Wikipedia suwiki https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepas MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.11 first-letter Média Husus Obrolan Pamaké Obrolan pamaké Wikipedia Obrolan Wikipedia Gambar Obrolan gambar MédiaWiki Obrolan MédiaWiki Citakan Obrolan citakan Pitulung Obrolan pitulung Kategori Obrolan kategori Portal Obrolan portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 3817 711097 654479 2026-07-19T16:23:59Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 711097 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = pink | name = Rinyuh | image = Coptotermes formosanus shiraki USGov k8204-7.jpg | image_width = 200px | image_caption = Rinyuh jero taneuh Formosa | domain = [[Eukariota]] | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | subregnum = [[Metazoa]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Serangga]] | ordo = '''Isoptera''' | ordo_authority = [[Gaspard Auguste Brullé|Brullé]], 1832 | subdivision_ranks = Famili | subdivision = [[Mastotermitidae]]<br /> [[Kalotermitidae]]<br /> [[Termopsidae]]<br /> [[Hodotermitidae]]<br /> [[Rhinotermitidae]]<br /> [[Serritermitidae]]<br /> [[Termitidae]]<br /> }} '''Rinyuh''' (ordo '''Isoptera''') mangrupa [[serangga sosial]] nu kahakananana [[kai]] jeung bahan/zat nu ngandung [[selulosa]]. Spésiés rinyuh lolobana aya di wewengkon [[tropis]] atawa [[subtropis]], tapi aya ogé nu hirup di wewengkon sedeng. Rinyuh mibanda ajén [[biologi]]s jeung [[ékonomi]]s nu penting. == Morfologi == Tina bentukna mah rinyuh téh sarupa jeung [[sireum]], antukna kadang sok disebut 'sireum bodas'. Sungut rinyuh aya cacapitan, awakna hipu, panjangna ukur kira 10&nbsp;mm. Hirupna dina liang-liang nu poék, ukur kaluar mun keur ngawangun sayang, ngala hakaneun, atawa mun geus jadi '''siraru''' (warnana robah jadi coklat). Jangjang siraru ieu bakal murudul mun siraruna geus hiber, manggih tempat pikeun sayang anyar. == Struktur sosial jeung paripolah == Salaku [[serangga sosial]], rinyuh hirup dina koloni nu pangeusina ratusan nepi ka jutaan rinyuh sawawa. Rinyuh téh mangrupa conto sistim deséntralisasi otonom ngagunakeunkacerdasan gorombol (''swarm intelligence'') pikeun ngokolakeun hakaneun jeung lingkungan nu teu mungkin dipigawé ku sorangan. Koloni ieu diwangun ku kasta pagawé, perjurit, jeung jalu-bikang nu baranahan, sarta kadang ditambah ku sababaraha ratu tukang [[endog (biologi)|ngendog]]. <!-- === Ratu jeung Raja === [[Image:Termite alates 9759.JPG|right|thumb|Termite alates in the spring.]] At maturity, a primary queen can lay several thousand eggs a day. In [[physogastric]] species, the queen adds an extra set of ovaries with each [[moult]], resulting in a greatly distended [[abdomen]] and increased [[fecundity]]. The queen is widely believed to be a primary source of [[pheromone]]s useful in colony integration. The king remains only slightly bigger than an average termite and continues to mate with the queen. ===Workers=== Worker termites undertake the labours of foraging, food storage, brood rearing, nest maintenance and a proportion of the defence effort. ===Soldiers=== The soldier caste has anatomical and behavioural specializations, primarily against ant attack. Many have jaws so enlarged that they cannot feed themselves, but instead, like juveniles, are fed by workers. Some species have soldiers with the ability to exude noxious liquids through either a horn-like nozzle (nasus) or simple hole in the head ([[fontanelle]]). Among the drywood termites, a soldier's enlarged (phragmotic) head can be used to block their narrow tunnels. Termites undergo incomplete [[metamorphosis (biology)|metamorphosis]], with their freshly hatched young taking the form of small termites that grow without significant morphological changes. ===Hiding=== Termites try to remain hidden, building tunnels in earth and wood. When they have to cross some impermeable material they build several feet long shelter tubes (from packed earth/feces).--> == Kahakanan == Sacara umum, rinyuh digolongkeun dumasar paripolah daharna: ''Subterranean'' (rinyuh jero taneuh), ''Soil-feeding'', Kigaring, Kibaseuh, jeung rinyuh jukut (''Grass eating''). Nu sok ngaruksak wangunan téh nyaéta nu kahiji jeung nu katilu. Sakabéh rinyuh ngahakan [[selulosa]] jeung serat tutuwuhan. Selulosa mangrupa sumber hakaneun nu beunghar énergi (tingal we kahuruan leuweung), tapi hésé dicerna. pikeun nyerna selulosa, rinyuh gumantung pisan ka protozoa simbiotik ([[métamonad]]) jeung [[mikroba]] lianna dina [[burih]]na. Protozoa na burih rinyuh gumantung ka [[baktéri]] simbiotik nu napel na awakna nu ngahasilkeun sababaraha [[énzim]] panyerna nu diperlukeun. Hubungan ieu mangrupa conto panghadéna hubungan mutualisme di antara sasatoan. Najan aya bangsa rinyuh dina famili Termitidae nu bisa ngahasilkeun énzim selulase sorangan, tetep baé burihna mah pinuh ku baktéri nu sarupa tadi. == Sayang == [[Gambar:Somalia termitstack BÅn.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Munara sayang rinyuh di Somalia]] Di sababaraha wewengkon, utamana di [[sabana tropis]] nu gersang, rinyuh sok ngawangun sayang mangrupa gugunungan nu bentukna rupa-rupa pikeun kolonina. Misalna ''Amitermes meridionalis'' jeung ''A. laurensis'' nu ngawangun sayang jangkung kawas tihang nu aksisna manjang ngalér-ngidul. Oriéntasi ieu, numutkeun hasil percobaan, pikeun mantuan [[térmorégulasi]] gawé rinyuh. Sayang ieu jangkungna bisa nepi ka 6 m, tapi lolobana mah tara leuwih ti 2 m. Struktur sayang ieu bisa pajeulit pisan, mangrupa rohangan-rohangan nu nyadiakeun panas, nyerep cahya panonpoé, panyalindungan, pangaturan atmosfir, gudang hakaneun, jeung 'kebon' suung (dina sababaraha spésiés). [[Gambar:Magnetic_Termite_Mounds.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Sayang magnétik (aksisna ampir ngalér-ngidul)]] == Hubungan jeung manusa == ku sabab beuki kai, mun hirupna di lingkungan pakotaan/paimahan mah rinyuh téh bisa ngaruksak wangunan-wangunan tina kai. Lian ti kai, bahan séjénna ogé sok diarah, kayaning [[keretas]], [[pakéan]], [[karpét]], sarta bahan lianna nu ngandung selulosa. === Merangan rinyuh === * Kai ulah nepi ka antel kana taneuh, maké tatapakan nu teu dipikaresep ku rinyuh (tapi mun geus kalacak mah, tetep baé bisa diakalan ku rinyuh téh). * Kai diolah heula (dikeueum atawa diolés/dilapis ku bahan anti gegeremet) * Paké kai nu sacara alami tahan/teu dipikaresep ku rinyuh. Mun rinyuhna geus nepi ka wangunan, jalan-jalan tembusna kudu dipeungpeuk, sarta sayang/kolonina diancurkeun maké inséktisida. Di Australia mah, geus dipaké ti taun [[1930-an]], ngusir rinyuh téh maké tipung [[arsenik trioksida]]. Nu leuwih teu bahya pikeun mamalia, di antarana [[triflumuron]], [[fipronil]], jeung [[imidacloprid]]. == Ékologi == Sacara [[ékologi]]s, rinyuh téh penting pikeun daur ulang [[hara]], ngabentuk [[habitat]], formasi jeung kualitas [[taneuh]], sarta—siraruna—mangrupa hakaneun pikeun pirang-pirang [[prédator]]. Sacara global, rinyuh sumebar antara koordinat 50&deg Bujur Kalér jeung Bujur Kidul, tapi biomassa panglobana mah aya di wewengkon tropis. Rinyuh ogé dianggap salaku sumber utama [[métana]] atmosfir, salah sahiji [[gas rumah kaca]] utama. == Sajarah évolusionér jeung hubunganana == Salila ieu mah rinyuh téh dianggap deukeut jeung [[cucunguk]] sarta [[congcorang]], tapi panalungtikan anyar justru nunjukkeun yén rinyuh téh golongan cucunguk nu sacara évolusionér ngalaman modifikasi, boh paripolahna (jadi sato sosial) atawa kahakananana (jadi beuki kai). Ayana baktéri éndosimbiotik dina rinyuh jeung cucunguk ''Cryptocercus'' nunjukkeun yén ieu dua spésiés téh sacara filogénétik leuwih padeukeut batan ka cucunguk lianna. Fitur sosial jeung morfologis dua gegeremet ieu ogé mirip. == Rujukan == * [http://www.earthlife.net/insects/isoptera.html Earthlife] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426094746/http://www.earthlife.net/insects/isoptera.html |date=2006-04-26 }} * [http://www.drdons.net/Dr_Dons_Termite_Glossary.htm Termite terms] * [http://www.gsajournals.org/gsaonline/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1130%2F0091-7613(1986)14%3C87:OTNFTU%3E2.0.CO%3B2 Cretaceous termites] # {{note|Evolution}} [http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/20/6/907.pdf Evidence for Cocladogenesis Between Diverse Dictyopteran Lineages and Their Intracellular Endosymbionts] == Tumbu kaluar == * [http://ianrpubs.unl.edu/Insects/g1062.htm University of Nebraska page on Termites] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060116010501/http://ianrpubs.unl.edu/Insects/g1062.htm |date=2006-01-16 }} * [http://drdons.net/control.htm A summary of termite control methods] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810025441/http://drdons.net/control.htm |date=2014-08-10 }} * [http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7440.html University of California advice on Drywood Termites] * [http://www.pygmies.info/gathering.html African Pygmies - Termites gathering] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070117013130/http://www.pygmies.info/gathering.html |date=2007-01-17 }} * [http://www.unb.br/ib/zoo/docente/constant/catal/catnew.html Catalogue of the termites of the World] * [http://lancaster.unl.edu/enviro/pest/TermitePhoto.htm Pictures of termites] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051124200354/http://lancaster.unl.edu/enviro/pest/TermitePhoto.htm |date=2005-11-24 }} * [http://darwinblog.blogspot.com/2005/12/transitional-species-in-insect_24.html Transitional Species in Insect Evolution] * [http://members.tripod.com/~charles_W/laterite.html Did the Termites Cause Laterites?] * [http://www.angelfire.com/nc/isoptera/soil.html Cretaceous Termites and Soil Phosphorus] * [http://www.utoronto.ca/forest/termite/benefice.htm Beneficial Uses of Termites] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405050648/http://www.utoronto.ca/forest/termite/benefice.htm |date=2008-04-05 }} [[Kategori:Isoptera]] sj8x9wsnpjxzmyxh3b9whyxgmh7plme 0 4867 711095 708019 2026-07-19T14:30:37Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 711095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = pink | name = Oray | fossil_range = [[Cretaceous]] - Kiwari | image = Vipera_palaestina.jpg | image_size = 300px | image_caption = [[Vipera palaestina]] | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Réptil|Sauropsida]] | ordo = [[Squamata]] | subordo = '''Serpentes''' | subordo_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758 | subdivision_ranks = [[Superfamili]] jeung [[Kularwarga (biologi)|Kulawarga]] | subdivision = * [[Henophidia]] :[[Aniliidae]] :[[Anomochilus|Anomochilidae]] :[[Boa|Boidae]] :[[Bolyeriidae]] :[[Cylindrophiidae]] :[[Loxocemidae]] :[[Sanca|Pythonidae]] :[[Tropidophiidae]] :[[Uropeltidae]] :[[Xenopeltidae]] * [[Typhlopoidea]] :[[Anomalepididae]] :[[Leptotyphlopidae]] :[[Typhlopidae]] * [[Xenophidia]] :[[Acrochordidae]] :[[Atractaspididae]] :[[Colubridae]] :[[Elapidae]] :[[Hydrophiidae]] :[[Viperidae]] }} '''Oray''', ogé katelah ophidian, mangrupa [[réptil]] teu sukuan ([[getih tiis]]) nu deukeut pancakakina jeung [[kadal]], nu ngahiji dina [[klasifikasi ilmiah|ordo]] [[Squamata]]. Aya ogé sababaraha [[spésiés]] [[kadal]] nu teu sukuan nu saliwat mah mirip oray, tapi lain. Resep ka oray disebut [[ofiofilia]], sedengkeun sieun ka oray disebut [[ofidiofobia]]. == Téori évolusi == [[Filogénétik|Filogeni]] oray can pati jéntré, sabab kurangna catetan [[fosil]] alatan leutik jeung gampang ancurna [[rorongkong]] oray. Tapi, dumasar [[anatomi komparatif|morfologina]], aya kasapukan yén oray téh diturunkeun ti karuhun nu kawas kadal. Panyangka ieu lajeng didukung ku hasil panalungtikan dina widang [[genetika]] jeung [[biokimia]]. <!-- Recent fossil evidence suggests that snakes directly evolved from burrowing lizards, either [[varanid]]s or some other group. An early fossil snake, ''[[Najash rionegrina]]'', was a two-legged burrowing animal with a sacrum, fully terrestrial. One extant analog of these putative ancestors is the earless monitor ''[[Lanthanotidae|Lanthanotus]]'' of [[Borneo]], although it also is semi-aquatic. As these ancestors became more subterranean, they lost their limbs and became more streamlined for burrowing. Features such as the transparent, fused eyelids and loss of external ears, according to this hypothesis, evolved to combat subterranean conditions (scratched corneas, dirt in the ears). According to this hypothesis, snakes re-emerged onto the surface of the land much as they are today. Other primitive snakes are known to have possessed hindlimbs but lacked a direct connection of the pelvic bones to the vertebrae, including ''[[Haasiophis]]'', ''[[Pachyrhachis]]'' and ''[[Eupodophis]]'') which are slightly older than ''[[Najash]]''. Modern [[boa]]s do have vestigal hind limbs, tiny, clawed digits known as [[anal spur]]s and used to grasp during mating. The alternative hypothesis, based on [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]], suggests that ancestors were related to [[mosasaur]]s — extinct [[aquatic]] reptiles from the [[Cretaceous]] — which in turn are thought to have derived from [[monitor lizard|varanid lizard]]s. Under this hypothesis, the fused, transparent eyelids of snakes are thought to have evolved to combat marine conditions (corneal water loss through osmosis), while the external ears were lost through disuse in an aquatic environment, ultimately leading to an animal similar in appearance to [[sea snake]]s of today. In the Late [[Cretaceous]], snakes re-colonized the land much like they are today. Fossil snake remains are known from early Late Cretateous marine sediments, which is consistent with this hypothesis, particularly as they are older than the terrestrial ''Najash rionegrina''. Similar skull structure; reduced/absent limbs; and other anatomical features found in both mosasaurs and snakes lead to a positive [[Cladistics|cladistic]]al correlation, though some features are also shared with varanids. Supposedly similar locomotion for both groups is also used as support for this hypothesis. Genetic studies have indicated that snakes are not especially related to monitor lizards, and (it has been claimed) therefore not to mosasaurs, the proposed ancestor in the aquatic scenario of their evolution. However, there is more evidence linking mosasaurs to snakes than to varanids. Fragmentary remains that have been found from the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous indicate deeper fossil records for these groups, which may eventually refute either hypothesis. The great diversity of modern snakes appeared in the [[Paleocene]], probably correlated with the [[adaptive radiation]] of mammals following the extinction of the [[dinosaur]]s. ==Feeding== [[Image:Snake_eating_mouse.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Snake eating a mouse]] All snakes are [[carnivore|carnivorous]], eating small animals including lizards and other snakes, [[rodent]]s and other small mammals, birds, [[egg (biology)|eggs]] or insects. Some snakes have a [[venom (poison)|venomous]] bite which they use to kill their prey before eating it. Other snakes kill their prey by [[constriction]]. Still others swallow their prey whole and alive. Read more about [[snake food]]. Snakes do not chew their food and have a very flexible [[mandible|lower jaw]], the two halves of which are not rigidly attached, and numerous other joints in their skull (see [[snake skull]]), allowing them to open their mouths wide enough to swallow their prey whole, even if it is larger in diameter than the snake itself. It is a common misconception that snakes actually dislocate their lower jaw to consume large prey. After eating, snakes become torpid while the process of [[digestion]] takes place. Digestion is an intensive activity, especially after the consumption of very large prey. In species which feed only sporadically, the entire intestine enters a reduced state between meals to conserve energy, and the digestive system is 'up-regulated' to full capacity within 48 hours of prey consumption. So much metabolic energy is involved in digestion that in ''Crotalus durissus'', the Mexican rattlesnake, an increase of body temperature to as much as 14 degrees [[Celsius]] above the surrounding environment has been observed.<ref> {{cite web | coauthors =Glenn J. Tattersall1, William K. Milsom, Augusto S. Abe, Simone P. Brito, Denis V. Andrade | year = 2004 | url =http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/abstract/207/4/579 | title =The thermogenesis of digestion in rattlesnakes | work =Journal of Experimental Biology 207 | pages =579-585 | publisher =The Company of Biologists | accessdate =2006-05-26 | accessyear =2006 }}</ref> Because of this, a snake disturbed after having eaten recently will often regurgitate its prey in order to be able to escape the perceived threat. However, when undisturbed, the digestive process is highly efficient, dissolving and absorbing everything but hair and claws, which are excreted along with uric acid waste. Snakes have been known to occasionally die from trying to swallow an animal that is too big. Snake digestive acids are unable to digest most plant matter, which passes through the digestive system mostly untouched. Snakes do not normally prey on people, but there are instances of small children being eaten by large [[boa|constrictor]]s in the [[jungle]]{{fact}}. While some particularly aggressive species exist, most will not attack humans unless startled or injured, preferring instead to avoid contact. The majority of snakes are either non-venomous or possess venom that is not harmful to humans. ==Skin== The [[skin]] is covered in [[scale (zoology)|scale]]s. Most snakes use specialized belly scales to move, gripping surfaces. The body scales may be smooth, [[keeled scales|keeled]], or granular. Their eyelids are transparent "spectacle" scales which remain permanently closed. They [[Moult|shed their skin]] periodically. Unlike other reptiles, this is done in one piece, like pulling off a sock. The primary purpose of this is to grow; shedding also removes external parasites. This periodic renewal has led to the snake being a symbol of healing and medicine, as pictured in the [[Rod of Asclepius]]. In "advanced" ([[Caenophidia|Caenophidian]]) snakes, the broad belly scales and rows of dorsal scales correspond to the vertebrae, allowing scientists to count the vertebrae without dissection. If there is not enough humidity in the air while snakes are shedding their skin, it can be very dangerous for the snake, because the dry skin does not shed. Skin that remains attached to the snake can harbour diseases and parasites. A tail tip that is not removed can constrict as the snake grows, cutting off the blood supply to the end of the tail causing it to drop off. A retained spectacle can cause the snake to become blind in the affected eye. ==Perception== While snake [[Visual perception|vision]] is unremarkable (generally being best in arboreal species and worst in burrowing species), it is able to detect movement. Some snakes, like the Asian vine snake, have [[binocular vision]]. In most snakes, the lens moves back and forth within the eyeball to focus. In addition to their eyes, some snakes (pit vipers, pythons, and some boas) have [[infrared]]-sensitive receptors in deep grooves between the nostril and eye which allow them to "see" the radiated heat. Snakes have no external ears, but they do have a bone called the ''quadrate'' under the skin on either side of the head which focuses sound into the [[cochlea]].[http://www.anapsid.org/torrey.html] Their sense of [[hearing (sense)|hearing]] is most sensitive to frequencies around 200–300 Hz. A snake smells by using its [[forked tongue]] to collect airborne particles then passing them to the [[Vomeronasal organ|Jacobson's organ]] in the [[mouth]] for examination. The fork in the tongue gives the snake a sort of directional sense of smell. The part of the body which is direct contact with the surface of the ground is very sensitive to vibration thus a snake able to sense other animals approaching. ==Internal organs== The left [[lung]] is very small or sometimes even absent, as snakes' tubular bodies require all of their organs to be long and thin. To accommodate them all, only one lung is functional. This lung contains a vascularized anterior portion and a posterior portion which does not function in gas exchange. This 'saccular lung' may be used to adjust buoyancy in some aquatic snakes and its function remains unknown in terrestrial species. Also, many organs that are paired, such as kidneys or reproductive organs, are staggered within the body, with one located ahead of the other. The most primitive snakes, including boas and pythons, have [[anal spurs]], a pair of claws on either side of the [[cloaca]] which are used by the males for stimulation of females during mating. ==Locomotion== Snakes utilize a variety of methods of movement which allows them substantial mobility in spite of their legless condition. All snakes are capable of [[lateral undulation]], in which the body is flexed side-to-side, and the flexed areas propagate posteriorly, giving the overall shape of a posteriorly propagating sine wave. In addition, all snakes are capable of [[concertina movement]]. This method of movement can be used to both climb trees and move through small tunnels. In the case of trees, the branch is grasped by the posterior portion of the body, while the anterior portion is extended. The anterior portion then grasps the branch, and the posterior portion is pulled forward. In the case of tunnels, instead of grasping, the body loops are pressed against the tunnel walls to attain traction, but the motion is otherwise similar. Another common method of locomotion is [[rectilinear locomotion]], in which the snake remains straight and propels itself via a caterpillar-like motion of its belly-muscles. This mode is usually only used by very large, heavy snakes, such as large pythons and vipers. The most complex and interesting mode is [[sidewinding]], an undulatory motion used to move across slippery mud or loose sand. Not all snakes dwell on land; [[sea snake]]s live in shallow tropical seas. Studies of the motion and muscle activity of moving snakes have shed light on how each of these modes is achieved. In terrestrial lateral undulation, posteriorly propagating unilateral waves of muscle contraction occur. The regions of muscle activity for each side extend from the most concave point on that side posteriorly to the most convex side. Thus, when a point on the snake's body is maximally flexed to the right, the right muscles activate, bending it back to the left until it's maximally right-convex, at which point the right side muscles turn off, and the left side muscles turn on. Speed is modulated primarily by alteration of frequency. Aquatic lateral undulation appears superficially similar, but the muscle activation pattern is different, with the regions of muscle activity being 'shifted' posteriorly to where they would be in terrestrial lateral undulation. The reasons for this difference are not fully understood. Sidewinding, though it appears complex and confusing, is actually a simple modification of terrestrial lateral undulation. At the points of maximal flexion, the dorsalmost muscle group (traversospinalis group) activates, lifting that portion of the body over the ground, and resulting in other portions of the body remaining in static contact. This mode is used to cross slick surfaces such as mud flats and sand, and has nothing to do with thermoregulation, as is sometimes erroneously stated. Many species of snake, including species commonly kept as pets and which do not usually encounter deserts or mud flats, will sidewind when placed on a slick floor or tabletop and enticed to move fast. Concertina locomotion and rectilinear locomotion are less well understood. Studies of muscle activity have only been done for tunnel concertina locomotion, which shows that the muscles are unilaterally active in static regions of bending in order to brace the snake against the tunnel walls. Rectilinear is believed to rely on different muscles from the other modes; while they all rely on the large epaxial muscles, rectilinear locomotion seems to rely upon the small costocutaneous muscles. However, this has not been verified experimentally, due to the difficulties in working with these small muscles. ==="Flying" snakes=== Several species of snake have the ability to glide, all being in the genus ''[[Chrysopelea]]''. They are quite capable at it, able to travel as far as 1370 metres through the air. They tend to make slithering motions to steer and help propel themselves along, propulsion being something unusual among the many [[Flying and gliding animals|gliding animals]]. ==Reproduction== A wide range of reproductive modes are used by snakes. All snakes employ [[internal fertilization]], accomplished by means of paired, forked [[hemipenis|hemipenes]], which are stored inverted in the male's tail. Most snakes [[egg (biology)|lay eggs]], and of those most species abandon them shortly after laying; however, some species are [[Ovoviviparity|ovoviviparous]] and retain the eggs within their bodies until they are almost ready to hatch. Recently, it has been confirmed that several species of snake are fully [[Vivipary|viviparous]], nourishing their young through a [[placenta]] as well as a [[yolk sac]], highly unusual among reptiles, or indeed anything else outside of [[placental mammals]]. Retention of eggs and live birth are commonly, but not exclusively, associated with cold environments, as the retention of the young within the [[female]] allows her to control their temperature more effectively than if the developing young were in external eggs. == Snake bites == Documented deaths resulting from snake bites are uncommon in most areas of the world. Only about 450 species of snakes are venomous (with only about 250 that are able to kill a human), and among the 70,000 Americans bitten by venomous snakes every year, fewer than fifteen die ([[lightning]] kills more). See [[Snakebite (bite)|snakebites]] for more information, including prevention of snake bites and first aid treatment. == Venomous snakes == {{seealso|Snake venom}} A '''venomous snake''' is a snake that uses modified saliva, [[venom (poison)|venom]], delivered through fangs in its mouth, to immobilize or kill its [[Predation|prey]]. (In contrast, most non-venomous species are [[constrictor]]s which [[suffocate]] their [[Predation|prey]].) Venomous snakes include several [[family (biology)|families]] of snakes and do not constitute a formal [[taxonomic classification|classification]] group used in [[taxonomy]]. Venomous snakes are generally classified in four [[taxonomy|taxonomic]] [[family (biology)|families]]: *[[Elapid]]s - [[Cobra (snake)|cobra]]s, [[King Cobra|king cobras]], [[krait]]s, [[mamba]]s, [[Austrelaps|copperhead]]s, and [[coral snake]]s. *[[Viper|Viperids]] - [[viper]]s, [[rattlesnake]]s, [[Agkistrodon contortrix|copperhead]]s/[[Agkistrodon piscivorus|cottonmouth]]s, [[adder]]s and [[bushmaster]]s. *[[Colubrid]]s - [[boomslang]]s, [[tree snake]]s, [[vine snake]]s, [[boiga|mangrove snake]]s, and many others, though not all [[colubrid]]s are [[venomous]]. *[[Hydrophiidae]] - [[sea snake]]s While about a quarter of snakes are venomous, not all such species are dangerous to humans. See [[snake venom]]. The following groups of snakes can be aggressive and inflict dangerous, even potentially lethal bites. '''''This list is incomplete'''.'' [[Image:Brown_snake_-_victoria_australia.jpg|thumb|250px|Brown Snake]] *[[Agkistrodon contortrix|American Copperhead]] *[[Vipera aspis|Asp Viper]] *[[Austrelaps|Australian Copperhead]] *[[Trimeresurus|Bamboo Viper]] *[[Black Snake]] *[[Mamba|Black Mamba]] *[[Boiga]] *[[Boomslang]] *[[Brown Snake]] (Australian) *[[Lachesis (genus)|Bushmaster]] *[[Bothrops atrox|Common lancehead]] *[[Coral snake|Coral Snake]] *[[Agkistrodon piscivorus|Cottonmouth]] *[[Acanthophis|Death Adder]] *[[Crotalus adamanteus|Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake]] *[[Naja haje|Egyptian Cobra]] *[[Bothriechis schlegelii|Eyelash Viper]] *[[Azemiopinae|Fea's Viper]] *[[Bothrops lanceolatus|Fer-de-lance]] *[[Fierce Snake]] *[[Bitis gabonica|Gaboon Viper]] *[[Green mamba|Green Mamba]] *[[King Cobra]] *[[Indian Cobra]] *[[Bungarus|Krait]] *[[Lancehead]] *[[Philippine Cobra]] *[[Crotalinae|Rattlesnakes]] *[[Naja pallida|Red Spitting cobra]] *[[Daboia|Russell's Viper]] *[[Echis|Saw-scaled Viper]] *[[Sea snake|Sea Snakes]] *[[Crotalus cerastes|Sidewinder]] *[[Taipan]] *[[Notechis|Tiger Snake]] *[[Urutu]] *[[Crotalus atrox|Western Diamondback Rattlesnake]] Although other snakes, such as pythons, do not have long fangs and are not venomous, their bites should still be attended to medically, because they often leave mouth [[bacteria]] and sometimes shed teeth in the bite. ==Snakes as pets== Many varieties of snakes are docile and suitable as [[exotic pet]]s. *[[Corn Snake|Corn snake]] - 1.8 m *[[Rat snake]] - 1.8 m *[[King snake]] - 1.8 m *[[Milk Snake|Milk snake]] - 0.9 m - various species *[[Red-tailed Boa|Red-tailed boa]] - 3.0 m to 3.6 m depending on species *[[Ball python]] - 1.8 m *[[Hognose|Hognose snake]] - 0.9 m *[[Garter snake]]s - 0.9 m *[[Sand boa]] - 0.6 m *[[Blood python]] - 1.5 m *[[Burmese python]] over 6 m - largest docile snake, but not recommend for beginners due to size, strength and powerful feeding response "Beginner snakes" typically grow less than 180cm. Certain snakes are preferred as pets because they readily take food items that are inexpensive and acquired at many pet stores ([[feeder fish]], crickets, small rodents, etc.) Some owners train their snakes to eat pre-killed meals (especially larger ones such as guinea pigs and rabbits) in order to avoid possible struggles with live prey leading to injuries to the snake, or out of sheer sympathy for the prey. F/T refers to frozen/thawed food items. Some pet stores, such as PetSmart, only sell F/T feeders to avoid the perception of cruelty to the prey. ==Snake charmers== [[Image:Snake charm.jpg|thumb|250px|A snake Charmer in [[Kochi (India)|Kochi]], [[India]] ]] In some parts of the world, especially in [[India]] and [[Pakistan]], [[snake charming]] is a roadside show performed by a charmer. In this, the snake charmer carries a basket that contains a snake which he seemingly charms by playing tunes from his flute-like musical instrument, to which the snake responds. However, snakes' sense of hearing is not very sensitive to the range of the charmer's instrument, so they may not be able to hear the music at all. Researchers have pointed out that many of these snake charmers are good sleight-of-hand artists. The snake moves corresponding to the flute movement and the vibrations from the tapping of the charmer's foot which is not noticed by the public. They rarely catch their snakes and the snakes are either nonvenomous or defanged cobras. Sometimes these people exploit the fear of snakes by releasing snakes into the neighbourhood and then offering to rid the residence of snakes. Other snake charmers also have a snake and [[mongoose]] show, where both the animals have a mock fight; however, this is not very common, as the snakes may be seriously injured or killed. ==Snake trapping== Despite the existence of snake charmers, there have also been professional snake catchers or wranglers. The tribals of "Irulas" from [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Tamil Nadu]] in India have been practicising this art for generations. They generally don't use gimmicks and with the help of a simple stick catch the snakes from the fields or houses. They are also known to eat some of the snakes they catch and are very useful in rat extermination in the villages. Their knowledge of snakes and their behaviour is uncanny. Modern day snake trapping involves a [[herpetologist]] using a long stick with a "V" shaped end. Some like [[Steve Irwin]] prefer to catch them using bare hands. At least one tribe of natives uses a specialized form of snake catching as a rite of passage to manhood.{{Fact}} The young man of interest will wrap his leg heavily in some type of cloth all the way to the inseam. He will then stick his leg in a burrow containing a large python, typically a [[reticulated python]]. After the snake swallows most of his leg several other members of the tribe will pull him out of the hole along with the snake. The snake is then killed and the man's leg removed from the snake. These snakes can be over 20 ft long and it is possible for the man to have his leg dislocated. The scent of a prey animal may be used to help convince to snake to swallow the leg.--> == Klasifikasi == {{utama|Daptar kulawarga Serpentes}} '''Ordo: Squamata''' * '''Subordo Serpentes''' ** '''Superfamili [[Cholophidia]] (Oray watang)''' *** Kulawarga [[Pachyophiidae]]: oray laut sukuan *** Kulawarga [[Madtsoiidae]]: oray darat sukuan, kaasup [[Najash]] *** Kulawarga [[Dinilysiidae]]: oray darat sukuan lianna ** '''Superfamili [[Typhlopoidea]] (Scolecophidia)''' *** Kulawarga [[Anomalepidae]]: oray hayameun *** Kulawarga [[Typhlopidae]]: [[oray lolong]] *** Kulawarga [[Leptotyphlopidae]] /Glauconiidae: slender blind snakes ** '''Superfamili [[Henophidia]] (Boidéa)''' *** Kulawarga [[Aniliidae]] /Ilysiidae: [[pipe snake]]s *** Kulawarga [[Anomochilus|Anomochilidae]] dwarf pipe snakes *** Kulawarga [[boa|Boidae]]: boa *** Kulawarga [[Python]]idae: sanca *** Kulawarga [[Round Island boa|Bolyeriidae]]: boa Pulo Round *** Kulawarga [[Asian pipe snake|Cylindrophiidae]]: Asian pipe snakes *** Kulawarga [[Mexican burrowing snake|Loxocemidae]]: Mexican burrowing pythons *** Kulawarga [[Dwarf boa|Tropidophiidae]] *** Kulawarga [[Ungaliophiidae]]: dwarf boas *** Kulawarga [[shield-tailed snake|Uropeltidae]]: [[shield-tailed snake|Shield-tail Snakes]] *** Kulawarga [[Sunbeam snake|Xenopeltidae]]: [[Sunbeam snake]]s *** Kulawarga [[Acrochordidae]]: [[file snake]]s ** '''Superfamili [[Xenophidia]] (Colubroidéa = Caenophidia)''' *** Kulawarga [[Atractaspididae]]: [[mole viper]]s *** Kulawarga [[Colubrid]]ae: colubrids (over half of all snake species, such as [[garter snake]], [[rat snake]], [[milk snake]], [[king snake]]) *** Kulawarga [[Elapidae]]: [[cobra (snake)|cobras]], [[krait]]s, [[coral snake]]s, [[Austrelaps|Australian copperheads]] *** Kulawarga [[sea snake|Hydrophiidae]]: [[sea snake]]s *** Kulawarga [[Viperidae]]: [[Crotalinae|pit vipers]], [[Viperinae|true vipers]], [[Causinae|night adders]] and [[Azemiopinae|Fae's viper]] == Baca ogé == * [[Huntu oray]] * [[Peurah oray]] * [[Rorongkong oray]] <!-- ==Notes== <references/>--> == Rujukan == * {{cite book | author=[[Romulus Whitaker]] (éd. Ing.); alihbasa Tamil ku O.Henry Francis | title=நம்மை சுட்ரியுள்ள பாம்புகள் (Oray di sabudeureun Urang, Tamil) | publisher=National Book Trust | year=1996 | id=ISBN 81-237-1905-1}} == Tumbu kaluar == {{Commons|Category:Serpentes}} * [http://www.animals-pictures-dictionary.com/cat/17-Snakes-Non-venomous Non-venomous Snakes Breeds] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216031905/http://animals-pictures-dictionary.com/cat/17-Snakes-Non-Venomous/ |date=2007-02-16 }} * [http://www.animals-pictures-dictionary.com/cat/18-Snakes-Venomous/ Venomous Snakes Breeds] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214120017/http://animals-pictures-dictionary.com/cat/18-Snakes-Venomous/ |date=2007-02-14 }} * [http://www.herp.net Numerous articles from journals on snakes (mainly Australasian)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104014038/http://www.herp.net/ |date=2020-11-04 }} * [http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=174118 Integrated Taxonomic Information System] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060828220236/http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=174118 |date=2006-08-28 }} Serpentes * [http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/~uetz/families/taxa.html EMBL Database] * [http://lancelet.blogspot.com/2006/04/serpent-beguiles.html the Lancelet: "The serpent beguiles?"] Pedaran ngeunaan paaduregeng asal-usul oray dina yuga Cretacéous * [http://www.itmonline.org/arts/snakes.htm The medicinal use of snakes in China] * [http://www.survivaliq.com/survival/poisonous-snakes-and-lizards.htm Poisonous snakes and lizards] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223014847/http://www.survivaliq.com/survival/poisonous-snakes-and-lizards.htm |date=2007-02-23 }} * [http://www.surviveoutdoors.com/reference/snakes/snake-bites.asp Snake Pictures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202144913/http://www.surviveoutdoors.com/reference/snakes/snake-bites.asp |date=2007-02-02 }} * [http://www.venomdoc.com/LD50/LD50men.html Snake venom LD50 values] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413182323/http://www.venomdoc.com/LD50/LD50men.html |date=2012-04-13 }} * [http://www.freesnake.com Snake Photos and Breed Information] * [http://www.popularpets.net/snakes.php Snakes Care] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060814213437/http://www.popularpets.net/snakes.php |date=2006-08-14 }} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Sato ingon]] [[Kategori:Colubridae ]] [[Kategori:Oray]] [[Kategori:Squamata]] [[Kategori:Réptil]] [[Kategori:Vértébrata]] qxzcj0oj128ivh6pqxji1kzn16ju8ku 0 26868 711102 711067 2026-07-19T20:30:45Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 711102 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotakinfo perguruantinggi |nama=Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia<br>(UPI) |logo=[[Gambar:Logoupi.jpg|100px]] |tahun=[[20 Oktober]] [[1954]] |jenis=Paguron luhur negeri |rektor=Prof. Dr. M. Solehuddin, M.Pd., M.A. |lokasi=[[Bandung]], [[Jawa Kulon]] |situs=[http://www.upi.edu http://www.upi.edu]}} '''Universitas Pendidikan Indonésia''' ('''UPI''') diadegkeun dina taun [[1954]] kalayan ngaran PTPG (Perguruan Tinggi Pendidikan Guru). Taun [[1963]] ngaran PTPG dirobah jadi [[IKIP]] sarta dina taun [[1999]] dirobah deui jadi UPI. Mimiti taun [[2004]], UPI dibéré otonomi sarta jadi paguron luhur badan hukum milik nagara (basa Indonésia: Perguruan Tinggi Badan Hukum Milik Negara (PT BHMN)). UPI mangrupa [[paguron luhur]] nu nganut sistim [[multi kampus]]. Kampus utama UPI perenahna di Bumi Siliwangi, Jalan Setiabudhi 229, [[Bandung]]. Sedengkeun kampus lianna perenahna di [[Cibiru, Bandung|Cibiru]], [[Tasikmalaya]], [[Sumedang]], [[Purwakarta]], jeung [[Sérang]]. == Fakultas == UPI mibanda 6 (genep) Fakultas jeung Sakola Pascasarjana (SPs) === Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni (FPBS) === Ngawengku 6 jurusan, 4 program kependidikan, jeung 2 program non-kependidikan: # Pendidikan [[Bahasa Indonesia|Bahasa]] dan [[Sastra Indonesia]] # [http://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurusan_Pendidikan_Bahasa_Da%C3%A9rah_%28Sunda%29_UPI Pendidikan Bahasa Daerah] # Pendidikan [http://www.inggris.upi.edu Bahasa Inggris] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304000805/http://inggris.upi.edu/ |date=2009-03-04 }} # Pendidikan Bahasa Asing ## [http://jerman.upi.edu Prodi Pendidikan Bahasa Jerman] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140212052326/http://jerman.upi.edu/ |date=2014-02-12 }} ## Prodi Pendidikan [[Bahasa Arab]] ## Prodi Pendidikan [[Bahasa Jepang]] ## Prodi Pendidikan [[Bahasa Perancis]] # Pendidikan [[Seni rupa|Seni Rupa]] dan [[Kerajinan]] # Pendidikan Seni [[Tari]] # Pendidikan Seni Musik # Non–Kependidikan: ## Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris ## Bahasa dan Sastra Indonésia === [http://fip.upi.edu Fakultas Ilmu Pendidikan (FIP)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220031059/http://fip.upi.edu/ |date=2008-02-20 }} === Ngawengku 8 Jurusan nyaéta: # [http://kurtek.upi.edu Kurikulum dan Teknologi Pendidikan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902020122/http://kurtek.upi.edu/ |date=2011-09-02 }} # Filsafat dan Sosiologi Pendidikan # [http://fip.upi.edu/adpend Administrasi Pendidikan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050326031645/http://fip.upi.edu/adpend/ |date=2005-03-26 }} # Psikologi Pendidikan dan Bimbingan # Pendidikan Luar Sekolah # Pendidikan Luar Biasa # Program DII PGSD # Program DII PGTK === Fakultas Pendidikan Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial (FPIPS) === Ngawengku 5 (lima) Jurusan jeung 3 (tilu) Program Studi (Prodi) non-Kependidikan: # Jurusan Pendidikan Pancasila dan Kewarganegaraan # Jurusan Pendidikan Sejarah # Jurusan Pendidikan Géografi # Jurusan Matakuliah Dasar Umum (MKDU) # Jurusan Pendidikan Ekonomi # Prodi non-Kependidikan : ## Prodi Akuntansi ## Prodi Manajemen ## [http://www.pariwisata.upi.edu/mrl Prodi Management Resort & Leisure (MRL)]{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ## Prodi Management Pemasaran Pariwisata (MPP) ## Prodi Management Industri Katering (MIK) === [http://fpmipa.upi.edu Fakultas Pendidikan Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam (FPMIPA)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224200300/http://fpmipa.upi.edu/ |date=2007-12-24 }} === Ngawengku:: # [http://matematika.upi.edu Jurusan Pendidikan Matematika] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320073125/http://matematika.upi.edu/ |date=2008-03-20 }} # [http://fisika.upi.edu Jurusan Pendidikan Fisika]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} # [http://biologi.upi.edu Jurusan Pendidikan Biologi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227150805/http://biologi.upi.edu/ |date=2007-12-27 }} # [http://kimia.upi.edu Jurusan Pendidikan Kimia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080310064907/http://kimia.upi.edu/ |date=2008-03-10 }} # [http://pik.upi.edu Prodi Pendidikan Ilmu Komputer dan Prodi Ilmu Komputer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608211157/http://pik.upi.edu/ |date=2008-06-08 }} === Fakultas Pendidikan Teknologi dan Kejuruan (FPTK) === Ngawengku 4 (opat) Jurusan: # Pendidikan téhnik wangunan # [http://elektro.upi.edu Pendidikan Teknik Elektro] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327204906/http://elektro.upi.edu/ |date=2023-03-27 }} # Pendidikan téhnik Mesin # Pendidikan Kesejahteraan Keluarga === Fakultas Pendidikan Olahraga dan Kesehatan (FPOK) === Ngawengku 3 (tilu) Jurusan: # Pendidikan Olahraga # Pendidikan Kesehatan dan Rekréasi # Pendidikan Kepelatihan == [http://sps.upi.edu Sekolah Pascasarjana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012185513/http://sps.upi.edu/ |date=2011-10-12 }} == ==== Sajarah ==== Sekolah Pascasarjana (SPs) Universitas Pendidikan Indonésia (UPI) mangrupa salah sahiji SPs pangkolotna di Indonésia nu komitmen nu kuat ka kualitas. Sajarahna dikawitan di taun 1968 kalawan dibukana Lembaga Pendidikan Post Doktoral (LPPD) anu salajengna robah jadi Sekolah Pasca Sarjana ([[1977]]-[[1982]]), Fakultas Pascasarjana ([[1983]]-[[1990]]), Program Pascasarjana ([[1991]]-[[2005]]), jeung taun [[2006]] balik deui jadi Sekolah Pascasarjana. SPs UPI ngayakeun Program Magister Pendidikan jeung Non-Pendidikan (S2) sarta Program Doktor Pendidikan (S3). Salila kamekaranna, SPs UPI dipupuhuan ku: #Prof. Dr. Sikun Pribadi, M.A. (1968-1981) #Prof. Dr. Achmad Sanusi, S.H., M.PA. (1982-1992) #Prof. Dr. Moh. Djawad Dahlan (1993-1996) #Prof. Dr. Abdul Azis Wahab, M.A. (1996-2003) #Prof. Dr. Asmawi Zainul, M.Ed. (2003-kiwari) ===Program Sekolah Pascasarjana=== Sekolah Pascasarjana Universitas Pendidikan Indonésia ngawengku 2 (dua) Strata, nyaéta: * Strata 2 (S2) #Administrasi Pendidikan #Bimbingan dan Konseling #Pendidikan Luar Sekolah #Pengembangan Kurikulum #Pendidikan Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial #Pendidikan IPA #[http://math.sps.upi.edu/?page_id=80 Pendidikan Matematika] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831151702/http://math.sps.upi.edu/?page_id=80 |date=2014-08-31 }} #Pendidikan Bahasa Indonésia #Pendidikan Umum / Pendidikan Nilai #Pendidikan Olahraga #Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris #Pendidikan Bahasa Jepang #Pendidikan Bahasa Perancis #Linguistik #Pendidikan Kebutuhan Khusus #Pendidikan Seni #Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan #Pendidikan Teknologi Kejuruan #[http://m2b.upi.edu Magister Manajemen Bisnis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080217084246/http://m2b.upi.edu/ |date=2008-02-17 }} * Strata 3 (S3) #Administrasi Pendidikan #Bimbingan dan Konseling #Pendidikan Luar Sekolah #Pengembangan Kurikulum #Pendidikan Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial #Pendidikan IPA #Pendidikan Matematika #Pendidikan Bahasa Indonésia #Pendidikan Umum / Pendidikan Nilai #Pendidikan Olahraga #Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris == Unit Kegiatan Mahasiswa == === Keagamaan: === * [http://www.kalam-upi.info/ KALAM UPI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213100143/http://www.kalam-upi.info/ |date=2007-12-13 }}, [http://www.ukdm-upi.com/ UKDM] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315045421/http://www.ukdm-upi.com/ |date=2008-03-15 }}, UPTQ, BAQI * Organisasi Mahasiswa Ekstra Kampus: [[Gema Pembebasan]], [[Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam]], [[KAMMI]], [[IMM]], [[PMII]], HIMA PERSIS, HIMI PERSIS * PKBI (Pengembangan Khazanah Budaya Islam) * PMK (Persekutuan Mahasiswa Kristen) === Olah Raga: === * Atletik * Karate, Judo, Perisai Diri, Pencak Silat, Boxer, Taekwondo, Gulat, Tinju, Anggar. * Sepak Bola, Bola Voli, Softball, Bola Basket, Hoki, Sepak Takraw * Tenis Meja, Tenis Lapangan, Bulu Tangkis * Dayung, Panahan, Catur === Seni Budaya: === * Paduan Suara * Vokal Group * Tari * Lakon Téater * UFM (Unit Film Mahasiswa) * Kabumi * Unit Fotografi Mahasiswa === Séjénna: === ==== Isola Pos ==== [[Gambar:Logo_upm.jpg|thumb|120px|Unit Pers Mahasiswa Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia]] [[Gambar:Isola_Pos_Edisi_37.jpg‎|thumb|120px|Kulit muka Isola Pos Edisi 37]] '''Isola Pos''' (biasa disebut: Isola) nyaéta [[surat kabar]] mahasiswa dwibulan nu dimedalkeun ku Unit Pers Mahasiswa Universitas Pendidikan Indonésia (UPM UPI). Dina kawit mangsa medalna nepi ka taun 2006, Isola Pos ngagunakeun jargon nu sarua jeung nu dipaké ku IKIP Bandung, nyaéta "Ilmiah, Edukatif, Religius". Édisi munggaran (Édisi Wawanohan) Isola Pos medal di bulan Agustus taun 1991 kalawan sistim cétak ''offset''. Di kaca hareupna Isola Pos munjulkeun ''headline'' topikna "SMPT" (Senat Mahasiswa Perguruan Tinggi). Sanajan rubrikasi Isola ngawengku téma liputan nu ambahanna jembar pisan (atikan, politik, gerakan mahasiswa, sastra, basa, seni, budaya jeung nu lianna), Isola ogé kungsi dipikawanoh salaku tabloid politik<ref>http://www.crl.edu/areastudies/SEAM/collections/indotabloids.pdf</ref>. Hal ieu dilantarankeun ku pangurus isola Pos jeung UPM UPI (salaku lembaga pamedal Isola Pos) sacara langsung jeung henteu sering kabawakeun ku aktifitas gerakan mahasiswa di [[Bandung]] dina mangsa Orde Baru pamingpin Soeharto. ==== KOMPOR (Komunitas Mahasiswa Penggemar Otomasi dan Robotika) ==== '''KOMPOR''' nyaéta Unit Kegiatan Mahasiswa nu bagerak di widang teknologi robotika. KOMPOR nu ngadeg kaping 30 April 2003 ieu mimiti diresmikeun kaping 2 Februari 2008 di Gedong Pusat Kegiatan Mahasiswa [[UPI]] <ref>http://isola-pos.upi.edu/news/berita.php?id=24 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314210335/http://isola-pos.upi.edu/news/berita.php?id=24 |date=2008-03-14 }}</ref>. Sanajan dibentuk jeung didominasi ku mahasiswa-mahasiswa (Jurusan téhnik Mesin jeung Jurusan téhnik Éléktro FPTK Universitas Pendidikan Indonésia ([[UPI]]), KOMPOR ngabogaan kawijakan kaanggotaan kabuka (mahasiswa nonFPTK). ---- * REMA (Républik Mahasiswa) * BEM (Badan Eksekutif Mahasiswa) * Senat Mahasiswa Fakultas * HMJ (Himpunan Mahasiswa Jurusan) * UKSK (Unit Kegiatan Studi Kemasyarakatan) * Pramuka * Menwa (Resimen Mahasiswa) * Mahacita (Mahasiswa Pencinta Alam) * KSR - PMI * Kopma (Koperasi Mahasiswa) * UPI Computer Club (UPI-CC) == Rujukan == <references/> == Tempo ogé == * [[Universitas]] * [[Daptar universitas di dunya]] * [[Daptar universitas di Indonésia]] == Tumbu luar == * {{id}} [http://www.upi.edu Situs Resmi Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726045842/https://www.upi.edu/ |date=2023-07-26 }} * {{id}} [http://silabus.upi.edu Silabus Perkuliahan di UPI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228073736/http://silabus.upi.edu/ |date=2008-02-28 }} * {{id}} [http://upinet.upi.edu Situs UPInet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070606140002/http://upinet.upi.edu/ |date=2007-06-06 }} * {{id}} [http://isola-pos.upi.edu Isola Pos Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908055622/http://isola-pos.upi.edu/ |date=2008-09-08 }} * {{id}} [http://isola-pos.upi.edu/news/berita.php?id=24 Kompor Telah Eksis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314210335/http://isola-pos.upi.edu/news/berita.php?id=24 |date=2008-03-14 }}, berita di Isola Pos Online. * {{id}} [http://upister.com Komunitas Mahasiswa jeung Alumni UPI Bandung] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221055206/http://upister.com/ |date=2009-02-21 }} {{PTN di Indonesia}} [[Kategori:Paguron luhur nagri di Indonésia|Pendidikan Indonesia, Universitas]] g1ssj3h4wrmiklwjh6smwzbs3d2wf9u 0 33786 711096 495591 2026-07-19T15:38:19Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 711096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} [[Gambar:Moseu sanggeus kuliah.jpg|thumb|250px| Sabagian Mahasiswa Prodi Magister Pendidikan Bahasa dan Budaya Sunda, UPI moseu saréngséna kuliah sareng Pa Prof. Dr. H. Rahman, M.Pd., salasaurang dosén]] nyaéta program studi munggaran di [[Nusantara]] anu nyantumkeun basa daérah minangka ngaran prodi dina tingkat [[magister]].<ref name="Magister">Program Magister Pendidikan Bahasa dan Budaya Sunda (leaflet). 2011.</ref> Ieu prodi dimimitian ku ayana Surat Persetujuan di Senat Akademik nomer 070/Senat Akd/UPI-TU/VI2008 tanggal 23 Juni 2008 anu dituturkeun ku turunna SK [[Réktor]] [[UPI]] nomer 4362/H40/PP/2008 tanggal 23 Juli 2008.<ref name="Magister" /> ==Visi== Program Magister Pendidikan Bahasa salaku lembaga atikan tingkat pascasarjana anu pangkapiandel dina widang basa jeung budasa Sunda.<ref name="Magister" /> ==Misi== #Ngaronjatkeun pangalaman [[Tridarma Perguruan Tinggi]] ngaliwatan mekarkeun sumber daya manusa dina widang atikan basa jeung budaya [[Sunda]].<ref name="Magister" /> #Ngahasilkeun tanaga atikan basa jeung budaya Sunda anu profésional di rupaning tingkatan (jenjang) atikan.<ref name="Magister" /> #Ngahasilkeun panalungtik anu bisa dipiandel jeung mibanda intégritas paélmuan anu 'mumpuni' dina widang basa jeung budaya Sunda.<ref name="Magister" /> #Nyayagikeun daya dukung anu optimal pikeun mekarkeun basa jeung budaya Sunda.<ref name="Magister" /> ==Kurikulum== Mata Kuliah dina Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa dan Budaya Sunda diwangun ku Mata Kuliah Landasan Kéahlian jeung Mata Kuliah Landasan Kéahlian Pilihan (kalawan kode PS), Mata Kuliah Kaahlian Utama (kalawan kode DR), jeung tugas ahir dina wangun [[tésis]].<ref name="Magister" /> Salian ti di kampus, dilaksanakeun kuliah lapangan anu saluyu jeung [[kurikulum]].<ref name="Magister" /> Perkuliahan dirarancang salila tilu seméster jeung saseméster pikeun ngaréngsékeun tésis. anapon rincian mata kuliah salengkepna nyaéta: {| class="wikitable" |- ! No !! Kode !! Mata Kuliah |- | 1 || PS 601 || Filsafat Ilmu |- | 2 || PS 602 ||métodeuPenelitian |- | 3 || PS 603 || Statistika Terapan |- | 4 || PS 604 ||métodeuPenelitian Kualitatif |- | 5 || PS 605 || Disain Eksperimen |- | 6 || PS 606 || Penelitian Tindakan |- | 7 || PS 607 || Inovasi Pendidikan |- | 8 || DR 603 || Sosiolinguistik |- | 9 || DR 604 || Struktur Bahasa Sunda |- | 10 || DR 605 || Kebudayaan Sunda |- | 11 || DR 606 ||métodeuPembelajaran Bahasa, Sastra, dan Budaya Sunda |- | 12 || DR 608 || Evaluasi Pembelajaran Bahasa, Sastra, dan Budaya Sunda |- | 13 || DR 609 || Sastra Sunda |- | 14 || DR 610 || Kajian Naskah (Manuscript) |- | 15 || DR 613 || Antropologi Budaya |- | 16 || DR 614 || Problematika Pengajaran Bahasa Sunda |- | 17 || DR 615 || Problematika Pengajaran Sastra dan Budaya Sunda |- | 18 || DR 616 || Kajian Mandiri |- | 19 || DR 799 || Tesis<ref name="Magister" /> |} ==Tanaga Pangatik== Dosén Mata Kuliah kode PS disadiakeun ku pascasarjana, sedengkeun mata kuliah kode DR diampu ku dosén program studi, di antarana: {| class="wikitable" |- ! No !!! Ngaran Dosén |- | 1 ||| Prof. Dr. H. [[Yus Rusyana]] |- | 2 ||| Prof. Dr. H. [[Iskandarwassid]] |- | 3 ||| Prof. Dr. H. [[Cece Rakhmat]], M.Pd. |- | 4 ||| Prof. Dr. H. [[Asep Syamsulbachri]], M.Pd. |- | 5 ||| Prof. [[Ajip Rosidi]] |- | 6 ||| Prof. Dr. H. [[Rahman]], M.Pd. |- | 7 ||| Dr. [[Dedi Koswara]], M.Hum. |- | 8 | | Prof. Dr. H. [[Yayat Sudaryat]], M.Hum. |- | 9 ||| Dr. [[Dingding Haerudin]], M.Pd. |- | 10 ||| Dr. Hj. [[Ruhaliah]], M.Hum. |- | 11 ||| Prof. Dr. Hj. [[Nunuy Nurjanah]], M.Pd. |- | 12 ||| Dr. H. [[Usep Kuswari]], M.Pd. |- | 13 ||| Dr. H. [[Wawan Setiawan]], M.Si.<ref name="Magister" /> |} Salian ti éta ogé diprogramkeun pikeun ngadatangkeun dosén tamu ti mancanagara, sakurang-kurangna sataun sakali.<ref name="Magister" /> Pupuhu Program Studi Magister Pendidikan Bahasa dan Budaya Sunda nu munggaran nyaéta Dr. Ruhaliah M. Hum.<ref>Sekolah Pasca Sarjana UPI 2010 (leaflet)</ref> Dina taun 2011, Program Studi Magister Pendidikan Bahasa dan Budaya Sunda narima 14 (opat belas) urang mahasiswa anyar.<ref>http://sps.upi.edu/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012185513/http://sps.upi.edu/ |date=2011-10-12 }} diaksés tanggal 15 Oktober 2011</ref> '''Catetan''' {{reflist}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Atikan]] dtk8ktinqgxe0so4k2xpnjowh34nj62 0 40710 711103 556657 2026-07-20T06:42:39Z BasilLeaf 8014 711103 wikitext text/x-wiki {{dati2 |nami = Kabupatén Malang |lambang = [[Gambar:Logo Kabupaten Malang - Seal of Malang Regency.svg|100px]] |peta = [[Gambar:Locator kabupaten malang.png|300px]] |kordinat = 112°17'10.90``-112°57.00`` BT 7°44'55.11``-8°26'35.45`` LS |motto = '''Satata Gama Karta Rahardja''' |semboyan = |propinsi = [[Jawa Wétan]] |ibukota = [[Kota Kepanjen]] |lega = 3.530,65 |pangeusi = 2,342,983 |kapadetan = 663,61 |kacamatan = 33 |kalurahan = |dasar hukum = |tanggal = 28 Nopember 760 |hari jadi = |kapala daerah = Bupati |nami kapala daerah = Rendra Kresna |kodearea = 0341 |kodepos = |apbd = |dau = Rp. 1.439.234.034.000.- (2013) |suku bangsa = Jawa |bahasa = Basa Indonésia, Basa Jawa |agama = |flora = |fauna = |zona waktu = +7 |bandar udara = |web = {{url|malangkab.go.id}} |foto = |caption = |kapala daerah1 = Wakil Bupati |nami kapala daerah1 = Sanusi }} '''Kabupatén Malang''' (كابوڤاتَين مالاڠ), nyaéta salah sahiji [[kabupatén]] di [[Propinsi]] [[Jawa Wétan]]. Ibukotana nyaéta Kota Kepanjen. {{JaTim}} {{Indonésia-pondok}} [[Kategori:Kabupatén di Jawa Wétan|Malang, Kabupatén]] [[Kategori:Kabupatén Malang]] omsvomfiagnq0juxfn684c6ihvfludl 0 42988 711100 710628 2026-07-19T17:34:46Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 711100 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--{{Other use}}--> {{Infobox settlement |name = {{raise|0.1em|Seoul}} |native_name = {{lower|0.1em|{{nobold|서울시}}}} |native_name_lang = ko |official_name = Kota Istiméwa Seoul<br />{{lower|0.1em|{{nobold|서울특별시}}}} |Name = 서울특별시 |settlement_type = [[Kota Istiméwa di Koréa Kidul|Kota Istiméwa]] |total_type = <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> |motto = |year = 18 BCE |translit_lang1 = &nbsp; |translit_lang1_type1 = [[Hangul]] |translit_lang1_info1 = {{linktext|서울}}{{linktext|특|별|시}} |translit_lang1_type2 = [[Hanja]] |translit_lang1_info2 = {{linktext|서|울|特|別|市}} |translit_lang1_type3 = {{nowrap|[[Romanisasi nu Dirévisi]]}} |translit_lang1_info3 = {{nowrap|Seoul Teukbyeolsi}} |translit_lang1_type4 = {{nowrap|[[McCune–Reischauer]]}} |translit_lang1_info4 = {{nowrap|Sŏul T'ŭkpyŏlsi}} |image_skyline = Seoul_Montage_2014.jpg{{!}}border |imagesize = 250px |image_caption = <!--Sawangan di Seoul (saarah jeung jarum jam ti luhur): Gapura [[Gwanghwamun]] di Karaton [[Gyeongbokgung]]; arca Laksamana [[Yi Sun-sin]]; arca [[Paringetan Perang Koréa]]; kendi panyimpen dahareun di Karaton Gyeonbokgung; Kuil [[Jongmyo]]; [[Katedral Myeongdong]]; arca Raja [[Sejong nu Agung]]; jeung (tengah) [[Munara Seoul N]].--> |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = Logo of Seoul, South Korea.svg |blank_emblem_type = Seal of Seoul |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = South Korea-Seoul.svg |mapsize = |map_caption = Peta Koréa Kidul kalayan Seoul nu disorot |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = |pushpin_label_position = <!-- position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> |pushpin_map_caption = |pushpin_mapsize = |coordinates_display = inline,title |coordinates_region = KR |subdivision_type = Nagara |subdivision_name = {{flag|Koréa Kidul}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Wewengkon di Koréa|Wewengkon]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Wewengkon Ibukota Nasional Seoul]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = |seat_type = |seat = |parts_type = Distrik |parts_style = <!-- =list (for list), coll (for collapsed list), para (for paragraph format) Default is list if up to 5 items, coll if more than 5--> |parts = 25<!-- parts text, or header for parts list --> |p1 = [[Distrik Dobong]] |p2 = [[Distrik Dongdaémun]] |p3 = [[Distrik Dongjak]] |p4 = [[Distrik Eunpyeong]] |p5 = [[Distrik Gangbuk]] |p6 = [[Distrik Gangdong]] |p7 = [[Distrik Gangnam]] |p8 = [[Distrik Gangseo, Seoul|Distrik Gangseo]] |p9 = [[Distrik Geumcheon]] |p10 = [[Distrik Guro]] |p11 = [[Distrik Gwanak]] |p12 = [[Distrik Gwangjin]] |p13 = [[Distrik Jongno]] |p14 = [[Distrik Jung, Seoul|Distrik Jung]] |p15 = [[Distrik Jungnang]] |p16 = [[Distrik Mapo]] |p17 = [[Distrik Nowon]] |p18 = [[Distrik Seocho]] |p19 = [[Distrik Seodaémun]] |p20 = [[Distrik Seongbuk]] |p21 = [[Seongdong District]] |p22 = [[Distrik Songpa]] |p23 = [[Distrik Yangcheon]] |p24 = [[Distrik Yeongdeungpo]] |p25 = [[Distrik Yongsan]] |government_footnotes = |government_type = [[Pamaréntahan Métropolitan Seoul]]<br />[[Pamaréntahan Déwan-Walikota|Déwan-Walikota]] |leader_party = {{Small|[[Aliansi Pulitik Anyar keur Démokrasi|NPAD]]}} |leader_title = Walikota |leader_name = [[Park Won-soon]] |leader_title1 = Déwan |leader_name1 = Déwan Métropolitan Seoul |leader_title2 = Perwakilan National<br />&nbsp;-&nbsp;[[Majlis Nasional Koréa Kidul|Majlis Nasional]] |leader_name2 = {{Composition bar|48|300}} 16.0% (total korsi)<br />{{Composition bar|48|246}}19.5% (constituency seats)<br />{{Collapsible list |title = <!-- Romanization as found on http://www.assembly.go.kr --> |frame_style = border:none; padding: 0; |title_style = |list_style = text-align:left;display:none; |1 =Distrik 1 [[Distrik Dobong|Dobong]]<br />[[In Jae Keun]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |2 =Distrik 2 [[Distrik Dobong|Dobong]]<br />[[Yoo Ihn-tae]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |3 =Distrik 1 [[Distrik Dongdaémun|Dongdaémun]]<br />[[Ahn Gyu Baek]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |4 =Distrik 2 [[Distrik Dongdaémun|Dongdaémun]]<br />[[Min Byung Doo]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |5 =Distrik 1 [[Distrik Dongjak|Dongjak]]<br />[[Jun Byung-Hun]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |6 =Distrik 2 [[Distrik Dongjak|Dongjak]]<br />[[Chung Mong-Joon|Chung Mong Joon]]<br />([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]]) |7 =Distrik 1 [[Distrik Eunpyeong|Eunpyeong]]<br />[[Lee Mi Kyung]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |8 =Distrik 2 [[Distrik Eunpyeong|Eunpyeong]]<br />[[Lee Jae Oh]]<br />([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]]) |9 =Distrik 1 [[Distrik Gangbuk|Gangbuk]]<br />[[Oh Young-Sik]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |10 =Distrik 2 [[Distrik Gangbuk|Gangbuk]]<br />[[You Dae Woon]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |11 =Distrik 1 [[Distrik Gangdong|Gangdong]]<br />[[Shin Dong-Woo]]<br />([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]]) |12 =Distrik 2 [[Distrik Gangdong|Gangdong]]<br />[[Shim Jae Kwon]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |13 =Distrik 1 [[Distrik Gangnam|Gangnam]]<br />[[Shim Yoon Joe]]<br />([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]]) |14 =Distrik 2 [[Distrik Gangnam|Gangnam]]<br />[[Kim Jong Hoon]]<br />([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]]) |15 =Distrik 1 [[Distrik Gangseo, Seoul|Gangseo]]<br />[[Shin Ki-Nam]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |16 =Distrik 2 [[Distrik Gangseo, Seoul|Gangseo]]<br />[[Kim Sung Tae]]<br />([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]]) |17 =Distrik [[Distrik Geumcheon|Geumcheon]]<br />[[Rhee Mok Hee]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |18 =Distrik 2 [[Distrik Guro|Guro]]<br />[[Lee In-Young]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |19 =Distrik 2 [[Distrik Guro|Guro]]<br />[[Park Young-Sun]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |20 =[[Gwanak District|Gwanak]] 1st district<br />[[Yoo Ki Hong]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |21 =[[Gwanak District|Gwanak]] 2nd district<br />[[Lee Sang Kyu]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|UPP]]) |22 =[[Gwangjin District|Gwangjin]] 1st district<br />[[Kim Han Gil]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |23 =[[Gwangjin District|Gwangjin]] 2nd district<br />[[Choo Mi Ae]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |24 =[[Jongno District|Jongno]] district<br />[[Chung Sye-Kyun]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |25 =[[Jung District, Seoul|Jung]] district<br />[[Chyung Hojoon]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |26 =[[Jungnang District|Jungnang]]<br />[[Seo Young Kyo]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |27 =[[Jungnang District|Jungnang]] 2nd district<br />[[Park Hong Keun]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |28 =[[Mapo District|Mapo]] 1st district<br />[[Noh Woong Rae]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |29 =[[Mapo District|Mapo]] 2nd district<br />[[Jung Cheong Rae]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |30 =[[Nowon District|Nowon]] 1st district<br />[[Lee No Keun]]<br />([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]]) |31 =[[Nowon District|Nowon]] 2nd district<br />[[Woo Won-Shik]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |32 =[[Nowon District|Nowon]] 3rd district<br />[[Roh Hoe Chan]]<br />([[Partéy Progrésif Ngahiji|UPP]]) |33 =[[Seocho District|Seocho]] 1st district<br />[[Kim Hoe Sun]]<br />([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]]) |34 =[[Seocho District|Seocho]] 2nd district<br />[[Kang Seoghoon]]<br />([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]]) |35 =[[Seodaemun District|Seodaemun]] 1st district<br />[[Woo Sang Ho]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |36 =[[Seodaemun District|Seodaemun]] 2nd district<br />[[Chung Doo-un|Chung Doo-Un]]<br />([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]]) |37 =[[Seongbuk District|Seongbuk]] 1st district<br />[[You Seung-Hee]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |38 =[[Seongbuk District|Seongbuk]] 2nd district<br />[[Shin Geh-Ryoon]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |39 =[[Seongdong District|Seongdong]] 1st district<br />[[Choi Jae Cheon]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |40 =[[Seongdong District|Seongdong]] 2nd district<br />[[Hong Ihk Pyo]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |41 =[[Songpa District|Songpa]] 1st district<br />[[Park In-Sook]]<br />([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]]) |42 =[[Songpa District|Songpa]] 2nd district<br />[[Yoo Il Ho]]<br />([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]]) |43 =[[Songpa District|Songpa]] 3rd district<br />[[Kim Eul Dong]]<br />([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]]) |44 =[[Yangcheon District|Yangcheon]] 1st district<br />[[Kil Jeong Woo]]<br />([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]]) |45 =[[Yangcheon District|Yangcheon]] 2nd district<br />[[Kim Yongtae]]<br />([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]]) |46 =[[Yeongdeungpo District|Yeongdeungpo]] 1st district<br />[[Kim Young Joo]]<br />([[Democratic United Party|DUP]]) |47 =[[Yeongdeungpo District|Yeongdeungpo]] 2nd district<br />[[Shin Kyoung Min]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |48 =[[Yongsan District|Yongsan]] district<br />[[Chin Young]]<br />([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]]) }} |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title1 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date1 = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = |established_date3 = |founder = |named_for = |area_magnitude = <!-- use only to set a special wikilink --> |unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric--> |area_footnotes = <ref name="seoul1"/> |area_total_km2 = 605.21 <!-- ALL fields with measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_metro_km2 = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use<ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_max_m = |elevation_min_m = |population_as_of = 31 Oktober 2014<ref name="Population estimate">http://rcps.egov.go.kr:8081/ageStat.do?command=month {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129035927/http://rcps.egov.go.kr:8081/ageStat.do?command=month |date=2014-11-29 }}</ref> |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = 10,117,909 |population_density_km2 = auto |population_metro = 25,620,000 |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_blank1_title= [[Démonim]] |population_blank1 = 서울 사람 (Seoul saram), 서울시민 (Seoul-simin), Seoulite |population_blank2_title= Lentong |population_blank2 = [[Lentong Seoul|Seoul]] |population_density_blank1_km2 = |blank_name_sec2 = GDP |blank_info_sec2 = [[American Dollar|US$]] 845.9&nbsp;billion <ref name="brookingsgdp">{{cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3|title=Global city GDP 2014|publisher=Brookings Institution|accessdate=18 November 2014}}</ref> |blank1_name_sec2 = GDP per kapita |blank1_info_sec2 = US$ 34,355 <ref name="brookingsgdp" /> |timezone = UTC +09:00 (Korean Time) |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = | coor_pinpoint = <!-- can be used to specify exactly where/what the coordinates refer to --> |latd=37 |latm=34 |latNS=N |longd=126 |longm=58 |longEW=E |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |twin1 = |twin1_country = |twin2 = |twin2_country = |twin3 = |twin3_country = |twin4 = |twin4_country = |twin5 = |twin5_country = |twin6 = |twin6_country = |twin7 = |twin7_country = |blank_name = Manuk |blank_info = [[Korean Magpie]] |blank1_name = Kelir |blank1_info = Seoul Red<ref name="Seoul Metropolitan Government">{{cite web|title=Color|url=http://www.seoul.go.kr/v2012/seoul/symbol/color.html}}</ref> |blank2_name = Kembang |blank2_info = [[Forsythia]] |blank3_name = Aksara |blank3_info = Aksara Seoul ([[Han River (Korea)|Han River]] jeung [[Namsan (Seoul)|Namsan]]) |blank4_name = Maskot |blank4_info = Haéchi |blank5_name = Slogan |blank5_info = “함께 만드는 서울, 함께 누리는 서울” (Literally "Seoul We Create Together, Seoul We Enjoy Together") |blank6_name = Lagu |blank6_info = "서울의 빛" ("Cahya Seoul") |blank7_name = Tangkal |blank7_info = [[Ginkgo biloba|Ginkgo]] |website = [http://english.seoul.go.kr/ seoul.go.kr] |footnotes = }} '''Séoul''' ({{IPAc-en|lang|pron|s|oʊ|l}}; {{IPA-ko|sʰʌ.ul|lang|ko-Seoul.ogg}})<!--please do not repeat info already in infobox, e.g. Korean: 서울특별시-->&nbsp;– resmina '''Kota Istiméwa Séoul'''&nbsp; – mangrupa ibu kota tur [[métropolis]] panggedéna di [[Koréa Kidul]], nu mangrupa jajantung [[Wewengkon Ibukota Seoul]], kaasup sabudeureun métropolis [[Incheon]] jeung propinsi [[Gyeonggi-do|Gyeonggi]], [[Daptar wewengkon métropolitan dumasar populasi|wewengkon métropolitan kadua panggedéna]] sadunya kalayan 25.6&nbsp;yuta urang pangeusi.<ref>http://www.moj.go.kr/HP/COM/bbs_03/ShowData.do?strNbodCd=noti0097&strWrtNo=167&strAnsNo=A&strFilePath=moj/&strRtnURL=MOJ_40402000&strOrgGbnCd=104000</ref> mangrupa tempat leuwih ti satengahna pangeusi Koréa Kidul kaasup 678,102 warga internasional.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kosis.kr/abroad/abroad_01List.jsp?parentId=A |title=국가통계포털 |publisher=Kosis.kr |date= |accessdate=2013-08-07 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826055149/http://kosis.kr/abroad/abroad_01List.jsp?parentId=A |date=2013-08-26 }}</ref> Kalayan pangeusi leuwih ti 10 yuta, ieu [[kota gedé]] mangrupa [[List of cities proper by population|largest city proper]] di [[OECD]]. Perenahna di [[Walungan Han (Koréa)|Walungan Han]], sajarah Séoul ti mangsa ka tukang kacida panjangna leuwih ti dua rébu taun ti saprak diadegkeun taun 18 SM ku [[Baékjaé]], salah sahiji tina [[Tilu Karajaan di Koréa]]. Séoul masih tumuluy jadi ibu kota [[Koréa]] nalika [[Dinasti Joseon]]. [[Wewengkon Ibu kota Seoul]] ngawengku lima [[Loka Warisan Dunya UNESCO]]: [[Changdeokgung|Karato Changdeok]], [[Bénténg Hwaseong]], [[Jongmyo|Kuil Jongmyo]], [[Namhansanseong]] katut [[Makam Karajaan Dinasti Joseon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/kr|title=Lists: Republic of Korea |publisher=[[UNESCO]]}}</ref> Séoul dikurilingan ku pagunungan, nu pangluhurna mah [[Bukhansan|Gunung Bukhan]], taman nasional nu panglobana didatangan per suku pasagina.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264309 |title=Bukhansan National Park (북한산국립공원) |publisher=English.visitkorea.or.kr |date= |accessdate=2013-08-07 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928122447/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264309 |date=2013-09-28 }}</ref> Cicirén modéren di antarana [[Munara Seoul N]], [[Wangunan 63]] kelir emas, [[Dongdaemun Design Plaza & Park|Dongdaemun Design Plaza]] nu ''neofuturiskik'', [[Lotte World]], taman jejeran jero rohangan panggedéna kadua sadunya,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.viator.com/Seoul-attractions/Lotte-World/d973-a4955 |title=Lotte World – Seoul Attractions |publisher=Viator.com |date= |accessdate=2013-08-07}}</ref> [[Moonlight Rainbow Fountain]], cai mancer sasak pangpanjangna sadunya<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/6000/longest-bridge-fountain |title=Longest bridge fountain |publisher=Guinnessworldrecords.com |date=2008-01-01 |accessdate=2013-08-07}}</ref> katut [[Some Sevit|Pulo Ngambang Sevit]]. Minangka tempat lahirna [[K-pop]] katut [[Korean Wave]], Séoul narima leuwih ti 12 yuta turis internasional dina taun 2013,<ref>[http://stat.seoul.go.kr/jsp2/Octagon/jsp/WWS7/WWSDS7100.jsp?stc_cd=409&lang=eng Seoul Statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927051259/http://stat.seoul.go.kr/jsp2/Octagon/jsp/WWS7/WWSDS7100.jsp?stc_cd=409&lang=eng |date=2013-09-27 }}</ref> ngajadikeun Séoul minangka [[Pelesir#Indéks Kota Tujuan Global MasterCard|kota ka-10 panglobana didatangan]] sadunya katut ka-6 pangngahasilkeunana dina hal pelesir.<ref>[http://newsroom.mastercard.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Mastercard_GDCI_2014_Letter_Final_70814.pdf MasterCard-Global Destination Cities index] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916112828/https://newsroom.mastercard.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Mastercard_GDCI_2014_Letter_Final_70814.pdf |date=2018-09-16 }}</ref> Kiwari, Séoul dianggap minangka hiji [[kota global]] nu pinunjul tur ngaronjat, nu dihasilkeun tina hasil ekonomi nu disebut [[Kaahéngan Walungan Han]] nu ngarobah tina karuksakan [[Perang Koréa]] jadi [[Daptar kota dumasar kana GDP|ékonomi métropolitan panggedéna ka-4]] kalayan [[GDP]] US$774 miliar<ref>At [[purchasing power parity]], see [[List of cities by GDP]].</ref> dina taun 2012 sanggeus [[Tokyo]], [[Kota New York]] katut [[Los Angeles]]. Puseur téhnologi dunya nu pinunjul di [[Gangnam (3 Distrik)|Gangnam]] katut [[Kota Média Digital]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/technology/tech-capitals-of-the-world/2007/06/16/1181414598292.html |title=Tech capitals of the world – Technology |publisher=theage.com.au |date=2009-06-15 |accessdate=2013-08-07 |location=Melbourne}}</ref> Wewengkon Ibu kota Séoul bisa ngagulkeun 15<ref>http://fortune.com/global500/samsung-electronics-13/</ref> pausahaan [[Fortune Global 500]] saperti [[Samsung]], [[Daptar pausahaan téhnologi panggedéna|pausahaan téhnologi panggedéna]] sadunya, katambah ku [[LG]] jeung [[Grup Otomotif Hyundai Kia|Hyundai-Kia]]. Dina taun 2013, [[Daptar wewengkon di Koréa Kidul dumasar GDP|GDP per kapita (PPP)]] ieu kota nu $39,448 bisa dibandingken jeung [[Perancis]] katut [[Finlandia]]. Réngking kagenep dina [[Kota global|Indéks Kota Daya Global]] sarta kagenep dina [[Indéks Puseur Finansial Global]], ieu métropolis ngadorong pangaruh nu gedé dina urusan global minangka salah sahiji tina lima [[Uni Asosiasi Internasional|tuan rumah konférénsi global]] nu pinunjul.<ref>http://www.uia.be/sites/uia.be/files/documents/statistics/press/press12.pdf</ref> Séoul meunang réngking katujuh dina [[Sustainable Cities Index]], pangluhurna di Asia tur réngking kadua sadunya dina kategori sosial. Ogé mangrupa tuan rumah pembukaan seni panglobana sadunya per mil pasagina.<ref name="travel.cnn.com">http://travel.cnn.com/seoul/life/50-reasons-why-seoul-worlds-greatest-city-534720 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022092637/http://travel.cnn.com/seoul/life/50-reasons-why-seoul-worlds-greatest-city-534720 |date=2014-10-22 }}</ref> Séoul mangrupa kota pangkahubungkeunana ku kabel sadunya<ref name="travel.cnn.com"/> tur réngking kahiji dina kasiapan téhnologi dumasar kana laporan ''Kota Kasempetan'' [[PwC]].<ref>http://www.pwc.com/us/en/cities-of-opportunity/2014/assets/cities-of-opportunity-2014.pdf</ref> Infrastruktur transportasi publikna mangrupa nu pangpadetna sadunya<ref>http://www.thecrystal.org/assets/download/120724_GCI_SummaryReport_final2.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418083359/http://www.thecrystal.org/assets/download/120724_GCI_SummaryReport_final2.pdf |date=2015-04-18 }}</ref> tur karéngking minangka nu panghadéna di [[Beulahan Bumi Kalér]] dina [[Sustainable Cities Index]].<ref>http://www.sustainablecitiesindex.com/wp-content/uploads/Sustainable-Cities-Index-2015-Press-Release.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212115804/http://www.sustainablecitiesindex.com/wp-content/uploads/Sustainable-Cities-Index-2015-Press-Release.pdf |date=2015-02-12 }}</ref> Dirojong ku [[karéta gancang]] [[Korea Train Express|KTX]] katut [[Subway Seoul]], jajaring [[Rapid transit|subway]] panggedé sadunya,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.railway-technology.com/features/featurethe-worlds-longest-metro-and-subway-systems-4144725 |title=The world's longest metro and subway systems |publisher=Railway-technology.com |accessdate=2014-02-20}}</ref> nyayagakeun [[4G LTE]], [[WiFi]] katut [[Digital Multimedia Broadcasting|DMB]] dina kandaraan handapeun lemah. Séoul kahubung ku [[AREX]] ka [[Bandara Internasional Incheon]], nu meunang pangajén minangka [[Airports Council International|bandara panghadéna salila salapan taun patuturut (2005–2013)]] sadunya ti [[Airports Council International]].<ref>http://nwww.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20140527001084 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402204636/http://nwww.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20140527001084 |date=2019-04-02 }}</ref> [[Lotte World Tower]], [[pemcakar langit]] ''[[supertall]]'' 556m (1,824&nbsp;ft) kalayan 123 lantéy, diwangun di Séoul nu jadi pangluhurna dina [[OECD]] taun 2015 kalayan galadak observasi katut galeri seni pangluhurna sadunya.<ref name=CTBUH>{{cite web|url=http://buildingdb.ctbuh.org/?do=building&building_id=88|title=Lotte World Premium Tower|publisher=''[[CTBUH]]''|accessdate=10 April 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725213730/http://buildingdb.ctbuh.org/?do=building&building_id=88 |date=25 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>http://www.lwt.co.kr/introduce/tour/tour.do {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016191654/http://www.lwt.co.kr/introduce/tour/tour.do |date=2014-10-16 }}</ref> Its [[Lotte Cinema]] houses the world's largest cinema screen.<ref name="guinnessworldrecords.com">http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-4000/largest-permanent-35mm-cinema-screen/</ref>[[COEX Mall]] Séoul mangrupa mall pangbalanjaan panggedéna di sahandapeun lemah.<ref>http://www.newsis.com/ar_detail/view.html?ar_id=NISX20141201_0013328698&cID=10402&pID=10400</ref> [[Emporis]] nyababkeun ''skyline'' Séoul meunang réngking minangka pangaruh visual pangluhurna kaopat sadunya di antara kota-kota gedé.<ref>http://www.emporis.com/statistics/skyline-ranking</ref> Séoul jadi tuan rumah [[Asian Games 1986]], [[Olimpiade Usum Panas 1988]], [[Piala Dunia FIFA 2002]] jeung [[KTT Seoul G-20 2010]]. [[Jaringan Kota Kréatif|Kota Disain UNESCO]], Séoul dingaranan [[Ibu kota Disain Dunia|Ibu kota Disain Dunia 2010]]. ==Étimologi== {{main|Ngaran Seoul}} Ieu kota geus kasohor ti jaman baheula kalayan ngaran [[Wiryéseong|Wiryé-seong]] (위례성/{{lang|ko|慰禮城}}, nalika jaman [[Baékjé]]), [[Hanju]] (한주/{{lang|ko|漢州}}, nalika jaman [[Silla]]), [[Namgyeong]] (남경/{{lang|ko|南京}}, nalika jaman [[Goryeo]]), [[Hanseong]] (한성/{{lang|ko|漢城}}, nalika jaman [[Baékjé]] jeung jaman [[Dinasti Joseon|Joseon]]), [[Hanyang]] (한양/{{lang|ko|漢陽}}, nalika jaman [[Dinasti Joseon|Joseon]]), Gyéongséong (경성/{{lang|ko|京城}}, nalika [[Koréa nalika dijajah Jepang|jaman penjajahan]]).<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/534948/Seoul |title=Seoul |year=2009 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate=6 September 2009|quote=The city was popularly called Seoul in Korean during both the [[Chosŏn]] (Yi) dynasty (1392–1910) and the period of Japanese rule (1910–45), although the official names in those periods were [[Hansŏng]] (Hanseong) and [[Kyŏngsŏng]] (Gyeongseong), respectively.}}</ref> Ngaran nu kiwari mah asalna tina kecap [[basa Koréa]] nu hartina "ibu kota," nu dipercaya diturunkeun tina kecap ''Seorabeol'' (서라벌/{{lang|ko|徐羅伐}}), nu asalna nujul kana [[Gyeongju]], ibu kota [[Silla]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uk.holidaysguide.yahoo.com/p-travelguide-221948-seoul_history-i |title=yahoo |publisher=Uk.holidaysguide.yahoo.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070107185557/http://uk.holidaysguide.yahoo.com/p-travelguide-221948-seoul_history-i |date=2007-01-07 }}</ref> Séoul boga loba ngaran tangtu aya alesanana. Nalika dijajah ku Jepang, "Hanseong" (漢城) diganti ngaran ku "Gyeongseong" (京城) sangkan teu patukeur jeung karakter "{{lang|ko|{{linktext|漢}}}}" sabab nujul ogé ka urang China. Dina kanyataanana mah, ngaran kuna Séoul, Hanséong {{lang|ko|{{linktext|漢}}}} asalna boga harti "Gedé" atawa "Lega". Pamaréntah Jepang mutuskeun pikeun nganti ieu karakter ti {{lang|ko|{{linktext|漢}}}} jadi {{lang|ko|{{linktext|京}}}} sangkan rahayat henteu saralah nganggap yén Séoul boga hubungan jeung urang China. Henteu kawas lolobana ngaran tempat di Koréa, "Seoul" mah henteu boga [[hanja]] ([[karakter China]] nu dipaké dina [[basa Koréa]]). Dina tanggal 18 Januari 2005, pamaréntah Séoul sacara resmi ngaganti ngaran basa China resmina ku ''Shou'er'' ({{zh|s=首尔|t=首爾|p=shǒu'ěr}}) tina Hancheng ({{zh|t=漢城|s=汉城|p=hànchéng}}), nu tuluy jadi henteu pati ilahar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=104&oid=022&aid=0000126138 |script-title=ko:서울특별시표기 ''首爾''로...중국, 곧 정식 사용키로 :: 네이버 뉴스 |language= ko |publisher=News.naver.com |date=2005-10-23 |accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-01/20/content_410881.htm |title='Seoul' morphs into Chinese 'Shouer' |publisher=Chinadaily.com.cn |date=2005-01-20 |accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://goodcharacters.com/newsletters/summer2006-seoul-korea.html |title=goodcharacters.com |publisher=goodcharacters.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930195048/http://goodcharacters.com/newsletters/summer2006-seoul-korea.html |date=2018-09-30 }}</ref> ==Sajarah== {{Main|Sajarah Seoul}} {{see also|Gurat wanci Seoul}} [[File:Donggwol-do.jpg|left|thumb|300px|''[[Donggwoldo]]'', lukisan pemandangan Changdeokgung]] Pakampungan di wewengkon [[Walungan Han (Koréa)|Walungan Han]], tempat perenahna Séoul kiwari, geus mimiti ditempatan ti kira-kira taun 4000 SM.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/534948/Seoul/24023/Cultural-life#toc24024|title=Seoul|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=2014-02-07}}</ref> Séoul munggaran kacatet minangka Wiryeséong, ibu kota [[Baékjé]] (ngadeg taun 18 SM) di béh kalér wétan wewengkon Séoul.<ref name="Britannica" /> Aya sababaraha pinding dayeuh nu nyésa di ieu wewengkon nu nuduhkeun tanggal harita. [[Pungnaptoseong]], pinding béh wétan di saluareun Séoul, dipercaya ku balaréa minangka loka Wiryeéséong utama.<ref name="toseong">{{cite web|url=http://m.visitseoul.net/en/m/article/article.do?_method=view&m&p=02&menu=0004003002017&art_id=535&searchLoca&searchTheme=0002000001003&flag&searchType|title=Pungnap-toseong (Earthen Ramparts)|publisher=Seoul Metropolitan Government|accessdate=2014-02-07}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222005911/http://m.visitseoul.net/en/m/article/article.do?_method=view&m&p=02&menu=0004003002017&art_id=535&searchLoca&searchTheme=0002000001003&flag&searchType |date=2014-02-22 }}</ref> Alatan Tilu Karajaan marebutkeun wewengkon nu stratégis ieu, kadali pindah ti Baékjé ka [[Goguryeo]] dina abad ka-5, sarta ti Goguryéo ka [[Silla]] dina abad ka-6. Dina abad ka-11 [[Goryeo]], nu ngaganti [[Silla Ngahiji]], ngawangun hiji karaton usum panas di Séoul, nu dianggap "Ibu kota Kidul". Ti saprak harita, Séoul jadi hiji panganjrekan nu beuki leuwih lega.<ref name="Britannica" /> Nalika [[Joseon]] ngaganti Goryéo, ieu ibu kota pindah ka Séoul (katelah ogé Hanyang sarta satuluyna Hanséong), nu tumuluy nepi ka runtagna ieu dinasti. [[Gyeongbokgung|Karaton Gyeongbok]], nu diwangun dina abad ka-14, dipidangkeun minangka panyicingan karajaan tepi ka taun 1592. Karaton gedé lianna, [[Changdeokgung]], diwangun taun 1405, dipidangkeun minangka karaton karajaan utama ti taun 1611 tepi ka 1872.<ref name="Britannica" /> Tadina mah ieu kota téh sagemblengna dikurilingan ku [[Pinding bénténg Seoul|pinding batu]] pikeun ngamankeun wargana tina sato galak, nu maling katut serangan ti luar. Ieu kota tuluy tuwuh ka saluareun éta pinding tur sok sanajan pindingna geus euweuh ogé (kajaba di sapanjang Gunung Bugaksan (북악산), di béh kalér wewengkon puseur dayeuh<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=1061818|title=Bugaksan Mountain|publisher=Korea Tourism Organization|accessdate=2014-02-07}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222062015/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=1061818 |date=2014-02-22 }}</ref>), gapurana mah nyésa kénéh di deukeuteun tengah kota Séoul, kaasup Sungnyémun (ilaharna kasohor minangka [[Namdaémun]]) katut Honginjimun (ilaharna kasohor minangka [[Dongdaémun]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5781/|title=Seoul City Wall|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|accessdate=2014-02-07}}</ref> Salila dinasti Joséon, ieu gapura dibuka jeung ditutup unggal poé, dibarengan ku sora loncéng gedé di [[Munara loncéng (arsitéktur)|munara]] [[Bosingak]] .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264135|title=Bosingak Belfry|publisher=Korea Tourism Organization|accessdate=2014-02-07}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222062012/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264135 |date=2014-02-22 }}</ref> Dina abad ka-19 ahir, sanggeus ratusan taun kaisolasi, Séoul muka gapurana keur urang deungeun tur mimiti dimodérenkeun. Séoul jadi dayeuh munggaran di Asia Wétan nu ngawanohkeun listrik di karaton karajaan, diwangun ku [[Edison Illuminating Company]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/images/8/85/Nam-Early_History.pdf|title=Early History of Electrical Engineering in Korea: Edison and First Electric Lighting in the Kingdom of Corea|author=Nam Moon Hyon|work=Promoting the History of EE Jan 23–26, 2000|publisher=Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers|accessdate=2014-02-07}}</ref> tur sapuluh taun sanggeusna Séoul nerapkeun ogé lampu jalan.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.hu/books?id=cbRhAQAAQBAJ|title=A History of Korea|author=Kyung Moon Hwang|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|page=142|year=2010|isbn=9780230364523}}</ref> lolobana kamekaran Séoul nyaéta alatan perdagangan jeung nagara deungeun kayaning [[Perancis]] katut [[Amérika Sarikat]]. Contona baé, [[Seoul Electric Company]], Séoul Electric Trolley Company, and Séoul Fresh Spring Water Company kabéhanana mangrupa pausahaan nu dipiboga babarengan ku Koréa katut Amérika.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.hu/books?id=3h080YYhS3QC|title=Korea under Siege, 1876–1945 : Capital Formation and Economic Transformation|author=Young-Iob Chung|page=70|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|isbn=9780198039662}}</ref> Dina taun 1904, salah saurang urang Amérika nu ngaranna Angus Hamilton ngadatangan ieu dayeuh tur nyarita, "Jalan di Seoul mah haradé, lalega, bareresih, pikatajieun tur saluran caina ogé ogé hadé. Lajur nu hareureut jeung kotor geus dilegaan, solokanana geus ditutup, atuh jalan rayana ogé geus dilalegaan. Seoul téh geus kairong bakal jadi dayeuh panghadéna, pangpikatajieun, jeung pangberesihna di wewengkon Wétan."<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.hu/books?id=LR8svgdNOAYC&pg=PT123&lpg=PT123&dq=The+streets+of+Seoul+are+magnificent,+spacious,+clean,+admirably+made+and+well-drained&source=bl&ots=RK26xBMz3b&sig=TTDRAs3pIqejESGp1T2J1QoS-84&hl=hu&sa=X&ei=ob70UpPxNMOihgfyr4HACg&ved=0CEEQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=The%20streets%20of%20Seoul%20are%20magnificent%2C%20spacious%2C%20clean%2C%20admirably%20made%20and%20well-drained&f=false|author=[[Bruce Cumings]]|title=Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2005|isbn=9780393347531}}</ref> Sanggeus [[Perjangjuan Anéksasi Jepang-Koréa|perjangjian anéksasi]] dina taun 1910, [[Kakaisaran Jepang]] ngajajah Koréa sarta ngaganti ngarang ieu dayeuh jadi [[Gyeongseong]] ("Kyongsong" dina basa Cina atawa "Kéijo" dina basa Jepang). Téhnologi Jepang diimpor, pinding dayeuh dipiceun, sababaraha gapura diancurkeun. Jalan diubinan sarta wangunan gaya Kulon diwangun. Ieu dayeuh diliberalisasi dina mangsa ahir [[Perang Dunya II]].<ref name="Britannica" /> Dina taun 1945 mah ieu dayeuh téh resmi dingarangan Séoul tur diputuskeun minangka [[Kota istiméwa di Koréa Kidul|kota istiméwa]] taun 1949.<ref name="Britannica" /> Salila [[Perang Koréa]], sababaraha kali Séoul pundah-pindah leungeun antara angkatan bersenjata Koréa Kalér nu dibéking ku Rusia/Cina, jeung Koréa Kidul nu dibéking ku Amérika Sarikat, nu nyababkeun ieu dayeuh ruksak parna sanggeusna perang. Ibu kota sawatara waktu mah dipindahkeun heula ka [[Busan]].<ref name="Britannica" /> Ceuk salah sahiji perkiraan ngeunaan kaayaan ruksakna Séoul mah, sahanteuna 191.000 wangunan, 55.000 imah, katut 1.000 pabrik rata jeung taneuh. Katambah deui, banjir pangungsi geus asup ka Seul nalika perang, nyababkeun kamekaran jumlah pangeusi ieu dayeuh katut wewengkon mtropolitanana nepikeun ka kurang leuwih 1.5 yuta jiwa taun 1955.<ref name="hamnett">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.hu/books?id=8GSpAgAAQBAJ|title=Planning Asian Cities: Risks and Resilience|page=159|publisher=Routledge|year= 2012|editor=Stephen Hamnett, Dean Forbes|isbn= 9781136639272}}</ref> Sanggeusna perang, Séoul mimiti fokus kana ngarékonstruksi jeung ngamodérnisasi. Alatan [[Kaajaiban Walungan Han|ékonomi Koréa mimiti tuwuh kacida rongkahna]] ti saprak taun 1960-an, urbanisasi ogé beuki gancang sarta para pagawé mimiti narempatan Séoul katut dayeuh gedéliana.<ref name="hamnett" /> Ti taun 1970-an, ukuran wewengkon administratif Séoul beuki ngalegaan pisan alatan nyokot sababaraha kota leutik katut désa ti sababaraha county sabudeureunana.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spp.seoul.go.kr/cms/board/Download.jsp?fileId=IUAjJDMyMTY1LS0kJA==|title=Urban Planning of Seoul|publisher=Seoul Metropolitan Government|format=PDF|year=2009|accessdate=2014-02-07}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125042517/http://spp.seoul.go.kr/cms/board/Download.jsp?fileId=IUAjJDMyMTY1LS0kJA== |date=2016-01-25 }}</ref> Dumasar kana data sénsus taun 2012, populasi wewengkon Séoul geus kira-kira 20% tina total populasi Koréa Kidul,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.korea.net/AboutKorea/Korea-at-a-Glance/Facts-about-Korea|title=Facts about Korea|publisher=Korea.net|accessdate=2014-02-07}}</ref> Séoul geus ngajadi puseurna ékonomi, pulitik katut budaya di ieu nagara,<ref name="Britannica" /> kalayan sababaraha pausahaan [[Fortune 500]], kaasup [[Samsung]], [[SK Holdings]], [[Hyundai]], [[POSCO]] katut [[LG Group]] nu kantor puseurna di dinya.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2012/countries/SouthKorea.html|title=GLOBAL 500|publisher=CNN Money|accessdate=2014-02-07|date=2012-07-23}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410023118/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2012/countries/SouthKorea.html |date=2014-04-10 }}</ref> Séoul jadi tuan rumah [[Asian Games 1986]] jeung [[Olimpiade Usum Panas 1988]] sajaba ti mangrupa salah sahiji tempat [[Piala Dunya FIFA 2002|Piala Dunya Maén Bal 2002]]. ==Géografi== [[File:Hangang Railway Bridge.jpg|left|thumbnail|[[Walungan Han (Koréa)|Walungan Han]]]] Séoul perenahna di béh kalér kulon Koréa Kidul. Legana 605,25&nbsp;km²,<ref name="seoul1">{{cite web|url=http://stat.seoul.go.kr/Seoul_System5.jsp?stc_cd=412|title=Seoul Statistics (Land Area)|publisher=Seoul Metropolitan Government|accessdate=24 March 2010}}</ref> kalayan radius kurang leuwih {{convert|15|km|0|abbr=on}}, nu sacara gurat badag kabagi jadi wewengkon kalér jeung kidul nu dipisahkeun ku Walungan Han. Ieu walungan katut wewengkon sabudeureunana boga pancén nu kacida pentingna dina sajarah Koréa. Tilu Karajaan Koréa kacida merjuangkeun pikeun bisa ngadalikeun ieu lemah, sabab ieu walungan mangsa harita mah dipaké keur jalur dagang ka Cina (ngaliwatan [[Laut Konéng]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitseoul.net/en/article/article.do?_method=view&art_id=10833&lang=en&m=0004003002015&p=03|title=Brief History of Hangang (River)|publisher=Seoul Metropolitan Government|accessdate=2014-02-07}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612131834/http://www.visitseoul.net/en/article/article.do?_method=view&m=0004003002015&p=03&art_id=10833&lang=en |date=2010-06-12 }}</ref> Ieu walungan kiwari henteu bisa dipaké deui keur balayar alatan [[muhara]]na aya dina wates antara dua Koréa nu henteu beunang sagawayah jelema sipil bisa larsup. Ieu dayeuh diwatesan ku dalapan gunung, kaasup lemah pangluhurna dina daratan Walungan Han jeung wewengkon béh kulon. ===Iklim=== {{Main|Iklim Seoul}} {{climate chart | Seoul |- 6|2|21 |- 3|5|25 |2|10|47 |8|18|65 |13|23|106 |18|27|133 |22|29|395 |22|30|364 |17|26|169 |10|20|52 |3|12|53 |- 3|4|22 |float=right |clear=none |units=metric}} Séoul boga iklim transisional [[buana beueus]]/[[subtropis beueus|subtropis]] ([[klasifikasi iklim Köppen]] ''Dwa/Cwa''), kalayan karakteristik iklim di antara duanana. Salila bulan Nopémber–Méi, iklim Séoul leuwih deukuet kana iklim buana (kontinén) sedengkeun nalika usum panas mah, iklim di ditu kawas iklim subtropis nu ngandung unsur iklim baseuh/garing tropis. Usum panas mah ilaharna panas jeung beueus, dibarung ku [[angin muson Asia Wétan]] ti Juni tepi ka Séptémber. Sedengkeun kira-kira bulan Agustus mah, nu mangrupa bulan pangpanasna, boga suhu rata-rata {{convert|22.4|to|29.6|C|F|0}} malahan mah bisa jadi leuwih ti éta. Dina usum tiis mah mindeng kacida nyecep tepi ka bekuna kalayan suhu rata-rata dina bulan Januari tepikeun ka {{convert|-5.9|to|1.5|C|F|1}} sarta ilaharna leuwih garing ti batan nalika usum panas, kalayan rata-rata 28 poé saljuan unggal taunna. Kadang-kadang, hawa turun kacida dramatisna tepi ka sahandapeun {{convert|-10.0|C|F|}}, malah bisa nepikeun ka {{convert|-15.0|C|F|}} sanajan arang ogé, nyaéta nalika mangsa tengah usum tiis antara Januari jeung Pébruari. {{Seoul weatherbox}} ==Distrik administratif== {{Main|Daptar distrik di Seoul}} [[File:Flag of Seoul (1946–1996).svg|thumb|right|[[Bandéra]] Seoul (1947–1996)]] [[File:01-00-seoul-en.svg|thumb|400px|Distrik Seoul]] Séoul kabagi jadi 25 ''[[Babagian administratif Koréa Kidul#Gu (Distrik)|gu]]'' (구; {{linktext|區}}) (distrik).<ref name="Administrative Districts"/> ''Gu'' béda-béda legana (ti 10 tepi ka 47&nbsp;km²) katut populasina (ti leuwih saeutik ti 140,000 tepikeun ka 630,000). Songpa boga jumlah warga nu panglobana, sedengkeun Séocho mah wewengkonna panglegana. Pamaréntahan unggal gu nyekel loba fungsi nu dicekel ogé ku pamaréntahan kota di yurisdiksi lianna. Unggal ''gu'' kabagi jadi "''[[Dong (lingkungan)|dong]]''" (동; {{linktext|洞}}) atawa lingkungan. Sababaraha gu ukur boga saeutik dong sedengkeun lianna saperti Distrik Jongno mah jumlah lingkunganana kacida lobana. Gu di Séoul ngawengku 423 dong administratif (행정동).<ref name="Administrative Districts">{{cite web |url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/cg/cityhall.php?pidx=5 |title=Administrative Districts |publisher=Seoul Metropolitan Government |accessdate=2014-02-08 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102212612/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/cg/cityhall.php?pidx=5 |date=2014-01-02 }}</ref> ''Dong'' kabagi deui jadi 13,787 ''tong'' (통; {{linktext|統}}), nu satuluyna kabagi deui jadi 102,796 ''ban''. {| |- | valign="top" | * [[Distrik Dobong]] (도봉구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|道|峰|區}}}}) * [[Distrik Dongdaémun]] (동대문구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|東|大|門|區}}}}) * [[Distrik Dongjak]] (동작구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|銅|雀|區}}}}) * [[Distrik Eunpyeong]] (은평구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|恩|平|區}}}}) * [[Distrik Gangbuk]] (강북구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|江|北|區}}}}) * [[Distrik Gangdong]] (강동구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|江|東|區}}}}) * [[Distrik Gangnam]] (강남구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|江|南|區}}}}) * [[Distrik Gangseo, Seoul|Distrik Gangseo]] (강서구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|江|西|區}}}}) * [[Distrik Geumcheon]] (금천구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|衿|川|區}}}}) * [[Distrik Guro, Seoul|Distrik Guro]] (구로구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|九|老|區}}}}) * [[Distrik Gwanak]] (관악구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|冠|岳|區}}}}) * [[Distrik Gwangjin]] (광진구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|廣|津|區}}}}) * [[Distrik Jongno]] (종로구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|鍾|路|區}}}}) | valign="top" | * [[Distrik Jung, Seoul|Distrik Jung]] (중구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|中|區}}}}) * [[Distrik Jungnang]] (중랑구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|中|浪|區}}}}) * [[Distrik Mapo]] (마포구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|麻|浦|區}}}}) * [[Distrik Nowon]] (노원구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|蘆|原|區}}}}) * [[Distrik Seocho]] (서초구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|瑞|草|區}}}}) * [[Distrik Seodaémun]] (서대문구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|西|大|門|區}}}}) * [[Distrik Seongbuk]] (성북구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|城|北|區}}}}) * [[Distrik Seongdong]] (성동구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|城|東|區}}}}) * [[Distrik Songpa]] (송파구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|松|坡|區}}}}) * [[Distrik Yangcheon]] (양천구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|陽|川|區}}}}) * [[Distrik Yeongdeungpo]] (영등포구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|永|登|浦|區}}}}) * [[Distrik Yongsan]] (용산구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|龍|山|區}}}}) |} ==Démografi== Proper Séoul kasohor ku [[kapadetan populasi]]na, nu ampir dua kalieun [[Kota New York|New York]] sarta dalapan kalieun [[Roma]]. Wewengkon métropolitanana mangrupa nu pangpadetna di Asia taun 2012 dumasar kana [[OECD]], tur kadua di dunya sanggeus [[Paris]].<ref>{{cite journal|year=2013|title=Regional population density: Asia and Oceania, 2012: Inhabitants per square kilometre, TL3 regions|journal= OECD Regions at a Glance 2013|publisher= OECD Publishing|doi= 10.1787/reg_glance-2013-graph37-en|url=http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/urban-rural-and-regional-development/oecd-regions-at-a-glance-2013/regional-population-density-asia-and-oceania-2012_reg_glance-2013-graph37-en|accessdate=2014-02-11}}</ref> Ampir sakabéhna warga Séoul nyaéta [[urang Koréa]], kalayan saeutik [[urang Cina]], [[urang Jepang]], katut minoritas [[ékspatriat]]. Dina bulan Désémber 2013, populasina 10.14 yuta,<ref name="chosunpop">{{cite web|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2014/02/14/2014021400795.html|title=Seoul's Population Drops Below 10 Million for First Time in 25 Years|publisher=Chosun Ilbo|accessdate=2014-02-16|date=2014-02-14}}</ref> taun 2012, populasina 10,442,426.<ref name="seoul2">{{cite web|url=http://stat.seoul.go.kr/jsp2/Octagon/jsp/WWS00/outer_Seoul.jsp?stc_cd=1|title=Seoul Statistics (Population)|publisher=Seoul Metropolitan Government|accessdate=3 March 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019064405/http://stat.seoul.go.kr/jsp2/Octagon/jsp/WWS00/outer_Seoul.jsp?stc_cd=1 |date=19 October 2013 }}</ref> Ahir Juni 2011, 10.29 yuta warga Républik Koréa cicing di ieu kota. Turun .24% dbandingkeun ahir 2010. Populasi Séoul terus turun ti awal 1990-an, sabab cicing di Séoul mah mahal, katambah ku ngolotanana populasi.<ref name="chosunpop" /> Jumlah urang asing nu nganjrek di Séoul nyaéta 255,501 urang dina taun 2010 dumasar kana sumber resmi Séoul.<ref>{{cite news |last=Park |first=Chung-a |title=Foreign population in Seoul continue to dwindle |publisher=Korea Times |url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2010/07/113_66455.html }}</ref> Dina bulan Juni 2011, 281,780 urang deungeun nganjrek di Séoul. Di antara eta, 186,631 urang deungeun (66%) mangrupa warga [[urang Cina]] ti karuhun urang Koréa. Naek 8.84% ti ahir 2010 jeung 12.85% ti Juni 2010. Kelompok panggedéna deui nyaéta warga Cina nu lain suku Koréa; 29,901 di antarana cicing di Séoul. Kelompok panggedéna deui nyaéta 9,999 urang warga Amérika Sarikat nu lain turunan Koréa. Satuluyna nyaéta warga Républik Cina (Taiwan), 8,717 urang.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2011/09/117_94610.html|title= Korean Chinese account for nearly 70% of foreigners in Seoul|publisher= ''[[The Korea Times]]''|date=September 11, 2011|accessdate=2014-02-11}}</ref> ===Ageman=== {{Pie chart |thumb = right |caption = Ageman di Seoul (2005)<ref name="2005religionmap">[http://www.sisapress.com/news/photo/200610/41926_37953_1632.jpg 2005 Census – Religion Results] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904074206/http://www.sisapress.com/news/photo/200610/41926_37953_1632.jpg |date=2015-09-04 }}</ref> |label1 = Teu boga ageman |value1 = 46.2 |color1 = Gray |label2 = [[Protestan]] |value2 = 22.8 |color2 = DodgerBlue |label3 = [[Buda]] |value3 = 16.8 |color3 = Gold |label4 = [[Katolik]] |value4 = 14.2 |color4 = DarkOrchid }} Dua ageman utama di Séoul nyaéta [[Kristen di Koréa|Kristen]] jeung [[Buda di Koréa|Buda]]. Ageman lianna kaasup [[Muisme]] (ageman karuhun) katut [[Konghucu]]. Séoul mangrupa tempat jama'ah Kristen panggedéna di dunya, [[Yoido Full Gospel Church]], nu boga anggahota kira-kira 830,000 urang.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21532340|title=South Korean mega-churches. For God and country|publisher=Economist|accessdate=2014-02-11|date=2011-10-15}}</ref> Dumasar kana sénsus taun 2005, tina sakabéh urang Séoul, 39% ngagem [[Kristen]] (22.8% [[Protéstan]] jeung 14.2% [[Garéja Katolik|Katolik]]) jeung 16.8% ngagem [[Buda]].<ref name="2005religionmap"/> 46.2% tina ieu populasi lolobanaana henteu boga ageman atawa ngagem Muisme jeung ageman asli lianna. ==Ékonomi== [[File:Lotte World.jpg|right|thumbnail|Taman jero wangunan katut mall pangbalanjaan [[Lotte World]]]] {{See also|Ékonomi Koréa Kidul}} Séoul mangrupa puseur bisnis katut kauangan di Koréa Kidul. Sanajan legana ukur 0.6 persén tina sakabéh wewengkon daratan nasional, Séoul ngahasilkeun 21 persén tina GDP ieu nagara taun 2006.<ref>{{cite web|year=2006|url=http://www.lmg.go.kr/2006iaescsi/generalinfo/seoul.asp|title=Welcome to KTC|publisher=Lmg.go.kr|archiveurl=http://archive.is/j8rc|archivedate=2012-05-26}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110227175321/http://www.lmg.go.kr/2006iaescsi/generalinfo/seoul.asp |date=2011-02-27 }}</ref> Taun 2008, indéks [[Worldwide Centers of Commerce]] ngaréngking Séoul minangka No.9.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mastercard.com/us/company/en/insights/pdfs/2008/MCWW_WCoC-Report_2008.pdf|title=Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index™|publisher=[[MasterCard]]|accessdate=2014-02-13}}</ref> [[Global Financial Centres Index]] taun 2012 ngadaptar Séoul minangka kota pangkompetitifna ka-6 sadunya sacara finansial.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zyen.com/PDF/GFCI%2012.pdf|title=The Global Financial Centres Index 12|publisher=Z/Yen Group|year=2012|accessdate=2014-02-11}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323125707/http://www.zyen.com/PDF/GFCI%2012.pdf |date=2014-03-23 }}</ref> [[The Economist Intelligence Unit]] ngaréngking Séoul minangka nu ka-15 dina daptar "Overall 2025 City Competitiveness" ngeunaan daya saing kota ka hareupna.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citigroup.com/citi/citiforcities/pdfs/hotspots2025.pdf|title=Hot Spots 2025: Benchmarking the Future Competitiveness of Cities|publisher=[[The Economist Intelligence Unit]]|year=2013|accessdate=2014-02-13}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109040339/http://www.citigroup.com/citi/citiforcities/pdfs/hotspots2025.pdf |date=2014-01-09 }}</ref> ===Pabrik=== [[File:Gangnam, Seoul, Korea.jpg|left|thumbnail|Kantor puseur Samsung di [[Stasion Gangnam]]]] Industi pabrik nu tradisional jeung intensif maké karyawan geus sacara tuluy tumuluy diganti ku industri tipeu [[téhnologi informasi]], [[éléktronis]] jeung ''assembly'',<ref name="britannica-economy">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/534948/Seoul/24016/City-layout#toc24019|title=Seoul: Economy|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=2014-02-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/uu11ee/uu11ee0i.htm|title=The primacy of Seoul and the capital region|publisher=United Nations University|accessdate=2014-02-13}}</ref> tapi, produksi dahareun jeung inuman mah, kawas percitakan katut penerbitan masih nyésa di antara industri inti.<ref name="britannica-economy" /> Pabrik nu garedé mah kantor puseurna aya di ieu kota, kayaning [[Samsung]], [[LG]], [[Hyundai]], [[Kia Motors|Kia]] katut [[SK Group|SK]]. Pausahaan dahareun jeung inuman nu kasohor kaasup [[Jinro]], nu nyieun inuman alkoholan [[soju]] nu sumebar ka sakuliah dunya, geus ngéléhkeun [[vodka]] [[Smirnoff]];<ref name="bestselling">{{cite news|url=http://travel.cnn.com/seoul/drink/soju-most-sold-drink-world-930177|title=It's official: Jinro soju is the world's best-selling liquor|date=2012-06-12|publisher=CNN Travel|accessdate=2013-04-29}}</ref> pabrik bir panglobana ngajual [[Hite Brewery|Hite]] (ngahiji jeung Jinro) jeung [[Oriental Brewery]].<ref name=economist>{{cite news|title=Fiery food, boring beer|url=http://www.economist.com/news/business/21567120-dull-duopoly-crushes-microbrewers-fiery-food-boring-beer|publisher=The Economist|accessdate=2013-04-24|date=2012-11-24}}</ref> Ieu kota ogé mangrupa tempatna raksasa dahareun saperti [[Seoul Milk|Seoul Dairy Cooperative]], [[Grup Nongshim]] katut [[Lotté (konglomerat)|Lotté]]. ===Kauangan=== Konséntrasi gegedéan pausahaan-pausahaan internasional kantor puseurna aya di Séoul.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2008/cities/ |title=Global : Cities |publisher=CNN }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529093252/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2008/cities/ |date=2010-05-29 }}</ref> [[Korea Exchange Bank]] ogé kantor puseurna aya di ieu kota. lolobana kantor puseur bank katut [[Korea Exchange]] perenahna di [[Yeouido]] (Pulo Yéoui),<ref name="britannica-economy" /> nu mindeng disebut "[[Wall Street]] Koréa" tur geus midang minangka puseur finansial ieu kota ti taun 1980-an.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=2914830|title=Neon shines brightly during the bustle on Yeouido stock street|publisher=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|date=2010-01-05|accessdate=2014-02-13}}</ref> ===Balanja=== {{Main|Balanja di Seoul}} Pasar grosir katut écéran panggedéna di Koréa Kidul, nyaéta [[Pasar Dongdaémun]], perenahna di Séoul.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitseoul.net/en/article/article.do?_method=view&art_id=662&lang=en&m=0003001005007&p=03|title=Dongdaemun Market|publisher=Visit Seoul|accessdate=2014-02-11}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222025740/http://www.visitseoul.net/en/article/article.do?_method=view&art_id=662&lang=en&m=0003001005007&p=03 |date=2014-02-22 }}</ref> [[Myeongdong]] nyaéta wewengkon pangbalanjaan katut hiburan di puseur dayeuh Séoul kalayan toko kelas panengah tepi ka kelas luhur, butik pakéan katut ''outlét'' mérek internasional.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264312|title=Myeong-dong|publisher=Korea Tourism Organization|accessdate=2014-02-11}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140215191420/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264312 |date=2014-02-15 }}</ref> [[Pasar Namdaémun]] deukeuteunana, nu dingaranan dumasar kana [[Gapura Namdaémun]], mangrupa pasar pangkolotna di Séoul nu kiwari masih dipaké.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.visitseoul.net/en/m/article/article.do?_method=view&p=02&art_id=673|title=Namdaemun Market|publisher=Visit Seoul|accessdate=2014-02-11}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222021157/https://www.visitseoul.net/en/m/article/article.do?_method=view&p=02&art_id=673 |date=2014-02-22 }}</ref> [[Sinchon-dong, Seoul|Sinchon]] nyaéta wewengkon pangbalanjaan nu disadiakeun keur nonoman katut mahasiswa universitas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_6.jsp?cid=256043|title=Sinchon Street, full of energy|publisher=Korea Tourism Organization|accessdate=2014-02-11}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222133248/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_6.jsp?cid=256043 |date=2014-02-22 }}</ref> [[Insadong]] mah mangrupa pasar seni budaya di Séoul, tempat di mana karya seni Koréa tradisional katut modéren, saperti lukisan, ukiran katut kaligrafi dijual.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SH/SH_EN_7_2_2_1.jsp|title=Insa-dong|publisher=Korea Tourism Organization|accessdate=2014-02-11}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116073234/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SH/SH_EN_7_2_2_1.jsp |date=2014-01-16 }}</ref> [[Pasar loak Hwanghak-dong]] katut Pasar antik Janganpyéong ogé nawarkeun barang antik.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_2_4.jsp?gotoPage=&category=&areaCode=&recommCid=257325&cid=273747|title=Hwanghak-dong Flea Market|publisher=Korea Tourism Organization|accessdate=2014-02-12}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222135206/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_2_4.jsp?gotoPage=&category=&areaCode=&recommCid=257325&cid=273747 |date=2014-02-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/cav/shop/antique.php|title=Antique Markets|publisher=Seoul Matropolitan Government|accessdate=2014-02-12}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101008074320/http://english.seoul.go.kr/cav/shop/antique.php |date=2010-10-08 }}</ref> Sababaraha toko keur parancang lokal geus dibuka di [[Samcheong-dong]], tempat perenahna sababaraha galeri seni laleutik. [[Itaéwon]] utamana sadia keur turis deungeun katut soldadu Amérika nu boga basis di ieu dayeuh.<ref name="KT Itaewon">{{cite web|url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2014/02/203_130484.html|title=Itaewon: Going Gangnam Style?|publisher=The Korea Times|date=2013-02-14|accessdate=2014-02-12}}</ref> [[Distrik Gangnam]] mangrupa wewengkon pangmakmurna di Séoul<ref name="KT Itaewon" /> tur kasohor ku wewengkon [[Apgujeong-dong]] katut [[Cheongdam-dong]] sarta [[COEX Mall]] nu modéren. Pasar grosir di antarana [[Pasar Grosir Lauk Noryangjin]] katut [[Pasar Garak]]. [[Pasar Éléktronik Yongsan]] mangrupa pasar éléktronik panggedéna di Asia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/program/program_touringseoul_detail.htm?lang=e&current_page&No=24205|title=Yongsan Electronics Market, Asia’s largest IT shopping mall|publisher=[[Korean Broadcasting System|KBS World]]|date=2011-03-01|accessdate=2014-02-12}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221060206/http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/program/program_touringseoul_detail.htm?lang=e&current_page&No=24205 |date=2014-02-21 }}</ref> [[Times Square (Seoul)|Times Square]] mangrupa salah sahiji mall pangbalanjaan panggedéna nu ngagulkeun [[CJ CGV|Starium CGV]], layar bioskop permanén panggedéna di dunya, [[film 35mm|35 mm]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-4000/largest-permanent-35mm-cinema-screen |title=Largest Permanent 35mm Cinema Screen |publisher=Guinnessworldrecords.com |date=2009-08-18 |accessdate=2013-08-07}}</ref> ==Arsitéktur== {{See also|Arsitéktur Koréa Kidul}} {{wide image|Seoul Panorama from Namhansanseong..jpg|1600px|<center>Panorama Seoul ti Namhansanseong</center>}} [[File:Namdaemun Buildings.JPG|thumb|right|[[Sungnyémun]]]] Jajantung tradisional Séoul nyaéta dayeuh kolot [[Dinasti Joseon]], nu kiwari jadi wewengkon puseur karaméan, nu mana di éta wewengkon ngumpul karaton, kantor pamaréntahan, kantor puseur pausahaan, hotél, katut pasar tradisional. [[Cheonggyécheon]], wahangan nu ngamalir ti kulon ka wétan ngaliwatan léngkob saméméh tuluy ngamuhara ka [[Walungan Han (Koréa)|Walungan Han]], keur sababaraha taun mah katutupan ku beton, tapi ahirna dibalikkeun deui ngaliwatan proyék kabangkitan kota taun 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Culture/view?articleId=85750|title=Seoul’s Cheonggyecheon Stream symbolizes Korea’s past, present and tomorrow|publisher=Korea.net|accessdate=2014-02-12}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222142757/http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Culture/view?articleId=85750 |date=2014-02-22 }}</ref> Jalan [[Jongno]], nu hartina "Jalan Loncéng," geus mangrupa hiji jalan utama tur salah sahiji jalan komérsil pangbiharina di ieu dayeuh,<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.hu/books?id=M8Xj7pHu1jEC|title=The Emerging Asian City: Concomitant Urbanities and Urbanisms|editor=Vinayak Bharne |page=59|publisher=Routledge|year= 2013|isbn=9780415525978}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/opinon/2012/06/137_68203.html|title=Jongno walk|date=2010-06-24 |publisher=The Korea Times|author=Andrei Lankov |accessdate=2014-02-12}}</ref> nu mana di dinya bisa kapanggih [[Bosingak]], hiji paviliun nu eusina loncéng gedé. Éta loncéng nyirénan wanci nu béda-béda sapanjang poé tur ngaadalikeun opat gapura ka ieu dayeuh. Di béh kaléreun puseur karaméan aya [[Gunung Bukhan]], tur di kiduleunana aya [[Namsan (Seoul)|Namsan]] nu leuwih leutik. Tuluy ka béh kidul aya pipir dayeuh nu geus kolot, nyaéta [[Distrik Yongsan]] jeung [[Distrik Mapo]]. Sapanjang Walungan Han aya wewengkon nu leuwih anyar jeung makmur nyaéta [[Distrik Gangnam]], [[Distrik Seocho]] katut wewengkon sabudeureunana. ===Arsitéktur dumasar sajarah=== [[File:Gyeongbok-gung palace-05 (xndr).jpg|left|thumb|[[Gyeongbokgung]]]] [[File:Changdeokgung-Injeongjeon.jpg|thumb|left|[[Changdeokgung]], salah sahiji tina lima karaton di Koréa, nyaéta hiji [[Loka Warisan Dunya]] [[UNESCO]].]] Séoul mibanda sababaraha tempat penting sacara sajarah katut budaya. Di [[Amsa-dong|Loka Pamukiman Prasajarah Amsa-dong]], [[Distrik Gangdong]], sésa-sésa néolitikum kakali jeung teu kahaja katimu alatan banjir taun 1925.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264111 |title=Amsa-dong Prehistoric Settlement Site |publisher=[[Korea Tourism Organization]] |accessdate=2014-02-12 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222135311/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264111 |date=2014-02-22 }}</ref> Perencanaan urban jeung sipil mangrupa konsép utama nalika Séoul mimiti dirarancang keur ngajadi ibu kota dina ahir abad ka-14. [[Dinasti Joseon]] ngawangun "Lima Karaton Agung" di Séoul – [[Changdeokgung]], [[Changgyeonggung]], [[Deoksugung]], [[Gyeongbokgung]] katut [[Gyeonghuigung]] – sakabéhna aya di [[Distrik Jongno]] jeung [[Distrik Jung, Seoul|Distrik Jung]]. Di antara sakabéh éta, Changdéokgung asup kana Daptar [[Warisan Dunya]] UNESCO taun 1997 minangka "conto rarancang arsitéktur karaton katut taman di Wétan Jauh nu pinunjul". Karaton utama mah, nyaéta [[Gyeongbokgung]], keur ngalaman proyék réstorasi gegedéan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalpalace.go.kr/html/eng/data/data_01.jsp?dep1=2&dep2=1|title=About the Palace|publisher=Gyeongbokgung Palace|accessdate=2014-02-12}}</ref> Ieu karaton-karaton téh dianggap arsitéktur percontoan tina mangsa Joséon. Di sagédéngeun karaton, [[Unhyeongung]] kasohor minangka tempat cicingna Bupati [[Daéwongun]], bapana [[Kaisar Gojong]] dina ahir Dinasti Joséon. [[File:Deoksugung-02.jpg|thumb|right|[[Deoksugung]] nalika usum gugur]] Séoul dikurilingan ku pinding nu diwangun keur ngatur singsaha waé nu baris nganjang ti wewengkon séjén sarta pikeun ngajaga dayeuh tina serangan musuh. [[Pungnap Toseong]] mangrupa hiji pinding taneuh rata nu diwangun dina juru Walungan Han nu dipercaya ku balaréa minangka mandalana [[Wiryéseong]]. Ari [[Mongchontoseong|Mongchon Toseong]] (몽촌토성; 蒙村土城) mah nyaéta pinding taneuh liana nu diwangun nalika mangsa [[Baékjé]] nu kiwari perenahna di sajeroeun [[Taman Olimpiade, Seoul|Taman Olimpiade]].<ref name="toseong" /> [[Bénténg Seoul]] diwangun dina mangsa Dinasti Joséon munggaran keur ngajaga ieu dayeuh. Sanggeus sababaraha abad ruksak jeung diwangun deui, kiwari nyésa kurang leuwih 2/3-na, kaasup genep tina [[Dalapan Gapura di Seoul|dalapan gapura]] nu asli. Gapura-gapura ieu kaasup [[Sungnyémun]] jeung [[Heunginjimun]], nu kiwari ilaharna disebut Namdaémun (Gapura Gedé Kidul) jeung Dongdaémun (Gapura Gedé Wétan). Namdaémun mangrupa gapura kai pangkolotna tepikeun ka kajadian aya nu ngaduruk taun 2008, tur kiwari dibuka deui sanggeu réstorasina réngsé taun 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sungnyemun to open to great fanfare after more than five years of renovation|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20130430000738|accessdate=1 May 2013|publisher=The Korea Herald|date=30 April 2013}}</ref> Di deukeuteun ieu gapura aya pasar tradisional katut puseur pangbalanjaan panggedéna, [[Pasar Namdaémun]] jeung [[Pasar Dongdaémun]]. Aya ogé loba wangunan nu dijieun kalayan gaya mancanagara dina ahir abad ka-19, awal abad ka-20. [[Gapura Kamerdikaan]] diwangun taun 1897 keur méré ilham ngeunaan pentingna boga sumanget kamerdikaan. [[Stasion Seoul]] dibuka taun 1900 minangka Stasion Gyéongséong. ===Arsitektur moderen=== [[File:Lotte World Tower under construction on January 2015.png|thumb|right|[[Mall Lotte World]] dibuka taun 2014 kalayan bioskop panggedéna<ref name="guinnessworldrecords.com"/> katut [[Munara Lotte World]] [[superluhur]] 123 lantéy nu baris dibuka taun 2016 kalayan galadak observasi pangluhurna sadunya.]] Mangrupa-rupa [[wangunan kantor]] katut wangunan panyicingan nu laluhur, saperti Gangnam Finance Center, [[Tower Palace]], [[N Seoul Tower]] katut [[Jongno|Jongno Tower]], ngadominasi langit ieu dayeuh. Saruntuyan wangunan luhur anyar keur diwangun, kaasup [[Munara Lotte World]], nu direncanakeun baris réngsé taun 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.wsj.com/korearealtime/2013/11/18/seoul-helicopter-crash-raises-fears-over-new-skyscraper/|title=Seoul Helicopter Crash Raises Fears Over New Skyscraper|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|accessdate=2014-02-12}}</ref> Bulan Fébruari 2014 mah, [[Daptar wangunan pangluhurna di Seoul|wangunan pangluhurna di ieu kota]] téh nyaéta [[Three International Finance Center]] nu luhurna 279m.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/statistics/tallest-buildings-seoul-southkorea|title=Seoul's tallest buildings – Top 20|publisher=Emporis|accessdate=2014-02-12}}</ref> [[World Trade Center Seoul]], nu perenahna di [[Distrik Gangnam]], mangrupa tuan rumah sababaraha paméran katut konférénsi. Di Distrik Gangnam aya ogé [[COEX Mall]], nu mangrupa komplék pangbalanjaan katut hiburan di jero rohangan nu kacida gedéna. Ka hilirkeun ti Distrik Gangnam aya [[Yeouido]], hiji pulo nu jadi tempat Déwan Nasional, studio siaran gedé, katut sajumlah gedé wangunan kantor gedé, kayaning Koréa Finance Building katut [[Garéja Yoido Full Gospel]]. [[Stadion Olimpiade (Seoul)|Stadion Olompiade]], [[Taman Olompiade, Seoul|Taman Olimpiade]], katut [[Lotte World]] perenahna di [[Distrik Songpa]], di sisi béh kidul Walunga Han, naék ti Distrik Gangnam. Dua cicirén modéren Séoul nu anyar nyaéta [[Dongdaemun Design Plaza & Park]], nu dirancang ku [[Zaha Hadid]], katut [[Balé Kota Seoul]], ku [[Yoo Kerl]] ti [[iArc]]. Dina taun 2010 Séoul ditunjuk jadi [[Ibu kota Disain Dunya]] keur taun harita.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2008-02-27/the-seoul-of-world-designbusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice|title=The Seoul of World Design|date=2008-02-27|accessdate=2014-02-12|publisher=Bloomberg Businessweek}}</ref> ==Budaya== ===Téhnologi=== Séoul boga [[infrastruktur]] nu maju sacara téhnologi.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.asiamedia.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=25697|title=KOREA: Future is now for Korean info-tech|publisher=Regents of the University of California|work=AsiaMedia|date=14 June 2005}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213160036/http://www.asiamedia.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=25697 |date=13 February 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/technology/tech-capitals-of-the-world/2007/06/16/1181414598292.html |title=Tech capitals of the world – Technology |work=The Age |date= 18 June 2007|location=Melbourne, Australia}}</ref> Boga pénétrasi [[pita lega]] [[serat kaca]] pangluhurna sadunya, nu ngahasilkeun konéksi internét panggancangna sadunya tepi ka 1 [[Gbps]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/about/fact.php |title=Hi Seoul, SOUL OF ASIA – Seoul Located In the Center of Asian Metropolises |publisher=English.seoul.go.kr |date= |accessdate=2013-08-07 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813063824/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/about/fact.php |date=2013-08-13 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/22/technology/22iht-broadband22.html | work=The New York Times | first=Mark | last=McDonald | title=South Korea Seeks Internet Speed of 1 Gigabit a Second | date=2011-02-21}}</ref> Séoul nyadiakeun aksés [[Wi-Fi]] gratis di luar rohangan. Proyék 47.7&nbsp;miliar won ($44&nbsp;yuta) ieu baris méré aksés keur warga katut nu ngaranjang di 10.430 taman, jalan katut patempatan publik lianna taun 2015.<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20110615/bs_afp/skoreainternettelecom Wifi in All Public Areas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623182554/http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20110615/bs_afp/skoreainternettelecom |date=2011-06-23 }}</ref> ===Musieum=== {{Main|Daptar musieum di Seoul}} [[File:National Museum of Korea (4).jpg|thumb|[[Musieum Nasional Koréa]]]] Di Séoul aya 115 musieum,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stat.seoul.go.kr/jsp2/Octagon/jsp/WWS7/WWSDS7100.jsp?stc_cd=401&lang=eng|title=Status of Museum|accessdate=2014-09-18|publisher=Seoul Metropolitan Government}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911123740/http://stat.seoul.go.kr/jsp2/Octagon/jsp/WWS7/WWSDS7100.jsp?stc_cd=401&lang=eng |date=2014-09-11 }}</ref> kaasup di antarana tilu musieum nasional katut salapan musieum kota. [[Musieum Nasional Koréa]] mangrupa musieum nu henteu ukur ngawakilan Séoul, tapi ogé ngawakilan sakabéh [[Koréa Kidul]]. Ti saprak ngadeg taun 1945, ieu musieum geus ngawangun koléksi mangrupa 220,000 artefak.<ref name="CNN">{{cite web|url=http://travel.cnn.com/seoul/play/seouls-best-museums-060516|title=Seoul's best museums|date=2011-10-27|publisher=[[CNN]]|accessdate=2013-06-02}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916014140/http://travel.cnn.com/seoul/play/seouls-best-museums-060516 |date=2014-09-16 }}</ref> Dina Oktober 2005, ieu musieum pindah ka wangunan anyar di Taman Kulawarga Yongsan. [[National Folk Museum of Korea|National Folk Museum]] perenahna di dadasar [[Karaton]] [[Gyeongbokgung]] di Distrik Jongno District tur maké réplika obyék sajarah pikeun ngilustrasikeun sajarah bangsa Koréa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=268152|title=National Folk Museum of Korea|publisher=Korea Tourism Organization|accessdate=2014-09-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716225730/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=268152 |date=2014-07-16 }}</ref> [[Bukchon Hanok Village]] jeung [[Namsangol Hanok Village]] mangrupa wewengkon panganjrekan heubeul nu ngandung imah, taman katut musieum tradisional Koréa [[hanok]] nu méré kasempetan keur turis pikeun ngarasakeun budaya Koréa tradisional.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264116|title=Namsangol Hanok Village|publisher=Korea Tourism Organization|accessdate=2014-09-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012013656/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264116 |date=2014-10-12 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=561382|title=Bukchon Hanok Village|publisher=Korea Tourism Organization|accessdate=2014-09-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915192817/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=561382 |date=2014-09-15 }}</ref> [[Tugu Perang (Seoul)|Tugu Perang]], salah sahiji tina salapan musieum kota di Séoul, nawarkeun pangalaman édukasional katut émosional ka nu nganjanganana, ngeunaan rupa-rupa perang nu ngalibetkeun Koréa, kaasup jejer [[Perang Koréa]] themes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content.time.com/time/travel/cityguide/article/0,31489,1848378_1848364_1848280,00.html|title=Seoul: 10 Things to Do|publisher=[[Time magazine]]|accessdate=2014-09-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=268131|title=The War Memorial of Korea|publisher=Korea Tourism Organization|accessdate=2014-09-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214214704/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=268131 |date=2015-02-14 }}</ref> [[Pangbuian Seodaémun]] mangrupa hiji urut pangbuian nu diwangun salila penjajahan Jepang, tur kiwari dipaké keur musieum sajarah<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=268143|title=Seodaemun Prison History Museum|publisher=Korea Tourism Organization|accessdate=2014-09-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140604201044/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=268143 |date=2014-06-04 }}</ref> [[File:Folk Museum of Korea.jpg|left|thumb|[[Musieum Rahayat Nasional Koréa]].]] [[Musieum Seni Seoul]] katut [[Musieum Seni Ilmin]] ngajaga rupa wangunan heubeul nu unik sacara visual tina wangunan luhur tur modéren di sabudeureunana. Saméméhna dioperasikeun ku Déwan Kota Séoul tur boga tempat deukeuteun Karaton Gyéonghuigung, karaton karajaan dinasti Joséon. Keur lolobana jalma nu mikaresep pilem Koréa mah, [[Arsip Pilem Koréa]] ngayakeun Musieum Pilem Koréa jeung Cinematheque KOFA di puseur utamana di [[Digital Media City]](DMC), Sangam-dong. [[Tteok & Kitchen Utensil Museum]] jeung [[Kimchi Field Museum]] nyadiakeun informasi nu patali jeung sajarah kulinér Koréa. ===Monumén ageman=== [[File:Myeongdongchurch.jpg|thumb|[[Katedral Myeongdong]]]] [[File:Jongmyo-Jeongjeon.jpg|left|thumb|[[Kuil Jongmyo]], salah sahiji [[Loka Warisan Dunya UNESCO]].]] Aya ogé wangunan rélijius nu boga pancén penting dina masarakat katut pulitik Koréa. Altar [[Wongudan]] mangrupa tempat upacara nalika para pamingpin Koréa ngayakeun ritual kasawargaan ti saprak jaman Tilu Karajaan. Ti saprak [[Dinasti Joseon]] maké [[Konghucu]] minangka idiologi nasional dina abad ka-14, ieu nagara ngawangun loba kelenténg Konghucu. Katurunan kulawarga karajaan Joséon masih neruskeun tradisi dina ngayakeun sérémoni pikeun miéling para karuhun di [[Jongmyo]]. Ieu tempat mangrupa kuil Konghucu karajaan pangkolotna nu jadi cagar tur sérémoni ritualna nuluykeun tradisi nu dijieun dina abad ka-14. [[Munmyo]] katut [[Dongmyo]] diwangun dina mangsa nu sarua. Sok sanajan Buda didedetkeun ku pamaréntahan Joséon, ieu ageman tetep aya. [[Jogyésa]] mangrupa markas gedé [[Ordo Jogyé]] [[Buda Koréa]]. Hwagyésa katut [[Bongeunsa]] ogé mangrupa [[Daptar candi Buda di Seoul|candi Buda di Seoul]] nu gedé. [[Katedral Myeongdong]] mangrupa cicirén [[Myeongdong]], [[Distrik Jung, Seoul|Distrik Jung]] tur mangrupa garéja Katolik panggedéna nu diwangun taun 1883. Ieu garéja mangrupa lambang Katolik di Koréa. Ogé mangrupa fokus béda pamadegan pulitik taun 1980-an. Dina ieu hal, Garéja Katolik Roma kacida boga pangaruhna ka masarakat Koréa. Loba ogé garéja Protéstan di Séoul. Nu panglobana mah [[Présbisterian]], tapi loba ogé garéja [[Métodis]], [[Baptis]], katut [[Lutheran]]. [[Garéja Yoido Full Gospel]] mangrupa garéja [[Pantékosta]] nu patali jeung [[Majlis Pangéran]] di [[Yeouido]] di Séoul. Kalayan kurang leuwih 830.000 anggahota (2007), ieu téh mangrupa jamaah Kristen Pantékosta panglobana di dunya, nu geus kacatet dina [[Guinness Book of World Records]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}} ===Féstival=== Dina bulan Oktober 2012 [[KBS Hall]] di Séoul jadi tuan rumah féstival musik internasional rongkah&nbsp;– [[Féstival Lagu ABU 2012|Féstival Lagu TV katut Radio ABU]] munggaran dina raraga Majlis Umum [[Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union]] ka-49 General Assembly.<ref>{{cite web|title=ABU TV and Radio Song Festivals 2012|url=http://esckaz.com/2012/abu.htm|publisher=ESCKAZ.com|accessdate=17 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ABU GA Seoul 2012|url=http://www.abu2012seoul.com/|publisher=Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union|accessdate=17 August 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303011118/http://www.abu2012seoul.com/ |date=3 March 2013 }}</ref> [[Hi! Seoul Festival]] mangrupa hiji féstival budaya uusuman nu diayakeun opat kali sataun nalika usum semi, usum panas, usum gugur, katut usum tiis di Séoul, [[Koréa Kidul]] ti taun 2003. Ieu féstival dumasar kana "Poé Warga Seoul" nu diayakeun unggal Oktober ti saprak taun 1994 pikeun miéling sajarah 600 taun Séoul minangka ibu kota nagara. Ieu féstival diayakeun ku [[Pamaréntah Métropolitan Seoul]]. Taun 2012, Séoul geus jadi tuan rumah [[Ultra Music Festival]] Koréa, nyaéta féstival musik jeung ibing nu diayakeun dina ahir minggu ka-2 bulan Juni.<ref>http://www.umfkorea.com/</ref> ===Taman=== {{further|Daptar taman di Seoul}} [[Namsan (Seoul)|Taman Namsan]] bisa dipaké keur ''hiking'', rékréasi katut ''skyline'' keur ningali pemandangan tengah kota Séoul. [[Munara Seoul N]] perenahna di dieu. [[Taman Olimpiade, Seoul|Taman Olimpiade Seoul]] perenahna di [[Distrik Songpa]] tur diwangung keur tempat Olimpiade Usum Panas taun 1988. Pagoda 10 tingkat [[Pagoda Wongaksa|Wongaksa]] perenahna di [[Taman Tapgol]], hiji taman publik nu legana {{convert|19599|m²|0|abbr=on}}. Wewengkon sabudeureun wahangan disadiakeun minangka tempat publik keur rélaksasi jeung rékréasi. Wahangan [[Tancheon]] katut wewengkon deukeuteunana dsadiakeun minangka taman nu lega kalayan lajur keur nu laleumpang katut nu sasarapédahan. [[Cheonggyecheon]], hiji wahangan nu panjangna {{convert|6|km|0|abbr=on}} ngaliwatan tengah kota Séoul, kasohor keur warga Séoul katut turis. [[File:Seoul-Olympic.Park-01.jpg|left|thumb|[[Taman Olimpiade, Seoul]].]] [[Wewengkon métropolitan]] Séoul ngawengku genep taman gedé, kaasup [[Leuweung Seoul]], nu dibuka dina panengah taun 2005. [[Wewengkon Ibu kota Nasional Seoul]] ogé boga [[beubeur héjo]] nu ditujukeun keur nyegah kota tina ''[[Urban sprawl|sprawling]]'' kaluar ka [[Babagian administratif Koréa Kidul|Propinsi]] [[Gyeonggi-do|Gyeonggi]] deukeuteunana. Ieu wewengkon mindeng ditéangan ku jalma nu hayang lumpat tina kahirupan urban dina ahir minggu jeung nalika peré. Séoul ogé mangrupa tempat [[taman hiburan]] jero rohangan panggedéna sadunya, [[Lotte World]]. Puseur pelesir lianna nyaéta stadion Olimpiade jeung [[Stadion Piala Dunya Seoul|Piala Dunya]] katut alun-alun [[balé kota]]. ==Olahraga== [[File:Seoul.Olympic.Stadium.01 copy.jpg|thumb|[[Stadion Olimpiade Seoul]].]] ===Kompetisi internasional=== Séoul jadi tuan rumah [[Asian Games 1986]] jeung [[Asian Games 2014|2014]], ilaharna katelah [[Asian Games|Asiad]], [[Olimiape Usum Panas 1988|Olimpiade 1988]], jeung [[1988 Summer Paralympics|Paralympic Games]]. Jadi tuan rumah ogé keur [[Piala Dunya FIFA 2002]]. [[Stadion Piala Dunya Seoul]] jadi tempat pembukaan sarta tanding munggaran. [[Taékwondo]] mangrupa olah raga nasional Koréa sarta Séoul mangrupa tempat [[Kukkiwon]], markas besar dunya taékwondo, jeung [[Federasi Taékwondo Dunya]]. ===Kleub olah raga doméstik=== ====Maén bal==== {{Main|Maén bal di Seoul}} Kleub maén bal pangkasohorna di Séoul nyaéta [[FC Seoul]]. Ieu kleub mangrupa salah sahiji kleub maén bal panghasilna di Asia.<br /> Recently, FC Séoul jadi ''runner-up'' dina [[Liga Champion AFC 2013]]. * '''Maén bal lalaki''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! Tingkat ! Liga ! Kleub ! Stadion ! Catetan |- | Pangluhurna |[[K League Classic]] |[[FC Seoul]] |[[Seoul World Cup Stadium]] (Séoul Kalér) | |- | Ka-2 |[[K League Challenge]] |[[Seoul E-Land FC]] |[[Olympic Stadium (Seoul)|Seoul Olympic Stadium]] (Séoul Kidul) | |- | rowspan="3"| Ka-4 |rowspan="3"| [[K3 League]] |[[Seoul United FC|Seoul United]] |[[Madeul Stadium]] | |- |[[Seoul FC Martyrs]] |Gangbuk Public Stadium | |- |[[Jungnang Chorus Mustang FC|Jungnang Chorus Mustang]] |Jungnang Public Ground | |} * '''Maén bal wanoja''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! Tingkat ! Liga ! Kleub ! Stadion | Catetan |- | Top |[[WK-League]] |[[Seoul Metropolitan Government WFC]] |[[Hyochang Stadium]], [[Seoul Olympic Stadium|Seoul Olympic Auxiliary Stadium]] | |- |} ====Baseball==== Séoul boga tilu kleub baseball profésional dina cekelan [[Korean Baseball Organization|KBO]]: Salah sahiji kleub pangkolotna, [[Doosan Bears]], [[LG Twins]] katut [[Nexen Heroes]]. ====Basketball==== * [[Seoul SK Knights]] jeung [[Seoul Samsung Thunders]]. ==Transportasi== {{Main|Transportasi di Seoul}} Séoul mangrupa salah sahiji dayeuh nu infrastruktur transportasina pangmajuna sadunya nu terus kénéh dimekarkeun. Sistemna dimimitian ti mangsa [[Kamaharajaan Koréa]], nalika réngséna jalur trém munggaran katut jalan raya nu ngahubungkeun Séoul jeung Inchéon. Jalur trém pangpentingna di Séoul sapanjang Jongno diganti ku Jalur 1 sistem subway dina awal 1970-an. Jalan penting lianna di puseur karaméan Séoul kaasup [[Euljiro]], [[Téhéranno]], [[Séjongno]], [[Chungmuro]], Yulgongno, katut Toegyéro. Aya salapan jalur subway gedé nu manjang leuwih ti {{convert|250|km|0|abbr=on}}, kalayan sajalur tambahan deui nu geus dirarancang. Taun 2010, 25% populasina boga wanci pulang anting sajam atawa leuwih. ===Beus=== {{Main|Beus Seoul}} [[File:Seoul Buses.png|right|thumb|Beus Seoul]] Sistem beus di Séoul dijalankeun ku Pamaréntah Métropolitan Séoul, kalayan opat konfigurasi beus primér énu sayaga keur ngaladénan lolobana tempat di ieu dayeuh. Séoul boga loba terminal antar kota atawa beus gancang nu galedé. Ieu beus ngahubungkeun Séoul jeung kota-kota di Koréa Kidul. Séoul Express Bus Terminal, Central City Terminal katut Terminal Nambu Séoul perenahna di [[Distrik Seocho]]. Minangka tambahan, Terminal Beus Séoul Wétan di [[Distrik Gwangjin]] katut Sangbong Terminal Sangbong di [[Distrik Jungnang]] dioperasikeun di béh wétan kota. Pikeun ngurangan polusi udara di wewengkon métropolitan, pamaréntah kota boga rencana pikeun ngarobah leuwih ti tujuh rébu beus nu maké mesin disel ka gas alam taun 2010.<ref>[http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v3/news_lite.php?id=337462 "Seoul More Enjoyable For a Day"]. Retrieved 30 July 2008.</ref> ===Subway=== [[File:Yongsansta09.jpg|thumb|[[Stasion Yongsan]]]] {{Main|Subway Métropolitan Seoul}} Séoul boga jajaring subway nu kompréhénsif nu ngahubungkeun unggal distrik di ieu dayeuh katut wewengkon sabudeureunana. Kalayan leuwih ti 8 yuta panumpang unggal poéna, Séoul boga [[Sistem métro dumasar kana perjalanan panumpang unggal tauna|sistem subway pangsibukna sadunya]]. Subway Métropolitan Séoul sakabéhna boga 19 jalur nu ngaladénan Séoul, Inchéon, propinsi Gyéonggi, propinsi Gangwon béh kulon, katut propinsi Chungnam béh kalér. Minangka tambahan, pikeun nyaluyukeun mangrupa-rupa moda transportasi, pamaréntah métropolitan Séoul ngagawékeun sababaraha urang ahli matématika pikeun ngoordinasikeun subway, beus, katut jadwal lalu lintas jadi tabél wanci. Sababaraha jalur dijalankeun ku [[Korail]], [[Seoul Metro]], [[Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit Corporation]], [[NeoTrans Co. Ltd.]], [[AREX]], katut Séoul Metro Line 9 Corporation. ===Karéta api=== [[File:KTX-Sancheon.jpg|thumb|[[KTX Sancheon]]]] Séoul kasambungkeun ka unggal kota gedé di Koréa ku karéta. Séoul ogé kasambungkeun ka lolobana kota gedé di Koréa ku karéta gancang [[Korea Train Express|KTX]], nu gancang normalna leuwih ti {{convert|300|km/h|0|abbr=on}}. Stasion karéta gedé di antarana: * [[Stasion Seoul]], [[Distrik Yongsan]]: Jalur Gyéongbu ([[KTX]]/[[Saémaul-ho|Saémaul]]/[[Mugunghwa-ho]]), Jalur Gyéongui (Saémaul/[[Komuter]]) * [[Stasion Yongsan]], [[Distrik Yongsan]]: Jalur Honam (KTX/Saémaul/Mugunghwa), Jalur Jéolla/Janghang (Saemaul/Mugunghwa) * [[Stasion Yeongdeungpo]], [[Distrik Yeongdeungpo]]: Jalur Gyéongbu/Honam/Janghang (Saémaul/Mugunghwa) * [[Stasion Cheongnyangni (di luhur lemah)|Stasion Cheongnyangni]], [[Distrik Dongdaémun]]: Jalur Gyéongchun/Jungang/Yéongdong/Taebaek (Mugunghwa) ===Bandara=== Dua bandara internasional aya di Séoul. [[Bandara Internasional Gimpo]], saméméhna aya di [[Kota Gimpo|Gimpo]] tapi dicokot ku Séoul taun 1963, geus sababaraha taun (ti saprak konstruksi aslina nalika [[Perang Koréa]]) jadi bandara hiji-hijina nu ngaladénan Séoul. Bandara doméstik lianna ogé diwangun nalika ieu perang, kaasup [[Yeouido]]. Nalika dibuka bulan Maret 2001, [[Bandara Internasional Incheon]] di pulo [[Yeongjong]] di [[Incheon]] ngarobah pancén Bandara Gimpo sacara signifikan. Inchéon kiwari boga tanggung jawab keur ampir sakabéh penerbangan internasional katut sababaraha penerbangan doméstik, sedengkeun Gimpo mah ukur ngaladénan penerbangan doméstik kajaba penerbangan ka [[Bandara Hanéda]] di Tokyo, [[Bandara Internasional Kansai Osaka]], [[Bandara Songshan Taipéi]] di Taipéi, [[Bandara Internasional Hongqiao Shanghai|Bandara Hongqiao]] di Shanghai, katut [[Bandara Internasional Ibukota Béijing]] di Béijing. Ku ayana ieu hal, penerbangan ti Bandara Gimpo turun drastis, sok sanajan masih kaasup salah sahiji bandara pangsibukna ogé. Sedengkeun, Bandara Internasional Inchéon geus jadi puseur transportasi gedé keur Asia Wétan, babarengan jeung [[Bandara Internasional Hong Kong|Hong Kong]]. Inchéon jeung Gimpo kahubungkeun ka Séoul ku jalan raya, tur di antara duanana ku [[Rél Karéta Bandara Internasinal Incheon]], nu nyambung ogé ka Inchéon jalur #1. Gimpo ogé kahubungkeun ku subway (jalur No.&nbsp;5 jeung #9). Rél Karéta Bandara Internasional Inchéon, nu ngahubungkeun ieu bandara sacara langsung ka Stasion Séoul di puseur Séoul, kakara dibuka. Beus ogé mawa panumpang antara bandara Inchéon jeung Gimpo. ==Atikan== {{further|Atikan di Koréa Kidul|Daptar universitas di Seoul}} ===Universitas=== [[File:SNU gate.jpg|left|thumb|[[Universitas Nasional Seoul]]]] Séoul mangrupa tempat mayoritas universitas préstisius di Koréa Kidul, kaasup di antarana [[Universitas Nasional Seoul]], [[Universitas Yonséi]], [[Universitas Koréa]], [[Universitas Sogang]], [[Universitas Sungkyunkwan]], [[Universitas Hanyang]], [[Universitas Chung-Ang]], [[Universitas Dongguk]], [[Universitas Wanoja Éwha]], [[Universitas Atikan Deungeun Hankuk]], [[Universitas Hongik]], [[Universitas Kookmin]], [[Universitas Konkuk]], [[Universitas Kyung Héé]], [[Universitas Kwangwoon]], [[Universitas Atikan Nasional Seoul]], [[Universitas Soongsil]], [[Universit Wanoja Sookmyung]], katut [[Universitas Seoul]]. ===Atikan sekundér=== Atikan diwajibkeun ti kelas 1–10. Murid baris ngaréngsékeun genep taun di sakola dasar, tilu taun di sakola panengah, jeung tilu taun deui di sakola luhur. Sakola sekundér ilaharna nyaratkeun yén muridna maraké seragam. Aya ujian kalulusan sangkan bisa lulus ti sakola luhur sarta loba murid nu baris asup ka tingkat universitas dipénta pikeun nyokot ''[[College Scholastic Ability Test]]'' nu diayakeun unggal Nopémber tapi maranéhanana henteu perlu milu. Séoul mangrupa tempat [[sakola kajuruan]], kaasup tilu sakola luhur sains ([[Hansung Science High School]], [[Sejong Science High School]] jeung [[Seoul Science High School]]), katut genep sakola luhur basa deungeun ([[Daewon Foreign Language High School]], [[Daeil Foreign Language High School]], [[Ewha Girls' Foreign Language High School]], [[Hanyoung Foreign Language High School]], [[Myungduk Foreign Language High School]] jeung [[Seoul Foreign Language High School]]). Kantor Atikan Métropolitan Séoul ngawengku 235 sakola luhur persiapan paguron luhur, 80 sakola magang, 377 sakola panengah, katut 33 sakola atikan husus taun 2009. ==Hubungan mancanagara== Séoul mangrupa anggota [[Jajaring Kota Gedé 21 di Asia]] katut [[Kelompok Kapamingpinan Iklim Dayeuh C40]]. {{See also|Daptar kota kembar katut kota baraya di Koréa Kidul}} ===Kota kembar – Kota baraya=== <div class="noprint"> {| class="wikitable collapsible" |- ! colspan="3"|Séoul's [[Kota kembar katut kota baraya]] Séoul di sakuliah dunya:<ref name="Seoul twinnings">{{cite web |url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/cg/cityhall.php?pidx=6 |archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20120325052520/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/cg/cityhall.php?pidx=6 |archivedate=2012-03-25 |title=Seoul – Sister Cities [via WayBackMachine] |accessdate=2013-08-23 |work=Seoul Metropolitan Government (archived 2012-04-25) }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325052520/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/cg/cityhall.php?pidx=6 |date=2012-03-25 }}</ref><ref name="Seoul twinnings2">{{cite web|url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html|title=International Cooperation: Sister Cities|accessdate=26 January 2008|work=Seoul Metropolitan Government|publisher=www.seoul.go.kr|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20071210175055/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html|archivedate=10 December 2007}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210175055/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html |date=10 December 2007 }}</ref> |- {|style="width:100%" |- | style="width:33.3%;"| * {{flagicon|IRN}} [[Téhéran]], [[Iran]] (1963)<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=wQiJ3vBJfvQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=New Economic Spaces in Asian Cities: From Industrial Restructuring to the Cultural Turn |publisher=Routledge and the Taylor & Francis Group |year=2012 |accessdate=2013-10-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://atlas.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=252 |title=Atlas of Tehran Metropolis |publisher=Tehran Municipality |date= |accessdate=2013-10-14 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009221306/http://atlas.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=252 |date=2018-10-09 }}</ref> * {{flagicon|ROC}} [[Taipéi]], [[Taiwan]] (1968)<ref name="Seoul twinnings"/><ref name="Taipei sisters">[http://www.edunet.taipei.gov.tw/attach/The%2045%20Sister%20Cities%20list.doc Taipei Sister city list] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410023801/http://www.edunet.taipei.gov.tw/attach/The%2045%20Sister%20Cities%20list.doc |date=2014-04-10 }} Taipei City Council</ref> * {{flagicon|TUR}} [[Ankara]], [[Turki]] (1971)<ref name="Seoul twinnings"/> * {{flagicon|USA}} [[Honolulu]], [[Amérika Serikat]] (1973)<ref name="Seoul twinnings"/> * {{flagicon|USA}} [[San Francisco]], [[Amérika Serikat]] (1976)<ref name="Seoul twinnings"/> * {{flagicon|BRA}} [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]] (1977)<ref name="Seoul twinnings"/><ref name="São Paulo twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www3.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cadlem/secretarias/negocios_juridicos/cadlem/integra.asp?alt=11072007L%20144710000|title=Pesquisa de Legislação Municipal – No 14471|accessdate=2013-08-23|work=Prefeitura da Cidade de São Paulo [Municipality of the City of São Paulo]|language=Portuguese|trans_title=Research Municipal Legislation – No 14471|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20111018123138/http://www3.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cadlem/secretarias/negocios_juridicos/cadlem/integra.asp?alt=11072007L%20144710000|archivedate=2011-10-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018123138/http://www3.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cadlem/secretarias/negocios_juridicos/cadlem/integra.asp?alt=11072007L%20144710000 |date=2011-10-18 }}</ref><ref name="São Paulo WikiSource">[http://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Lei_Municipal_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_14471_de_2007 Lei Municipal de São Paulo 14471 de 2007] WikiSource {{pt icon}}</ref> * {{flagicon|COL}} [[Bogota]], [[Kolombia]] (1982)<ref name="Seoul twinnings"/> * {{flagicon|IDN}} [[Jakarta]], [[Indonésia]] (1984)<ref name="Seoul twinnings"/> || * {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Tokyo]], [[Jepang]] (1988)<ref name="Seoul twinnings"/> * {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Moskow]], [[Rusia]] (1991)<ref name="Seoul twinnings"/> * {{flagicon|AUS}} [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]]n state (1991)<ref name="Seoul twinnings"/> * {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Paris]], [[Perancis]] (1991)<ref name="Seoul twinnings"/> * {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mexico City]], [[Méksiko]] (1992)<ref name="Seoul twinnings"/> * {{flagicon|PRC}} [[Béijing]], [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok]] (1993)<ref name="Seoul twinnings"/> * {{flagicon|MNG}} [[Ulaanbaatar]], [[Mongolia]] (1995)<ref name="Seoul twinnings"/> * {{flagicon|VIE}} [[Hanoi]], [[Viétnam]] (1996)<ref name="Seoul twinnings"/> || * {{flagicon|POL}} [[Warsawa]], [[Polandia]] (1996)<ref name="Seoul twinnings"/> * {{flagicon|EGY}} [[Kairo]], [[Mesir]] (1997)<ref name="Seoul twinnings"/> * {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Roma]], [[Itali]] (2000)<ref name="Seoul twinnings"/> * {{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Astana]], [[Kazakhstan]] (2004)<ref name="Seoul twinnings"/> * {{flagicon|USA}} [[Washington, D.C.]], [[Amérika Serikat]] (2006)<ref name="Seoul twinnings"/> * {{flagicon|GRE}} [[Aténa]], [[Yunan]] (2006)<ref name="Seoul twinnings"/> * {{flagicon|THA}} [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]] (2006)<ref name="Seoul twinnings"/><ref name="BMA sister cities">{{cite web|url=http://iad.bangkok.go.th/en/list|title=Relationship with Sister Cities|author=International Affairs Division|work=International Affairs Division website|publisher=International Affairs Division, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration|accessdate=12 September 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611230221/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/en/list |date=11 June 2016 }}</ref> * {{flagicon|UZB}} [[Tashkent]], [[Uzbékistan]] (2010)<ref name="Seoul twinnings"/> |} ==Tempo ogé== {{Portal|Koréa}} * [[Géografi Koréa Kidul]] * [[Daptar kota di Koréa Kidul]] * [[Daptar jejer nu patali jeung Koréa]] * [[Walikota Seoul]] ==Rujukan== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Tutumbu kaluar== {{Wiktionary|Seoul}} ===Loka resmi=== {{commons|Seoul}} {{Wikivoyage}} * [http://english.seoul.go.kr/ Seoul Metropolitan Government] * [http://opengov.seoul.go.kr/ Seoul Information & Communication Plaza] ===Informasi pelesir katut tempat cicing=== * [http://www.visitseoul.net/ i Tour Seoul]&nbsp;– The Official Séoul Tourism Guide Site * [http://www.youtube.com/visitseoul VisitSeoul]&nbsp;– The Official Séoul Tourism Guide YouTube Channel * [http://www.theseoulguide.com/ Seoul Travel Guide]&nbsp;– Travel information for visitors to Séoul ====Peta==== * [http://maps.visitseoul.net/index.jsp?lang=eng Seoul Map Browser] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126101418/http://maps.visitseoul.net/index.jsp?lang=eng |date=2011-01-26 }} (from Séoul Metropolitan Government web site) * [http://www.seoulmetro.co.kr/station/eng/linemap.action Seoul subway map] ===Poto=== * [http://www.seoulsnapshots.com/ Seoul Snapshots] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110182715/http://seoulsnapshots.com/ |date=2016-01-10 }} * [http://www.lovely-seoul.jimdo.com/ Pictures of Seoul] * [http://seoulstreetart.com/ Seoul Street Art & Graffiti] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222032809/http://www.seoulstreetart.com/ |date=2015-02-22 }} {{S-start}} {{Succession box|title=[[Capital of Korea|Capital of Baekje]]| before=|after=[[Gongju|Ungjin]]|years=18 BC–475 AD}} {{Succession box|title=[[Capital of Korea]]| before=[[Kaesong|Gaegyeong]]|after=Abolished|years=}} {{Succession box|title=[[Capital of Korea|Capital of South Korea]]| before=New creation|after=Incumbent|years=1948–}} {{S-end}} {{Navboxes |title = Artikel nu patali jeung Seoul |list = {{Districts of Seoul}} {{Neighbourhoods of Seoul}} {{Regions and administrative divisions of South Korea}} {{Metropolitan cities of South Korea}} {{World's most populated urban areas}} {{List of Asian capitals by region}} {{Olympic Summer Games Host Cities}} {{Paralympic Summer Games Host Cities}} {{Asian Games Host Cities}} {{G-20 leaders' summits}} {{Seoul landmarks}} {{ABU Radio Song Festival}} {{ABU TV Song Festival}} }} |} [[Kategori:Seoul| ]] [[Kategori:Ibukota di Asia]] pdbdggr2lyyapgh34vnspuqmhvssgt8 0 72264 711101 710629 2026-07-19T17:56:19Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 711101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Hodotermitidae | fossil_range = [[Krétasius awal]] nepi ka kiwari | image = Ngumbi_-_flying_termite_(5532024665).jpg | image_caption = Siraru nu ilahar ngagimbung ka imah-imah | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Arthropod]]a | classis = [[Insékta]] | ordo = [[Termite|Isoptera]] | familia = '''Hodotermitidae''' | familia_authority = [[Jules Desneux|Desneux]], 1904 | subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]] | subdivision = * ''[[Anacanthotermes]]'' <small>Jacobson 1905</small> * {{extinct}}''[[Carinatermes]]'' <small>Krishna & Grimaldi 2000 </small> * ''[[Hodotermes]]'' <small>Hagen 1853</small> * {{extinct}}''[[Jitermes]]'' <small>Ren 1995</small> * {{extinct}}''[[Meiatermes]]'' <small>Lacasa-Ruiz & Martinez-Declos 1986</small> * ''[[Microhodotermes]]'' <small>Sjöstedt 1926</small> * {{extinct}}''[[Parotermes]]'' <small>Scudder 1883</small> * {{extinct}}''[[Ulmeriella]]'' <small>Meunier 1919</small> * {{extinct}}''[[Valditermes]]'' <small>Jarzembowski 1981</small> * {{extinct}}''[[Yanjingtermes]]'' <small>Ren 1995</small> * {{extinct}}''[[Yongdingia]]'' <small>Ren 1995</small> }} '''Siraru''' ([[Basa Yunani]]: ''ὁδός (hodós)'', lalana; [[Basa Latin|Latin]] ''[[wiktionary:termes|termes]]'', cacing leuweung) nyaéta kulawarga rinyuh buhun, '''''Hodotermitidae'''''.<ref name="evol">{{cite book|title=Termites: Evolution, Sociality, Symbioses, Ecology|last=Abe|first=Takuya|publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers|year=2000–2002|isbn=0-7923-6361-2|location=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|pages=35–36|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Nu ngabédakeunna unggal kasta téh nyaéta tungtung sungut handapna, jeung panonna, sahingga masing-masing béda fungsina.<ref name="isa">{{cite book|title=Insects of Southern Africa|last=Scholtz|first=Clarke H.|publisher=Butterworths|year=1985|isbn=0409-10487-6|location=Durban|page=57|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Aya siraru aya nu tugasna néangan kahakanan jukut ti peuting jeung ti beurang, sarta siraru pagawé<ref name="fg">{{cite book|title=Field Guide to Insects of South Africa|last=Picker|first=Mike|publisher=Struik Publishers|year=2004|isbn=978-1-77007-061-5|location=Cape Town|page=176|display-authors=etal}}</ref> nu sok rajeun di luareun [[sayang]]. Sumebaranna ngawengku padang pasir jeung sabana di [[Afrika]], [[Wétan Tengah]] jeung [[Asia]]. Mun di wewengkon Sunda mah, istilah siraru leuwih spésifik nuduhkeun rinyuh nu jangjangan, sok eunteup kanu caang mangsa peuting sanggeus hujan ([[basa Inggris]]: '''''Flying Termites'''''). == Kulawarga == [[Gambar:Northern Harvester Termite (Hodotermes mossambicus) (6856939924).jpg|kiri|jmpl|''[[Hodotermes mossambicus|H. mossambicus]]'' pagawé]] Kulawarga nu aya ngawengku tilu genera jeung kurang leuwih 18 nepi ka 19 spésiés.<ref name="biolib">{{cite web|url=http://www.biolib.cz/en/taxonsubtaxa/id128538/|title=harvester termites|work=biolib.cz|accessdate=18 October 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094019/http://www.biolib.cz/en/taxonsubtaxa/id128538/ |date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> ''[[Anacanthotermes]]'' kapanggih di padang pasir jeung semi padang pasir di [[Afrika Kalér]], [[Wétan Tengah]] jeung [[Asia]], kaasup [[Baluchistan]] jeung India bagéan kidul. [[Hodotermes|''Hodotermes '']]<nowiki/>mibanda sebaran anu lega ti Palaearctic Afrika Kalér, liwat sabana Afrika Wétan ka daérah [[karroid]] di [[Afrika Kidul|Afrika bagéan kidul]].. ''[[Microhodotermes]]''mangrupa génus spésialis gurun di [[Namib]], [[Kalahari]] jeung [[Karoo]], nu mana hontalanna patumpang tindih jeung ''Hodotermes''.. Sanajan rinyuh [[termopsidae]] téh sakapeung mah digolongkeun minangka siraru,<ref name="roonwl">{{cite journal|last=Roonwal|first=M. L.|year=1983|title=Evolution and Systematic Significance of Wing Micro-sculpturing in Termites. XIII. Order Isoptera|url=http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005bbc_359.pdf|journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. India|volume=B49|issue=5|pages=359–391|accessdate=5 February 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111100039/http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005bbc_359.pdf |date=11 November 2013 }}</ref> saenyana mun ditilik deui mah mibanda garis katurunan nu béda, leuwih dominanna mertahankeun plésiomorfik [[Rinyuh|Isoptera]]. == Sayang == [[Gambar:Hodotermes mossambicus, soldaat-kaste, Arcadia, b.jpg|jmpl|''H. mossambicus'' tangtarana]] Ari siraru nyayangna ku cara ngaliang dina jero taneuh, teu kawas [[Termopsidae]] jeung [[Kalotermitidae]]. Dina perkara ''[[Hodotermes mossambicus]]''mah, sistim sayangna téh aya di jero taneuh nu sumebar, mun ti pabeungeutan mah nepi ka jerona téh leuwih ti 6 méter mah. Éta sayang téh ukuranna 60 cm jeung silih sambung ku galéri. Partikel anggang taneuh nu dikali dibawa ka pabeungeutan sarta dipiceun ka sawatara tempat di sabudeureun sayang. Koloni ''Microhodotermes viator'' ngasilkeun gundukan taneuh kawas congcot laleutik,<ref name="oec">{{cite journal|last=Moore|first=J. M.|author2=Picker, M. D.|year=1991|title=Heuweltjies (earth mounds) in the Clanwilliam district, Cape Province, South Africa: 4000-year-old termite nests|journal=Oecologia|volume=86|pages=424–432|doi=10.1007/bf00317612}}</ref> nu taneuhna téh ngadung lempung. Sosiotomi, atawa gerakan massa wawakil sakumna kasta di koloni pikeun manggihan koloni anyar, teu dipikanyaho di Hodotermitidae mah.<ref name="bauer">{{cite journal|last1=Bauer|first1=A. M.|last2=Russell|first2=A. P.|last3=Edgar|first3=B. D.|date=2 October 2015|title=Utilization of the termite (Hagen) by gekkonid lizards near Keetmanshoop, South West Africa|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02541858.1989.11448159|journal=South African Journal of Zoology|volume=24|issue=4|pages=239–243|doi=10.1080/02541858.1989.11448159|accessdate=31 July 2017}}</ref><ref>Grassé P. P.; Noirot, J. C. 1951. La Sociotomie: migration et fragmentation de la termitiere chez les Anoplotermes et les Trinervitermes. ''Behaviour'' 3: 146-166</ref> == Baranahan == Geuwat sanggeus [[hujan]], brul siraru hiber pikeun ngalakonan réproduksi, ieu siraru téh salila usum halodo mah cimekblek cicing di jero sayang panghandapna. Ari karawinna, biasana ngariung di nu caang, mantak sok nyampeurkeun kana lampu atawa cahya séjénna. Mun jauh ti sayang indungna, biasana mah sok écag, ngangkatkeun jangjang jeung maluruh pasanganna. Ari siraru nu geus meunang pasanganna, biasana sok nyoplokkeun jangjangna, paantai-antai jeung pasanganna tatar-tutur ka ditu-ka dieu. Pasangan siraru téh sok langsung ngali liang pikeun mitembeyan koloni anyar. Saminggu sanggeus sagulung-sagalang, bikangna langsung ngendog. Sanggeus kurang leuwih opat bulan, sayangna cukup pikeun ngirim pagawé jang néangan kahakanan ka pabeungeutan. Sawatara taun ka hareup, loba endog nu megar jadi pagawé, jeung sawaréhna mah jadi tangtara. Mun sayangna cukup badag mah, réproduksi siraru téh dilakonan deui.<ref name="bell">{{cite web|url=http://agriculture.kzntl.gov.za/publications/production_guidelines/veld_in_natal/veld_11.1.htm|title=Insect Pests: Harvester Termites|last=Bell|first=R. A.|year=1999|work=Veld in KwaZulu-Natal 11.1|publisher=KwaZulu-Natal Department of Agriculture and Environmental Affairs|accessdate=21 October 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110065254/http://agriculture.kzntl.gov.za/publications/production_guidelines/veld_in_natal/veld_11.1.htm |date=10 January 2011 }}</ref> == Diét jeung hakanan == [[Gambar:Hodotermes_mossambicus,_alaat_in_water.jpg|kiri|jmpl|200x200px|<center>''Siraru (H. mossambicus)'' jangjangan nu ilahar hirup ti peuting paéh ngambang na cai</center>]] Para pagawé ngumpulkeun nu lolobana mah [[Kai|kakaian]], kalawan spésiés [[Pteronia|''Pteronia '']]<nowiki/>jeung [[vygie]] nu dipikaresepna. Sebalikna, siraru jangjangan mah diét utamana dina ngahakan jukut garing jeung atawa nu ibunan, sok sanajan ari sésa tatangkalan jeung pangpung régang mah dihakan saeutik-saeutik waé mah. Dina studi kastabilan isotop ''H. mossambicus'', asupan kadaharan utamana téh nyaéta komponén rumput, ampir 94%.<ref name="est">{{cite journal|last=Symes|first=Craig T.|author2=Woodborne, Stephan|date=1 April 2011|title=Estimation of food composition of Hodotermes mossambicus (Isoptera: Hodotermitidae) based on observations and stable carbon isotope ratios|url=http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/handle/10204/5993|journal=Insect Science|volume=18|issue=2|pages=175–180|doi=10.1111/j.1744-7917.2010.01344.x}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212002825/http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/handle/10204/5993 |date=12 February 2021 }}</ref> Di ieu sésiés, larva instar ka genep nyerna sarta ngadistribusikeun hakanan di jero éta koloni ku cara [[tropioaksis stomodeal]]. Ku cara méré dahar babarengan téh ngaruketkeun integritas koloni, lantaran nu maraban téh ngadiskriminasikeun individu ku mikrobiota usus nu teu biasa.<ref name="nest">{{cite web|url=http://www-evolution.uni-regensburg.de/iussi/eu/abstracts.html|title=Nestmate discrimination in the harvester termite Hodotermes mossambicus|last=Minkley|first=Nina|publisher=IUSSI|accessdate=18 October 2012|display-authors=etal}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513095543/http://www-evolution.uni-regensburg.de/iussi/eu/abstracts.html |date=13 May 2008 }}</ref> == Prédator == Siraru téh mangrupa kadaharan utamana [[ajag ceuli lalay]] di [[Afrika Wétan]] jeung [[Afrika Kidul|kidul]].<ref name="tc">{{Cite book|title=The Carnivores|last=Ewer|first=R. F.|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=1973|location=New York|page=161}}</ref> Pikeun kahakanan nu teu ilahar ieu, sahingga ieu ajag mah mibanda 48 huntu leutik tinimbang anjing séjén nu mibanda 42 huntu. Ieu ajag ogé miboga ceuli nu rebing kawas [[lalay]], fungsina pikeun ngadédéngékeun [[gegeremet]] di jero taneuh, nepi ka antukna dikali. Kitu ogé, ajag fennec néangan gegeremetna ku cara ngali. Sanajan [[ajag marcapada]] mangrupa prédator husus ti [[Trinervitermes|''Trinervitermes'']] tinangtu, tapina mun dina [[usum tiis]] sok moro siraru ogé.<ref name="iucn">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hyaenidae.org/the-hyaenidae/aardwolf-proteles-cristatus/cristatus-diet-and-foraging.html|title=Aardwolf: Diet and Foraging|last=Holekamp|first=Kay E.|website=The extant (living) hyaena species|publisher=IUCN, Hyaena Specialist Group|accessdate=18 October 2012|display-authors=etal}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114001414/http://www.hyaenidae.org/the-hyaenidae/aardwolf-proteles-cristatus/cristatus-diet-and-foraging.html |date=14 November 2012 }}</ref> Aktivitas ngukuy jeung ngali taneuh nu lega ku [[aardvarks]] téh dikaitkeun jeung lahan [[heuweltjies]] nu dicicingan ku siraru. == Dampak ékonomi == Siraru bisa méakeun jukut di kebon jeung bisa nyebabkeun taneuh jadi urug, ngan teu pati mun kana kebon nu kurang jukutna mah.<ref name="isa" /><ref name="fg" /> Ngan, dina jangka lilana mah, buburukan jeung daur ulang bahan pepelakan urut siraru téh mibanda kontribusi kana kasuburan taneuh jeung siklus global [[karbon]], [[nitrogén]], sarta unsur lianna.<ref name="est" /> == Rujukan == {{reflist|32em}} == Tutumbu luar == * [[Gambar:Wikispecies-logo.svg|al=|16x16px]]{{Wikispecies-inline}} * [[Gambar:Commons-logo.svg|al=|16x16px]]{{Commons category-inline}} [[Kategori:Insékta]] cu6538en22525p8op8snqx6gkur5c20 0 72888 711093 707542 2026-07-19T12:34:56Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 711093 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Struthio camelus 23zz.jpg|jmpl|Manuk Onta|211x211px]] Manuk Onta (''Struthio camelus'') mangrupa jenis [[manuk]] nu pangbadagna nu masih hirup nepi ka kiwari.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news|url=https://portal-ilmu.com/burung-unta/|title=Burung Unta – Deskripsi Lengkap Burung Pelari {{!}} Portal-Ilmu.com|date=2016-06-10|newspaper=Portal-Ilmu.com|language=id-ID|access-date=2018-01-19}}</ref> Ieu manuk kaasup kana keluarga nu sarua jeung manuk kasuari, rhéa, emu, jeung kiwi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.habaloen.com/2017/01/ciri-ciri-burung-unta-dan-jenis-jenis.html|title=ciri-ciri burung unta dan jenis-jenis burung unta serta Cara beternak burung unta|website=www.habaloen.com|accessdate=2018-01-31}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311122738/http://www.habaloen.com/2017/01/ciri-ciri-burung-unta-dan-jenis-jenis.html |date=2018-03-11 }}</ref> Lantaran awakna badag, manuk onta teu bisa ngapung siga manuk sejénna.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jualayamhias.com/15-hal-unik-yang-perlu-kita-ketahui-tentang-burung-unta/|title=15 Hal Unik yang Perlu Kita Ketahui Tentang Burung Unta - Jual Ayam Hias|date=2016-05-13|newspaper=Jual Ayam Hias|language=en-US|access-date=2018-01-19}}</ref> Manuk onta jangkungna bisa nepika 2.5 meter.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.kopi-ireng.com/2016/03/20-fakta-menarik-tentang-burung-unta.html|title=20 Fakta Menarik Tentang Burung Unta, Burung Pelari Tercepat di Dunia|last=FB|first=PROFIL|newspaper=Kopi-ireng.com|access-date=2018-01-19}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208135211/http://www.kopi-ireng.com/2016/03/20-fakta-menarik-tentang-burung-unta.html |date=2017-12-08 }}</ref> Beuratna bisa nepika 140&nbsp;kg.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://satujam.com/fakta-burung-unta/|title=Ciri-Ciri dan Fakta Menarik Burung Unta - Satu Jam|date=2016-03-04|newspaper=Satu Jam|language=id-ID|access-date=2018-01-31}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506050026/http://www.satujam.com/fakta-burung-unta |date=2017-05-06 }}</ref> Ciri hasna nyaéta beuheungna nu panjang pikeun nempo posisi musuh aya di mana.<ref name=":0" /> Dingaranan manuk onta lantaran beuheungna nu panjang siga [[onta]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.jalaksuren.net/karakteristik-burung-unta/|title=Karakteristik Burung Unta dan Keunikan yang Dimilikinya|date=2017-09-25|newspaper=UD. Jalak Suren|language=id-ID|access-date=2018-01-31}}</ref> == Habitat == Manuk onta lain manuk asli [[Indonesia]], tapi manuk nu asalna ti [[Afrika]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=http://animals.mom.me/habitat-food-sources-ostrich-2284.html|title=The Habitat & Food Sources of the Ostrich|language=en|access-date=2018-01-31}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124213251/http://animals.mom.me/habitat-food-sources-ostrich-2284.html |date=2018-01-24 }}</ref> Sacara husus, aya di belah wetan atawa kidul [[Afrika]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2012/stauder_abig/habitat.htm|title=Ostrich (Struthio camelus)|website=bioweb.uwlax.edu|language=en-us|accessdate=2018-01-31}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003190411/http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2012/stauder_abig/habitat.htm |date=2017-10-03 }}</ref> Tapi sok aya ogé di [[Sagara sahara|sagara Sahara]].<ref name=":1" /> Manuk onta resep hirup di [[tegal]] nu garing, [[sagara]], jeung [[havana]].<ref name=":1" /> Epidermis, awakna, jeung karakteristikna ngamungkinkeun manuk onta hirup di habitat nu ékstrim.<ref name=":1" /> Lamun di ekosistem [[tropis]] nu leuweungna loba ku [[tatangkalan]], manuk onta moal bisa hirup lila lantaran teu bisa ngapung jeung teu boga ruang bebas pikeun lumpat nalika aya bahaya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sciencing.com/ostrichs-natural-habitat-6391764.html|title=Ostrich's Natural Habitat|website=Sciencing|language=en|accessdate=2018-01-31}}</ref> == Perilaku == Manuk onta kaasup jenis sato sosial.<ref name=":2" /> Manéhna bisa babarengan nyimpen [[endog]] di tempat nu sarua.<ref name=":2" /> Tapi bisa ogé ngabedakeun [[Endog asin|endog]] nu mana nu rék dihasilkeun.<ref name=":2" /> Tempat keur endogna ukuranna kurang leuwih 3 meter.<ref name=":2" /> [[Gambar:Ostrich egg.jpg|jmpl|Endog manuk onta]] Endog manuk onta nyaéta nu pangbadagna di antara manuk nu sején.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.livestrong.com/article/345784-nutritional-facts-on-ostrich-eggs/|title=Nutritional Facts on Ostrich Eggs|last=Bird|first=Beverly|newspaper=LIVESTRONG.COM|language=en-US|access-date=2018-01-31}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ukuran diameterna bisa nepi ka 12–18&nbsp;cm, lamun panjangna kurang leuwih 46&nbsp;cm.<ref name=":3" /> Cangkang endogna lumayan teuas.<ref name=":2" /> Endogna bakal megar sanggeus 45 poé direkem.<ref name=":2" /> Nalika kaayaan bahaya atawa kaancam, manuk onta bakal gogoleran di taneuh atawa lumpat kabur.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=http://bobo.grid.id/Sains/Flora-Dan-Fauna/Inilah-4-Jenis-Burung-Yang-Tidak-Bisa-Terbang|title=Inilah 4 Jenis Burung yang Tidak Bisa Terbang|newspaper=Bobo.Grid.ID|access-date=2018-02-01}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129091009/http://bobo.grid.id/Sains/Flora-Dan-Fauna/Inilah-4-Jenis-Burung-Yang-Tidak-Bisa-Terbang |date=2018-01-29 }}</ref> Manuk onta bisa lumpat nepi ka gancangna 70&nbsp;km/jam.<ref name=":4" /> Dina sakali ngaléngkah bisa nepika 5 meter.<ref name=":4" /> Lamun kaayaana geus kaserang, manuk onta bakal najong maké sukuna nu kuat.<ref name=":5" /> Saking kuatna, bisa nepi ka nyieun jalma atawa sato predator siga [[singa]] maot.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/birds/o/ostrich/|title=Ostrich {{!}} National Geographic|date=2010-11-11|access-date=2018-02-01}}</ref> == Kadaharan == Manuk onta kaasup kana sato [[omnivora]] nyaéta sato nu sagala dihakan boh éta tutuwuhan atawa daging.<ref name=":6" /> Manéhna butuh kadaharan nu miboga kandungan gizi jeung vitamin nu loba.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|url=http://www.roysfarm.com/food-of-ostrich/|title=Food Of Ostrich {{!}} Modern Farming Methods|date=2012-04-27|newspaper=Modern Farming Methods|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-01}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123061027/http://www.roysfarm.com/food-of-ostrich |date=2018-01-23 }}</ref> Jenis kadaharan mantuan pikeun ngaoptimalkeun produksina jeung kaséhatannana.<ref name=":7" /> Umumna mah sok ngadahar dadaunan,akar-akaran,siki-sikian,sato gegemetan, kadal nepi ka sato leutik nu aya di sakurilingna.<ref name=":2" /> == Mangpaaat == Manuk onta miboga sababaraha mangpaat boh éta tanagana,endogna, jeung bagéan tina awakna siga kulit,bulu, jeung dagingna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.agrobisnisinfo.com/2015/04/burung-unta.html|title=Fakta-Fakta Tentang Burung Unta {{!}} AGROBISNISINFO.Com|website=www.agrobisnisinfo.com|accessdate=2018-02-01}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210213051/http://www.agrobisnisinfo.com/2015/04/burung-unta.html |date=2018-02-10 }}</ref> Tanagana biasana sok dipaké pikeun transportasi atawa balap.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|title=Storypedia: Binatang Paling|last=Setiafitri|first=Pipit|publisher=Buah Hati|year=2013|isbn=|location=Tangerang|pages=}}</ref> Hususna daerah [[Afrika Utara]] jeung [[Arab]].<ref name=":9" /> Kulitna biasana sok dipaké pikeun bahan nyieun kantong.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mediamuda.com/bahan-baku-tas-tas-mahal-ternyata-kulit-hewan/|title=Kulit Burung Unta Menjadi Bahan Baku Tas-Tas Termahal - Media Muda|date=2016-05-10|newspaper=Media Muda|language=id-ID|access-date=2018-02-01}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619085100/https://www.mediamuda.com/bahan-baku-tas-tas-mahal-ternyata-kulit-hewan/ |date=2021-06-19 }}</ref> Buluna mah dipaké pikeun industri pembersih.<ref name=":8" /> Endog jeung dagingna biasana sok dikonsumsi manusa.<ref name=":8" /> Daging onta rasana mirip pisan jeung daging [[sapi]] umumna, ngan kaleuwihanna kadar lemak jeung kolesterol nu saeutik, sarta kadar kalsium, protein, jeung zat beusi nu loba.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news|url=https://www.aryanto.id/artikel/id/1700/manfaat-dan-kebaikan-daging-burung-unta-bagi-tubuh|title=Manfaat dan Kebaikan Daging Burung Unta Bagi Tubuh|last=Maryati|first=Sri|newspaper=Aryantoid Informasi Kesehatan dan Pengobatan Herbal|access-date=2018-02-01}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922082436/https://www.aryanto.id/artikel/id/1700/manfaat-dan-kebaikan-daging-burung-unta-bagi-tubuh |date=2020-09-22 }}</ref> Dagigna miboga sababaraha mangpaat kaséhatan pikeun awak di antarana jang kekebalan,stamina, nyegah panyakit saraf jeung otak.<ref name=":10" /> == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Sato omnivora]] [[Kategori:Manuk]] ozdgk36oa0ywawgnwn5qzo02bc6763p 0 102696 711092 710064 2026-07-19T12:09:34Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 711092 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Presbytis siberu imported from iNaturalist photo 71151959 on 21 November 2020.jpg|al=Lutung Mentawai|jmpl|Lutung Mentawai ]] '''Lutung Mentawai''' (''Presbytis potenziani'') atawa sok disebut ogé Joja nyaéta spésiés primata anu kagolong kana kulawarga Cercopithecidae, sarta sub kulawarga Colobinaé. Lutung Mentawai mangrupa sato éndemik anu aya di Pulo Mentawai, Indonésia. Tempat cicing alamina aya di leuweung tropos garing atawa di leuweung subtropis. Hanjakal, ieu sato téh kaacam musnah ku sabab leuweung, tempat cicingna diraruksak ku jalma anu teu tanggung jawab.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://primata.ipb.ac.id/presbytis-potenziani/|title=Presbytis potenziani|website=Pusat Studi Satwa Primata|language=en-US|accessdate=2021-09-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918065300/https://primata.ipb.ac.id/presbytis-potenziani/ |date=2021-09-18 }}</ref> Sajaba ti disebut Lutung Mentawai atawa Joja, ngaran séjén tina sato ieu nyaéta ''Mentawai Leaf Monkey'', ''Golden-bellied Mentawai Island Langur'', atawa ''Long-tailed Langur.'' <ref name=":0" /> Lutung Mentawai bakal loba kapanggih di Pagai Utara, Pagai Selatan, sarta di Pulo Siberut.<ref name=":0" /> Lutung Mentawai dibagi jadi 2 sub spésiés nyaéta ''Presbytis potenziani potenziani'' anu sumebar di Pulo Sipora, Pulo Pagai Utara jeung Pagai Selatan sarta ''Presbytis potenziani siberut'' anu sumebar di Pulo Siberut.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://agrozine.id/mengenal-primata-endemik-kepulauan-mentawai-ada-apa-saja/|title=Mengenal Primata Endemik Kepulauan Mentawai, Ada Apa Saja?|last=Agrozine|first=Redaksi|website=Agrozine|language=en-US|accessdate=2021-09-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918083344/https://agrozine.id/mengenal-primata-endemik-kepulauan-mentawai-ada-apa-saja/ |date=2021-09-18 }}</ref> == Sistem Kawin == Sok sanajan Lutung Mentawai téh kagolong kana sasatoan anu ngadahar bungbuahan, sisikian jeung kekembangan, anu biasana ngabogaan sipat ''poligami,'' tapi Lutung Mentawai anu kagolong kana ''Prebytis'' ieu ngabogaan sistem kawin monogami. Hal ieu jadi kajadian anu ngirut sarta jarang kapanggih dina monyét anu kagolong kana kulawarga ieu.<ref name=":0" /> == Kaunikan Lutung Mentawai == Lutung Mentawai kagolong kana spésiés primata anu boga rupa pangalusna.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.goodnewsfromindonesia.id/2021/07/15/terancam-punah-ini-4-primata-endemik-yang-menghuni-kepulauan-mentawai|title=Terancam Punah, Ini 4 Primata Endemik yang Menghuni Kepulauan Mentawai|last=Afrillia|first=Dian|website=www.goodnewsfromindonesia.id|language=id-ID|accessdate=2021-09-18}}</ref> Tonggongna hideung meles sarta hérang, beuteungna coklat kolot, sabudeureun beungeutna warna bodas, sarta beuheung jeung buntutna panjang hideung meles siga sutra.<ref name=":1" /> Maranéhna kagolong kana sasatoan ''diurnal'', anu gerakanna lolobana ujlang-ajleng jeung gugulantungan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.tamansafari.com/Newsportalv22ok/preview.php?id=31&cat_id=&p=21&search=|title=Konservasi Primata Endemik Kepulauan Mentawai|website=news.tamansafari.com|accessdate=2021-09-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918083017/https://news.tamansafari.com/Newsportalv22ok/preview.php?id=31&cat_id=&p=21&search= |date=2021-09-18 }}</ref> Kaunikan séjén tina Lutung Mentawai nyaéta bisa ngaluarkeun sora saméméh meleték panon poé sarta kajadian ieu téh tanda tritorial kakawasaanna.<ref name=":1" /> Lutung Mentawai kagolong kana dalapan jenis lutung di Indonésia anu pangéndahna.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://sumbar.antaranews.com/berita/132210/kekayaan-fauna-joja-atau-lutung-mentawai-presbytis-potenziani|title=Kekayaan Fauna Joja atau Lutung Mentawai (Presbytis potenziani)|last=Agency|first=ANTARA News|website=Antara News Sumbar|accessdate=2021-09-18}}</ref> Kahirupan sosialna beda jeung primata séjénna, jalu jeung bikangna ngabogaan sora kalayan prilaku primitif.<ref name=":2" /> == Populasi == Populasi Lutung Mentawai kiwari éstuning matak prihatin sarta kaancam bakal musnah. Dina jangka waktu 40 taun ieu, populasina terus nyirorot nepi ka 50 persénna, akibat tina ruksakna leuwueng tempat cicing ieu sato.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.antarafoto.com:443/mudik/v1526826023/populasi-lutung-mentawai|title=Populasi Lutung Mentawai|website=www.antarafoto.com|accessdate=2021-09-18}}</ref> Sajaba ti ruksakna tempat cicing asli Lutung Mentawai, utamana di Pulo Siberut, musanahna ieu sato ogé dipangaruhan ku nu moro sacara ilégal, ahirna kaayaan jumlah ieu sato téh kacida matak prihatinna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/baca/foto/2018/05/22/populasi-lutung-mentawai/|title=Populasi Lutung Mentawai|website=kompas.id|accessdate=2021-09-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918073044/https://www.kompas.id/baca/foto/2018/05/22/populasi-lutung-mentawai/ |date=2021-09-18 }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mongabay.co.id/2015/02/26/inilah-empat-primata-endemik-kepulauan-mentawai-apa-keunikannya/|title=Inilah Empat Primata Endemik Kepulauan Mentawai. Apa Keunikannya?|website=Mongabay.co.id|language=en-US|accessdate=2021-09-18}}</ref> Baheula nu moro téh ukur ngagunakeun panah, kitu ogé pikeun ngabasmi hama, sedengkeun kiwari mah, moro téh ngagunakeun bedil angin jeung moro sato-sato primata anu geus langka. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.topsatu.com/populasi-empat-spesies-primata-di-mentawai-menurun/|title=Populasi Empat Spesies Primata di Mentawai Menurun|last=Eri|last2=Eri|first2=i|website=Top Satu|language=id-ID|accessdate=2021-09-18|last3=i}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918083048/https://www.topsatu.com/populasi-empat-spesies-primata-di-mentawai-menurun/ |date=2021-09-18 }}</ref>Joja jadi salah sahiji spésiés prioritas anu bakal di konsérvasi dina taun 2008-2018, anu geus dipunlikasikeun ku ''Kementrian Kehutanan Republik Indonesia'' dina siaran pers nomor S.22/II/PIK-1/2008 (Kementerian Kehutanan Republik Indonesia,2008). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/baca/foto/2018/05/22/populasi-lutung-mentawai/|title=Populasi Lutung Mentawai|website=kompas.id|accessdate=2021-09-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918073044/https://www.kompas.id/baca/foto/2018/05/22/populasi-lutung-mentawai/ |date=2021-09-18 }}</ref> == Rujukan == dj3v001su6un9bo4urwmbjwaw1y91kk 0 103169 711094 706167 2026-07-19T12:47:52Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 711094 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = lightgreen | name = Marémé | image = Glochidion ramiflorum.jpg | image_size = 250px | image_caption =Glochidion borneense | regnum = Plantae | divisio =Magnoliophyta | classis = Magnoliopsida | ordo =Euphorbiales | familia =Euphorbiaceae | genus =Glochidion | species = Glochidion borneense Boerl | binomial = | binomial_authority = | synonyms ={{Collapsible list}}}} '''''Marémé'''''; 'Reuheun'' ''(Glochidion borneense, hook. f)'' nyaéta hiji tutuwuhan anu asalna tina kulawarga [[Euphorbiaceae]].<ref name="Bungbu">{{Cite book|title =Udjung Kulon: The Land of the Last Javan Rhinoceros| last= Hoogerwerf| first= A. | coauthors =-| year= 1970|page=31|location=National Library of the Netherlands (original from Leiden University Libraries)| publisher=Brill Archive| url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=pc4UAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA31&lpg=PA31&dq=sophora+tomentosa+bungbulan&source=bl&ots=F2HR_Grimb&sig=ACfU3U0JnMtQmW9VQ36gztboIlgK5221VQ&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiGndL0ioTuAhVS6XMBHZWOCzEQ6AEwAHoECAEQAg#v=onepage&q=sophora%20tomentosa%20bungbulan&f=false}}disungsi – 4 Jan 2021</ref><ref name=”DE ”>{{Cite book| url =https://archive.org/details/denuttigeplanten03heyn/page/67/mode/1up?view=theater| title =DE NUTTIGE PLANTEN VAN NEDERLANDSCH-INDIË| last =HEYNE| first =K. | publisher =Ruygrok & Co BATVIA | location =Linrary New York Botanical Garden| year =1913|ISBN=|pages =67}} Disungsi26 April 2021</ref><ref name=”Pla”>{{Cite book| url =http://plantamor.com/species/info/glochidion/borneense| title =Plantamor| last =Marémé| first =Tangkal| publisher =Plantamor| location =Indonesia| year =2022| ISBN =| pages =}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104125842/http://plantamor.com/species/info/glochidion/borneense |date=2022-01-04 }} Disungsi4 Januari 2022</ref> Di [[Australia]] ieu tangkal sok disebut ''cheese trees'' atawa ''buttonwood'', dina sastra ilmiah dipiwanoh salaku ''leafflower trees''. Ieu tangkal mibanda 300 [[spésiés]]. <ref name="BergstromDugatkin2012">{{cite book|author1=Carl T. Bergstrom|author2=Lee Alan Dugatkin|title=Evolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SeaEZwEACAAJ|year=2012|publisher=Norton|isbn=978-0-393-92592-0|page=630|access-date=2016-10-24|archive-date=2016-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118183851/https://books.google.com/books?id=SeaEZwEACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=”Buk”>{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=iO0ldwKoXvQC&pg=PA68&dq=pohon+mareme&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjdh6-p-5X1AhWeH7cAHdaYCvcQ6AF6BAgFEAM#v=onepage&q=pohon%20mareme&f=false| title =Buku Pintar Tanaman Obat: 431 jenis tanaman penggempur aneka penyakit| last =GBIF| first =GLOBAL| publisher =AgroMedia | location =Copenhagen, Denmark | year =2008|ISBN=9789790061941|pages =68}} Disungsi2 Januari 2022</ref> ==Habitat jeung sebaran== Tangkal marémé kapanggih hirup ti mimiti [[Madagaskar]] nepi ka [[kapuloan Pasifik]]. ''Glochidion'' spésiés ieu dipaké salaku tutuwuhan pangan ku [[larva]] tina sababaraha [[Lepidoptera]] kaasup spésiés ''[[Aenetus|Aenetus eximia]]'' ogé ''[[Endoclita|Endoclita damor]]''.<ref name= Plants.USDA/> Urang [[Nicobarese]] ngamangpaatkeun tangkal marémé atawa ''G. calocarpum'' salaku ubar, nyebutkeun yén kulitna ogé sikina dimangpaatkeun pikeun ngubaran gangguan padaharan/nyeri beuteung.<ref>See p. 412 in: {{cite journal |last=Hammer |first=K |title=Barilla (Salsola soda, Chenopodiaceae)|journal=Economic Botany|volume=44|issue=3 |pages=410–412 |date=1990 |doi=10.1007/bf03183925 |jstor=4255259|s2cid=32113455 }}</ref> Dumasar kana [[Antekologi]] ogé [[koevolusi]] ''Glochidion'' dina hirupna silih gumantung jeung gegeremet tina genus ''[[Epicephala]]'' (ngengat daun bunga), utamana mangsa ''penyerbukan'' kembang—ngabantu tangkal dina ngahasilkeun siki anu alus pikeun pibiniheun —ogé maranéhna ngendog dina dasar kembang, di mana ieu larva mun geus gedé ngadaharna sawaréh siki marémé.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kato | first1 = M. | last2 = Takimura | first2 = A. | last3 = Kawakita | first3 = A. | year = 2003 | title = An obligate pollination mutualism and reciprocal diversification in the tree genus Glochidion (Euphorbiaceae) | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA | volume = 100 | issue = 9| pages = 5264–5267 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0837153100| pmc = 154333 | pmid=12695568| bibcode = 2003PNAS..100.5264K | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hembry | first1 = D. H. | last2 = Okamoto | first2 = T. | last3 = Gillespie | first3 = R. G. | year = 2012 | title = Repeated colonization of remote islands by specialized mutualists | journal = Biology Letters | volume = 8 | issue = 2 | pages = 258–261 | doi=10.1098/rsbl.2011.0771| pmc = 3297384 | pmid=21900312}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Luo | first1 = S.-X. | last2 = Yao | first2 = G. | last3 = Wang | first3 = Z. | last4 = Zhang | first4 = D. | last5 = Hembry | first5 = D. H. | year = 2017 | title = A novel, enigmatic basal leafflower moth lineage pollinating a derived leafflower host illustrates the dynamics of host shifts, partner replacement, and apparent co-adaptation in intimate mutualisms | url = https://arizona.openrepository.com/bitstream/10150/623805/1/690623.pdf | journal = The American Naturalist | volume = 189 | issue = 4 | pages = 422–435 | doi = 10.1086/690623 | pmid = 28350503 | pmc = 6103454 | hdl = 10150/623805 | s2cid = 3922814 | hdl-access = free | access-date = 2019-09-05 | archive-date = 2021-11-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211124172948/https://arizona.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10150/623805/690623.pdf;jsessionid=C1EBDAA7FE0678A461C480BB693B1D0A?sequence=1 | url-status = live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124172948/https://arizona.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10150/623805/690623.pdf |date=2021-11-24 }}</ref> Spésiés séjén tina ''Epicephala'' nyaéta ''pollinator'', sarta dina sababaraha kaayaan, sok ngahakan siki marémé, spésiés anu tangtu tutuwuhan dina ''genera'' [[Phyllanthus]]<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kawakita | first1 = A. | last2 = Kato | first2 = M. | year = 2004 | title = Evolution of obligate pollination mutualism in New Caledonian ''Phyllanthus'' (Euphorbiaceae) | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 91 | issue = 3 | pages = 410–415 | doi=10.3732/ajb.91.3.410| pmid = 21653396 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kawakita | first1 = A. | last2 = Kato | first2 = M. | year = 2009 | title = Repeated independent evolution of obligate pollination mutualism in the Phyllantheae-''Epicephala'' association | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B | volume = 276 | issue = 1656 | pages = 417–426 | doi=10.1098/rspb.2008.1226| pmc = 2664352 | pmid=18948251}}</ref> and ''[[Breynia]]'',<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kawakita | first1 = A. | last2 = Kato | first2 = M. | year = 2004 | title = Obligate pollination mutualism in ''Breynia'' (Phyllanthaceae): further documentation of pollination mutualism involving ''Epicephala'' moths (Gracillariidae) | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 91 | issue = 9 | pages = 1319–1325 | doi=10.3732/ajb.91.9.1319| pmid = 21652364 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Zhang | first1 = J. | last2 = Wang | first2 = S. | last3 = Li | first3 = H. | last4 = Hu | first4 = B. | last5 = Yang | first5 = X. | last6 = Wang | first6 = Z. | year = 2012 | title = Diffuse coevolution between two ''Epicephala'' species (Gracillariidae) and two ''Breynia'' species (Phyllanthaceae) | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 7 | page = e41657 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0041657| pmc = 3407192 | pmid=22848559| bibcode = 2012PLoSO...741657Z | doi-access = free }}</ref> duanana raket patalina jeung''Glochidion''.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kathriarachchi | first1 = H. | last2 = Samuel | first2 = R. | last3 = Hoffmann | first3 = P. | last4 = Mlinarec | first4 = J. | last5 = Wurdack | first5 = K. J. | last6 = Ralimanana | first6 = H. | last7 = Stuessy | first7 = T. F. | last8 = Chase | first8 = M. W. | year = 2006 | title = Phylogenetics of tribe Phyllantheae (Phyllanthaceae: Euphorbiaceae sensu lato) based on nrITS and plastid matK DNA sequence data | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 93 | issue = 4 | pages = 637–655 | doi=10.3732/ajb.93.4.637 | pmid = 21646224| doi-access = free }}</ref> Hubungan ieu sami sareng hubungan antara [[Ficus|ki ara]] sareng [[nyiruan]] kitu deui [[yucca]] sareng [[Prodoxidae|gegeremet yucca]]. Sanajan genus ''Glochidion'' asalna ngan ti Afrika, spésiés Asia Wétan ''[[Glochidion puberum]]'' geus di naturalisasi di sababaraha lokasi di nagara bagian AS [[Alabama]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Fearn | first1 = M. L. | last2 = Urbatsch | first2 = L. E. | year = 2001 | title = ''Glochidion puberum'' (Euphorbiaceae) naturalized in southern Alabama | journal = SIDA, Contributions to Botany | volume = 19 | pages = 711–714 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200012580 |title=Glochidion puberum in Flora of North America @ |publisher=Efloras.org |date= |accessdate=2021-11-24 |archive-date=2017-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411055555/http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200012580 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411055555/http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200012580 |date=2017-04-11 }}</ref> Dina révisi Phyllanthaceae taun 2006, disarankeun yén ''Glochidion'' diasupkeun kana ''Phyllanthus''.<ref name=hoffmann2006>{{cite journal | last1 = Hoffmann | first1 = Petra | last2 = Kathriarachchi | first2 = Hashendra S. | last3 = Wurdack | first3 = Kenneth J. | year = 2006 | title = A Phylogenetic Classification of Phyllanthaceae | journal = Kew Bulletin | volume = 61 | issue = 1| pages = 37–53 }}</ref> Kombinasi anyar dina "Phyllanthus" parantos bewarakeun pikeun [[Madagaskar]]. <ref>Hoffmann, P. and McPherson, G., 2003. Transfer of Madagascan Glochidion to Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae sl or Phyllanthaceae). Novon 13(3):307-310.</ref> jeung Kapuloan Pasifik,<ref>Wagner WL, Lorence DH. A nomenclator of Pacific oceanic island Phyllanthus (Phyllanthaceae), including Glochidion. PhytoKeys. 2011(4):67-94</ref>. ==Spésiés dipilih== An incomplete listing: {{Div col|colwidth=21em}} *''[[Glochidion apodogynum]]'' {{Au|Airy Shaw}}<ref name=APNI/> *''[[Glochidion barronense]]'' {{Au|Airy Shaw}}<ref name=APNI/> *''[[Glochidion benthamianum]]'' {{Au|Domin}}<ref name=APNI/> *''[[Glochidion bourdillonii]]'' *''[[Glochidion calocarpum]]'' *''[[Glochidion christophersenii]]'' *''[[Glochidion carrickii]]'' *''[[Glochidion comitum]]'' *''[[Glochidion disparipes]]'' {{Au|Airy Shaw}}<ref name=APNI/> *''[[Glochidion eriocarpum]]'' *''[[Glochidion ferdinandi]]'' {{Au|(Mull.Arg.) F.M.Bailey}} - cheese tree, buttonwood, pencil cedar, water gum, rain tree<ref name=APNI/> :*[[Glochidion ferdinandi var. ferdinandi|var. ''ferdinandi'']]<ref name=APNI/> :*[[Glochidion ferdinandi var. pubens|var. ''pubens'']] {{Au|Airy Shaw}}<ref name=APNI/> *''[[Glochidion gardneri]]'' {{Au| (Thwaites.) }} *''[[Glochidion grantii]]'' *''[[Glochidion harveyanum]]'' {{Au|Domin}} - buttonwood, daphne buttonwood<ref name=APNI/> :*[[Glochidion harveyanum var. harveyanum|var. ''harveyanum'']]<ref name=APNI/> :*[[Glochidion harveyanum var. harveyanum|var. ''pubescens'']] {{Au|Airy Shaw}}<ref name=APNI/> *''[[Glochidion hylandii]]'' {{Au|Airy Shaw}}<ref name=APNI/> *''[[Glochidion insulare]]'' *''[[Glochidion johnstonei]]'' *''[[Glochidion lanceolarium]]'' *''[[Glochidion lobocarpum]]'' {{Au|(Benth.) F.M.Bailey}}<ref name=APNI/> *''[[Glochidion longfieldiae]]'' *''[[Glochidion manono]]'' *''[[Glochidion marchionicum]]'' *''[[Glochidion moonii]]'' *''[[Glochidion moorei]]'' *''[[Glochidion myrtifolium]]'' *''[[Glochidion nadeaudii]]'' *''[[Glochidion orientalis]]'' *''[[Glochidion papenooense]]'' *''[[Glochidion pauciflorum]]'' *''[[Glochidion perakense]]'' {{Au|Hook.f.}} - umbrella cheese tree, buttonwood<ref name=APNI/> :*[[Glochidion perakense var. supra-axillare|var. ''supra-axillare'']] {{Au|(Benth.) Airy Shaw}}<ref name=APNI/> *''[[Glochidion philippicum]]'' {{Au|(Cav.) C.B.Rob.}}<ref name=APNI/> *''[[Glochidion pitcairnense]]'' *''[[Glochidion pruinosum]]'' {{Au|Airy Shaw}}<ref name=APNI/> *''[[Glochidion puberum]]'' *''[[Glochidion pungens]]'' {{Au|Airy Shaw}}<ref name=APNI/> *''[[Glochidion raivavense]]'' *''[[Glochidion ramiflorum]]'' <small>J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.</small> *''[[Glochidion rapaense]]'' *''[[Glochidion seemannii]]'' <small>Müll.-Arg.</small><!-- Micronesica 40: 169. --> *''[[Glochidion sessiliflorum]]'' {{Au|Airy Shaw}}<ref name=APNI/> :*[[Glochidion sessiliflorum var. sessiliflorum|var. ''pedicellatum'']] {{Au|Airy Shaw}}<ref name=APNI/> :*[[Glochidion sessiliflorum var. sessiliflorum|var. ''sessiliflorum'']]<ref name=APNI/> :*[[Glochidion sessiliflorum var. sessiliflorum|var. ''stylosum'']] {{Au|Airy Shaw}}<ref name=APNI/> *''[[Glochidion sisparense]]'' *''[[Glochidion stellatum]]'' *''[[Glochidion stylosum]]'' *''[[Glochidion sumatranum]]'' {{Au|Miq.}}<ref name=APNI/> *''[[Glochidion symingtonii]]'' *''[[Glochidion taitense]]'' *''[[Glochidion temehaniense]]'' *''[[Glochidion tomentosum]]'' *''[[Glochidion tooviianum]]'' *''[[Glochidion xerocarpum]]'' {{Au|(O.Schwarz) Airy Shaw}}<ref name=APNI/> {{Div col end}} ==Dicutat tina== {{Reflist | 27em | refs= <ref name= Plants.USDA>[http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=GLPU6 PLANTS Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510092942/http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=GLPU6 |date=2013-05-10 }}. USDA.gov. Accessed June 2, 2012.</ref> <ref name=APNI>{{cite web | title= ''Glochidion''% | url= http://www.anbg.gov.au/cgi-bin/apni?TAXON_NAME=Glochidion%25 | access-date= 1 June 2013 | type= listing by % wildcard matching of all taxa relevant to Australia | work= [[Australian Plant Name Index]] (APNI), Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS) database | publisher= Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104130745/https://www.anbg.gov.au/cgi-bin/apni?TAXON_NAME=Glochidion%25 |date=4 January 2022 }} <!-- {{APNI | id= 22065 | name= ''Glochidion'' }} --></ref> }} ==Tutumbu ka luar == {{Commons category}} * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CwvrN7EA89Q Youtube video of a ''Glochidion lanceolarium'' flower being pollinated by an ''Epicephala lanceolaria'' moth] {{Taxonbar|from=Q1245856}} [[Kategori :Tutuwuhan tropis]] [[Kategori : Tutuwuhan ubar ]] [[Kategori : Tutuwuhan Indonésia]] [[Kategori :Euphorbiaceae]] [[Kategori:Lalab]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]] 8ngalauavmiipv2tz9zozd6w05hoqpg 0 108567 711099 709860 2026-07-19T17:15:52Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 711099 wikitext text/x-wiki {{rancage}} [[Gambar:Sapu_lidi,_Indonesian_whisk_broom_20161208b.jpg|jmpl|533x533px|Sapu lidi, sapu tradisional Sunda tina balarak kalapa/aren.]] '''Sapu lidi''' nyaéta sapu tradisional Sunda anu dijieun tina '''balarak''' atawa '''palapah daun kalapa''' (''Cocos nucifera'') jeung '''daun aren''' (''Arenga pinnata''). Sapu ieu utamana dipaké pikeun nyapu buruan, jalan, sareng tempat luar imah sabab bahanna kaku tur kuat. == Bahan == Bahan utama sapu lidi nyaéta tulang daun [[kalapa]] atawa [[Kawung|arén]] anu geus digaringkeun. Tulang daun ieu disebut '''lidi''', anu jadi asal-usul ngaran sapu ieu. == Kagunaan == Sapu lidi cocog pikeun ngabersihan kokotor anu rada kasar, sapertos daun garing, lebu, atawa taneuh di buruan. Béda jeung [[sapu nyéré]] anu lemes pikeun jero imah, sapu lidi langkung awét sareng kaku. == Filosofi == Sapu lidi miboga harti simbolis ngeunaan kakuatan kahijian (sauyunan). Lidi anu nyalira téh lemah, gampang patah, sareng henteu tiasa ngabersihan kokotor. Nanging, nalika lidi-lidi éta dikumpulkeun sareng diiket (dibeungkeut) jadi hiji, mangka jadi kuat, awét, sareng tiasa dianggo pikeun ngabersihan buruan anu lega<ref>[https://www.kompasiana.com/teguhmurtazam/55207b17a33311dd4646cfb4/filosofi-sapu-lidi Filosofi Sapu Lidi]. Kompasiana. 2015.</ref>. Filosofi ieu sering dihubungkeun jeung nilaéy gotong royong sareng persatuan (kamanunggalan) dina masarakat Sunda, sapertos dina pamali babasan ''silih asih, silih asah, silih asuh''. Sapu lidi ngingetkeun yén manusa bakal kuat lamun hirup rukun sareng silih tulung. == Ékonomi jeung UKM == Salian ti fungsina salaku alat beberesih, sapu lidi ogé jadi sumber panghasilan pikeun masarakat. Numutkeun panalungtikan di Désa Suka Jadi, Kacamatan Hinai, Kabupatén Langkat, UKM sapu lidi mampu ngagajikeun kurang leuwih 30 urang pagawe dina sapoé. Hasil produksina malahan geus diekspor ka sababaraha nagara<ref>[http://repository.uinsu.ac.id/10567/ Pratiwi, Wilda. ''Peran Usaha Kecil Menengah Sapu Lidi Dalam Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526090930/http://repository.uinsu.ac.id/10567/ |date=2022-05-26 }}. UIN Sumatera Utara. 2020.</ref>. Kagiatan home industri sapu lidi ogé kapendak di Désa Astomulyo, Lampung. Di dinya sapu lidi dijieun sacara tradisional sareng ngabantosan masarakat pikeun ningkatkeun karaharjaan kulawarga<ref>[http://repository.metrouniv.ac.id Nurlita Yulianti. ''Peran Home Industri Sapu Lidi Dalam Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260208073653/https://repository.metrouniv.ac.id/ |date=2026-02-08 }}. IAIN Metro Lampung. 2023.</ref>. == Cara nyieunna == # Pilih balarak kalapa atawa aren anu geus garing, sing lenceng. # Cabut daging daunna supados tinggal tulangna waé (lidi). # Kumpulkeun lidi kira-kira sakepelan leungeun (20-30 tangkai). # Iket tungtungna nganggo tali plastik, rotan, atawa kawat. # Rapiheun tungtung anu pikeun nyapu supados rata. # Pasang gagang (biasana tina awi) upami diperyogikeun. == Tempo ogé == * [[Sapu nyéré]] * [[Kabudayaan Sunda]] * [[Gotong royong]] == Rujukan == <references /> {{stub}} pd2hzg2mz9rdn85sha1q54qnzowbl0i 0 108604 711098 709720 2026-07-19T16:52:07Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 711098 wikitext text/x-wiki '''STIT Lakbok''' atawa '''Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Tarbiyah Lakbok''' nyaéta paguron luhur swasta nu aya di Kacamatan Lakbok, Kabupatén Ciamis, Jawa Kulon. Paguron luhur ieu nyayogikeun atikan dina widang élmu tarbiyah dina jenjang DIKTI. {| class="infobox" style="width: 25em; font-size: 90%; text-align: left;" |+ style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold;" | Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Tarbiyah Lakbok |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | '''STIT Lakbok''' |- ! Tipe | Swasta |- ! Agama | Islam |- ! Diadegkeun | 22 Méi 2019 |- ! Alamat | Jl. Pengairan Dsn Kedungturi RT 005 RW 002<br/>Désa Baregbeg, Kacamatan Lakbok<br/>Kabupatén Ciamis, Jawa Barat 46385 |- ! Kelurahan | Sindangangin |- ! Kampus II | Désa Sidamulya, Kacamatan Cisaga, Kabupatén Ciamis |- ! NPSN | 213671 |- ! Akreditasi | Baik |- ! Email | stitlakbok@gmail.com |- ! Ramatloka | [https://www.stitlakbok.ac.id/ stitlakbok.ac.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260513063636/http://www.stitlakbok.ac.id/ |date=2026-05-13 }} |} == Sajarah == STIT Lakbok diadegkeun dumasar SK Pendirian Nomor 282 Taun 2019, tanggal 22 Méi 2019 <ref name="datapendidikan" />. Dina tanggal 20 Méi 2026, kampus ieu ngayayakeun prosési Wisuda periode kadua. Sebanyak 118 urang mahasiswa resmi nyandang gelar Sarjana (S1) dina Sidang Senat Terbuka nu digelar di Kampus II STIT Lakbok, Désa Sidamulya, Kacamatan Cisaga, Kabupatén Ciamis <ref name="kabarciamis" />. Acara ieu dihadiran ku Wakil Menteri Koperasi RI, Farida Farichah, Sekretaris Daerah Kabupatén Ciamis, Andang Firman Triyadi, sarta jajaran Forkopimda satempat <ref name="newstasik" />. == Program Studi == Dumasar data resmi Kemendikdasmen, aya 2 program studi jenjang S1 <ref name="dikti" />: * S1 Manajemén Pendidikan Islam * S1 Pendidikan Islam Anak Usia Dini == Rujukan == <references> <ref name="datapendidikan">{{cite web |url=https://referensi.data.kemendikdasmen.go.id/pendidikan/npsn/213671 |title=Data NPSN STIT Lakbok |publisher=Kementerian Pendidikan Dasar jeung Menengah |accessdate=24 Méi 2026}}</ref> <ref name="dikti">{{cite web |url=https://referensi.data.kemendikdasmen.go.id/pendidikan/dikti/021411/3 |title=Data DIKTI STIT Lakbok |publisher=Kementerian Pendidikan Dasar jeung Menengah |accessdate=24 Méi 2026}}</ref> <ref name="newstasik">{{cite web |url=https://www.newstasikmalaya.com/public/wamen-koperasi-farida-hadiri-wisuda-stit-lakbok-ingatkan-lulusan-siap-hadapi-dunia-kerja |title=Wamen Koperasi Hadiri Wisuda STIT Lakbok |publisher=NewsTasikmalaya.com |date=20 Méi 2026}}</ref> <ref name="kabarciamis">{{cite web |url=https://kabarciamis.pikiran-rakyat.com/kabar-ciamis/pr-32010219126/118-sarjana-stit-lakbok-resmi-diwisuda-dihadiri-wamen-koperasi |title=118 Sarjana STIT Lakbok Resmi Diwisuda |publisher=Kabar Ciamis - Pikiran Rakyat |date=20 Méi 2026}}</ref> </references> [[Kategori:Perguruan tinggi di Ciamis]] [[Kategori:Pendidikan Islam di Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Perguruan tinggi swasta di Jawa Barat]] [[Kategori:Perguruan tinggi diadegkeun taun 2019]] olgb0cw6mqenrw1h6rfw1j4xf257qvp