Taleus

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      <text bytes="5322" sha1="a8pjqhvecwtlmf6hi4xwzlrt8hkpwvh" xml:space="preserve">{{taxobox
|name = '''Taleus'''
|image = Talas.jpg
|image_caption = ''Xanthosoma roseum''
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|unranked_classis = [[Monocots]]
|ordo = [[Alismatales]]
|familia = [[Araceae]]
|subfamilia = [[Aroideae]]
|tribus = [[Caladieae]]
|genus = '''''Xanthosoma'''''
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision = ''About 50; see text''
|}}

'''Taleus''' nyaéta tutuwuhan sabangsa bolang anu sok beutian,Takeus téh aya nu bisa didahar jeung aya ogé nu jadi papaés buruan wungkul.&lt;ref name=&quot;kamus Basa Sunda&quot;&gt;[RA,Danadibrata.2006.''Kamus Basa Sunda''.Bandung:Gawé bareng PT Kiblat Buku Utama jeung Universitas Padjadjaran].Kaca 671&lt;/ref&gt;

==Sajarah Singget==
Taleus mangrupa pepelakan herba nu hirupna bisa mangtaun-taun. Taleus kaasup kana suku tataleusan (Aracéae), Wanguna ajeg, jangkungna 1&amp;nbsp;cm atawa leuwih sarta mangrupa pepelakan sausum atawa sapanjang taun. Taleus miboga sawatara ngaran umum nyaéta [[Taro]], [[Old cocoyam]], [[‘Dash(e)en’]] sarta [[‘Eddo (e)’]]. Di sawatara nagara dipikawanoh kalayan ngaran séjén, kawas: [[Abalong]] [[(Philipina)]], [[Taioba]] [[(Brazil)]], [[Arvi]] [[(India)]], [[Keladi]] [[(Malaya)]], [[Satoimo]] [[(Japan]]), [[Tayoba]] [[(Spanyol)]] sarta [[Yu-tao]] [[(China]].

Ieu pepelakan asalna ti wewengkon [[Asia Tenggara]], nyebar ka [[China]] dina abad kahiji, ka [[Jepang]], ka wewengkon [[Asia Tenggara]] séjénna sarta ka sawatara [[pulo]] di [[Samudra Pasifik]], kabawa ku [[migrasi]] nu nyicingan. Di [[Indonésia]] talas bisa aya ampir di sakumna kapuloan sarta sumebar ti tepi [[basisir]] nepi ka [[pagunungan]] di luhur 1000 m dpl., boh liar boh dipelak.&lt;ref name=”Per”&gt;{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=atBWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA16&amp;dq=macam+macam+talas&amp;hl=id&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwj__rKCtL7vAhVZU30KHRYrDZkQ6AEwA3oECAkQAw#v=onepage&amp;q=macam%20macam%20talas&amp;f=false| title =Pertanian Terpadu untuk Mendukung Kedaulatan Pangan Nasional| last =  Hendro Sunarmintn| first =Bambang| publisher =UGM PRESS| location =UGM | year =2018|ISBN=9789794209325|pages =16}} Disungsi19 Maret 2021&lt;/ref&gt;

==Jenis Pepelakan==
Pepelakan taleus ngandung [[asam perusi]] [[(asam bulao atawa HCN)]]. Sistim akarna serabut, liar sarta pondok. Beutina rupa-rupa. Beurat beutina bisa tepikeun ka 4&amp;nbsp;kg atawa leuwih, wanguna silinder atawa buleud, ukuranana 30&amp;nbsp;cm x 15&amp;nbsp;cm, kelirna [[coklat]]. Daunna boga wangun [[taméng]] atawa [[haté]], panjang lambaran daunna 20–50&amp;nbsp;cm. Panjang dahana bisa nepi ka 1 méter, kalayan kelir palapahna nu rupa-rupa. Kembangna diwangun luhur tongkol, seludang sarta dahan. Kembang jalu sarta kembang bikangna misah, bikangna aya di handap, sedengkeun [[kembang jalu]] aya di di béh luhur, sarta dina penclutna aya [[kembang gabug]]. Buahna mangrupa buah buni. Sikina loba, wanguna buleud [[endog]], panjangna ± 2&amp;nbsp;mm.

Sagala rupa jenis taleus nu aya di wewengkon [[Bogor]] nyaéta [[taleus sutra]], [[taleus bentul]] katut [[taleus ketan]]. Taleus sutra daunna warna héjo ngora sarta miboga bulu lemes kawas sutra. Dipanén dina umur 5-6 bulan. Beutina semu soklat kalayan ukuran anu ngabadagan. [[Taleus bentul]] mah beutina leuwih badag jeung kelir catangna leuwih wungu ti batan taleus sutra. Taleus bentul bisa dipanén sanggeus umur 8-10 bulan kalayan beuti anu rélatif leuwih badag sarta boga warna leuwih ngora semu konéng. [[Taleus ketan]] mah kelir palapahna héjo kolot semu beureum. Di Bogor dipikawanoh ogé jenis taleus anu disebut [[taleus mantéga]] [[(taleus gambir/taleus hideung]]), alatan [[watang]] sarta daunna boga kelir gandola (bungur kolot).

Jenis taleus séjén biasana henteu dikosumsi alatan rasana henteu ngeunah atawa ateul. Contona nyaéta [[Taleus Sente]] anu watang jeung daunna badag, loba dipaké pikeun pajangan sarta daunna mindeng dipaké pikeun kadaharan [[lauk]]. Keur [[taleus Bolang]] mah miboga rasa anu ateul, jeung batang sarta daun anu siga totol-totol.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet&quot;&gt;{{id}}[http://www.warintek.ristek.go.id/pertanian/talas.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904110616/http://www.warintek.ristek.go.id/pertanian/talas.pdf |date=2011-09-04 }}(diakses tanggal 20 oktober 2011)&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ngaran daérah==
Taleus mibanda ngaran daérah anu béda-béda: ''eumpeu'' ([[Acéh]]), ''talo'' ([[Nias]]), ''bete'' ([[Manado]]), ''kaladi'' ([[Ambon]]), ''kaladi'', ''kuladi'', ''taleh'' ([[Minangkabau]]), ''keladi'', ''toto'' ([[Lampung]]), ''bolang, taleus'' ([[Sunda]]), ''dongéng'' ([[Jawa]]), ''dongéng,  kaladi'' ([[Madura]]), ''kladi, dongeng'' ([[Bali]]), ''aladi'' ([[Gorontalo]]), ''talak'' ([[Tolitoli]]), ''paco'' ([[Makasar]]), ''aladi'' ([[Bugis]]), ''bete'' ([[Ternate]]), ''komo'' ([[Tidore]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;“talas”&quot;&gt;{{Cite book | title =Penyajian koleksi tata pameran tetap Museum Negeri Propinsi Jawa Barat Sri Baduga| first =Purnomo| last =Dan Hanny P| publisher =Niaga Swadaya| location =Jakarta| year =2007| pages =100|ISBN=9789790020283|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=tokOAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=papangge&amp;dq=papangge&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiaru2So_ruAhVFfSsKHTRnAAcQ6AEwBHoECAUQAg|accessdate=(disungsi – 21 Maret  2021)}}&lt;/ref&gt;


==Rujukan==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{commonscat|Xanthosoma roseum}}
[[Kategori:Beubeutian]]
[[Kategori:Kadaharan]]
[[Kategori:Araceae]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]]</text>
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|native_name = ''Muso oa Lesotho''&lt;br /&gt;''Kingdom of Lesotho''
|conventional_long_name = Karajaan Lésotho
|common_name = Lésotho
|image_flag = Flag of Lesotho.svg
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|map_caption = {{map caption|countryprefix=|location_color=paul kolot|region=[[Afrika]]|region_color=kulawu kolot|subregion=[[Uni Afrika]]|subregion_color=paul ngora|legend=Location Lesotho AU Africa.svg}}
|national_motto = &quot;Khotso, Pula, Nala&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Peace, Rain, Prosperity&quot;
|national_anthem = ''[[Lesotho Fatse La Bontata Rona]]''&lt;br /&gt;''Lesotho, land of our Fathers''
|official_languages = [[Basa Sotho|Sotho]], [[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]
|demonym = Mosotho (tunggal), Basotho (leuwih ti 1)
|capital = [[Maseru]]
|latd =29 |latm=28 |latNS=S |longd=27 |longm=56 |longEW=E
|largest_city = [[Maseru]]
|government_type = [[Sistim parleméntér|Démokrasi parleménter]] [[nagara kahijian|kahijian]] jeung [[Monarki konstitusional]]
|leader_title1 = [[Daptar Raja Lésotho|Raja]]
|leader_title2 = [[Perdana Mentri Lésotho|Perdana Mentri]]
|leader_name1 = [[Letsie III ti Lésotho|Letsie III]]
|leader_name2 = [[Moeketsi Majoro]] 
|area_rank = ka-140
|area_magnitude = 1 E10
|area = 30.355
|areami² = 12.727 &lt;!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--&gt;
|percent_water = tiasa teu dipadulikeun
|population_estimate = 2.067.000&lt;ref name=unpop&gt;{{cite journal | url=http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf | title=World Population Prospects, Table A.1 | version=2008 revision | format=PDF | publisher=United Nations | author=Department of Economic and Social Affairs
Population Division | year=2009 | accessdate=2009-03-12 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115172319/https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf |date=2016-01-15 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
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|GDP_PPP = $3,303 milyar&lt;ref name=imf2&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&amp;ey=2011&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=666&amp;s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&amp;grp=0&amp;a=&amp;pr.x=40&amp;pr.y=12|title=Lesotho|publisher=International Monetary Fund|accessdate=2011-04-21}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019121712/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&amp;ey=2011&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=666&amp;s=NGDPD,NGDPDPC,PPPGDP,PPPPC,LP&amp;grp=0&amp;a=&amp;pr.x=40&amp;pr.y=12 |date=2012-10-19 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
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|sovereignty_type = [[Kamerdikaan]]
|established_event1 = ti [[Britania Raya]]
|established_date1 = 4 Oktober 1966
|HDI = {{increase}} 0,427&lt;ref&gt;[http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf Human Development Report 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122115116/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf |date=2009-11-22 }}. The United Nations. Ditarima 15 Oktober 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;
|HDI_rank = ka-141
|HDI_year = 2010
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|Gini = 63,2
|Gini_year = 1995
|Gini_category = &lt;span style=&quot;color:red;&quot;&gt;luhur&lt;/span&gt;
|currency = [[Loti Lésotho]]
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|footnotes = &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; Pakiraan pikeun nagara ieu kuduna mah diperhatoskeun ogé kana lobana nu pupus akibat AIDS; hal ieu bisa nyababkeun ajén harepan hirup nu leuwih saeutik, tingkat pupusna orok jeung jalmi nu leuwih luhur, populasi jeung kamekaran populasi nu leuwih handap, jeung robihna panyebaran populasi dumasar umur jeung lalaki/awéwé tinimbang nu dikira.}}

'''Lésotho''', resmina '''Karajaan Lésotho''', nyaéta hiji [[nagara nu dilingkung]] jeung [[énklave jeung éksklave|énklave]], sakabéhna dilingkung ku sahiji-hijina tatanggana, [[Afrika Kidul|Républik Afrika Kidul]]. Ibu kota jeung kota panggedéna nyaéta [[Maseru]]. Lésotho mangrupa anggota ti [[Pasamakmuran Bangsa-Bangsa]]. Ngaran '''Lésotho''' kasarna bisa ditarjamahkeun ka ''lemahna urang anu maké basa [[basa Sotho|Sesotho]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=No Place Left to Bury the Dead|first=Nicole|last=Itano|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=2007|page=314|isbn=0743270959}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kira-kira 40% populasi hirup di handapeun [[Garis kamiskinan|garis kamiskinan internasional]] 1,25 $AS per poé.&lt;ref&gt;[http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDI_2008_EN_Tables.pdf ''Human Development Indices''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520061654/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDI_2008_EN_Tables.pdf |date=2020-05-20 }}, Table 3: Human and income poverty, p. 35. Ditarima 1 Juni 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

== Distrik ==
[[Gambar:Lesotho.geohive.gif|thumb|350px|Distrik di Lésotho]]
{{utama|Distrik di Lésotho}}
Pikeun tujuan administratif, Lésotho dibagi kana [[Distrik di Lésotho|10 distrik]], masing-masing diluluguan ku saurang administrator distrik. Saban distrik miboga ibu kota anu disebut ''[[Camptown (Lésotho)|camptown]]''.
{{col|2}}
* [[Distrik Berea|Berea]]
* [[Distrik Butha-Buthe|Butha-Buthe]]
* [[Distrik Leribe|Leribe]]
* [[Distrik Mafeteng|Mafeteng]]
* [[Distrik Maseru|Maseru]]
* [[Distrik Mohale's Hoek|Mohale's Hoek]]
* [[Distrik Mokhotlong|Mokhotlong]]
* [[Distrik Qacha's Nek|Qacha's Nek]]
* [[Distrik Quthing|Quthing]]
* [[Distrik Thaba-Tseka|Thaba-Tseka]]
&lt;/div&gt;
Distrik-distrikna teras dibagi deui kana (total) 80 konstituén, anu miboga (total) 129 [[Déwan komunitas Lésotho|déwan komunitas]] lokal.

== Tempo ogé ==
{{InterWiki|Southern Sotho language|code=st}}
*[[Komunikasi di Lésotho]]
*[[Asosiasi Sapédahan Lésotho (Féderasi)]]
*[[Asosiasi Pramuka Lésotho]]
*[[Daptar pausahaan Lésotho]]
*[[Militér Lésotho]]
*[[Universitas Nasional Lésotho]]
*[[Transportasi di Lésotho]]

== Réferénsi ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Tumbu kaluar ==
{{Sisterlinks}}
* [http://www.gov.ls Pamaréntah Lésotho] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408225354/http://gov.ls/ |date=2018-04-08 }}
* {{CIA World Factbook link|lt|Lesotho}}
* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/lesotho.htm Lesotho] ti ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
* {{dmoz|Regional/Africa/Lesotho|Lésotho}}
* {{wikiatlas|Lesotho}}
* {{wikivoyage|Lesotho}}

{{Lesotho topics}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Lesotho}}
[[Kategori:Lésotho| ]]
[[Kategori:Nagara di Afrika]]
[[Kategori:Anggota Uni Afrika]]
[[Kategori:Monarki konstitusional]]
[[Kategori:Énklave]]
[[Kategori:Wewengkon nu maké basa Inggris]]
[[Kategori:Nagara nu dilingkung]]
[[Kategori:Nagara nu kirang kawangun]]
[[Kategori:Anggota Pasamakmuran Bangsa-Bangsa]]
[[Kategori:Nu ngadeg taun 1966]]
[[Kategori:Anggota Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]]
[[Kategori:Nagara jeung téritori Bantu]]</text>
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|mapsize1       =
|map_caption1     =
|image_dot_map     =
|dot_mapsize      =
|dot_map_caption    =
|dot_x= |dot_y=
|pushpin_map     =Spain
|pushpin_label_position=
|pushpin_map_caption =Lokasi Valéncia di Spanyol
|pushpin_mapsize   =250
&lt;!-- Location ------------------&gt;
|coordinates_display =inline,title
|coordinates_region  =ES
|subdivision_type   =[[Nagara]]
|subdivision_name   ={{flag|Spanyol}}
|subdivision_type1  =[[Komunitas otonom di Spanyol|Komunitas Otonom]]
|subdivision_name1  ={{flag|Komunitas urang Valéncia}}
|subdivision_type2  =[[Propinsi]]
|subdivision_name2  =[[Propinsi Valéncia|Valéncia]]
|subdivision_type3  =[[Comarca]]
|subdivision_name3  =Valéncia
|parts_type      =[[Distrik]]
|parts_style     =coll
|p1=Ciutat Vella
|p2=Eixample
|p3=Extramurs
|p4=Campanar
|p5=Saïdia
|p6=Pla del Real
|p7=Olivereta
|p8=Patraix
|p9=Jesús
|p10=Quatre Carreres
|p11=Poblados Marítimos
|p12=Caminos al Grao
|p13=Algirós
|p14=Benimaclet
|p15=Poblados del Norte
|p16=Poblados del Oeste
|p17=Poblados del Sur
&lt;!-- Politics -----------------&gt;
|government_footnotes =
|government_type   =[[Pamaréntahan walikota-déwan]]
|governing_body    =Ajuntament de Valéncia
|leader_party     =[[Partéy Rahayat (Spanyol)|PP]]
|leader_title     =[[Alcalde|Walikota]]
|leader_name     =[[Rita Barberá Nolla|Rita Barberá]]
|established_title  =Ngadeg
|established_date   =137 SM
&lt;!-- Area  ---------------------&gt;
|area_magnitude    =
|unit_pref      =&lt;!--Enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric--&gt;
|area_footnotes    =
|area_total_km2    =134.65
|area_land_km2    =&lt;!--See table @ Template:Infobox settlement for details on unit conversion--&gt;
|area_water_km2    =
|area_total_sq_mi   =
|area_land_sq_mi    =
|area_water_sq_mi   =
|area_water_percent  =
&lt;!-- Elevation --------------------------&gt;
|elevation_footnotes = &lt;!--for references: use&lt;ref&gt; tags--&gt;
|elevation_m     =15
|elevation_ft     =
&lt;!-- Population  -----------------------&gt;
|population_as_of   =2010
|population_footnotes =&amp;nbsp;[[Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)|INE]]
|population_note    =
|population_total   =809267 &lt;!-- http://www.ine.es/jaxi/tabla.do?path=/t20/e260/a2010/l0/&amp;file=mun46.px&amp;type=pcaxis&amp;L=0 --&gt;
|population_urban   =1,561,000&lt;ref name=&quot;urban&quot;/&gt;
|population_metro   =1,705,742 to 2,516,818
|population_est    =
|pop_est_as_of     =
|population_density_km2= auto
|population_density_sq_mi=
|population_demonym  =''valencià'',&amp;nbsp;''valenciana''&amp;nbsp;([[Valencian|va]])&lt;br/&gt;''valenciano'',&amp;nbsp;''valenciana''&amp;nbsp;([[basa Spanyol|es]])&lt;br/&gt;''Valencian''&amp;nbsp;([[basa Inggris|en]])
&lt;!-- General information ---------------&gt;
|timezone1      =CET (GMT +1)
|utc_offset1      =
|timezone1_DST    =CEST (GMT +2)
|utc_offset1_DST    =
|latd=39|latm=28|lats=|latNS=N
|longd=0|longm=23|longs=|longEW=W
&lt;!-- Area/postal codes &amp; others --------&gt;
|postal_code_type   =Postcode
|postal_code     =46000-46080
|area_code       =
|twin1         =
|website       =http://www.valencia.es
|blank_name_sec1  =[[ISO 3166-2:ES|ISO 3166-2]]
|blank_info_sec1   =ES-V
|footnotes       =
}}

'''Valéncia''' ({{IPA-es|baˈlenθja|lang}}), atawa '''Valéncia''' ({{IPA-ca|vaˈlensia|langva}}), nyaéta [[puseur dayeuh (pulitik)|puseur dayeuh]] [[komunitas otonom Spanyol|komunitas otonom]] [[Komunitas Valencia|Valencia]] sarta mangrupa [[munisipalitas di Spanyol|dayeuh katilu panggedéna]] di [[Spanyol]] sanggeus [[Madrid]] jeung [[Barcelona]], kalayan sakitar 800,000 pangeusi di puseur administratifna. Wewengkon urbanna mekar kaluar tina wates dayeuh administratif kalayan populasi kurang leuwih 1.5 juta urang.&lt;ref name=&quot;urban&quot;&gt;[http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf World Urban Areas] - [[Demographia]], May 2014&lt;/ref&gt; Valéncia téh mangrupa [[Daptar wewengkon métropolitan di Spanyol|wewengkon métropolitan panggedéna katilu]] di Spanyol, kalayan populasi ti 1.7 tepi ka 2.5 yuta. Ieu dayeuh boga status [[kota global]].&lt;ref name=GAWC/&gt; [[Palabuan Valéncia]] mangrupa [[Daptar palabuan pangriweuhna di Éropah|palabuan peti kemas pangriweuhna ka-5 di Éropah]] sarta busiest palabuan peti kemas pangriweuhna di [[Laut Tengah]].

Valéncia diadegkeun minangka jajahan Romawi dina taun 138 SM. Ieu dayeuh aya dina sisi walungan [[Turia (walungan)|Turia]], di béh wétanna basisir [[Bojong Iberia]], nyanghareupan [[Teluk Valéncia]] di Laut Tengah. Puseur historisna mangrupa salah sahiji nu panggedéna di Spanyol, legana kurang leuwih 169 héktar;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ayto-valencia.es/ayuntamiento/webs/estadistica/inf_dtba/pub/Districte_01.pdf|title=Districte 1. Ciutat Vella|work=Oficina d'Estadística. Ajuntament de Valéncia|language=valenciano y español|year=2008|accessdate=16 February 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; warisan monumén-monumén kuna, pemandangan katut pintonan budaya nyababkeun Valéncia jadi tujuan pelesir pangkasohorna di Spanyol. Monumén utama di antarana [[Katedral Valéncial]], ''[[Torres de Serranos]]'', ''[[Torres de Quart]]'', ''[[Llotja de la Seda]]'' (diaku minangka [[Loka Warisan Dunya]] ku [[UNESCO]] dina taun 1996), sarta ''[[Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciéncies]]'' (Dayeuh Seni katut Élmu Pangaweruh), hiji komplék budaya jeung arsitéktur nu dumasar kana hiburan nu dirancang ku [[Santiago Calatrava]] jeung [[Félix Candela]].&lt;ref name=CAC&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cac.es/ |title=Sitio oficial de Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias|accessdate=18 September 2011|author=Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias |year=2011 |work=www.cac.es}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Museu de Belles Arts de Valéncia]]'' nyimpen loba koléksi lukisan ti abad ka-14 tepi ka 18, kaasup karya [[Velázquez]], [[El Greco]], jeung [[Goya]], kaasup ogé séri penting ukiran [[Piranesi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://museobellasartesvalencia.gva.es/ |title=MUSEO DE BELLAS ARTES DE VALENCIA |accessdate=12 October 2011 |work=www.museobellasartesvalencia.gva.es |editor=Generalitat Valenciana }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525050236/http://museobellasartesvalencia.gva.es/historia.html |date=25 May 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Institut Valencià d'Art Modern]]'' (Institut Seni Modéren Valéncia) nyimpen koléksi permanén katut paméran seni jeung potografi kontémporér sementara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ivam.es/ |title=Instituto Valenciano de Arte Moderno |accessdate=12 October 2011 |work=www.ivam.es |editor=Generalitat Valenciana}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!--
Valencia is integrated into an industrial area on the ''[[Costa del Azahar]]'' (Orange Blossom Coast). Valencia's main festival is the ''[[Falles]]''. The traditional Spanish dish, ''[[paella]]'', originated in Valencia.

==Ngaran==
The original [[Latin]] name of the city was Valentia (Latin pronunciation: {{IPA|[waˈlentia]}}), meaning &quot;strength&quot;, or &quot;valour&quot;, the city being named according to the Roman practice of recognizing the valour of former Roman soldiers after a war. The Roman historian Livy explains that the founding of Valentia in the 2nd century BC was due to the settling of the Roman soldiers who fought against an Iberian rebel, [[Viriato]].

During the rule of the [[Al Andalus|Muslim kingdoms in Spain]], it had the nickname ''Medina bu-Tarab'' ('City of Joy') according to a transliteration, or ''Medina at-Turab'' ({{lang|ar|مدينة التراب}}, 'City of Sands') according to another, since it was located on the banks of the River Turia. It is not clear if the term ''Balansiyya'' ({{lang|ar|بلنسية}}) was reserved for the entire [[Taifa of Valencia]] or also designated the city.&lt;ref name=Galbis2009&gt;{{cite web|author1=Agustí Galbis|title=La ciutat de Valencia i El nom de “Madinat al-Turab”|url=https://agustigalbis.wordpress.com/category/del-sit-a-jaume-i/page/4/|website=Del Sit a Jaume I «Bloc en els artículs d’Agustí Galbis|accessdate=24 June 2014|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140407144424/https://agustigalbis.wordpress.com/category/del-sit-a-jaume-i/page/4/|archivedate=April 7, 2014|language=Catalan|date=19 June 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

By gradual sound changes, Valentia {{IPA|[waˈlentia]}} has become Valencia {{IPA|[baˈlenθja]}} in [[Spanish language|Castilian]] and Valéncia {{IPA|[vaˈlensia]}} in [[Valencian]]. In Valencian, the grave accent &lt;é&gt; /ɛ/ contrasts with the acute accent &lt;é&gt; /e/—but the word 'Valéncia' is an exception to this rule. It is spelled according to [[Catalan language|Catalan]] etymology, though its pronunciation is closer to Vulgar Latin).

==Géografi==

===Lokasi===
Valencia stands on the banks of the [[Turia (river)|Turia river]], located on the eastern coast of the [[Iberian peninsula]] and the western part of the [[Mediterranean Sea]], fronting the [[Gulf of Valencia]]. At its founding by the Romans, it stood on a river island in the Turia, {{convert|6.4|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} from the sea. The [[Albufera]], a freshwater lagoon and estuary about {{convert|11|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} south of the city, is one of the largest lakes in Spain. The City Council bought the lake from the [[Crown of Spain]] for 1,072,980 pesetas in 1911,&lt;ref name=&quot;Gonzálbez1960&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Francisco de P. Momblanch y Gonzálbez|title=Historia de la Albufera de Valencia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6QUrAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=5 February 2013|year=1960|publisher=Excmo. Anuntamiento|page=301}}&lt;/ref&gt; and today it forms the main portion of the ''Parc Natural de l'Albufera'' ([[Albufera|Albufera Nature Reserve]]), with a surface area of {{convert|21120|ha|acre|abbr=off}}. In 1986, because of its cultural, historical, and ecological value, the ''Generalitat Valenciana'' declared it a natural park.

===Iklim===
{{Main|Iklim di Valéncia}}
Valencia has a [[subtropical climate|subtropical]] [[Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Csa'')&lt;ref name=KGcc&gt;{{Cite journal|author=M. Kottek|author2=J. Grieser |author3=C. Beck |author4=B. Rudolf |author5=F. Rubel |title=World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated|journal=Meteorol. Z.|volume=15|pages=259–263|url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pics/kottek_et_al_2006.gif|doi=10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130|accessdate=22 April 2009|year=2006|issue=3}}&lt;/ref&gt; with very mild winters and long warm to hot summers.

Its average annual temperature is {{convert|22.8|°C|°F|abbr=on}} during the day and {{convert|13.8|°C|°F|abbr=on}} at night. In the coldest month — January, the maximum temperature typically during the day ranges from {{convert|10|to|20|C|F}}, the minimum temperature typically at night ranges from {{convert|2|to|12|C|F}} and the average sea temperature is {{convert|14|°C|°F|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref name=weather2travel&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/spain/valencia.php|title=Weather2Travel.com: Valencia Climate Guide|accessdate=16 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the warmest month — August, the maximum temperature during the day typically ranges from {{convert|28|-|34|C|F}}, about {{convert|23|°C|°F|abbr=on}} at night and the average sea temperature is {{convert|26|°C|°F|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref name=weather2travel/&gt; Generally, temperatures similar to those experienced in the northern part of Europe in summer last about 8 months, from April to November. March is transitional, the temperature often exceeds {{convert|20|°C|0|abbr=on}}, with an average temperature of {{convert|19|°C|0|abbr=on}} during the day and {{convert|10|°C|0|abbr=on}} at night. December, January and February are the coldest months, with average temperatures around {{convert|17|°C|°F|abbr=on}} during the day and {{convert|8|°C|°F|abbr=on}} at night. Valencia has one of the mildest winters in Europe, owing to its southern location on the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and the [[Foehn]] phenomenon. The January average is comparable to temperatures expected for May and September in the major cities of northern Europe.

Sunshine duration hours are 2,696 per year, from 155 (average nearly 5 hours of sunshine duration at day) in December to 315 (average above 10 hours of sunshine duration at day) in July. Average annual temperature of the sea is {{convert|18.5|°C|°F|abbr=on}}. Average [[relative humidity]] is 60% in April to 68% in August.&lt;ref name=&quot;aemet.es&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.aemet.es/en/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos?l=8416&amp;k=val |title=Standard Climate Values. Valencia}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Weather box
|location= Valencia city 11m (1981-2010)
|metric first= yes
|single line= yes
|Jan high C= 16.4
|Feb high C= 17.1
|Mar high C= 19.3
|Apr high C= 20.8
|May high C= 23.4
|Jun high C= 27.1
|Jul high C= 29.7
|Aug high C= 30.2
|Sep high C= 27.9
|Oct high C= 24.3
|Nov high C= 19.8
|Dec high C= 17.0
|year high C= 22.8
|Jan mean C= 11.8
|Feb mean C= 12.5
|Mar mean C= 14.4
|Apr mean C= 16.2
|May mean C= 19.0
|Jun mean C= 22.9
|Jul mean C= 25.6
|Aug mean C= 26.1
|Sep mean C= 23.5
|Oct mean C= 19.7
|Nov mean C= 15.3
|Dec mean C= 12.6
|year mean C= 18.3
|Jan low C= 7.1
|Feb low C= 7.8
|Mar low C= 9.6
|Apr low C= 11.5
|May low C= 14.6
|Jun low C= 18.6
|Jul low C= 21.5
|Aug low C= 21.9
|Sep low C= 19.1
|Oct low C= 15.2
|Nov low C= 10.8
|Dec low C= 8.1
|year low C= 13.8
|Jan precipitation mm= 37
|Feb precipitation mm= 36
|Mar precipitation mm= 33
|Apr precipitation mm= 38
|May precipitation mm= 39
|Jun precipitation mm= 22
|Jul precipitation mm= 8
|Aug precipitation mm= 20
|Sep precipitation mm= 70
|Oct precipitation mm= 77
|Nov precipitation mm= 47
|Dec precipitation mm= 48
|year precipitation mm= 475
|Jan precipitation days= 4
|Feb precipitation days= 4
|Mar precipitation days= 4
|Apr precipitation days= 5
|May precipitation days= 4
|Jun precipitation days= 3
|Jul precipitation days= 1
|Aug precipitation days= 2
|Sep precipitation days= 5
|Oct precipitation days= 5
|Nov precipitation days= 4
|Dec precipitation days= 5
|year precipitation days= 46
|unit precipitation days= 1&amp;nbsp;mm
|Jan sun= 171
|Feb sun= 171
|Mar sun= 215
|Apr sun= 234
|May sun= 259
|Jun sun= 276
|Jul sun= 315
|Aug sun= 288
|Sep sun= 235
|Oct sun= 202
|Nov sun= 167
|Dec sun= 155
|year sun= 2696
|source 1= [[Agencia Estatal de Meteorología]] ([[United Nations|UN]]),&lt;ref name=&quot;WMO&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 |url=http://www.aemet.es/en/conocermas/publicaciones/detalles/guia_resumida_2010
 |title=Guía resumida del clima en España (1981-2010) 
 |accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Agencia Estatal de Meteorología]]&lt;ref name=&quot;aemet.es&quot; /&gt;
|date=July 2014}}

==Economy==
[[File:Pontfayw2.jpg|thumb|Commercial zone]]
Valencia enjoyed strong [[economic growth]] over the last decade, much of it spurred by tourism and the [[Construction|construction industry]], {{Citation needed|date=June 2008}} with concurrent development and expansion of telecommunications and transport. [[Air Nostrum]], a [[regional airline]], is headquartered in Valencia.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.airnostrum.es/air_19.asp?ruta=HTML\Otras_Opciones\2_contactos.htm Contact List].&quot; ''[[Air Nostrum]]''. Retrieved on 20 May 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; The city's economy is service-oriented, as nearly 84% of the working population is employed in service sector occupations{{Citation needed|date=May 2014|by=Richard Petillo}}. However, the city still maintains an important industrial base, with 5.5% of the population employed in this sector. Agricultural activities are still carried on in the municipality, even though of relatively minor importance with only 1.9% of the working population and 3973 hectares planted mostly in orchards and citrus groves.

Since the break of the crisis (2008), Valencia has been among the Spanish regions most affected by it and has not been able to slow down a growing unemployment rate, growing government debt etc. Severe spending cuts have been introduced by the city authorities.

In 2009, Valencia was the 29th fastest improving European city.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.citymayors.com/business/euro_bizcities.html |title=Best European business cities |publisher=City Mayors |date=28 October 2009 |accessdate=15 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its influence in commerce, education, entertainment, media, fashion, science and the arts contributes to its status as one of the world's &quot;Gamma&quot;-rank [[global city|global cities]].&lt;ref name=GAWC&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html |title=The World According to GaWC 2010 |publisher=Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network, [[Loughborough University]] |accessdate=3 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Ford Valencia Plant|large factory]] of [[Ford Motor Company]] lies in suburb of city, in [[Almussafes]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://corporate.ford.com/our-company/operations-worldwide/global-operations-detail/spain-assemblyplants-valenciabody Global Operations – Spain: Valencia Body and Assembly] – corporate.ford.com&lt;/ref&gt;

The Valencia metropolitan area had a [[List of cities by GDP|GDP amounting to $52.7 billion]], and $28,141 per capita.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brookings&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3|title=Global city GDP 2011|publisher=Brookings Institution}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Port===
[[File:Port de Valéncia, eixida.JPG|thumb|Port of Valencia]]
[[Port of Valencia|Valencia’s port]] is the biggest on the Mediterranean western coast,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.valenciaport.com/en-US/ValenciaportEntorno/ValenciaportCifras/Introduccion/Paginas/ValenciaportCifras.aspx|title=Valenciaport in figures |publisher=valenciaport.com |accessdate=1 January 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; the first of Spain in container traffic as of 2008&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Burguera |url=http://www.lasprovincias.es/valencia/20080910/economia/valencia-supera-algeciras-lidera-20080910.html |title=Valencia supera an Algeciras y lidera por primera vez el tráfico de contenedores en España. Las Provincias |publisher=Lasprovincias.es |accessdate=18 June 2009|language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the second of Spain&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.puertoalgeciras.org/2008/04/resumen-general-del-trafico-portuario.html |title=Resumen general del tráfico portuario en febrero &amp;#124; Puerto Bahía de Algeciras Blog |publisher=Puertoalgeciras.org |date=22 February 1999 |accessdate=18 June 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; in total traffic, handling 20% of Spain’s exports.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Mckinley |first=James C. |url=http://www.nytimes.com/global/spainvalencia/nine.html |title=NY Times, 30 July 2008 |publisher=Nytimes.com |date=2 March 2011 |accessdate=9 March 2011}}{{dead link|date=April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The main exports are foodstuffs and beverages. Other exports include [[Orange (fruit)|oranges]], furniture, ceramic tiles, fans, textiles and iron products. Valencia’s [[Secondary sector of the economy|manufacturing sector]] focuses on metallurgy, chemicals, textiles, shipbuilding and brewing. Small and medium sized industries are an important part of the local economy, and before the current crisis unemployment was lower than the Spanish average.

Valencia's port underwent radical changes to accommodate the 32nd [[America's Cup]] in 2007. It was divided into two parts—one was unchanged while the other section was modified for the America's Cup festivities. The two sections remain divided by a wall that projects far into the water to maintain clean water for the America's Cup side.
[[File:Estació abril.jpg|thumb|325px|left|The North station ([[Estació del nord]])]]

===Transport===
[[Public transport]] is provided by the ''[[Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat Valenciana]]'' (FGV), which operates the [[Metrovalencia]] and other rail and bus services. The ''[[Estació del nord]]'' (North Station) is the main railway terminus in Valencia. A new temporary station, ''Estación de Valéncia-Joaquín Sorolla'', has been built on land adjacent to this terminus to accommodate high speed [[AVE]] trains to and from Madrid, Barcelona, Seville and Alicante. [[Valencia Airport]] is situated {{convert|9|km|mi|abbr=on}} west of Valencia city centre. [[Alicante Airport]] is situated about {{convert|170|km|mi|abbr=on}} south of Valencia.

The City of Valencia also makes available a [[bicycle sharing system]] named [[ValenbiSi]] to both visitors and residents. As of October 13, 2012, the system has 2750 bikes distributed over 250 stations all throughout the city.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.valenbisi.com/What-is-Valenbisi Valenbisi's official website]&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tourism===
[[File:Playa_Arenas_Valencia.jpg|thumb|Playa de las Arenas in Valencia.]]
[[File:Valencia_Beaches.jpg|thumb|Beach from Valencia.]]
[[File:Palau del congres.jpg|thumb|Palau de congressos, [[Norman Foster]] ]]
Starting in the mid-1990s, Valencia, formerly an industrial centre, saw rapid development that expanded its cultural and touristic possibilities, and transformed it into a newly vibrant city. Many local landmarks were restored, including the ancient Towers of the medieval city (''Serrano'' Towers and ''Quart'' Towers), and the [[San Miguel de los Reyes monastery]], which now holds a conservation library. Whole sections of the old city, for example the Carmen Quarter, have been extensively renovated. The ''Paseo Marítimo'', a {{convert|4|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}&amp;nbsp;long palm tree-lined promenade was constructed along the beaches of the north side of the port ''(Playa Las Arenas, Playa Cabañal and Playa de la Malvarrosa'').

The city has numerous [[Convention center|convention centres]] and venues for trade events, among them the Feria Valencia Convention and Exhibition Centre ''(Institución Ferial de Valencia)'' and the ''Palau de congres'' (Conference Palace), and several 5-star hotels to accommodate business travelers.

In its long history, Valencia has acquired many local traditions and festivals, among them the ''[[Falles]]'', which were declared Celebrations of International Touristic Interest ''(Fiestas de Interés Turístico Internacional)'' on 25 January 1965, and the Water Tribunal of Valencia ''(Tribunal de las Aguas de Valencia)'', which was declared an intangible cultural heritage of humanity ''(Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial de la Humanidad'') in 2009. In addition to these Valencia has hosted world-class events that helped shape the city's reputation and put it in the international spotlight, e.g., the Regional Exhibition of 1909, the 32nd and the 33rd [[America's Cup]] competitions, the [[European Grand Prix]] of [[Formula One]] auto racing, the Valencia Open 500 tennis tournament, and the Global Champions Tour of equestrian sports.

The 2005 [[America's Cup]] yachting races were held at Valencia in June and July 2005 and attracted huge crowds. According to official data from the organizing committee, as many as 150,000 visitors flocked to Valencia's port each day during the two weeks of events. {{Citation needed|date=May 2008}}

==Demographics==
The third largest city in [[Spain]] and the [[Largest cities of the European Union by population within city limits|24th most populous municipality]] in the [[European Union]], Valencia has a population of 809,267&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.es |title=Instituto Nacional de Estadística. (National Statistics Institute) |publisher=Ine.es |date=28 May 2001 |accessdate=6 May 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; within its administrative limits on a land area of {{convert|134.6|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}. It is. The urban area of Valencia extending beyond the administrative city limits has a population of between 1,561,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf|title=Demographia: World Urban Areas |format=PDF |accessdate=18 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 1,564,145.&lt;ref&gt;[[Eurostat]] – [[Larger Urban Zones]]: [http://www.urbanaudit.org/CityProfiles.aspx Urban Audit.org]&lt;/ref&gt; 1,705,742&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html The Principal Agglomerations of the World – Population Statistics and Maps] – citypopulation.de&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://alarcos.inf-cr.uclm.es/per/fruiz/pobesp/dat/arc/areas-pob.xls Datos de áreas urbanas en 2006] según el proyecto [http://alarcos.inf-cr.uclm.es/per/fruiz/audes5/ AUDES5]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://alarcos.inf-cr.uclm.es/per/fruiz/pobesp/dat/arc/conurbaciones.xls Conurbaciones en 2006] según el proyecto [http://alarcos.inf-cr.uclm.es/per/fruiz/audes5/ AUDES5]&lt;/ref&gt; or 2,300,000&lt;ref&gt;[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development]], ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=kBsfY-Pe2Q4C Competitive Cities in the Global Economy]'', OECD Territorial Reviews, (OECD Publishing, 2006), Table 1.1&lt;/ref&gt; or 2,516,818&lt;ref&gt;[http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=met_pjanaggr3&amp;lang=en &quot;''Population by sex and age groups''&quot;] – [[Eurostat]], 2012&lt;/ref&gt; people live in the Valencia metropolitan area. Between 2007 and 2008 there was a 14% increase in the foreign born population with the largest numeric increases by country being from Bolivia, Romania and Italy.

One notable demographic change in Valencia in the last decade has been the growth in the [[foreign born]] population, which rose from 1.5% in the year 2000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ayto-valencia.es/ayuntamiento/webs/estadistica/Padron/2001/Pob_estrangera_2001.xls |title=foreign born population in 2001 |accessdate=9 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; to 15.1% in 2009,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ayto-valencia.es/ayuntamiento/otras_publicaciones.nsf/0/44A5D00DFB826F6DC12575E00027F9CA/$FILE/Pob_Estrangera_2009.pdf |title=Foreign born population in 2008, p7 |format=PDF |accessdate=9 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; a trend that has also occurred in the two larger cities of Madrid and Barcelona.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ayto-valencia.es/ayuntamiento/webs/estadistica/Padron/2007/Pob_estrangera_2007.xls |title=Table 1.1 foreign born population |accessdate=9 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The main countries of origin were Ecuador, Bolivia, Colombia, Morocco and Romania.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ayto-valencia.es/ayuntamiento/webs/estadistica/Padron/2007/Pob_estrangera_2007.xls |title=Table 1.5 foreign born population 2007 |accessdate=9 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Culture==
[[File:Calle iluminada de Sueca-Literato Azorín 2008 2.JPG|thumb|Street lighting at junction of Sueca and Literato Azorín, Falles 2008]]
[[File:Paella hirviendo.jpg|thumb|Traditional preparation of paella]]
Valencia is known internationally for the [[Falles]] ''(Las Fallas)'', a local festival held in March, and for ''[[paella]] valenciana'', traditional Valencian ceramics, intricate traditional dress, and the architecture of the [[Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciéncies|City of Arts and Sciences]] designed by [[Santiago Calatrava]] and [[Félix Candela]].

La [[Tomatina]], an annual tomato fight, draws crowds to the nearby town of Buñol in August. There are also a number of well-preserved traditional Catholic festivities throughout the year. [[Holy Week|Holy week]] celebrations in Valencia are considered some of the most colourful in Spain.{{Citation needed|date=December 2011}} Valencia has a [[rapid transit|metro]] system, the [[Metrovalencia]] (Valencia Metro).

Valencia was once a venue for the [[Formula One]] [[European Grand Prix]], first hosting the event on 24 August 2008. The city was axed at the  beginning of the grand prix season 2013.

The [[University of Valencia]] (officially ''Universitat de Valéncia Estudi General'') was founded in 1499, being one of the oldest surviving universities in Spain, and the oldest university in the Valencian Community. It was listed as one of the four leading Spanish universities in the 2011 Shanghai Academic Ranking of World Universities.

In 2012, [[Berklee College of Music]] opened a new campus at the [[Palau de les Arts Reina Sofia]] providing focus on the music of the region through its [http://valencia.berklee.edu/mediterranean-music-institute/ Mediterranean Music Institute].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Minder|first=Raphael|title=Berklee to Open a Campus in Spain|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/14/world/europe/14iht-educSide14.html|accessdate=12 April 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=15 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 2003, Valencia also hosts the music courses of Musikeon, leading musical institution in the Spanish-speaking world.

===Languages===
The two [[official language]]s spoken in the city are [[Valencian]] (the variety of the [[Catalan language]] as spoken in the Valencian Community) and [[Spanish language|Castilian Spanish]]. Due to political and demographic pressures in the past, the predominant language is Spanish, but Valencian (as the Catalan language is referred to by local authorities) is taught and spoken in most of the surrounding [[metropolitan area]] and [[province of Valencia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ive.es/portal/page/portal/IVE_PEGV/CONTENTS/censos/censo2001definitivos/ini_val.htm |title=Institut Valencià d'Estadística |publisher=Ive.es |accessdate=9 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The government emphasizes the usage of the local language by posting signs and announcements of the metro area in Valencian with Spanish translations. Valencian is also used when naming streets. Street signs generally give the Valencian name for the street. However, older streets and those that span longer distances are also labelled in Spanish.

===Food===
Valencia is famous for its gastronomic culture. Typical dishes include ''[[paella]]'', a simmered rice dish with seafood or meat (chicken or rabbit), ''[[fartons]]'', ''[[buñuelos]]'', the [[Tortilla de patatas|Spanish omelette]], ''[[pincho]]s'', ''[[rosquilletas]]'' and [[Squid (food)|squid]] ''(calamares)''.

Valencia is also the birthplace of the cold ''[[Cyperus esculentus|chufa]]'' beverage known as ''[[horchata]]'', popular in many parts of the world including the Americas.

==History==

===Roman Valentia===
Valencia is one of the oldest cities in Spain, founded in the Roman period under the name &quot;Valentia Edetanorum&quot; on the site of a former [[Iberians|Iberian]] town, by the river [[Turia (river)|Turia]] in the province of Edetania.
[[File:Sello plaza de la virgen valencia.jpg|150px|thumb|left|Roman Cornucopia, symbol of Valentia, found on the floor of a Roman building excavated in the Plaza de la Virgen.]]
About two thousand Roman colonists were settled there in 138 BC during the rule of consul [[Junius Brutus|Decimus Junius Brutus Galaico]]. The Roman historian [[Florus]] says that Brutus transferred the soldiers who had fought under him to that province. This was a typical Roman city in its conception, as it was located in a strategic location near the sea on a river island crossed by the Via Augusta, the imperial road that connected the province to Rome, the capital of the empire. The centre of the city was located in the present-day neighbourhood of the Plaza de la Virgen. Here was the forum and the crossing of the Cardo Maximus and the Decumanus Maximus, which remain the two main axes of the city. The Cardo corresponds to the existing Calle de Salvador, Almoina and the Decumanus correspond to Calle de los Caballeros.

[[Pompey]] razed Valentia to the ground in 75 BC to punish it for its loyalty to [[Quintus Sertorius|Sertorius]]. It was rebuilt around fifty years later with large infrastructure projects, and by the mid-first century, experienced rapid urban growth. [[Pomponius Mela]] called it one of the principal cities of the [[Hispania Tarraconensis|Tarraconensis]] province. Valencia suffered a new period of decline in the third century, but an early Christian community arose there during the latter years of the Roman Empire, in the fourth century.

===Middle Ages===
; Visigothic Period
A few centuries later, coinciding with the first waves of the invading Germanic peoples ([[Suevi]], [[Vandals]] and [[Alans]], and later the [[Visigoths]])  and the power vacuum left by the demise of the Roman imperial administration, the church assumed the reins of power in the city and replaced the old Roman temples with religious buildings. With the [[Byzantine]] invasion of the southwestern Iberian peninsula in 554 the city acquired strategic importance. After the expulsion of the Byzantines in 625, Visigothic military contingents were posted there and the ancient Roman amphitheatre was fortified. Little is known of its history for nearly a hundred years; although this period is only scarcely documented by archeology, excavations suggest that there was little development of the city. During Visigothic times Valencia was an episcopal See of the Catholic Church, albeit a suffragan diocese subordinate to the archdiocese of Toledo, comprising the ancient Roman province of [[Carthaginensis]] in [[Hispania]].

; Muslim Balansiya
[[File:Torres de Serrans.jpg|thumb|Towers of Serranos]]
The city surrendered without a fight to the invading Moors (Berbers and Arabs) in 714 AD, and the cathedral of [[Saint Vincent of Saragossa|Saint Vincent]] was turned into a mosque.  [[Abd al-Rahman I]], the first emir of Cordoba, ordered the city destroyed, but several years later his son, Abdullah, had a form of autonomous rule over the province of Valencia. Among his administrative acts he ordered the building of a luxurious palace, the Russafa, on the outskirts of the city in the neighbourhood of the same name. So far no remains have been found. Also at this time Valencia received the name ''Medina al-Turab'' (City of Sand). When Islamic culture settled in, Valencia, then called ''Balansiyya'', prospered from the 10th century, due to a booming trade in paper, silk, leather, ceramics, glass and silver-work. The architectural legacy of this period is abundant in Valencia and can still be appreciated today in the remnants of the old walls, the ''Baños del Almirante'' bath house, Portal de Valldigna street and even the Cathedral and the tower, ''El Micalet'' ''(El Miguelete)'', which was the minaret of the old mosque.

After the death of [[Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir|Almanzor]] and the unrest that followed, Muslim Al-Andalus disintergrated into numerous small states known as [[taifa]]s, one of which was the [[Taifa of Valencia]], which existed for four distinct periods: 1010 – 1065, 1075 – 1099, 1145 – 1147, and 1229 – 1238.

[[File:Micalet1.jpg|thumb|200px|left|''El Micalet'' or ''El Miguelete'']]
Balansiyya had a rebirth of sorts with the beginning of the Taifa of Valencia kingdom in the 11th century. The town grew, and during the reign of Abd al-Aziz a new city wall was built, remains of which are preserved throughout the Old City ''(Ciutat Vella)'' today. The Castilian nobleman Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar, known as ''[[El Cid]]'', who was intent on possessing his own principality on the Mediterranean, entered the province in command of a combined Christian and Moorish army and besieged the city beginning in 1092. By the time the siege ended in May 1094, he had carved out his own fiefdom—which he ruled from 15 June 1094 to July 1099. This victory was immortalised in the ''[[Cantar de Mio Cid|Lay of the Cid]]''. During his rule, he converted nine mosques into churches and installed the French monk Jérôme as bishop of the See of Valencia. He was killed in July 1099 while defending the city from an Almoravid siege, whereupon his wife [[Jimena Díaz|Ximena Díaz]] ruled in his place for two years.

The city remained in the hands of Christian troops until 1102, when the [[Almoravid dynasty|Almoravids]] retook the city and restored the Muslim religion. Although the self-styled 'Emperor of All Spain', Alfonso VI of León and Castile, drove them from the city, he was not strong enough to hold it. The Christians set it afire before abandoning it, and the Almoravid Masdali took possession on 5 May 1109. The event was commemorated in a poem by [[Ibn Khafaja]] in which he thanked [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin]] for the city's liberation.The declining power of the Almoravids coincided with the rise of a new dynasty in North Africa, the [[Almohad Caliphate|Almohads]], who seized control of the peninsula from the year 1145, although their entry into Valencia was deterred by Ibn Mardanis, King of Valencia and Murcia until 1171, at which time the city finally fell to the North Africans. The two Muslim dynasties would rule Valencia for more than a century.
[[File:Peno de la conquesta.jpg|right|thumb|150px|[[Pennon of the Conquest]], the flag raised by the [[Moors]] of Valencia on 1238 to indicate their surrender to the troops of king [[James I of Aragon]].]]
;Christian Reconquest
[[File:Chaime I d'Aragón.jpg|thumb|right|210px|[[James I of Aragon|James I the Conqueror]], King of Aragon]]
In 1238, King [[James I of Aragon]], with an army composed of [[Aragonese people|Aragonese]], [[Catalan people|Catalans]], [[Navarre]]se and crusaders from the [[Order of Calatrava]], laid siege to Valencia and on 28 September obtained a surrender. Fifty thousand Moors were forced to leave. Poets such as [[Ibn al-Abbar]] and [[Ibn Amira]] mourned this exile from their beloved Valencia. After the Christian victory and the expulsion of the Muslim population the city was divided between those who had participated in the conquest, according to the testimony in the '' Llibre del Repartimen''t (Book of Distribution). James I granted the city new charters of law, the [[Furs of Valencia]], which later were extended to the whole kingdom of Valencia. Thenceforth the city entered a new historical stage in which a new society and a new language developed, forming the basis of the character of the Valencian people as they are known today.

On 9 October, King James, followed by his retinue and army, took possession of the city. The principal mosque was purified and the Mass was celebrated. James incorporated city and territory into the newly formed [[Kingdom of Valencia]], one of the kingdoms forming the [[Crown of Aragon]], and permitted all people that lived in the city, Jews, Muslims and Christians, to stay there and live as citizens of the kingdom.

According to historical data on the capitulation of the city, the kingdom of Valencia had a population of 120,000 Muslims, 65,000 Christians and 2,000 Jews, who by the terms of the capitulation and its covenants were mostly allowed to remain on their land. According to the Arab historian Hussein Mones of the University of Cairo, these were the words King Zayan spoke to James I when he surrendered the keys to the city:
:&quot;In the city of Valencia live Muslims, the nobles of my people, along with Christians and Jews. I hope you continue to govern in the same harmony, all working and living together in this noble land. Here, during my reign, Easter processions went out and Christians professed their religion freely, as our [[Quran]] recognizes Christ and the Virgin. I hope you bestow the same treatment to the Muslims of Valencia.&quot;
:

The city went through serious troubles in the mid-fourteenth century. On the one hand were the decimation of the population by the Black Death of 1348 and subsequent years of epidemics—and on the other, the series of wars and riots that followed. Among these were the War of the Union, a citizen revolt against the excesses of the monarchy, led by Valencia as the capital of the kingdom—and the war with Castile, which forced the hurried raising of a new wall to resist Castilian attacks in 1363 and 1364. In these years the coexistence of the three communities that occupied the city—Christian, Jewish and Muslim—was quite contentious. The Jews who occupied the area around the waterfront had progressed economically and socially, and their quarter gradually expanded its boundaries at the expense of neighboring parishes. Meanwhile, Muslims who remained in the city after the conquest were entrenched in a Moorish neighbourhood next to the present-day market Mosen Sorel. In 1391 an uncontrolled mob attacked the Jewish quarter, causing its virtual disappearance and leading to the forced conversion of its surviving members to Christianity. The Muslim quarter was attacked during a similar tumult among the populace in 1456, but the consequences were minor.

===Golden Age of Valencia===
[[File:Llotja columnari1.jpg|thumb|left|Hall of Columns in the Silk Exchange ''(Lonja de la Seda)'' of Valencia]]
The 15th century was a time of economic expansion, known as the Valencian Golden Age, in which culture and the arts flourished. Concurrent population growth made Valencia the most populous city in the Crown of Aragon. Local industry, led by textile production, reached a great development, and a financial institution, the ''Canvi de Taula'', was created to support municipal banking operations; Valencian bankers lent funds to Queen [[Isabella I of Castile]] for [[Christopher Columbus|Columbus]]' voyage in 1492. At the end of the century the [[Llotja de la Seda|Silk Exchange]] ''(Llotja de la Seda)'' building was erected as the city became a commercial emporium that attracted merchants from all over Europe.

This boom was reflected in the growth of artistic and cultural pursuits. Some of the most emblematic buildings of the city were built during this period, including the Serranos Towers (1392), the Lonja (1482), the Miguelete and the Chapel of the Kings of the Convent of Santo Domingo. In painting and sculpture, Flemish and Italian trends had an influence on artists such as Lluís Dalmau, Peris Gonçal and Forment Damian. Literature flourished with the patronage of the court of [[Alfonso V of Aragon|Alfonso the Magnanimous]], supporting authors like Ausias March, Roiç de Corella, and Isabel de Villena.  By 1460 Joanot Martorell wrote ''[[Tirant lo Blanch]]'', an innovative novel of chivalry that influenced many later writers, from Cervantes to Shakespeare. [[Ausiàs March]] was one of the first poets to use the everyday language [[Valencian language|Valencian]], instead of the [[troubadour]] language, [[Occitan]]. Also around this time, between 1499 and 1502, the University of Valencia was founded under the parsimonious name of '' Estudio General'' (General Studies).

Valencia was one of the most influential cities on the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] in the 15th and 16th centuries. The [[Global spread of the printing press|first printing press]] in the Iberian Peninsula was located in Valencia. The first printed Bible in a Romance language, the [[Valencian Bible]]  attributed to [[Bonifaci Ferrer]], was printed in Valencia circa 1478.

===Early Modern===
;Spanish Empire
[[File:gerpaz.jpg|thumb|300px|The Meeting of the Brotherhoods ''(La paz de las Germanías)'', by [[Marcelino de Unceta]]]]

Following the discovery of the Americas, the European economy was oriented towards the Atlantic to the detriment of the Mediterranean trade. Despite the dynastic union of [[Aragon]] with Castile, the conquest and exploitation of America was the exclusive domain of Castile. The Valencians, like the Catalans, Aragonese and Majorcans, were prohibited participation in the cross-Atlantic commerce.

Faced with this loss of business, Valencia suffered a severe economic crisis. This manifested early in 1519–1523 when the [[Revolt of the Brotherhoods|artisan guilds]] known as the [[Revolt of the Brotherhoods|Germanies]] revolted against the government of the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] king [[Charles I of Spain|Charles I]] in Valencia, now part of the [[Crown of Aragon]], with most of the fighting done in 1521. The revolt was an anti-monarchist, anti-feudal autonomist movement inspired by the Italian republics, and a social revolt against the nobility who had fled the city before an epidemic of plague in 1519. It also bore a strong anti-Islamic aspect, as rebels rioted against Aragon's population of mudéjars and imposed forced conversions to Christianity.

The vicereine [[Germaine of Foix]] brutally repressed the uprising and its leaders, and this accelerated the authoritarian centralization of the government of Charles I. Queen Germaine favored harsh treatment of the ''agermanats''. She is thought to have signed the death warrants of 100 former rebels personally, and sources indicate that as many as 800 executions may have occurred. The ''agermanats'' are comparable to the ''[[Revolt of the Comuneros|comuneros]]'' of neighboring Castile, who fought a similar revolt against Charles from 1520–1522.

The crisis deepened during the 17th century with the [[Expulsion of the Moriscos|expulsion]] in 1609 of the Jews and the [[Moriscos]], descendants of the Muslim population that converted to Christianity under threat of exile from [[Ferdinand and Isabella]] in 1502. From 1609 through 1614, the Spanish government systematically forced Moriscos to leave the kingdom for Muslim North Africa. They were concentrated in the former [[Kingdom of Aragon]], where they constituted a fifth of the population, and the Valencia area specifically, where they were roughly a third of the total population.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Meyerson|first=Mark D.|title=In the Age of Fernando and Isabel: Between Coexistence and Crusade|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley, California|isbn=978-0-520-06888-9|pages=14}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The expulsion caused the financial ruin of some of the nobility and the bankruptcy of the Taula de Canvi in 1613. The Crown endeavoured to compensate the nobles, who had lost much of their agricultural labour force; this harmed the economy of the city for generations to come. Later, during the so-called [[Catalan Revolt]] (1640–1652), Valencia contributed to the cause of [[Philip IV of Spain|Philip IV]] with militias and money, resulting in a period of further economic hardship exacerbated by the arrival of troops from other parts of Spain.

[[File:Embarco moriscos en el Grao de valencia.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Expulsion of the Moriscos from Valencia Grau by Pere Oromig]]
;Valencia under the Bourbons
The decline of the city reached its nadir with the [[War of Spanish Succession]] (1702–1709) that marked the end of the political and legal independence of the Kingdom of Valencia. During the [[War of the Spanish Succession]], Valencia sided with [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles of Austria]]. On 24 January 1706, [[Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl of Peterborough|Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl of Peterborough, 1st Earl of Monmouth]], led a handful of English cavalrymen into the city after riding south from Barcelona, capturing the nearby fortress at Sagunt, and bluffing the Spanish Bourbon army into withdrawal.

The English held the city for 16 months and defeated several attempts to expel them. English soldiers advanced as far as Requena on the road to Madrid. After the victory of the Bourbons at the [[Battle of Almansa]] on 25 April 1707, the English army evacuated Valencia and  [[Philip V of Spain|Philip V]] ordered the repeal of the privileges of Valencia as punishment for the kingdom's support of Charles of Austria. By the Nueva Planta decrees ''(Decretos de Nueva Planta)'' the ancient [[Furs of Valencia|Charters of Valencia]] were abolished and the city was governed by the Castilian Charter. The Bourbon forces burned important cities like Xativa, where pictures of the Spanish Bourbons in public places are hung upside down as a protest to this day. The capital of the Kingdom of Valencia was moved to Orihuela, an outrage to the citizens of Valencia. Philip ordered the Cortes to meet with the Viceroy of Valencia, Cardinal Luis de Belluga, who opposed the change of capital because of the proximity of Orihuela, a religious, cultural and now political centre, to Murcia (capital of another viceroyalty and his diocese). Because of his hatred of the city of Orihuela, which had bombarded and looted Valencia during the War of Succession, the cardinal resigned the viceroyalty in protest against the actions of Philip, who finally relented and returned the capital to Valencia.

With the abolition of the charters of Valencia and most of its institutions, and the conformation of the kingdom and its capital to the laws and customs of Castile, top civil officials were no longer elected, but instead were appointed directly from Madrid, the king's court city, the offices often filled by foreign aristocrats. Valencia had to become accustomed to being an occupied city, living with the presence of troops quartered in the Citadel near the convent of Santo Domingo and in other buildings such as the Lonja, which served as a barracks until 1762.

[[File:Palau de justicia valéncia.jpg|thumb|Palau de Justícia]]
The Valencian economy recovered during the 18th century with the rising manufacture of woven silk and ceramic tiles. The Palau de Justícia is an example of the affluence manifested in the most prosperous times of Bourbon rule (1758–1802) during the rule of Charles III. The 18th century was the age of the Enlightenment in Europe, and its humanistic ideals influenced such men as Gregory Maians and Perez Bayer in Valencia, who maintained correspondence with the leading French and German thinkers of the time. In this atmosphere of the exaltation of ideas the Economic Society of Friends of the Country ''(Societat Econòmica d'Amics del País'') was founded in 1776; it introduced numerous improvements in agriculture and industry and promoted various cultural, civic, and economic institutions in Valencia.

===Late modern and contemporary===
;19th century
[[File:Entrada triomfal de Ferran VII a Valéncia, 1815, Miquel Parra.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Triumphal welcome of Ferdinand at Valencia, 1814 by [[José Miguel Parra|Miquel Parra]]]]
The 19th century began with Spain embroiled in wars with France, Portugal, and England—but the [[Peninsular War|War of Independence]] most affected the Valencian territories and the capital city. The repercussions of the French Revolution were still felt when Napoleon's armies invaded the Iberian Peninsula. The Valencian people rose in arms against them on 23 May 1808, aroused by such characters as Vicent Doménech el Palleter.

The mutineers seized the Citadel, a Supreme Junta government took over, and on 26–28 June, Napoleon's [[Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey|Marshal Moncey]] attacked the city with a column of 9,000 French [[Grande Armée|imperial]] troops in the First Battle of Valencia. He failed to take the city in two assaults and retreated to Madrid. [[Louis Gabriel Suchet|Marshal Suchet]] began a long siege of the city in October 1811, and after intense bombardment forced it to surrender on 8 January 1812. After the capitulation, the French instituted reforms in Valencia, which became the capital of Spain when the [[Bonapartism|Bonapartist]] pretender to the throne, José I ([[Joseph Bonaparte]], Napoleon's elder brother), moved the Court there in the summer of 1812. The disaster of the [[Battle of Vitoria]] on 21 June 1813 obliged Suchet to quit Valencia, and the French troops withdrew in July.

During the Napoleonic invasion, the Valencians had sent representatives to the Cortes of Cádiz, where a liberal, [[manorialism|anti-seigneurial]] national constitution was drafted. [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand VII]] became king after the victorious end of the Peninsular War, which freed Spain from Napoleonic domination. When he returned on 24 March 1814 from exile in France, the Cortes requested that he respect the liberal Constitution of 1812, which seriously limited royal powers.

Ferdinand refused and went to Valencia instead of Madrid. Here, on April 17, [[Francisco Javier de Elío|General Elio]] invited the King to reclaim his absolute rights and put his troops at the King's disposition. The king abolished the [[Spanish Constitution of 1812|Constitution of 1812]]. He followed this act by dissolving the two chambers of the Spanish Parliament on 10 May. Thus began six years (1814–1820) of absolutist rule, but the constitution was reinstated during the [[Trienio Liberal]], a period of three years of liberal government in Spain from 1820–1823.

A fervent follower of the absolutist cause, Elío had played an important role in the repression of the supporters of the Constitution of 1812. For this, he was arrested in 1820 and executed in 1822 by garroting. Conflict between absolutists and liberals continued, and in the period of conservative rule called the [[Ominous Decade]] (1823–1833), which followed the Trienio Liberal, there was ruthless repression by government forces and the Catholic Inquisition. The last victim of the Inquisition was Gaietà Ripoli, a teacher accused of being a deist and a Mason who was hanged in Valencia in 1824.

On the death of King Ferdinand VII in 1833, [[Baldomero Espartero, Prince of Vergara|Baldomero Espartero]] became one of the most ardent defenders of the hereditary rights of his daughter, Isabella II. On the outbreak of the [[First Carlist War]], the government sent him to the front, where he severely defeated the Carlists in many encounters. He was associated with the radical, or progressive, wing of Spanish liberalism and became its symbol and champion after taking credit for the victory over the Carlists in 1839.

During the regency of [[Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies|Maria Cristina]], Espartero ruled Spain for two years as its 18th Prime Minister from 16 September 1840 to 21 May 1841. Under his progressive government the old regime was tenuously reconciled to his liberal policies. During this period of upheaval in the provinces he declared that all the estates of the Church, its congregations, and its religious orders were national property—though in Valencia, most of this property was subsequently acquired by the local bourgeoisie. City life in Valencia carried on in a revolutionary climate, with frequent clashes between liberals and republicans, and the constant threat of reprisals by the Carlist troops of [[Ramón Cabrera y Griñó|General Cabrera]].

The reign of Isabella II as an adult (1843–1868) was a period of relative stability and growth for Valencia. Services and infrastructure—including municipal water supply, paved roads, and gas distribution—were substantially improved, and a large-scale construction project was initiated at the port. Gas lighting was introduced in 1840, and soon after a public works project began to pave the streets with cobblestones, a task that took several years because of the lack of council funds.

The public water supply network was completed in 1850, and in 1858 the architects Sebastián Monleón Estellés, Antonino Sancho, and Timoteo Calvo drafted a general expansion project for the city that included demolishing its ancient walls (a second version was printed in 1868). Neither proposed project received final approval, but they did serve as a guide, though not closely followed, for future growth. By 1860 the municipality had 140,416 inhabitants, and beginning in 1866 the ancient city walls were almost entirely demolished to facilitate urban expansion. Electricity was introduced to Valencia in 1882.

During the [[Cantonal Revolution]] of 1873, a [[cantonalism|cantonalist]] uprising that took place during the [[First Spanish Republic]], the city was consolidated with most of the nearby cities in the Federal Canton of Valencia (proclaimed on July 19 and dissolved on August 7). It did not have the revolutionary fervor of the movement in cities like Alcoy, as it was initiated by the bourgeoisie, but the Madrid government sent [[Arsenio Martínez-Campos y Antón|General Martinez-Campos]] to stifle the rebellion by force of arms and subjected Valencia to an intense bombardment. The city surrendered on August 7; Alfonso XII was proclaimed king on 29 December 1874, and arrived in Valencia on 11 January 1875 on his way to Madrid, marking the end of the first republic. Despite the [[Spain under the Restoration|Bourbon restoration]], the roughly even balance between conservatives and liberals in the government was sustained in Valencia until the granting of universal male suffrage in 1890, after which the Republicans, led by [[Vicente Blasco Ibáñez]], gained considerably more of the popular vote.

During the second half of the 19th century the bourgeoisie encouraged the development of the city and its environs; land-owners were enriched by the introduction of the orange crop and the expansion of vineyards and other crops,. This economic boom corresponded with a revival of local traditions and of the [[Valencian]] language, which had been ruthlessly suppressed from the time of Philip V. Around 1870, the Valencian Renaissance, a movement committed to the revival of the Valencian language and traditions, began to gain ascendancy. In its early stages the movement inclined to the romanticism of the poet Teodor Llorente, and resisted the more assertive remonstrances of Constantine Llombart, founder of the still extant cultural society, ''Rat Penat Lo'', which is dedicated to the promotion and dissemination of the Valencian language and culture.

In 1894 the ''Círculo de Bellas Artes de Valencia'' (Circle of Fine Arts in Valencia) was founded.

;20th century
[[File:Palaciow.jpg|thumb|Palaciow|''Palau de l'Exposició'' ''(Palacio de la Exposición)'', site of Regional Exhibition of 1909]]
During the 20th century Valencia remained the third most populous city of Spain as its population tripled, rising from 213,550 inhabitants in 1900 to 739,014 in 2000. Valencia was also third in industrial and economic development; notable milestones include urban expansion of the city in the latter 1800s, the creation of the Banco de Valencia in 1900, construction of the Central and Columbus markets, and the construction of the Gare du Nord railway station, completed in 1921. The new century was marked in Valencia with a major event, the Valencian regional exhibition of 1909 ''(La Exposición Regional Valenciana de 1909''), which emulated the national and universal expositions held in other cities. This production was promoted by the ''Ateneo Mercantil de Valencia'' (Mercantile Athenaeum of Valencia), especially by its chairman, Tomás Trénor y Palavicino, and had the support of the Government and the Crown; it was officially inaugurated by King Alfonso XIII himself.

[[File:Mercadow.jpg|thumb|left|Interior of the Columbus Market ''(Mercat de Colom)'']]
In the early 20th century Valencia was an industrialized city. The silk industry had disappeared, but there was a large production of hides and skins, wood, metals and foodstuffs, this last with substantial exports, particularly of wine and citrus. Small businesses predominated, but with the rapid mechanization of industry larger companies were being formed. The best expression of this dynamic was in the regional exhibitions, including that of 1909 held next to the pedestrian avenue ''L'Albereda'' (''Paseo de la Alameda''), which depicted the progress of agriculture and industry. Among the most architecturally successful buildings of the era were those designed in the Art Nouveau style, such as the North Station ''(Gare du Nord)'' and the Central and Columbus markets.

Industrial workers began to organize in increasing numbers to demand better living conditions. The Republican party of [[Vicente Blasco Ibáñez|Blasco Ibáñez]] responded to these demands and gained enormous popular support, dominating the ruling council between 1901 and 1923.

World War I (1914–1918) greatly affected the Valencian economy, causing the collapse of its citrus exports. The establishment of the dictatorship of [[Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja, Miguel, Marques de Estella|Primo de Rivera]] in 1923 tempered social unrest for some years, but not the growing political radicalization of the working classes. The labor movement gradually consolidated its union organization, while the conservative factions rallied around the Valencian Regional Right.

The Republic (1931–1939) opened the way for democratic participation and the increased politicisation of citizens, especially in response to the rise of Conservative Front power in 1933. This climate marked the elections of 1936, won by the Popular Front political coalition, which promoted the fervor of the masses. The military uprising of July 18 failed to triumph in Valencia. For some months there was a revolutionary atmosphere, gradually neutralised by the government.

The inevitable march to civil war and the combat in Madrid resulted in the removal of the capital of the Republic to Valencia. On 6 November 1936 the city became the capital of Republican Spain under the control of the prime minister Manuel Azana; the government moved to the Palau de Benicarló, its ministries occupying various other buildings. The city was heavily bombarded by air and sea, necessitating the construction of over two hundred bomb shelters to protect the population. On 13 January 1937 the city was first shelled by a vessel of the Fascist Italian Navy, which was blockading the port by the order of Benito Mussolini. The bombardment intensified and inflicted massive destruction on several occasions; by the end of the war the city had survived 442 bombardments, leaving 2,831 dead and 847 wounded, although it is estimated that the death toll was higher, as the data given are those recognized by [[Francisco Franco]]'s government. The Republican government passed to [[Juan Negrín]] on 17 May 1937 and on 31 October of that year moved to Barcelona. On 30 March 1939 Valencia surrendered and the Nationalist troops entered the city. The postwar years were a time of hardship for Valencians. During Franco's regime speaking or teaching [[Valencian]] was prohibited; in a significant reversal it is now compulsory for every schoolchild in Valencia.

[[File:Palau generalitat.jpg|thumb|Palau generalitat|''Palau de la Generalitat'', symbol of the recovery of self-government in Valencia, and seat of the Government of Valencia since 1978]]

The dictatorship of Franco forbade political parties and began a harsh ideological and cultural repression countenanced&lt;ref name=&quot;Reichardt2010&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Mary Reichardt|title=Between Human and Divine: The Catholic Vision in Contemporary Literature|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hvoIVIAqu5gC&amp;pg=PA87|year=2010|publisher=CUA Press|isbn=978-0-8132-1739-0|pages=87–88}}&lt;/ref&gt; and sometimes even led by the Church.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tobin2007&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Michael R. Tobin|title=Georges Bernanos|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9E85xLrSZd0C&amp;pg=PA30|date=17 October 2007|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP|isbn=978-0-7735-6045-1|page=30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BernanosCastillo2008&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Georges Bernanos|author2=Michel del Castillo|title=Les grands cimetiéres sous la lune|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xIoLAQAAMAAJ|year=2008|publisher=Castor astral|language=French|isbn=978-2-85920-751-9|page=15|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The financial markets were destabilised, causing a severe economic crisis that led to rationing. A black market in rationed goods existed for over a decade. The Francoist administrations of Valencia silenced publicity of the catastrophic consequences of the floods of 1949 with the attendant dozens of deaths, but could not do the same after the even more tragic [[1957 Valencia flood|flood of 1957]] when the river [[Turía (river)|Turia]] overflowed its banks again, killing many Valencians (officially, eighty-one died; the actual figure is not known). To prevent further disasters, the river was eventually diverted to a new course. The old river bed was abandoned for years, and successive Francoist mayors proposed making it a motorway, but that option was finally rejected with the advent of democracy and fervent neighborhood protests. The river was divided in two at the western city limits ''(Plan Sur de Valencia''), and diverted southwards along a new course that skirts the city, before meeting the Mediterranean. The old course of the river continues, dry, through the city centre, almost to the sea. The old riverbed is now a verdant sunken park called the 'Garden of the Turia' ''(Jardí del Túria or Jardín del Turia)'' that allows cyclists and pedestrians to traverse much of the city without the use of roads; overhead bridges carry motor traffic across the park.

The economy began to recover in the early 1960s, and the city experienced explosive population growth through immigration spurred by the jobs created with the implementation of major urban projects and infrastructure improvements. With the [[Spanish transition to democracy|advent of democracy]] in Spain, the ancient kingdom of Valencia was established as a new autonomous entity, the [[Valencian Community]], the Statute of Autonomy of 1982 designating Valencia as its capital. On the [[23-F|night of 23 February 1981]], shortly after [[Antonio Tejero]] had stormed [[Congress]], the Captain General of the Third Military Region, [[Jaime Milans del Bosch]], rose up in Valencia, put tanks on the streets, declared a state of emergency and tried to convince other senior military figures to support the coup. After the televised message of King [[Juan Carlos I of Spain|Juan Carlos I]], those in the military who had not yet aligned themselves decided to remain loyal to the government, and the coup failed. Despite this lack of support, Milans del Bosch only surrendered at 5 a.m. on the next day, 24 February.
[[File:Ajuntament valéncia2.jpg|thumb|City Hall (''Ayuntamiento'' or ''l'Ajuntament'').]]

Democracy has led to the recovery of the Valencian language and culture, but could not resolve the social tensions concerning these [[Catalan symbols|symbols]]; this identity conflict, known facetiously as the Battle of Valencia, has been characterised by considerable conflict and violence, dividing Valencia socially and politically.

Valencia has experienced a surge in its cultural development during the last thirty years, exemplified by exhibitions and performances at such iconic institutions as the ''Palau de la Música'', the ''Palacio de Congresos'', the Metro, the City of Arts and Sciences ''(Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciéncies)'', the Valencian Museum of Enlightenment and Modernity ''(Museo Valenciano de la Ilustracion y la Modernidad)'', and the Institute of Modern Art ''(Instituto Valenciano de Arte Moderno)''. The various productions of [[Santiago Calatrava]], a renowned structural engineer, architect, and sculptor and of the architect [[Félix Candela]] have contributed to Valencia's international reputation. These public works and the ongoing rehabilitation of the Old City ''(Ciutat Vella)'' have helped improve the city's livability and tourism is continually increasing.

;21st century
On 9 July 2006, during Mass at Valencia's Cathedral, [[Blessed Virgin Mary|Our Lady]] of the Forsaken Basilica, [[Pope Benedict XVI]] used, at the World Day of Families, the ''Santo Caliz'', a 1st-century [[Middle East|Middle-Eastern]] artifact that some Catholics believe is the [[Holy Grail]]. It was supposedly brought to that church by [[Valerian (emperor)|Emperor Valerian]] in the 3rd century, after having been brought by [[Saint Peter|St. Peter]] to Rome from Jerusalem. The ''Santo Caliz'' (Holy Chalice) is a simple, small stone cup. Its base was added in [[Medieval Times|medieval times]] and consists of fine gold, alabaster and gem stones.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0603899.htm |title=About the Santo Caliz (Holy Chalice) |publisher=Catholicnews.com |accessdate=9 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Valencia was selected in 2003 to host the historic [[America's Cup]] yacht race, the first European city ever to do so. The [[2007 America's Cup|America's Cup matches]] took place in summer 2007. On 3 July 2007, [[Alinghi]] defeated [[Team New Zealand]] and successfully defended the America's Cup. Twenty-two days later, on 25 July 2007, the leaders of the Alinghi syndicate, holder of the America's Cup, officially announced that Valencia would be the host city for the 33rd America's Cup, held in June 2009.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.americascup.com/en/33rd/news_5.php Announcement of the election as host city for 33rd America's Cup]{{dead link|date=March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Since 1991 the City Council has been governed by the [[People's Party (Spain)|People's Party]] of Spain ''(Partido Popular)'' (PP) and Mayor [[Rita Barberá Nolla]] who became mayor by a pact made with the Valencian Union. She is a member of the National Council of the People's Party and a Representative in the Valencian regional Parliament ''([[Corts Valencianes]])''. She turned down an offer to become a national deputy at the 2008 Spanish General Election.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/alcaldes/PP/concurren/cabeza/lista/Congreso/elpepiesp/20080117elpepinac_2/Tes El Pais]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Main sights==

===Architecture===
[[File:Mercat façana5.jpg|thumb|Historic Central Market ''(Mercado Central)'' of Valencia]]
The ancient winding streets of the Barrio del Carmen contain buildings dating to [[Roman Empire|Roman]] and [[Al-Andalus|Arabic]] times. The [[Saint Mary of Valencia Cathedral|Cathedral]], built between the 13th and 15th centuries, is primarily of [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] style but contains elements of [[baroque architecture|Baroque]] and [[Romanesque architecture]]. Beside the Cathedral is the Gothic [[Basilica]] of the Virgin ''(Basílica De La Virgen De Los Desamparados)''. The 15th-century ''Serrano'' and ''Quart'' towers are part of what was once the wall surrounding the city.

[[UNESCO]] has recognised the Silk Exchange market ''([[Llotja de la Seda|La Llotja de la Seda]])'', erected in early Valencian Gothic style, as a [[World Heritage Site]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/782 |title=La Lonja listing on Unesco site |publisher=Whc.unesco.org |accessdate=9 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[modern architecture|modernist]] Central Market (''[[Mercado Central]]'') is one of the largest in Europe. The main railway station ''Estación Del Norte'' is built in [[modernisme]] (the Spanish version of [[Art Nouveau]]) style.

World-renowned (and city-born) architect [[Santiago Calatrava]] produced the futuristic City of Arts and Sciences ''([[Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciéncies]])'', which contains an opera house/performing [[arts centre]], a [[science museum]], an [[IMAX]] cinema/planetarium, an oceanographic park and other structures such as a long covered walkway and restaurants. Calatrava is also responsible for the bridge named after him in the centre of the city. The Music Palace ''([[Palau De La Música]])'' is another noteworthy example of modern architecture in Valencia.

===The cathedral===
[[File:Cimbori almoina abril 1.jpg|right|thumb|Northern view of the cathedral: dome, apse, Micalet (belfry) and the Basilica of Our Lady]]
The [[Valencia Cathedral]] was called ''Iglesia Mayor'' in the early days of the ''Reconquista'', then ''Iglesia de la Seo'' (''Seo'' is from the Latin ''sedes'', i.e., (archiepiscopal) See), and by virtue of the papal concession of 16 October 1866, it was called the ''Basilica Metropolitana''. It is situated in the centre of the ancient Roman city where some believe the temple of Diana stood. In Gothic times, it seems to have been dedicated to the Holy Saviour; [[El Cid|the Cid]] dedicated it to the Blessed Virgin; King [[James I of Aragon]] did likewise, leaving in the main chapel the image of the Blessed Virgin, which he carried with him and is reputed to be the one now preserved in the sacristy. The Moorish mosque, which had been converted into a [[Christian Church|Christian church]] by the conqueror, was deemed unworthy of the title of the cathedral of Valencia, and in 1262 Bishop Andrés de Albalat laid the cornerstone of the new Gothic building, with three naves; these reach only to the choir of the present building. Bishop Vidal de Blanes built the chapter hall, and James I added the tower, called ''El Miguelete'' because it was blessed on St. Michael's day in 1418. The tower is about 58&amp;nbsp;m high and topped with a [[bell tower|belfry]] (1660–1736).

In the 15th century the dome was added and the naves extended back of the choir, uniting the building to the tower and forming a main entrance. Archbishop Luis Alfonso de los Cameros began the building of the main chapel in 1674; the walls were decorated with marbles and bronzes in the [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] style of that period. At the beginning of the 18th century the German Conrad Rudolphus built the façade of the main entrance. The other two doors lead into the transept; one, that of the Apostles in pure pointed Gothic, dates from the 14th century, the other is that of the Paláu. The additions made to the back of the cathedral detract from its height. The 18th-century restoration rounded the pointed arches, covered the Gothic columns with [[Corinthian order|Corinthian]] pillars, and redecorated the walls. The dome has no lantern, its plain ceiling being pierced by two large side windows. There are four chapels on either side, besides that at the end and those that open into the choir, the transept, and the sanctuary. It contains many paintings by eminent artists. A silver [[reredos]], which was behind the altar, was carried away in the war of 1808, and converted into coin to meet the expenses of the campaign. There are two paintings by [[Francisco Goya]] in the San Francesco chapel. Behind the Chapel of the [[Blessed Sacrament]] is a small [[Renaissance]] chapel built by [[Pope Calixtus III|Calixtus III]]. Beside the cathedral is the chapel dedicated to the Our Lady of the Forsaken ''([[Virgen de los desamparados]] or Mare de Déu dels Desamparats)''.
[[File:Valencia Water Court.JPG|right|thumb|Sitting of the ''Tribunal de las Aguas'' outside the Portal of the Apostles of the Valencia Cathedral]]

The ''Tribunal de las Aguas'' (Water Court), a court dating from Moorish times that hears and mediates in matters relating to irrigation water, sits at noon every Thursday outside the ''Puerta de Apostoles'' (Portal of the Apostles).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url= http://www.realitysense.com/valencia-water-court-tribunal-de-las-aguas/
|title= Valencia’s unique 'Water Court'
|publisher= Reality Sense
|accessdate= 31 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Hospital===
In 1409, a hospital was founded and placed under the [[patronage]] of [[Santa María de los Inocentes]]; to this was attached a confraternity devoted to recovering the bodies of the unfriended dead in the city and within a radius of three miles ({{convert|3|mi|abbr=out|disp=output only}}) around it. At the end of the 15th century this confraternity separated from the hospital, and continued its work under the name of &quot;Cofradia para el ámparo de los desamparados&quot;. King [[Philip IV of Spain]] and the [[Duke of Arcos]] suggested the building of the new chapel, and in 1647 the [[Viceroy]], [[Conde de Oropesa]], who had been preserved from [[Bubonic plague|the bubonic plague]], insisted on carrying out their project. The Blessed Virgin was proclaimed patroness of the city under the title of ''Virgen de los desamparados'' (Virgin of the Forsaken), and Archbishop Pedro de Urbina, on 31 June 1652, laid the cornerstone of the new chapel of this name. The archiepiscopal palace, a grain market in the time of the Moors, is simple in design, with an inside cloister and a handsome chapel. In 1357, the arch that connects it with the cathedral was built. In the council chamber are preserved the portraits of all the prelates of Valencia.

===Medieval churches===
[[File:Patriarca façana.jpg|thumb|right|Façade of Real Colegio del Corpus Christi]]
Among the parish churches are Saints John (Baptist and Evangelist), rebuilt in 1368, whose dome, decorated by Palonino, contains some of the best frescoes in Spain; ''El Templo'' (the Temple), the ancient church of the [[Knights Templar]], which passed into the hands of the [[Order of Montesa]] and was rebuilt in the reigns of [[Ferdinand VI of Spain|Ferdinand VI]] and [[Charles III of Spain|Charles III]]; the former convent of the [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]], at one time the headquarters of the ''Capital General'', the cloister of which has a beautiful Gothic wing and the chapter room, large columns imitating [[Arecaceae|palm trees]]; the ''Colegio del Corpus Christi'', which is devoted to the Blessed Sacrament, and in which [[Eucharistic adoration|perpetual adoration]] is carried on; the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] college, which was destroyed in 1868 by the revolutionary Committee of the Popular Front, but later rebuilt; and the ''Colegio de San Juan'' (also of the Society), the former college of the nobles, now a provincial institute for secondary instruction.

Other Medieval churches of Valencia are:
* [[Church of San Nicolás (Valencia)]]

===Squares and gardens===
The [[List of city squares by size|largest plaza]] in Valencia is the ''[[Plaça de l'Ajuntament]]'' or ''Plaza del Ayuntamiento''; it is home to the City Hall ''(Ayuntamiento)'' on its western side and the central post office ''(Edificio de Correos)'' on its eastern side, a cinema that shows classic movies, and many restaurants and bars. The plaza is triangular in shape, with a large cement lot at the southern end, normally surrounded by flower vendors. It serves as ground zero during the [[Falles|Les Falles]] when the fireworks of the Mascletà can be heard every afternoon. There is a large fountain at the northern end.

The ''[[Plaça de la Mare de Déu]]'' contains the Basilica of the Virgin and the Turia fountain, and is a popular spot for locals and tourists. Around the corner is the Plaça de la Reina, with the Cathedral, orange trees, and many bars and restaurants.

The [[Turia (river)|Turia River]] was diverted in the 1960s, after [[1957 Valencia flood|severe flooding]], and the old riverbed is now the Turia gardens, which contain a children’s playground, a fountain, and sports fields. The ''Palau de la Música'' is adjacent to the Turia gardens and the City of Arts and Sciences lies at one end. The [[Valencia Bioparc]] is a zoo, also located in the Turia riverbed.

Other gardens in Valencia include the &quot;[[Jardines de Monforte]]'' (Montforte Gardens), the ''[[Jardin Botanico]]&quot; (Botanical Gardens) and the ''[[Jardines de Real]]&quot; (Royal Gardens).

===Museums===
[[File:Palau de les Arts.JPG|thumb|''Palau de les Arts Reina Sofia'']]
[[File:Valencia ES L Hemisferic BIG.jpg|thumb|''L'Hemisféric'', a IMAX 3D-cinema, planetarium and laserium]]
* [[Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciéncies]] (City of Arts and Sciences''). Designed by the Valencian architect [[Santiago Calatrava]], it is situated in the former Túria river-bed and comprises the following monuments:
** [[Palau de les Arts Reina Sofía]], a flamboyant opera and music palace with four halls and a total area of {{convert|37000|m²|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}.
** [[L'Oceanogràfic]], the largest aquarium in Europe, with a variety of ocean beings from different environments: from the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]], fishes from the ocean and reef inhabitants, [[shark]]s, [[mackerel]] swarms, [[dolphinarium]], inhabitants of the [[polar region]]s ([[Beluga (whale)|belugas]], [[walrus]]es, [[penguin]]s), coast inhabitants ([[sea lion]]s), etc. L'Oceanogràfic exhibits also smaller animals as [[coral]], [[jellyfish]], [[sea anemone]]s, etc.
** [[El Museu de les Ciéncies Príncipe Felipe]], an interactive museum of science but resembling the skeleton of a whale. It occupies around 40,000&amp;nbsp;m² on three flats.
* Museu de Prehistòria de Valéncia (Prehistory Museum of Valencia)
* [[Valencian Museum of Ethnology|Museu Valencià d'Etnologia]] (Valencian Museum of Ethnology)
* House Museum [[Vicente Blasco Ibáñez|Blasco Ibáñez]]
* IVAM – Institut Valencià d'Art Modern – Centre Julio González ''Julio González Centre – Valencian Institute of Modern Art''
* [[Museu de Belles Arts San Pío V]] (Museum of Fine Arts)
* Museu Faller ([[Falles]] Museum)
* [[Valencia History Museum|Museu d'Història de Valéncia]] (Valencia History Museum)
* Museu Taurí de Valéncia ([[Bullfighting]] Museum)
* MuVIM – Museu Valencià de la Il·lustració i la Modernitat (Valencian Museum of Enlightenment and Modernity)
* Museo Nacional de Cerámica y de las Artes Suntuarias / Museu Nacional de Ceràmica i Arts Sumptuàries González Martí (National Museum of Pottery and Sumptuary Arts González Martí)
* Computer Museum – is located within Technical School of Computer Engineering (Polytechnic University of Valencia) [http://museo.inf.upv.es Official site]

==Sport==
[[File:Sentiment Valencianista.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Mestalla]]]]
[[File:Het_stadion_van_Levante%2C_vanaf_de_noordtribune.JPG|thumb|180px|[[Estadi Ciutat de Valéncia]]]]
[[File:VBC-Kazan Eurocup finals 2014 - 40.jpeg|thumb|180px|[[Pabellon Municipal Fuente San Luis|Pabellón Fuente San Luis]]]]
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Club
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |League
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Sport
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Venue
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Established
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Capacity
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal; text-align: center;&quot; |[[Valencia C.F.]]
|[[La Liga]]
|[[Association football|Football]]
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal; text-align: center;&quot; |[[Mestalla]]
|1919
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal; text-align: center;&quot; |55,000
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal; text-align: center;&quot; |[[Levante UD]]
|[[La Liga]]
|[[Association football|Football]]
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal; text-align: center;&quot; |[[Estadi Ciutat de Valéncia]]
|1909
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal; text-align: center;&quot; |25,354
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal; text-align: center;&quot; |[[Huracán CF|Huracán Valencia]]
|[[Segunda División B]]
|[[Association football|Football]]
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal; text-align: center;&quot; |[[Municipal de Manises]]
|2011
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal; text-align: center;&quot; |1,000
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal; text-align: center;&quot; |[[Valencia Club de Fútbol Mestalla]]
|[[Segunda División B]]
|[[Association football|Football]]
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal; text-align: center;&quot; |[[Ciudad Deportiva de Paterna]]
|1944
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal; text-align: center;&quot; |4,000
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal; text-align: center;&quot; |[[Valencia Basket Club]]
|[[Liga ACB|ACB]]
|[[Basketball]]
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal; text-align: center;&quot; |[[Pabellon Municipal Fuente San Luis|Pabellón Fuente San Luis]]
|1986
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal; text-align: center;&quot; |9,000
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal; text-align: center;&quot; |[[Ros Casares Valencia]]
|[[Liga Femenina de Baloncesto|Liga Femenina]]
|[[Basketball]]
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal; text-align: center;&quot; |[[Pabellon Municipal Fuente San Luis|Pabellón Fuente San Luis]]
|1996
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal; text-align: center;&quot; |9,000
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal; text-align: center;&quot; |[[Valencia Giants]]
|[[Liga Nacional de Fútbol Americano|LNFA]]
|[[American football]]
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal; text-align: center;&quot; |Instalaciones polideportivas del Saler
|2003
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal; text-align: center;&quot; |
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal; text-align: center;&quot; |[[Valencia Firebats]]
|[[Liga Nacional de Fútbol Americano|LNFA]]
|[[American football]]
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal; text-align: center;&quot; |Estadio Municipal Jardín del Turia
|1993
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal; text-align: center;&quot; |
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal; text-align: center;&quot; |[[Valencia FS]]
|[[Tercera División de Futsal|Tercera División]]
|[[Futsal]]
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal; text-align: center;&quot; |[[Pabellón Municipal de San Isidro|San Isidro]]
|1983
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal; text-align: center;&quot; |500
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal; text-align: center;&quot; |[[Les Abelles]]
|[[División de Honor B de Rugby|División de Honor B]]
|[[Rugby Union]]
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal; text-align: center;&quot; |[[Polideportivo Quatre carreres]]
|1971
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal; text-align: center;&quot; |500
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal; text-align: center;&quot; |[[CAU Rugby Valencia]]
|[[División de Honor B de Rugby|División de Honor B]]
|[[Rugby Union]]
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal; text-align: center;&quot; |[[Campo del Río Turia]]
|1973
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal; text-align: center;&quot; |2,000
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal; text-align: center;&quot; |[[RC Valencia|Rugby Club Valencia]]
|[[División de Honor B de Rugby|División de Honor B]]
|[[Rugby Union]]
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal; text-align: center;&quot; |[[Polideportivo Quatre carreres]]
|1966
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal; text-align: center;&quot; |500
|}

===Football===
Valencia is also internationally famous for its football club, [[Valencia CF|Valencia C.F.]], which won the [[La Liga|Spanish league]] in 2002 and 2004 (the year it also won the [[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup]]), for a total of six times, and was a [[UEFA Champions League]] [[runner-up]] in 2000 and 2001. The team's stadium is the [[Mestalla]]; its city rival [[Levante UD]] also plays in the highest division after gaining promotion in 2010, their stadium is [[Estadi Ciutat de Valéncia]]. From the year 2011 there has been a third team in the city, [[Huracán CF|Huracán Valencia]], who play their games in [[Municipal de Manises]], in the [[Segunda División B]].

===American Football===
Valencia is the only city in Spain with two American football teams in [[LNFA|LNFA Serie A]], the national first division: [[Valencia Firebats]] and [[Valencia Giants]]. The Firebats have been national champions three times and have represented Valencia and Spain in the European playoffs since 2005. Both teams share the Jardín del Turia stadium.

[[File:Valencia Street Circuit GT Open.jpg|thumb|[[Valencia Street Circuit]]]]

===Motor sports===
Once a year between 2008–2012 the European [[Formula One]] Grand Prix took place in the [[Valencia Street Circuit]]. Valencia is among with [[Barcelona]], [[Porto]] and [[Monte Carlo]] the only European cities ever to host Formula One World Championship Grands Prix on public roads in the middle of cities. The final race in [[2012 European Grand Prix]] saw an extremely popular winner, since home driver [[Fernando Alonso]] won for [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] in spite of starting halfway down the field. The [[Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix]] ''(Gran Premi de la Comunitat Valenciana de motociclisme)'' is part of the Grand Prix motorcycle racing season at the Circuit Ricardo Tormo (also known as ''Circuit de Valencia''). Periodically the Spanish round of the [[Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters]] touring car racing Championship (DTM) is held in Valencia.

==People born in Valencia and Valencia province==
[[File:LuisVives.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Juan Luis Vives]]]]
[[File:Joaquín Sorolla 004.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Joaquín Sorolla]]]]
[[File:Vicente Blasco Ibáñez.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Vicente Blasco Ibáñez]]]]
* [[Pope Alexander VI]], Pope from 1492 to 1503. {{main|Route of the Borgias}}
* [[Ibn al-Abbar]] (1199–1260), poet and diplomat
* [[Ausiàs March]], poet.
* [[Joan Roís de Corella]], poet and writer.
* [[Pope Callixtus III]], Pope from 1455 to 1458. {{main|Route of the Borgias}}
* [[Enrique Simonet]], painter (1866–1927)
* [[Luis de Santángel]], finance minister.
* [[Alfonso III of Aragon|Alfonso III]], [[List of Aragonese monarchs|King of Aragon]] and [[Counts of Barcelona|Count of Barcelona]] (as Alfons II).
* King [[James II of Aragon]].
* King [[Peter III of Aragon]] (Peter the Great).
* [[Josu De Solaun Soto]], classical music pianist.
* [[Guillén de Castro y Bellvis|Guillén de Castro]], famous Spanish writer of the [[Spanish Golden Age]] (1569–1631).
* [[Joanot Martorell]] (1413–1468), knight and writer the author of the novel [[Tirant lo Blanch]].
* [[Juan Bautista Bayuco]], 17th-century painter
* [[Vicente Blasco Ibáñez]], Spanish realist novelist writing in Spanish, a screenwriter and occasional [[film director]] (1867–1928).
* [[Joaquín Sorolla|Joaquin Sorolla]], painter, who excelled in the painting of portraits, landscapes, and monumental works of social and historical themes.
* [[Juan Luis Vives|Joan Lluís Vives]], a scholar and humanist.
* [[José Benlliure y Gil]], painter.
* [[Rafael Guastavino]], architect and builder, creator of the [[Guastavino tile]].
* [[Antonio José Cavanilles]], taxonomic botanist.
* [[José Iturbi]], conductor and pianist.
* [[Joaquín Lloréns Fernández de Cordoba]], Carlist soldier and politician
* [[Luis García Berlanga]], film director and screenwriter.
* [[Vincent Ferrer|Saint Vincent Ferrer]], Dominican missionary and logician.
* [[Nino Bravo]] (birth name, Luis Manuel Ferri Llopis), popular singer (1944–1973)
* [[Santiago Calatrava]], internationally recognized and award-winning architect.
* [[Joan Fuster]], philologist, historian and writer.
* [[Josep Maria Bayarri]], linguist, poet and writer.
* [[Joaquín Rodrigo|Joaquin Rodrigo]], [[composer|music composer]].
* [[Manuel Palau]], music composer.
* [[Raimon]], composer and singer.
* [[Francisco Tárrega]], influential Spanish composer and guitarist.
* [[Enric Valor i Vives]], grammarian and writer.
* [[Manuel Sanchis i Guarner]], philologist, historian and writer.
* [[María Teresa Fernández de la Vega]], Spanish Socialist Workers' Party politician and the first female First Deputy Prime Minister of Spain.
* [[Salvador Larroca]], comic book artist.
* [[Raul Albiol]], footballer
* [[Vicente Gandia]], painter, artist (1935–2009)
* [[Victor Claver]], basketball star
* [[David Ferrer]], tennis player

==Districts==
* Ciutat Vella: La Seu, La Xerea, El Carmen, El Pilar, El Mercado, San Francisco.
* Eixample: Russafa, El Pla del Remei, Gran Via.
* Extramurs: El Botànic, La Roqueta, La Pechina, Arrancapins.
[[File:Generalitat vista.jpg|thumb|right||Palace of the Generalitat Valenciana]]
* Campanar: Campanar, Les Tendetes, El Calvari, Sant Pau.
* La Saïdia: Marxalenes, Morvedre, Trinitat, Tormos, Sant Antoni.
* Pla del Real: Exposició, Mestalla, Jaume Roig, Ciutat Universitària
* Olivereta: Nou Moles, Soternes, Tres Forques, La Fontsanta, La Luz.
* Patraix: [[Patraix]], Sant Isidre, Vara de Quart, Safranar, Favara.
* Jesús: La Raiosa, L'Hort de Senabre, The Covered Cross, Saint Marcelino, Real Way.
* Quatre Carreres: Montolivet, En Corts, Malilla, [[La Font de Sant Lluís]], Na Rovella, La Punta, [[Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciéncies]].
* Poblats Marítims: El Grau, El [[Cabanyal]], El Canyameral, La Malva-Rosa, Beteró, Nazaret.
* Camins del Grau: Aiora, Albors, Creu del Grau, Camí Fondo, Penya-Roja.
* Algiròs: Illa Perduda, Ciutat Jardí, Amistat, Vega Baixa, la Carrasca.
* Benimaclet: [[Benimaclet]], Camí de Vera.
* Rascanya: Orriols, Torrefiel, Sant Llorenç.
* Benicalap: Benicalap, Ciutat Fallera.
* Pobles del Nord: Benifaraig, Poble Nou, Carpesa, Cases de Bàrcena, Mauella, Massarrojos, Borbotó.
* Pobles de l'Oest: Benimàmet, Beniferri.
* Pobles del Sud: Forn d'Alcedo, Castellar-l'Oliveral, Pinedo, el Saler, el Palmar, el Perellonet, la Torre,

==Twin towns and sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Spain}}

Valencia is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:&lt;ref name=&quot;Valencia twinnings&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.valencia.es/ayuntamiento/rinternacionales_accesible.nsf/vDocumentosTituloAux/D80022569C2533B9C12571F100285E72?OpenDocument&amp;bdOrigen=ayuntamiento%2Frinternacionales_accesible.nsf&amp;idapoyo=&amp;lang=1&amp;nivel=3|title=Ciudades Hermanadas con Valéncia|accessdate=2013-08-08|work = Ajuntament de Valéncia [City of Valencia]|trans_title=Valencia Twin/Sister Cities|language=Spanish|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20121029071705/http://www.valencia.es/ayuntamiento/rinternacionales_accesible.nsf/vDocumentosTituloAux/D80022569C2533B9C12571F100285E72?OpenDocument&amp;bdOrigen=ayuntamiento%2Frinternacionales_accesible.nsf&amp;idapoyo=&amp;lang=1&amp;nivel=3|archivedate=2012-10-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Mainz]], Germany, since 4 August 1978&lt;ref name=&quot;Valencia twinnings&quot;/&gt;
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Bologna]], Italy, since 29 June 1979&lt;ref name=&quot;Valencia twinnings&quot;/&gt;
*{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Veracruz, Veracruz|Veracruz]], Mexico, since 26 September 1984&lt;ref name=&quot;Valencia twinnings&quot;/&gt;
||
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]], USA, since 29 June 1989&lt;ref name=&quot;Valencia twinnings&quot;/&gt;
*{{flagicon|VEN}} [[Valencia, Carabobo|Valencia]], Venezuela, since 20 March 1982&lt;ref name=&quot;Valencia twinnings&quot;/&gt;
*{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Odessa]], Ukraine, since 13 May 1982&lt;ref name=&quot;Valencia twinnings&quot;/&gt;
*{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Mariupol]], Ukraine, since 1993&lt;ref name=&quot;Valencia twinnings&quot;/&gt;
|}
--&gt;
==Tempo ogé==
{{Portal|Spanyol}}
* [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Valencia|Kauskupan Agung di Valéncia]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Valencia|Daptar wangunan luhur di Valéncia]]
* [[Nou Mestalla]]
* [[Pamilu Dewan Kota Valéncia]]

==Rujukan==
*{{Catholic|wstitle=Kauskupan Agung Valéncia}}
*{{SmithDGRG}}

:''Ieu artikel ngasupkeun informasi ti [[:ca:Valéncia|artikel nu sapadan]] ti [[:ca:Wikipedia:Website|Wikipédia basa Catalan]]''.
:''Ieu artikel ngasupkeun informasi ti [[:es:Valencia|artikel nu sapadan]] dina [[:es:Wikipedia:Website|Wikipédia basa Spanyol]]''.

===Catetan===
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Bacaan salajengna==
*{{Cite book |publisher = Karl Baedeker |publication-place = Leipsic |title = Spain and Portugal: handbook for travellers  |url = http://www.archive.org/stream/spainportugalhan00karlrich#page/n479/mode/2up |chapter=Valencia |publication-date = 1908 |oclc = 1581249 |edition=3rd |postscript = &lt;!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to &quot;.&quot; for the cite to end in a &quot;.&quot;, as necessary. --&gt;{{inconsistent citations}} }}
*{{Cite book |publisher = Encyclopaedia Britannica |publication-place = New York |title = The Encyclopaedia Britannica |url = http://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediabri27chisrich#page/844/mode/2up |chapter=Valencia |publication-date = 1910 |oclc = 14782424 |edition=11th |postscript = &lt;!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to &quot;.&quot; for the cite to end in a &quot;.&quot;, as necessary. --&gt;{{inconsistent citations}} }}

==Tumbu kaluar==
{{Sister project links|voy=Valencia|voy=Valencia|Valencia}}
* [http://www.valencia.es/ Official website of the city of Valencia] (Valencian) {{es icon}}
* [http://www.visitvalencia.com/ Official tourism website of the city of Valencia] (Valencian) {{en icon}} {{de icon}} {{fr icon}} {{es icon}} {{pt icon}} {{it icon}} {{ja icon}} {{zh icon}}
* [http://www.comunitatvalenciana.com/ Official website of the Community Valenciana tourism]
* [http://www.cac.es/ Valencia-La Ciudad de las Artes y de las Ciencias]
* [http://triptern.com/city/valencia Attractions in Valencia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402132234/http://triptern.com/city/valencia |date=2 April 2015 }}

{{Navboxes
|title=Articles Nu Patali jeung Valéncia
|list=
{{Comarques of the Valencian Community}}
{{Municipalities in Valencia|state=autocollapse}}
{{Capitals of Provinces in Spain}}
{{Autonomous Community capitals of Spain}}
{{European Capital of Sport}}
}}

[[Kategori:Valencia| ]]&lt;!--leave the empty space as for standard--&gt;
[[Kategori:Komarka di Komunitas Valéncia]]
[[Kategori:Dayeuh nu kungsi jadi puseur dayeuh nasional]]
[[Kategori:Dayeuh palabuan Laut Tengah di Spanyol]]
[[Kategori:Munisipalitas di Propinsi Valéncia]]
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[[Kategori:Tempat padet nu ngadeg dina abad ka-2 SM]]
[[Kategori:Patempatan Romawi di Spanyol]]
[[Kategori:Nu ngadeg taun 137 SM]]
[[Kategori:Tempat padet di Propinsi Valéncia]]
[[Kategori:Dayeuh universitas]]
[[Kategori:Rute Borgias]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Adriaan Walraven Holle</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="9602" sha1="gbpp7qpdk37j9jyickv0n1rah51l52w" xml:space="preserve">{{Kotak info jalmi
| name         = Adriaan Walraven Holle
| title        = 
| image        = Adriaan Walraven Holle.jpg
| caption      = Adriaan Walraven Holle
| birth_name   = Adrianus Walraven Holle
| birth_date   = [[25 Agustus]] [[1832]]
| birth_place  = [[Amsterdam]], [[Walanda]]
| nationality  = 
| residence    = 
| education    = 
| occupation   = Administratur pakebonan entéh
| known_for    = Administratur pakebonan entéh Parakansalak
| years_active = 1857-1883&lt;ref name=MPIG /&gt;
| networth     = 
| spouse       = Alexandrine Albertine van der Hucht
| website      = [http://www.parlement.com/id/vg09ll1uogw3/g_l_j_van_der_hucht Willem van der Hucht]
| children     = Alexander Albert Holle jeung Eleonore Adrienne Holle
}}

'''Adriaan (Adrianus) Walraven Holle''' ({{lahirmati|[[Amsterdam]]|25|08|1832|[[Delft]]|18|03|1871}})&lt;ref name=stamboom&gt;{{cite web
| url = http://www.uwstamboomonline.nl/passie/sites/pdf.php?url=http://www.uwstamboomonline.nl/passie/sites/print_pdf.php?pid=6599959&amp;kid=3489&amp;bw=1000px&amp;size=29x29cm
| title = Stamboom van Adrianus Walraven Holle - Website: Familie van Motman
| accessdaymonth = 10 April
| accessyear = 2017
| publisher = UW Stamboom, Netherland
}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=humanitarisme&gt;{{cite web
| url = http://www.humanitarisme.nl/personen/index.php?m=family&amp;id=I179478
| title = Gezinsblad van Adriaan Walraven Holle
| accessdaymonth = 10 April
| accessyear = 2017
| publisher = Humanitarisme, Netherland
}}&lt;/ref&gt; nyaéta saurang Administratur [[Pakebonan entéh Parakansalak]] anu diadegkeun ku [[Willem van der Hucht‎‎]] satuluyna mah dipimilik ku Adriaan.&lt;ref name=IndischeLetteren/&gt; Aktip minangka administraturna ti taun [[1857]].&lt;ref name=MPIG&gt;{{cite web
| url = http://www.humanitarisme.nl/personen/index.php?m=family&amp;id=I179478
| title = Buku Persyaratan MPIG Teh Java Preanger
| accessdaymonth = 10 April
| accessyear = 2017
| publisher = MPIG-TJP (Masyarakat Perlindungan Indikasi Geografis - Teh Java Preanger)
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Kahirupan==
[[File:Adriaan Walraven Holle jeung anakna.jpg|thumb|Adriaan Walraven Holle jeung anakna]]
Adriaan Walraven Holle gumelar di [[Amsterdam]] tanggal [[25 Agustus]] taun [[1832]] ti papasangan Pieter Holle jeung Alexandrine Albertine van der Hucht.&lt;ref name=humanitarisme/&gt; Adriaan mangrupa katurunan ti dua kulawarga nyaéta kulawarga Holle jeung Van Der Hutch.&lt;ref name=humanitarisme/&gt; Boga dua urang lanceuk nyaéta [[Karel Frederik Holle]] jeung Herman Hendrik Holle.&lt;ref name=geni&gt;{{cite web
| url = https://www.geni.com/people/Adrianus-Walraven-Holle/6000000040639550256
| title = Geni - Adrianus Walraven Holle (1832-1879)- Delft
| accessdaymonth = 10 April
| accessyear = 2017
| publisher = Geni
}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ari adi-adina nyaéta Albertus Holle, Pauline Wilhelmine Louise Holle, Wilhelm Holle, Carolina Frederica Holle sarta Albertine Alexandrine Denninghoff Stelling.&lt;ref name=geni/&gt; Taun [[1871]] Adriaan dikawin jeung Johanna Adriana Louise van Motman.&lt;ref name=MyHeritage&gt;{{cite web
| url = https://www.myheritage.com/names/johanna_walraven%20holle
| title = Johanna Walraven Holle - Historical records and family trees - MyHeritage
| accessdaymonth = 10 April
| accessyear = 2017
| publisher = MyHeritage
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tina pakawinanna éta, Adriaan dipaparin dua urang anak, nyaéta Alexander Albert Holle jeung Eléonore Adrienne Holle.&lt;ref name=stamboom/&gt; Adriaan maot di Delft, Zuid-Holland, [[Walanda]] tanggal [[19 Pébruari]] [[1879]].&lt;ref name=geni/&gt;

==Di Parakan Salak==
Adriaan Walraven Holle mimiti datang ka [[Hindia Walanda]] ti taun [[1844]] nalika umurna 12 taun.&lt;ref name=IndischeLetteren&gt;{{cite web
| url = http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_ind004199101_01/_ind004199101_01_0013.php
| title = Indische Letteren. Jaargang 6
| accessdaymonth = 10 April
| accessyear = 2017
| publisher = [tijdschrift] Indische Letteren
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manéhna kaasup salah saurang ti kelompok lima anggota kulawarga, nyaéta kulawarga Van der Hucht, Kerkhoven, Holle jeung Van den Berg.&lt;ref name=Gahetna&gt;{{cite web
| url = http://www.gahetna.nl/collectie/archief/pdf/NL-HaNA_2.21.281.22.ead.pdf
| title = BESCHRIJVING VAN HET ARCHIEF
| accessdaymonth = 10 April
| accessyear = 2017
| publisher = Gahetna Netherland
}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ti mimiti datangna, Adriaan  geus langsung dumuk di [[Parakan Salak, Sukabumi|Parakansalak]], hiji wewengkon anu nganjrek kurang leuwih 45 [[Kilométer|km]] béh kiduleun [[Bogor]], ngampar ti sapanjang tutugan [[Gunung Salak]].&lt;ref name=IndischeLetteren/&gt; Ari anu jadi pancénna nyaéta ngokolakeun hiji pausahaan entéh anu diadegkeun ku dulurna nyaéta [[Willem van der Hucht]].&lt;ref name=IndischeLetteren/&gt; Ieu pausahaan entéh téh dikokola ku Adriaan Walraven Holle ampir saumur hirupna, mimitina mah jadi Administratur pikeun uwana [[Willem van der Hucht‎‎|Van der Hucht]] téa, kabéhdieunakeunna mah minangka administratur sarta ogé minangka pamilik ieu pausahaan.&lt;ref name=IndischeLetteren/&gt;  Adriaan Walraven Holle, [[Karel Frederik Holle]], Albertus Holle sarta alona [[Kerkhoven]] jeung [[Bosscha]] geus méré pangdeudeul anu kawilang gedé kana kumembangna budidaya entéh di wewengkon Parahyangan.&lt;ref name=IndischeLetteren/&gt; Ari anu dikembangkeunna lain komoditi [[entéh]] wungkul, tapina ogé jeung komoditi [[kina]].&lt;ref name=Gahetna/&gt;

==Panulis Sunda==
Bareng jeung lanceukna [[Karel Frederik Holle]], Adriaan miboga rasa kareueus jeung kanyaah kana budaya [[urang Sunda]].&lt;ref name=gbook1&gt;{{cite web
| url = https://books.google.co.id/books?id=yY9zHyfu8DQC&amp;pg=PA92&amp;lpg=PA92&amp;dq=Adriaan+Walraven+Holle&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=x9JP3gwbFA&amp;sig=AX2MhzLakZndwk5m34pn-lkfuYM&amp;hl=id&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjcoeLVyZjTAhUMMI8KHSqiA3cQ6AEIVTAO#v=onepage&amp;q=Adriaan%20Walraven%20Holle&amp;f=false
| title = Sundanese Print Culture and Modernity in Nineteenth-century West Java
| accessdaymonth = 10 April
| accessyear = 2017
| publisher = Google Book
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mangsa medalna buku pangajaran munggaran anu ditulis ku [[basa Sunda]] nu judulna ''Kitab Pangadjaran Basa Soenda'', nu ieu buku téh ditulis sarta dipedal ku pamaréntah [[Walanda]] taun [[1948]] nepi [[1950]].&lt;ref name=gbook1/&gt; Ieu buku dicitak lobana 1.490 citakan anu ngawengku 24 lambar, tumuluy dikirim ka [[Hindia Walanda]] bareng jeung buku pangajaran [[basa Jawa]] sarta [[basa Malayu]] minangka ajarkeuneun ka barudak [[sakola]].&lt;ref name=gbook1/&gt; Ari Adriaan, manéhna jadi asistén pikeun lanceukna [[K.F. Holle]] dina nyusun buku bacaan nu judulna ''Tjarita koera-koera djeung monjet''.&lt;ref name=gbook1/&gt; Ieu buku carita disusun ku [[Karel Frederik Holle|K.F. Holle]] tina hasil rekaman caritaan aki-aki anu ditarjamahkeun kana basa [[Walanda]], ditarjamahkeun deui kana [[basa Sunda]] sangkan mangrupa buku.&lt;ref name=IndischeLetteren/&gt;&lt;ref name=gbook1/&gt; Tumuluy ieu buku dipedal ku pamedal pribadi Lange en Co di [[Batawi]], anu saterusna ieu buku jadi séri munggaran pikeun generasi barudak sakola di [[Jawa Kulon]].&lt;ref name=gbook1/&gt;

Naon baé ngeunaan kasundaan, pamedal Mr. Wilkens mercayakeunna ka [[K.F. Holle]] jeung Adriaan Holle anu geus katampa pikeun medalkeun sagalaning buku anu ditulis ku [[basa Sunda]].&lt;ref name=gbook1/&gt; Nya spésialis kasundaan anu aya di wewengkon Parahyangan.&lt;ref name=gbook1/&gt; Ngabéwarakeun ogé yén dongéng Sunda anu geus dipedalkeunna ngahudang kana tumuwuhna kaum baca urang Sunda.&lt;ref name=gbook1/&gt; Bulan [[Oktober]] [[1852]] Holle sadulur ngajukeun deui pikeun medalkeun bacaan [[basa Sunda]] anu hadé sarta miadab, kapan masarakat harita di wewengkon Parahyangan acan pati euyeub buku bacaan anu hadé.&lt;ref name=gbook1/&gt;
==Gamelan Sari Onéng Parakansalak==
{{utama|Gamelan Sari Onéng Parakansalak}}
Lian ti kareueusna kana kasundaan anu dibuktikeun ku nulis buku carita Sunda, Adriaan ogé kataji kana kasenian Sunda.&lt;ref name=MPIG/&gt; Salah sahiji kasenian nu dipikaresepna nyaéna seni musik, utamana [[gamelan]].&lt;ref name=MPIG/&gt; Ari kamahéranana nyaéta dina maénkeun [[rebab]], da sasat mun kulitna henteu bulé mah matak pada nyangka urang Sunda asli.&lt;ref name=MPIG/&gt; Gamelan nu dipiboga ku Adriaan dingaranan [[Gamelan Sari Onéng Parakansalak|gamelan sari oneng]], mimitina mah dipesen ku Adriaan kalawan nungtutan, gamelanna dipesen ti [[Kabupatén Sumedang|Sumedang]] ari ancakna (wadah) mah dipesen ti [[Thailand]].&lt;ref name=MPIG/&gt; Samaktana Adriaan miboga lima sét [[gamelan]].&lt;ref name=MPIG/&gt; Ku yasana éta, [[Gamelan Sari Onéng Parakansalak|gamelan sari oneng]] ngalanglang ka [[W:en:Exposition Universelle (1889)|miéling 100 taun paresmian Munara Eiffel taun 1889]], sarta [[:w:en:World's Columbian Exposition|World Exhibitions 1893]] di [[Chicago]], [[Amérika Sarikat]].&lt;ref name=MPIG/&gt; Ti saprak diangkut ngalanglang buana éta, [[Gamelan Sari Onéng Parakansalak|gamelan sari oneng]] teu kungsi balik deui ka [[Sukabumi]].&lt;ref name=MPIG/&gt; Dua sét [[Gamelan Sari Onéng Parakansalak|gamelan sari oneng]] sarta puluhan nayaga jeung panari anu taun [[1889]] diangkut ku kapal laut ka [[Paris]], [[Perancis]] téh éta mangrupa misi dagang anu dibuntel ku seni budaya kasundaan dina raraga aub kana paresmian [[munara Eiffel]].&lt;ref name=MPIG/&gt; Antukna, sasét gamelan dipimilik ku musium musik di [[Perancis]], sasét deui na mah balik ka [[Parakan Salak, Sukabumi]] ngan kiwari dititip sangkan dipulasara di [[Musieum Prabu Geusan Ulun|Musium Prabu Geusan Ulun]] [[Kabupatén Sumedang|Sumedang]].&lt;ref name=MPIG/&gt;

==Rujukan==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Inohong entéh Indonésia]]
[[Kategori:Inohong Walanda]]</text>
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    <title>Antazoline</title>
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      <text bytes="11082" sha1="airr5aofwtt0ou4y3emoie7k1cnqalf" xml:space="preserve">{{keur dikeureuyeuh}}
{{Penyangkalan-medis}}
{{Drugbox|Verifiedfields=changed|ChEMBL=1305

&lt;!--Chemical data--&gt;|ChemSpiderID=2115|UNII_Ref={{fdacite|correct|FDA}}|UNII=DHA8014SS1|KEGG_Ref={{keggcite|correct|kegg}}|KEGG=D07458|ChEMBL_Ref={{ebicite|correct|EBI}}|C=17|ChEBI=84115|H=19|N=3|molecular_weight=265.353 g/mol|smiles=N\1=C(\NCC/1)CN(c2ccccc2)Cc3ccccc3|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChI=1S/C17H19N3/c1-3-7-15(8-4-1)13-20(14-17-18-11-12-19-17)16-9-5-2-6-10-16/h1-10H,11-14H2,(H,18,19)|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|ChemSpiderID_Ref={{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}|ChEBI_Ref={{ebicite|changed|EBI}}|Watchedfields=changed|routes_of_administration=Topical (nasal, [[eye drop]]s)

&lt;!--Identifiers--&gt;|verifiedrevid=443208622|IUPAC_name=''N''-(4,5-Dihydro-1''H''-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-''N''-(phenylmethyl)aniline|image=Antazoline.svg|width=215

&lt;!--Clinical data--&gt;|tradename=Vasocon-a|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|CONS|vasocon-a}}|IUPHAR_ligand=7116|DrugBank=DB08799|CAS_number_Ref={{cascite|correct|??}}|CAS_number=91-75-8|ATC_prefix=R01|ATC_suffix=AC04|ATC_supplemental={{ATC|R06|AX05}}|PubChem=2200|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|StdInChIKey=REYFJDPCWQRWAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N}}

'''Antazoline''' nyaéta ubar antihistamin generasi kahiji kalayan aktivitas antikolinergik.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB08799|title=Antazoline|website=www.drugbank.ca|accessdate=2020-06-01}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218044426/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB08799 |date=2020-02-18 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Antazoline disebut ogé ''Otrivine-Antistin'', mangrupa ubar jinis anti inflamasi nu bisa  ngungkulan gejala sarta alergi. Salaku ''dekongestan'', antazoline biasa dipaké pikeun ngungkulan [[irung]] mangpet, sarta mun diformulasikeun dina bentuk tétés [[panon]], bisa ngubaran konjungtivitis alergik. Konjungtivitis alergik nyaéta réaksi paradangan dina panon ku sabab ayana kontak jeung subtansi alérgén kayaning kebul, bulu sato, bubuk sari [[kembang]] atawa spora [[jamur]], atawa komponen [[kimia]] nu aya dina sababaraha produk. Gejala nu biasa karandapan kayaning, panon beureum, caian, ateul, jeung karasa nyeri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.farmasi-id.com/antazoline/|title=Antazoline {{!}} Kandungan, Indikasi, Efek Samping, Dosis, Obat Apa {{!}} Antihistamin &amp; Antialergi|website=Farmasi-id.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-06-01}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Struktur fisik ==
Antazoline nyaéta ubar anti histamin generasi kahiji kalayan aktivitas antikolinergik. Antazoline miboga struktur kimia C17-H19-N3 nu miboga beurat molekul 265.35 gram/mol.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.2115.html?rid=a3eb47b5-7df3-4054-aabd-e7a5b1c0095e|title=Antazoline {{!}} C17H19N3 {{!}} ChemSpider|website=www.chemspider.com|accessdate=2020-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/m.drugportal/name/antazoline|title=Drug Information Portal - Mobile - U.S. National Library of Medicine - Drug Search Results|website=druginfo.nlm.nih.gov|accessdate=2020-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina ngaran kimia N-Benzyl-N-(2-imidazolin-2-ylmetyl)aniline (BAN) 2-N-benzylanilinometylimidazoline (WHO).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/international/antazoline.html|title=Antazoline|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-01}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320111626/http://www.drugs.com/international/antazoline.html |date=2016-03-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Antazoline mangrupa antagonis réséptor H1. Sacara selektif ngabeungkeut réséptor H1 ngan teu di aktifkeun nepi ka ngahalangan histamin [[endogen]] jeung mampu ngurangan gejala negatip nu aya ku sabab histamin nu dileupaskeun. Leupasna histamin ieu ku sabab sistem awak nu nahankeun diri tina subtansi asing nu miboga poténsi nimbulkeun éfék goréng keur kaséhatan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
=== Sadiaan jeung jalan pamakéan ===

* ''Liquid'', panon
* Kapsul (jeung gelatin), ''oral''
* Solusi atau keclak (''drop''), panon

=== Prosedur saacan pamakéan ubar ===

* Kumbah heula [[leungeun]] saacan maké antazoline
* Buka tutup tina wadah antazoline
* Posisikeun [[sirah]] dimiringkeun ka arah tukang tuluy tarik panon maké [[ramo]] nepi ka ngabuka
* Tuluy keclakeun kana jero panon, sarta tutup mata nu geus diubaran kisaran hiji nepi ka dua menit.

Lamun maké ubar lianna saacan maké ubar ieu, antepkeun heula lima nepi ka sapuluh menit saacan pamakéan antazoline. Ulah poho pikeun ngaleupaskeun heula ''softlens'' mun anjeun keur kabeneran maké.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Kontraindikasi jeung hal-hal nu kudu diperhatikeun ==

=== Kontraindikasi Antazoline ===
Kontraindikasi mangrupa hiji patunjuk ngeunaan kondisi-kondisi di mana amakéan ubar éta teu meunang ku sabab bisa ngakibatkeun bahaya mun dikonsumsi. Pamakéan antazoline dikontradiksikeun dina kaayan-kaayaan pasén nu miboga alérgi atawa hipersensitif ka antazoline.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://halosehat.com/obat-a-z/obat-a/antazoline|title=Antazoline - Obat Apa - Fungsi - Dosis - Efek Samping|website=HaloSehat|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-06-01}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420143224/https://halosehat.com/obat-a-z/obat-a/antazoline |date=2020-04-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hal-hal nu kudu diperhatikeun ===
Saacan maké antazoline kudu dikonsultasikeun heula ka dokter ngeunaan yuswa, kaayaan kaséhatan, panyakit nu karandapan sarta ubar jeung vitamin lianna nu keur dikonsumsi, kayaning:

* Mun anjeun keur maké ''softlens''
* Miboga riwayat atawa miboga kasakit [[jantung]] jeung ogé tekanan darah tinggi
* Keur karandapan panyakit glaukoma sudut sempit
* Miboga alérgi kana jinis ubar keclak panon antazoline
* Mun anjeun keur kakandungan atawa miboga rencana rék hamil.
* Budak leutik handapeun 12 taun, ku sabab antazoline bisa dipaké ku budak minimal 12 taun.

Salian ti sababaraha hal éta, anjeun kudu ngajelaskeun ka dokter ubar naon waé nu keur dipaké boh ubar herbal, ubar komplementer atawa ubar ti warung. Paké antazoline saluyu jeung prosedur pamakéan nu saluyu. Mun dina 72 jam acan kénéh aya parobahan, gera konsultasikeun deui ka dokter.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Ngaran lian ==
Ieu di handap aya sababaraha ngaran luar, ngaran generik sarta ngaran dagang ti ubar antazoline:&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Ngaran luar ===

* Antazolinum (Latin)
* Antazolin ([[Jérman]])
* Antazoline ([[Prancis]])
* Antazolina ([[Spanyol]])

=== Ngaran generik ===

*''Antazolina'' (OS: DCIT)
*''Antazoline'' (OS: BAN, DCF)
* 5512-M (IS)
* M 5512 (IS)
* PM 265 (IS)
*''Antazoline Hydrochloride'' (OS: BANM)
*''Phenazoline hydrochloride'' (IS)
*''Antazoline'' (chlorhydrate d') (PH: Ph. Eur. 9)
*''Antazoline Hydrochloride'' (PH: BP 2018, USP XV)
*''Antazoline hydrochloride'' (PH: Ph. Eur. 9)
*''Antazolinhydrochlorid'' (PH: Ph. Eur. 9)
*''Antazolini hydrochloridum'' (PH: Ph. Eur. 9, Ph. Int. 2)
*''Antazoline Mesylate'' (IS)
*''Antazoline methanesulfonate'' (IS)
*''Antazoline Phosphate'' (OS: BANM)
*''Antazoline Phosphate'' (PH: USP 41)
*''Antazoline Sulfate'' (OS: BANM)
*''Antazolina solfato'' (PH: F.U. XII)

=== Ngaran mérk dagang disababaraha nagara ===

*''Antistin Privina [+ Naphazoline]'' Novartis Farma, [[Italia]]
*''Antistin-Privin [+ Antazoline]'' Novartis, [[Libanon]]
*''Miracryl-A [+ Naphazoline] Roster'', [[Péru]]
*''Oftalirio [+ Naphazoline]'' Saval,[[Ékuador]]; Saval, Peru; Servimedic, [[Uruguay]]
*''Optizolin [+ Tetryzoline''] Jamjom, [[Egypt|Égypt]]
*''Red Off Plus'' [+ Naphazoline] Labolatorium Chili, [[Cilé]]
*''Spersallerg [+ Tetryzoline] Excel Vision'', Libanon
*''Zincfrin A [+ Zinc, + Naphazoline]'' Alcon, [[Méksiko]]
*''Zocare [+ Tetryzoline]'' ''Healthcare'', [[Bangladés]]
*''Ankemin [+ Tetryzoline]'' Union, [[Taiwan]]
*''Antazallerge [+ Tetryzoline]'' Siam Bheasach, [[Thailand]]
*''Antistine CIBA'', [[Kuwait]]
*''Apillerg [+ Tetryzoline] Amman Pharmaceutical'', [[Oman]]
*''Curall-a [+ Naphazoline]'' [[Schazoo]], [[Pakistan]]
*''Gemini [+ Tetryzoline]'' Al Pharm, [[Afrika Kidul]]
*''Oculerge [+ Tetryzoline] Pharmacare'', Afrika Kidul
*''Opsil-A [+ Tetryzoline] Allergan'', Thailand
*''Spersallerg [+ Tetryzoline]'' Grup Actavis, Malta; Al Pharm, Afrika Kidul; Laboratorium. Thea, Rumania; The Laboratoires Thea, [[Polandia]]; Laboratoires Thea, [[Slovakia]]; Laboratorium Thea, [[Céko|Republik Céko]]; Novartis, Ekuador; Novartis, [[Hong Kong]]; Novartis, Taiwan; Novartis Pharma, [[Bulgaria]]; Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Kuwait; THEA, [[Suis]]; THEA, [[Norwégia]]
*''Spersallerg 0.5 mg/ml+0.4 mg/ml'' [+ Tetryzoline] THEA, [[Hungaria]]
*''Analergin [+ Naphazoline]'' Ivax, [[Lituania]]
*''Phenazolinum Polfa Warszawa'', Polandia
*''Sanorin Combi [+ Naphazoline] Xantis'', Slovakia
*''Albalon A [+ Naphazoline] Allergan'', [[Kénya]]; Allergan, [[Selandia Anyar]]; ''Allergan'', [[Tanzania]]
*''Albalon-A [+ Naphazoline] Allergan'', [[Australia]]; Allergan, Kuwait
*''Albasol-A [+ Naphazoline] Allergan'', Ekuador
*''Alergiftalmina [+ Naphazoline]'' Davi, [[Portugal]]
*''Alergoftal [+ Naphazoline] Alcon'', Kuwait; M4, [[Spanyol]]
*''Allergoconjunct [+ Tetryzoline] Infectopharm'', Jérman
*''Allergopos N [+ Tetryzoline] Ursapharm'', [[Malta]]
*''Citol A + T [+ Tetryzoline] Oftalmica'', [[Paraguay]]
*''Midazol Ofteno [+ Naphazoline]'' Sophia, Méksiko
*''Oftalirio [+ Naphazoline]'' Saval, Paraguay
*''Refresh Eye Allergy Relief [+ Naphazoline] Allergan'', Kanada
*''Rinobanedif [+ Bacitracin, + Neomycin, + Xylometazoline]'' Laboratorio Bago, Cilé
*''Zincfrin-A [+ Naphazoline, + Zinc Sulfate] Alcon'', Kuwait
*''Allertec Ukaszenia [+ Naphazoline] Polfa Warszawa'', Polandia
*''Antistina-Privin [+ Naphazoline] Thea Nordic'', [[Dénmark]]
*''Antistine-Privine [+ Naphazoline] Novartis Pharmaceuticals,'' Kuwait
*''Murine Allergy [+ Xylometazoline]'' Abbott, Kuwait
*''Noscam [+ Naphazoline]'' Riyadh Pharma, [[Oman]]
*''Ocured [+ Naphazoline]'' Riyadh Pharma, Oman
*''Oftalirio [+ Naphazoline] Nicolich'', Chili
*''Oftophenazol [+ Naphazoline]'' Polfa Warszawa, Polandia
*''Ophtazolin [+ Naphazoline]'' Dar Al Dawa, Oman
*''Otrivine-Antistin [+ Xylometazoline]'' Thea Pharmaceuticals, [[Britania Raya|Inggris]]
*''Rhinophenazol [+ Naphazolin]'' Polfa Warszawa, Polandia

== Éfék samping ==
Éfék samping mangrupa hiji éfék nu teu dipikahayang tina pamakéan hiji ubar. Éfék samping bisa béda unggal jalma, gumantung kana kaayaan panyakit, yuswa, beurat awak, jinis kelamin, étnis, atawa kaayaan kaséhatan hiji jalma. Ieu di handap sababaraha éfék samping bisa kaalaman sanggeus pamakéan antazoline diantarana:&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

* Réaksi hipersensitif
* Iritasi, rarasaan kaduruk atawa kaseureud (bisa leungit sababaraha menit sanggeus pamakéan ubar keclak panon) 
* Sensitifitas kana [[kulit]]
* Ulah dipaké kana kulit nu rusak atawa kaayaan kulit [[éksim]]
* Hipertensi (Salila pamakéan sakurang-kurangna 14 poé)

== Rujukan ==

[[Kategori:Ubar]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Amitriptilin</title>
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{{Penyangkalan-medis}}
{{Drugbox|Watchedfields=changed|C=20|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|DrugBank=DB00321|ChemSpiderID_Ref={{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}|ChemSpiderID=2075|UNII_Ref={{fdacite|correct|FDA}}|UNII=1806D8D52K|KEGG_Ref={{keggcite|correct|kegg}}|KEGG=D07448|ChEBI_Ref={{ebicite|correct|EBI}}|ChEBI=2666|ChEMBL_Ref={{ebicite|correct|EBI}}|ChEMBL=629|synonyms=Amitryptyline; Amytriptyline; Amitryptiline; Amitriptiline; MK-230; N-750; Ro 4-1575

&lt;!--Chemical data--&gt;|H=23|PubChem=2160|N=1|molecular_weight=277.403 g/mol
&lt;!-- | Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient Log(K_ow) = 5.04 --&gt;|melting_point=188|SMILES=c3cc2c(/C(c1c(cccc1)CC2)=C\CCN(C)C)cc3|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChI=1S/C20H23N/c1-21(2)15-7-12-20-18-10-5-3-8-16(18)13-14-17-9-4-6-11-19(17)20/h3-6,8-12H,7,13-15H2,1-2H3|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=KRMDCWKBEZIMAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N|drug_name=|alt=|caption=|legal_status=|licence_EU=|IUPHAR_ligand=200|ATC_suffix=AA09|verifiedrevid=477169407|legal_AU=S4|IUPAC_name=3-(10,11-dihydro-5''H''-dibenzo[''a'',''d'']cycloheptene-5-ylidene)-''N'',''N''-dimethylpropan-1-amine|image=Amitriptyline2DACS.svg|width=200px|image2=Amitriptyline-from-picrate-xtal-3D-balls.png|width2=250px

&lt;!--Clinical data--&gt;|pronounce={{IPAc-en|ˌ|æ|m|ɪ|ˈ|t|ɹ|ɪ|p|t|ɪ|l|iː|n}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/english/amitriptyline?q=amitriptyline Oxford Dictionary: Definition of amitriptyline (British &amp; World English)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714140116/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/english/amitriptyline?q=amitriptyline |date=14 July 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|tradename=Elavil, others|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|monograph|amitriptyline-hydrochloride}}|MedlinePlus=a682388|DailyMedID=Amitriptyline|licence_US=Amitriptyline|pregnancy_AU=C|pregnancy_US=C|legal_CA=Rx-only|ATC_prefix=N06|legal_UK=POM|legal_US=Rx-only|routes_of_administration=[[Oral administration|Ngaliwatan baham]], [[injeksi intramuskular]]|class=[[Tricyclic antidepressant]] (TCA)

&lt;!--Pharmacokinetic data--&gt;|bioavailability=30–60%|protein_bound=96%|metabolism=[[Liver]] (CYP2D6, CYP2C19)|metabolites=nortriptyline|elimination_half-life=10–50 hours|excretion=[[Urine]]

&lt;!--Identifiers--&gt;|CAS_number_Ref={{cascite|correct|??}}|CAS_number=50-48-6|CAS_supplemental=&lt;br /&gt;549-18-8 ([[hydrochloride]])&lt;br /&gt;17086-03-2 ([[embonate]])|pregnancy_category=}}


'''Amitripilin''' nyaéta ubar pikeun ngungkulan masalah kaséhatan kayaning [[déprési]], miboga struktur [[kimia]] C&lt;sub&gt;20&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;23&lt;/sub&gt;N.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.chemspider.com/Search.aspx?q=Amitriptyline|title=Chemical Identifier Search {{!}} Amitriptyline|website=www.chemspider.com|accessdate=2020-06-02}}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00321|title=Amitriptyline|website=www.drugbank.ca|accessdate=2020-06-02}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130053200/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00321 |date=2019-01-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubar ieu bisa ningkatkeun suasana haté jeung ngarasakeun katentreman, nurukeun rasa kahariwang nu kaleuleuwihi sarta kategangan, ngaronjatkeun kualitas saré, sarta ningkatkeun énergi. Ubar ieu kaasup kana kelas ubar nu biasa disebut antidéprésan [[trisiklik]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-8611/amitriptyline-oral/details|title=Drugs &amp; Medications|website=www.webmd.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/amitriptyline.html|title=Amitriptyline (Elavil) Uses, Dosage, Side Effects|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Kagunaan ==
Amitriptilin nyaéta ubar antidéprésan kelas trisklik dipaké pikeun ngubaran masalah kaséhatan méntal atawa kajiwaan kayaning parobahan suasana haté sacara drastis sarta déprési.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ubar ieu nulungan ngaronjatkeun suasana haté atawa ''mood'' jeung rasa bagéa, ngurangan karingrang jeung kategangan, sarta bisa ngaronjatkeun kualitas saré. Fungsi lianna  tina amitriptilin nyaéta pikeun ngubaran nyeri [[saraf]] (misalna ''neuropati perifer, postherpetic neuralgia''), gangguan hésé dahar ([[Bulimia nervosa|bulimia]]), masalah kajiwaan atawa suasana haté lianna (kayaning miboga tingkat karingrang nu gedé atawa gangguan karingrang lianna) atawa pikeun ngungkulan nyeri [[sirah]] [[migrén]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hellosehat.com/obatan-suplemen/obat/amitriptyline/|title=Amitriptyline : Fungsi, Dosis, Efek Samping, Cara Pakai|website=Hello Sehat|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-06-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amitriptilin gawé kucara ngajaga kasaimbangan kadar [[sérotonin]] jeung ''norepinephrine'' dina saraf puseur. Ku kituna, gawé [[Uteuk|otak]] bisa leuwih alus sarta gejala déprési saeutik-saeutik ngurangan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.alodokter.com/amitriptyline|title=Amitriptyline|website=Alodokter|accessdate=2020-06-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Cara maké ==
Saacan maké ubar ieu, konsultasikeun heula ka [[dokter]] atawa ka [[apotéker]]. Inum ubar ieu ngaliwatan [[baham]], biasana sakali nepi ka opat kali dina sapoé saluyu jeung aturan nu dibéré ku dokter, usahakeun inum dina wanci nu sarua dina unggal poé na. Mun diinum sakali dina sapoé, bisa diinum saacan saré pikeun ngabantuan ngurangan rasa tunduh ditengah poé.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Amitriptilin bisa diinum saacan atawa sanggeus dahar. Pikeun ngurangan résiko éfék samping kayaning tunduh, biwir gararing, lieur, dokter biasana méré resép pikeun resép nu ngamimitian kucara dibéré dosis leutik sarta sacara lalaunan ditaékkeun dosisna saeutik-saeutik. Inum ubar ieu sacara taratur, ulah eureun sanajan ngarasa awak geus séhat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Sababaraha kaayaan bisa leuwih goréng mun ubar ieu dieureunkeun pamakéanna, salian ti éta bisa ngarandapan gejala kayaning parobahan suasana haté, nyeri sirah, kacapéan, sarta parobahan pola saré. Biasana dokter bakal ngurangan dosis ubarna saeutik-saeutik pikeun ngeureunan ubar ieu. Ubar ieu bisa jadi teu langsung gawé sangeus diinum, bisa jadi dina waktu saminggu, bisa ogé nepi ka opat minggu saacan anjeun ngarasakeun éfék nu sapinuhna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Ngaran lian ==
Ieu di handap aya sababaraha ngaran lian ti ubar amitriptilin:&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

* Amitriptilina
* Amitriptylin
* Amitriptyline
* Amitriptylinum

== Éfék samping ==
Efek samping nu bisa karasa sanggeus nginum amitriptilin nyaéta:

=== Éfek samping nu geus ilahar ===

* Tunduh
* Lieur
*[[Biwir]] garing
* Karasa mules jeung [[diaré]]
* Beurat awak nambahan 
* Hésé kahampangan 
* Titinggalian teu jelas

=== Éfék nu leuwih parna ===

* Serangan [[jantung]]. Gejalana kayaning nyeri dada, hésé rénghap, rasa nyeri atawa ngarasa aya nu neken dina bagéan dada.
* Struk. Gejalana kayaning kalémahan di hiji bagéan atawa sisi awak, hésé ngomong

* Awak babari gareuneuk memar atawa pendarahan
* mules
* ngadegdég
* kejang [[otot]]
* nyeri [[beuteung]] nu parna
* Nuruna hasrat séksual

* Utah nu ciga bubuk [[kopi]]
* Pingsan
* Linglung

Réaksi alérgi nu leuwih parna tina ubar ieu jarang karasa. Lamun éta gejala karasa, geura panggihan dokter pikeun ngungkulan gejala nu karasa. Teu sakabéh jalma nu nginum ieu ubar ngalaman gejala nu geus disebutkeun di handap. 

== Interaksi Amitriptilin ==
Nginum amitriptilin jeung ubar séjén bisa ningkatkeun résiko éfék négatip. Conto ubar nu kaasup nyaéta: &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

* ''[[Topiramate|Topiramat]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[Topiramate|e]]''. Nginum ubar ieu jeung amitriptilin bisa ningkatkeun jumlah amitriptilin dina awak. Ieu bisa nyababkeun ningkatkeun résiko éfék samping

* ''[[Sertralin]]'', ''[[fluoxetin]]'', jeung ''[[paroxetin]]''. Ubar ieu bisa ningkatkeun éfék samping amitriptilin nu leuwih bahaya

* ''[[Cimetidin]]'', nginum ubar ieu jeung amitriptilin bisa ningkatkeun jumlah amitriptilin dia awak ku sabab bisa ngaronjatkeun éfék samping nu aya.

* Ubar ''antikolinergik''. Contona kaasup ''[[diphenhydramin]]'', ''[[oxybutynin]]'', ''[[solifenacin]]'', jeung ''[[Olanzapine|olanzapin]]''. Nginum ubar ieu jeung amitriptilin ningkatkeun résiko éfék samping kayaning panas awak, utamana mun keur halodo.

* Ubar ''[[neuroleptik]]''. Contona kaasup ''[[clozapine]]'', ''[[risperidone]]'', jeung ''[[haloperidol]]''.
* Ningkatkeun résiko sindrom sérotonin nu nyababkeun ngaronjatna sél saraf jeung bisa ngancam pati nu nginumna mun diinum jeung ''[[linezolid]]'', ''[[fentanyl]], [[Litium|lithium]], [[tramadol]]'', atawa antidepresan llianna.

* Ningkatkeun kadar obat dina [[getih]] mun diinum jeung ''[[methylphenidate]], [[cimetidine]]'', [[antipsikotik]], jeung antagonis kalsium.
* Ngurangan kadar ubar dina getih mun diinum jeung ''[[barbiturat]], [[rifampicin]]'', sarta ''[[antikonvulsan]]''.
* Miboga résiko ngurangan éfék ubar ''[[clonidine]]''
* Ningkatkeun résiko artimia mun diinum jeung ubar ''[[antiaritmia]]'' (kayaning ''[[amiodarone]]''), ''[[antihistamin]]'', ''[[terfenadine]]'', [[hormon tiroid]], dan ''[[cisapride]]''.
*Pamakéan amitriptiline jeung sababaha ubar ieu:  [[Amiodaron|amiodarone]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/amiodarone-with-amitriptyline-167-0-168-0.html|title=Amiodarone and amitriptyline Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Amisulprid|amisulpride]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/amisulpride-with-amitriptyline-4134-0-168-0.html|title=Amisulpride and amitriptyline Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Anagrelid|anagrelide]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/amitriptyline-with-anagrelide-168-0-204-0.html|title=Amitriptyline and anagrelide Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; bisa ningkatkeub résiko ratug jantung nu bisa miboga poténsi ngancam pati pasén nu ngonsumsi, sanajan kitu éfék smaping lianna kaitung jarang narajang.

== Tutumbu kaluar ==
&lt;br /&gt;
== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategori:Ubar]]</text>
      <sha1>25du8212hleebarm44fzyav86d958y7</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Ibuprofen</title>
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      <text bytes="10711" sha1="ff6j6zxqbnkwkwkg72t3ty9d4xyby5b" xml:space="preserve">{{keur dikeureuyeuh}}
{{Penyangkalan-medis}}
{{Drugbox|Watchedfields=changed|ChEMBL=521|ATC_supplemental={{ATC|G02|CC01}} {{ATC|M01|AE01}} {{ATC|M02|AA13}} {{ATC|R02|AX02}}|PubChem=3672|IUPHAR_ligand=2713|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|DrugBank=DB01050|ChemSpiderID_Ref={{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}|ChemSpiderID=3544|UNII_Ref={{fdacite|correct|FDA}}|UNII=WK2XYI10QM|KEGG_Ref={{keggcite|correct|kegg}}|KEGG=D00126|ChEBI_Ref={{ebicite|correct|EBI}}|ChEBI=5855|ChEMBL_Ref={{ebicite|correct|EBI}}|PDB_ligand=IBP

&lt;!--Chemical data--&gt;|ATC_prefix=C01|StdInChIKey=HEFNNWSXXWATRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N|density=1.03 g/ml|solubility=0.021|boiling_notes=at 4 mmHg|boiling_point=157|melting_high=78|melting_point=75|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|C=13|StdInChI=1S/C13H18O2/c1-9(2)8-11-4-6-12(7-5-11)10(3)13(14)15/h4-7,9-10H,8H2,1-3H3,(H,14,15)|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|smiles=CC(C)Cc1ccc(cc1)[C@@H](C)C(=O)O|molecular_weight=206.29 g/mol|O=2|H=18|ATC_suffix=EB16|CAS_number=15687-27-1|verifiedrevid=464191340|synonyms=isobutylphenylpropionic acid|pregnancy_AU=C|license_US=Ibuprofen|DailyMedID=Ibuprofen|MedlinePlus=a682159|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|monograph|ibuprofen}}|tradename=Advil, Motrin, Nurofen, [[List of ibuprofen brand names|others]]|pronounce={{IPAc-en|ˈ|aɪ|b|juː|p|r|oʊ|f|ɛ|n}}, {{IPAc-en|aɪ|b|juː|ˈ|p|r|oʊ|f|ən}}, {{respell|EYE|bew|PROH|fən}}|pregnancy_US=C|alt2=(R)-ibuprofen

&lt;!--Clinical data--&gt;|width2=250px|image2=Ibuprofen-3D-balls.png|width=200px|image=(RS)-Ibuprofen Structural Formula V1.svg|IUPAC_name=(''RS'')-2-(4-(2-Methylpropyl)phenyl)propanoic acid|pregnancy_AU_comment={{drugs.com|pregnancy|ibuprofen}}&lt;/ref&gt;|pregnancy_US_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot; /&gt;|CAS_number_Ref={{cascite|correct|??}}|bioavailability=80–100% (by mouth),&lt;ref name=&quot;Davanzo2014&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Davanzo|first1=R|last2=Bua|first2=J|last3=Paloni|first3=G|last4=Facchina|first4=G|title=Breastfeeding and migraine drugs|journal=European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology|date=November 2014|volume=70|issue=11|pages=1313–24|doi=10.1007/s00228-014-1748-0|pmid=25217187|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; 87% (rectal)|excretion=Urine (95%)&lt;ref name = clinp/&gt;&lt;ref name=TGA&gt;{{cite web|title=Brufen Tablets And Syrup|publisher=Therapeutic Goods Administration|date=31 July 2012|access-date=8 May 2014|url=https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&amp;id=CP-2009-PI-00035-3|format=PDF|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820064609/https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&amp;id=CP-2009-PI-00035-3|archive-date=20 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!--Identifiers--&gt;|onset=30{{nbsp}}min&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=ibuprofen|url=http://web.squ.edu.om/med-lib/med_cd/e_cds/Nursing%20Drug%20Guide/mg/ibuprofen.htm|access-date=31 January 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113042104/http://web.squ.edu.om/med-Lib/MED_CD/E_CDs/Nursing%20Drug%20Guide/mg/ibuprofen.htm|archive-date=13 January 2015|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113042104/http://web.squ.edu.om/med-Lib/MED_CD/E_CDs/Nursing%20Drug%20Guide/mg/ibuprofen.htm |date=13 January 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|elimination_half-life=2–4 h&lt;ref name=&quot;Grosser2017&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Grosser|first1=T|last2=Ricciotti|first2=E|last3=FitzGerald|first3=GA|title=The Cardiovascular Pharmacology of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs|journal=Trends in Pharmacological Sciences|date=August 2017|volume=38|issue=8|pages=733–48|doi=10.1016/j.tips.2017.05.008|pmid=28651847|pmc=5676556|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;|metabolites=ibuprofen glucuronide, 2-hydroxyibuprofen, 3-hydroxyibuprofen, carboxy-ibuprofen, 1-hydroxyibuprofen|metabolism=Liver ([[CYP2C9]])&lt;ref name = clinp/&gt;|protein_bound=98%&lt;ref name = clinp&gt;{{cite journal|last=Davies|first=NM|title=Clinical pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen. The first 30 years.|journal=Clinical Pharmacokinetics|date=February 1998|volume=34|issue=2|pages=101–54|doi=10.2165/00003088-199834020-00002|pmid=9515184}}&lt;/ref&gt;|routes_of_administration=by mouth, rectal, topical, and [[intravenous therapy|intravenous]]

&lt;!--Pharmacokinetic data--&gt;|pregnancy_category=D (US) at ≥30 weeks of gestation, due to the potential for premature closure of the ''[[ductus arteriosus]]''|legal_CA=OTC|legal_US_comment=/&amp;nbsp;Rx-only|legal_US=OTC|legal_UK=GSL|legal_AU=OTC|licence_EU=yes|chirality=[[Racemic mixture]]}}
'''Ibuprofen''' nyaéta  ubar antiinflamasi ''non-steroid'' (NSAID) nu dipaké pikeun ngubaran ngurangan kanyeri jeung peradangan, misalna [[nyeri huntu]], nyeri [[Kareseban|ménstruasi]], jeung radang [[sendi]].Obat ieu sadia dina bentuk tablet 400 mg, bbentuk sirup atawa airan, jeung suntikan. Mimiti dimekarkeun taun 1960, nu tuluy dipaténkeun dina taun 1961, munggaran ubar ieu mimiti dimekarkeun keur ubar ngalawan panyakit ''rheumatoid arthritis'' di Inggris dina taun1969 jeung Amérika Serikat  taun 1974. Ieu mangrupa ubar bébas NSAID nu dijual bébas munggaran dipasaran. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01050|title=Ibuprofen|website=www.drugbank.ca|accessdate=2020-06-07}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721050937/http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/db01050 |date=2014-07-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/ibuprofen.html|title=Ibuprofen Uses, Dosage &amp; Side Effects|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-5166-9368/ibuprofen-oral/ibuprofen-oral/details|title=Drugs &amp; Medications|website=www.webmd.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kagunaan ==
Ibuprofen nyaéta ubar anti inflamasi ''non-steroid'' (NSAID) pikeun ngurangan kanyeri, nurunkeun panas awak, jeung ngurangan rasa nyeri, atawa peradangan nu disababkeun ku loba kaayaan kayaning [[nyeri sirah]], [[nyeri huntu]], [[nyeri tonggong]], [[radang sendi]], keram [[Kareseban|ménstruasi]], [[asam urat]], ''arthritis'' sarta peradangan lianna. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.alodokter.com/ibuprofen|title=Ibuprofen|website=Alodokter|accessdate=2020-06-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hellosehat.com/obatan-suplemen/obat/ibuprofen/|title=Ibuprofen : Fungsi, Dosis, Efek Samping, Cara Pakai|website=Hello Sehat|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-06-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cara gawé ==
Cara gawé ubar ieu kucara ngahalangan awak ngaproduksi [[prostagladin]], nyaéta senyawa nu nyababkeun peradangan jeung rasa nyeri. Salaku dampakna, nyeri jeung peradangan mimiti ngurangan. Sallian ti ngungkulan rasa kanyeri jeung peradangan, ibuprofen ogé dipaké salaku ubar pikeun nurunkeun panas awak.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Cara maké ==
Inum ibuprofen saluyu jeung anjuran nu aya dina label, atawa saluyu jeung nu ditangtukeun ku dokter.Ulah maké ubar ieu dina jumlah nu loba atawa leuwih lila ti waktu nu geus dianjurkeun ku dokter. Paké dosis nu leutik jeung éféktif dina ngubaran kaayan pasén. Ulah nginum ubar ieu leuwih loba tina dosis nu ditangtukeun (''overdose).'' Kalobaan nginum ibuprofen bisa ngarusak [[beuteung]] atawa [[peujit]] anjeun.Jumlah maksimal ubar ieu pikeun dewasa nyaéta 800mg/dosis atawa 3200mg/poé (4 dosis maksimal).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Paké dina jumlah nu pangleutikna saluyu jeung nu diperlukeun pikeun ngaleungitkeun kanyeri, bareuh, atawa panas awak. Dosis ibuprofen pikeun budak dumasar kana umur sarta beurat awak. Inum ibuprofen jeung dahareun atawa [[susu]] pikeun ngurangan nyeri beuteung. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Kocok suspensi ''oral'' (cairan) kalayan bener saacan ngukur dosis. Ukur ubar cair ku jarum suntik dosis nu disadiakeun, atawa ku séndok pangukur dosis khusus atawa  gelas ubar. Tablét ibuprofen kudu di gayem saacan anjeun nelen ieu ubar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Ngaran lian jeung ngaran dagang Ibuprofen ==

=== Ngaran lian ===
Ieu di handap ngaran lian Ibuprofen:&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

* Ibuprofen
* Ibuprofene
* Ibuprofeno
* Ibuprofenum
* Ibuprophen

=== Ngaran dagang ===
Ieu di handap sababaraha ngaran dagang tina ibuprofen:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

* Ibuprofen, 
* Intrafen, 
* Neo Rheumacyl, 
* Oskadon SP, 
* Bodrex Extra, 
* Bodrexin IBP, 
* Procold Obat Sakit Kepala, P
* aramex Nyeri Otot, 
* Novaxifen, 
* Arbupon, 
*Proris.

== Interaksi Ibuprofen ==
Ieu di handap sababaraha interaksi nu bsa kajadian mun ibuprofen diinum jeung ubar séjén:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/ibuprofen.html|title=Ibuprofen Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Ubar antiinflamasi nonsteroid, pangencer [[getih]], jeung kortikosteroid, bisa ningkatkeun éfék samping pendarahan dina saluran cerna

*''[[Ciclosporin]]'' jeung ''[[tacrolimus]]'', bisa ningkatkeun éfék samping hiperkalemia jeung gangguan fungsi [[ginjal]]
* ACE ''inhibitor'' jeung ARB, bisa nurunkeun éfék antihipertensi tina kadua ubar éta
*''[[Lithium]]'' jeung ''[[methotrexate]]'', bisa naékkeun résiko kacanduan ibuprofen.
*[[Aspirin]], pamakéan ibuprofen nu mineng teuing bisa nyababkeun ngurangan éféktivitas aspirin mun anjeun nginum ubar ieu pikeung nyinngkahan panyakit jantung atawa struk. Salian ti éta pamak;ean ubar ieu dina waktu nu babarengan bisa ningkatkeun résiko ka keunaan ku katuhak lambung sarta pendarahan. Anjeun merlukeun dosis nu kudu disaluyukeun sarta dina pangawasan dokter. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/aspirin-with-ibuprofen-243-0-1310-0.html|title=Aspirin and ibuprofen Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Éfék samping ==
Éfék samping mangrupa hiji éfék nu teu dipiharep tina ubar. Éfék samping ieu bisa mangrupa-rupa di sababaraha jalma gumantung kana kaayaan panyakit, umur, beurat awak, jinis kelamin, étnis, jeung sababaraha kaayaan kaséhatan lianna. Ieu di handap sababaraha éfék samping nu bisa karasa sanggeus nginum ibuprofen:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/sfx/ibuprofen-side-effects.html|title=Ibuprofen Side Effects: Common, Severe, Long Term|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Bunghak beuteung
* Sebel jeung utah 
*[[Diaré]] atawa sembelit
*[[Nyeri maag]]
* Panas awak
* Nyeri sirah
* Gejala alérgi ubar kayaning arateul jeung bareuh na beungeut sarta hésé rénghap
*[[Gangguan ginjal]]

== Tutumbu kaluar ==

* [https://www.drugs.com/sfx/ibuprofen-side-effects.html Éfék samping Ibuprofen]
* [https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/ibuprofen.html Interaksi ubar Ibuprofen]

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategori:Ubar]]</text>
      <sha1>ff6j6zxqbnkwkwkg72t3ty9d4xyby5b</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Atropin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>99691</id>
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      <id>711013</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="11679" sha1="nsj359vy1pji69dca16f0ni1q9vvqfu" xml:space="preserve">{{Penyangkalan-medis}}
{{Drugbox
| Verifiedfields = changed
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 458781584
| IUPAC_name = (''RS'')-(8-Methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl) 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate
| image = Atropine.svg
| image2 = Atropine-D-and-L-isomers-from-DL-xtal-2004-3D-balls.png
| width2 = 260

&lt;!--Clinical data--&gt;
| tradename = Atropen, lianna
| synonyms = Daturin &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000788254 |page=[https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000788254/page/148 148] |title=Medical Flora; Or, Manual of the Medical Botany of the United States of ... - Constantine Samuel Rafinesque - Internet Archive |publisher=Atkinson &amp; Alexander |accessdate=2012-11-07|year=1828|last1=Rafinesque |first1=Constantine Samuel }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|monograph|atropine}}
| MedlinePlus = a682487
| pregnancy_AU = A
| pregnancy_US = C
| legal_status = &lt;!-- where? Rx-only --&gt;
| routes_of_administration = ngaliwatan baham [[Intravenous therapy|IV]], [[Intramuscular injection|IM]], dubur

&lt;!--Pharmacokinetic data--&gt;
| bioavailability = 25%
| metabolism = ≥50% [[hidrolisis]]d ka [[tropine]] jeung [[asam tropik]]
| onset       = c. 1 menit&lt;ref name=Bar2009/&gt;
| elimination_half-life = 2 jam
| duration_of_action= 30 ka 60 min&lt;ref name=Bar2009/&gt;
| excretion = 15–50% diékskrésikeun teu robah dina urin

&lt;!--Identifiers--&gt;
| class     = [[antimuskarinik]] (antikolinergik)
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}
| CAS_number = 51-55-8
| ATC_prefix = A03
| ATC_suffix = BA01
| ATC_supplemental = {{ATC|S01|FA01}}
| PubChem = 174174
| IUPHAR_ligand = 320
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
| DrugBank = DB00572
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 10194105
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = 7C0697DR9I
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG = D00113
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 16684
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 9751

&lt;!--Chemical data--&gt;
| C=17 | H=23 | N=1 | O=3
| molecular_weight = 289.369 g/mol
| smiles = CN3[C@H]1CC[C@@H]3C[C@@H](C1)OC(=O)C(CO)c2ccccc2
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/C17H23NO3/c1-18-13-7-8-14(18)10-15(9-13)21-17(20)16(11-19)12-5-3-2-4-6-12/h2-6,13-16,19H,7-11H2,1H3/t13-,14+,15+,16?
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = RKUNBYITZUJHSG-SPUOUPEWSA-N
}}
Atropin nyaéta ubar golongan antimuskarinik (saacana disebut antikolinergik) nyaéta ubar nu dipaké pikeun ngurangan motilitas (pergerakan) usus. Miboga rumus kimia 

C17H23NO3,&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00572|title=Atropine|website=www.drugbank.ca|accessdate=2020-06-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200910175848/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00572 |date=2020-09-10 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ubar ieu ogé dipaké pikeun ngungkulan gejala karacunan insektisida, denyut jantung nu turun, sarta pikeun prosedur praoperatif nu miboga pungsi ngurangan produksi ciduh salila opasi (keur operasi bedah umum atawa operasi panon katarak).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/mtm/atropine-injection.html|title=Atropine (injection) Uses, Side Effects &amp; Warnings|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hellosehat.com/obatan-suplemen/obat/atropin-atropine/|title=Atropin (Atropine) : Fungsi, Dosis, Efek Samping, Cara Pakai|website=Hello Sehat|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.alodokter.com/atropin|title=Atropin|website=Alodokter|accessdate=2020-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.alomedika.com/obat/anestetik/obat-untuk-prosedur-preoperatif/atropin|title=Atropin - indikasi, dosis, interaksi dan efek samping|last=general_alomedika|website=Alomedika|accessdate=2020-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kagunaan ==
Atropin dipaké pikeun ngungkulan sababaraha kasakit, kayaning nahankeun pungsi jantung nu hadé salila proses oprasi, sarta ngubaran sababaraha kalainan jantung, ngungkulan spasme dina beuteung, peujit, kandung kemih, sarta saluran empedu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.farmasi-id.com/atropine/|title=Atropine {{!}} Kandungan, Indikasi, Efek Samping, Dosis, Obat Apa|website=Farmasi-id.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-06-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322074557/https://www.farmasi-id.com/atropine/ |date=2020-03-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://pionas.pom.go.id/ioni/bab-1-sistem-saluran-cerna-0/12-antispasmodik-dan-obat-obat-lain-yang-mempengaruhi-motilitas-0|title=1.2.1 Antimuskarinik {{!}} PIO Nas|website=pionas.pom.go.id|accessdate=2020-06-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604192150/http://pionas.pom.go.id/ioni/bab-1-sistem-saluran-cerna-0/12-antispasmodik-dan-obat-obat-lain-yang-mempengaruhi-motilitas-0 |date=2020-06-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Lian ti éta ogé atropin miboga kagunaan pikeun ngungkulan otot nu tegang dina saluran cerna ku sabab radang usus besar (kolitis),  ''irritable bowel syndrome'' (IBS), atau diverkulitis, ngungkulan produksi lendir nu loba, kayaningasam lambung, lendir dina saluran pernafasan, atawa ciduh nu nyababkeun ''sialorrhea'' nyaéta kaayaan nu nyababkeun ciduh tuluy kaluar jeung ngeclakan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Nurunkeun kasakit ku sabab peradangan panon bagéann tengah, sarta ngaleuleuskeun otot panon saacan pamariksaan panon.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Ngendalikeun kaayaan kaséhatan kayaning, kolik bayi, kolik ginjal jeung ampedu, sarta ulkus peptis.Ngubaran rasa kaku, ngadégdég, produksi késang nu loba ku sabab panyakit Parkinson.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.everydayhealth.com/drugs/atropine|title=Atropine - Side Effects, Dosage, Interactions - Drugs|website=EverydayHealth.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Atropin ogé ngurangan sékrési disababraha bagéan organ awak, nu tuluy mantuan ngendalikeun kaayaan kayaning produksi asam dina jero beuteung jeung pankréas nu loba, sarta ngurangan sékrési tina irung, paru-paru, kelenjar ciduh jeung beuteung saacan oprasi jeung mantuan ngagaringkeun lendir nu loba nu aya patalina jeung panyakit, inféksi, sarta alérgi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Atropin ogé sadia dina bentuk ubar keclak panon, nu miboga pungsi keur ngagedékeun pupil panon saacan pamariksaan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Ngaran lian jeung ngaran dagang ==
Ieu di handap ngaran lian tina atropin:&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

* Atropin
* Atropina
* Atropine
* Atropinum

Ieu di handap ngaran dagang tina atropin:&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

* Atropine, 
* Atropine sulfate, 
* Cendo tropine
* Anespine

== Cara gawé ==
Atropin gawé kucara ningkatkeun denyut jantunng, ngaleuleuskeun peujit, sarta ngurangna produksi lendir kucara ngahambat zat nu aya dina saraf. Atropin ogé patali jeung ngahambat reseptor muskarinik asetilkolin, nu ngahasilkeun sababaraha éfék antikolinergik.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Cara maké ==
Atropin sadia dina bnetuk tablét, ubar keclak panon, sarta cairan suntik. Tablét atropin bisa diinum sanggeus atawa saacan dahar, inum maké cai hérang. 

Pikeun atropin Untuk atropin keclak panon, aya sababaraha léngkah nu kudu diperhatikeun, kayaning: &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

* Kumbah leungeun ku cai jeung sabun nepi ka bersih.
* Kocok botol ubar keclak panon atropin saacan dipaké supaya larutan kacampur rata.
* Tenggakkkeun beunngeut nepi ka ngarah ka luhur sarta tarik kongkoak panon bagéan handap ku ramo lalaunan.
* Deukatkeun ujung botol ubar keclak panon ka bagéan panon, tapi ulah nepi ka keuna kana bola panon, tuluy keclakeun kucara neken botol ubar. 
* Tutup panon salila 2-3 menit supaya ubar keclak atropin bisa sumebar kasakabéh bagéan panon. Ulah ngiceup atawa gigisik panon ku leunggeun. 
* Tekenkeun lalaunan, sarta elap cairan nu kaluar tina jero mata ku tisu.
* Kumbah leunngeun sanggeus maké ubar ieu.

Atropin dina bentuk cairan suntik kudu dibérékeun ku dokter atawa tanaga kaséhatan saluyu jeung anjuran dokter. Doktel bakal nalingakeun pernafasan, denyut jantung jeung tekanan getih salila paméréan atropin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Paké tablét jeung ubar keclak panon saluyu jeung nu geus ditanngtukeun ku dokter sarta pastikeun aya jarak nu lila saacan ka dosis nu satuluyna. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Hal nu kudu diperhatikeun ==
Saacan maké atropin, perhetikeun sababaraha hal ieu:&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

* Ati-ati maké atropin mun anjeung miboga kasakit glaukoma, penyumbatan saluran kemih, panyumbatan saluran cerna, gangguan kelenjar prostat, panyakit ginjal, ''stenosis pilorus'', ganguan irama jantung, panyakit hatéjeung ''myasthenia gravis.''
* Jéntrékeun ka doker supama miboga riwayat kasakit atawa keur katarajang gangguan fungsi haté, panyakit tiroid, hipertensi, gangguan jantung, asma, kolitis ulseratif, panyakit refluks asam lambung, jeung ''down syndrom''.
* Atropin alusna dipaké kalayan ati-ati pikeun kolot jeung bayi handapeun 3 bulan, bisa ningkatkeun résiko éfék samping.
* Jéntrékeun ka dokter mun keur nginum ubar séjén atawa vitamin, suplemen jeung ubar ''herbal''.. 

Acan dipikanyaho atropin ngabahayakeun bayi nu acan lahir, tapi sababaraha ubar ieu ngandung pangawét nu bisa jadi bahaya pikeun bayi nu karék lahir. Ubar ieu kaasup kana résiko kahamilan katégori C numutkeun ''US Food and Drugs Administration'' (FDA). &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Interaksi Atropin ==
Ieu di handap sababraha ubar nu miboga résiko mun diinum babarengan jeung atropin: &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

* Résiko ayana éfék samping mun dipaké jeung quinidine, antidepresan, dan antihistamin.
* Résiko ayana éfék samping mun dipaké jeung ubar digoxin.
* Nurunkeun éféktivitas atropin, mun dipaké jeung pilocarpine, trihexyphenidyl, tolterodine, scopolamine, hyoscyamine, amitriptyline,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/amitriptyline-with-atropine-168-0-280-0.html|title=Amitriptyline and atropine Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; jeung diphenhydramine.
* Nurunkeun éféktivitas ubar aripiprazole, trifluoperazine, sulpiride, risperidone, quetiapine, promethazine, perphenazine, paliperidone, haloperidol, jeung clozapine.
* Miboga résiko hipertensi jeung gangguan detak jantung, mun dipaké jeung phenylephrine.

== Éfék samping ==
Éfék samping mangrupa hiji éfék nu teu dipiharep tina ubar. Éfék samping ieu bisa mangrupa-rupa di sababaraha jalma gumantung kana kaayaan panyakit, umur, beurat awak, jinis kelamin, étnis, jeung sababaraha kaayaan kaséhatan lianna. Ieu di handap sababaraha éfék samping nu bisa karasa sanggeus nginum atropin:&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

* Nyeri sirah
* Titinggalian burem, kongkolak panon bareuh, jeung panon sensitif kana cahaya
* Biwir jeung tikoro ngarasa gararing 
* Gangguan indra pengecap (létah)
* Sebel, beuteung kembunng
* Konstipasi
* Hésé kahampangan

Panggihan dokter mun ngarandapan gejala kayaning:

* Gejala alérgi, kayaning arateul, aya ruam, barareuh dina beungeut, biwir, létah, sarta tikoro, jeung hésé rénghap.
* Ratug jantung (aritmia)
* Halusinasi
* Leungitna kasaimbangan
* Gangguan ngomong jeung hésé neureuy 
* Panon karasa panas jeung karerab

== Tutumbu kaluar ==

* [https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/atropine-index.html Interaksi Atropin]
* [https://www.drugs.com/sfx/atropine-side-effects.html Éfék samping Atropin]

== Rujukan ==

[[Kategori:Ubar]]
&lt;references /&gt;11. [https://klinikpandawa.com/ Klinik Pandawa]. Diakses tanggal 2020-12-11

12. [https://klinikraphael.com/ Klinik Raphael]. Diakses tanggal 2023-04-2-15</text>
      <sha1>nsj359vy1pji69dca16f0ni1q9vvqfu</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Asuka Saitō</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <id>25926</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="15183" sha1="gpxy9vg041uti6slkwpi7bxm81m89ft" xml:space="preserve">{{Kotak info Jalma|image=Saito Asuka.jpg|caption=Saitō at [[Taipei Arena]] in Jan, 2019|name=Asuka Saitō|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1998|08|10}}|birth_place=[[Tokyo]], Japan|nationality=&lt;!-- Per [[WP:INFOBOXNTLY]]: nationality/citizenship &quot;should be avoided when the country to which the subject belongs can be inferred from the country of birth.&quot; --&gt;|occupation={{flatlist|
* Singer
* actress
* fashion model
}}|known_for=|signature=Asahi Breweries Nogizaka46 Adult Selection 20211206 170907.png}}
[[Category:Biography with signature]]
[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
&lt;references group=&quot;&quot; responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;
{{Nihongo|'''Asuka Saitō'''|齋藤 飛鳥|Saitō Asuka|lahir 10 Augustus, 1998 di [[Tokyo]], Japan}} nyaéta saurang [[Penyanyi|panyanyi idola]] [[Jepang]], aktris sareng modél busana. Anjeunna mangrupikeun anggota generasi kahiji tina grup awéwé Jepang [[Nogizaka46]] sareng modél biasa pikeun majalah fashion sweet. Kalungguhan kalungguhanana salaku aktris kaasup Mana Hayase dina remake Jepang ''You Are the Apple of My Eye'', sareng Midori Asakusa dina adaptasi pilem sareng TV tina ''Keep Your Hands Off Eizouken!''.

== Kahirupan mimiti ==
Saitō lahir dina 10 Agustus 1998 di [[Tokyo]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;nikkandob&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nikkansports.com/entertainment/akb48/news/p-et-tp0-20150218-1435866.html|language=ja|title=乃木坂斎藤飛鳥がＣＵＴｉＥ専属モデルに|work=Nikkan Sports|date=2015-02-18|access-date=2019-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indungna ti [[Myanmar]] sareng bapana ti [[Jepang]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;la&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=LARME|edition=023|date=2016-07-16|publisher=徳間書店|asin=B01G7I3UDM|volume=2016-09|pages=92–93|chapter=全国津々浦々美少女ヒストリー AWES♡ME CITY girls}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saitō debut salaku aktris dina 2007 dina pilem ''Sakur ,'' maén protagonis salaku budak leutik. &lt;ref name=&quot;s&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=蜷川実花|date=2007-08-03|title=さくらん|publisher=角川エンタテインメント|asin=B000FPEMYU}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina 2011, didorong ku indungna, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://news.livedoor.com/article/detail/14140537/|title=オードリー若林正恭 学生時代のいじめ体験に言及「裸で歌を歌わされたり」|website=ライブドアニュース|language=ja|accessdate=2019-07-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; manéhna hasil lulus audisi pikeun generasi kahiji grup idola Nogizaka46, debut salaku idola dina single kahiji grup urang &quot; Guruguru Curtain &quot; dina bulan Pebruari 2012. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.walkerplus.com/article/27248/|title=初披露! 乃木坂46デビュー曲タイトルは「ぐるぐるカーテン」|work=東京ウォーカー|publisher=角川マガジンズ|date=2012-01-12|access-date=2019-07-30}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230131547/https://news.walkerplus.com/article/27248/ |date=2018-12-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Saitō jadi anggota puseur dina single Nogizaka46 ka-15, &quot; Hadashi de Summer &quot;, dina 2016. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://mdpr.jp/news/detail/1589698|title=乃木坂46新センターは齋藤飛鳥! 涙、涙…選抜メンバー16人発表|work=モデルプレス|publisher=ネットネイティブ|date=2016-06-06|access-date=2019-07-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saitō aktip salaku aktris sareng modél di luar Nogizaka46. &lt;ref name=&quot;oricon20160609&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2073072/full/|title=乃木坂46・齋藤飛鳥&amp;星野みなみ、ダブル初主演に「台本もらって号泣した」|work=ORICON STYLE|publisher=oricon ME|date=2016-06-09|access-date=2019-07-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://mdpr.jp/news/detail/1622146|date=2016-10-08|work=モデルプレス|title=乃木坂46齋藤飛鳥が誘う“夢空間”ステージにファン大歓声&amp;拍手喝采＜GirlsAward 2016 A／W＞|publisher=ネットネイティブ}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anjeunna parantos maénkeun peran utama dina remake Jepang pilem Taiwan ''You Are the Apple of My Eye'' sareng drama horor NTV ''Zambi'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;applelead&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://natalie.mu/music/news/289313|title=乃木坂46齋藤飛鳥の出演映画「あの頃、君を追いかけた」公開日決定、新場面写真も|language=ja|work=[[Natalie (website)|Natalie]]|date=2018-07-02|access-date=2019-12-10}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009133245/https://natalie.mu/music/news/289313 |date=2021-10-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;zambilead&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://natalie.mu/music/news/309382|title=「ザンビプロジェクト」第2弾でドラマ化決定、主演は乃木坂46齋藤飛鳥|language=ja|work=[[Natalie (website)|Natalie]]|date=2018-11-25|access-date=2019-12-10}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018055837/https://natalie.mu/music/news/309382 |date=2020-10-18 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina 2015, Saitō janten modél ekslusif pikeun majalah busana ''CUTiE'' diterbitkeun ku Takarajimasha, anu ngeureunkeun publikasi dina taun anu sami. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=乃木坂46随一の小顔・齋藤飛鳥「CUTiE」単独表紙に抜擢「きらめきを強く感じた」|work=モデルプレス|date=2015-01-10|url=http://mdpr.jp/review/detail/1459445|access-date=2019-07-30|publisher=ネットネイティブ|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026003416/http://mdpr.jp/review/detail/1459445|archive-date=2016-10-26}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026003416/http://mdpr.jp/review/detail/1459445 |date=2016-10-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=乃木坂46随一の小顔・齋藤飛鳥「CUTiE」専属モデルに抜てき 「大物になってくれる」と期待|work=モデルプレス|date=2015-02-18|url=http://mdpr.jp/news/detail/1468496|access-date=2019-07-30|publisher=ネットネイティブ}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=ファッション誌「CUTiE」休刊を正式発表 宝島社コメント|work=モデルプレス|date=2015-07-29|url=http://mdpr.jp/news/detail/1507260|access-date=2019-07-30|publisher=ネットネイティブ}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saitō teras janten modél biasa pikeun majalah fashion sanés ti penerbit anu sami, ''sweet'', salaku modél bungsu majalah éta ti saprak terbitna. &lt;ref name=&quot;cu&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=乃木坂46齋藤飛鳥、史上最年少で「sweet」レギュラーモデルに抜てき|work=モデルプレス|date=2015-07-31|url=http://mdpr.jp/news/detail/1507935|access-date=2019-07-30|publisher=ネットネイティブ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina 2017, Gentosha nyebarkeun buku poto munggaran Saitō. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=乃木坂の新エース斎藤飛鳥、日本縦断の初ソロ写真集|work=ORICON STYLE|date=2016-11-23|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/article/54588/|access-date=2019-07-30|publisher=oricon ME|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123201209/http://www.oricon.co.jp/article/54588/|archive-date=2016-11-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Judulna ''Shiosai'', buku poto dijual 58.215 éksemplar dina minggu kahiji. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/obp/w/2017-02-06/|title=オリコン週間 写真集ランキング 2017年01月23日〜2017年01月29日|website=ORICON NEWS|publisher=oricon ME|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206191331/http://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/obp/w/2017-02-06/|archivedate=2017-02-06|accessdate=2019-07-30|date=2017-02-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nepi ka Désémber 2018, buku poto parantos dijual langkung ti 200 rébu éksemplar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2125325/full/|date=2018-12-13|publisher=oricon ME|access-date=2019-12-28|language=ja|title=ja:齋藤飛鳥『1st写真集』が発行20万部突破「不思議な気持ち」【未公開カット公開】}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saitō ngumumkeun wisuda ti Nogizaka46 dina 4 Nopémber 2022. Manehna bakal tetep di grup nepi ka ahir 2022 sarta ngarencanakeun konsér wisuda di 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nogizaka46.com/s/n46/diary/detail/100829|title=恥ずかしいという感情がまだ残ってた|website=乃木坂46公式サイト|language=ja|accessdate=2022-11-04}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104080139/https://www.nogizaka46.com/s/n46/diary/detail/100829 |date=2022-11-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2022-11-04|title=乃木坂46齋藤飛鳥が卒業発表「活動は年内いっぱい」 卒コンは来年「楽しく最後を迎えたくて」|language=ja|work=ORICON NEWS|publisher=[[Oricon]]|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2255815/full/|access-date=2022-11-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manehna teh anggota generasi kahiji penultimate ninggalkeun grup.

== Diskografi ==

=== Jomblo jeung Nogizaka46 ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
!Year
! data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; |No.
!Title
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Role
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Notes
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2012
|1
|&quot;Guruguru Curtain&quot;
|A-side
|Debuted as a 1st Generation member; Also sang on &quot;Nogizaka no Uta&quot;, &quot;Aitakatta Kamoshirenai&quot;, &quot;Ushinaitakunai kara&quot; and &quot;Shiroi Kumo ni Notte&quot;
|-
|2
|&quot;Oide Shampoo&quot;
|B-side
|Does not sing on title track. Sang on &quot;Ōkami ni Kuchibue o&quot; as Under Member
|-
|3
|&quot;Hashire! Bicycle&quot;
|B-side
|Does not sing on title track. Sang on &quot;Kairyū no Shima yo&quot; as Under Member
|-
|4
|&quot;Seifuku no Mannequin&quot;
|A-side
|Also sang on &quot;Yubi Bōenkyō&quot; and &quot;Yasashisa Nara Ma ni Atteru&quot;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2013
|5
|&quot;Kimi no Na wa Kibō&quot;
|B-side
|Does not sing on title track. Sang on &quot;Shakiism&quot; and &quot;13nichi no Kinyobi&quot; as Under Member
|-
|6
|&quot;Girl's Rule&quot;
|B-side
|Does not sing on title track. Sang on &quot;Senpūki&quot; as Under Member and &quot;Ningen to Iu Gakki&quot;
|-
|7
|&quot;Barrette&quot;
|A-side
|Also sang on &quot;Tsuki no Ōkisa&quot; and &quot;Sonna Baka na…&quot;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2014
|8
|&quot;Kizuitara Kataomoi&quot;
|B-side
|Does not sing on title track. Sang on &quot;Toiki no Method&quot; and &quot;Umareta Mama de&quot; as Under Member
|-
|9
|&quot;Natsu no Free &amp;amp;amp; Easy&quot;
|B-side
|Does not sing on title track. Sang on &quot;Koko ni Iru Riyū&quot; as Under Member
|-
|10
|&quot;Nandome no Aozora ka?&quot;
|B-side
|Does not sing on title track. Sang on &quot;Watashi, Okiru&quot; and &quot;Ano Hi Boku wa Tossa ni Uso o Tsuita&quot; as Under Member
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2015
|11
|&quot;Inochi wa Utsukushii&quot;
|A-side
|Also sang on &quot;Arakajime Katarareru Romance&quot;
|-
|12
|&quot;Taiyō Nokku&quot;
|A-side
|Also sang on &quot;Hane no Kioku&quot; and &quot;Seifuku o Nuide Sayonara o…&quot;
|-
|13
|&quot;Ima, Hanashitai Dareka ga Iru&quot;
|A-side
|Also sang on &quot;Popipappapā&quot; and &quot;Kanashimi no Wasurekata&quot;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2016
|14
|&quot;Harujion ga Sakukoro&quot;
|A-side
|Also sang on &quot;Harukanaru Bhutan&quot;
|-
|15
|&quot;Hadashi de Summer&quot;
|A-side, center
|Also sang on &quot;Boku Dake no Hikari&quot;
|-
|16
|&quot;Sayonara no Imi&quot;
|A-side
|Also sang on &quot;Kodoku na Aozora&quot; and &quot;Ano Kyōshitsu&quot;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2017
|17
|&quot;Influencer&quot;
|A-side
|Also sang on &quot;Another Ghost&quot;
|-
|18
|&quot;Nigemizu&quot;
|A-side
|Also sang on &quot;Onna wa Hitori ja Nemurenai&quot;, &quot;Hito Natsu no Nagasa Yori…&quot; and &quot;Naitatte Iijanaika?&quot;
|-
|19
|&quot;Itsuka Dekiru kara Kyō Dekiru&quot;
|A-side, center
|Shared center position with Nanase Nishino; Also sang on &quot;Fuminshō&quot;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2018
|20
|&quot;Synchronicity&quot;
|A-side
|Also sang on &quot;Against&quot; as 1st Generation member
|-
|21
|&quot;Jikochū de Ikō!&quot;
|A-side, center
|Also sang on &quot;Chikyū ga Maruinara &quot; and &quot;Anna ni Sukidatta no ni…&quot;
|-
|22
|&quot;Kaerimichi wa Tōmawari Shitaku Naru&quot;
|A-side
|Also sang on &quot;Caravan wa Nemuranai&quot; and &quot;Shiritai Koto &quot;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2019
|23
|&quot;Sing Out!&quot;
|A-side, center
|Also sang on &quot;No Yō na Sonzai&quot;
|-
|24
|&quot;Yoake Made Tsuyogaranakutemoii&quot;
|A-side
|Also sang on &quot;Boku no Koto, Shitteru?&quot;, &quot;Romendensha no Machi&quot; and &quot;Boku no Omoikomi&quot;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2020
|25
|&quot;Shiawase no Hogoshoku&quot;
|A-side
|Also sang on &quot;Sayonara Stay With Me&quot;, &quot;Romendensha no Machi&quot; and &quot;Fantastic Sanshoku Pan&quot;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |—
|&quot;Sekaijū no Rinjin yo&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; |—
|Charity song during the COVID-19 pandemic
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |—
|&quot;Route 246&quot;
|Center
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2021
|26
|&quot;Boku wa Boku o Suki ni Naru&quot;
|A-side
|Also sang on &quot;Ashita ga Aru Riyū&quot; and &quot;Wilderness World&quot;
|-
|27
|&quot;Gomen ne Fingers Crossed&quot;
|A-side
|Also sang on &quot;Zenbu Yume no Mama&quot;
|-
|28
|&quot;Kimi ni Shikarareta&quot;
|A-side
|Also sang on &quot;Dorodarake&quot; and &quot;Tanin no Sora ni&quot;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |—
|&quot;Saigo no Tight Hug&quot;
|A-side
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2022
|29
|&quot;Actually...&quot;
|Center
|Shared center position with Mizuki Yamashita; Also sang on &quot;Fukayomi&quot; and &quot;Suki ni Nattemita&quot;
|-
|30
|&quot;Suki to Iu no wa Rock da ze!&quot;
|A-side
|
|-
|31
|&quot;Koko ni wa Nai Mono&quot;
|Center
|Last single to participate
|}

=== Albeum sareng Nogizaka46 ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Taun
! data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; | No.
! Judul
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Lagu dipraktékkeun
|-
| 2015
| 1
| ''Tōmei na Iro''
|
* &quot;Nazo no Rakugaki&quot;
* &quot;Jiyū no Kanata&quot;
|-
| 2016
| 2
| ''Sorezore euweuh Isu''
|
* &quot;Cikkeun&quot;
* &quot;Taiyō ni Kudokarete&quot;
* &quot;Pilihan Tilu&quot;
|-
| 2017
| 3
| ''Umarete Kara Hajimete Mita Yume''
|
* &quot;Skydiving&quot;
* &quot;Settei Ondo&quot;
* &quot;Katai Kara no Yō ni Dakishimetai&quot; {{Small|(Solo)}}
|-
| 2019
| 4
| ''Ima ga Omoide ni Naru dijieun''
|
* &quot;Arigachi na Ren'ai&quot;
* &quot;Mosugu ~Zambi Densetsu~&quot;
|}

=== Lagu-lagu anu sanésna ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Taun
! Artis
! Judul
! Albeum / Single
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2017
| AKB48
| &quot;Dare no Koto o Ichiban Aishiteru&quot;
| &quot; Tembak Tanda &quot;
|-
| Mondo Grosso
| &quot;Wakusei Tantra&quot;
| ''Nando Demo Atarashiku Umareru''
|-
| 2018
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | AKB48
| &quot;Kokkyo no Nai Jidai&quot;
| &quot; Jabaja &quot;
|-
| 2019
| &quot;Hitsuzensei&quot;
| &quot; Jiwaru Days &quot;
|-
| 2021
| Nogizaka46
| &quot;Hésé Diomongkeun&quot;
| &quot; Waktos ngapung &quot;
|-
| 2022
| Mondo Grosso
| &quot;Asing&quot;
| ''Dunya badag''
|}

== Filmografi ==

=== Pilem ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Taun
! Judul
! Peran
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Catetan
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2007
| ''Sakuran''
| Tomeki
|
| &lt;ref name=&quot;s&quot;/&gt;
|-
| 2018
| ''Anjeun Apple Panon Abdi''
| Mana Hayase
| kalungguhan kalungguhan
| &lt;ref name=&quot;applelead&quot;/&gt;
|-
| 2020
| ''Tetep Leungeun Anjeun Pareum Eizouken!'' ''Pilem''
| Midori Asakusa
| kalungguhan kalungguhan
| &lt;ref name=&quot;Eizouken&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/397783|title=「映像研」齋藤飛鳥、山下美月＆梅澤美波と仲良くなれたのは「浅草のおかげ」|website=Natalie|accessdate=March 1, 2021}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009133245/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/397783 |date=October 9, 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}

=== Televisi ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Taun
! Judul
! Peran
! Jaringan
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Catetan
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2020
| ''Tetep Leungeun Anjeun Pareum Eizouken!''
| Midori Asakusa
| MBS
| kalungguhan kalungguhan
| &lt;ref name=&quot;Eizouken&quot;/&gt;
|-
|}

== Bibliografi ==

=== Buku poto ===

* ''Kikan Nogizaka vol.3 Ryōshū'' (4 Séptémber 2014, Kantor Berita Tokyo)  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://iss.ndl.go.jp/books/R100000002-I025749055-00|publisher=National Diet Library|language=Japanese|script-title=ja:季刊乃木坂 vol.3|accessdate=2019-12-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Shiosai'' (25 Januari 2017, Gentosha )  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://iss.ndl.go.jp/books/R100000002-I027840318-00|publisher=National Diet Library|language=Japanese|script-title=ja:潮騒|accessdate=2019-12-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Nogizaka46}}

== Rujukan ==

== Tumbu éksternal ==

* {{Official|https://www.nogizaka46.com/member/detail/saitouasuka.php|Nogizaka46 - Official Profile}}
* {{Instagram|asuka.3110.official}}
[[Kategori:Jalma hirup]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mackenyu</title>
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      <text bytes="16577" sha1="7vk7xruvqdkobmynv2todlmn1p6rsjr" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name               = Mackenyu&lt;br&gt;真剣佑
| image              = SS 2023-09-20 at 10.20.26 AM.png
| caption            = Mackenyu (2023)
| birth_name         = Mackenyu Maeda
| birth_date         = {{birth date and age|1996|11|16}}
| birth_place        = [[Tokyo]], [[Jepang]]
| occupation         = Aktor
| yearsactive        = 2005–ayeuna
}}
{{nihongo|'''Mackenyu Maeda'''|前田 真剣佑|Maeda Makken'yū|lahir Nopémber 16, 1996}}, katelah sacara profésional salaku {{nihongo|'''Mackenyu Arata'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=新田真剣佑 TOP COAT |url=https://www.topcoat.co.jp/artist/arata-mackenyu/＞ |website=TOP COAT (retrieved by Wayback Machine)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107045115/https://www.topcoat.co.jp/artist/arata-mackenyu/＞ |access-date=2018-02-03|archive-date=2020-11-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;|新田 真剣佑|Arata Makken'yū||lead=yes}} atanapi ngan saukur '''Mackenyu''', nyaéta aktor Jepang. Anjeunna putra [[Sonny Chiba]] sareng Tamami Chiba.

== Filmografi ==
=== Pilem ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Taun
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Judul
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Karakter
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Catetan
! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2015
| ''Tadaima''
| George
|
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://tadaimathemovie.com/about/|title=The Story &amp;mdash; Tadaima|access-date=January 9, 2019|work=tadaimathemovie.com|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115752/http://tadaimathemovie.com/about/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[Kamen Rider Drive: Surprise Future]]''
| Eiji Tomari
|
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://eiga.com/movie/81790/|title=劇場版 仮面ライダードライブ サプライズ・フューチャー|access-date=February 19, 2021|work=eiga.com|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115751/https://eiga.com/movie/81790/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''Take a Chance''
| Masa
| Palaku utama
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.filmaffinity.com/en/film713980.html|title=Take a Chance (2015)|access-date=January 9, 2019|work=Filmaffinity|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115749/https://www.filmaffinity.com/en/film713980.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;4&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2016
| ''[[Chihayafuru Part 1]]''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Arata Wataya
| 
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Flaughy.jp%2F1440040230084120424 |title=''Mackenyu''}} laughy.jp Retrieved 2016-6-16 (Google translation)&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[Chihayafuru Part 2]]''
| 
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://eiga.com/movie/82380/|title=ちはやふる 下の句|access-date=January 10, 2021|work=eiga.com|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115757/https://eiga.com/movie/82380/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[Night's Tightrope]]''
| Hikaru Makise
|
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://eiga.com/person/285253/movie/|title=新田真剣佑 作品一覧|access-date=January 9, 2019|work=eiga.com|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115756/https://eiga.com/person/285253/movie/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[Nigakute Amai|Bittersweet]]''
| Atsushi Babazono
|
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2017
| ''Let's Go, Jets!''
| Kōsuke Yamashita
|
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/190761|title=広瀬すず「チア☆ダン」に中条あやみや真剣佑出演、アメリカロケ敢行|access-date=January 10, 2021|work=Natalie|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115749/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/190761|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Diamond Is Unbreakable Chapter I]]''
| [[Okuyasu Nijimura]]
|
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://natalie.mu/eiga/news/203390|script-title=ja:山崎賢人、「ジョジョの奇妙な冒険」記者会見で山田孝之の髪型イジりにキレられず|access-date=2016-09-28|publisher=natalie|language=Japanese|archive-date=September 28, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160928164545/http://natalie.mu/eiga/news/203390|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[Peach Girl (film)|Peach Girl]]''
| Kazuya &quot;Tōji&quot; Tōjigamori
|
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 
|-
! rowspan=&quot;5&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2018
| ''[[Pacific Rim: Uprising]]''
| Cadet Ryoichi
| 
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 
|-
| ''[[Chihayafuru Part 3]]''
| Arata Wataya
| 
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://eiga.com/movie/86988/|title=ちはやふる 結び|access-date=July 25, 2021|work=eiga.com|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115751/https://eiga.com/movie/86988/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[Over Drive (film)|Over Drive]]''
| Naozumi Hiyama
| Palaku utama
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://eiga.com/movie/87479/|title=OVER DRIVE|access-date=January 10, 2021|work=eiga.com|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115754/https://eiga.com/movie/87479/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''Impossibility Defense''
| Asao Momose
| 
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 
|-
| ''[[Code Blue (TV series)|Code Blue: The Movie]]''
| Akio Kishida
|
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2019
| ''12 Suicidal Teens''
| Shinjirō
| Palaku utama
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 
|-
| ''[[Tokyo Ghoul S]]''
| Sōta
|
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 
|-
| ''[[NiNoKuni]]''
| Haru (voice)
| 
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://eiga.com/movie/90768/|title=二ノ国|access-date=June 11, 2019|work=eiga.com|archive-date=November 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127085609/https://eiga.com/movie/90768/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2020
| ''[[Kaiji: Final Game]]''
| Minato Hirose
| 
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/333535|title=「カイジ」藤原竜也主演で9年ぶり映画化、福本伸行による完全オリジナルストーリー|access-date=May 31, 2019|work=Natalie|archive-date=June 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612223001/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/333535|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612223001/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/333535 |date=June 12, 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''Our 30-Minute Sessions''
| Aki Miyata
| Palaku utama
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.asmik-ace.co.jp/lineup/5343|title=Our 30-Minute Sessions|access-date=February 5, 2020|work=Asmik Ace|archive-date=October 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029081948/https://www.asmik-ace.co.jp/lineup/5343|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029081948/https://www.asmik-ace.co.jp/lineup/5343 |date=October 29, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[Tonkatsu DJ Agetarō]]''
| Guest of VIP room
| Cameo
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/402591|title=新田真剣佑「とんかつDJアゲ太郎」に友情出演、北村匠海や伊藤健太郎と4年ぶり集結|access-date=October 3, 2020|work=Natalie|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115748/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/402591|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2021
| ''Brave: Gunjō Senki''
| Aoi Nishino
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Palaku utama
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/357118|title=「群青戦記」新田真剣佑で実写映画化！高校生アスリートが戦国時代にタイムスリップ|access-date=February 5, 2020|work=Natalie|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115754/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/357118|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[The Master Plan (2021 film)|The Master Plan]]''
| Makoto
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://mdpr.jp/cinema/detail/2106024|title=EXILE岩田剛典＆新田真剣佑、初共演でバディに「名も無き世界のエンドロール」映画化|access-date=June 16, 2020|work=Modelpress|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115752/https://mdpr.jp/cinema/detail/2106024|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[Rurouni Kenshin: The Final]]''
| [[Yukishiro Enishi]]
|
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/366917|title=新田真剣佑が「るろうに剣心」で縁を演じる、大友啓史「眼差しの強さに惹かれた」|access-date=February 13, 2020|work=Natalie|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115752/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/366917|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2022
|-
| ''Fullmetal Alchemist: The Revenge of Scar'' 
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Scar (Fullmetal Alchemist)|Scar]]
| 
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cinematoday.jp/news/N0128896|title=実写『鋼の錬金術師』完結編が二部作で公開決定！新田真剣佑、内野聖陽、舘ひろしも新たに参加|access-date=May 2, 2022|work=Cinematoday|archive-date=March 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304004638/https://www.cinematoday.jp/news/N0128896|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''Fullmetal Alchemist: The Final Alchemy''
| 
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2023
| ''[[Knights of the Zodiac (film)|Knights of the Zodiac]]''
| [[Pegasus Seiya]]
| Palaku utama
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kit |first=Borys |date=2021-09-21 |title=Mackenyu, Madison Iseman, Sean Bean, Famke Janssen to Star in Live-Action 'Knights of the Zodiac' Adaptation (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/saint-seiya-sean-bean-famke-janssen-knights-zodiac-live-action-exclusive-1235017474/ |access-date=2021-09-22 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |language=en-US |archive-date=September 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922005543/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/saint-seiya-sean-bean-famke-janssen-knights-zodiac-live-action-exclusive-1235017474/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}

===Televisi===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Taun
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Judul
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Karakter
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Catetan
! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2015
| ''Yume wo Ataeru''
| Masaaki
| [[Wowow]]
| 
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://thetv.jp/program/0000862398/|title=夢を与える|access-date=December 11, 2021|work=The Television|archive-date=December 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211060024/https://thetv.jp/program/0000862398/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2016
| ''Sakurasaku''
| Ippei
|
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Palaku utama
|style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.tc-ent.co.jp//products/detail/TCED-3245 |title=サクラ咲く |work=TCエンタテインメント |access-date=December 11, 2021 |archive-date=December 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211195738/https://www.tc-ent.co.jp//products/detail/TCED-3245 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''Tomorrow, I'll Surely Love You Again''
| Shouta
| [[Fuji TV]]
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://soket.jp/work/asukoi/ |title=明日もきっと君に恋をする |work=Socket Co., Ltd |access-date=December 11, 2021 |archive-date=December 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211193706/https://soket.jp/work/asukoi/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''Brass Dreams''
| Ren Kitora
| [[Tokyo Broadcasting System Television|TBS]]
|
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://mdpr.jp/news/detail/1589076 |title=仰げば尊し |work=modelpress |language=ja |publisher=Net Native |date=3 Jun 2016 |access-date=December 11, 2021 |archive-date=December 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211160205/https://mdpr.jp/news/detail/1589076 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2017
| ''Fugitive Boys''
| Ichihashi Tetsuto
| [[Fuji TV]]
|
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reileen |date=2017-07-09 |title=Upcoming Summer JDramas 2017 |url=https://aramajapan.com/news/tvmovie/dramas/upcoming-summer-jdramas-2017/78112/ |access-date=2021-04-14 |website=ARAMA! JAPAN |language=en-US |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414160747/https://aramajapan.com/news/tvmovie/dramas/upcoming-summer-jdramas-2017/78112/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2018
| ''[[Todome no Kiss|Kiss that Kills]]''
| Takauji Namiki
| [[Nippon TV|NTV]]
| 
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://mdpr.jp/interview/detail/1743124|title=「トドメの接吻」新田真剣佑インタビュー&quot;最難関&quot;な役に向き合う 山崎賢人にキュンとした現場での姿とは？|access-date=January 10, 2021|work=Model Press|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115751/https://mdpr.jp/interview/detail/1743124|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2019
| ''Two Homelands'' 
| Yu Amada
| [[TV Tokyo]]
| 
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2132079/full/|title=高良健吾×新田真剣佑、『二つの祖国』初共演対談 「考えるきっかけになれば」|access-date=January 10, 2021|work=Oricon|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115749/https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2132079/full/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''Our Dearest Sakura''
| Aoi Kijima 
| NTV
|
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ntv.co.jp/sakura2019/ |title=同期のサクラ｜日本テレビ |last=日本テレビ放送網株式会社 |website=日本テレビ |language=ja |access-date=2020-02-09 |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112024438/https://www.ntv.co.jp/sakura2019/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2020
| ''Remote de Korosareru''
| Nomura Yusaku
| NTV
| Palaku utama
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=jadefrost |date=2020-07-25 |title=NTV Drama Special 2020 ~ Remote de Korosareru |url=https://jdramas.wordpress.com/2020/07/26/ntv-drama-special-2020-remote-de-korosareru/ |access-date=2021-04-14 |website=Jdrama Weblog |language=en |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414160743/https://jdramas.wordpress.com/2020/07/26/ntv-drama-special-2020-remote-de-korosareru/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2021
| ''The End of the Tiny World: Half A Year Later''
| Makoto
| dTV
| Palaku utama
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |
|-
| ''Ichikei's Crow: The Criminal Court Judges''
| Bunta Ishikura
| [[Fuji TV]]
|
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ichikei's Crow - The Criminal Court Judges |url=https://www.fujitv.com/drama/ichikeis_crow/ |access-date=2021-04-14 |website=FUJI TELEVISION NETWORK, INC. |language=en-US |archive-date=April 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413081442/https://www.fujitv.com/drama/ichikeis_crow/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2023–ayeuna
| ''[[One Piece (2023 TV series)|One Piece]]''
| [[Roronoa Zoro]]
| [[Netflix]]
| Palaku utama
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Netflix's One Piece Live-Action Cast Revealed |url=https://comicbook.com/anime/news/one-piece-netflix-live-action-cast/ |access-date=2021-11-09 |website=comicbook. |language=en-US |archive-date=November 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109222601/https://comicbook.com/anime/news/one-piece-netflix-live-action-cast/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}

==Rujukan ==
{{Reflist}}

== Tumbu luar ==
{{Commonscat|Mackenyu}}.
*[https://www.mackenfamily.jp mackenfamily.jp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030070049/https://www.mackenfamily.jp/ |date=2023-10-30 }}
*[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5018289/ Mackenyu - IMDb]
*[https://www.instagram.com/mackenyu/ Mackenyu - Instagram]
*[https://twitter.com/mackenyu1116 Mackenyu - Twitter]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arata, Mackenyu}}
[[Kategori:Aktor]]</text>
      <sha1>7vk7xruvqdkobmynv2todlmn1p6rsjr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Babancong</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-13T01:58:08Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="4750" sha1="5wdnpe8lsxhaca7ql7ugsvmc0w7f9gb" xml:space="preserve">'''Babancong''' téh mangrupa salah sahiji wangunan nu ngagaduhan nilai sajarah saréng termasuk ''icon'' Kota Garut nu monumental jeung unik.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Rutan Garut Ajak WBP Cintai &amp; Angkat Nilai Sejarah Garut|url=https://www.ditjenpas.go.id/rutan-garut-ajak-wbp-cintai-angkat-nilai-sejarah-garut|newspaper=Ditjenpas|access-date=2025-02-09|language=en-US|last=Codingest}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babancong nyaéta bangunan alit mirip pasanggrahan (tempat pangistirahatan atawa tempat panginapan milik pamaréntah) anu wangunna siga panggung lètakna aya di sisi selatan [[Alun-alun Garut|alun-alun]] atawa lapangan Oto Iskandardinata [[Garut Kota, Garut|Garut]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://infogarut.id/mengenal-babancong-ikon-kota-garut-yang-bersejarah|title=Mengenal Babancong, Ikon Kota Garut yang Bersejarah|last=Infogarut|website=infogarut.id|language=id|accessdate=2025-02-09}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260114042859/https://infogarut.id/mengenal-babancong-ikon-kota-garut-yang-bersejarah |date=2026-01-14 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Babancong ogé mangrupakeun warisan cagar budaya paninggalan Hindia Walanda anu pernah digunakan pidato perjuangan Presiden kahiji [[Indonésia|Republik Indonesia]], nyaèta Ir. [[Sukarno|Soekarno]], saatos kamerdekaan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/regional/read/5610142/filosofi-babancong-bangunan-legendaris-yang-jadi-maskot-pilkada-garut-2024?page=2|title=Filosofi Babancong, Bangunan Legendaris yang Jadi Maskot Pilkada Garut 2024|last=Liputan6.com|website=liputan6.com|language=id|accessdate=2025-02-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Singkétna Babancong téh bangunan alit nu rada jangkung, letakna di sisi alun-alun, tempat para pamingpin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2022-11-23|title=babancong|url=https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/babancong|language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Gambar:Babancong.jpg|jmpl|Babancong]]

== Sajarah Babancong ==
Babancong diwangun dina mangsa awal pamaréntahan di wewengkon Garut. Wangunan ieu diadegkeun babarengan jeung Gedong [[Pendopo Kabupatén Garut|Pendopo]], Alun-alun, [[Masjid Agung Garut|Masjid Agung]], jeung kantor karesidenan nalika ibu kota Kabupaten Limbangan (ayeuna Garut) diwangun taun 1813. Dina mangsa jaman kolonial [[Walanda]], Babancong dipaké minangka tempat reureuh para pejabat Walanda sarta kulawargana, sarta janten panggung pikeun nonton rupa-rupa pagelaran ti masyarakat Garut. Wangunan ieu  jantén saksi Presiden Soekarno perenah berpidato di luhur podium Babancong di hareupeun mangrébu masarakat Garut dina taun 1960-an. Sajarah ogé nyaritakeun yén deukeut Babancong kungsi dipaké minangka arena pikeun adu harimau jeung kerbau dina raraga ngarayakeun lebaran, di mana harimau diposisikeun di handapeun wangunan bari para pajabat duduk di luhur, nembongkeun suasana ritual adu kakuatan dina jaman harita.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Arsitéktur jeung Fungsi ==
Dina hal arsitéktur, Babancong miboga ukuran kira-kira 15 méter pasagi kalayan panggung atawa kolong anu jangkungna kurang leuwih 2 méter. Struktur ieu dirojong ku dalapan (8) tiang anu ngajaga hateupna anu ngagambarkeun bentuk ''&quot;payung geulis&quot;'' kalawan jangkungna 7 méter.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Aya dua sisi tangga pikeun naék ka èta wangunan, nu ayeuna ditambahan pintu tina besi. Pipi tangga babancong motifna lengkung terawangan saperti sisik ular, panutup lantai anak tangga tina kéramik, nu mangrupa panambahan anyar. Panutup atap mangrupa genteng beton berglasur anu ogé mangrupakeun panambahan anyar. Material panyusun wangunan babancong mangrupa pasangan bata berplester anu dicat warna bodas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpcbbanten/babancong-dari-garut-podium-jaman-dulu/|title=Babancong dari Garut, podium jaman dulu – Balai Pelestarian Cagar Budaya Banten|language=en-US|accessdate=2025-02-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sanajan wangunan ieu katingalina sederhana, desainna ngagambarkeun prinsip éstétika sarta kakuatan struktural anu jadi simbol integritas budaya Garut. Nepi ka jaman kiwari, Babancong terus dipaké salaku tempat kumpul resmi, tempat pidato, sarta upacara penting di alun-alun kota.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Filosofi jeung Makna ==
Salain tina nilai sajarah jeung arsitekturna, Babancong ogé miboga filosofi anu jero, wangunan ieu teu saukur jadi struktur fisik, tapi ogé lambang identitas jeung kabanggaan masyarakat Garut. Dina Pilkada Garut 2024, Babancong dipilih jadi maskot lantaran éta ngagambarkeun semangat persatuan, kasejahteraan, jeung warisan budaya anu adi luhung. Filosofi anu diusung Babancong ngébréhkeun pentingna ngajaga nilai tradisional sapanjang jalan kamajuan modéren, sahingga simbol ieu terus hirup dina memori kolektif warga Garut.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Référénsi ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategori:Kabupatén Garut]]</text>
      <sha1>5wdnpe8lsxhaca7ql7ugsvmc0w7f9gb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Margono Djojohadikoesoemo</title>
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        <username>Danu Widjajanto</username>
        <id>508</id>
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      <text bytes="15917" sha1="pbhor6q6ol3zthvl1thlzv9t49vifmg" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox President
| name                = Margono Djojohadikoesoemo
| image               = Margono Djojohadikusumo, Kami Perkenalkan (1952), p86.jpg
| caption             =
| office              = [[Ketua DPA|Ketua Dewan Pertimbangan Agung Sementara]] ke-1
| president           = [[Soekarno]]
| term_start          = 25 September 1945
| term_end            = 6 November 1945
| predecessor         =
| successor           = [[Wiranatakoesoema V|Raden Aria Adipati Wiranatakoesoema V]]
| office2             = Direktur [[Bank Negara Indonesia]] ke-1
| president2          =
| term_start2         = 5 Juli 1946
| term_end2           = Oktober 1953
| predecessor2        =
| successor2          = [[Abdoel Kareem Pringgodigdo]]
| nickname            =
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1894|5|16}}
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1978|7|25|1894|5|16}}
| birth_place         = [[Kabupaten Banyumas|Banyumas]], [[Hindia Belanda]]
| death_place         = [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]]
| resting_place       = Banyumas, [[Jawa Tengah]]
| party               = [[Parindra]]
| alma_mater          =
| spouse              = {{marriage|Siti Katoemi Wirodihardjo|1915}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:kehidupan keluarga&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Handoko|title=Margono Djojohadikoesoemo|url=https://esi.kemdikbud.go.id/wiki/Margono_Djojohadikoesoemo#:~:text=Dari%20pernikahan%20ini,%20Margono%20dan,pertempuran%20Lengkong%20bersama%20Daan%20Mogot.|website=Ensiklopedia Sejarah Indonesia — Kemendikbud|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250309222039/https://esi.kemdikbud.go.id/wiki/Margono_Djojohadikoesoemo|archive-date=9 Maret 2025|dead-url=yes|access-date=25 April 2025}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250309222039/https://esi.kemdikbud.go.id/wiki/Margono_Djojohadikoesoemo#:~:text=Dari%20pernikahan%20ini,%20Margono%20dan,pertempuran%20Lengkong%20bersama%20Daan%20Mogot. |date=9 March 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| children            = 5, termasuk [[Soemitro Djojohadikoesoemo|Soemitro]], [[Soekartini Djojohadikoesoemo|Soekartini]], [[Soebianto Djojohadikoesoemo|Soebianto]], [[Soejono Djojohadikusumo|Soejono]]
| occupation          = {{hlist|Politikus|bankir}}
| known_for           = {{ubl|Anggota [[Badan Penyelidik Usaha-Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan|BPUPK]]|Pendiri [[Bank Negara Indonesia|BNI]]}}
| parents             = Raden Tumenggung Mangkuprodjo (ayah)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jatim/budaya/d-7608685/biografi-rm-margono-kakek-prabowo-yang-diusulkan-jadi-pahlawan-nasional|title=Biografi RM Margono, Kakek Prabowo yang Diusulkan Jadi Pahlawan Nasional|first=Sri|last=Rahayu|date=27 October 2024|website=[[detik.com]]|language=id|access-date=6 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

[[File:RM Margono Djojohadikusumo.jpg|jmpl|ka|Margono Djojohadikusomo (diuk di katuhu), Siti Katoemi Wirodihardjo (diuk di tengah), ogé putu-putuna  tayalian [[Hashim Djojohadikusumo|Hashim]] (diuk di tengah), [[Prabowo Subianto|Prabowo]] (nangtung sisi katuhu) katut dua dulur awéwéna Prabowo dina taun 1963 di Kuala Lumpur]]
'''Margono Djojohadikoesoemo''', ({{lahirmati|[[Kabupaten Banyumas|Banyumas]]|16|5|1894||25|7|1978}}) nyaéta saurang [[ékonom]] jeung [[bankir]] kalawan jadi [[direktur utama]] anu munggaran di [[Bank Negara Indonesia]]. Anjeuna téh séké sélér ti  [[Djoko Kahiman|Raden Joko Kahiman]] tayalian anu ngadegkeun [[Kabupatén Banyumas]], sarta kapeto jadi [[Bupati]] [[Banyumas]] anu munggaran. Margono ogé dipikawanoh salaku ''bapak perbankan'' nasional alatan kontribusina anu gedé dina ngamekarkeun séktor ''perbankan'' di [[Indonésia]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=jatimupdate.id|date=2025-04-01|title=Salam Kolaborasi Seruling Mas untuk RM Margono Pahlawan Nasional|url=https://jatimupdate.id/baca-10656-salam-kolaborasi-seruling-mas-untuk-rm-margono-pahlawan-nasional|website=jatimupdate.id - Informasi Berita Jawa Timur|language=id|access-date=2025-04-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Margono téh anu tayalian ramana ti ekonomi Indonésia, [[Soemitro Djojohadikoesoemo]], katut dua pamuda anu gugur perlaya dina kajadian [[Patempuran Lengkong]], nyaéta [[Soebianto Djojohadikoesoemo]] katut [[Soejono Djojohadikusumo|Soejono Djojohadikoesoemo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://sejarah.kompasiana.com/2010/08/07/monumen-lengkong-saksi-bisu-darah-pejuang-kemerdekaan-218865.html |title=Monumen Lengkong: ''Saksi Bisu Darah Pejuang Kemerdekaan''. |access-date=2013-01-16 |archive-date=2013-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227070543/http://sejarah.kompasiana.com/2010/08/07/monumen-lengkong-saksi-bisu-darah-pejuang-kemerdekaan-218865.html |dead-url=yes }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227070543/http://sejarah.kompasiana.com/2010/08/07/monumen-lengkong-saksi-bisu-darah-pejuang-kemerdekaan-218865.html |date=2013-02-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Pikeun miéling ka duanana ngaran aranjeuna satuluyna diabadikeun dina ngaran putuna, tayalian [[Prabowo Subianto]], katut  [[Hashim Djojohadikusumo|Hashim Sujono Djojohadikusumo]].
Margono Djojohadikoesoemo anu gumelar dina kaping [[16 Méi]] [[1894]] di [[Kabupatén Banyumas|Banyumas]], tayalian  buyutna ti [[Raden Tumenggung Banyakwide]] sarta leuwih dipikawanoh ku sebutan ''Panglima Banyakwide'', anu tuhu tur satia ka [[Diponegoro|Pangeran Diponegoro]] saterusna diangkat jadi Bupati Roma (ayeuna [[Karanganyar, Kebumén]]) kalayan gelar [[Raden Tumenggung Kertanegara IV]]. Ogé anak ti asistén [[Kawedanan|Wadana]] [[Kabupatén Banyumas|Banyumas]].
Manéhna tuluy sakola di ''[[Europeesche Lagere School]]'' (''[[Europeesche Lagere School|ELS]]'') [[Kabupatén Banyumas|Banyumas]], hiji [[Sakola Dasar]] dijaman kolonial [[Walanda]] di [[Kabupatén Banyumas|Banyumas]], ti mimiti taun [[1900]] nepi ka [[1907]]. &lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.co.id/books?id=Ii4_gLKFsMYC&amp;pg=PA541&amp;lpg=PA541&amp;dq=Margono+Djojohadikusumo+sekolah&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=WB-HprCSjc&amp;sig=U9yonN5p_vWvXLRGqn7iXgkbRtY&amp;hl=id&amp;ei=jZ7UTufxHc_IrQeemdGmDg&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CBgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=Margono%20&amp;f=false &quot;''Menjadi Indonesia''&quot;, halaman 541.]&lt;/ref&gt;
== Biografi ==
Margono gumelar dina kaping  16 Méi 1894 di Banyumas. Ramana kuanjeun  asalna ti golongan kaum [[Ménak|priyayi]] anu ngajadi pagawé [[pamaréntah]] [[kolonial]] [[Walanda]]. Séké sélér kulawarga anjeunna ningrat  anu kungsi perang ngalawan Walanda nalika lumangsungna [[Perang Jawa (1825–1830)|Perang Jawa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;tokoh&quot;&gt;{{cite book|date=1993|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Tokoh_tokoh_Badan_Penyelidik_Usaha_Usaha/_f35qieC4Z8C|title=Tokoh-tokoh Badan Penyelidik Usaha-Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia|publisher=Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Direktorat Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional, Proyek Inventarisasi dan Dokumentasi Sejarah Nasional|pages=75–77|language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt; Margono ngagambarkeun kulawargana salaku bangsawan anu  &quot;kurang kaboga&quot;. Anjeuna  budak anu ka genep, hanjakal  kabéh lanceuk-lanceukna tilar dunya nalika masih leutik kénéh.&lt;ref name=&quot;purdey&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Purdey|first1=Jemma|date=September 2016|title=Narratives to power: The case of the Djojohadikusumo family dynasty over four generations|journal=South East Asia Research|volume=24|issue=3|pages=369–385|doi=10.1177/0967828X16659728|s2cid=151698429}}&lt;/ref&gt; Numutkeun Margono, anjeunna henteu kungsi ngajugjug pajaratan karuhunna alatan henteu daék ngaku salaku katurunana sabab  digawé ka bangsa  Walanda. Inyana mimiti diajar di [[Europeesche Lagere School]] (sakola dasar kolonial) dina taun   1901, sabadana lulus dina taun 1907 anjeuna nuluykeun  maguron di [[Opleiding School Voor Inlandsche Ambtenaren]] (OSVIA; sakola pagawé nagri) di [[Kota Magelang|Magelang]] nepi taun 1911.&lt;ref name=&quot;tokoh&quot; /&gt;

Margono ngamimiti digawé di hiji ''lembaga keuangan kolonial'' [[Volkscredietwzen]] (Jawatan Kredit Rakyat) dina taun 1917 salaku pagawé biasa.&lt;ref&gt;Dimas Waraditya Nugraha (9 Agustus 2025) &quot;Margono Djojohadikusumo dan Fondasi Ekonomi Republik&quot; Kompas. hal 13&lt;/ref&gt; Satuluyna, dina taun 1926, Margono diaku salaku salah sahiji ti tujuh bumiputra munggaran anu hasil meunang kalungguhan penting di jero éta  institusi. Sabada leuwih ti dua dékade digawé di Volkscredietwzen, anjeunna mibanda pamanggih ngeunaan pentingna lembaga keuangan anu ngabela kapentingan  rahayat, konsép [[inklusi keuangan]], sareng perluna aksés kredit pikeun bumiputra. Ieu pamadegan anu engkéna jadi tatapakan ngadegna Bank Negara Indonesia.

== Pupuhu DPAS ==
Sapoé sabada diistrénan [[Soekarno]] jeung  [[Mohammad Hatta|Hatta]] ngajadi Présidén jeung Wakil Présidén, diadegkeun [[Kabinet Presidensial|Kabinét Presidentil]] sarta [[Dewan Pertimbangan Agung|Dewan Pertimbangan Agung Sementara]] ([[Déwan Pertimbangan Agung|DPAS]]). Salaku [[Ketua DPA|Pupuhu DPAS]] anu munggaran  nyaditunjuk waé R.M. Margono Djojohadikusomo.&lt;ref&gt;[http://elib.unikom.ac.id/files/disk1/324/jbptunikompp-gdl-rhadityaai-16198-3-bab2-0001.pdf &quot;''Proses Akuntansi Pada Sistem Boss On-Line di PT. Bank Negara Indonesia (Persero) Tbk.''&quot;, bab II – halaman 6.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304225906/http://elib.unikom.ac.id/files/disk1/324/jbptunikompp-gdl-rhadityaai-16198-3-bab2-0001.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bank Negara Indonésia ==
Salaku [[Ketua DPA|Pupuhu DPAS]], Margono ngajengkeun  supaya diadegkeun hiji [[Bank sentral|Bank Séntral]] atawa [[Bank Sirkulasi]] saperti anu dimaksud dina [[Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945|UUD '45]]. [[Soekarno]] sarta [[Mohammad Hatta]] saterusna maparin pancén (mandat) ka Margono pikeun ngararancang sarta ngalaksanakeun tatahar ngadegkeun [[Bank sentral|Bank Séntral]] ([[Bank Sirkulasi]]) Nagara Indonésia dina ping [[16 Séptémber]] [[1945]]
Dina ping [[19 Séptémber]] [[1945]], sidang [[Dewan Menteri Republik Indonesia]] mutuskeun pikeun ngadegkeun hiji bank milik nagara anu boga pancén salaku &quot;''Bank Sirkulasi''&quot; pikeun mata uang Républik ([[Oeang Republik Indonesia/ORI]]).
Wekasna, dina ping [[15 Juli]] [[1946]], wedal [[Peraturan pemerintah pengganti undang-undang|Perppu]] nomer 2 taun [[1946]] ngeunaan diadegkeunana [[Bank Negara Indonesia]], sarta diangkatna R.M. Margono Djojohadikusomo salaku Diréktur Utama [[Bank Negara Indonesia|Bank Negara Indonesia]] ([[Bank Negara Indonesia|BNI]])
Ahirna dina ping 15 Juli 1946, medal Perpu nomer 2 taun 1946 ngeunaan pangadegan ''Bank Negara Indonésia'', sarta dilinggihkeunana R.M. Margono Djojohadikusomo janten Direktur Utama Bank Negara Indonesia (BNI).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.investasi-emas.info/new/education/Makalah-Widigdo.pdf |title=Posisi dan Peranan Bank Negara Indonesia. |access-date=2011-11-29 |archive-date=2011-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019162303/http://www.investasi-emas.info/new/education/Makalah-Widigdo.pdf |dead-url=yes }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019162303/http://www.investasi-emas.info/new/education/Makalah-Widigdo.pdf |date=2011-10-19 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Dina poé-poé munggaran mingpin BNI, dua putra Margono, nyaéta Subianto jeung Sujono, gugur dina kajadian Patempuran Lengkong di Tangerang tanggal 25 Januari 1946. 
Kalungguhan BNI janten bank séntral sareng bank sirkulasi lekasan dina ping 1 Juli 1953, nalika bank séntral jaman kolonial Hindia Walanda, [[De Javasche Bank]], dirobah janten Bank Indonésia.

Dina taun 1970, status hukum Bank Negara Indonésia dirobah jadi perséro.

== Hak angkét ==
[[Image:Margono Djojohadikusumo, Kami Perkenalkan (1952), p86.jpg|jmpl|Potret Margono salaku Anggota DPR, 1950]]
Dina sajarah ketatanagaraan Indonésia, 'Hak Angket' munggaran digunakeun ku DPR dina taun 1950-an. Perkarana dimimitian tina usul résolusi ku R.M. Margono Djojohadikusomo sangkan DPR ngayakeun 'Hak Angket' kana usaha meunangkeun dévisa jeung cara ngagunakeun éta dévisa.

Panitia angket anu saterusna diadegkeun  téh anggotana 13 urang sarta dipupuhuan  ku Margono. Pancénna nyaéta nalungtik untung-rugina mertahankeun rézim dévisa dumasar kana Undang-Undang Pengawasan Devisen taun 1940 sarta parobahan-parobahanna. &lt;ref&gt;[http://sorot.news.viva.co.id/news/read/111349-angket__ungkit__dan_target Angket, Ungkit, dan Target.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.suaramerdeka.com/smcetak/index.php?fuseaction=beritacetak.detailberitacetak&amp;id_beritacetak=89214 Nasib Hak Angket DPR.]{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tilar dunya ==
R.M. Margono Djojohadikusomo pupus dina ping [[25 Juli]] [[1978]] di [[Jakarta]], sarta dipetakéun di pajaratan kulawarga di Dawuhan, [[Banyumas]], [[Jawa Tengah]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://majalah.tempo.co/konten/1978/08/05/PT/72403/Meninggal-dunia/23/08 Meninggal Dunia.] Majalah Tempo (5 Agustus 1978).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pangajén ==
[[Gedung R.M. Margono Djojohadikusumo]] di [[Universitas Gajah Mada]] dingaranan luyu sareng nami anjeunna.
Nami R.M. Margono Djojohadikusumo ogé diabadikeun janten nami jalan di [[Jakarta]].
Lalakon hirupna janten inspirasi kanggo ngadamel film [[Merah Putih (film)|Merah Putih]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Yz3zXo3CME Film Indonesia – “''MERAH PUTIH''”.]&lt;/ref&gt;
Teu sapertos anu ditempp ku seueur jalmi, nami [[Rumah Sakit Margono]] anu perenahna di [[Purwokerto (kota)|Purwokerto]], Banyumas, Jawa Tengah téh sanés asalna tina nami R.M. Margono Djojohadikusumo, nanging eta asalna tina nami [[Margono Sukarjo]]. Margono Sukarjo téh mangrupikeun dokter ahli bedah munggaran di Indonesia.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.rsmargono.go.id/sejarahsingkat RSUD Prof. Dr. Margono Soekarjo Purwokerto]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bibliografi ==

* {{nl}} R.M. Margono Djojohadikusomo ([[1941]]) &quot;''Tien jaren cooperatie-voorlichting vanwege de overheid [[1930]]-[[1940]]''&quot;, [[Batavia]]: Volkslectuur
* {{id}} R.M. Margono Djojohadikusomo ([[1946]]) &quot;''Kenang-kenangan dari tiga zaman : Satu Kisah Kekeluargaan Tertulis ''&quot;, [[Jakarta]]: Indira
:: Buku memoar yang ditulis langsung oleh Margono
* {{en}} R.M. Margono Djojohadikusomo ([[1969]]) &quot;''Reminiscences from three historical periods a family tradition put in writing''&quot;, [[Jakarta]]: Indira
* {{id}} R.M. Margono Djojohadikusomo ([[1975]]) &quot;''Catatan-catatan dari lembaran kertas yang kumal [[Ernest Douwes Dekker|DR. E.F.E. Douwes Dekker]] ([[Ernest Douwes Dekker|DR. Danudirja Setiabudi]]), seorang yang tak gentar menjunjung tinggi suatu cita-cita hidup kemerdekaan politik [[Indonesia]]''&quot;, [[Jakarta]]: Bulan Bintang
* {{id}} Sugiarta Sriwibawa ([[1994]]) &quot;''100 tahun Margono Djojohadikusomo''&quot;, [[Jakarta]]: Pustaka Aksara
* {{id}} Jimmy S Harianto, HMU Kurniadi ([[2025]]) &quot;Margono Djojohadikusumo : Pejuang Ekonomi dan Pendiri BNI 46&quot;, [[Jakarta]] : Penerbit Buku Kompas
:: Menggunakan sumber utama putri Margono, Sukartini Silitonga Djojohadikusumo (106) dan cucunya, Mitra Vinda Silitonga. Epilog buku ditulis oleh Savitri Prastiti Scherer, cucu Margono dari anak ketiganya, Miniati Wahyudi Djojohadikusumo.

== Dicutat tina ==

{{reflist|2}}

== Tutumbu ka luar ==
* {{id}} [http://www.bi.go.id/NR/rdonlyres/DDE2ED6B-A2A2-42EE-A4D0-BF5116483AED/871/SejarahKelembagaanPeriode19531959.pdf Sejarah Bank Indonesia: ''Kelembagaan Periode 1953-1959'', halaman 9.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514095652/http://www.bi.go.id/NR/rdonlyres/DDE2ED6B-A2A2-42EE-A4D0-BF5116483AED/871/SejarahKelembagaanPeriode19531959.pdf |date=2014-05-14 }}

{{start box}}
{{succession box
|title=[[Daftar Ketua Dewan Pertimbangan Agung|Ketua]] [[Dewan Pertimbangan Agung]]
|before='''''jabatan baru'''''
|after=[[Wiranatakoesoema V|R.A.A. Wiranatakoesoema V]]
|years=25 September 1945 – 6 November 1945}}
{{succession box
|title=Direktur Utama [[Bank Negara Indonesia]]
|before='''''jabatan baru'''''
|after=[[Abdul Karim (bankir)|Abdul Karim]]
|years=[[1946]]–[[1953]]}}
{{end box}}
{{BPUPKI}}
{{lifetime|1894|1978|Djojohadikusomo, Margono}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Kategori:Inohong Indonésia]]
[[Kategori:Inohong Jawa]]
[[Kategori:Biografi]]
[[Kategori:Pulitik]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-13T08:26:57Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Danu Widjajanto</username>
        <id>508</id>
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      <text bytes="15804" sha1="sk9qob71exeverjvlfdw0oz6xa3ua2s" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox President
| name                = Margono Djojohadikoesoemo
| image               = Margono Djojohadikusumo, Kami Perkenalkan (1952), p86.jpg
| caption             =
| office              = [[Ketua DPA|Ketua Dewan Pertimbangan Agung Sementara]] ke-1
| president           = [[Soekarno]]
| term_start          = 25 September 1945
| term_end            = 6 November 1945
| predecessor         =
| successor           = [[Wiranatakoesoema V|Raden Aria Adipati Wiranatakoesoema V]]
| office2             = Direktur [[Bank Negara Indonesia]] ke-1
| president2          =
| term_start2         = 5 Juli 1946
| term_end2           = Oktober 1953
| predecessor2        =
| successor2          = [[Abdoel Kareem Pringgodigdo]]
| nickname            =
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1894|5|16}}
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1978|7|25|1894|5|16}}
| birth_place         = [[Kabupaten Banyumas|Banyumas]], [[Hindia Belanda]]
| death_place         = [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]]
| resting_place       = Banyumas, [[Jawa Tengah]]
| party               = [[Parindra]]
| alma_mater          =
| spouse              = {{marriage|Siti Katoemi Wirodihardjo|1915}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:kehidupan keluarga&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Handoko|title=Margono Djojohadikoesoemo|url=https://esi.kemdikbud.go.id/wiki/Margono_Djojohadikoesoemo#:~:text=Dari%20pernikahan%20ini,%20Margono%20dan,pertempuran%20Lengkong%20bersama%20Daan%20Mogot.|website=Ensiklopedia Sejarah Indonesia — Kemendikbud|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250309222039/https://esi.kemdikbud.go.id/wiki/Margono_Djojohadikoesoemo|archive-date=9 Maret 2025|dead-url=yes|access-date=25 April 2025}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250309222039/https://esi.kemdikbud.go.id/wiki/Margono_Djojohadikoesoemo#:~:text=Dari%20pernikahan%20ini,%20Margono%20dan,pertempuran%20Lengkong%20bersama%20Daan%20Mogot. |date=9 March 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| children            = 5, termasuk [[Soemitro Djojohadikoesoemo|Soemitro]], [[Soekartini Djojohadikoesoemo|Soekartini]], [[Soebianto Djojohadikoesoemo|Soebianto]], [[Soejono Djojohadikusumo|Soejono]]
| occupation          = {{hlist|Politikus|bankir}}
| known_for           = {{ubl|Anggota [[Badan Penyelidik Usaha-Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan|BPUPK]]|Pendiri [[Bank Negara Indonesia|BNI]]}}
| parents             = Raden Tumenggung Mangkuprodjo (ayah)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jatim/budaya/d-7608685/biografi-rm-margono-kakek-prabowo-yang-diusulkan-jadi-pahlawan-nasional|title=Biografi RM Margono, Kakek Prabowo yang Diusulkan Jadi Pahlawan Nasional|first=Sri|last=Rahayu|date=27 October 2024|website=[[detik.com]]|language=id|access-date=6 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

[[File:RM Margono Djojohadikusumo.jpg|jmpl|ka|Margono Djojohadikusomo (diuk di katuhu), Siti Katoemi Wirodihardjo (diuk di tengah), ogé putu-putuna  tayalian [[Hashim Djojohadikusumo|Hashim]] (diuk di tengah), [[Prabowo Subianto|Prabowo]] (nangtung sisi katuhu) katut dua dulur awéwéna Prabowo dina taun 1963 di Kuala Lumpur]]
'''Margono Djojohadikoesoemo''', ({{lahirmati|[[Kabupaten Banyumas|Banyumas]]|16|5|1894||25|7|1978}}) nyaéta saurang [[ékonom]] jeung [[bankir]] kalawan jadi [[direktur utama]] anu munggaran di [[Bank Negara Indonesia]]. Anjeuna téh séké sélér ti  [[Djoko Kahiman|Raden Joko Kahiman]] tayalian anu ngadegkeun [[Kabupatén Banyumas]], sarta kapeto jadi [[Bupati]] [[Banyumas]] anu munggaran. Margono ogé dipikawanoh salaku ''bapak perbankan'' nasional alatan kontribusina anu gedé dina ngamekarkeun séktor ''perbankan'' di [[Indonésia]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=jatimupdate.id|date=2025-04-01|title=Salam Kolaborasi Seruling Mas untuk RM Margono Pahlawan Nasional|url=https://jatimupdate.id/baca-10656-salam-kolaborasi-seruling-mas-untuk-rm-margono-pahlawan-nasional|website=jatimupdate.id - Informasi Berita Jawa Timur|language=id|access-date=2025-04-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Margono téh anu tayalian ramana ti ekonomi Indonésia, [[Soemitro Djojohadikoesoemo]], katut dua pamuda anu gugur perlaya dina kajadian [[Patempuran Lengkong]], nyaéta [[Soebianto Djojohadikoesoemo]] katut [[Soejono Djojohadikusumo|Soejono Djojohadikoesoemo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://sejarah.kompasiana.com/2010/08/07/monumen-lengkong-saksi-bisu-darah-pejuang-kemerdekaan-218865.html |title=Monumen Lengkong: ''Saksi Bisu Darah Pejuang Kemerdekaan''. |access-date=2013-01-16 |archive-date=2013-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227070543/http://sejarah.kompasiana.com/2010/08/07/monumen-lengkong-saksi-bisu-darah-pejuang-kemerdekaan-218865.html |dead-url=yes }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227070543/http://sejarah.kompasiana.com/2010/08/07/monumen-lengkong-saksi-bisu-darah-pejuang-kemerdekaan-218865.html |date=2013-02-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Pikeun miéling ka duanana ngaran aranjeuna satuluyna diabadikeun dina ngaran putuna, tayalian [[Prabowo Subianto]], katut  [[Hashim Djojohadikusumo|Hashim Sujono Djojohadikusumo]].
Margono Djojohadikoesoemo anu gumelar dina kaping [[16 Méi]] [[1894]] di [[Kabupatén Banyumas|Banyumas]], tayalian  buyutna ti [[Raden Tumenggung Banyakwide]] sarta leuwih dipikawanoh ku sebutan ''Panglima Banyakwide'', anu tuhu tur satia ka [[Diponegoro|Pangeran Diponegoro]] saterusna diangkat jadi Bupati Roma (ayeuna [[Karanganyar, Kebumén]]) kalayan gelar [[Raden Tumenggung Kertanegara IV]]. Ogé anak ti asistén [[Kawedanan|Wadana]] [[Kabupatén Banyumas|Banyumas]].
Manéhna tuluy sakola di ''[[Europeesche Lagere School]]'' (''[[Europeesche Lagere School|ELS]]'') [[Kabupatén Banyumas|Banyumas]], hiji [[Sakola Dasar]] dijaman kolonial [[Walanda]] di [[Kabupatén Banyumas|Banyumas]], ti mimiti taun [[1900]] nepi ka [[1907]]. &lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.co.id/books?id=Ii4_gLKFsMYC&amp;pg=PA541&amp;lpg=PA541&amp;dq=Margono+Djojohadikusumo+sekolah&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=WB-HprCSjc&amp;sig=U9yonN5p_vWvXLRGqn7iXgkbRtY&amp;hl=id&amp;ei=jZ7UTufxHc_IrQeemdGmDg&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CBgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=Margono%20&amp;f=false &quot;''Menjadi Indonesia''&quot;, halaman 541.]&lt;/ref&gt;
== Biografi ==
Margono gumelar dina kaping  16 Méi 1894 di Banyumas. Ramana kuanjeun  asalna ti golongan kaum [[Ménak|priyayi]] anu ngajadi pagawé [[pamaréntah]] [[kolonial]] [[Walanda]]. Séké sélér kulawarga anjeunna ningrat  anu kungsi perang ngalawan Walanda nalika lumangsungna [[Perang Jawa (1825–1830)|Perang Jawa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;tokoh&quot;&gt;{{cite book|date=1993|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Tokoh_tokoh_Badan_Penyelidik_Usaha_Usaha/_f35qieC4Z8C|title=Tokoh-tokoh Badan Penyelidik Usaha-Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia|publisher=Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Direktorat Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional, Proyek Inventarisasi dan Dokumentasi Sejarah Nasional|pages=75–77|language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt; Margono ngagambarkeun kulawargana salaku bangsawan anu  &quot;kurang kaboga&quot;. Anjeuna  budak anu ka genep, hanjakal  kabéh lanceuk-lanceukna tilar dunya nalika masih leutik kénéh.&lt;ref name=&quot;purdey&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Purdey|first1=Jemma|date=September 2016|title=Narratives to power: The case of the Djojohadikusumo family dynasty over four generations|journal=South East Asia Research|volume=24|issue=3|pages=369–385|doi=10.1177/0967828X16659728|s2cid=151698429}}&lt;/ref&gt; Numutkeun Margono, anjeunna henteu kungsi ngajugjug pajaratan karuhunna alatan henteu daék ngaku salaku katurunana sabab  digawé ka bangsa  Walanda. Inyana mimiti diajar di [[Europeesche Lagere School]] (sakola dasar kolonial) dina taun   1901, sabadana lulus dina taun 1907 anjeuna nuluykeun  maguron di [[Opleiding School Voor Inlandsche Ambtenaren]] (OSVIA; sakola pagawé nagri) di [[Kota Magelang|Magelang]] nepi taun 1911.&lt;ref name=&quot;tokoh&quot; /&gt;

Margono ngamimiti digawé di hiji ''lembaga keuangan kolonial'' [[Volkscredietwzen]] (Jawatan Kredit Rakyat) dina taun 1917 salaku pagawé biasa.&lt;ref&gt;Dimas Waraditya Nugraha (9 Agustus 2025) &quot;Margono Djojohadikusumo dan Fondasi Ekonomi Republik&quot; Kompas. hal 13&lt;/ref&gt; Satuluyna, dina taun 1926, Margono diaku salaku salah sahiji ti tujuh bumiputra munggaran anu hasil meunang kalungguhan penting di jero éta  institusi. Sabada leuwih ti dua dékade digawé di Volkscredietwzen, anjeunna mibanda pamanggih ngeunaan pentingna lembaga keuangan anu ngabela kapentingan  rahayat, konsép [[inklusi keuangan]], sareng perluna aksés kredit pikeun bumiputra. Ieu pamadegan anu engkéna jadi tatapakan ngadegna Bank Negara Indonesia.

== Pupuhu DPAS ==
Sapoé sabada diistrénan [[Soekarno]] jeung  [[Mohammad Hatta|Hatta]] ngajadi Présidén jeung Wakil Présidén, diadegkeun [[Kabinet Presidensial|Kabinét Presidentil]] sarta [[Dewan Pertimbangan Agung|Dewan Pertimbangan Agung Sementara]] ([[Déwan Pertimbangan Agung|DPAS]]). Salaku [[Ketua DPA|Pupuhu DPAS]] anu munggaran  nyaditunjuk waé R.M. Margono Djojohadikusomo.&lt;ref&gt;[http://elib.unikom.ac.id/files/disk1/324/jbptunikompp-gdl-rhadityaai-16198-3-bab2-0001.pdf &quot;''Proses Akuntansi Pada Sistem Boss On-Line di PT. Bank Negara Indonesia (Persero) Tbk.''&quot;, bab II – halaman 6.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304225906/http://elib.unikom.ac.id/files/disk1/324/jbptunikompp-gdl-rhadityaai-16198-3-bab2-0001.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bank Negara Indonésia ==
Salaku [[Ketua DPA|Pupuhu DPAS]], Margono ngajengkeun  supaya diadegkeun hiji [[Bank sentral|Bank Séntral]] atawa [[Bank Sirkulasi]] saperti anu dimaksud dina [[Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945|UUD '45]]. [[Soekarno]] sarta [[Mohammad Hatta]] saterusna maparin pancén (mandat) ka Margono pikeun ngararancang sarta ngalaksanakeun tatahar ngadegkeun [[Bank sentral|Bank Séntral]] ([[Bank Sirkulasi]]) Nagara Indonésia dina ping [[16 Séptémber]] [[1945]]
Dina ping [[19 Séptémber]] [[1945]], sidang [[Dewan Menteri Republik Indonesia]] mutuskeun pikeun ngadegkeun hiji bank milik nagara anu boga pancén salaku &quot;''Bank Sirkulasi''&quot; pikeun mata uang Républik ([[Oeang Republik Indonesia/ORI]]).
Wekasna, dina ping [[15 Juli]] [[1946]], wedal [[Peraturan pemerintah pengganti undang-undang|Perppu]] nomer 2 taun [[1946]] ngeunaan diadegkeunana [[Bank Negara Indonesia]], sarta diangkatna R.M. Margono Djojohadikusomo salaku Diréktur Utama [[Bank Negara Indonesia|Bank Negara Indonesia]] ([[Bank Negara Indonesia|BNI]])
Ahirna dina ping 15 Juli 1946, medal Perpu nomer 2 taun 1946 ngeunaan pangadegan ''Bank Negara Indonésia'', sarta dilinggihkeunana R.M. Margono Djojohadikusomo janten Direktur Utama Bank Negara Indonesia (BNI).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.investasi-emas.info/new/education/Makalah-Widigdo.pdf |title=Posisi dan Peranan Bank Negara Indonesia. |access-date=2011-11-29 |archive-date=2011-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019162303/http://www.investasi-emas.info/new/education/Makalah-Widigdo.pdf |dead-url=yes }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019162303/http://www.investasi-emas.info/new/education/Makalah-Widigdo.pdf |date=2011-10-19 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Dina poé-poé munggaran mingpin BNI, dua putra Margono, nyaéta Subianto jeung Sujono, gugur dina kajadian Patempuran Lengkong di Tangerang tanggal 25 Januari 1946. 
Kalungguhan BNI janten bank séntral sareng bank sirkulasi lekasan dina ping 1 Juli 1953, nalika bank séntral jaman kolonial Hindia Walanda, [[De Javasche Bank]], dirobah janten Bank Indonésia.

Dina taun 1970, status hukum Bank Negara Indonésia dirobah jadi perséro.

== Hak angkét ==
Dina sajarah ketatanagaraan Indonésia, 'Hak Angket' munggaran digunakeun ku DPR dina taun 1950-an. Perkarana dimimitian tina usul résolusi ku R.M. Margono Djojohadikusomo sangkan DPR ngayakeun 'Hak Angket' kana usaha meunangkeun dévisa jeung cara ngagunakeun éta dévisa.

Panitia angket anu saterusna diadegkeun  téh anggotana 13 urang sarta dipupuhuan  ku Margono. Pancénna nyaéta nalungtik untung-rugina mertahankeun rézim dévisa dumasar kana Undang-Undang Pengawasan Devisen taun 1940 sarta parobahan-parobahanna. &lt;ref&gt;[http://sorot.news.viva.co.id/news/read/111349-angket__ungkit__dan_target Angket, Ungkit, dan Target.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.suaramerdeka.com/smcetak/index.php?fuseaction=beritacetak.detailberitacetak&amp;id_beritacetak=89214 Nasib Hak Angket DPR.]{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tilar dunya ==
R.M. Margono Djojohadikusomo pupus dina ping [[25 Juli]] [[1978]] di [[Jakarta]], sarta dipetakéun di pajaratan kulawarga di Dawuhan, [[Banyumas]], [[Jawa Tengah]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://majalah.tempo.co/konten/1978/08/05/PT/72403/Meninggal-dunia/23/08 Meninggal Dunia.] Majalah Tempo (5 Agustus 1978).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pangajén ==
[[Gedung R.M. Margono Djojohadikusumo]] di [[Universitas Gajah Mada]] dingaranan luyu sareng nami anjeunna.
Nami R.M. Margono Djojohadikusumo ogé diabadikeun janten nami jalan di [[Jakarta]].
Lalakon hirupna janten inspirasi kanggo ngadamel film [[Merah Putih (film)|Merah Putih]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Yz3zXo3CME Film Indonesia – “''MERAH PUTIH''”.]&lt;/ref&gt;
Teu sapertos anu ditempp ku seueur jalmi, nami [[Rumah Sakit Margono]] anu perenahna di [[Purwokerto (kota)|Purwokerto]], Banyumas, Jawa Tengah téh sanés asalna tina nami R.M. Margono Djojohadikusumo, nanging eta asalna tina nami [[Margono Sukarjo]]. Margono Sukarjo téh mangrupikeun dokter ahli bedah munggaran di Indonesia.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.rsmargono.go.id/sejarahsingkat RSUD Prof. Dr. Margono Soekarjo Purwokerto]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bibliografi ==

* {{nl}} R.M. Margono Djojohadikusomo ([[1941]]) &quot;''Tien jaren cooperatie-voorlichting vanwege de overheid [[1930]]-[[1940]]''&quot;, [[Batavia]]: Volkslectuur
* {{id}} R.M. Margono Djojohadikusomo ([[1946]]) &quot;''Kenang-kenangan dari tiga zaman : Satu Kisah Kekeluargaan Tertulis ''&quot;, [[Jakarta]]: Indira
:: Buku memoar yang ditulis langsung oleh Margono
* {{en}} R.M. Margono Djojohadikusomo ([[1969]]) &quot;''Reminiscences from three historical periods a family tradition put in writing''&quot;, [[Jakarta]]: Indira
* {{id}} R.M. Margono Djojohadikusomo ([[1975]]) &quot;''Catatan-catatan dari lembaran kertas yang kumal [[Ernest Douwes Dekker|DR. E.F.E. Douwes Dekker]] ([[Ernest Douwes Dekker|DR. Danudirja Setiabudi]]), seorang yang tak gentar menjunjung tinggi suatu cita-cita hidup kemerdekaan politik [[Indonesia]]''&quot;, [[Jakarta]]: Bulan Bintang
* {{id}} Sugiarta Sriwibawa ([[1994]]) &quot;''100 tahun Margono Djojohadikusomo''&quot;, [[Jakarta]]: Pustaka Aksara
* {{id}} Jimmy S Harianto, HMU Kurniadi ([[2025]]) &quot;Margono Djojohadikusumo : Pejuang Ekonomi dan Pendiri BNI 46&quot;, [[Jakarta]] : Penerbit Buku Kompas
:: Menggunakan sumber utama putri Margono, Sukartini Silitonga Djojohadikusumo (106) dan cucunya, Mitra Vinda Silitonga. Epilog buku ditulis oleh Savitri Prastiti Scherer, cucu Margono dari anak ketiganya, Miniati Wahyudi Djojohadikusumo.

== Dicutat tina ==

{{reflist|2}}

== Tutumbu ka luar ==
* {{id}} [http://www.bi.go.id/NR/rdonlyres/DDE2ED6B-A2A2-42EE-A4D0-BF5116483AED/871/SejarahKelembagaanPeriode19531959.pdf Sejarah Bank Indonesia: ''Kelembagaan Periode 1953-1959'', halaman 9.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514095652/http://www.bi.go.id/NR/rdonlyres/DDE2ED6B-A2A2-42EE-A4D0-BF5116483AED/871/SejarahKelembagaanPeriode19531959.pdf |date=2014-05-14 }}

{{start box}}
{{succession box
|title=[[Daftar Ketua Dewan Pertimbangan Agung|Ketua]] [[Dewan Pertimbangan Agung]]
|before='''''jabatan baru'''''
|after=[[Wiranatakoesoema V|R.A.A. Wiranatakoesoema V]]
|years=25 September 1945 – 6 November 1945}}
{{succession box
|title=Direktur Utama [[Bank Negara Indonesia]]
|before='''''jabatan baru'''''
|after=[[Abdul Karim (bankir)|Abdul Karim]]
|years=[[1946]]–[[1953]]}}
{{end box}}
{{BPUPKI}}
{{lifetime|1894|1978|Djojohadikusomo, Margono}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Kategori:Inohong Indonésia]]
[[Kategori:Inohong Jawa]]
[[Kategori:Biografi]]
[[Kategori:Pulitik]]</text>
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