anu ngalaman masalah kamekaran sacara alami. Sabab, cara gawéna bisa ngarangsang [[Baranahan|réproduksi]] jeung régenerasi [[Sél (biologi)|sél]] . [[Hukum|Sacara ilegal]], atlit bener-bener ngarepkeun kauntungan tina ngonsumsi ''hormon pertumbuhan manusa'' supados prestasina langkung kuat. Sanajan kitu, HGH mangrupa salah sahiji doping dilarang sabab bisa ngabalukarkeun komplikasi kayaning kasakit kronis pikeun enlargement organ.<ref name=":1"/> == Zat == Zat anu aya dina doping. === Stimulan === Narkoba kelas ieu miboga éfék stimulating sistim saraf pikeun ngaronjatkeun impulses, ku kituna bisa ningkatkeun alertness, ngurangan kacapean, kamungkinan ngaronjatkeun rasa kompetisi jeung mumusuhan. Sababaraha conto ubar kelas ieu kalebet amphetamine, [[kokain]], [[Kaféin|kafein]], ophedrine, ephedrine, amiphemazole. === Narkotika === Ieu obat miboga pangaruh nyeri. Sababaraha conto anu kaasup wanda narkotika nyaéta morfin, kodein, diamorfin (heroin), dipapon, metadon, nalbufin, pethidin. === Cannabinoid === Zat ieu mangrupa kimia psikoaktif anu diturunkeun tina pepelakan ganja anu nyababkeun perasaan rélaxasi. Contona nyaéta ganja. === Glukokortikosteroid === Dina ubar konvensional, glukokorticosteroid dipaké utamana salaku ubar anti radang jeung nulungan nyeri. Ieu ubar umumna dipaké pikeun ngubaran asma, muriang, radang jaringan jeung rematik rheumatoid. Glukokorticosteroid bisa ngahasilkeun rarasaan euforia, berpotensi méré atlit kauntungan anu teu adil. Atlit biasana ngagunakeun éta pikeun nutupan nyeri anu dirasakeun tina tatu jeung panyakit. Sababaraha conto kalebet dexamethason, fluticason, prednison, triamcinolon, acetonid jeung rofleponid. === Alkohol jeung Beta Blockers === Zat anu biasa dipaké ku atlit dina olahraga anu henteu ngagunakeun kagiatan fisik saperti panahan jeung catur. Pangaruh obat ieu nyaéta ngadalikeun tekanan darah tinggi, arrhythmia (irama jantung henteu teratur), angina pectoris (nyeri dada) jeung migrain. Sababaraha conto nyaéta acebutolol, betaxolol, carteolol, celiprolol, esmolol, labetalol, metipranolol, nadolol, oxprenolol, pindolol jeung timolol.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sari|first=Reno Siska|last2=Masitho|first2=Shinta|date=2020|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OvAUEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA56&dq=doping+adalah&hl=en|title=Peran Kurkumin Terhadap Delayed Onset Muscle Sorness Setelah Aktivitas Eksentrik|location=Jawa Timur|publisher=uwais insirasi indonesia|isbn=978-623-227-471-6|pages=62|language=id}}</ref> == Organisasi == [[Gambar:The Director General, WADA, Mr. David Howman addressing a Press Conference on the conclusion of 7th AsiaOceania Region Intergovernmental Meeting on Anti Doping in Sport, in New Delhi on May 25, 2010.jpg|jmpl|Diréktur WADA dina konfrénsi anti doping di India taun 2010.]] Tujuan awal penanganan pamakéan doping di kalangan atlit nyaéta ngawengku 3 prinsip dasar, nya éta ngajaga kaséhatan atlit, wujud hormat kana kode etik médis jeung olahraga sarta kompetisi adil pikeun atlit dina kompetisi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mutohir|first=Toho Cholik|last2=Pramono|first2=Made|date=2021|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UAIhEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA65&dq=doping+adalah&hl=en|title=Kajian Ilmu Keolahragaan Ditinjau Dari Filsafat Ilmu|location=Sidoarjo|publisher=Zifatama Jawara|isbn=978-623-7748-68-7|pages=67|language=id}}</ref> Badan anti doping munggaran nyaéta WADA ( Badan Anti Doping Dunya ). WADA mangrupa lembaga anti-doping dunya anu tugasna pikeun nyegah panggunaan doping di tingkat dunya. Kadua, LADI ( Lembaga Anti Doping Indonésia) nyaéta lembaga anti doping di Indonésia anu sacara resmi robah ngaranna jadi Organisasi Anti Doping Indonésia (IADO) sanggeus didéklarasikeun bébas tina hukuman ku pupuhu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.beritasatu.com/olahraga/887361/bebas-dari-sanksi-wada-ladi-ubah-ngaran-jadi-iado|title=Bebas dari Sanksi WADA, LADI Ubah Ngaran Jadi IADO|last=Suteja|first=Jaja|website=beritasatu.com|language=id|accessdate=2022-02-09}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Dasar karya WADA jeung LADI kedah ngarujuk kana ''The World Anti-Doping Code'' anu dinyatakeun ka Kopenhagen dina 5 Maret 2003. Tekenan tina program WADA jeung LADI ngan ukur pikeun ngalaksanakeun tés doping ka atlit olahraga kalapa, anu bakal dilaksanakeun di luar kompetisi jeung pamilon bakal dilaksanakeun sacara acak.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Permana|first=Dian|last2=Praetyo|first2=Arif Fajar|date=2021|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lbNVEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA83&dq=doping+adalah&hl=en|title=PSIKOLOGI OLAHRAGA Pengembangan Diri dan Prestasi|location=Indramayu|publisher=Penerbit Adab|isbn=9786235687261|pages=88|language=id}}</ref> == Kasus di Indonésia == Kasus doping anu geus kajadian téh matak pikasediheun pisan pikeun dunya olahraga. Kasus doping munggaran lumangsung ka Arif Rahman Nasir, salah sahiji atlit Indonésia anu kabuktian ngonsumsi doping. Atlét kempo éta kabuktian ngagunakeun doping stéroid anabolik méthandienone dina kajawaraan Sea Games 2011. Waktu harita, Arif sabenerna bisa meunang medali emas dina olahraga (olahraga) kempo nomer Kyu Kenshi. Sanggeus kabuktian ngagunakeun doping, Arif diwajibkeun mulangkeun medali emas anu dimeunangkeun waktu harita. Hal ieu tangtu ngérakeun ngaran Indonésia nu jadi tuan rumah.<ref name=":3" /> Kasus kadua lumangsung taun 2013, salah saurang atlét asal Indonésia kabuktian ngagunakeun doping dina renang, diwakilam Indra Gunawan. Anjeunna kabuktian ngagunakeun obat tipe Methylhexanemine. Waktu harita, Indra Gunawan tampil ngawakilan Indonésia dina ''Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games'' (AIMAG) taun 2013 dina 50 meter gaya dada. Daék teu daék gelar kajuaraanna dileungitkeun jeung kudu narima hukuman dua taun henteu meunang miluan dina kompetisi internasional.<ref name=":3" /> Kasus katilu, dilakukeun ku atlit renang anu milu dina acara éstafét gaya bebas di ''Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games'' (AIMAG) taun 2013, Guntur Pratama, anu ogé kabuktian ngagunakeun Methylhexaneamine. Hukuman anu ditarima ku Guntur saimbang jeung anu ditarima ku Indra.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.inews.id/sport/all-sport/3-atlet-indonesia-yang-ketahuan-menggunakan-doping-nomor-1-peraih-emas-sea-games/2|title=3 Atlet Indonesia yang Ketahuan Menggunakan Doping, Nomor 1 Peraih Emas SEA Games|last=Herdana|first=Muammar Yahya|website=iNews.ID|language=id|accessdate=2022-02-08}}</ref> Balukar tina kalakuanana, Indra jeung batur-baturna dihukum larangan dua taun ku FINA nu lumaku ti 1 Juli 2013. Sacara internal, anu ngalanggar bisa dihukum larangan tilu bulan teu ilubiung dina kompetisi ku Badan Anti Doping Indonésia (LADI). Tapi, ku sabab miskomunikasi antara LADI jeung FINA, sanksi dikalikeun jeung sakabéh gelar anu dimeunangkeun ku Indra jeung kolegana dileungitkeun salaku hasil tina medali SEA Games 2013 di Myanmar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indosport.com/multi-event/20151112/3-atlet-indonesia-yang-tersandung-kasus-doping/indra-gunawan|title=3 Atlet Indonesia yang Tersandung Kasus Doping|last=Novitasari|first=Devi|website=INDOSPORT.com|language=en|accessdate=2022-02-08}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031072118/https://www.indosport.com/multi-event/20151112/3-atlet-indonesia-yang-tersandung-kasus-doping/indra-gunawan |date=2022-10-31 }}</ref> Kasus kaopat lumangsung nalika WADA ngahukum LADI dina 7 Oktober 2021 ku sabab henteu méré conto doping jeung henteu nyumponan ambang tés doping taunan. Hukuman éta lumaku nepi ka sataun. Salaku hasil tina sanksi, Indonésia dilarang ngibarkeun bandéra nagara dina acara tunggal internasional jeung kajuaraan multievent.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://republika.co.id/share/r6rxhw456|title=Sanksi Larangan Pengibaran Bandéra Indonesia di Ajang Olahraga Resmi Dicabut|last=Prambadi|first=Gilang Akbar|website=Republika Online|language=id|accessdate=2022-02-09}}</ref> Ti saprak éta sanksi lumaku, Indonésia terus narékahan pikeun minuhan sarat WADA, di antarana ngalaksanakeun tés doping anu nyumponan ambang taunan jeung ngaréngsékeun masalah administrasi LADI, sangkan Indonésia bébas tina sanksi jeung jangka waktu kurang leuwih opat bulan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://prfmnews.pikiran-rakyat.com/olahraga/pr-133654411/wada-akhirnya-cabut-sanksi-bandéra-indonesia-bisa-berkibar-lagi|title=WADA Akhirnya Cabut Sanksi, Bandéra Indonesia Bisa Berkibar Lagi - PRFM News|last=Perdana|first=Rizky|website=prfmnews.pikiran-rakyat.com|language=id|accessdate=2022-02-09}}</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> == Tumbu ka luar == * {{Es icon}} [http://deportelimpio.fundacionmiguelindurain.com Web Esport Net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208165111/http://deportelimpio.fundacionmiguelindurain.com/ |date=2015-02-08 }} * {{Es icon}} [http://www.futbolistas.cl/modules/news/article.php?storyid=305 Doping dalam olahraga] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050213221654/http://www.futbolistas.cl/modules/news/article.php?storyid=305 |date=2005-02-13 }} * {{Es icon}} [http://www.monografias.com/trabajos12/eldoping/eldoping.shtml Dokumen tentang doping] [[Kategori:Olahraga]] [[Kategori:Ubar]] r9ozqtegm77uxectuxmcakl6qly0skq 0 108045 710985 709411 2026-07-10T11:44:45Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710985 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Konflik Sukahaji''' nyaéta pacéngkadan lahan anu lumangsung antara warga [[Sukahaji, Babakanciparay, Bandung|Sukahaji, Babakan Ciparay, Kota Bandung]], jeung pengusaha Junus Jen Suherman jeung Juliana Kusnandar. Pacéngkadan ieu dimimitian ti taun 2009, anu tuluy beuki parah dipicu ku intimidasi jeung kekerasan ti aparat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.penabudaya.com/sukahajimelawan-intimidasi-setan-tanah-menghantui-kehidupan-warga/,%20https://www.penabudaya.com/sukahajimelawan-intimidasi-setan-tanah-menghantui-kehidupan-warga/|title=Sukahaji Melawan: Intimidasi Setan Tanah Menghantui Kehidupan Warga - Pena Budaya|last=Ramadhan|first=Salma Aulia|language=indonesia|accessdate=2026-03-23}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> 9 April 2025 tengah peuting, kahuruan narajang [[Sukahaji, Babakanciparay, Bandung|Sukahaji]] anu ngeunaan kana leuwih ti 40 kios jeung imah warga. Kahuruan ieu lain kasus kahuruan mimiti anu narajang [[Sukahaji, Babakanciparay, Bandung|Sukahaji]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/articles/ckg7jly0gn8o|title=Konflik lahan Bandung: Kisah warga kampung di Kota Bandung yang melawan penggusuran|website=BBC News Indonesia|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-23}}</ref> == Kasang tukang == Konflik [[Sukahaji, Babakanciparay, Bandung|Sukahaji]] dimimitian ti taun 2009, nalika Junus Jen Suherman jeung Juliana Kusnandar ngajukeun klaim kapimilik lahan anu ditempatan ku kios kai jeung padumukan warga. Pihak perusahaan ngaku yén miboga 82 sertifikat tanah, sanajan ngan bisa némbongkeun 11 hasil potokopianna. Patemon anu diayakeun taun 2013 antara warga, perusahaan, kecamatan, jeung [[Badan Pertanahan Nasional|Badan Pertanahan Nasional (BPN)]] teu méré hasil nu jelas.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Fakta-fakta Serangan ke Warga Sukahaji|url=https://magdalene.co/story/memahami-rentetan-terjadi-di-sukahaji/|newspaper=Magdalene.co|date=2025-12-05|access-date=2026-03-23|language=indonesia|first=Ahmad|last=Khudori}}</ref> == Réntétan pacengkadan == Dina 9 April 2025, [[Sukahaji, Babakanciparay, Bandung|Sukahaji]] ditarajang kahuruan tengah peuting. Tilu imah warga jeung leuwih ti 40 kios anu jadi tempat pakasaban sapopoé warga [[Sukahaji, Babakanciparay, Bandung|Sukahaji]] ludes ku seuneu.<ref name=":0" /> Kahuruan éta kajadian sapoé saacan sidang mimiti pikeun gugatan kapimilikan taneuh ti Junus Jen Suherman jeung Juliana Kusnandar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kbr.id/articles/indeks/terjerat-konflik-lahan-warga-sukahaji-kebakaran-berulang-dan-intimidasi-|title=Terjerat Konflik Lahan, Warga Sukahaji: Kebakaran Berulang dan Intimidasi|last=Ridwansyah|first=Ardhi|website=kbr.id|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-17}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Teu lila ti sanggeus kahuruan éta, warga [[Sukahaji, Babakanciparay, Bandung|Sukahaji]] numutkeun lalampahan sidang mimiti di pengadilan. Warga Sukahaji ngagugat klaim kapimilik lahan salega 7,5 hektar éta. Anjeunna duaan ngaku minangka pamilik taneuh di Sukahaji, ku bahan miboga sértipikat, Surat Keterangan Pendaftaran Tanah (SKPT), jeung bukti mayar Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan (PBB). Tilu wewengkon Rukung Warga, nyaéta RW 1, 2, jeung 3, kaancam digusur upamana akuan Junus jeung Juliana téh disahkeun ku pamaréntah.<ref name=":0" /> 30 Juli 2025, saloba genep ti tujuh warga Sukahaji nyinghareupan geroan ti Unit Jatanras Satréskrim Polréstabes Bandung, Jalan Badak Singa, pikeun ngalakukeun pamariksaan. Sakitar 170 warga milu maturan minangka bentuk solidaritas hareupeun Satréskrim Polréstabes Bandung. Kagenep warga ieu ditarajang Pasal 167 KUHP ngeunaan asup kana wewengkon batur tanpa idin, Pasal 169 KUHP ngeunaan pakumpulan jahat, Pasal 385 ngeunaan nyéwakeun, nukeurkeun, atawa ngabebanan hak taneuh milik batur, sarta Pasal 389 ngeunaan ngancurkeun, mindahkeun, atawa miceun hiji hal pikeun nangtukeun wates buruan. Pasal-pasal kasebut mangrupakeun pamaksaan hiji delik ka jalma-jalam anu ngabalukarkeun kriminalisasi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lbhbandung.or.id/enam-warga-ditahan-perjuangan-sukahaji-tak-akan-mati/|title=Enam Warga Ditahan, Perjuangan Sukahaji Tak Akan Mati! – Lembaga Bantuan Hukum Bandung|language=id|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> 3 Désémber 2025, nalika kasus kriminalisasi warga Sukahaji anu mertahankeun lahanna masih kénéh lumangsung, dimimitian ti jam 10 isuk-isuk, paséa gedé antara warga [[Sukahaji, Babakanciparay, Bandung|Sukahaji]] anu rék mertahankeun lahan jeung massa anu ngatasnamakeun PT Xressi Jaga Nusantara anu hayang ngosongkeun lahan lumangsung. Salian ti kahuruan anu henteu sakali waé kajadian, rurusuhan ieu ogé ngabalukarkeun puluhan warga jadi korban tatu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bandungbergerak.id/article/detail/1546035746/negara-membiarkan-kekerasan-warga-sukahaji-bertahan-melawan-pengosongan-lahan|title=Negara Membiarkan Kekerasan, Warga Sukahaji Bertahan Melawan P...|last=Redaksi|first=Tim|website=BandungBergerak.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> == Rujukan == [[Category: WikiSuarana]] [[Category: WikiSuarana-Hasnanf]] ld2cqmethu3jasjj9d3p8th8n9sykp3 0 108501 710983 709846 2026-07-10T11:00:44Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710983 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Karajaan Kertabumi''' (disebut ogé '''Kertadjaga''' dina naskah ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'') nyaéta karajaan Sunda nu ngadeg di wewengkon Banjar (ayeuna [[Kota Banjar]] jeung sabudeureunana) kira-kira taun 1625 Maséhi. == Sajarah == Numutkeun naskah ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'' taun 1956, sanggeus nagara [[Bandjarpatroman]] runtuh alatan perang sadulur jeung supata déwa, nangtung karajaan anyar nu disebut "Kertadjaga".<ref name="Kidung1956">Prawiraatmadja, M. Karso. (1956). ''Wawatjan Kidung Lakbok''. (Naskah asli, bagian awal). [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kidung_Lakbok_-_Buku_Lengkap.pdf Baca lengkep]</ref> <blockquote> ''Panungtung Ngadeg tumenggung,<br> Bawah tatar beulah wetan,<br> Duka dimana lebahna,<br> Ngan disebut "KERTADJAGA,<br> Djaga soteh tjeuk baheula,<br> Nagara pulang ka asal...''<ref name="Kidung1956"/> </blockquote> Hartina: ''Panungtungan ngadeg tumenggung di beulah wetan (karajaan), tapi teu disebut persis tempatna, ngan disebut Kertadjaga. Djaga cenah baheula hartina "jaga", nagara balik deui ka asal...'' Nurutkeun profil resmi Pamaréntah Désa Kertabumi (2024), Karajaan Galuh Kertabumi diadegkeun ku Putri Tanduran Ageung, putri Raja Galuh Salawe.<ref name="Pemdes">[https://kertabumi.desa.id/profile/detail_potensi/situs-gunung-susuru Situs Gunung Susuru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260518093342/https://kertabumi.desa.id/profile/detail_potensi/situs-gunung-susuru |date=2026-05-18 }}. Kertabumi: Pamaréntah Désa Kertabumi, 8 Juni 2024.</ref> Panalungtikan Balai Arkeologi Bandung taun 2000 ogé manggihan tinggalan arkéologis di Kawasan Kertabumi.<ref name="Artefak">Pajriah, Sri; Dewi, Mia Sumiari (Maret 2014). "Upacara Adat Merlawu di Gunung Susuru Desa Kertabumi". ''Jurnal Artefak''. Vol. 2 No. 1. Hlm. 196. ISSN 2355-5726.</ref> Karajaan ieu diparéntah munggaran ku [[Singaperbaya]], tuluy diganti ku putrana [[Singaperbaya II]] nu kasohor ku sebutan Dalem Tambakbaya atawa Ratu Agung Tambakbaja.<ref name="Kidung1956"/> Puseur pamaréntahan munggaran aya di [[Banjar Kolot]], Kacamatan Banjar. Puseur pamaréntahan tuluy dipindahkeun ka Bojonglopang, Cisaga (ayeuna [[Kabupatén Ciamis]]), dina mangsa pamaréntahan [[Dalem Pager Gunung]]. == Daptar Raja == 1. [[Singaperbaya]] (1625–?) 2. [[Singaperbaya II]] / Dalem Tambakbaya / Ratu Agung Tambakbaja 3. [[Dalem Pager Gunung]] (sabudeureun 1641) == Situs Gunung Susuru == Di Désa Kertabumi aya '''Situs Gunung Susuru''', anu mangrupa petilasan Karajaan Galuh Kertabumi.<ref name="Pemdes"/> Numutkeun profil désa, nami "Susuru" asalna tina kembang susuru (kaktus) anu baheula tumuwuh di dinya sareng dianggo pikeun ngaping karaton. Kembang éta ayeuna tos punah, tapi caritana tetep hirup ngaliwatan upacara adat Merlawu anu ditalungtik ku Balai Arkeologi Bandung.<ref name="Artefak"/> == Bukti Arkéologis: Situs Kelapa Kuning == Di [[Kacamatan Lakbok]] aya hiji situs arkéologis anu disebut '''Situs Kelapa Kuning''' (atawa '''Keramat Kuning Lakbok''').<ref name="Arkeologi">Balai Arkeologi Bandung (2009). *Inventarisasi Peninggalan Sejarah dan Purbakala Wilayah Ciamis*. Bandung: BPCB.</ref> Di situs ieu kapanggih 6 benda arkéologis (kode LKB 1–LKB 6) anu ngawengku [[lingga]], [[yoni]], arca manusa, jeung arca sapi. Benda-benda ieu nunjukkeun yén di wewengkon Lakbok baheula aya peradaban [[Hindu]]-[[Buddha]] anu luhur. Ayana situs ieu nguatkeun catetan dina ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'' ngeunaan [[Bandjarpatroman]] salaku "nagri gede loh djinawi" (nagara anu makmur).<ref name="Arkeologi"/> Situs ieu janten bukti fisik yén Karajaan Kertabumi (anu dina ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'' disebut '''Kertadjaga''') leres-leres aya sareng tetep dijaga nepi ka kiwari. Dina bulan Agustus 2025, Dinas Kebudayaan Ciamis babarengan jeung Balai Pelestarian Kabudayaan Jawa Barat kungsi nganjang ka dinya pikeun ngajaga jeung ngalestarikeun nilai sajarah nu aya.<ref name="GaluhID2025">Anjar Abadi, Tegar (22 Agustus 2025). [https://galuh.id/jaga-nilai-sejarah-disbudpora-ciamis-bersama-bpk-jabar-kunjungi-situs-budaya-di-lakbok/ "Jaga Nilai Sejarah, Disbudpora Ciamis Bersama BPK Jabar Kunjungi Situs Budaya di Lakbok"]. *Galuh.id*.</ref> Situs Kelapa Kuning aya di Desa Sukanegara, Kacamatan Lakbok, Kabupatén Ciamis. Benda-benda ieu disimpen dina cungkup ukuran 3 x 4 m di kebon penduduk, tapi kebanyakan tos rusak sakitar taun 1965.<ref name="BudayaID">[https://budaya-indonesia.org/Keramat-Kuning-Lakbok Keramat Kuning Lakbok]. Perpustakaan Digital Budaya Indonesia.</ref> == Rujukan == <references/> == Pranala luar == * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kidung_Lakbok_-_Buku_Lengkap.pdf Naskah digital ''Kidung Lakbok''] – Naskah taun 1956 karya M. Karso Prawiraatmadja, didigitalkeun ku Henri Purwanto (CC BY-SA 4.0, HAKI RI No. 00012130/0). * Pajriah, Sri; Dewi, Mia Sumiari (Maret 2014). [https://garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/recordinfo/214507 "Upacara Adat Merlawu di Gunung Susuru Desa Kertabumi"]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''Jurnal Artefak''. Vol. 2 No. 1. Universitas Galuh Ciamis. ISSN 2355-5726. * [https://kertabumi.desa.id/profile/detail_potensi/situs-gunung-susuru Situs Gunung Susuru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260518093342/https://kertabumi.desa.id/profile/detail_potensi/situs-gunung-susuru |date=2026-05-18 }} – Profil resmi Pemerintah Desa Kertabumi, Ciamis (8 Juni 2024). * [https://galuh.id/jaga-nilai-sejarah-disbudpora-ciamis-bersama-bpk-jabar-kunjungi-situs-budaya-di-lakbok/ Kunjungan resmi ka Situs Kelapa Kuning] – Warta pelestarian kabudayaan (22 Agustus 2025). [[Kategori:Karajaan Sunda]] [[Kategori:Sajarah Banjar]] [[Kategori:Sajarah Ciamis]] [[Kategori:Kidung Lakbok]] ew75c7j4r5klktc3q6q7k80z656q2iw 0 108750 710977 710833 2026-07-10T05:53:50Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710977 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Gedung Rumentang Siang.jpg|jmpl|Penampakan Rumentang Siang pada tahun 2024]] '''Gedong Ruméntang Siang''' nyaéta salah sahiji gedong [[kasenian]] anu aya di Jalan Baranang Siang No 1<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://fbm.isbi.ac.id/program-studi/karya-dosen/galeri-cbb-3/rumentang-siang/|title=Gedung Rumentang Siang – FAKULTAS BUDAYA DAN MEDIA|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-06-27}}</ref>, Kota [[Kota Bandung|Bandung]] nu diadegkeun dina kaping 16 Januari 1975 sarta diresmikeun ku Solihin GP, gubernur dina zaman éta, [[Solihin Gautama Purwanegara|Solihin GP]] dumasar kana Surat Keputusan Gubernur Jabar No. 13/A.1/2/SK/Kesra/75 yén wangunan ''art deco'' ieu janten gedong kesenian anu asalna ti gedong bioskop.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.buruan.co/riwayat-panjang-gedung-rumentang-siang-2/|title=Riwayat Panjang Gedung Rumentang Siang {{!}} Buruan.co|language=id|accessdate=2026-06-27}}</ref> == Sajarah == Baheulana, gedong ieu téh gedong [[bioskop Rivoli]] anu diwangun dina tahun 1935. Saangeus Indonésia merdéka, gedong ieu disebat Bioskop Fajar anu husus nampilkeun film-film Mandarin.<ref name=":0" /> Dina zaman kiwari, gedong nu awalna mangrupa gedong bioskop dirobih janten gedong kesenian nu disebat Gedong Ruméntang Siang dumasar kana gagasan penyair, [[Wahyu Wibisana]], Anjeunna ngusulkeun ka Solihin GP. Lamun dijéntrékeun, ruméntang miboga harti samar; sarta siang nu hartina nyata. Filosofis éta sarupaning harepan yén gedong kesenian ieu jantén leuwih saé.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jabar/budaya/d-7346382/memoar-yang-pudar-di-rumentang-siang|title=Memoar yang Pudar di Rumentang Siang|last=Alhamidi|first=Rifat|website=detikjabar|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-06-27}}</ref> Saméméh gedong ieu diresmikeun, wargi kota Bandung ngan miboga gedong Yayasan Pusat Kebudayaan anu kaayaanana teu pati saé.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://suakaonline.com/rumentang-siang-gedung-kesenian-dengan-konteks-seni-dan-budaya/|title=One moment, please...|website=suakaonline.com|accessdate=2026-06-27}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929115645/https://suakaonline.com/rumentang-siang-gedung-kesenian-dengan-konteks-seni-dan-budaya/ |date=2022-09-29 }}</ref> == Wangunan == Aya dua lantai dina gedong ieu. Lantai kahiji pikeun rohangan pagelaran kasenian, sarta lantai dua dipaké pikeun sanggar atawa rohangan latihan.<ref name=":0" /> == Pungsi == Gedong ieu miboga pungsi pikeun tempat para seniman nu boga filosofi silih patukeur ide.<ref name=":1" /> Para seniman anu kasohor disebat Kelompok 10 nyaéta [[Dani Danusubrata]], [[Hidayat Suryalaga|Hidayat Suryalega]], [[Acép Zamzam Noor|Acep Zamzam Noor]], [[Juniarso Ridwan]], [[Soni Farid Maulana]], [[Beni R. Budiman]], [[Cecep Syamsul Hari]], [[Arthur S. Nalan]], [[Yusep Muldiyana]], [[Yoséph Iskandar|Yoseph Iskandar]].<ref name=":2" /> Gedong Ruméntang Siang ogé dipaké janten sanggar [[téater]], Harry Roesli sok nyoarakeun kritik sosial ngaliwatan téater.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jabarprov.go.id/berita/anak-teater-wajib-tahu-ini-5-gedung-kesenian-di-kota-bandung-yang-bisa-menampilkan-karya-17208|title=Anak Teater Wajib Tahu, Ini 5 Gedung Kesenian di Kota Bandung yang Bisa Menampilkan Karya|last=Kota Bandung|first=Diskominfo|website=Gapura Jabar|accessdate=27 Juni 2026}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Dina mimitina, gedong ieu ngan saukur sanggar téater, lila-lila, wangunan ieu ogé ngaluas pungsina kana widang seni séjénna sapertos wayang golek jeung sajabana. {{Commons}} == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Artikel Kopdar WCB 3.0]] 4abnh811w65gofegtmhh536jk5jc6p2 2 108767 710970 2026-07-09T14:30:35Z Faisal Hassan150 37073 𝑭𝒂𝒊𝒔𝒂𝒍.𝑯𝒂𝒔𝒂𝒏.🧃 710970 wikitext text/x-wiki 𝑭𝒂𝒊𝒔𝒂𝒍.𝑯𝒂𝒔𝒂𝒏.🧃 2007 9 11 18 olxe6lutyq5hsemic6onkbb4cu9sh6q