Wikipedia suwiki https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepas MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.10 first-letter Média Husus Obrolan Pamaké Obrolan pamaké Wikipedia Obrolan Wikipedia Gambar Obrolan gambar MédiaWiki Obrolan MédiaWiki Citakan Obrolan citakan Pitulung Obrolan pitulung Kategori Obrolan kategori Portal Obrolan portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 28365 710989 680979 2026-07-10T13:13:51Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710989 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Londok | image = Camaleón.jpg | image_width = 240px | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Reptilia]] | ordo = [[Squamata]] | subordo = [[Iguania]] | familia = '''Chamaeleonidae''' | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = ''[[Bradypodion]]''<br /> ''[[Calumma]]''<br /> ''[[Chamaeleo]]''<br /> ''[[Furcifer]]''<br /> ''[[Kinyongia]]''<br /> ''[[Nadzikambia]]''<br /> ''[[Brookesia]]''<br /> ''[[Rieppeleon]]''<br /> ''[[Rhampholeon]]'' }} '''Londok''' (kulawarga '''Chamaeléonidae''') mangrupa [[squamata]] nu kaasup salah sahiji kulawarga [[kadal]]. Ngaran ilmiahna dicokot tina Basa Yunani Kuna ''χαμαιλέων'' (khamailéon), tina ''χαμαί'' (khamai) "dina lemah/taneuh" + ''λέων'' (léon) "singa", jadi "singa taneuh"<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/chameleon Dictionary.com entry for "chameleon"]</ref>. == Pedaran == [[Gambar:Chameleon gab fbi.png|left|thumb|Wangun [[létah]] londok]] Awak londok ukuranana rupa-rupa, ti ''[[Brookesia minima]]'' nu ukur 2,5&nbsp;cm nepi ka ''[[Furcifer oustaleti]]'' jalu nu panjangna 79&nbsp;cm<ref>{{cite book | last=Glaw | first=Frank | coauthors=Vences, Miguel | title=A Field Guide to Amphibians and Reptiles of Madagascar (éd. ka-2) | publisher=M. Vences & F. Glaw Verlags GbR | date=1994 | location=Köln | id=ISBN 3-929449-01-3 }}</ref>. Dina huluna sok aya unak-anik kaahéngan, contona liang irungna nonjol, bentuk kawas cula dina ''[[Chamaeleo jacksonii]]'', atawa sarupaning jawér kawas bogana ''[[Chamaeleo calyptratus]]''. Ieu sato boga [[dimorfismeu séksual]], katémbong tina lobana rarangkén/hiasan dina [[jalu]]na, sedengkeun anu bikang mah teu pati. Spésiés-spésiés londok sacara umum mibanda wangun anu sarua, boh [[suku]], [[panon]], [[létah]], sarta teu boga [[ceuli]]. Ramo sukuna aya lima, tapi ngumpul jadi [[daktil|dua kelompok]]: dua ramo (jempol jeung curuk) jeung tilu ramo (jajangkung nepi ka cingir). Ku kituna, suku londok bisa muntang pageuh dina dahan. Lian ti éta, ramona ogé dilengkepan ku cakar anu seukeut antukna bisa lincah tétérékélan dina tatangkalan. Pikeun ngadukung kahirupanana dina tatangkalan, sawareh londok boga buntut anu bisa ngagulung. Hal ieu utamana pikeun kasaimbangan awak jeung pikeun muntang. Nu paling istiméwa ti ieu réptil nyaéta [[panon]]na. Kongkolak luhur jeung handap ngahiji, ukur nyésakeun liang leutik anu cukup keur pupilna. Panonna bisa muter jeung mokus séwang-séwangan nempo ka objék anu béda. Ku kituna, londok bisa nempo 360° ka sakurilingna. Mun mangsa geus katempo, kadua panonna bisa fokus antukna persépsi anggangna leuwih sampurna. <!-- They lack a [[vomeronasal organ]]. Also, like [[snake]]s, they do not have an outer or a middle [[ear]]. This suggests that chameleons might be [[deaf]], although it should be noted that snakes can sense vibration using a bone called the [[quadrate]]im. Furthermore, some or maybe all chameleons, can communicate via vibrations that travel through solid material like branches. Chameleons have very long [[tongue]]s (sometimes longer than their own body length) which they are capable of rapidly extending out of the mouth. The tongue extends out faster than human eyes can follow, at around 26 body lengths per second. The tongue hits the prey in about 30 thousandths of a second.<ref>[http://www.wonderquest.com/escalators-chameleon-tongue.htm A Lethal Lashing Tongue]</ref> The tongue has a sticky tip on the end, which serves to catch prey items. The tongue's tip is a bulbous ball of muscle, and as it hits its prey, it rapidly forms a small suction cup. Once the tongue sticks to a prey item, it is drawn quickly back into the mouth, where the chameleon's strong jaws crush it and it is consumed. Even a small chameleon is capable of eating a large [[locust]] or [[mantis]]. [[Ultraviolet light]] is part of the visible spectrum for chameleons.<ref>[http://www.chameleonnews.com/lighting1.html Chameleon News, August 2004]</ref> Chameleons exposed to ultraviolet light show increased social behavior and activity levels, are more inclined to bask and feed and are also more likely to reproduce as it has a positive effect on the [[pineal gland]]. == Distribution and habitat == [[Image:Male Chamelion.JPG|A male chameleon in [[Madagascar]]|250px|thumb]] More than 160 species of Chameleons are known, arranged in nine genera. The main distribution of Chameleons is in [[Africa]] and [[Madagascar]], and other tropical regions, although some species are also found in parts of southern [[Europe]] and [[Asia]]. There are introduced, feral populations of [[Veiled Chameleon|veiled]] and [[Chamaeleo jacksonii|Jackson's]] chameleons in [[Hawaii]] and isolated pockets of feral [[Chamaeleo jacksonii|Jackson's]] chameleons have been reported in [[California]] and [[Florida]]. Chameleons inhabit all kinds of [[tropics|tropical]] and montane [[rain forest]]s, [[savanna]]s and sometimes semi-[[desert]]s and [[steppe]]s. They are mostly [[arboreal]] and are often found in [[tree]]s or occasionally on smaller bushes. Some smaller species live on the ground under foliage. == Reproduction == [[Image:Chameleon - Tanzania - Usambara Mountains.jpg|thumb|left|West Usambara Two-Horned Chameleon (''Kinyongia multituberculata'') in the [[Usambara mountains]], [[Tanzania]].]] Chameleons are mostly [[oviparous]], some being [[ovoviviparous]]. The oviparous species lay eggs after a 3-6 week [[gestation period]]. The female will climb down to the ground and begin digging a hole, anywhere from 4-12&nbsp; inches (10-30&nbsp;cm) deep depending on the species. The female turns herself around at the bottom of the hole and deposits her eggs. Once finished, the female buries the eggs and leaves the nesting site. Clutch sizes vary greatly with species. Small ''[[Brookesia]]'' species may only lay 2-4 eggs, while large Veiled chameleons (''[[Chamaeleo calyptratus]]'') have been known to lay clutches of 80-100 eggs. Clutch sizes can also vary greatly among the same species. Eggs generally hatch after 4-12 months, again depending on species. The eggs of [[Parson's Chameleon]] (''[[Calumma parsonii]]''), a species which is rare in captivity, are believed to take upwards of 24 months to hatch. The [[ovoviviparous]] species, such as the [[Jackson's Chameleon]] have a 5-6 month gestation period. The newborn are in a transparent membrane and they are still sleeping, once they touch the ground or branch, they will wake up and attempt to crawl out of the membrane.{{Fact|date=June 2008}} The female can have 8-30 live young at once. == Feeding habits == Chameleons generally eat [[locust]]s, [[Mantodea|mantis]], [[cricket (insect)|cricket]]s, grasshopper and other [[insect]]s, but larger chameleons have been known to eat small [[bird]]s and other lizards. A few species, such as ''Chamaeleo calyptratus'' or [[Jackson's Chameleon]] will consume small amounts of plant matter. Chameleons prefer running water to still water. == Gut-Loading == Chameleons consume a variety of [[insect]]s, but before the insects can be fed to them, it's best to "gut load" or fill the insects with nutrients. This has to be done because chameleons require lots of [[vitamins]] and [[minerals]]. A good diet for insects would be [[carrots]], [[potatoes]], [[fish]] flakes (tropical), dry puppy food, dark, leafy greens, etc. It is also a good idea to dust them with vitamin and mineral powder, such as Zoo Med's Reptivite. == Change of color == [[Image:Chamaeleo chamaeleon Frightened thus black.JPG|thumb|left|This Mediterranean Chameleon (''Chamaeleo chamaeleon'') turned black after being frightened by a dog]]All chameleon species are able to change their skin color. Changing color is an expression of the physical and psychological condition of the lizard, not, as is commonly believed, to match their surroundings.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://science.howstuffworks.com/animal-camouflage2.htm | title=How Animal Camouflage Works | publisher=How Stuff Works | first=Tom | last=Harris | accessdate=2006-11-13}}</ref> The color also plays a part in communication. Chameleons change their color in response to light exposure and ambient temperature, as well as to express their mood. Emotions and attraction of a mate can induce the color change.<ref>http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngexplorer/0210/articles/mainarticle.html</ref> Different chameleon species are able to change different colors which can include pink, blue, red, orange, green, black, brown and yellow. <ref>National Geographic. May 2007. P. 10.</ref><ref>[http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngexplorer/0210/articles/mainarticle.html National Geographic Explorer (Student Magazine) - Featured Article]</ref> Chameleons are naturally coloured for their surroundings as a camouflage. However, recent research has indicated that Chameleons may use colour changes as a method of communication, including to make themselves more attractive to potential mates.<ref>[http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0060025 Stuart-Fox, D., & Moussalli, A. (2008). Selection for social signalling drives the evolution of chameleon colour change. ''Public Library of Science Biology, 6'', e25.]</ref> Chameleons have specialized cells, collectively called [[chromatophore]]s, that lie in layers under their transparent outer skin. The cells in the upper layer, called [[xanthophore]]s and [[erythrophore]]s, contain yellow and red [[pigment]]s respectively. Below these is another layer of cells called [[iridophore]]s or [[guanophore]]s, and they contain the colourless crystalline substance [[guanine]]. These reflect, among others, the blue part of incident [[light]]. If the upper layer of chromatophores appears mainly yellow, the reflected light becomes [[green]] ([[blue]] plus [[yellow]]). A layer of dark [[melanin]] containing melanophores is situated even deeper under the reflective iridophores. The melanophores influence the 'lightness' of the reflected light. All these pigment cells can rapidly relocate their pigments, thereby influencing the colour of the chameleon. [[Image:mellers.chameleon.bristol.zoo.arp.jpg|thumb|right|Meller’s Chameleon ''Chamaeleo melleri'']] --> == Vidéo == [[Gambar:Camaleón - Calidad- 5.ogv]] == Rujukan == * ''[[:en:Chameleon|Chameleon]]''. Wikipédia édisi basa Inggris. Disalin [[7 Agustus]] [[2008]] <references/> == Tumbu kaluar == {{wikispecies|Chamaeleonidae}} * [http://www.chameleonnews.com/ Chameleons! Online E-zine] * [http://www.adcham.com The Advanced Chameleon Keepers website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102165014/http://adcham.com/ |date=2010-01-02 }} * [http://www.chameleonforums.com The Chameleon Forums] * [http://www.keepingchameleons.com/ Forums/Live Chat/DIY Videos/Chameleon care and information for beginner and advanced keepers @KeepingChameleons.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314234135/http://www.keepingchameleons.com/ |date=2008-03-14 }} * [http://www.chameleonsonline.com/ Chameleons Online: Help Forum - currently almost 2100 members and over 19000 posts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080807042742/http://www.chameleonsonline.com/ |date=2008-08-07 }} * [http://www.chamaeleonidae.com/ Chameleon Care and Information Center website] * [http://www.reptile-database.org/ Reptile Database] * [http://www.afriherp.org The African Herpetology Website] * [http://caresheets.net/lizards/jacksons-chameleon.html Jackson's Chameleon Care Information at Caresheets.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214150217/http://caresheets.net/lizards/jacksons-chameleon.html |date=2010-12-14 }} * [http://photos.neuralnetworks.in/066.JPG Chameleon picture taken in South India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422100051/http://photos.neuralnetworks.in/066.JPG |date=2008-04-22 }} * [http://www.screameleons.com/portal/alias__Screameleons/lang__en-US/tabID__3382/DesktopDefault.aspx/ Panther Chameleon Photos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080805064455/http://www.screameleons.com/portal/alias__Screameleons/lang__en-US/tabID__3382/DesktopDefault.aspx |date=2008-08-05 }} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Iguania]] 1fvlbx0pcjisefeher1vxloht87s7xe 0 33104 710994 709424 2026-07-10T14:47:58Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710994 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Stonehenge back wide.jpg|thumb|200 px| situs megalitik [[Stonehenge]] di [[Inggris]]]] '''Mégalit''' nyaéta [[batu]] gedé anu dipaké pikeun ngawangun struktur wangunan atawa monumén. '''Mégalitik''' nyaéta struktur anu dijieun tina batu badag. Mégalit asalna tina kecap dina [[basa Yunani]] μέγας megas artina besar, jeung λίθος lithos artina batu. [[File:Gunung Padang1.jpg|thumb| 200 px| [[Situs Gunung Padang|situs megalitik Gunung Padang]] di kabupaten [[Cianjur]]]] Kabudayaan mégalitik téh lain hiji jaman anu mekar mandiri, tapi hiji hasil [[budaya]] anu muncul dina mangsa [[néolitikum]] jeung leuwih mekar dina jaman [[logam]]. Unggal wangunan anu diciptakeun ku masarakat mibanda pungsi nu tangtu. Conto hasil kabudayaan jaman megalitikum di antarana: [[kampak pasagi]], [[kampak lonjong]], [[ménhir]], [[dolmén]], [[kubur batu]], [[waruga]], [[sarkofagus]] jeung [[pundén berundak]]. == Tumbu luar == {{Commonscat|Megaliths}} * {{en}} [http://bruno.marc1.free.fr/dolmen Dolmens, Menhirs & Stones-Circles in the South of France] * {{en}} [http://site.voila.fr/megalithis/ Megaliths in Charente-Maritime, France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428024505/http://site.voila.fr/megalithis/ |date=2010-04-28 }} * {{en}} [http://www.megalith.ru/en/ Dolmen Path - Russian Megaliths] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110000913/http://megalith.ru/en/ |date=2007-01-10 }} * {{en}} [http://www.megalithic.co.uk/ The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map] * {{en}} [http://www.megalithomania.com/ Index of Megalithic monuments in Ireland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206210335/http://www.megalithomania.com/ |date=2017-02-06 }} * {{en}} [http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/ The Modern Antiquarian] * {{en}} [http://www.pretanicworld.com/Monuments.html Pretanic World - Megaliths and Monuments] * {{en}} [http://www.bigstones.com/ Modern Megalith-Building] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990125093651/http://www.bigstones.com/ |date=1999-01-25 }} {{pondok}} ¼ [[Kategori:Arkeologi Afrika]] [[Kategori:Arkeologi Asia]] kkodqxxcknslshwkm0111jdqy0qf5m0 0 47870 710998 677132 2026-07-10T17:31:38Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710998 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} {{taxobox |name = Roay |image = Phaseol_lunat_130815-0011_tdp.JPG |image_caption = Roay, ''Phaseolus lunatus''<br />[[Cihideung Ilir, Ciampea, Bogor|Darmaga]], [[Bogor]] |regnum = [[Plantae]] |unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]] |unranked_classis = [[Eudikotil]] |unranked_ordo = [[Rosidae]] |ordo = [[Fabales]] |familia = [[Fabaceae]] |subfamilia = [[Faboideae]] |tribus = [[Phaseoleae]] |genus = ''[[Phaseolus]]'' |species = '''''P. lunatus''''' |binomial = ''Phaseolus lunatus'' |binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] <ref>{{aut|Linne, C. von}}. 1753. ''Species plantarum :exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, ...'' [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358745#page/166/mode/1up '''2''': 724]. Holmiae : Impensis Laurentii Salvii</ref> |synonyms = ''Phaseolus bipunctatus'' <small>Jacq. (1770)</small><ref>{{aut|Jacquin, N.J. von}}. 1770. [http://www.botanicus.org/title/b1206399x ''Hortus Botanicus Vindobonensis''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629230929/http://www.botanicus.org/title/b1206399x |date=2020-06-29 }} v. '''1''': 44. Vindobonae : Typis Leopoldi Joannis Kaliwoda, aulae imperialis typographi.</ref><br /> ''Phaseolus limensis'' <small>Macfad.</small><ref>{{aut|Macfadyen, J.}} 1837. ''Flora of Jamaica; a description of the plants of that island, arranged according to the natural orders''. [http://books.google.com/books?pg=PA279&dq=The+flora+of+Jamaica%3B+a+description+of+the+plants+of+that+island&id=grM_AAAAYAAJ&ots=Ct2IMO2LK-#v=onepage&q&f=false '''1''': 279]. London : Longman.</ref> |}} <!--[[File:Phaseolus lunatus MHNT.BOT.2008.1.40.jpg|thumb|''Phaseolus lunatus'']] --> '''Roay''' disebut ogé '''kacang jawa''' atawa '''kekara''' ('''''Phaséolus lunatus''''') nyaéta tangkal [[kacang]] tina kulawarga [[Fabaceae]] (Leguminosae). Di [[Indonésia]] Saméméhna ieu tangkal dipelak pikeun panutup taneuh atawa lahan sangkan henteu dipinuhan ku hama [[gulma]], Hasil anu bisa dipanén tina kacang roay nyaéta sikina tina buah anu geus kolot, Sakapeung dipanén sikina dinamangsa gumading kénéh, ogé polongna nyaéta buah roay anu masih kénéh ngora mangsa sikina masih hipu, pucukna ogé bisa dimangpaatkeun pikeun lalab.<ref name=“Lim2 ”>{{Cite book | title =Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 1, Fruits| first =T.K| last =Lim| publisher =Springer Science & Business Media,| location =London| year =2012| pages =805|ISBN=9789048186617|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=4MDEqFGeKVoC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA805&dq=elateriospermum+tapos&hl=id&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=elateriospermum%20tapos&f=f35se|accessdate=(disungsi) 19 Pébruari 2025}}</ref> Tangkal kacang anu hirupna ngarambat ieu disabaraha daérah dipiwanoh ogé kusebutan ''kacang roay'' ([[Sunda]]); ''kårå, kratok'' ([[Jawa]]); ''kratok, gribig'' ([[Madura]]); ''saru'' ([[Minahasa]]),<ref name="heyne">{{aut|Heyne, K.}} 1987. ''Tumbuhan Berguna Indonesia'' '''2''': 1047-50. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kehutanan, Bogor. ([http://archive.org/stream/denuttigeplanten02heyn#page/332/mode/2up versi '''1916''': 333])</ref> jeung ''kacang beureum'' ([[basa Melayu Pontianak|Ptk]]). Di [[Malaysia]] malah katelahna ''kacang jawa, kacang cina,'' atawa ''kekara kratok''; di [[Filipina]] ''sibatse simaron, patáni, zabache''; di [[Thailand]] ''thua rachamat''; jeung di [[Vietnam]] ''dâu ngu''<ref name="prosea1">{{aut|Baudoin, J.P.}} 1989. [http://proseanet.org/prosea/e-prosea_detail.php?frt=&id=3313 ''Phaseolus lunatus'' L.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305072302/http://proseanet.org/prosea/e-prosea_detail.php?frt=&id=3313 |date=2016-03-05 }} In: L.J.G. van der Maesen & S. Somaatmadja (Editors). ''Plant Resources of South-East Asia No. 1: Pulses''. [Internet] Record from [http://www.proseanet.org Proseabase] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930031830/https://www.proseanet.org/ |date=2023-09-30 }}, PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. Diakses pada 16-Aug-2013</ref>. Di tempat-tempat séjénna di pulo Jawa ogé katelah ''kårå legi, kårå manis,'' atawa ''kårå bethik''. == Ciri mandiri == [[File:Phaseolus lunatus Blanco2.369.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Roay anu digambarkeun ku Blanco]] Tangkal roay mangrupa [[terna]] nyaéta [[tangkal]] anu hirupna ngan sausum tapi sakapeung aya ogé anu nahun; tangkalna mangrupa areuy anu ngarambat jangkungna bisa nepikeun ka 0,6 [[meter|m]], tapi di mana areuyna ngarambat kana turus jangkungna bisa nepikeun ka 2–4 m. Akarna bisa nyebar kurang leuwih 1,5–2 m ka jeroeun [[taneuh]] .<ref name="prosea1"/> [[Daun]]na ngarendeng tilu dina sagagang, anak daunna lonyod rada méncos panjangna 5—19 [[sentimeter|cm]] x 3– 11&nbsp;cm. [[Kembang]]na ngaranggeuy bijil dina sela-sela areuy jeung gagang daun, panjangna bisa nepikeun ka 15&nbsp;cm, daun anu ngiuhana (braktéola) henteu ragrag. [[Kembang]]na laleutik wujud palapahna jiga [[locéng]] ; mahkota 0,7–1&nbsp;cm, aya bandérana jiga tudung, kelirna [[héjo]] pias sakapeung aya ogé kelir ganaria; palapahna sakapeung bodas atawa gandaria. [[Benang sari]] 10 lambar dina dua beulah. [[Buah polong|Polongan]] wujudna lonyod 5–12&nbsp;cm x 2,5&nbsp;cm, biasana melengkung jiga [[useup]], sikina 2-4. [[Siki]] ukuranna rupa-rupa , wujud, jeung kelir; aya anu jiga [[ginjal]], kupat, atawa buleud; Kelir sarua, aya totol totol (''berbintik''), [[bodas]], [[héjo]], [[konéng]], [[Coklat]], [[beureum]], [[hideung]], atawa gandola.<ref name="prosea1"/> <gallery> File:Phaseolus_lunatus-xavier_cottage-yercaud-salem-India.JPG|Phaséolus lunatus-xavier cottage-yercaud-salem File:Phaseolus_lunatus_flower_(5563988396).jpg|Kembang Roay File:Phaseolus_lunatus_-_pods_(5564468089).jpg|Buah Roay File:Phaseolus_lunatus-doublebeans-yercaud-salem-India.JPG|Kacang Roay File:Lima_bean_cans.jpg|Kacang Roay dikalengan </gallery> ==Asalmuasal jeung mangpaat== [[File:Phaseol lunat 130815-0032 tdp.JPG|thumb|left|200px|Siki roay anu geus kolot]] {{nutritional value | name=Kacang kratok, biji kering | kJ=1450 | protein=14.4—26.4 g | fat=1.5 g | carbs=58 g | fiber=3.7 g | ash=3.4 g | source = PROSEA | note=[http://proseanet.org/prosea/e-prosea_detail.php?frt=&id=3313 Tautan ke entri Proseabase] }} Roay asal mulana ti [[Benua Amerika]], sahenteuna aya dua wilayah nyaéta [[Amerika Tengah]] ([[Meksiko]], [[Guatemala]]) pikeun [[kultivar]] sikina anu laleutik, jeung [[Amerika Selatan]] (terutama [[Peru]]) pikeun ''kultivar'' mibanda siki galaledé. Réngsé mangsa jajahan bangsa-bangsa Barat, kacang roay nyebar ka sakuliah [[dunya]]. Pamayang [[Spanyol]] mentasan [[Pasifik]] ka [[Filipina]], tah ti mimiti di dieu roay nyebar ka [[Asia]], Utamana ka pulo [[Jawa]], [[Burma]], jeung [[Mauritius]]. Aya ogé nepi ka nagara [[Brazilia]] ku lantaran ayana jual beuli budak beulian nepikeun ogé ka [[Afrika]], utamana wilayah kulon jeung tengah.<ref name="prosea1"/> Dina ahir [[abad]] ka 19, ieu tangkal roay mimiti dipelak di [[Minahasa]], patutur tutur dipelak ogé di pulo [[Jawa]] beulah wétan, di dieu ieu pepelakan dimangpaatkeun pikeun ngiuhan atawa panutup taneuh supaya heunteu dipinuhan ku jujukutan anu sakirana bisa ngaganggu pepelakan séjéna [[gulma]]. Sanajan dianggap kurang mangpaat jeung hasilna dina ngajaga hama, roay diaggap mibanda mangpaat séjén nyaéta bisa jadi dipelak dina taneuh anu angar, kurang subur tur garing bisa gancang nutupan [[taneuh]] anu engkena bisa nimbulkeun ayana humus pikeun nyuburkeun taneuh.<ref name="heyne"/><ref name=Jonathan>{{Cite book | title =Taneuh angar: Sunda Language| first =Jonathan| last =Rigg| publisher =Lange & Co| location =Batavia| year =1862| pages =2|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=1PIUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA16&dq=KEHKEL&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj7qpOVitnTAhWBO48KHXrzCD8Q6AEIQDAD#v=onepage&q=heu&f=true|accessdate=(disungsi – 19 Pébruari2025)}}</ref> [[File:Phaseol lunat 130815-0005 tdp.JPG|thumb|left|200px|Roay ngora]] Roay geus dipelak tibaheula kénéh tujuana pikeun ngahasilkeun [[pangan]] tambahan. Bisa di[[sayur]], sikina bisa diolah pikeun dahareun sambilan (''snack'') Kacang roay ogé sakapeung dicampur jeung béas pikeun dijieun [[sangu]] reumbeuy utamana di wewengkon [[Nusa Tenggara Wetan]] bisa ogé digoréng nepikeun ka garing dijieun lawuh atawa deungeun [[sangu]], [[jagong]], jeung [[sampeu]] biasana mah urang [[Bali]]. Anu biasa dijadikeun sumber pangan tambahan biasana tina kultivar anu henteu mibanda [[racun]]. Sikina bisa dijieun [[témpé]] ku jalan maké [[ragi]].<ref name=Sayur>{{aut|Sastrapradja, Setijati; Lubis, Siti Harti Aminah; Soetarno, Hadi; Lubis, Ischak}} (1981) [1981]. ''Sayur-Sayuran''. '''6''':72{{spaced ndash}}73. [[Jakarta]]:[[Lembaga Biologi Nasional|LBN]] - [[LIPI]] bekerjasama dengan [[Balai Pustaka]].</ref> Buah anu ngorana dikulub pikeun sayuran Sikina anu geus kolot, hususna kultivar kacang jawa, mibanda kandungan [[asam sianida]], Alatan éta kudu diolah heula saméméh didahar. Bisa dikeueuman dina cai, dikulub, atawa dipeuyeum sangkan racuna leungit. Baheula mah, kacang roay ogé ku urang [[walanda]] ''[[rijsttaffel]]''.<ref name="heyne"/> Siki tina sababaraha kultivar anu séjén ngan saeutik malahan mah hente ngandung racun sianida sama sakali, anun gajadikeun gampang di olah. Di Filipina, Siki Roay garing diolah pikeun dijieun tipung anu loba ngandung [[protein]].<ref name="prosea1"/> Daunna bisa dimangpaatkeun pikeun parab ingon-ingon/[[ternak]]. Dimangpaatkeun ogé pikeun budak leutik nyaéta ubar nyeuri beuteung ku jalan ngarieus daunna dicampur jeung [[adas pulasari]]. Bahan pikeun nyelep kadaharan nyaéta ku jalan ngarieus daunna dicampur jeung cai.<ref name="heyne"/> ==Kultivar== [[File:Phaseol lunat 130815-0003 tdp.JPG|thumb|left|200px|Kacang roay beunang meresihan pikeun diolah (diasakan)]] Spesies ''Phaseolus lunatus'' kawengku tina varietas-varietas liar jeung budidaya (kultivar<ref>[http://kbbi.web.id/kultivar Kultivar nyaéta]</ref> aya opat golongan kultivar kacang roay/kratok, nyaéta<ref name="prosea1"/>: * Kacang jawa – ukuran sikina sedeng , beureum -ganola nepikeun ka rada hideung, loba ngandung HCN. * Kacang burma beureum atawa kacang rangon beureum – sikina leuwih leutik, rada beureum , sintal, sakapeung aya totol beureum. ngan saeutik ngandung HCN. * Kacang burma bodas atawa kacang rangoon bodas – sikina laleutik, buleud jeung bodas sarua jeung [[buncis]]. Ampir teu ngandung HCN. * [[Kacang lima]] – sikina galaledé, bodas atawa rada bodas, buleud. henteu ngandung HCN. ==Dicutat tina== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Groene bemesters. Bodemdek van kratok (Phaseolus lunatus) 4 maanden oud proeftuin Tjiomas van het W.J.R. Proefstation Buitenzorg TMnr 10011005.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Pikeun nutupan taneuh. Dicobaan di kebon Ciomas]] {{reflist|2}} ==Tutumbu Kaluar== {{commonscat|Phaseolus lunatus}} *{{en}} FAO : [http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0646e/t0646e08.htm Neglected crops ...] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161216011604/http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0646e/T0646E08.htm |date=2016-12-16 }} *{{en}} ILDIS : [http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?genus=Phaseolus&species=lunatus ''Phaseolus lunatus'' L.] *{{en}} PFAF : [http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phaseolus+lunatus ''Phaseolus lunatus'' L.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105200530/http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phaseolus+lunatus |date=2015-11-05 }} *{{en}} Plant List : [http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/ild-2932 ''Phaseolus lunatus'' L.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308003006/http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/ild-2932 |date=2019-03-08 }} {{Pondok}} [[Kategori:Bungbuahan]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan ubar]] [[Kategori:Fabaceae]] [[Kategori:Lalab]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]] 8e5y85zw1xr8f3q09iy08vr804eki31 0 54363 711000 705753 2026-07-10T19:10:16Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 711000 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Company | company_name = PT SpeedCast | company_logo = | company_type = Publik | foundation = [[Séptémber]] [[1999]] | location = {{flagicon|Hong Kong}} ,[[Hong Kong]] | key_people = Pierre - Jean Beylier (Presiden direktur & CEO) | revenue = | net_income = | homepage = [http://www.speedcast.com www.speedcast.com] }} '''SpeedCast''' nyaéta pausahaan panyadia [[raramat]] sadunya sarta layanan [[Satelit Komunikasi|satelit komunikasi]] nu nawarkeun layanan jasa raramat kualitas panghadéna leuwih ti 90 nagara; sarta raramat [[maritim]] nu ngalayanan konsumén di sakuliah dunya.<ref name=TA/> Kalayan 40 kantor ''[[sales]]'' pangrojong di sakuliah dunya sarta 39 ''[[téléport]]'', SpeedCast mibanda [[infrastruktur]] unik nu ngawula konsumén global.<ref name=TA/> Kalayan leuwih ti 2.200 palanggan ngaliwatan leuwih ti 4.000 situs ''[[téréstrial]]'' sarta sakitar 5.000 [[Jackup Rig|rig]] jeung kapal cai di sagara.<ref name=TA/> Udagan SpeedCast dina solusi nu disaluyukeun pikeun lima ''ségmén'' palanggan utama: [[Telekomunikasi|télékomunikasi]], [[maritim]], [[Énergi|énérgi]] & sumber daya alam, [[pamaréntah]] & LSM, sarta [[Pausahaan Jasa|pausahaan]].<ref name=TA>{{cite web|url=https://www.ta.com/portfolio/investments/speedcast-international-limited|title=SpeedCat International Ltd|publisher=TA Associates|accessdate=2017-05-16}}</ref> [[File:Speedcast Logo.gif|thumb]] ==Sajarah== SpeedCast diadegkeun dina taun [[1999]]. <ref name=SPDCT/>[[AsiaSat]] jadi nu nyekel saham utama di SpeedCast dina bulan [[Maret]] [[2000]].<ref name=SPDCT/> Dina bulan [[Nopémber]] [[2007]], AsiaSat meuli sakabéh saham jadi 100% mibanda SpeedCast.<ref>{{cite web |work=Telecom Asia Net. |date=2007-11-15 |title=AsiaSat to pay $3.4m for Speedcast stake |accessdate=2017-05-16 |publisher=telecomasia.net |url=http://www.telecomasia.net/content/asiasat-pay-34m-speedcast-stake-0}}</ref> SpeedCast ngalayanan jasa [[Satelit Komunikasi|satelit komunikasi]] pikeun konsumén leuwih ti 13 taun kaliwat.<ref name=SPDCT>{{cite web|url=https://www.speedcast.com/about-us/|title=About Us|publisher=SpeedCat International Ltd|accessdate=2017-05-16}}</ref> Asosiasi TA, hiji pausahaan ékuitas swasta global nu kasohor, meuli SpeedCast ti [[AsiaSat]] dina bulan [[Séptémber|September]] [[2012]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2012-09-24 |title=TA Associates Completes Buyouts of SpeedCast Ltd |accessdate=2017-05-16 |publisher=SpeedCast Ltd. |url=http://www.speedcast.com/component/content/article/3-latest-news/232-ta-associates-completes-buyout-of-speedcast-ltd }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235218/http://www.speedcast.com/component/content/article/3-latest-news/232-ta-associates-completes-buyout-of-speedcast-ltd |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref> Ti mangsa harita, SpeedCast geus meuli tilu pausahaan [[Satelit Komunikasi|satelit komunikasi]]: Australian Satellite Communications ("ASC") puseurna di Australia Kidul dina bulan [[Désémber]] [[2012]];[http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20121205006387/en/TA-Associates-Partners-SpeedCast-Complete-Buyout-Australian] Elektrikom Satellite Service ("Elektrikom") puseurna di [[Walanda]] dina bulan [[Januari]] [[2013]];[http://vsat.nl/speedcast/]{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} sarta Pactel International ("Pactel") puseurna di [[Australia]] dina bulan April [[2013]].[https://www.ta.com/about/news/ta-associates-continues-asia-pacific-satellite-consolidation-strategy-partnering-with-portfolio-company-speedcast-in-buyout-of-pactel-international] <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ta.com/portfolio/investments/speedcast-international-limited|title=SpeedCat International Ltd|publisher=TA Associates|accessdate=2017-05-16}}</ref> Dina [[Bulan (wayah)|bulan]] [[Juni]] [[2014]], SpeedCast ngabéwarakeun akuisisi [[Oceanic Broadband]] minangka panyadia integrator sarta solusi [[Australia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2014/06/20/speedcast-acquires-oceanic-broadband/ |title=SpeedCast acquires Oceanic Broadband |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2014-06-20 |accessdate=2017-05-16 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Dina [[Bulan (wayah)|bulan]] [[Agustus]] [[2014]], SpeedCast kadaptar di [[Bursa Éfék Australia]] (ASX: SDA).[http://www.asx.com.au/asx/statistics/announcements.do?by=asxCode&asxCode=SDA&timeframe=Y&year=2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125193826/https://www.asx.com.au/asx/statistics/announcements.do?by=asxCode&asxCode=SDA&timeframe=Y&year=2014 |date=2025-01-25 }},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/mediareleases/20134/speedcast-listed-on-the-australian-stock-exchange/|title=SpeedCast Listed on the Australian Stock Exchange Today at 12pm AEST|publisher=PC World|accessdate=2017-05-16}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Dina [[Bulan (wayah)|bulan]] [[Maret]] [[2015]], SpeedCast meuli pausahaan [[Hermes Datacomms]] panyadia layanan raramat global kasohor pikeun widang industri migas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.realwire.com/releases/SpeedCast-Acquisition-Of-Hermes-Datacomms-Creates-New-Global-Force |title=SpeedCast Acquisition Of Hermes Datacomms |publisher=real wire |date=2015-03-16 |accessdate=2017-05-16 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Dina [[Bulan (wayah)|bulan]] [[Méi]] [[2015]], SpeedCast meuli pausahaan [[Geolink Satellite Services]] diharepkeun pikeun ngaronjatkeun pausahaan di [[Afrika]], kalayan Geolink aktif leuwih ti 20 negara. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.commsmea.com/14816-speedcast-acquires-geolink-satellite-services/|title=SpeedCast Acquires Geolink Satellite Services |publisher=Comms MEA |accessdate=2017-05-16}}</ref> Dina [[Bulan (wayah)|bulan]] [[Juli]] [[2015]], SpeedCast meuli pausahaan [[NewSat & SAIT Communication]] panyadia layanan [[komunikasi]] maritim nu mekar pesat di Éropa kidul.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.satellitetoday.com/telecom/2015/07/28/speedcast-acquires-sait-communications-gains-maritime-foothold-in-europe/|title=SpeedCast Acquires Sait Communications, Gains Maritime Foothold in Europe|publisher=Satellite Today |date=2015-07-28 |accessdate=2017-05-16}}</ref> Dina [[Bulan (wayah)|bulan]] [[Nopémber]] [[2015]], SpeedCast meuli pausahaan [[ST Teleport]] panyadia layanan [[komunikasi]] [[Satelit Komunikasi|satelit]] kasohor di [[Singapura]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.satellitetoday.com/telecom/2015/11/13/speedcast-to-buy-st-teleport-makes-fifth-acquisition-of-2015/|title=SpeedCast to Buy ST Teleport, Makes Fifth Acquisition of 2015|publisher=Satellite Today |date=2015-11-13 |accessdate=2017-05-16}}</ref> Dina [[Bulan (wayah)|bulan]] [[Désémber]] [[2015]], SpeedCast meuli pausahaan [[NewCom International]] panyadia layanan [[komunikasi]] [[Satelit Komunikasi|satelit]] di wewengkon Kidul sarta [[Amérika Tengah]].<ref name=NewCom/> Kalayan ''akuisisi'' ieu, SpeedCast ngarancanakeun pikeun ngaronjatkeun kamampuhna pikeun ngalayanan sarta ngarojong palanggan sacara global, ngawengku pasar [[Amérika Kidul]] nu keur mekar. <ref name=NewCom>{{cite web|url=http://www.satellitetoday.com/technology/2015/12/29/speedcast-acquires-newcom-continues-expansion-to-south-america/|title=SpeedCast Acquires NewCom, Continues Expansion to South America|publisher=Satellite Today|date=2015-12-12|accessdate=2017-05-16}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513110729/http://www.satellitetoday.com/technology/2015/12/29/speedcast-acquires-newcom-continues-expansion-to-south-america/ |date=2016-05-13 }}</ref> Dina [[Bulan (wayah)|bulan]] [[Agustus]] [[2016]], SpeedCast meuli pausahan [[WINS System]] panyadia layanan [[komunikasi]] [[VSAT]] sarta [[L-band]] sarta layanan raramat [[Telepon keupeul|telepon selular]] maritim internasional pikeun kapal-kapal pasiar sarta kapal féri.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marinemec.com/news/view,speedcast-acquires-wins-satcoms_44061.htm|title=SpeedCast acquires WINS satcoms|publisher=Marine E&C|date=2016-08-12|accessdate=2017-05-16}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Dina [[Bulan (wayah)|bulan]] [[Nopémber]] [[2016]], SpeedCast meuli kontan pausahaan Harris Caprock US $ 425 juta. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://spacenews.com/speedcast-to-purchase-harris-caprock-for-425-million-in-cash/|title=SpeedCast to purchase Harris CapRock for $425 million in cash|publisher=SPACE NEWS |date=2016-11-01 |accessdate=2017-05-16}}</ref> ==Inohong penting== Pierre-Jean Beylier, CEO: Pierre-Jean ngagabung SpeedCast dina [[Bulan (wayah)|bulan]] [[Désémber]] [[2000]], Pupuhu utama ''Sales'' & ''Marketing'' sarta ayeuna ngajabat minangka CEO ti [[Bulan (wayah)|bulan]] [[Juli]] [[2004]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.speedcast.com/investor/leadership/|title=About Us|publisher=SpeedCast International Ltd|accessdate=2017-05-16}} </ref> ==Rujukan== {{Reflist}} ==Tumbu kaluar== * [http://www.speedcast.com Official Website: www.SpeedCast.com] * [http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=755534 Bloomberg Businessweek Company Profile] {{DEFAULTSORT:Speedcast}} [[Kategori:Pausahaan]] [[Kategori:Pausahaan internasional]]‎ [[Kategori:Pausahaann Satelit Komunikasi]] [[Kategori:Pausahaan nu kantor puseurna di Hong Kong]] [[Kategori:Pausahaan nu didaptar di Bursa Saham Australia]] [[Kategori:Artikel Wiki Sabanda II]] be74uw3fjg4p933izgdd97xw9h7k3eo 828 91065 711004 579917 2026-07-10T22:39:58Z Uzume 3324 Update from [[d:Special:GoToLinkedPage/enwiki/Q24733825|master]] using [[mw:Synchronizer| #Synchronizer]] 711004 Scribunto text/plain -- Original module located at [[:en:Module:Wd]] and [[:en:Module:Wd/i18n]]. require("strict") local p = {} local module_arg = ... local i18n local i18nPath local function loadI18n(aliasesP, frame) local title if frame then -- current module invoked by page/template, get its title from frame title = frame:getTitle() else -- current module included by other module, get its title from ... title = module_arg end if not i18n then i18nPath = title .. "/i18n" i18n = require(i18nPath).init(aliasesP) end end p.claimCommands = { property = "property", properties = "properties", qualifier = "qualifier", qualifiers = "qualifiers", reference = "reference", references = "references" } p.generalCommands = { label = "label", title = "title", description = "description", alias = "alias", aliases = "aliases", badge = "badge", badges = "badges" } p.flags = { linked = "linked", short = "short", raw = "raw", multilanguage = "multilanguage", unit = "unit", ------------- preferred = "preferred", normal = "normal", deprecated = "deprecated", best = "best", future = "future", current = "current", former = "former", edit = "edit", editAtEnd = "edit@end", mdy = "mdy", single = "single", sourced = "sourced" } p.args = { eid = "eid", page = "page", date = "date", globalSiteId = "globalSiteId" } local aliasesP = { coord = "P625", ----------------------- image = "P18", author = "P50", authorNameString = "P2093", publisher = "P123", importedFrom = "P143", wikimediaImportURL = "P4656", statedIn = "P248", pages = "P304", language = "P407", hasPart = "P527", publicationDate = "P577", startTime = "P580", endTime = "P582", chapter = "P792", retrieved = "P813", referenceURL = "P854", sectionVerseOrParagraph = "P958", archiveURL = "P1065", title = "P1476", formatterURL = "P1630", quote = "P1683", shortName = "P1813", definingFormula = "P2534", archiveDate = "P2960", inferredFrom = "P3452", typeOfReference = "P3865", column = "P3903", subjectNamedAs = "P1810", wikidataProperty = "P1687", publishedIn = "P1433", lastUpdate = "P5017" } local aliasesQ = { percentage = "Q11229", prolepticJulianCalendar = "Q1985786", citeWeb = "Q5637226", citeQ = "Q22321052" } local parameters = { property = "%p", qualifier = "%q", reference = "%r", alias = "%a", badge = "%b", separator = "%s", general = "%x" } local formats = { property = "%p[%s][%r]", qualifier = "%q[%s][%r]", reference = "%r", propertyWithQualifier = "%p[ <span style=\"font-size:85\\%\">(%q)</span>][%s][%r]", alias = "%a[%s]", badge = "%b[%s]" } local hookNames = { -- {level_1, level_2} [parameters.property] = {"getProperty"}, [parameters.reference] = {"getReferences", "getReference"}, [parameters.qualifier] = {"getAllQualifiers"}, [parameters.qualifier.."\\d"] = {"getQualifiers", "getQualifier"}, [parameters.alias] = {"getAlias"}, [parameters.badge] = {"getBadge"} } -- default value objects, should NOT be mutated but instead copied local defaultSeparators = { ["sep"] = {" "}, ["sep%s"] = {","}, ["sep%q"] = {"; "}, ["sep%q\\d"] = {", "}, ["sep%r"] = nil, -- none ["punc"] = nil -- none } local rankTable = { ["preferred"] = 1, ["normal"] = 2, ["deprecated"] = 3 } local function replaceAlias(id) if aliasesP[id] then id = aliasesP[id] end return id end local function errorText(code, ...) local text = i18n["errors"][code] if arg then text = mw.ustring.format(text, unpack(arg)) end return text end local function throwError(errorMessage, ...) error(errorText(errorMessage, unpack(arg))) end local function replaceDecimalMark(num) return mw.ustring.gsub(num, "[.]", i18n['numeric']['decimal-mark'], 1) end local function padZeros(num, numDigits) local numZeros local negative = false if num < 0 then negative = true num = num * -1 end num = tostring(num) numZeros = numDigits - num:len() for _ = 1, numZeros do num = "0"..num end if negative then num = "-"..num end return num end local function replaceSpecialChar(chr) if chr == '_' then -- replace underscores with spaces return ' ' else return chr end end local function replaceSpecialChars(str) local chr local esc = false local strOut = "" for i = 1, #str do chr = str:sub(i,i) if not esc then if chr == '\\' then esc = true else strOut = strOut .. replaceSpecialChar(chr) end else strOut = strOut .. chr esc = false end end return strOut end local function buildWikilink(target, label) if not label or target == label then return "[[" .. target .. "]]" else return "[[" .. target .. "|" .. label .. "]]" end end -- used to make frame.args mutable, to replace #frame.args (which is always 0) -- with the actual amount and to simply copy tables local function copyTable(tIn) if not tIn then return nil end local tOut = {} for i, v in pairs(tIn) do tOut[i] = v end return tOut end -- used to merge output arrays together; -- note that it currently mutates the first input array local function mergeArrays(a1, a2) for i = 1, #a2 do a1[#a1 + 1] = a2[i] end return a1 end local function split(str, del) local out = {} local i, j = str:find(del) if i and j then out[1] = str:sub(1, i - 1) out[2] = str:sub(j + 1) else out[1] = str end return out end local function parseWikidataURL(url) local id if url:match('^http[s]?://') then id = split(url, "Q") if id[2] then return "Q" .. id[2] end end return nil end local function parseDate(dateStr, precision) precision = precision or "d" local i, j, index, ptr local parts = {nil, nil, nil} if dateStr == nil then return parts[1], parts[2], parts[3] -- year, month, day end -- 'T' for snak values, '/' for outputs with '/Julian' attached i, j = dateStr:find("[T/]") if i then dateStr = dateStr:sub(1, i-1) end local from = 1 if dateStr:sub(1,1) == "-" then -- this is a negative number, look further ahead from = 2 end index = 1 ptr = 1 i, j = dateStr:find("-", from) if i then -- year parts[index] = tonumber(dateStr:sub(ptr, i-1), 10) -- explicitly give base 10 to prevent error if parts[index] == -0 then parts[index] = tonumber("0") -- for some reason, 'parts[index] = 0' may actually store '-0', so parse from string instead end if precision == "y" then -- we're done return parts[1], parts[2], parts[3] -- year, month, day end index = index + 1 ptr = i + 1 i, j = dateStr:find("-", ptr) if i then -- month parts[index] = tonumber(dateStr:sub(ptr, i-1), 10) if precision == "m" then -- we're done return parts[1], parts[2], parts[3] -- year, month, day end index = index + 1 ptr = i + 1 end end if dateStr:sub(ptr) ~= "" then -- day if we have month, month if we have year, or year parts[index] = tonumber(dateStr:sub(ptr), 10) end return parts[1], parts[2], parts[3] -- year, month, day end local function datePrecedesDate(aY, aM, aD, bY, bM, bD) if aY == nil or bY == nil then return nil end aM = aM or 1 aD = aD or 1 bM = bM or 1 bD = bD or 1 if aY < bY then return true end if aY > bY then return false end if aM < bM then return true end if aM > bM then return false end if aD < bD then return true end return false end local function getHookName(param, index) if hookNames[param] then return hookNames[param][index] elseif param:len() > 2 then return hookNames[param:sub(1, 2).."\\d"][index] else return nil end end local function alwaysTrue() return true end -- The following function parses a format string. -- -- The example below shows how a parsed string is structured in memory. -- Variables other than 'str' and 'child' are left out for clarity's sake. -- -- Example: -- "A %p B [%s[%q1]] C [%r] D" -- -- Structure: -- [ -- { -- str = "A " -- }, -- { -- str = "%p" -- }, -- { -- str = " B ", -- child = -- [ -- { -- str = "%s", -- child = -- [ -- { -- str = "%q1" -- } -- ] -- } -- ] -- }, -- { -- str = " C ", -- child = -- [ -- { -- str = "%r" -- } -- ] -- }, -- { -- str = " D" -- } -- ] -- local function parseFormat(str) local chr, esc, param, root, cur, prev, new local params = {} local function newObject(array) local obj = {} -- new object obj.str = "" array[#array + 1] = obj -- array{object} obj.parent = array return obj end local function endParam() if param > 0 then if cur.str ~= "" then cur.str = "%"..cur.str cur.param = true params[cur.str] = true cur.parent.req[cur.str] = true prev = cur cur = newObject(cur.parent) end param = 0 end end root = {} -- array root.req = {} cur = newObject(root) prev = nil esc = false param = 0 for i = 1, #str do chr = str:sub(i,i) if not esc then if chr == '\\' then endParam() esc = true elseif chr == '%' then endParam() if cur.str ~= "" then cur = newObject(cur.parent) end param = 2 elseif chr == '[' then endParam() if prev and cur.str == "" then table.remove(cur.parent) cur = prev end cur.child = {} -- new array cur.child.req = {} cur.child.parent = cur cur = newObject(cur.child) elseif chr == ']' then endParam() if cur.parent.parent then new = newObject(cur.parent.parent.parent) if cur.str == "" then table.remove(cur.parent) end cur = new end else if param > 1 then param = param - 1 elseif param == 1 then if not chr:match('%d') then endParam() end end cur.str = cur.str .. replaceSpecialChar(chr) end else cur.str = cur.str .. chr esc = false end prev = nil end endParam() -- make sure that at least one required parameter has been defined if not next(root.req) then throwError("missing-required-parameter") end -- make sure that the separator parameter "%s" is not amongst the required parameters if root.req[parameters.separator] then throwError("extra-required-parameter", parameters.separator) end return root, params end local function sortOnRank(claims) local rankPos local ranks = {{}, {}, {}, {}} -- preferred, normal, deprecated, (default) local sorted = {} for _, v in ipairs(claims) do rankPos = rankTable[v.rank] or 4 ranks[rankPos][#ranks[rankPos] + 1] = v end sorted = ranks[1] sorted = mergeArrays(sorted, ranks[2]) sorted = mergeArrays(sorted, ranks[3]) return sorted end local function isValueInTable(searchedItem, inputTable) for _, item in pairs(inputTable) do if item == searchedItem then return true end end return false end local Config = {} -- allows for recursive calls function Config:new() local cfg = {} setmetatable(cfg, self) self.__index = self cfg.separators = { -- single value objects wrapped in arrays so that we can pass by reference ["sep"] = {copyTable(defaultSeparators["sep"])}, ["sep%s"] = {copyTable(defaultSeparators["sep%s"])}, ["sep%q"] = {copyTable(defaultSeparators["sep%q"])}, ["sep%r"] = {copyTable(defaultSeparators["sep%r"])}, ["punc"] = {copyTable(defaultSeparators["punc"])} } cfg.entity = nil cfg.entityID = nil cfg.propertyID = nil cfg.propertyValue = nil cfg.qualifierIDs = {} cfg.qualifierIDsAndValues = {} cfg.bestRank = true cfg.ranks = {true, true, false} -- preferred = true, normal = true, deprecated = false cfg.foundRank = #cfg.ranks cfg.flagBest = false cfg.flagRank = false cfg.periods = {true, true, true} -- future = true, current = true, former = true cfg.flagPeriod = false cfg.atDate = {parseDate(os.date('!%Y-%m-%d'))} -- today as {year, month, day} cfg.mdyDate = false cfg.singleClaim = false cfg.sourcedOnly = false cfg.editable = false cfg.editAtEnd = false cfg.inSitelinks = false cfg.langCode = mw.language.getContentLanguage().code cfg.langName = mw.language.fetchLanguageName(cfg.langCode, cfg.langCode) cfg.langObj = mw.language.new(cfg.langCode) cfg.siteID = mw.wikibase.getGlobalSiteId() cfg.states = {} cfg.states.qualifiersCount = 0 cfg.curState = nil cfg.prefetchedRefs = nil return cfg end local State = {} function State:new(cfg, type) local stt = {} setmetatable(stt, self) self.__index = self stt.conf = cfg stt.type = type stt.results = {} stt.parsedFormat = {} stt.separator = {} stt.movSeparator = {} stt.puncMark = {} stt.linked = false stt.rawValue = false stt.shortName = false stt.anyLanguage = false stt.unitOnly = false stt.singleValue = false return stt end -- if id == nil then item connected to current page is used function Config:getLabel(id, raw, link, short) local label = nil local prefix, title= "", nil if not id then id = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() if not id then return "" end end id = id:upper() -- just to be sure if raw then -- check if given id actually exists if mw.wikibase.isValidEntityId(id) and mw.wikibase.entityExists(id) then label = id end prefix, title = "d:Special:EntityPage/", label -- may be nil else -- try short name first if requested if short then label = p._property{aliasesP.shortName, [p.args.eid] = id} -- get short name if label == "" then label = nil end end -- get label if not label then label = mw.wikibase.getLabel(id) end end if not label then label = "" elseif link then -- build a link if requested if not title then if id:sub(1,1) == "Q" then title = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(id) elseif id:sub(1,1) == "P" then -- properties have no sitelink, link to Wikidata instead prefix, title = "d:Special:EntityPage/", id end end label = mw.text.nowiki(label) -- escape raw label text so it cannot be wikitext markup if title then label = buildWikilink(prefix .. title, label) end end return label end function Config:getEditIcon() local value = "" local prefix = "" local front = "&nbsp;" local back = "" if self.entityID:sub(1,1) == "P" then prefix = "Property:" end if self.editAtEnd then front = '<span style="float:' if self.langObj:isRTL() then front = front .. 'left' else front = front .. 'right' end front = front .. '">' back = '</span>' end value = "[[File:OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg|frameless|text-top|10px|alt=" .. i18n['info']['edit-on-wikidata'] .. "|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/" .. prefix .. self.entityID .. "?uselang=" .. self.langCode if self.propertyID then value = value .. "#" .. self.propertyID elseif self.inSitelinks then value = value .. "#sitelinks-wikipedia" end value = value .. "|" .. i18n['info']['edit-on-wikidata'] .. "]]" return front .. value .. back end -- used to create the final output string when it's all done, so that for references the -- function extensionTag("ref", ...) is only called when they really ended up in the final output function Config:concatValues(valuesArray) local outString = "" local j, skip for i = 1, #valuesArray do -- check if this is a reference if valuesArray[i].refHash then j = i - 1 skip = false -- skip this reference if it is part of a continuous row of references that already contains the exact same reference while valuesArray[j] and valuesArray[j].refHash do if valuesArray[i].refHash == valuesArray[j].refHash then skip = true break end j = j - 1 end if not skip then -- add <ref> tag with the reference's hash as its name (to deduplicate references) outString = outString .. mw.getCurrentFrame():extensionTag("ref", valuesArray[i][1], {name = valuesArray[i].refHash}) end else outString = outString .. valuesArray[i][1] end end return outString end function Config:convertUnit(unit, raw, link, short, unitOnly) local space = " " local label = "" local itemID if unit == "" or unit == "1" then return nil end if unitOnly then space = "" end itemID = parseWikidataURL(unit) if itemID then if itemID == aliasesQ.percentage then return "%" else label = self:getLabel(itemID, raw, link, short) if label ~= "" then return space .. label end end end return "" end function State:getValue(snak) return self.conf:getValue(snak, self.rawValue, self.linked, self.shortName, self.anyLanguage, self.unitOnly, false, self.type:sub(1,2)) end function Config:getValue(snak, raw, link, short, anyLang, unitOnly, noSpecial, type) if snak.snaktype == 'value' then local datatype = snak.datavalue.type local subtype = snak.datatype local datavalue = snak.datavalue.value if datatype == 'string' then if subtype == 'url' and link then -- create link explicitly if raw then -- will render as a linked number like [1] return "[" .. datavalue .. "]" else return "[" .. datavalue .. " " .. datavalue .. "]" end elseif subtype == 'commonsMedia' then if link then return buildWikilink("c:File:" .. datavalue, datavalue) elseif not raw then return "[[File:" .. datavalue .. "]]" else return datavalue end elseif subtype == 'geo-shape' and link then return buildWikilink("c:" .. datavalue, datavalue) elseif subtype == 'math' and not raw then local attribute = nil if (type == parameters.property or (type == parameters.qualifier and self.propertyID == aliasesP.hasPart)) and snak.property == aliasesP.definingFormula then attribute = {qid = self.entityID} end return mw.getCurrentFrame():extensionTag("math", datavalue, attribute) elseif subtype == 'external-id' and link then local url = p._property{aliasesP.formatterURL, [p.args.eid] = snak.property} -- get formatter URL if url ~= "" then url = mw.ustring.gsub(url, "$1", datavalue) return "[" .. url .. " " .. datavalue .. "]" else return datavalue end else return datavalue end elseif datatype == 'monolingualtext' then if anyLang or datavalue['language'] == self.langCode then return datavalue['text'] else return nil end elseif datatype == 'quantity' then local value = "" local unit if not unitOnly then -- get value and strip + signs from front value = mw.ustring.gsub(datavalue['amount'], "^%+(.+)$", "%1") if raw then return value end -- replace decimal mark based on locale value = replaceDecimalMark(value) -- add delimiters for readability value = i18n.addDelimiters(value) end unit = self:convertUnit(datavalue['unit'], raw, link, short, unitOnly) if unit then value = value .. unit end return value elseif datatype == 'time' then local y, m, d, p, yDiv, yRound, yFull, value, calendarID, dateStr local yFactor = 1 local sign = 1 local prefix = "" local suffix = "" local mayAddCalendar = false local calendar = "" local precision = datavalue['precision'] if precision == 11 then p = "d" elseif precision == 10 then p = "m" else p = "y" yFactor = 10^(9-precision) end y, m, d = parseDate(datavalue['time'], p) if y < 0 then sign = -1 y = y * sign end -- if precision is tens/hundreds/thousands/millions/billions of years if precision <= 8 then yDiv = y / yFactor -- if precision is tens/hundreds/thousands of years if precision >= 6 then mayAddCalendar = true if precision <= 7 then -- round centuries/millenniums up (e.g. 20th century or 3rd millennium) yRound = math.ceil(yDiv) if not raw then if precision == 6 then suffix = i18n['datetime']['suffixes']['millennium'] else suffix = i18n['datetime']['suffixes']['century'] end suffix = i18n.getOrdinalSuffix(yRound) .. suffix else -- if not verbose, take the first year of the century/millennium -- (e.g. 1901 for 20th century or 2001 for 3rd millennium) yRound = (yRound - 1) * yFactor + 1 end else -- precision == 8 -- round decades down (e.g. 2010s) yRound = math.floor(yDiv) * yFactor if not raw then prefix = i18n['datetime']['prefixes']['decade-period'] suffix = i18n['datetime']['suffixes']['decade-period'] end end if raw and sign < 0 then -- if BCE then compensate for "counting backwards" -- (e.g. -2019 for 2010s BCE, -2000 for 20th century BCE or -3000 for 3rd millennium BCE) yRound = yRound + yFactor - 1 end else local yReFactor, yReDiv, yReRound -- round to nearest for tens of thousands of years or more yRound = math.floor(yDiv + 0.5) if yRound == 0 then if precision <= 2 and y ~= 0 then yReFactor = 1e6 yReDiv = y / yReFactor yReRound = math.floor(yReDiv + 0.5) if yReDiv == yReRound then -- change precision to millions of years only if we have a whole number of them precision = 3 yFactor = yReFactor yRound = yReRound end end if yRound == 0 then -- otherwise, take the unrounded (original) number of years precision = 5 yFactor = 1 yRound = y mayAddCalendar = true end end if precision >= 1 and y ~= 0 then yFull = yRound * yFactor yReFactor = 1e9 yReDiv = yFull / yReFactor yReRound = math.floor(yReDiv + 0.5) if yReDiv == yReRound then -- change precision to billions of years if we're in that range precision = 0 yFactor = yReFactor yRound = yReRound else yReFactor = 1e6 yReDiv = yFull / yReFactor yReRound = math.floor(yReDiv + 0.5) if yReDiv == yReRound then -- change precision to millions of years if we're in that range precision = 3 yFactor = yReFactor yRound = yReRound end end end if not raw then if precision == 3 then suffix = i18n['datetime']['suffixes']['million-years'] elseif precision == 0 then suffix = i18n['datetime']['suffixes']['billion-years'] else yRound = yRound * yFactor if yRound == 1 then suffix = i18n['datetime']['suffixes']['year'] else suffix = i18n['datetime']['suffixes']['years'] end end else yRound = yRound * yFactor end end else yRound = y mayAddCalendar = true end if mayAddCalendar then calendarID = parseWikidataURL(datavalue['calendarmodel']) if calendarID and calendarID == aliasesQ.prolepticJulianCalendar then if not raw then if link then calendar = " ("..buildWikilink(i18n['datetime']['julian-calendar'], i18n['datetime']['julian'])..")" else calendar = " ("..i18n['datetime']['julian']..")" end else calendar = "/"..i18n['datetime']['julian'] end end end if not raw then local ce = nil if sign < 0 then ce = i18n['datetime']['BCE'] elseif precision <= 5 then ce = i18n['datetime']['CE'] end if ce then if link then ce = buildWikilink(i18n['datetime']['common-era'], ce) end suffix = suffix .. " " .. ce end value = tostring(yRound) if m then dateStr = self.langObj:formatDate("F", "1-"..m.."-1") if d then if self.mdyDate then dateStr = dateStr .. " " .. d .. "," else dateStr = d .. " " .. dateStr end end value = dateStr .. " " .. value end value = prefix .. value .. suffix .. calendar else value = padZeros(yRound * sign, 4) if m then value = value .. "-" .. padZeros(m, 2) if d then value = value .. "-" .. padZeros(d, 2) end end value = value .. calendar end return value elseif datatype == 'globecoordinate' then -- logic from https://github.com/DataValues/Geo (v4.0.1) local precision, unitsPerDegree, numDigits, strFormat, value, globe local latitude, latConv, latValue, latLink local longitude, lonConv, lonValue, lonLink local latDirection, latDirectionN, latDirectionS, latDirectionEN local lonDirection, lonDirectionE, lonDirectionW, lonDirectionEN local degSymbol, minSymbol, secSymbol, separator local latDegrees = nil local latMinutes = nil local latSeconds = nil local lonDegrees = nil local lonMinutes = nil local lonSeconds = nil local latDegSym = "" local latMinSym = "" local latSecSym = "" local lonDegSym = "" local lonMinSym = "" local lonSecSym = "" local latDirectionEN_N = "N" local latDirectionEN_S = "S" local lonDirectionEN_E = "E" local lonDirectionEN_W = "W" if not raw then latDirectionN = i18n['coord']['latitude-north'] latDirectionS = i18n['coord']['latitude-south'] lonDirectionE = i18n['coord']['longitude-east'] lonDirectionW = i18n['coord']['longitude-west'] degSymbol = i18n['coord']['degrees'] minSymbol = i18n['coord']['minutes'] secSymbol = i18n['coord']['seconds'] separator = i18n['coord']['separator'] else latDirectionN = latDirectionEN_N latDirectionS = latDirectionEN_S lonDirectionE = lonDirectionEN_E lonDirectionW = lonDirectionEN_W degSymbol = "/" minSymbol = "/" secSymbol = "/" separator = "/" end latitude = datavalue['latitude'] longitude = datavalue['longitude'] if latitude < 0 then latDirection = latDirectionS latDirectionEN = latDirectionEN_S latitude = math.abs(latitude) else latDirection = latDirectionN latDirectionEN = latDirectionEN_N end if longitude < 0 then lonDirection = lonDirectionW lonDirectionEN = lonDirectionEN_W longitude = math.abs(longitude) else lonDirection = lonDirectionE lonDirectionEN = lonDirectionEN_E end precision = datavalue['precision'] if not precision or precision <= 0 then precision = 1 / 3600 -- precision not set (correctly), set to arcsecond end -- remove insignificant detail latitude = math.floor(latitude / precision + 0.5) * precision longitude = math.floor(longitude / precision + 0.5) * precision if precision >= 1 - (1 / 60) and precision < 1 then precision = 1 elseif precision >= (1 / 60) - (1 / 3600) and precision < (1 / 60) then precision = 1 / 60 end if precision >= 1 then unitsPerDegree = 1 elseif precision >= (1 / 60) then unitsPerDegree = 60 else unitsPerDegree = 3600 end numDigits = math.ceil(-math.log10(unitsPerDegree * precision)) if numDigits <= 0 then numDigits = tonumber("0") -- for some reason, 'numDigits = 0' may actually store '-0', so parse from string instead end strFormat = "%." .. numDigits .. "f" if precision >= 1 then latDegrees = strFormat:format(latitude) lonDegrees = strFormat:format(longitude) if not raw then latDegSym = replaceDecimalMark(latDegrees) .. degSymbol lonDegSym = replaceDecimalMark(lonDegrees) .. degSymbol else latDegSym = latDegrees .. degSymbol lonDegSym = lonDegrees .. degSymbol end else latConv = math.floor(latitude * unitsPerDegree * 10^numDigits + 0.5) / 10^numDigits lonConv = math.floor(longitude * unitsPerDegree * 10^numDigits + 0.5) / 10^numDigits if precision >= (1 / 60) then latMinutes = latConv lonMinutes = lonConv else latSeconds = latConv lonSeconds = lonConv latMinutes = math.floor(latSeconds / 60) lonMinutes = math.floor(lonSeconds / 60) latSeconds = strFormat:format(latSeconds - (latMinutes * 60)) lonSeconds = strFormat:format(lonSeconds - (lonMinutes * 60)) if not raw then latSecSym = replaceDecimalMark(latSeconds) .. secSymbol lonSecSym = replaceDecimalMark(lonSeconds) .. secSymbol else latSecSym = latSeconds .. secSymbol lonSecSym = lonSeconds .. secSymbol end end latDegrees = math.floor(latMinutes / 60) lonDegrees = math.floor(lonMinutes / 60) latDegSym = latDegrees .. degSymbol lonDegSym = lonDegrees .. degSymbol latMinutes = latMinutes - (latDegrees * 60) lonMinutes = lonMinutes - (lonDegrees * 60) if precision >= (1 / 60) then latMinutes = strFormat:format(latMinutes) lonMinutes = strFormat:format(lonMinutes) if not raw then latMinSym = replaceDecimalMark(latMinutes) .. minSymbol lonMinSym = replaceDecimalMark(lonMinutes) .. minSymbol else latMinSym = latMinutes .. minSymbol lonMinSym = lonMinutes .. minSymbol end else latMinSym = latMinutes .. minSymbol lonMinSym = lonMinutes .. minSymbol end end latValue = latDegSym .. latMinSym .. latSecSym .. latDirection lonValue = lonDegSym .. lonMinSym .. lonSecSym .. lonDirection value = latValue .. separator .. lonValue if link then globe = parseWikidataURL(datavalue['globe']) if globe then globe = mw.wikibase.getLabelByLang(globe, "en"):lower() else globe = "earth" end latLink = table.concat({latDegrees, latMinutes, latSeconds}, "_") lonLink = table.concat({lonDegrees, lonMinutes, lonSeconds}, "_") value = "[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?language="..self.langCode.."&params="..latLink.."_"..latDirectionEN.."_"..lonLink.."_"..lonDirectionEN.."_globe:"..globe.." "..value.."]" end return value elseif datatype == 'wikibase-entityid' then local label local itemID = datavalue['numeric-id'] if subtype == 'wikibase-item' then itemID = "Q" .. itemID elseif subtype == 'wikibase-property' then itemID = "P" .. itemID else return '<strong class="error">' .. errorText('unknown-data-type', subtype) .. '</strong>' end label = self:getLabel(itemID, raw, link, short) if label == "" then label = nil end return label else return '<strong class="error">' .. errorText('unknown-data-type', datatype) .. '</strong>' end elseif snak.snaktype == 'somevalue' and not noSpecial then if raw then return " " -- single space represents 'somevalue' else return i18n['values']['unknown'] end elseif snak.snaktype == 'novalue' and not noSpecial then if raw then return "" -- empty string represents 'novalue' else return i18n['values']['none'] end else return nil end end function Config:getSingleRawQualifier(claim, qualifierID) local qualifiers if claim.qualifiers then qualifiers = claim.qualifiers[qualifierID] end if qualifiers and qualifiers[1] then return self:getValue(qualifiers[1], true) -- raw = true else return nil end end function Config:snakEqualsValue(snak, value) local snakValue = self:getValue(snak, true) -- raw = true if snakValue and snak.snaktype == 'value' and snak.datavalue.type == 'wikibase-entityid' then value = value:upper() end return snakValue == value end function Config:setRank(rank) local rankPos if rank == p.flags.best then self.bestRank = true self.flagBest = true -- mark that 'best' flag was given return end if rank:sub(1,9) == p.flags.preferred then rankPos = 1 elseif rank:sub(1,6) == p.flags.normal then rankPos = 2 elseif rank:sub(1,10) == p.flags.deprecated then rankPos = 3 else return end -- one of the rank flags was given, check if another one was given before if not self.flagRank then self.ranks = {false, false, false} -- no other rank flag given before, so unset ranks self.bestRank = self.flagBest -- unsets bestRank only if 'best' flag was not given before self.flagRank = true -- mark that a rank flag was given end if rank:sub(-1) == "+" then for i = rankPos, 1, -1 do self.ranks[i] = true end elseif rank:sub(-1) == "-" then for i = rankPos, #self.ranks do self.ranks[i] = true end else self.ranks[rankPos] = true end end function Config:setPeriod(period) local periodPos if period == p.flags.future then periodPos = 1 elseif period == p.flags.current then periodPos = 2 elseif period == p.flags.former then periodPos = 3 else return end -- one of the period flags was given, check if another one was given before if not self.flagPeriod then self.periods = {false, false, false} -- no other period flag given before, so unset periods self.flagPeriod = true -- mark that a period flag was given end self.periods[periodPos] = true end function Config:qualifierMatches(claim, id, value) local qualifiers if claim.qualifiers then qualifiers = claim.qualifiers[id] end if qualifiers then for _, v in pairs(qualifiers) do if self:snakEqualsValue(v, value) then return true end end elseif value == "" then -- if the qualifier is not present then treat it the same as the special value 'novalue' return true end return false end function Config:rankMatches(rankPos) if self.bestRank then return (self.ranks[rankPos] and self.foundRank >= rankPos) else return self.ranks[rankPos] end end function Config:timeMatches(claim) local startTime = nil local startTimeY = nil local startTimeM = nil local startTimeD = nil local endTime = nil local endTimeY = nil local endTimeM = nil local endTimeD = nil if self.periods[1] and self.periods[2] and self.periods[3] then -- any time return true end startTime = self:getSingleRawQualifier(claim, aliasesP.startTime) if startTime and startTime ~= "" and startTime ~= " " then startTimeY, startTimeM, startTimeD = parseDate(startTime) end endTime = self:getSingleRawQualifier(claim, aliasesP.endTime) if endTime and endTime ~= "" and endTime ~= " " then endTimeY, endTimeM, endTimeD = parseDate(endTime) end if startTimeY ~= nil and endTimeY ~= nil and datePrecedesDate(endTimeY, endTimeM, endTimeD, startTimeY, startTimeM, startTimeD) then -- invalidate end time if it precedes start time endTimeY = nil endTimeM = nil endTimeD = nil end if self.periods[1] then -- future if startTimeY and datePrecedesDate(self.atDate[1], self.atDate[2], self.atDate[3], startTimeY, startTimeM, startTimeD) then return true end end if self.periods[2] then -- current if (startTimeY == nil or not datePrecedesDate(self.atDate[1], self.atDate[2], self.atDate[3], startTimeY, startTimeM, startTimeD)) and (endTimeY == nil or datePrecedesDate(self.atDate[1], self.atDate[2], self.atDate[3], endTimeY, endTimeM, endTimeD)) then return true end end if self.periods[3] then -- former if endTimeY and not datePrecedesDate(self.atDate[1], self.atDate[2], self.atDate[3], endTimeY, endTimeM, endTimeD) then return true end end return false end function Config:processFlag(flag) if not flag then return false end if flag == p.flags.linked then self.curState.linked = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.raw then self.curState.rawValue = true if self.curState == self.states[parameters.reference] then -- raw reference values end with periods and require a separator (other than none) self.separators["sep%r"][1] = {" "} end return true elseif flag == p.flags.short then self.curState.shortName = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.multilanguage then self.curState.anyLanguage = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.unit then self.curState.unitOnly = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.mdy then self.mdyDate = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.single then self.singleClaim = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.sourced then self.sourcedOnly = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.edit then self.editable = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.editAtEnd then self.editable = true self.editAtEnd = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.best or flag:match('^'..p.flags.preferred..'[+-]?$') or flag:match('^'..p.flags.normal..'[+-]?$') or flag:match('^'..p.flags.deprecated..'[+-]?$') then self:setRank(flag) return true elseif flag == p.flags.future or flag == p.flags.current or flag == p.flags.former then self:setPeriod(flag) return true elseif flag == "" then -- ignore empty flags and carry on return true else return false end end function Config:processFlagOrCommand(flag) local param = "" if not flag then return false end if flag == p.claimCommands.property or flag == p.claimCommands.properties then param = parameters.property elseif flag == p.claimCommands.qualifier or flag == p.claimCommands.qualifiers then self.states.qualifiersCount = self.states.qualifiersCount + 1 param = parameters.qualifier .. self.states.qualifiersCount self.separators["sep"..param] = {copyTable(defaultSeparators["sep%q\\d"])} elseif flag == p.claimCommands.reference or flag == p.claimCommands.references then param = parameters.reference else return self:processFlag(flag) end if self.states[param] then return false end -- create a new state for each command self.states[param] = State:new(self, param) -- use "%x" as the general parameter name self.states[param].parsedFormat = parseFormat(parameters.general) -- will be overwritten for param=="%p" -- set the separator self.states[param].separator = self.separators["sep"..param] -- will be nil for param=="%p", which will be set separately if flag == p.claimCommands.property or flag == p.claimCommands.qualifier or flag == p.claimCommands.reference then self.states[param].singleValue = true end self.curState = self.states[param] return true end function Config:processSeparators(args) local sep for i, v in pairs(self.separators) do if args[i] then sep = replaceSpecialChars(args[i]) if sep ~= "" then self.separators[i][1] = {sep} else self.separators[i][1] = nil end end end end function Config:setFormatAndSeparators(state, parsedFormat) state.parsedFormat = parsedFormat state.separator = self.separators["sep"] state.movSeparator = self.separators["sep"..parameters.separator] state.puncMark = self.separators["punc"] end -- determines if a claim has references by prefetching them from the claim using getReferences, -- which applies some filtering that determines if a reference is actually returned, -- and caches the references for later use function State:isSourced(claim) self.conf.prefetchedRefs = self:getReferences(claim) return (#self.conf.prefetchedRefs > 0) end function State:resetCaches() -- any prefetched references of the previous claim must not be used self.conf.prefetchedRefs = nil end function State:claimMatches(claim) local matches, rankPos -- first of all, reset any cached values used for the previous claim self:resetCaches() -- if a property value was given, check if it matches the claim's property value if self.conf.propertyValue then matches = self.conf:snakEqualsValue(claim.mainsnak, self.conf.propertyValue) else matches = true end -- if any qualifier values were given, check if each matches one of the claim's qualifier values for i, v in pairs(self.conf.qualifierIDsAndValues) do matches = (matches and self.conf:qualifierMatches(claim, i, v)) end -- check if the claim's rank and time period match rankPos = rankTable[claim.rank] or 4 matches = (matches and self.conf:rankMatches(rankPos) and self.conf:timeMatches(claim)) -- if only claims with references must be returned, check if this one has any if self.conf.sourcedOnly then matches = (matches and self:isSourced(claim)) -- prefetches and caches references end return matches, rankPos end function State:out() local result -- collection of arrays with value objects local valuesArray -- array with value objects local sep = nil -- value object local out = {} -- array with value objects local function walk(formatTable, result) local valuesArray = {} -- array with value objects for i, v in pairs(formatTable.req) do if not result[i] or not result[i][1] then -- we've got no result for a parameter that is required on this level, -- so skip this level (and its children) by returning an empty result return {} end end for _, v in ipairs(formatTable) do if v.param then valuesArray = mergeArrays(valuesArray, result[v.str]) elseif v.str ~= "" then valuesArray[#valuesArray + 1] = {v.str} end if v.child then valuesArray = mergeArrays(valuesArray, walk(v.child, result)) end end return valuesArray end -- iterate through the results from back to front, so that we know when to add separators for i = #self.results, 1, -1 do result = self.results[i] -- if there is already some output, then add the separators if #out > 0 then sep = self.separator[1] -- fixed separator result[parameters.separator] = {self.movSeparator[1]} -- movable separator else sep = nil result[parameters.separator] = {self.puncMark[1]} -- optional punctuation mark end valuesArray = walk(self.parsedFormat, result) if #valuesArray > 0 then if sep then valuesArray[#valuesArray + 1] = sep end out = mergeArrays(valuesArray, out) end end -- reset state before next iteration self.results = {} return out end -- level 1 hook function State:getProperty(claim) local value = {self:getValue(claim.mainsnak)} -- create one value object if #value > 0 then return {value} -- wrap the value object in an array and return it else return {} -- return empty array if there was no value end end -- level 1 hook function State:getQualifiers(claim, param) local qualifiers if claim.qualifiers then qualifiers = claim.qualifiers[self.conf.qualifierIDs[param]] end if qualifiers then -- iterate through claim's qualifier statements to collect their values; -- return array with multiple value objects return self.conf.states[param]:iterate(qualifiers, {[parameters.general] = hookNames[parameters.qualifier.."\\d"][2], count = 1}) -- pass qualifier state with level 2 hook else return {} -- return empty array end end -- level 2 hook function State:getQualifier(snak) local value = {self:getValue(snak)} -- create one value object if #value > 0 then return {value} -- wrap the value object in an array and return it else return {} -- return empty array if there was no value end end -- level 1 hook function State:getAllQualifiers(claim, param, result, hooks) local out = {} -- array with value objects local sep = self.conf.separators["sep"..parameters.qualifier][1] -- value object -- iterate through the output of the separate "qualifier(s)" commands for i = 1, self.conf.states.qualifiersCount do -- if a hook has not been called yet, call it now if not result[parameters.qualifier..i] then self:callHook(parameters.qualifier..i, hooks, claim, result) end -- if there is output for this particular "qualifier(s)" command, then add it if result[parameters.qualifier..i] and result[parameters.qualifier..i][1] then -- if there is already some output, then add the separator if #out > 0 and sep then out[#out + 1] = sep end out = mergeArrays(out, result[parameters.qualifier..i]) end end return out end -- level 1 hook function State:getReferences(claim) if self.conf.prefetchedRefs then -- return references that have been prefetched by isSourced return self.conf.prefetchedRefs end if claim.references then -- iterate through claim's reference statements to collect their values; -- return array with multiple value objects return self.conf.states[parameters.reference]:iterate(claim.references, {[parameters.general] = hookNames[parameters.reference][2], count = 1}) -- pass reference state with level 2 hook else return {} -- return empty array end end -- level 2 hook function State:getReference(statement) local citeParamMapping = i18n['cite']['param-mapping'] local citeConfig = i18n['cite']['config'] local citeTypes = i18n['cite']['output-types'] -- will hold rendered properties of the reference which are not directly from statement.snaks, -- Namely, is URL generated from an external ID. local additionalProcessedProperties = {} -- for each citation type, there will be an associative array that associates lists of rendered properties -- to citation-template parameters local candidateParams = {} -- like above, but only associates one rendered property to each parameter; if the above variable -- contains more strings for a parameter, the strings will be assigned to numbered params (e.g. "author1") local citeParams = {} local citeErrors = {} local referenceEmpty = true -- will be set to false if at least one parameter is left unremoved local version = 12 -- increment this each time the below logic is changed to avoid conflict errors if not statement.snaks then return {} end -- don't use bot-added references referencing Wikimedia projects or containing "inferred from" (such references are not usable on Wikipedia) if statement.snaks[aliasesP.importedFrom] or statement.snaks[aliasesP.wikimediaImportURL] or statement.snaks[aliasesP.inferredFrom] then return {} end -- don't include "type of reference" if statement.snaks[aliasesP.typeOfReference] then statement.snaks[aliasesP.typeOfReference] = nil end -- don't include "image" to prevent littering if statement.snaks[aliasesP.image] then statement.snaks[aliasesP.image] = nil end -- don't include "language" if it is equal to the local one if self:getReferenceDetail(statement.snaks, aliasesP.language) == self.conf.langName then statement.snaks[aliasesP.language] = nil end if statement.snaks[aliasesP.statedIn] and not statement.snaks[aliasesP.referenceURL] then -- "stated in" was given but "reference URL" was not. -- get "Wikidata property" properties from the item in "stated in" -- if any of the returned properties of the external-id datatype is in statement.snaks, generate a link from it and use the link in the reference -- find the "Wikidata property" properties in the item from "stated in" local wikidataPropertiesOfSource = mw.text.split(p._properties{p.flags.raw, aliasesP.wikidataProperty, [p.args.eid] = self.conf:getValue(statement.snaks[aliasesP.statedIn][1], true, false)}, ", ", true) for i, wikidataPropertyOfSource in pairs(wikidataPropertiesOfSource) do if statement.snaks[wikidataPropertyOfSource] and statement.snaks[wikidataPropertyOfSource][1].datatype == "external-id" then local tempLink = self:getReferenceDetail(statement.snaks, wikidataPropertyOfSource, false, true) -- not raw, linked if mw.ustring.match(tempLink, "^%[%Z- %Z+%]$") then -- getValue returned a URL in square brackets. -- the link is in wiki markup, so strip the square brackets and the display text -- gsub also returns another, discarted value, therefore the result is assigned to tempLink first tempLink = mw.ustring.gsub(tempLink, "^%[(%Z-) %Z+%]$", "%1") additionalProcessedProperties[aliasesP.referenceURL] = {tempLink} statement.snaks[wikidataPropertyOfSource] = nil break end end end end -- initialize candidateParams and citeParams for _, citeType in ipairs(citeTypes) do candidateParams[citeType] = {} citeParams[citeType] = {} end -- fill candidateParams for _, citeType in ipairs(citeTypes) do -- This will contain value--priority pairs for each param name. local candidateValuesAndPriorities = {} -- fill candidateValuesAndPriorities for refProperty in pairs(statement.snaks) do if citeErrors[citeType] then break end repeat -- just a simple wrapper to emulate "continue" -- set mappingKey and prefix local mappingKey local prefix = "" if statement.snaks[refProperty][1].datatype == 'external-id' then mappingKey = "external-id" prefix = self.conf:getLabel(refProperty) if prefix ~= "" then prefix = prefix .. " " end else mappingKey = refProperty end local paramName = citeParamMapping[citeType][mappingKey] -- skip properties with empty parameter name if paramName == "" then break -- skip this property for this value of citeType end -- handle unknown properties in the reference if not paramName then referenceEmpty = false local error_message = errorText("unknown-property-in-ref", refProperty) assert(error_message) -- Should not be nil citeErrors[citeType] = error_message break end -- set processedProperty local processedProperty local raw = false -- if the value is wanted raw if isValueInTable(paramName, citeConfig[citeType]["raw-value-params"] or {}) then raw = true end if isValueInTable(paramName, citeConfig[citeType]["numbered-params"] or {}) then -- Multiple values may be given. processedProperty = self:getReferenceDetails(statement.snaks, refProperty, raw, self.linked, true) -- anyLang = true else -- If multiple values are given, all but the first suitable one are discarted. processedProperty = {self:getReferenceDetail(statement.snaks, refProperty, raw, self.linked and (statement.snaks[refProperty][1].datatype ~= 'url'), true)} -- link = true/false, anyLang = true end if #processedProperty == 0 then break end referenceEmpty = false -- add an empty entry to candidateValuesAndPriorities, if there isn't one already if not candidateValuesAndPriorities[paramName] then candidateValuesAndPriorities[paramName] = {} end -- find the priority of refProperty local thisPropertyPriority = -1 local thisParamPrioritization = citeConfig[citeType]["prioritization"][paramName] if thisParamPrioritization then for i_priority, i_property in ipairs(thisParamPrioritization) do if i_property == refProperty then thisPropertyPriority = i_priority end end end for _, propertyValue in pairs(processedProperty) do table.insert( candidateValuesAndPriorities[paramName], {prefix .. propertyValue, thisPropertyPriority} ) end until true end -- fill candidateParams[citeType] if not citeErrors[citeType] then local compareValuePriorities = function(pair1, pair2) if pair1[2] == -1 and pair2[2] ~= -1 then return false end if pair1[2] ~= -1 and pair2[2] == -1 then return true end return pair1[2] < pair2[2] end -- fill candidateParams[citeType][paramName] for each used param for paramName, _ in pairs(candidateValuesAndPriorities) do table.sort(candidateValuesAndPriorities[paramName], compareValuePriorities) candidateParams[citeType][paramName] = {} for _, valuePriorityPair in ipairs(candidateValuesAndPriorities[paramName]) do table.insert(candidateParams[citeType][paramName], valuePriorityPair[1]) end end end end -- handle additional properties for refProperty in pairs(additionalProcessedProperties) do for _, citeType in ipairs(citeTypes) do repeat -- skip if there already have been errors if citeErrors[citeType] then break end local paramName = citeParamMapping[citeType][refProperty] -- handle unknown properties in the reference if not paramName then -- Skip this additional property, but do not cause an error. break end if paramName == "" then break end referenceEmpty = false if not candidateParams[citeType][paramName] then candidateParams[citeType][paramName] = {} end for _, propertyValue in pairs(additionalProcessedProperties[refProperty]) do table.insert(candidateParams[citeType][paramName], propertyValue) end until true end end -- fill citeParams for _, citeType in ipairs(citeTypes) do for paramName, paramValues in pairs(candidateParams[citeType]) do if #paramValues == 1 or not isValueInTable(paramName, citeConfig[citeType]["numbered-params"] or {}) then citeParams[citeType][paramName] = paramValues[1] else -- There is more than one value for this parameter - the values will -- go into separate numbered parameters (e.g. "author1", "author2") for paramNum, paramValue in pairs(paramValues) do citeParams[citeType][paramName .. paramNum] = paramValue end end end end -- handle missing mandatory parameters for the templates for _, citeType in ipairs(citeTypes) do for _, requiredCiteParam in pairs(citeConfig[citeType]["mandatory-params"] or {}) do if not citeParams[citeType][requiredCiteParam] then -- The required param is not present. if citeErrors[citeType] then -- Do not override the previous error, if it exists. break end local error_message = errorText("missing-mandatory-param", requiredCiteParam) assert(error_message) -- Should not be nil citeErrors[citeType] = error_message end end end local citeTypeToUse = nil -- choose the output template for _, citeType in ipairs(citeTypes) do if not citeErrors[citeType] then citeTypeToUse = citeType break end end -- set refContent local refContent = "" if citeTypeToUse then local templateToUse = citeConfig[citeTypeToUse]["template"] local paramsToUse = citeParams[citeTypeToUse] if not templateToUse or templateToUse == "" then throwError("no-such-reference-template", tostring(templateToUse), i18nPath, citeTypeToUse) end -- if this module is being substituted then build a regular template call, otherwise expand the template if mw.isSubsting() then for i, v in pairs(paramsToUse) do refContent = refContent .. "|" .. i .. "=" .. v end refContent = "{{" .. templateToUse .. refContent .. "}}" else xpcall( function () refContent = mw.getCurrentFrame():expandTemplate{title=templateToUse, args=paramsToUse} end, function () throwError("no-such-reference-template", templateToUse, i18nPath, citeTypeToUse) end ) end -- If the citation couldn't be displayed using any template, but is not empty (barring ignored propeties), throw an error. elseif not referenceEmpty then refContent = errorText("malformed-reference-header") for _, citeType in ipairs(citeTypes) do refContent = refContent .. errorText("template-failure-reason", citeConfig[citeType]["template"], citeErrors[citeType]) end refContent = refContent .. errorText("malformed-reference-footer") end -- wrap refContent local ref = {} if refContent ~= "" then ref = {refContent} if not self.rawValue then -- this should become a <ref> tag, so save the reference's hash for later ref.refHash = "wikidata-" .. statement.hash .. "-v" .. (tonumber(i18n['version']) + version) end return {ref} else return {} end end -- gets a detail of one particular type for a reference function State:getReferenceDetail(snaks, dType, raw, link, anyLang) local switchLang = anyLang local value = nil if not snaks[dType] then return nil end -- if anyLang, first try the local language and otherwise any language repeat for _, v in ipairs(snaks[dType]) do value = self.conf:getValue(v, raw, link, false, anyLang and not switchLang, false, true) -- noSpecial = true if value then break end end if value or not anyLang then break end switchLang = not switchLang until anyLang and switchLang return value end -- gets the details of one particular type for a reference function State:getReferenceDetails(snaks, dType, raw, link, anyLang) local values = {} if not snaks[dType] then return {} end for _, v in ipairs(snaks[dType]) do -- if nil is returned then it will not be added to the table values[#values + 1] = self.conf:getValue(v, raw, link, false, anyLang, false, true) -- noSpecial = true end return values end -- level 1 hook function State:getAlias(object) local value = object.value local title = nil if value and self.linked then if self.conf.entityID:sub(1,1) == "Q" then title = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(self.conf.entityID) elseif self.conf.entityID:sub(1,1) == "P" then title = "d:Property:" .. self.conf.entityID end if title then value = buildWikilink(title, value) end end value = {value} -- create one value object if #value > 0 then return {value} -- wrap the value object in an array and return it else return {} -- return empty array if there was no value end end -- level 1 hook function State:getBadge(value) value = self.conf:getLabel(value, self.rawValue, self.linked, self.shortName) if value == "" then value = nil end value = {value} -- create one value object if #value > 0 then return {value} -- wrap the value object in an array and return it else return {} -- return empty array if there was no value end end function State:callHook(param, hooks, statement, result) -- call a parameter's hook if it has been defined and if it has not been called before if not result[param] and hooks[param] then local valuesArray = self[hooks[param]](self, statement, param, result, hooks) -- array with value objects -- add to the result if #valuesArray > 0 then result[param] = valuesArray result.count = result.count + 1 else result[param] = {} -- an empty array to indicate that we've tried this hook already return true -- miss == true end end return false end -- iterate through claims, claim's qualifiers or claim's references to collect values function State:iterate(statements, hooks, matchHook) matchHook = matchHook or alwaysTrue local matches = false local rankPos = nil local result, gotRequired for _, v in ipairs(statements) do -- rankPos will be nil for non-claim statements (e.g. qualifiers, references, etc.) matches, rankPos = matchHook(self, v) if matches then result = {count = 0} -- collection of arrays with value objects local function walk(formatTable) local miss for i2, v2 in pairs(formatTable.req) do -- call a hook, adding its return value to the result miss = self:callHook(i2, hooks, v, result) if miss then -- we miss a required value for this level, so return false return false end if result.count == hooks.count then -- we're done if all hooks have been called; -- returning at this point breaks the loop return true end end for _, v2 in ipairs(formatTable) do if result.count == hooks.count then -- we're done if all hooks have been called; -- returning at this point prevents further childs from being processed return true end if v2.child then walk(v2.child) end end return true end gotRequired = walk(self.parsedFormat) -- only append the result if we got values for all required parameters on the root level if gotRequired then -- if we have a rankPos (only with matchHook() for complete claims), then update the foundRank if rankPos and self.conf.foundRank > rankPos then self.conf.foundRank = rankPos end -- append the result self.results[#self.results + 1] = result -- break if we only need a single value if self.singleValue then break end end end end return self:out() end local function getEntityId(arg, eid, page, allowOmitPropPrefix, globalSiteId) local id = nil local prop = nil if arg then if arg:sub(1,1) == ":" then page = arg eid = nil elseif arg:sub(1,1):upper() == "Q" or arg:sub(1,9):lower() == "property:" or allowOmitPropPrefix then eid = arg page = nil else prop = arg end end if eid then if eid:sub(1,9):lower() == "property:" then id = replaceAlias(mw.text.trim(eid:sub(10))) if id:sub(1,1):upper() ~= "P" then id = "" end else id = replaceAlias(eid) end elseif page then if page:sub(1,1) == ":" then page = mw.text.trim(page:sub(2)) end id = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForTitle(page, globalSiteId) or "" end if not id then id = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() or "" end id = id:upper() if not mw.wikibase.isValidEntityId(id) then id = "" end return id, prop end local function nextArg(args) local arg = args[args.pointer] if arg then args.pointer = args.pointer + 1 return mw.text.trim(arg) else return nil end end local function claimCommand(args, funcName) local cfg = Config:new() cfg:processFlagOrCommand(funcName) -- process first command (== function name) local lastArg, parsedFormat, formatParams, claims, value local hooks = {count = 0} -- set the date if given; -- must come BEFORE processing the flags if args[p.args.date] then cfg.atDate = {parseDate(args[p.args.date])} cfg.periods = {false, true, false} -- change default time constraint to 'current' end -- process flags and commands repeat lastArg = nextArg(args) until not cfg:processFlagOrCommand(lastArg) -- get the entity ID from either the positional argument, the eid argument or the page argument cfg.entityID, cfg.propertyID = getEntityId(lastArg, args[p.args.eid], args[p.args.page], false, args[p.args.globalSiteId]) if cfg.entityID == "" then return "" -- we cannot continue without a valid entity ID end cfg.entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(cfg.entityID) if not cfg.propertyID then cfg.propertyID = nextArg(args) end cfg.propertyID = replaceAlias(cfg.propertyID) if not cfg.entity or not cfg.propertyID then return "" -- we cannot continue without an entity or a property ID end cfg.propertyID = cfg.propertyID:upper() if not cfg.entity.claims or not cfg.entity.claims[cfg.propertyID] then return "" -- there is no use to continue without any claims end claims = cfg.entity.claims[cfg.propertyID] if cfg.states.qualifiersCount > 0 then -- do further processing if "qualifier(s)" command was given if #args - args.pointer + 1 > cfg.states.qualifiersCount then -- claim ID or literal value has been given cfg.propertyValue = nextArg(args) end for i = 1, cfg.states.qualifiersCount do -- check if given qualifier ID is an alias and add it cfg.qualifierIDs[parameters.qualifier..i] = replaceAlias(nextArg(args) or ""):upper() end elseif cfg.states[parameters.reference] then -- do further processing if "reference(s)" command was given cfg.propertyValue = nextArg(args) end -- check for special property value 'somevalue' or 'novalue' if cfg.propertyValue then cfg.propertyValue = replaceSpecialChars(cfg.propertyValue) if cfg.propertyValue ~= "" and mw.text.trim(cfg.propertyValue) == "" then cfg.propertyValue = " " -- single space represents 'somevalue', whereas empty string represents 'novalue' else cfg.propertyValue = mw.text.trim(cfg.propertyValue) end end -- parse the desired format, or choose an appropriate format if args["format"] then parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(args["format"]) elseif cfg.states.qualifiersCount > 0 then -- "qualifier(s)" command given if cfg.states[parameters.property] then -- "propert(y|ies)" command given parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(formats.propertyWithQualifier) else parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(formats.qualifier) end elseif cfg.states[parameters.property] then -- "propert(y|ies)" command given parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(formats.property) else -- "reference(s)" command given parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(formats.reference) end -- if a "qualifier(s)" command and no "propert(y|ies)" command has been given, make the movable separator a semicolon if cfg.states.qualifiersCount > 0 and not cfg.states[parameters.property] then cfg.separators["sep"..parameters.separator][1] = {";"} end -- if only "reference(s)" has been given, set the default separator to none (except when raw) if cfg.states[parameters.reference] and not cfg.states[parameters.property] and cfg.states.qualifiersCount == 0 and not cfg.states[parameters.reference].rawValue then cfg.separators["sep"][1] = nil end -- if exactly one "qualifier(s)" command has been given, make "sep%q" point to "sep%q1" to make them equivalent if cfg.states.qualifiersCount == 1 then cfg.separators["sep"..parameters.qualifier] = cfg.separators["sep"..parameters.qualifier.."1"] end -- process overridden separator values; -- must come AFTER tweaking the default separators cfg:processSeparators(args) -- define the hooks that should be called (getProperty, getQualifiers, getReferences); -- only define a hook if both its command ("propert(y|ies)", "reference(s)", "qualifier(s)") and its parameter ("%p", "%r", "%q1", "%q2", "%q3") have been given for i, v in pairs(cfg.states) do -- e.g. 'formatParams["%q1"] or formatParams["%q"]' to define hook even if "%q1" was not defined to be able to build a complete value for "%q" if formatParams[i] or formatParams[i:sub(1, 2)] then hooks[i] = getHookName(i, 1) hooks.count = hooks.count + 1 end end -- the "%q" parameter is not attached to a state, but is a collection of the results of multiple states (attached to "%q1", "%q2", "%q3", ...); -- so if this parameter is given then this hook must be defined separately, but only if at least one "qualifier(s)" command has been given if formatParams[parameters.qualifier] and cfg.states.qualifiersCount > 0 then hooks[parameters.qualifier] = getHookName(parameters.qualifier, 1) hooks.count = hooks.count + 1 end -- create a state for "properties" if it doesn't exist yet, which will be used as a base configuration for each claim iteration; -- must come AFTER defining the hooks if not cfg.states[parameters.property] then cfg.states[parameters.property] = State:new(cfg, parameters.property) -- if the "single" flag has been given then this state should be equivalent to "property" (singular) if cfg.singleClaim then cfg.states[parameters.property].singleValue = true end end -- if the "sourced" flag has been given then create a state for "reference" if it doesn't exist yet, using default values, -- which must exist in order to be able to determine if a claim has any references; -- must come AFTER defining the hooks if cfg.sourcedOnly and not cfg.states[parameters.reference] then cfg:processFlagOrCommand(p.claimCommands.reference) -- use singular "reference" to minimize overhead end -- set the parsed format and the separators (and optional punctuation mark); -- must come AFTER creating the additonal states cfg:setFormatAndSeparators(cfg.states[parameters.property], parsedFormat) -- process qualifier matching values, analogous to cfg.propertyValue for i, v in pairs(args) do i = tostring(i) if i:match('^[Pp]%d+$') or aliasesP[i] then v = replaceSpecialChars(v) -- check for special qualifier value 'somevalue' if v ~= "" and mw.text.trim(v) == "" then v = " " -- single space represents 'somevalue' end cfg.qualifierIDsAndValues[replaceAlias(i):upper()] = v end end -- first sort the claims on rank to pre-define the order of output (preferred first, then normal, then deprecated) claims = sortOnRank(claims) -- then iterate through the claims to collect values value = cfg:concatValues(cfg.states[parameters.property]:iterate(claims, hooks, State.claimMatches)) -- pass property state with level 1 hooks and matchHook -- if desired, add a clickable icon that may be used to edit the returned values on Wikidata if cfg.editable and value ~= "" then value = value .. cfg:getEditIcon() end return value end local function generalCommand(args, funcName) local cfg = Config:new() cfg.curState = State:new(cfg) local lastArg local value = nil repeat lastArg = nextArg(args) until not cfg:processFlag(lastArg) -- get the entity ID from either the positional argument, the eid argument or the page argument cfg.entityID = getEntityId(lastArg, args[p.args.eid], args[p.args.page], true, args[p.args.globalSiteId]) if cfg.entityID == "" or not mw.wikibase.entityExists(cfg.entityID) then return "" -- we cannot continue without an entity end -- serve according to the given command if funcName == p.generalCommands.label then value = cfg:getLabel(cfg.entityID, cfg.curState.rawValue, cfg.curState.linked, cfg.curState.shortName) elseif funcName == p.generalCommands.title then cfg.inSitelinks = true if cfg.entityID:sub(1,1) == "Q" then value = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(cfg.entityID) end if cfg.curState.linked and value then value = buildWikilink(value) end elseif funcName == p.generalCommands.description then value = mw.wikibase.getDescription(cfg.entityID) else local parsedFormat, formatParams local hooks = {count = 0} cfg.entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(cfg.entityID) if funcName == p.generalCommands.alias or funcName == p.generalCommands.badge then cfg.curState.singleValue = true end if funcName == p.generalCommands.alias or funcName == p.generalCommands.aliases then if not cfg.entity.aliases or not cfg.entity.aliases[cfg.langCode] then return "" -- there is no use to continue without any aliasses end local aliases = cfg.entity.aliases[cfg.langCode] -- parse the desired format, or parse the default aliases format if args["format"] then parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(args["format"]) else parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(formats.alias) end -- process overridden separator values; -- must come AFTER tweaking the default separators cfg:processSeparators(args) -- define the hook that should be called (getAlias); -- only define the hook if the parameter ("%a") has been given if formatParams[parameters.alias] then hooks[parameters.alias] = getHookName(parameters.alias, 1) hooks.count = hooks.count + 1 end -- set the parsed format and the separators (and optional punctuation mark) cfg:setFormatAndSeparators(cfg.curState, parsedFormat) -- iterate to collect values value = cfg:concatValues(cfg.curState:iterate(aliases, hooks)) elseif funcName == p.generalCommands.badge or funcName == p.generalCommands.badges then if not cfg.entity.sitelinks or not cfg.entity.sitelinks[cfg.siteID] or not cfg.entity.sitelinks[cfg.siteID].badges then return "" -- there is no use to continue without any badges end local badges = cfg.entity.sitelinks[cfg.siteID].badges cfg.inSitelinks = true -- parse the desired format, or parse the default aliases format if args["format"] then parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(args["format"]) else parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(formats.badge) end -- process overridden separator values; -- must come AFTER tweaking the default separators cfg:processSeparators(args) -- define the hook that should be called (getBadge); -- only define the hook if the parameter ("%b") has been given if formatParams[parameters.badge] then hooks[parameters.badge] = getHookName(parameters.badge, 1) hooks.count = hooks.count + 1 end -- set the parsed format and the separators (and optional punctuation mark) cfg:setFormatAndSeparators(cfg.curState, parsedFormat) -- iterate to collect values value = cfg:concatValues(cfg.curState:iterate(badges, hooks)) end end value = value or "" if cfg.editable and value ~= "" then -- if desired, add a clickable icon that may be used to edit the returned value on Wikidata value = value .. cfg:getEditIcon() end return value end -- modules that include this module should call the functions with an underscore prepended, e.g.: p._property(args) local function establishCommands(commandList, commandFunc) for _, commandName in pairs(commandList) do local function wikitextWrapper(frame) local args = copyTable(frame.args) args.pointer = 1 loadI18n(aliasesP, frame) return commandFunc(args, commandName) end p[commandName] = wikitextWrapper local function luaWrapper(args) args = copyTable(args) args.pointer = 1 loadI18n(aliasesP) return commandFunc(args, commandName) end p["_" .. commandName] = luaWrapper end end establishCommands(p.claimCommands, claimCommand) establishCommands(p.generalCommands, generalCommand) -- main function that is supposed to be used by wrapper templates function p.main(frame) if not mw.wikibase then return nil end local f, args loadI18n(aliasesP, frame) -- get the parent frame to take the arguments that were passed to the wrapper template frame = frame:getParent() or frame if not frame.args[1] then throwError("no-function-specified") end f = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1]) if f == "main" then throwError("main-called-twice") end assert(p["_"..f], errorText('no-such-function', f)) -- copy arguments from immutable to mutable table args = copyTable(frame.args) -- remove the function name from the list table.remove(args, 1) return p["_"..f](args) end return p j5a6l03tjwodgrvfnv3lb4x5up93wlv 828 91066 711003 579920 2026-07-10T22:39:53Z Uzume 3324 Update from [[d:Special:GoToLinkedPage/enwiki/Q29879601|master]] using [[mw:Synchronizer| #Synchronizer]] 711003 Scribunto text/plain -- The values and functions in this submodule should be localized per wiki. local p = {} function p.init(aliasesP) p = { ["version"] = "8", -- increment this each time the below parameters are changed to avoid reference conflict errors ["errors"] = { ["unknown-data-type"] = "Unknown or unsupported datatype '%s'.", ["missing-required-parameter"] = "No required parameters defined, needing at least one", ["extra-required-parameter"] = "Parameter '%s' must be defined as optional", ["no-function-specified"] = "You must specify a function to call", -- equal to the standard module error message ["main-called-twice"] = 'The function "main" cannot be called twice', ["no-such-function"] = 'The function "%s" does not exist', -- equal to the standard module error message ["no-such-reference-template"] = 'Error: template "%s", which is set in %s as the output template for the citation-output type "%s", does not exist', -- Parts of the error message signalling a malformed reference. ["malformed-reference-header"] = "<span style=\"color:#dd3333\">\nError: Unable to display the reference from Wikidata properly. Technical details:\n", ["malformed-reference-footer"] = "See [[Module:wd/doc#References|the documentation]] for further details.\n</span>\n[[Category:Module:Wd reference errors]]", ["template-failure-reason"] = "* Reason for the failure of {{tl|%s}}: %s\n", ["missing-mandatory-param"] = 'The output template call would miss the mandatory parameter <code>%s</code>.', ["unknown-property-in-ref"] = 'The Wikidata reference contains the property {{property|%s}}, which is not assigned to any parameter of this template.' }, ["info"] = { ["edit-on-wikidata"] = "Edit this on Wikidata" }, ["numeric"] = { ["decimal-mark"] = ".", ["delimiter"] = "," }, ["datetime"] = { ["prefixes"] = { ["decade-period"] = "" }, ["suffixes"] = { ["decade-period"] = "s", ["millennium"] = " millennium", ["century"] = " century", ["million-years"] = " million years", ["billion-years"] = " billion years", ["year"] = " year", ["years"] = " years" }, ["julian-calendar"] = "Julian calendar", -- linked page title ["julian"] = "Julian", ["BCE"] = "BCE", ["CE"] = "CE", ["common-era"] = "Common Era" -- linked page title }, ["coord"] = { ["latitude-north"] = "N", ["latitude-south"] = "S", ["longitude-east"] = "E", ["longitude-west"] = "W", ["degrees"] = "°", ["minutes"] = "'", ["seconds"] = '"', ["separator"] = ", " }, ["values"] = { ["unknown"] = "unknown", ["none"] = "none" }, ["cite"] = { ["output-types"] = {"web", "q"}, -- In this order, the output types will be tried ["param-mapping"] = { ["web"] = { -- <= left side: all allowed reference properties for *web page sources* per https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Help:Sources -- => right side: corresponding parameter names in (equivalent of) [[:en:Template:Cite web]] (if non-existent, keep empty i.e. "") [aliasesP.statedIn] = "website", [aliasesP.referenceURL] = "url", [aliasesP.publicationDate] = "date", [aliasesP.lastUpdate] = "date", [aliasesP.retrieved] = "access-date", [aliasesP.title] = "title", [aliasesP.subjectNamedAs] = "title", [aliasesP.archiveURL] = "archive-url", [aliasesP.archiveDate] = "archive-date", [aliasesP.language] = "language", [aliasesP.author] = "author", [aliasesP.authorNameString] = "author", [aliasesP.publisher] = "publisher", [aliasesP.quote] = "quote", [aliasesP.pages] = "pages", -- extra option [aliasesP.publishedIn] = "website", [aliasesP.sectionVerseOrParagraph] = "at" }, ["q"] = { -- <= left side: all allowed reference properties for *sources other than web pages* per https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Help:Sources -- => right side: corresponding parameter names in (equivalent of) [[:en:Template:Cite Q]] (if non-existent, keep empty i.e. "") [aliasesP.statedIn] = "1", [aliasesP.pages] = "pages", [aliasesP.column] = "at", [aliasesP.chapter] = "chapter", [aliasesP.sectionVerseOrParagraph] = "section", ["external-id"] = "id", -- used for any type of database property ID [aliasesP.title] = "title", [aliasesP.publicationDate] = "date", [aliasesP.lastUpdate] = "date", [aliasesP.retrieved] = "access-date" } }, ["config"] = { -- supported fields: -- - template: name of the template used for output -- - numbered-params: citation params accepting an arbitrary number of values by numbering the params (e.g. author1, author2) -- - raw-value-params: params taking a raw value (which means the property is rendered with getValue with raw=true) -- - mandatory-params: params that are required be in the template call (after potentially appending numbers to params listed in numbered-params) -- - prioritization: table associating a list of properties, in the order in which they are preferred, to template parameters; -- properties not mentioned here have the lowest priority; -- prioritization of properties handled through additionalProcessedProperties is unsupported; -- no key of this table can be from numbered-params -- Leaving out the "template" field causes the output type to be ignored. ["web"] = { ["template"] = "Cite web", ["numbered-params"] = {"author"}, ["mandatory-params"] = {"url"}, ["prioritization"] = { ["date"] = {aliasesP.lastUpdate, aliasesP.publicationDate}, ["title"] = {aliasesP.title, aliasesP.subjectNamedAs} } }, ["q"] = { ["template"] = "Cite Q", ["raw-value-params"] = {"1"}, -- the first, unnamed parameter of CiteQ takes a QID, not the name of the item cited ["mandatory-params"] = {"1"}, ["prioritization"] = { ["date"] = {aliasesP.lastUpdate, aliasesP.publicationDate} } } } } } p.getOrdinalSuffix = function(num) if tostring(num):sub(-2,-2) == '1' then return "th" -- 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, ... 19th end num = tostring(num):sub(-1) if num == '1' then return "st" elseif num == '2' then return "nd" elseif num == '3' then return "rd" else return "th" end end p.addDelimiters = function(n) local left, num, right = string.match(n, "^([^%d]*%d)(%d*)(.-)$") if left and num and right then return left .. (num:reverse():gsub("(%d%d%d)", "%1" .. p['numeric']['delimiter']):reverse()) .. right else return n end end return p end return p pgkxz3kqyoyu0zj2nmtkjkdr0ntnin5 711005 711003 2026-07-10T22:56:11Z Uzume 3324 l10n 711005 Scribunto text/plain -- The values and functions in this submodule should be localized per wiki. local p = {} function p.init(aliasesP) p = { ["version"] = "8", -- increment this each time the below parameters are changed to avoid reference conflict errors ["errors"] = { ["unknown-data-type"] = "Tipe data teu terang atawa teu didukung: '%s'.", ["missing-required-parameter"] = "Teu aya paraméter nu didéfinisikeun, nyadiakeun sahenteuna hiji", ["extra-required-parameter"] = "Paraméter '%s' kedah didéfinisikeun ku opsional", ["no-function-specified"] = "Anjeun kedah nyatakeun hiji fungsi pikeun dipanggil", -- equal to the standard module error message ["main-called-twice"] = 'Fungsi "main" teu bisa dipanggil dua kali', ["no-such-function"] = 'Teu aya fungsi "%s"', -- equal to the standard module error message ["no-such-reference-template"] = 'Error: template "%s", which is set in %s as the output template for the citation-output type "%s", does not exist', -- Parts of the error message signalling a malformed reference. ["malformed-reference-header"] = "<span style=\"color:#dd3333\">\nError: Unable to display the reference from Wikidata properly. Technical details:\n", ["malformed-reference-footer"] = "See [[Module:wd/doc#References|the documentation]] for further details.\n</span>\n[[Category:Module:Wd reference errors]]", ["template-failure-reason"] = "* Reason for the failure of {{tl|%s}}: %s\n", ["missing-mandatory-param"] = 'The output template call would miss the mandatory parameter <code>%s</code>.', ["unknown-property-in-ref"] = 'The Wikidata reference contains the property {{property|%s}}, which is not assigned to any parameter of this template.' }, ["info"] = { ["edit-on-wikidata"] = "Édit di Wikidata" }, ["numeric"] = { ["decimal-mark"] = ",", ["delimiter"] = "." }, ["datetime"] = { ["prefixes"] = { ["decade-period"] = "" }, ["suffixes"] = { ["decade-period"] = "s", ["millennium"] = " milénium", ["century"] = " abad", ["million-years"] = " juta taun", ["billion-years"] = " miliar taun", ["year"] = " taun", ["years"] = " taun" }, ["julian-calendar"] = "kalénder Julian", -- linked page title ["julian"] = "Julian", ["BCE"] = "SM", ["CE"] = "M", ["common-era"] = "Maséhi" -- linked page title }, ["coord"] = { ["latitude-north"] = "U", ["latitude-south"] = "S", ["longitude-east"] = "BT", ["longitude-west"] = "BB", ["degrees"] = "°", ["minutes"] = "'", ["seconds"] = '"', ["separator"] = ", " }, ["values"] = { ["unknown"] = "unknown", ["none"] = "none" }, ["cite"] = { ["output-types"] = {"web", "q"}, -- In this order, the output types will be tried ["param-mapping"] = { ["web"] = { -- <= left side: all allowed reference properties for *web page sources* per https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Help:Sources -- => right side: corresponding parameter names in (equivalent of) [[:en:Template:Cite web]] (if non-existent, keep empty i.e. "") [aliasesP.statedIn] = "website", [aliasesP.referenceURL] = "url", [aliasesP.publicationDate] = "date", [aliasesP.lastUpdate] = "date", [aliasesP.retrieved] = "access-date", [aliasesP.title] = "title", [aliasesP.subjectNamedAs] = "title", [aliasesP.archiveURL] = "archive-url", [aliasesP.archiveDate] = "archive-date", [aliasesP.language] = "language", [aliasesP.author] = "author", [aliasesP.authorNameString] = "author", [aliasesP.publisher] = "publisher", [aliasesP.quote] = "quote", [aliasesP.pages] = "pages", -- extra option [aliasesP.publishedIn] = "website", [aliasesP.sectionVerseOrParagraph] = "at" }, ["q"] = { -- <= left side: all allowed reference properties for *sources other than web pages* per https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Help:Sources -- => right side: corresponding parameter names in (equivalent of) [[:en:Template:Cite Q]] (if non-existent, keep empty i.e. "") [aliasesP.statedIn] = "1", [aliasesP.pages] = "pages", [aliasesP.column] = "at", [aliasesP.chapter] = "chapter", [aliasesP.sectionVerseOrParagraph] = "section", ["external-id"] = "id", -- used for any type of database property ID [aliasesP.title] = "title", [aliasesP.publicationDate] = "date", [aliasesP.lastUpdate] = "date", [aliasesP.retrieved] = "access-date" } }, ["config"] = { -- supported fields: -- - template: name of the template used for output -- - numbered-params: citation params accepting an arbitrary number of values by numbering the params (e.g. author1, author2) -- - raw-value-params: params taking a raw value (which means the property is rendered with getValue with raw=true) -- - mandatory-params: params that are required be in the template call (after potentially appending numbers to params listed in numbered-params) -- - prioritization: table associating a list of properties, in the order in which they are preferred, to template parameters; -- properties not mentioned here have the lowest priority; -- prioritization of properties handled through additionalProcessedProperties is unsupported; -- no key of this table can be from numbered-params -- Leaving out the "template" field causes the output type to be ignored. ["web"] = { ["template"] = "Cite web", ["numbered-params"] = {"author"}, ["mandatory-params"] = {"url"}, ["prioritization"] = { ["date"] = {aliasesP.lastUpdate, aliasesP.publicationDate}, ["title"] = {aliasesP.title, aliasesP.subjectNamedAs} } }, ["q"] = { ["template"] = "Cite Q", ["raw-value-params"] = {"1"}, -- the first, unnamed parameter of CiteQ takes a QID, not the name of the item cited ["mandatory-params"] = {"1"}, ["prioritization"] = { ["date"] = {aliasesP.lastUpdate, aliasesP.publicationDate} } } } } } p.getOrdinalSuffix = function(num) if tostring(num):sub(-2,-2) == '1' then return "th" -- 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, ... 19th end num = tostring(num):sub(-1) if num == '1' then return "st" elseif num == '2' then return "nd" elseif num == '3' then return "rd" else return "th" end end p.addDelimiters = function(n) local left, num, right = string.match(n, "^([^%d]*%d)(%d*)(.-)$") if left and num and right then return left .. (num:reverse():gsub("(%d%d%d)", "%1" .. p['numeric']['delimiter']):reverse()) .. right else return n end end return p end return p fxh3etssvomuiqgljgye1awxpbp1vvc 0 98597 710991 654137 2026-07-10T14:12:02Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710991 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Midazolam''' mangrupa [[ubar]] nu kaasup kana golongan [[bénzodiazépin]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a609003.html|title=Midazolam: MedlinePlus Drug Information|website=medlineplus.gov|language=en|accessdate=2019-12-13}}</ref> Minangka ubar panenang, ieu midazolam mibanda sipat [[ansiolitik]], palemes [[otot]], [[antikonvulsan]], [[sédatif]], [[hipnotik]], jeung [[amnésik]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00683|title=Midazolam|website=www.drugbank.ca|accessdate=2019-12-13}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210172650/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00683 |date=2019-12-10 }}</ref> Dina larapanna ieu midazolam geus dipaké dina rupa-rupa kagiatan biomédis, kayaning [[bedah jantung]], ogé dina prosedur [[éndoskopi]] minangka ubar pra[[Anéstési|-anéstési]], minangka tatambah pikeun anéstési lokal, sarta dipaké ogé ku [[dokter huntu]].<ref name=":0" /> Pamakéan midazolam bisa ku cara [[oral]], [[réktal]], [[intranasal]], [[intramuskuler]], jeung jalur [[intravéna]].<ref name=":0" /> Midazolam kagolong ubar bénzodiazépin anu unik, lantaran onsét éfékna nu gancang sarta durasi tindakan anu pondok.<ref name=":0" /> Midazolam guna pisan pikeun ngubaran [[sakalor]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Smith|first=Rob|last2=Brown|first2=Janis|date=2017-2|title=Midazolam for status epilepticus|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5313252/|journal=Australian Prescriber|volume=40|issue=1|pages=23–25|doi=10.18773/austprescr.2017.005|issn=0312-8008|pmc=5313252|pmid=28246432}}</ref> Sok sanajan kitu, aya éfék sagigireunna kayaning napas jadi eungap, tekenan getih jadi rendah, sarta [[tunduh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/midazolam-hydrochloride.html|title=Midazolam Hydrochloride Monograph for Professionals|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2019-12-13}}</ref> Taak kana éfékna<ref>{{Cite book|title=StatPearls|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537321/|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|date=2019|location=Treasure Island (FL)|pmid=30726006|first=Thejasvi N.|last=Lingamchetty|first2=Abdolreza|last2=Saadabadi}}</ref> jeung [[sakaw]] mah bisa kajadian mun ieu ubar dikonsumsi katutuluyan.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mets|first=B.|last2=Horsell|first2=A.|last3=Linton|first3=D. M.|date=1991-01|title=Midazolam-induced benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1996748|journal=Anaesthesia|volume=46|issue=1|pages=28–29|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2044.1991.tb09309.x|issn=0003-2409|pmid=1996748}}</ref> Taun 1974 ieu midazolam dipaténkan tuluy taun 1982 mimiti dipaké secara médis.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.medicinenet.com/midazolam-injection/article.htm|title=midazolam injection (Versed): Uses, Side Effects & Dosage|website=MedicineNet|language=en|accessdate=2020-01-13}}</ref> Kiwari ieu ubar geus sayaga minangka ubar teu bisa kahontal lantaran waragadna teu pati mahal sarta kaasup ubar generik.<ref name=":1" /> == Kontraindikasi == Bénzodiazépin upama dipakékeun ka nu geus kolot, nu keur ngandung, ka barudak, nyandu alkohol atawa nu gumantung kana ubar atawa ogé nu boga gangguan kajiwaan, mangka diperlukeun tindakan panyegahan husus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/article/benzodiazepines.html|title=Benzodiazepines: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions & Warnings|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-01-13}}</ref> Ka pasén nu keur kritis mah komo kudu ati-ati pisan, sabab bisa kajadian midazolam jeung metabolit aktifna ngakumulasi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bauer|first=T. M.|last2=Ritz|first2=R.|last3=Haberthür|first3=C.|last4=Ha|first4=H. R.|last5=Hunkeler|first5=W.|last6=Sleight|first6=A. J.|last7=Scollo-Lavizzari|first7=G.|last8=Haefeli|first8=W. E.|date=1995-07-15|title=Prolonged sedation due to accumulation of conjugated metabolites of midazolam|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7603229|journal=Lancet (London, England)|volume=346|issue=8968|pages=145–147|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(95)91209-6|issn=0140-6736|pmid=7603229}}</ref> Gangguan [[ginjal]] atawa [[liver]] bisa ngalambatkeun éliminasi midazolam nu antuknya nyababkeun éfék nu katutuluyan sarta kudu ditingkatkeun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pharmafactz.com/benzodiazepine-mnemonics/|title=Benzodiazepine Mnemonics {{!}} Memory Tools You Need to Know!|website=PharmaFactz|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-01-13}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113022306/https://pharmafactz.com/benzodiazepine-mnemonics/ |date=2020-01-13 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Griffin|first=Charles E.|last2=Kaye|first2=Adam M.|last3=Bueno|first3=Franklin Rivera|last4=Kaye|first4=Alan D.|date=2013|title=Benzodiazepine Pharmacology and Central Nervous System–Mediated Effects|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3684331/|journal=The Ochsner Journal|volume=13|issue=2|pages=214–223|issn=1524-5012|pmc=3684331|pmid=23789008}}</ref> Kontraindikasi ngawengku hipersénsitivitas, glaukoma juru heureut akut, syok, hipoténsi, atawa cidera sirah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-7464/midazolam-injection/details/list-contraindications|title=Drugs & Medications|website=www.webmd.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-01-13}}</ref> == Rujukan == {{Reflist|}} 0e935mduvtvrlr26mrsrnjcmahgj8w5 0 99415 710987 710063 2026-07-10T12:36:44Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710987 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Penyangkalan-medis}} {{Drugbox|Watchedfields=changed|ChEBI=6359|DrugBank=DB00581|ChemSpiderID_Ref={{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}|ChemSpiderID=10856|UNII_Ref={{fdacite|correct|FDA}}|UNII=9U7D5QH5AE|KEGG_Ref={{keggcite|correct|kegg}}|KEGG=D00352|ChEBI_Ref={{ebicite|correct|EBI}}|ChEMBL_Ref={{ebicite|correct|EBI}}|PubChem=11333|ChEMBL=296306|synonyms=4-O-β-<small>D</small>-Galaktosil-<small>D</small>-fruktosa <!--Chemical data-->|C=12|H=22|O=11|smiles=O[C@H]2[C@H](O[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O)[C@H](O[C@]2(O)CO)CO|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChI=1S/C12H22O11/c13-1-4-6(16)7(17)8(18)11(21-4)22-9-5(2-14)23-12(20,3-15)10(9)19/h4-11,13-20H,1-3H2/t4-,5-,6+,7+,8-,9-,10+,11+,12-/m1/s1|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|ATC_suffix=AD11|verifiedrevid=458266592|legal_UK=|IUPAC_name=4-''O''-β-<small>D</small>-Galaktopiranosil-β-<small>D</small>-fruktofuranosa<br />OR<br />(2''S'',3''R'',4''S'',5''R'',6''R'')-2-((2''R'',3''S'',4''S'',5''R'')-4,5-Dihidroksi-2,5-bis(hidroksimetil)tetrahidrofurana-3-iloksi)-6-(hidroksimetil)tetrahidro-2''H''-piran-3,4,5-triol|image=Lactulose structure.svg|width=225 <!--Clinical data-->|pronounce={{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|æ|k|tj|ʊ|l|oʊ|z}}|tradename=Duphalac, Constipan, Constuloz, Dulcolactol, Extralac, Lacons, Lactulax, Opilax, Laxadilac, Pralax, Solax|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|monografi|lactulosa}}|MedlinePlus=a682338|pregnancy_US=B|legal_US=Dengan resep dokter|ATC_prefix=A06|legal_status=|routes_of_administration=Per oral <!--Pharmacokinetic data-->|bioavailability=Absorbsi jelek|metabolism=100% di usus besar oleh bakteri usus|onset=8 hingga 48 jam|elimination_half-life=1.7–2 jam|excretion=Feses <!--Identifiers-->|CAS_number_Ref={{cascite|correct|??}}|CAS_number=4618-18-2|StdInChIKey=JCQLYHFGKNRPGE-FCVZTGTOSA-N}} '''Laktulosa''' nyaéta [[ubar]] anu dipaké pikeun ngeureunkeun konstipasi atawa hésé [[miceun]]. Ubar ieu ngalirkeun cairan kana usus anu nyababkeun [[Tai|tinja]] jadi leuwih lembék sarta babari pikeun dipiceun. Salian ti éta, laktulosa ogé dipaké pikeun ngubaran sarta nyegah ''ensefalopati képatikum'', atawa kalainan dina [[uteuk]] (saperti parobahan kapribadian jeung gangguan méntal) ku sabab ayana [[panyakit liver]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://patient.info/medicine/lactulose-for-constipation-lactugal|title=Lactulose for constipation - Lactugal. Side effects and dosage|website=patient.info|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-01}}</ref> Laktulosa boga babaraha [[mérek dagang]], di antarana nyaéta ''Lactofid, Lactulax, Pralax, Graphalac, Costuloz, Lactulose, Opilax, Lacons, Constipen, Duphalac,'' jeung ''Dulculactol''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alodokter.com/laktulosa|title=Laktulosa|website=Alodokter|accessdate=2020-05-01}}</ref> [[Gambar:Lactulose Molekülbaukasten 9543.JPG|250px|thumb|Struktur kimia laktulosa]] == Mangpaat == Laktulosa bisa dipaké pikeun ngubaran konstipasi atawa hésé miceun. Laktulosa ogé bisa ngubaran ''énséfalopati hépatik''. ''Énséfalopati hépatik'' nyaéta sindrom neuropsikiatrik anu disababkeun ku karusakan parah dina [[ati]], boh karusakan akut atawa karusakan taunan. ieu karusakan téh ditandaan ku ayana gangguan paripolah, gejala neurologik, sarta gangguan kasadaran boh anu ringan atawa anu beurat.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.honestdocs.id/laktulosa|title=Laktulosa - Manfaat, Dosis, & Efek Samping|website=HonestDocs|language=id|accessdate=2020-05-01}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118045125/https://www.honestdocs.id/laktulosa |date=2019-11-18 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-3367-7202/lactulose-oral/lactulose-liver-oral-rectal/details|title=Drugs & Medications|website=www.webmd.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-01}}</ref> === Cara réaksi === Laktulosa kagolongkeun kana obat pencahar (laktatif). Laktulosa mangrupa [[gula]] anu dipecah dina [[Peujit|usus gedé]] jadi asam ringan anu bisa ngalembékkeun tinja.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.healthline.com/health/lactulose-oral-solution|title=Lactulose: Side Effects, Dosage, Uses, and More|website=Healthline|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-01}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> Mékanismeu laktulosa dina ngeureunkeun konstipasi nyaéta jadi agén hipérosmotik kalawan nambahan cai dina tinja, ngalembékkeun tinja, ningkatkeun peristaltik, sarta ngurangan ammonia [[getih]].<ref name=":1" /> Sedengkeun mékanismeu laktulosa dina ngubaran énséfalopati hépatik nyaéta ku cara ngarobah laktulosa jadi asam organik ku baktéri kolon, tuluy nyieun eusi kolon jadi asam, anu matak bisa ngahambat difusi ammonia balik deui kana getih. Laktulosa ogé bisa ningkatkeun [[Difusi permukaan|difusi]] NH₃ ti getih kana [[peujit]], tuluy NH₃ dirobah jadi NH₄⁺. Laktulosa boga onsét 24-48 jam. Laktulosa anu diserep teu dimétabolismeu, sedengkeun laktulosa anu henteu diserep sacara éksténsif bakal dimétabolismeu jadi asam organik ku baktéri kolon. Métabolit laktulosa nyaéta [[asam laktat]] (utama), [[asam format]], jeung [[asam asétat]]. Sedengkeun laktulosa diékskrési liwat [[urin]], [[Tai|fésés]], sarta [[Hampru|hamperu]].<ref name=":1" /> == Sipat fisika jeung kimia == Laktulosa mangrupa [[disakarida]] yang disintésis tina [[fruktosa]] jeung [[galaktosa]], kalawan [[struktur kimia]] C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁, sarta [[Massa molékul rélatif|beurat molékul]] 342,3 g/mol. Laktulosa nyaéta struktur solid kalawan [[titik lebur]] 169&nbsp;°C, sarta bisa leyur dina citiis jueng cipanas kalawan [[kelarutan]] 76,4% dina 30&nbsp;°C. Pamanasan bakal nyababkeun warna larutan laktulosa jadi moékan tapi moal mangaruhan nanaon.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/lactulose.html|title=Lactulose Monograph for Professionals|last=|first=|date=|website=Drugs.com|language=|access-date=2020-05-01}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alomedika.com/obat/obat-untuk-saluran-cerna/katartik/laktulosa|title=Laktulosa - indikasi, dosis, interaksi dan efek samping|last=Darmawan|first=Josephine|date=27 Februari 2018|website=Alomedika|access-date=2020-05-01}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/11333|title=Lactulose|last=PubChem|first=|date=|website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|language=|access-date=24 Maret 2020}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00581|title=Lactulose|last=|first=|date=|website=www.drugbank.ca|access-date=2020-05-01}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824034120/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00581 |date=2019-08-24 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=StatPearls|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536930/|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|date=2020|location=Treasure Island (FL)|pmid=30725615|first=Samiran|last=Mukherjee|first2=Savio|last2=John}}</ref> == Dosis == Pikeun kondisi konstipasi pikeun anu [[Sawawa|déwasa]], dosis awalna nyaéta 15-30 ml sapoéna. Dosisna ogé bisa ditambahan jadi 45 ml.<ref name=":0" /> Sedengkeun pikeun [[Budak leutik|barudak]], yuswa sabulan nepi ka sataun, dosis awalna 2,5 ml. Pikeun barudak yuswa 1-5 taun, 5 ml.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.medicinesforchildren.org.uk/lactulose-constipation|title=Lactulose for constipation {{!}} Medicines for Children|website=www.medicinesforchildren.org.uk|accessdate=2020-05-01}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923090918/https://www.medicinesforchildren.org.uk/lactulose-constipation |date=2020-09-23 }}</ref> Tuluy, pikeun [[yuswa]] 5-10 taun, 10 ml. Anu terahir, pikeun yuswa 10-18 taun, 15 ml. Kabéhanana dikonsumsi dua kali sapoé.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":7" /> Salian ti éta, dosis pikeun anu ngalaman kondisi ''enselofati hépatikum'', pikeun anu déwasa, dosisna 90-150 sapoé.<ref name=":0" /> [[Gambar:Lactulose4987086671200.jpg|jmpl|Conto ubar laktulosa]] Saupama éta [[dosis]] kaliwat sakali, dianjurkeun pikeun buru-buru diinum. Tapi, lamun geus téréh kana waktu nginum ubar saenggeusna, teu kudu nginum deui. Ulah nepi ka ngagandakeun dosis.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://hellosehat.com/obatan-suplemen/obat/laktulosa/|title=Laktulosa : Fungsi, Dosis, Efek Samping, Cara Pakai|website=Hello Sehat|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-05-01}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682338.html|title=Lactulose: MedlinePlus Drug Information|website=medlineplus.gov|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-01}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/lactulose/|title=Lactulose: laxative to treat constipation|website=nhs.uk|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-01}}</ref> == Cara ngonsumsi jeung épék samping == Laktulosa bisa dikonsumsi saacan atawa saenggeus dahar. Ieu ubar ogé bisa dicampurkeun kana [[Sari bungbuahan|jus]], [[susu]], atawa [[opieun]]. Saupama ubarna amis teuing, bisa ditambahan ku cihérang atawa jus.<ref name=":5" /> Ubar ieu ogé aya dina wangun sirop.<ref name=":0" /> Sedengkeun épék samping dina ngonsumsi ieu ubar nyaéta teu ngeunah angen, [[diaré]], [[sebel]] jeung [[ongkék]], kram otot, detak [[jantung]] henteu teratur, sarta kejang-kejang.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sehatq.com/obat/lactulose|title=Lactulose {{!}} Fungsi, Cara Pemakaian, Dosis, Efek Samping|website=SehatQ|language=id|accessdate=2020-05-01}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227045245/https://www.sehatq.com/obat/lactulose |date=2021-02-27 }}</ref> Laktulosa ogé bisa nyababkeun [[déhidrasi]] jeung hiponatrémia pikeun [[orok]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/medicines/digestive-health/news/a6979/lactugal-lactulose/|title=Lactulose (Duphalac): to help relief constipation|last=Ghelani|first=Rita|website=Netdoctor|language=en-GB|accessdate=2020-05-01}}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Dina ngonsumsi laktulosa, aya babaraha hal anu kudu diperhatikeun, di antarana baé nyaéta sabisana ulah nginum laktulosa saupama boga gangguan nyerna gula ([[galaktosémia]]). Tuluy, ati-ati saupama laktulosa diinum ku anu boga panyakit [[Diabétes mélitus|diabét]] jeung gangguan [[Éléktrolisis|éléktrolit]]. Salian ti éta, kudu diperhatikeun yén pasén anu ngonsumsi laktulosa salila leuwih ti genep bulan, kudu ngalakukeun pamariksaan kasaimbangan éléktrolit sacara rutin.<ref name=":0" /> Sabisana ulah nginum laktulosa saupama pasén eukeur ngalakonan diét husus rendah galaktosa (gula susu).<ref name=":1" /> == Tingali ogé == * [[Ubar]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Ubar]] a16d92v0hue3b85pghvopbisttsfem7 0 99606 710988 704991 2026-07-10T12:49:32Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710988 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Penyangkalan-medis}} {{Drugbox | Verifiedfields = changed | Watchedfields = changed | verifiedrevid = 462090529 | IUPAC_name = (''S'')-6-Fenil-2,3,5,6-tetrahidroimidazo[2,1-''b''][1,3]tiazol | image = Levamisole.svg | width = 180 | alt = Skeletal formula of levamisole | image2 = Levamisole molecule ball.png | alt2 = Ball-and-stick model of the levamisole molecule <!--Clinical data--> | tradename = Obat Cacing No. 17 Kam Cek San | Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|CONS|levamisole}} | MedlinePlus = a697011 | pregnancy_AU = | pregnancy_US = | legal_CA = | legal_US_comment = | legal_status = | routes_of_administration = Per oral <!--Pharmacokinetic data--> | bioavailability = | metabolism = [[Hati]] | elimination_half-life = 3–4 jam | excretion = Urine (70%) <!--Identifiers--> | IUPHAR_ligand = 7210 | CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}} | CAS_number = 14769-73-4 | ATC_prefix = P02 | ATC_suffix = CE01 | ATC_supplemental = {{ATCvet|P52|AE01}} | PubChem = 26879 | DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}} | DrugBank = DB00848 | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | ChemSpiderID = 25037 | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} | UNII = 2880D3468G | KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}} | KEGG = D08114 | ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}} | ChEBI = 6432 | ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ChEMBL = 1454 <!--Chemical data--> | C=11 | H=12 | N=2 | S=1 | molecular_weight = 204.292 g/mol | smiles = N\2=C1/SCCN1C[C@@H]/2c3ccccc3 | StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChI = 1S/C11H12N2S/c1-2-4-9(5-3-1)10-8-13-6-7-14-11(13)12-10/h1-5,10H,6-8H2/t10-/m1/s1 | StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChIKey = HLFSDGLLUJUHTE-SNVBAGLBSA-N | density = 1.31 | melting_point = }} '''Levamisol''' asup kana ubar anthelmintik pikeun ubar térapi [[kanker]], utamana [[kanker kolon]] (usus besar) nu miboga sifat ''imunimodulator'' sarta ningkatkeun sistem imun awak.pasén kanker.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00848|title=Levamisole|website=www.drugbank.ca|accessdate=2020-06-03}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808030319/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00848 |date=2020-08-08 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/cons/levamisole.html|title=Levamisole Advanced Patient Information|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref> Salian ti éta. levamisol ogé dipaké pikeun ubar cacing nu éféktif ngubaran panyakit askariasis atawa inféksi nu disababkeun ku cacing gelang (''[[Ascaris lumbricoides]]'').<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://pionas.pom.go.id/ioni/bab-5-infeksi/56-infeksi-cacing/562-cacing-gelang-ascaris|title=5.6.2 Cacing Gelang (Ascaris) {{!}} PIO Nas|website=pionas.pom.go.id|accessdate=2020-06-03}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207223033/http://pionas.pom.go.id/ioni/bab-5-infeksi/56-infeksi-cacing/562-cacing-gelang-ascaris |date=2020-02-07 }}</ref> == Struktur fisik jeung kimia == Struktur fisik levamisol mangrupa bubuk warnana [[bodas]], atawa hampulir bodas, polimorfisa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.farmasi-id.com/levamisol/|title=Levamisol {{!}} Kandungan, Indikasi, Efek Samping, Dosis, Obat Apa|website=Farmasi-id.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-06-03}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025132413/https://www.farmasi-id.com/levamisol/ |date=2020-10-25 }}</ref> sarta struktur [[kimia]] levamisol nyaéta C₁₁H₁₂N₂S miboga beurat molékul 204,29 g/mol, titik lebur 264,5&nbsp;°C, jeung titik didihna 344,4&nbsp;°C. Densitasna 1,3±0,1 gram/cm³, tekanan uap 0,0±0,8 mmHg dina suhu 25&nbsp;°C, volum molarna 154,1±7,0&nbsp;cm³. Levamisol rada hésé larut dina [[cai]], babari larut dina [[alkohol]] jeung metil alkohol, teu bisa larut dina eter, sarta miboga pH 5% larutan dina cai nyaéta 3 - 4,5. Ubar ieu stabil dina bentuk padet salila opat minggu jeung dina bentuk (100&nbsp;mg/ml dina pelarut cai jeung pH 7) stabil salila 9 poé mun disimpen di handapeun temperatur normal.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/26879|title=Levamisole|last=PubChem|website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref> Levamisol diadsborbsi gancang tina saluran cerna. Konséntrasi plasma maksimal nyaéta 1,5 nepi ka 2 jam. Levamisol dimetabolisme di jero [[Kawaya|limpa]], waktu paruh plasma nyaéta 3 nepi ka 4 jam. Levamisol diéksrési di urin salaku metabolit (70% dosis diéksrési di urin salila tilu poé, 5% ubar nu teu robah) jeung saeutik difésés.<ref name=":1" /> == Interaksi ubar == * Alkohol: bisa réaksi disulfiram mun levamisol diinum babarengan jeung alkohol.<ref name=":2" /> *pamakéan levamisol jeung warfarin nyababkeun inhibisi métabolisme warfarin. sarta ningkatkeun konséntrasi [[fenitoin]] lamun dipaké babarengan levamisol jeung ''fluorourasil'',<ref name=":1" /> * pamakéan levamisol babarengan jeung ubar panghambat faktor [[nekrosis tumor]] (''tumor necrosis factor'' atau TNF) ningkatkeun résiko inféksi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/adalimumab-with-levamisole-102-0-1447-0.html?professional=1|title=Adalimumab and levamisole Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref> * pamakéan jeung antipsikotik kayaning ''[[clozapin]]'' bisa nurunkeun jumlah sél [[getih bodas]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/clozapine-with-levamisole-709-0-1447-0.html?professional=1|title=Clozapine and levamisole Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref> * dipaké bareng jeung sababaraha jenis [[vaksin]] nu bisa nyababkeun inféksi kusabab daya tahan awak nu keur lemah sarta nurun, conto sababaraha vaksin kayaning. vaksin [[campak]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/levamisole-with-measles-virus-vaccine-1447-0-1531-0.html?professional=1|title=Levamisole and measles virus vaccine Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref>, * vaksin BCG<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/bcg-vaccine-with-levamisole-3983-0-1447-0.html?professional=1|title=Bcg vaccine and levamisole Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref>, * vaksin influenza,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/influenza-virus-vaccine-h1n1-live-with-levamisole-3227-0-1447-0.html?professional=1|title=Influenza virus vaccine, h1n1, live and levamisole Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref> * vaksin virus parotis,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/levamisole-with-mumps-virus-vaccine-1447-0-1668-0.html?professional=1|title=Levamisole and mumps virus vaccine Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref> * vaksin [[polio]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/levamisole-with-poliovirus-vaccine-live-trivalent-1447-0-1891-0.html|title=Levamisole and poliovirus vaccine, live, trivalent Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref> * vaksin rotavirus,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/levamisole-with-rotavirus-vaccine-1447-0-2032-0.html|title=Levamisole and rotavirus vaccine Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref> * vaksin [[Rubéla|rubela]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/levamisole-with-rubella-virus-vaccine-1447-0-2034-0.html|title=Levamisole and rubella virus vaccine Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref> * vaksin cacar (''variola''),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/levamisole-with-smallpox-vaccine-1447-0-2072-0.html?professional=1|title=Levamisole and smallpox vaccine Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref> * vaksin pikeun panyakit [[tifoid]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/levamisole-with-typhoid-vaccine-live-1447-0-2271-0.html?professional=1|title=Levamisole and typhoid vaccine, live Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref> * vaksin [[Cacar|cacar air]] (varisela) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/levamisole-with-varicella-virus-vaccine-1447-0-2292-0.html?professional=1|title=Levamisole and varicella virus vaccine Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref> * vaksin demam kuning,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/levamisole-with-yellow-fever-vaccine-1447-0-2314-0.html?professional=1|title=Levamisole and yellow fever vaccine Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref> * Sarta vaksin herpes ''zooster.'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/levamisole-with-zoster-vaccine-live-1447-0-2335-0.html?professional=1|title=Levamisole and zoster vaccine live Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref> == Éfék samping == Ieu di handap sababaraha éfék samping tina pamakéan levamisol kayaning:<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://hellosehat.com/obatan-suplemen/obat/levamisole/|title=Levamisole : Fungsi, Dosis, Efek Samping, Cara Pakai|website=Hello Sehat|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hellosehat.com/obatan-suplemen/obat/levamisole/|title=Levamisole : Fungsi, Dosis, Efek Samping, Cara Pakai|website=Hello Sehat|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-06-10}}</ref> * panas tiris, kejang *[[diaré]], [[barusuh]] * fésés warnana poék * urin atawa fésés getihan *[[batuk]] jeung sora serak * nyeri [[tonggong]] bagéan handap atawa nyeri cangkéng * ayana pendarahan atawa geuneuk nu teu biasa * titinggalian teu jelas * réaksi hipersensitif, * arthralgia, * nyeri [[otot]], ruam [[kulit]], * hésé saré atawa [[insomnia]], * gangguan hematologi kayaning [[agranulositosis]], *[[leukopenia]], [[trombositopenia]], * gangguan saluran pencernaan kaasup katugenah dina [[baham]] * teu bisa ngarasakeun nanaona dibagéan beungeut, dampal leungeun, atawa dampal suku Ieu éfék nu karasa di unggal jama bisa béda-béda gumantung kana umur, étnis, kaayaan kaséhatan sarta jinis kelamin. == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Ubar]] qt0ud3lxors7ljmh9g0jefz99dnghxh 0 99685 710995 663116 2026-07-10T15:16:37Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710995 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Penyangkalan-medis}} {{Drugbox|Verifiedfields=changed|Cl=2|KEGG_Ref={{keggcite|correct|kegg}}|KEGG=D00436|ChEMBL_Ref={{ebicite|correct|EBI}}|ChEMBL=1448|ChEBI=7553 <!--Chemical data-->|IUPAC_name=5-Chloro-''N''-(2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide|C=13|H=8|N=2|UNII_Ref={{fdacite|correct|FDA}}|O=4|molecular_weight=327.119 g/mol|smiles=Clc2cc(ccc2NC(=O)c1cc(Cl)ccc1O)[N+]([O-])=O|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChI=1S/C13H8Cl2N2O4/c14-7-1-4-12(18)9(5-7)13(19)16-11-3-2-8(17(20)21)6-10(11)15/h1-6,18H,(H,16,19)|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=RJMUSRYZPJIFPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N|melting_point=225|UNII=8KK8CQ2K8G|ChemSpiderID=4322|Watchedfields=changed|ATC_suffix=DA01|verifiedrevid=462260260|image=Niclosamide.svg <!--Clinical data-->|tradename=Niclocide, Fenasal, Phenasal, others<ref name="pubchem">{{PubChem|4477}}</ref>|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|CONS|niclosamide}}|pregnancy_category= Katégori B|legal_status=|routes_of_administration=Ngaliwatan baham|ATC_prefix=P02|ATC_supplemental={{ATCvet|P52|AG03}} <!--Pharmacokinetic data-->|ChemSpiderID_Ref={{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}|bioavailability=|metabolism=|elimination_half-life=|excretion= urin<!--Identifiers-->|CAS_number_Ref={{cascite|changed|??}}|CAS_number=50-65-7|PubChem=4477|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|DrugBank=DB06803|melting_high=230}} '''Niklosamid''' nu miboga ngaran dagang '''Nicloside'''<ref name=":0" /> nyaéta ubar umum nu dipaké pikeun ngungkulan inféksi nu disababkeun ku cacing, Niklosamid kaasup kana jinis anthelmintik.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/cons/niclosamide.html|title=Niclosamide Advanced Patient Information|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-15}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB06803|title=Niclosamide|website=www.drugbank.ca|accessdate=2020-06-15}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061216072757/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202406.html|title=MedlinePlus Drug Information: Niclosamide (Oral)|website=web.archive.org|accessdate=2020-06-15}}</ref> Ubar ieu kapanggih di taun 1958.<ref>{{Cite book|edition=3rd ed|title=Encyclopedia of parasitology|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/233974520|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-540-48996-2|oclc=233974520|last=Mehlhorn, Heinz.|last2=Aspöck, Horst.}}</ref> == Kagunaan == Niklosamide nu kaasup kana jinis ubar anthelmintik ieu dipaké pikeun ngubaran inféksi nu disababkeun ku sababaraha jinis [[cacing pita]], kayaning cacing kerdil (''H. nana''), nepi ka cacing pita ynu aya dina daging (''T. saginata'', ''T. solium'', dan ''D. latum''),<ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alodokter.com/obat-cacing-dan-efek-sampingnya|title=Obat Cacing dan Efek Sampingnya|website=Alodokter|accessdate=2020-06-16}}</ref> cacing pita lauk, cacing pita dwarf, jeung cacing pita sapi.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sehatq.com/obat/niclosamide|title=Niclosamide {{!}} Fungsi, Cara Pemakaian, Dosis, Efek Samping|website=SehatQ|language=id|accessdate=2020-06-15}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018020816/https://www.sehatq.com/obat/niclosamide |date=2021-10-18 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/4477|title=Niclosamide|last=PubChem|website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-15}}</ref> Numutkeun hiji artikel ti ''Cellular Signalling'', ubar niklosamid aya kamungkinan miboga poténsi pikeun ngungkulan panyakit séjén kayaning.sababaraha [[panyakit kanker]], inféksi bakteri jeung virus, diabetes tipe 2, nepi ka ''[[rheumatoid arthritis]]''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://hellosehat.com/obatan-suplemen/obat/niclosamide/|title=Niclosamide : Fungsi, Dosis, Efek Samping, Cara Pakai|website=Hello Sehat|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-06-15}}</ref> Ubar cacing ieu teu réaksi jeung inféksi cacing tipe lianna, kayaning [[cacing kremi]] atawa [[Annelida|cacing gelang]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chen|first=Wei|last2=Mook|first2=Robert A.|last3=Premont|first3=Richard T.|last4=Wang|first4=Jiangbo|date=2018-1|title=Niclosamide: Beyond an antihelminthic drug|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5628105/|journal=Cellular Signalling|volume=41|pages=89–96|doi=10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.04.001|issn=0898-6568|pmc=5628105|pmid=28389414}}</ref> == Cara gawé == Niklosamid gawé kucara maéhan cacing pita dina jero awak, cacing pita dewasa (lain endogna) biasana gancang dipaéhan, kusabab leupasna fosforilasi oksidatif atawa stimulasi aktivitas ATPase. Cacing-cacing nu geus dipaéhan ieu tuluy dikaluarkeun ngaliwatan [[tinja]] atawa kadang diancurkeun di usus. Niklosamid bisa gawé salaku moluskisida ku cara ngiket jeung ngarusak [[DNA]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> == Cara maké == Pikeun maké bar ieu, saluyu jeung anjuran dokter atawa apoteker. Ieu di handap sababaraha cara pikeun nginum ieu ubar:<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/niclosamide-oral-route/proper-use/drg-20065068|title=Niclosamide (Oral Route) Proper Use - Mayo Clinic|website=www.mayoclinic.org|accessdate=2020-06-16}}</ref> * Niklosamid bisa diinum sajam atawa dua jam snggeus dahar. Masingkeun kitu, pikeun ngurangan résiko [[nyeri beuteung]], ubar ieu alusna mah diinum sanggeus dahar * Tablet niklosamid kudu digayem nepi ka bener-bener ancur, tuluy diteureuy maké cai. * Saacan méré ubar ieu ka budak leutik, ancurkeun hehula tablét ubar ieu nepi ka lemes, tuluy campurkeun jeung cai saeutik. * Pikeun ngungkulan cacing pita tina daging sapi, atawa tina lauk, pastikeun nginumna saluyu jeung nu diisntruksikeun ku dokter, sok sanajan pikeun sababaraha jalma dosis tunggal bisa ngungkulan inféksi ieu, tapi aya dina sababaraha kasus, dosisi tambahan bisa ogé diperlukeun. * Pikeun ngungkulan inféksi cacing pita dwarf, pastikeun anjeun nginum ubar ieu salila tujuh poé nepi ka perawatanna bener-bener anggeus. Mun anjeun eureun wanci keur nginum ubar ieu, résiko katarajang ku ieu cacing beuki gedé. == Cara nyimpen == Pikeun nyimpen ubar Niklosamid ieu, simpen di wadah nu katutup, dina suhu kamar, jauh ti panas, lembab, sarta [[panonpoé]] langsung., ulah disimpen dikamar mandi. Jauhkeun tina titik beku sarta ti budak leutik.<ref name=":0" /> Ulah nyimpen ubar nu geus heubeul atawa geus teu diperlukeun deui. Mun anjeun geus teu maké ubar ieu atawa mun geus kadaluwarsa, piceun ubar ieu saluyu jeung aturanna. Salah sahijina ulah nyampurkeun ubar ieu jeung runtah biasa, ulah ogé miceun ubar ieu ka jajalaneu cai kayaning jamban. Tanyakeun ka [[apotéker]] atawa dinas nu aya patalina pikeun ngungkulan limbah médis.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061216072757/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202406.html|title=MedlinePlus Drug Information: Niclosamide (Oral)|website=web.archive.org|accessdate=2020-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-63850/niclosamide-oral/details|title=Drugs & Medications|website=www.webmd.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-16}}</ref> == Hal nu kudu diperhatikeun == Saacan nginum ubar niklosamid aya sababaraha hal nu kudu diperhatikeun, kayanging:<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> * Jéntrékeun ka [[dokter]] atawa apotéker mun anjeun miboga alérgi ka ubar niklosamid atawa ubar séjénna. * Jéntrékeun ka dokter atawa apotéker mun anjeun keur nginum ubar séjén, boh resép ti dokter tawa lain kaasup [[vitamin]]. * Jéntrékeun ka dokter atawa apotéker mun anjeun anjeun keur kakandungan, miboga rencana keur hamil atawa keur nyusuan. Salian ti hal nu di luhur geus dijéntrékeun, ubar ieu kaasup ka résiko kahamilan katégori B numutkeun ''US Food and Drugs Administration'' (FDA). Ieu di handap référénsi katégori kahamilan numutkeun FDA: * A= Teu miboga résiko, * B=Teu miboga résiko dina sababaraha panalungtikan, * C=Kamungkinan miboga résiko, * D=Aya bukti positif tina résiko, * X=Kontraindikasi, * N=Teu dipikanyaho == Interaksi Niklosamid == Interaksi ubar bisa ngarobah gawé niklosamid, atawa bisa ningkatkeun tingkat résiko éfék samping nu leuwih serius. Simpen daftar sakabeh produk ubar nu dipaké ku anjeun (kaasup ubar resép atawa lain, sarta produk herbal), jeung utamana ulah poho konsultasikeun ka dokter saacan anjeun nginum ubar ieu. Ulah maké sarta ngeuruenkeun, atawa ngaganti dosis dokter saacan meunang persetujuan dokter. <ref name=":3" /> Salian ti ubar, kadaharan ogé bisa nyababkeun interaksi jeung niklosamid, salah sahiji conto nu geus ilahar nyaéta [[alkohol]] jeung [[bako]], ulah nginum alkohol salila keur pamakéan ubar ieu. Sarta aya saabaraha kaayaan kaséhatan nu aya kamungkinan interaksi jeung niklosamid, jéntrekeun ka dokter ngeunaan kaayaan kaséhatan saacan urang ngonsumsi ubar ieu.<ref name=":2" /> == Éfék samping == Éfék samping mangrupa hiji éfék nu teu dipiharep tina ubar. Éfék samping ieu bisa mangrupa-rupa di sababaraha jalma gumantung kana kaayaan panyakit, umur, beurat awak, jinis kelamin, étnis, jeung sababaraha kaayaan kaséhatan lianna. Ieu di handap sababaraha éfék samping nu bisa karasa sanggeus nginum niklosamid:<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> Niklosamida bisa nyababkeun éfék samping dapat menyebabkan efek samping kayaning: *[[Diaré]] * Nyeri beuteung * Leungitna kahayang dahar * Sebel atawa utah Sok sanajan jarang karandapan ieu di handap sababaraha kaayaan nu bisa narajang kusabab éfék samping tina niklosamid: *[[Nyeri sirah]] * Tunduh * Atel di daérah [[rektum]] *[[Ruam kulit]] * Teu ngareunah rarasaan di wewengkon [[biwir]] *[[Sirah]] asa ngoléang *''Pruritus'' (ateul dina kulit) Lamun anjeun ngarandapan kaayaan alérgi nu leuwih parna (anafilaktik) kana ubar ieu, , geura tepungan dokter, sababaraha kaayan alérgi nu parna ieu kayaning: * Arateul * Hésé rénghap * Barareuh dina beungeut, biwir, [[létah]], atawa [[tikoro]] Teu sakabéh jalma ngalaman 'éfék samping sarua. Kamungkinan aya sababaraha éfék samping nu teu disebutkeun di luhur. Mun anjeung ngarasa ringrnag bisa tuluy dikonsultasikeun ka dokter atawa apotéker. == Tutumbu kaluar == * [https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/name/niclosamide Niclosamide] == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Ubar]] 4r1ncbgjw4p593nuc0fzp9ryq50l5k0 0 99806 710990 626424 2026-07-10T14:08:04Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710990 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Penyangkalan-medis}} {{Drugbox | Watchedfields = changed | verifiedrevid = 464194334 | IUPAC_name = 4-Amino-5-chloro-''N''-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl)-2-methoxybenzamide | image = Metoclopramide.svg | width = 200px | image2 = Metoclofinal.png | width2 = 200px <!--Clinical data--> | pronounce = {{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ɛ|t|ə|ˈ|k|l|ɒ|p|r|ə|m|aɪ|d}} | tradename = Primperan, Reglan, [[#Brand names|others]]<ref name=generics/> | Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|monograph|metoclopramide-hydrochloride}} | MedlinePlus = a684035 | pregnancy_AU = A | pregnancy_US = B | legal_AU = S3 (combination with paracetamol), S4 (alone) | legal_CA = Rx-only | legal_US = Rx-only | licence_US = Metoclopramide | legal_UK = POM | routes_of_administration = [[Oral administration|Ngaliwatan baham]], [[intravenous]], [[intramuscular]] | class = [[Dopamine antagonist|D₂ receptor antagonist]]; [[Serotonin antagonist|5-HT₃ receptor antagonist]]; [[Serotonin agonist|5-HT₄ receptor agonist]]; [[Prolactin releaser]] <!--Pharmacokinetic data--> | bioavailability = 80 ± 15% (ngaliwatan baham) | protein_bound = | metabolism = [[Liver]] | elimination_half-life = 5–6 jam | excretion = [[Urine]]: 70–85%<br />[[Feces]]: 2% <!--Identifiers--> | CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}} | CAS_number = 364-62-5 | ATC_prefix = A03 | ATC_suffix = FA01 | PubChem = 4168 | IUPHAR_ligand = 241 | DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}} | DrugBank = DB01233 | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | ChemSpiderID = 4024 | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} | UNII = L4YEB44I46 | KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}} | KEGG = D00726 | ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ChEBI = 107736 | ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ChEMBL = 86 | synonyms = Metoclopramida,Metoclopramide, Metoclopramidum <!--Chemical data--> | C=14 | H=22 | Cl=1 | N=3 | O=2 | SMILES = Clc1cc(c(OC)cc1N)C(=O)NCCN(CC)CC | StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChI = 1S/C14H22ClN3O2/c1-4-18(5-2)7-6-17-14(19)10-8-11(15)12(16)9-13(10)20-3/h8-9H,4-7,16H2,1-3H3,(H,17,19) | StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChIKey = TTWJBBZEZQICBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N <!--Physical data--> | melting_point = 147.3 }} '''Metoklopramid''' nyaéta ubar nu dipaké pikeun ngungkulan sababaraha masalah di [[esofagus]] jeung [[Burih|lambung]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01233|title=Metoclopramide|website=www.drugbank.ca|accessdate=2020-06-23}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503135411/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01233 |date=2020-05-03 }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/metoclopramide.html|title=Metoclopramide: Uses, Dosage, Side Effects|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-24}}</ref> Ubar ieu dipaké pikeun perawatan jeung nyegah sebel sarta utah ka pasén nu ngarandapan [[Panyakit maag|panyakit magh]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://hellosehat.com/obatan-suplemen/obat/metoclopramide/|title=Metoclopramide : Fungsi, Dosis, Efek Samping, Cara Pakai|website=Hello Sehat|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-06-23}}</ref> metoklopramid ogé dipaké pikeun pasén diabétes nu ngabogaan kasulitan dina ngosongkeun padaharan (gatroparesis).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alodokter.com/metoclopramide|title=Metoclopramide|website=Alodokter|accessdate=2020-06-23}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.healthline.com/health/metoclopramide-oral-tablet|title=Metoclopramide {{!}} Side Effects, Dosage, Uses, and More|website=Healthline|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a684035.html|title=Metoclopramide: MedlinePlus Drug Information|website=medlineplus.gov|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-24}}</ref> == Sajarah == Metoklopramid munggaran dimekarkeun dina taun [[1964]] ku [[Louis Justin-Besançon]] jeung [[Charles Laville]]. Mimitina ubar metoklopramid dipaké pikeun ngendalikeun sebel ka pasén nu ngarandapan [[nyeri sirah]] jeung migrén, nu tuluy dipaké ogé pikeun nyegah sebel ka pasén nu diakibatkeun ku éfék terapi radiasi jeung kémotérapi [[kanker]]. Ubar ieu tuluy dipaké sacara umum di taun [[1980]] jeung jadi ubar nu ilahar dipaké pikeun ngendalikeun nausea nu disababkeun ku anastési jeung perawatan gastritis.<ref name=":2" /> == Kagunaan == Ubar ieu geus ilahar dipaké pikeun ngungkulan sababraha kasakit nu aya patalina jeung lambung kayaning rasa panas di beuteung (heartburn), asam lambung, maagh, GERD, nulungan pikeun ngosongkeun padaharan ka pasén nu ngarandapan kasakit diabétes Metoklopramid dina bentuk tablét oral dipaké pikeun ngubaran simtomatik gastroparesis diabetes akut jeung kambuhan, lian ti éta ngubaran [[panyakit refluks gastroesofagus]] (GERD) ka pasén nu gagal ngaréspon terapi tradisional. Salian ti éta metoklopramid ogé dipaké pikeun nyegah sebel jeung utah nu disababkeun ku kémotérapi atawa radiasi pikeun ngubaran kanker.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/metoclopramide.html|title=Metoclopramide: Uses, Dosage, Side Effects|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-23}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> == Cara gawé == Metoklopramid gawé kucara ngahambat substansi natural (''dopamine''), ngagancangkeun pangosongan padaharan jeung pergerakan [[Peujit|usus]]. .Dina ngurangan rasa sebel, metoklopramid gawé kucara ngadorong kadaharan leuwih gancang ti lambung ka usus.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> == Cara maké == Ieu di handap cara maké ubar metoklopramid:<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> * Pastikeun pikeun maca aturan maké dina kemasan ubar jeung turutkeun aturan dokter * Metoklopramid dina bentuk tablét diinum 30 menit saaacan dahar jeung saacan saré. * Mun nginum metackopramid dina bentuk sirup, paké séndok takar nu aya dna kemasan supaya dosisna saluyu * Konsumsi metoklopramid sacara taratur di waktu nu sarua unggal poéna, * Gejala mun ubar dieureunkeun kayaning ringrang, lieur, nyeri sirah, gulisah, mun pasén ngeureunkeun ubar ieu tampa resép dokter. Pikeun nyingkahan hal ieu, [[dokter]] biasana ngurangan dosis sacara saeutik-saeutik, * Konsultasikeun ka dokter mun kaayaan anjeun teu robah. * Metoklopramid oral diinum salila 4 nepi ka 12 minggu * Prosedur oral medis metoklopramid * Ulah maké ubar ieu dina sababaraha jenis atawa bentuk (waktu nu sarua) == Hal nu kudu diperhatikeun == Saacan maké metoklopramid, perhatikeun sababaraha hal ieu: * Jéntrékeun dokter jeung apotéker,mun anjeun miboga alérgi metoklopramid, ubar -ubar lianna, atawa salah sahiji bahan nu aya dina jero metokloropamid, dina bentuk tablét atawa cairan.<ref name=":4" /> * Jéntrékeun dokter jeung apotéker ubar naon waé nu keur diinum, kaaasup ubar hérbal jeung vitamin, kaasup ''[[acetaminophen]]'' (''Tylenol'', dll); ''antihistamine''; [[aspirin]]; [[Atropin|atropine]] (dina Lonox, dina Lomotil); ''cyclosporine'' (Gengraf, Neoral, Sandimmune); ''barbiturates'' kayaning pentobarbital (Nembutal), ''phenobarbital'' (Luminal), jeung ''secobarbital'' (Seconal); ''[[digoxin]]'' ([[Lanoxicaps]], [[Lanoxin]]); ''haloperidol'' (Haldol);insulin; ''ipratropium'' (''Atrovent''); ''lithium'' (''Eskalith'', ''Lithobid''); ''levodopa'' (''in Sinemet, in Stalevo''); ubar pikeun ngungkulan geumpeur, tekanan darah, panyakit usus, ''motion sickness'', sebel, [[panyakit Parkinson]], tukak lambung, atawa masalah kemih; ''monoamine oxidase'' (MAO) inhibitors, kaasup ''[[isocarboxazid]]'' (Marplan), ''[[phenelzine]]'' (Nardil), ''[[selegiline]]'' (Eldepryl, Emsam, Zelapar), jeung ''tranylcypromine'' (Parnate); ubar narkotika keur rasa nyeri; ubar keur penenang; obat saré; ''tetracycline'' (''[[Bristacycline]]'', ''[[Sumycin]]''); atawa ''[[tranquilizers]]''. Dokter aya kamunngkinan kudu ngarobah dosis pangobatan.<ref name=":0" /> * Jéntrékeun ka dokter mun anjeun keur katarajang atawa kungsi boga panyakit beuteung atawa usus nu mangpet, getihan, soék, ''pheochromocytoma'' (tumor di kelenjar leutik deukeut [[ginjal]]); atawa kejang-kejang<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0" /> * Jéntrékeun ka dokter mun anjeun keur katarajang atawa kungsi boga panyakit Parkinson (PD; kalainan sistem saraf nu nyababkeun hésé gerak, ngontrol [[otot]], jeung ngajaga kasaimbangan); tekanan darah tinggi, [[déprési]], kanker payudara; [[asma]]; kakurangan ''glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase'' (G-6PD) (panyakit kalainan getih turunan); kakurangan NADH ''cytochrome B5 reductase'' (panyakit kalainan getih turunan); atawa [[panyakit jantung]], haté, atawa ginjal<ref name=":0" /> * Jéntrékeun ka dokter mun anjeun keur hamil, miboga rencana keur hamil, atawa keur nyusuan<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1" /> * Mun anjeun keur ngajalanan operasi, kaasup operasi [[huntu]], <ref name=":1" /> * Kudu dipikanyaho mun ubar ieu nyababkeun tunduh. Ulah mawa mobil atawa ngajalankeun mesin nepi ka anjeun apal sajauh mana ubar ieu miboga éfék kana awak anjeun <ref name=":1" /> * Konsultasikeun ka dokter mun anjeun ngonsumsi alkohol,<ref name=":1" /> * Ulah maké ubar ieu leuwih ti 12 minggu, kusabab miboga résiko ''tardive dyskinesia, nyaéta gerakan'' biwir, létah, beungeut, leungeun, jeung tungkai nu teu ka kontrol.<ref name=":1" /> == Interaksi Metoklorpramid == Interaksi jeung ubar séjén bisa mangaruhan cara gawé ubar jeung ningkatkeun résiko éfék samping nu leuwih bahaya. Ieu di handap sbabaraha ubar nu interaksi jeunng metoklopramid, konsultasikeun heula ka dokter saacan nginum ubar metoklopramid: * [[Promethazine]]: Interaksi ubar metoklopramid jeung promothazine bisa nyababkeun gejala kayaning parkinson, jeung gerakan otot nu teu normal, ngakombinasikeun ieu ubar bisa ningkatkeun résiko éta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/metoclopramide-with-promethazine-1612-0-1949-0.html|title=Metoclopramide and promethazine Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-24}}</ref> * [[Setraline]]: maké ubar ieu jeung setralyne bisa ningkatkeun résiko kaayan nu langka tapi serius, nu disebut sindrom serotonin, gejalana kayaning linglung, halusinasi, kejang, parobahan ekstrem tekanan darah, ngaronjatna ratug jantung, panas awak, késangan, panas tiris, titinggalian nu teu jelas, kejanng otot atawa kaku, tremor jsb.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/metoclopramide-with-sertraline-1612-0-2057-0.html|title=Metoclopramide and sertraline Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-24}}</ref> * [[Morphine]]: Nginum ubar ieu jeung metoklopramid bisa nyababkeun ngurangan éfék metoklopramid, salian ti éta bisa ningkatkeun éfék samping saraf kayaning lieur, tunduh, lingllung, sarta hésé konséntrasi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/metoclopramide-with-morphine-1612-0-1656-0.html|title=Metoclopramide and morphine Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-24}}</ref> * [[Tramadol]]: pamakéan ubar ieu jeung metoklopramid bisa nyababkeun kejang.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/metoclopramide-with-tramadol-1612-0-2221-0.html|title=Metoclopramide and tramadol Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-24}}</ref> * [[Xanax]]: pamakéan alprazolam (xanax) jeung metklopramid bisa ningkatkeun éfék samping kayaning lieur, tunduh, linglung, sarta hésé konsentrasi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/metoclopramide-with-xanax-1612-0-133-54.html|title=Metoclopramide and Xanax Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-24}}</ref> == Éfék samping == Éfék samping mangrupa hiji éfék nu teu dipiharep tina ubar. Éfék samping ieu bisa mangrupa-rupa di sababaraha jalma gumantung kana kaayaan panyakit, umur, beurat awak, jinis kelamin, étnis, jeung sababaraha kaayaan kaséhatan lianna. Ieu di handap sababaraha éfék samping nu bisa karasa sanggeus nginum metoklopramid:<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/sfx/metoclopramide-side-effects.html|title=Metoclopramide Side Effects: Common, Severe, Long Term|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-24}}</ref> * Nyeri [[sirah]], lieur, halusinasi * Sebel, utah, diaré, panas awak, kejang * Lalungsé, tunduh, leuleus, * Parobahan siklus méntruasi * [[Peluh|Impotén]] * [[Ginekomastia]]. * [[Galaktorea]] atawa ci susu nu teu kaluar. * [[Leungeun]] atawa [[suku]] nu ngadégdég atawa trémor * Pergerakan otot dina beungeut nu teu bisa ka kontrol (ngagayem, ngétap, [[létah]] nu gerak, ngiceup, gerakan bola [[panon]]). == Tutumbu kaluar == * [https://www.drugs.com/sfx/metoclopramide-side-effects.html Éfék Sampng Metoklopramid] * [https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/metoclopramide.html Interaksi Ubar Metoklopramid] == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Ubar]] j2v47yw8a27s109vqwnm1ib24vs1qp6 0 102936 710986 704082 2026-07-10T12:20:29Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710986 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:COVID-19-outbreak-timeline.gif|300px|jmpl|Peta animasi [[COVID-19]] ti tanggal 12 Januari nepi ka 3 Maret 2020]] Ieu kaca ngadokuméntasikeun kronologi jeung épidemiologi inféksi koronavirus sindrom parénghapan akut beurat 2 ([[SARS-CoV-2]]), virus anu nanggungjawab [[Sasalad koronavirus 2019–2020|sasalad panyakit koronavirus 2019–2020]] anu asalna ti [[Wuhan]], [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Tiongkok]]. Ieu kaca meureun teu ngawengku sakabéh réspons jeung tindakan utama. Sababaraha pamekaran panyakit karék bisa dipikanyaho atawa dipahaman sapinuhna kalawan métodeu kilas balik (rétrospéksi). == Nopémber 2019 == '''17 November 2019''': Kasus kakonfirmasi munggaran kira-kira pecenghul sabot 17 November 2019 tetapi kasus masih belum diketahui pada saat itu.<ref name=original_report>{{cite news |title=China’s first confirmed Covid-19 case traced back to November 17 |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3074991/coronavirus-chinas-first-confirmed-covid-19-case-traced-back |work=South China Morning Post |date=13 March 2020 |language=en|archive-date=19 March 2020|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313004217/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3074991/coronavirus-chinas-first-confirmed-covid-19-case-traced-back}}</ref> Hingga saat ini pencarian untuk pasien pertama masih terus berlanjut.<ref name="msn.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/the-first-covid-19-case-originated-on-november-17-according-to-chinese-officials-searching-for-patient-zero/ar-BB119fWJ|title=The first COVID-19 case originated on November 17, according to Chinese officials searching for 'Patient Zero'|website=www.msn.com|access-date=26 Maret 2020}}</ref><ref name="theguardian.com">Davidson, Helen (13 March 2020). "[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/13/first-covid-19-case-happened-in-november-china-government-records-show-report|First Covid-19 case happened in November, China government records show – report]". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Diakses pada 26 Maret 2020.</ref><ref name="newsweek.com">Walker, James (14 March 2020). "[https://www.newsweek.com/china-traces-coronavirus-back-first-confirmed-patient-zero-1492327|China Traces Coronavirus to First Confirmed Case, Nearly Identifying 'Patient Zero'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407064504/https://www.newsweek.com/china-traces-coronavirus-back-first-confirmed-patient-zero-1492327%7CChina |date=2020-04-07 }}". Newsweek. Diakses pada 26 Maret 2020.</ref> == Désémber 2019 == '''30 Desember 2019''': "Béwara ngadeseh ngeunaan pangubaran pnéumonia kalawan sabab anu teu dipikanyaho" dipedalkeun ku Administrasi Medis Komiteu Kaséhatan Kota Wuhan<ref>{{cite web|title=UNDIAGNOSED PNEUMONIA – CHINA (HUBEI): REQUEST FOR INFORMATION. Archive Number: 20191230.6864153 |url=https://promedmail.org/promed-post/?id=6864153|website=Pro-MED-mail|publisher=International Society for Infectious Diseases|accessdate=19 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''31 Desember 2019''': 27 urang kalawan pnéumonia anu sababna teu dipikanyaho dilaporkeun ka WHO. Sawaréhna téh mangrupa anu boga kios di Pasar Hakaneun Laut Tiongkok Kidul Wuhan. Tujuh warga nyampak dina kondisi daria jeung ngancam jiwa. Balukarna, Hong Kong, Makau jeung Taiwan ngetatkeun prosés pamariksaan asup ka wewengkon maranéhna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://internasional.kontan.co.id/news/viral-wabah-pneumonia-misterius-yang-menjangkiti-china-begini-ceritanya|title=Viral wabah pneumonia misterius yang menjangkiti China, begini ceritanya|last=Taqiyyah Rafie|first=Barratut|website=Kontan Online|access-date=5 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name="Parry2020">{{Cite journal|last=Parry|first=Jane|date=8 Januari 2020|title=Pneumonia in China: lack of information raises concerns among Hong Kong health workers|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m56|journal=BMJ|language=en|volume=368|doi=10.1136/bmj.m56|issn=1756-1833|pmid=31915179|access-date=17 Januari 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108225058/https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m56|archive-date=8 Januari 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> == Januari 2020 == '''1 Januari 2020''': Pasar lauk jeung sato anu dicurigaan patali jeung kasus pnéumonia untuk pameresihan jeung disinfeksi.<ref name=promedmail>{{cite web|title=Undiagnosed pneumonia – China (HU) (01): wildlife sales, market closed, RFI Archive Number: 20200102.6866757 |url=https://promedmail.org/promed-post/?id=6866757|website=Pro-MED-mail|publisher=International Society for Infectious Diseases|accessdate=13 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''3 Januari 2020''': Thailand mulai mariksa panumpang anu datang ti Wuhan di opat bandara anu béda.<ref name= Schnirring13Jan2020>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/thailand-finds-wuhan-novel-coronavirus-traveler-china|title=Thailand finds Wuhan novel coronavirus in traveler from China|last=Schnirring|first=Lisa|last2=2020|date=13 Januari 2020|website=CIDRAP|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113231747/http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/thailand-finds-wuhan-novel-coronavirus-traveler-china|archive-date=13 Januari 2020|access-date=14 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chiangmaione.com/four-suspected-cases-of-mystery-chinese-viral-pneumonia-detected-at-cm-aiport-5892|title=Four suspected cases of mystery Chinese viral pneumonia detected at CM Airport {{!}} Chiang Mai One|last=Team|first=CM1|language=en-US|access-date=15 Januari 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115233533/https://chiangmaione.com/four-suspected-cases-of-mystery-chinese-viral-pneumonia-detected-at-cm-aiport-5892|archive-date=15 Januari 2020|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115233533/https://chiangmaione.com/four-suspected-cases-of-mystery-chinese-viral-pneumonia-detected-at-cm-aiport-5892 |date=2020-01-15 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chiangmaicitylife.com/news/wuhan-viral-pneumonia-alert/|title=Wuhan viral pneumonia alert|last=CityNews|website=Chiang Mai Citylife|language=en-US|access-date=15 Januari 2020}}</ref> Dina poé éta kénéh, Singapura mulai mariksa suhu panumpang di [[Bandar Udara Changi]].<ref name="RMOL2Jan">{{Cite web|url=https://dunia.rmol.id/read/2020/01/03/416032/waspada-wabah-pneumonia-bandara-changi-lakukan-pindai-suhu-badan-penumpang|title=Waspada Wabah Pneumonia, Bandara Changi Lakukan Pindai Suhu Badan Penumpang|last=Meiliana Gunawan|first=Sarah|website=RMOL.id|date=5 Januari 2020|access-date=5 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''5 Januari 2020''': Investigasi munggaran panyabab pnéumonia nyingkirkeun flu musiman, SARS, MERS jeung [[flu burung]].<ref name=Hui14Jan2020>{{Cite journal|last=Hui|first=David S.|last2=Azhar|first2=Esam EI|last3=Madani|first3=Tariq A.|last4=Ntoumi|first4=Francine|last5=Kock|first5=Richard|last6=Dar|first6=Osman|last7=Ippolito|first7=Giuseppe|last8=Mchugh|first8=Timothy D.|last9=Memish|first9=Ziad A.|last10=Drosten|first10=Christian|last11=Zumla|first11=Alimuddin|date=14 Januari 2020|title=The continuing epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health – the latest novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China|url=https://www.ijidonline.com/article/S1201-9712(20)30011-4/pdf |journal=International Journal of Infectious Diseases|language=en|volume=91|issue=|pages=264–266|doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009|issn=1201-9712|via=}}</ref><ref name=CDC6Jan2020>{{Cite web|url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/watch/pneumonia-china|title=Pneumonia of Unknown Cause in China – Watch – Level 1, Practice Usual Precautions – Travel Health Notices {{!}} Travelers' Health {{!}} CDC|last=|first=|date=6 Januari 2020|website=wwwnc.cdc.gov|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108143634/https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/watch/pneumonia-china|archive-date=8 Januari 2020|access-date=7 Januari 2020}}</ref> Jumlah dugaan kasus anu dilaporkeun nepi 59 urang kalawan tujuh dina kondisi kritis. Kabéh pasén dikarantina jeung 163 urang anu kungsi kontak jeung maranéhna mulai dipariksa. Ayeuna mah, euweuh laporan kasus panépaan ti jelema ka jelema atawa préséntasi papada patugas kaséhatan.<ref name="Schnirring6Jan20">{{cite web|url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/questions-still-swirl-over-chinas-unexplained-pneumonia-outbreak|title=Questions still swirl over China's unexplained pneumonia outbreak|last=Schnirring|first=Lisa|date=6 Januari 2020|website=CIDRAP|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106222635/http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/questions-still-swirl-over-chinas-unexplained-pneumonia-outbreak|archive-date=6 Januari 2020|accessdate=7 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name="5 Jan">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51000910 |title=China pneumonia: Sars ruled out as dozens fall ill in Wuhan |date=5 Januari 2020 |accessdate=6 January 2020 |website=BBC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106005035/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51000910 |archive-date=6 Januari 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> '''6 Januari 2020''': [[Pusat Pengendalian dan Pencegahan Penyakit]] AS (CDC) mengeluarkan ''travel watch'' di level 1, dengan rekomendasi untuk mencuci tangan dan saran untuk menghindari hewan, pasar hewan, dan kontak dengan orang yang tidak sehat jika bepergian ke Wuhan.<ref name="Schnirring6Jan20" /><ref name=CDC6Jan2020 /> '''9 Januari 2020''': WHO ngonfirmasi yén koronavirus anyar geus diisolasi ti saurang anu dirawat di rumah sakit.<ref name="WHO9Jan2020">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/china/news/detail/09-01-2020-who-statement-regarding-cluster-of-pneumonia-cases-in-wuhan-china|title=WHO Statement Regarding Cluster of Pneumonia Cases in Wuhan, China|last=|first=|date=9 Januari 2020|website=who.int|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114133102/https://www.who.int/china/news/detail/09-01-2020-who-statement-regarding-cluster-of-pneumonia-cases-in-wuhan-china|archive-date=14 Januari 2020|access-date=9 Januari 2020}}</ref> Dina poé éta kénéh Pusat Pangendalian jeung Panyegahan Panyakit Éropa mosting panilayan risiko munggaran.<ref name= Schnirring10Jan2020>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/pressure-builds-china-share-info-new-coronavirus|title=Pressure builds on China to share info on new coronavirus|last=Schnirring|first=Lisa|date=10 Januari 2020|website=CIDRAP|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110230138/http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/pressure-builds-china-share-info-new-coronavirus|archive-date=10 Januari 2020|access-date=11 Januari 2020}}</ref> WHO juga melaporkan bahwa pihak berwenang Tiongkok telah bertindak cepat<ref name=Schnirring9Jan2020>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/more-details-emerge-new-coronavirus-wuhan-cluster|title=More details emerge on new coronavirus in Wuhan cluster|last=Schnirring|first=Lisa|date=9 Januari 2020|website=CIDRAP|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110062152/http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/more-details-emerge-new-coronavirus-wuhan-cluster|archive-date=10 Januari 2020|access-date=9 Januari 2020}}</ref> untuk mengidentifikasi virus korona baru dalam beberapa minggu pasca awal terjadinya peristiwa tersebut, dengan jumlah orang yang diuji secara positif adalah 41 orang.<ref name="Lucey">{{Cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/14/china-response-wuhan-pneumonia-better-sars/|title=China Deserves Some Credit for Its Handling of the Wuhan Pneumonia|last=Lucey|first=Daniel|last2=Sparrow|first2=Annie|date=14 Januari 2020|website=Foreign Policy|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115042408/https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/14/china-response-wuhan-pneumonia-better-sars/|archive-date=15 Januari 2020|access-date=15 Januari 2020}}</ref> Kematian pertama akibat virus itu terjadi pada seorang pria berusia 61 tahun yang merupakan pelanggan tetap di pasar. Dia memiliki sejumlah kondisi medis yang signifikan, termasuk penyakit hati kronis dan dia meninggal karena gagal jantung dan pneumonia. Insiden ini dilaporkan di Tiongkok oleh Komisi Kesehatan Nasional melalui media pemerintah Tiongkok pada tanggal 11 Januari.<ref name="Schnirring11Jan2020" /><ref name="QinNYT11Jan2020" /><ref name=ECDP14Jan2020 /><ref name=Medcom11Jan2020>{{cite web |url=https://www.medcom.id/internasional/asia/GNlYpaBb-tiongkok-laporkan-kematian-pertama-dari-pneumonia-misterius|title=Tiongkok Laporkan Kematian Pertama dari Pneumonia Misterius|date=11 Januari 2020|accessdate=22 Januari 2020 |website=Medcom.id}}</ref> '''10 Januari 2020''': Data sekuensing gen dari koronavirus Wuhan yang terisolasi, virus dari keluarga yang sama dengan koronavirus SARS, diposting di Virological.org oleh para peneliti dari [[Universitas Fudan]], Shanghai. Tiga dari [[Pusat Pengendalian dan Pencegahan Penyakit Tiongkok]], satu dari Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Medis Tiongkok, dan satu dari Rumah Sakit Jinyintan di Wuhan telah diposting ke laman ''Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data'' ([[GISAID]]).<ref name="Gan9Jan2020">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/08/health/china-wuhan-pneumonia-virus-intl-hnk/index.html|title=A new virus related to SARS is the culprit in China's mysterious pneumonia outbreak, scientists say|last=Gan|first=Nectar|date=9 Januari 2020|website=CNN|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109065952/https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/08/health/china-wuhan-pneumonia-virus-intl-hnk/index.html|archive-date=9 Januari 2020|access-date=9 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name= Schnirring13Jan2020 /><ref name=NCBI>{{cite web |title=Wuhan seafood market pneumonia virus isolate Wuhan-Hu-1, complete genome |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MN908947 |website=NCBI Genbank |publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information |accessdate=20 Januari 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121045720/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MN908947 |archive-date=21 Januari 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Pada hari yang sama, ''Public Health England'' mengeluarkan panduannya.<ref name= Schnirring10Jan2020 /> '''11 Januari 2020''': Di Tiongkok, lebih dari 700 kontak dekat dari 41 kasus yang terkonfirmasi, termasuk lebih dari 400 petugas kesehatan, telah dipantau, tanpa ada kasus baru yang dilaporkan di Tiongkok sejak 5 Januari.<ref name="Schnirring6Jan20" /><ref name=CDC6Jan2020 /><ref name=Schnirring11Jan2020 /><ref name="Schnirring7Jan20">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/nations-step-screening-and-await-word-chinas-pneumonia-outbreak|title=Nations step up screening and await word on China's pneumonia outbreak|last=Schnirring|first=Lisa|date=7 Januari 2020|website=CIDRAP|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107220738/http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/nations-step-screening-and-await-word-chinas-pneumonia-outbreak|archive-date=7 Januari 2020|access-date=8 Januari 2020}}</ref> WHO menerbitkan panduan awal tentang saran perjalanan, pengujian di laboratorium dan penyelidikan medis.<ref name=Schnirring11Jan2020 /> '''13 Januari 2020''': CDC mengumumkan bahwa genom telah terdaftar pada database urutan genetik [[Institut Kesehatan Nasional]], [[GenBank]] Pada hari yang sama, Thailand mengumumkan kasus pertama pada 2019-nCoV di negaranya, yang pertama kali terjadi di luar Tiongkok.<ref name=WHO14Jan2010 /> Wanita Tiongkok berusia 61 tahun yang terkena dampak, yang merupakan penduduk Wuhan, tidak mengunjungi Pasar Makanan Laut Huanan, tetapi tercatat telah pergi ke pasar lain. Dia tiba di Bangkok pada 8 Januari.<ref name=Schnirring14Jan2020 /> '''14 Januari 2020''': Dua dari 41 kasus yang dikonfirmasi di Wuhan dilaporkan mencakup pasangan yang sudah menikah, meningkatkan kemungkinan penularan dari manusia ke manusia.<ref name="Schnirring14Jan2020">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/report-thailands-coronavirus-patient-didnt-visit-outbreak-market|title=Report: Thailand's coronavirus patient didn't visit outbreak market|last=Schnirring|first=Lisa|last2=|date=14 Januari 2020|website=CIDRAP|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114230152/http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/report-thailands-coronavirus-patient-didnt-visit-outbreak-market|archive-date=14 Januari 2020|access-date=15 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name="CDC15Jan2020">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/novel-coronavirus-2019.html|title=Novel Coronavirus 2019 {{!}} CDC|last=|first=|date=15 Januari 2020|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114084712/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/novel-coronavirus-2019.html|archive-date=14 Januari 2020|access-date=15 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''15 Januari 2020''': * Kematian kedua terjadi pada seorang pria berusia 69 tahun di Tiongkok.<ref name=Schirring16Jan2020 /><ref name=Lip619Jan2020>{{Cite news|url=https://www.liputan6.com/health/read/4158945/tiongkok-laporkan-kematian-kedua-terkait-pneumonia-wuhan|title=Tiongkok Laporkan Kematian Kedua Terkait Pneumonia Wuhan|date=19 Januari 2020|work=Liputan6.com|last=Dio Prasasti|first=Giovani|access-date=22 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name=Reuters16Jan2020>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-pneumonia-idUSKBN1ZG01B|title=China says second person dies in Wuhan pneumonia outbreak|date=17 Januari 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=17 Januari 2020|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117105016/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-pneumonia-idUSKBN1ZG01B|archive-date=17 Januari 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> * WHO menerbitkan protokol pengujian diagnostik untuk 2019-nCoV, yang dikembangkan oleh tim virologi dari Rumah Sakit [[Charité]].<ref name=Schirring16Jan2020 /> '''16 Januari 2020''': WHO diberitahu oleh [[Kementerian Kesehatan, Tenaga Kerja, dan Sosial Jepang]] bahwa seorang pria Tiongkok berusia 30 tahun telah dinyatakan positif menggunakan 2019-nCoV selama perawatan di rumah sakit antara 10 dan 15 Januari. Dia belum mengunjungi Pasar Makanan Laut Huanan, tetapi mungkin memiliki kontak dekat dengan orang yang terpengaruh di Wuhan.<ref name=NHK16Jan2020>{{Cite web|url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20200116/k10012247361000.html|title=中国 武漢の肺炎 国内で初確認 武漢に渡航した男性から 厚労省|last=Hoso Kyokai|first=Nippon|trans-title=Pneumonia pertama kali terkonfirmasi di Jepang Dari seorang pria yang melakukan perjalanan ke Wuhan|date=16 Januari 2020|website=NHK News|language=ja|access-date=22 Januari 2020|archive-date=2020-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116010014/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20200116/k10012247361000.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name=WHO=16Jan2020>{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/csr/don/16-january-2020-novel-coronavirus-japan-ex-china/en/|title=WHO {{!}} Novel Coronavirus – Japan (ex-China)|website=WHO|date=16 Januari 2020|access-date=17 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''17 Januari 2020''': Kasus kedua 2019-nCoV di Thailand dilaporkan pada seorang wanita berusia 74 tahun yang tiba di Bangkok dalam penerbangan dari Wuhan.<ref name=MI17Jan2020>{{Cite news|url=https://mediaindonesia.com/read/detail/284083-thailand-temukan-kasus-kedua-virus-pneumonia-tiongkok|title=Thailand Temukan Kasus Kedua Virus Pneumonia Tiongkok|last=Hasyim Salengke|first=Haufan|date=17 Januari 2020|work=Media Indonesia|access-date=22 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name=GovHK17Jan2020>{{Cite web|url=https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202001/17/P2020011700960.htm|title=CHP closely monitors additional confirmed case of infection of novel coronavirus in Thailand|language=en|date=17 Januari 2020|website=www.info.gov.hk|access-date=17 Januari 2020}}</ref> Jumlah kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium naik menjadi 45 kasus di Tiongkok.<ref name=Schnirring17Jan2020>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/thailand-notes-2nd-ncov-case-cdc-begins-airport-screening|title=As Thailand notes 2nd nCoV case, CDC begins airport screening|last=Schnirring|first=Lisa|last2=2020|date=17 January 2020|website=CIDRAP|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117222155/http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/thailand-notes-2nd-ncov-case-cdc-begins-airport-screening|archive-date=17 Januari 2020|access-date=18 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''18 Januari 2020''': Tiongkok melaporkan 17 kasus tambahan yang dikonfirmasi dengan laboratorium, dengan tiga kasus dalam kondisi kritis. Jumlah kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium naik menjadi 62 kasus di Tiongkok, dengan usia berkisar antara 30 hingga 79 tahun, di mana 19 di antaranya sembuh dan delapan lainnya tetap dalam kondisi kritis. '''19 Januari 2020''': Kasus yang terkonfirmasi pertama kali dilaporkan di Tiongkok, di luar Wuhan, satu di provinsi [[Guangdong]] dan dua di Beijing. Kematian baru juga dilaporkan di Wuhan, sehingga total korban meninggal di Tiongkok menjadi tiga orang.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.okezone.com/read/2020/01/20/18/2155361/korban-virus-misterius-china-melonjak-139-kasus-dalam-dua-hari|title=Korban Virus Misterius China Melonjak 139 Kasus dalam Dua Hari|last=Asmardika|first=Rahman|date=20 Januari 2020|work=Okezone.com|access-date=23 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''20 Januari 2020''': Kasus yang dikonfirmasi pertama kali dilaporkan di Korea Selatan.<ref name="Yonhap20Jan">{{Cite web|url=https://www.yna.co.kr/view/MYH20200120011200038|title= [현장연결] "국내서 '우한 폐렴' 첫 확진자 발생…중국인 여성"|trans-title=Kasus Pertama Pneumonia Wuhan di Korea Selatan... Wanita asal Tiongkok|date=20 Januari 2020|website=Yonhap|language=ko|access-date=21 Januari 2020}}</ref> Beijing dan Guangdong masing-masing melaporkan tambahan tiga dan 13 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium. Shanghai mengkonfirmasi kasus pertamanya, menjadikan jumlah total kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium di Tiongkok menjadi 218 kasus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://video.tempo.co/read/18323/wabah-virus-korona-terus-meluas-218-kasus-di-seluruh-cina|title=Wabah Virus Korona Terus Meluas, 218 Kasus di Seluruh Cina |last=Februana|first=Ngarto|date=22 Januari 2020|website=Tempo.co|access-date=23 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-coronavirus-kills-third-person-spreads-to-more-cities-11579494221|title=Coronavirus Is Spreading Quickly Across China as Confirmed Cases Triple|last=Cheng|first=Chao Deng dan Jonathan|website=WSJ|language=en-US|access-date=21 Januari 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121040231/https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-coronavirus-kills-third-person-spreads-to-more-cities-11579494221|archive-date=21 Januari 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Tim investigasi dari Komisi Kesehatan Nasional Tiongkok mengkonfirmasi bahwa virus korona dapat ditularkan dari manusia ke manusia. Setidaknya dua orang telah terinfeksi sementara mereka tinggal ratusan mil dari Wuhan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/19/asia/china-coronavirus-spike-intl-hnk/index.html|title=China confirms new coronavirus can spread between humans|author1=Nectar Gan|author2=Yong Xiong|author3=Eliza Mackintosh|website=CNN|access-date=20 Januari 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120040258/https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/19/asia/china-coronavirus-spike-intl-hnk/index.html|archive-date=20 Januari 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> '''21 Januari 2020''': * [[Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia]] mengumumkan bahwa mereka akan mengadakan pertemuan darurat tentang merebaknya virus ini pada 22 Januari untuk menentukan apakah virus tersebut tergolong "kedaruratan kesehatan masyarakat yang meresahkan dunia".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/gaya-hidup/20200121114942-255-467242/17-kasus-baru-virus-corona-who-bakal-gelar-rapat-darurat |title=17 Kasus Baru Virus Corona, WHO Bakal Gelar Rapat Darurat|last=Indonesia|first=CNN|date=21 Januari 2020|website=CNNIndonesia.com|access-date=23 Januari 2020}}</ref> * Kasus yang dikonfirmasi dilaporkan di beberapa lokasi baru di Tiongkok. Provinsi [[Zhejiang]] dan [[Tianjin]] masing-masing melaporkan 5 dan 2 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zjwjw.gov.cn/art/2020/1/21/art_1202101_41786033.html|title=国家卫生健康委确认我省首例输入性 新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎确诊病例|website=www.zjwjw.gov.cn|access-date=21 Januari 2020|language=zh}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125185024/https://www.zjwjw.gov.cn/art/2020/1/21/art_1202101_41786033.html |date=2020-01-25 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wsjk.tj.gov.cn/art/2020/1/21/art_14_70132.html|title=天津确诊2例新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎病例|last=|first=|date=21 Januari 2020|website=Situs Pemerintahan Tianjin|language=zh|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=23 Januari 2020}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Guangdong melaporkan 3 kasus tambahan yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wsjkw.gd.gov.cn/zwyw_yqxx/content/post_2877668.html|title=广东省新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情通报|language=zh-CN|date=21 Januari 2020|website=Situs Pemerintah Guangdong|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=23 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121191255/http://wsjkw.gd.gov.cn/zwyw_yqxx/content/post_2877668.html |date=2020-01-21 }}</ref> Shanghai dan provinsi [[Henan]] masing-masing melaporkan tambahan 4 dan 1 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wsjkw.sh.gov.cn/xwfb/20200121/353b563cdb594b23a19d6e0d37908a11.html|title=上海卫生健康委员会新增4例新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎确診病例|language=zh-CN|date=21 Januari 2020|website=Situs Pemerintah Henan|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=23 Januari 2020}}</ref> Satu kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium dilaporkan di provinsi [[Sichuan]], dan [[Chongqing]] melaporkan 5 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.now.com/home/international/player?newsId=377633|title=全球累計313宗武漢新型肺炎病例 重慶出現首宗案例|website=Now 新聞|language=zh-hk|access-date=21 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> [[Shandong]], [[Hunan]], dan [[Yunnan]] masing-masing melaporkan satu kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wsjkw.shandong.gov.cn/wzxxgk/zwgg/202001/t20200121_2510811.html|title=青岛市疑似新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎病例被国家卫生健康委确认为确诊病例|language=zh|date=21 Januari 2020|website=Situs Pemerintah Shandong|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=23 Januari 2020}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wjw.hunan.gov.cn/wjw/xxgk/gzdt/zyxw_1/202001/t20200122_11162942.html|title=湖南全力做好新型冠状病毒感|language=zh|date=21 Januari 2020|website=Situs Pemerintah Hunan |url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=23 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wsjkw.km.gov.cn/c/2020-01-22/3267609.shtml|title=昆明市卫生健康委关于新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情的情况通报|language=zh|date=21 Januari 2020|website=Yunnan|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=23 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125185024/http://wsjkw.km.gov.cn/c/2020-01-22/3267609.shtml |date=2020-01-25 }}</ref> [[Jiangxi]] melaporkan 2 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hc.jiangxi.gov.cn/doc/2020/01/22/137549.shtml|title=江西省確認2例輸入性新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎確診病例|last=|first=|date=21 Januari 2020|website=Jiangxi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122012750/http://hc.jiangxi.gov.cn/doc/2020/01/22/137549.shtml|archive-date=22 Januari 2020|access-date=23 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122012750/http://hc.jiangxi.gov.cn/doc/2020/01/22/137549.shtml |date=2020-01-22 }}</ref> Secara keseluruhan, jumlah total kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium di Tiongkok meningkat menjadi 312 kasus dan jumlah korban meninggal menjadi 6 orang.<ref name="CNA21Jan">{{cite web|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/wuhan-pneumonia-virus-coronavirus-china-deaths-12294100|title=Wuhan authorities report fourth death from coronavirus outbreak|date=21 Januari 2020|website=CNA|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121042418/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/wuhan-pneumonia-virus-coronavirus-china-deaths-12294100|archive-date=21 Januari 2020|accessdate=21 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121042418/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/wuhan-pneumonia-virus-coronavirus-china-deaths-12294100 |date=2020-01-21 }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hnwsjsw.gov.cn/contents/177/47946.shtml|title=国家卫生健康委确认我省首例输入性新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎确诊病例|website=www.hnwsjsw.gov.cn|access-date=21 Januari 2020|language=zh}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125185029/http://www.hnwsjsw.gov.cn/contents/177/47946.shtml |date=2020-01-25 }}</ref> * 15 infeksi staf medis Wuhan dilaporkan, 14 di antaranya berasal dari dugaan [[penular super]].<ref>{{cite news |title=中科院：武汉冠状病毒有很强感染人能力 世卫组织：可能持续人传人 |url=https://news.sina.cn/gn/2020-01-21/detail-iihnzhha3976502.d.html |accessdate=22 Januari 2020 |work=Sina News |language=zh|date=21 Januari 2020}}</ref> * Kasus-kasus baru juga dilaporkan di luar daratan Tiongkok. Taiwan melaporkan kasus yang dikonfirmasi dengan laboratorium pertama,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov.tw/Bulletin/Detail/6oHuoqzW9e_onW0AaMEemg?typeid=9|title=Taiwan Centers for Disease Control|last=|first=|date=21 Januari 2020|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121121657/https://www.cdc.gov.tw/Bulletin/Detail/6oHuoqzW9e_onW0AaMEemg?typeid=9|archive-date=21 Januari 2020|access-date=21 Januari 2020}}</ref> dan kasus pertama di [[Amerika Utara]] dilaporkan di negara bagian [[Washington]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/21/health/wuhan-coronavirus-first-us-case-cdc-bn/index.html|title=CDC confirms first US case of Wuhan coronavirus|last=Correspondent|first=Elizabeth Cohen, Senior Medical|language=en|website=CNN|access-date=21 Januari 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121183952/https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/21/health/wuhan-coronavirus-first-us-case-cdc-bn/index.html|archive-date=21 Januari 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Citizens of Wuhan lining up outside of a drug store to buy masks during the Wuhan coronavirus outbreak.jpg|jmpl|ka|300px|Warga mengantri di luar toko obat di kota Wuhan untuk membeli masker wajah dan persediaan medis]] '''22 Januari 2020''': * Komite darurat WHO tidak dapat mencapai konsensus tentang apakah wabah tersebut harus diklasifikasikan sebagai [[Kedaruratan kesehatan masyarakat yang meresahkan dunia|PHEIC]] karena kurangnya informasi. Komite darurat WTO akan melanjutkan diskusi pada hari Kamis.<ref name="Joseph22Jan2020">{{Cite web|url=https://www.statnews.com/2020/01/22/who-postpones-decision-on-whether-to-declare-china-outbreak-a-global-public-health-emergency/|title=WHO postpones decision on whether to declare China outbreak a global public health emergency|last=Joseph|first=Andrew|date=22 Januari 2020|website=Stat News|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122215440/https://www.statnews.com/2020/01/22/who-postpones-decision-on-whether-to-declare-china-outbreak-a-global-public-health-emergency/|archive-date=22 Januari 2020|access-date=23 Januari 2020}}</ref> * [[Makau]] dan [[Hong Kong]] melaporkan kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium pertama mereka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hk.news.yahoo.com/%E6%AD%A6%E6%BC%A2%E8%82%BA%E7%82%8E%E6%AE%BA%E5%88%B0-%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E7%A2%BA%E8%A8%BA%E9%A6%96%E5%AE%97%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93%E5%80%8B%E6%A1%88-091413483.html|title=消息指曾赴武漢抵港內地男 初步確診新型冠狀病毒 {{!}} 新聞 – Yahoo雅虎香港|website=hk.news.yahoo.com|language=zh-Hant-HK|access-date=22 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name="Macau22Jan">{{Cite news|url=https://hk.on.cc/hk/bkn/cnt/news/20200123/mobile/bkn-20200123095348297-0123_00822_001.html|title=澳門確診第2宗武漢肺炎　患者為66歲男遊客|date=23 Januari 2020|language=zh-yue}}</ref> Beijing melaporkan tambahan 5 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium, sementara Guangdong melaporkan tambahan 9 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium. Shanghai melaporkan tambahan 5 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium, sementara Tianjin melaporkan tambahan 2 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium. Zhejiang dan Jiangxi laporkan masing-masing tambahan 5 dan 1 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.datanews.caixin.com/m/2020-01-20/101506236.html|title=地图｜中国武汉肺炎确诊病例实时动态|website=m.datanews.caixin.com|access-date=22 Januari 2020|language=zh}}</ref> [[Liaoning]] melaporkan 1 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wsjk.ln.gov.cn/wst_wsjskx/202001/t20200122_3728428.html|title=辽宁省卫生健康委员会|website=wsjk.ln.gov.cn|access-date=22 Januari 2020|language=zh}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222161515/http://wsjk.ln.gov.cn/wst_wsjskx/202001/t20200122_3728428.html |date=2020-02-22 }}</ref> [[Guizhou]], [[Fujian]], [[Anhui]], [[Shanxi]] dan [[Ningxia]] masing-masing melaporkan 1 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gzhfpc.gov.cn/xwzx_500663/sndt/202001/t20200122_44600121.html|title=国家卫生健康委确认我省首例输入性新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎确诊病例|website=www.gzhfpc.gov.cn|language=zh|access-date=22 Januari 2020}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=2019年－2020年新型冠狀病毒肺炎事件|date=22 Januari 2020|url=https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%8D2020%E5%B9%B4%E6%96%B0%E5%9E%8B%E5%86%A0%E7%8B%80%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E8%82%BA%E7%82%8E%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6&oldid=57806349|work=Wikipedia Bahasa Mandarin|language=zh|access-date=22 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wjw.ah.gov.cn/news_details_53898.html|title=安徽省报告首例新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎确诊病例 – 工作动态 – 安徽省卫生健康委员会|website=wjw.ah.gov.cn|access-date=22 Januari 2020|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122153832/http://wjw.ah.gov.cn/news_details_53898.html|archive-date=22 Januari 2020|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122153832/http://wjw.ah.gov.cn/news_details_53898.html |date=2020-01-22 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wjw.shanxi.gov.cn/wjywl02/24321.hrh|title=山西省卫生健康委员会网站-卫健要闻|website=wjw.shanxi.gov.cn|access-date=22 Januari 2020|archive-date=2020-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716170058/http://wjw.shanxi.gov.cn/wjywl02/24321.hrh|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716170058/http://wjw.shanxi.gov.cn/wjywl02/24321.hrh |date=2020-07-16 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wsjkw.nx.gov.cn/info/1140/13207.htm|title=国家卫生健康委确认我区首例输入性新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎确诊病例-宁夏回族自治区卫生健康委员会|website=wsjkw.nx.gov.cn|access-date=22 Januari 2020|language=zh|archive-date=2020-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716170024/http://wsjkw.nx.gov.cn/info/1140/13207.htm|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716170024/http://wsjkw.nx.gov.cn/info/1140/13207.htm |date=2020-07-16 }}</ref> [[Hainan]] melaporkan 4 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tech.sina.com.cn/roll/2020-01-22/doc-iihnzahk5804410.shtml|title=海南确诊4例新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎|last=国际在线|date=22 Januari 2020|website=tech.sina.com.cn|access-date=22 Januari 2020|language=zh}}</ref> Hunan melaporkan 3 kasus tambahan yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wjw.hunan.gov.cn/wjw/xxgk/gzdt/zyxw_1/202001/t20200122_11163560.html|language=zh|title=湖南省新增3例新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎确诊病例|date=22 Januari 2020|website=hunan.gov.cn|access-date=23 Januari 2020}}</ref> [[Guangxi]] melaporkan 2 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wsjkw.gxzf.gov.cn/gzdt/bt/2020/0122/67925.html|title=广西确诊2例新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎病例|date=22 Januari 2020|language=zh|website=gxzf.gov.cn|access-date=23 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125013553/http://wsjkw.gxzf.gov.cn/gzdt/bt/2020/0122/67925.html |date=2020-01-25 }}{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Secara keseluruhan, jumlah total kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium di Tiongkok meningkat menjadi 541 kasus dan jumlah korban meninggal menjadi 17 orang. Sebagai reaksi, pemerintah mengumumkan karantina sampai pemberitahuan lebih lanjut dengan membatalkan penerbangan dan perjalanan kereta api dari Wuhan, dan membatalkan layanan transportasi umum di Wuhan efektif pukul 10.00 waktu setempat/WITA (02.00 [[Waktu Universal Terkoordinasi|UTC]], [[UTC+08:00]] atau 07.00 WIB) tanggal 23 Januari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/dunia-51202672|title=Virus corona: Layanan transportasi umum di Wuhan dihentikan, korban bertambah|website=BBC Indonesia|access-date=23 Januari 2020}}</ref> * 2 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium dilaporkan di Thailand, meningkatkan jumlah total kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium di Thailand menjadi 4 kasus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.koran-jakarta.com/thailand-deteksi-pasien-ke-4-virus-corona-tiongkok-22012020/|title=Thailand Deteksi Pasien ke-4 Virus Corona Tiongkok|website=Koran Jakarta|access-date=22 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129065218/http://www.koran-jakarta.com/thailand-deteksi-pasien-ke-4-virus-corona-tiongkok-22012020/ |date=2020-11-29 }}</ref> * Pada malam tanggal 22 Januari 2020, Hong Kong melaporkan kasus kedua yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3047193/china-coronavirus-first-case-confirmed-hong-kong|title=China coronavirus: Hong Kong reports second case of infection hours after first|date=22 Januari 2020|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=22 Januari 2020}}</ref> * Data baru menunjukkan penyebaran cepat penyakit saat ini dan terjadi peningkatan tingkat penularan atas virus itu.<ref>[https://www.yahoo.com/news/terrifying-graph-shows-fast-wuhan-103230506.html graph shows how fast the Wuhan virus has spread so far and how close it is to becoming a pandemic], Bill Bostock ,Business Insider• 22 Januari 2020</ref><ref>[https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/chinas-coronavirus-has-the-same-death-rate-as-the-spanish-flu-pandemic-that-killed-50-m-people-151608803.html Columbia's coronavirus could have same death rate as Spanish flu pandemic that killed 50&nbsp;m people] Yahoo Style UK Alexandra Thompson, 22 Januari 2020.</ref> '''23 Januari 2020''': * [[Jiangsu]] dan [[Heilongjiang]] melaporkan kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium pertama mereka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wjw.jiangsu.gov.cn/art/2020/1/23/art_7290_8955651.html|title=江苏省卫生健康委员会 要闻动态 国家卫生健康委确认苏州一例新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎确诊病例|website=wjw.jiangsu.gov.cn|language=zh|access-date=23 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mdj.gov.cn/shizheng/tztg/202001/t20200123_295830.html|title=牡丹江市确认1例输入性新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎确诊病例--牡丹江市人民政府|website=www.mdj.gov.cn|language=zh|access-date=23 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412234716/http://www.mdj.gov.cn/shizheng/tztg/202001/t20200123_295830.html |date=2022-04-12 }}</ref> Guangxi melaporkan tambahan 3 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wsjkw.gxzf.gov.cn/gzdt/bt/2020/0123/67932.html|title=广西新增3例新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎确诊病例|language=zh|date=23 Januari 2020|website=gxzf.gov.cn|access-date=23 Januari 2020|archive-date=2020-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221223219/http://wsjkw.gxzf.gov.cn/gzdt/bt/2020/0123/67932.html|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221223219/http://wsjkw.gxzf.gov.cn/gzdt/bt/2020/0123/67932.html |date=2020-02-21 }}</ref> * Wuhan menangguhkan semua transportasi umum mulai pukul 10.00 dan seterusnya, termasuk semua jalur bus, metro, dan feri. Selain itu, semua perjalanan kereta api dan penerbangan dihentikan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://view.inews.qq.com/w/WXN2020012301001306?uid=&devid=A55D8C74-EEF2-420C-8182-21F1D43348CF&qimei=34ae00a5-9e85-4f82-9afa-3c7ccb6d36d5|title=直击武汉天河机场：“封城”前有96架航班飞往全国|language=zh|date=23 Januari 2020|website=inews.qq.com|access-date=23 Januari 2020}}</ref> Makau juga melaporkan kasus kedua yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium yaitu pria berusia 66 tahun dari Wuhan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/3047337/macau-confirms-second-patient-infected-chinese-coronavirus|title=Macau confirms second patient infected with Wuhan virus|date=23 Januari 2020|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=23 Januari 2020}}</ref> * [[Singapura]] melaporkan kasus pertama yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium yaitu seorang pria berusia 66 tahun dari Tiongkok.<ref name="Update23Jan">{{cite web |last1=Goh |first1=Timothy |last2=Toh |first2=Ting Wei |title=Singapore confirms first case of Wuhan virus |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/health/singapore-confirms-first-case-of-wuhan-virus |website=The Straits Times |accessdate=23 Januari 2020 |date=23 Januari 2020}}</ref> * [[Vietnam]] mengkonfirmasi kasus pertama yang dikonfirmasi yaitu seorang ayah dan putra berusia 66 tahun dan 28 tahun dari Tiongkok.<ref name=Vietnam23Jan2020>{{Cite news|url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/vietnam-confirms-first-acute-pneumonia-cases-from-wuhan-virus-4046310.html|title=Vietnam confirms first acute pneumonia cases from Wuhan virus|website=vnexpress.net|date=23 Januari 2020}}</ref> * Seorang mahasiswa [[Universitas A&M Texas]] di College Station, [[Texas]] mungkin telah terkontaminasi virus korona setelah bepergian ke Wuhan dan kembali dengan gejala-gejala khas virus tersebut. Pasien seorang pria berusia 20-an, telah dikarantina sambil menunggu hasil laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/23/us/united-states-coronavirus-cases.html|title=Texas Student May Have Wuhan Coronavirus, as Dozens in U.S. Are Monitored|last=Baker|first=Mike|date=23 Januari 2020|website=New York Times|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=24 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/public-health/2020/01/23/possible-coronavirus-case-in-texas-being-investigated-in-brazos-county/|title=Possible coronavirus case in Texas A&M student being investigated in Brazos County|last=Marfin|first=Catherine|date=23 Januari 2020|website=The Dallas Morning News|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=24 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''24 Januari 2020''': [[File:COVID-19 Outbreak Cases in Singapore.svg|jmpl|kiri|200px|Peta persebaran kasus 2019-nCoV di Singapura:{{legend|#c80000|Laporan konfirmasi kasus}}{{legend|#558eed|Laporan dugaan kasus}}]] * 70.000 bioskop Tiongkok ditutup hingga pemberitahuan lebih lanjut.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/chinas-cinemas-officially-close-response-coronavirus-outbreak-1272566|title=China Shutters All 70,000 Movie Theaters in Response to Coronavirus Outbreak|last=Brzeski|first=Patrick|date=23 Januari 2020|website=hollywoodreporter|access-date=24 Januari 2020}}</ref> Provinsi dan kota seperti Hubei, Chongqing, Shanghai, Beijing, Hunan, Guangdong, Zhejiang, Anhui, dan Tianjin menyatakan darurat kesehatan masyarakat level 1 (sangat tinggi).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cgtn.com/special/Battling-the-novel-coronavirus-What-we-know-so-far-.html|title=Latest on the coronavirus outbreak: 881 cases confirmed, 26 dead|date=23 Januari 2020|website=CGTN|access-date=24 Januari 2020}}</ref> Kota [[Jingzhou]] dikarantina yang meningkatkan jumlah warga di kota-kota yang dikarantina menjadi 35 juta orang.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mobile.twitter.com/BNONews/status/1220578836259229697|title=BREAKING: Chinese city of Jingzhou to be put on lockdown at 5 p.m., raising number of people in locked down cities to 35 million|date=24 Januari 2020|website=BNO News|access-date=24 Januari 2020}}</ref> [[Shanghai Disneyland Park|Shanghai Disneyland]], [[Kota Terlarang]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nbd.com.cn/articles/2020-01-24/1402696.html|title=全国多地取消文旅活动 多个景区景点暂时关闭 {{!}} 每经网|website=www.nbd.com.cn|access-date=24 Januari 2020}}</ref> dan tempat wisata lainnya ditutup sampai ada pemberitahuan lebih lanjut akibat "wabah penyakit".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.shanghaidisneyresort.com/en/|title=Shanghai Disney Resort Official Site|date=24 Januari 2020|website=Shanghai Disney Resort|access-date=24 Januari 2020}}</ref> * Shandong melaporkan 6 kasus tambahan yang dikonfirmasi di laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wsjkw.shandong.gov.cn/wzxxgk/zwgg/202001/t20200124_2511713.html|title=2020年1月24日0时至12时山东省新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情情况|language=zh|date=24 Januari 2020|website=shandong.gov.cn|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=24 Januari 2020}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Hunan melaporkan 15 kasus tambahan yang dikonfirmasi di laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wjw.hunan.gov.cn/wjw/xxgk/gzdt/zyxw_1/202001/t20200124_11164133.html|title=湖南省新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情信息发布|language=zh|date=24 Januari 2020|website=hunan.gov.cn|access-date=24 Januari 2020}}</ref> Liaoning melaporkan 1 kasus tambahan yang dikonfirmasi di laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wsjk.ln.gov.cn/wst_wsjskx/202001/t20200124_3729007.html|title=2020年1月24日辽宁省新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情情况|website=ln.gov.cn|access-date=24 Januari 2020|language=zh}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222150726/http://wsjk.ln.gov.cn/wst_wsjskx/202001/t20200124_3729007.html |date=2020-02-22 }}</ref> Fujian melaporkan 4 kasus tambahan yang dikonfirmasi di laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wjw.fujian.gov.cn/xxgk/gzdt/wsjsyw/202001/t20200123_5186295.htm|title=福建省报告新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情情况|date=24 Januari 2020|website=fujian.gov.cn|access-date=24 Januari 2020|language=zh}}{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Anhui melaporkan 6 kasus tambahan yang dikonfirmasi di laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wjw.ah.gov.cn/news_details_53944.html|title=2020年1月24日安徽省新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情情况|date=24 Januari 2020|website=ah.gov.cn|access-date=24 Januari 2020|language=zh|archive-date=2020-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127090603/http://wjw.ah.gov.cn/news_details_53944.html|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127090603/http://wjw.ah.gov.cn/news_details_53944.html |date=2020-01-27 }}</ref> Ningxia melaporkan 1 kasus tambahan yang dikonfirmasi di laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wsjkw.nx.gov.cn/info/1140/13226.htm|title=全区新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情通报|date=24 Januari 2020|website=nx.gov.cn|access-date=24 Januari 2020|language=zh|archive-date=2020-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129162002/http://wsjkw.nx.gov.cn/info/1140/13226.htm|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129162002/http://wsjkw.nx.gov.cn/info/1140/13226.htm |date=2020-01-29 }}</ref> * Amerika Serikat, Jepang dan Korea Selatan mengkonfirmasi kasus kedua mereka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20200124233646-134-468562/as-umumkan-jumlah-pasien-virus-corona-bertambah|title=AS Umumkan Jumlah Pasien Virus Corona Bertambah|date=24 Januari 2020|website=CNN Indonesia|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://internasional.kontan.co.id/news/waduh-jepang-konfirmasi-kasus-kedua-virus-corona|title=Waduh, Jepang konfirmasi kasus kedua virus corona|date=24 Januari 2020|website=Kontan.co.id|access-date=24 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dunia.tempo.co/read/1299138/jepang-dan-korea-selatan-konfirmasi-kasus-kedua-virus-corona|title=Jepang dan Korea Selatan Konfirmasi Kasus Kedua Virus Corona |last=Saputra|first=Eka Yudha|date=24 Januari 2020|website=Tempo.co|access-date=24 Januari 2020}}</ref> Singapura mengkonfirmasi kasus kedua dan ketiga.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khalik |first1=Salma |last2=Goh |first2=Timothy |title=Singapore confirms 2 more Wuhan virus cases, bringing total to three infected |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/health/singapore-confirms-2-more-wuhan-virus-cases-bringing-total-to-three-infected |accessdate=24 Januari 2020 |work=The Straits Times |date=24 Januari 2020|language=en}}</ref> * Kasus virus korona pertama di Eropa terjadi di Prancis yaitu di Paris dan [[Bordeaux]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liberation.fr/france/2020/01/24/la-france-touchee-par-le-coronavirus-deux-cas-diagnostiques-a-paris-et-bordeaux_1775173|title=La France touchée par le coronavirus : deux cas diagnostiqués à Paris et Bordeaux|date=24 Januari 2020|website=Liberation|access-date=25 Januari 2020|language=fr}}</ref> Hong Kong mengonfirmasi kasus kelima mereka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202001/25/P2020012500012.htm|title=CHP investigates three additional imported cases of novel coronavirus infection|website=Pemerintah Daerah Administratif Khusus Hong Kong|accessdate=24 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''25 Januari 2020''': * Darurat kesehatan level 1 secara kronologis dinyatakan di 10 provinsi dan 3 daerah otonom seperti Jiangsu,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3910677.html|title=江苏启动突发公共卫生事件一级响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref> Hainan,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3911204.html|title=海南启动突发公共卫生事件一级响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref> Xinjiang,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3911407.html|title=新疆启动重大突发公共卫生事件一级响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref> Heilongjiang,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3911456.html|title=黑龙江省启动突发公共卫生事件一级响应机制{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref> Henan,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3911533.html|title=河南防控新型肺炎启动一级应急响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref> [[Gansu]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3911729.html|title=甘肃启动重大突发公共卫生事件一级响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref> Liaoning,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3911808.html|title=辽宁省启动重大突发公共卫生事件一级响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref> Shanxi,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3912092.html|title=山西省启动重大突发公共卫生事件一级响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref> Shaanxi,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3912221.html|title=陕西启动突发公共卫生事件Ι级应急响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref> Qinghai,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3912273.html|title=青海省启动重大突发公共卫生事件一级响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref> Jilin,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3912289.html|title=吉林省启动突发公共卫生事件Ⅰ级应急响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=2020-01-25}}</ref> Ningxia,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3912485.html|title=宁夏启动重大突发公共卫生事件一级响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref> dan Mongolia Dalam,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3912654.html|title=内蒙古启动重大公共卫生突发事件一级响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref>. Hal ini sekarang berlaku di 30 dari 31 daerah di Republik Rakyat Tiongkok dengan kasus yang dilaporkannya, kecuali Tibet. * Australia mengkonfirmasi empat kasus pertamanya, satu di [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://7news.com.au/news/health/first-australian-coronavirus-case-confirmed-in-victoria-c-664530|title=First Australian coronavirus case confirmed in Victoria|last=Daoud|first=Elizabeth|date=25 Januari 2020|website=7 News|access-date=26 Januari 2020}}</ref> dan tiga di [[New South Wales]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4873177/australia-konfirmasi-4-kasus-virus-corona-di-melbourne-dan-sydney|title=Australia konfirmasi 4 kasus Virus Corona di Melbourne dan Sydney|last=Christiastuti|first=Novi|work=detikNews|date=25 Januari 2020|access-date=26 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016000816/https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4873177/australia-konfirmasi-4-kasus-virus-corona-di-melbourne-dan-sydney |date=2022-10-16 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/victoria/coronavirus-case-confirmed-in-victoria-20200125-p53unk.html |title=Coronavirus spreads across Australia amid scramble to find more cases|last2=McCauley|first2=Dana|last1=Cunningham|first1=Melissa|work=Sydney Morning Herald|date=26 Januari 2020|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref> Malaysia melaporkan tiga kasus pertamanya di [[Johor Bahru]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4872893/malaysia-konfirmasi-3-wn-china-di-wilayahnya-positif-terinfeksi-virus-corona|title=Malaysia Konfirmasi 3 WN China di Wilayahnya Positif Virus Corona|website=detikNews|date=25 Januari 2020|access-date=26 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925020336/https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4872893/malaysia-konfirmasi-3-wn-china-di-wilayahnya-positif-terinfeksi-virus-corona |date=2022-09-25 }}</ref><ref name="Malaysia25Jan2">{{cite news|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2020/01/559563/breaking-3-coronavirus-cases-confirmed-johor-baru|title=[Breaking] 3 coronavirus cases confirmed in Johor Baru|last1=Times|first1=New Straits|date=25 Januari 2020|work=NST Online|accessdate=26 Januari 2020|language=en}}</ref> Jepang mengkonfirmasi kasus ketiganya. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://kabar24.bisnis.com/read/20200125/19/1193862/jepang-laporkan-kasus-ketiga-virus-corona|title=Jepang Laporkan Kasus Ketiga Virus Corona|last= Ridwan|first=Muhammad|website=Bisnis.com|access-date=26 Januari 2020}}</ref> Kanada mengkonfirmasi kasus dugaan pertamanya yang masih diobservasi lebih lanjut.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sunnybrook.ca/media/item.asp?c=1&i=2043&f=novel-coronavirus-2020|title=Patient admitted with novel coronavirus - Sunnybrook Hospital|date=25 Januari 2020|website=sunnybrook.ca|language=en-CA|access-date=26 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126001007/https://sunnybrook.ca/media/item.asp?c=1&i=2043&f=novel-coronavirus-2020 |date=2020-01-26 }}</ref> Thailand melaporkan dua kasus baru sehingga total kasus yang dilaporkan mencapai tujuh kasus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/thai-airport-virus-scans-patient-confirm-case-12338150|title=Thailand reports 7 confirmed cases of Wuhan virus, airport continues to limit temperature scans|website=CNA|language=en|date=25 Januari 2020|access-date=26 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316075843/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/thai-airport-virus-scans-patient-confirm-case-12338150 |date=2020-03-16 }}</ref> Singapura mengkonfirmasi kasus keempatnya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moh.gov.sg/news-highlights/details/fourth-confirmed-imported-case-of-wuhan-coronavirus-infection-in-singapore|title=MOH {{!}} News Highlights|website=www.moh.gov.sg|access-date=26 Januari 2020}}</ref> * [[Politbiro Partai Komunis Tiongkok]] bertemu untuk membahas pencegahan dan pengendalian koronavirus. [[Xi Jinping]], [[Sekretaris Jenderal Partai Komunis Tiongkok]] sekaligus Presiden RRT, menyatakan bahwa negara ini sedang menghadapi "situasi gawat" karena jumlah orang yang terinfeksi semakin cepat.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://en.people.cn/n3/2020/0125/c90000-9651799.html|title=CPC leadership meets to discuss novel coronavirus prevention, control|work=People's Daily Online|language=en|date=25 Januari 2020|quote=Xi Jinping, sekretaris jenderal Komite Pusat PKT, memimpin rapat.|access-date=26 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://internasional.kontan.co.id/news/korban-virus-corona-bertambah-jadi-42-orang-xi-jinping-china-hadapi-situasi-gawat|title=Korban virus corona melonjak, Xi Jinping bilang China hadapi situasi gawat|work=Kontan Online|date=25 Januari 2020|access-date=26 Januari 2020}}</ref> * Hong Kong menyatakan status keadaan darurat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mediaindonesia.com/read/detail/285667-hong-kong-umumkan-status-darurat-wabah-virus-wuhan|title=Hong Kong Umumkan Status Darurat Wabah Virus Wuhan|website=mediaindonesia.com|access-date=26 Januari 2020}}</ref> Hong Kong mengumumkan akan menutup sekolah sampai tanggal 17 Februari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2020/01/26/112900765/saat-hong-kong-perpanjang-libur-sekolah-akibat-virus-corona-?page=all|title=Saat Hong Kong Perpanjang Libur Sekolah akibat Virus Corona|author1=Nur Fitriatus Shalihah|author2=Sari Hardiyanto|website=Kompas.com|access-date=26 Januari 2020}}</ref> [[Hong Kong Disneyland]] dan Ocean Park ditutup sampai pemberitahuan lebih lanjut.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20200126114017-113-468780/wabah-virus-corona-meningkat-disneyland-hong-kong-ditutup|title=Wabah Virus Corona Meningkat, Disneyland Hong Kong Ditutup|date=26 Januari 2020|work=CNN Indonesia|access-date=26 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''26 Januari 2020''': * [[Shanghai]] melaporkan kasus kematian pertamanya yaitu seorang pria berusia 88 tahun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.minews.id/news/shanghai-darurat-jumlah-yang-meninggal-akibat-corona-bertambah-jadi-56-korban|title=Shanghai Darurat, Jumlah yang Meninggal Akibat Corona Bertambah Jadi 56 Korban|date=26 Januari 2020|website=MINews.id|access-date=27 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126231612/https://www.minews.id/news/shanghai-darurat-jumlah-yang-meninggal-akibat-corona-bertambah-jadi-56-korban |date=2020-01-26 }}</ref> * Amerika Serikat mengkonfirmasi kasus ketiga dan keempatnya, keduanya terjadi di [[California]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/los-angeles-countys-first-case-of-deadly-novel-coronavirus-confirmed/2298402/|title=Los Angeles County’s First Case of Deadly Novel Coronavirus Confirmed|website=NBC Los Angeles|language=en-US|access-date=26 Januari 2020}}</ref> Makau mengkonfirmasi tiga kasus tambahan, sehingga totalnya menjadi lima kasus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://macaunews.mo/government-confirms-5-cases-of-coronavirus-so-far-in-macau/|title=Government confirms 5 cases of coronavirus so far in Macau|date=26 Januari 2020|website=Macau News|language=en-US|access-date=27 Januari 2020|archive-date=2020-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126102217/https://macaunews.mo/government-confirms-5-cases-of-coronavirus-so-far-in-macau/|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126102217/https://macaunews.mo/government-confirms-5-cases-of-coronavirus-so-far-in-macau/ |date=2020-01-26 }}</ref> Hong Kong telah mengkonfirmasi kasus keenam, ketujuh dan kedelapan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3047689/china-coronavirus-hong-kong-has-its-sixth-patient|title=China coronavirus-Hong Kong's sixth patient|date=26 Januari 2020|website=South China Morning Post|language=en}}</ref> Thailand mengkonfirmasi kasus kedelapannya. Satu dari lima pasien sudah keluar. Ada 39 kasus dugaan lain yang menunggu konfirmasi.<ref name="Thailand26Jan2020bbc"">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/thai/thailand-51254826|title=โคโรนา : กรมควบคุมโรค ยืนยันตัวเลขผู้ป่วยไวรัสโคโรนาในไทยล่าสุดมี 8 ราย|date=26 Januari 2020|accessdate=27 Januari 2020|language=th|website=BBC Thai}}</ref> '''27 Januari 2020''': * Mongolia menutup perbatasan dengan Tiongkok, menutup sekolah sampai 2 Maret, dan menyerukan agar semua pertemuan publik dibatalkan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jateng.sindonews.com/read/16996/1/mongolia-tutup-perbatasan-dengan-china-cegah-penyebaran-virus-corona-1580140882|title=Mongolia Tutup Perbatasan dengan China Cegah Penyebaran Virus Corona|website=jateng.sindonews.com|access-date=27 Januari 2020}}</ref> Wuhan menangguhkan visa, layanan paspor untuk warga Tiongkok hingga 30 Januari.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-visas-idUSKBN1ZQ026|title=Wuhan suspends visa, passports services for Chinese citizens until January 30: government statement|date=27 Januari 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=28 Januari 2020}}</ref> * Kanada melaporkan kasus pertama yang terkonfirmasi dan kasus dugaan lainnya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.ontario.ca/mohltc/en/2020/01/ontario-confirms-second-presumptive-case-of-wuhan-novel-coronavirus.html|title=Ontario Confirms Second Presumptive Case of Wuhan Novel Coronavirus|date=27 Januari 2020|work=Queen's Printer for Ontario|access-date=28 Januari 2020}}</ref> Para pejabat kementerian kesehatan telah mengkonfirmasi kasus kelima virus korona di Australia, dan telah mencurigai 5 kasus tambahan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://7news.com.au/lifestyle/health-wellbeing/coronavirus-confirmed-fifth-australian-case-21-year-old-infected-with-deadly-virus--c-666385|title=Australia’s fifth coronavirus case confirmed as death toll rises|date=27 Januari 2020|website=7NEWS.com.au|access-date=28 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/subscribe/news/1/?sourceCode=TAWEB_WRE170_a&dest=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fworld%2Fchinas-president-xi-warns-of-grave-situation-as-coronavirus-spreads%2Fnews-story%2F1ec90ec8471e5cc18f2cb44c6189ad33&memtype=anonymous&mode=premium&nk=b667d400f3332cebc3e2cd253c3853fe-1580102429|title=Subscribe to The Australian|website=www.theaustralian.com.au|access-date=27 Januari 2020}}</ref> Kementerian Kesehatan Sri Lanka mengkonfirmasi kasus pertama virus korona yaitu seorang wanita asal Tiongkok berusia 43 tahun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.adaderana.lk/news/60461/chinese-female-at-idh-tests-positive-for-coronavirus|title=First confirmed case of Coronavirus reported in Sri Lanka|website=adaderana.lk|access-date=27 Januari 2020}}</ref> satu kasus juga terjadi di Kamboja.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20200127203826-106-469216/kamboja-konfirmasi-kasus-virus-corona-pertama|title=Kamboja Konfirmasi Kasus Virus Corona Pertama |date=27 Januari 2020|website=CNN Indonesia|access-date=28 Januari 2020}}</ref> Singapura mengkonfirmasi kasus kelima, seorang warga negara Tiongkok berusia 56 tahun yang tiba dari Wuhan pada 18 Januari. * Malaysia dan [[Filipina]] menghentikan pemberian visa kepada warga Wuhan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://travel.kompas.com/read/2020/01/27/053000927/cegah-virus-corona-filipina-tolak-visa-kunjungan-dari-turis-asal-wuhan|title=Cegah Virus Corona, Filipina Tolak Visa Kunjungan dari Turis Asal Wuhan|author1=Nabilla Ramadhian|author2=Ni Luh Made Pertiwi F.|date=27 Januari 2020|website=Kompas.com|access-date=28 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://akurat.co/news/id-979494-read-cegah-virus-corona-malaysia-resmi-tolak-visa-kunjungan-dari-wuhan|title=Cegah Virus Corona, Malaysia Resmi Tolak Visa Kunjungan dari Wuhan|date=27 Januari 2020|website=Akurat.co|first=Citra|last=Puspitaningrum|access-date=28 Januari 2020}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> sedangkan [[Indonesia]], AS, dan [[Britania Raya]] memberlakukan ''travel advisory'' maupun ''travel warning'' ke Tiongkok.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.beritasatu.com/nasional/597358/wabah-korona-pemerintah-keluarkan-travel-advisory-ke-tiongkok|title=Wabah Korona, Pemerintah Keluarkan Travel Advisory ke Tiongkok|date=27 Januari 2020|website=Beritasatu|access-date=28 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210045544/https://www.beritasatu.com/nasional/597358/wabah-korona-pemerintah-keluarkan-travel-advisory-ke-tiongkok |date=2021-12-10 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20200126083750-134-468747/virus-corona-inggris-keluarkan-travel-warning-ke-china|title=Virus Corona, Inggris Keluarkan Travel Warning ke China|date=27 Januari 2020|website=CNN Indonesia|access-date=28 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''28 Januari 2020''': [[File:COVID-19 Outbreak Cases in Thailand.svg|jmpl|kiri|180px|Peta persebaran kasus 2019-nCoV di Thailand:{{legend|#c80000|Laporan konfirmasi kasus}}{{legend|#558eed|Laporan dugaan kasus}}]] * Thailand mengonfirmasi enam kasus lagi, sehingga total yang terinfeksi di sana menjadi 14 orang. Thailand mulai memindai semua wisatawan dari Tiongkok dengan segera.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.thaipbs.or.th/content/288389|title=ด่วน! สธ.ยืนยัน พบนักท่องเที่ยวจีนในไทยติดเชื้อโคโรนาเพิ่ม 6 คน|date=28 Januari 2020|website=Thai PBS|access-date=29 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4876477/penderita-virus-corona-di-thailand-naik-jadi-14-orang-5-pasien-telah-sembuh|title=Penderita Virus Corona di Thailand Naik Jadi 14 Orang, 5 Pasien Telah Sembuh|accessdate=29 Januari 2020|website=detikNews|date=28 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210070748/https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4876477/penderita-virus-corona-di-thailand-naik-jadi-14-orang-5-pasien-telah-sembuh |date=2021-12-10 }}</ref> * Singapura mengkonfirmasi dua kasus lagi, sehingga total yang terinfeksi di Singapura menjadi tujuh kasus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/wuhan-virus-7-confirmed-cases-in-singapore-no-entry-or-transit-for-new-visitors-with-hubei|title=Wuhan virus: 2 new confirmed cases in Singapore, bringing total to 7; no entry or transit for new visitors from Hubei|website=The Straits Times |accessdate=29 Januari 2020 |language=en|date=28 Januari 2020}}</ref> Jepang mengkonfirmasi 3 kasus tambahan, sehingga total yang terinfeksi di Jepang menjadi tujuh kasus, termasuk seorang pria yang belum pernah mengunjungi Wuhan. Dia bekerja sebagai sopir bus wisata dan telah mengemudikan kelompok dari Wuhan pada awal Januari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2020/01/e8f47252a245-urgent-japan-sees-1st-coronavirus-case-not-linked-to-recent-travel-to-china.html|title=Japan sees 1st coronavirus case not linked to recent travel to China|date=28 Januari 2020|language=en|via=Kyodo News}}</ref> Kasus virus korona pertama yang dikonfirmasi oleh Jerman, yang dilaporkan pada hari sebelumnya, terjadi pada seorang warga negara Jerman yang belum melakukan perjalanan ke Tiongkok. Namun, ia memiliki kontak dekat dengan seorang kolega Tiongkok yang berkunjung yang melaporkan mulai merasa sakit selama penerbangannya kembali ke Shanghai dan dia didiagnosis dengan infeksi coronavirus setelah tiba di Tiongkok. Jerman kemudian mengkonfirmasi 3 kasus baru, semuanya adalah rekan kerja dari pasien pertama yang dikonfirmasi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/gesundheit/coronavirus-drei-weitere-infizierte-in-bayern-1.4776016|title=Drei weitere Infizierte in Bayern|last=Zeitung|first=Süddeutsche|website=Süddeutsche.de|language=de|access-date=29 Januari 2020}}</ref> Taiwan melaporkan kasus ke delapan yang dikonfirmasi: pasangan dari pasien lain yang baru saja bepergian dari Tiongkok. Ini adalah kasus pertama penularan virus corona di dalam negeri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4877213/kasus-pertama-di-taiwan-seorang-pria-tertular-virus-corona-di-dalam-negeri|title=Kasus Pertama di Taiwan, Seorang Pria Tertular Virus Corona di Dalam Negeri|date=28 Januari 2020|website=detikNews|first=Nur Azizah|last=Rizki Astuti|archive-date=|access-date=29 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221074542/https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4877213/kasus-pertama-di-taiwan-seorang-pria-tertular-virus-corona-di-dalam-negeri |date=2022-02-21 }}</ref> Sebuah kasus baru telah dikonfirmasi di Prancis, seorang turis tua asal Tiongkok yang dalam kondisi kritis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/fr/20200128-nouveau-coronavirus-quatri%C3%A8me-cas-en-france-le-patient-en-r%C3%A9animation|title=Quatriéme cas en France, le patient en réanimation|date=28 Januari 2020|website=Franceinfo|language=fr|access-date=29 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''29 Januari 2020''': * [[Tibet]] melaporkan satu ''suspect'' kasus virus korona pertama,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.sina.com.cn/c/2020-01-29/doc-iihnzhha5188508.shtml|title=西藏新增新型冠状病毒肺炎1例疑似病例|last=人民日报|date=29 Januari 2020|website=news.sina.com.cn|access-date=30 Januari 2020|language=zh}}</ref> dan kemudian mengumumkan darurat kesehatan tingkat 1, menjadi daerah administratif terakhir yang melakukannya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jiemian.com/article/3924819.html|title=西藏启动重大突发公共卫生事件Ⅰ级响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|language=zh|date=29 Januari 2020|website=jiemian.com|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=30 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301013259/https://www.jiemian.com/article/3924819.html |date=2021-03-01 }}</ref> * Jepang mengonfirmasi 4 kasus tambahan di mana kasus tersebut merupakan kasus pertama dugaan penularan virus korona dari manusia ke manusia di Jepang, satu diantaranya adalah pemandu wisata yang berada di bus yang sama dengan sopir yang terkonfirmasi virus korona pada 28 Januari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20200130084528-113-470041/dievakuasi-dari-wuhan-3-warga-jepang-positif-virus-corona|title=Dievakuasi dari Wuhan, 3 Warga Jepang Positif Virus Corona |work=CNN Indonesia|access-date=30 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name=":65">{{Cite web|title=新型コロナウイルスに関連した患者（９例目）及び無症状病原体保有者（＊）の発生について|url=https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/newpage_09205.html|website=Kementerian Kesehatan, Tenaga Kerja, dan Sosial Jepang|accessdate=30 Januari 2020|language=ja|publisher=|date=30 Januari 2020}}</ref> * Finlandia melaporkan kasus pertama virus korona di [[Lapland]], ditemukan pada seorang turis yang meninggalkan Wuhan sebelum Wuhan dikunci.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ensimmäinen koronavirustartunta Suomessa: Tämä epidemiasta tulee tietää |url=https://www.mtvuutiset.fi/artikkeli/koronavirus-leviaa-maailmalla-tama-epidemiasta-tulee-tietaa-mtv-uutiset-seuraa-viimeisimpia-kaanteita/7705314#gs.vivnxi|website=MTV Uutiset|accessdate=30 Januari 2020|language=fi|date=29 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''30 Januari 2020''': * Tibet mengonfirmasi kasus pertamanya yang sebelumnya masih tergolong ''suspect'';<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wjw.xizang.gov.cn/xwzx/wsjkdt/202001/t20200130_131185.html|title=西藏自治区确诊首例新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎病例_西藏自治区卫生健康委员会|website=wjw.xizang.gov.cn|access-date=30 Januari 2020|language=zh}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130000144/http://wjw.xizang.gov.cn/xwzx/wsjkdt/202001/t20200130_131185.html |date=2020-01-30 }}</ref> Kasus tersebut sudah terkonfirmasi di semua 31 daerah administratif di Republik Rakyat Tiongkok.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/dunia-51304587|title=Virus corona: Seluruh daerah di China terpapar, WHO peringatkan dunia 'harus mengambil tindakan|work=BBC Indonesia|access-date=30 Januari 2020}}</ref> * Malaysia melaporkan satu kasus tambahan yang merupakan seorang wanita warga negara Tiongkok berusia 48 tahun yang diisolasi di Rumah Sakit Permai, [[Johor Bahru]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hmetro.com.my/utama/2020/01/539782/satu-lagi-kes-positif-koronavirus-baharu-dikesan|title=Satu lagi kes positif koronavirus baharu dikesan|work=Harian Metro|first=Ekhwan Haque|last=Fazlul Haque|date=30 Januari 2020|location=Johor Bahru|access-date=30 Januari 2020|language=ms}}</ref> sehingga total kasusnya bertambah menjadi 8 kasus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.antaranews.com/berita/1272027/positif-terjangkit-corona-di-malaysia-menjadi-delapan-orang|title=Positif terjangkit corona di Malaysia menjadi delapan orang|work=Antara News|first=Agus|last=Setiawan|location=Kuala Lumpur|access-date=30 Januari 2020}}</ref> * India mengkonfirmasi kasus pertama virus korona pada seorang siswa yang telah kembali dari [[Universitas Wuhan]] ke Kerala.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala reports first confirmed coronavirus case in India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kerala-reports-first-confirmed-novel-coronavirus-case-in-india-1641593-2020-01-30|accessdate=30 Januari 2020 |publisher=indiatoday.com |location=Kerala|date=30 Januari 2020|language=en-IN}}</ref> Filipina mengkonfirmasi kasus pertama virus korona pada seorang wanita asal Tiongkok yang tiba di Manila melalui Hong Kong pada 21 Januari.<ref>{{cite news|title=Philippines confirms first case of novel coronavirus|url=https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/1/30/Philippines-coronavirus-case.html|accessdate=31 Januari 2020|publisher=CNN Philippines|language=en|location=Filipina|date=30 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130090313/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/1/30/Philippines-coronavirus-case.html |date=2020-01-30 }}</ref> * Amerika Serikat mengkonfirmasi kasus keenamnya, pasangan pasien lain di Chicago. Ini adalah kasus pertama penularan dari manusia ke manusia di Amerika Serikat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/coronavirus-spreads-first-time-u-s-cdc-says-n1126566|title=Coronavirus spreads for first time in U.S., CDC says|date=30 Januari 2020|website=NBC News|access-date=31 Januari 2020|language=en-US}}</ref> * WHO memutuskan untuk melaksanakan rapat komite darurat peraturan kesehatan internasional mereka untuk mempertimbangkan kembali status darurat kesehatan global. Pertemuan darurat ini disebabkan "terutama pada bukti meningkatnya jumlah kasus, penularan dari manusia ke manusia di luar Tiongkok, dan perkembangan penularan selanjutnya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dunia.tempo.co/read/1301329/who-akan-pertimbangan-status-darurat-internasional-virus-corona#|title=WHO akan Pertimbangan Status Darurat Internasional Virus Corona|work=Tempo.co|first=Eka|last=Yudha Saputra|location=Jenewa|access-date=30 Januari 2020}}</ref> Rapat komite direncanakan dimulai pukul 13:30 waktu Jenewa ([[UTC+01:00]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/events/detail/2020/01/30/default-calendar/international-health-regulations-emergency-committee-on-novel-coronavirus-in-china|title=International Health Regulations Emergency Committee on novel coronavirus in China|agency=Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia|website=www.who.int|access-date=31 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''31 Januari 2020''': * [[Britania Raya]] dan [[Rusia]] mengonfirmasi kasus virus korona pertama mereka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2020/01/31/coronavirus-symptoms-britain-russia-who-wuhan-emergency/4620574002/|title=Britain, Russia report first cases of coronavirus as illness spreads to 20 countries|first=Doug|last=Stanglin|website=USA TODAY|accessdate=31 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-51325192|title=Coronavirus: Two cases confirmed in UK|accessdate=31 Januari 2020 |website=BBC |date=31 Januari 2020}}</ref> Kasus virus korona pertama diumumkan di Swedia dan Spanyol.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/a/GGgL49|title=Första bekräftade fallet av coronavirus i Sverige – kvinna hålls isolerad|language=sv|website=Aftonbladet|access-date=2 Februari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20200201073030-134-470659/spanyol-umumkan-kasus-virus-corona-pertama|title=Spanyol Umumkan Kasus Virus Corona Pertama|website=CNN Indonesia|access-date=2 Februari 2020}}</ref> Kasus terkonfirmasi ketujuh di AS berada di [[Santa Clara County, California]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abc7news.com/5895060/|title=LIVE: Coronavirus: Bay Area's 1st case confirmed in Santa Clara County, CDC says|date=31 Januari 2020|website=ABC7 San Francisco|language=en|access-date=2 Februari 2020}}</ref> Thailand mengonfirmasi 5 kasus virus korona dengan kasus penularan virus manusia ke manusia pertama di negara tersebut, sehingga totalnya menjadi 19 kasus.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1847884|title=Human transmission of coronavirus confirmed in Thailand|accessdate=1 Februari 2020 |website=Bangkok Post |date=31 Januari 2020}}</ref> == Pébruari 2020 == Tempo: [[Kronologi sasalad koronavirus Februari 2020]] == Maret 2020 == Tempo: [[Kronologi sasalad koronavirus Maret 2020]] == April 2020 == Tempo: [[Kronologi sasalad koronavirus April 2020]] == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} == Tutumbu kaluar == * {{en}} [https://bnonews.com/index.php/2020/01/timeline-coronavirus-epidemic/ BNO News: TIMELINE: Coronavirus epidemic] [[Kategori:Sasalad Covid-19]] f5lyvtij8eatdgebadbq2hfvnjugctw 0 103291 711001 634312 2026-07-10T19:38:45Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 711001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film|name=Suzume|image=|caption=Poster pikeun pilem ''Suzume no Tojimari''|film name={{infobox name module |kanji = すずめの戸締まり |romaji = Suzume no Tojimari |translation = Pangoncian Suzume |english = Suzume looking-up }}|director=[[Makoto Shinkai]]|country={{Bandéra|Jepang}}|language=[[Basa Jepang|Jepang]]|writer=[[Makoto Shinkai]]|studio=[[CoMix Wave Films]]|distributor=[[Toho]]}} '''''Suzume''''' (judul di Jepang: '''''Suzume no Tojimari''''', [[basa Jepang]]: すずめの戸締まり, harti sacéréwélna: "Dikoncina si Suzume") nyaéta [[Anime|pilem animasi Jepang]] anu diproduksi ku [[CoMix Wave Films]] jeung ditulis sarta disutradaraan ku [[Makoto Shinkai]]. Ieu pilem némbongkeun disén karakter ku Masayoshi Tanaka, sutradara animasi ku Kenichi Tsuchiyam, jeung panyutradaan seni ku Takumi Tanji. Ieu pilem dirilis di [[Jepang]] pungkasan taun atawa [[usum ragragan]] 2022, leuwih écésna nyaéta pas keur tanggal 11 Nopémber 2022, sedengkeun di Indonésia mah kakara dirilis tanggal 8 Maret 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eiga.com/news/20211215/16/|title=新海誠監督の最新作「すずめの戸締まり」2022年秋に全国公開！　主人公は災いの元となる“扉”を閉めていく少女|website=Eiga.com|language=ja|date=December 15, 2021|access-date=15 Desember 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/457784|title=新海誠の最新作「すずめの戸締まり」来秋公開！“扉”を閉めていく少女のロードムービー|website=[[Natalie (website)|Natalie]]|publisher=Natasha, Inc.|language=ja|date=December 15, 2021|access-date=15 Desember 2021}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217093554/http://natalie.mu/comic/news/457784 |date=December 17, 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2021-12-15/makoto-shinkai-reveals-new-anime-film-suzume-no-tojimari/.180638|title=Makoto Shinkai Reveals New Anime Film Suzume no Tojimari|last=Mateo|first=Alex|website=[[Anime News Network]]|date=15 Desember 2021|access-date=16 Desember 2021}}</ref> == Sinopsis == Di hiji dayeuh anu buni di wewengkon [[Kyūshū]], kacaturkeun hirup saurang mojang umurna 17 taun anu ngaranna Suzume, inyana tuluy paamprok jeung saurang jajaka anu keur kukurilingan néangan panto. Suzume laju nuturkeun éta lalaki. Manéhna manggih hiji panto di ruruntagan pagunungan, saenya-enya éta panto téh hiji-hijina barang anu nyésa tina ruruntagan, éta panto dipuntangan ku manéhna, jol ujug-ujug manéhna kabetot kana jero éta panto. Teu kungsi lila, panto-panto séjénna mulai kabuka silih baganti di sakumna jujuru nagri Jepang. Panto anu kabuka bakal ngadatangkeun mamala ti sisi séjénna, nu matak éta panto téh kudu ditutupan. Tah ieu panto misterius anu jadi bubuka carita tina ieu pilem.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/457784|title=新海誠の最新作「すずめの戸締まり」来秋公開！“扉”を閉めていく少女のロードムービー|last=Natasha|first=Inc|website=コミックナタリー|language=ja|access-date=28 Desember 2021|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217093554/http://natalie.mu/comic/news/457784 |date=2021-12-17 }}</ref> == Tanggal rilis == Dina akun [[Twitter]] jeung cénel [[YouTube]] resmina, sutradara anime Makoto Shinkai ngaku geus ngaréngsékeun proyék film panganyarna anu judulna ''Suzume no Tojimari'' sabot tanggal [[15 Désémber]] [[2021]] jam 21.00 WIB (wayah Indonésia). Panulisan ''storyboard'' dan ''visual key'' geus dipigawé, anime kalawan génré ''movie'' ''post'' ''apocalypse'' ieu bakal nyampak di bioskop pas keur usum ragragan 2022 pandeuri di Jepang. Pikeun rilisna di Indonésia, dijadwalkeun 2-3 bulan sanggeus pamintonan munggaran di Jepang.{{Butuh rujukan}} == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Tutumbu kaluar == * {{Official website|https://suzume-tojimari-movie.jp/}} {{in lang|ja}} * {{Ann|movie|25057}} * {{Twitter|suzume_tojimari}} {{Portal bar|Anime dan manga|Film|Jepang}} [[Kategori:Pilem nu basa Jepang]] [[Kategori:Pilem Jepang]] [[Kategori:Pilem fiksi ilmiah]] [[Kategori:Pilem fantasi]] [[Kategori:Pilem anime]] [[Kategori:Pilem taun 2022]] [[Kategori:Pilem anu disutradaan Makoto Shinkai]] iwucrkxu3r6ofeklkiz0nuuxv0m9zhh 0 103412 710992 704585 2026-07-10T14:33:36Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710992 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Officeholder |name = Musa Suria Kertalegawa |imagesize = |caption = |order1 = ke-6 |office1 = Bupati Garut |president1 = |governor1 = |lieutenant1 = |term_start1 = 1929 |term_end1 = 1944 |predecessor1 = Soeria Kartalegawa |successor1 = [[Suriaputra|Rd. Tumenggung Endoeng Soeryaputra]] |office2 = |president2 = |term_start2 = |term_end2 = |predecessor2 = |successor2 = |birth_date = {{birth date|1897|10|26}} |birth_place = [[Garut]], [[Hindia Belanda]] |death_date = {{death date and age|1978|3|12|1897|10|26}} |death_place = |party = |spouse = |children = |residence = |alma_mater = |occupation = |religion = Islam }} '''Musa Suria Kertalegawa''' ([[Babar|gumelar]] di [[Garut Kota, Garut|Garut]] 26 Oktober 1897) nyaéta bupati Garut ka-6. Manéhna ngajabat ti taun 1929-1944. Musa Suria Kertalegawa, salian jadi [[bupati]] manéhna ogé kungsi jadi pelopor [[Partai Rakyat Pasundan]] (PRP) dina taun 1944. salian éta, manéhna ogé kungsi ngadirikeun [[Negara Pasundan]] dina tanggal 4 Mei 1947. Musa Suria Kertalegawa sering dianggap [[NICA-Legawa]] ku sabab manéhna leuwih pro ka [[Walanda]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sejarah.upi.edu/artikel/dosen/antara-sewaka-dan-soeria-kartalegawa-dinamika-politik-pemerintahan-di-jawa-barat-pada-masa-revolusi-indonesia/|title=Antara Sewaka dan Soeria Kartalegawa: Dinamika Politik Pemerintahan Di Jawa Barat Pada Masa Revolusi Indonesia|last=Administrator|website=Departemen Atikan Sejarah|language=id-ID|accessdate=2022-04-28}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115130918/http://sejarah.upi.edu/artikel/dosen/antara-sewaka-dan-soeria-kartalegawa-dinamika-politik-pemerintahan-di-jawa-barat-pada-masa-revolusi-indonesia/ |date=2020-01-15 }}</ref> Musa Suria Kertalegawa maot di tanggal 12 Maret 1978, dina umur 80 taun. == Biografi == Musa Suria Kertalegawa mangrupa bupati Garut ka-6. Manéhna lahir ti kaluarga [[Ménak|menak]], manéh mibanda dulur anu jadi bupati di sababaraha daérah. Dina umur 16 taun manéhna tamat [[sakola dasar]] ti [[Europeesche Lagere School]] nu mangrupa sakola Walanda.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.merdeka.com/jabar/5-fakta-suria-kertalegawa-mantan-bupati-garut-yang-pro-belanda-dan-tolak-kemerdekaan.html|title=5 Fakta Suria Kertalegawa, Mantan Bupati Garut yang Pro Belanda dan Tolak Kemerdekaan|website=merdeka.com|language=en|accessdate=2022-04-28}}</ref> Salian éta, manéhna ogé kungsi namatkeun sakola di [[HBS (Hogere Burger School)|HBS (''Hogere Burger School'')]]. Sabérésna ti dinya, dina taun 1935 manéhna tamat di ''T[[echnische Burgerscool]].'' Sabérésna tamat pendidikanna, manéhna nuluykeun jadi [[Pagadungan, Tempuran, Karawang|pegawai]] di [[Pamaréntahan daérah|pamarentahan]] Walanda.<ref name=":0" /> == Referensi == <references /> [[Kategori:Garut Kota, Garut]] [[Kategori:Inohong Sunda]] [[Kategori:Bupati di Tatar Sunda]] qr01g0e1hc9b03f506u2tlvuy1yzkuc 0 105243 710993 667460 2026-07-10T14:46:05Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710993 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muslim Afrika-Amérika''' ayeuna nujul kana komunitas Afrika-Amérika anu taat kana agama Islam. Kiwari, komunitas ieu nyusun kira-kira 20% tina total populasi Muslim di [[Amérika Sarikat|Amérika Serikat]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://rpl.hds.harvard.edu/religion-context/case-studies/minority-america/african-american-muslims|title=African American Muslims|website=rpl.hds.harvard.edu|language=en|accessdate=2024-05-30}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510182026/https://rpl.hds.harvard.edu/religion-context/case-studies/minority-america/african-american-muslims |date=2023-05-10 }}</ref> Islam mimiti anjog di [[Amérika Sarikat|Amérika Serikat]] ngaliwatan kapal mawa budak ti [[Afrika]], jeung [[Qur'an|Al Qur'a]]<nowiki/>n munggaran kapanggih di Amérika milik hiji Afrika anu kapaksa diangkut ka dinya. Diperkirakeun kira-kira 15-30% budak anu dibawa ka Amérika nyaéta Muslim. Sanajan kitu, lolobana maranéhna kapaksa ngarobah agama Kristen dina mangsa perbudakan di Amérika.<ref name=":0" /> == Sajarah == Umat ​​Islam munggaran di Amérika dibawa sacara paksa. Ti abad ka-16 nepi ka abad ka-19, loba umat Islam ti [[Afrika Kulon]] dibawa jadi budak ku padagang budak bodas anu diéksploitasi karajaan Islam beuki teu stabil di Afrika. Diperkirakeun kira-kira 15-20% urang Afrika anu diperbudak éta Muslim, jumlahna puluhan rébu. Loba pamilik budak di Amérika nyobaan ngaleungitkeun jati diri Islamna budak jeung maksa maranéhna jadi Kristen. Sanajan kitu, pikeun sababaraha budak, Islam jadi hiji wangun lalawanan, sarta loba nu terus latihan di rusiah, sanajan sababaraha bisa ibadah kabuka di wewengkon terpencil sapanjang basisir [[Géorgia]] jeung [[Karolina Kidul]]. Budak Muslim sering ngaliwat berpendidikan tibatan juragan budak, kusabab tingkat melek anu luhur di Afrika Kulon dina waktu éta. Sababaraha di antarana malah diajar di paguron luhur kawas Timbuktu jeung Djenne jeung ngapalkeun Al Qur'an. Bari sababaraha boga budak hargana kaahlian ieu, loba batur narékahan pikeun ngurangan atawa nyumputkeun pangaweruh éksténsif ngeunaan budak sabab ditantang kapercayaan yén ''Africans'' éta ''inherently inferior'' mun Éropa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Servants of Allah: Jejak Perjuangan Budak Muslif Afrika di Amerika|last=A. Diouf|first=Sylviane|publisher=Republika}}</ref> Penindasan perbudakan ngagaduhan dampak anu dahsyat pikeun umat Islam Afrika. Sanajan aranjeunna tetep di Amérika nepi ka awal abad ka-20, kiwari euweuh grup Muslim Amérika anu bisa disusud langsung ka budak Muslim. Sanajan kitu, carita maranéhanana tetep penting dina teologi Islam hideung dina budaya Amérika, kaasup pangaruh maranéhanana dina musik blues. Sanggeus emansipasi, loba budak pindah ti padesaan Amérika Kidul ka puseur pakotaan di Kalér, dina periode dipikawanoh salaku Migrasi Agung. Di dinya, seueur urang Afrika Amérika anu katarik kana rupa-rupa denominasi Islam, masing-masing ngaréspon kana rasisme ku cara anu unik. Salah sahiji anu pangheulana nyaéta Kuil Élmu Moorish di Amérika, diadegkeun ku Noble Drew Ali di 1913. Élmu Moorish ngajarkeun yén budak anu dibébaskeun sanés urang Afrika, tapi "Asiatics" anu ageman aslina nyaéta Islam. Ali nulis kitab suci anyar nu ngamajukeun identitas ieu, nentang Kristen bodas, sarta envisioned peradaban Asiatik anyar. Buku suci ieu narik loba pengikut, sarta dina sapuluh taun, leuwih ti 30.000 urang nganggap Ali nabi. Nanging, salaku minoritas ras sareng agama, aranjeunna sering janten sasaran diskriminasi. Ti taun 1930-an nepi ka 1980-an, FBI nalungtik Sci Moors, percaya yén identitas "Asiatik" anyar maranéhna predisposed aranjeunna pikeun ngarojong Jepang salila Perang Dunya II. Urang Afrika-Amerika séjén anu katarik Ahmadiyah asalna di Pakistan, dimana umat Islam mimiti nuturkeun Ghulam Ahmad, anu ngaku narima wahyu ti Allah dina taun 1879 sarta nganggap dirina Mahdi, Al Masih Kristen, jeung titisan dewa Hindu Kresna. Pikeun seueur umat Islam, ieu mangrupikeun bid'ah, tapi nalika mubaligh Ahmadiyah, Muhammad Sadiq, sumping ka AS dina taun 1920, anjeunna mendakan pengikut di komunitas kulit hideung anu katarik kana pesen Ahmadiyah ngeunaan persatuan ras sareng lalawanan kana imperialisme Kulon. Dina 1930, Wallace D. Fard ngadegkeun Nation of Islam (NOI). Saatos Fard ngiles dina 1934, Elijah Muhammad mingpin rombongan, nyatakeun yén Fard nyaéta Mahdi, Al Masih, sareng Gusti dina wujud manusa. Anjeunna ngajarkeun yén Muslim hideung mangrupikeun manusa munggaran, sareng yén jalma bodas diciptakeun ku élmuwan gélo sareng bakal dirusak ku Gusti. Ajaran ieu kontroversial sareng dianggap teu ortodoks ku seueur umat Islam, tapi gaduh daya tarik anu signifikan pikeun sababaraha urang Afrika Amerika. NOI ogé maénkeun peran dina gerakan hak-hak sipil, sareng tokoh sapertos Malcolm Kawas Moorish Science, NOI diawasan ku FBI. Dina abad ka-21, kalolobaan Muslim Afrika-Amérika nuturkeun cabang Islam Sunni anu langkung tradisional. Seueur di antarana asup Islam Sunni ti kelompok Muslim Afrika-Amérika sareng ditarik kana protés Islam ngalawan supremasi kulit bodas. Muslim Sunni ieu geus maénkeun peran penting dina gerakan Islam global, kaasup di akademisi Islam kayaning karya groundbreaking Amina Wadud dina feminisme Islam. Sanajan kitu, diskriminasi ngalawan Muslim hideung terus. Sanggeus serangan teroris 11 Séptémber 2001, mumusuhan ka umat Islam ngaronjat, kalawan kajahatan hate ngalawan Muslim naek 1700%. Muslim Afrika-Amérika ogé henteu kalis tina diskriminasi. Contona, nalika Keith Ellison, Muslim Afrika-Amérika, kapilih jadi Kongrés di 2006, anjeunna dilabélan urang asing anu "ngarusak peradaban Amérika". Tuduhan anu sami muncul ngalawan présidén Afrika-Amérika anu munggaran, Barack Obama, anu sanaos Kristen, sering ngaku janten Muslim anu lahir asing, anu jelas yén seueur urang Amerika masih ningali Muslim hideung salaku ancaman. == Démografi == Numutkeun survey 2017 [[Pew Research Center]], Muslim Afrika-Amérika (kaasup ras campuran atawa Hispanik) sakitar 20% tina populasi Muslim di Amérika Serikat. Sakitar 70% tina populasi Muslim Afrika-Amérika lahir di Amérika Serikat. Tapi, Muslim ngan ukur sabagian leutik tina populasi kulit hideung di Amérika Serikat. Lolobana urang Amérika hideung nyaéta Kristen (79%) atawa teu boga agama (18%), sedengkeun sakitar 2% urang Amérika hideung nyaéta Muslim. Sakitar satengah tina Muslim hideung (49%) nyaéta mualaf, anu tingkat konversi anu kawilang luhur. Ku ngabandingkeun, ngan 15% tina Muslim non-hideung asup Islam, sarta ngan 6% Kristen hideung dirobah jadi Kristen. Muslim Hideung, kawas kalolobaan urang hideung Amérika, boga tingkat tinggi komitmen agama. Contona, lolobana Muslim hideung (75%) jeung Kristen hideung (84%) nyebutkeun agama pohara penting pikeun maranéhanana. Ieu tingkat komitmen leuwih luhur ti Muslim non-hideung (62%). Muslim Hideung oge leuwih gampang ti Muslim séjén di AS solat lima waktu sapoé (55% dibandingkeun jeung 39%). Dina awal 1900-an, sababaraha pamimpin agama Muslim di AS negeskeun yén Islam mangrupakeun agama alami jalma hideung, ngagambar narasi Muslim Afrika anu direbut abad ka tukang jeung dijual salaku budak di Amérika. Anu paling menonjol diantara kelompok ieu nyaéta Bangsa Islam, diadegkeun dina 1930 jeung ayeuna dipimpin ku Menteri [[Louis Farrakhan]]. Ayeuna, ngan dua ti unggal 100 Muslim hideung anu ditaliti ngaidéntifikasi jeung Bangsa Islam. Kontras, lolobana Muslim hideung nyebutkeun maranéhna [[Sunni|Muslim Sunni]] (52%) atawa teu kagolong kana denominasi Islam tangtu (27%). Tapi, survéy 2017 henteu nanyakeun naha umat Islam kungsi ngaidéntifikasi jeung Bangsa Islam saméméhna, titik anu penting sabab loba umat Islam hideung anu kasohor kawas [[Muhammad Ali]], [[Malcolm X]], jeung [[Imam W. Deen Mohammed]] mangrupakeun anggota [[Nation of Islam]] saméméhna. ngarobah kana bentuk Islam lianna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2019/01/17/black-muslims-account-for-a-fifth-of-all-u-s-muslims-and-about-half-are-converts-to-islam/|title=Black Muslims account for a fifth of all U.S. Muslims, and about half are converts to Islam|last=Diamant|first=Besheer Mohamed and Jeff|website=Pew Research Center|language=en-US|accessdate=2024-05-30}}</ref> == Référénsi == 4dk59mscvttd9cfkunjw3jrd40je8wb 0 105814 710997 708825 2026-07-10T16:16:53Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710997 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pasantrén Ubay bin Kaab''' nyaéta hiji [[pasantrén]] Sunni anu aya di Kota Jambi, Propinsi [[Jambi]]. Leuwih tepatna, ayana di Jl. Golf II, Pematang Sulur, Telanaipura, Kota Jambi. Pasantrén ieu diadegkeun ku [[Ustaz Abu Salma]], Lc. taun 2009 <ref name=":0" /> dina naungan [[Yayasan Imam Bukhari Al- Atsari|Yayasan Imam Bukhari Al-Atsari]] anu mangrupa salah sahiji lembaga anu nyebarkeun dakwah Salafiyah di propinsi Jambi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Fajari|first=Angga Al|date=2024-02-13|title=Perbandingan Semangat Masyarakat dalam Mengikuti Kegiatan Dakwah Salafiyah Yayasan Imam Bukhari Al-Atsary Jambi secara Online dan Offline Saat Pandemi Covid-19|url=http://ji.unbari.ac.id/index.php/ilmiah/article/view/5038|journal=Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Batanghari Jambi|volume=24|issue=1|pages=211|doi=10.33087/jiubj.v24i1.5038|issn=2549-4236}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528235449/http://ji.unbari.ac.id/index.php/ilmiah/article/view/5038 |date=2024-05-28 }}</ref> Pondok Pasantrén Ubay Bin Ka'ab ngadeg di lahan 3702 m² anu aya di puseur dayeuh Jambi sahingga gampang ditempuh ku angkot. Praktek jeung palaksanaan moderasi agama di Mahad Ubay Bin Ka'ab dina kahirupan sapopoe ngalaksanakeun toleransi beragama sarta nerapkeun sipat loma<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eramadani.com/bencana-alam-bengkulu-masjid-ubay-bin-kaab-jambi-galang-donasi/|title=Bencana Alam Bengkulu, Masjid Ubay Bin Ka’ab Jambi Galang Donasi|last=admin|website=Era Madani|language=id|accessdate=2024-06-23}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623051829/https://eramadani.com/bencana-alam-bengkulu-masjid-ubay-bin-kaab-jambi-galang-donasi/ |date=2024-06-23 }}</ref> ka sasama umat beragama. Ngahargaan béda dina aspék kaagamaan jeung sagala rupa aspék kahirupan séjénna, ogé nyiptakeun generasi anu cemerlang, jembar pamikiran jeung bakal nyiptakeun bangsa anu harmonis.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Fitra|first=Amelia Rahman|last2=Lahmuddin|last3=Putri|first3=Perdana Aysha|date=2023-12-04|title=PANDANGAN PEREMPUAN BERCADAR TENTANG MODERASI BERAGAMA: : STUDI KASUS DI MA’HAD UBAY BIN KA’AB|url=https://sanak.fusa.uinjambi.ac.id/index.php/jsa/article/view/8|journal=Sanak: Jurnal Studi Agama-Agama|language=id|volume=1|issue=2}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516033831/https://sanak.fusa.uinjambi.ac.id/index.php/jsa/article/view/8 |date=2024-05-16 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.humas.polri.go.id/2024/01/17/sambangi-ponpes-ubay-bin-kaab-unit-binmas-polsek-telanaipura-berikan-pesan-kamtibmas/|title=Sambangi Ponpes Ubay Bin Ka’ab ,Unit Binmas Polsek Telanaipura berikan pesan Kamtibmas. – DIVISI HUMAS POLRI|language=id-ID|accessdate=2024-06-23}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623052249/https://www.humas.polri.go.id/2024/01/17/sambangi-ponpes-ubay-bin-kaab-unit-binmas-polsek-telanaipura-berikan-pesan-kamtibmas/ |date=2024-06-23 }}</ref> [[Gambar:Jemaah_salat_tarawih.jpg|jmpl| Kagiatan Sholat Tarawih di Bulan Ramadhan 1444 H di Masjid Ubay bin Kaab Jambi.]] Biaya SPP di pasantren ieu gratis sareng fasilitas anu nyaman diwangun ku: : ruang belajar, asrama, sarana sholat (Masjid Ubay bin Kaab Jambi), kantin jeung lapangan olah raga.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131164839/https://www.hujroh.com/index.php/topic,5952.0/pagetitle,profil-pondok-pesantren-ubay-bin-ka-ab-jambi.html?;wap2|title=Profil Pondok Pesantren Ubay bin Ka'ab Jambi|website=web.archive.org|accessdate=2024-05-07}}</ref> Pasantrén ieu diwangun ku Ustaz Abu Salma, Lc. anu kuliah di Universitas Islam Madinah taun 1997 sarta lulus taun 2002.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Arifin|first=Miftakhul|date=2019-04-01|title=Perancangan Radio Live Streaming Sebagai Media Akses Pendengar Dan Dakwah Di Radio Salam Jambi 105,1 Fm Berbasis Android|url=http://repository.unama.ac.id/252/|journal=|language=Indonesia|publisher=STIKOM DInamika Bangsa Jambi}}</ref> Média anu sering nyiarkeun kagiatan diajar di pasantrén ieu nyaéta [[Izzah TV]] jeung [[Radio Salam Jambi|Radio Salam Jambi 105.1 FM]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126202553/https://www.jambiupdate.co/artikel-ponpes-ubay-bin-kaab-gratiskan-calon-hafidz.html|title=Ponpes Ubay Bin Kaab Gratiskan Calon Hafidz|website=web.archive.org|accessdate=2024-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rubrikjambi.com/kunjungi-ubay-bin-kaab-maulana-isi-talk-show-radio-ingatkan-pentingnya-vaksin-anak/|title=Kunjungi Ubay Bin Kaab, Maulana Isi Talk Show Radio Ingatkan Pentingnya Vaksin Anak|first=Nia|website=Rubrik Jambi|accessdate=23 Juni 2024}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229153312/https://rubrikjambi.com/kunjungi-ubay-bin-kaab-maulana-isi-talk-show-radio-ingatkan-pentingnya-vaksin-anak/ |date=2021-12-29 }}</ref> Kurikulum anu lumaku di Pasantrén Ubay bin Kaab nyaéta kurikulum Pondok Pesantren Salafiyah anu lulusanna dipiharep bisa jadi tokoh masarakat anu ngapalkeun Al-Qur’an jeung kompeten dina widang élmu agama.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Endang Tyasmaning|date=2023-06-10|title=Manajemen Kurikulum Berbasis Pembentukan Karakter di Pondok Pesantren Sunan Kalijogo Jabung Malang|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.51339/akademika.v5i1.691|journal=Akademika: Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan Islam|volume=5|issue=1|pages=91–101|doi=10.51339/akademika.v5i1.691|issn=2721-9658}}</ref> Pasantrén Ubay bin Ka'ab loba lulusan santri. Malahan, sabagéan ti maranéhanana ayeuna nuluykeun atikanana di Universitas Islam Madinah,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126202548/https://jambi.tribunnews.com/amp/2018/06/11/melihat-kegiatan-yayasan-ubai-bin-kaab-mencetak-hafiz-quran-hingga-tuduhan-terorisme?page=2|title=Melihat Kegiatan Yayasan Ubai Bin Ka'ab, Mencetak Hafiz Quran hingga Tuduhan Terorisme - Halaman 2 - Tribunjambi.com|website=web.archive.org|accessdate=2024-05-07}}</ref> LIPIA, ogé atikan Islam di tempat séjén. [[Gambar:Ustaz_Abu_Salma,_Lc.jpg|jmpl| Ustaz Abu Salma, Lc. pendiri Pondok Pesantren Ubay bin Kaab]] == Sajarah == Taun 2008, pangadeg yayasan ieu nyoba muka pendaptaran murid, tapi euweuh siswa didaptarkeun. Taun 2009 ahirna pendaptaran mahasiswa dibuka deui sareng aya 6 mahasiswa nu kadaptar.<ref>{{Citation|title=Safari - Geliat Dakwah Sunnah di Kota Jambi {{!}} Safari - Geliat Dakwah Sunnah di Kota Jambi Perjuangan Ustadz Abu Salma dalam memulai dakwah dan mendirikan pondok gratis di Jambi. Beranjak dari... {{!}} By Surau TVFacebook|url=https://www.facebook.com/surautv/videos/safari-geliat-dakwah-sunnah-di-kota-jambi/887458731657451/|access-date=2024-06-23|language=id}}</ref> Taun 2011, pangajaran rutin dilaksanakeun saban poé Minggu, Senén, Rebo, Kemis jeung Jumaah.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://ruang-kajian.blogspot.com/2011/12/kajian-rutin-masjid-ubay-bin-kaab-jambi.html|title=Jadwal Kajian Salaf: Kajian Rutin Masjid Ubay Bin Ka'ab Jambi - Update 2011-2012|website=Jadwal Kajian Salaf|accessdate=2024-06-23}}</ref> Taun 2017, Pasantrén Ubay bin Kaab ngarobah jadwal diajar rutin jadi Senén-Jumaah jeung Minggu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BRYhECQhj4N/|title=Instagram|website=www.instagram.com|accessdate=2024-06-23}}</ref> Dina mangsa pandémik Covid-19, masarakat leuwih antusias pikeun ilubiung dina kagiatan dakwah Salafiyah sacara offline tibatan online.<ref name=":1"/> Tanggal 3 Désémber 2023, pangajaran rutin ngan ukur dina dinten Minggu isuk-isuk kalayan diajar kitab, sareng malem Kemis kalayan diajar tafsir Al-Qur'an.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=846145917434807&set=pb.100061182203300.-2207520000&type=3&locale=id_ID|title=Facebook|website=www.facebook.com|accessdate=2024-06-23}}</ref> == Masjid == [[Gambar:Plakat_Masjid_Ubay_bin_Kaab_Jambi.jpg|jmpl| Plakat Masjid Ubay bin Kaab Jambi]] Masjid Ubay bin Kaab nyaéta [[Masigit|masjid]] anu aya di Jl. Golf II Pematang Sulur, Telanaipura, Kota Jambi. Ieu masjid diadegkeun dina waktos anu sami sareng Pasantrén Ubay bin Kaab. == Galeri == <gallery> Gambar:Suasana_Iduladha_di_depan_Masjid_Ubay_bin_Kaab_Jambi_01.jpg|pra=Berkas:Suasana_Iduladha_di_depan_Masjid_Ubay_bin_Kaab_Jambi_01.jpg|al=Suasana Iduladha di depan Masjid Ubay bin Kaab Jambi| '''Suasana Idul Adha di rohangan Masjid Ubay bin Kaab Jambi''' Gambar:Suasana_Kajian_Rutin_di_Masjid_Ubay_bin_Kaab_Jambi.jpg|pra=Berkas:Suasana_Kajian_Rutin_di_Masjid_Ubay_bin_Kaab_Jambi.jpg|al=Suasana Kajian Rutin di Masjid Ubay bin Kaab Jambi| '''Suasana belajar rutin di Masjid Ubay bin Kaab Jambi''' Gambar:Suasana_Berbuka_Puasa_di_Masjid_Ubay_bin_Kaab_Jambi_02.jpg|pra=Berkas:Suasana_Berbuka_Puasa_di_Masjid_Ubay_bin_Kaab_Jambi_02.jpg|al=Suasana Berbuka Puasa di Masjid Ubay bin Kaab Jambi| '''Suasana buka puasa di Masjid Ubay bin Kaab Jambi''' Gambar:Salat_Tarawih_Berjemaah.jpg|pra=Berkas:Salat_Tarawih_Berjemaah.jpg|al=Salat Tarawih Berjemaah Di Masjid Ubay bin Kaab| '''Sholat Tarawih Berjamaah di Masjid Ubay bin Kaab''' Gambar:Jemaah_bersujud_tampak_belakang.jpg|pra=Berkas:Jemaah_bersujud_tampak_belakang.jpg|al=Salat Tarawih| '''Sholat tarawih''' Gambar:Suasana_Berbuka_Puasa_di_Masjid_Ubay_bin_Kaab_Jambi_01.jpg|pra=Berkas:Suasana_Berbuka_Puasa_di_Masjid_Ubay_bin_Kaab_Jambi_01.jpg|al=Suasana Berbuka Puasa di Masjid Ubay bin Kaab Jambi| '''Suasana buka puasa di Masjid Ubay bin Kaab Jambi''' Gambar:Suasana_Iduladha_di_depan_Masjid_Ubay_bin_Kaab_Jambi_05.jpg|pra=Berkas:Suasana_Iduladha_di_depan_Masjid_Ubay_bin_Kaab_Jambi_05.jpg|al=Suasana Iduladha di depan Masjid Ubay bin Kaab Jambi| '''Suasana Idul Adha di rohangan Masjid Ubay bin Kaab Jambi''' Gambar:Jemaah_bersujud.jpg|pra=Berkas:Jemaah_bersujud.jpg Gambar:Jemaah_Duduk_Tawarruk.jpg|pra=Berkas:Jemaah_Duduk_Tawarruk.jpg Gambar:Sifat_Huruf_Alquran.jpg|pra=Berkas:Sifat_Huruf_Alquran.jpg Gambar:Bakda_isya_menunggu_salat_tarawih.jpg|pra=Berkas:Bakda_isya_menunggu_salat_tarawih.jpg|al=Bakda Isya menunggu salat tarawih| '''Bakda Isya ngalaksanakeun solat tarawih''' Gambar:Membaca_Alquran_sembari_menunggu_salat_Isya.jpg|pra=Berkas:Membaca_Alquran_sembari_menunggu_salat_Isya.jpg|al=Membaca Alquran sembari menunggu salat Isya| '''Maca Qur'an bari nungguan solat Isya''' Gambar:Jemaah_Menunggu_Imam_Salat.jpg|pra=Berkas:Jemaah_Menunggu_Imam_Salat.jpg|al=Jemaah Menunggu Imam Salat| '''Jamaah Nunggu Solat Imam''' </gallery> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Telanaipura, Jambi]] 5lmkep380ti3qc9s98o4wy5zc5tn1cd 14 108476 711006 709058 2026-07-11T09:49:58Z Raflinoer32 26400 added [[Category:WikiSuarana]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 711006 wikitext text/x-wiki Kaca ieu ngandung artikel Dana Wiki WikiSuarana meunang Zulaihamaryam. [[Kategori:WikiSuarana]] lj0nbvilpgcnry5a3lki2o588kwd21y 0 108497 710999 709646 2026-07-10T18:19:40Z PublicDomainFan08 37078 /* Kawijakan jero nagri */ 710999 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | image = President Hoover portrait.jpg | caption = Hoover dina taun 1928 | office = [[Présidén Amérika Sarikat]] ka-31 | vice_president = [[Charles Curtis]] | term_start = 4 Maret 1929 | term_end = 4 Maret 1933 | predecessor = [[Calvin Coolidge]] | successor = [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] | office1 = [[Menteri Perdagangan Amérika Sarikat]] ka-3 | president1 = {{plainlist| * [[Warren G. Harding]] * Calvin Coolidge}} | term_start1 = 5 Maret 1921 | term_end1 = 21 Agustus 1928 | predecessor1 = [[Joshua W. Alexander]] | successor1 = [[William F. Whiting]] | office2 = Diréktur [[Administrasi Pangan Amérika Sarikat]] | president2 = [[Woodrow Wilson]] | term_start2 = 21 Agustus 1917 | term_end2 = 16 Nopémber 1918 | predecessor2 = Jabatan anyar | successor2 = Jabatan dilaungkeun | birth_name = Herbert Clark Hoover | birth_date = {{birth date|1874|8|10}} | birth_place = [[West Branch, Iowa]], AS. | death_date = {{death date and age|1964|10|20|1874|8|10}} | death_place = New York City, AS. | resting_place = [[Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum]] | party = [[Partéy Républik (Amérika Sarikat)|Républik]] (ti taun 1920) | other_party = [[Politikus indepénden|Indepénden]] (saméméh 1920) | spouse = {{marriage|[[Lou Henry Hoover|Lou Henry]]|10 Pébruari 1899|7 Januari 1944|end=died}} | children = {{flatlist| * [[Herbert Hoover Jr.|Herbert Jr.]] * [[Allan Hoover|Allan]]}} | education = [[Universitas Stanford]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]]) | signature = Herbert Clark Hoover Signature.svg | signature_alt = Tanda tangan kursif mangsi | module = {{Listen |pos = center |embed = yes |filename = Hoover moment.ogg |title = Sorana Hoover |type = speech |description = Hoover nembé ngumumkeun [[Rencana stimulus ékonomi 1931]]<br>Dirékam 18 Oktober 1931}} }} '''Herbert Clark Hoover''' (10 Agustus 1874 – 20 Oktober 1964) nyaéta [[Présidén Amérika Sarikat]] ka-31, ngajabat ti taun 1929 nepi ka 1933. Saméméh asup ka dunya pulitik, Hoover digawé salaku [[insinyur]] sarta pangusaha dina industri pertambangan. Sanggeus kalibet dina layanan ''publik'', manéhna diangkat pikeun mingpin sababaraha tarékah kamanusaan utama, kaasup jadi pupuhu ''Commission for Relief in Belgium]]'', anu hasil mulangkeun leuwih ti 100.000 urang Amérika anu kapiuhan di Éropa, diréktur [[U.S. Food Administration]], anu nyadiakeun jatah keur prajurit sarta kadaharan keur warga anu kalaparan di Éropa, diréktur [[American Relief Administration]], anu mingpin infrastruktur sarta bantuan pangan pasca-perang di Éropa, sarta ngadegkeun [[Commission for Polish Relief]]. Salaku anggota [[Partéy Républik (Amérika Sarikat)|Partéy Républik]], manéhna ngajabat salaku [[Menteri Perdagangan Amérika Sarikat]] ka-3 ti taun 1921 nepi ka 1928 saméméh [[Pemilu Présidén Amérika Sarikat 1928|kapilih jadi présidén dina taun 1928]]. [[Masa kapersidénan Herbert Hoover|Masa kapersidénanana]] didominasi ku [[Depresi Besar]], sarta kawijakan ogé métodena pikeun merangan krisis éta dianggap teu nyukupan sarta kolot teuing (konservatif). Di tengah kaayaan manéhna anu teu dipikaresep ku rahayat, manéhna éléh mutlak dina usaha kapilih deui ku [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] dina taun [[Pemilu Présidén Amérika Sarikat 1932|1932]]. Lahir ti kulawarga [[Quaker]] di [[West Branch, Iowa]], Hoover digedékeun di [[Oregon]]. Manéhna mangrupa salah sahiji lulusan munggaran ti [[Universitas Stanford]] anu anyar dina taun 1895. Hoover nyokot posisi di hiji pausahaan pertambangan anu puseurna di [[London]] anu digawé di [[Australia]] sarta [[Tiongkok]]. Manéhna gancang jadi insinyur pertambangan anu beunghar. Dina taun 1914, nalika bituna [[Perang Dunya I]], manéhna ngatur sarta mingpin ''Commission for Relief in Belgium'', hiji organisasi bantuan internasional anu nyadiakeun kadaharan ka Bélgia anu dikoasa ku Jérman. Nalika [[Amérika Sarikat|AS]] asup ka jero perang dina taun 1917, Présidén [[Woodrow Wilson]] nunjuk Hoover pikeun mingpin ''Food Administration''. Manéhna jadi kawentar salaku "diktator pangan" di nagarana. Sanggeus perang, Hoover mingpin ''American Relief Administration'', anu nyadiakeun kadaharan keur jutaan jalma anu kalaparan di [[Éropa Tengah]] sarta Wétan, utamana [[Rusia]]. Jasa-jasana nalika mangsa perang ngajadikeun manéhna jadi favorit loba pihak [[Progresivisme di Amérika Sarikat|progrisif]], sarta manéhna gagal nyiar nominasi Républik dina [[Pemilu Présidén Amérika Sarikat 1920|Pemilu 1920]]. Hoover ngajabat salaku Menteri Perdagangan di sahandapeun présidén [[Warren G. Harding]] sarta [[Calvin Coolidge]]. Hoover mangrupa anggota Kabinét anu aktif sarta katingali pisan, nepi ka katelah salaku "Menteri Perdagangan sarta Wakil Menteri keur sakabéh departemén séjénna." Manéhna boga pangaruh dina kamekaran transportasi udara sarta radio. Hoover mingpin réspon féderal kana [[Banjir Gedé Mississippi 1927]]. Manéhna meunangkeun nominasi Républik dina [[Pemilu Présidén Amérika Sarikat 1928|Pemilu 1928]] sarta ngéléhkeun calon Démokrat [[Al Smith]] kalayan sora anu kacida mutlakna. Dina taun 1929, Hoover mimiti ngajabat présidén. Nanging, dina taun kahiji jabatanna, [[Pasar saham ancur 1929|pasar saham ancur]], anu nandaan mimitina Depresi Besar. Hoover ngarojong [[Repatriasi Méksiko]] sarta résponna kana Depresi Besar dianggap sacara lega kurang sumanget. Di tengah-tengah Depresi Besar, manéhna éléh mutlak ku calon Démokrat Franklin D. Roosevelt dina [[Pemilu Présidén Amérika Sarikat 1932|Pemilu 1932]]. Masa pangsiun Hoover lumangsung leuwih ti 31 taun, salah sahiji mangsa pangsiun présidén anu panglilana. Manéhna nulis loba karya sarta jadi beuki [[Konservatisme di Amérika Sarikat|konservatif]] dina mangsa pangsiunna. Manéhna sacara kuat ngritik kawijakan luar nagri Roosevelt sarta [[New Deal]]. Dina taun 1940-an sarta 1950-an, sawangan umum ka Hoover ningkat, sabagéan gedé alatan jasa-jasana dina sababaraha pancén keur présidén [[Harry S. Truman]] sarta [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], kaasup mingpin [[Komisi Hoover]] anu boga pangaruh. Penilaian kritis kana kapersidénanana ku para sajarahwan sarta élmuwan pulitik sacara umum [[Peringkat sajarah présidén Amérika Sarikat|nempatkeun manéhna]] di antara présidén anu panggoréngna dina sajarah Amérika, sanajan Hoover kenging pamuji kana tindakanana salaku tokoh kamanusaan sarta pajabat publik.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Levinson|first=Martin H.|title=Indexing and Dating America's 'Worst' Presidents |date=2011 |journal=ETC: A Review of General Semantics |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=147–155 |jstor=42579110 |issn=0014-164X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Merry |first=Robert W. |date=January 3, 2021|title=RANKED: Historians Don't Think Much of These Five U.S. Presidents |url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/ranked-historians-dont-much-these-five-us-presidents-175654 |access-date=February 25, 2022 |magazine=The National Interest}}</ref> == Mangsa leutik sarta pendidikan == {{stack|float=left|[[File:Herbert Hoover birthplace.jpg|left|thumb|Imah pondok tempat lahirna Hoover di [[West Branch, Iowa]]]]}} Herbert Clark Hoover lahir dina 10 Agustus 1874, di [[West Branch, Iowa]].{{efn|Hoover satuluyna jadi présidén munggaran anu lahir di kuloneun [[Walungan Mississippi]], sarta tetep jadi hiji-hijina présidén anu lahir di Iowa.{{sfn|Burner|1996|p=4}}}} Bapana, Jesse Hoover, nyaéta saurang [[tukang panday]] sarta nu boga toko pakakas tatanén turunan Jérman, Swiss, sarta Inggris.{{sfn|Burner|1996|p=4}} Indungna Hoover, Hulda Randall Minthorn, digedékeun di [[Norwich, Ontario]], Kanada, méméh pindah ka [[Iowa]] dina taun 1859. Kawas kalolobaan warga West Branch séjénna, Jesse sarta Hulda téh urang [[Quakers]].{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=5–10}} Sabudeureun umur dua taun "Bertie", nénéhna harita, katarajang panyakit [[croup]] anu parna, sarta sempet dianggap geus maot nepi ka dihirupkeun deui ku emangna, John Minthorn.<ref>Burner, p. 6.</ref> Nalika budak leutik, manéhna mindeng disebut ku bapana salaku "stick in the mud" (budak leutik nu kapepet na leutak) alatan mindeng kajebak dina leutak nalika meuntas jalan anu can diaspal.<ref>Burner, p. 7.</ref> Kulawarga Herbert boga peran penting dina kahirupan ibadah di éta kota, utamana alatan peran indungna, Hulda, di garéja.<ref>Burner, p. 9.</ref> Nalika keur budak, Hoover rutin sakola, tapi manéhna jarang maca buku sorangan salian ti Alkitab.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=13–14, 31}} Bapana Hoover, anu kacatat ku koran lokal boga sipat "pikabungaheun sarta dareuda", tilar dunya dina taun 1880 dina umur 34 taun alatan serangan jantung dadakan.{{sfn|Burner|1996|p=10}} Indungna Hoover tilar dunya dina taun 1884 alatan [[tipes]], ninggalkeun Hoover, lanceukna Theodore, sarta adina May, jadi budak yatim piatu.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=17–18}} Hoover hirup 18 bulan saterusna jeung emangna, Allen Hoover, di hiji tegalan deukeut dinya.<ref>{{cite web | last=Crippen | first=Ray | title=Column: President spent days of his boyhood only 90 miles away | website=Worthington Globe | date=August 19, 2017 | url=https://www.dglobe.com/community/column-president-spent-days-of-his-boyhood-only-90-miles-away | access-date=August 8, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/presidents/bio31.htm| title = National Park Service – The Presidents (Herbert Hoover)<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> [[File:Photograph of Herbert Hoover as a Young Child - DPLA - 2081d35b8c65741f0f3db55c82d4790e.jpg|thumb|left|upright=.57|Hoover dina taun 1877]] Dina Nopémber 1885, Hoover dikirim ka [[Newberg, Oregon]], pikeun hirup bareng emangna John Minthorn, saurang dokter sarta pangusaha Quaker anu anakna sorangan geus tilar dunya sataun méméhna.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://hoover.archives.gov/timeline#event-/timeline/item/hoover-moved-newberg-oregon |title = Timeline|date = December 6, 2017}}</ref> Kulawarga Minthorn dianggap boga budaya sarta méré atikan, sarta nanamkeun étika gawé anu kuat.{{sfn|Burner|1996|p=12}} Sarua jeung West Branch, Newberg téh kota wates anu dicicingan ku urang Quaker ti Wétan Tengah.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=20–21}} Minthorn mastikeun yén Hoover meunang atikan, tapi Hoover teu resep kana loba pancén anu dibikeun ka manéhna sarta mindeng ngarasa keuheul ka Minthorn. Saurang panitén ngagambarkeun Hoover salaku "budak yatim [anu] sigana dipaliré dina loba hal".{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=22–24}} Hoover sakola di Friends Pacific Academy (ayeuna [[Universitas George Fox]]), tapi kaluar dina umur tilu belas taun pikeun jadi asisten kantor di kantor real estate emangna (Oregon Land Company)<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://hoover.archives.gov/timeline#event-/timeline/item/hoover-worked-oregon-land-company-salem-oregon |title = Timeline|date = December 6, 2017}}</ref> di [[Salem, Oregon]]. Sanajan manéhna teu sakola SMA, Hoover diajar pembukuan, ngetik, sarta matematika di sakola peuting.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=4–6}} Hoover mangrupa anggota angkatan munggaran "Pioneer Class" ti [[Universitas Stanford]], asup dina taun 1891 sanajan gagal dina sakabéh [[Ujian asup pendidikan|ujian asup]] iwal matematika.{{sfn|Burner|1996|p=16}}{{efn|Hoover satuluyna ngaku salaku mahasiswa munggaran di Stanford, kalayan alesan yén manéhna téh jalma munggaran dina angkatan munggaran anu saré di asrama.<ref name=e1>{{Citation | first = David 'Dave' | last = Revsine | url = https://www.espn.com/college-football/columns/story?columnist=revsine_dave&id=2680873 | title = One-sided numbers dominate Saturday's rivalry games | newspaper = ESPN | date = November 30, 2006 | publisher = Go | access-date = November 30, 2006}}</ref>}} Nalika taun kahiji, manéhna pindah jurusan tina téknik mesin ka géologi sanggeus digawé pikeun [[John Casper Branner]], pupuhu departemén géologi Stanford. Dina taun kadua, Sam Collins ngajukeun pangadegan ''Romero Hall Boarding Club'', imah mondok koperasi mahasiswa munggaran di Romero Hall, pikeun "pergaulan sarta ékonomi", anu diadegkeun babarengan ku Hoover sarta [[Hidden Houses|William Foster Hidden]].<ref name="Lane">{{cite book |last1=Lane |first1=Rose Wilder |title=The Making of Herbert Hoover |date=1920 |publisher=The Century Co. |location=New York |pages=130–139 |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924030938983 |access-date=November 2, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Irwin |first1=Will |author1-link=Will Irwin |title=Herbert Hoover: A Reminiscent Biography |date=1928 |publisher=[[Century Company]] |url=https://archive.org/details/herberthooverare007945mbp |access-date=September 15, 2024 |via=[[archive.org]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lockley |first1=Fred |title=History of the Columbia River Valley from the Dalles to the Sea |date=1928 |publisher=[[S. J. Clarke Publishing Company]] |page=498 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7AxNswEACAAJ |access-date=September 15, 2024 |chapter=W. Foster Hidden (William Foster Hidden (1871–1963)) |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> Hoover nyaéta mahasiswa anu biasa-biasa waé, sarta manéhna méakkeun loba waktuna pikeun digawé part-time atawa milu dina kagiatan kampus.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=35–39}} Sanajan awalna éraan di antara papada mahasiswa, Hoover meunang pamilihan salaku bendahara mahasiswa sarta jadi kawentar alatan rasa teu resepna kana [[fraternities and sororities]] (organisasi mahasiswa).{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=6–9}} Manéhna ngajabat salaku manajer mahasiswa pikeun tim [[Bisbol Stanford Cardinal|bisbol]] sarta [[Sepak bola Stanford Cardinal|sepak bola]], sarta mantuan ngatur [[Big Game (sepak bola Amérika)|Big Game]] munggaran ngalawan [[Universitas California, Berkeley]].<ref>Big Games: College Football's Greatest Rivalries – Page 222</ref> Nalika usum panas méméh sarta sanggeus taun pamungkasna, Hoover magang di handapeun géolog ékonomi [[Waldemar Lindgren]] ti [[United States Geological Survey]]; pangalaman-pangalaman ieu ngayakinkeun Hoover pikeun ngudag karir salaku géolog pertambangan.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=39–41}} == Karir téknik sarta bisnis == === Bewick, Moreing & Co. === [[File:Herbert Hoover in 1898.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Hoover, umur 23 taun; dipoto di [[Perth]], Australia Kulon, dina taun 1898]] Nalika Hoover lulus ti Stanford dina taun 1895, nagarana nuju aya di tengah [[Panic of 1893]] sarta manéhna awalna hésé néangan gawé.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=6–9}} Manéhna digawé dina rupa-rupa pagawéan tambang tingkat handap di [[Pagunungan Sierra Nevada]] nepi ka hasil ngayakinkeun insinyur pertambangan kawentar Louis Janin pikeun nyéwa manéhna.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=46–48}} Sanggeus digawé salaku pangawas tambang salila sataun, Hoover ditarima gawé ku Bewick, Moreing & Co. ("Bewick"), hiji pausahaan pusatna di London anu ngajalankeun [[Pertambangan emas|tambang emas]] di [[Australia Kulon]].{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=48–50}} Manéhna mimitina indit ka [[Coolgardie, Australia Kulon|Coolgardie]], anu harita jadi pusat [[Eastern Goldfields]], kalayan gajih $5,000 ({{Inflation|US|5000|1897|fmt=eq}}). Kaayaan di wewengkon tambang emas kacida teuasna; Hoover ngagambarkeun tegalan [[Coolgardie (wilayah biogeografis)|Coolgardie]] sarta [[Murchison (wilayah biogeografis)|Murchison]] di sisi [[Gurun Victoria Gedé]] salaku tanah "laleur hideung, lebu beureum, sarta panas bodas".<ref name="Hoover biography">{{cite web|url=http://hooverinstitutionla.blogspot.com/2011/06/herbert-hoover-just-another-stanford.html?m=1|title=Herbert Hoover, the graduate: Have Stanford degree, will travel |date=June 15, 2011|publisher=Hoover Institution |access-date=January 24, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | url = http://hoover.archives.gov/info/faq.html#Australia | publisher = Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum | title = FAQ | contribution = What did the President do in Western Australia? | access-date = January 18, 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120118014403/http://www.hoover.archives.gov/info/faq.html#Australia | archive-date = January 18, 2012 | url-status = dead | df = mdy-all }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118014403/http://www.hoover.archives.gov/info/faq.html#Australia |date=January 18, 2012 }}</ref> Hoover terus-terusan indit-inditan meuntas [[Outback]] pikeun meunteun sarta ngatur tambang-tambang pausahaan.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=54–55}} Manéhna ngayakinkeun Bewick pikeun meuli tambang emas [[Sons of Gwalia]], anu tétéla jadi salah sahiji tambang paling suksés di wewengkon éta.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|p=56}} Sabagian alatan tarékah Hoover, pausahaan tungtungna ngawasa kurang leuwih 50 persén produksi emas di [[Australia Kulon]].{{sfn|Nash|1983|p=283}} Hoover mawa loba [[Imigran Italia di Australia|imigran Italia]] pikeun neukteuk biaya sarta ngalawan [[Gerakan buruh Australia|gerakan buruh]] para panambang Australia.<ref name=HG>{{Citation | url = http://www.gwalia.org.au/ | title = Gwalia Historic Site | place = AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/programsales/studyguide/StG_Hoovers_Gold.pdf | publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|year=2005|title=Hoover's Gold|access-date=June 17, 2010}}</ref> Nalika digawé di pausahaan tambang, Hoover jadi teu satuju kana aturan saperti [[upah minimum]] sarta [[kompensasi pagawé]], manéhna ngarasa hal éta teu adil keur nu boga pausahaan. Gawéna Hoover narik perhatian dunyana, sarta dina taun 1898 manéhna ditaékkeun pangkat jadi mitra junior (''junior partner'').{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=10–13}} Pepecahan kabuka lumangsung antara Hoover jeung bosna, Ernest Williams, tapi pamingpin Bewick niiskeun kaayaan ku cara nawarkeun Hoover posisi anu narik di [[Dinasti Qing|Tiongkok]].{{sfn|Burner|1996|p=32}} Nalika nepi di Tiongkok, Hoover ngembangkeun tambang emas deukeut [[Tianjin]] atas nami Bewick sarta pausahaan milik Tiongkok, [[Chinese Engineering and Mining Company]].{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=70–71, 76}} Manéhna jadi kacida katarikna kana [[Sajarah Tiongkok]], tapi manéhna henteu neruskeun diajar [[Basa Mandarin|basana]] nepi ka tingkat mahér. Manéhna sacara kabuka méré pépéling yén pagawé Tiongkok téh teu éfisién sarta sacara rasial leuwih handap.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=72–73}} Manéhna méré bongbolongan pikeun ngoméan nasib pagawé Tiongkok, nyoba ngeureunkeun prakték kontrak budak jangka panjang sarta ngayakeun réformasi pagawé dumasar kana préstasi.{{sfn|Burner|1996|p=34}} [[Pemberontakan Boxer]] peupeus teu lila sanggeus kulawarga Hoover nepi di Tiongkok, ngajebak maranéhna sarta loba warga nagara asing séjénna nepi ka [[Aliansi Dalapan Nagara|pasukan militer multinasional]] ngéléhkeun pasukan Boxer dina [[Pertempuran Tientsin]]. Alatan sieun pamaréntah Tiongkok bakal runtuh, diréktur pausahaan Chinese Engineering and Mining Company sapuk pikeun ngadegkeun usaha patungan Sino-Inggris anyar jeung Bewick. Sanggeus maranéhna hasil ngawasa pausahaan tambang Tiongkok anyar éta, Hoover jadi mitra operasional dina tungtung taun 1901.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=77–81, 85–89}} Dina peran ieu, Hoover terus indit-inditan ka sakuliah dunya atas nami Bewick, ngadatangan tambang-tambang anu dijalankeun ku pausahaan di buana anu béda-béda. Dimimitian dina Désémber 1902, pausahaan nyanghareupan masalah hukum sarta kauangan anu numpuk sanggeus salah sahiji mitra ngaku geus sacara curang ngajual saham di hiji tambang. Masalah séjénna muncul dina taun 1904 sanggeus pamaréntah Inggris ngawangun dua [[Komisi Karajaan|komisi karajaan]] anu misah pikeun nalungtik prakték tanaga gawé sarta urusan kauangan Bewick di Australia Kulon. Sanggeus pausahaan éléh dina gugatan hukum, Hoover mimiti néangan jalan pikeun kaluar tina kemitraan éta, sarta manéhna ngajual sahamna dina pertengahan taun 1908.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=88–93, 98, 102–104}} ===Usaha mandiri=== [[File:HHoover (retouched).jpg|thumb|upright|Hoover dina taun 1917 nalika jadi insinyur pertambangan]] Sanggeus ninggalkeun Bewick, Moreing, Hoover digawé salaku konsultan pertambangan sarta bankir mandiri anu pusatna di London. Sanajan manéhna geus kakoncara salaku géolog sarta operator tambang, Hoover museurkeun loba perhatianana kana néangan dana, ngaropéa organisasi korporasi, sarta ngabiayaan usaha-usaha anyar.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=112–115}} Manéhna boga spésialisasi dina ngahirupkeun deui operasi pertambangan anu nuju dinesah (bermasalah), nyokot bagian tina kauntungan salaku imbalan tina kaahlian téknis sarta kauanganana.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=11–13}} Hoover nganggap dirina sarta batur-baturna salaku "dokter téknik keur pausahaan anu gering", sarta manéhna meunang jujuluk salaku "dokter tambang gering".{{sfn|Nash|1983|p=392}} Manéhna investasi di unggal buana sarta boga kantor di San Francisco; London; New York City; Paris; Petrograd; sarta [[Mandalay]], [[Myanmar|Burma Britania]].<ref>Hoover, Herbert C. (1952). ''The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover Years of Adventure 1874–1920''. London: Hollis & Carter. p. 99</ref> Dina taun 1914, Hoover geus jadi jalma anu kacida beungharna, kalayan perkiraan kabeungharan pribadi salaku $4 juta (sarua jeung ${{Inflation|US|4|1914|r=2}} juta dina taun {{Inflation-year|US}}).{{sfn|Nash|1983|p=569}} Hoover milu ngadegkeun [[Consolidated Zinc|Zinc Corporation]] pikeun ékstraksi [[séng]] deukeut kota [[Broken Hill, New South Wales|Broken Hill]] di Australia.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|p=115}} Zinc Corporation ngamekarkeun prosés [[froth flotation]] pikeun misahkeun séng tina bijih timah-pérak{{sfn|Burner|1996|pp=24–43}} sarta ngajalankeun pabrik flotasi diferensial bijih selektif munggaran di dunya.<ref name="Blainey">{{cite book|last1=Blainey|first1=Geoffrey|title=The Rush That Never Ended|url=https://archive.org/details/rushthatneverend0000blai|url-access=registration|date=1963|publisher=Melbourne University Press|location=Melbourne|pages=[https://archive.org/details/rushthatneverend0000blai/page/265 265–268]}}</ref> Hoover digawé bareng jeung Burma Corporation, hiji firma Inggris anu ngahasilkeun pérak, timah, sarta séng dina jumlah badag di [[Tambang Bawdwin]] [[Namtu]].<ref name="Hoover" />{{rp|90–96,101–102}}{{sfn|Nash|1983|p=381}} Manéhna ogé mantuan ngaronjatkeun [[Ékstraksi tambaga|produksi tambaga]] di [[Kyshtym]], [[Kaisar Rusia|Rusia]], ngaliwatan pamakéan peléburan piritik. Manéhna ogé sapuk pikeun ngatur tambang misah di [[Pagunungan Altai]] anu, nurutkeun Hoover, "ngamekarkeun meureun kumpulan bijih tunggal panggedéna sarta pangbeungharna anu kanyahoan di dunya".<ref name="Hoover">Hoover, Herbert C. (1952). ''The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover Years of Adventure 1874–1920''. London: Hollis & Carter</ref>{{rp|102–108}}<ref name="Kennan">{{cite book|last1=Kennan|first1=George|title=Siberia and the Exile System|date=1891|publisher=James R. Osgood, McIlvaine & Co.|location=London|pages=165, 286}}</ref> Dina waktu luangna, Hoover nulis. Kuliah-kuliahna di universitas [[Universitas Columbia|Columbia]] sarta Stanford diterbitkeun dina taun 1909 kalayan judul ''Principles of Mining'' (Prinsip-Prinsip Pertambangan), anu jadi buku téks standar. Éta buku ngagambarkeun parobahan pamikiranana kana idé-idé [[Progresivisme di Amérika Sarikat|progrisif]], nalika Hoover mimiti ngarojong [[Dalapan jam gawé|dalapan jam gawé sapoé]] sarta [[Serikat buruh|serikat buruh]].{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=18–20}} Hoover jadi kacida katarikna kana [[sajarah sains]], sarta manéhna utamana katarik ku ''[[De re metallica]]'', hiji karya boga pangaruh ti abad ka-16 ngeunaan pertambangan sarta metalurgi ku [[Georgius Agricola]]. Dina taun 1912, Hoover sarta pamajidanna nerbitkeun tarjamahan basa Inggris munggaran tina ''De re metallica''.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=119–120}} Hoover ogé asup jadi déwan pangawas di Stanford, sarta mingpin kampanye anu suksés pikeun nunjuk John Branner salaku présidén universitas éta.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=124–125}} == Awal karir politik == === Pupuhu komite Komisi Bantuan di Bélgia (1914–1919) === {{Further|Presidénsi Woodrow Wilson}} {{Main|Komisi Bantuan di Bélgia}} [[Perang Dunya I]] peupeus dina Agustus 1914, nyanghareupkeun Jérman sarta sekutuna ngalawan Perancis sarta sekutuna. [[Rencana Schlieffen]] Jérman nyaéta pikeun ngahontal kameunangan gancang ku cara narajang ngaliwatan Bélgia anu nétral pikeun ngepung Tentara Perancis di wétaneun Paris. Éta manuver gagal nepi ka Paris, tapi Jérman hasil ngarebut ampir sakabéh Bélgia sarta ngajajah sabagéan badag éta nagara salila sésa perang. Hoover sarta pangusaha Amérika séjénna anu pusatna di London ngadegkeun komite pikeun ngatur mulangna kira-kira 100,000 urang Amérika anu kajebak di Éropa. Hoover diangkat salaku pupuhu komite sarta, kalayan idin ti Kongrés sarta [[Presidénsi Woodrow Wilson|pamaréntahan Wilson]], tanggung jawab kana distribusi bantuan ka urang Amérika di Éropa.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=132–136}} Hoover satuluyna nyebutkeun, "Kuring henteu nyadar harita, tapi dina 3 Agustus 1914, karir kuring geus réngsé salawasna. Kuring geus aya dina jalan leueur tina kahirupan publik."<ref>{{cite web|title=The Humanitarian Years|url=http://hoover.archives.gov/exhibits/Hooverstory/gallery02/index.html|publisher=[[Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum]]|access-date=February 16, 2011|mode=cs2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109151702/http://hoover.archives.gov/exhibits/Hooverstory/gallery02/index.html|archive-date=January 9, 2011|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109151702/http://hoover.archives.gov/exhibits/Hooverstory/gallery02/index.html |date=January 9, 2011 }}</ref> Dina awal Oktober 1914, organisasi Hoover geus ngadistribusikeun bantuan ka saeutikna 40,000 urang Amérika.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=137–138}} [[Invasi Jérman ka Bélgia (1914)|Invasi Jérman ka Bélgia]] dina Agustus 1914 nyababkeun krisis pangan di Bélgia, hiji nagara anu kacida gumantungna kana impor pangan. Jérman nolak tanggung jawab pikeun méré dahar warga Bélgia di wilayah anu direbut, sarta Inggris nolak ngaleupaskeun [[Blokade Jérman (1914–1919)|blokade]] maranéhna ka [[Pendudukan Jérman di Bélgia nalika Perang Dunya I|Bélgia anu dijajah Jérman]] iwal pamaréntah AS ngawas impor pangan Bélgia salaku pihak nétral dina perang.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=140–142}} Kalayan gawé bareng pamaréntahan Wilson sarta [[Comité National de Secours et d'Alimentation|CNSA]], hiji organisasi bantuan Bélgia, Hoover ngadegkeun [[Komisi Bantuan di Bélgia]] (CRB).{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=143–144}} CRB meunangkeun sarta ngimpor jutaan ton bahan pangan pikeun didistribusikeun ku CNSA, sarta mantuan mastikeun yén tentara Jérman henteu nyokot éta kadaharan. Sumbangan pribadi sarta hibah pamaréntah nyadiakeun sabagéan badag tina anggaran $11-juta-sabulan, sarta CRB jadi sabenerna "républik bantuan" anu mandiri, kalayan bandéra, angkatan laut, pabrik, panggilingan, sarta jalan karéta sorangan.{{sfn|Burner|1996|p=79}}<ref>George H. Nash, "The "Great Humanitarian": Herbert Hoover, the Relief of Belgium, and the Reconstruction of Europe after War I." ''The Tocqueville Review'' 38.2 (2017): 55–70.</ref>{{Failed verification|date=December 2023}} Hoover digawé 14 jam sapoé ti London, ngatur distribusi leuwih ti dua juta ton kadaharan ka salapan juta korban perang. Dina bentuk awal [[diplomasi jemput-anteur]] (''shuttle diplomacy''), manéhna meuntas [[Laut Kalér]] opat puluh kali pikeun panggih jeung otoritas Jérman sarta ngayakinkeun maranéhna pikeun ngidinan pangiriman kadaharan.<ref name="Hudson2014">{{cite book|first=John|last=Hudson|title=Christmas 1914: The First World War at Home and Abroad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a1YTDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT31|date=October 6, 2014|publisher=History Press|isbn=978-0-7509-6038-0|pages=31}}</ref> Manéhna ogé ngayakinkeun [[Menteri Kauangan Inggris]] [[David Lloyd George]] pikeun ngidinan individu ngirim duit ka urang Bélgia, sahingga ngurangan beban gawé CRB.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=158–159}} Atas paménta pamaréntah Perancis, CRB mimiti ngirimkeun pasokan ka masarakat di [[Pendudukan Jérman di timur laut Perancis nalika Perang Dunya I|Perancis Kalér anu dijajah Jérman]] dina taun 1915.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|p=163}} Dina taun 1926, diplomat Amérika [[Walter Hines Page|Walter Page]] ngagambarkeun Hoover salaku "meureun hiji-hijina jalma anu hirup anu sacara pribadi (hartina, tanpa nyekel jabatan resmi) geus ngayakeun rundayan pamahaman jeung pamaréntah Inggris, Perancis, Jérman, Walanda, sarta Bélgia".<ref name="HendrickWilson1926">{{cite book|first1=Burton Jesse|last1=Hendrick|first2=Woodrow|last2=Wilson|title=The life and letters of Walter H. Page|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wJonAQAAMAAJ|year=1926|publisher=Doubleday, Page|page=313}}</ref><ref name="WilsonLink1982">{{cite book|first1=Woodrow|last1=Wilson|first2=Arthur Stanley|last2=Link|title=The Papers of Woodrow Wilson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PjsJAQAAIAAJ|year=1982|publisher=Princeton University Press|page=369|isbn=978-0-691-04690-7}} vol 40 p 369.</ref> === Diréktur Administrasi Pangan AS (1917–1918) === {{Main|Administrasi Pangan Amérika Sarikat}} [[File:"Wanted Immediately. 2,000,000 Garments for destitute Men, Women, and children in occupied Northern France and... - NARA - 512616.jpg|upright|thumb|Poster [[Administrasi Pangan Amérika Sarikat|Administrasi Pangan AS]]]] Perang ngalawan Jérman diumumkeun dina April 1917, sarta pangan Amérika kacida pentingna pikeun kameunangan Sekutu. Nalika AS nuju mobilisasi perang, Présidén Wilson nunjuk Hoover pikeun mingpin [[Administrasi Pangan Amérika Sarikat|Administrasi Pangan AS]], anu ditugaskeun pikeun mastikeun kaperluan pangan nagara salila perang.{{sfn|Burner|1996|pp=96–97}} Hoover geus boga harepan pikeun asup ka pamaréntahan saprak taun 1916, sarta manéhna meunangkeun éta posisi sanggeus lobi ka sababaraha anggota Kongrés sarta kapercayaan Wilson, [[Edward M. House]].{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=178, 187–191}} Meunang jujuluk "czar pangan", Hoover ngarékrut kakuatan rélawan ratusan rébu awéwé sarta ngagunakeun [[Propaganda dina Perang Dunya I|propaganda]] di bioskop, sakola, sarta garéja.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=41–43}} Manéhna kalayan taliti milih jalma-jalma pikeun mantuan kapamingpinan lembaga—[[Alonzo E. Taylor]] (kaahlian téknis), [[Robert A. Taft|Robert Taft]] (hubungan politik), [[Gifford Pinchot]] (pangaruh tatanén), sarta Julius Barnes (kaahlian bisnis).{{sfn|Burner|1996|p=101}} [[Perang Dunya I]] geus nyiptakeun krisis pangan global anu sacara drastis ngaronjatkeun harga pangan sarta ngabalukarkeun karusuhan pangan sarta kalaparan di nagara-nagara anu perang. Tujuan utama Hoover salaku czar pangan nyaéta nyadiakeun pasokan pikeun Pihak Sekutu, tapi manéhna ogé narékahan pikeun nyetabilkeun harga domestik sarta nyegah kakurangan di jero nagara.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=183–185}} Dina kawasa lega anu dibikeun ku [[Food and Fuel Control Act]] (Undang-Undang Kontrol Pangan sarta Bahan Bakar), Administrasi Pangan ngawas produksi pangan di sakuliah Amérika Sarikat, sarta administrasi ngagunakeun kakuatanana pikeun meuli, ngimpor, nyimpen, sarta ngajual kadaharan.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=198–199}} Alatan hayang nyingkahan jatah (ransum) resmi, Hoover netepkeun poé-poé husus sangkan masarakat nyingkahan dahar kadaharan nu tangtu pikeun disimpen keur ransum prajurit: [[Senén tanpa daging]] (''meatless Monday''), Rebo tanpa gandum, sarta "lamun ragu-ragu, dahar kentang". Kawijakan ieu disebut "Hooverizing" ku tukang publikasi pamaréntah, sanajan Hoover terus-terusan méré paréntah sangkan publikasi henteu nyebut ngaran manéhna.{{sfn|Burner|1996|pp=104–109}} Administrasi Pangan ngirimkeun 23 juta métrik ton kadaharan ka Pihak Sekutu, nyegah karuntuhan maranéhna sarta matak Hoover meunang pujian gedé.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=212–213}} Salaku kapala Administrasi Pangan, Hoover meunang loba pangrojong di Amérika Sarikat, utamana di kalangan progrisif anu nempo Hoover salaku administrator ahli sarta simbol éfisiénsi.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=204–206}} Manéhna kapilih jadi anggota [[American Philosophical Society]] salila masa jabatanna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Herbert+Hoover&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=October 2, 2023 |website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref> === Diréktur Administrasi Bantuan Amérika (1919–1923) === {{Main|Administrasi Bantuan Amérika}} Perang Dunya I réngsé dina bulan Nopémber 1918, tapi Éropa terus nyanghareupan kaayaan pangan anu kritis; Hoover ngira-ngira yén aya 400 juta jalma anu nyanghareupan kamungkinan kalaparan.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=214–215}} Administrasi Pangan Amérika Sarikat dirobah jadi [[Administrasi Bantuan Amérika]] (ARA), sarta Hoover ditugaskeun nyadiakeun kadaharan ka Éropa Tengah sarta Wétan.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=41–43, 57–58}} Salian ti nyadiakeun bantuan, ARA ngawangun deui infrastruktur dina upaya ngahirupkeun deui ékonomi Éropa.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=215–217}} Salila [[Konférénsi Perdamaian Paris, 1919]], Hoover ngabulaé salaku panaséhat deukeut Présidén Wilson, sarta manéhna sapikiran jeung tujuan Wilson pikeun ngadegkeun [[Liga Bangsa-Bangsa]], nangtukeun wates dumasar kana [[hak nangtukeun nasib sorangan]], sarta nyingkahan méré hukuman anu beurat ka Pihak Tengah anu éléh.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=216–222}} Taun saterusna, ékonom Inggris kawentar [[John Maynard Keynes]] nulis dina ''[[The Economic Consequences of the Peace]]'' yén lamun réalime, "kanyaho, kamurahan haté sarta sikep teu milih pihak" Hoover dipaké leuwih lega dina rundayan di Paris, dunya bakal meunang "Perdamaian anu Alus".{{sfn|Keynes|1919|p=247}} Sanggeus waragad pamaréntah AS pikeun ARA béak dina pertengahan 1919, Hoover ngarobah ARA jadi organisasi swasta, ngumpulkeun jutaan dolar ti donatur swasta.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=41–43, 57–58}} Manéhna ogé ngadegkeun European Children's Fund (Dana Barudak Éropa), anu nyadiakeun bantuan ka lima belas juta barudak di opat belas nagara.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|p=224}} Sanajan ditentang ku Sénator [[Henry Cabot Lodge]] sarta urang Républik séjénna, Hoover tetep nyadiakeun bantuan ka bangsa Jérman anu éléh sanggeus perang, sarta bantuan ka [[Kalaparan Rusia 1921–1922|kalaparan]] anu narajang [[Républik Sosialis Federasi Soviét Rusia]].{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=41–43, 57–58}} Hoover ngutuk kaum [[Bolshevik]] tapi méré pépéling ka Présidén Wilson sangkan ulah [[Intervénsi Sekutu dina Perang Sipil Rusia|pipilueun]] dina [[Perang Sipil Rusia]], sabab manéhna nempo pasukan [[Gerakan Bodas|Rusia Bodas]] henteu leuwih alus ti batan Bolshevik sarta sieun ku kamungkinan keterlibatan AS anu lila.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=43–45}} Kalaparan Rusia 1921–22 nelasan genep juta jalma, tapi intervénsi ARA meureun geus nyalametkeun jutaan nyawa.<ref>{{Citation | url = https://www.hoover.org/research/food-weapon| publisher = Hoover Institution | title = Hoover Digest | contribution = Food as a Weapon.}}</ref> Nalika ditanya naha manéhna téh kalah mantuan Bolshevisme ku cara méré bantuan, Hoover némbalan, "dua puluh juta jalma nuju kalaparan. Naon baé politikna, maranéhna kudu dipéré dahar!"{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=41–43, 57–58}} Ngagambarkeun rasa nuhun loba urang Éropa, dina Juli 1922, panulis Soviét [[Maxim Gorky]] ngomong ka Hoover yén "bantuan anjeun bakal asup kana sajarah salaku pencapaian anu unik sarta raksasa, pantes meunang kamulyaan panggedéna, anu bakal lila diinget ku jutaan urang Rusia anu geus disalametkeun ku anjeun tina pati".<ref>[http://news.stanford.edu/pr/2011/pr-famine-040411.html How the U.S. saved a starving Soviet Russia: PBS film highlights Stanford scholar's research on the 1921–23 famine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130064356/http://news.stanford.edu/pr/2011/pr-famine-040411.html |date=January 30, 2012 }}". Stanford University. April 4, 2011</ref> Dina taun 1919, Hoover ngadegkeun [[Perpustakaan sarta Arsip Institusi Hoover|Koléksi Perang Hoover]] di Universitas Stanford. Manéhna nyumbangkeun sakabéh berkas Komisi Bantuan di Bélgia, Administrasi Pangan AS, sarta Administrasi Bantuan Amérika, sarta jangji méré $50,000 salaku dana abadi ({{Inflation|US|50000|1919|fmt=eq}}). Para sarjana dikirim ka Éropa pikeun ngumpulkeun pamflét, publikasi masarakat, dokumén pamaréntah, koran, poster, proklamasi, sarta bahan-bahan séjénna anu patali jeung perang sarta révolusi anu lumangsung sanggeusna. Éta koléksi dingaranan deui jadi Perpustakaan Perang Hoover dina taun 1922 sarta ayeuna katelah [[Perpustakaan sarta Arsip Institusi Hoover]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Hoover Institution Timeline |url=http://www.hoover.org/about/timeline |publisher=Hoover Institution |access-date=September 25, 2017}}</ref> Salila mangsa sanggeus perang, Hoover ogé ngajabat salaku présidén Federated American Engineering Societies.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7e4eBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA67|title=Republicans and Labor: 1919—1929|first=Robert H.|last=Zieger|date=January 13, 2015|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0-8131-6499-1}}</ref><ref name=Himmelberg>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6KqqgTB8Q_wC&pg=PA169|title=Antitrust and Regulation During World War I and the Republican Era, 1917-1932|first=Robert F.|last=Himmelberg|date=1994|orig-date=1st pub. January 16, 1962|publisher=Taylor & Francis|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0-8153-1406-6}}</ref> == Pemilu présidén 1920 == {{Further|Pemilu Présidén Amérika Sarikat 1920}} Hoover teu pati dipikawanoh ku masarakat Amérika méméh taun 1914, tapi jasana dina pamaréntahan Wilson ngajadikeun manéhna saurang contender dina pemilu présidén 1920. Usaha Hoover salila mangsa perang pikeun pajeg anu leuwih luhur, kritikna kana tindakan Jaksa Agung [[A. Mitchell Palmer]] nalika [[Red Scare Munggaran]], sarta pangrojongna kana aturan saperti [[Upah minimum di Amérika Sarikat|upah minimum]], opat puluh dalapan jam gawé saminggu, sarta [[Undang-undang tanaga gawé budak di Amérika Sarikat|ngaleungitkeun tanaga gawé budak]] ngajadikeun manéhna narik perhatian urang progrisif ti kadua partéy.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=45–50}} Sanajan manéhna digawé dina pamaréntahan [[Sajarah Partéy Démokrat (Amérika Sarikat)|Démokrat]] Woodrow Wilson, Hoover henteu kungsi kabeungkeut rapet boh ka Démokrat atawa [[Sajarah Partéy Républik (Amérika Sarikat)|Républik]]. Mimitina manéhna nyoba nyingkahan pikeun mihak ka salah sahiji partéy dina pemilu 1920, kalayan harepan salah sahiji ti dua partéy gedé éta bakal nyalonkeun manéhna jadi présidén dina konvénsi nasional maranéhna.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=232–234}} Dina Maret 1920, manéhna ngarobah stratégi sarta nyatakeun dirina salaku urang Républik; hal ieu didorong sabagéan gedé ku kapercayaan yén Démokrat boga lolongkrang leutik pikeun meunang.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=235–236}} Sanajan kawentar di tingkat nasional, jasa Hoover dina pamaréntahan Wilson geus ngajauhkeun manéhna tina patani sarta [[Old Right (Amérika Sarikat)|Old Guard konservatif di GOP]], sarta pancalonan présidénna kandas sanggeus éléh dina primér California ku [[favorite son]] [[Hiram Johnson]]. Dina [[Konvénsi Nasional Républik 1920]], [[Warren G. Harding]] muncul salaku calon kompromi sanggeus konvénsi macét di antara pangrojong Johnson, [[Leonard Wood]], sarta [[Frank Orren Lowden]].{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=45–50}} Hoover ngarojong kampanye Harding anu suksés dina pemilu umum, sarta manéhna mimiti neundeun dasar pikeun maju jadi présidén di mangsa hareup ku cara ngawangun basis pangrojong anu kuat di Partéy Républik.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=237–238}} == Menteri Perdagangan (1921–1928) == {{Further|Presidénsi Warren G. Harding|Presidénsi Calvin Coolidge}} [[File:HooverCommerce1926.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.15|Asistén William McCracken (kénca) sarta Walter Drake (katuhu) bareng Menteri Hoover (tengah)]] Sanggeus kapilih jadi présidén dina taun 1920, Harding méré ganjaran ka Hoover pikeun pangrojongna, kalayan nawarkeun jabatan boh salaku [[Menteri Jero Nagri Amérika Sarikat]] atawa [[Menteri Perdagangan Amérika Sarikat]]. Menteri Perdagangan harita dianggap jabatan Kabinét anu leutik, kalayan tanggung jawab anu kawates sarta kurang jéntré, tapi Hoover mutuskeun pikeun nampa éta posisi.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=51–52}} Sikep progrisif Hoover, pangrojongna anu terus-terusan ka [[Liga Bangsa-Bangsa]], sarta pindahna manéhna ka Partéy Républik anyar kénéh, nimbulkeun pertentangan kana jabatanna ti loba [[Konférénsi Républik Sénat|urang Républik di Sénat]].{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=247–248}} Pikeun nungkulan ieu tantangan, Harding ngapasangkeun nominasi Hoover jeung tokoh favorit konservatif [[Andrew Mellon]] salaku [[Menteri Kauangan Amérika Sarikat]], sarta nominasi Hoover boh Mellon tungtungna disahkeun ku Sénat. Hoover ngajabat salaku Menteri Perdagangan ti taun 1921 nepi ka 1928, digawé di sahandapeun Harding sarta, sanggeus Harding tilar dunya dina taun 1923, Présidén [[Calvin Coolidge]].{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=51–52}} Nalika sawatara anggota paling nonjol dina pamaréntahan Harding, kaasup Jaksa Agung [[Harry M. Daugherty]] sarta Menteri Jero Nagri [[Albert B. Fall]], kalibet dina [[Presidénsi Warren G. Harding#Skandal pamaréntahan|skandal gedé]], Hoover muncul kalayan bersih tina rupa-rupa pamariksaan ka pamaréntahan Harding.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=288–292}} Hoover ngabayangkeun Departemén Perdagangan salaku puseur kamekaran sarta stabilitas nagara.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=53–63}} Pangalamanana dina mobilisasi ékonomi mangsa perang ngayakinkeun manéhna yén pamaréntah féderal bisa ngamajukeun éfisiénsi ku cara ngaleungitkeun runtah (kabubujal), ningkatkeun produksi, nyorong pamakéan prakték dumasar data, investasi dina infrastruktur, sarta ngajaga sumber daya alam. Manéhna ngamajukeun skéma "Super Power" pikeun interkonéksi utilitas listrik,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=DeGraaf |first=Leonard |date=1990 |title=Corporate Liberalism and Electric Power System Planning in the 1920s |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3115843 |journal=The Business History Review |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=1–31 |doi=10.2307/3115843 |jstor=3115843 |issn=0007-6805}}</ref> sarta nampa telepon [[Vidéo-telepon|Picturephone]] térémonial munggaran di Washington dina April 1927 ti Walter Gifford, Pupuhu AT&T di New York City.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Norcross |first=Amy |date=April 7, 2019 |title=Hoover joins 1st American demo of long-distance TV, April 7, 1927 |url=https://www.edn.com/hoover-joins-1st-american-demo-of-long-distance-tv-april-7-1927/ |access-date=September 12, 2025 |magazine=[[EDN (magazine)|EDN]]}}</ref> Jalma-jalma sajamanana ngagambarkeun pamikiran Hoover salaku "alternatif katilu" antara "kapitalisme anu teu kakontrol" sarta [[sosialisme]], anu beuki kawentar di Éropa.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=254–257}} Hoover narékahan pikeun nyiptakeun kasaimbangan antara buruh, modal, sarta pamaréntah, sarta ku sabab ieu, manéhna rupa-rupa disebut salaku urang [[korporatisme]] atawa [[asosiasionalisme]].{{sfn|Fausold 1985|pp=106}} Prioritas luhurna nyaéta diplomasi ékonomi, kaasup ngamajukeun kamekaran ékspor, sarta panyalindungan tina prakték monopoli pamaréntah asing, utamana ngeunaan karét sarta kopi.<ref>Joseph Brandes, ''Herbert Hoover and Economic Diplomacy: Department of Commerce Policy, 1921–1928'' (University of Pittsburgh Press, 1970) pp 83–74. [https://archive.org/details/herberthoovereco00bran online].</ref> Hoover ngarojong loba program pangurangan pajeg ti Mellon tapi leuwih mihak kana sistem [[pajeg progrisif]] sarta nentang usaha menteri kauangan éta pikeun ngaleungitkeun [[pajeg warisan di Amérika Sarikat|pajeg warisan]].{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=303–304}} Manéhna ogé ménta, sarta meunangkeun, kawasa pikeun koordinasi urusan ékonomi di sakuliah pamaréntahan. Manéhna nyiptakeun loba sub-departemén sarta komite, ngawas sarta ngatur sagala hal ti mimiti statistik manufaktur nepi ka [[transportasi hawa]]. Dina sababaraha hal, manéhna "nyokot" kadali tanggung jawab ti departemén Kabinét séjén nalika manéhna nganggap yén maranéhna henteu ngajalankeun tanggung jawabna kalayan hadé; sawatara jalma mimiti nyebut manéhna salaku "Menteri Perdagangan sarta Wakil Menteri pikeun sakabéh departemén séjénna".{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=53–63}} Pikeun ngaréspon [[Depresi 1920–21]], manéhna ngayakinkeun Harding pikeun ngawangun komisi présidén ngeunaan pangangguran, anu nyorong pamaréntah lokal pikeun ngalakukeun belanja infrastruktur kontrasiklikal.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=260–264}} Hiji konférénsi dilaksanakeun pikeun ngabahas kaayaan pangangguran dina taun 1921, kalayan Hoover boga argumén yén "henteu aya kagagalan ékonomi anu kacida pikasieuneunana hartina jiga hiji nagara anu boga kaleuwihan tina unggal kabutuhan hirup, tapi anggotana anu daék sarta hayang digawé kalah dicabut tina éta kabutuhan."<ref>Herbert Hoover, Unemployment, and the Public Sphere A Conceptual History, 1919-1933 By Vincent Gaddis, 2005, P.19</ref> Sanajan kitu, Hoover boga pamandangan yén solusi pikeun kaayaan pangangguran nagara lain dina intervénsi féderal tapi dina tindakan sacara sukaréla sarta lokal.<ref>Herbert Hoover As Secretary of Commerce Studies in New Era Thought and Practice, Editor: Ellis Wayne Hawley, 1981, P.25</ref> Manéhna ogé nentang pangmayaran langsung ti pamaréntah ka individu anu nganggur, boga kapercayaan yén hal ieu moal ngan ngabalukarkeun belanja defisit anu badé tapi ogé ngajadikeun jalma gumantung ka pamaréntah.<ref>Herbert Hoover, Unemployment, and the Public Sphere A Conceptual History, 1919-1933 By Vincent Gaddis, 2005, P.19</ref> Sakumaha anu ditepikeun ku Hoover salila éta konférénsi: {{Blockquote|It is not consonant with the spirit or institutions of the American people that a demand should be made upon the public treasury for the solution of every difficulty. The Administration has felt that a large degree of solution could be expected through the mobilization of the fine cooperative action of our manufacturers and employers and of our public bodies and local authorities. And that if a solution could be found in these directions we should accomplish even more than the care of our unemployed-that we will again demonstrate that independence and ability of action amongst our own people which saves our Government from that ultimate paternalism that would undermine our whole political system. In the other countries that have been primarily affected by the War, solution has been had by direct doles to individuals by their Governments. We have so far escaped this most vicious of solutions, and I am hopeful, and I believe you will be, that it is within the intelligence and initiative of our people that we may find remedies against hardship and bitterness that do not, except in exceptional cases, come within the range of charity.<ref>THE PRESIDENCY VS. HOOVER By Samuel Crowther, GARDEN CITY NEW YORK, DOUBLEDAY, DORAN AND COMPANY, INC. 1928, P.143-144</ref>}} ===Regulation of radio and transportation=== {{Main|Regulation of radio broadcast in the United States}} [[File:HerbertClarkHoover.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Hoover listening to a [[radio receiver]], 1925]] Between 1923 and 1929, the number of families with radios grew from 300,000 to 10 million,{{sfn|Ferrell|1998|pp=32–33}} and Hoover's tenure as Secretary of Commerce heavily influenced radio use in the United States. Between 1922 and 1925, Hoover organized conferences among radio manufacturers, news agencies, and government organizations which played a key role in the organization, development, and regulation of [[radio broadcasting]]. Hoover also helped pass the [[Radio Act of 1927]], which allowed the government to intervene and abolish radio stations that were deemed "non-useful" to the public. Hoover's attempts at regulating radio were not supported by all congressmen, and he received much opposition from the Senate and from radio station owners.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Lepore |first=Jill |title=These Truths |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. |year=2018 |isbn=9780393635249 |edition=1st |location=New York |pages=427–428 |chapter=A Constitution of the Air |lccn=2018019180}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Barnouw|first=Erik|title=A Tower In Babel; A history of Broadcasting in the United States to 1933|year=1966|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of 91st Congress, First Session. Volume 115, Part 4|journal=Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of 91st Congress}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|others=United States Congress|author-link=Edith Green|last=Green|first=Edith|title=Program Practices of Television Networks|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=85wTj3YZGL4C&q=Congressional+Record:+%22herbert+hoover%22+radio&pg=PA3558|journal=Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the 87th Congress, Second Session|volume=108|issue=part 3 (Pages 2851 to 4340)|date=March 7, 1962|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=85wTj3YZGL4C&pg=PA3558&dq=Congressional+Record:+%22herbert+hoover%22+radio&hl=en 3558]|quote=Interestingly, ... an American ... recognized the problem that arose with general dissemination, as opposed to [[Point-to-point (telecommunications)|point-to-point transmission]], of messages by wireless. ... The American was Herbert Hoover.}}</ref> Hoover was also influential in the early development of air travel, and he sought to create a thriving private industry boosted by government subsidies. He encouraged the development of emergency landing fields, required all runways to be equipped with lights and radio beams, and encouraged farmers to make use of planes for [[Aerial application|crop dusting]].{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=53–54}} Hoover also established the federal government's power to inspect planes and license pilots, setting a precedent for the later [[Federal Aviation Administration]].{{sfn|Whyte 2017|p=271}} As Commerce Secretary, he hosted national conferences on street traffic collectively known as the National Conference on Street and Highway Safety. His chief objective was to address the growing casualty toll of [[Traffic collision|traffic accidents]], but the scope of the conferences grew and soon embraced motor vehicle standards, rules of the road, and urban traffic control. He left the invited interest groups to negotiate agreements among themselves, which were then presented for adoption by states and localities. Because automotive trade associations were the best organized, many of the positions taken by the conferences reflected their interests. The conferences issued a model Uniform Vehicle Code for adoption by the states and a Model Municipal Traffic Ordinance for adoption by cities. Both were widely influential, promoting greater uniformity among jurisdictions and tending to promote the automobile's priority in city streets.<ref>Peter D. Norton, ''Fighting Traffic: The Dawn of the Motor Age in the American City'' (MIT Press, 2008), pp. 178–197 {{ISBN|0-262-14100-0}}</ref> === Ngawangun citra diri Hoover === [[Phillips Payson O'Brien]] boga pamandangan yén Hoover boga masalah jeung Inggris. Manéhna geus mangtaun-taun cicing di Britania Raya sarta Australia salaku pagawé pausahaan Inggris, sahingga aya résiko manéhna bakal dicap salaku "pakakas" Inggris. Aya tilu solusi, anu sakabéhna dicoba ku manéhna kalayan gawé bareng rapet jeung média anu kacida mujina ka manéhna.<ref>George H. Nash, "The Great Enigma and the Great Engineer", in John E. Haynes, ed., ''Calvin Coolidge and the Coolidge Era,'' (1998) pp 149–80.</ref> Kahiji nyaéta citra salaku élmuwan anu tenang, henteu kabawa ku parasaan (émosi) tapi salawasna komitmen pikeun néangan sarta ngajalankeun solusi pangalusna. Solusi kadua nyaéta ku cara meunangkeun reputasi salaku saurang kamanusaan (humanitarian), anu kacida padulina kana kasusah dunya, saperti kalaparan di Bélgia, sarta masalah-masalah husus di Amérika anu geus diréngsékeun ku manéhna salaku komisaris pangan salila perang dunya. Solusi katilu nyaéta ngagunakeun taktik heubeul "twisting the British tail" (nyigeung kangeunahan Inggris), anu dipaké ku manéhna salaku pakarang nalika [[Rencana Stevenson|krisis karét dunya 1925–1926]]. [[Industri otomotif di Amérika Sarikat|Industri mobil Amérika]] meakkeun 70% tina hasil dunya, tapi investor Inggris ngawasa sabagéan badag pasokanana. Rencana maranéhna nyaéta pikeun neukteuk sacara drastis hasil ti [[Malaya Britania]], anu boga pangaruh naékkeun harga karét nepi ka tikel tilu. Hoover kalayan sumanget méré runtuyan biantara sarta wawancara anu ngutuk prakték [[Monopoli|monopoli]] éta sarta ménta sangkan éta hal diureunkeun. [[Departemén Luar Nagri Amérika Sarikat|Departemén Luar Nagri Amérika]] teu hayang aya krisis saperti kitu sarta ngalakukeun kompromi dina taun 1926. Harita, Hoover geus hasil ngaréngsékeun masalah citrana, sarta salila kampanye taun 1928 manéhna hasil ngbungkem serangan anu nyebutkeun yén manéhna deukeut teuing jeung kapentingan Inggris.<ref>Phillips Payson O'Brien, "Herbert Hoover, Anglo–American Relations and Republican Party Politics in the 1920s." ''Diplomacy & Statecraft'' 22.2 (2011): 200–218.</ref> === Banjir Mississippi === [[Banjir Gedé Mississippi 1927]] ngabobol sisi walungan sarta [[tanggul]] [[walungan Mississippi bagian handap]] dina awal taun 1927, anu ngabalukarkeun banjir di jutaan héktar lahan sarta nyababkeun 1,5 juta jalma kudu ngungsi ti imahna. Sanajan penanganan bencana lain mangrupa tugas [[Departemén Perdagangan Amérika Sarikat|Departemén Perdagangan]], para gubernur ti genep nagara bagian di sapanjang walungan Mississippi sacara husus ménta ka Présidén Coolidge pikeun nunjuk Hoover jadi koordinator penanganan banjir.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=68–71}} Boga kapercayaan yén penanganan bencana lain urusan pamaréntah féderal, Coolidge mimitina nolak pikeun kalibet, tapi tungtungna manéhna nurut kana tekenan politik sarta nunjuk Hoover pikeun mingpin komite husus pikeun mantuan éta wewengkon.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=328–329}} Hoover ngadegkeun leuwih ti saratus [[Kota tenda|tenda pangungsian]] sarta armada leuwih ti genep ratus kapal, sarta hasil ngumpulkeun dana $17 juta (sarua jeung ${{Inflation|US|17|1927|r=2}} juta dina taun {{Inflation-year|US}}). Sabagéan badag alatan kapamingpinanana salila krisis banjir, dina taun 1928, Hoover mimiti leuwih kawentar batan Présidén Coolidge sorangan.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=68–71}} Sanajan Hoover meunang pujian anu lega pikeun peranna dina éta krisis, manéhna méré paréntah pikeun nyumputkeun laporan ngeunaan perlakuan anu salah ka urang Amérika turunan Afrika di [[kémp pangungsian]].{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=333–335}} Manéhna ngalakukeun hal éta kalayan gawé bareng jeung tokoh kulit hideung Amérika [[Robert Russa Moton]], anu dijangjikeun bakal meunang pangaruh anu gedé sanggeus Hoover jadi présidén.<ref name="pbs">[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/flood-moton-cac/ 'Robert Moton and the Colored Advisory Commission'], PBS.org</ref> === Inisiatif séjénna === [[File:Hoover and Harding at baseball game.jpg|thumb|Hoover (kénca) bareng [[Florence Harding]] sarta Présidén [[Warren Harding]] dina hiji pertandingan baseball taun 1921]] Kalayan tujuan pikeun nyorong investasi bisnis anu bijaksana, Hoover ngajadikeun Departemén Perdagangan salaku puseur informasi (''clearinghouse''). Manéhna ngarékrut loba akademisi ti rupa-rupa widang sarta ditugaskeun pikeun nerbitkeun laporan ngeunaan rupa-rupa aspék ékonomi, kaasup [[Industri beusi sarta baja di Amérika Sarikat|produksi baja]] sarta film. Pikeun ngaleungitkeun kabubujal (runtah), manéhna nyorong [[standardisasi]] produk saperti [[ban]] mobil sarta dot botol orok.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=257–200}} Usaha séjénna pikeun ngurangan kabubujal kaasup ngurangan karugian tanaga gawé tina sengketa dagang sarta parobahan musiman, ngurangan karugian industri tina kacilakaan sarta tatu, sarta ngurangan jumlah [[minyak bumi]] anu tumpah salila ékstraksi sarta pangiriman. Manéhna ngamajukeun perdagangan internasional ku cara muka kantor-kantor di luar nagri pikeun méré naséhat ka para pangusaha. Hoover utamana kacida sumangetna pikeun ngamajukeun film-film [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]] di luar nagri.{{sfn|Hart|1998}} Kampanye "Own Your Own Home" (Boga Imah Sorangan) nyaéta hiji kolaborasi pikeun ngamajukeun kapimilik imah kulawarga tunggal, jeung grup-grup saperti gerakan Better Houses in America, Architects' Small House Service Bureau, sarta Home Modernizing Bureau. Manéhna digawé bareng jeung para bankir sarta industri [[Asosiasi simpen pinjam|simpen pinjam]] pikeun ngamajukeun kiridit imah (KPR) jangka panjang anyar, anu sacara drastis ngarangsang pangwangunan imah.<ref>{{Citation |last=Hutchison |first=Janet |title=Building for Babbitt: the State and the Suburban Home Ideal |journal=Journal of Policy History |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=184–210 |year=1997 |doi=10.1017/S0898030600005923 |issn=0898-0306 |s2cid=155048376}}</ref> Pencapaian séjénna kaasup hasil ngayakinkeun [[U.S. Steel]] pikeun ngajalankeun dalapan jam gawé sapoé, sarta ngabantu kana ayana [[Kasapukan Walungan Colorado]], hiji kasapukan [[hak cai]] di antara nagara-nagara bagian di [[Amérika Sarikat Bagian Kidul-kulon]].{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=269–271}} {{Main|Pemilu Présidén Amérika Sarikat 1928}} Hoover cicing-cicing ngumpulkeun pangrojong pikeun maju jadi présidén sapanjang taun 1920-an, tapi manéhna kalayan taliti nyingkahan parasaan Coolidge anu kurang merenah, anu harita aya kamungkinan maju deui pikeun jabatan saterusna dina [[Pemilu Présidén Amérika Sarikat 1928]].{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=322–323}} Bareng jeung sakumna nagara, manéhna kaget nalika Coolidge dina Agustus 1927 nyatakeun "[[I do not choose to run]]" (kuring milih moal maju deui) pikeun jabatan saterusna. Kalayan pangunduran diri Coolidge anu geus deukeut, Hoover langsung muncul salaku calon unggulan pikeun nominasi Républik taun 1928, sarta manéhna kalayan gancang nyusun tim kampanye anu kuat anu dipingpin ku [[Hubert Work]], [[Will H. Hays]], sarta [[Reed Smoot]].{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=335–338}} Coolidge henteu kersa nunjuk Hoover salaku panerusna, malah kungsi nyarita "salila genep taun éta jalma méré kuring naséhat anu teu dipénta—anu sakabéhna goréng".{{sfn|Ferrell|1957|p=195}} Sanajan parasaanana biasa-biasa waé ka Hoover, Coolidge teu boga niat pikeun meulah partéy ku cara nentang sacara kabuka kana pancalonan Menteri Perdagangan anu keur populér éta.{{sfnm|McCoy|1967|1pp=390–391|Wilson|1975|2pp=122–123}} Salah sahiji tokoh publik anu ngarojong Hoover pikeun pancalonan présidén ti Républik nyaéta [[William Randolph Hearst]], anu boga pamandangan yén "Kaayaan ayeuna merlukeun konservatisme, sarta konservatisme Menteri Hoover téh mangrupa tipe anu konstruktif, lain tipe anu réaksionér."<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GCNPAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA18&dq=Hearst+The+present+situation+demands+conservatism,+and+Secretary+Hoover%E2%80%99s+conservatism+is+of+the+constructive+and+not+the+reactionary+type&article_id=7187,2028328&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjrlcecnqOMAxVYUkEAHYW7G-gQ6AF6BAgFEAM#v=onepage&q=Hearst%20The%20present%20situation%20demands%20conservatism%2C%20and%20Secretary%20Hoover%E2%80%99s%20conservatism%20is%20of%20the%20constructive%20and%20not%20the%20reactionary%20type&f=falseSt. Petersburg Times 10 Jun 1928]</ref> Loba pamingpin Républik anu waspada sarta nyoba néangan calon alternatif, saperti Menteri Kauangan Andrew Mellon atawa urut menteri luar nagri [[Charles Evans Hughes]].<ref name="rusnak">{{cite journal|last1=Rusnak|first1=Robert J.|title=Andrew W. Mellon: Reluctant Kingmaker|journal=Presidential Studies Quarterly|date=Spring 1983|volume=13|issue=2|pages=269–278|jstor=27547924}}</ref> Sanajan kitu, Hughes sarta Mellon nolak pikeun maju, sarta calon poténsial séjénna saperti [[Frank Orren Lowden]] sarta Wakil Présidén [[Charles G. Dawes]] gagal meunangkeun pangrojong anu lega.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=338–339}} Hoover meunangkeun nominasi présidén dina sora (ballot) munggaran dina [[Konvénsi Nasional Républik 1928]]. Delegasi konvénsi kungsi mertimbangkeun pikeun nyalonkeun deui Wakil Présidén Charles Dawes salaku [[pendamping kampanye]] (''running mate'') Hoover, tapi Coolidge, anu ngéwa ka Dawes, nyatakeun yén hal éta bakal jadi "panghina pribadi" pikeun dirina. Konvénsi kalah milih Sénator [[Charles Curtis]] ti Kansas.<ref>{{Citation | last1 = Mencken | first1 = Henry Louis | last2= Nathan | first2= George Jean | title = The American Mercury | year = 1929 | page = 404 }}</ref> Hoover nampa éta nominasi di [[Stadion Stanford]], nyarita ka balaréa yén manéhna bakal neruskeun kawijakan-kawijakan pamaréntahan Harding sarta Coolidge.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=71–72}} Urang Démokrat nyalonkeun gubernur New York [[Al Smith]], anu jadi calon munggaran ti [[Geréja Katolik di Amérika Sarikat|Katolik]] ti partéy gedé pikeun posisi présidén.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=344–345, 350}} [[File:ElectoralCollege1928.svg|right|thumb|upright=1.25|Hasil sora éléktoral 1928]] Hoover masrahkeun surat pangunduran diri salaku Menteri Perdagangan dina 7 Juli, tapi Coolidge nahan manéhna nepi ka 21 Agustus pikeun ngaréngsékeun urusan anu tunda.<ref>{{cite news |title=Coolidge Defers Action on Hoover; President's Wishes as to Date of Resignation's Acceptance Are Not Revealed. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1928/07/08/archives/coolidge-defers-action-on-hoover-presidents-wishes-as-to-date-of.html |access-date=July 24, 2024 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=July 8, 1928 |page=2 col. 2}}</ref>{{sfn|Clements|2010|pp=413–414}} Hoover museurkeun kampanyeana kana catetan Républik ngeunaan katengtreman sarta kamakmuran, sarta reputasi dirina salaku insinyur sarta pajabat publik anu suksés. Alatan teu pati resep méré biantara politik, Hoover leuwih loba cicing sarta masrahkeun urusan kampanye ka Curtis sarta urang Républik séjénna.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=343–346}} Smith leuwih karismatik sarta gampang campur gaul batan Hoover, tapi kampanyena ruksak ku [[anti-Katolik di Amérika Sarikat|sikep anti-Katolik]] sarta pertentanganana anu jelas kana Prohibisi (larangan inuman keras). Hoover sorangan henteu kungsi jadi pangrojong kuat Prohibisi, tapi manéhna nampa platform Partéy Républik anu ngarojong hal éta sarta ngaluarkeun pernyataan anu ambivalén kalayan nyebut Prohibisi salaku "hiji éksperimén sosial sarta ékonomi anu agung, mulya dina motifna sarta lega tujuanna".{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=349–351}} Di wilayah Kidul, Hoover sarta partéy nasional ngagunakeun stratégi "[[Gerakan lily-white|lily-white]]", nyaéta nyingkirkeun urang Républik kulit hideung tina posisi kapamingpinan dina usaha pikeun metot simpati urang Kidul kulit bodas.{{sfn|Garcia 1980|pp=462–463}} Salila kampanye pemilu, Hoover ngutuk usulan Démokrat pikeun kontrol publik kana tanaga cai, modifikasi prohibisi, sarta bantuan tatanén salaku “sosialisme nagara”<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dbwwAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA1&dq=herbert+hoover+democratic+program+socialism&article_id=5712,2708952&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiT2pr50saRAxUmUEEAHbvRIhcQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=herbert%20hoover%20democratic%20program%20socialism&f=false St. Petersburg Times 25 Oct 1928]</ref> sarta ogé ngabandingkeun naon anu disebut ku manéhna salaku “rugged individualism” (individualisme tangguh) Amérika jeung naon anu dianggap négatif ku manéhna salaku sosialisme nagara sarta paternalisme Éropa: {{Blockquote|Nalika perang réngsé, hal anu pangpentingna tina sakabéh pasualan, boh di nagara urang sorangan boh di sakuliah dunya, nyaéta naha pamaréntah kudu neruskeun kapamilikan sarta operasional mangsa perangna kana rupa-rupa alat produksi sarta distribusi. Urang nangtang ku hiji pilihan mangsa damai antara sistem individualisme tangguh Amérika sarta filosofi Éropa ngeunaan doktrin-doktrin anu papalingan pisan—doktrin paternalisme sarta sosialisme nagara. Panampa kana ieu idé-idé bakal hartina karuksakan tina pamaréntahan mandiri ngaliwatan sentralisasi pamaréntah. Hal éta bakal hartina ngaruksak inisiatif sarta usaha individu anu geus ngajadikeun raayat urang tumuwuh kana kaagungan anu taya tandingna.'<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XNJbAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA6&dq=herbert+hoover+speech+new+york+paternalism&article_id=1524,4809789&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi-hsqk0caRAxU9V0EAHUy0BaMQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q=herbert%20hoover%20speech%20new%20york%20paternalism&f=false St. Joseph Gazette 23 Oct 1928]</ref>}} Hoover terus unggul dina hasil poling sapanjang kampanye taun 1928, sarta manéhna sacara mutlak ngéléhkeun Smith dina poé pamilihan, kalayan meunangkeun 58 persén sora raayat sarta 444 ti 531 sora éléktoral.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=355, 360}} Para sajarawan sapuk yén reputasi nasional Hoover sarta ékonomi anu nuju meujeuhna alus, ditambah deui ku perpecahan jero di Partéy Démokrat ngeunaan agama sarta Prohibisi, ngajamin kameunangan mutlakna.<ref>Elesha Coffman, 'The "Religious Issue" in Presidential Politics', ''American Catholic Studies'', (Winter 2008) 119#4 pp 1–20</ref> Daya tarik Hoover ka pamilih kulit bodas di Kidul hasil ngabobol "[[Solid South]]", sarta manéhna meunang di lima nagara bagian Kidul.{{sfn|Garcia 1980}} Kameunangan Hoover ditarima kalayan positip ku surat kabar; salah sahijina nulis yén Hoover bakal "digawé kacida tohaga dina tugas-tugas anu aya di hareupeun bangsa sahingga dina ahir dalapan taun jabatanna salaku présidén, urang bakal nempo deui ka tukang kana hiji éra pencapaian anu luar biasa".{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=369–370}} Pihak anu nentang Hoover panaséhat naha manéhna henteu ngalakukeun nanaon pikeun [[Alokasi korsi kongrés Amérika Sarikat|ngalokasikeun deui korsi kongrés]] sanggeus [[Sénsus Amérika Sarikat 1920]] anu némbongkeun ayana kanaékan populasi kota sarta imigran. Sénsus 1920 nyaéta sénsus sapuluh taunan anu munggaran sarta hiji-hijina anu hasilna henteu dipaké pikeun nangtukeun deui alokasi korsi Kongrés, anu tungtungna mangaruhan Éléktoral College taun 1928 sarta méré dampak kana pemilu présidén.<ref name=slayton>{{cite book |last=Slayton |first=Robert A. |date=June 2, 2002 |title=Empire Statesman: The Rise and Redemption of Al Smith |url=https://archive.org/details/empirestatesmanr00robe/page/13 |location=New York |publisher=Simon and Schuster |page=[https://archive.org/details/empirestatesmanr00robe/page/13 13] |isbn=978-0-684-86302-3 }}</ref><ref name=finan>{{cite book |last=Finan |first=Christomer M. |date=June 2, 2002 |title=Alfred E. Smith: The Happy Warrior |url=https://archive.org/details/alfredesmithhapp00fina |publisher=Hill and Wang |isbn=0-8090-3033-0 }}</ref> == Kapersidénan (1929–1933) == {{Main|Kapersidénan Herbert Hoover}} [[File:Taft Hebert Hoover Oath.jpg|thumb|Hoover keur disumpah ku Hakim Agung [[William Howard Taft]] dina 4 Maret 1929]] Hoover nempo kapersidénan salaku pakakas pikeun ngabenerkeun kaayaan sakabéh urang Amérika ku cara nyorong gawé bareng antara publik jeung swasta—anu ku manéhna disebut "voluntarisme" (sukarelawan). Manéhna boga kacenderungan nolak paksaan atawa pipilueun pamaréntah, sabab manéhna nganggap hal éta ngalanggar idé-idé Amérika ngeunaan individualisme sarta kamerdikaan diri.<ref name="9iopl">{{Citation | title = Biography | date = October 4, 2016 | publisher = Miller center | url = http://millercenter.org/president/hoover/essays/biography/1}}</ref> Sanajan kitu, Hoover ngadukung ayana béaya pangsiun anu dibiayaan ku pamaréntah pikeun maranéhna anu umurna di luhur 65 taun, sanajan usulan ieu henteu kungsi dilaksanakeun salila mangsa jabatanna.<ref>100 Turning Points in American History By Alan Axelrod, 2019, P.195</ref> Undang-undang utama munggaran anu ditandatanganan ku manéhna nyaéta [[Undang-Undang Pamasaran Tatanén 1929]], anu ngadegkeun [[Déwan Ladang Féderal]] pikeun nyetabilkeun harga hasil tatanén.{{sfn|Fausold 1985|pp=65–66}} Hoover loba ngagunakeun komisi-komisi pikeun nalungtik pasualan sarta ngusulkeun solusi, sarta loba tina komisi éta téh disponsoran ku donor swasta lain ku pamaréntah. Salah sahiji komisi anu dimimitian ku Hoover, nyaéta Komite Panalungtikan ngeunaan Trén Sosial, ditugaskeun pikeun nalungtik sakabéh kahirupan masarakat Amérika.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=84–85}} Manéhna nunjuk Kabinét anu lolobana diusi ku jalma beunghar, konservatif anu pro-bisnis,{{sfn|Fausold 1985|p=34}} kaasup Menteri Kauangan [[Andrew Mellon]].{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=81–82}} [[Lou Henry Hoover]] nyaéta saurang Ibu Nagara anu aktip. Manéhna jadi conto pikeun [[Awéwé Anyar|awéwé anyar]] dina éra sanggeus Perang Dunya I: calakan, jagat, sarta sadar kana rupa-rupa poténsi awéwé.<ref>Tempo sacara umum Nancy Beck Young, ''Lou Henry Hoover: Activist First Lady'' (University Press of Kansas, 2005)</ref> === Kawijakan jero nagri === ==== Déprési Gedé ==== {{See also|Déprési Gedé di Amérika Sarikat}} Nalika mimiti ngajabat, Hoover nyarita yén "upami dipaparin kasempetan pikeun maju kalayan kawijakan dalapan taun ka tukang, urang bakal geura-giru kalayan pitulung Gusti, nempo poé dimana kamiskinan bakal dileungitkeun tina ieu bangsa".<ref>{{cite book|first1=James L. |last1=Roark |first2=Michael P.|last2=Johnson|first3=Patricia Cline|last3=Cohen|first4=Sarah|last4=Stage|first5=Susan M.|last5=Hartmann|title=The American Promise, Volume C: A History of the United States: Since 1890|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ozj_o6POIssC&pg=PA772|year=2012|publisher=Bedford/St. Martin's|page=772|isbn=978-0-312-56944-0}}</ref> Sanggeus nempo hasil kamakmuran anu dibawa ku kamajuan téknologi, loba jalma anu milu ngarasa optimis saperti Hoover, sarta pasar saham anu geus ramé beuki naék luhur nalika Hoover mimiti ngajabat.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=80–81}} Ieu rasa optimis téh sabenerna nyumputkeun sababaraha ancaman pikeun pertumbuhan ékonomi AS anu tuluy-tuluyan, kaasup [[Krisis tatanén 1920-an|krisis tatanén]] anu terus lumangsung, jenuhna [[barang konsumsi]] saperti [[Mobil|mobil]], sarta tumuwuhna [[Kateusaruaan panghasilan di Amérika Sarikat|kateusaruaan panghasilan]].{{sfn|Fausold 1985|pp=65–68}} Anu pangbahayana pikeun ékonomi nyaéta spékulasi kalebihan anu geus naékkeun [[Harga saham|harga saham]] jauh saluhureun ajén sabenerna.{{sfn|Kennedy|1999|pp=35–36}} Sababaraha régulator sarta bankir geus ngingetan Coolidge sarta Hoover yén kagagalan pikeun nahan spékulasi bakal ngabalukarkeun "salah sahiji musibah kauangan panggedéna anu kungsi katingali ku ieu nagara," tapi duanana présidén éta asa-asa pikeun kalibet dina urusan [[Sistem Cadangan Féderal]], anu ngatur bank-bank.{{sfn|Fausold 1985|pp=68–71}} Dina ahir Oktober 1929, [[Pasar Saham Ancur 1929|pasar saham ancur]], sarta ékonomi dunya mimiti turun drastis kana mangsa [[Déprési Gedé]].{{sfn|Fausold 1985|pp=72–74}} Anu jadi [[sabab Déprési Gedé]] masih jadi bahan padu omong,{{sfn|Kaufman|2012|p=502}} tapi Hoover nempo yén kurangna kapercayaan kana sistem kauangan mangrupa masalah ékonomi anu paling dasar anu disanghareupan ku bangsa.{{sfn|Houck|2000|pp=155–156}} Manéhna nyoba nyingkahan pipilueun féderal, percaya yén cara pangalusna pikeun nguatkeun ékonomi nyaéta ngaliwatan pangiatan bisnis-bisnis saperti bank sarta jalan karéta api. Manéhna ogé sieun yén ngantepkeun individu narima "[[belanja karaharjaan|santunan]]" (''dole'') bakal ngaleutikan nagara sacara permanén,{{sfn|Carcasson|1998|pp=350–351}} sarta percaya yén "bantuan pikeun individu ti pamaréntah féderal bakal mawa runtuyan korupsi sarta kabubujal (pemborosan) anu can pernah kasaksian ku bangsa urang."<ref>History of the U.S., Vol. 2 By Thomas V. DiBacco, 1991, P.353</ref> Sabalikna, Hoover percaya pisan yén pamaréntah lokal sarta sumbangan swasta anu kudu nanganan pangabutuh individu.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009b}} ##### Kawijakan awal ##### [[File:President Herbert Hoover Sitting At His Desk (31-1930-A17).jpg|thumb|Hoover keur calik dina méjana dina 20 Désémber 1930. Ieu mangrupa poto munggaran Hoover di Gedong Bodas, sarta poto munggaran anu némbongkeun telepon dina méja saurang présidén.]] Sanajan manéhna nyoba méré gambaran positip kana [[Wall Street Ancur 1929|Salasa Hideung]], Hoover gancang gerak pikeun nanganan runtagna pasar saham.{{sfn|Fausold 1985|pp=74–75}} Dina poé-poé sanggeus Salasa Hideung, Hoover ngumpulkeun para pamingpin bisnis sarta buruh, ménta maranéhna pikeun nyingkahan pamotongan gajih sarta panghentian gawé nalika nagara nyanghareupan naon anu diyakini ku manéhna salaku résési pondok, sarupa jeung Déprési 1920–21.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=104105}} Hoover ogé ngayakinkeun pausahaan jalan karéta sarta utilitas publik pikeun ningkatkeun belanja pangwangunan sarta pangropéa, sarta [[Federal Reserve]] ngumumkeun yén maranéhna bakal nurunkeun suku bunga.{{sfn|Kennedy|1999|pp=53–55}} Dina awal taun 1930, Hoover meunangkeun tambahan dana $100 juta ti Kongrés pikeun neruskeun kawijakan pinjaman sarta pameulian [[Déwan Ladang Féderal]].<ref>Harris Gaylord Warren, ''Herbert Hoover and the Great Depression'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1959), p. 175.</ref> Ieu léngkah-léngkah téh sacara koléktif dirancang pikeun nyegah siklus [[déflasi]] sarta méré [[Stimulus (ékonomi)|stimulus fiskal]].{{sfn|Kennedy|1999|pp=53–55}} Dina waktu anu sarua, Hoover nentang usulan kongrés pikeun méré bantuan féderal ka nu pangangguran, sabab manéhna percaya yén program saperti kitu téh mangrupa tanggung jawab pamaréntah nagara bagian, lokal, sarta organisasi filantropi.{{sfn|Fausold 1985|pp=147–149}} Hoover mimiti ngajabat kalayan harepan bisa naékkeun tarif tatanén pikeun mantuan para patani anu keur kasusah alatan krisis ladang taun 1920-an, tapi usahana ieu jadi kabeungkeut kana hiji rarancang undang-undang anu naékkeun tarif sacara lega.{{sfn|Fausold 1985|pp=93–97}} Hoover nolak pikeun kalibet jero dina debat kongrés ngeunaan tarif éta, sarta Kongrés ngahasilkeun hiji RUU tarif anu naékkeun tingkat pajeg pikeun loba barang.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=399–402, 414}} Sanajan éta RUU téh teu dipikaresep ku balaréa, Hoover ngarasa manéhna teu bisa nolak hasil législatif utama ti [[Kongrés Amérika Sarikat ka-71]] anu dikawasa ku Républik. Ngaliwatan protés ti loba ahli ékonomi, Hoover nandatanganan [[Undang-Undang Tarif Smoot–Hawley]] jadi hukum dina Juni 1930.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=414–415}} Kanada, Perancis, sarta nagara-nagara séjénna males ku cara naékkeun tarif ogé, anu ngabalukarkeun kontraksi dina [[perdagangan internasional]] sarta ngajadikeun ékonomi beuki parah.<ref>Kumiko Koyama, "The Passage of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act: Why Did the President Sign the Bill?" ''Journal of Policy History'' (2009) 21#2 pp. 163–86</ref> Urang Républik Progrésif saperti Sénator [[William E. Borah]] ti Idaho kacida ambekna nalika Hoover nandatanganan éta undang-undang tarif, sarta hubungan Hoover jeung faksi éta di partéy teu kungsi pulih deui.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=91–92}} ===== Kawijakan satuluyna ===== [[File:Herbert Hoover and Ted Joslin.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Hoover di Oval Office bareng [[Theodore Joslin|Ted Joslin]], 1932]] Dina ahir taun 1930, [[Pangangguran di Amérika Sarikat|tingkat pangangguran nasional]] geus nepi ka 11,9 persén, tapi can pati jelas pikeun sabagéan badag urang Amérika yén kamunduran ékonomi ieu bakal leuwih parah batan Déprési 1920–21.{{sfn|Kennedy|1999|pp=58–59}} Runtuyan [[bank bangkrut|kagagalan bank]] dina ahir taun 1930 nandakeun [[Runtagna ékonomi|runtagna ékonomi]] anu leuwih gedé dina taun 1931.{{sfn|Kennedy|1999|pp=65–66}} Nalika nagara-nagara séjén ninggalkeun [[standar emas]], Hoover nolak pikeun ngaleupaskeunana;{{sfn|Kennedy|1999|pp=77–78}} manéhna ngécé kana sagala [[sistem monétér]] séjénna salaku "[[Koléktivisme sarta individualisme|koléktivisme]]".{{sfn|Eichengreen|Temin|2000|pp=196–197}} Hoover nempo yén lemahna [[Ékonomi Éropa]] mangrupa sabab utama tina masalah ékonomi di Amérika Sarikat.{{sfn|Fausold 1985|pp=143–144}} Salaku réspon kana runtugna [[Ékonomi Jérman]], Hoover ngumpulkeun rojongan kongrés pikeun moratorium sataun kana hutang perang Éropa.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=441–444, 449}} [[Moratorium Hoover]] ditarima kalayan hadé di Éropa sarta Amérika Sarikat, tapi Jérman tetep aya dina bangku [[Gagal bayar|kagagalan bayar]] tina pinjamanna.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=450–452}} Nalika ékonomi dunya beuki parah, pamaréntahan démokratis loba anu runtag; di Jérman, pamingpin [[Partéy Nazi]] [[Adolf Hitler]] nyekel kakawasaan sarta ngabubarkeun [[Républik Weimar]].{{sfn|Herring|2008|pp=485–486}} Nepi ka pertengahan 1931, tingkat pangangguran geus nepi ka 15 persén, anu ngabalukarkeun kasieun anu beuki ningkat yén nagara keur ngalaman déprési anu jauh leuwih parah batan kamunduran ékonomi saméméhna.{{sfn|Fausold 1985|pp=140–141}} Salaku jalma anu rada katutup sarta boga kasieun pikeun nyarita di hareupeun umum, Hoover ngantepkeun lawan-lawanna di Partéy Démokrat ngagambarkeun dirina salaku jalma anu tiis, teu mampuh, réaksionér, sarta kurang gaul.{{sfn|Carcasson|1998|pp=351–352}} Lawan-lawan Hoover nyiptakeun rupa-rupa [[Landihan (julukan)|landihan]] anu ngahina pikeun ngaruksak reputasina, saperti "[[Hooverville]]" (padumukan kumuh sarta kémp pangungsian), "kulit Hoover" (kardus anu dipaké pikeun nambal sol sapatu anu bolong), sarta "simbut Hoover" (koran urut anu dipaké pikeun nyimbut diri tina hawa tiis).<ref>{{cite book| title=The Great War and the Origins of Humanitarianism, 1918–1924| last=Cabanes| first=Bruno| page=206| publisher=Cambridge University Press| date=2014|isbn=978-1-107-02062-7}}</ref> Nalika Hoover terus nolak usaha bantuan féderal, Gubernur [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] ti New York ngaluncurkeun Administrasi Bantuan Darurat Samentara pikeun méré bantuan ka nu pangangguran. Urang Démokrat mosisikeun éta program salaku alternatif anu leuwih merhatoskeun batan naon anu disebut sikép apatis Hoover ka nu pangangguran, sanajan Hoover percaya yén program kitu téh tanggung jawab nagara bagian sarta lokal.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=457–459}} Ékonomi terus nyirorot, kalayan tingkat pangangguran ampir nepi ka 23 persén dina awal taun 1932,{{sfn|Fausold 1985|pp=162–166}} sarta Hoover tungtungna ngadéngékeun pamenta pikeun leuwih loba pipilueun féderal.{{sfn|Olson 1972|pp=508–511}} Dina Januari 1932, manéhna ngayakinkeun Kongrés pikeun ngesahkeun pangadegan [[Reconstruction Finance Corporation]] (RFC), anu bakal méré pinjaman anu dijamin ku pamaréntah ka lembaga kauangan, jalan karéta, sarta pamaréntah lokal.{{sfn|Fausold 1985|pp=153–154}} RFC nyalametkeun loba bisnis tina kabangkrutan, tapi gagal ngarangsang pinjaman komérsial saloba anu dipiharep ku Hoover, sabagéan alatan RFC dijalankeun ku bankir konservatif anu teu kersa méré pinjaman anu boga résiko luhur.{{sfn|Fausold 1985|pp=162–163}} Dina bulan anu sarua nalika RFC diadegkeun, Hoover nandatanganan [[Undang-Undang Bank Pinjaman Imah Féderal]], anu ngadegkeun 12 bank distrik anu diawasi ku Déwan Bank Pinjaman Imah Féderal kalayan cara anu sarupa jeung Sistem Federal Reserve.{{sfn|Rappleye|2016|pp=309}} Manéhna ogé mantuan dina pengesahan [[Undang-Undang Glass–Steagall 1932]], hiji panerapan perbankan darurat anu dirancang pikeun ngalegaan kiridit perbankan ku cara ngalegaan jaminan dimana bank Federal Reserve diwenangkeun pikeun méré pinjaman.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=483–484}} Nalika ieu léngkah-léngkah téh gagal nahan krisis ékonomi, Hoover nandatanganan [[Undang-Undang Bantuan Darurat sarta Pangwangunan]], hiji RUU proyék umum saharga $2 miliar, dina Juli 1932.{{sfn|Fausold 1985|pp=162–166}} ====Budget policy==== [[File:Debt1929-50.jpg|thumb|left|National debt as a fraction of GNP up from 20% to 40% under Hoover. From ''Historical Statistics US'' (1976).]] After a decade of [[budget surplus]]es, the federal government experienced a [[Budget deficits|budget deficit]] in 1931.{{sfn|Rappleye|2016|p=303}} Though some economists, like [[William Trufant Foster]], favored [[deficit spending]] to address the Great Depression, most politicians and economists believed in the necessity of keeping a [[balanced budget]].{{sfn|Fausold 1985|pp=158–159}} In late 1931, Hoover proposed a tax plan to increase [[tax revenue]] by 30 percent, resulting in the passage of the [[Revenue Act of 1932]].{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=472, 488–489}} The act increased taxes across the board, rolling back much of the [[tax cut]] reduction program Mellon had presided over during the 1920s. Top earners were taxed at 63 percent on their net income, the highest rate since the early 1920s. The act also doubled the top [[Estate tax in the United States|estate tax]] rate, cut [[Income tax in the United States|personal income tax]] exemptions, eliminated the [[Corporate tax in the United States|corporate income tax]] exemption, and raised corporate tax rates.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ippolito |first1=Dennis S. |title=Deficits, Debt, and the New Politics of Tax Policy |date=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-85157-2 |page=35}}</ref> Prior to its passage, the legislation included a sales tax, but this part of the bill was defeated in the House of Representatives by 211 to 178 votes.<ref>[https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/LaGuardia_in_Congress/2hNdePcjrdUC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=la+guardia+in+congress+sales+tax+211+votes&pg=PA224&printsec=frontcover LaGuardia in Congress By Howard Zinn, 2010, P.224]</ref> Despite the passage of the Revenue Act, the federal government continued to run a budget deficit.{{sfn|Fausold 1985|pp=159–161}} {{Clear left}} {{Further|Gerakan Lily-white|Repatriasi Méksiko}} [[File:President & Mrs Hoover in Belvidere IL cph.3b12319.jpg|thumb|upright|Herbert sarta [[Lou Henry Hoover]] dina karéta api di Illinois]] Hoover jarang nyabit-nyabit ngeunaan [[Gerakan hak sipil (1896–1954)|hak sipil]] nalika manéhna jadi présidén. Manéhna percaya yén urang Afrika-Amérika sarta ras séjénna bisa ningkatkeun darajatna sorangan ngaliwatan pendidikan sarta inisiatif individu.<ref>Lisio, Donald J. ''Hoover, Blacks, & Lily-Whites: A Study of Southern Strategies'', University of North Carolina Press, 1985 ([https://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=105110361 excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605043201/http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=105110361 |date=June 5, 2011 }})</ref> Hoover nunjuk leuwih loba urang Afrika-Amérika kana jabatan féderal batan Harding sarta Coolidge digabungkeun, tapi loba pamingpin Afrika-Amérika anu ngutuk rupa-rupa aspék administrasi Hoover, kaasup kateukersa Hoover pikeun ngadorong undang-undang féderal [[Gerakan anti-lynching|anti-panyiksa (anti-lynching)]].{{sfn|Garcia 1980|pp=471–474}} Hoover ogé terus ngajalankeun strategi lily-white, nyaéta nyoplokkeun urang Afrika-Amérika tina posisi pamingpin di Partéy Républik dina usaha pikeun mungkas [[Solid South|dominasi Partéy Démokrat di Kidul]].{{sfn|Garcia 1980|pp=462–464}} Sanajan [[Robert Russa Moton|Robert Moton]] sarta sababaraha pamingpin kulit hideung séjénna nampa strategi lily-white salaku léngkah samentara, lolobana pamingpin Afrika-Amérika mah kacida ambekna.{{sfn|Garcia 1980|pp=464–465}} Hoover beuki ngajauhan pamingpin kulit hideung ku cara nyalonkeun hakim konservatif ti Kidul, [[John J. Parker]], ka [[Mahkamah Agung Amérika Sarikat]]; pencalonan Parker tungtungna gagal di Sénat alatan ayana perlawanan ti [[NAACP]] sarta organisasi buruh.{{sfn|Garcia 1980|pp=465–467}} Loba pamilih kulit hideung anu pindah ka Partéy Démokrat dina pemilu 1932, sarta urang Afrika-Amérika engkéna bakal jadi bagian penting tina [[Koalisi New Deal]] Franklin Roosevelt.{{sfn|Garcia 1980|pp=476–477}} Salaku bagian tina usahana pikeun ngawatesan pangangguran, Hoover nyoba neukteuk [[imigrasi ka Amérika Sarikat]], sarta dina taun 1930 manéhna ngaluarkeun paréntah éksékutip anu ngawajibkeun individu boga pagawéan saméméh pindah ka Amérika Sarikat.{{sfn|Rappleye|2016|p=247}} Administrasi Hoover ngamimitian kampanye pikeun nungtut [[Imigrasi ilegal ka Amérika Sarikat|imigran ilegal di Amérika Sarikat]], anu pangaruhna kacida kuatna ka [[Urang Méksiko-Amérika]], utamana maranéhna anu cicing di [[California Kidul]].{{sfn|Hoffman 1973|pp=206–207}} Pamaréntah féderal ogé ngarojong repatriasi Méksiko dimana aya sakitar 300.000 nepi ka dua juta urang Méksiko sarta Méksiko-Amérika anu dipulangkeun, didéportasi, atawa diusir ka Méksiko salila taun 1930-an, utamana dina mangsa jabatan Hoover. Opat puluh nepi ka genep puluh persén ti maranéhna téh sabenerna [[Kawasarganagaraan Amérika Sarikat|warga nagara Amérika]].<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Byza6YM2bukC|title=The Praeger Handbook of Latino Education in the U.S.|last=Rosales|first=F. Arturo|date=January 1, 2007|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780313338304|editor-last=Soto|editor-first=Lourdes Diaz|pages=400–403|chapter=Repatriation of Mexicans from the US}}</ref><ref name="gratton">{{cite news|url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/102163/imre12054.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|title=Immigration, Repatriation, and Deportation: The Mexican-Origin Population in the United States, 1920–1950|last1=Gratton|first1=Brian|last2=Merchant |first2=Emily|date=December 2013|pages=944–975|publisher=The International migration review|issue=4|volume=47}}</ref>{{sfn|Johnson 2005|p=4–5}} Sanajan pamaréntah féderal nyorong repatriasi, hal ieu lolobana diatur ku otoritas nagara bagian sarta lokal kalayan pangrojong ti pihak swasta. Administrasi Hoover ngadéportasi 34.000 urang ka Méksiko antara taun 1930 nepi ka 1933. Tapi, leuwih loba jalma anu milih repatriasi sacara sukarela.{{sfn|Hoffman 1973|pp=208, 217–218}}<ref name="gratton" /> Sababaraha ahli boga pamadegan yén repatriasi massal ieu mangrupa kawijakan ti administrasi Hoover.<ref name="gratton" /> Numutkeun profésor hukum Kevin R. Johnson, kampanye repatriasi ieu minuhan standar hukum modern ngeunaan [[ethnic cleansing]] (pembersihan étnis), sabab ngalibatkeun panyabutan paksa hiji minoritas ras ku aktor pamaréntah.{{sfn|Johnson 2005|p=6}} Hoover ngatur deui [[Biro Urusan India]] pikeun ngawatesan éksploitasi ka urang pribumi Amérika (Native Americans).<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=The Ordeal of Herbert Hoover |url=https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2004/summer/hoover-1.html |access-date=May 2, 2022 |website=National Archives}}</ref> ==== Prohibisi ==== Nalika mimiti ngajabat, Hoover ngadesek urang Amérika pikeun matuh kana [[Amandemén Kadalapan Belas Konstitusi Amérika Sarikat|Amandemén Kadalapan Belas]] sarta [[Undang-Undang Volstead]], anu geus netepkeun [[Prohibisi di Amérika Sarikat|Prohibisi]] di sakuliah Amérika Sarikat.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=372–373}} Pikeun méré rékoméndasi kawijakan publik ngeunaan Prohibisi, manéhna ngadegkeun [[Komisi Wickersham]].{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|p=85}} Hoover tadina miharep yén laporan publik komisi éta bakal nguatkeun siképna anu pro-Prohibisi, tapi éta laporan téh kalah nyawad kana palaksanaan Undang-Undang Volstead sarta nyatet ayana tumuwuhna panolakan publik kana Prohibisi. Sanggeus Laporan Wickersham dipublikasikeun dina taun 1931, Hoover nolak saran ti sababaraha babaturan deukeutna sarta nolak pikeun nyatujuan révisi naon waé kana Undang-Undang Volstead atawa Amandemén Kadalapan Belas, sabab manéhna sieun hal éta bakal ngaruksak rojongan ti para panganjur Prohibisi.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=433–435}} Nalika opini publik beuki malik nentang Prohibisi, beuki loba jalma anu ngarémpak hukum, sarta gerakan akar jukut mimiti digawé satékah polah pikeun ngabolaykeun Prohibisi.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Repealing National Prohibition|last=Kyvig|first=David E.|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|year=1979|location=Chicago, IL|pages=49}}</ref> Dina Januari 1933, hiji amandemén konstitusi pikeun ngabolaykeun Amandemén Kadalapan Belas disatujuan ku Kongrés sarta diajukeun ka nagara-nagara bagian pikeun diratifikasi. Nepi ka Désémber 1933, éta amandemén geus diratifikasi ku jumlah nagara bagian anu diperlukeun pikeun jadi [[Amandemén Kasalapan Likur Konstitusi Amérika Sarikat]].<ref name=DCHuckabee>{{cite web|last=Huckabee|first=David C.|title=Ratification of Amendments to the U.S. Constitution|url=http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/97-922.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040627015810/http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/97-922.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 27, 2004|publisher=[[Congressional Research Service reports]]|date=September 30, 1997}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040627015810/http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/97-922.pdf |date=June 27, 2004 }}</ref> ==== Protés Bonus Army ==== {{Main|Bonus Army}} Rébuan véteran Perang Dunya I sarta kulawargana ngayakeun démonstrasi sarta masang kémp di Washington, DC, salila bulan Juni 1932, nungtut pamayaran saharita tina bonus anu geus dijanjikeun ku [[Undang-Undang Kompénsasi Disaluyukeun Perang Dunya]] dina taun 1924; katangtuan dina éta undang-undang nyebutkeun yén pamayaran bonus téh kakara bakal dilaksanakeun dina taun 1945. Sanajan ditawaran duit ku [[Kongrés Amérika Sarikat]] pikeun marulang ka lemburna, sababaraha anggota "Bonus Army" tetep cicing di dinya. Pulisi Washington nyoba ngabubarkeun para démonstran, tapi jumlahna éléh loba sarta teu hasil. Pulisi ngaleupaskeun témbakan dina usaha anu taya gunana pikeun nyiptakeun katartiban, anu ngabalukarkeun dua démonstran tiwas sarta loba petugas anu tatu. Hoover ngirimkeun pasukan Angkatan Darat AS anu dipingpin ku Jéndral [[Douglas MacArthur]] ka tempat protés. MacArthur, anu percaya yén manéhna keur merangan [[Révolusi Komunis]], milih pikeun ngabersihkeun éta kémp ku kakuatan militér. Sanajan Hoover teu maréntahkeun MacArthur pikeun ngabubarkeun démonstran ku cara kitu, manéhna nyatujuan tindakan éta sanggeus kajadianana lumangsung.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=136–138}} Ieu kajadian téh jadi hal anu ngerakeun pikeun administrasi Hoover sarta ngaruksak usahana pikeun kapilih deui dina pemilu.<ref name="dickson1">{{cite magazine|last1=Dickson|first1=Paul|last2=Allen|first2=Thomas B.|title=Marching on History|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/marching-on-history-75797769/|access-date=February 7, 2017|magazine=Smithsonian|date=February 2003}}</ref> === Kawijakan luar nagri === Numutkeun Leuchtenburg, Hoover téh "présidén Amérika pamungkas anu mimiti ngajabat tanpa boga kabutuhan anu nyata pikeun merhatoskeun dunya luar". Sanajan kitu, salila mangsa jabatan Hoover, tatanan dunya anu diadegkeun sanggeus Perang Dunya I mimiti runtag.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|p=117}} Salaku présidén, Hoover umumna nedunan jangjina saméméh ngajabat pikeun henteu pipilueun kana urusan jero nagri Amérika Latin. Dina taun 1930, manéhna ngaluarkeun [[Mémorandum Clark]], hiji panolakan kana [[Roosevelt Corollary]] sarta léngkah nuju non-intervénsionisme di Amérika Latin. Hoover henteu sagemblengna nahan diri tina pamakéan militér dina [[hubungan Amérika Latin–Amérika Sarikat|urusan Amérika Latin]]; manéhna tilu kali ngancem bakal ngayakeun intervénsi di [[Républik Dominika]], sarta ngirimkeun kapal perang ka [[Él Salvador]] pikeun ngarojong pamaréntah dina nyanghareupan révolusi sayap kénca.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=120–121}} Sanajan aya tindakan-tindakan éta, manéhna mungkas [[Perang Cau]] (Banana Wars), ngaréngsékeun [[pangeureutan Amérika Sarikat di Nikaragua|pangeureutan Nikaragua]] sarta ampir mungkas [[pangeureutan Amérika Sarikat di Haiti|pangeureutan Haiti]].{{sfn|Fausold 1985|pp=183–186}} Hoover méré prioritas kana [[pancaténan pakarang]] (disarmament), anu dipiharep ku manéhna bisa mindahkeun dana ti militér kana kabutuhan jero nagri.{{sfn|Fausold 1985|p=58}} Hoover sarta Menteri Luar Nagri [[Henry L. Stimson]] museurkeun perhatian kana ngalegaan [[Perjangjian Angkatan Laut Washington]] 1922, anu tujuanna pikeun nyegah balapan [[pakara pakarang]] angkatan laut.{{sfn|Herring|2008|pp=479–480}} Alatan usaha Hoover, Amérika Sarikat sarta kakuatan angkatan laut utama séjénna nandatanganan [[Perjangjian Angkatan Laut London]] 1930.{{sfn|Fausold 1985|pp=175–176}} Ieu perjangjian téh mangrupa munggaran kalina kakuatan-kakuatan angkatan laut sapuk pikeun ngawatesan tonase [[Kapal pangrojong|kapal tambahan]], sabab perjangjian saméméhna mah ngan ukur mangaruhan kana [[kapal utama]] (capital ships).{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=117–119}} Dina [[Konférénsi Pancaténan Pakarang Dunya]] 1932, Hoover ngadesek pangurangan pakarang anu leuwih loba sarta ngalarang pamakéan [[tank]] sarta [[kapal nu mawa bom]], tapi usulna henteu ditarima.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=117–119}} Dina taun 1931, Jepang [[invasi Jepang ka Manchuria|nginvasi]] [[Manchuria]], ngéléhkeun [[Angkatan Révolusionér Nasional]] [[Républik Cina (1912–1949)]] sarta ngadegkeun [[Manchukuo]], hiji nagara bonéka. Administrasi Hoover ngutuk éta invasi, tapi ogé nyoba nyingkahan konflik jeung urang Jepang, sabab sieun yén nyokot sikép anu teuing keras bakal ngaleutikan kakuatan moderat di pamaréntahan Jepang sarta ngajauhkeun poténsi sekutu pikeun ngalawan [[Uni Soviét]], anu ku manéhna dianggap salaku ancaman anu jauh leuwih gedé.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=122–123}} Salaku réspon kana invasi Jepang, Hoover sarta Menteri Luar Nagri Stimson nyieun garis badag [[Doktrin Stimson]], anu nétépkeun yén Amérika Sarikat moal ngaku kana wilayah-wilayah anu dimeunangkeun ku cara kekerasan.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 1844715|title = The Stimson Doctrine and the Hoover Doctrine|journal = The American Historical Review|volume = 59|issue = 3|pages = 513–542|last1 = Current|first1 = Richard N.|year = 1954|doi = 10.2307/1844715}}</ref> == Kampanye pamilihan deui 1932 == {{Main|Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1932}} Nepi ka pertengahan 1931, saeutik pisan pangamat anu mikir yén Hoover boga harepan gedé pikeun meunangkeun jabatan kadua di tengah krisis ékonomi anu terus lumangsung.{{sfn|Fausold 1985|pp=193–194}} Harepan urang Républik kacida murepna nepi ka Hoover teu nyanghareupan perlawanan anu hartosna pikeun dicalonkeun deui dina [[Konvénsi Nasional Républik 1932]]. Coolidge sarta inohong Républik séjénna kabéhanana ngaliwatkeun kasempetan pikeun nangtang Hoover.{{sfn|Fausold 1985|pp=194–195}} Franklin D. Roosevelt meunangkeun pencalonan présidén dina sora (ballot) kaopat dina [[Konvénsi Nasional Démokrat 1932]], ngéléhkeun calon Démokrat taun 1928, Al Smith. Urang Démokrat nyerang Hoover salaku cukang lantaran Déprési Gedé, sarta dianggap teu paduli kana sangsara anu dialaman ku jutaan jalma.{{sfn|Carcasson|1998|pp=353}} Salaku Gubernur New York, Roosevelt geus ménta législatur New York pikeun méré bantuan ka jalma-jalma anu merlukeun, anu ngawangun reputasi Roosevelt salaku jalma anu leuwih satuju kana intervénsionisme pamaréntah salila krisis ékonomi.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=138–140}} Partéy Démokrat, kaasup Al Smith sarta pamingpin nasional séjénna, ngahiji di tukangeun Roosevelt, samentara urang Républik progrésif saperti George Norris sarta [[Robert M. La Follette Jr.|Robert La Follette Jr.]] ninggalkeun Hoover.{{sfn|Fausold 1985|pp=211–212}} Prohibisi beuki teu dipikaresep sarta golongan "wet" (anti-prohibisi) méré argumén yén nagara bagian sarta lokal merlukeun duit pajeg. Hoover ngusulkeun amandemén konstitusi anyar anu teu jelas sacara hususna. Program Roosevelt ngajanjikeun pangabolayan Amandemén ka-18.<ref>"Prohibition After the 1932 Elections" [https://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre1932081100 ''CQ Researcher'']</ref><ref>Herbert Brucker, "How Long, O Prohibition?" ''The North American Review'', 234#4 (1932), pp. 347–357. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25114102 online]</ref> [[File:ElectoralCollege1932.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|Hasil sora éléktoral 1932]] Hoover mimitina ngarencanakeun ngan ukur bakal ngayakeun hiji atawa dua biantara utama sarta masrahkeun sésa kampanyena ka utusan (proxy), sakumaha anu biasana dilakukeun ku présidén anu keur ngajabat. Sanajan kitu, didorong ku paménta urang Républik sarta ngarasa ambek ku klaim-klaim urang Démokrat, Hoover tungtungna turun langsung ka masarakat. Dina salapan biantara radio utamana, Hoover utamana ngabéla administrasina sarta [[Filsafat politik|filsafat pamaréntahanana]], ngadesek para pamilih pikeun tetep nyekel kana "dasar pangalaman" sarta nolak anggapan yén intervénsionisme pamaréntah bisa nyalametkeun nagara tina Déprési.{{sfn|Carcasson|1998|pp=359}} Para sejarawan boga pamadegan yén biantara radiona henteu ditarima kalayan hadé, sabagéan alatan cara nyaritana anu monoton sarta kaku.<ref name=":0" /> Dina lalampahan kampanyena ka sakuliah nagara, Hoover nyanghareupan balaréa anu bisa jadi pangmushuhna anu kungsi katingali ku hiji présidén anu keur ngajabat. Dina unggal pangeureutan kampanye, manéhna mindeng diganggu (heckled) sarta dipoyok, malah di [[Beloit, Wisconsin]], saurang lalaki ditahan kalayan tuduhan yén manéhna geus nyoplokkeun paku tina jalur karéta api saméméh karéta Hoover ngaliwat. Saurang anggota [[United States Secret Service | Secret Service]] nyatet, "Kuring geus ngarénjangan Présidén-Présidén saprak [[Theodore Roosevelt|Roosevelt]] sarta can kungsi ningali présidén bener-bener dipoyok, kalayan jalma-jalma lalumpatan ka jalan bari némbongkeun sikép ngahina ka manéhna."<ref name="rehoming">{{Cite news |author=<!-- not stated --> |url=https://time.com/archive/6890906/republicans-homing-hoover/ |magazine=Time |date=November 14, 1932 |title=Republicans: Rehoming Hoover |access-date=April 21, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Tungtungna, usaha Hoover pikeun ngabenerkeun administrasina henteu didéngé ku masarakat, sabab sabagéan badag publik nyalahkeun administrasina salaku cukang lantaran déprési.{{sfn|Carcasson|1998|pp=361–362}} Dina sora éléktoral, Hoover éléh 59–472, sarta ngan meunang di genep nagara bagian.{{sfn|Fausold 1985|pp=212–213}} Hoover meunangkeun 39,6 persén tina sora populer (popular vote), turun drastis 18,6 poin perséntase tina hasilna dina pemilu 1928.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=142}} </ref> Anu ngajadikeun manéhna kuciwa pisan, Hoover henteu diondang pikeun ngabantosan nagara sanggeus [[Sajarah militér Amérika Sarikat nalika Perang Dunya II|Amérika Sarikat aub dina Perang Dunya II]] alatan ayana pabéantar pamadegan jeung Roosevelt sarta popularitasna anu tetep murep.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=155–156}} Manéhna henteu ngudag pencalonan présidén dina [[Konvénsi Nasional Républik 1944]], sarta, dumasar kana paménta calon ti Républik [[Thomas E. Dewey]], manéhna nahan diri pikeun henteu milu kampanye salila pamilihan umum.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|p=572}} Dina taun 1945, Hoover méré saran ka Présidén [[Harry S. Truman]] sangkan ngabolaykeun tungtutan Amérika Sarikat ngeunaan [[penyerahan tanpa sarat]] ti Jepang alatan tingginya proyéksi korban jiwa tina [[Operasi Downfall|rencana invasi ka Jepang]], sanajan harita Hoover teu nyahoeun ngeunaan ayana [[Proyék Manhattan]] sarta [[Pakarang nuklir Amérika Sarikat|bom atom]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cohen |first=Jared |title=Accidental presidents: eight men who changed America|date=April 9, 2019 |publisher= Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-1-5011-0982-9|edition=First hardcover |location=New York|pages=313|oclc=1039375326}}</ref> Dina awal mangsa perang, [[Bernard Baruch]] ngusulkeun ka Franklin Roosevelt yén Hoover bisa waé dimangpaatkeun dina kapasitas administratif pikeun usaha perang. Roosevelt ngajawab, "Kuring téh lain Yésus Kristus. Kuring moal ngahudangkeun Hoover tina maotna," sarta éta ideu téh dipopohokeun kitu waé.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Schaefer |first1=Matthew |title=Hoover and 20th Century Presidents: Franklin Roosevelt |url=https://hoover.blogs.archives.gov/2020/04/08/hoover-and-20th-century-presidents-franklin-roosevelt/ |website=hoover.blogs.archives.gov |access-date=2 May 2026 |date=8 April 2020 |quote=‘I’m not Jesus Christ.  I’m not raising Hoover from the dead.’}}</ref> Sanajan Roosevelt nolak ngagunakeun jasa Hoover, manéhna tetep méré hormat ku cara ngutus Jéndral [[Albert Coady Wedemeyer]] pikeun rutin nganjang ka Hoover di suite-na di Hotel Waldorf Astoria, New York City, pikeun méré béja panganyarna ngeunaan rencana perang Sekutu. Tapi tetep waé, manéhna teu dibéré nyaho ngeunaan program pakarang atom ku Wedemeyer.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Schwartz |first1=Thomas |title=A Troubled Relationship |url=https://hoover.blogs.archives.gov/2021/05/05/a-troubled-relationship/ |website=hoover.blogs.archives.gov |access-date=2 May 2026 |date=5 May 2021}}</ref> Dina taun 1943, Hoover nyatakeun dukunganna kana [[Zionisme]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Herbert Hoover's Plan for Palestine | url=https://cooperative-individualism.org/medoff-rafael_herbert-hoover's-plan-for-palestine-1990-summer.pdf | access-date=December 29, 2024}}</ref> === Pasca-Perang Dunya II === {{Further|Kapersidénan Harry S. Truman|Kapersidénan Dwight D. Eisenhower}} [[File:Hoover men Allan Herbert Sr Andrew 1950.jpg|thumb|Hoover bareng jeung putrana [[Allan Hoover|Allan]] (kénca) sarta incuna Andrew (luhur), 1950]] Saatos Perang Dunya II, Hoover sosobatan jeung Présidén Truman sanajan maranéhna boga bédana idéologi.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=157–158}} Alatan pangalaman Hoover jeung Jérman dina ahir Perang Dunya I, dina taun 1946 Truman milih tilas présidén éta pikeun ngulilingan [[Jérman anu dikawasa Sekutu]] sarta [[Roma]], Itali pikeun mastikeun kabutuhan pangan nagara-nagara anu dikawasa éta. Sanggeus ngulilingan Jérman, Hoover ngahasilkeun [[Misi Ékonomi Présidén ka Jérman sarta Austria|sajumlah laporan]] anu kritis kana kawijakan pangeureutan AS.<ref>{{cite book | first = Michael R. | last = Beschloss | title = The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman and the Destruction of Hitler's Germany, 1941–1945 | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780743244541 | url-access = registration | publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|location=New York City|date = 2002 |isbn=978-0-7432-4454-1|page = [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780743244541/page/277 277]}}</ref> Manéhna nyatakeun dina salah sahiji laporanna yén "aya ilusi yén Jérman Anyar anu nyésa sanggeus [[Jérman Wétan sacara Sajarah#Konférénsi Potsdam|anéksasi]] bisa diréduksi jadi '[[Rencana Morgenthau|nagara pastor]] (pastoral state).' Hal éta moal bisa dilakukeun iwal urang maéhan atawa mindahkeun 25.000.000 jalma ti dinya."<ref>{{cite web|author=UN Chronicle |url=https://www.un.org/Pubs/chronicle/2008/webarticles/080103_marshallplan.html |title=The Marshall Plan at 60: The General's Successful War on Poverty |publisher=The United Nations |date=March 18, 1947 |access-date=June 17, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414103548/http://www.un.org/Pubs/chronicle/2008/webarticles/080103_marshallplan.html |archive-date=April 14, 2008 }}</ref> Atas inisiatif Hoover, program kadaharan sakola di [[Bizone|zona pangeureutan Amérika sarta Inggris di Jérman]] dimimitian dina 14 April 1947; éta program méré dahar ka 3.500.000 barudak.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shephard |first=Roy J. |author-link=Roy J. Shephard |year=2014 |title=An Illustrated History of Health and Fitness, from Pre-History to our Post-Modern World |publisher=[[Axel Springer SE]]|location=New York City|page=782 }}</ref> {{external media | width = 210px | float = right | audio1 = [https://www.loc.gov/rr/record/pressclub/hoover.html National Press Club Luncheon Speakers], Herbert Hoover, March 10, 1954, 37:23, Hoover speaks starting at 7:25 about the second reorganization commission, [[Library of Congress]]<ref name="loc">{{cite web | title =National Press Club Luncheon Speakers, Herbert Hoover, March 10, 1954 | publisher =[[Library of Congress]] | url =https://www.loc.gov/rr/record/pressclub/hoover.html | access-date =October 20, 2016 }}</ref> }} Anu leuwih penting deui, dina taun 1947 Truman nunjuk Hoover pikeun mingpin [[Komisi Hoover|Komisi Organisasi Cabang Éksékutip Pamaréntah]], hiji studi tingkat luhur anu anyar. Truman nampa sababaraha rékoméndasi ti "Komisi Hoover" pikeun ngaleungitkeun pemborosan, penipuan, sarta inéfisiénsi, ngahijikeun lembaga-lembaga, sarta nguatkeun kontrol Gedong Bodas kana kawijakan.<ref>Richard Norton Smith, ''An Uncommon Man,'' (1984) pp 371–380.</ref><ref>Christopher D. McKenna, "Agents of adhocracy: management consultants and the reorganization of the executive branch, 1947–1949." ''Business and Economic History'' (1996): 101–111.</ref> Sanajan Hoover kungsi nentang konséntrasi kakawasaan Roosevelt dina taun 1930-an, manéhna percaya yén kapersidénan anu leuwih kuat diperlukeun ku ayana [[Zaman Atom]].{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=158–159}} Salila [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1948|pamilihan présidén 1948]], Hoover ngarojong kampanye calon Républik [[Thomas E. Dewey]] anu gagal ngalawan Truman, tapi manéhna tetep boga hubungan anu hadé jeung Truman.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=587–588}} Hoover satuju kana ayana Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (UN) sacara prinsip, tapi manéhna nolak méré kaanggotaan ka [[Uni Soviét]] sarta nagara-nagara [[Nagara komunis|Komunis]] séjénna. Manéhna nganggap Uni Soviét sarua hinana sacara moral jeung Jérman Nazi sarta ngarojong usaha [[Richard Nixon]] jeung nu séjénna pikeun ngungkab urang Komunis di Amérika Sarikat.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=592–594}} [[File:President John F. Kennedy and former President Herbert Hoover.jpg|thumb|Hoover bareng jeung Présidén [[John F. Kennedy]] dina taun 1961]] Dina taun 1949, Dewey salaku gubernur New York nawarkeun korsi Sénat ka Hoover anu ditinggalkeun ku [[Robert F. Wagner]]. Éta téh ngan ukur pikeun jadi sénator salila dua bulan, sarta manéhna nolak.<ref>Herbert Hoover, ''The Crusade Years, 1933–1955: Herbert Hoover's Lost Memoir of the New Deal Era and Its Aftermath'', edited by George H. Nash, (Hoover Institution Press, 2013) p 13.</ref> [[File:Hoover Truman Eisenhower.jpg|thumb|left|Hoover (katuhu) bareng jeung Présidén [[Harry S. Truman]] (tengah) sarta Jéndral [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] (kénca) di [[Universitas Princeton]]]] Hoover ngarojong pamingpin konservatif [[Robert A. Taft]] dina [[Konvénsi Nasional Républik 1952]], tapi pencalonan présidén ti partéy kalah labuh ka [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], anu satuluyna meunangkeun [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1952|pamilihan 1952]].{{sfn|Whyte 2017|p=595}} Sanajan Eisenhower nunjuk Hoover kana komisi présidén séjénna, Hoover teu pati resep ka Eisenhower, manéhna nyalahkeun Eisenhower alatan gagalna dina ngabolaykeun New Deal.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=158–159}} Kagiatan publik Hoover mantuan mulihkeun reputasina, kitu ogé carana anu sok ngagunakeun humor anu ngarendahkeun diri sorangan; manéhna sakapeung nyarita yén "Kuring téh hiji-hijina jalma pinunjul anu ngaranna kungsi dijadikeun ngaran déprési."{{sfn|Whyte 2017|p=592}} Dina taun 1958, Kongrés ngaluarkeun [[Undang-Undang Tilas Présidén]], anu méré pénsiun taunan $25.000 (sarua jeung {{Inflation|US|25000|1958|fmt=eq}}) ka unggal tilas présidén.<ref name="Smith 2008">{{cite web |title=Former Presidents: Federal Pension and Retirement Benefits |date=March 18, 2008 |website=[[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] |publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]] |url=https://www.senate.gov/reference/resources/pdf/98-249.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120224024/https://www.senate.gov/reference/resources/pdf/98-249.pdf |archive-date=January 20, 2011 |access-date=November 18, 2008 |first=Stephanie |last=Smith }}</ref> Hoover nampa éta duit pénsiun sanajan manéhna teu butuh duitna, bisa jadi pikeun nyingkahan Truman ngarasa éra, sabab kaayaan kauangan Truman anu dikabarkan kurang hadé jadi salah sahiji pemicu disahkeunna éta undang-undang.<ref>{{cite book |last=Martin |first=Joseph William Jr. |author-link=Joseph William Martin Jr. |year=1960 |title=My First Fifty Years in Politics as Told to Robert J. Donovan |publisher=McGraw-Hill |page=249 }}</ref> Dina awal taun 1960-an, Présidén [[John F. Kennedy]] nawarkeun rupa-rupa posisi ka Hoover; Hoover nolak éta tawaran tapi manéhna ngabéla administrasi Kennedy sanggeus [[Invasi Teluk Babi]], [[Krisis Misil Kuba]], sarta manéhna ngarasa sedih pisan ku ayana [[pamaténian John F. Kennedy]] dina taun 1963.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|p=601}} Hoover nulis sababaraha buku salila mangsa pangsiunna, kaasup ''The Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson'', dimana manéhna satékah polah ngabéla tindakan-tindakan Wilson dina Konférénsi Perdamaian Paris.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=571, 604–605}} Dina taun 1944, manéhna mimiti nulis ''Freedom Betrayed'', anu sering disebut ku manéhna salaku "[[magnum opus]]"-na. Dina ''Freedom Betrayed'', Hoover sacara keras ngritik [[Kawijakan luar nagri administrasi Franklin D. Roosevelt|kawijakan luar nagri Roosevelt]], utamana kaputusan Roosevelt pikeun ngaku ka Uni Soviét pikeun méré bantuan ka nagara éta salila Perang Dunya II.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|p=606}} Ieu buku téh kakara dipublikasikeun dina taun 2012 sanggeus diédit ku sejarawan [[George H. Nash]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Yerxa|first=Donald A|title=Freedom Betrayed: An interview with George H. Nash about Herbert Hoover's Magnum Opus|journal=Historically Speaking|date=September 2012|volume=XIII| issue = 4}}</ref> === Pupusna sarta Umur Panjang === {{anchor|Death}} [[File:Herbert Hoover Presidential Library 009.jpg|thumb|right|Makam Herbert sarta [[Lou Henry Hoover]]]] Hoover nyanghareupan tilu panyakit utama salila dua taun pamungkas hirupna, kaasup operasi dina Agustus 1962 pikeun ngangkat sél nu tumuwuh dina [[Peujit gedé|peujit gedéna]].{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=606–607}}<ref name=Hoover90NYT>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/08/10/archives/hoover-marks-90th-year-today-predicts-new-gains-for-nation-because.html| title=Hoover Marks 90th Year Today; Predicts New Gains for Nation Because of Its Freedoms| newspaper=The New York Times| date=August 10, 1964| access-date=March 25, 2019}}</ref> Manéhna pupus di New York City dina 20 Oktober 1964, alatan ayana [[pendarahan internal]] anu hébat.<ref>{{Cite news| title=Herbert Hoover Is Dead; Ex-President, 90, Served Country in Varied Fields| last=Phillips| first=McCandlish| date=October 21, 1964|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0810.html| newspaper=[[The New York Times]] on the web| access-date=March 25, 2019}}</ref><ref name=bbupidan>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FzxYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=aPcDAAAAIBAJ&pg=1272%2C2733112 |via=[[The Bulletin (Bend)|''The Bulletin'']] |agency=United Press International |last=Justice |first=Charles J. |title=Ex-President Herbert Hoover dead at 90 |date=October 20, 1964 |page=1}}</ref><ref name=hdanali>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=wH1IAAAAIBAJ&sjid=g2wDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5537%2C2967559 |via=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |agency=Associated Press |last=Everett |first=Arthur |title=Hoover dies at 90 after long illness |date=October 21, 1964 |page=1}}</ref> Sanajan kekecapan pamungkas anu diucapkeun ku Hoover teu kanyahoan, tulisan pamungkasna anu kanyahoan nyaéta pesen "get-well" pikeun sobatna, tilas Présidén Harry S. Truman, genep poé saméméh manéhna pupus, sanggeus manéhna ngadéngé yén Truman tatu alatan tiroseuleu di kamar mandi:<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mancini |first1=Mark |title=Harry Truman and Herbert Hoover: An Unlikely Friendship |url=http://mentalfloss.com/article/52420/harry-truman-and-herbert-hoover-unlikely-friendship |website=Mentalfloss.org |date=August 30, 2013 |publisher=Mentalfloss |access-date=April 6, 2019}}</ref> {{blockquote|"Bak mandi téh mangrupa ancaman pikeun para tilas présidén, sakumaha anu meureun inget ku anjeun yén hiji bak mandi nangtang kuring sarta [[Parihna tulang tonggong|méréngpékkeun tulang tonggong]] kuring nalika kuring keur di [[Vénézuéla]] dina misi kalaparan dunya anjeun dina taun 1946. Simpati panghaneutna sarta harepan panghadéna ti kuring sangkan anjeun énggal damang."}} Dua bulan saméméhna dina 10 Agustus, Hoover nincak umur 90 taun,<ref name=bbaugtn>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=M_hYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TvcDAAAAIBAJ&pg=1352%2C5635225 |newspaper=The Bulletin |agency=United Press International |last=Wilson |first=Lyle |title=Hoover, 90 years today, wants no honors |date=August 10, 1964 |page=4}}</ref><ref name=pipgnin>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NtgNAAAAIBAJ&sjid=yGwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7143%2C1046713 |via=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |agency=Associated Press |last=Daniell |first=Raymond |title=Hoover marking 90th birthday |date=August 10, 1964 |page=7}}</ref> manéhna jadi présidén AS kadua (sanggeus [[John Adams]]) anu nincak umur sakitu. Nalika ditanya kumaha parasaanana nalika nincak umur sakitu, Hoover ngajawab, "Teuing ku kolot."<ref name=Hoover90NYT/> Nalika pupusna, Hoover geus teu ngajabat salila leuwih ti 31 taun (sakabéhna {{age in days|1933|3|4|1964|10|20|format=commas}} poé). Ieu téh mangrupa mangsa pangsiun panglilana dina sajarah kapersidénan, ngalangkungan John Adams anu lilana 25 taun, nepi ka [[Jimmy Carter]] meupeuskeun éta rékor dina Séptémber 2012.<ref>{{cite magazine|first=John| last=Dillon| title=The Record-Setting Ex-Presidency of Jimmy Carter| url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2012/09/the-record-setting-ex-presidency-of-jimmy-carter/262143/| magazine=[[The Atlantic]]|date=September 9, 2012|access-date=March 25, 2019}}</ref> Présidén [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] maréntahkeun sangkan bandera dikibarkeun satengah tihang sarta jadi salah sahiji ti 500 tamu anu diondang kana upacara pangureunan anu dilaksanakeun di [[Gereja Episkopal St. Bartholomew (Manhattan)|Gréja Épiskopal St. Bartholomew]]. Inohong séjénna anu hadir nyaéta tilas Wakil Présidén sarta bakal calon Présidén Richard Nixon, Perwakilan [[William E. Miller]], Gubernur [[Nelson Rockefeller]], tilas Gubernur Thomas E. Dewey, tilas Jaksa Agung [[Robert F. Kennedy]], tilas Menteri Pos [[James A. Farley]], Laksamana Muda [[Lewis L. Strauss]] sarta para Sénator [[Hubert Humphrey]], [[Barry Goldwater]], [[Kenneth Keating]], sarta [[Jacob Javits]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 23, 1964 |title=LEADERS ATTEND HOOVER FUNERAL |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/10/23/archives/leaders-attend-hoover-funeral-johnson-and-goldwater-join-city-in.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713124424/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/10/23/archives/leaders-attend-hoover-funeral-johnson-and-goldwater-join-city-in.html |archive-date=July 13, 2024 |access-date=October 30, 2025 |newspaper=The New York Times |pages=1 }}</ref> Hoover dipasihan panghormatan kalayan [[Pamulasaraan nagara di Amérika Sarikat|pamulasaraan nagara]] dimana layonna [[persemayaman|disemayamkeun]] di [[rotunda United States Capitol]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.aoc.gov/nations-stage/lying-state-honor| title=Lying in State or in Honor | publisher=Architect of the Capitol| location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=March 25, 2019}}</ref> Présidén Johnson sarta Ibu Nagara [[Lady Bird Johnson]] hadir, tapi tilas présidén Truman sarta Eisenhower duanana teu bisa hadir alatan nuju teu damang. Satuluyna, dina 25 Oktober, manéhna dikureubkeun di West Branch, Iowa, deukeut [[Perpustakaan sarta Muséum Présidén Herbert Hoover|perpustakaan présidénna]] sarta tempat lahirna di kawasan [[Situs Sajarah Nasional Herbert Hoover]]. Sanggeusna, pamajikan Hoover, Lou Henry Hoover, anu geus dikureubkeun di Palo Alto, California, sanggeus pupusna dina taun 1944, dipindahkeun pikeun dikureubkeun deui di gigireunana.<ref>{{cite web| title=Gravesite| website=nps.gov| url=https://www.nps.gov/heho/learn/historyculture/gravesite.htm| publisher=National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior| access-date=March 25, 2019}}</ref> Pamulasaraan nagara ieu téh mangrupa anu katilu dina jangka waktu dua belas bulan, sanggeus [[Pamulasaraan nagara John F. Kennedy|Présidén John F. Kennedy]] sarta [[Jéndral Besar]] [[Douglas MacArthur]]. [[Black Jack (kuda)|Black Jack]] nyaéta kuda tanpa nu tumpak (riderless horse) anu milu dina tilu upacara pamulasaraan éta.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} ==Warisan== === Reputasi sajarah === Hoover kacida teu dipikaresepna nalika manéhna ninggalkeun jabatan sanggeus pamilihan 1932, sarta reputasi sajarahna kakara mimiti pulih dina taun 1970-an. Nurutkeun Profésor David E. Hamilton, para sejarawan méré aprésiasi ka Hoover pikeun kapercayaanana anu tulus kana boluntarisme sarta gawé bareng, ogé inovasi dina sababaraha programna. Sanajan kitu, Hamilton ogé nyatet yén Hoover téh kurang tapis sacara pulitik sarta gagal mikawanoh parahna Déprési Gedé.{{sfn|Hamilton 2016}} [[Nicholas Lemann]] nulis yén Hoover geus diinget "salaku jalma anu kaku teuing sacara konservatif pikeun méré réaksi anu tapis kana Déprési, salaku lawan anu apes pikeun Franklin Roosevelt anu hébat, sarta salaku politisi anu hasil ngarobah nagara anu tadina pro-Républik jadi pro-Démokrat".<ref name="lemann">{{cite magazine |last1=Lemann |first1=Nicholas |title=Hating on Herbert Hoover |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/10/23/hating-on-herbert-hoover |access-date=February 18, 2019 |magazine=The New Yorker |date=October 23, 2017}}</ref> Poling ka para sejarawan sarta élmuwan pulitik umumna [[Peringkat sajarah présidén Amérika Sarikat|nempatkeun]] Hoover dina jajaran sapertilu panghandapna ti sakabéh présidén. Poling taun 2018 ti bagian Présidén sarta Pulitik Éksékutip [[Asosiasi Élmu Pulitik Amérika]] nempatkeun Hoover salaku présidén panghadéna ka-36.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Brandon|last1=Rottinghaus|first2=Justin S.|last2=Vaughn|title=How Does Trump Stack Up Against the Best — and Worst — Presidents?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/02/19/opinion/how-does-trump-stack-up-against-the-best-and-worst-presidents.html/|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=February 19, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190310203020/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/02/19/opinion/how-does-trump-stack-up-against-the-best-and-worst-presidents.html/|archive-date=March 10, 2019}}</ref> Poling [[C-SPAN]] taun 2017 ka para sejarawan ogé nempatkeun Hoover salaku présidén panghadéna ka-36.<ref>{{cite web|title=Presidential Historians Survey 2017|url=https://www.c-span.org/presidentsurvey2017/?page=overall|website=[[C-SPAN]]|access-date=May 14, 2018}}</ref> Sanajan Hoover umumna dianggap boga mangsa kapersidénan anu gagal, manéhna ogé meunang pamuji pikeun tindakanana salaku kamanusaan sarta pajabat publik.<ref name="lemann"/> Panulis biografi Glen Jeansonne nulis dina taun 2016 yén Hoover téh "salah sahiji urang Amérika anu paling luar biasa dina jaman modéren," sarta nambahan yén Hoover "ngajalanan hirup anu jadi conto carita [[Horatio Alger]], iwal ti carita Horatio Alger mah eureun dina puncak kasuksésan".{{sfn|Jeansonne 2016|pp=1–2}} Panulis biografi [[Kenneth Whyte]] nulis yén, "pananya ngeunaan dimana posisi Hoover dina tradisi pulitik Amérika tetep jadi hal anu pinuh ku perdebatan nepi ka poé ieu. Sanajan manéhna écés maénkeun peran penting dina kamekaran tradisi progrésif sarta konservatif, duanana pihak moal daék ngaku ka manéhna alatan sieun kacampuran ku pihak séjénna."{{sfn|Whyte 2017|p=610}} Sejarawan [[Richard Pipes]], ngeunaan tindakanana nalika mingpin [[Administrasi Bantuan Amérika]], nyebutkeun: "Loba negarawan nempatan tempat anu nonjol dina sajarah alatan geus ngirim jutaan jalma kana pati; Herbert Hoover, anu dihina alatan kinerjana salaku Présidén, sarta geura dipopohokeun di Rusia, boga kaistiméwaan anu langka nyaéta geus nyalametkeun jutaan nyawa."<ref>{{cite book|first=Richard|last=Pipes|title=Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime|year=1993|publisher=Knopf|page=419}}</ref> ===Sawangan kana ras === Sanajan omongan sarta humor rasis téh umum dina mangsa harita, Hoover teu kungsi ngalakukeun hal éta nalika jadi présidén, sarta diskriminasi anu dihaja téh mangrupa hal anu [[Anatéma|paling dipantang]] ku manéhna. Saperti loba batur sapantaranna, Hoover nganggap urang bodas sacara alamiah leuwih unggul ti batan urang hideung, nganggap yén "percampuran getih téh ngarugi keun". Manéhna mikir yén atikan sarta pagawéan bakal ngaronjatkeun darajat urang hideung, ku kituna manéhna ngarojong [[Universitas Tuskegee|Institut Tuskegee]].<ref name="garcia"/> Pamajikanana, [[Lou Henry Hoover]], meupeuskeun batasan warna kulit salaku ibu nagara ku cara ngondang [[Jessie De Priest]], pamajikan anggota kongrés hideung munggaran anu kapilih sanggeus sababaraha dékadeu, kana [[Acara téh Jessie De Priest di Gedong Bodas|acara téh tradisional pikeun para pamajikan anggota kongrés]], ogé saterusna ngondang paduan sora Institut Tuskegee (anu harita dipingpin ku [[William L. Dawson (komponis)|William Dawson]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=William L. Dawson Tribute {{!}} Tuskegee University |url=https://www.tuskegee.edu/student-life/student-organizations/choir/william-l-dawson-tribute |website=www.tuskegee.edu |access-date=March 5, 2023}}</ref> Sanajan manéhna nganggap dirina salaku babaturan pikeun urang hideung sarta nu ngarojong kamajuan maranéhna,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jeansonne |first=G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gQZfAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT257 |title=The Life of Herbert Hoover: Fighting Quaker, 1928–1933 |date=April 3, 2012 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-11189-0}}</ref> loba urang hideung sapantaranna anu boga sawangan bédé. [[W. E. B. Du Bois]] ngagambarkeun Hoover salaku "rasis anu teu démokratis anu ningali urang hideung salaku spésiés 'sub-manusa'".<ref name="garcia">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.17077/0003-4827.8609| issn = 0003-4827| volume = 44| issue = 7| pages = 507–515| last = Garcia| first = George F.| title = Herbert Hoover and the Issue of Race| journal = The Annals of Iowa| access-date = May 11, 2019| date = 1979| url = https://pubs.lib.uiowa.edu/annals-of-iowa/article/id/3996/| doi-access = free}}</ref> Sababaraha sejarawan maluruh leungitna kapercayaan urang Amérika-Afrika ka partéy Républik téh dimimitian dina mangsa jabatanana, utamana alatan usahana pikeun nyingkirkeun urang Amérika-Afrika tina kapamingpinan partéy Républik di wilayah Kidul.<ref name="garcia"/> Mangsa Hoover di Cina ogé mangaruhan sawanganana ka urang Asia sarta urang Amérika-Asia. Manéhna nulis yén "euweuh pamanggih mékanis anu ngagejleugkeun dunya" anu asalna ti Cina, manéhna ngklaim yén ieu téh alatan urang Cina teu boga insting mékanis anu sarua jeung urang Éropa.<ref name="garcia" /> Hal ieu meureun mangaruhan kaputusanana pikeun ngurangan imigrasi ngaliwatan pangwatesan visa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Howard |first=Spencer |date=August 4, 2016 |title=Hoover on Immigration |url=https://hoover.blogs.archives.gov/2016/08/04/hoover-on-immigration/ |access-date=August 24, 2024 |publisher=[[Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum]]}}</ref> ==Dicutat Tina== {{reflist|2}} === Catetan === <references group="lower-alpha"/> [[Kategori:Présidén Amérika Sarikat]] dovve91i3rgisfzy1zhaedc8kotrvyf 0 108668 710996 710166 2026-07-10T16:11:40Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710996 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Papeda, Kuah Kuning, Ikan Tude Bakar 2.jpg|jmpl|306x306px|Papéda anu dituang jeung kuah kuning]] '''Papéda''' téh kadaharan wujud bubur [[sagu]] anu asalna ti [[Kapuloan Maluku]] jeung basisir kulon Papua. Ieu kadaharan biasana disuguhkeun jeung lauk tongkol atawa bubara anu dibumbuan ku konéng. Papéda warnana bodas sarta téksturna leueur kentel jiga elém kalayan rasa anu tawar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mediapublica.co/2013/04/02/papeda-makanan-khas-dari-timur-indonesia/|title=Papeda Makanan Khas dari Timur Indonesia|website=Media Publica}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408170928/http://mediapublica.co/2013/04/02/papeda-makanan-khas-dari-timur-indonesia/ |date=2015-04-08 }}</ref> Papéda mangrupa kadaharan anu loba ngandung serat, saeutik [[Kolesterol|koléstérol]], jeung ngandung gizi pisan.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Papeda, Makanan Sehat Khas Papua - Tribunnews.com|url=https://www.tribunnews.com/lifestyle/2013/12/10/papeda-makanan-sehat-khas-papua|newspaper=Tribunnews.com|access-date=2026-06-04|language=id-ID}}</ref> == Sajarah == Di rupa-rupa wilayah basisir jeung dataran handap di Papua, sagu teh jadi bahan dasar keur rupa-rupa kadaharan. [[Sagu bakar]], [[sagu lempeng]], jeung [[sagu bola]] jadi kadaharan anu panglobana dipikawanoh di sababaraha pelosok Papua, hususna dina tradisi kulinér masarakat adat di [[Kabupatén Mappi]], [[Asmat]], nepi ka [[Mimika]]. Papéda mangrupa salah sahiji olahan has sagu anu babari pisan kapanggihna, utamana di Wilayah Maluku jeung Papua. Antropolog sarta Ketua Lembaga Riset Papua, [[Johszua Robert Mansoben]], nyebutkeun yén papéda leuwih dipikawanoh sacara lega dina tradisi masarakat adat [[Sentani]] di Situ Sentani, Taikat di Arso, sarta [[Manokwari]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Belanga dan Papeda|url=http://nationalgeographic.co.id/berita/2013/12/belanga-dan-papeda|newspaper=National Geographic Indonesia|access-date=2026-06-04}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225071920/http://nationalgeographic.co.id/berita/2013/12/belanga-dan-papeda |date=2013-12-25 }}</ref> [[Gambar:Sagu Sorong.jpg|kiri|jmpl|267x267px|Prosés nyieun sagu]] Keur masarakat di Papua jeung Maluku, papéda téh lain saukur kadaharan biasa. Malah, papéda mah dihormat jeung disakralkeun kulantaran remen disuguhkeun dina upacara-upacara adat, sabab mitologi sagu dianggap salaku lalakon kajadian manusa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://rri.co.id/manokwari/kuliner/550395/mengenal-sejarah-papeda-makanan-khas-papua-dan-maluku|title=Mengenal Sejarah Papeda Makanan Khas Papua Dan Maluku|first=Primanitasri|website=RRI|accessdate=2026-06-04}}</ref> Salah sahijina, papéda mindeng disuguhkeun dina upacara ''[[Watani Kame]]''. Upacara éta diayakeun salaku tanda anggeusna siklus kapapaténan saurang jalma. Kadaharan papéda ieu bakal dibagikeun ka jalma-jalma anu mangmantuangkeun dina éta upacara. Salian ti urusan maot, papéda ogé jadi suguhan penting dina upacara kalahiran anak munggaran di [[Inanwatan]], [[Sorong Kidul]], [[Papua Kulon]]. Dina upacara ieu, papéda biasana disuguhkeun bareng jeung daging babi. Masih di Inanwatan, papéda gé mindeng didahar ku kaum awéwé keur nahan rasa peurih pas keur ditato.<ref name=":0" /> Henteu ngan di Papua hungkul, papéda ogé jadi kadaharan penting dina siklus kahirupan sélér [[Nuaulu]] di [[Pulo Seram]], Maluku. Papéda anu disebut salaku ''sonar monne'' ieu teh jadi suguhan dina ritual parayaan mangsa pubertas saurang parawan. Tapi, sélér Nuaulu jeung sélér Huaulu nyaram awéwé anu keur héd keur ngasakeun papéda kulantaran dianggap tabu.<ref name=":0" /> == Variasi kaolahan == Dina tradisi kulinér masarakat Papua jeung Maluku, papéda ilaharna didahar bareng jeung lauk [[tongkol]] salaku deungeun utamana.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://femina.co.id/article/papeda--maluku--bubur--lem--segar-bergizi|title=Papeda, Maluku: Bubur 'Lem' Segar Bergizi|last=Indonesia|first=Femina|website=femina.co.id|language=Indonesia|accessdate=2026-06-05}}</ref> Sanajan kitu, rupa-rupa cara nyuguhkeun papéda téh kaitung loba sabab ieu kadaharan ogé bisa dicampur jeung jenis lauk laut séjénna, kawas lauk [[kakap beureum]] jeung lauk [[bubara]]. Sifat papeda anu babari dipasangkan jeung rupa-rupa deungeun sangu ngajadikeun ieu kadaharan poko. Salian ti disuguhkeun jeung [[lauk kuah konéng]] anu loba samara, papéda ogé bisa didahar bareng jeung [[sayur ganemo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://potretmaluku.id/talucu-lidah-di-ikan-kuah-kuning/|title=Talucu Lidah Di Ikan Kuah Kuning - Potretmaluku.id|last=adminpotret|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-06-05}}</ref> Ieu menu panyeling téh mangrupa olahan has tina bahan dasar daun [[tangkil]] ''(melinjo)'' ngora anu ditumis jeung kembang gedang ngora sarta cabé beureum, anu méré kasaimbangan [[nutrisi]] jeung rasa kana sagala kadaharan anu disuguhkeun.<ref name=":1" /> == Mangpaat keur kaséhatan == Papéda kadaharan tradisional has [[Indonésia Wétan]] anu bahanna tina sagu, boga rupa-rupa mangpaat keur kasehatan awak kulantaran kandungan nutrisina anu loba jeung alami. Salaku sumber karbohidrat kompléks, papéda sanggup méré énergi tambahan sacara instan sarta ngajaga stamina awak sangkan tetep fit salila aktivitas, kalayan éfék matak waregna leuwih lila tibatan sangu. Salian ti jadi bahan bakar awak, ngadahar papéda ogé alus pisan keur ngalancarkeun panyatélan (pencernaan) jeung nyegah hésé ngising (sembelit) berkat kandungan [[serat]] jeung [[pati résistan]] di jerona. Pati résistan ieu fungsina salaku [[Prébiotik (giji)|prébiotik]] anu méré nutrisi keur [[baktéri]] alus di jero peujit, nepi ka kasaimbangan [[mikrobioma]] dina panyatélan tetep terjaga kalayan hadé.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.antaranews.com/berita/4253243/lima-manfaat-papeda-untuk-kesehatan|title=Lima manfaat papeda untuk kesehatan|last=antaranews.com|website=Antara News|language=id|accessdate=2026-06-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oresa.id/news/133/ternyata-papeda-kaya-akan-manfaat-lho-apa-saja-ya-cek-di-sini-yuk|title=TERNYATA PAPEDA KAYA AKAN MANFAAT LHO.. APA SAJA YA? CEK DI SINI YUK..|website=oresa.id|language=en|accessdate=2026-06-04}}</ref> Henteu ngan mangfaat keur panyatélan hungkul, kulinér anu téksturna kenyel ieu ogé boga peran penting dina ngajaga kaséhatan [[jantung]] jeung urat getih. Kandungan [[antioksidan]] [[polifénol]], kawas [[flavonoid]] jeung [[tanin]] di jero sagu, éféktif pisan keur ngalawan radikal bébas, neken kadar [[Kolesterol|koléstérol jahat]] (LDL) sarta [[trigliserida]], jeung ningkatkeun koléstérol alus (HDL). Alhasil, risiko ayana plak dina urat getih anu bisa ngabalukarkeun serangan jantung jeung ''stroke'' bisa dikurangan. Mangpaat ieu bakal leuwih optimal berkat ayana kandungan [[kalium]] anu mantuan ngaléasankeun kategangan pinding urat getih sarta mantuan awak miceun kaleuwihan uyah ngaliwatan cikiih, nepi ka tekanan getih tetep stabil. Keur jalma anu boga panyakit diabétés atawa anu hayang ngontrol gula getih, papéda ogé bisa jadi pilihan kadaharan anu aman sabab pati resistanna sanggup ningkatkeun métabolismé jeung nyegah naékna kadar glukosa sacara drastis sanggeus dahar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alodokter.com/manfaat-sagu-mulai-dari-makanan-pokok-hingga-industri-tekstil|title=6 Manfaat Sagu bagi Kesehatan yang Sayang untuk Dilewatkan|website=Alodokter|accessdate=2026-06-04}}</ref> Salian ti éta, papéda méré dampak positif keur sistem struktur jeung ékskrési (pembuangan) awak. Kandungan mineral penting kawas [[kalsium]], [[fosfor]], jeung [[magnésium]] di jerona fungsina aktip keur nguatkeun struktur [[tulang]] jeung [[huntu]], sarta nurunkeun risiko gangguan sendi kawas [[ostéoporosis]] jeung [[arthritis]]. Lobana kadar fosfor dina papéda ogé kanyahoan bisa mantuan ngalancarkeun prosés kiih, anu sacara teu langsung ngarojong gawé [[Kabubuahan|ginjal]] dina miceun zat-zat sésa kawas [[asam urat]] jeung kaleuwihan cai sacara optimal. Ku sagala kahadéan éta, papéda anu bébas [[Glutamin|gluten]] ieu cocog pisan diasupkeun kana menu dahar sapopoé salaku kadaharan anu loba gizi demi ngawujudkeun kaséhatan kulawarga sagemblengna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.halodoc.com/artikel/jarang-diketahui-ini-4-manfaat-tepung-sagu-bagi-kesehatan|title=Jarang Diketahui, Ini 4 Manfaat Tepung Sagu bagi Kesehatan|last=Halodoc|first=Redaksi|website=halodoc|language=id|accessdate=2026-06-04}}</ref> == Référénsi == {{reflist}} j59f0spzf4s9usg0pymhkvf0ml9fogj 0 108746 711002 710824 2026-07-10T19:57:11Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 711002 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Taman Ganesha (EX- Ijzerman Park)-4.jpg|jmpl|283x283px|Taman Ganesha]] '''Taman Ganesha''' mangrupikeun salah sahiji rohangan terbuka héjo di Bandung. Perenahna di payuneun Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), éta mangrupikeun tempat kumpul anu populer pikeun mahasiswa, masarakat, sareng wisatawan. Salian ti janten tempat rékréasi, taman ieu ogé nawiskeun nilai atikan sareng janten paru-paru kota.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://jabar.tribunnews.com/2013/12/28/taman-ganesha-oase-di-tengah-kota-bandung|title=Taman Ganesha-Oase di Tengah Kota Bandung|website=Tribunjabar.id|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-06-27}}</ref> [[Gambar: Taman Ganesha (EX- Ijzerman Park)-2.jpg|jmpl|283x283px|Taman Ganesha]] == Sajarah Singkat == Diwangun sakitar taun 1919, taman ieu henteu jauh ti gedong Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB) di poros utama taman, sabab konstruksina mangrupikeun bagian tina pakét anu sami sareng gedong ITB. Taman ieu mimitina diwangun salaku penghormatan ka Bapak J.W. Ijzerman, karyawan Perusahaan Kareta Api Nagara Hindia Walanda (staats spoorwegen), anu nyumbang kana pangwangunan kampus THS. Anjeunna ogé dikenal salaku arsiték anu kasohor, sareng salah sahiji karyana kalebet stasiun karéta api Bandung.<ref name=":0" /> Lamun ditempo ti luhur, taman ieu siga hurup 'y', inisial Yzerman. Plakat anu ngagambarkeun ngaran sareng jangkungna gunung ogé tiasa katingali dina témbok batu anu misahkeun bagian hareup taman ti taman éta sorangan. Patung J.W. Ijzerman anu ti sirah dugi ka dada baheula disimpen di taman éta. Éta masih tiasa katingali di gedong rektorat ITB, anu parantos digentos ku patung Ganesha dina taun 1950-an.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://komunitasaleut.com/2012/02/06/taman-di-balik-fungsi-dan-cerita/|title=Taman: di Balik Fungsi dan Cerita|last=KomunitasAleut!|website=Dunia Aleut!|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-06-27}}</ref> Ngaran "Ganesha" oge dicandak tina déwa Hindu Ganesha, anu ngalambangkeun élmu pangaweruh sareng kawijaksanaan. Ngaran taman ieu raket patalina sareng Institut Téknologi Bandung, anu dikenal salaku salah sahiji universitas pangsaéna di Indonésia. Nalika Bandung maju, Taman Ganesha parantos ngalaman sababaraha renovasi pikeun nyiptakeun rohangan umum anu langkung nyaman sareng ngabagéakeun pikeun para pengunjung. == Fasilitas == Taman Ganesha ITB dilengkepan ku rupa-rupa fasilitas anu ngadukung kanyamanan pengunjung, sapertos:<ref>https://www.jabarprov.go.id/berita/taman-ganesa-itb-ruang-hijau-untuk-kesejukan-ketenangan-dan-kegiatan-sosial-16253{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * 1. Area Diuk Anu Nyaman Taman ieu dilengkepan ku seueur tempat diuk anu sumebar di sakumna tempat, ngamungkinkeun para pengunjung calik sareng bersantai bari ngaraosan hawa seger. * 2. Jalur Pejalan Kaki Jalur pejalan kaki anu dijaga kalayan saé ngagampangkeun para pengunjung pikeun leumpang santai atanapi ngan saukur ngaraosan pamandangan alam di sakitar taman. * 3. Rohangan pikeun Kagiatan Sosial sareng Diskusi Taman ieu ogé sering dianggo salaku tempat pikeun diskusi, kumpul-kumpul informal, atanapi kagiatan komunitas anu ngadukung kamekaran intelektual sareng sosial. * 4. Aksés ka Masjid Salman ITB Taman ieu langsung nyambung ka Masjid Salman ITB, ngagampangkeun para pengunjung pikeun neraskeun sholat saatos ngaraosan kaéndahan taman. * 5. Tempat Poto Kulawarga Taman Ganesa mangrupikeun lokasi anu populer pisan pikeun poto kulawarga, khususna saatos wisuda atanapi momen penting anu sanés. Kalayan latar héjo sareng suasana anu tenang, taman ieu nyayogikeun suasana anu sampurna pikeun ngarekam kenangan sareng kulawarga atanapi réréncangan. Ayana Taman Ganesha méré rupa-rupa mangpaat pikeun masarakat. Salian ti janten rohangan terbuka héjo anu ngabantosan ningkatkeun kualitas lingkungan sareng ngirangan polusi udara, taman ieu ogé janten tempat rékréasi, tempat pikeun olahraga ringan, tempat kumpul pikeun rupa-rupa masarakat, sareng ngadukung kagiatan akademik masarakat ITB. Vegetasi taman ogé maénkeun peran dina ngajaga iklim mikro sareng ngadukung fungsi ékologis daérah urban.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nuraeni|first=Siti|last2=Raihandhany|first2=Reza|last3=Gumati|first3=Wiati Acika|last4=Saefulloh|first4=Soni|date=2024|title=Peranan dan Fungsi Ekologis Ruang Terbuka Hijau (RTH) Taman Ganesha di Kota Bandung|url=https://afeksi.id/journal3/index.php/empiris/article/view/403|journal=Empiris: Journal of Progressive Science and Mathematics|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|pages=25–34|issn=2988-6236}}</ref> == Galeri == <gallery> Taman Ganesha (EX- Ijzerman Park)-1.jpg Taman Ganesha (EX- Ijzerman Park)-2.jpg Taman Ganesha (EX- Ijzerman Park)-3.jpg Taman Ganesha (EX- Ijzerman Park)-4.jpg Taman Ganesha (EX- Ijzerman Park)-5.jpg Taman Ganesha (EX- Ijzerman Park).jpg </gallery> == Daftar Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Artikel Kopdar WCB 3.0]] c5z8z7lje0ern81ni177uqp3xogmdp5