Wikipedia suwiki https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepas MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.24 first-letter Média Husus Obrolan Pamaké Obrolan pamaké Wikipedia Obrolan Wikipedia Gambar Obrolan gambar MédiaWiki Obrolan MédiaWiki Citakan Obrolan citakan Pitulung Obrolan pitulung Kategori Obrolan kategori Portal Obrolan portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 28032 730732 730352 2026-10-24T02:22:37Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 730732 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redirect|Média optik|média transmisi keur cahaya|Médium (optika)}} {{Optical disc authoring}} [[Gambar:CD drive lens.jpg|thumb|200px|Lénsa optik nu maca [[compact disc]].]] Dina [[komputasi]], [[réproduksi sora]], jeung [[vidéo]], hiji '''cakram optik''' nyaéta hiji cakram nu rata tur buleud (biasana [[polikarbonat]]) tempat nyimpen [[data]] dina legok ''(pit)'' (atawa tonjolan ''(bump)'') dina beungeut ratana ''(flat surface)'' — nu ngaruntuy ''(sequential)'' ngawangun tapak ''(track)'' nu tuluy tinuluy ''(kontinyu)'' tur wangunna spiral nu ngagedéan ti tapak pangjerona ''(innermost track)'' tepi ka tapak pangluarna ''(outermost track)'', tepikeun ka nutupan sakabéh beungeut cakram. Data diaksés dina jero cakram nalika hiji bahan husus (seseringna mah [[aluminium]]) disorot ku [[dioda laser]]. Legok-legokna ngaganggu ampulna (refleksi) cahaya laser, nu ku sabab eta, lolobana cakram optik (kajaba cakram hideung dina [[konsol kaulinan vidéo]] ''(video game console)'' [[PlayStation]] asli), sacara husus boga panémbong ''(appearance)'' nu mangrupa-rupa kelir ''([[iridescent]])'' nu dijieun ku alur ''(groove)'' tina lapisan nu ngampulkeun ''(reflective layer)''. == Sajarah == {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} In 1961 and 1969, [[David Paul Gregg]] régistered a patent for the analog optical disc for vidéo recording, (US Patent 3,430,966). It is of special interest that US Patent 4,893,297, filed 1968, issued 1990, generated [[royalty income]] for Pioneer Corporation’s [[DVA]] until 2007 — encompassing the CD, DVD, and Blu-ray disc systems. In the éarly 1960s, the Music Corporation of America bought Gregg's patents and his company, [[Gauss Electrophysics]]. Likewise, in 1969 Holland, [[Philips]] Reséarch [[physicists]] began their first optical vidéodisc experiments at Eindhoven. In 1975, Philips and MCA join efforts, and in 1978, commercially much too late, they presented their long-awaited [[laserdisc]] in Atlanta, Géorgia, USA MCA delivered the discs, Philips the players; the presentation was a technical and commercial failure; the Philips/MCA cooperation ended. In Japan and the U.S., [[Pioneer Corporation|Pioneer]] succeeded with the vidéodisc until the advent of the DVD. In 1979, Philips and [[Sony]], in consortium, successfully developed the [[compact disc]] in 1983. The [[Optical Storage Technology Association]] (OSTA) promote standardised optical storage méans. Although optical discs are more durable than éarlier audio-visual and data storage formats, they are susceptible to environmental and daily-use damage. Libraries and archives enact [[optical media preservation]] procedures to ensure continued usability in the computer's optical disc drive or corresponding disc player. === Generasi kahiji === Initially, optical discs were for storing music and computer software. The laser disc format stored analog vidéo signals, but, commercially, lost to the [[VHS]] vidéotape cassette, mainly its high cost and non-recordability; other first-generation disc formats are designed solely to store digital data. Most first-generation disc devices had an infrared laser réading héad. The minimum size of the laser spot is proportional to its wavelength, thus wavelength is a limiting factor against gréat information density, too little data can be stored so. The infrared range is beyond the long-wavelength end of the visible light spectrum, so, supports less density than any visible light colour. One example of high-density data storage capacity, achieved with an infrared laser, is 700MB of net user data for a 12&nbsp;cm compact disc. '''NOTE:''' other factors affecting data storage density are, for example, a multi-layered infrared disc would hold more data than an identical single-layer disc; whether CAV, CLV, or zoned-CAV; how the data are encoded; how much cléar margin at the center and the edge * [[Compact Disc]] (CD) * [[Laser disc]] * [[Magneto-optical disc]] ** [[mini disc]] === Generasi kadua === Second-generation optical discs were for storing gréat amounts of data, including broadcast-quality digital vidéo. Such discs usually are réad with a visible-light laser (usually red); the shorter wavelength and gréater [[numerical aperture]]<ref name="Crutchfield Advisor">[http://www.crutchfieldadvisor.com/S-UNO5yLxzuZf/learningcenter/home/hd_blu.html?page=2 Format War Update: Blu-ray Wins Over HD DVD<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> allow a narrower light béam, permitting smaller pits and lands in the disc. In the DVD format, this allows 4.7GB storage on a standard 12&nbsp;cm, single-sided, single-layer disc; alternately, smaller media, such as the [[MiniDisc]] and the [[DataPlay]] formats, can have capacity comparable to that of the larger, standard compact 12&nbsp;cm disc. * [[Hi-MD]] * [[DVD]] and derivatives ** [[DVD-Audio]] ** [[DualDisc]] ** [[DIVX|Digital Video Express]] (DIVX) * [[Super Audio CD]] * [[Enhanced Versatile Disc]] * [[GD-ROM]] * [[Digital Multilayer Disk]] * [[DataPlay]] * [[Fluorescent Multilayer Disc]] * [[Phase-change Dual]] * [[Universal Media Disc]] === Generasi katilu === Third-generation optical discs are in development, méant for distributing [[HDTV|high-definition video]] and support gréater data storage capacities, accomplished with short-wavelength visible-light lasers and gréater numerical apertures. The Blu-ray disc uses blue-violet lasers of gréater aperture, for use with discs with smaller pits and lands, thereby gréater data storage capacity per layer.<ref name="Crutchfield Advisor"/> In practice, the effective, multimedia presentation capacity is improved with enhanced vidéo [[data compression]] [[codec]]s such as [[H.264]], and [[VC-1]]. * Nu dikirimkeun kiwari: ** [[Blu-ray Disc]] * Dina pengembangan: ** [[Forward Versatile Disc]] ** [[Versatile Multilayer Disc]] ** [[Ultra Density Optical]] ** [[LS-R]] === Generasi satuluyna === Format ieu aya sahareupeun cakram nu aya kiwari (generasi katilu), boga potensial leuwih ti sa-terabyte (1[[terabyte|TB]]) rohangan panyimpen data. * [[Tapestry Media]] * [[Holographic Versatile Disc]] * [[Protein-coated disc]] == Cakram optik nu bisa direkam jeung ditulisan == {{utama|Optical disc recording technologies}} == Spésifikasi == {| class="wikitable" |+ Gancang dasar (1×) jeung maksimum (kiwari) dumasar generasi !rowspan="2"| Generasi ! Dasar !colspan="2"| Maks |- ! (Mbit/det) ! (Mbit/det) ! × |- | Ka- (CD) | 1.17 | 65.62 || 56× <!-- speeds above 48x can result in [[CD shattering]], and so 48x and 52x are the most common maximum speeds for CD drives, though some drives have been sold at 56x [http://reviews.cnet.com/cd-drives/benq-656a-56x-cd/4505-3207_7-20383339.html] --> |- | Ka-2 (DVD) | 10.55 | 210.94 || 20× <!-- industry maximum speed currently at 20x [http://benq.com/products/Storage/?product=979&page=specifications] --> |- | Ka-3 (BD) | 36 | 432 || 12× <ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cdrinfo.com/Sections/News/Details.aspx?NewsId=21958 |title=LG 6x Blu-ray Burner Available in Korea |publisher=CDRinfo.com}}</ref> |- |} {| class="wikitable" |+ Kapasitas jeung tata ngaran<ref>[http://www.mpeg.org/MPEG/DVD/Book_A/Specs.html MPEG: DVD, Book A – Physical parameters] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219232931/http://www.mpeg.org/MPEG/DVD/Book_A/Specs.html |date=2012-02-19 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.cinram.com/dvd/tech/dvdindetail.pdf DVD in Detail] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031202171801/http://www.cinram.com/dvd/tech/dvdindetail.pdf |date=2003-12-02 }}</ref> !colspan="2" rowspan="2"| Tanda !rowspan="2"| Sisi !!rowspan="2"| Lapisan<br />(total) !! Gurat tengah !!colspan="2"| Kapasitas <!-- raw or user data? --> |- ! (cm) !! ([[Gigabita|GB]]) !!align=right| ([[Gibibita|GiB]]) |- | DVD-1 ||title="single-sided, single-layer"| SS SL |align=right| 1 ||align=right| 1 ||align=right| 8 ||align=right| 1.46 ||align=right| 1.36 |- | DVD-2 || title="single-sided, double-layer"| SS DL |align=right| 1 ||align=right| 2 ||align=right| 8 ||align=right| 2.66 ||align=right| 2.47 |- | DVD-3 || title="double-sided, single-layer"| DS SL |align=right| 2 ||align=right| 2 ||align=right| 8 ||align=right| 2.92 ||align=right| 2.72 <!--|- | DVD-4? ||title="double-sided, double- and single-layer"| DS DL/SL |align=right| 2 ||align=right| 3 ||align=right| 8 ||align=right| 4.12 ||align=right| 3.84--><!-- calculated, doubtful such discs ever existed --> |- | DVD-4 ||title="double-sided, double-layer"| DS DL |align=right| 2 ||align=right| 4 ||align=right| 8 ||align=right| 5.32 ||align=right| 4.95 |- | DVD-5 ||title="single-sided, single-layer"| SS SL |align=right| 1 ||align=right| 1 ||align=right| 12 ||align=right| 4.70 ||align=right| 4.37 |- | DVD-9 ||title="single-sided, double-layer"| SS DL |align=right| 1 ||align=right| 2 ||align=right| 12 ||align=right| 8.54 ||align=right| 7.95 |- | DVD-10 ||title="double-sided, single-layer"| DS SL |align=right| 2 ||align=right| 2 ||align=right| 12 ||align=right| 9.40 ||align=right| 8.74 |- | DVD-14 ||title="double-sided, double- and single-layer"| DS DL/SL |align=right| 2 ||align=right| 3 ||align=right| 12 ||align=right| 13.24 ||align=right| 12.32 <!--calculated from data above--> |- | DVD-18 ||title="double-sided, double-layer"| DS DL |align=right| 2 ||align=right| 4 ||align=right| 12 ||align=right| 17.08 ||align=right| 15.90 |- | DVD-R 1.0 ||title="single-sided, single-layer"| SS SL |align=right| 1 ||align=right| 1 ||align=right| 12 ||align=right| 3.95 ||align=right| 3.68 |- | DVD-R 2.0 ||title="single-sided, single-layer"| SS SL |align=right| 1 ||align=right| 1 ||align=right| 12 ||align=right| 4.70 ||align=right| 4.37 |- | DVD-R 2.0 ||title="double-sided, single-layer"| DS SL |align=right| 2 ||align=right| 2 ||align=right| 12 ||align=right| 9.40 ||align=right| 8.75 |- | DVD-RW 2.0 ||title="single-sided, single-layer"| SS SL |align=right| 1 ||align=right| 1 ||align=right| 12 ||align=right| 4.70 ||align=right| 4.37 |- | DVD-RW 2.0 ||title="double-sided, single-layer"| DS SL |align=right| 2 ||align=right| 2 ||align=right| 12 ||align=right| 9.40 ||align=right| 8.75 |- | DVD+R 2.0 ||title="single-sided, single-layer"| SS SL |align=right| 1 ||align=right| 1 ||align=right| 12 ||align=right| 4.70 ||align=right| 4.37 |- | DVD+R 2.0 ||title="double-sided, single-layer"| DS SL |align=right| 2 ||align=right| 2 ||align=right| 12 ||align=right| 9.40 ||align=right| 8.75 |- | DVD+RW 2.0 ||title="single-sided, single-layer"| SS SL |align=right| 1 ||align=right| 1 ||align=right| 12 ||align=right| 4.70 ||align=right| 4.37 |- | DVD+RW 2.0 ||title="double-sided, single-layer"| DS SL |align=right| 2 ||align=right| 2 ||align=right| 12 ||align=right| 9.40 ||align=right| 8.75 |- | DVD-RAM 1.0 ||title="single-sided, single-layer"| SS SL |align=right| 1 ||align=right| 1 ||align=right| 12 ||align=right| 2.58 ||align=right| 2.40 |- | DVD-RAM 1.0 ||title="double-sided, single-layer"| DS SL |align=right| 2 ||align=right| 2 ||align=right| 12 ||align=right| 5.16 ||align=right| 4.80 |- | DVD-RAM 2.0 ||title="single-sided, single-layer"| SS SL |align=right| 1 ||align=right| 1 ||align=right| 12 ||align=right| 4.70 ||align=right| 4.37 |- | DVD-RAM 2.0 ||title="double-sided, single-layer"| DS SL |align=right| 2 ||align=right| 2 ||align=right| 12 ||align=right| 9.40 ||align=right| 8.75<!--*--> |- | DVD-RAM 2.0 ||title="single-sided, single-layer"| SS SL |align=right| 1 ||align=right| 1 ||align=right| 8 ||align=right| 1.46 ||align=right| 1.36<!--*--> |- | DVD-RAM 2.0 ||title="double-sided, single-layer"| DS SL |align=right| 2 ||align=right| 2 ||align=right| 8 ||align=right| 2.65 ||align=right| 2.47<!--*--> |- | CD-ROM 74 min ||title="single-sided, single-layer"| SS SL |align=right| 1 ||align=right| 1 ||align=right| 12 ||align=right| 0.682 ||align=right| 0.635 |- | CD-ROM 80 min ||title="single-sided, single-layer"| SS SL |align=right| 1 ||align=right| 1 ||align=right| 12 ||align=right| 0.737 ||align=right| 0.687 |- | CD-ROM ||title="single-sided, single-layer"| SS SL |align=right| 1 ||align=right| 1 ||align=right| 8 ||align=right| 0.194 ||align=right| 0.180 |- | DDCD-ROM ||title="single-sided, single-layer"| SS SL |align=right| 1 ||align=right| 1 ||align=right| 12 ||align=right| 1.364 ||align=right| 1.270 |- | DDCD-ROM ||title="single-sided, single-layer"| SS SL |align=right| 1 ||align=right| 1 ||align=right| 8 ||align=right| 0.387 ||align=right| 0.360 |- | HD DVD<!-- -ROM/-R/-RW --> || SS SL |align=right| 1 ||align=right| 1 ||align=right| 8 ||align=right| 4.70 || |- | HD DVD || SS DL |align=right| 1 ||align=right| 2 ||align=right| 8 ||align=right| 9.40 || |- | HD DVD || DS SL |align=right| 2 ||align=right| 2 ||align=right| 8 ||align=right| 9.40 || |- | HD DVD || DS DL |align=right| 2 ||align=right| 4 ||align=right| 8 ||align=right| 18.80 || |- | HD DVD || SS SL |align=right| 1 ||align=right| 1 ||align=right| 12 ||align=right| 15.00 || |- | HD DVD || SS DL |align=right| 1 ||align=right| 2 ||align=right| 12 ||align=right| 30.00 || |- | HD DVD || DS SL |align=right| 2 ||align=right| 2 ||align=right| 12 ||align=right| 30.00 || |- | HD DVD || DS DL |align=right| 2 ||align=right| 4 ||align=right| 12 ||align=right| 60.00 || |- | HD DVD-RAM || SS SL |align=right| 1 ||align=right| 1 ||align=right| 12 ||align=right| 20.00 || |} == Rujukan == <references/> * {{cite web |title=Inventor of the Week Archive: The Digital Compact Disc |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |date=December, 1999 |url=http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/russell.html |accessdate=2007-07-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030417162935/http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/russell.html |archivedate=2003-04-17 }} * {{cite web |title=Scientist's invention was let go for a song |publisher=The Seattle Times |date=November 29, 2004 |url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2002103322_cdman29.html |accessdate=2007-07-13 |author=Brier Dudley }} * {{cite web |title=David Gregg and the Optical Disk |publisher=About.com |url=http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blopticaldisk.htm |accessdate=2007-07-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819105952/https://www.thoughtco.com/david-gregg-and-the-optical-disk-1992209 |archivedate=2020-08-19 }} == Tumbu luar == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210506230501/http://www.osta.org/ Optical Storage Technology Association] * [http://www.osta.org/technology/dvdqa/ Understanding Recordable & Rewritable DVD] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204073515/http://www.osta.org/technology/dvdqa/ |date=2012-02-04 }} by Hugh Bennett * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220331215443/http://www.osta.org/technology/cdqa.htm Understanding CD-R & CD-RW] by Hugh Bennett * [http://www.memorex.com/downloads/whitepapers/Reference%20Guide%20for%20Optical%20Media%209-9.pdf Reference guide for optical media] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090711175011/http://www.memorex.com/downloads/whitepapers/Reference%20Guide%20for%20Optical%20Media%209-9.pdf |date=2009-07-11 }} by Terence O'Kelly (Memorex Inc.) {{Optical storage media}} [[Kategori:Panyimpen komputer]] [[Kategori:CD]] [[Kategori:DVD]] [[Kategori:Optical disc authoring]] [[Kategori:Optoéléktronika]] <!-- interwiki --> 0i3gqukkhd864wu3ug2ltifaz1j3iyf 0 34508 730739 712747 2026-10-24T07:15:43Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 730739 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist |name = Sir Isaac Newton |image = GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg |alt = Potret Pria hitam dengan sebahu, rambut cokelat bergelombang, hidung besar dan tajam, dan tatapan terganggu |caption = Issac Newton mangsa umurna 46 tahun dilukis ku Godfrey Kneller taun [[1689]]. |birth_date = {{birth date|1643|1|4}}{{br}}<small>([[Kalender Julian|KJ]]: [[25 Desember]] [[1642]])</small><ref name="OSNS" /> |birth_place = Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth, [[Lincolnshire]], [[Inggris]] |death_date = {{death date and age|1727|3|31|1643|1|4}}{{br}}<small>([[Kalender Julian|KJ]]: [[20 Maret]] [[1726]]/[[1727|7]])</small><ref name="OSNS" /> |death_place = Kensington, Middlesex, [[Inggris]], [[Kerajaan Britania Raya|Britania Raya]] |resting_place = [[Westminster Abbey]] |residence = Inggris |nationality = [[Kerajaan Inggris|Inggris]] <small>(kemudian [[Kerajaan Britania Raya|Britania]])</small> |fields = {{Unbulleted list |{{Hlist|[[Fisika]]|[[Filsafat alam]]}} |{{Hlist|[[Matematika]]|[[Astronomi]]}} |{{Hlist|[[Alkimia]]|Teologi Kristen}} |{{Hlist|[[Ekonomi]] }} }} |workplaces = {{Unbulleted list|[[Universitas Cambridge]]|[[Royal Society]]|Royal Mint}} |alma_mater = Kuliah Trinity, [[Cambridge]] |academic_advisors = {{unbulleted list |[[Isaac Barrow]]<ref>Mordechai Feingold, [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/1541 Barrow, Isaac (1630–1677)], ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', [[Oxford University Press]], September [[2004]]; online edn, May 2007. Retrieved 24 February 2009; explained further in Mordechai Feingold's "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/236236 Newton, Leibniz, and Barrow Too: An Attempt at a Reinterpretation]" in ''Isis'', Vol. 84, No. 2 (June 1993), pp. 310–338.</ref> |Benjamin Pulleyn<ref>''[http://www.chlt.org/sandbox/lhl/dsb/page.50.a.php "Newton, Isaac"] in the ''Dictionary of Scientific Biography'', n.4.</ref> }} |notable_students = {{unbulleted list|Roger Cotes|William Whiston}} |known_for = {{unbulleted list |[[Mekanika klasik|Newtonian mechanics]]|[[Hukum gravitasi universal Newton|Gravitasi Universal]]|kalkulus infinitesimal |{{hlist|[[Optika]]|Deret binomial}} |{{hlist|''[[Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica|Principia]]''|[[Metode Newton]]}} }} |influences = {{unbulleted list |[[Johannes Kepler]] |[[Henry More]]<ref name="More" /> |Polish Brethren<ref name="heretic">{{cite journal|last=Snobelen|first=Stephen D.|authorlink=Stephen Snobelen|title=Isaac Newton, heretic : the strategies of a Nicodemite|journal=British Journal for the History of Science|volume=32|pages=381–419|date =1999|url =http://isaacnewtonstheology.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/heretic.pdf|format=PDF|doi=10.1017/S0007087499003751|issue=4 }}</ref> |[[Robert Boyle]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Isaac Newton|last=Stokes|first=Mitch|year=2010|publisher=Thomas Nelson|isbn=1595553037|page=97|url=http://books.google.gr/books?id=zpsoSXCeg5gC&pg=PA97&lpg=PA97&dq=#v=onepage&q=%22Boyle%20influenced%20Newton%22&f=false|accessdate=17 October 2012}}</ref> }} |influenced = {{unbulleted list|[[Nicolas Fatio de Duillier]]|John Keill}} |signature = Isaac Newton signature.svg |signature_alt = Isacc Newton |relatives = {{unbulleted list|Hannah Ayscough <small>(ibu)</small>|Catherine Barton {{small|(setengah-keponakan)}}}} |ethnicity = Kaukasia |religion = [[Kristen]]<br />[[Arianisme]]<br />lain-lain<ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/discoveries/2007-06-19-newton-religious-papers_N.htm Isaac Newton's Religious Side] USA Today News</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isaac-newton.org/|title="God is known for his work"|publisher=Isaac-newton.org|date=|accessdate=17 August 2012}}</ref> }} '''Sir Isaac Newton''' (January 4, 1643 - March 31, 1727)<ref name="biografi">{{en}}[http://sirisaacnewtonbighrafhy.blogspot.com/2009/11/biografi-sir-issac-newton.html Biografi Sir Isaac Newton] (diakses tanggal 5 November 2011)</ref> nyaéta saurang ahli [[fisika]], [[astronomi]], jeung ahli [[falsafah]] anu lahir di [[Inggris]].<ref name="cerita kecil">{{id}}[http://www.ceritakecil.com/tokoh-ilmuwan-dan-penemu/Isaac-Newton-5 Isaac Newton] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113023633/http://www.ceritakecil.com/tokoh-ilmuwan-dan-penemu/Isaac-Newton-5 |date=2011-11-13 }} (diakses tanggal 5 November 2011)</ref> Buku anu ditulis jeung dipublikasikeun dina taun [[1687]], ''Philosophiæ Naturalis Principa Mathematica'', disebut-seut minangka buku anu paling boga pangaruh dina sajarah kamekaran élmu pangaweruh.<ref name="cerita kecil"/> Ieu karyana téh medar ngeunaan [[hukum gravitasi]] jeung tilu asas [[hukum]] obah, anu ngarobah jihat sawangan manusa ngeunaan hukum fisika alam salila tilu abad ka hareupna jeung jadi dadasar tina élmu pangaweruh modérn.<ref name="cerita kecil"/> Dina taun [[1670]] nepika [[1672]], Newton mikeun pangatikan ngeunaan [[optik]].<ref name="cerita kecil"/> Jeung salila mangsa harita, nalungtik [[réfraksi cahaya]] ku anjeun jeung mikeun démonstrasi yén hiji [[prisma]] bisa nyebarkeun cahaya bodas jadi rupa-rupa [[spéktrum warna]] jeung hiji lénsa dina prisma anu kadua, bisa ngawangun éta spéktrum warna jadi cahaya bodas deui.<ref name="cerita kecil"/> Isaac Newton sadar yén matematika nyaéta cara pikeun ngajelaskeun hukum-hukum alam kayaning gravitasi, jeung nyieun sababaraha rumus pikeun ngitung 'obahna banda' jeung 'gravitasi bumi'.<ref name="cerita kecil"/> '''Gravitasi''' nyaéta kakuatan anu nyieun hiji banda salawasna gerak ragrag ka handap.<ref name="cerita kecil"/> Kalawan tilu prinsip dasar tina hukum gerakan, Newton bisa ngajelaskeun jeung ngabuktikeun yén [[planét]] téh gerak ngurilingan [[panon poé]] dina [[orbit]] anu wangunna [[oval]] jeung teu buleud sampurna.<ref name="cerita kecil"/> Tuluy Newton maké tilu prinsip dasar gerak anu kiwari dipikawanoh minangka '''Hukum Newton''' pikeun ngajelaskeun kumaha gerakna banda.<ref name="cerita kecil"/> ==Riwayat == Isaac Newton; Sir Isaac Newton kasohor saurang [[élmuwan]], [[inohong]] nu genius, luhung élmu jembar ku panalar kalawan euyeub ku rupa-rupa pamanggihna untamana dina widang [[fisika]], [[matematika]], [[astronomi]], [[filsuf]] alam, [[alkemis]], jeung [[téologi]].<ref name=cahyaning/><ref name=Luthfi/> salah sahiji pamanggihna nu kawentar, kalawan geus réa mangpaatkeun nepi ka kiwari tayalian téori [[gravitasi]].<ref name=cahyaning>{{Cite book | title = the secret investor genius: 1+10 rahasia billionaire dunia | last = rino| first =cahyaning | publisher =Erlanggga (ESensi) | location =Jakarta, Ciracas| year = 2015 }}</ref> Numutkeun sawatara [[buku]], Isaac Newton gumelar di nagara [[Inggris]] taun 25 [[Desember]] [[1643]] di [[Woolsthrope]] pupus taun [[1727]] dikurebkeun di [[Westiminster Abbey]].<ref name=Luthfi/><ref name=Yudhistira>{{Cite book | title = ipa 2B | last = Prasojo dan Team| first =Ir Budi| publisher =Yudhistira Ghalia Indonesia | location =Jakarta, Ciracas| year = 2007|ISBN=9789797469481 }}</ref> Ti barang gubrag ka alam dunya Isaac Newton mah geus teu mibanda [[bapa]] atawa [[yatim]], ku lantaran nujadi bapa tilar dunya tilu [[bulan]] saméméh manéhna lahir.<ref name=Paul/> Dina mangsa orok beureum kénéh Isaac Newton mah disawang moal manjang hirupna, ku lantaran lahir prematur ([[kaluron]]) sarta waruga leutik kacida katempo matak pikahariwangeun.<ref name=Paul/> Bapana Isaac Newton téh saurang [[perwira]] nu pangkatna henteu luhur sarta mibanda pakaya mangrupa [[taneuh]] pikeun tatanén ogé henteu pati lega, ngaran bapana sarua pisan jeung manéhna nyaéta Isaac Newton ogé.<ref name=Paul/> Henteu kalis ti kitu, nincak umurna 18 bulan nu jadi indung ninggalkeun manéhna alatan rimbitan jeung saurang [[pendéta]] nu beurat beunghar manéhna sorangan antukna dirawatan ku ninina.<ref name=Paul/> Sanajan mangsa déwasana Isaac Newton kawentar saurang inohong nu kakoncara sadunya, henteu sarua jeung nujadi kolotna mah malahan kolotna kakocapkeun jalma awuntah sarta barangasan.<ref name=Yudhistira/> Isaac Newton ogé dina mangsa [[budak]] kénéh henteu kaasup kana [[murid]] anu pinter atawa [[calakan]], malahan sabalikna mibanda [[sipat]] nu cicingeun, épésan, teu kaopan, barangasan, sarta henteu mikaresep kana bahan ajaran di [[sakola]]na.<ref name=Yudhistira/><ref name=Paul/> Nincak mangsa rumaja Isaac Newton kungsi kaluar [[sakola]], alatan nu jadi indung hayang Isaac Newton téh jadi saurang [[patani]] anu mukti.<ref name=Luthfi/> Tapi kituna téh henteu kungsi lila ku lantaran kapireungeuh yén Isaac Newton mah henteu aya ulat kana tatanén, manéhna leuwih mikaresep kana élmu dina widang mékanika.<ref name=Luthfi/> Antukna nincak umur 18 taun, Isaac Newton sakola deui di [[Universitas Cambridge]], di dieu manéhna jejem diajar kalawan loba ngayakeun panalungtikan utamana dina widang [[matematika]].<ref name=Luthfi/> Hasilna pohara nyugemakeun, dina umur 21-27 [[taun]] téh manéhna mah geus manggihan dasar-dasar téori [[élmu]] pangaweruh nu engkéna baris méré pangaruh kana loba widang pangaweruh atawa ''disiplin ilmu''.<ref name=Luthfi>{{Cite book | title = mengenal lebih dekat : Tokoh Dunia Terkenal | last = Rochmatika| first =Luthfi| publisher =PACU MINAT BACA | location =Jakarta | year =2010|ISBN=9789790140189 }}</ref> Salila hirupna Isaac Newton loba paké pikeun neuleumah ngeunaan alam marcapada, kitab suci jeung sagala rupa niléy ngeunaan kaluhungan [[ageman]], manéhna mibanda hiji kayakinan yén sagala rupa pagawéana baris kapetik hasil sarta ka ala buahna.<ref name=Paul>{{Cite book | title = Paul | last = Atrathern| first =Paul | publisher =Erlanggga (ESensi) | location =Jakarta, Ciracas| year =2002|ISBN=9789796884926 }}</ref> Pertengahan abad ka-17 mangrupikeun période sumanget ilmiah. Panemuan teleskop dina awal abad ieu parantos ngarobih ulikan astronomi. Filsuf Inggris, [[Francis Bacon]] sareng filsuf Perancis [[René Descartes]] ngarojong para ilmuwan Éropa supados henteu ngandelkeun teuing kana otoritas [[Aristoteles]], tapi langkung wani ngalaksanakeun ékspérimén sareng pangamatan nyalira. Galileo ngalaksanakeun ideu anu dijunjung ku Bacon sareng Descartes; pangamatan teleskopikna ngeunaan béntang-béntang ngarévolusi [[astronomi]], sareng ékspériménna dina mékanika neundeun pondasi pikeun naon anu ayeuna dikenal salaku hukum gerak Newton kahiji.<ref>{{Cite book|title=100 Orang Paling Berpengaruh Di Dunia Sepanjang Sejarah|last=Hart|first=Michael H|publisher=Penerbit Hikmah (PT Mizan Publika)|year=2009|isbn=9789791964586|location=Jakarta|pages=11}}</ref> ==Karya Isaac Newton== Newton sok asa-asa medalkeun hasil panalungtikanana. Sanajan anjeunna parantos ngarumuskeun konsép dasar di balik karya-karyana dina taun 1669, salah sahiji pamanggihan munggaran anu dipedalkeun nyaéta karyana anu inovatif ngeunaan sifat cahaya. Ngaliwatan sarangkaian ékspérimén anu taliti, Newton mendakkan yén cahaya bodas sabenerna mangrupikeun campuran sadaya warna katumbiri. Anjeunna ogé ngalaksanakeun analisis anu lengkep ngeunaan implikasi hukum anu ngatur eunteung sareng réfraksi cahaya. Dina taun 1668, nerapkeun konsép-konsép ieu, anjeunna ngarancang sareng ngawangun teleskop anu ngagambarkeun. Newton nampilkeun panemuan ieu, sareng karya-karyana anu sanés, ka ''British Royal Society'' nalika anjeunna yuswa 29 taun.<ref>{{Cite book|title=100 Orang Paling Berpengaruh Di Dunia Sepanjang Sejarah|last=Hart|first=Michael H|publisher=Penerbit Hikmah (PT Mizan Publika)|year=2009|isbn=9789791964586|location=Jakarta|pages=11-12}}</ref> === Widang matématika === Salah sahiji kontribusi gedé pikeun widang [[Matématika|matematika]] nyaéta kapanggihna [[kalkulus integral]], anu dilakukeun ku anjeunna nalika yuswana 23 atawa 24 taun. Ieu panemuan téh mangrupa préstasi anu pangpentingna pikeun [[matematika modérn]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=100 Orang Paling Berpengaruh Di Dunia Sepanjang Sejarah|last=Hart|first=Michael H|publisher=Penerbit Hikmah (PT Mizan Publika)|year=2009|isbn=9789791964586|location=Jakarta|pages=12}}</ref> Salah sahiji karya Isaac Newton nu kamashur tayalian '''''Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica''''', hiji buku numertélakeun pamanggihna ngeunaan téori [[gravitasi]] dumasar kana hukum gerak/usik.<ref name="Luthfi" /><ref name="Kinkin">{{Cite book | title = Fisika SMP| last = suartini| first =Kin-kin| publisher =gagas Media| location =Ciganjur-Jagakarsa| year =2010|ISBN=9789797803926 }}</ref> Nepika kiwari, hiji gerak/usik ieu pikeun ngukurna maké hijian ngaran manéhna (Newton) ieu ogé mangrupa pangdeudeul kana sagala jasa-jasa tur pamanggihna.<ref name="Kinkin" /> === Widang mékanika klasik === Kontribusina dina widang mékanika—nyaéta élmu ngeunaan gerak barang—ngawengku kapanggihna hukum gerak nu kahiji, nu ngajelaskeun kumaha hiji barang gerak nalika henteu dipangaruhan ku gaya ti luar. Nanging, dina kanyataanana, sakabéh barang téh pasti dipangaruhan ku gaya ti luar, sarta cara gerakna téh mibanda harti nu leuwih penting. Newton ngaréngsékeun pasualan ieu ku hukum gerak nu kadua nu kawentar, nu dianggap salaku prinsip dasar fisika klasik; hukum ieu nyatakeun yén akselerasi hiji barang téh sabanding jeung gaya total nu nerap kana éta barang. Newton ogé ngarumuskeun hukum gerak nu katilu, nu nyatakeun yén pikeun unggal aksi—sapertos gaya fisik—bakal aya réaksi nu sarua gedéna tapi arahna lalawanan. Kontribusi séjénna nu kawentar nyaéta hukum gravitasi universal. Kalawan babarengan, kaopat hukum ieu ngawangun hiji kerangka nu ngahiji sarta bisa dilarapkeun pikeun nganalisis jeung ngaramal paripolah sakabéh sistem mékanis makroskopis, mimitian ti ayunan bandul nepi ka gerak orbit planét ngurilingan panonpoé. Salian ti hukum-hukum ieu, anjeunna ogé ngagunakeun konsép matématika kalkulus pikeun ngaréngsékeun masalah fisika nu aya di dunya nyata.<ref>{{Cite book|title=100 Orang Paling Berpengaruh Di Dunia Sepanjang Sejarah|last=Hart|first=Michael H|publisher=Penerbit Hikmah (PT Mizan Publika)|year=2009|isbn=9789791964586|location=Jakarta|pages=12-14}}</ref> ==Hukum Newton== Ceuk Isaac Newton aya tilu hukum atawa katangtuan ngeunaan hiji gerakan, nu katelah hukum Newton. Tayalian: * Hukum 1 Newton Hukum ieu nelah ogé ku ngaran hukum inersia (jemlék), ngagambarkeun kaayaan sipat hiji barang, cenah lamun seug hiji barang cicing ieu gedé kamungkinan ieu barang bakat tetep cicing, kitu deui hiji barang nu mimitina ''gerak'' atawa pindah/usik tinangtu salawasna mibanda kamungkinan pikeun [[usik]]. kajaba aya kakuatan séjén ti luareun éta barang nu mangaruhanna.<ref name=Kinkin/> Dina matématis, ditulis ƸF = 0<ref name=Kinkin/> * Hukum 2 Newton Dina hukum nu ieu Newton mertelakeun cenah, lamun seug ''gerak''/usik hiji barang henteu sarua jeung 0 (EF ǂ 0), ieu gerakan baris ngarandapan parobahan.<ref name=Kinkin/> Gedé jeung leutikna parobahan dumasar kana beurat jeung henteuna éta barang (massa) Dina matématis, ditulisna ƸF = ma<ref name=Luthfi/><ref name=Kinkin/> ƸF = Tanaga gerak (N) m = Beurat barang/''massa benda'' (Kg) a = Parobahan usikna barang (m/s²)<ref name=Luthfi/><ref name=Kinkin/> * Hukum 3 Newton Mertélakeun ngeunaan hiji tanaga nu dipaké nyurungkeun atawa metot hiji [[barang]], ieu baris pinanggih jeung hiji perlawanan/tahanan tina éta barang ku kituna ieu hukum ogé katelah [[hukum]] aksi-réaksi. Dina matématis, ditulis F_1.2 = - F_2.1 F_1.2 = Tanaga nu nyurungkeun/metot (N) F_2.1 = Perlawanan/tahanan tina barang nu disurungkeun (N)<ref name=Luthfi/><ref name=Luthfi/> ==Baca ogé == * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=cdVxhKjo_BcC&pg=PA11&dq=seorang+isaac+newton&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwid1MaRhtTYAhXKq48KHTCoCU8Q6AEIUzAJ#v=onepage&q=seorang%20isaac%20newton&f=false|title=Teori Dan Aplikasi Fisika Smp Lelas|last=Ghalia Indonesia|first=Yudhistira|publisher=Yudhistira |isbn=9789796767731}} * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=Jq_kZ68TuFAC&dq=seorang+isaac+newton&hl=id&source=gbs_navlinks_s|title=Ilmu dalam perspektif|last=S. Suriasumantri|first=Jujun|year=1999|publisher=Yayasan Obor Indonesia University Press|isbn=9789794612811}} * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=vPnuDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA253&dq=seorang+isaac+newton&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwin1vO0p9TYAhUEs48KHZkKDdc4ChDoAQgwMAI#v=onepage&q=seorang%20isaac%20newton&f=false|title=The Harmony of Humanity|last=As-Sirjani|first=Prof. Dr. Raghib|year=2015|publisher=Pustaka Al-kautsar|isbn=9789795927006}} ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|2}} {{authority control}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Élmuwan asal Inggris]] [[Kategori:Taratas biografi]] aqdzf762hyzems152z9uy5n7aqf19xo 0 39267 730734 652667 2026-10-24T03:56:29Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 730734 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Gopalganj | native_name = | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | nickname = | motto = | pushpin_label_position = |pushpin_map = Bangladesh |pushpin_map_caption = Lokasi Gopalganj di Bangladés | latd = 23.20|latm = |lats = |latNS = | longd = 89.80|longm = |longs = |longEW = | coordinates_type = | coordinates_display = inline,title | coordinates_footnotes = | division_name = [[Divisi Dhaka]] | established_title = | established_date = | seat_type = | seat = | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 1489.92 | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = | population_total = 1132046 | population_as_of = 1991 | population_rank = | population_demonym = | population_note = | postal_code = | coast_km = | maplink = | footnotes = }} '''Gopalganj''' ({{lang-bn|[[:bn:গোপালগঞ্জ জেলা|গোপালগঞ্জ জেলা]]}}) nyaéta hiji [[distrik di Bangladés|distrikk]] (''zila'') di [[Divisi Dhaka]], [[Bangladés]]. ==Réferénsi== <references/> * [http://www.dcgopalganj.gov.bd District Portal,Gopalganj] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809113821/http://www.dcgopalganj.gov.bd/ |date=2011-08-09 }} * [http://www.dcgopalganj.gov.bd/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=89] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110309082237/http://www.dcgopalganj.gov.bd/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=89 |date=2011-03-09 }} Detailed Maps of Gopalganj * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120204102055/http://www.bbsgov.org/ National data bank of Bangladesh (lots of numbers on Gopalganj)] * [http://www.sangbad.com.bd/?view=details&pub_no=658&menu_id=27&news_type_id=1&type=all] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317171622/http://www.sangbad.com.bd/?view=details&pub_no=658&menu_id=27&news_type_id=1&type=all |date=2012-03-17 }} Daynik Sangbad {{DEFAULTSORT:Gopalganj}} [[Category:Distrik Gopalganj (Bangladés)| ]] [[Category:distrik di Bangladés]] •[https://apjx.blogspot.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810072053/https://apjx.blogspot.com/ |date=2021-08-10 }} rbf7em8hqb8ujtb2gvm3m41xeo94auq 828 44264 730728 679504 2026-10-24T00:49:09Z Rafka Aditia 29183 730728 Scribunto text/plain local lang_obj = mw.language.getContentLanguage(); -- make a language object for the local language; used here for languages and dates --[[--------------------------< S E T T I N G S >-------------------------------------------------------------- boolean settings used to control various things. these setting located here to make them easy to find ]] -- these settings local to this module only local local_digits_from_mediawiki = false; -- for i18n; when true, module fills date_names['local_digits'] from MediaWiki; manual fill required else; always false at en.wiki local local_date_names_from_mediawiki = false; -- for i18n; when true, module fills date_names['local']['long'] and date_names['local']['short'] from MediaWiki; -- manual translation required else; ; always false at en.wiki -- these settings exported to other modules local use_identifier_redirects = true; -- when true use redirect name for identifier label links; always true at en.wiki local local_lang_cat_enable = false; -- when true categorizes pages where |language=<local wiki's language>; always false at en.wiki local date_name_auto_xlate_enable = false; -- when true translates English month-names to the local-wiki's language month names; always false at en.wiki local date_digit_auto_xlate_enable = false; -- when true translates Western date digit to the local-wiki's language digits (date_names['local_digits']); always false at en.wiki local enable_sort_keys = true; -- when true module adds namespace sort keys to error and maintenance category links --[[--------------------------< U N C A T E G O R I Z E D _ N A M E S P A C E S >------------------------------ List of namespaces identifiers for namespaces that will not be included in citation error categories. Same as setting notracking = true by default. For wikis that have a current version of Module:cs1 documentation support, this #invoke will return an unordered list of namespace names and their associated identifiers: {{#invoke:cs1 documentation support|uncategorized_namespace_lister|all=<anything>}} ]] local uncategorized_namespaces_t = {[2]=true}; -- init with user namespace id for k, _ in pairs (mw.site.talkNamespaces) do -- add all talk namespace ids uncategorized_namespaces_t[k] = true; end local uncategorized_subpages = {'/[Kk]otrétan', '/[Kk]asus uji', '/[^/]*[Ll]og', '/[Aa]rsip'}; -- list of Lua patterns found in page names of pages we should not categorize --[[ at en.wiki Greek characters are used as sort keys for certain items in a category so that those items are placed at the end of a category page. See Wikipedia:Categorization#Sort_keys. That works well for en.wiki because English is written using the Latn script. This may not work well for other languages. At en.wiki it is desireable to place content from certain namespaces at the end of a category listing so the module adds sort keys to error and maintenance category links when rendering a cs1|2 template on a page in that namespace. i18n: if this does not work well for your language, set <enable_sort_keys> to false. ]] local name_space_sort_keys = { -- sort keys to be used with these namespaces: [4] = 'ω', -- wikipedia; omega [10] = 'τ', -- template; tau [118] = 'Δ', -- draft; delta ['other'] = 'ο', -- all other non-talk namespaces except main (article); omicron } --[[--------------------------< M E S S A G E S >-------------------------------------------------------------- Translation table The following contains fixed text that may be output as part of a citation. This is separated from the main body to aid in future translations of this module. ]] local messages = { ['agency'] = '$1 $2', -- $1 is sepc, $2 is agency ['archived-dead'] = 'Diarsipkeun ti $1 tanggal $2', ['archived-live'] = '$1 ti vérsi aslina tanggal $2', ['archived-missing'] = 'Diarsipkeun ti vérsi asli $1 tanggal $2', ['archived-unfit'] = 'Diarsipkeun ti vérsi asli pada ', ['archived'] = 'Diarsipkeun', ['by'] = 'Ku', -- contributions to authored works: introduction, foreword, afterword ['cartography'] = 'Kartografi ku $1', ['editor'] = 'éd.', ['editors'] = 'éd.', ['edition'] = '(Édisi $1)', ['episode'] = 'Épisode $1', ['et al'] = 'et&nbsp;al.', ['in'] = 'Dina', -- edited works ['inactive'] = 'teu aktip', ['inset'] = 'insét $1', ['interview'] = 'Diwawancara ku $1', ['mismatch'] = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> / <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$2=</code> mismatch', -- $1 is year param name; $2 is date param name ['newsgroup'] = '[[Usenet newsgroup|Newsgroup]]:&nbsp;$1', ['notitle'] = 'Tanpa judul', -- for |title=(()) and (in the future) |title=none ['original'] = 'asli', ['origdate'] = ' [$1]', ['published'] = ' (dipublikasikeun $1)', ['retrieved'] = 'Diaksés tanggal $1', ['season'] = 'Musim $1', ['section'] = '§&nbsp;$1', ['sections'] = '§§&nbsp;$1', ['series'] = '$1 $2', -- $1 is sepc, $2 is series ['seriesnum'] = 'Séri $1', ['translated'] = 'Ditarjamahkeun ku $1', ['type'] = ' ($1)', -- for titletype ['written'] = 'Ditulis ku $1', ['vol'] = '$1 Vol.&nbsp;$2', -- $1 is sepc; bold journal style volume is in presentation{} ['vol-no'] = '$1 Vol.&nbsp;$2, no.&nbsp;$3', -- sepc, volume, issue (alternatively insert $1 after $2, but then we'd also have to change capitalization) ['issue'] = '$1 No.&nbsp;$2', -- $1 is sepc ['art'] = '$1 Art.&nbsp;$2', -- $1 is sepc; for {{cite conference}} only ['vol-art'] = '$1 Vol.&nbsp;$2, art.&nbsp;$3', -- sepc, volume, article-number; for {{cite conference}} only ['j-vol'] = '$1 $2', -- sepc, volume; bold journal volume is in presentation{} ['j-issue'] = ' ($1)', ['j-article-num'] = ' $1', -- TODO: any punctuation here? static text? ['nopp'] = '$1 $2'; -- page(s) without prefix; $1 is sepc ['p-prefix'] = "$1 hlm.&nbsp;$2", -- $1 is sepc ['pp-prefix'] = "$1 hlm.&nbsp;$2", -- $1 is sepc ['j-page(s)'] = ': $1', -- same for page and pages ['sheet'] = '$1 Lembar&nbsp;$2', -- $1 is sepc ['sheets'] = '$1 Lembar&nbsp;$2', -- $1 is sepc ['j-sheet'] = ': Lembar&nbsp;$1', ['j-sheets'] = ': Lembar&nbsp;$1', ['language'] = '(Dina basa $1)', ['via'] = " &ndash; via $1", ['event'] = 'Kajadian di', ['minutes'] = 'menit di', -- Determines the location of the help page ['help page link'] = ' ', ['help page label'] = ' ', -- categories ['cat wikilink'] = '[[Kategori:$1]]', -- $1 is the category name ['cat wikilink sk'] = '[[Kategori:$1|$2]]', -- $1 is the category name; $2 is namespace sort key [':cat wikilink'] = '[[:Kategori:$1|link]]', -- category name as maintenance message wikilink; $1 is the category name -- Internal errors (should only occur if configuration is bad) ['undefined_error'] = 'Dipanggil dengan kondisi galat yang tidak ditentukan', ['unknown_ID_key'] = 'Kunci ID tak dikenal: ', -- an ID key in id_handlers not found in ~/Identifiers func_map{} ['unknown_ID_access'] = 'Kata kunci akses ID tidak dikenal: ', -- an ID access keyword in id_handlers not found in keywords_lists['id-access']{} ['unknown_argument_map'] = 'Peta argumen tidak ditentukan untuk variabel ini', ['bare_url_no_origin'] = 'URL kosong ditemukan tetapi indikator asal adalah nihil atau kosong', ['warning_msg_e'] = '<span style="color:#d33">Satu atau lebih <code style="color: inherit; background: inherit; border: none; padding: inherit;">&#123;{$1}}</code> templat memiliki galat</span>; pesan dapat disembunyikan ([[Help:Galat_CS1#Controlling_error_message_display|bantuan]]).'; -- $1 is template link ['warning_msg_m'] = '<span style="color:#3a3">Satu atau lebih <code style="color: inherit; background: inherit; border: none; padding: inherit;">&#123;{$1}}</code> templat memiliki pesan pemeliharaan</span>; pesan dapat disembunyikan ([[Help:Galat_CS1#Controlling_error_message_display|bantuan]]).'; -- $1 is template link } --[[--------------------------< C I T A T I O N _ C L A S S _ M A P >------------------------------------------ this table maps the value assigned to |CitationClass= in the cs1|2 templates to the canonical template name when the value assigned to |CitationClass= is different from the canonical template name. |CitationClass= values are used as class attributes in the <cite> tag that encloses the citation so these names may not contain spaces while the canonical template name may. These names are used in warning_msg_e and warning_msg_m to create links to the template's documentation when an article is displayed in preview mode. Most cs1|2 template |CitationClass= values at en.wiki match their canonical template names so are not listed here. ]] local citation_class_map_t = { -- TODO: if kept, these and all other config.CitationClass 'names' require some sort of i18n ['arxiv'] = 'arXiv', ['audio-visual'] = 'AV media', ['AV-media-notes'] = 'AV media notes', ['biorxiv'] = 'bioRxiv', ['citeseerx'] = 'CiteSeerX', ['encyclopaedia'] = 'encyclopedia', ['mailinglist'] = 'mailing list', ['medrxiv'] = 'medRxiv', ['pressrelease'] = 'press release', ['ssrn'] = 'SSRN', ['techreport'] = 'tech report', } --[=[-------------------------< E T _ A L _ P A T T E R N S >-------------------------------------------------- This table provides Lua patterns for the phrase "et al" and variants in name text (author, editor, etc.). The main module uses these to identify and emit the 'etal' message. ]=] local et_al_patterns = { "[;,]? *[\"']*%f[%a][Ee][Tt]%.? *[Aa][Ll][%.;,\"']*$", -- variations on the 'et al' theme "[;,]? *[\"']*%f[%a][Ee][Tt]%.? *[Aa][Ll][Ii][AaIi][Ee]?[%.;,\"']*$", -- variations on the 'et alia', 'et alii' and 'et aliae' themes (false positive 'et aliie' unlikely to match) "[;,]? *%f[%a]and [Oo]thers", -- an alternative to et al. "%[%[ *[Ee][Tt]%.? *[Aa][Ll]%.? *%]%]", -- a wikilinked form "%(%( *[Ee][Tt]%.? *[Aa][Ll]%.? *%)%)", -- a double-bracketed form (to counter partial removal of ((...)) syntax) "[%(%[] *[Ee][Tt]%.? *[Aa][Ll]%.? *[%)%]]", -- a bracketed form } --[[--------------------------< P R E S E N T A T I O N >------------------------ Fixed presentation markup. Originally part of citation_config.messages it has been moved into its own, more semantically correct place. ]] local presentation = { -- .citation-comment class is specified at Help:CS1_errors#Controlling_error_message_display ['hidden-error'] = '<span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment">$1</span>', ['visible-error'] = '<span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">$1</span>', ['hidden-maint'] = '<span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">$1</span>', ['accessdate'] = '<span class="reference-accessdate">$1$2</span>', -- to allow editors to hide accessdate using personal CSS ['bdi'] = '<bdi$1>$2</bdi>', -- bidirectional isolation used with |script-title= and the like ['cite'] = '<cite class="$1">$2</cite>'; -- for use when citation does not have a namelist and |ref= not set so no id="..." attribute ['cite-id'] = '<cite id="$1" class="$2">$3</cite>'; -- for use when when |ref= is set or when citation has a namelist ['format'] = ' <span class="cs1-format">($1)</span>', -- for |format=, |chapter-format=, etc. ['interwiki'] = ' <span class="cs1-format">[in $1]</span>', -- for interwiki-language-linked author, editor, etc ['interproj'] = ' <span class="cs1-format">[at $1]</span>', -- for interwiki-project-linked author, editor, etc (:d: and :s: supported; :w: ignored) -- various access levels, for |access=, |doi-access=, |arxiv=, ... -- narrow no-break space &#8239; may work better than nowrap CSS. Or not? Browser support? ['ext-link-access-signal'] = '<span class="$1" title="$2">$3</span>', -- external link with appropriate lock icon ['free'] = {class='id-lock-free', title='Freely accessible'}, -- classes defined in Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css ['registration'] = {class='id-lock-registration', title='Free registration required'}, ['limited'] = {class='id-lock-limited', title='Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required'}, ['subscription'] = {class='id-lock-subscription', title='Paid subscription required'}, ['interwiki-icon'] = '<span class="$1" title="$2">$3</span>', ['class-wikisource'] = 'cs1-ws-icon', ['italic-title'] = "''$1''", ['kern-left'] = '<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>$1', -- spacing to use when title contains leading single or double quote mark ['kern-right'] = '$1<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>', -- spacing to use when title contains trailing single or double quote mark ['nowrap1'] = '<span class="nowrap">$1</span>', -- for nowrapping an item: <span ...>yyyy-mm-dd</span> ['nowrap2'] = '<span class="nowrap">$1</span> $2', -- for nowrapping portions of an item: <span ...>dd mmmm</span> yyyy (note white space) ['ocins'] = '<span title="$1" class="Z3988"></span>', ['parameter'] = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code>', ['ps_cs1'] = '.'; -- CS1 style postscript (terminal) character ['ps_cs2'] = ''; -- CS2 style postscript (terminal) character (empty string) ['quoted-text'] = '<q>$1</q>', -- for wrapping |quote= content ['quoted-title'] = '"$1"', ['sep_cs1'] = '.', -- CS1 element separator ['sep_cs2'] = ',', -- CS2 separator ['sep_nl'] = ';', -- CS1|2 style name-list separator between names is a semicolon ['sep_nl_and'] = ' and ', -- used as last nl sep when |name-list-style=and and list has 2 items ['sep_nl_end'] = '; and ', -- used as last nl sep when |name-list-style=and and list has 3+ names ['sep_name'] = ', ', -- CS1|2 style last/first separator is <comma><space> ['sep_nl_vanc'] = ',', -- Vancouver style name-list separator between authors is a comma ['sep_name_vanc'] = ' ', -- Vancouver style last/first separator is a space ['sep_list'] = ', ', -- used for |language= when list has 3+ items except for last sep which uses sep_list_end ['sep_list_pair'] = ' and ', -- used for |language= when list has 2 items ['sep_list_end'] = ', and ', -- used as last list sep for |language= when list has 3+ items ['trans-italic-title'] = "&#91;''$1''&#93;", ['trans-quoted-title'] = "&#91;$1&#93;", -- for |trans-title= and |trans-quote= ['vol-bold'] = '$1 <b>$2</b>', -- sepc, volume; for bold journal cites; for other cites ['vol'] in messages{} } --[[--------------------------< A L I A S E S >--------------------------------- Aliases table for commonly passed parameters. Parameter names on the right side in the assignments in this table must have been defined in the Whitelist before they will be recognized as valid parameter names ]] local aliases = { ['AccessDate'] = {'access-date', 'accessdate'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Agency'] = 'agency', ['ArchiveDate'] = {'archive-date', 'archivedate'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['ArchiveFormat'] = 'archive-format', ['ArchiveURL'] = {'archive-url', 'archiveurl'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['ArticleNumber'] = 'article-number', ['ASINTLD'] = 'asin-tld', ['At'] = 'at', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Authors'] = {'people', 'credits'}, ['BookTitle'] = {'book-title', 'booktitle'}, ['Cartography'] = 'cartography', ['Chapter'] = {'chapter', 'contribution', 'entry', 'article', 'section'}, ['ChapterFormat'] = {'chapter-format', 'contribution-format', 'entry-format', 'article-format', 'section-format'}; ['ChapterURL'] = {'chapter-url', 'contribution-url', 'entry-url', 'article-url', 'section-url'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['ChapterUrlAccess'] = {'chapter-url-access', 'contribution-url-access', 'entry-url-access', 'article-url-access', 'section-url-access'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Class'] = 'class', -- cite arxiv and arxiv identifier ['Collaboration'] = 'collaboration', ['Conference'] = {'conference', 'event'}, ['ConferenceFormat'] = 'conference-format', ['ConferenceURL'] = 'conference-url', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Date'] = {'date', 'air-date', 'airdate'}, -- air-date and airdate for cite episode and cite serial only ['Degree'] = 'degree', ['DF'] = 'df', ['DisplayAuthors'] = {'display-authors', 'display-subjects'}, ['DisplayContributors'] = 'display-contributors', ['DisplayEditors'] = 'display-editors', ['DisplayInterviewers'] = 'display-interviewers', ['DisplayTranslators'] = 'display-translators', ['Docket'] = 'docket', ['DoiBroken'] = 'doi-broken-date', ['Edition'] = 'edition', ['Embargo'] = 'pmc-embargo-date', ['Encyclopedia'] = {'encyclopedia', 'encyclopaedia', 'dictionary'}, -- cite encyclopedia only ['Episode'] = 'episode', -- cite serial only TODO: make available to cite episode? ['Format'] = 'format', ['ID'] = {'id', 'ID'}, ['Inset'] = 'inset', ['Issue'] = {'issue', 'number'}, ['Language'] = {'language', 'lang'}, ['MailingList'] = {'mailing-list', 'mailinglist'}, -- cite mailing list only ['Map'] = 'map', -- cite map only ['MapFormat'] = 'map-format', -- cite map only ['MapURL'] = {'map-url', 'mapurl'}, -- cite map only -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['MapUrlAccess'] = 'map-url-access', -- cite map only -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Minutes'] = 'minutes', ['Mode'] = 'mode', ['NameListStyle'] = 'name-list-style', ['Network'] = 'network', ['Newsgroup'] = 'newsgroup', -- cite newsgroup only ['NoPP'] = {'no-pp', 'nopp'}, ['NoTracking'] = {'no-tracking', 'template-doc-demo'}, ['Number'] = 'number', -- this case only for cite techreport ['OrigDate'] = {'orig-date', 'orig-year', 'origyear'}, ['Others'] = 'others', ['Page'] = {'page', 'p'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Pages'] = {'pages', 'pp'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Periodical'] = {'journal', 'magazine', 'newspaper', 'periodical', 'website', 'work'}, ['Place'] = {'place', 'location'}, ['PostScript'] = 'postscript', ['PublicationDate'] = {'publication-date', 'publicationdate'}, ['PublicationPlace'] = {'publication-place', 'publicationplace'}, ['PublisherName'] = {'publisher', 'institution'}, ['Quote'] = {'quote', 'quotation'}, ['QuotePage'] = 'quote-page', ['QuotePages'] = 'quote-pages', ['Ref'] = 'ref', ['Scale'] = 'scale', ['ScriptChapter'] = {'script-chapter', 'script-contribution', 'script-entry', 'script-article', 'script-section'}, ['ScriptEncyclopedia'] = {'script-encyclopedia', 'script-encyclopaedia'}, -- cite encyclopedia only ['ScriptMap'] = 'script-map', ['ScriptPeriodical'] = {'script-journal', 'script-magazine', 'script-newspaper', 'script-periodical', 'script-website', 'script-work'}, ['ScriptQuote'] = 'script-quote', ['ScriptTitle'] = 'script-title', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Season'] = 'season', ['Sections'] = 'sections', -- cite map only ['Series'] = {'series', 'version'}, ['SeriesLink'] = {'series-link', 'serieslink'}, ['SeriesNumber'] = {'series-number', 'series-no'}, ['Sheet'] = 'sheet', -- cite map only ['Sheets'] = 'sheets', -- cite map only ['Station'] = 'station', ['Time'] = 'time', ['TimeCaption'] = 'time-caption', ['Title'] = 'title', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['TitleLink'] = {'title-link', 'episode-link', 'episodelink'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['TitleNote'] = {'title-note', 'department'}, ['TitleType'] = {'type', 'medium'}, ['TransChapter'] = {'trans-article', 'trans-chapter', 'trans-contribution', 'trans-entry', 'trans-section'}, ['Transcript'] = 'transcript', ['TranscriptFormat'] = 'transcript-format', ['TranscriptURL'] = 'transcript-url', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['TransEncyclopedia'] = {'trans-encyclopedia', 'trans-encyclopaedia'}, -- cite encyclopedia only ['TransMap'] = 'trans-map', -- cite map only ['TransPeriodical'] = {'trans-journal', 'trans-magazine', 'trans-newspaper', 'trans-periodical', 'trans-website', 'trans-work'}, ['TransQuote'] = 'trans-quote', ['TransTitle'] = 'trans-title', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['URL'] = {'url', 'URL'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['UrlAccess'] = 'url-access', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['UrlStatus'] = 'url-status', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Vauthors'] = 'vauthors', ['Veditors'] = 'veditors', ['Via'] = 'via', ['Volume'] = 'volume', ['Year'] = 'year', ['AuthorList-First'] = {"first#", "author-first#", "author#-first", "author-given#", "author#-given", "subject-first#", "subject#-first", "subject-given#", "subject#-given", "given#"}, ['AuthorList-Last'] = {"last#", "author-last#", "author#-last", "author-surname#", "author#-surname", "subject-last#", "subject#-last", "subject-surname#", "subject#-surname", "author#", 'host#', "subject#", "surname#"}, ['AuthorList-Link'] = {"author-link#", "author#-link", "subject-link#", "subject#-link", "authorlink#", "author#link"}, ['AuthorList-Mask'] = {"author-mask#", "author#-mask", "subject-mask#", "subject#-mask"}, ['ContributorList-First'] = {'contributor-first#', 'contributor#-first', 'contributor-given#', 'contributor#-given'}, ['ContributorList-Last'] = {'contributor-last#', 'contributor#-last', 'contributor-surname#', 'contributor#-surname', 'contributor#'}, ['ContributorList-Link'] = {'contributor-link#', 'contributor#-link'}, ['ContributorList-Mask'] = {'contributor-mask#', 'contributor#-mask'}, ['EditorList-First'] = {"editor-first#", "editor#-first", "editor-given#", "editor#-given"}, ['EditorList-Last'] = {"editor-last#", "editor#-last", "editor-surname#", "editor#-surname", "editor#"}, ['EditorList-Link'] = {"editor-link#", "editor#-link"}, ['EditorList-Mask'] = {"editor-mask#", "editor#-mask"}, ['InterviewerList-First'] = {'interviewer-first#', 'interviewer#-first', 'interviewer-given#', 'interviewer#-given'}, ['InterviewerList-Last'] = {'interviewer-last#', 'interviewer#-last', 'interviewer-surname#', 'interviewer#-surname', 'interviewer#'}, ['InterviewerList-Link'] = {'interviewer-link#', 'interviewer#-link'}, ['InterviewerList-Mask'] = {'interviewer-mask#', 'interviewer#-mask'}, ['TranslatorList-First'] = {'translator-first#', 'translator#-first', 'translator-given#', 'translator#-given'}, ['TranslatorList-Last'] = {'translator-last#', 'translator#-last', 'translator-surname#', 'translator#-surname', 'translator#'}, ['TranslatorList-Link'] = {'translator-link#', 'translator#-link'}, ['TranslatorList-Mask'] = {'translator-mask#', 'translator#-mask'}, } --[[--------------------------< P U N C T _ S K I P >--------------------------- builds a table of parameter names that the extraneous terminal punctuation check should not check. ]] local punct_meta_params = { -- table of aliases[] keys (meta parameters); each key has a table of parameter names for a value 'BookTitle', 'Chapter', 'ScriptChapter', 'ScriptTitle', 'Title', 'TransChapter', 'Transcript', 'TransMap', 'TransTitle', -- title-holding parameters 'AuthorList-Mask', 'ContributorList-Mask', 'EditorList-Mask', 'InterviewerList-Mask', 'TranslatorList-Mask', -- name-list mask may have name separators 'PostScript', 'Quote', 'ScriptQuote', 'TransQuote', 'Ref', -- miscellaneous 'ArchiveURL', 'ChapterURL', 'ConferenceURL', 'MapURL', 'TranscriptURL', 'URL', -- URL-holding parameters } local url_meta_params = { -- table of aliases[] keys (meta parameters); each key has a table of parameter names for a value 'ArchiveURL', 'ChapterURL', 'ConferenceURL', 'ID', 'MapURL', 'TranscriptURL', 'URL', -- parameters allowed to hold urls 'Page', 'Pages', 'At', 'QuotePage', 'QuotePages', -- insource locators allowed to hold urls } local function build_skip_table (skip_t, meta_params) for _, meta_param in ipairs (meta_params) do -- for each meta parameter key local params = aliases[meta_param]; -- get the parameter or the table of parameters associated with the meta parameter name if 'string' == type (params) then skip_t[params] = 1; -- just a single parameter else for _, param in ipairs (params) do -- get the parameter name skip_t[param] = 1; -- add the parameter name to the skip table local count; param, count = param:gsub ('#', ''); -- remove enumerator marker from enumerated parameters if 0 ~= count then -- if removed skip_t[param] = 1; -- add param name without enumerator marker end end end end return skip_t; end local punct_skip = {}; local url_skip = {}; --[[--------------------------< S I N G L E - L E T T E R S E C O N D - L E V E L D O M A I N S >---------- this is a list of tlds that are known to have single-letter second-level domain names. This list does not include ccTLDs which are accepted in is_domain_name(). ]] local single_letter_2nd_lvl_domains_t = {'cash', 'company', 'foundation', 'media', 'org', 'today'}; --[[-----------< S P E C I A L C A S E T R A N S L A T I O N S >------------ This table is primarily here to support internationalization. Translations in this table are used, for example, when an error message, category name, etc., is extracted from the English alias key. There may be other cases where this translation table may be useful. ]] local is_Latn = 'A-Za-z\195\128-\195\150\195\152-\195\182\195\184-\198\191\199\132-\201\143\225\184\128-\225\187\191'; local special_case_translation = { ['AuthorList'] = 'authors list', -- used to assemble maintenance category names ['ContributorList'] = 'contributors list', -- translation of these names plus translation of the base maintenance category names in maint_cats{} table below ['EditorList'] = 'editors list', -- must match the names of the actual categories ['InterviewerList'] = 'interviewers list', -- this group or translations used by name_has_ed_markup() and name_has_mult_names() ['TranslatorList'] = 'translators list', -- Lua patterns to match pseudo-titles used by InternetArchiveBot and others as placeholder for unknown |title= value ['archived_copy'] = { -- used with CS1 maint: Archive[d] copy as title ['en'] = '^archived?%s+copy$', -- for English; translators: keep this because templates imported from en.wiki ['local'] = nil, -- translators: replace ['local'] = nil with lowercase translation only when bots or tools create generic titles in your language }, -- Lua patterns to match generic titles; usually created by bots or reference filling tools -- translators: replace ['local'] = nil with lowercase translation only when bots or tools create generic titles in your language -- generic titles and patterns in this table should be lowercase only -- leave ['local'] nil except when there is a matching generic title in your language -- boolean 'true' for plain-text searches; 'false' for pattern searches ['generic_titles'] = { ['accept'] = { }, ['reject'] = { {['en'] = {'^wayback%s+machine$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'are you a robot', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'hugedomains', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[%(%[{<]?no +title[>}%]%)]?$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'page not found', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'subscribe to read', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[%(%[{<]?unknown[>}%]%)]?$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'website is for sale', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^404', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'error[ %-]404', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'internet archive wayback machine', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'log into facebook', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'login • instagram', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'redirecting...', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'usurped title', true}, ['local'] = nil}, -- added by a GreenC bot {['en'] = {'webcite query result', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'wikiwix\'s cache', true}, ['local'] = nil}, } }, -- boolean 'true' for plain-text searches, search string must be lowercase only -- boolean 'false' for pattern searches -- leave ['local'] nil except when there is a matching generic name in your language ['generic_names'] = { ['accept'] = { {['en'] = {'%[%[[^|]*%(author%) *|[^%]]*%]%]', false}, ['local'] = nil}, }, ['reject'] = { {['en'] = {'about us', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'%f[%a][Aa]dvisor%f[%A]', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'allmusic', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'%f[%a][Aa]uthor%f[%A]', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[Bb]ureau$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'business', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'cnn', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'collaborator', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[Cc]ompany$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'contributor', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'contact us', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'correspondent', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[Dd]esk$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'directory', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'%f[%(%[][%(%[]%s*eds?%.?%s*[%)%]]?$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'[,%.%s]%f[e]eds?%.?$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^eds?[%.,;]', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[%(%[]%s*[Ee][Dd][Ss]?%.?%s*[%)%]]', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'%f[%a][Ee]dited%f[%A]', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'%f[%a][Ee]ditors?%f[%A]', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'%f[%a][Ee]mail%f[%A]', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'facebook', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'google', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[Gg]roup$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'home page', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[Ii]nc%.?$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'instagram', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'interviewer', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[Ll]imited$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'linkedIn', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[Nn]ews$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'[Nn]ews[ %-]?[Rr]oom', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'pinterest', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'policy', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'privacy', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'reuters', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'translator', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'tumblr', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'twitter', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'site name', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'statement', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'submitted', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'super.?user', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'%f['..is_Latn..'][Uu]ser%f[^'..is_Latn..']', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'verfasser', true}, ['local'] = nil}, } } } --[[--------------------------< D A T E _ N A M E S >---------------------------------------------------------- This table of tables lists local language date names and fallback English date names. The code in Date_validation will look first in the local table for valid date names. If date names are not found in the local table, the code will look in the English table. Because citations can be copied to the local wiki from en.wiki, the English is required when the date-name translation function date_name_xlate() is used. In these tables, season numbering is defined by Extended Date/Time Format (EDTF) Specification (https://www.loc.gov/standards/datetime/) which became part of ISO 8601 in 2019. See '§Sub-year groupings'. The standard defines various divisions using numbers 21-41. CS1|2 only supports generic seasons. EDTF does support the distinction between north and south hemisphere seasons but CS1|2 has no way to make that distinction. 33-36 = Quarter 1, Quarter 2, Quarter 3, Quarter 4 (3 months each) The standard does not address 'named' dates so, for the purposes of CS1|2, Easter and Christmas are defined here as 98 and 99, which should be out of the ISO 8601 (EDTF) range of uses for a while. local_date_names_from_mediawiki is a boolean. When set to: true – module will fetch local month names from MediaWiki for both date_names['local']['long'] and date_names['local']['short']; this will unconditionally overwrite manual translations false – module will *not* fetch local month names from MediaWiki Caveat lector: There is no guarantee that MediaWiki will provide short month names. At your wiki you can test the results of the MediaWiki fetch in the debug console with this command (the result is alpha sorted): =mw.dumpObject (p.date_names['local']) While the module can fetch month names from MediaWiki, it cannot fetch the quarter, season, and named date names from MediaWiki. Those must be translated manually. ]] local local_date_names_from_mediawiki = true; -- when false, manual translation required for date_names['local']['long'] and date_names['local']['short']; overwrites manual translations -- when true, module fetches long and short month names from MediaWiki local date_names = { ['en'] = { -- English ['long'] = {['January'] = 1, ['February'] = 2, ['March'] = 3, ['April'] = 4, ['May'] = 5, ['June'] = 6, ['July'] = 7, ['August'] = 8, ['September'] = 9, ['October'] = 10, ['November'] = 11, ['December'] = 12}, ['short'] = {['Jan'] = 1, ['Feb'] = 2, ['Mar'] = 3, ['Apr'] = 4, ['May'] = 5, ['Jun'] = 6, ['Jul'] = 7, ['Aug'] = 8, ['Sep'] = 9, ['Oct'] = 10, ['Nov'] = 11, ['Dec'] = 12}, ['quarter'] = {['First Quarter'] = 33, ['Second Quarter'] = 34, ['Third Quarter'] = 35, ['Fourth Quarter'] = 36}, ['season'] = {['Winter'] = 24, ['Spring'] = 21, ['Summer'] = 22, ['Fall'] = 23, ['Autumn'] = 23}, ['named'] = {['Easter'] = 98, ['Christmas'] = 99}, }, -- when local_date_names_from_mediawiki = false ['local'] = { -- replace these English date names with the local language equivalents ['long'] = {['January'] = 1, ['February'] = 2, ['March'] = 3, ['April'] = 4, ['May'] = 5, ['June'] = 6, ['July'] = 7, ['August'] = 8, ['September'] = 9, ['October'] = 10, ['November'] = 11, ['December'] = 12}, ['short'] = {['Jan'] = 1, ['Feb'] = 2, ['Mar'] = 3, ['Apr'] = 4, ['May'] = 5, ['Jun'] = 6, ['Jul'] = 7, ['Aug'] = 8, ['Sep'] = 9, ['Oct'] = 10, ['Nov'] = 11, ['Dec'] = 12}, ['quarter'] = {['First Quarter'] = 33, ['Second Quarter'] = 34, ['Third Quarter'] = 35, ['Fourth Quarter'] = 36}, ['season'] = {['Winter'] = 24, ['Spring'] = 21, ['Summer'] = 22, ['Fall'] = 23, ['Autumn'] = 23}, ['named'] = {['Easter'] = 98, ['Christmas'] = 99}, }, ['inv_local_long'] = {}, -- used in date reformatting & translation; copy of date_names['local'].long where k/v are inverted: [1]='<local name>' etc. ['inv_local_short'] = {}, -- used in date reformatting & translation; copy of date_names['local'].short where k/v are inverted: [1]='<local name>' etc. ['inv_local_quarter'] = {}, -- used in date translation; copy of date_names['local'].quarter where k/v are inverted: [1]='<local name>' etc. ['inv_local_season'] = {}, -- used in date translation; copy of date_names['local'].season where k/v are inverted: [1]='<local name>' etc. ['inv_local_named'] = {}, -- used in date translation; copy of date_names['local'].named where k/v are inverted: [1]='<local name>' etc. ['local_digits'] = {['0'] = '0', ['1'] = '1', ['2'] = '2', ['3'] = '3', ['4'] = '4', ['5'] = '5', ['6'] = '6', ['7'] = '7', ['8'] = '8', ['9'] = '9'}, -- used to convert local language digits to Western 0-9 ['xlate_digits'] = {}, } if local_date_names_from_mediawiki then -- if fetching local month names from MediaWiki is enabled local long_t = {}; local short_t = {}; for i=1, 12 do -- loop 12x and local name = lang_obj:formatDate('F', '2022-' .. i .. '-1'); -- get long month name for each i long_t[name] = i; -- save it name = lang_obj:formatDate('M', '2022-' .. i .. '-1'); -- get short month name for each i short_t[name] = i; -- save it end date_names['local']['long'] = long_t; -- write the long table – overwrites manual translation date_names['local']['short'] = short_t; -- write the short table – overwrites manual translation end -- create inverted date-name tables for reformatting and/or translation for _, invert_t in pairs {{'long', 'inv_local_long'}, {'short', 'inv_local_short'}, {'quarter', 'inv_local_quarter'}, {'season', 'inv_local_season'}, {'named', 'inv_local_named'}} do for name, i in pairs (date_names['local'][invert_t[1]]) do -- this table is ['name'] = i date_names[invert_t[2]][i] = name; -- invert to get [i] = 'name' for conversions from ymd end end if local_digits_from_mediawiki then -- if fetching local digits from MediaWiki is enabled local digits_t = {}; for i=0, 9 do -- loop 10x and digits_t [lang_obj:formatNum (i)] = tostring (i); -- format the loop indexer as local lang table index and assign loop indexer (a string) as the value end date_names['local_digits'] = digits_t; end for ld, ed in pairs (date_names.local_digits) do -- make a digit translation table for simple date translation from en to local language using local_digits table date_names.xlate_digits [ed] = ld; -- en digit becomes index with local digit as the value end local df_template_patterns = { -- table of redirects to {{Use dmy dates}} and {{Use mdy dates}} '{{ *[Uu]se +(dmy) +dates *[|}]', -- 1159k -- sorted by approximate transclusion count '{{ *[Uu]se +(mdy) +dates *[|}]', -- 212k '{{ *[Uu]se +(MDY) +dates *[|}]', -- 788 '{{ *[Uu]se +(DMY) +dates *[|}]', -- 343 '{{ *([Mm]dy) *[|}]', -- 176 '{{ *[Uu]se *(dmy) *[|}]', -- 156 + 18 '{{ *[Uu]se *(mdy) *[|}]', -- 149 + 11 '{{ *([Dd]my) *[|}]', -- 56 '{{ *[Uu]se +(MDY) *[|}]', -- 5 '{{ *([Dd]MY) *[|}]', -- 3 '{{ *[Uu]se(mdy)dates *[|}]', -- 1 '{{ *[Uu]se +(DMY) *[|}]', -- 0 '{{ *([Mm]DY) *[|}]', -- 0 } local title_object = mw.title.getCurrentTitle(); local content; -- done this way so that unused templates appear in unused-template-reports; self-transcluded makes them look like they are used if 10 ~= title_object.namespace then -- all namespaces except Template content = title_object:getContent() or ''; -- get the content of the article or ''; new pages edited w/ve do not have 'content' until saved; ve does not preview; phab:T221625 end local function get_date_format () if not content then -- nil content when we're in template return nil; -- auto-formatting does not work in Template space so don't set global_df end for _, pattern in ipairs (df_template_patterns) do -- loop through the patterns looking for {{Use dmy dates}} or {{Use mdy dates}} or any of their redirects local start, _, match = content:find(pattern); -- match is the three letters indicating desired date format if match then local use_dates_template = content:match ('%b{}', start); -- get the whole template if use_dates_template:match ('| *cs1%-dates *= *[lsy][sy]?') then -- look for |cs1-dates=publication date length access-/archive-date length return match:lower() .. '-' .. use_dates_template:match ('| *cs1%-dates *= *([lsy][sy]?)'); else return match:lower() .. '-all'; -- no |cs1-dates= k/v pair; return value appropriate for use in |df= end end end end local global_df; -- TODO: add this to <global_cs1_config_t>? --[[-----------------< V O L U M E , I S S U E , P A G E S >------------------ These tables hold cite class values (from the template invocation) and identify those templates that support |volume=, |issue=, and |page(s)= parameters. Cite conference and cite map require further qualification which is handled in the main module. ]] local templates_using_volume = {'citation', 'audio-visual', 'book', 'conference', 'encyclopaedia', 'interview', 'journal', 'magazine', 'map', 'news', 'report', 'techreport', 'thesis'} local templates_using_issue = {'citation', 'conference', 'episode', 'interview', 'journal', 'magazine', 'map', 'news', 'podcast'} local templates_not_using_page = {'audio-visual', 'episode', 'mailinglist', 'newsgroup', 'podcast', 'serial', 'sign', 'speech'} --[[ These tables control when it is appropriate for {{citation}} to render |volume= and/or |issue=. The parameter names in the tables constrain {{citation}} so that its renderings match the renderings of the equivalent cs1 templates. For example, {{cite web}} does not support |volume= so the equivalent {{citation |website=...}} must not support |volume=. ]] local citation_no_volume_t = { -- {{citation}} does not render |volume= when these parameters are used 'website', 'mailinglist', 'script-website', } local citation_issue_t = { -- {{citation}} may render |issue= when these parameters are used 'journal', 'magazine', 'newspaper', 'periodical', 'work', 'script-journal', 'script-magazine', 'script-newspaper', 'script-periodical', 'script-work', } --[[ Patterns for finding extra text in |volume=, |issue=, |page=, |pages= ]] local vol_iss_pg_patterns = { good_ppattern = '^P[^%.PpGg]', -- OK to begin with uppercase P: P7 (page 7 of section P), but not p123 (page 123); TODO: this allows 'Pages' which it should not bad_ppatterns = { -- patterns for |page= and |pages= '^[Pp][PpGg]?%.?[ %d]', '^[Pp][Pp]?%.&nbsp;', -- from {{p.}} and {{pp.}} templates '^[Pp]ages?', '^[Pp]gs.?', }, vi_patterns_t = { -- combined to catch volume-like text in |issue= and issue-like text in |volume= '^volumes?', -- volume-like text '^vols?[%.:=]?', '^issues?', --issue-like text '^iss[%.:=]?', '^numbers?', '^nos?%A', -- don't match 'november' or 'nostradamus' '^nr[%.:=]?', '^n[%.:= ]', -- might be a valid issue without separator (space char is sep char here) '^n°', -- 'n' with degree sign (U+00B0) '^№', -- precomposed unicode numero character (U+2116) }, } --[[--------------------------< K E Y W O R D S >------------------------------- These tables hold keywords for those parameters that have defined sets of acceptable keywords. ]] --[[-------------------< K E Y W O R D S T A B L E >-------------------------- this is a list of keywords; each key in the list is associated with a table of synonymous keywords possibly from different languages. for I18N: add local-language keywords to value table; do not change the key. For example, adding the German keyword 'ja': ['affirmative'] = {'yes', 'true', 'y', 'ja'}, Because CS1|2 templates from en.wiki articles are often copied to other local wikis, it is recommended that the English keywords remain in these tables. ]] local keywords = { ['amp'] = {'&', 'amp', 'ampersand'}, -- |name-list-style= ['and'] = {'and', 'serial'}, -- |name-list-style= ['affirmative'] = {'yes', 'true', 'y'}, -- |no-tracking=, |no-pp= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['afterword'] = {'afterword'}, -- |contribution= ['bot: unknown'] = {'bot: unknown'}, -- |url-status= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['cs1'] = {'cs1'}, -- |mode= ['cs2'] = {'cs2'}, -- |mode= ['dead'] = {'dead', 'deviated'}, -- |url-status= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['dmy'] = {'dmy'}, -- |df= ['dmy-all'] = {'dmy-all'}, -- |df= ['foreword'] = {'foreword'}, -- |contribution= ['free'] = {'free'}, -- |<id>-access= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['harv'] = {'harv'}, -- |ref=; this no longer supported; is_valid_parameter_value() called with <invert> = true ['introduction'] = {'introduction'}, -- |contribution= ['limited'] = {'limited'}, -- |url-access= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['live'] = {'live'}, -- |url-status= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['mdy'] = {'mdy'}, -- |df= ['mdy-all'] = {'mdy-all'}, -- |df= ['none'] = {'none'}, -- |postscript=, |ref=, |title=, |type= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['off'] = {'off'}, -- |title= (potentially also: |title-link=, |postscript=, |ref=, |type=) ['preface'] = {'preface'}, -- |contribution= ['registration'] = {'registration'}, -- |url-access= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['subscription'] = {'subscription'}, -- |url-access= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['unfit'] = {'unfit'}, -- |url-status= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['usurped'] = {'usurped'}, -- |url-status= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['vanc'] = {'vanc'}, -- |name-list-style= ['ymd'] = {'ymd'}, -- |df= ['ymd-all'] = {'ymd-all'}, -- |df= -- ['yMd'] = {'yMd'}, -- |df=; not supported at en.wiki -- ['yMd-all'] = {'yMd-all'}, -- |df=; not supported at en.wiki } --[[------------------------< X L A T E _ K E Y W O R D S >--------------------- this function builds a list, keywords_xlate{}, of the keywords found in keywords{} where the values from keywords{} become the keys in keywords_xlate{} and the keys from keywords{} become the values in keywords_xlate{}: ['affirmative'] = {'yes', 'true', 'y'}, -- in keywords{} becomes ['yes'] = 'affirmative', -- in keywords_xlate{} ['true'] = 'affirmative', ['y'] = 'affirmative', the purpose of this function is to act as a translator between a non-English keyword and its English equivalent that may be used in other modules of this suite ]] local function xlate_keywords () local out_table = {}; -- output goes here for k, keywords_t in pairs (keywords) do -- spin through the keywords table for _, keyword in ipairs (keywords_t) do -- for each keyword out_table[keyword] = k; -- create an entry in the output table where keyword is the key end end return out_table; end local keywords_xlate = xlate_keywords (); -- the list of translated keywords --[[----------------< M A K E _ K E Y W O R D S _ L I S T >--------------------- this function assembles, for parameter-value validation, the list of keywords appropriate to that parameter. keywords_lists{}, is a table of tables from keywords{} ]] local function make_keywords_list (keywords_lists) local out_table = {}; -- output goes here for _, keyword_list in ipairs (keywords_lists) do -- spin through keywords_lists{} and get a table of keywords for _, keyword in ipairs (keyword_list) do -- spin through keyword_list{} and add each keyword, ... table.insert (out_table, keyword); -- ... as plain text, to the output list end end return out_table; end --[[----------------< K E Y W O R D S _ L I S T S >----------------------------- this is a list of lists of valid keywords for the various parameters in [key]. Generally the keys in this table are the canonical en.wiki parameter names though some are contrived because of use in multiple differently named parameters: ['yes_true_y'], ['id-access']. The function make_keywords_list() extracts the individual keywords from the appropriate list in keywords{}. The lists in this table are used to validate the keyword assignment for the parameters named in this table's keys. ]] local keywords_lists = { ['yes_true_y'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.affirmative}), ['contribution'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.afterword, keywords.foreword, keywords.introduction, keywords.preface}), ['df'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.dmy, keywords['dmy-all'], keywords.mdy, keywords['mdy-all'], keywords.ymd, keywords['ymd-all']}), -- ['df'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.dmy, keywords['dmy-all'], keywords.mdy, keywords['mdy-all'], keywords.ymd, keywords['ymd-all'], keywords.yMd, keywords['yMd-all']}), -- not supported at en.wiki ['mode'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.cs1, keywords.cs2}), ['name-list-style'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.amp, keywords['and'], keywords.vanc}), ['ref'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.harv}), -- inverted check; |ref=harv no longer supported ['url-access'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.subscription, keywords.limited, keywords.registration}), ['url-status'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.dead, keywords.live, keywords.unfit, keywords.usurped, keywords['bot: unknown']}), ['id-access'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.free}), } --[[--------------------------< C S 1 _ C O N F I G _ G E T >-------------------------------------------------- fetch and validate values from {{cs1 config}} template to fill <global_cs1_config_t> no error messages; when errors are detected, the parameter value from {{cs1 config}} is blanked. Supports all parameters and aliases associated with the metaparameters: DisplayAuthors, DisplayContributors, DisplayEditors, DisplayInterviewers, DisplayTranslators, NameListStyle, and Mode. The DisplayWhatever metaparameters accept numeric values only (|display-authors=etal and the like is not supported). ]] local global_cs1_config_t = {}; -- TODO: add value returned from get_date_format() to this table? local function get_cs1_config () if not content then -- nil content when we're in template return nil; -- auto-formatting does not work in Template space so don't set global_df end local start = content:find('{{ *[Cc][Ss]1 config *[|}]'); -- <start> is offset into <content> when {{cs1 config}} found; nil else if start then local cs1_config_template = content:match ('%b{}', start); -- get the whole template if not cs1_config_template then return nil; end local params_t = mw.text.split (cs1_config_template:gsub ('^{{%s*', ''):gsub ('%s*}}$', ''), '%s*|%s*'); -- remove '{{' and '}}'; make a sequence of parameter/value pairs (split on the pipe) table.remove (params_t, 1); -- remove the template name because it isn't a parameter/value pair local config_meta_params_t = {'DisplayAuthors', 'DisplayContributors', 'DisplayEditors', 'DisplayInterviewers', 'DisplayTranslators', 'NameListStyle', 'Mode'}; local meta_param_map_t = {}; -- list of accepted parameter names usable in {{cs1 config}} goes here for _, meta_param in ipairs (config_meta_params_t) do -- for i18n using <config_meta_params_t>, map template parameter names to their metaparameter equivalents if 'table' == type (aliases[meta_param]) then -- if <meta_param> is a sequence, for _, param in ipairs (aliases[meta_param]) do -- extract its contents meta_param_map_t[param] = meta_param; -- and add to <meta_param_map_t> end else meta_param_map_t[aliases[meta_param]] = meta_param; -- not a sequence so just add the parameter to <meta_param_map_t> end end local keywords_t = {}; -- map valid keywords to their associate metaparameter; reverse form of <keyword_lists[key] for these metaparameters for _, metaparam_t in ipairs ({{'NameListStyle', 'name-list-style'}, {'Mode', 'mode'}}) do -- only these metaparameter / keywords_lists key pairs for _, keyword in ipairs (keywords_lists[metaparam_t[2]]) do -- spin through the list of keywords keywords_t[keyword] = metaparam_t[1]; -- add [keyword] = metaparameter to the map end end for _, param in ipairs (params_t) do -- spin through the {{cs1 config}} parameters and fill <global_cs1_config_t> local k, v = param:match ('([^=]-)%s*=%s*(.+)'); -- <k> is the parameter name; <v> is parameter's assigned value if k then if k:find ('^display') then -- if <k> is one of the |display-<namelist>= parameters if v:match ('%d+') then -- the assigned value must be digits; doesn't accept 'etal' global_cs1_config_t[meta_param_map_t[k]]=v; -- add the display param and its value to globals table end else if keywords_t[v] == meta_param_map_t[k] then -- keywords_t[v] returns nil or the metaparam name; these must be the same global_cs1_config_t[meta_param_map_t[k]]=v; -- add the parameter and its value to globals table end end end end end end get_cs1_config (); -- fill <global_cs1_config_t> --[[---------------------< S T R I P M A R K E R S >---------------------------- Common pattern definition location for stripmarkers so that we don't have to go hunting for them if (when) MediaWiki changes their form. ]] local stripmarkers = { ['any'] = '\127[^\127]*UNIQ%-%-(%a+)%-[%a%d]+%-QINU[^\127]*\127', -- capture returns name of stripmarker ['math'] = '\127[^\127]*UNIQ%-%-math%-[%a%d]+%-QINU[^\127]*\127' -- math stripmarkers used in coins_cleanup() and coins_replace_math_stripmarker() } --[[------------< I N V I S I B L E _ C H A R A C T E R S >--------------------- This table holds non-printing or invisible characters indexed either by name or by Unicode group. Values are decimal representations of UTF-8 codes. The table is organized as a table of tables because the Lua pairs keyword returns table data in an arbitrary order. Here, we want to process the table from top to bottom because the entries at the top of the table are also found in the ranges specified by the entries at the bottom of the table. Also here is a pattern that recognizes stripmarkers that begin and end with the delete characters. The nowiki stripmarker is not an error but some others are because the parameter values that include them become part of the template's metadata before stripmarker replacement. ]] local invisible_defs = { del = '\127', -- used to distinguish between stripmarker and del char zwj = '\226\128\141', -- used with capture because zwj may be allowed } local invisible_chars = { {'replacement', '\239\191\189'}, -- U+FFFD, EF BF BD {'zero width joiner', '('.. invisible_defs.zwj .. ')'}, -- U+200D, E2 80 8D; capture because zwj may be allowed {'zero width space', '\226\128\139'}, -- U+200B, E2 80 8B {'hair space', '\226\128\138'}, -- U+200A, E2 80 8A {'soft hyphen', '\194\173'}, -- U+00AD, C2 AD {'horizontal tab', '\009'}, -- U+0009 (HT), 09 {'line feed', '\010'}, -- U+000A (LF), 0A {'no-break space', '\194\160'}, -- U+00A0 (NBSP), C2 A0 {'carriage return', '\013'}, -- U+000D (CR), 0D {'stripmarker', stripmarkers.any}, -- stripmarker; may or may not be an error; capture returns the stripmaker type {'delete', '('.. invisible_defs.del .. ')'}, -- U+007F (DEL), 7F; must be done after stripmarker test; capture to distinguish isolated del chars not part of stripmarker {'C0 control', '[\000-\008\011\012\014-\031]'}, -- U+0000–U+001F (NULL–US), 00–1F (except HT, LF, CR (09, 0A, 0D)) {'C1 control', '[\194\128-\194\159]'}, -- U+0080–U+009F (XXX–APC), C2 80 – C2 9F -- {'Specials', '[\239\191\185-\239\191\191]'}, -- U+FFF9-U+FFFF, EF BF B9 – EF BF BF -- {'Private use area', '[\238\128\128-\239\163\191]'}, -- U+E000–U+F8FF, EE 80 80 – EF A3 BF -- {'Supplementary Private Use Area-A', '[\243\176\128\128-\243\191\191\189]'}, -- U+F0000–U+FFFFD, F3 B0 80 80 – F3 BF BF BD -- {'Supplementary Private Use Area-B', '[\244\128\128\128-\244\143\191\189]'}, -- U+100000–U+10FFFD, F4 80 80 80 – F4 8F BF BD } --[[ Indic script makes use of zero width joiner as a character modifier so zwj characters must be left in. This pattern covers all of the unicode characters for these languages: Devanagari 0900–097F – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0900.pdf Devanagari extended A8E0–A8FF – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/UA8E0.pdf Bengali 0980–09FF – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0980.pdf Gurmukhi 0A00–0A7F – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0A00.pdf Gujarati 0A80–0AFF – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0A80.pdf Oriya 0B00–0B7F – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0B00.pdf Tamil 0B80–0BFF – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0B80.pdf Telugu 0C00–0C7F – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0C00.pdf Kannada 0C80–0CFF – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0C80.pdf Malayalam 0D00–0D7F – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0D00.pdf plus the not-necessarily Indic scripts for Sinhala and Burmese: Sinhala 0D80-0DFF - https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0D80.pdf Myanmar 1000-109F - https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1000.pdf Myanmar extended A AA60-AA7F - https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/UAA60.pdf Myanmar extended B A9E0-A9FF - https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/UA9E0.pdf the pattern is used by has_invisible_chars() and coins_cleanup() ]] local indic_script = '[\224\164\128-\224\181\191\224\163\160-\224\183\191\225\128\128-\225\130\159\234\167\160-\234\167\191\234\169\160-\234\169\191]'; -- list of emoji that use a zwj character (U+200D) to combine with another emoji -- from: https://unicode.org/Public/emoji/16.0/emoji-zwj-sequences.txt; version: 16.0; 2024-08-14 -- table created by: [[:en:Module:Make emoji zwj table]] local emoji_t = { -- indexes are decimal forms of the hex values in U+xxxx [8596] = true, -- U+2194 ↔ left right arrow [8597] = true, -- U+2195 ↕ up down arrow [9760] = true, -- U+2620 ☠ skull and crossbones [9792] = true, -- U+2640 ♀ female sign [9794] = true, -- U+2642 ♂ male sign [9877] = true, -- U+2695 ⚕ staff of aesculapius [9878] = true, -- U+2696 ⚖ scales [9895] = true, -- U+26A7 ⚧ male with stroke and male and female sign [9992] = true, -- U+2708 ✈ airplane [10052] = true, -- U+2744 ❄ snowflake [10084] = true, -- U+2764 ❤ heavy black heart [10145] = true, -- U+27A1 ➡ black rightwards arrow [11035] = true, -- U+2B1B ⬛ black large square [127752] = true, -- U+1F308 🌈 rainbow [127787] = true, -- U+1F32B 🌫 fog [127806] = true, -- U+1F33E 🌾 ear of rice [127859] = true, -- U+1F373 🍳 cooking [127868] = true, -- U+1F37C 🍼 baby bottle [127876] = true, -- U+1F384 🎄 christmas tree [127891] = true, -- U+1F393 🎓 graduation cap [127908] = true, -- U+1F3A4 🎤 microphone [127912] = true, -- U+1F3A8 🎨 artist palette [127979] = true, -- U+1F3EB 🏫 school [127981] = true, -- U+1F3ED 🏭 factory [128102] = true, -- U+1F466 👦 boy [128103] = true, -- U+1F467 👧 girl [128104] = true, -- U+1F468 👨 man [128105] = true, -- U+1F469 👩 woman [128139] = true, -- U+1F48B 💋 kiss mark [128165] = true, -- U+1F4A5 💥 collision symbol [128168] = true, -- U+1F4A8 💨 dash symbol [128171] = true, -- U+1F4AB 💫 dizzy symbol [128187] = true, -- U+1F4BB 💻 personal computer [128188] = true, -- U+1F4BC 💼 brief case [128293] = true, -- U+1F525 🔥 fire [128295] = true, -- U+1F527 🔧 wrench [128300] = true, -- U+1F52C 🔬 microscope [128488] = true, -- U+1F5E8 🗨 left speech bubble [128640] = true, -- U+1F680 🚀 rocket [128658] = true, -- U+1F692 🚒 fire engine [129001] = true, -- U+1F7E9 🟩 large green square [129003] = true, -- U+1F7EB 🟫 large brown square [129309] = true, -- U+1F91D 🤝 handshake [129455] = true, -- U+1F9AF 🦯 probing cane [129456] = true, -- U+1F9B0 🦰 emoji component red hair [129457] = true, -- U+1F9B1 🦱 emoji component curly hair [129458] = true, -- U+1F9B2 🦲 emoji component bald [129459] = true, -- U+1F9B3 🦳 emoji component white hair [129466] = true, -- U+1F9BA 🦺 safety vest [129468] = true, -- U+1F9BC 🦼 motorized wheelchair [129469] = true, -- U+1F9BD 🦽 manual wheelchair [129489] = true, -- U+1F9D1 🧑 adult [129490] = true, -- U+1F9D2 🧒 child [129657] = true, -- U+1FA79 🩹 adhesive bandage [129778] = true, -- U+1FAF2 🫲 leftwards hand } --[[----------------------< L A N G U A G E S U P P O R T >------------------- These tables and constants support various language-specific functionality. ]] --local this_wiki_code = mw.getContentLanguage():getCode(); -- get this wiki's language code local this_wiki_code = lang_obj:getCode(); -- get this wiki's language code if string.match (mw.site.server, 'wikidata') then this_wiki_code = mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction('int', {'lang'}); -- on Wikidata so use interface language setting instead end local mw_languages_by_tag_t = mw.language.fetchLanguageNames (this_wiki_code, 'all'); -- get a table of language tag/name pairs known to Wikimedia; used for interwiki tests local mw_languages_by_name_t = {}; for k, v in pairs (mw_languages_by_tag_t) do -- build a 'reversed' table name/tag language pairs know to MediaWiki; used for |language= v = mw.ustring.lower (v); -- lowercase for tag fetch; get name's proper case from mw_languages_by_tag_t[<tag>] if mw_languages_by_name_t[v] then -- when name already in the table if 2 == #k or 3 == #k then -- if tag does not have subtags mw_languages_by_name_t[v] = k; -- prefer the shortest tag for this name end else -- here when name not in the table mw_languages_by_name_t[v] = k; -- so add name and matching tag end end local inter_wiki_map = {}; -- map of interwiki prefixes that are language-code prefixes for k, v in pairs (mw.site.interwikiMap ('local')) do -- spin through the base interwiki map (limited to local) if mw_languages_by_tag_t[v["prefix"]] then -- if the prefix matches a known language tag inter_wiki_map[v["prefix"]] = true; -- add it to our local map end end --[[--------------------< S C R I P T _ L A N G _ C O D E S >------------------- This table is used to hold ISO 639-1 two-character and ISO 639-3 three-character language codes that apply only to |script-title= and |script-chapter= ]] local script_lang_codes = { 'ab', 'am', 'ar', 'az', 'be', 'bg', 'bn', 'bo', 'bs', 'ce', 'chr', 'dv', 'dz', 'el', 'fa', 'grc', 'gu', 'he', 'hi', 'hy', 'ja', 'ka', 'kk', 'km', 'kn', 'ko', 'ku', 'ky', 'lo', 'mk', 'ml', 'mn', 'mni', 'mr', 'my', 'ne', 'or', 'ota', 'pa', 'ps', 'ru', 'sd', 'si', 'sr', 'syc', 'ta', 'te', 'tg', 'th', 'ti', 'tt', 'ug', 'uk', 'ur', 'uz', 'yi', 'yue', 'zh', 'zgh' }; --[[---------------< L A N G U A G E R E M A P P I N G >---------------------- These tables hold language information that is different (correct) from MediaWiki's definitions For each ['<tag>'] = 'language name' in lang_code_remap{} there must be a matching ['language name'] = {'language name', '<tag>'} in lang_name_remap{} lang_tag_remap{}: key is always lowercase ISO 639-1, -2, -3 language tag or a valid lowercase IETF language tag value is properly spelled and capitalized language name associated with <tag> only one language name per <tag>; key/value pair must have matching entry in lang_name_remap{} lang_name_remap{}: key is always lowercase language name value is a table the holds correctly spelled and capitalized language name [1] and associated tag [2] (tag must match a tag key in lang_tag_remap{}) may have multiple keys referring to a common preferred name and tag; For example: ['kolsch'] and ['kölsch'] both refer to 'Kölsch' and 'ksh' ]] local lang_tag_remap = { -- used for |language= and |script-title= / |script-chapter= ['als'] = 'Tosk Albanian', -- MediaWiki returns Alemannisch ['bh'] = 'Bihari', -- MediaWiki uses 'bh' as a subdomain name for Bhojpuri Wikipedia: bh.wikipedia.org ['bla'] = 'Blackfoot', -- MediaWiki/IANA/ISO 639: Siksika; use en.wiki preferred name ['bn'] = 'Bengali', -- MediaWiki returns Bangla ['ca-valencia'] = 'Valencian', -- IETF variant of Catalan ['fkv'] = 'Kven', -- MediaWiki returns Kvensk ['gsw'] = 'Swiss German', ['ilo'] = 'Ilocano', -- MediaWiki/IANA/ISO 639: Iloko; use en.wiki preferred name ['ksh'] = 'Kölsch', -- MediaWiki: Colognian; use IANA/ISO 639 preferred name ['ksh-x-colog'] = 'Colognian', -- override MediaWiki ksh; no IANA/ISO 639 code for Colognian; IETF private code created at Module:Lang/data ['mis-x-ripuar'] = 'Ripuarian', -- override MediaWiki ksh; no IANA/ISO 639 code for Ripuarian; IETF private code created at Module:Lang/data ['nan-tw'] = 'Taiwanese Hokkien', -- make room for MediaWiki/IANA/ISO 639 nan: Min Nan Chinese and support en.wiki preferred name ['sr-ec'] = 'Serbian (Cyrillic script)', -- MediaWiki returns српски (ћирилица) ['sr-el'] = 'Serbian (Latin script)', -- MediaWiki returns srpski (latinica) } local lang_name_remap = { -- used for |language=; names require proper capitalization; tags must be lowercase ['alemannic'] = {'Swiss German', 'gsw'}, -- ISO 639-2, -3 alternate for Swiss German; MediaWiki mediawiki returns Alemannic for gsw; en.wiki preferred name ['alemannisch'] = {'Swiss German', 'gsw'}, -- not an ISO or IANA language name; MediaWiki uses 'als' as a subdomain name for Alemannic Wikipedia: als.wikipedia.org ['bangla'] = {'Bengali', 'bn'}, -- MediaWiki returns Bangla (the endonym) but we want Bengali (the exonym); here we remap ['bengali'] = {'Bengali', 'bn'}, -- MediaWiki doesn't use exonym so here we provide correct language name and 639-1 code ['bhojpuri'] = {'Bhojpuri', 'bho'}, -- MediaWiki uses 'bh' as a subdomain name for Bhojpuri Wikipedia: bh.wikipedia.org ['bihari'] = {'Bihari', 'bh'}, -- MediaWiki replaces 'Bihari' with 'Bhojpuri' so 'Bihari' cannot be found ['blackfoot'] = {'Blackfoot', 'bla'}, -- MediaWiki/IANA/ISO 639: Siksika; use en.wiki preferred name ['colognian'] = {'Colognian', 'ksh-x-colog'}, -- MediaWiki preferred name for ksh ['ilocano'] = {'Ilocano', 'ilo'}, -- MediaWiki/IANA/ISO 639: Iloko; use en.wiki preferred name ['kolsch'] = {'Kölsch', 'ksh'}, -- use IANA/ISO 639 preferred name (use non-diacritical o instead of umlaut ö) ['kölsch'] = {'Kölsch', 'ksh'}, -- use IANA/ISO 639 preferred name ['kven'] = {'Kven', 'fkv'}, -- Unicode CLDR have decided not to support English language name for these two... ['kvensk'] = {'Kven', 'fkv'}, -- ...they say to refer to IANA registry for English names ['ripuarian'] = {'Ripuarian', 'mis-x-ripuar'}, -- group of dialects; no code in MediaWiki or in IANA/ISO 639 ['serbian (cyrillic script)'] = {'Serbian (Cyrillic script)', 'sr-cyrl'}, -- special case to get correct tag when |language=sr-ec ['serbian (latin script)'] = {'Serbian (Latin script)', 'sr-latn'}, -- special case to get correct tag when |language=sr-el ['swiss german'] = {'Swiss German', 'gsw'}, ['taiwanese hokkien'] = {'Taiwanese Hokkien', 'nan-tw'}, -- make room for MediaWiki/IANA/ISO 639 nan: Min Nan Chinese ['tosk albanian'] = {'Tosk Albanian', 'als'}, -- MediaWiki replaces 'Tosk Albanian' with 'Alemannisch' so 'Tosk Albanian' cannot be found ['valencian'] = {'Valencian', 'ca-valencia'}, -- variant of Catalan; categorizes as Valencian } --[[---------------< P R O P E R T I E S _ C A T E G O R I E S >---------------- Properties categories. These are used for investigating qualities of citations. ]] local prop_cats = { ['foreign-lang-source'] = 'CS1 sumber basa $1 ($2)', -- |language= categories; $1 is foreign-language name, $2 is ISO639-1 code ['foreign-lang-source-2'] = 'CS1 sumber basa asing (ISO 639-2)|$1', -- |language= category; a cat for ISO639-2 languages; $1 is the ISO 639-2 code used as a sort key ['interproj-linked-name'] = 'CS1 nama dengan pranala antarproyek|$1', -- any author, editor, etc that has an interproject link; $1 is interproject tag used as a sort key ['interwiki-linked-name'] = 'CS1 nama dengan pranala interwiki|$1', -- any author, editor, etc that has an interwiki link; $1 is interwiki tag used as a sort key; yeilds to interproject ['local-lang-source'] = 'CS1 sumber basa $1 ($2)', -- |language= categories; $1 is local-language name, $2 is ISO639-1 code; not emitted when local_lang_cat_enable is false ['location-test'] = 'CS1 uji lokasi', ['long-vol'] = 'CS1: volume bernilai panjang', -- probably temporary cat to identify scope of |volume= values longer than 4 characters ['script'] = 'CS1 maké aksara basa $1 ($2)', -- |script-title=xx: has matching category; $1 is language name, $2 is language tag ['tracked-param'] = 'CS1 parameter terlacak: $1', -- $1 is base (enumerators removed) parameter name ['unfit'] = 'CS1: URL tidak cocok', -- |url-status=unfit or |url-status=usurped; used to be a maint cat ['vanc-accept'] = 'CS1:Vancouver names with accept markup', -- for |vauthors=/|veditors= with accept-as-written markup ['year-range-abbreviated'] = 'CS1: rentang tahun disingkat', -- probably temporary cat to identify scope of |date=, |year= values using YYYY–YY form } --[[-------------------< T I T L E _ T Y P E S >-------------------------------- Here we map a template's CitationClass to TitleType (default values for |type= parameter) ]] local title_types = { ['AV-media-notes'] = 'Media notes', ['document'] = 'Document', ['interview'] = 'Interview', ['mailinglist'] = 'Mailing list', ['map'] = 'Map', ['podcast'] = 'Podcast', ['pressrelease'] = 'Press release', ['report'] = 'Report', ['speech'] = 'Speech', ['techreport'] = 'Technical report', ['thesis'] = 'Thesis', } --[[--------------------------< B U I L D _ K N O W N _ F R E E _ D O I _ R E G I S T R A N T S _ T A B L E >-- build a table of doi registrants known to be free-to-read In a doi, the registrant ID is the series of digits between the '10.' and the first '/': in doi 10.1100/sommat, 1100 is the registrant ID see §3.2.2 DOI prefix of the Doi Handbook p. 43 https://www.doi.org/doi-handbook/DOI_Handbook_Final.pdf#page=43 ]] local function build_free_doi_registrants_table() local registrants_t = {}; for _, v in ipairs ({ '1045', '1074', '1096', '1100', '1155', '1186', '1194', '1371', '1629', '1989', '1999', '2147', '2196', '3285', '3389', '3390', '3748', '3814', '3847', '3897', '4061', '4089', '4103', '4172', '4175', '4230', '4236', '4239', '4240', '4249', '4251', '4252', '4253', '4254', '4291', '4292', '4329', '4330', '4331', '5194', '5210', '5306', '5312', '5313', '5314', '5315', '5316', '5317', '5318', '5319', '5320', '5321', '5334', '5402', '5409', '5410', '5411', '5412', '5492', '5493', '5494', '5495', '5496', '5497', '5498', '5499', '5500', '5501', '5527', '5528', '5662', '6064', '6219', '7167', '7217', '7287', '7482', '7490', '7554', '7717', '7759', '7766', '11131', '11569', '11647', '11648', '12688', '12703', '12715', '12942', '12998', '13105', '14256', '14293', '14303', '15215', '15347', '15412', '15560', '16995', '17645', '18637', '19080', '19173', '20944', '21037', '21468', '21767', '22261', '22323', '22459', '24105', '24196', '24966', '26775', '30845', '32545', '35711', '35712', '35713', '35995', '36648', '37126', '37532', '37871', '47128', '47622', '47959', '52437', '52975', '53288', '54081', '54947', '55667', '55914', '57009', '58647', '59081', }) do registrants_t[v] = true; -- build a k/v table of known free-to-read doi registrants end return registrants_t; end local extended_registrants_t = { -- known free registrants identifiable by the doi suffix incipit ['1002'] = {'aelm', 'leap'}, -- Advanced Electronic Materials, Learned Publishing ['1016'] = {'j.heliyon', 'j.nlp', 'j.proche'}, -- Heliyon, Natural Language Processing, Procedia Chemistry ['1017'] = {'nlp'}, -- Natural Language Processing Journal ['1046'] = {'j.1365-8711', 'j.1365-246x'}, -- MNRAS, GJI ['1093'] = {'mnras', 'mnrasl', 'gji', 'rasti'}, -- MNRAS, MNRAS Letters, GJI, RASTI ['1099'] = {'acmi', 'mic', '00221287', 'mgen'}, -- Access Microbiology, Microbiology, Journal of General Microbiology, Microbial Genomics ['1111'] = {'j.1365-2966', 'j.1745-3933', 'j.1365-246X'}, -- MNRAS, MNRAS Letters, GJI ['1210'] = {'jendso','jcemcr'}, -- Journal of the Endocrine Society, JCEM Case Reports ['4171'] = {'dm','mag'}, -- Documenta Mathematica, EMS Magazine ['14231'] = {'ag'}, -- Algebraic Geometry } --[[===================<< E R R O R M E S S A G I N G >>====================== ]] --[[----------< E R R O R M E S S A G E S U P P L I M E N T S >------------- I18N for those messages that are supplemented with additional specific text that describes the reason for the error TODO: merge this with special_case_translations{}? ]] local err_msg_supl = { ['char'] = 'invalid character', -- |isbn=, |sbn= ['check'] = 'checksum', -- |isbn=, |sbn= ['flag'] = 'flag', -- |archive-url= ['form'] = 'invalid form', -- |isbn=, |sbn= ['group'] = 'invalid group id', -- |isbn= ['initials'] = 'initials', -- Vancouver ['invalid language code'] = 'invalid language code', -- |script-<param>= ['journal'] = 'journal', -- |bibcode= ['length'] = 'length', -- |isbn=, |bibcode=, |sbn= ['liveweb'] = 'liveweb', -- |archive-url= ['missing comma'] = 'missing comma', -- Vancouver ['missing prefix'] = 'missing prefix', -- |script-<param>= ['missing title part'] = 'missing title part', -- |script-<param>= ['name'] = 'name', -- Vancouver ['non-Latin char'] = 'non-Latin character', -- Vancouver ['path'] = 'path', -- |archive-url= ['prefix'] = 'invalid prefix', -- |isbn= ['punctuation'] = 'punctuation', -- Vancouver ['save'] = 'save command', -- |archive-url= ['suffix'] = 'suffix', -- Vancouver ['timestamp'] = 'timestamp', -- |archive-url= ['unknown language code'] = 'unknown language code', -- |script-<param>= ['value'] = 'value', -- |bibcode= ['year'] = 'year', -- |bibcode= } --[[--------------< E R R O R _ C O N D I T I O N S >--------------------------- Error condition table. This table has two sections: errors at the top, maintenance at the bottom. Maint 'messaging' does not have a 'message' (message=nil) The following contains a list of IDs for various error conditions defined in the code. For each ID, we specify a text message to display, an error category to include, and whether the error message should be wrapped as a hidden comment. Anchor changes require identical changes to matching anchor in Help:CS1 errors TODO: rename error_conditions{} to something more generic; create separate error and maint tables inside that? ]] local error_conditions = { err_accessdate_missing_url = { message = ' ', anchor = 'accessdate_missing_url', category = 'Galat CS1: tanggal akses tanpa URL', hidden = false }, err_apostrophe_markup = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'apostrophe_markup', category = 'Galat CS1: markah', hidden = false }, err_archive_date_missing_url = { message = ' ', anchor = 'archive_date_missing_url', category = 'Galat CS1: URL pengarsipan', hidden = false }, err_archive_date_url_ts_mismatch = { message = ' ', anchor = 'archive_date_url_ts_mismatch', category = 'Galat CS1: URL pengarsipan', hidden = false }, err_archive_missing_date = { message = ' ', anchor = 'archive_missing_date', category = 'Galat CS1: URL pengarsipan', hidden = false }, err_archive_missing_url = { message = ' ', anchor = 'archive_missing_url', category = 'Galat CS1: URL pengarsipan', hidden = false }, err_archive_url = { message = ' ', -- $1 is error message detail anchor = 'archive_url', category = 'Galat CS1: URL pengarsipan', hidden = false }, err_arxiv_missing = { message = ' ', anchor = 'arxiv_missing', category = 'Galat CS1: arXiv', -- same as bad arxiv hidden = false }, err_asintld_missing_asin = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'asintld_missing_asin', category = 'Galat CS1: ASIN', hidden = false }, err_bad_arxiv = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_arxiv', category = 'Galat CS1: arXiv', hidden = false }, err_bad_asin = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_asin', category ='Galat CS1: ASIN', hidden = false }, err_bad_asin_tld = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_asin_tld', category ='Galat CS1: ASIN', hidden = false }, err_bad_bibcode = { message = ' ', -- $1 is error message detail anchor = 'bad_bibcode', category = 'Galat CS1: bibcode', hidden = false }, err_bad_biorxiv = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_biorxiv', category = 'Galat CS1: bioRxiv', hidden = false }, err_bad_citeseerx = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_citeseerx', category = 'Galat CS1: citeseerx', hidden = false }, err_bad_date = { message = ' ', -- $1 is a parameter name list anchor = 'bad_date', category = 'Galat CS1: tanggal', hidden = false }, err_bad_doi = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_doi', category = 'Galat CS1: DOI', hidden = false }, err_bad_hdl = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_hdl', category = 'Galat CS1: HDL', hidden = false }, err_bad_isbn = { message = ' ', -- $1 is error message detail anchor = 'bad_isbn', category = 'Galat CS1: ISBN', hidden = false }, err_bad_ismn = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_ismn', category = 'Galat CS1: ISMN', hidden = false }, err_bad_issn = { message = ' ', -- $1 is 'e' or '' for eissn or issn anchor = 'bad_issn', category = 'Galat CS1: ISSN', hidden = false }, err_bad_jfm = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_jfm', category = 'Galat CS1: JFM', hidden = false }, err_bad_jstor = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_jstor', category = 'Galat CS1: JSTOR', hidden = false }, err_bad_lccn = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_lccn', category = 'Galat CS1: LCCN', hidden = false }, err_bad_medrxiv = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_medrxiv', category = 'Galat CS1: medRxiv', hidden = false }, err_bad_mr = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_mr', category = 'Galat CS1: MR', hidden = false }, err_bad_oclc = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_oclc', category = 'Galat CS1: OCLC', hidden = false }, err_bad_ol = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_ol', category = 'Galat CS1: OL', hidden = false }, err_bad_osti = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_osti', category = 'Galat CS1: OSTI', hidden = false }, err_bad_paramlink = { -- for |title-link=, |author/editor/translator-link=, |series-link=, |episode-link= message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'bad_paramlink', category = 'Galat CS1: pranala parameter', hidden = false }, err_bad_pmc = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_pmc', category = 'Galat CS1: PMC', hidden = false }, err_bad_pmid = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_pmid', category = 'Galat CS1: PMID', hidden = false }, err_bad_rfc = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_rfc', category = 'Galat CS1: RFC', hidden = false }, err_bad_s2cid = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_s2cid', category = 'Galat CS1: S2CID', hidden = false }, err_bad_sbn = { message = ' ', -- $1 is error message detail anchor = 'bad_sbn', category = 'Galat CS1: SBN', hidden = false }, err_bad_ssrn = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_ssrn', category = 'Galat CS1: SSRN', hidden = false }, err_bad_url = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'bad_url', category = 'Galat CS1: URL', hidden = false }, err_bad_usenet_id = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_message_id', category = 'Galat CS1: ID pesan', hidden = false }, err_bad_zbl = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_zbl', category = 'Galat CS1: Zbl', hidden = false }, err_bare_url_missing_title = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'bare_url_missing_title', category = 'Galat CS1: pranala mentah', hidden = false }, err_biorxiv_missing = { message = ' ', anchor = 'biorxiv_missing', category = 'Galat CS1: bioRxiv', -- same as bad bioRxiv hidden = false }, err_chapter_ignored = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'chapter_ignored', category = 'Galat CS1: bab diabaikan', hidden = false }, err_citation_missing_title = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'citation_missing_title', category = 'Galat CS1: judul hilang', hidden = false }, err_citeseerx_missing = { message = ' ', anchor = 'citeseerx_missing', category = 'Galat CS1: citeseerx', -- same as bad citeseerx hidden = false }, err_cite_web_url = { -- this error applies to cite web and to cite podcast message = ' ', anchor = 'cite_web_url', category = 'Galat CS1: butuh URL', hidden = false }, err_class_ignored = { message = ' ', anchor = 'class_ignored', category = 'Galat CS1: kelas', hidden = false }, err_contributor_ignored = { message = ' ', anchor = 'contributor_ignored', category = 'Galat CS1: kontributor', hidden = false }, err_contributor_missing_required_param = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'contributor_missing_required_param', category = 'Galat CS1: kontributor', hidden = false }, err_deprecated_params = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'deprecated_params', category = 'Galat CS1: parameter usang', hidden = false }, err_disp_name = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name; $2 is the assigned value anchor = 'disp_name', category = 'Galat CS1: nama tampilan', hidden = false, }, err_doibroken_missing_doi = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'doibroken_missing_doi', category = 'Galat CS1: DOI', hidden = false }, err_embargo_missing_pmc = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'embargo_missing_pmc', category = 'Galat CS1: PMC embargo', hidden = false }, err_empty_citation = { message = ' ', anchor = 'empty_citation', category = 'Galat CS1: rujukan kosong', hidden = false }, err_etal = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'explicit_et_al', category = 'Galat CS1: penggunaan et al.', hidden = false }, err_extra_text_edition = { message = ' ', anchor = 'extra_text_edition', category = 'Galat CS1: teks tambahan: edisi', hidden = false, }, err_extra_text_issue = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'extra_text_issue', category = 'Galat CS1: teks tambahan: nomor', hidden = false, }, err_extra_text_pages = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'extra_text_pages', category = 'Galat CS1: teks tambahan: halaman', hidden = false, }, err_extra_text_volume = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'extra_text_volume', category = 'Galat CS1: teks tambahan: volume', hidden = false, }, err_first_missing_last = { message = ' ', -- $1 is first alias, $2 is matching last alias anchor = 'first_missing_last', category = 'Galat CS1: tanpa nama', -- author, contributor, editor, interviewer, translator hidden = false }, err_format_missing_url = { message = ' ', -- $1 is format parameter $2 is url parameter anchor = 'format_missing_url', category = 'Galat CS1: format tanpa URL', hidden = false }, err_generic_name = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'generic_name', category = 'Galat CS1: nama generik', hidden = false, }, err_generic_title = { message = ' ', anchor = 'generic_title', category = 'Galat CS1: judul generik', hidden = false, }, err_invalid_isbn_date = { message = ' ', anchor = 'invalid_isbn_date', category = 'Galat CS1: tanggal ISBN', hidden = true }, err_invalid_param_val = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name $2 is parameter value anchor = 'invalid_param_val', category = 'Galat CS1: nilai parameter tidak valid', hidden = false }, err_invisible_char = { message = ' ', -- $1 is invisible char $2 is parameter name $3 is position number anchor = 'invisible_char', category = 'Galat CS1: karakter tidak terlihat', hidden = false }, err_medrxiv_missing = { message = ' ', anchor = 'medrxiv_missing', category = 'Galat CS1: medRxiv', -- same as bad medRxiv hidden = false }, err_missing_name = { message = ' ', -- $1 is modified NameList; $2 is enumerator anchor = 'missing_name', category = 'Galat CS1: tidak memiliki penulis atau penyunting', -- author, contributor, editor, interviewer, translator hidden = false }, err_missing_periodical = { message = ' ', -- $1 is cs1 template name; $2 is canonical periodical parameter name for cite $1 anchor = 'missing_periodical', category = 'Galat CS1: periode hilang', hidden = false }, err_missing_pipe = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'missing_pipe', category = 'Galat CS1: pipa hilang', hidden = false }, err_missing_publisher = { message = ' ', -- $1 is cs1 template name; $2 is canonical publisher parameter name for cite $1 anchor = 'missing_publisher', category = 'Galat CS1: penerbit hilang', hidden = false }, err_numeric_names = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name', anchor = 'numeric_names', category = 'Galat CS1: nama berupa angka', hidden = false, }, err_param_access_requires_param = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'param_access_requires_param', category = 'Galat CS1: akses parameter', hidden = false }, err_param_has_ext_link = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'param_has_ext_link', category = 'Galat CS1: pranala luar', hidden = false }, err_param_has_twl_url = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'param_has_twl_url', category = 'Galat CS1: URL', hidden = false }, err_parameter_ignored = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'parameter_ignored', category = 'Galat CS1: parameter tidak didukung', hidden = false }, err_parameter_ignored_suggest = { message = ' ', -- $1 is unknown parameter $2 is suggested parameter name anchor = 'parameter_ignored_suggest', category = 'Galat CS1: parameter tidak didukung', hidden = false }, err_periodical_ignored = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'periodical_ignored', category = 'Galat CS1: periode diabaikan', hidden = false }, err_redundant_parameters = { message = ' ', -- $1 is error message detail anchor = 'redundant_parameters', category = 'Galat CS1: parameter berlebih', hidden = false }, err_script_parameter = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name $2 is script language code or error detail anchor = 'script_parameter', category = 'Galat CS1: parameter skrip', hidden = false }, err_ssrn_missing = { message = ' ', anchor = 'ssrn_missing', category = 'Galat CS1: SSRN', hidden = false }, err_text_ignored = { message = ' ', -- $1 is ignored text anchor = 'text_ignored', category = 'Galat CS1: parameter tidak dikenali', hidden = false }, err_trans_missing_title = { message = ' ', -- $1 is base parameter name anchor = 'trans_missing_title', category = 'Galat CS1: judul tidak diterjemahkan', hidden = false }, err_param_unknown_empty = { message = ' ', -- $1 is 's' or empty space; $2 is emty unknown param list anchor = 'param_unknown_empty', category = 'Galat CS1: parameter kosong tidak dikenal', hidden = false }, err_vancouver = { message = ' ', -- $1 is error detail, $2 is the nth name anchor = 'vancouver', category = 'Galat CS1: gaya Vancouver', hidden = false }, err_wikilink_in_url = { message = ' ', -- uses ndash anchor = 'wikilink_in_url', category = 'Galat CS1: konflik URL–wikilink', -- uses ndash hidden = false }, --[[--------------------------< M A I N T >------------------------------------- maint messages do not have a message (message = nil); otherwise the structure is the same as error messages ]] maint_archived_copy = { message = nil, anchor = 'archived_copy', category = 'Pemeliharaan CS1: Salinan terarsip sebagai judul', hidden = true, }, maint_bibcode = { message = nil, anchor = 'bibcode', category = 'Pemeliharaan CS1: bibcode', hidden = true, }, maint_location_no_publisher = { -- cite book, conference, encyclopedia; citation as book cite or encyclopedia cite message = nil, anchor = 'location_no_publisher', category = 'Pemeliharaan CS1: Lokasi tanpa penerbit', hidden = true, }, maint_bot_unknown = { message = nil, anchor = 'bot:_unknown', category = 'Pemeliharaan CS1: BOT: status url asli tidak diketahui', hidden = true, }, maint_date_auto_xlated = { -- date auto-translation not supported by en.wiki message = nil, anchor = 'date_auto_xlated', category = 'Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis', hidden = true, }, maint_date_format = { message = nil, anchor = 'date_format', category = 'Pemeliharaan CS1: Format tanggal', hidden = true, }, maint_date_year = { message = nil, anchor = 'date_year', category = 'Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal dan tahun', hidden = true, }, maint_doi_ignore = { message = nil, anchor = 'doi_ignore', category = 'Pemeliharaan CS1: Galat DOI yang diabaikan', hidden = true, }, maint_doi_inactive = { message = nil, anchor = 'doi_inactive', category = 'Pemeliharaan CS1: DOI nonaktif', hidden = true, }, maint_doi_inactive_dated = { message = nil, anchor = 'doi_inactive_dated', category = 'Pemeliharaan CS1: DOI nonaktif per $2$3$1', -- $1 is year, $2 is month-name or empty string, $3 is space or empty string hidden = true, }, maint_doi_unflagged_free = { message = nil, anchor = 'doi_unflagged_free', category = 'Pemeliharaan CS1: DOI bebas tanpa ditandai', hidden = true, }, maint_extra_punct = { message = nil, anchor = 'extra_punct', category = 'Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanda baca tambahan', hidden = true, }, maint_id_limit_load_fail = { -- applies to all cs1|2 templates on a page; message = nil, -- maint message (category link) never emitted anchor = 'id_limit_load_fail', category = 'Pemeliharaan CS1: pemuatan batas ID gagal', hidden = true, }, maint_isbn_ignore = { message = nil, anchor = 'ignore_isbn_err', category = 'Pemeliharaan CS1: Galat ISBN yang diabaikan', hidden = true, }, maint_issn_ignore = { message = nil, anchor = 'ignore_issn', category = 'Pemeliharaan CS1: Galat ISSN yang diabaikan', hidden = true, }, maint_jfm_format = { message = nil, anchor = 'jfm_format', category = 'Pemeliharaan CS1: Format JFM', hidden = true, }, maint_location = { message = nil, anchor = 'location', category = 'Pemeliharaan CS1: Lokasi', hidden = true, }, maint_mr_format = { message = nil, anchor = 'mr_format', category = 'Pemeliharaan CS1: Format MR', hidden = true, }, maint_mult_names = { message = nil, anchor = 'mult_names', category = 'Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: $1', -- $1 is '<name>s list'; gets value from special_case_translation table hidden = true, }, maint_numeric_names = { message = nil, anchor = 'numeric_names', category = 'Pemeliharaan CS1: Nama numerik: $1', -- $1 is '<name>s list'; gets value from special_case_translation table hidden = true, }, maint_others = { message = nil, anchor = 'others', category = 'Pemeliharaan CS1: Lain-lain', hidden = true, }, maint_others_avm = { message = nil, anchor = 'others_avm', category = 'Pemeliharaan CS1: Lain-lain dalam cite AV media (notes)', hidden = true, }, maint_overridden_setting = { message = nil, anchor = 'overridden', category = 'Pemeliharaan CS1: Pengaturan diambil alih', hidden = true, }, maint_pmc_embargo = { message = nil, anchor = 'embargo', category = 'Pemeliharaan CS1: Embargo PMC kedaluwarsa', hidden = true, }, maint_pmc_format = { message = nil, anchor = 'pmc_format', category = 'Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC', hidden = true, }, maint_postscript = { message = nil, anchor = 'postscript', category = 'Pemeliharaan CS1: Postscript', hidden = true, }, maint_publisher_location = { message = nil, anchor = 'publisher_location', category = 'Pemeliharaan CS1: Lokasi penerbit', hidden = true, }, maint_ref_duplicates_default = { message = nil, anchor = 'ref_default', category = 'Pemeliharaan CS1: Ref menduplikasi bawaan', hidden = true, }, maint_unknown_lang = { message = nil, anchor = 'unknown_lang', category = 'Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui', hidden = true, }, maint_untitled = { message = nil, anchor = 'untitled', category = 'Pemeliharaan CS1: Periode tanpa judul', hidden = true, }, maint_url_status = { message = nil, anchor = 'url_status', category = 'Pemeliharaan CS1: Status URL', hidden = true, }, maint_year= { message = nil, anchor = 'year', category = 'Pemeliharaan CS1: Tahun', hidden = true, }, maint_zbl = { message = nil, anchor = 'zbl', category = 'Pemeliharaan CS1: Zbl', hidden = true, }, } --[[--------------------------< I D _ L I M I T S _ D A T A _ T >---------------------------------------------- fetch id limits for certain identifiers from c:Data:CS1/Identifier limits.tab. This source is a json tabular data file maintained at wikipedia commons. Convert the json format to a table of k/v pairs. The values from <id_limits_data_t> are used to set handle.id_limit. From 2025-02-21, MediaWiki is broken. Use this link to edit the tablular data file: https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data:CS1/Identifier_limits.tab&action=edit See Phab:T389105 ]] local id_limits_data_t = {}; local use_commons_data = true; -- set to false if your wiki does not have access to mediawiki commons; then, if false == use_commons_data then -- update this table from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data:CS1/Identifier_limits.tab; last update: 2025-02-21 id_limits_data_t = {['OCLC'] = 10450000000, ['OSTI'] = 23010000, ['PMC'] = 11900000, ['PMID'] = 40400000, ['RFC'] = 9300, ['SSRN'] = 5200000, ['S2CID'] = 276000000}; -- this table must be maintained locally else -- here for wikis that do have access to mediawiki commons local load_fail_limit = 99999999999; -- very high number to avoid error messages on load failure id_limits_data_t = {['OCLC'] = load_fail_limit, ['OSTI'] = load_fail_limit, ['PMC'] = load_fail_limit, ['PMID'] = load_fail_limit, ['RFC'] = load_fail_limit, ['SSRN'] = load_fail_limit, ['S2CID'] = load_fail_limit}; local id_limits_data_load_fail = false; -- flag; assume that we will be successful when loading json id limit tabular data local tab_data_t = mw.ext.data.get ('CS1/Identifier limits.tab').data; -- attempt to load the json limit data from commons into <tab_data_t> if false == tab_data_t then -- undocumented 'feature': mw.ext.data.get() sometimes returns false id_limits_data_load_fail = true; -- set the flag so that Module:Citation/CS1 can create an unannotated maint category else for _, limit_t in ipairs (tab_data_t) do -- overwrite default <load_fail_limit> values id_limits_data_t[limit_t[1]] = limit_t[2]; -- <limit[1]> is identifier; <limit[2]> is upper limit for that identifier end end end --[[--------------------------< I D _ H A N D L E R S >-------------------------------------------------------- The following contains a list of values for various defined identifiers. For each identifier we specify a variety of information necessary to properly render the identifier in the citation. parameters: a list of parameter aliases for this identifier; first in the list is the canonical form link: Wikipedia article name redirect: a local redirect to a local Wikipedia article name; at en.wiki, 'ISBN (identifier)' is a redirect to 'International Standard Book Number' q: Wikidata q number for the identifier label: the label preceding the identifier; label is linked to a Wikipedia article (in this order): redirect from id_handlers['<id>'].redirect when use_identifier_redirects is true Wikidata-supplied article name for the local wiki from id_handlers['<id>'].q local article name from id_handlers['<id>'].link prefix: the first part of a URL that will be concatenated with a second part which usually contains the identifier suffix: optional third part to be added after the identifier encode: true if URI should be percent-encoded; otherwise false COinS: identifier link or keyword for use in COinS: for identifiers registered at info-uri.info use: info:.... where '...' is the appropriate identifier label for identifiers that have COinS keywords, use the keyword: rft.isbn, rft.issn, rft.eissn for |asin= and |ol=, which require assembly, use the keyword: url for others make a URL using the value in prefix/suffix and #label, use the keyword: pre (not checked; any text other than 'info', 'rft', or 'url' works here) set to nil to leave the identifier out of the COinS separator: character or text between label and the identifier in the rendered citation id_limit: for those identifiers with established limits, this property holds the upper limit access: use this parameter to set the access level for all instances of this identifier. the value must be a valid access level for an identifier (see ['id-access'] in this file). custom_access: to enable custom access level for an identifier, set this parameter to the parameter that should control it (normally 'id-access') ]] local id_handlers = { ['ARXIV'] = { parameters = {'arxiv', 'eprint'}, link = 'arXiv', redirect = 'arXiv', q = 'Q118398', label = 'arXiv', prefix = 'https://arxiv.org/abs/', encode = false, COinS = 'info:arxiv', separator = ':', access = 'free', -- free to read }, ['ASIN'] = { parameters = { 'asin', 'ASIN' }, link = 'Nomor Idéntifikasi Standar Amazon', redirect = 'ASIN', q = 'Q1753278', label = 'ASIN', prefix = 'https://www.amazon.', COinS = 'url', separator = '&nbsp;', encode = false; }, ['BIBCODE'] = { parameters = {'bibcode'}, link = 'Bibcode', redirect = 'Bibcode', q = 'Q25754', label = 'Bibcode', prefix = 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/', encode = false, COinS = 'info:bibcode', separator = ':', custom_access = 'bibcode-access', }, ['BIORXIV'] = { parameters = {'biorxiv'}, link = 'bioRxiv', redirect = 'bioRxiv', q = 'Q19835482', label = 'bioRxiv', prefix = 'https://doi.org/', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value access = 'free', -- free to read encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['CITESEERX'] = { parameters = {'citeseerx'}, link = 'CiteSeerX', redirect = 'CiteSeerX', q = 'Q2715061', label = 'CiteSeerX', prefix = 'https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value access = 'free', -- free to read encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['DOI'] = { -- Used by InternetArchiveBot parameters = { 'doi', 'DOI'}, link = 'Pangidentifikasi Objék Digital', redirect = 'DOI', q = 'Q25670', label = 'doi', prefix = 'https://doi.org/', COinS = 'info:doi', separator = ':', encode = true, custom_access = 'doi-access', }, ['EISSN'] = { parameters = {'eissn', 'EISSN'}, link = 'Nomor Séri Standar Internasional#ISSN Elektronik', redirect = 'ISSN', q = 'Q46339674', label = 'eISSN', prefix = 'https://search.worldcat.org/issn/', COinS = 'rft.eissn', encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['HDL'] = { parameters = { 'hdl', 'HDL' }, link = 'Handle System', redirect = 'hdl', q = 'Q3126718', label = 'hdl', prefix = 'https://hdl.handle.net/', COinS = 'info:hdl', separator = ':', encode = true, custom_access = 'hdl-access', }, ['ISBN'] = { -- Used by InternetArchiveBot parameters = {'isbn', 'ISBN'}, link = 'Nomor Buku Standar Internasional', redirect = 'ISBN', q = 'Q33057', label = 'ISBN', prefix = 'Special:BookSources/', COinS = 'rft.isbn', separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['ISMN'] = { parameters = {'ismn', 'ISMN'}, link = 'Nomor Musik Standar Internasional', redirect = 'ISMN', q = 'Q1666938', label = 'ISMN', prefix = '', -- not currently used; COinS = nil, -- nil because we can't use pre or rft or info: separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['ISSN'] = { parameters = {'issn', 'ISSN'}, link = 'Nomor Séri Standar Internasional', redirect = 'ISSN', q = 'Q131276', label = 'ISSN', prefix = 'https://search.worldcat.org/issn/', COinS = 'rft.issn', encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['JFM'] = { parameters = {'jfm', 'JFM'}, link = 'Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik', redirect = 'Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik', q = '', label = 'JFM', prefix = 'https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['JSTOR'] = { parameters = {'jstor', 'JSTOR'}, link = 'JSTOR', redirect = 'JSTOR', q = 'Q1420342', label = 'JSTOR', prefix = 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', custom_access = 'jstor-access', }, ['LCCN'] = { parameters = {'lccn', 'LCCN'}, link = 'Library of Congress Control Number', redirect = 'LCCN', q = 'Q620946', label = 'LCCN', prefix = 'https://lccn.loc.gov/', COinS = 'info:lccn', encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['MEDRXIV'] = { parameters = {'medrxiv'}, link = 'medRxiv', redirect = 'medRxiv', q = 'Q58465838', label = 'medRxiv', prefix = 'https://www.medrxiv.org/content/', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value access = 'free', -- free to read encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['MR'] = { parameters = {'mr', 'MR'}, link = 'Mathematical Reviews', redirect = 'Mathematical Reviews', q = 'Q211172', label = 'MR', prefix = 'https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['OCLC'] = { parameters = {'oclc', 'OCLC'}, link = 'OCLC', redirect = 'OCLC ', q = 'Q190593', label = 'OCLC', prefix = 'https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/', COinS = 'info:oclcnum', encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', id_limit = id_limits_data_t.OCLC or 0, }, ['OL'] = { parameters = { 'ol', 'OL' }, link = 'Open Library', redirect = 'Open Library', q = 'Q1201876', label = 'OL', prefix = 'https://openlibrary.org/', COinS = 'url', separator = '&nbsp;', encode = true, custom_access = 'ol-access', }, ['OSTI'] = { parameters = {'osti', 'OSTI'}, link = 'Office of Scientific and Technical Information', redirect = 'Office of Scientific and Technical Information', q = 'Q2015776', label = 'OSTI', prefix = 'https://www.osti.gov/biblio/', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', id_limit = id_limits_data_t.OSTI or 0, custom_access = 'osti-access', }, ['PMC'] = { parameters = {'pmc', 'PMC'}, link = 'PubMed Central', redirect = 'PubMed', q = 'Q229883', label = 'PMC', prefix = 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC', suffix = '', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', id_limit = id_limits_data_t.PMC or 0, access = 'free', -- free to read }, ['PMID'] = { parameters = {'pmid', 'PMID'}, link = 'PubMed Identifier', redirect = 'PubMed', q = 'Q2082879', label = 'PMID', prefix = 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/', COinS = 'info:pmid', encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', id_limit = id_limits_data_t.PMID or 0, }, ['RFC'] = { parameters = {'rfc', 'RFC'}, link = 'Request for Comments', redirect = 'Request for Comments', q = 'Q212971', label = 'RFC', prefix = 'https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', id_limit = id_limits_data_t.RFC or 0, access = 'free', -- free to read }, ['SBN'] = { parameters = {'sbn', 'SBN'}, link = 'Standard Book Number', -- redirect to International_Standard_Book_Number#History redirect = 'Standard Book Number', label = 'SBN', prefix = 'Special:BookSources/0-', -- prefix has leading zero necessary to make 9-digit sbn a 10-digit isbn COinS = nil, -- nil because we can't use pre or rft or info: separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['SSRN'] = { parameters = {'ssrn', 'SSRN'}, link = 'Social Science Research Network', redirect = 'SSRN', q = 'Q7550801', label = 'SSRN', prefix = 'https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', id_limit = id_limits_data_t.SSRN or 0, custom_access = 'ssrn-access', }, ['S2CID'] = { parameters = {'s2cid', 'S2CID'}, link = 'Semantic Scholar', redirect = 'S2CID', q = 'Q22908627', label = 'S2CID', prefix = 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', id_limit = id_limits_data_t.S2CID or 0, custom_access = 's2cid-access', }, ['USENETID'] = { parameters = {'message-id'}, link = 'Usenet', redirect = 'Usenet', q = 'Q193162', label = 'Usenet:', prefix = 'news:', encode = false, COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['ZBL'] = { parameters = {'zbl', 'ZBL' }, link = 'Zentralblatt MATH', redirect = 'Zentralblatt', q = 'Q190269', label = 'Zbl', prefix = 'https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, } --[[--------------------------< E X P O R T S >--------------------------------- ]] return { use_identifier_redirects = use_identifier_redirects, -- booleans defined in the settings at the top of this module local_lang_cat_enable = local_lang_cat_enable, date_name_auto_xlate_enable = date_name_auto_xlate_enable, date_digit_auto_xlate_enable = date_digit_auto_xlate_enable, enable_sort_keys = enable_sort_keys, -- tables and variables created when this module is loaded global_df = get_date_format (), -- this line can be replaced with "global_df = 'dmy-all'," to have all dates auto translated to dmy format. global_cs1_config_t = global_cs1_config_t, -- global settings from {{cs1 config}} punct_skip = build_skip_table (punct_skip, punct_meta_params), url_skip = build_skip_table (url_skip, url_meta_params), known_free_doi_registrants_t = build_free_doi_registrants_table(), id_limits_data_load_fail = id_limits_data_load_fail, -- true when commons tabular identifier-limit data fails to load name_space_sort_keys = name_space_sort_keys, aliases = aliases, special_case_translation = special_case_translation, date_names = date_names, err_msg_supl = err_msg_supl, error_conditions = error_conditions, editor_markup_patterns = editor_markup_patterns, et_al_patterns = et_al_patterns, extended_registrants_t = extended_registrants_t, id_handlers = id_handlers, keywords_lists = keywords_lists, keywords_xlate = keywords_xlate, stripmarkers = stripmarkers, invisible_chars = invisible_chars, invisible_defs = invisible_defs, indic_script = indic_script, emoji_t = emoji_t, maint_cats = maint_cats, messages = messages, presentation = presentation, prop_cats = prop_cats, script_lang_codes = script_lang_codes, lang_tag_remap = lang_tag_remap, lang_name_remap = lang_name_remap, this_wiki_code = this_wiki_code, title_types = title_types, uncategorized_namespaces = uncategorized_namespaces_t, uncategorized_subpages = uncategorized_subpages, templates_using_volume = templates_using_volume, templates_using_issue = templates_using_issue, templates_not_using_page = templates_not_using_page, vol_iss_pg_patterns = vol_iss_pg_patterns, single_letter_2nd_lvl_domains_t = single_letter_2nd_lvl_domains_t, inter_wiki_map = inter_wiki_map, mw_languages_by_tag_t = mw_languages_by_tag_t, mw_languages_by_name_t = mw_languages_by_name_t, citation_class_map_t = citation_class_map_t, citation_issue_t = citation_issue_t, citation_no_volume_t = citation_no_volume_t, } mi9rhf140vcj2x55t5jf2bqwg0yqh4o 0 62454 730727 729596 2026-10-24T00:28:52Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 730727 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Motorsport season |series = Balap motor Grand Prix |title = [[Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme|F.I.M.]] [[Balap motor Grand Prix]] '''usum 2017''' |year = 2017 |previouslink = 2016 MotoGP season |nextlink = 2018 MotoGP season |footer = [[Balap Moto2 usum 2017]]<br>[[Balap Moto3 usum 2017]] }} [[File:Yamaha's Maverick Vinales in action during the day 1 of Qatar test at the Losail International Circuit, Doha Qatar. (32994567530).jpg|thumb||[[Maverick Viñales]] nyaéta purah balap nu keur mingpin dina kajuaraan ayeuna.]] '''Kajuaraan [[Balap motor Grand Prix|Grand Prix balap motor]] FIM 2017''' ngajangjikeun taun nu pohara kompetitif dina kelas balap motor.<ref name = gpQatar /> Dina taun 2016, [[Marc Márquez|Marc Marquez]] ngahontal gelar juara [[Balap motor Grand Prix|MotoGP]] nu katilu kalina.<ref name = gpQatar>{{cite|url=https://www.motorsport.com/motogp/2017/|title=MotoGP 2017|accessdate=2017-05-25|publisher=motorsport.com}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Grand Prix Qatar nyaéta salah sahiji acara nu kacida ahéng, kalayan balapan lumangsung peuting disorot ku lampu [[Sirkuit Internasional Losail]] nu méncrang, kira-kira 30&nbsp;km ti [[Doha]] ibu kota [[Qatar]].<ref>{{cite |url=http://www.motogp.com/en/event/Qatar|title=MotoGP Qatar 2017|accessdate=2017-05-25|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]}}</ref> ==Kalénder== Balap motor Grand Prix di handap dijadwalkeun lumangsung taun 2017.<ref>{{cite news|title=2017 MotoGP calendar confirmed|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2017/01/23/2017-motogp-calendar-confirmed/218151|date= 23 Januari 2017|accessdate= 7 Fébruari 2017|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%" ! Rintakan ! Tanggal ! Grand Prix ! Sirkuit |- ! 1 | 26 Maret | {{flagicon|QAT}} Grand Prix Qatar<ref>{{cite news|title=Qatar secures 10-year MotoGP contract|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2015/06/14/qatar-secures-10-year-motogp-contract/177914|date=14 Juni 2015|accessdate=14 Juni 2015|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]}}</ref> | [[Losail International Circuit]], [[Lusail]] |- ! 2 | 9 April | style=padding-right:24px|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Argentine motorcycle Grand Prix|Gran Premio Motul de la República Argentina]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Termas de Rio Hondo extends Argentina GP contract|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/04/04/termas-de-rio-hondo-extends-argentina-gp-contract/197190|date=4 April 2016|accessdate=4 April 2016|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]}}</ref>}} | {{nowrap|[[Autódromo Termas de Río Hondo]], [[Santiago del Estero Province|Santiago del Estero]]}} |- ! 3 | 23 April | {{flagicon|USA}} [[Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas|Red Bull Grand Prix of the Americas]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Dorna signs 10-year deal with new Texas circuit|url=http://www.vroom-magazine.com/2011/04/13/dorna-signs-10-year-deal-with-new-texas-circuit/|accessdate=23 Séptémber 2016|work=vroommagazine.com|publisher=}}</ref> | [[Circuit of the Americas]], [[Austin, Texas|Austin]] |- ! 4 | 7 Méi | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|Gran Premio Red Bull de España]] | [[Circuito de Jerez]], [[Jerez de la Frontera]] |- ! 5 | 21 Méi | {{flagicon|France}} [[French motorcycle Grand Prix|HJC Helmets Grand Prix de France]]<ref>{{cite news|title=French Grand Prix contract extended to 2021|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/05/17/french-grand-prix-contract-extended-to-2021/164133|date=17 Méi 2014|accessdate=17 Méi 2014|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405150446/https://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/05/17/french-grand-prix-contract-extended-to-2021/164133|archive-date=2023-04-05}}</ref> | [[Circuit Bugatti]], [[Le Mans]] |- ! 6 | 4 Juni | {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|Gran Premio d'Italia Oakley]] | [[Mugello Circuit]], [[Mugello region|Scarperia]] |- ! 7 | 11 Juni | {{flagicon|CAT}} [[Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|Gran Premi Monster Energy de Catalunya]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya to host MotoGP™ until 2021|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/11/09/circuit-de-barcelona-catalunya-to-host-motogp-until-2021/215496|date=9 Nopémber 2016|accessdate=9 Nopémber 2016|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]}}</ref> | [[Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya]], [[Montmeló]] |- ! 8 | 25 Juni | {{flagicon|NLD}} [[Dutch TT|Motul TT Assen]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Assen to host MotoGP™ until 2026|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/video_update/2016/06/25/assen-to-host-motogp-until-2026/204324|date=25 Juni 2016|accessdate=23 Séptémber 2016|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406010152/https://www.motogp.com/en/video_update/2016/06/25/assen-to-host-motogp-until-2026/204324|archive-date=2023-04-06}}</ref> | [[TT Circuit Assen]], [[Assen]] |- ! 9 | 2 Juli | {{flagicon|DEU}} [[German motorcycle Grand Prix|GoPro Motorrad Grand Prix Deutschland]]<ref>{{cite news|title=MotoGP™ to stay at the Sachsenring until 2021|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/08/11/motogp-to-stay-at-the-sachsenring-until-2021/206665|date=12 Agustus 2016|accessdate=12 Agustus 2016|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406011235/https://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/08/11/motogp-to-stay-at-the-sachsenring-until-2021/206665|archive-date=2023-04-06}}</ref> | [[Sachsenring]], [[Hohenstein-Ernstthal]] |- ! 10 | 6 Agustus | {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|Monster Energy Grand Prix České republiky]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Dorna extends contract with Brno until 2020|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/01/12/dorna-extends-contract-with-brno-until-2020/191820|date=12 Januari 2016|accessdate=12 Januari 2016|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]}}</ref> | [[Automotodrom Brno]], [[Brno]] |- ! 11 | 13 Agustus | {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Austrian motorcycle Grand Prix|NeroGiardini Motorrad Grand Prix von Österreich]] | [[Red Bull Ring]], [[Spielberg, Styria|Spielberg]] |- ! 12 | 27 Agustus | {{flagicon|GBR}} [[British motorcycle Grand Prix|Octo British Grand Prix]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Dorna Sports and Circuit of Wales sign historic MotoGP™ agreement|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/08/13/dorna-sports-and-circuit-of-wales-sign-historic-motogp-agreement/164806|date=13 Agustus 2014|accessdate=13 Agustus 2014|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]}}</ref> | [[Silverstone Circuit]], [[Silverstone]]<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=http://www.motorsport.com/motogp/news/silverstone-to-keep-motogp-in-2017-with-option-for-2018-815748/|title=Silverstone to keep MotoGP in 2017, with option for 2018|date=4 Séptémber 2016|accessdate=12 Séptémber 2016|work=Motorsport.com|publisher=Motorsport.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803214509/https://www.motorsport.com/motogp/news/silverstone-to-keep-motogp-in-2017-with-option-for-2018-815748/|archive-date=2017-08-03}}</ref> |- ! 13 | 10 Séptémber | {{nowrap|{{flagicon|SMR}} [[San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|Gran Premio Tribul MasterCard di San Marino e della Riviera di Rimini]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Misano to remain on the MotoGP™ calendar until at least 2020|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/09/08/misano-to-remain-on-the-motogp-calendar-until-at-least-2020/209896|date=8 Séptémber 2016|accessdate=8 Séptémber 2016|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]}}</ref>}} | {{nowrap|[[Misano World Circuit Marco Simoncelli]], [[Misano Adriatico]]}} |- ! 14 | {{nowrap|24 Séptémber}} | {{flagicon|Aragon}} [[Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|Gran Premio Movistar de Aragón]]<ref>{{cite news|title=MotoGP™ at MotorLand Aragon until 2021|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/09/22/motogp-at-motorland-aragon-until-2021/211218|date=21 Séptémber 2016|accessdate=21 Séptémber 2016|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]}}</ref> | [[Motorland Aragón]], [[Alcañiz]] |- ! 15 | 15 Oktober | {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|Motul Grand Prix of Japan]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Motegi to host MotoGP until at least 2018|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2012/Motegi+contract+renewal+until+2012|date=12 Oktober 2012|accessdate=12 Oktober 2012|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006151733/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2012/Motegi+contract+renewal+until+2012|archive-date=2014-10-06}}</ref> | [[Twin Ring Motegi]], [[Motegi, Tochigi|Motegi]] |- ! 16 | 22 Oktober | {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|Michelin Australian Motorcycle Grand Prix]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Phillip Island secures long-term MotoGP, WSBK future|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/229284/1/phillip-island-secures-longterm-motogp-wsbk-future.html|date=10 April 2016|accessdate=10 April 2016|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group}}</ref> | [[Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit]], [[Phillip Island]] |- ! 17 | 29 Oktober | {{flagicon|MYS}} [[Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|Shell Malaysia Motorcycle Grand Prix]]<ref>{{cite news|title=MotoGP™ at Sepang International Circuit until 2021|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/10/29/motogp-at-sepang-international-circuit-until-2021/214709|date=29 Oktober 2016|accessdate=31 Oktober 2016|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726015026/https://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/10/29/motogp-at-sepang-international-circuit-until-2021/214709|archive-date=2020-07-26}}</ref> | [[Sepang International Circuit]], [[Selangor]] |- ! 18 | 12 Nopémber | {{flagicon|Valencia}} [[Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|Gran Premio Motul de la Comunitat Valenciana]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Valencia to host MotoGP™ until 2021|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/09/20/valencia-to-host-motogp-until-2021/211037|date=20 Séptémber 2016|accessdate=20 Séptémber 2016|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026131046/https://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/09/20/valencia-to-host-motogp-until-2021/211037|archive-date=2020-10-26}}</ref> | [[Circuit Ricardo Tormo]], [[Valencia]] |- |} === Parobahan kalénder === * [[British motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Inggris]] dijadwalkeun pindah ti [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]] ka [[Circuit of Wales|Sirkuit Wales]] nu anyar, tapi konstruksi di sirkuit anyar acan dimimitian.<ref name="CoW">{{cite web|url=http://www.silverstone.co.uk/events/2016-octo-british-grand-prix-motogp/|title=2016 Octo British Grand Prix MotoGP|publisher=[[British Racing Drivers' Club]]|quote=Ahead of the British MotoGP taking place at the purpose-built £375 million South Wales valley venue for the first time in 2018, the Circuit of Wales will promote and run the event at Silverstone.|accessdate=August 29, 2016|work=[[Silverstone Circuit]]}}</ref> Kadua sirkuit éta ngahontal kasepakatan nu baris ngabalukarkeun Silverstone terus jadi tuan rumah Grand Prix Inggris taun 2017, kalayan hiji pilihan pikeun tuan rumah balapan taun 2018.<ref name=":0"/> ==Tim jeung purah baralap== {| | {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%;" |- !Tim !Konstruktor !Motor !{{Tooltip|No.|Bike number}} !Purah Balap !Rintakan |- |rowspan=2| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Ducati Corse|Ducati Team]] !rowspan=2| [[Ducati]] |rowspan=2| {{nowrap|[[Ducati Desmosedici|Ducati Desmosedici GP17]]}} |align=center| 04 | {{nowrap|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Andrea Dovizioso]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/05/17/andrea-dovizioso-confirmed-with-ducati-for-2017-and-2018/201065|2=|title=Andrea Dovizioso confirmed with Ducati for 2017 and 2018|date=18 April 2016|accessdate=18 April 2016|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726051316/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/05/17/andrea-dovizioso-confirmed-with-ducati-for-2017-and-2018/201065|archive-date=26 July 2023}}</ref>}} | 1–5 |- |align=center| 99 | {{flagicon|SPA}} [[Jorge Lorenzo]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/04/18/lorenzo-set-to-take-on-new-challenge-with-ducati/198703|title=Lorenzo set to take on new challenge with Ducati|accessdate=17 Méi 2016|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]}}</ref> | 1–5 |- |rowspan=2| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Tech 3|Monster Yamaha Tech 3]] !rowspan=2| [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]] |rowspan=2| [[Yamaha YZR-M1]] |align=center| 5 | {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Johann Zarco]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/07/13/zarco-set-to-move-to-motogp-with-tech3/205316|title=Zarco set to move to MotoGP with Tech3|date=14 Juli 2016|accessdate=14 Juli 2016|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]}}</ref> | 1–5 |- |align=center|94 | {{flagicon|GER}} [[Jonas Folger]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/05/05/tech3-to-join-forces-with-german-star-jonas-folger/200083|title=Tech3 to join forces with German star Jonas Folger|date=5 Méi 2016|accessdate=5 Méi 2016|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216175637/https://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/05/05/tech-3-to-join-forces-with-german-star-jonas-folger/200083 |date=2019-12-16 }}</ref> | 1–5 |- |rowspan=2| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Avintia Racing|Reale Avintia Racing]] !rowspan=2| [[Ducati]] |[[Ducati Desmosedici|Ducati Desmosedici GP16]] |align=center| 8 | {{flagicon|SPA}} [[Héctor Barberá]]<ref name="avintiaducati">{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/08/14/baz-and-barbera-remain-with-avintia-for-2017/207196|title=Baz and Barbera remain with Avintia for 2017|date=14 Agustus 2016|accessdate=14 Agustus 2016|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006085206/https://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/08/14/baz-and-barbera-remain-with-avintia-for-2017/207196|archive-date=2022-10-06}}</ref> | 1–5 |- |{{nowrap|[[Ducati Desmosedici|Ducati Desmosedici GP15]]}} |align=center| 76 | {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Loris Baz]]<ref name="avintiaducati"/> | 1–5 |- |rowspan=2| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Pramac Racing|Octo Pramac Racing]] !rowspan=2| [[Ducati]] |[[Ducati Desmosedici|Ducati Desmosedici GP17]] |align=center| 9 | {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Danilo Petrucci]]<ref name="2017 Entry List"/> | 1–5 |- |[[Ducati Desmosedici|Ducati Desmosedici GP16]] |align=center| 45 | {{flagicon|UK}} [[Scott Redding]]<ref name="2017 Entry List"/> | 1–5 |- |rowspan=4| {{nowrap|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Suzuki MotoGP|Team Suzuki Ecstar]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;}} !rowspan=4| [[Suzuki]] |rowspan=4| [[Suzuki GSX-RR]] |align=center style="background:#ffcccc;"| 12 |style="background:#ffcccc;"| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Takuya Tsuda]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/129187/tsuda-gets-suzuki-callup-for-jerez|first=Jamie|last=Klein|title=Suzuki MotoGP team calls up test rider Tsuda to replace Rins|date=27 April 2017|accessdate=27 April 2017|work=[[Autosport]]|publisher=[[Motorsport Network]]}}</ref> | 4 |- |align=center| 29 | {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Andrea Iannone]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/05/19/andrea-iannone-joins-suzuki-for-2017-and-2018/201136|title=Andrea Iannone joins Suzuki for 2017 and 2018|date=19 Méi 2016|accessdate=19 Méi 2016|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726062703/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/05/19/andrea-iannone-joins-suzuki-for-2017-and-2018/201136|archive-date=2023-07-26}}</ref> | 1–5 |- |align=center| 42 | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Álex Rins]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/06/19/rins-moves-to-motogp-with-suzuki-for-2017-and-2018/203807|title=Rins moves to MotoGP with Suzuki for 2017 and 2018|date=20 Juni 2016|accessdate=20 Juni 2016|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406012940/https://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/06/19/rins-moves-to-motogp-with-suzuki-for-2017-and-2018/203807|archive-date=2023-04-06}}</ref> | 1–3 |- |align=center style="background:#ffcccc;"| 50 |style="background:#ffcccc;"| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Sylvain Guintoli]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/129307|first=Mitchell|last=Adam|title=Suzuki calls up Sylvain Guintoli to replace Rins from Le Mans|accessdate=4 Méi 2017|date=4 Méi 2017|work=[[Autosport]]|publisher=[[Motorsport Network]]}}</ref> | 5 |- |rowspan=2| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Aspar Racing Team|Pull&Bear Aspar Team]] !rowspan=2| [[Ducati]] |[[Ducati Desmosedici|Ducati Desmosedici GP15]] |align=center| 17 | {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Karel Abraham]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/10/18/abraham-joins-bautista-at-aspar-for-2017/213250|title=Abraham joins Bautista at Aspar for 2017|date=18 Oktober 2016|accessdate=18 Oktober 2016|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405155102/https://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/10/18/abraham-joins-bautista-at-aspar-for-2017/213250|archive-date=2023-04-05}}</ref> | 1–5 |- | {{nowrap|[[Ducati Desmosedici|Ducati Desmosedici GP16]]<ref name="Bautista">{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/08/17/aspar-team-and-alvaro-bautista-to-reunite-in-2017/207657.html|title=Aspar Team and Álvaro Bautista to reunite in 2017|accessdate=17 Agustus 2016|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216175641/https://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/08/17/aspar-team-and-alvaro-bautista-to-reunite-in-2017/207657|archive-date=2019-12-16}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216175641/https://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/08/17/aspar-team-and-alvaro-bautista-to-reunite-in-2017/207657 |date=2019-12-16 }}</ref>}} |align=center| 19 | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Álvaro Bautista]]<ref name="Bautista"/> | 1–5 |- |rowspan=2| {{nowrap|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Gresini Racing|Aprilia Racing Team Gresini]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;}} !rowspan=2| [[Aprilia]] |rowspan=2| [[Aprilia RS-GP]] |align=center| 22 | {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Sam Lowes]]<ref name="2017 Entry List">{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/11/09/2017-motogp-provisional-entry-list/215493|title=2017 MotoGP provisional entry list|date=9 Nopémber 2016|accessdate=9 Nopémber 2016|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005012402/https://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/11/09/2017-motogp-provisional-entry-list/215493|archive-date=2022-10-05}}</ref> | 1–5 |- |align=center| 41 | {{flagicon|SPA}} [[Aleix Espargaró]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/06/26/aleix-espargaro-moves-to-aprilia-for-2017-and-2018/204572|title=Aleix Espargaro moves to Aprilia for 2017 and 2018|date=26 Juni 2016|accessdate=26 Juni 2016|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]}}</ref> | 1–5 |- |rowspan=2| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yamaha Motor Racing|Movistar Yamaha MotoGP]] !rowspan=2| [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]] |rowspan=2| [[Yamaha YZR-M1]] |align=center| 25 | {{flagicon|SPA}} [[Maverick Viñales]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/05/19/yamaha-confirm-maverick-vinales-for-2017-and-2018-season/201135|title=Yamaha confirm Maverick Viñales for 2017 and 2018 season|date=19 Méi 2016|accessdate=19 Méi 2016|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]}}</ref> | 1–5 |- |align=center| 46 | {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Valentino Rossi]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/03/19/rossi-yamaha-confirm-2-year-contract-extension/195869|title=Rossi & Yamaha confirm 2-year contract extension|date=19 March 2016|accessdate=19 Méi 2016|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406052003/https://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/03/19/rossi-yamaha-confirm-2-year-contract-extension/195869|archive-date=6 April 2023}}</ref> | 1–5 |- |rowspan=2| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Repsol Honda|Repsol Honda Team]] !rowspan=2| [[Honda]] |rowspan=2| [[Honda RC213V]] |align=center| 26 | {{flagicon|SPA}} [[Dani Pedrosa]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/05/16/hrc-renew-with-dani-pedrosa-until-end-of-2018/201021|title=HRC renew with Dani Pedrosa until end of 2018|date=16 Méi 2016|accessdate=16 Méi 2016|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]}}</ref> | 1–5 |- |align=center|93 | {{flagicon|SPA}} [[Marc Márquez]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/06/02/honda-racing-corporation-renew-with-marc-marquez-through-2018/202497|title=Honda Racing Corporation renew with Marc Marquez through 2018|date=2 Juni 2016|accessdate=2 Juni 2016|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405162108/https://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/06/02/honda-racing-corporation-renew-with-marc-marquez-through-2018/202497|archive-date=2023-04-05}}</ref> | 1–5 |- | {{flagicon|MON}} [[Team LCR|LCR Honda]] ! [[Honda]] | [[Honda RC213V]] |align=center|35 | {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Cal Crutchlow]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/videos/2016/06/23/crutchlow-to-stay-with-lcr-honda-for-2017/204007|title=Crutchlow to stay with LCR Honda for 2017|date=23 Juni 2016|accessdate=23 Juni 2016|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406154742/https://www.motogp.com/en/videos/2016/06/23/crutchlow-to-stay-with-lcr-honda-for-2017/204007|archive-date=2023-04-06}}</ref> | 1–5 |- |rowspan=2| {{nowrap|{{flagicon|AUT}} [[KTM|Red Bull KTM Factory Racing]]}} !rowspan=2| [[KTM]] |rowspan=2| [[KTM RC16]] |align=center| 38 | {{flagicon|UK}} [[Bradley Smith (motorcyclist)|Bradley Smith]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/03/20/ktm-signs-bradley-smith-as-motogp-factory-rider/196087|title=KTM signs Bradley Smith as MotoGP factory rider|date=20 March 2016|accessdate=20 March 2016|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726120732/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/03/20/ktm-signs-bradley-smith-as-motogp-factory-rider/196087|archive-date=26 July 2023}}</ref> | 1–5 |- |align=center| 44 | {{flagicon|SPA}} [[Pol Espargaró]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/06/02/pol-espargaro-to-join-ktm-s-motogp-efforts/202451|title=Pol Espargaro to join KTM's MotoGP efforts|date=2 Juni 2016|accessdate=2 Juni 2016|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]}}</ref> | 1–5 |- |rowspan=2| {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Marc VDS Racing Team|EG 0,0 Marc VDS]] !rowspan=2| [[Honda]] |rowspan=2| [[Honda RC213V]] |align=center| 43 | {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Jack Miller (motorcycle racer)|Jack Miller]]<ref name="2017 Entry List"/> | 1–5 |- |align=center| 53 | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Esteve Rabat]]<ref name="2017 Entry List"/> | 1–5 |} |valign="top"| {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%;" |- !colspan=2|Katerangan |- | Purah balap régulér |- style="background:#ccffcc;" | Purah balap ''wildcard'' |- style="background:#ffcccc;" | {{nowrap|Purah balap gaganti}} |} |} ===Parobahan tim=== * [[KTM]] baris mimiti milu ngagabung kalayan dirojong ku tim pabrik.<ref name="KTM">{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/09/17/ktm-s-beirer-confirms-2017-motogp-plan/165123.html|title=KTM's Beirer confirms 2017 MotoGP plan|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|date=17 Séptémber 2014|accessdate=17 Séptémber 2014}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ===Parobahan purah balap=== * [[Jorge Lorenzo]] pindah ka [[Ducati Corse|Ducati]] ti [[Yamaha Motor Racing|Movistar Yamaha MotoGP]].<ref name="Lorenz">{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/04/21/why-lorenzo-switched-to-ducati/198920|title=Why Lorenzo switched to Ducati|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|date=21 April 2016|accessdate=26 Méi 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327151851/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/04/21/why-lorenzo-switched-to-ducati/198920|archive-date=27 March 2017}}</ref> * [[Maverick Viñales]] ngagabung jeung [[Yamaha Factory Racing|Yamaha]] sanggeus kaluar ti [[Suzuki MotoGP|Tim Suzuki Ecstar]] <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/05/19/yamaha-confirm-maverick-vinales-for-2017-and-2018-season/201135|title=Yamaha confirm Maverick Vinales for 2017 and 2018 season|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|date=19 Méi 2016|accessdate=26 Méi 2017}}</ref> * [[Andrea Iannone]] ngagabung jeung [[Suzuki MotoGP|Tim Suzuki Ecstar]], sanggeus kaluar ti [[Ducati Corse|Ducati]].<ref name="Ianonne"/> Manéhna baris babarengan jeung [[Álex Rins]] nu anyar pindah ka kelas [[Daptar Juara Dunya Motor 500cc/MotoGP|MotoGP]].<ref name="Ianonne">{{cite news|url=http://www.motopinas.com/motorcycle-news/andrea-iannone-rookie-alex-rins-join-team-suzuki-for-motogp-2017.html|title=Andrea Iannone rookie Alex Rins join team suzuki for motoGP 2017|work=motopinas.com|publisher=motopinas.com|accessdate=26 Méi 2017}}</ref> * [[Bradley Smith (motorcyclist)|Bradley Smith]] and [[Pol Espargaró]] left Tech 3 Yamaha to join the newly formed [[KTM]] factory téam for the 2017 séason.<ref name="Espargaro">{{cite news|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/230947/1/pol-espargaro-joins-smith-at-ktm.html|title=Pol Espargaro joins Smith at KTM|work=crash.net|publisher=crash.net|date=2 Juni 2016|accessdate=26 Méi 2017}}</ref> * [[Sam Lowes]] pindah ngaronjat ka kelas [[Daptar Juara Dunya Motor 500cc/MotoGP|MotoGP]] kalayan ngagabung jeung [[Gresini Racing|Tim]] [[Gresini Racing|Aprilia Racing Gresini]].<ref name="Lowes">{{cite news|url=http://www.gresiniracing.com/en/iniziato-valencia-2017-dellaprilia-racing-team-gresini-pista-primi-test-sam-lowes-aleix-espargaro/|title=Iniziato Valencia 2017 dellaprilia racing team gresini pista primi test Sam Lowes Aleix Espargaro|work=gresiniracing.com|publisher=Gresini Racing|date=16 Nopémber 2016|accessdate=26 Méi 2017}}</ref> Manéhna baris bababarengan satim jeung [[Aleix Espargaró]] nu geus kaluar ti tim Suzuki.<ref name="Aleix">{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/06/26/aleix-espargaro-moves-to-aprilia-for-2017-and-2018/204572|title=Aleix Espargaro moves to Aprilia for 2017 and 2018|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|date=26 Juni 2016|accessdate=26 Méi 2017}}</ref> * [[Jonas Folger]] jeung [[Johann Zarco]] juara dunya [[Moto2]] ngaronjat ka kelas [[Daptar Juara Dunya Motor 500cc/MotoGP|MotoGP]] kalayan duanana jadi puarah balap tim [[Tech 3|Monster Yamaha Tech 3]].<ref name="Jonas">{{cite news|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/230044/1/jonas-folger-signs-for-tech-3-yamaha.html|title=Jonas folger signs for tech 3 Yamaha|work=crash.net|publisher=crash.net|date=05 Méi 2016|accessdate=26 Méi 2017}}</ref><ref name="Zarco">{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/07/13/zarco-set-to-move-to-motogp-with-tech3/205316|title=Zarco set to move to motoGP with tech3|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|date=13 Juli 2016|accessdate=26 Méi 2017}}</ref> * [[Stefan Bradl]] jeung [[Eugene Laverty]] ninggalkeun [[Daptar Juara Dunya Motor 500cc/MotoGP|MotoGP]] kalayan milu balap di [[2017 Superbike World Championship|Kajuaran Dunya Superbike]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/232388/1/stefan-bradl-confirms-motogp-exit.html|title= Stefan Bradl confirms MotoGP exit|date=26 Juli 2016|accessdate=29 Juli 2016|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/233017/1/eugene-laverty-why-im-leaving-motogp.html|title= Eugene Laverty: Why I'm leaving MotoGP|date=24 Agustus 2016|accessdate=24 Agustus 2016|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group}}</ref> * [[Álvaro Bautista]] kaluar ti tim Aprilia Racing Gresini sarta asup ka deui ka Tim Aspar.<ref name="Alvaro"/> Bautista saméméhna ngagabung jeung Tim Aspar antara taun 2006 di kelas 125cc sarta kelas 250cc taun 2009.<ref name="Alvaro">{{cite news|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/125726|title= Current Aprilia rider Alvaro Bautista will return to the Aspar team to race a satellite Ducati in MotoGP in 2017|work=autosport.com|publisher=autosport.com|accessdate=26 Méi 2017}}</ref> * [[Karel Abraham]] balik deui ka MotoGP kalayan Tim Aspar saméméhna balap di [[Kajuaraan Dunya Superbike]] usum 2016.<ref name="Abraham">{{cite news|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/236820/1/abraham-excited-by-ducati-return.html|title=Abraham excited by ducati return|work=crash.net|publisher = crash.net|date=11 Januari 2017|accessdate=26 Méi 2017}}</ref> * [[Yonny Hernández]] balik deui ka [[Moto2]] ku sabab euweuh nu ngontrak di [[Daptar Juara Dunya Motor 500cc/MotoGP|MotoGP]].<ref name="Yonny">{{cite news|url=https://www.motorsport.com/moto2/news/hernandez-to-make-moto2-return-after-losing-aspar-seat-840227/|title=Hernandez to make moto2 return after losing Aspar-seat|work=motorsport.com|publisher=motorsport.com|date=10 Oktober 2016|accessdate=26 Méi 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115045018/http://www.motorsport.com/moto2/news/hernandez-to-make-moto2-return-after-losing-aspar-seat-840227/|archive-date=2016-11-15}}</ref> ==Parobahan aturan== ===Aturan téhnik=== * Winglets (cécépét), alat bantu aérodinamika tambahan nu mimiti diwanohkeun taun 1999, baris dipahing taun 2017 ku sabab patali jeung kasalametan purah balap.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.speedcafe.com/2016/06/26/motogp-announces-winglet-ban/|title=MotoGP to ban winglets from 2017 onwards|date=26 Juni 2016|accessdate=12 Séptémber 2016|work=SpeedCafe.com|publisher=SpeedCafe.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406082919/https://www.speedcafe.com/2016/06/26/motogp-announces-winglet-ban/|archive-date=2023-04-06}}</ref> ===Aturan olah raga=== * Saurang purah balap ngan bisa dibantuan ku opat mékanik nalika ngaganti motor di ''pit-stop'' sarta kudu maké hélm kabéh nu geus disatujuan.<ref>{{cite news|title=Decision of the Grand Prix Commission in Brno|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/08/21/decision-of-the-grand-prix-commission-in-brno/208201|date=21 Agustus 2016|accessdate=12 Séptémber 2016|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406012637/https://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/08/21/decision-of-the-grand-prix-commission-in-brno/208201|archive-date=2023-04-06}}</ref> ==Hasil jeung kelasemén== ===Grand Prix=== {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%" ! Rintakan ! Grand Prix ! Posisi ''Pole'' ! ''Lap'' panggancangna ! Purah balap nu meunang ! Konstruktor nu meunang ! Laporan |- ! 1 | {{flagicon|QAT}} [[Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix]] | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Maverick Viñales]]{{efn|Kabéh sési kualifikasi dibolaykeun ku lantaran hujan, susunan posisi ''grid'' ditangtukeun dumasar kombinasi catetan nalika latihan bébas.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2017/03/25/qp-cancelled-vinales-on-pole-with-grid-formed-from-practice/221961|title=QP cancelled, Viñales on pole with grid formed from practice|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|date=25 March 2017|accessdate=25 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406031328/https://www.motogp.com/en/news/2017/03/25/qp-cancelled-vinales-on-pole-with-grid-formed-from-practice/221961|archive-date=6 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://resources.motogp.com/files/results/2017/QAT/MotoGP/FP3/CombinedPracticeTimes.pdf|format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]]|title=Grand Prix of Qatar: MotoGP Free Practice Nr. 3 - Combined Free Practice Times|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|date=25 March 2017|accessdate=25 March 2017}}</ref>}} | {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Johann Zarco]] | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Maverick Viñales]] | {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]] | [[Grand Prix balap motor Qatar 2017|Laporan]] |- ! 2 | {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Argentine motorcycle Grand Prix]] | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Marc Márquez]] | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Maverick Viñales]] | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Maverick Viñales]] | {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]] | [[Grand Prix balap motor Argéntina 2017|Laporan]] |- ! 3 | {{flagicon|USA}} [[Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas]] | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Marc Márquez]] | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Marc Márquez]] | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Marc Márquez]] | {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Honda]] | [[Grand Prix balap motor Amérika 2017|Laporan]] |- ! 4 | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix]] | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Dani Pedrosa]] | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Dani Pedrosa]] | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Dani Pedrosa]] | {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Honda]] | [[Grand Prix balap motor Spanyol 2017|Laporan]] |- ! 5 | {{flagicon|FRA}} [[French motorcycle Grand Prix]] | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Maverick Viñales]] | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Maverick Viñales]] | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Maverick Viñales]] | {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]] | [[Grand Prix balap motor Perancis 2017|Laporan]] |- ! 6 | {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Italian motorcycle Grand Prix]] | | | | | [[2017 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|Report]] |- ! 7 | {{flagicon|CAT}} [[Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix]] | | | | | [[2017 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|Report]] |- ! 8 | {{flagicon|NED}} [[Dutch TT]] | | | | | [[2017 Dutch TT|Report]] |- ! 9 | {{flagicon|DEU}} [[German motorcycle Grand Prix]] | | | | | [[2017 German motorcycle Grand Prix|Report]] |- ! 10 | {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix]] | | | | | [[2017 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|Report]] |- ! 11 | {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Austrian motorcycle Grand Prix]] | | | | | [[2017 Austrian motorcycle Grand Prix|Report]] |- ! 12 | {{flagicon|GBR}} [[British motorcycle Grand Prix]] | | | | | [[2017 British motorcycle Grand Prix|Report]] |- ! 13 | {{flagicon|SMR}} [[San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix]] | | | | | [[2017 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|Report]] |- ! 14 | {{flagicon|Aragon}} [[Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix]] | | | | | [[2017 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|Report]] |- ! 15 | {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix]] | | | | | [[2017 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|Report]] |- ! 16 | {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australian Motorcycle Grand Prix]] | | | | | [[2017 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|Report]] |- ! 17 | {{flagicon|MYS}} [[Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix]] | | | | | [[2017 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|Report]] |- ! 18 | {{flagicon|Valencia}} [[Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix]] | | | | | [[2017 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|Report]] |} ===Kelasemén purah balap=== ;Sistim peunteun Peunteun dileler ngan nepi ka nu anggeus balapan ka lima belas.<ref name = peunteun/> Saurang purah balap kudu nganggeuskeun balapan pikeun meunang peunteun.<ref name = peunteun>{{cite|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/Inside+MotoGP/Points|title=MotoGP Qatar 2017|accessdate=31 Juni 2017|publisher=motogp.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709093528/http://www.motogp.com/en/Inside+MotoGP/Points|archivedate=2017-07-09}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%; text-align:center" |- ! Posisi |style="background:#ffffbf;"| &nbsp;'''ka 1'''&nbsp; |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| &nbsp;'''ka 2'''&nbsp; |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| &nbsp;'''ka 3'''&nbsp; |style="background:#dfffdf;"| &nbsp;'''ka 4'''&nbsp; |style="background:#dfffdf;"| &nbsp;'''ka 5'''&nbsp; |style="background:#dfffdf;"| &nbsp;'''ka 6'''&nbsp; |style="background:#dfffdf;"| &nbsp;'''ka 7'''&nbsp; |style="background:#dfffdf;"| &nbsp;'''ka 8'''&nbsp; |style="background:#dfffdf;"| &nbsp;'''ka 9'''&nbsp; |style="background:#dfffdf;"| &nbsp;'''ka 10'''&nbsp; |style="background:#dfffdf;"| &nbsp;'''ka 11'''&nbsp; |style="background:#dfffdf;"| &nbsp;'''ka 12'''&nbsp; |style="background:#dfffdf;"| &nbsp;'''ka 13'''&nbsp; |style="background:#dfffdf;"| &nbsp;'''ka 14'''&nbsp; |style="background:#dfffdf;"| &nbsp;'''ka 15'''&nbsp; |- ! Peunteun | 25 | 20 | 16 | 13 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 |} {| | {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align:center" |- valign="top" !valign="middle"| Posisi !valign="middle"| Purah Balap !valign="middle"| Motor ! [[Grand Prix balap motor Qatar 2017|QAT]]<br />{{flagicon|QAT}} ! [[Grand Prix balap motor Argéntina 2017|ARG]]<br />{{flagicon|ARG}} ! [[Grand Prix balap motor Amérika 2017|AME]]<br />{{flagicon|USA}} ! [[Grand Prix balap motor Spanyol 2017|ESP]]<br />{{flagicon|ESP}} ! [[Grand Prix balap motor Perancis 2017|FRA]]<br />{{flagicon|FRA}} ! [[2017 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]<br />{{flagicon|ITA}} ! [[2017 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]<br />{{flagicon|CAT}} ! [[2017 Dutch TT|NED]]<br />{{flagicon|NED}} ! [[2017 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]<br />{{flagicon|DEU}} ! [[2017 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]<br />{{flagicon|CZE}} ! [[2017 Austrian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUT]]<br />{{flagicon|AUT}} ! [[2017 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]<br />{{flagicon|GBR}} ! [[2017 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]]<br />{{flagicon|SMR}} ! [[2017 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]]<br />{{flagicon|Aragon}} ! [[2017 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]<br />{{flagicon|JPN}} ! [[2017 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]<br />{{flagicon|AUS}} ! [[2017 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]<br />{{flagicon|MYS}} ! [[2017 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]]<br />{{flagicon|Valencia}} !valign="middle"| Peunteun |- ! 1 |align="left"| {{nowrap|{{flagicon|SPA}} [[Maverick Viñales]]}} | [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]] |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''1''' |style="background:#ffffbf;"| ''1'' |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''1''''' | | | | | | | | | | | | | ! 85 |- ! 2 |align="left"| {{flagicon|SPA}} [[Dani Pedrosa]] | [[Honda]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | ! 68 |- ! 3 |align="left"| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Valentino Rossi]] | [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]] |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret | | | | | | | | | | | | | ! 62 |- ! 4 |align="left"| {{flagicon|SPA}} [[Marc Márquez]] | [[Honda]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#efcfff;"| '''Ret''' |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret | | | | | | | | | | | | | ! 58 |- ! 5 |style="background:#8fcfdf;" align="left"| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Johann Zarco]] | [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]] |style="background:#efcfff;"| ''Ret'' |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | ! 55 |- ! 6 |align="left"| {{nowrap|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Andrea Dovizioso]]}} | [[Ducati]] |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | ! 54 |- ! 7 |align="left"| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Cal Crutchlow]] | [[Honda]] |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | ! 40 |- ! 8 |align="left"| {{flagicon|SPA}} [[Jorge Lorenzo]] | [[Ducati]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 11 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | ! 38 |- ! 9 |style="background:#8fcfdf;" align="left"| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Jonas Folger]] | [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 11 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | ! 38 |- ! 10 |align="left"| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Jack Miller (motorcycle racer)|Jack Miller]] | [[Honda]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 | | | | | | | | | | | | | ! 29 |- ! 11 |align="left"| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Danilo Petrucci]] | [[Ducati]] |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret | | | | | | | | | | | | | ! 26 |- ! 12 |align="left"| {{flagicon|UK}} [[Scott Redding]] | [[Ducati]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 12 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 11 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret | | | | | | | | | | | | | ! 26 |- ! 13 |align="left"| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Loris Baz]] | [[Ducati]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 12 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 11 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 13 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 | | | | | | | | | | | | | ! 19 |- ! 14 |align="left"| {{flagicon|SPA}} [[Aleix Espargaró]] | [[Aprilia]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 17 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret | | | | | | | | | | | | | ! 17 |- ! 15 |align="left"| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Andrea Iannone]] | [[Suzuki]] |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 16 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 | | | | | | | | | | | | | ! 15 |- ! 16 |align="left"| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Álvaro Bautista]] | [[Ducati]] |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 15 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret | | | | | | | | | | | | | ! 14 |- ! 17 |align="left"| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Esteve Rabat]] | [[Honda]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 15 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 12 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 13 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 11 | | | | | | | | | | | | | ! 13 |- ! 18 |align="left"| {{flagicon|SPA}} [[Héctor Barberá]] | [[Ducati]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 13 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 13 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 14 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 12 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret | | | | | | | | | | | | | ! 12 |- ! 19 |align="left"| {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Karel Abraham]] | [[Ducati]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 14 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 15 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret | | | | | | | | | | | | | ! 9 |- ! 20 |style="background:#8fcfdf;" align="left"| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Álex Rins]] | [[Suzuki]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#ffffff;"| DNS | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ! 7 |- ! 21 |align="left"| {{flagicon|SPA}} [[Pol Espargaró]] | [[KTM]] |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 16 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 14 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 12 | | | | | | | | | | | | | ! 6 |- ! 22 |align="left"| {{flagicon|UK}} [[Bradley Smith (motorcyclist)|Bradley Smith]] | [[KTM]] |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 17 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 15 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 16 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 14 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 13 | | | | | | | | | | | | | ! 6 |- ! 23 |style="background:#8fcfdf;" align="left"| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Sam Lowes]] | [[Aprilia]] |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 18 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 16 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 14 | | | | | | | | | | | | | ! 2 |- ! 24 |align="left"| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Sylvain Guintoli]] | [[Suzuki]] | | | | |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 15 | | | | | | | | | | | | | ! 1 |- ! |align="left"| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Takuya Tsuda]] | [[Suzuki]] | | | |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 17 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ! 0 |- valign="top" !valign="middle"| Posisi !valign="middle"| Purah balap !valign="middle"| Motor ! [[Grand Prix balap motor Qatar 2017|QAT]]<br />{{flagicon|QAT}} ! [[Grand Prix balap motor Argéntina 2017|ARG]]<br />{{flagicon|ARG}} ! [[Grand Prix balap motor Amérika 2017|AME]]<br />{{flagicon|USA}} ! [[Grand Prix balap motor Spanyol 2017|ESP]]<br />{{flagicon|ESP}} ! [[Grand Prix balap motor Perancis 2017|FRA]]<br />{{flagicon|FRA}} ! [[2017 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]<br />{{flagicon|ITA}} ! [[2017 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]<br />{{flagicon|CAT}} ! [[2017 Dutch TT|NED]]<br />{{flagicon|NED}} ! [[2017 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]<br />{{flagicon|DEU}} ! [[2017 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]<br />{{flagicon|CZE}} ! [[2017 Austrian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUT]]<br />{{flagicon|AUT}} ! [[2017 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]<br />{{flagicon|GBR}} ! [[2017 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]]<br />{{flagicon|SMR}} ! [[2017 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]]<br />{{flagicon|Aragon}} ! [[2017 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]<br />{{flagicon|JPN}} ! [[2017 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]<br />{{flagicon|AUS}} ! [[2017 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]<br />{{flagicon|MYS}} ! [[2017 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]]<br />{{flagicon|Valencia}} !valign="middle"| Peunteun |} |valign="top"| {{Motorsport driver results legend}} '''Kandel'''<span style="font-size: 85%">&nbsp;– Posisi Pole</span> <span style="font-size: 85%">''Déngdék'' &nbsp;– Lap panggancangna<br>Bulao caang&nbsp;– ''Rookie''</span> |} ===Kelasemén konstruktor=== {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align:center" |- valign="top" !valign="middle"| Posisi !valign="middle"| Konstruktor ! [[Grand Prix balap motor Qatar 2017|QAT]]<br />{{flagicon|QAT}} ! [[Grand Prix balap motor Argéntina 2017|ARG]]<br />{{flagicon|ARG}} ! [[Grand Prix balap motor Amérika 2017|AME]]<br />{{flagicon|USA}} ! [[Grand Prix balap motor Spanyol 2017|ESP]]<br />{{flagicon|ESP}} ! [[Grand Prix balap motor Perancis 2017|FRA]]<br />{{flagicon|FRA}} ! [[2017 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]<br />{{flagicon|ITA}} ! [[2017 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]<br />{{flagicon|CAT}} ! [[2017 Dutch TT|NED]]<br />{{flagicon|NED}} ! [[2017 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]<br />{{flagicon|DEU}} ! [[2017 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]<br />{{flagicon|CZE}} ! [[2017 Austrian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUT]]<br />{{flagicon|AUT}} ! [[2017 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]<br />{{flagicon|GBR}} ! [[2017 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]]<br />{{flagicon|SMR}} ! [[2017 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]]<br />{{flagicon|Aragon}} ! [[2017 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]<br />{{flagicon|JPN}} ! [[2017 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]<br />{{flagicon|AUS}} ! [[2017 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]<br />{{flagicon|MYS}} ! [[2017 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]]<br />{{flagicon|Valencia}} !valign="middle"| Peunteun |- ! 1 |align="left"| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]] |style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1 |style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | ! 108 |- ! 2 |align="left"| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Honda]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1 |style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | ! 95 |- ! 3 |align="left"| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Ducati]] |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | ! 72 |- ! 4 |align="left"| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Suzuki]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 16 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 17 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 | | | | | | | | | | | | | ! 22 |- ! 5 |align="left"| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Aprilia]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 17 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 14 | | | | | | | | | | | | | ! 19 |- ! 6 |align="left"| {{flagicon|AUT}} [[KTM]] |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 16 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 14 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 16 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 14 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 12 | | | | | | | | | | | | | ! 8 |- valign="top" !valign="middle"| Pos !valign="middle"| Konstruktor ! [[Grand Prix balap motor Qatar 2017|QAT]]<br />{{flagicon|QAT}} ! [[Grand Prix balap motor Argéntina 2017|ARG]]<br />{{flagicon|ARG}} ! [[Grand Prix balap motor Amérika 2017|AME]]<br />{{flagicon|USA}} ! [[Grand Prix balap motor Spanyol 2017|ESP]]<br />{{flagicon|ESP}} ! [[Grand Prix balap motor Perancis 2017|FRA]]<br />{{flagicon|FRA}} ! [[2017 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]<br />{{flagicon|ITA}} ! [[2017 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]<br />{{flagicon|CAT}} ! [[2017 Dutch TT|NED]]<br />{{flagicon|NED}} ! [[2017 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]<br />{{flagicon|DEU}} ! [[2017 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]<br />{{flagicon|CZE}} ! [[2017 Austrian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUT]]<br />{{flagicon|AUT}} ! [[2017 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]<br />{{flagicon|GBR}} ! [[2017 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]]<br />{{flagicon|SMR}} ! [[2017 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]]<br />{{flagicon|Aragon}} ! [[2017 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]<br />{{flagicon|JPN}} ! [[2017 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]<br />{{flagicon|AUS}} ! [[2017 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]<br />{{flagicon|MYS}} ! [[2017 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]]<br />{{flagicon|Valencia}} !valign="middle"| Peunteun |} ===Kelasemén tim=== {| | {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align:center" |- valign="top" !valign="middle"| Posisi !valign="middle"| Tim !valign="middle"| Nomer<br>Motor ! [[Grand Prix balap motor Qatar 2017|QAT]]<br />{{flagicon|QAT}} ! [[Grand Prix balap motor Argéntina 2017|ARG]]<br />{{flagicon|ARG}} ! [[Grand Prix balap motor Amérika 2017|AME]]<br />{{flagicon|USA}} ! [[Grand Prix balap motor Spanyol 2017|ESP]]<br />{{flagicon|ESP}} ! [[Grand Prix balap motor Perancis 2017|FRA]]<br />{{flagicon|FRA}} ! [[2017 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]<br />{{flagicon|ITA}} ! [[2017 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]<br />{{flagicon|CAT}} ! [[2017 Dutch TT|NED]]<br />{{flagicon|NED}} ! [[2017 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]<br />{{flagicon|DEU}} ! [[2017 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]<br />{{flagicon|CZE}} ! [[2017 Austrian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUT]]<br />{{flagicon|AUT}} ! [[2017 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]<br />{{flagicon|GBR}} ! [[2017 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]]<br />{{flagicon|SMR}} ! [[2017 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]]<br />{{flagicon|Aragon}} ! [[2017 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]<br />{{flagicon|JPN}} ! [[2017 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]<br />{{flagicon|AUS}} ! [[2017 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]<br />{{flagicon|MYS}} ! [[2017 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]]<br />{{flagicon|Valencia}} !valign="middle"| Peunteun |- !rowspan=2| 1 |align="left" rowspan=2| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yamaha Motor Racing|Movistar Yamaha MotoGP]] | 25 |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''1''' |style="background:#ffffbf;"| ''1'' |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''1''''' | | | | | | | | | | | | | !rowspan=2|147 |- | 46 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret | | | | | | | | | | | | | |- !rowspan=2| 2 |align="left" rowspan=2| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Repsol Honda]] | 26 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | !rowspan=2|126 |- | 93 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#efcfff;"| '''Ret''' |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret | | | | | | | | | | | | | |- !rowspan=2| 3 |align="left" rowspan=2| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Tech 3|Monster Yamaha Tech 3]] | 5 |style="background:#efcfff;"| ''Ret'' |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | !rowspan=2|93 |- | 94 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 11 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |- !rowspan=2| 4 |align="left" rowspan=2| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Ducati Corse|Ducati Team]] | 04 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | !rowspan=2|92 |- | 99 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 11 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |- !rowspan=2| 5 |align="left" rowspan=2| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Pramac Racing|Octo Pramac Racing]] | 9 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret | | | | | | | | | | | | | !rowspan=2| 52 |- | 45 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 12 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 11 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret | | | | | | | | | | | | | |- !rowspan=2| 6 |align="left" rowspan=2| {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Marc VDS Racing Team|EG 0,0 Marc VDS]] | 43 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 | | | | | | | | | | | | | !rowspan=2| 42 |- | 53 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 15 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 12 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 13 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 11 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |- ! 7 |align="left"| {{flagicon|MON}} [[Team LCR|LCR Honda]] | 35 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | ! 40 |- !rowspan=2| 8 |align="left" rowspan=2| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Avintia Racing|Reale Avintia Racing]] | 8 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 13 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 13 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 14 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 12 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret | | | | | | | | | | | | | !rowspan=2|31 |- | 76 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 12 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 11 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 13 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |- !rowspan=2| 9 |align="left" rowspan=2| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Aspar Racing Team|Pull&Bear Aspar Team]] | 17 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 14 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 15 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret | | | | | | | | | | | | | !rowspan=2|23 |- | 19 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 15 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret | | | | | | | | | | | | | |- !rowspan=4| 10 |align="left" rowspan=4| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Suzuki MotoGP|Team Suzuki Ecstar]] | 12 | | | |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 17 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | !rowspan=4| 23 |- | 29 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 16 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |- | 42 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#ffffff;"| DNS | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |- | 50 | | | | |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 15 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |- !rowspan=2| 11 |align="left" rowspan=2| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Gresini Racing|Aprilia Racing Team Gresini]] | 22 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 18 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 16 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 14 | | | | | | | | | | | | | !rowspan=2| 19 |- | 41 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 17 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret | | | | | | | | | | | | | |- !rowspan=2| 12 |align="left" rowspan=2| {{flagicon|AUT}} [[KTM|Red Bull KTM Factory Racing]] | 38 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 17 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 15 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 16 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 14 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 13 | | | | | | | | | | | | | !rowspan=2| 12 |- | 44 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 16 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 14 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 12 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |- |- valign="top" !valign="middle"| Posisi !valign="middle"| Tim !valign="middle"| Nomer<br>Motor ! [[Grand Prix balap motor Qatar 2017|QAT]]<br />{{flagicon|QAT}} ! [[Grand Prix balap motor Argéntina 2017|ARG]]<br />{{flagicon|ARG}} ! [[Grand Prix balap motor Amérika 2017|AME]]<br />{{flagicon|USA}} ! [[Grand Prix balap motor Spanyol 2017|ESP]]<br />{{flagicon|ESP}} ! [[Grand Prix balap motor Perancis 2017|FRA]]<br />{{flagicon|FRA}} ! [[2017 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]<br />{{flagicon|ITA}} ! [[2017 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]<br />{{flagicon|CAT}} ! [[2017 Dutch TT|NED]]<br />{{flagicon|NED}} ! [[2017 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]<br />{{flagicon|DEU}} ! [[2017 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]<br />{{flagicon|CZE}} ! [[2017 Austrian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUT]]<br />{{flagicon|AUT}} ! [[2017 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]<br />{{flagicon|GBR}} ! [[2017 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]]<br />{{flagicon|SMR}} ! [[2017 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]]<br />{{flagicon|Aragon}} ! [[2017 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]<br />{{flagicon|JPN}} ! [[2017 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]<br />{{flagicon|AUS}} ! [[2017 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]<br />{{flagicon|MYS}} ! [[2017 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]]<br />{{flagicon|Valencia}} !valign="middle"| Peunteun |} |valign="top"| {{Motorsport driver results legend}} <span style="font-size: 85%">'''Kandel'''&nbsp;– Posisi Pole<br /> ''Déngdék''&nbsp;– Lap panggancangna</span> |} ==Catetan== {{notelist}} ==Dicutat tina== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Tumbu kaluar== * [http://www.motogp.com/ Ramatloka resmi MotoGP] {{Grand Prix motorcycle racing}} {{World championships in 2017}} [[Kategori:Balap Motor Grand Prix 2017| ]] [[Kategori:Balap Motor 2017|MotoGP]] [[Kategori:Usum Balap Motor Grand Prix]] [[Kategori:Balap Motor Nu Keur Lumangsung|Motogp 2017]] ogd0729bq0j7d5ho1d0ai33puozxens 14 72314 730729 613921 2026-10-24T00:51:34Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Rafka Aditia mindahkeun kaca [[Kategori:CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)]] ka [[Kategori:CS1 sumber basa Indonésia (id)]] 613921 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tracking category}} [[kategori:Miara Wikipédia]] {{CategoryTOC}} [[Category:Kasalahan CS1|I]] [[Category:Artikel kalayan sintaks cutatan nu salah]] jmsvti05ly3viiy9t48djqzaz38npyy 0 72337 730738 728923 2026-10-24T06:51:46Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 730738 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Flock_of_sheep.jpg|ka|jmpl|362x362px|Domba minangkana mah sato ingon-ingon]] [[Gambar:Goat_family.jpg|jmpl|238x238px|Embé jeung anakna nu umurna kakarak saminggu]] <span>'''Ingon-ingon''' atawa '''sato ingon-ingon '''</span>([[basa Indonésia]]:'' '''ternak''''', '''''héwan ternak'''''<span>)</span> nyaéta sato nu sacara ngahaja diingu minangka sumber [[pangan]], sumber bahan baku industri, atawa minangka babantu pagawéan jalma. Usaha ngingu ingon-ingon disebut minangka [[paternakan]] (atawa [[palaukan]], pikeun gorombolan sato cai) jeung mangrupa bagéan tina kagiatan [[Agrikultur|patanian]] sacara umum. == Wangenan == Sato ingon bisa mangrupa satu naon baé (kaasup [[gegeremet]] jeung [[vertebrata]] undak landeuh kayaning [[lauk]] jeung [[bangkong]]). Ngan, dina hirup kumbuh mah biasana nujul kana [[unggas]] jeung [[mamalia]] [[doméstikasi|doméstik]], kayaning [[hayam]], [[soang]], [[kalkun]], [[Éntog|meri]], atawa [[manila]] mun unggas mah, sarta [[bagong]], [[sapi]], [[embé]], [[domba]], [[kuda]], atawa [[keledé]] mun mamalia mah. Sebagai tambahan, di beberapa daerah di dunia juga dikenal hewan ternak yang khas seperti [[Onta|unta]], [[llama]], [[bison]], [[manuk onta]], jeung [[beurit walanda]] meureun ngahaja diingu minangka ingon-ingon. Jinis ternak varéatif di sakuliah dunya téh, sarta gumantung kana sawatara faktor kauaning [[iklim]], pamundut [[Konsumen|konsumén]], daérah asal, budaya lokal, jeung [[topografi]]. Gorombolan sato salian unggas jeung [[mamalia]] nu diingu manusa ogé disebut (sato) ingon, hususna mah mun diingu di tempat husus jeung teu diantep ngencar di alam bébas. Sebutan "ingon" téh biasana mah dianggap "pas" mun sato nu diingu saeutik lobana geus ngalaman [[domestikasi]], teu saalakadar dicokot wéh ti alam liar tuluy diingu. Nu dimaksud kana ieu kelompok nyaéta [[hileud sutra]], rupa-rupa jenis lauk cai (kayaning [[lauk emas]], [[guramé]], [[mujaér]], [[nila]], atawa [[lélé]]), sawatara jinis [[bangkong]] (utamana ''bullfrog''), [[buhaya]], jeung sawatara jinis [[oray]]. Usaha ngingu lauk umumna mah disebut minangka [[palaukan]] atawa leuwih spésifikna mah [[budidaya lauk]]. == Sajarah == Sato [[doméstikasi|didoméstikasikeun]] nalika baranahan jeung kahirupanna diatur ku manusa. Salumangsungna, [[laku lampah sato]], [[siklus hirup]] sarta [[fisiologi]]na geus robah sacara signifikan. Kiwari loba pisan sato nu teu mampu deui hirup di alam liar. [[Anjing]] didoméstikasikeun di Asia Wétan 15000 taun ka tukang. [[Embé]] jeung [[domba]] didoméstikeun di [[Asia]] 8000 taun ka tukang. [[Bagong]] didoméstikasikeun 7000 taun ka tukang di [[Wétan Tengah]] jeung [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Cina]].<ref name="BoL">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/|title=Breeds of Livestock - Oklahoma State University|publisher=Ansi.okstate.edu|accessdate=2011-12-10}}</ref> == Prakték iinguan == Prakték iinguan sato ingon varéatif pisan di sawatara wewengkon di sakuliah dunya, jeung varéatif ogé jenis satona. Sato ingun ilaharna di[[kandang]]<nowiki/>an jeung dibéré parab atawa dikéncarkeun (di[[angon]]). Sawatara mah teu dikandangan atawa ngantep satona rék iraha baé asup kandangna kumaha karepna ([[kéncar]]). Iinguan sato ingon dina sajarah mangrupa bagéan tina kahirupan kaum [[nomaden]] nu pundah-pindah nuturkeun usum-usuman. Sawatara kaum di [[Asia Tengah]] jeung [[Afrika Kalér]] masih kénéh hirup minangka kaum bareng jeung sato ingonna. [[Kandang]] sato mibanda wangun jeung jenis nu varéatif, ti mimiti nu dipageran, nu pagerna nutup, nu diloténgkeun nu mibanda mékanismeu pangaturan témpréatur jeung kabeueusan (tempo [[lingkungan jeung wangunan patanian]]). Kandang ilaharna ngan dipaké minangka tempat sato héés jeung diparaban, jinis kandang séjén dihususkeun pikeun [[jalangan]] éta sato jeung ngingu anak sato. Sato nu diingu dina kandang ilaharna mah inténsif, mun iinguanna di luar rohangan teu dianggap nguntungkeun lantaran merlukeun lahan nu lega. Ngan iinguan na kandang mah pemeliharaan di dalam kandang mah kontrovérsial lantaran ngahasilkeun rupa-rupa masalah kayaning [[bau]], [[limbah]], sumber panyakit sato, jeung [[kasejahteraan sato]] (tempo [[paternakan proyék]]). Sato ingon bisa diaawas kalawan rupa-rupa cara kayaning pamakéan labél (dicét di luhureun kulit sato atawa digantélkeun dina ceuli) atawa ku cara nu modérn jiga pamakéan [[RFID]] nu dipelak dina jero kulit. [[Implan microchip]] ogé bisa dipelak di jero awak sato ingon pikeun ngawas kondisi sato kayaning parobahan komposisi [[getih]], [[denyut jantung]], tempréatur awak, jeung sajabana sangkan jadi panginget mun sato ingon némbongkeun kasakit. Pamakéan hormon patumbuhan pikeun ngaronjatkeun laju patumbuhan sato ternah ogé dipilampah, ngan diwates lantaran bisa ngaganggu kaséhatan sato jeung kualitas [[produk sato]] bu dihasilkeun. Bahan kimia séjén nu dipaké dina paternakan nyaéta [[vaksin]] jeung [[Vitamin|multivitamin]] pikeung ngajaga kaséhatan sato, jeung [[péstisida]] pikeun nyegah ayana gegeremet di jero kandang. Ieu métodeu ilaharna dilakonan di jero [[paternakan proyék]] lantaran sacara alami sato teu bisa mersihan manéh di jero kandang nu heureut. == Nu diingu == Nu dimaksud jeung paternakan téh nyaéta kagiatan iinguan nu leuwih atawa mibanda pola nu kastruktur. Kaatur jeung kaukur Tina manajemen kandang jeung manajemen parab. Kandang dijieun kalawan desain jeung ukuran tinangtu. Kitu ogé paran jeung [[nutrisi]] nu kadar gizina kaitung luyu jeung kabutuhan ingon. Ilaharna nu dingonkeun téh nyaéta [[lauk]], unggas, jeung sato ingon ruminasia kayaning [[embé]], [[sapi]] kaasup [[uncal]]. Leueih spésifikna mah nyaéta mibanda ajén ékonomi. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" !Sato<br>(jinis) !Baraya liar !Waktu doméstikasi munggaran !Wewengkon doméstikasi munggaran !Pamangpaatan kiwari !Gambar |- ! style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal" |'''[[Alpaca]]'''<br> ([[mamalia]], [[Hérbivora|herbivora]]) |''Vikuna'' | style="text-align:center" | Antara 5000 SM jeung 4000 SM |[[Andés|Andes]] |[[Wol|wool]], [[daging]] |[[Gambar:Alpaca_by_Kjetil_André_Eilertsen.jpg|130x130px]] |- ! style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal" |'''[[Anjing]]'''<br> ([[mammalia]], [[omnivora]]) |[[Ajag]] | style="text-align:center" | 12000 SM | |tanaga (anjing pamandu), sato piaraan |[[Gambar:Shiba_inu_taiki.jpg|153x153px]] |- ! style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal" |'''[[Hayam]]'''<br> (unggas, [[omnivora]]) |''Gallus gallus'' | style="text-align:center" | 6000 SM | [[India]] dan [[Asia Kidul Wétan|Asia Tenggara]] | [[daging]], [[endog]], bulu, sato piaraan |[[Gambar:Gallus_gallus_male_Kaziranga_1.jpg|130x130px]] |- ! style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal" |'''[[Bagong]]'''<br> ([[mammalia]], [[omnivora]]) |[[Céléng]] | style="text-align:center" |7000 SM |Anatolia |daging, kulit, sato piaraan |[[Gambar:Sow_with_piglet.jpg|130x130px]] |- ! style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal" |'''[[Banténg]]'''<br> ([[mammalia]], [[Hérbivora|herbivora]]) |[[Banténg]] | style="text-align:center" | Teu dipikanyaho | [[Asia Kidul Wétan|Asia Tenggara]] |[[daging]], [[susu]], tanaga |[[Gambar:Zoo_de_Lunaret_-_Banteng_-_P1600311.jpg|173x173px]] |- ! style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;" |[[Meri ingon]]<br> (unggas, [[omnivora]]) | ''Anas platyrhnchos'' | style="text-align:center" | 4000 SM | [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Cina]] | [[daging]], bulu, sato piaraan | [[Gambar:Tunnel_of_ducks.jpg|130x130px]] |- ! style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal" |'''[[Bison Amérika]]'''<br> ([[mammalia]], [[Hérbivora|herbivora]]) | Euweuh | style="text-align:center" |Abad ka-19 katompérnakeun |Amerika Kalér |[[daging]], kulit |[[Gambar:A_bison_in_Caprock_Canyon_State_Park.jpg|130x130px]] |- ! style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal" |'''''Cavia porcellus'''''<br> (mammalia, [[Hérbivora|herbivora]]) |''Cavia tschudii'' | style="text-align:center" |5000 SM |Amerika Kidul |[[Daging]], sato piaraan |[[Gambar:Two_adult_Guinea_Pigs_(Cavia_porcellus).jpg|130x130px]] |- ! style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal" |'''Domba'''<br> (mammalia, [[Hérbivora|herbivora]]) |Domba mouflon | style="text-align:center" |Antara 11000 SM-9000 SM |Asia Kulon |[[Wol|Wool]], [[susu]], kulit, [[daging]] (daging domba ngora) |[[Gambar:Pair_of_Icelandic_Sheep.jpg|130x130px]] |- ! style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal" |'''[[Embé]]'''<br> (mammalia, [[Hérbivora|herbivora]]) |Embé liar | style="text-align:center" |8000 SM |Asia Kulon |[[Susu]], [[daging]], [[Wol|wool]], kulit, tanaga |[[Gambar:Domestic_goat_kid_in_capeweed.jpg|130x130px]] |- ! style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal" |'''Karibu'''<br> (mammalia, [[Hérbivora|herbivora]]) |Euweuh | style="text-align:center" |3000 SM |Rusia |[[Daging]], kulit, tanduk, [[susu]], tanaga, |[[Gambar:Caribou_using_antlers.jpg|130x130px]] |- ! style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal" |'''[[Keledé]]'''<br> (mammalia, [[Hérbivora|herbivora]]) |Keledai liar Afrika | style="text-align:center" |4000 SM |Mesir |tanaga, [[daging]], [[susu]] |[[Gambar:20110703_Huizingen_(0007).jpg|130x130px]] |- ! style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal" |'''[[Kelenci]]'''<br> (mammalia, [[Hérbivora|herbivora]]) |Kelenci liar | style="text-align:center" |Antara 400-900 masehi |Prancis |[[Daging]], bulu, kulit, sato piaraan |[[Gambar:Rabbit_in_montana.jpg|130x130px]] |- ! style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal" |'''[[Kebo]]'''<br> ([[mammalia]], [[Hérbivora|herbivora]]) |Kebo liar Asia | style="text-align:center" |4000 SM |Asia Kidul |tanaga, [[daging]], [[susu]] |[[Gambar:BUFFALO159.JPG|130x130px]] |- ! style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal" |'''[[Ucing]]'''<br> (mammalia, [[karnivora]]) |[[Méong Congkok|Méong congkok]] | style="text-align:center" |7500 SM <ref name="nationalgeographic2004">{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/04/0408_040408_oldestpetcat.html|title=Oldest Known Pet Cat? 9,500-Year-Old Burial Found on Cyprus|publisher=News.nationalgeographic.com|date=2010-10-28|accessdate=2011-12-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612150738/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/oldest-known-pet-cat-9500-year-old-burial-found-on-cyprus|archivedate=2022-06-12}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612150738/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/oldest-known-pet-cat-9500-year-old-burial-found-on-cyprus |date=2022-06-12 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Hazel|last=Muir|title=Ancient remains could be oldest pet cat|url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn4867.html|publisher=[[New Scientist]]|date=2004-04-08|accessdate=2007-11-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Marsha Walton|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TECH/science/04/08/cats.cyprus/index.html|title=CNN.com - Ancient burial looks like human and pet cat - Apr 9, 2004|publisher=Edition.cnn.com|date=2004-04-09|accessdate=2011-12-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222092756/http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TECH/science/04/08/cats.cyprus/index.html|archivedate=2007-12-22}}</ref> |Asia Wétan | Pangendalian hama, sato piaraan, [[daging]] | [[Gambar:Grumpy_Cat,_SXSW_(8575082965).jpg|130x130px]] |- ! style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal" |'''[[Kuda]]'''<br> (mammalia, [[Hérbivora|herbivora]]) |''Kuda liar'' | style="text-align:center" |4000 SM |Eurasian |tanaga, [[susu]], [[daging]] |[[Gambar:Biandintz_eta_zaldiak_-_modified2.jpg|130x130px]] |- ! style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal" |'''[[Llama]]'''<br> (mammalia, [[Hérbivora|herbivora]]) |Guanaco | style="text-align:center" |3500 SM |[[Andés|Andes]] |tanaga, [[daging]], [[Wol|wool]] |[[Gambar:Llama_lying_down.jpg|130x130px]] |- ! style="text-align: left;" |[[Uncal]]<br> (mammalia, [[Hérbivora|herbivora]]) |Euweuh | style="text-align:center" |Abad ka-1 maséhi |Inggris |[[Daging]], kulit, tanduk, velvet |[[Gambar:White-tailed_deer.jpg|130x130px]] |- ! style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal" |'''[[Sapi]]'''<br> (mammalia, [[Hérbivora|herbivora]]) |''Bos primigenius'' | style="text-align:center" |6000 SM |Asia Kulon, [[India]], Afrika Kalér |[[Daging]], [[susu]], kulit, tanaga sato |[[Gambar:Vache_d'Abondance.jpg|130x130px]] |- ! style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal" |'''[[Onta]]'''<br> (mammalia, [[Hérbivora|herbivora]]) |Onta Dromedari jeung Baktrian | style="text-align:center" |Antara 4000 SM jeung 1400 SM |Asia |tanaga, [[daging]], [[susu]], bulu |[[Gambar:Egypt.jpg|130x130px]] |- ! style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal" |'''[[Yak]]'''<br> (mammalia, [[Hérbivora|herbivora]]) |Euweuh | style="text-align:center" |2500 SM |Tibet, Népal |[[Daging]], [[susu]], [[Wol|wool]], tanaga |[[Gambar:Bos_grunniens_-_Syracuse_Zoo.jpg|130x130px]] |} == Kadaharan ingon == Unggal sato nu diingon diparaban ku kadaharan tinangtu. [[Nutrisi]] nu dibéré ngagunakeun bahan alam nu diolah jeung diropéa sangkan mibanda kualitas anu hadé kayaning [[pélét]] lauk, [[konsentrat]], vour atawa [[pur]] biasana pikeun unggas jeung sato rumninasia kayaning [[sapi]], [[embé]] ngagunakeun parab [[férméntasi]] == Dampak lingkungan == Hiji laporan nu dipedal ku [[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa|PBB]] jeung [[EPA]] ngedalkeun yén sato ingon (utamana hayam, sapi, jeung bagong) mangrupa hiji ti tilu kontributor utama masalah lingkungan di dunya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/usinventoryreport.html|title=2011 U.S. Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report &#124; Climate Change - Greenhouse Gas Emissions &#124; U.S. EPA|publisher=Epa.gov|accessdate=2011-12-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110325033216/http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/usinventoryreport.html|archivedate=2011-03-25}}</ref> Paternakan di Amérika Sarikat geus nyumbang émisi gas imah kaca gedéna 454.1 téragram ekuivalen CO₂ atawa 6 persén tina émisi gas imah kaca total Amérika Sarikat, ampir saparapat tina émisi transportasi. Ieu laporan ti WorldWatch Institute ngedalkeun yén 51% émisi gas imah kaca dunya asalna tina paternakan.<ref>http://www.worldwatch.org/node/6294</ref> Masalah sato ingon, utamana nalika dikaitkeun kana [[pangawaleuweungan|deforéstasi]], leungitna [[kaanékaragaman hayati]], [[degradasi lahan]], [[parobahan iklim]], [[polusi udara]], [[kalangkaan cai]], jeung [[polusi cai]] mangrupa masalah utama pikeun panyieun kawijakan di unggal nagara nagara panghasil sato ingon utama. Hiji panalungtikan di [[Hokkaido]] manggihan yén méré suplemén [[sistein]] jeung [[nitrat]] kana parab ingon téh bisa ngurangan émisi gas [[metana]] tina sato ingon tanpa ngurangan kualitas jeung kuantitas daging jeung susu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/unusual-tales/global-warming-breakthrough-way-to-stop-cow-gas/2008/01/22/1200764221842.html|title=Global warming breakthrough: way to stop cow gas - Unusual Tales - Specials|publisher=Smh.com.au|accessdate=2011-12-10}}</ref> Polutan lianna nyaéta antibiotik jeung hormon. Di [[Asia Kidul]] kapanggih yén [[héring]] bakal nyingkahan bangké sato ingon nu geus disuntikkeun antibiotik [[Diclofenac]]. ; Deforéstasi : Deforéstasi jeung fragméntasi leuwung ngabalukarkeun siklus karbon global jeung nyumebabkeun leungitna/paburencayna habitat mangrupa-rupa spésiés. Leuweung mangrupa tempat [[Sekuestrasi karbon|teundeunan karbon]] dunya nu cukup penting. Leuweung ditugar atawa diduruk pikeun nyayagakeun tempat pikeun paternakan jeung [[pangangonan sato]].<ref name="fao.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/a0701e/a0701e00.HTM|title=Livestock's long shadow: environmental issues and options|publisher=Fao.org|date=|accessdate=2011-12-10}}</ref> ; Dégradasi lahan : Hiji panalungtikan nu dileukeunan di [[Botswana]] dina taun 2008 manggihan yén patani nu ngalakukeun panumpukan sato ingon kaleuleuwihi pikeun ngantisipasi usum garing justru leuwih rentan kana kalumangsungan usaha paternakanna sahingga justru méakkeun biomassa jeung sumber daya cau nu leuwih gancang. Alatan parobahan iklim, kiwari usum garing di Botswana datang leuwih gancang batan biasana datang dua taun sakali ayeuna mah 18 bulan sakali atawa leuwih singget ti éta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.scidev.net/en/sub-suharan-africa/news/sub-saharan-africa-news-in-brief-10-22-april-2008.html|title=Sub-Saharan Africa news in brief: 10–22 April 2008|publisher=SciDev.Net|accessdate=2011-12-10}}</ref> ; Parobahan iklim jeung polusi udara : [[Métana]] nu dihasilkeun tina caduk sato mangrupa gas imah kaca nu watekna persistén di [[atmosfir]]. Gas métana mangrupa salah sahiji gas imah kaca panglobana nomer dua di atmosfir sanggeus karbon dioksida, ngan kamampuhna dina ngepung panas 25 kali leuwih kuat tinimbang karbon dioksida.<ref name="globalmethane.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.globalmethane.org/gmi|title=Global Methane Initiative|publisher=[[:en:Global Methane Initiative]]|date=2010-10-01|accessdate=2011-12-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312012618/http://www.globalmethane.org/gmi/|archivedate=2011-03-12}}</ref> <div class="cx-template-editor-source-container" lang="id" dir="ltr" style="display: none;"><div class="cx-template-editor-source"><div class="cx-template-editor-title" title="Formats a citation to a website using the provided information such as URL and title. Used only for sources that are not correctly described by the specific citation templates for books, journals, news sources, etc.">Cite web</div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="url" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">URL</span><span data-key="url" title="The URL of the online location where the text of the publication can be found" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="url" style="position: relative;"><nowiki>http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,23739,22880187-5013016,00.html</nowiki></div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="title" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Source title</span><span data-key="title" title="The title of the source page on the website; will display with quotation marks added" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="title" style="position: relative;">Kangaroo farts could fight global warming &#x7C; Courier Mail</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="publisher" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Publisher</span><span data-key="publisher" title="Name of the publisher; may be wikilinked" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="publisher" style="position: relative;">News.com.au</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="archive-url" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Archive URL</span><span data-key="archive-url" title="The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the URL becomes unavailable; requires 'archive-date'" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="archive-url" style="position: relative;"><nowiki>https://archive.is/fX4R</nowiki></div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="archive-date" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Archive date</span><span data-key="archive-date" title="Date when the original URL was archived; do not wikilink" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="archive-date" style="position: relative;">2012-12-03</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="access-date" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">URL access date</span><span data-key="access-date" title="The full date when the original URL was accessed; do not wikilink" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="access-date" style="position: relative;">2011-12-10</div></div></div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-source-container" lang="id" dir="ltr" style="display: none;"><div class="cx-template-editor-source"><div class="cx-template-editor-title" title="Formats a citation to a website using the provided information such as URL and title. Used only for sources that are not correctly described by the specific citation templates for books, journals, news sources, etc.">Cite web</div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="url" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">URL</span><span data-key="url" title="The URL of the online location where the text of the publication can be found" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="url" style="position: relative;"><nowiki>http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,23739,22880187-5013016,00.html</nowiki></div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="title" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Source title</span><span data-key="title" title="The title of the source page on the website; will display with quotation marks added" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="title" style="position: relative;">Kangaroo farts could fight global warming &#x7C; Courier Mail</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="date" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Source date</span><span data-key="date" title="Full date when the source was published; if unknown, use access-date instead; do not wikilink" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="date" style="position: relative;">2007-12-05</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="publisher" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Publisher</span><span data-key="publisher" title="Name of the publisher; may be wikilinked" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="publisher" style="position: relative;">News.com.au</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="archive-url" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Archive URL</span><span data-key="archive-url" title="The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the URL becomes unavailable; requires 'archive-date'" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="archive-url" style="position: relative;"><nowiki>https://archive.is/fX4R</nowiki></div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="archive-date" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Archive date</span><span data-key="archive-date" title="Date when the original URL was archived; do not wikilink" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="archive-date" style="position: relative;">2012-12-03</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="access-date" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">URL access date</span><span data-key="access-date" title="The full date when the original URL was accessed; do not wikilink" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="access-date" style="position: relative;">2011-12-10</div></div></div></div> ; Kalangkaan cai : Sato ingon merlukeun cai nu rada loba pikeun inumeun, sanitasi, ogé pikeun ngabudidayakeun pepelakan nu bakal dijadikeun parab. Di sakuliah dunya rata-rata 40% pepelakan panghasil sisikian jang parab. Sacara sagemblengna, rata-rata diperlukeun 100000 liter cai pikeun sakilo daging.<ref name="news.cornell.edu">{{cite web|url=http://www.news.cornell.edu/releases/aug97/livestock.hrs.html|title=Cornell Science News: Livestock Production|publisher=News.cornell.edu|date=1997-08-07|accessdate=2011-12-10}}</ref> ; Polusi cai : Caduk sato nu diseblok bisa nyumebabkeun kandungan nitrogén jeung fosforna nyemaran parairan<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pnas.org.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/content/107/43/18371|title=Forecasting Potential Global Environmental Costs of Livestock Production 2000–2050. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107.43 (2010): 18371-8374|last=Pelletier Nathan and Peter Tyedmers|publisher=Web of Science}}</ref> jeung nyumebabkeun [[eutrofikasi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ase.tufts.edu/gdae/pubs/rp/AAI_Issue_Brief_2_1.pdf|title=LEVELING THE FIELD – ISSUE BRIEF #2 Environmental and Health Problems in Livestock Production: Pollution in the Food System|last=Starme|first=Elanor|publisher=American Journal of Public Health 94.10: 1703-709}}</ref> ; Alternatif : Para panalungtik di [[Australia|Australi]] néangan kamumkinan pangurangan gas métana tina sapi jeung domba ku cara ngasupkeun baktéri pencernaan tina usus [[kangguru]] ka beuteung sato ingon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,23739,22880187-5013016,00.html|title=Kangaroo farts could fight global warming &#124; Courier Mail|publisher=News.com.au|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217052427/http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,23739,22880187-5013016,00.html|archivedate=2007-12-17|accessdate=2011-12-10}}{{Webarchive|url=https://archive.ph/20121203041656/www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,23739,22880187-5013016,00.html |date=2012-12-03 }}</ref> Di Amérika Sarikat, mertahankeun padang jukut dipikanyaho bisa nyiptakeun stok daging tina hasil [[moro]] sato nu hirup di luhurna sacara tuluy-tumuluy.<ref>Derner, Justin D., William K. Lauenroth, Paul Stapp, and David J. Augustine. "Livestock as Ecosystem Engineers for Grassland Bird Habitat in the Western Great Plains of North America." Rangeland Ecology & Management 62.2 (2009): 111-18. Web of Science. Web. Feb. 2011.</ref> == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} == Tutumbu luar == * [http://app.thearit.com/ilri/betterlivesthroughlivestockinternationallivestockresearchinstituteilri.html Better Lives Through Livestock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224101510/http://app.thearit.com/ilri/betterlivesthroughlivestockinternationallivestockresearchinstituteilri.html |date=2013-12-24 }} by ILRI * [http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/livestock Livestock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123031456/http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/livestock |date=2012-11-23 }} - New South Wales Government * [http://www.havanatimes.org/?p=31372 Havana Livestock Fair (Photo Feature)] - ''Havana Times'', October 19, 2010 * [http://www.howtoraisecattle.com Guide On How To Raise Cattle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910081901/http://www.howtoraisecattle.com/ |date=2019-09-10 }} [[Kategori:Sato ingon]] 1cerf3j1z6ezulc8mgw1rrs8pajeyr9 0 72917 730731 728529 2026-10-24T02:05:31Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 730731 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Choriaster granulatus, Bunaken Island.jpg|jmpl|Granulated sea star]] [[Gambar:Horned Sea Star, Bunaken Island.jpg|jmpl|Chocolate Chip Sea Star]] [[Gambar:Linkia laevigata, Bunaken Island.jpg|jmpl|Blue sea star]] '''Béntang laut''' nyaéta salasahiji sasatoan laut anu kaasup kelas ''[[Asteroidea]]'' ogé mangrupa kelompok ''[[Echinodermata]]''.<ref name=":0">http://etheses.uin-malang.ac.id/568/6/06520030%20Bab%202.pdf</ref> Umumna kelompok Echinodermata miboga kulit anu cucukan, bentukna radial simétris, tur miboga endoskleton tina [[zat kapur]].<ref name=":0" /> Béntang laut bentukna unik kawas [[béntang]] di langit, leungeunna aya lima atawa genep.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Fitriana|first=Narti|date=2 Juni 2010|title=Inventarisasi Bintang Laut di Pantai Pulau Pari, Kepulauan Seribu|url=http://journal.lppmunindra.ac.id/index.php/Faktor_Exacta/article/viewFile/21/20|journal=Jurnal ilmiah faktor exacta|doi=|pmid=|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501100705/http://journal.lppmunindra.ac.id/index.php/Faktor_Exacta/article/viewFile/21/20|archive-date=2018-05-01}}</ref> Daya régénérasina ogé kuat, jadi upama salasahiji bagéan leungeunna aya nu potong bakal jadi deui.<ref name=":1" /> Ieu prosés ''[[autotomi]]'' atawa jadi leungeun anyar deui téh kurang leuwih sataun lilana.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.duniaq.com/ciri-ciri-dan-fakta-mengenai-bintang-laut/|title=Ciri-ciri dan Fakta Mengenai Bintang Laut|date=2016-03-10|newspaper=Ragam Informasi|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-03}}</ref> Awakna rélatif ipis, dina bagéan dorsalna aya ''[[madréporit]]'' jeung anus, sedeng dina bagéan [[véntral]] aya ''kaki ambulakral''.<ref name=":1" /> Loba anu nyebutkeun yén béntang laut teu bogaeun [[panon]], padahal mah aya panon leutik anu kacida sénsitif kana [[cahaya]] dina leungeunna.<ref>http://digilib.unila.ac.id/20719/15/BAB%20II.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517034829/http://digilib.unila.ac.id/20719/15/BAB%20II.pdf |date=2017-05-17 }}</ref> Béntang laut miboga peran anu penting dina [[ékosistem]] laut, upama béntang laut punah ''rantai makanan'' ogé bakal buntu anu akhirna [[ekosistem]] laut bakal ruksak.<ref>http://seethesea.byethost15.com/bintang-laut.htm?i=1 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617205821/http://seethesea.byethost15.com/bintang-laut.htm?i=1 |date=2017-06-17 }}</ref> == Habitat Béntang Laut == Réwuan jenis béntang laut sumebar di sakuliah dunya .<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://articara.net/21701/kehidupan-bintang-laut-makanan-habitat/|title=Kehidupan Bintang Laut Makanan Habitat|date=2017-03-10|newspaper=ArtiCara|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-03}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Habitat alamina nyaéta aya di ''[[daerah intertidal]]'' jeung ''[[daerah abyssal]]'', anu jerona kurang leuwih 4000 nepi ka 6000 méter, utamana di daérah tropis Indo Pasifik.<ref name=":3" /> Béntang laut remen kapanggih dina sela-sela [[batu karang]] anu ditinggalkeun ku sato laut séjén.<ref name=":3" /> Dina éta batu karang ogé loba sasatoan anu jadi sumber kadaharanna.<ref name=":3" /> Pikeun dahar, béntang laut teu ngagunakeun biwirna, tapi ngagunakeun beuteungna nyaéta ''[[kardiak]]'' jeung ''[[pilorus]]''.<ref name=":3" /> ''Kardiak'' gunana pikeun neleg jeung jadi alat pencernaanna, sedeng ''pilorus'' mangrupa alat pencernaan anu jadi panglengkep ''kardiak''.<ref name=":3" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Jenis sasatoan !Suku Bentang Laut |- |Karnivora |''[[AcanthasteridaeAsteropseidaeAstropectinidaeBrisingidaeHeliasteridaeLuidiidaeRadiasteridaeSolasteridaeZoroasteridae|Acanthasteridae]]'' ''[[AcanthasteridaeAsteropseidaeAstropectinidaeBrisingidaeHeliasteridaeLuidiidaeRadiasteridaeSolasteridaeZoroasteridae|Asteropseidae]]'' ''[[AcanthasteridaeAsteropseidaeAstropectinidaeBrisingidaeHeliasteridaeLuidiidaeRadiasteridaeSolasteridaeZoroasteridae|Astropectinidae]]'' ''[[AcanthasteridaeAsteropseidaeAstropectinidaeBrisingidaeHeliasteridaeLuidiidaeRadiasteridaeSolasteridaeZoroasteridae|Brisingidae]]'' ''[[AcanthasteridaeAsteropseidaeAstropectinidaeBrisingidaeHeliasteridaeLuidiidaeRadiasteridaeSolasteridaeZoroasteridae|Heliasteridae]]'' ''[[AcanthasteridaeAsteropseidaeAstropectinidaeBrisingidaeHeliasteridaeLuidiidaeRadiasteridaeSolasteridaeZoroasteridae|Luidiidae]]'' ''[[AcanthasteridaeAsteropseidaeAstropectinidaeBrisingidaeHeliasteridaeLuidiidaeRadiasteridaeSolasteridaeZoroasteridae|Radiasteridae]]'' ''[[AcanthasteridaeAsteropseidaeAstropectinidaeBrisingidaeHeliasteridaeLuidiidaeRadiasteridaeSolasteridaeZoroasteridae|Solasteridae]]'' ''[[AcanthasteridaeAsteropseidaeAstropectinidaeBrisingidaeHeliasteridaeLuidiidaeRadiasteridaeSolasteridaeZoroasteridae|Zoroasteridae]]'' |- |Scavenger |''[[AsteropseidaeEchinasteridaeGaneriidaeGoniasteridaeOdontasteridaeOphidiasteridaeOreasteridae|Asteropseidae]]'' ''[[AsteropseidaeEchinasteridaeGaneriidaeGoniasteridaeOdontasteridaeOphidiasteridaeOreasteridae|Echinasteridae]]'' ''[[AsteropseidaeEchinasteridaeGaneriidaeGoniasteridaeOdontasteridaeOphidiasteridaeOreasteridae|Ganeriidae]]'' ''[[AsteropseidaeEchinasteridaeGaneriidaeGoniasteridaeOdontasteridaeOphidiasteridaeOreasteridae|Goniasteridae]]'' ''[[AsteropseidaeEchinasteridaeGaneriidaeGoniasteridaeOdontasteridaeOphidiasteridaeOreasteridae|Odontasteridae]]'' ''[[AsteropseidaeEchinasteridaeGaneriidaeGoniasteridaeOdontasteridaeOphidiasteridaeOreasteridae|Ophidiasteridae]]'' ''[[AsteropseidaeEchinasteridaeGaneriidaeGoniasteridaeOdontasteridaeOphidiasteridaeOreasteridae|Oreasteridae]]'' |- |Pemakan Endapan |''[[ArchasteridaeBenthopectinidaeGoniopectinidaePorcellanasteridae|Archasteridae]]'' ''[[ArchasteridaeBenthopectinidaeGoniopectinidaePorcellanasteridae|Benthopectinidae]]'' ''[[ArchasteridaeBenthopectinidaeGoniopectinidaePorcellanasteridae|Goniopectinidae]]'' ''[[ArchasteridaeBenthopectinidaeGoniopectinidaePorcellanasteridae|Porcellanasteridae]]'' |- |Omnivora |[[AsterinidaeOdontasteridaePoraniidaePterasteridae|''Asterinidae'']] [[AsterinidaeOdontasteridaePoraniidaePterasteridae|''Odontasteridae'']] [[AsterinidaeOdontasteridaePoraniidaePterasteridae|''Poraniidae'']] [[AsterinidaeOdontasteridaePoraniidaePterasteridae|''Pterasteridae'']] |- |Pemakan plankton |''[[Echinasteridae.]]'' <ref>http://oseanografi.lipi.go.id/dokumen/oseana_xxi(3)13-22.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924050925/http://oseanografi.lipi.go.id/dokumen/oseana_xxi(3)13-22.pdf |date=2021-09-24 }}</ref> |} == Ciri-ciri béntang laut == Béntang laut mibanda sababaraha ciri di antarana : * Kaasup sasatoan ''[[Invertebrata|invértébrata]]''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://dosenbiologi.com/hewan/klasifikasi-bintang-laut|title=7 Klasifikasi Bintang Laut beserta Karakteristiknya - DosenBiologi.com|date=2016-11-23|newspaper=DosenBiologi.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-01-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902235831/http://dosenbiologi.com/hewan/klasifikasi-bintang-laut|archive-date=2017-09-02}}</ref> * Kaasup sasatoan ''[[Detrivor|d]]''[[Detrivor|e''trivor'']].<ref name=":4" /> * Awakna radial simétris jeung aya cucukan.<ref name=":2" /> * ''Madréporit'' aya dina cakram tengah.<ref name=":2" /> * Cucukna ngandung [[kalsium karbonat]].<ref name=":2" /> * Mibanda [[sistem pencernaan]].<ref name=":2" /> * Alat pernafasanna disebut ''[[selom]]''.<ref name=":2" /> * Sistem syarafna nyaéta cincin syaraf, syaraf lengan, jeung syaraf radial dina cakram.<ref name=":2" /> * Gerakna ngagunakeun kaki tabung.<ref name=":2" /> * Régénérasina kuat.<ref name=":2" /> * Teu miboga [[otak]] jeung [[getih]].<ref name=":3" /> * Anusna aya di luhur, sedeng biwirna aya di handap.<ref name=":4" /> * Kaasup sasatoan anu umurna panjang, kurang leuwih nepi ka 35 taun.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=http://www.ilmuhewan.com/ciri-ciri-dan-fakta-unik-tentang-binatang-bintang-laut/|title=Ciri-ciri dan Fakta Unik Tentang Binatang Bintang Laut|date=2017-01-11|newspaper=Informasi Ternak Hewan|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131012234/http://www.ilmuhewan.com/ciri-ciri-dan-fakta-unik-tentang-binatang-bintang-laut/|archive-date=2018-01-31}}</ref> * Kecepatan gerakna 2 méter permenit.<ref name=":5" /> == Klasifikasi Béntang Laut == Klasifikasi béntang laut dibagi jadi tujuh ordo, di antarana # ''[[Forcipulatida]]'' : Ordo tina ''Forcipulatida'' anu kasohor nyaéta famili ''Asteridae'', anu biasa disebut ''[[common starfish]]''.<ref name=":2" /> Jenis anu panglobana di laut, warnana konéng, coklat, jeung bungur.<ref name=":2" /> Leungeunna lima anu di unggal tungtungna méncos.<ref name=":2" /> Lian ti éta, mibanda ogé organ ''[[pedicellaria]]'' anu mangrupa katup nu dikurilingan ku cucuk, gunana pikeun narima rangsangan, réspon spontan, ogé organ pencernaan.<ref name=":2" /> Conto spésiésna nyaéta ''[[Asterias rubens]]'' panjangna 10 – 30&nbsp;cm.{{Fact}} # ''[[Brisingida]]'' : Ordo anu mibanda 6 nepi ka 18 leungeun, panjangna 30&nbsp;cm.<ref name=":2" /> Warnana orén, konéng, jeung beureum.<ref name=":2" /> Kaki tabungna aya réwuan, éta pisan anu ngabalukarkeun usikna leuwih gancang batan ordo nu séjén.<ref name=":2" /> Sumebarna di [[Karibia]] jeung [[Selandia Baru]].<ref name=":2" /> Ieu ordo dibagi jadi dua famili nyaéta famili ''[[Brisingidae]]'' jeung famili ''Freyellidae''. Conto spésiesna nyaéta [[Novodinia spp|''Novodinia'' spp]].<ref name=":2" /> # ''[[Notomyotida]]'' : Mangrupa jenis Ordo spésiés pangleutikna, ngan 75 spésiés tina 8 genus.<ref name=":2" /> Hirup di laut nu pangjerona tur miboga leungeun anu kacida ''fleksibel''.<ref name=":2" /> Sumebarna di Amerika, Oregon, Texas, Perancis jeung Jerman.<ref name=":2" /> Jenis ieu spesies anu réa kapanggih nyaéta spésiés tina genus [[Benthopecten]].<ref name=":2" /> # ''[[Paxillosida]]'' : Ordo tina ieu béntang laut dibagi jadi lima nyaéta ''[[Astropetinidae]], Goniopectinidae, Luidiidae, Porcellanasteridae, dan Radiasteridae''.<ref name=":2" />. Ieu béntang laut biwirna rada gedé tur tungtungna nyambung jeung [[osikel ambulakral]].<ref name=":2" /> Conto spésiésna nyaéta ''Luidia magnifica,'' Sand star (''Astropecten articulates),'' jeung ''Luidia sengalensis .'' <ref name=":2" /> # ''[[Spinulosida]]'' : Ordo Spinulosida miboga 120 spesies tina dua famili jeung tujuh genus.<ref name=":2" /> Warnana beureum jeung orén, panjangna 20–30&nbsp;cm.<ref name=":2" /> Sumebarna di sapanjang laut Mediterania.<ref name=":2" /> Conto spésiésna nyaéta ''Echinaster sepositus.'' <ref name=":2" /> # ''[[Valvatida]]'' : Ordo Valvatida miboga 695 spésiés tina 172 genus jeung 12 famili.<ref name=":2" /> Tina ieu ordo aya béntang laut anu ukuranna leutik pisan, ngan sababaraha miliméter panjangna. Ciri hasna nyaéta ngabogaan ''marginal ossicles.'' <ref name=":2" /> Conto spésiésna ''nyaéta Asterina miniata, granulated sea star (Choriaster granulatus), Pentagonaster dubeni,'' jeung ''Thromidia catalai.'' <ref name=":2" /> # ''[[Velatida]]'' : Ordo anu miboga 200 spésiés tina 5 famili.<ref name=":2" /> Awakna kandel jeung cakram tengahna gedé, panjangna 0,5&nbsp;cm nepi ka 3&nbsp;cm.<ref name=":2" /> Conto spesiesna nyaéta ''common sunstar'' (''Crossaster papposus''), [[purple sunstar]] (''Solaster endeca''), jeung ''[[Pteraster capensis]].'' <ref name=":2" /> == Jenis-jenis bentang laut == Tina sakitu lobana jenis bentang laut, aya sababaraha jenis anu kawilang unik, di antarana nyaéta : # ''[[Leather star]]'' ; awakna gedé, leungeunna 5 tur kaki tabungna aya 12, kulitna lemes, jeung warnana kulawu.<ref name=":6" /> # ''[[Morning sun star]]'' ; awakna gedé, leungeunna 8 nepi ka 16, umumna 12, kulitna lemes, jeung warnana beureum, orén, kulawu atawa coklat.<ref name=":6" /> # ''[[Sunflower star]]'' ; Béntang laut anu gedé, leungeunna bisa nepi ka 24.<ref name=":6" /> # ''[[Pink short spined star]]'' ; ciri hususna nyaéta beuratna bisa 2 pon tur panjangna 2&nbsp;mm.<ref name=":6" /> # ''[[Granulated sea star]]'' ; panjangna 27&nbsp;cm, leungeunna kandel tur pondok.<ref name=":6" /> # ''[[Royal starfish]]'' ; ciri hususna nyaéta panjang leungeunna 2–9&nbsp;cm.<ref name=":6" /> # ''[[Bat sea star]]'' ; sumebar di laut california.<ref name=":6" /> # ''[[Crown-of-thorns starfish]]'' ; miboga cucuk anu pinuh ku racun tur panjang cucukna nepi ka 35&nbsp;cm.<ref name=":6" /> # ''[[Pacific Blood Star]]'' ; ukuranna ngan nepi ka 8&nbsp;cm.<ref name=":6" /> # ''[[Nine-armed Sea Star]]'' ; leungeunna lalancip, diaméterna bisa nepi ka 40&nbsp;cm.<ref name=":6" /> # ''[[Egyptian sea star]]'' ; awakna pinuh ku cucuk.<ref name=":6" /> # ''[[Brisingida sea star]]'' ; mibanda leuwih ti 70 spésiés.<ref name=":6" /> # [[Necklace Starfish]] ; panjang leungeunna 30&nbsp;cm.<ref name=":6" /> # ''[[Giant spined star]]'' ; Béntang laut panggedéna, panjangna bisa nepi kana 48&nbsp;cm.<ref name=":6" /> # ''[[Spiny cushion star]]'' ; sumebar di daérah tropis Indo-Pasifik.<ref name=":6" /> # ''[[Chocolate Chip Sea Star]]'' ; mibanda tanduk anu warnana coklat.<ref name=":6" /> # ''[[Blue sea star]]'' ; béntang laut anu pangwanina ngalawan prédator.<ref name=":6" /> # ''[[Australian southern sand star]]'' ; panjang leungeunna aya 7 tur ukuranna teu sarua.<ref name=":6" /> # ''[[Panamic cushion star]]'' ; diaméterna 30&nbsp;cm.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://majalahhewan.com/2017/01/nama-latin-bintang-laut-dan-19-jenisnya/3/|title=Nama Latin Bintang Laut Dan 19 Jenisnya Yang Aneh Dan Penuh Warna {{!}} Nama-Nama Hewan|date=2017-01-24|newspaper=Nama-Nama Hewan|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227215530/http://majalahhewan.com/2017/01/nama-latin-bintang-laut-dan-19-jenisnya/3/|archive-date=2017-12-27}}</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Sasatoan laut]] [[Kategori:Echinodermata]] [[Kategori:Invertebrata]] [[Kategori:Béntang laut]] joa4zujlw0zewr70jteqsl6xemhcslh 0 72935 730703 704738 2026-10-23T14:54:48Z Refandi afriyadi 37638 /* Tradisi Merlawu */ 730703 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Puncak Pundén Situs Gunung Susuru.jpg|jmpl|Lingga di Puncak Pundén Situs Gunung Susuru]] [[Gambar:Situs Gunung Susuru.jpg|al= Situs Gunung Susuru|jmpl|Situs Gunung Susuru]] [[Gambar:Merlawu Situs Gunung Susuru.jpg|jmpl|Merlawu situs Gunung Susuru]] '''Situs Gunung Susuru''' nyaéta situs anu biasa disebut situs Pasir Susuru atawa situs Bojong Susuru.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Sejarah Kabupatén Ciamis|last=Herlina Lubis|first=Nina|publisher=Dinas Pariwisata dan Kebudayaan Provinsi Jawa Barat|year=2013|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=24}}</ref> Sabenerna éta tempat téh leuwih pantesna mah disebut [[pasir]] batan [[gunung]], tapi ku lantaran babasaan masarakat geus napel ti ratusan taun ka tukang, nya nepi ka kiwari ilahar disebut Gunung [[Susuru]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://sportourism.id/heritage/situs-gunung-susuru-1-sejarah-galuh-kertabumi|title=Situs Gunung Susuru (1): Sejarah Galuh Kertabumi|website=Sportourism.id|language=id|accessdate=2018-02-04}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627063925/https://sportourism.id/heritage/situs-gunung-susuru-1-sejarah-galuh-kertabumi |date=2017-06-27 }}</ref> Susuru hartina tutuwuhan anu sok dipelak sisi pager, tangkalna juru tilu, jeung cucukan, daunna laleutik, di jerona juuh ku [[geutah]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kamus Basa Sunda|last=Danadibrata|first=R.A|publisher=Kiblat|year=2006|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=665}}</ref> Ceuk béja, éta tangkal susuru téh baheulana jadi tutuwuhan hiasan [[karaton]] Galuh Kertabumi, atawa hiasan pager karaton.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wisatakotabanjar.com/2016/06/objek-wisata-situs-gunung-susuru-ciamis.html|title=Objek Wisata Situs Gunung Susuru Ciamis Terbaru|website=WISATA KOTA BANJAR & JAWA BARAT|accessdate=2018-02-04}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202031127/http://www.wisatakotabanjar.com/2016/06/objek-wisata-situs-gunung-susuru-ciamis.html |date=2018-02-02 }}</ref> Dingaranan Gunung Susuru téh lantaran baheulana loba tangkal susuru, anu kiwari mah geus musnah lantaran dina taun 1960 tanahna diolah ku masarakat jadi dijadikeun kebon [[jagong]].<ref name=":3" /> Ku lantaran tanahna dijieun lahan [[kebon]], ku kituna, tangkal susuruna ogé milu dibukbak.<ref name=":3" /> Hanjakal, suburna éta lahan téh ngan kuat nepi ka 15 taun, nepi ka taun 1975, kiwari mah Gunung Susuru jadi lahan anu angar.<ref name=":3" /> Tapi sok sanajan kitu Situs Gunung Susuru miboga pamandangan anu éndah, sarta ngirut pikeun para [[wisatawan]], utamana pikeun anu resep wisata sajarah.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.teluklove.com/2017/02/daya-tarik-obyek-wisata-situs-gunung.html|title=Daya Tarik Obyek Wisata Situs Gunung Susuru di Kertabumi Ciamis Jawa Barat {{!}} Daftar Tempat Wisata Indonesia Yang Harus Di kunjungi|last=YOUR_NAME|website=www.teluklove.com|accessdate=2018-02-03}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Lokasi == === Administratif === Situs Gunung Susuru kaasup kana kawasan Kertabumi, sacara [[administratif]] aya di wilayah [[Dusun Bunder]], Désa Kertabumi, Kacamatan Cijeungjing, Kabupatén Ciamis, Jawa Barat.<ref name=":0" /> === Astronomi === Sacara astronomi, Situs Gunung Susuru aya dina kordinat 07°20'4,1" LS jeung 108°27'49,5" BT sarta 118 dpl.<ref name=":0" /> === Fisiografis === Kawasan Kertabumi aya 8 KM wétaneun kota Ciamis atawa 3 KM timurlaut ti [[stasiun]] [[karéta api]] Bojong anu aya di sisi jalan raya provinsi anu nyambungkeun kota Ciamis jeung Banjar.<ref name=":0" /> Dumasar kana [[peta]] fisiografis Jawa Barat, kawasan Kertabumi jeung sabudeureunna aya dina Zona Bandung.<ref name=":0" /> Tepatna beulah tenggara ti suku gunung Sawal, anu diapit ku dua walungan, nyaéta Walungan CImuntur jeung Walungan Cileueur anu pola aliranna pararél.<ref name=":0" /> Walungan Cileueur ayana beulah di beulah Kidul, walungan Cimuntur ayana di belah Kalér, ari cipatimuan antara Cileueur jeung Cimuntur ayana di belah Kulon.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news|url=https://situsbudaya.id/situs-gunung-susuru-ciamis/|title=Situs Gunung Susuru Ciamis|date=2018-01-09|newspaper=Informasi Situs Budaya Indonesia|language=id-ID|access-date=2018-02-04}}{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Géologis === Sacara géologis, kawasan Situs Gunung Susuru aya dina amparan batuan tina hasil ''gunung api tua'', anu ngawengku perselingan lapisan batuan bréksi, lava, tufa, jeung lahar<ref name=":0" /> Batuan éta geus ngalaman prosés ''pelapukan'' anu kacida kuatna, anepi ka ngahasilkeun tanah ''[[laterit]]'' anu kandel jeung warna beureum bata.<ref name=":0" /> Babatuan éta masih kapanggih di sababaraha tempat, kaasup bongkahan babatuan beku jenis ''[[andesit forfir]]'' anu masih kénéh seger.<ref name=":0" /> Batuan [[vulkanik]] éta téh asalna tina érupsi [[Gunung Sawal]] anu perkiraan kajadianna dina kala [[Pliosen]].<ref name=":0" /> == Sejarah == Situs Gunung Susuru mangrupa patilasan kerajaan Galuh Kertabumi anu diadegkeun ku [[Putri Tanduran Ageng]], putri ti Raja Galuh Salawé anu ngaran Sanghyang Cipta.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://alampriangan.com/galuh-kertabumi-situs-gunung-susuru/|title=Menelusuri Jejak Galuh Kertabumi di Situs Gunung Susuru|date=2015-11-17|newspaper=Alam Priangan|language=id-ID|access-date=2018-02-04}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814103843/http://alampriangan.com/galuh-kertabumi-situs-gunung-susuru/ |date=2017-08-14 }}</ref> Inyana kawin jeung [[Rangga Permana]], kaponakan [[Prabu Geusan Ulun]], nu ngawasa karajaan [[Sumedang Larang]].<ref name=":2" /> Wilayah ieu téh mangrupa hadiah perkawinan ti bapana.<ref name=":2" /> Sabada perkawinan lumangsung, Rangga Permana diparéntah ku Sanghyang [[Cipta Permana Prabu Di Galuh]] sangkan mingpin di Kertabumi anu masarakatna masih kénéh ngagem agama [[Hindu]].<ref name=":0" /> Parétah éta diéstokeun ku Rangga Permana, sarta pusat kakawasaanna aya di Gunung Susuru.<ref name=":0" /> Ku lantaran lokasina aya di sisi walungan Cimuntur, Rangga Permana kawentar ngaranna jadi [[Prabu Di Muntur]], anu diistrénan jadi raja dina taun 1585 M.<ref name=":2" /> Ku ayana ieu kalungguhan, agama [[Islam]] bisa leuwih sumebar di tatar Galuh Kertabumi.<ref name=":0" /> Prabu Di Muntur nyekel kalungguhan di Kertabumi nepi ka taun 1602 M, anu satuluyna diganti ku anakna, nu nelah [[Sang Raja Cita]].<ref name=":2" /> Katelah ogé ngaran [[Wiraperbangsa]] atawa Singaperbangsa.<ref name=":0" /> Anapon jujutanna nyaéta, Gunung Susuru téh mangrupa patilasan Karajaan [[Galuh]] Kertabumi, karajaan ''vasal'' ti Karajaan Galuh Pangauban anu diadegkeun ku Prabu Haur Kuning ti Putrapinggan Kalipucang, kira-kira 150-1580 M.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://sportourism.id/heritage/situs-gunung-susuru-3-perang-galuh-vs-cirebon-dan-islamisasi-tatar-sunda|title=Situs Gunung Susuru (3): Perang Galuh VS Cirebon dan Islamisasi Tatar Sunda|website=Sportourism.id|language=id|accessdate=2018-02-05}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524145837/https://sportourism.id/heritage/situs-gunung-susuru-3-perang-galuh-vs-cirebon-dan-islamisasi-tatar-sunda |date=2017-05-24 }}</ref> Nurutkeun riwayat nu sumebar ti wilayah Talaga, Prabu Haur Kuning mangrupa generasi ka opat Prabu Siliwangi.<ref name=":7" /> Ramana Prabu Haur Kuning nyaéta Rangga Mantri atawa Sunan Parung Gangsa (Pucuk Umum Talaga) anu kawin jeung Ratu Parung (Ratu Sunyalarang atawa Wulansari).<ref name=":7" /> Rangga Mantri nyaéta putra Prabu Munding Surya Agung, salah sahiji putra Prabu Jayadéwata ti Déwi Rajamantri.<ref name=":7" /> Rangga Mantri mimitina ngagem agama Buddha, tuluy asup Islam sanggeus ditalukkeun ku Cirebon dina 1530 M.<ref name=":7" /> Prabu Haur Kuning, anu keur leutikna boga ngaran Ujang Ayem, ninggalkeun karajaan ramana néangan tempat panyalindungan (pangauban) anu jauh tina jangkowan Cirebon sabab dirina hayang ngadegkeun karajaan penerus Pajajaran anu kaancam runtuh, sakaligus mawa misi pikeun ngahudang deui pamor Galuh.<ref name=":7" /> Dina mangsa harita Karajaan Galuh anu dipingpin ku Jayaningrat (1528 M), ngalaksanakeun eksodus (ninggalkeun tempat asal) ti Kawali ka Rajagaluh, perang jeung Cirebon, sarta éléh dina taun éta kénéh.<ref name=":7" /> Dina taun 530 M, pasukan gabungan Pakungwati, Demak jeung Kuningan ngalaksnaakeun "pembersihan" kana sésa-sésa pasukan karajaan Galuh, anu nagen di Talaga.<ref name=":7" /> Ahirna dina taun 1531 wilayah Galuh aya dina kakawasaan pakungwati Cirebon, dina taun éta ogé lumangsungna perjangjian daméy antara Pabu Surawisésa jeung Sunan Gunung Jati pikeun silih aku kadaulatan.<ref name=":7" /> Teu silih serang jeung leuwih ngaraketkeun rasa duduluran salaku papada turunan Prabu Siliwangi.<ref name=":7" /> Dumasar kana data silsilah Sajarah Galuh nyabutkeun yén putrana Prabu Haur Kuning téh aya tilu, nyaéata Maharaja Upama, Maharaja Sanghyang Cipta, jeung Saresepan Agung.<ref name=":7" /> Tiluanana diperkirakeun ngagem agama Hindu-Budha anu diwarisakeun ti Prabu Haur Kuning.<ref name=":7" /> Salaku anak pangkolotna, Maharaja Upama ngawaris karajaan [[Galuh Pangauban]] ti Ramana.<ref name=":7" /> Maharaja Sanghyang Cipta dibéré wilayah Salawé (Cimaragas),sarta ngadegkeun Karajaan Galuh Salawé.<ref name=":7" /> Ari Sareuseupan Agung jadi raja di wilayah [[Cijulang]].<ref name=":7" /> Maharaja Sanghyang Cipta ngabogaan anak tilu nyaéta, Tanduran Ageung, Cipta Permana, jeung Sanghyang Permana.<ref name=":7" /> Satuluyna, Tanduran Ageung nikah ka Rangga Permana nu dina sababara sumber disebut-sebut salaku anakna Prabu pikeun Ulun ti Sumedang.<ref name=":7" /> Padahal, nurutkeun katerangan ti sumber Sumedang nyebutkeun yén Prabu pikeun Ulun ngabogaan tilu urang istri nyaéta Nyimas Cukang Gédéng Waru putrana Sunan Pada, nu ka dua Harisbaya ti Cirebon, ka tilu Nyimas Pasaréan.<ref name=":7" /> ti tilu istri éta, pikeun Ulun mibanda putra 15 urang, di antara anu 15 éta teu aya ngaran Rangga Permana, sabab Rangga Permana mah putra ti Kyai Rangga Haji, ari Rangga Haji nyaéta putra ti Pangéran Santri hasil pernikahan jeung Ratu Pucuk Umun.<ref name=":7" /> Rangga Haji anak ka dua ti genep sadulur, lanceuk pangkolotna nyaéta Radén Angkawijaya nu kawentar ngaran pikeun Ulun.<ref name=":7" /> Jadi, Rangga Permana téh kaponakan Prabu pikeun Ulun.<ref name=":7" /> Wilayah Kertabumi diwariskeun ku Maharaja Sanghyang Cipta ka Tanduran Gagang dina taun 1585 M, anu mangrupa hadia perkawianana jeung Rangga Permana.<ref name=":7" /> Rangga Permana salaku putra Kyai Rangga Haji, jadi pangawasa muslim anu munggaran di wilayah Galuh, nalika ngantunkeunna jasadna Rangga Permana dilarung d walungan Ciputrapinggan, dianteur iring-iringan parahu nepi ka laut Kidul (Pangandaran), dina tradisi has Galuh kuno ritual éta disebut nerebkeun.<ref name=":7" /> Adina Tanduran Ageung, nyaéta Cipta Permana dibéré wilayah kawasaan Banjarsari anu ngadegkeun karajaan Galuh Kawasan, ari Sanghyang Permana nuluykeun karajaan bapana di Galuh Salawé (Cimaragas) kalayan gelar Prabu Digaluh.<ref name=":7" /> Mangsa ngadegna karajaan Galuh Kertabumi mangrupa mangsa mekarkeun agama Islam ti Cirebon jeung Sumedang ka wilayah Galuh, ku kituna ku ayana tali kakulawargaan jeung kasadaran kana pangaruh Islam sarta hangkeutna da'wah-da'wah ulama Islam, ahirna Prabu Haurkuning teu ngalakukeun perlawanan.<ref name=":7" /> == Titinggal Situs == === Pundén === [[Pundén]] nurutkeun harti basa nyaéta naon-naon anu dipuja.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kamus Basa Sunda|last=Danadibrata|first=R.A|publisher=Kiblat|year=2006|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=}}</ref> Pundén di Situs Gunung Susuru gemblengna aya 17 tingkatan téras.<ref name=":2" /> Ieu hal dibuktikeun ku tim panalungtik anu tingkatan atawa téras balay batu ti suku Gunung Susuru, boh ti walungan Cileueur atawa ti [[walungan]] Cimuntur.<ref name=":2" /> Situs Gunung Susuru diperkirakeun jadi pusat ritual pamujaan jaman baheula, dikuatkeun ku bukti titinggal mangrupa [[dolmén]] jeung [[ménhir]]. Aya 4 pundén anu masih susunanna masih kénéh sampurna, disebutna batu patapaan.<ref name=":2" /> ==== Pundén Batu Patapaan 1 ==== Pundén Batu Patapaan 1 ayana di antara lahan datar saméméh téras panghandapna pundén utama.<ref name=":0" /> Mangrupa struktur batu wangun pasagi ukuran 300 x 250&nbsp;cm.<ref name=":0" /> Di jerona aya hiji ''monolit'' anu bagian beungeutna rélatip datar tapi teu némbongkeun ayana beungeut nu solid, katempo siga susunan sababaraha pecahan ''([[mosaik]])''.<ref name=":0" /> Ukuran Batu Patapaan 1 nyaéta ±170 x 170&nbsp;cm, kandelna 20–30&nbsp;cm.<ref name=":0" /> Sajaba ti monolit anu jadi batu patapaan éta, aya ogé monolit séjén, dua di sisi BD, jeung hiji monolit leutik aya di sisi BL.<ref name=":0" /> ==== Pundén Batu Patapaan 2 ==== [[Gambar:Batu Patapaan 2.jpg|al=Batu Patapaan 2|jmpl|Batu Patapaan 2]] Pundén batu patapaan 2 aya dina kordinat 07°20'49,0" LS jeung 108°27'42,4" BT, 103 m dpl.<ref name=":0" /> Bagian ieu némbongkeun wangun bujursangkar kalayan panjang sisi téras panghandapna ±300&nbsp;cm.<ref name=":0" /> Aya sababaraha batu dina lahan batu patapaan 2, batu anu panggedéna nyaéta batu datar (batu patapaan) anu aya di tengah-tengah téras pangluhurna.<ref name=":0" /> Batur datar éta, wangunna mirip bujursangkar kalayan panjang sisina ±150&nbsp;cm, kandel pangluhurna tina taneuh ±60&nbsp;cm, sarta panghandapna ±50&nbsp;cm.<ref name=":0" /> ==== Pundén Batu Patapaan 3 ==== Pundén Batu Patapaan 3 aya dina kordinat 07°20'49,8" LS jeung 108°27'41,6" BT kalayan aya dina 103 m dpl.<ref name=":0" /> Wangunna pundén berundak kalayan séngkéd anu kacida déétna, nepi ka wangunna jiga lahan datar biasa, kalayan di luhurkeun jadi tilu tingkatan.<ref name=":0" /> Pundén ieu kawangun ku susunan bongkahan batuan beku andestik.<ref name=":0" /> Struktur batuan jeung séngkédna geus teu katingali pasagi.<ref name=":0" /> Struktur séngkéd anu panglengkepna kaciri dina téras handap, nyaéta tilu sisi (BL, TL, dan TGR), sisi TL ukuranna 950&nbsp;cm, sisi BL nyésa 820&nbsp;cm, jeung sisi TGR nyésa 780&nbsp;cm.<ref name=":0" /> Dina juru TL jeung jeung BL (Kalér) aya hiji batu [[monolit]] diaméterna 130&nbsp;cm.<ref name=":0" /> === Pundén Batu Patapaan 4 === Batu patapaan 4 dianggap aya sarkofagus (peti kubur batu), sabab nalika aya galian di handapna kapanggih aya batu panyangga.<ref name=":3" /> == Bénténg Kuno == Bénténg kuno, posisina manjang ku jalan désa ti juru Cimuntur ka Cileueur panjangna kurang leuwih 2 kilo méter.<ref name=":4"/> Bénténg kuno éta dijieunna tina susunan batu anu jangkungna 1 meter, ngan hanjakal kiwari mah geus loba nu ancur.<ref name=":4"/> Batu-batuna loba digunakeun ku masarakat pikeun ngabangun imah, jeung sawaréhna deui dipaké ngaspal jalan.<ref name=":4"/> Anu nyésa kiwari kari pondasi jeung strukturna wungkul.<ref name=":4"/> == Lokasi Makam == Lokasi séjén anu teu éléh penting nyaéta makam Nyi Tanduran Sari (selir Prabu Di Muntur).<ref name=":8" /> Di ieu tempat paling loba kapanggih rupa-rupa keramik jeung garabah makamna teu jauh ti tempat mukim penduduk jeung pasar kuno.<ref name=":8" /> Ari makam Prabu Di Muntur lokasina kira-kira 2&nbsp;km ti Gunung Susuru.<ref name=":8" /> === Guha === Di situs Gunung Susuru aya 5 [[Guha Pawon|guha]], tapi anu kakara ditalungktik kakara tilu guha.<ref name=":3" /> Dumasar kana kaayaan pisikna guha éta mangrupa jieunan (''[[artficial cavas]]'') anu diwangun di sisi jurang kalayan kamiringan 75 darajat.<ref name=":3" /> Guha-guha éta téh dingaranan Guha Kamuning, Guha Macan 1 jeung Guha Macan 2.<ref name=":3" /> Di lokasi éta guha, masarakat satempat kungsi manggihan bubuk [[keramik]], huntu ''[[bovidae]]'' ([[munding purba]]), [[huntu sus|huntu ''sus'']] (babi), tulang jeung gugusi manusa.<ref name=":3" /> Tilu guha éta dianggap salaku [[benda cagar budaya|Benda Cagar Budaya]] BCB teu gerak.<ref name=":3" /> Anu paling narik perhatian nyaéta ku ayana béja kapanggihna hiji bokor emas dina salah sahji guha<ref name=":8" /> Ieu hal tangtuna, mancing warga séjénna pikeun datang ka éta tempat néangan barang-barang anu patali jeung harta karun.<ref name=":8" /> Teu katinggaleun ogé carita-carita mistisna anu jadi sabiwir hiji, di antarana ngeunaan sora maung nu sok kadéngé di sabudeureun Guha Macan 1 jeung Guha Macan 2.<ref name=":8" /> Leuwih ti kitu, nurutkeun kuncén Situs Gunung Susuru, tina éta guha téh loba ogé masarakat nu manggihan perhiasan dina wangun batu-batu anu éndah.<ref name=":8" /> Ari pamanggih séjénna lolobana mah barang anu dijieun tina taneuh, batu, beusi, piring jeung poci poslén.<ref name=":8" /> === Titinggal Séjénna === # [[Sumur Taman]], ayana di kebon warga anu kawatesna ku jurang Cimuntur.<ref name=":4"/> # Titinggal séjén nu jadi panguat yén Situs Gunung Susuru mangrupa titinggal kabudayaan [[mégalit]] (kabudayaan gedé) di antarana nyaéta [[sarkofagus]] ([[peti kubur batu]]).<ref name=":4" /> # Ari barang-barang anu kapanggih jaman batu bujang ([[néolitikum]]), anu mekar kira-kira dina 1500 taun saacan maséhi di antarana: * [[kampak batu]] * [[manik-manik]] * [[bubuk keramik]]<ref name=":4" /> * piring & poci poslén Sésa-sésa anu kapanggih sarta masih kénéh disimpen di antarana aya fosil tulang jeung huntu jalma, kampak batu, dua batu silinder, lulumpang batu, batu korsi, batu peluru, jeung 3 keris.<ref name=":10" /> * == Tradisi Merlawu == Tradisi [[merlawu]] nyaéta tradisi anu geus lumangsung ti taun 1585 M, sakaligus salaku warisan tina budaya masarakat kerajaan Galuh Kertabumi anu masih tetep dimumulé nepi ka kiwari.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://sportourism.id/heritage/situs-gunung-susuru-2-dari-makam-selir-prabu-dimuntur-hingga-piring-anti-basi|title=Situs Gunung Susuru (2): Dari Makam Selir Prabu Dimuntur Hingga Piring Anti-basi|website=Sportourism.id|language=id|accessdate=2018-02-05}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170526114813/https://sportourism.id/heritage/situs-gunung-susuru-2-dari-makam-selir-prabu-dimuntur-hingga-piring-anti-basi |date=2017-05-26 }}</ref> Tradisi merlawu biasana dieusi ku kagiatan [[ngarekés]], medar sajarah jeung ngayakeun [[susuguh]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://alampriangan.com/galuh-kertabumi-situs-gunung-susuru/|title=Menelusuri Jejak Galuh Kertabumi di Situs Gunung Susuru|date=2015-11-17|newspaper=Alam Priangan|language=id-ID|access-date=2018-02-05}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814103843/http://alampriangan.com/galuh-kertabumi-situs-gunung-susuru/ |date=2017-08-14 }}</ref> Tradisi merlawu biasana dilaksanakeun poé Senén atawa Kemis pamungkas dina bulan Rewah anu dipingpin langsung ku kuncénna.<ref name=":5" /> Ieu kagiatan téh mangrupa wangun rasa sukur kana hasil [[panén]] masarakat.<ref name=":5" /> Dina kagiatan upacara merlawuh dilaksanakeun ogé kagiatan meresihan batu-batu pundén.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribratanewspolresciamis.com/berita-upacara-adat-gunung-susuru.html|title=UPACARA ADAT GUNUNG SUSURU|last=ilhamhimura|website=www.tribratanewspolresciamis.com|accessdate=2018-02-05}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Réngsé prosési upacara adat, dituluykeun kana kagiatan pintonan seni budaya, pikeun hiburan masarakat.<ref name=":6" /> Sajaba ti masarakat, para tokoh masarakat ogé sok milu ngareuah-reuah acara, di antarana Kapala Dinas Pariwisata dan Ekonomi Kréatip Kabupatén Ciamis, Kapolsék Cijeungjing, Danramil Cijeungjing, Camat Cijeungjing, Kapala Désa Kertabumi, Tokoh Masarakat, jeung budayawan tatar Galuh.<ref name=":6"/> == Daya Tarik Situs == Sajaba ti miboga daya tarik salaku tempat anu nyimpen rupa-rupa titinggal kabudayaan jaman baheula, situs Gunung Susuru ogé mangrupa tempat objék wisata sajarah anu kaéndahanna matak ngirut, boh keur wisatawan lokal atawa wisatawan asing.<ref name=":1" /> Obyék wisata Situs Gunung Susuru cocok pikeun ngeusi libur panjang atawa libur nasional séjénna.<ref name=":1" /> Anapon pasilitas anu disadiakeun di antarana, lahan parkir, MCK, mushola, jeung sajabana.<ref name=":1" /> Mangsa usum halodo, walungan Cimuntur jeung Cileueur ngirut pisan pikeun dipapayan batu-batuna nu lalémpar baradag, nepi ka bisa jelas ka lebah sumur batu, sarta Curug Kamuning bisa diteuteup ti lebah sisi walungan.<ref name=":8" /> == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Budaya]] 796vleuj3tk50c6eum5qk97xhklrmzh 0 73050 730736 728894 2026-10-24T06:32:03Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 730736 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Hélsinki | native_name = | native_name_lang = | official_name = {{lang|fi|Helsingin kaupunki}} | settlement_type = Kota | image_skyline = Helsinki montage 2015.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = Ti luhur: Katédral Helsinki, Cakrawala Kota Helsinki, Bangunan Sanoma jeung Kiasma, Pusat Kota Helsinki dimalam hari, Pantai di Aurinkolahti, Gedong Parlemen jeung Suomenlinna. | image_flag = Flag of Helsinki.svg | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = Helsinki.vaakuna.svg | shield_alt = | etymology = | nickname = Stadi, Hesa<ref name="nickname">{{cite web|url=http://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/handle/10315/2924|title=Place Names in the Construction of Social Identities: The Uses of Names of Helsinki|last=Ainiala|first=Terhi|year=2009|publisher=Research Institute for the Languages of Finland|accessdate=22 September 2011}}</ref> | motto = | image_map = Helsinki uusimaa.png | map_alt = | map_caption = Lokasi di [[Uusimaa]] jeung Sub-région Hélsinki | image_map1 = A map of the Capital region and Greater Helsinki in Finland.svg | map_alt1 = | map_caption1 = Lokasi di Kawasan Mégapolitan Hélsinki | pushpin_map = Finlandia | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Lokasi di [[Finlandia]] | coordinates = {{coord|60|10|15|N|24|56|15|E|inline,title}} | latd = 60 | latm = 10 | lats = 15 | latNS = N | longd = 24 | longm = 56 | longs = 15 | longEW = E | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_region = fi | coordinates_type = | coordinates_display = inline,title | coordinates_format = dms | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = [[Daptar nagara|Nagara]] | subdivision_name = {{flagicon image|Flag of Finland.svg}} [[Finlandia]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Daptar région di Finlandia|Région]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Uusimaa]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | government_footnotes = | government_type = | governing_body = | leader_party = | leader_title = Walikota | leader_name = Jan Vapaavuori | leader_title1 = Wakil Walikota | leader_name1 = - | unit_pref = Metric <!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --> <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_magnitude = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> | area_note = | area_water_percent = | area_rank = 258 | area_blank1_title = | area_blank2_title = <!-- square kilometers --> | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_urban_km2 = 672.08 | area_rural_km2 = | area_metro_km2 = | area_blank1_km2 = | area_blank2_km2 = <!-- hectares --> | area_total_ha = | area_land_ha = | area_water_ha = | area_urban_ha = | area_rural_ha = | area_metro_ha = | area_blank1_ha = | area_blank2_ha = | length_km = | width_km = | dimensions_footnotes = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_as_of = 2017 | population_footnotes = | population_total = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | population_demonym = | populationcm_urban = 1231595 | timezone1 = EST | utc_offset1 = +2 | timezone1_DST = EEST | utc_offset1_DST = +3 | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = [[Daptar kode telepon di Finlandia|Kode aréa]] | area_code = (+358) 9 | iso_code = | website = {{URL|www.hel.fi/helsinki/fi|www.hel.fi}} | footnotes = }} [[Gambar:Hafen-helsinki-rr.jpg|jmpl|Southern Harbour di Helsinki Finlandia]] '''Hélsinki''' nyaéta ibukota nagara [[Finlandia]] anu aya di beh kidul sarta mangrupa kota panggedéna nu aya di [[Finlandia]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.indotravelers.com/ln/artikel/helsinki.html|title=Helsinki Kota dengan Sejarah Rusia|last=Aswin|first=Dylla|website=Indotravelers|publisher=|accessdate=28 Februari 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214110858/http://www.indotravelers.com/ln/artikel/helsinki.html|archivedate=2018-02-14}}</ref> Daerah [[:id:Helsinki Raya|Helsinki Raya]] (''Greater Helsinki'') ngawengku leuwih loba kota-kota di sabudeureunana jeung miboga 1,4 juta masarakat, ngajadikeun munisipalitas masarakat anu panglobana jeung kawasana urban anu panggedéna di Finlandia.<ref name="pxweb2.stat.fi">{{cite web|url=http://pxweb2.stat.fi/dialog/varval.asp?ma=158_vaerak_tau_342_fi&ti=Taajamat+v%E4kiluvun+ja+v%E4est%F6ntiheyden+mukaan+31%2E12%2E2013&path=%2E%2E%2FDatabase%2FStatFin%2Fvrm%2Fvaerak%2F&xu=&yp=&lang=3&multilang=fi|title=Taulukko: Taajamat väkiluvun ja väestöntiheyden mukaan 31.12.2013|last=|first=|website=|publisher=|accessdate=5 Maret 2018|date=31 December 2013}}</ref> Hélsinki mangrupa puseur bisnis, keuangan, modeu, média, budaya di Finlandia kalawan jajaran muséum, galeri, jeung tempat minton. Kurang leuwih pausahaan luar negeri anu aya di Finlandia tempatna di ieu kota.<ref name="regionbrief">{{cite web|url=http://www.helsinkiregion.com/helsinki_region_in_brief/|title=Helsinki Region Marketing Ltd&nbsp;— Helsinki Region in Brief|last=|first=|website=|publisher=Web.archive.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202040416/http://www.helsinkiregion.com/helsinki_region_in_brief/|archivedate=2 December 2007|accessdate=6 Maret 2018|date=2 December 2007}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202040416/http://www.helsinkiregion.com/helsinki_region_in_brief/ |date=2 December 2007 }}</ref> Munisipalitas pangdeukeutna di Vantaa nyaéta lokasi Bandar Udara Hélsinki anu miboga jadwal di sababaraha kota di Eropa jeung Asia. Hélsinki miboga warga asing anu panggedéna di Finlandia boh dina jumlah anu nyata boh ditingali tina présentasena. Maranéhanana diwengku ku 130 kawarganagaraan kalawan mayoritas ti Rusia, Estonia, jeung Swedia. Dina taun 2006, Hélsinki diperhatikeun ku sakuliah dunya lantaran Finlandia nyekel jabatan présidén Uni Eropa ti bulan Juli tepi ka Désémber 2006. Ieu kota meunang jujuluk minangka kota anu pangjujurna di dunya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://sidomi.com/221281/helsinki-ibu-kota-finlandia-ini-berpredikat-kota-paling-jujur-di-dunia/|title=Helsinki, Ibu Kota Finlandia Ini Berpredikat Kota Paling Jujur di Dunia|last=Azis|first=Ibnu|website=Sidomi|publisher=|accessdate=5 Maret 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414225514/http://sidomi.com/221281/helsinki-ibu-kota-finlandia-ini-berpredikat-kota-paling-jujur-di-dunia/|archivedate=2018-04-14}}</ref> Lamun aya 12 dompét anu murag atawa leungit di ieu kota, 11 dompét pasti bakal balik deui ka nu bogana.<ref name=":1" /> Dina sajarahna, Finlandia kungsi dijajah ku [[Uni Soviét]] dina mangsa harita ibukota Finlandia dipindahkeun ti Turku ka Hélsinki.<ref name=":0" /> Sésa-sésa titinggal jajahan Uni Soviet masih katingali di ieu kota, loba wangunan sajarah anu ngagunakeun wangun desain jeung arsitéktur anu sarimbag jeung wangunan di [[Rusia]].<ref name=":0" /> Di jaman ayeuna, Hélsinki mangrupa kota métropolitan kalawan sistem transportasi jero kota anu katata kalayan hadé, sarta fasilitas nu ngadukung transportasi modérn anu nyambungkeun Hélsinki jeung kota-kota lainna sarta jeung nagara lain boh ngaliwatan jalur darat, laut, atawa udara.<ref name=":0" /> Kaayaan cuaca di Hélsinki henteu saékstrim kota-kota di béh kalér atawa nagara Skandinavia lianna, lantaran lokasi jeung pangaruh laut Baltik anu ngabalukarkeun hawa waktu usum panas henteu luhur teuing jeung usum tiis henteu handap teuing.<ref name=":0" /> Tapi Hélsinki masih ngalaman peuting anu kacida lilana waktu usum tiis jeung beurang anu panjang waktu usum panas.<ref name=":0" /> Sakumaha nagara-nagara di Eropa béh kalér, waktu usum panas, lolobana usaha satékah polah ngamangpaatkeun cahya panonpoé saloba-lobana keur moé atawa ngalakukeun kagiatan sapopoé di luar ruangan saperti taman kota jeung tempat umum lianna.<ref name=":0" /> Di taman kota, warga lokal bakal ngumpul bari balakécrakan botram, panggih jeung babaturanana atawa ngariung sakulawarga.<ref name=":0" /> Dina usum panas di ieu taman kota bakal loba anu ngajual kadaharan jeung és krim sarta seniman jalanan anu mintonkeun kaahlian maranéhanana keur ngahibur para pangunjung sacara haratis.<ref name=":0" /> Tempat anu ngirut jeung jadi puseur kagiatan masarakat lokal jeung wisatawan téh nyaéta ''Market Square''.<ref name=":0" /> Ieu tempat aya di sisi laut anu jadi palabuan rupa-rupa kapal cai anu gedé jeung leutik.<ref name=":0" /> Ieu pasar mangrupa salah sahij pasar terbuka anu kasohor di Eropa Utara.<ref name=":0" /> Di dieu, pangunjung bisa balanja souvenir, pakéan, kembang, buah, jeung barang kabutuhan lianna.<ref name=":0" /> Tukang dagang kadahareun di ieu pasar jualan dina ténda-ténda kalawan harga anu kawilang murah lamun dibandingkeun jeung tempat lianna di Hélsinki.<ref name=":0" /> Maranéhna ogé nawarkeun rupa-rupa kadaharan saperti Salmon, baso, cemilan, jeung kadaharan Asia.<ref name=":0" /> Henteu jauh ti ''Market Square'', aya jajaran toko anu ngajual barang-barang mérek internasional sanajan barang anu ditawarkeun henteu pati loba jeung lengkep siga di Eropa Barat.<ref name=":0" /> Hélsinki mangrupa kota anu beunghar ku sajarah jeung budaya, lantaran di ieu kota loba muséum anu méré informasi-informasi jeung neundeun titinggal sajarah jeung budaya.<ref name=":0" /> muséum anu kasohor jeung ngirut keur para wisatawan nyaéta muséum Nasional Finlandia, muséum Seni Kontempori Kiasma, muséum Gallen Kallela anu mangrupa palukis kasohor di Finlandia jeung muséum Seni Nasional Finlandia Ateneum.<ref name=":0" /> Salian ti wangunan anu jadi puseur atraksi di Hélsinki lantaran desain arsitéktur jeung kagunaanana keur Central Railway Station, Universitas Hélsinki, Stadion Olimpiade Hélsinki, Suomenllinna di mana aya Swedish Castle, Senate Square.<ref name=":0" /> == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Finlandia]] pvga2ufffr91yd2gpyhiqrfk20hx21q 0 88193 730702 672948 2026-10-23T13:18:21Z Ziv 33153 → File has been renamed on Commons ([[:c:GR]]) 730702 wikitext text/x-wiki {{About|puseur dayeuh Jérman}} {{short description|Puseur dayeuh Jérman}} {{Infobox settlement |name=Bérlin |subdivision_type=Nagara |subdivision_name={{flag|Jérman}} |subdivision_type1=[[Nagara bagéan di Jérman|Nagara bagéan]] |subdivision_name1=Bérlin |settlement_type=[[Puseur dayeuh]] jeung [[Nagara bagéan di Jérman|nagara bagéan]] |image_skyline={{Photomontage|position=center | photo1a = Berlin_Skyline_Fernsehturm_02.jpg | photo2a = Bikinihaus_Berlin-1210760.jpg | photo2b = Brandenburger_Tor_Nachts.JPG | photo3a = East Side Gallery - Thierry Noir - 2011.jpg | photo3b = 3806 Berlin.JPG | photo4a = Reichstag_Berlin_Germany.jpg | size = 280 | spacing = 2 | color = | border = 0 | foot_montage = Ti luhur: Poto langit jeung [[Fernsehturm Bérlin|Menara TV]], langit [[City West]] jeung [[Garéja Mémorial Kaisar Wilhelm]], [[Gerbang Brandenburg]], [[Galeri Sisi Wétan]] ([[Témbok Bérlin]]), [[Jembatan Oberbaum]] di luhur [[Spree]], [[gedong Reichstag]] ([[Bundestag]]) }} |image_shield=DEU Berlin COA.svg |shield_size=70px |image_map=Deutschland Lage von Berlin.svg |coordinates={{coord|52|31|00|N|13|23|20|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_flag=Flag_of_Berlin.svg |total_type=Kota/Nagara Bagéan |area_total_km2=891.1 |area_note=<ref name="statoffice">{{cite web|accessdate=2019-05-02|title=Amt für Statistik Berlin Brandenburg - Statistiken|url=https://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/Statistiken/inhalt-statistiken.asp|website=[[Amt für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg]]|language=Jérman}}</ref> |population_total=3748148 |population_footnotes=<ref name="pop-detail" /> |population_as_of=31 Désémber 2018 |population_metro= |population_metro_footnotes= |elevation_m=34 |population_demonyms=Berliner(s) (Inggris)<br />Berliner (m), Berlinerin (f) (Jérman) <!-- not supported by template infobox settlement |GDP=137 |GDP_year=2017 |GDP_ref=<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.statistik-bw.de/VGRdL/tbls/tab.jsp?rev=RV2014&tbl=tab01〈=de-DE#tab01 |title=Bruttoinlandsprodukt – in jeweiligen Preisen – 1991 bis 2017 (WZ 2008) |trans-title=Gross domestic product – in current prices – 1991 till 2017 (WZ 2008) |publisher=[[Daptar kantor statistik di Jérman|Amt für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg]] |date=Pébruari 2018 |accessdate=10 Novémber 2018 |language=Jérman}}</ref> |GDP_per_capita=38.000(~[[AS$]]43.000) |GDP_per_capita_year=2017 |GDP_percent= | blank2_name_sec2 = [[Indéks Pangwangunan Manusa|HDI]] (2017) | blank2_info_sec2 = 0.948<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=13 Séptémber 2018}}</ref><br/>{{color|green|very high}} · [[Daptar nagara bagian Jérman dumasar ka Indéks Pangwangunan Manusa|ka-4 ti 16]] --> |timezone1=[[Wanci Éropa Tengah|CET]] |utc_offset1=+01:00 |timezone1_DST=[[Wanci Usum Panas Éropa Tengah|CEST]] |utc_offset1_DST=+02:00 |website={{URL|www.berlin.de/en/}} |governing_body=[[Abgeordnetenhaus Bérlin]] |leader_title=[[Pamaréntahan Wali Kota Bérlin|Pamaréntahan Wali Kota]] |leader_name=[[Michael Müller (politisi)|Michael Müller]] |leader_party=[[Partéy Sosial Démokrat Jérman|SPD]] <!-- not supported |ruling_party1=[[Partéy Sosial Démokrat Jérman|SPD]] |ruling_party2=[[Partéy Kénca (Jérman)|Partéy Kénca]] |ruling_party3=[[Aliansi 90/Héjo|Partéy Héjo]] |votes=4 --> |geocode=[[Noménklatur Satuan Téritorial pikeun Statistik|Wewengkon NUTS]]: DE3 |area_code=[[Daptar kode télépon di Jérman#030 – Bérlin|030]] |registration_plate=B<ref>Préfiks pikeun régistrasi tutumpakan dikenalkeun taun 1906, tapi sering gentos ku sabab parobahan politik saanggeus 1945. Tutumpakan dirégristrasi dina préfiks: "I A" (1906 – April 1945; teu valid dina 11 Agustus 1945); teu aya préfiks, digit hungkul (ti Juli nepi ka Agustus 1945), "БГ" (=BG; 1945–46, pikeun mobil, treuk, jeung beus), "ГФ" (=GF; 1945–46, pikeun mobil, treuk, jeung beus), "БM" (=BM; 1945–47, pikeun sapéda motor), "ГM" (=GM; 1945–47, pikeun sapéda motor), "KB" (singketan ti [[Kommandatura Sekutu|Kommandatura]] Bérlin; pikeun kasaluruhan Bérlin 1947–48, saalajengna pikeun [[Bérlin Kulon]] nepi ka 1956), "GB" (singketan ti Bérlin Raya, {{lang-en|Greater Berlin}}, pikeun [[Bérlin Wétan]] 1948–53), "I" (pikeun Bérlin Wétan, 1953–90), "B" (pikeun Bérlin Kulon ti 1 Juli 1956, dilajengkeun pikeun kasaluruhan Bérlin ti 1990).</ref> |iso_code=DE-BE }} '''Bérlin''' ({{IPAc-en|b|ɜːr|ˈ|l|ɪ|n}}; {{IPA-de|bɛɐ̯ˈliːn|-|de-Berlin.ogg}}) nyaéta [[puseur dayeuh]] jeung [[Daptar kota di Jérman dumasar ka populasi|kota panggedéna]] di [[Jérman]] dina luas jeung populasina (3.748.148 jelema dina 2018).<ref name="pop-detail" /> Ieu kota mangrupa salah sahiji ti [[Nagara bagéan di Jérman|16 nagara bagéan féderal]] Jérman. Ieu kota dikurilingan ku nagara bagéan [[Brandenburg]], nu deukeutan jeung puseur dayeuhna, [[Potsdam]]. Duanana pernahna di tengah [[Wewengkon Métropolitan Bérlin/Brandenburg|wewengkon puseur dayeuh Bérlin-Brandenburg]], nu pangeusina kira-kira genep juta jeung luasna leuwih ti 30.000 km²,<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=23 Pébruari 2019|title=Daten und Fakten zur Hauptstadtregion|url=https://www.berlin-brandenburg.de/metropolregion/daten-und-fakten/|date=4 Oktober 2016|website=www.berlin-brandenburg.de}}</ref> wewengkon métropolitan [[Wewengkon métropolitan di Jérman|katilu panggedéna]] di Jérman saanggeus wewengkon [[Rhein-Ruhr]] jeung [[Rhein-Main]]. {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=325|frame-height=325|zoom=9|frame-lat=52.52|frame-long=13.40|type=shape-inverse|id=Q64|title=Bérlin|caption=Peta interaktif ngagambarkeun Bérlin}} Bérlin pernahna di kadua sisi tepi [[Walungan Spree]], nu ngalir ka [[Walungan Havel]] ([[budak walungan|budak]] [[Walungan Elbe]]) di kulon [[Spandau]]. Di antara sipat topografi utama ieu kota téh nyaéta loba situ di kulon jeung tenggara wewengkon nu diwangun ku walungan Spree, Havel, jeung [[Dahme (walungan)|Dahme]] (situ nu panggedéna nyaéta [[Situ Müggelsee]]). Ku sabab pernahna di [[Dataran Éropa]], Bérlin kapangaruh ku iklim usuman [[Iklim sedeng|sedeng]]. Kurang leuwih sapertilu wewengkon kota diwangun ku leuweung, taman, kebon, walungan, kanal, jeung situ.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=94LP4xCb-KcC&pg=PA23&dq=%22Berlin+%22+rivers+lakes+foreests+%22one+third%22#v=onepage|title=Gren Berlin|work=[[Lonely Planet]]|accessdate=9 Oktober 2009|isbn=9781740594721|author1=Schulte-Peevers|first1=Andrea|last2=Parkinson|first2=Tom|year=2004}}</ref> Ieu kota pernahna di wewengkon dialék [[Jérman Tengah]], [[dialék Bérlin]] jadi jenis lian ti [[dialék Lusatia-New March]]. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Tutumbu luar == * [http://www.berlin.de/en/ Berlin.de] – Ramatloka resmi * {{Osmrelation-inline|62422}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Bérlin| ]] [[Kategori:Puseur dayeuh nagara bagéan di Jérman]] [[Kategori:Ibu kota di Éropa]] a9fbs1pg2m2dkamtdq7uk7sqlvndl96 828 91033 730696 730030 2026-10-23T11:59:32Z Rafka Aditia 29183 730696 Scribunto text/plain -- File-Date: 2026-06-14 local active = { ["aa"] = {"Afar"}, ["ab"] = {"Abkhaz"}, ["ae"] = {"Avestan"}, ["af"] = {"Afrikaans"}, ["ak"] = {"Akan"}, ["am"] = {"Amhar"}, ["an"] = {"Aragon"}, ["ar"] = {"Arab"}, ["as"] = {"Assam"}, ["av"] = {"Avar"}, ["ay"] = {"Aymara"}, ["az"] = {"Azerbaijan"}, ["ba"] = {"Bashkir"}, ["be"] = {"Bélarusia"}, ["bg"] = {"Bulgaria"}, ["bi"] = {"Bislama"}, ["bm"] = {"Bambara"}, ["bn"] = {"Bengali", "Bangla"}, ["bo"] = {"Tibét"}, ["br"] = {"Bréton"}, ["bs"] = {"Bosnia"}, ["ca"] = {"Katalan", "Valénsia"}, ["ce"] = {"Chéchnya"}, ["ch"] = {"Chamorro"}, ["co"] = {"Korsika"}, ["cr"] = {"Kree"}, ["cs"] = {"Céko"}, ["cu"] = {"Slavonik Garéjawi", "Slavonik Garéjawi", "Bulgaria Kuna", "Slavonik Garéjawi Kuna", "Slavonik Kuna"}, ["cv"] = {"Chuvash"}, ["cy"] = {"Wales"}, ["da"] = {"Dénmark"}, ["de"] = {"Jérman"}, ["dv"] = {"Dhivehi", "Divehi", "Maldéwa"}, ["dz"] = {"Dzongkha"}, ["ee"] = {"Ewe"}, ["el"] = {"Yunani Modérn (1453-)"}, ["en"] = {"Inggris"}, ["eo"] = {"Ésperanto"}, ["es"] = {"Spanyol", "Kastilia"}, ["et"] = {"Éstonia"}, ["eu"] = {"Baska"}, ["fa"] = {"Pérsia"}, ["ff"] = {"Fula"}, ["fi"] = {"Finlandia"}, ["fj"] = {"Fiji"}, ["fo"] = {"Faroe"}, ["fr"] = {"Prancis"}, ["fy"] = {"Frisia Kulon"}, ["ga"] = {"Irlandia"}, ["gd"] = {"Gaélik Skotlandia", "Gaélik"}, ["gl"] = {"Galisia"}, ["gn"] = {"Guarani"}, ["gu"] = {"Gujarat"}, ["gv"] = {"Manx"}, ["ha"] = {"Hausa"}, ["he"] = {"Ibrani"}, ["hi"] = {"Hindi"}, ["ho"] = {"Hiri Motu"}, ["hr"] = {"Kroasia"}, ["ht"] = {"Haiti", "Kréol Haiti"}, ["hu"] = {"Hungaria"}, ["hy"] = {"Arménia"}, ["hz"] = {"Herero"}, ["ia"] = {"Interlingua"}, ["id"] = {"Indonésia"}, ["ie"] = {"Interlingue", "Oksidéntal"}, ["ig"] = {"Igbo"}, ["ii"] = {"Sichuan Yi", "Nuosu"}, ["ik"] = {"Inupiaq"}, ["io"] = {"Ido"}, ["is"] = {"Islandia"}, ["it"] = {"Italia"}, ["iu"] = {"Inuktitut"}, ["ja"] = {"Jepang"}, ["jv"] = {"Jawa"}, ["ka"] = {"Géorgia"}, ["kg"] = {"Kongo"}, ["ki"] = {"Kikuyu", "Gikuyu"}, ["kj"] = {"Kuanyama", "Kwanyama"}, ["kk"] = {"Kazakh"}, ["kl"] = {"Kalaallisut", "Greenland"}, ["km"] = {"Khmer", "Khmer Tengah"}, ["kn"] = {"Kannada"}, ["ko"] = {"Koréa"}, ["kr"] = {"Kanuri"}, ["ks"] = {"Kashmir"}, ["ku"] = {"Kurdi"}, ["kv"] = {"Komi"}, ["kw"] = {"Kernowek"}, ["ky"] = {"Kirgiz"}, ["la"] = {"Latin"}, ["lb"] = {"Luksemburg"}, ["lg"] = {"Ganda", "Luganda"}, ["li"] = {"Limburg"}, ["ln"] = {"Lingala"}, ["lo"] = {"Lao"}, ["lt"] = {"Lituania"}, ["lu"] = {"Luba Katanga"}, ["lv"] = {"Latvia"}, ["mg"] = {"Malagasi"}, ["mh"] = {"Marshall"}, ["mi"] = {"Maori"}, ["mk"] = {"Makédonia"}, ["ml"] = {"Malayalam"}, ["mn"] = {"Mongolia"}, ["mr"] = {"Marathi"}, ["ms"] = {"Malayu"}, ["mt"] = {"Malta"}, ["my"] = {"Burma"}, ["na"] = {"Nauru"}, ["nb"] = {"Norwégia Bokmål"}, ["nd"] = {"Ndebele Kalér"}, ["ne"] = {"Népal"}, ["ng"] = {"Ndonga"}, ["nl"] = {"Walanda", "Flemish"}, ["nn"] = {"Norwégia Nynorsk"}, ["no"] = {"Norwégia"}, ["nr"] = {"Ndebele Kidul"}, ["nv"] = {"Navajo", "Navaho"}, ["ny"] = {"Chichewa", "Chewa", "Nyanja"}, ["oc"] = {"Oksitan"}, ["oj"] = {"Ojibwe"}, ["om"] = {"Oromo"}, ["or"] = {"Oriya", "Odia"}, ["os"] = {"Ossétia Iron", "Iron", "Ossétia"}, ["pa"] = {"Punjab", "Panjab"}, ["pi"] = {"Pali"}, ["pl"] = {"Polandia"}, ["ps"] = {"Pushto", "Pashto"}, ["pt"] = {"Portugis"}, ["qu"] = {"Quechua"}, ["rm"] = {"Romansh"}, ["rn"] = {"Rundi"}, ["ro"] = {"Romania", "Moldavia", "Moldova"}, ["ru"] = {"Rusia"}, ["rw"] = {"Kinyarwanda"}, ["sa"] = {"Sangsekerta"}, ["sc"] = {"Sardinia"}, ["sd"] = {"Sindh"}, ["se"] = {"Sami Kalér"}, ["sg"] = {"Sango"}, ["sh"] = {"Sérbo-Kroasia"}, ["si"] = {"Sinhala"}, ["sk"] = {"Slovakia"}, ["sl"] = {"Slovénia"}, ["sm"] = {"Samoa"}, ["sn"] = {"Shona"}, ["so"] = {"Somali"}, ["sq"] = {"Albania"}, ["sr"] = {"Sérbia"}, ["ss"] = {"Swati"}, ["st"] = {"Sotho Kidul"}, ["su"] = {"Sunda"}, ["sv"] = {"Swédia"}, ["sw"] = {"Swahili"}, ["ta"] = {"Tamil"}, ["te"] = {"Telugu"}, ["tg"] = {"Tajik"}, ["th"] = {"Thai"}, ["ti"] = {"Tigrinya"}, ["tk"] = {"Turkmén"}, ["tl"] = {"Tagalog"}, ["tn"] = {"Tswana"}, ["to"] = {"Tonga"}, ["tr"] = {"Turki"}, ["ts"] = {"Tsonga"}, ["tt"] = {"Tatar"}, ["tw"] = {"Twi"}, ["ty"] = {"Tahiti"}, ["ug"] = {"Uighur", "Uyghur"}, ["uk"] = {"Ukraina"}, ["ur"] = {"Urdu"}, ["uz"] = {"Uzbék"}, ["ve"] = {"Vénda"}, ["vi"] = {"Viétnam"}, ["vo"] = {"Volapük"}, ["wa"] = {"Walonia"}, ["wo"] = {"Wolof"}, ["xh"] = {"Xhosa"}, ["yi"] = {"Yiddi"}, ["yo"] = {"Yoruba"}, ["za"] = {"Zhuang", "Chuang"}, ["zh"] = {"Tionghoa"}, ["zu"] = {"Zulu"}, ["aaa"] = {"Ghotuo"}, ["aab"] = {"Alumu-Tesu"}, ["aac"] = {"Ari"}, ["aad"] = {"Amal"}, ["aae"] = {"Arbëreshë Albanian"}, ["aaf"] = {"Aranadan"}, ["aag"] = {"Ambrak"}, ["aah"] = {"Abu' Arapesh"}, ["aai"] = {"Arifama-Miniafia"}, ["aak"] = {"Ankave"}, ["aal"] = {"Afade"}, ["aan"] = {"Anambé"}, ["aao"] = {"Arab Sahara Aljazair"}, ["aap"] = {"Pará Arára"}, ["aaq"] = {"Eastern Abnaki"}, ["aas"] = {"Aasáx"}, ["aat"] = {"Arvanitika Albanian"}, ["aau"] = {"Abau"}, ["aav"] = {"Rungkun basa Austro-Asia"}, ["aaw"] = {"Solong"}, ["aax"] = {"Mandobo Atas"}, ["aaz"] = {"Amarasi"}, ["aba"] = {"Abé"}, ["abb"] = {"Bankon"}, ["abc"] = {"Ambala Ayta"}, ["abd"] = {"Manide"}, ["abe"] = {"Western Abnaki"}, ["abf"] = {"Abai Sungai"}, ["abg"] = {"Abaga"}, ["abh"] = {"Arab Tajik"}, ["abi"] = {"Abidji"}, ["abj"] = {"Aka-Bea"}, ["abl"] = {"Lampung Nyo"}, ["abm"] = {"Abanyom"}, ["abn"] = {"Abua"}, ["abo"] = {"Abon"}, ["abp"] = {"Abellen Ayta"}, ["abq"] = {"Abaza"}, ["abr"] = {"Abron"}, ["abs"] = {"Ambonese Malay"}, ["abt"] = {"Ambulas"}, ["abu"] = {"Abure"}, ["abv"] = {"Arab Bahrain"}, ["abw"] = {"Pal"}, ["abx"] = {"Inabaknon"}, ["aby"] = {"Aneme Wake"}, ["abz"] = {"Abui"}, ["aca"] = {"Achagua"}, ["acb"] = {"Áncá"}, ["acd"] = {"Gikyode"}, ["ace"] = {"Achinese"}, ["acf"] = {"Saint Lucian Creole French"}, ["ach"] = {"Acoli"}, ["aci"] = {"Aka-Cari"}, ["ack"] = {"Aka-Kora"}, ["acl"] = {"Akar-Bale"}, ["acm"] = {"Arab Mésopotamia"}, ["acn"] = {"Achang"}, ["acp"] = {"Eastern Acipa"}, ["acq"] = {"Arab Taiz-Aden"}, ["acr"] = {"Achi"}, ["acs"] = {"Acroá"}, ["act"] = {"Achterhoeks"}, ["acu"] = {"Achuar-Shiwiar"}, ["acv"] = {"Achumawi"}, ["acw"] = {"Arab Hijaz"}, ["acx"] = {"Arab Oman"}, ["acy"] = {"Arab Siprus"}, ["acz"] = {"Acheron"}, ["ada"] = {"Adangme"}, ["adb"] = {"Atauran"}, ["add"] = {"Lidzonka", "Dzodinka"}, ["ade"] = {"Adele"}, ["adf"] = {"Arab Dhofar"}, ["adg"] = {"Andegerebinha"}, ["adh"] = {"Adhola"}, ["adi"] = {"Adi"}, ["adj"] = {"Adioukrou"}, ["adl"] = {"Galo"}, ["adn"] = {"Adang"}, ["ado"] = {"Abu"}, ["adq"] = {"Adangbe"}, ["adr"] = {"Adonara"}, ["ads"] = {"Basa Isarat Adamorobe"}, ["adt"] = {"Adnyamathanha"}, ["adu"] = {"Aduge"}, ["adw"] = {"Amundava"}, ["adx"] = {"Amdo Tibetan"}, ["ady"] = {"Adyghe", "Adygei"}, ["adz"] = {"Adzera"}, ["aea"] = {"Areba"}, ["aeb"] = {"Arab Tunisia"}, ["aec"] = {"Aran Sa'idi"}, ["aed"] = {"Basa Isarat Argéntina"}, ["aee"] = {"Northeast Pashai", "Northeast Pashayi"}, ["aek"] = {"Haeke"}, ["ael"] = {"Ambele"}, ["aem"] = {"Arem"}, ["aen"] = {"Basa Isarat Arménia"}, ["aeq"] = {"Aer"}, ["aer"] = {"Eastern Arrernte"}, ["aes"] = {"Alsea"}, ["aeu"] = {"Akeu"}, ["aew"] = {"Ambakich"}, ["aey"] = {"Amele"}, ["aez"] = {"Aeka"}, ["afa"] = {"Rungkun basa Afro-Asia"}, ["afb"] = {"Arab Teluk"}, ["afd"] = {"Andai"}, ["afe"] = {"Putukwam"}, ["afg"] = {"Basa Isarat Apganistan"}, ["afh"] = {"Afrihili"}, ["afi"] = {"Akrukay", "Chini"}, ["afk"] = {"Nanubae"}, ["afn"] = {"Defaka"}, ["afo"] = {"Eloyi"}, ["afp"] = {"Tapei"}, ["afs"] = {"Afro-Seminole Creole"}, ["aft"] = {"Afitti"}, ["afu"] = {"Awutu"}, ["afz"] = {"Obokuitai"}, ["aga"] = {"Aguano"}, ["agb"] = {"Legbo"}, ["agc"] = {"Agatu"}, ["agd"] = {"Agarabi"}, ["age"] = {"Angal"}, ["agf"] = {"Arguni"}, ["agg"] = {"Angor"}, ["agh"] = {"Ngelima"}, ["agi"] = {"Agariya"}, ["agj"] = {"Argobba"}, ["agk"] = {"Isarog Agta"}, ["agl"] = {"Fembe"}, ["agm"] = {"Angaataha"}, ["agn"] = {"Agutaynen"}, ["ago"] = {"Tainae"}, ["agq"] = {"Aghem"}, ["agr"] = {"Aguaruna"}, ["ags"] = {"Esimbi"}, ["agt"] = {"Central Cagayan Agta"}, ["agu"] = {"Aguacateco"}, ["agv"] = {"Remontado Dumagat"}, ["agw"] = {"Kahua"}, ["agx"] = {"Aghul"}, ["agy"] = {"Southern Alta"}, ["agz"] = {"Mt. Iriga Agta"}, ["aha"] = {"Ahanta"}, ["ahb"] = {"Axamb"}, ["ahg"] = {"Qimant"}, ["ahh"] = {"Aghu"}, ["ahi"] = {"Tiagbamrin Aizi"}, ["ahk"] = {"Akha"}, ["ahl"] = {"Igo"}, ["ahm"] = {"Mobumrin Aizi"}, ["ahn"] = {"Àhàn"}, ["aho"] = {"Ahom"}, ["ahp"] = {"Aproumu Aizi"}, ["ahr"] = {"Ahirani"}, ["ahs"] = {"Ashe"}, ["aht"] = {"Ahtena"}, ["aia"] = {"Arosi"}, ["aib"] = {"Ainu (China)"}, ["aic"] = {"Ainbai"}, ["aid"] = {"Alngith"}, ["aie"] = {"Amara"}, ["aif"] = {"Agi"}, ["aig"] = {"Antigua and Barbuda Creole English"}, ["aih"] = {"Ai-Cham"}, ["aii"] = {"Assyrian Neo-Aramaic"}, ["aij"] = {"Lishanid Noshan"}, ["aik"] = {"Ake"}, ["ail"] = {"Aimele"}, ["aim"] = {"Aimol"}, ["ain"] = {"Ainu (Japan)"}, ["aio"] = {"Aiton"}, ["aip"] = {"Burumakok"}, ["aiq"] = {"Aimaq"}, ["air"] = {"Airoran"}, ["ait"] = {"Arikem"}, ["aiw"] = {"Aari"}, ["aix"] = {"Aighon"}, ["aiy"] = {"Ali"}, ["aja"] = {"Aja (Sudan Kidul)"}, ["ajg"] = {"Aja (Bénin)"}, ["aji"] = {"Ajië"}, ["ajn"] = {"Andajin"}, ["ajs"] = {"Basa Isarat Yahudi Aljazair"}, ["aju"] = {"Arab Yahudi Maroko"}, ["ajw"] = {"Ajawa"}, ["ajz"] = {"Amri Karbi"}, ["akb"] = {"Batak Angkola"}, ["akc"] = {"Mpur"}, ["akd"] = {"Ukpet-Ehom"}, ["ake"] = {"Akawaio"}, ["akf"] = {"Akpa"}, ["akg"] = {"Anakalangu"}, ["akh"] = {"Angal Heneng"}, ["aki"] = {"Aiome"}, ["akj"] = {"Aka-Jeru"}, ["akk"] = {"Akkadian"}, ["akl"] = {"Aklanon"}, ["akm"] = {"Aka-Bo"}, ["ako"] = {"Akurio"}, ["akp"] = {"Siwu"}, ["akq"] = {"Ak"}, ["akr"] = {"Araki"}, ["aks"] = {"Akaselem"}, ["akt"] = {"Akolet"}, ["aku"] = {"Akum"}, ["akv"] = {"Akhvakh"}, ["akw"] = {"Akwa"}, ["akx"] = {"Aka-Kede"}, ["aky"] = {"Aka-Kol"}, ["akz"] = {"Alabama"}, ["ala"] = {"Alago"}, ["alc"] = {"Qawasqar"}, ["ald"] = {"Alladian"}, ["ale"] = {"Aleut"}, ["alf"] = {"Alege"}, ["alg"] = {"Rungkun basa Algonquian"}, ["alh"] = {"Alawa"}, ["ali"] = {"Amaimon"}, ["alj"] = {"Alangan"}, ["alk"] = {"Alak"}, ["all"] = {"Allar"}, ["alm"] = {"Amblong"}, ["aln"] = {"Gheg Albanian"}, ["alo"] = {"Larike-Wakasihu"}, ["alp"] = {"Alune"}, ["alq"] = {"Algonquin"}, ["alr"] = {"Alutor"}, ["als"] = {"Tosk Albanian"}, ["alt"] = {"Southern Altai"}, ["alu"] = {"'Are'are"}, ["alv"] = {"Rungkun basa Atlantik-Kongo"}, ["alw"] = {"Alaba-K’abeena", "Wanbasana"}, ["alx"] = {"Amol"}, ["aly"] = {"Alyawarr"}, ["alz"] = {"Alur"}, ["ama"] = {"Amanayé"}, ["amb"] = {"Ambo"}, ["amc"] = {"Amahuaca"}, ["ame"] = {"Yanesha'"}, ["amf"] = {"Hamer-Banna"}, ["amg"] = {"Amurdak"}, ["ami"] = {"Amis"}, ["amj"] = {"Amdang"}, ["amk"] = {"Ambai"}, ["aml"] = {"War-Jaintia"}, ["amm"] = {"Ama (Papua Nugini)"}, ["amn"] = {"Amanab"}, ["amo"] = {"Amo"}, ["amp"] = {"Alamblak"}, ["amq"] = {"Amahai"}, ["amr"] = {"Amarakaeri"}, ["ams"] = {"Southern Amami-Oshima"}, ["amt"] = {"Amto"}, ["amu"] = {"Guerrero Amuzgo"}, ["amv"] = {"Ambelau"}, ["amw"] = {"Western Neo-Aramaic"}, ["amx"] = {"Anmatyerre"}, ["amy"] = {"Ami"}, ["amz"] = {"Atampaya"}, ["ana"] = {"Andaqui"}, ["anb"] = {"Andoa"}, ["anc"] = {"Ngas"}, ["and"] = {"Ansus"}, ["ane"] = {"Xârâcùù"}, ["anf"] = {"Animere"}, ["ang"] = {"Old English (ca. 450-1100)"}, ["anh"] = {"Nend"}, ["ani"] = {"Andi"}, ["anj"] = {"Anor"}, ["ank"] = {"Goemai"}, ["anl"] = {"Anu-Hkongso Chin"}, ["anm"] = {"Anal"}, ["ann"] = {"Obolo"}, ["ano"] = {"Andoque"}, ["anp"] = {"Angika"}, ["anq"] = {"Jarawa (India)"}, ["anr"] = {"Andh"}, ["ans"] = {"Anserma"}, ["ant"] = {"Antakarinya", "Antikarinya"}, ["anu"] = {"Anuak"}, ["anv"] = {"Denya"}, ["anw"] = {"Anaang"}, ["anx"] = {"Andra-Hus"}, ["any"] = {"Anyin"}, ["anz"] = {"Anem"}, ["aoa"] = {"Angolar"}, ["aob"] = {"Abom"}, ["aoc"] = {"Pemon"}, ["aod"] = {"Andarum"}, ["aoe"] = {"Angal Enen"}, ["aof"] = {"Bragat"}, ["aog"] = {"Angoram"}, ["aoi"] = {"Anindilyakwa"}, ["aoj"] = {"Mufian"}, ["aok"] = {"Arhö"}, ["aol"] = {"Alor"}, ["aom"] = {"Ömie"}, ["aon"] = {"Bumbita Arapesh"}, ["aor"] = {"Aore"}, ["aos"] = {"Taikat"}, ["aot"] = {"Atong (India)", "A'tong"}, ["aou"] = {"A'ou"}, ["aox"] = {"Atorada"}, ["aoz"] = {"Uab Meto"}, ["apa"] = {"Rungkun basa Apache"}, ["apb"] = {"Sa'a"}, ["apc"] = {"Arab Levant"}, ["apd"] = {"Arab Sudan"}, ["ape"] = {"Bukiyip"}, ["apf"] = {"Pahanan Agta"}, ["apg"] = {"Ampanang"}, ["aph"] = {"Athpariya"}, ["api"] = {"Apiaká"}, ["apj"] = {"Jicarilla Apache"}, ["apk"] = {"Kiowa Apache"}, ["apl"] = {"Lipan Apache"}, ["apm"] = {"Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache"}, ["apn"] = {"Apinayé"}, ["apo"] = {"Ambul"}, ["app"] = {"Apma"}, ["apq"] = {"A-Pucikwar"}, ["apr"] = {"Arop-Lokep"}, ["aps"] = {"Arop-Sissano"}, ["apt"] = {"Apatani"}, ["apu"] = {"Apurinã"}, ["apv"] = {"Alapmunte"}, ["apw"] = {"Western Apache"}, ["apx"] = {"Aputai"}, ["apy"] = {"Apalaí"}, ["apz"] = {"Safeyoka"}, ["aqa"] = {"Rungkun basa Alacalufan"}, ["aqc"] = {"Archi"}, ["aqd"] = {"Ampari Dogon"}, ["aqg"] = {"Arigidi"}, ["aqk"] = {"Aninka"}, ["aql"] = {"Rungkun basa Algik"}, ["aqm"] = {"Atohwaim"}, ["aqn"] = {"Northern Alta"}, ["aqp"] = {"Atakapa"}, ["aqr"] = {"Arhâ"}, ["aqt"] = {"Angaité"}, ["aqz"] = {"Akuntsu"}, ["arb"] = {"Arab Baku"}, ["arc"] = {"Official Aramaic (700-300 BCE)", "Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)"}, ["ard"] = {"Arabana"}, ["are"] = {"Western Arrarnta"}, ["arh"] = {"Arhuaco"}, ["ari"] = {"Arikara"}, ["arj"] = {"Arapaso"}, ["ark"] = {"Arikapú"}, ["arl"] = {"Arabela"}, ["arn"] = {"Mapudungun", "Mapuche"}, ["aro"] = {"Araona"}, ["arp"] = {"Arapaho"}, ["arq"] = {"Arab Aljazair"}, ["arr"] = {"Karo (Brasil)"}, ["ars"] = {"Arab Najd"}, ["art"] = {"buatan"}, ["aru"] = {"Aruá (Amazonas State)", "Arawá"}, ["arv"] = {"Arbore"}, ["arw"] = {"Arawak"}, ["arx"] = {"Aruá (Rodonia State)"}, ["ary"] = {"Arab Maroko"}, ["arz"] = {"Arab Mesir"}, ["asa"] = {"Asu (Tanzania)"}, ["asb"] = {"Assiniboine", "Nakoda Assiniboine"}, ["asc"] = {"Casuarina Coast Asmat"}, ["ase"] = {"Basa Isarat Amérika"}, ["asf"] = {"Auslan", "Basa Isarat Australia"}, ["asg"] = {"Cishingini"}, ["ash"] = {"Abishira"}, ["asi"] = {"Buruwai"}, ["asj"] = {"Sari"}, ["ask"] = {"Ashkun"}, ["asl"] = {"Asilulu"}, ["asn"] = {"Xingú Asuriní"}, ["aso"] = {"Dano"}, ["asp"] = {"Basa Isarat Aljazair"}, ["asq"] = {"Basa Isarat Austria"}, ["asr"] = {"Asuri"}, ["ass"] = {"Ipulo"}, ["ast"] = {"Asturia", "Astur-León", "Bable", "León"}, ["asu"] = {"Tocantins Asurini"}, ["asv"] = {"Asoa"}, ["asw"] = {"Basa Isarat Aborigin Australia"}, ["asx"] = {"Muratayak"}, ["asy"] = {"Yaosakor Asmat"}, ["asz"] = {"As"}, ["ata"] = {"Pele-Ata"}, ["atb"] = {"Zaiwa"}, ["atc"] = {"Atsahuaca"}, ["atd"] = {"Ata Manobo"}, ["ate"] = {"Atemble"}, ["atg"] = {"Ivbie North-Okpela-Arhe"}, ["ath"] = {"Rungkun basa Athabaskan"}, ["ati"] = {"Attié"}, ["atj"] = {"Atikamekw", "Nehirowimowin"}, ["atk"] = {"Ati"}, ["atl"] = {"Mt. Iraya Agta"}, ["atm"] = {"Ata"}, ["atn"] = {"Ashtiani"}, ["ato"] = {"Atong (Kamerun)"}, ["atp"] = {"Pudtol Atta"}, ["atq"] = {"Aralle-Tabulahan"}, ["atr"] = {"Waimiri-Atroari"}, ["ats"] = {"Gros Ventre"}, ["att"] = {"Pamplona Atta"}, ["atu"] = {"Reel"}, ["atv"] = {"Northern Altai"}, ["atw"] = {"Atsugewi"}, ["atx"] = {"Arutani"}, ["aty"] = {"Aneityum"}, ["atz"] = {"Arta"}, ["aua"] = {"Asumboa"}, ["aub"] = {"Alugu"}, ["auc"] = {"Waorani"}, ["aud"] = {"Anuta"}, ["auf"] = {"Arauan"}, ["aug"] = {"Aguna"}, ["auh"] = {"Aushi"}, ["aui"] = {"Anuki"}, ["auj"] = {"Awjilah"}, ["auk"] = {"Heyo"}, ["aul"] = {"Aulua"}, ["aum"] = {"Asu (Nigéria)"}, ["aun"] = {"Molmo One"}, ["auo"] = {"Auyokawa"}, ["aup"] = {"Makayam"}, ["auq"] = {"Anus", "Korur"}, ["aur"] = {"Aruek"}, ["aus"] = {"Australian"}, ["aut"] = {"Austral"}, ["auu"] = {"Auye"}, ["auw"] = {"Awyi"}, ["aux"] = {"Aurá"}, ["auy"] = {"Awiyaana"}, ["auz"] = {"Arab Uzbék"}, ["avb"] = {"Avau"}, ["avd"] = {"Alviri-Vidari"}, ["avi"] = {"Avikam"}, ["avk"] = {"Kotava"}, ["avl"] = {"Arab Bedawi Mesir Wétan"}, ["avm"] = {"Angkamuthi"}, ["avn"] = {"Avatime"}, ["avo"] = {"Agavotaguerra"}, ["avs"] = {"Aushiri"}, ["avt"] = {"Au"}, ["avu"] = {"Avokaya"}, ["avv"] = {"Avá-Canoeiro"}, ["awa"] = {"Awadhi"}, ["awb"] = {"Awa (Papua Nugini)"}, ["awc"] = {"Cicipu"}, ["awd"] = {"Rungkun basa Arawak"}, ["awe"] = {"Awetí"}, ["awg"] = {"Anguthimri"}, ["awh"] = {"Awbono"}, ["awi"] = {"Aekyom"}, ["awk"] = {"Awabakal"}, ["awm"] = {"Arawum"}, ["awn"] = {"Awngi"}, ["awo"] = {"Awak"}, ["awr"] = {"Awera"}, ["aws"] = {"South Awyu"}, ["awt"] = {"Araweté"}, ["awu"] = {"Central Awyu"}, ["awv"] = {"Jair Awyu"}, ["aww"] = {"Awun"}, ["awx"] = {"Awara"}, ["awy"] = {"Edera Awyu"}, ["axb"] = {"Abipon"}, ["axe"] = {"Ayerrerenge"}, ["axg"] = {"Mato Grosso Arára"}, ["axk"] = {"Yaka (Afrika Tengah)"}, ["axl"] = {"Lower Southern Aranda"}, ["axm"] = {"Middle Armenian"}, ["axx"] = {"Xârâgurè"}, ["aya"] = {"Awar"}, ["ayb"] = {"Ayizo Gbe"}, ["ayc"] = {"Southern Aymara"}, ["ayd"] = {"Ayabadhu"}, ["aye"] = {"Ayere"}, ["ayg"] = {"Ginyanga"}, ["ayh"] = {"Arab Hadhrami"}, ["ayi"] = {"Leyigha"}, ["ayk"] = {"Akuku"}, ["ayl"] = {"Arab Libya"}, ["ayn"] = {"Arab Sana'a"}, ["ayo"] = {"Ayoreo"}, ["ayp"] = {"Arab Mésopotamia Kalér"}, ["ayq"] = {"Ayi (Papua Nugini)"}, ["ayr"] = {"Aymara Tengah"}, ["ays"] = {"Sorsogon Ayta"}, ["ayt"] = {"Magbukun Ayta"}, ["ayu"] = {"Ayu"}, ["ayz"] = {"Mai Brat"}, ["aza"] = {"Azha"}, ["azb"] = {"South Azerbaijani"}, ["azc"] = {"Rungkun basa Uto-Aztek"}, ["azd"] = {"Eastern Durango Nahuatl"}, ["azg"] = {"San Pedro Amuzgos Amuzgo"}, ["azj"] = {"North Azerbaijani"}, ["azm"] = {"Ipalapa Amuzgo"}, ["azn"] = {"Western Durango Nahuatl"}, ["azo"] = {"Awing"}, ["azt"] = {"Faire Atta"}, ["azz"] = {"Highland Puebla Nahuatl"}, ["baa"] = {"Babatana"}, ["bab"] = {"Bainouk-Gunyuño"}, ["bac"] = {"Badui"}, ["bad"] = {"Rungkun basa Banda"}, ["bae"] = {"Baré"}, ["baf"] = {"Nubaca"}, ["bag"] = {"Tuki"}, ["bah"] = {"Inggris Kréol Bahama"}, ["bai"] = {"Rungkun basa Bamileke"}, ["baj"] = {"Barakai"}, ["bal"] = {"Baluchi"}, ["ban"] = {"Balinese"}, ["bao"] = {"Waimaha"}, ["bap"] = {"Bantawa"}, ["bar"] = {"Bavarian"}, ["bas"] = {"Basa (Kamerun)"}, ["bat"] = {"Rungkun basa Baltik"}, ["bau"] = {"Bada (Nigéria)"}, ["bav"] = {"Vengo"}, ["baw"] = {"Bambili-Bambui"}, ["bax"] = {"Bamun"}, ["bay"] = {"Batuley"}, ["bba"] = {"Baatonum"}, ["bbb"] = {"Barai"}, ["bbc"] = {"Batak Toba"}, ["bbd"] = {"Bau"}, ["bbe"] = {"Bangba"}, ["bbf"] = {"Baibai"}, ["bbg"] = {"Barama"}, ["bbh"] = {"Bugan"}, ["bbi"] = {"Barombi"}, ["bbj"] = {"Ghomálá'"}, ["bbk"] = {"Babanki"}, ["bbl"] = {"Bats"}, ["bbm"] = {"Babango"}, ["bbn"] = {"Uneapa"}, ["bbo"] = {"Northern Bobo Madaré", "Konabéré"}, ["bbp"] = {"West Central Banda"}, ["bbq"] = {"Bamali"}, ["bbr"] = {"Girawa"}, ["bbs"] = {"Bakpinka"}, ["bbt"] = {"Mburku"}, ["bbu"] = {"Kulung (Nigéria)"}, ["bbv"] = {"Karnai"}, ["bbw"] = {"Baba"}, ["bbx"] = {"Bubia"}, ["bby"] = {"Befang"}, ["bca"] = {"Central Bai"}, ["bcb"] = {"Bainouk-Samik"}, ["bcc"] = {"Southern Balochi"}, ["bcd"] = {"North Babar"}, ["bce"] = {"Bamenyam"}, ["bcf"] = {"Bamu"}, ["bcg"] = {"Baga Pokur"}, ["bch"] = {"Bariai"}, ["bci"] = {"Baoulé"}, ["bcj"] = {"Bardi"}, ["bck"] = {"Bunuba"}, ["bcl"] = {"Bikol Tengah"}, ["bcm"] = {"Bannoni"}, ["bcn"] = {"Bali (Nigéria)"}, ["bco"] = {"Kaluli"}, ["bcp"] = {"Bali (Républik Démokratik Kongo)"}, ["bcq"] = {"Bench"}, ["bcr"] = {"Babine"}, ["bcs"] = {"Kohumono"}, ["bct"] = {"Bendi"}, ["bcu"] = {"Awad Bing"}, ["bcv"] = {"Shoo-Minda-Nye"}, ["bcw"] = {"Bana"}, ["bcy"] = {"Bacama"}, ["bcz"] = {"Bainouk-Gunyaamolo"}, ["bda"] = {"Bayot"}, ["bdb"] = {"Basap"}, ["bdc"] = {"Emberá-Baudó"}, ["bdd"] = {"Bunama"}, ["bde"] = {"Bade"}, ["bdf"] = {"Biage"}, ["bdg"] = {"Bonggi"}, ["bdh"] = {"Baka (Sudan Kidul)"}, ["bdi"] = {"Burun"}, ["bdj"] = {"Bai (Sudan Kidul)", "Bai"}, ["bdk"] = {"Budukh"}, ["bdl"] = {"Bajau Indonésia"}, ["bdm"] = {"Buduma"}, ["bdn"] = {"Baldemu"}, ["bdo"] = {"Morom"}, ["bdp"] = {"Bende"}, ["bdq"] = {"Bahnar"}, ["bdr"] = {"West Coast Bajau"}, ["bds"] = {"Burunge"}, ["bdt"] = {"Bokoto"}, ["bdu"] = {"Oroko"}, ["bdv"] = {"Bodo Parja"}, ["bdw"] = {"Baham"}, ["bdx"] = {"Budong-Budong"}, ["bdy"] = {"Bandjalang"}, ["bdz"] = {"Badeshi"}, ["bea"] = {"Beaver"}, ["beb"] = {"Bebele"}, ["bec"] = {"Iceve-Maci"}, ["bed"] = {"Bedoanas"}, ["bee"] = {"Byangsi"}, ["bef"] = {"Benabena"}, ["beg"] = {"Belait"}, ["beh"] = {"Biali"}, ["bei"] = {"Bekati'"}, ["bej"] = {"Beja", "Bedawiyet"}, ["bek"] = {"Bebeli"}, ["bem"] = {"Bemba (Zambia)"}, ["beo"] = {"Beami"}, ["bep"] = {"Besoa"}, ["beq"] = {"Beembe"}, ["ber"] = {"Rungkun basa Berber"}, ["bes"] = {"Besme"}, ["bet"] = {"Guiberoua Béte"}, ["beu"] = {"Blagar"}, ["bev"] = {"Daloa Bété"}, ["bew"] = {"Betawi"}, ["bex"] = {"Jur Modo"}, ["bey"] = {"Beli (Papua Nugini)"}, ["bez"] = {"Bena (Tanzania)"}, ["bfa"] = {"Bari"}, ["bfb"] = {"Pauri Bareli"}, ["bfc"] = {"Panyi Bai", "Northern Bai"}, ["bfd"] = {"Bafut"}, ["bfe"] = {"Betaf", "Tena"}, ["bff"] = {"Bofi"}, ["bfg"] = {"Busang Kayan"}, ["bfh"] = {"Blafe"}, ["bfi"] = {"Basa Isarat Britania"}, ["bfj"] = {"Bafanji"}, ["bfk"] = {"Basa Isarat Ban Khor"}, ["bfl"] = {"Banda-Ndélé"}, ["bfm"] = {"Mmen"}, ["bfn"] = {"Bunak"}, ["bfo"] = {"Malba Birifor"}, ["bfp"] = {"Beba"}, ["bfq"] = {"Badaga"}, ["bfr"] = {"Bazigar"}, ["bfs"] = {"Southern Bai"}, ["bft"] = {"Balti"}, ["bfu"] = {"Gahri"}, ["bfw"] = {"Bondo"}, ["bfx"] = {"Bantayanon"}, ["bfy"] = {"Bagheli"}, ["bfz"] = {"Mahasu Pahari"}, ["bga"] = {"Gwamhi-Wuri"}, ["bgb"] = {"Bobongko"}, ["bgc"] = {"Haryanvi"}, ["bgd"] = {"Rathwi Bareli"}, ["bge"] = {"Bauria"}, ["bgf"] = {"Bangandu"}, ["bgg"] = {"Bugun"}, ["bgi"] = {"Giangan"}, ["bgj"] = {"Bangolan"}, ["bgk"] = {"Bit", "Buxinhua"}, ["bgl"] = {"Bo (Laos)"}, ["bgn"] = {"Western Balochi"}, ["bgo"] = {"Baga Koga"}, ["bgp"] = {"Eastern Balochi"}, ["bgq"] = {"Bagri"}, ["bgr"] = {"Bawm Chin"}, ["bgs"] = {"Tagabawa"}, ["bgt"] = {"Bughotu"}, ["bgu"] = {"Mbongno"}, ["bgv"] = {"Warkay-Bipim"}, ["bgw"] = {"Bhatri"}, ["bgx"] = {"Balkan Gagauz Turkish"}, ["bgy"] = {"Benggoi"}, ["bgz"] = {"Banggai"}, ["bha"] = {"Bharia"}, ["bhb"] = {"Bhili"}, ["bhc"] = {"Biga"}, ["bhd"] = {"Bhadrawahi"}, ["bhe"] = {"Bhaya"}, ["bhf"] = {"Odiai"}, ["bhg"] = {"Binandere"}, ["bhh"] = {"Bukharic"}, ["bhi"] = {"Bhilali"}, ["bhj"] = {"Bahing"}, ["bhl"] = {"Bimin"}, ["bhm"] = {"Bathari"}, ["bhn"] = {"Bohtan Neo-Aramaic"}, ["bho"] = {"Bhojpuri"}, ["bhp"] = {"Bima"}, ["bhq"] = {"Tukang Besi South"}, ["bhr"] = {"Bara Malagasy"}, ["bhs"] = {"Buwal"}, ["bht"] = {"Bhattiyali"}, ["bhu"] = {"Bhunjia"}, ["bhv"] = {"Bahau"}, ["bhw"] = {"Biak"}, ["bhx"] = {"Bhalay"}, ["bhy"] = {"Bhele"}, ["bhz"] = {"Bada (Indonésia)"}, ["bia"] = {"Badimaya"}, ["bib"] = {"Bissa", "Bisa"}, ["bid"] = {"Bidiyo"}, ["bie"] = {"Bepour"}, ["bif"] = {"Biafada"}, ["big"] = {"Biangai"}, ["bih"] = {"Rungkun basa Bihari"}, ["bik"] = {"Bikol"}, ["bil"] = {"Bile"}, ["bim"] = {"Bimoba"}, ["bin"] = {"Bini", "Edo"}, ["bio"] = {"Nai"}, ["bip"] = {"Bila"}, ["biq"] = {"Bipi"}, ["bir"] = {"Bisorio"}, ["bit"] = {"Berinomo"}, ["biu"] = {"Biete"}, ["biv"] = {"Southern Birifor"}, ["biw"] = {"Kol (Kamerun)"}, ["bix"] = {"Bijori"}, ["biy"] = {"Birhor"}, ["biz"] = {"Baloi"}, ["bja"] = {"Budza"}, ["bjb"] = {"Banggarla"}, ["bjc"] = {"Bariji"}, ["bje"] = {"Biao-Jiao Mien"}, ["bjf"] = {"Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic"}, ["bjg"] = {"Bidyogo"}, ["bjh"] = {"Bahinemo"}, ["bji"] = {"Burji"}, ["bjj"] = {"Kanauji"}, ["bjk"] = {"Barok"}, ["bjl"] = {"Bulu (Papua Nugini)"}, ["bjm"] = {"Bajelani"}, ["bjn"] = {"Banjar"}, ["bjo"] = {"Mid-Southern Banda"}, ["bjp"] = {"Fanamaket"}, ["bjr"] = {"Binumarien"}, ["bjs"] = {"Bajan"}, ["bjt"] = {"Balanta-Ganja"}, ["bju"] = {"Busuu"}, ["bjv"] = {"Bedjond"}, ["bjw"] = {"Bakwé"}, ["bjx"] = {"Banao Itneg"}, ["bjy"] = {"Bayali"}, ["bjz"] = {"Baruga"}, ["bka"] = {"Kyak"}, ["bkc"] = {"Baka (Kamerun)"}, ["bkd"] = {"Binukid", "Talaandig"}, ["bkf"] = {"Beeke"}, ["bkg"] = {"Buraka"}, ["bkh"] = {"Bakoko"}, ["bki"] = {"Baki"}, ["bkj"] = {"Pande"}, ["bkk"] = {"Brokskat"}, ["bkl"] = {"Berik"}, ["bkm"] = {"Kom (Kamerun)"}, ["bkn"] = {"Bukitan"}, ["bko"] = {"Kwa'"}, ["bkp"] = {"Boko (Républik Démokratik Kongo)"}, ["bkq"] = {"Bakairí"}, ["bkr"] = {"Bakumpai"}, ["bks"] = {"Northern Sorsoganon"}, ["bkt"] = {"Boloki"}, ["bku"] = {"Buhid"}, ["bkv"] = {"Bekwarra"}, ["bkw"] = {"Bekwel"}, ["bkx"] = {"Baikeno"}, ["bky"] = {"Bokyi"}, ["bkz"] = {"Bungku"}, ["bla"] = {"Siksika"}, ["blb"] = {"Bilua"}, ["blc"] = {"Bella Coola"}, ["bld"] = {"Bolango"}, ["ble"] = {"Balanta-Kentohe"}, ["blf"] = {"Buol"}, ["blh"] = {"Kuwaa"}, ["bli"] = {"Bolia"}, ["blj"] = {"Bolongan"}, ["blk"] = {"Pa'o Karen", "Pa'O"}, ["bll"] = {"Biloxi"}, ["blm"] = {"Beli (Sudan Kidul)"}, ["bln"] = {"Southern Catanduanes Bikol"}, ["blo"] = {"Anii"}, ["blp"] = {"Blablanga"}, ["blq"] = {"Baluan-Pam"}, ["blr"] = {"Blang"}, ["bls"] = {"Balaesang"}, ["blt"] = {"Tai Dam"}, ["blv"] = {"Kibala", "Bolo"}, ["blw"] = {"Balangao"}, ["blx"] = {"Mag-Indi Ayta"}, ["bly"] = {"Notre"}, ["blz"] = {"Balantak"}, ["bma"] = {"Lame"}, ["bmb"] = {"Bembe"}, ["bmc"] = {"Biem"}, ["bmd"] = {"Baga Manduri"}, ["bme"] = {"Limassa"}, ["bmf"] = {"Bom-Kim"}, ["bmg"] = {"Bamwe"}, ["bmh"] = {"Kein"}, ["bmi"] = {"Bagirmi"}, ["bmj"] = {"Bote-Majhi"}, ["bmk"] = {"Ghayavi"}, ["bml"] = {"Bomboli"}, ["bmm"] = {"Northern Betsimisaraka Malagasy"}, ["bmn"] = {"Bina (Papua Nugini)"}, ["bmo"] = {"Bambalang"}, ["bmp"] = {"Bulgebi"}, ["bmq"] = {"Bomu"}, ["bmr"] = {"Muinane"}, ["bms"] = {"Bilma Kanuri"}, ["bmt"] = {"Biao Mon"}, ["bmu"] = {"Somba-Siawari"}, ["bmv"] = {"Bum"}, ["bmw"] = {"Bomwali"}, ["bmx"] = {"Baimak"}, ["bmz"] = {"Baramu"}, ["bna"] = {"Bonerate"}, ["bnb"] = {"Bookan"}, ["bnc"] = {"Bontok"}, ["bnd"] = {"Banda (Indonésia)"}, ["bne"] = {"Bintauna"}, ["bnf"] = {"Masiwang"}, ["bng"] = {"Benga"}, ["bni"] = {"Bangi"}, ["bnj"] = {"Eastern Tawbuid"}, ["bnk"] = {"Bierebo"}, ["bnl"] = {"Boon"}, ["bnm"] = {"Batanga"}, ["bnn"] = {"Bunun"}, ["bno"] = {"Bantoanon"}, ["bnp"] = {"Bola"}, ["bnq"] = {"Bantik"}, ["bnr"] = {"Butmas-Tur"}, ["bns"] = {"Bundeli"}, ["bnt"] = {"Rungkun basa Bantu"}, ["bnu"] = {"Bentong"}, ["bnv"] = {"Bonerif", "Beneraf", "Edwas"}, ["bnw"] = {"Bisis"}, ["bnx"] = {"Bangubangu"}, ["bny"] = {"Bintulu"}, ["bnz"] = {"Beezen"}, ["boa"] = {"Bora"}, ["bob"] = {"Aweer"}, ["boe"] = {"Mundabli-Mufu"}, ["bof"] = {"Bolon"}, ["bog"] = {"Basa Isarat Bamako"}, ["boh"] = {"Boma"}, ["boi"] = {"Barbareño"}, ["boj"] = {"Anjam"}, ["bok"] = {"Bonjo"}, ["bol"] = {"Bole"}, ["bom"] = {"Berom"}, ["bon"] = {"Bine"}, ["boo"] = {"Tiemacèwè Bozo"}, ["bop"] = {"Bonkiman"}, ["boq"] = {"Bogaya"}, ["bor"] = {"Borôro"}, ["bot"] = {"Bongo"}, ["bou"] = {"Bondei"}, ["bov"] = {"Tuwuli"}, ["bow"] = {"Rema"}, ["box"] = {"Buamu"}, ["boy"] = {"Bodo (Afrika Tengah)"}, ["boz"] = {"Tiéyaxo Bozo"}, ["bpa"] = {"Daakaka"}, ["bpc"] = {"Mbuk"}, ["bpd"] = {"Banda-Banda"}, ["bpe"] = {"Bauni"}, ["bpg"] = {"Bonggo"}, ["bph"] = {"Botlikh"}, ["bpi"] = {"Bagupi"}, ["bpj"] = {"Binji"}, ["bpk"] = {"Orowe", "'Ôrôê"}, ["bpl"] = {"Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin"}, ["bpm"] = {"Biyom"}, ["bpn"] = {"Dzao Min"}, ["bpo"] = {"Anasi"}, ["bpp"] = {"Kaure"}, ["bpq"] = {"Banda Malayu"}, ["bpr"] = {"Koronadal Blaan"}, ["bps"] = {"Sarangani Blaan"}, ["bpt"] = {"Barrow Point"}, ["bpu"] = {"Bongu"}, ["bpv"] = {"Bian Marind"}, ["bpw"] = {"Bo (Papua Nugini)"}, ["bpx"] = {"Palya Bareli"}, ["bpy"] = {"Bishnupriya"}, ["bpz"] = {"Bilba"}, ["bqa"] = {"Tchumbuli"}, ["bqb"] = {"Bagusa"}, ["bqc"] = {"Boko (Bénin)", "Boo"}, ["bqd"] = {"Bung"}, ["bqf"] = {"Baga Kaloum"}, ["bqg"] = {"Bago-Kusuntu"}, ["bqh"] = {"Baima"}, ["bqi"] = {"Bakhtiari"}, ["bqj"] = {"Bandial"}, ["bqk"] = {"Banda-Mbrès"}, ["bql"] = {"Karian", "Bilakura"}, ["bqm"] = {"Wumboko"}, ["bqn"] = {"Basa Isarat Bulgaria"}, ["bqo"] = {"Balo"}, ["bqp"] = {"Busa"}, ["bqq"] = {"Biritai"}, ["bqr"] = {"Burusu"}, ["bqs"] = {"Bosngun"}, ["bqt"] = {"Bamukumbit"}, ["bqu"] = {"Boguru"}, ["bqv"] = {"Koro Wachi", "Begbere-Ejar"}, ["bqw"] = {"Buru (Nigéria)"}, ["bqx"] = {"Baangi"}, ["bqy"] = {"Basa Isarat Bengkala"}, ["bqz"] = {"Bakaka"}, ["bra"] = {"Braj"}, ["brb"] = {"Brao", "Lave"}, ["brc"] = {"Berbice Creole Dutch"}, ["brd"] = {"Baraamu"}, ["brf"] = {"Bira"}, ["brg"] = {"Baure"}, ["brh"] = {"Brahui"}, ["bri"] = {"Mokpwe"}, ["brj"] = {"Bieria"}, ["brk"] = {"Birked"}, ["brl"] = {"Birwa"}, ["brm"] = {"Barambu"}, ["brn"] = {"Boruca"}, ["bro"] = {"Brokkat"}, ["brp"] = {"Barapasi"}, ["brq"] = {"Breri"}, ["brr"] = {"Birao"}, ["brs"] = {"Baras"}, ["brt"] = {"Bitare"}, ["bru"] = {"Eastern Bru"}, ["brv"] = {"Western Bru"}, ["brw"] = {"Bellari"}, ["brx"] = {"Bodo (India)"}, ["bry"] = {"Burui"}, ["brz"] = {"Bilbil"}, ["bsa"] = {"Abinomn"}, ["bsb"] = {"Brunei Bisaya"}, ["bsc"] = {"Bassari", "Oniyan"}, ["bse"] = {"Wushi"}, ["bsf"] = {"Bauchi"}, ["bsg"] = {"Bashkardi"}, ["bsh"] = {"Kati"}, ["bsi"] = {"Bassossi"}, ["bsj"] = {"Bangwinji"}, ["bsk"] = {"Burushaski"}, ["bsl"] = {"Basa-Gumna"}, ["bsm"] = {"Busami"}, ["bsn"] = {"Barasana-Eduria"}, ["bso"] = {"Buso"}, ["bsp"] = {"Baga Sitemu"}, ["bsq"] = {"Bassa"}, ["bsr"] = {"Bassa-Kontagora"}, ["bss"] = {"Akoose"}, ["bst"] = {"Basketo"}, ["bsu"] = {"Bahonsuai"}, ["bsv"] = {"Baga Sobané"}, ["bsw"] = {"Baiso"}, ["bsx"] = {"Yangkam"}, ["bsy"] = {"Sabah Bisaya"}, ["bta"] = {"Bata"}, ["btc"] = {"Bati (Kamerun)"}, ["btd"] = {"Batak Dairi"}, ["bte"] = {"Gamo-Ningi"}, ["btf"] = {"Birgit"}, ["btg"] = {"Gagnoa Bété"}, ["bth"] = {"Biatah Bidayuh"}, ["bti"] = {"Burate"}, ["btj"] = {"Bacanese Malay"}, ["btk"] = {"Rungkun basa Batak"}, ["btm"] = {"Batak Mandailing"}, ["btn"] = {"Ratagnon"}, ["bto"] = {"Rinconada Bikol"}, ["btp"] = {"Budibud"}, ["btq"] = {"Batek"}, ["btr"] = {"Baetora"}, ["bts"] = {"Batak Simalungun"}, ["btt"] = {"Bete-Bendi"}, ["btu"] = {"Batu"}, ["btv"] = {"Bateri"}, ["btw"] = {"Butuanon"}, ["btx"] = {"Batak Karo"}, ["bty"] = {"Bobot"}, ["btz"] = {"Batak Alas-Kluet"}, ["bua"] = {"Buriat"}, ["bub"] = {"Bua"}, ["buc"] = {"Bushi"}, ["bud"] = {"Ntcham"}, ["bue"] = {"Beothuk"}, ["buf"] = {"Bushoong"}, ["bug"] = {"Buginese"}, ["buh"] = {"Younuo Bunu"}, ["bui"] = {"Bongili"}, ["buj"] = {"Basa-Gurmana"}, ["buk"] = {"Bugawac"}, ["bum"] = {"Bulu (Kamerun)"}, ["bun"] = {"Sherbro"}, ["buo"] = {"Terei"}, ["bup"] = {"Busoa"}, ["buq"] = {"Brem"}, ["bus"] = {"Bokobaru"}, ["but"] = {"Bungain"}, ["buu"] = {"Budu"}, ["buv"] = {"Bun"}, ["buw"] = {"Bubi"}, ["bux"] = {"Boghom"}, ["buy"] = {"Bullom So"}, ["buz"] = {"Bukwen"}, ["bva"] = {"Barein"}, ["bvb"] = {"Bube"}, ["bvc"] = {"Baelelea"}, ["bvd"] = {"Baeggu"}, ["bve"] = {"Berau Malay"}, ["bvf"] = {"Boor"}, ["bvg"] = {"Bonkeng"}, ["bvh"] = {"Bure"}, ["bvi"] = {"Belanda Viri"}, ["bvj"] = {"Baan"}, ["bvk"] = {"Bukat"}, ["bvl"] = {"Basa Isarat Bolivia"}, ["bvm"] = {"Bamunka"}, ["bvn"] = {"Buna"}, ["bvo"] = {"Bolgo"}, ["bvp"] = {"Bumang"}, ["bvq"] = {"Birri"}, ["bvr"] = {"Burarra"}, ["bvt"] = {"Bati (Indonésia)"}, ["bvu"] = {"Bukit Malay"}, ["bvv"] = {"Baniva"}, ["bvw"] = {"Boga"}, ["bvx"] = {"Dibole"}, ["bvy"] = {"Baybayanon"}, ["bvz"] = {"Bauzi"}, ["bwa"] = {"Bwatoo"}, ["bwb"] = {"Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua"}, ["bwc"] = {"Bwile"}, ["bwd"] = {"Bwaidoka"}, ["bwe"] = {"Bwe Karen"}, ["bwf"] = {"Boselewa"}, ["bwg"] = {"Barwe"}, ["bwh"] = {"Bishuo"}, ["bwi"] = {"Baniwa"}, ["bwj"] = {"Láá Láá Bwamu"}, ["bwk"] = {"Bauwaki"}, ["bwl"] = {"Bwela"}, ["bwm"] = {"Biwat"}, ["bwn"] = {"Wunai Bunu"}, ["bwo"] = {"Boro (Ethiopia)", "Borna (Ethiopia)"}, ["bwp"] = {"Mandobo Bawah"}, ["bwq"] = {"Southern Bobo Madaré"}, ["bwr"] = {"Bura-Pabir"}, ["bws"] = {"Bomboma"}, ["bwt"] = {"Bafaw-Balong"}, ["bwu"] = {"Buli (Ghana)"}, ["bww"] = {"Bwa"}, ["bwx"] = {"Bu-Nao Bunu"}, ["bwy"] = {"Cwi Bwamu"}, ["bwz"] = {"Bwisi"}, ["bxa"] = {"Tairaha"}, ["bxb"] = {"Belanda Bor"}, ["bxc"] = {"Molengue"}, ["bxd"] = {"Pela"}, ["bxe"] = {"Birale"}, ["bxf"] = {"Bilur", "Minigir"}, ["bxg"] = {"Bangala"}, ["bxh"] = {"Buhutu"}, ["bxi"] = {"Pirlatapa"}, ["bxj"] = {"Bayungu"}, ["bxk"] = {"Bukusu", "Lubukusu"}, ["bxl"] = {"Jalkunan"}, ["bxm"] = {"Mongolia Buriat"}, ["bxn"] = {"Burduna"}, ["bxo"] = {"Barikanchi"}, ["bxp"] = {"Bebil"}, ["bxq"] = {"Beele"}, ["bxr"] = {"Russia Buriat"}, ["bxs"] = {"Busam"}, ["bxu"] = {"China Buriat"}, ["bxv"] = {"Berakou"}, ["bxw"] = {"Bankagooma"}, ["bxz"] = {"Binahari"}, ["bya"] = {"Batak"}, ["byb"] = {"Bikya"}, ["byc"] = {"Ubaghara"}, ["byd"] = {"Benyadu'"}, ["bye"] = {"Pouye"}, ["byf"] = {"Bete"}, ["byg"] = {"Baygo"}, ["byh"] = {"Bhujel"}, ["byi"] = {"Buyu"}, ["byj"] = {"Bina (Nigéria)"}, ["byk"] = {"Biao"}, ["byl"] = {"Bayono"}, ["bym"] = {"Bidjara"}, ["byn"] = {"Bilin", "Blin"}, ["byo"] = {"Biyo"}, ["byp"] = {"Bumaji"}, ["byq"] = {"Basay"}, ["byr"] = {"Baruya", "Yipma"}, ["bys"] = {"Burak"}, ["byt"] = {"Berti"}, ["byv"] = {"Medumba"}, ["byw"] = {"Belhariya"}, ["byx"] = {"Qaqet"}, ["byz"] = {"Banaro"}, ["bza"] = {"Bandi"}, ["bzb"] = {"Andio"}, ["bzc"] = {"Southern Betsimisaraka Malagasy"}, ["bzd"] = {"Bribri"}, ["bze"] = {"Jenaama Bozo"}, ["bzf"] = {"Boikin"}, ["bzg"] = {"Babuza"}, ["bzh"] = {"Mapos Buang"}, ["bzi"] = {"Bisu"}, ["bzj"] = {"Belize Kriol English"}, ["bzk"] = {"Nicaragua Creole English"}, ["bzl"] = {"Boano (Sulawesi)"}, ["bzm"] = {"Bolondo"}, ["bzn"] = {"Boano (Maluku)"}, ["bzo"] = {"Bozaba"}, ["bzp"] = {"Kemberano"}, ["bzq"] = {"Buli (Indonésia)"}, ["bzr"] = {"Biri"}, ["bzs"] = {"Basa Isarat Brasil"}, ["bzt"] = {"Brithenig"}, ["bzu"] = {"Burmeso"}, ["bzv"] = {"Naami"}, ["bzw"] = {"Basa (Nigéria)"}, ["bzx"] = {"Kɛlɛngaxo Bozo"}, ["bzy"] = {"Obanliku"}, ["bzz"] = {"Evant"}, ["caa"] = {"Chortí"}, ["cab"] = {"Garifuna"}, ["cac"] = {"Chuj"}, ["cad"] = {"Caddo"}, ["cae"] = {"Lehar", "Laalaa"}, ["caf"] = {"Southern Carrier"}, ["cag"] = {"Nivaclé"}, ["cah"] = {"Cahuarano"}, ["cai"] = {"Rungkun basa Indian Amérika Tengah"}, ["caj"] = {"Chané"}, ["cak"] = {"Kaqchikel", "Cakchiquel"}, ["cal"] = {"Carolinian"}, ["cam"] = {"Cemuhî"}, ["can"] = {"Chambri"}, ["cao"] = {"Chácobo"}, ["cap"] = {"Chipaya"}, ["caq"] = {"Car Nicobarese"}, ["car"] = {"Galibi Carib"}, ["cas"] = {"Tsimané"}, ["cau"] = {"Rungkun basa Kaukasus"}, ["cav"] = {"Cavineña"}, ["caw"] = {"Callawalla"}, ["cax"] = {"Chiquitano"}, ["cay"] = {"Cayuga"}, ["caz"] = {"Canichana"}, ["cba"] = {"Rungkun basa Chibcha"}, ["cbb"] = {"Cabiyarí"}, ["cbc"] = {"Carapana"}, ["cbd"] = {"Carijona"}, ["cbg"] = {"Chimila"}, ["cbi"] = {"Chachi"}, ["cbj"] = {"Ede Cabe"}, ["cbk"] = {"Chavacano"}, ["cbl"] = {"Bualkhaw Chin"}, ["cbn"] = {"Nyahkur"}, ["cbo"] = {"Izora"}, ["cbq"] = {"Tsucuba", "Cuba"}, ["cbr"] = {"Cashibo-Cacataibo"}, ["cbs"] = {"Cashinahua"}, ["cbt"] = {"Chayahuita"}, ["cbu"] = {"Candoshi-Shapra"}, ["cbv"] = {"Cacua"}, ["cbw"] = {"Kinabalian"}, ["cby"] = {"Carabayo"}, ["ccc"] = {"Chamicuro"}, ["ccd"] = {"Cafundo Creole"}, ["cce"] = {"Chopi"}, ["ccg"] = {"Samba Daka"}, ["cch"] = {"Atsam"}, ["ccj"] = {"Kasanga"}, ["ccl"] = {"Cutchi-Swahili"}, ["ccm"] = {"Malaccan Creole Malay"}, ["ccn"] = {"Rungkun basa Kaukasus Kalér"}, ["cco"] = {"Comaltepec Chinantec"}, ["ccp"] = {"Chakma"}, ["ccr"] = {"Cacaopera"}, ["ccs"] = {"Rungkun basa Kaukasus Kidul"}, ["cda"] = {"Choni"}, ["cdc"] = {"Rungkun basa Chad"}, ["cdd"] = {"Rungkun basa Caddo"}, ["cde"] = {"Chenchu"}, ["cdf"] = {"Chiru"}, ["cdh"] = {"Chambeali"}, ["cdi"] = {"Chodri"}, ["cdj"] = {"Churahi"}, ["cdm"] = {"Chepang"}, ["cdn"] = {"Chaudangsi"}, ["cdo"] = {"Min Dong Chinese"}, ["cdr"] = {"Cinda-Regi-Tiyal"}, ["cds"] = {"Basa Isarat Chad"}, ["cdy"] = {"Chadong"}, ["cdz"] = {"Koda"}, ["cea"] = {"Lower Chehalis"}, ["ceb"] = {"Cebuano"}, ["ceg"] = {"Chamacoco"}, ["cek"] = {"Eastern Khumi Chin"}, ["cel"] = {"Rungkun basa Kéltik"}, ["cen"] = {"Cen"}, ["cet"] = {"Centúúm"}, ["cey"] = {"Ekai Chin"}, ["cfa"] = {"Dijim-Bwilim"}, ["cfd"] = {"Cara"}, ["cfg"] = {"Como Karim"}, ["cfm"] = {"Falam Chin"}, ["cga"] = {"Changriwa"}, ["cgc"] = {"Kagayanen"}, ["cgg"] = {"Chiga"}, ["cgk"] = {"Chocangacakha"}, ["chb"] = {"Chibcha"}, ["chc"] = {"Catawba"}, ["chd"] = {"Highland Oaxaca Chontal"}, ["chf"] = {"Tabasco Chontal"}, ["chg"] = {"Chagatai"}, ["chh"] = {"Chinook"}, ["chj"] = {"Ojitlán Chinantec"}, ["chk"] = {"Chuukese"}, ["chl"] = {"Cahuilla"}, ["chm"] = {"Mari (Rusia)"}, ["chn"] = {"Chinook jargon"}, ["cho"] = {"Choctaw"}, ["chp"] = {"Chipewyan", "Dene Suline"}, ["chq"] = {"Quiotepec Chinantec"}, ["chr"] = {"Cherokee"}, ["cht"] = {"Cholón"}, ["chw"] = {"Chuwabu"}, ["chx"] = {"Chantyal"}, ["chy"] = {"Cheyenne"}, ["chz"] = {"Ozumacín Chinantec"}, ["cia"] = {"Cia-Cia"}, ["cib"] = {"Ci Gbe"}, ["cic"] = {"Chickasaw"}, ["cid"] = {"Chimariko"}, ["cie"] = {"Cineni"}, ["cih"] = {"Chinali"}, ["cik"] = {"Chitkuli Kinnauri"}, ["cim"] = {"Cimbrian"}, ["cin"] = {"Cinta Larga"}, ["cip"] = {"Chiapanec"}, ["cir"] = {"Tiri", "Haméa", "Méa"}, ["ciw"] = {"Chippewa"}, ["ciy"] = {"Chaima"}, ["cja"] = {"Western Cham"}, ["cje"] = {"Chru"}, ["cjh"] = {"Upper Chehalis"}, ["cji"] = {"Chamalal"}, ["cjk"] = {"Chokwe"}, ["cjm"] = {"Eastern Cham"}, ["cjn"] = {"Chenapian"}, ["cjo"] = {"Ashéninka Pajonal"}, ["cjp"] = {"Cabécar"}, ["cjs"] = {"Shor"}, ["cjv"] = {"Chuave"}, ["cjy"] = {"Jinyu Chinese"}, ["ckb"] = {"Kurdi Tengah"}, ["ckh"] = {"Chak"}, ["ckl"] = {"Cibak"}, ["ckm"] = {"Chakavian"}, ["ckn"] = {"Kaang Chin"}, ["cko"] = {"Anufo"}, ["ckq"] = {"Kajakse"}, ["ckr"] = {"Kairak"}, ["cks"] = {"Tayo"}, ["ckt"] = {"Chukot"}, ["cku"] = {"Koasati"}, ["ckv"] = {"Kavalan"}, ["ckx"] = {"Caka"}, ["cky"] = {"Cakfem-Mushere"}, ["ckz"] = {"Cakchiquel-Quiché Mixed Language"}, ["cla"] = {"Ron"}, ["clc"] = {"Chilcotin", "Tsilhqot’in"}, ["cld"] = {"Chaldean Neo-Aramaic"}, ["cle"] = {"Lealao Chinantec"}, ["clh"] = {"Chilisso"}, ["cli"] = {"Chakali"}, ["clj"] = {"Laitu Chin"}, ["clk"] = {"Idu-Mishmi"}, ["cll"] = {"Chala"}, ["clm"] = {"Klallam", "Clallam"}, ["clo"] = {"Lowland Oaxaca Chontal"}, ["cls"] = {"Classical Sanskrit"}, ["clt"] = {"Lautu Chin"}, ["clu"] = {"Caluyanun"}, ["clw"] = {"Chulym"}, ["cly"] = {"Eastern Highland Chatino"}, ["cma"] = {"Maa"}, ["cmc"] = {"Rungkun basa Chamik"}, ["cme"] = {"Cerma"}, ["cmg"] = {"Classical Mongolian"}, ["cmi"] = {"Emberá-Chamí"}, ["cml"] = {"Campalagian"}, ["cmm"] = {"Michigamea"}, ["cmn"] = {"Mandarin Chinese"}, ["cmo"] = {"Central Mnong"}, ["cmr"] = {"Mro-Khimi Chin"}, ["cms"] = {"Messapic"}, ["cmt"] = {"Camtho"}, ["cna"] = {"Changthang"}, ["cnb"] = {"Chinbon Chin"}, ["cnc"] = {"Côông"}, ["cng"] = {"Northern Qiang"}, ["cnh"] = {"Hakha Chin", "Haka Chin"}, ["cni"] = {"Asháninka"}, ["cnk"] = {"Khumi Chin"}, ["cnl"] = {"Lalana Chinantec"}, ["cno"] = {"Con"}, ["cnp"] = {"Northern Ping Chinese", "Northern Pinghua"}, ["cnq"] = {"Chung"}, ["cnr"] = {"Montenegrin"}, ["cns"] = {"Central Asmat"}, ["cnt"] = {"Tepetotutla Chinantec"}, ["cnu"] = {"Chenoua"}, ["cnw"] = {"Ngawn Chin"}, ["cnx"] = {"Middle Cornish"}, ["coa"] = {"Cocos Islands Malay"}, ["cob"] = {"Chicomuceltec"}, ["coc"] = {"Cocopa"}, ["cod"] = {"Cocama-Cocamilla"}, ["coe"] = {"Koreguaje"}, ["cof"] = {"Colorado"}, ["cog"] = {"Chong"}, ["coh"] = {"Chonyi-Dzihana-Kauma", "Chichonyi-Chidzihana-Chikauma"}, ["coj"] = {"Cochimi"}, ["cok"] = {"Santa Teresa Cora"}, ["col"] = {"Columbia-Wenatchi"}, ["com"] = {"Comanche"}, ["con"] = {"Cofán"}, ["coo"] = {"Comox"}, ["cop"] = {"Coptic"}, ["coq"] = {"Coquille"}, ["cot"] = {"Caquinte"}, ["cou"] = {"Wamey"}, ["cov"] = {"Cao Miao"}, ["cow"] = {"Cowlitz"}, ["cox"] = {"Nanti"}, ["coz"] = {"Chochotec"}, ["cpa"] = {"Palantla Chinantec"}, ["cpb"] = {"Ucayali-Yurúa Ashéninka"}, ["cpc"] = {"Ajyíninka Apurucayali"}, ["cpe"] = {"English-based creoles and pidgins"}, ["cpf"] = {"French-based creoles and pidgins"}, ["cpg"] = {"Cappadocian Greek"}, ["cpi"] = {"Chinese Pidgin English"}, ["cpn"] = {"Cherepon"}, ["cpo"] = {"Kpeego"}, ["cpp"] = {"Portuguese-based creoles and pidgins"}, ["cps"] = {"Capiznon"}, ["cpu"] = {"Pichis Ashéninka"}, ["cpx"] = {"Pu-Xian Chinese"}, ["cpy"] = {"South Ucayali Ashéninka"}, ["cqd"] = {"Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao"}, ["cra"] = {"Chara"}, ["crb"] = {"Island Carib"}, ["crc"] = {"Lonwolwol"}, ["crd"] = {"Coeur d'Alene"}, ["crf"] = {"Caramanta"}, ["crg"] = {"Michif"}, ["crh"] = {"Crimean Tatar", "Crimean Turkish"}, ["cri"] = {"Sãotomense"}, ["crj"] = {"Southern East Cree"}, ["crk"] = {"Plains Cree"}, ["crl"] = {"Northern East Cree"}, ["crm"] = {"Moose Cree"}, ["crn"] = {"El Nayar Cora"}, ["cro"] = {"Crow"}, ["crp"] = {"Creoles and pidgins"}, ["crq"] = {"Iyo'wujwa Chorote"}, ["crr"] = {"Carolina Algonquian"}, ["crs"] = {"Seselwa Creole French"}, ["crt"] = {"Iyojwa'ja Chorote"}, ["crv"] = {"Chaura"}, ["crw"] = {"Chrau"}, ["crx"] = {"Carrier"}, ["cry"] = {"Cori"}, ["crz"] = {"Cruzeño"}, ["csa"] = {"Chiltepec Chinantec"}, ["csb"] = {"Kashubian"}, ["csc"] = {"Basa Isarat Katalan", "Lengua de señas catalana", "Llengua de Signes Catalana"}, ["csd"] = {"Basa Isarat Chiangmai"}, ["cse"] = {"Basa Isarat Céko"}, ["csf"] = {"Basa Isarat Kuba"}, ["csg"] = {"Basa Isarat Cilé"}, ["csh"] = {"Asho Chin"}, ["csi"] = {"Coast Miwok"}, ["csj"] = {"Songlai Chin"}, ["csk"] = {"Jola-Kasa"}, ["csl"] = {"Basa Isarat Tionghoa"}, ["csm"] = {"Central Sierra Miwok"}, ["csn"] = {"Basa Isarat Kolombia"}, ["cso"] = {"Sochiapam Chinantec", "Sochiapan Chinantec"}, ["csp"] = {"Southern Ping Chinese", "Southern Pinghua"}, ["csq"] = {"Basa Isarat Kroasia"}, ["csr"] = {"Basa Isarat Kosta Rika"}, ["css"] = {"Southern Ohlone"}, ["cst"] = {"Northern Ohlone"}, ["csu"] = {"Rungkun basa Sudan Tengah"}, ["csv"] = {"Sumtu Chin"}, ["csw"] = {"Swampy Cree"}, ["csx"] = {"Basa Isarat Kamboja"}, ["csy"] = {"Siyin Chin"}, ["csz"] = {"Coos"}, ["cta"] = {"Tataltepec Chatino"}, ["ctc"] = {"Chetco"}, ["ctd"] = {"Tedim Chin"}, ["cte"] = {"Tepinapa Chinantec"}, ["ctg"] = {"Chittagonian"}, ["cth"] = {"Thaiphum Chin"}, ["ctl"] = {"Tlacoatzintepec Chinantec"}, ["ctm"] = {"Chitimacha"}, ["ctn"] = {"Chhintange"}, ["cto"] = {"Emberá-Catío"}, ["ctp"] = {"Western Highland Chatino"}, ["cts"] = {"Northern Catanduanes Bikol"}, ["ctt"] = {"Wayanad Chetti"}, ["ctu"] = {"Chol"}, ["cty"] = {"Moundadan Chetty"}, ["ctz"] = {"Zacatepec Chatino"}, ["cua"] = {"Cua"}, ["cub"] = {"Cubeo"}, ["cuc"] = {"Usila Chinantec"}, ["cuh"] = {"Chuka", "Gichuka"}, ["cui"] = {"Cuiba"}, ["cuj"] = {"Mashco Piro"}, ["cuk"] = {"San Blas Kuna"}, ["cul"] = {"Culina", "Kulina"}, ["cuo"] = {"Cumanagoto"}, ["cup"] = {"Cupeño"}, ["cuq"] = {"Cun"}, ["cur"] = {"Chhulung"}, ["cus"] = {"Rungkun basa Kush"}, ["cut"] = {"Teutila Cuicatec"}, ["cuu"] = {"Tai Ya"}, ["cuv"] = {"Cuvok"}, ["cuw"] = {"Chukwa"}, ["cux"] = {"Tepeuxila Cuicatec"}, ["cuy"] = {"Cuitlatec"}, ["cvg"] = {"Chug"}, ["cvn"] = {"Valle Nacional Chinantec"}, ["cwa"] = {"Kabwa"}, ["cwb"] = {"Maindo"}, ["cwd"] = {"Woods Cree"}, ["cwe"] = {"Kwere"}, ["cwg"] = {"Chewong", "Cheq Wong"}, ["cwt"] = {"Kuwaataay"}, ["cxh"] = {"Cha'ari"}, ["cya"] = {"Nopala Chatino"}, ["cyb"] = {"Cayubaba"}, ["cyo"] = {"Cuyonon"}, ["czh"] = {"Huizhou Chinese"}, ["czk"] = {"Knaanic"}, ["czn"] = {"Zenzontepec Chatino"}, ["czo"] = {"Min Zhong Chinese"}, ["czt"] = {"Zotung Chin"}, ["daa"] = {"Dangaléat"}, ["dac"] = {"Dambi"}, ["dad"] = {"Marik"}, ["dae"] = {"Duupa"}, ["dag"] = {"Dagbani"}, ["dah"] = {"Gwahatike"}, ["dai"] = {"Day"}, ["daj"] = {"Dar Fur Daju"}, ["dak"] = {"Dakota"}, ["dal"] = {"Dahalo"}, ["dam"] = {"Damakawa"}, ["dao"] = {"Daai Chin"}, ["daq"] = {"Dandami Maria"}, ["dar"] = {"Dargwa"}, ["das"] = {"Daho-Doo"}, ["dau"] = {"Dar Sila Daju"}, ["dav"] = {"Taita", "Dawida"}, ["daw"] = {"Davawenyo"}, ["dax"] = {"Dayi"}, ["day"] = {"Rungkun basa Dayak Darat"}, ["daz"] = {"Moi-Wadea", "Dao"}, ["dba"] = {"Bangime"}, ["dbb"] = {"Deno"}, ["dbd"] = {"Dadiya"}, ["dbe"] = {"Dabe"}, ["dbf"] = {"Edopi"}, ["dbg"] = {"Dogul Dom Dogon"}, ["dbi"] = {"Doka"}, ["dbj"] = {"Ida'an"}, ["dbl"] = {"Dyirbal"}, ["dbm"] = {"Duguri"}, ["dbn"] = {"Duriankere"}, ["dbo"] = {"Dulbu"}, ["dbp"] = {"Duwai"}, ["dbq"] = {"Daba"}, ["dbr"] = {"Dabarre"}, ["dbt"] = {"Ben Tey Dogon"}, ["dbu"] = {"Bondum Dom Dogon"}, ["dbv"] = {"Dungu"}, ["dbw"] = {"Bankan Tey Dogon"}, ["dby"] = {"Dibiyaso"}, ["dcc"] = {"Deccan"}, ["dcr"] = {"Negerhollands"}, ["dda"] = {"Dadi Dadi"}, ["ddd"] = {"Dongotono"}, ["dde"] = {"Doondo"}, ["ddg"] = {"Fataluku"}, ["ddi"] = {"Goodenough Kulon"}, ["ddj"] = {"Jaru"}, ["ddn"] = {"Dendi (Bénin)"}, ["ddo"] = {"Dido"}, ["ddr"] = {"Dhudhuroa"}, ["dds"] = {"Donno So Dogon"}, ["ddw"] = {"Dawera-Daweloor"}, ["dec"] = {"Dagik"}, ["ded"] = {"Dedua"}, ["dee"] = {"Dewoin"}, ["def"] = {"Dezfuli"}, ["deg"] = {"Degema"}, ["deh"] = {"Dehwari"}, ["dei"] = {"Demisa"}, ["del"] = {"Delaware"}, ["dem"] = {"Dem"}, ["den"] = {"Slavey"}, ["dep"] = {"Pidgin Delaware"}, ["deq"] = {"Dendi (Afrika Tengah)"}, ["der"] = {"Deori"}, ["des"] = {"Desano"}, ["dev"] = {"Domung"}, ["dez"] = {"Dengese"}, ["dga"] = {"Southern Dagaare"}, ["dgb"] = {"Bunoge Dogon"}, ["dgc"] = {"Casiguran Dumagat Agta"}, ["dgd"] = {"Dagaari Dioula"}, ["dge"] = {"Degenan"}, ["dgg"] = {"Doga"}, ["dgh"] = {"Dghwede"}, ["dgi"] = {"Northern Dagara"}, ["dgk"] = {"Dagba"}, ["dgl"] = {"Andaandi", "Dongolawi"}, ["dgn"] = {"Dagoman"}, ["dgo"] = {"Dogri (individual language)"}, ["dgr"] = {"Tlicho", "Dogrib", "Tłı̨chǫ"}, ["dgs"] = {"Dogoso"}, ["dgt"] = {"Ndra'ngith"}, ["dgw"] = {"Daungwurrung"}, ["dgx"] = {"Doghoro"}, ["dgz"] = {"Daga"}, ["dhd"] = {"Dhundari"}, ["dhg"] = {"Dhangu-Djangu", "Dhangu", "Djangu"}, ["dhi"] = {"Dhimal"}, ["dhl"] = {"Dhalandji"}, ["dhm"] = {"Zemba"}, ["dhn"] = {"Dhanki"}, ["dho"] = {"Dhodia"}, ["dhr"] = {"Dhargari"}, ["dhs"] = {"Dhaiso"}, ["dhu"] = {"Dhurga"}, ["dhv"] = {"Dehu", "Drehu"}, ["dhw"] = {"Dhanwar (Nepal)"}, ["dhx"] = {"Dhungaloo"}, ["dia"] = {"Dia"}, ["dib"] = {"South Central Dinka"}, ["dic"] = {"Lakota Dida"}, ["did"] = {"Didinga"}, ["dif"] = {"Dieri", "Diyari"}, ["dig"] = {"Digo", "Chidigo"}, ["dih"] = {"Kumiai"}, ["dii"] = {"Dimbong"}, ["dij"] = {"Dai"}, ["dik"] = {"Southwestern Dinka"}, ["dil"] = {"Dilling"}, ["dim"] = {"Dime"}, ["din"] = {"Dinka"}, ["dio"] = {"Dibo"}, ["dip"] = {"Northeastern Dinka"}, ["diq"] = {"Dimli (individual language)"}, ["dir"] = {"Dirim"}, ["dis"] = {"Dimasa"}, ["diu"] = {"Diriku"}, ["diw"] = {"Northwestern Dinka"}, ["dix"] = {"Dixon Reef"}, ["diy"] = {"Diuwe"}, ["diz"] = {"Ding"}, ["dja"] = {"Djadjawurrung"}, ["djb"] = {"Djinba"}, ["djc"] = {"Dar Daju Daju"}, ["djd"] = {"Djamindjung", "Ngaliwurru"}, ["dje"] = {"Zarma"}, ["djf"] = {"Djangun"}, ["dji"] = {"Djinang"}, ["djj"] = {"Djeebbana"}, ["djk"] = {"Eastern Maroon Creole", "Businenge Tongo", "Nenge"}, ["djm"] = {"Jamsay Dogon"}, ["djn"] = {"Jawoyn", "Djauan"}, ["djo"] = {"Jangkang"}, ["djr"] = {"Djambarrpuyngu"}, ["dju"] = {"Kapriman"}, ["djw"] = {"Djawi"}, ["dka"] = {"Dakpakha"}, ["dkg"] = {"Kadung"}, ["dkk"] = {"Dakka"}, ["dkr"] = {"Kuijau"}, ["dks"] = {"Southeastern Dinka"}, ["dkx"] = {"Mazagway"}, ["dlg"] = {"Dolgan"}, ["dlk"] = {"Dahalik"}, ["dlm"] = {"Dalmatian"}, ["dln"] = {"Darlong"}, ["dma"] = {"Duma"}, ["dmb"] = {"Mombo Dogon"}, ["dmc"] = {"Gavak"}, ["dmd"] = {"Madhi Madhi"}, ["dme"] = {"Dugwor"}, ["dmf"] = {"Medefaidrin"}, ["dmg"] = {"Upper Kinabatangan"}, ["dmk"] = {"Domaaki"}, ["dml"] = {"Dameli"}, ["dmm"] = {"Dama"}, ["dmn"] = {"Rungkun basa Mande"}, ["dmo"] = {"Kemedzung"}, ["dmr"] = {"East Damar"}, ["dms"] = {"Dampelas"}, ["dmu"] = {"Dubu", "Tebi"}, ["dmv"] = {"Dumpas"}, ["dmw"] = {"Mudburra"}, ["dmx"] = {"Dema"}, ["dmy"] = {"Demta", "Sowari"}, ["dna"] = {"Upper Grand Valley Dani"}, ["dnd"] = {"Daonda"}, ["dne"] = {"Ndendeule"}, ["dng"] = {"Dungan"}, ["dni"] = {"Lower Grand Valley Dani"}, ["dnj"] = {"Dan"}, ["dnk"] = {"Dengka"}, ["dnn"] = {"Dzùùngoo"}, ["dno"] = {"Ndrulo", "Northern Lendu"}, ["dnr"] = {"Danaru"}, ["dnt"] = {"Mid Grand Valley Dani"}, ["dnu"] = {"Danau"}, ["dnv"] = {"Danu"}, ["dnw"] = {"Western Dani"}, ["dny"] = {"Dení"}, ["doa"] = {"Dom"}, ["dob"] = {"Dobu"}, ["doc"] = {"Northern Dong"}, ["doe"] = {"Doe"}, ["dof"] = {"Domu"}, ["doh"] = {"Dong"}, ["doi"] = {"Dogri (macrolanguage)"}, ["dok"] = {"Dondo"}, ["dol"] = {"Doso"}, ["don"] = {"Toura (Papua Nugini)"}, ["doo"] = {"Dongo"}, ["dop"] = {"Lukpa"}, ["doq"] = {"Basa Isarat Dominika"}, ["dor"] = {"Dori'o"}, ["dos"] = {"Dogosé"}, ["dot"] = {"Dass"}, ["dov"] = {"Dombe"}, ["dow"] = {"Doyayo"}, ["dox"] = {"Bussa"}, ["doy"] = {"Dompo"}, ["doz"] = {"Dorze"}, ["dpp"] = {"Papar"}, ["dra"] = {"Rungkun basa Dravida"}, ["drb"] = {"Dair"}, ["drc"] = {"Minderico"}, ["drd"] = {"Darmiya"}, ["dre"] = {"Dolpo"}, ["drg"] = {"Rungus"}, ["dri"] = {"C'Lela"}, ["drl"] = {"Paakantyi"}, ["drn"] = {"West Damar"}, ["dro"] = {"Daro-Matu Melanau"}, ["drq"] = {"Dura"}, ["drs"] = {"Gedeo"}, ["drt"] = {"Drents"}, ["dru"] = {"Rukai"}, ["dry"] = {"Darai"}, ["dsb"] = {"Lower Sorbian"}, ["dse"] = {"Basa Isarat Walanda"}, ["dsh"] = {"Daasanach"}, ["dsi"] = {"Disa"}, ["dsk"] = {"Dokshi"}, ["dsl"] = {"Basa Isarat Dénmark"}, ["dsn"] = {"Dusner"}, ["dso"] = {"Desiya"}, ["dsq"] = {"Tadaksahak"}, ["dsz"] = {"Basa Isarat Mardin"}, ["dta"] = {"Daur"}, ["dtb"] = {"Labuk-Kinabatangan Kadazan"}, ["dtd"] = {"Ditidaht"}, ["dth"] = {"Adithinngithigh"}, ["dti"] = {"Ana Tinga Dogon"}, ["dtk"] = {"Tene Kan Dogon"}, ["dtm"] = {"Tomo Kan Dogon"}, ["dtn"] = {"Daatsʼíin"}, ["dto"] = {"Tommo So Dogon"}, ["dtp"] = {"Kadazan Dusun", "Central Dusun"}, ["dtr"] = {"Lotud"}, ["dts"] = {"Toro So Dogon"}, ["dtt"] = {"Toro Tegu Dogon"}, ["dtu"] = {"Tebul Ure Dogon"}, ["dty"] = {"Dotyali"}, ["dua"] = {"Duala"}, ["dub"] = {"Dubli"}, ["duc"] = {"Duna"}, ["due"] = {"Umiray Dumaget Agta"}, ["duf"] = {"Dumbea", "Drubea"}, ["dug"] = {"Duruma", "Chiduruma"}, ["duh"] = {"Dungra Bhil"}, ["dui"] = {"Dumun"}, ["duk"] = {"Uyajitaya"}, ["dul"] = {"Alabat Island Agta"}, ["dum"] = {"Middle Dutch (ca. 1050-1350)"}, ["dun"] = {"Dusun Deyah"}, ["duo"] = {"Dupaninan Agta"}, ["dup"] = {"Duano"}, ["duq"] = {"Dusun Malang"}, ["dur"] = {"Dii"}, ["dus"] = {"Dumi"}, ["duu"] = {"Drung"}, ["duv"] = {"Duvle"}, ["duw"] = {"Dusun Witu"}, ["dux"] = {"Duungooma"}, ["duy"] = {"Dicamay Agta"}, ["duz"] = {"Duli-Gey"}, ["dva"] = {"Duau"}, ["dwa"] = {"Diri"}, ["dwk"] = {"Dawik Kui"}, ["dwr"] = {"Dawro"}, ["dws"] = {"Dutton World Speedwords"}, ["dwu"] = {"Dhuwal"}, ["dww"] = {"Dawawa"}, ["dwy"] = {"Dhuwaya"}, ["dwz"] = {"Dewas Rai"}, ["dya"] = {"Dyan"}, ["dyb"] = {"Dyaberdyaber"}, ["dyd"] = {"Dyugun"}, ["dyg"] = {"Villa Viciosa Agta"}, ["dyi"] = {"Djimini Senoufo"}, ["dyl"] = {"Basa Isarat Butan"}, ["dym"] = {"Yanda Dom Dogon"}, ["dyn"] = {"Dyangadi", "Dhanggatti"}, ["dyo"] = {"Jola-Fonyi"}, ["dyr"] = {"Dyarim"}, ["dyu"] = {"Dyula"}, ["dyy"] = {"Djabugay", "Dyaabugay"}, ["dza"] = {"Tunzu"}, ["dzd"] = {"Daza"}, ["dze"] = {"Djiwarli"}, ["dzg"] = {"Dazaga"}, ["dzl"] = {"Dzalakha"}, ["dzn"] = {"Dzando"}, ["eaa"] = {"Karenggapa"}, ["ebc"] = {"Beginci"}, ["ebg"] = {"Ebughu"}, ["ebk"] = {"Eastern Bontok"}, ["ebo"] = {"Teke-Ebo"}, ["ebr"] = {"Ebrié"}, ["ebu"] = {"Embu", "Kiembu"}, ["ecr"] = {"Eteocretan"}, ["ecs"] = {"Basa Isarat Ékuador"}, ["ecy"] = {"Eteocypriot"}, ["eee"] = {"E"}, ["efa"] = {"Efai"}, ["efe"] = {"Efe"}, ["efi"] = {"Efik"}, ["ega"] = {"Ega"}, ["egl"] = {"Emilian"}, ["egm"] = {"Benamanga"}, ["ego"] = {"Eggon"}, ["egx"] = {"Rungkun basa Mesir"}, ["egy"] = {"Mesir"}, ["ehs"] = {"Basa Isarat Miyakubo"}, ["ehu"] = {"Ehueun"}, ["eip"] = {"Eipomek"}, ["eit"] = {"Eitiep"}, ["eiv"] = {"Askopan"}, ["eja"] = {"Ejamat"}, ["eka"] = {"Ekajuk"}, ["eke"] = {"Ekit"}, ["ekg"] = {"Ekari"}, ["eki"] = {"Eki"}, ["ekk"] = {"Standard Estonian"}, ["ekl"] = {"Kol (Bangladesh)", "Kol"}, ["ekm"] = {"Elip"}, ["eko"] = {"Koti"}, ["ekp"] = {"Ekpeye"}, ["ekr"] = {"Yace"}, ["eky"] = {"Eastern Kayah"}, ["ele"] = {"Elepi"}, ["elh"] = {"El Hugeirat"}, ["eli"] = {"Nding"}, ["elk"] = {"Elkei"}, ["elm"] = {"Eleme"}, ["elo"] = {"El Molo"}, ["elu"] = {"Elu"}, ["elx"] = {"Elamite"}, ["ema"] = {"Emai-Iuleha-Ora"}, ["emb"] = {"Embaloh"}, ["eme"] = {"Emerillon"}, ["emg"] = {"Eastern Meohang"}, ["emi"] = {"Mussau-Emira"}, ["emk"] = {"Eastern Maninkakan"}, ["emm"] = {"Mamulique"}, ["emn"] = {"Eman"}, ["emp"] = {"Northern Emberá"}, ["emq"] = {"Eastern Minyag"}, ["ems"] = {"Pacific Gulf Yupik"}, ["emu"] = {"Eastern Muria"}, ["emw"] = {"Emplawas"}, ["emx"] = {"Erromintxela"}, ["emy"] = {"Epigraphic Mayan"}, ["emz"] = {"Mbessa"}, ["ena"] = {"Apali"}, ["enb"] = {"Markweeta"}, ["enc"] = {"En"}, ["end"] = {"Ende"}, ["enf"] = {"Forest Enets"}, ["enh"] = {"Tundra Enets"}, ["enl"] = {"Enlhet"}, ["enm"] = {"Middle English (1100-1500)"}, ["enn"] = {"Engenni"}, ["eno"] = {"Enggano"}, ["enq"] = {"Enga"}, ["enr"] = {"Emumu", "Emem"}, ["enu"] = {"Enu"}, ["env"] = {"Enwan (Edo State)"}, ["enw"] = {"Enwan (Akwa Ibom State)"}, ["enx"] = {"Enxet"}, ["eot"] = {"Beti (Côte d'Ivoire)"}, ["epi"] = {"Epie"}, ["era"] = {"Eravallan"}, ["erg"] = {"Sie"}, ["erh"] = {"Eruwa"}, ["eri"] = {"Ogea"}, ["erk"] = {"South Efate"}, ["ero"] = {"Horpa"}, ["err"] = {"Erre"}, ["ers"] = {"Ersu"}, ["ert"] = {"Eritai"}, ["erw"] = {"Erokwanas"}, ["ese"] = {"Ese Ejja"}, ["esg"] = {"Aheri Gondi"}, ["esh"] = {"Eshtehardi"}, ["esi"] = {"North Alaskan Inupiatun"}, ["esk"] = {"Northwest Alaska Inupiatun"}, ["esl"] = {"Basa Isarat Mesir"}, ["esm"] = {"Esuma"}, ["esn"] = {"Basa Isarat Salvador"}, ["eso"] = {"Basa Isarat Éstonia"}, ["esq"] = {"Esselen"}, ["ess"] = {"Central Siberian Yupik"}, ["esu"] = {"Central Yupik"}, ["esx"] = {"Rungkun basa Éskimo-Aleut"}, ["esy"] = {"Eskayan"}, ["etb"] = {"Etebi"}, ["etc"] = {"Etchemin"}, ["eth"] = {"Basa Isarat Étiopia"}, ["etn"] = {"Eton (Vanuatu)"}, ["eto"] = {"Eton (Kamerun)"}, ["etr"] = {"Edolo"}, ["ets"] = {"Yekhee"}, ["ett"] = {"Etruscan"}, ["etu"] = {"Ejagham"}, ["etx"] = {"Eten"}, ["etz"] = {"Semimi"}, ["eud"] = {"Eudeve"}, ["euq"] = {"Baska (kulawarga)"}, ["eve"] = {"Even"}, ["evh"] = {"Uvbie"}, ["evn"] = {"Evenki"}, ["ewo"] = {"Ewondo"}, ["ext"] = {"Extremaduran"}, ["eya"] = {"Eyak"}, ["eyo"] = {"Keiyo"}, ["eza"] = {"Ezaa"}, ["eze"] = {"Uzekwe"}, ["faa"] = {"Fasu"}, ["fab"] = {"Fa d'Ambu"}, ["fad"] = {"Wagi"}, ["faf"] = {"Fagani"}, ["fag"] = {"Finongan"}, ["fah"] = {"Baissa Fali"}, ["fai"] = {"Faiwol"}, ["faj"] = {"Faita"}, ["fak"] = {"Fang (Kamerun)"}, ["fal"] = {"South Fali"}, ["fam"] = {"Fam"}, ["fan"] = {"Fang (Equatorial Guinea)"}, ["fap"] = {"Paloor"}, ["far"] = {"Fataleka"}, ["fat"] = {"Fanti"}, ["fau"] = {"Fayu"}, ["fax"] = {"Fala"}, ["fay"] = {"Southwestern Fars"}, ["faz"] = {"Northwestern Fars"}, ["fbl"] = {"West Albay Bikol"}, ["fcs"] = {"Basa Isarat Quebec"}, ["fer"] = {"Feroge"}, ["ffi"] = {"Foia Foia"}, ["ffm"] = {"Maasina Fulfulde"}, ["fgr"] = {"Fongoro"}, ["fia"] = {"Nobiin"}, ["fie"] = {"Fyer"}, ["fif"] = {"Faifi"}, ["fil"] = {"Filipino", "Pilipino"}, ["fip"] = {"Fipa"}, ["fir"] = {"Firan"}, ["fit"] = {"Tornedalen Finnish", "Meänkieli"}, ["fiu"] = {"Rungkun basa Finno-Ugri"}, ["fiw"] = {"Fiwaga"}, ["fkk"] = {"Kirya-Konzəl"}, ["fkv"] = {"Kven Finnish"}, ["fla"] = {"Kalispel-Pend d'Oreille"}, ["flh"] = {"Foau"}, ["fli"] = {"Fali"}, ["fll"] = {"North Fali"}, ["fln"] = {"Flinders Island"}, ["flr"] = {"Fuliiru"}, ["fly"] = {"Flaaitaal", "Tsotsitaal"}, ["fmp"] = {"Fe'fe'"}, ["fmu"] = {"Far Western Muria"}, ["fnb"] = {"Fanbak"}, ["fng"] = {"Fanagalo"}, ["fni"] = {"Fania"}, ["fod"] = {"Foodo"}, ["foi"] = {"Foi"}, ["fom"] = {"Foma"}, ["fon"] = {"Fon"}, ["for"] = {"Fore"}, ["fos"] = {"Siraya"}, ["fox"] = {"Rungkun basa Formosa"}, ["fpe"] = {"Fernando Po Creole English"}, ["fqs"] = {"Fas"}, ["frc"] = {"Cajun French"}, ["frd"] = {"Fordata"}, ["frk"] = {"Frankish"}, ["frm"] = {"Middle French (ca. 1400-1600)"}, ["fro"] = {"Old French (842-ca. 1400)"}, ["frp"] = {"Arpitan", "Francoprovençal"}, ["frq"] = {"Forak"}, ["frr"] = {"Northern Frisian"}, ["frs"] = {"Eastern Frisian"}, ["frt"] = {"Fortsenal"}, ["fse"] = {"Basa Isarat Finlandia"}, ["fsl"] = {"Basa Isarat Prancis"}, ["fss"] = {"Basa Isarat Finlandia Swédia", "finlandssvenskt teckenspråk", "suomenruotsalainen viittomakieli"}, ["fub"] = {"Adamawa Fulfulde"}, ["fuc"] = {"Pulaar"}, ["fud"] = {"East Futuna"}, ["fue"] = {"Borgu Fulfulde"}, ["fuf"] = {"Pular"}, ["fuh"] = {"Western Niger Fulfulde"}, ["fui"] = {"Bagirmi Fulfulde"}, ["fuj"] = {"Ko"}, ["fum"] = {"Fum"}, ["fun"] = {"Fulniô"}, ["fuq"] = {"Central-Eastern Niger Fulfulde"}, ["fur"] = {"Friulian"}, ["fut"] = {"Futuna-Aniwa"}, ["fuu"] = {"Furu"}, ["fuv"] = {"Nigerian Fulfulde"}, ["fuy"] = {"Fuyug"}, ["fvr"] = {"Fur"}, ["fwa"] = {"Fwâi"}, ["fwe"] = {"Fwe"}, ["gaa"] = {"Ga"}, ["gab"] = {"Gabri"}, ["gac"] = {"Mixed Great Andamanese"}, ["gad"] = {"Gaddang"}, ["gae"] = {"Guarequena"}, ["gaf"] = {"Gende"}, ["gag"] = {"Gagauz"}, ["gah"] = {"Alekano"}, ["gai"] = {"Borei"}, ["gaj"] = {"Gadsup"}, ["gak"] = {"Gamkonora"}, ["gal"] = {"Galolen"}, ["gam"] = {"Kandawo"}, ["gan"] = {"Gan Chinese"}, ["gao"] = {"Gants"}, ["gap"] = {"Gal"}, ["gaq"] = {"Gata'"}, ["gar"] = {"Galeya"}, ["gas"] = {"Adiwasi Garasia"}, ["gat"] = {"Kenati"}, ["gau"] = {"Mudhili Gadaba"}, ["gaw"] = {"Nobonob"}, ["gax"] = {"Borana-Arsi-Guji Oromo"}, ["gay"] = {"Gayo"}, ["gaz"] = {"West Central Oromo"}, ["gba"] = {"Gbaya (Afrika Tengah)"}, ["gbb"] = {"Kaytetye"}, ["gbd"] = {"Karajarri"}, ["gbe"] = {"Niksek"}, ["gbf"] = {"Gaikundi"}, ["gbg"] = {"Gbanziri"}, ["gbh"] = {"Defi Gbe"}, ["gbi"] = {"Galela"}, ["gbj"] = {"Bodo Gadaba"}, ["gbk"] = {"Gaddi"}, ["gbl"] = {"Gamit"}, ["gbm"] = {"Garhwali"}, ["gbn"] = {"Mo'da"}, ["gbo"] = {"Northern Grebo"}, ["gbp"] = {"Gbaya-Bossangoa"}, ["gbq"] = {"Gbaya-Bozoum"}, ["gbr"] = {"Gbagyi"}, ["gbs"] = {"Gbesi Gbe"}, ["gbu"] = {"Gagadu"}, ["gbv"] = {"Gbanu"}, ["gbw"] = {"Gabi-Gabi"}, ["gbx"] = {"Eastern Xwla Gbe"}, ["gby"] = {"Gbari"}, ["gbz"] = {"Zoroastrian Dari"}, ["gcc"] = {"Mali"}, ["gcd"] = {"Ganggalida"}, ["gce"] = {"Galice"}, ["gcf"] = {"Guadeloupean Creole French"}, ["gcl"] = {"Grenadian Creole English"}, ["gcn"] = {"Gaina"}, ["gcr"] = {"Guianese Creole French"}, ["gct"] = {"Colonia Tovar German"}, ["gda"] = {"Gade Lohar"}, ["gdb"] = {"Pottangi Ollar Gadaba"}, ["gdc"] = {"Gugu Badhun"}, ["gdd"] = {"Gedaged"}, ["gde"] = {"Gude"}, ["gdf"] = {"Guduf-Gava"}, ["gdg"] = {"Ga'dang"}, ["gdh"] = {"Gadjerawang", "Gajirrabeng"}, ["gdi"] = {"Gundi"}, ["gdj"] = {"Gurdjar"}, ["gdk"] = {"Gadang"}, ["gdl"] = {"Dirasha"}, ["gdm"] = {"Laal"}, ["gdn"] = {"Umanakaina"}, ["gdo"] = {"Ghodoberi"}, ["gdq"] = {"Mehri"}, ["gdr"] = {"Wipi"}, ["gds"] = {"Basa Isarat Ghandruk"}, ["gdt"] = {"Kungardutyi"}, ["gdu"] = {"Gudu"}, ["gdx"] = {"Godwari"}, ["gea"] = {"Geruma"}, ["geb"] = {"Kire"}, ["gec"] = {"Gboloo Grebo"}, ["ged"] = {"Gade"}, ["gef"] = {"Gerai"}, ["geg"] = {"Gengle"}, ["geh"] = {"Hutterite German", "Hutterisch"}, ["gei"] = {"Gebe"}, ["gej"] = {"Gen"}, ["gek"] = {"Ywom"}, ["gel"] = {"ut-Ma'in"}, ["gem"] = {"Rungkun basa Jérmanik"}, ["geq"] = {"Geme"}, ["ges"] = {"Geser-Gorom"}, ["gev"] = {"Eviya"}, ["gew"] = {"Gera"}, ["gex"] = {"Garre"}, ["gey"] = {"Enya"}, ["gez"] = {"Geez"}, ["gfk"] = {"Patpatar"}, ["gft"] = {"Gafat"}, ["gga"] = {"Gao"}, ["ggb"] = {"Gbii"}, ["ggd"] = {"Gugadj"}, ["gge"] = {"Gurr-goni"}, ["ggg"] = {"Gurgula"}, ["ggk"] = {"Kungarakany"}, ["ggl"] = {"Ganglau"}, ["ggt"] = {"Gitua"}, ["ggu"] = {"Gagu", "Gban"}, ["ggw"] = {"Gogodala"}, ["gha"] = {"Ghadamès"}, ["ghc"] = {"Hiberno-Scottish Gaelic"}, ["ghe"] = {"Southern Ghale"}, ["ghh"] = {"Northern Ghale"}, ["ghk"] = {"Geko Karen"}, ["ghl"] = {"Ghulfan"}, ["ghn"] = {"Ghanongga"}, ["gho"] = {"Ghomara"}, ["ghr"] = {"Ghera"}, ["ghs"] = {"Guhu-Samane"}, ["ght"] = {"Kuke", "Kutang Ghale"}, ["gia"] = {"Kija"}, ["gib"] = {"Gibanawa"}, ["gic"] = {"Gail"}, ["gid"] = {"Gidar"}, ["gie"] = {"Gaɓogbo", "Guébie"}, ["gig"] = {"Goaria"}, ["gih"] = {"Githabul"}, ["gii"] = {"Girirra"}, ["gil"] = {"Gilbertese"}, ["gim"] = {"Gimi (Eastern Highlands)"}, ["gin"] = {"Hinukh"}, ["gip"] = {"Gimi (West New Britain)"}, ["giq"] = {"Green Gelao"}, ["gir"] = {"Red Gelao"}, ["gis"] = {"North Giziga"}, ["git"] = {"Gitxsan"}, ["giu"] = {"Mulao"}, ["giw"] = {"White Gelao"}, ["gix"] = {"Gilima"}, ["giy"] = {"Giyug"}, ["giz"] = {"South Giziga"}, ["gjk"] = {"Kachi Koli"}, ["gjm"] = {"Gunditjmara"}, ["gjn"] = {"Gonja"}, ["gjr"] = {"Gurindji Kriol"}, ["gju"] = {"Gujari"}, ["gka"] = {"Guya"}, ["gkd"] = {"Magɨ (Madang Province)"}, ["gke"] = {"Ndai"}, ["gkn"] = {"Gokana"}, ["gko"] = {"Kok-Nar"}, ["gkp"] = {"Guinea Kpelle"}, ["gku"] = {"ǂUngkue"}, ["glb"] = {"Belning"}, ["glc"] = {"Bon Gula"}, ["gld"] = {"Nanai"}, ["glh"] = {"Northwest Pashai", "Northwest Pashayi"}, ["glj"] = {"Gula Iro"}, ["glk"] = {"Gilaki"}, ["gll"] = {"Garlali"}, ["glo"] = {"Galambu"}, ["glr"] = {"Glaro-Twabo"}, ["glu"] = {"Gula (Chad)"}, ["glw"] = {"Glavda"}, ["gly"] = {"Gule"}, ["gma"] = {"Gambera"}, ["gmb"] = {"Gula'alaa"}, ["gmd"] = {"Mághdì"}, ["gme"] = {"Rungkun basa Jérmanik Wétan"}, ["gmg"] = {"Magɨyi"}, ["gmh"] = {"Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)"}, ["gml"] = {"Middle Low German"}, ["gmm"] = {"Gbaya-Mbodomo"}, ["gmn"] = {"Gimnime"}, ["gmq"] = {"Rungkun basa Jérmanik Kalér"}, ["gmr"] = {"Mirning", "Mirniny"}, ["gmu"] = {"Gumalu"}, ["gmv"] = {"Gamo"}, ["gmw"] = {"Rungkun basa Jérmanik Kulon"}, ["gmx"] = {"Magoma"}, ["gmy"] = {"Mycenaean Greek"}, ["gmz"] = {"Mgbolizhia"}, ["gna"] = {"Kaansa"}, ["gnb"] = {"Gangte"}, ["gnc"] = {"Guanche"}, ["gnd"] = {"Zulgo-Gemzek"}, ["gne"] = {"Ganang"}, ["gng"] = {"Ngangam"}, ["gnh"] = {"Lere"}, ["gni"] = {"Gooniyandi"}, ["gnj"] = {"Ngen"}, ["gnk"] = {"ǁGana"}, ["gnl"] = {"Gangulu"}, ["gnm"] = {"Ginuman"}, ["gnn"] = {"Gumatj"}, ["gno"] = {"Northern Gondi"}, ["gnq"] = {"Gana"}, ["gnr"] = {"Gureng Gureng"}, ["gnt"] = {"Guntai"}, ["gnu"] = {"Gnau"}, ["gnw"] = {"Western Bolivian Guaraní"}, ["gnz"] = {"Ganzi"}, ["goa"] = {"Guro"}, ["gob"] = {"Playero"}, ["goc"] = {"Gorakor"}, ["god"] = {"Godié"}, ["goe"] = {"Gongduk"}, ["gof"] = {"Gofa"}, ["gog"] = {"Gogo"}, ["goh"] = {"Old High German (ca. 750-1050)"}, ["goi"] = {"Gobasi"}, ["goj"] = {"Gowlan"}, ["gok"] = {"Gowli"}, ["gol"] = {"Gola"}, ["gom"] = {"Goan Konkani"}, ["gon"] = {"Gondi"}, ["goo"] = {"Gone Dau"}, ["gop"] = {"Yeretuar"}, ["goq"] = {"Gorap"}, ["gor"] = {"Gorontalo"}, ["gos"] = {"Gronings"}, ["got"] = {"Gothic"}, ["gou"] = {"Gavar"}, ["gov"] = {"Goo"}, ["gow"] = {"Gorowa"}, ["gox"] = {"Gobu"}, ["goy"] = {"Goundo"}, ["goz"] = {"Gozarkhani"}, ["gpa"] = {"Gupa-Abawa"}, ["gpe"] = {"Ghanaian Pidgin English"}, ["gpn"] = {"Taiap"}, ["gqa"] = {"Ga'anda"}, ["gqi"] = {"Guiqiong"}, ["gqn"] = {"Guana (Brasil)"}, ["gqr"] = {"Gor"}, ["gqu"] = {"Qau"}, ["gra"] = {"Rajput Garasia"}, ["grb"] = {"Grebo"}, ["grc"] = {"Ancient Greek (to 1453)"}, ["grd"] = {"Guruntum-Mbaaru"}, ["grg"] = {"Madi"}, ["grh"] = {"Gbiri-Niragu"}, ["gri"] = {"Ghari"}, ["grj"] = {"Southern Grebo"}, ["grk"] = {"Rungkun basa Yunani"}, ["grm"] = {"Kota Marudu Talantang"}, ["gro"] = {"Groma"}, ["grq"] = {"Gorovu"}, ["grr"] = {"Taznatit"}, ["grs"] = {"Gresi"}, ["grt"] = {"Garo"}, ["gru"] = {"Kistane"}, ["grv"] = {"Central Grebo"}, ["grw"] = {"Gweda"}, ["grx"] = {"Guriaso"}, ["gry"] = {"Barclayville Grebo"}, ["grz"] = {"Guramalum"}, ["gse"] = {"Basa Isarat Ghana"}, ["gsg"] = {"Basa Isarat Jérman"}, ["gsl"] = {"Gusilay"}, ["gsm"] = {"Basa Isarat Guatémala"}, ["gsn"] = {"Nema", "Gusan"}, ["gso"] = {"Southwest Gbaya"}, ["gsp"] = {"Wasembo"}, ["gss"] = {"Basa Isarat Yunani"}, ["gsw"] = {"Suis Jérman", "Alemannic", "Alsatian"}, ["gta"] = {"Guató"}, ["gtu"] = {"Aghu-Tharnggala"}, ["gua"] = {"Shiki"}, ["gub"] = {"Guajajára"}, ["guc"] = {"Wayuu"}, ["gud"] = {"Yocoboué Dida"}, ["gue"] = {"Gurindji"}, ["guf"] = {"Gupapuyngu"}, ["gug"] = {"Paraguayan Guaraní"}, ["guh"] = {"Guahibo"}, ["gui"] = {"Eastern Bolivian Guaraní"}, ["guk"] = {"Gumuz"}, ["gul"] = {"Sea Island Creole English"}, ["gum"] = {"Guambiano"}, ["gun"] = {"Mbyá Guaraní"}, ["guo"] = {"Guayabero"}, ["gup"] = {"Gunwinggu"}, ["guq"] = {"Aché"}, ["gur"] = {"Farefare"}, ["gus"] = {"Basa Isarat Guinéa"}, ["gut"] = {"Maléku Jaíka"}, ["guu"] = {"Yanomamö"}, ["guw"] = {"Gun"}, ["gux"] = {"Gourmanchéma"}, ["guz"] = {"Gusii", "Ekegusii"}, ["gva"] = {"Guana (Paraguay)"}, ["gvc"] = {"Guanano"}, ["gve"] = {"Duwet"}, ["gvf"] = {"Golin"}, ["gvj"] = {"Guajá"}, ["gvl"] = {"Gulay"}, ["gvm"] = {"Gurmana"}, ["gvn"] = {"Kuku-Yalanji"}, ["gvo"] = {"Gavião Do Jiparaná"}, ["gvp"] = {"Pará Gavião"}, ["gvr"] = {"Gurung"}, ["gvs"] = {"Gumawana"}, ["gvy"] = {"Guyani"}, ["gwa"] = {"Mbato"}, ["gwb"] = {"Gwa"}, ["gwc"] = {"Gawri", "Kalami"}, ["gwd"] = {"Gawwada"}, ["gwe"] = {"Gweno"}, ["gwf"] = {"Gowro"}, ["gwg"] = {"Moo"}, ["gwi"] = {"Gwichʼin"}, ["gwj"] = {"ǀGwi"}, ["gwm"] = {"Awngthim"}, ["gwn"] = {"Gwandara"}, ["gwr"] = {"Gwere"}, ["gwt"] = {"Gawar-Bati"}, ["gwu"] = {"Guwamu"}, ["gww"] = {"Kwini"}, ["gwx"] = {"Gua"}, ["gxx"] = {"Wè Southern"}, ["gya"] = {"Northwest Gbaya"}, ["gyb"] = {"Garus"}, ["gyd"] = {"Kayardild"}, ["gye"] = {"Gyem"}, ["gyf"] = {"Gungabula"}, ["gyg"] = {"Gbayi"}, ["gyi"] = {"Gyele"}, ["gyl"] = {"Gayil"}, ["gym"] = {"Ngäbere"}, ["gyn"] = {"Guyanese Creole English"}, ["gyo"] = {"Gyalsumdo"}, ["gyr"] = {"Guarayu"}, ["gyy"] = {"Gunya"}, ["gyz"] = {"Geji", "Gyaazi"}, ["gza"] = {"Ganza"}, ["gzi"] = {"Gazi"}, ["gzn"] = {"Gane"}, ["haa"] = {"Hän"}, ["hab"] = {"Basa Isarat Hanoi"}, ["hac"] = {"Gurani"}, ["had"] = {"Hatam"}, ["hae"] = {"Eastern Oromo"}, ["haf"] = {"Basa Isarat Haiphong"}, ["hag"] = {"Hanga"}, ["hah"] = {"Hahon"}, ["hai"] = {"Haida"}, ["haj"] = {"Hajong"}, ["hak"] = {"Hakka Chinese"}, ["hal"] = {"Halang"}, ["ham"] = {"Hewa"}, ["han"] = {"Hangaza"}, ["hao"] = {"Hakö"}, ["hap"] = {"Hupla"}, ["haq"] = {"Ha"}, ["har"] = {"Harari"}, ["has"] = {"Haisla"}, ["hav"] = {"Havu"}, ["haw"] = {"Hawaiian"}, ["hax"] = {"Southern Haida"}, ["hay"] = {"Haya"}, ["haz"] = {"Hazaragi"}, ["hba"] = {"Hamba"}, ["hbb"] = {"Huba"}, ["hbn"] = {"Heiban"}, ["hbo"] = {"Ancient Hebrew"}, ["hbu"] = {"Habu"}, ["hca"] = {"Andaman Creole Hindi"}, ["hch"] = {"Huichol"}, ["hdn"] = {"Northern Haida"}, ["hds"] = {"Basa Isarat Honduras"}, ["hdy"] = {"Hadiyya"}, ["hea"] = {"Northern Qiandong Miao"}, ["hed"] = {"Herdé"}, ["heg"] = {"Helong"}, ["heh"] = {"Hehe"}, ["hei"] = {"Heiltsuk"}, ["hem"] = {"Hemba"}, ["hgm"] = {"Haiǁom"}, ["hgw"] = {"Haigwai"}, ["hhi"] = {"Hoia Hoia"}, ["hhr"] = {"Kerak"}, ["hhy"] = {"Hoyahoya"}, ["hia"] = {"Lamang"}, ["hib"] = {"Hibito"}, ["hid"] = {"Hidatsa"}, ["hif"] = {"Fiji Hindi"}, ["hig"] = {"Kamwe"}, ["hih"] = {"Pamosu"}, ["hii"] = {"Hinduri"}, ["hij"] = {"Hijuk"}, ["hik"] = {"Seit-Kaitetu"}, ["hil"] = {"Hiligaynon"}, ["him"] = {"Rungkun basa Himachal", "Rungkun basa Pahar Kulon"}, ["hio"] = {"Tsoa"}, ["hir"] = {"Himarimã"}, ["hit"] = {"Hittite"}, ["hiw"] = {"Hiw"}, ["hix"] = {"Hixkaryána"}, ["hji"] = {"Haji"}, ["hka"] = {"Kahe"}, ["hke"] = {"Hunde"}, ["hkh"] = {"Khah", "Poguli"}, ["hkk"] = {"Hunjara-Kaina Ke"}, ["hkn"] = {"Mel-Khaonh"}, ["hks"] = {"Basa Isarat Hong Kong", "Heung Kong Sau Yue"}, ["hla"] = {"Halia"}, ["hlb"] = {"Halbi"}, ["hld"] = {"Halang Doan"}, ["hle"] = {"Hlersu"}, ["hlt"] = {"Matu Chin"}, ["hlu"] = {"Hieroglyphic Luwian"}, ["hma"] = {"Southern Mashan Hmong", "Southern Mashan Miao"}, ["hmb"] = {"Humburi Senni Songhay"}, ["hmc"] = {"Central Huishui Hmong", "Central Huishui Miao"}, ["hmd"] = {"Large Flowery Miao", "A-hmaos", "Da-Hua Miao"}, ["hme"] = {"Eastern Huishui Hmong", "Eastern Huishui Miao"}, ["hmf"] = {"Hmong Don"}, ["hmg"] = {"Southwestern Guiyang Hmong"}, ["hmh"] = {"Southwestern Huishui Hmong", "Southwestern Huishui Miao"}, ["hmi"] = {"Northern Huishui Hmong", "Northern Huishui Miao"}, ["hmj"] = {"Ge", "Gejia"}, ["hmk"] = {"Maek"}, ["hml"] = {"Luopohe Hmong", "Luopohe Miao"}, ["hmm"] = {"Central Mashan Hmong", "Central Mashan Miao"}, ["hmn"] = {"Hmong", "Mong"}, ["hmp"] = {"Northern Mashan Hmong", "Northern Mashan Miao"}, ["hmq"] = {"Eastern Qiandong Miao"}, ["hmr"] = {"Hmar"}, ["hms"] = {"Southern Qiandong Miao"}, ["hmt"] = {"Hamtai"}, ["hmu"] = {"Hamap"}, ["hmv"] = {"Hmong Dô"}, ["hmw"] = {"Western Mashan Hmong", "Western Mashan Miao"}, ["hmx"] = {"Rungkun basa Hmong-Mien"}, ["hmy"] = {"Southern Guiyang Hmong", "Southern Guiyang Miao"}, ["hmz"] = {"Hmong Shua", "Sinicized Miao"}, ["hna"] = {"Mina (Kamerun)"}, ["hnd"] = {"Southern Hindko"}, ["hne"] = {"Chhattisgarhi"}, ["hng"] = {"Hungu"}, ["hnh"] = {"ǁAni"}, ["hni"] = {"Hani"}, ["hnj"] = {"Hmong Njua", "Mong Leng", "Mong Njua"}, ["hnm"] = {"Hainanese"}, ["hnn"] = {"Hanunoo"}, ["hno"] = {"Northern Hindko"}, ["hns"] = {"Caribbean Hindustani"}, ["hnu"] = {"Hung"}, ["hoa"] = {"Hoava"}, ["hob"] = {"Mari (Madang Province)"}, ["hoc"] = {"Ho"}, ["hod"] = {"Holma"}, ["hoe"] = {"Horom"}, ["hoh"] = {"Hobyót"}, ["hoi"] = {"Holikachuk"}, ["hoj"] = {"Hadothi", "Haroti"}, ["hok"] = {"Rungkun basa Hokan"}, ["hol"] = {"Holu"}, ["hom"] = {"Homa"}, ["hoo"] = {"Holoholo"}, ["hop"] = {"Hopi"}, ["hor"] = {"Horo"}, ["hos"] = {"Basa Isarat Ho Chi Minh City"}, ["hot"] = {"Hote", "Malê"}, ["hov"] = {"Hovongan"}, ["how"] = {"Honi"}, ["hoy"] = {"Holiya"}, ["hoz"] = {"Hozo"}, ["hpo"] = {"Hpon"}, ["hps"] = {"Basa Isarat Hawai'i", "Basa Isarat Pidgin Hawai'i"}, ["hra"] = {"Hrangkhol"}, ["hrc"] = {"Niwer Mil"}, ["hre"] = {"Hre"}, ["hrk"] = {"Haruku"}, ["hrm"] = {"Horned Miao"}, ["hro"] = {"Haroi"}, ["hrp"] = {"Nhirrpi"}, ["hrt"] = {"Hértevin"}, ["hru"] = {"Hruso"}, ["hrw"] = {"Warwar Feni"}, ["hrx"] = {"Hunsrik"}, ["hrz"] = {"Harzani"}, ["hsb"] = {"Upper Sorbian"}, ["hsh"] = {"Basa Isarat Hungaria"}, ["hsl"] = {"Basa Isarat Hausa"}, ["hsn"] = {"Xiang Chinese"}, ["hss"] = {"Harsusi"}, ["hti"] = {"Hoti"}, ["hto"] = {"Minica Huitoto"}, ["hts"] = {"Hadza"}, ["htu"] = {"Hitu"}, ["htx"] = {"Middle Hittite"}, ["hub"] = {"Huambisa"}, ["huc"] = {"ǂHua", "ǂʼAmkhoe"}, ["hud"] = {"Huaulu"}, ["hue"] = {"San Francisco Del Mar Huave"}, ["huf"] = {"Humene"}, ["hug"] = {"Huachipaeri"}, ["huh"] = {"Huilliche"}, ["hui"] = {"Huli"}, ["huj"] = {"Northern Guiyang Hmong", "Northern Guiyang Miao"}, ["huk"] = {"Hulung"}, ["hul"] = {"Hula"}, ["hum"] = {"Hungana"}, ["huo"] = {"Hu"}, ["hup"] = {"Hupa"}, ["huq"] = {"Tsat"}, ["hur"] = {"Halkomelem"}, ["hus"] = {"Huastec"}, ["hut"] = {"Humla"}, ["huu"] = {"Murui Huitoto"}, ["huv"] = {"San Mateo Del Mar Huave"}, ["huw"] = {"Hukumina"}, ["hux"] = {"Nüpode Huitoto"}, ["huy"] = {"Hulaulá"}, ["huz"] = {"Hunzib"}, ["hvc"] = {"Haitian Vodoun Culture Language"}, ["hve"] = {"San Dionisio Del Mar Huave"}, ["hvk"] = {"Haveke"}, ["hvn"] = {"Sabu"}, ["hvv"] = {"Santa María Del Mar Huave"}, ["hwa"] = {"Wané"}, ["hwc"] = {"Hawai'i Creole English", "Hawai'i Pidgin"}, ["hwo"] = {"Hwana"}, ["hya"] = {"Hya"}, ["hyw"] = {"Western Armenian"}, ["hyx"] = {"Arménia (kulawarga)"}, ["iai"] = {"Iaai"}, ["ian"] = {"Iatmul"}, ["iar"] = {"Purari"}, ["iba"] = {"Iban"}, ["ibb"] = {"Ibibio"}, ["ibd"] = {"Iwaidja"}, ["ibe"] = {"Akpes"}, ["ibg"] = {"Ibanag"}, ["ibh"] = {"Bih"}, ["ibl"] = {"Ibaloi"}, ["ibm"] = {"Agoi"}, ["ibn"] = {"Ibino"}, ["ibr"] = {"Ibuoro"}, ["ibu"] = {"Ibu"}, ["iby"] = {"Ibani"}, ["ica"] = {"Ede Ica"}, ["ich"] = {"Etkywan"}, ["icl"] = {"Basa Isarat Islandia"}, ["icr"] = {"Islander Creole English"}, ["ida"] = {"Idakho-Isukha-Tiriki", "Luidakho-Luisukha-Lutirichi"}, ["idb"] = {"Indo-Portuguese"}, ["idc"] = {"Idon", "Ajiya"}, ["idd"] = {"Ede Idaca"}, ["ide"] = {"Idere"}, ["idi"] = {"Idi"}, ["idr"] = {"Indri"}, ["ids"] = {"Idesa"}, ["idt"] = {"Idaté"}, ["idu"] = {"Idoma"}, ["ifa"] = {"Amganad Ifugao"}, ["ifb"] = {"Batad Ifugao", "Ayangan Ifugao"}, ["ife"] = {"Ifè"}, ["iff"] = {"Ifo"}, ["ifk"] = {"Tuwali Ifugao"}, ["ifm"] = {"Teke-Fuumu"}, ["ifu"] = {"Mayoyao Ifugao"}, ["ify"] = {"Keley-I Kallahan"}, ["igb"] = {"Ebira"}, ["ige"] = {"Igede"}, ["igg"] = {"Igana"}, ["igl"] = {"Igala"}, ["igm"] = {"Kanggape"}, ["ign"] = {"Ignaciano"}, ["igo"] = {"Isebe"}, ["igs"] = {"Interglossa"}, ["igw"] = {"Igwe"}, ["ihb"] = {"Iha Based Pidgin"}, ["ihi"] = {"Ihievbe"}, ["ihp"] = {"Iha"}, ["ihw"] = {"Bidhawal"}, ["iin"] = {"Thiin"}, ["iir"] = {"Rungkun basa Indo-Iran"}, ["ijc"] = {"Izon"}, ["ije"] = {"Biseni"}, ["ijj"] = {"Ede Ije"}, ["ijn"] = {"Kalabari"}, ["ijo"] = {"Rungkun basa Ijo"}, ["ijs"] = {"Southeast Ijo"}, ["ike"] = {"Eastern Canadian Inuktitut"}, ["ikh"] = {"Ikhin-Arokho"}, ["iki"] = {"Iko"}, ["ikk"] = {"Ika"}, ["ikl"] = {"Ikulu"}, ["iko"] = {"Olulumo-Ikom"}, ["ikp"] = {"Ikpeshi"}, ["ikr"] = {"Ikaranggal"}, ["iks"] = {"Basa Isarat Inuit"}, ["ikt"] = {"Inuinnaqtun", "Western Canadian Inuktitut"}, ["ikv"] = {"Iku-Gora-Ankwa"}, ["ikw"] = {"Ikwere"}, ["ikx"] = {"Ik"}, ["ikz"] = {"Ikizu"}, ["ila"] = {"Ile Ape"}, ["ilb"] = {"Ila"}, ["ilg"] = {"Garig-Ilgar"}, ["ili"] = {"Ili Turki"}, ["ilk"] = {"Ilongot"}, ["ilm"] = {"Iranun (Malaysia)"}, ["ilo"] = {"Iloko"}, ["ilp"] = {"Iranun (Philippines)"}, ["ils"] = {"International Sign"}, ["ilu"] = {"Ili'uun"}, ["ilv"] = {"Ilue"}, ["ima"] = {"Mala Malasar"}, ["imi"] = {"Anamgura"}, ["iml"] = {"Miluk"}, ["imn"] = {"Imonda"}, ["imo"] = {"Imbongu"}, ["imr"] = {"Imroing"}, ["ims"] = {"Marsian"}, ["imt"] = {"Imotong"}, ["imy"] = {"Milyan"}, ["inb"] = {"Inga"}, ["inc"] = {"Rungkun basa Indo-Arya"}, ["ine"] = {"Rungkun basa Indo-Éropa"}, ["ing"] = {"Degexit'an"}, ["inh"] = {"Ingush"}, ["inj"] = {"Jungle Inga"}, ["inl"] = {"Basa Isarat Indonésia"}, ["inm"] = {"Minaean"}, ["inn"] = {"Isinai"}, ["ino"] = {"Inoke-Yate"}, ["inp"] = {"Iñapari"}, ["ins"] = {"Basa Isarat India"}, ["int"] = {"Intha"}, ["inz"] = {"Ineseño"}, ["ior"] = {"Inor"}, ["iou"] = {"Tuma-Irumu"}, ["iow"] = {"Iowa-Oto"}, ["ipi"] = {"Ipili"}, ["ipo"] = {"Ipiko"}, ["iqu"] = {"Iquito"}, ["iqw"] = {"Ikwo"}, ["ira"] = {"Rungkun basa Iran"}, ["ire"] = {"Iresim"}, ["irh"] = {"Irarutu"}, ["iri"] = {"Rigwe", "Irigwe"}, ["irk"] = {"Iraqw"}, ["irn"] = {"Irántxe"}, ["iro"] = {"Rungkun basa Iroquoian"}, ["irr"] = {"Ir"}, ["iru"] = {"Irula"}, ["irx"] = {"Kamberau"}, ["iry"] = {"Iraya"}, ["isa"] = {"Isabi"}, ["isc"] = {"Isconahua"}, ["isd"] = {"Isnag"}, ["ise"] = {"Basa Isarat Italia"}, ["isg"] = {"Basa Isarat Irlandia"}, ["ish"] = {"Esan"}, ["isi"] = {"Nkem-Nkum"}, ["isk"] = {"Ishkashimi"}, ["ism"] = {"Masimasi"}, ["isn"] = {"Isanzu"}, ["iso"] = {"Isoko"}, ["isr"] = {"Basa Isarat Israél"}, ["ist"] = {"Istriot"}, ["isu"] = {"Isu", "Isu (Menchum Division)"}, ["isv"] = {"Interslavic"}, ["itb"] = {"Binongan Itneg"}, ["itc"] = {"Rungkun basa Italik"}, ["itd"] = {"Southern Tidung"}, ["ite"] = {"Itene"}, ["iti"] = {"Inlaod Itneg"}, ["itk"] = {"Judeo-Italian"}, ["itl"] = {"Itelmen"}, ["itm"] = {"Itu Mbon Uzo"}, ["ito"] = {"Itonama"}, ["itr"] = {"Iteri"}, ["its"] = {"Isekiri"}, ["itt"] = {"Maeng Itneg"}, ["itv"] = {"Itawit"}, ["itw"] = {"Ito"}, ["itx"] = {"Itik"}, ["ity"] = {"Moyadan Itneg"}, ["itz"] = {"Itzá"}, ["ium"] = {"Iu Mien"}, ["ivb"] = {"Ibatan"}, ["ivv"] = {"Ivatan"}, ["iwk"] = {"I-Wak"}, ["iwm"] = {"Iwam"}, ["iwo"] = {"Iwur"}, ["iws"] = {"Sepik Iwam"}, ["ixc"] = {"Ixcatec"}, ["ixl"] = {"Ixil"}, ["iya"] = {"Iyayu"}, ["iyo"] = {"Mesaka"}, ["iyx"] = {"Yaka (Kongo)"}, ["izh"] = {"Ingrian"}, ["izm"] = {"Kizamani"}, ["izr"] = {"Izere"}, ["izz"] = {"Izii"}, ["jaa"] = {"Jamamadí"}, ["jab"] = {"Hyam"}, ["jac"] = {"Popti'", "Jakalteko"}, ["jad"] = {"Jahanka"}, ["jae"] = {"Yabem"}, ["jaf"] = {"Jara"}, ["jah"] = {"Jah Hut"}, ["jaj"] = {"Zazao"}, ["jak"] = {"Jakun"}, ["jal"] = {"Yalahatan"}, ["jam"] = {"Jamaican Creole English"}, ["jan"] = {"Jandai"}, ["jao"] = {"Yanyuwa"}, ["jaq"] = {"Yaqay"}, ["jas"] = {"New Caledonian Javanese"}, ["jat"] = {"Jakati"}, ["jau"] = {"Yaur"}, ["jax"] = {"Jambi Malay"}, ["jay"] = {"Yan-nhangu", "Nhangu"}, ["jaz"] = {"Jawe"}, ["jbe"] = {"Judeo-Berber"}, ["jbi"] = {"Badjiri"}, ["jbj"] = {"Arandai"}, ["jbk"] = {"Barikewa"}, ["jbm"] = {"Bijim"}, ["jbn"] = {"Nafusi"}, ["jbo"] = {"Lojban"}, ["jbr"] = {"Jofotek-Bromnya"}, ["jbt"] = {"Jabutí"}, ["jbu"] = {"Jukun Takum"}, ["jbw"] = {"Yawijibaya"}, ["jcs"] = {"Basa Isarat Nagara Jamaika"}, ["jct"] = {"Krymchak"}, ["jda"] = {"Jad"}, ["jdg"] = {"Jadgali"}, ["jdt"] = {"Judeo-Tat"}, ["jeb"] = {"Jebero"}, ["jee"] = {"Jerung"}, ["jeh"] = {"Jeh"}, ["jei"] = {"Yei"}, ["jek"] = {"Jeri Kuo"}, ["jel"] = {"Yelmek"}, ["jen"] = {"Dza"}, ["jer"] = {"Jere"}, ["jet"] = {"Manem"}, ["jeu"] = {"Jonkor Bourmataguil"}, ["jgb"] = {"Ngbee"}, ["jge"] = {"Judeo-Georgian"}, ["jgk"] = {"Gwak"}, ["jgo"] = {"Ngomba"}, ["jhi"] = {"Jehai"}, ["jhs"] = {"Basa Isarat Jhankot"}, ["jia"] = {"Jina"}, ["jib"] = {"Jibu"}, ["jic"] = {"Tol"}, ["jid"] = {"Bu (Kaduna State)"}, ["jie"] = {"Jilbe"}, ["jig"] = {"Jingulu", "Djingili"}, ["jih"] = {"sTodsde", "Shangzhai"}, ["jii"] = {"Jiiddu"}, ["jil"] = {"Jilim"}, ["jim"] = {"Jimi (Kamerun)"}, ["jio"] = {"Jiamao"}, ["jiq"] = {"Guanyinqiao", "Lavrung"}, ["jit"] = {"Jita"}, ["jiu"] = {"Youle Jinuo"}, ["jiv"] = {"Shuar"}, ["jiy"] = {"Buyuan Jinuo"}, ["jje"] = {"Jejueo"}, ["jjr"] = {"Bankal"}, ["jka"] = {"Kaera"}, ["jkm"] = {"Mobwa Karen"}, ["jko"] = {"Kubo"}, ["jkp"] = {"Paku Karen"}, ["jkr"] = {"Koro (India)"}, ["jks"] = {"Basa Isarat Amami Koniya"}, ["jku"] = {"Labir"}, ["jle"] = {"Ngile"}, ["jls"] = {"Basa Isarat Jamaika"}, ["jma"] = {"Dima"}, ["jmb"] = {"Zumbun"}, ["jmc"] = {"Machame"}, ["jmd"] = {"Yamdena"}, ["jmi"] = {"Jimi (Nigéria)"}, ["jml"] = {"Jumli"}, ["jmn"] = {"Makuri Naga"}, ["jmr"] = {"Kamara"}, ["jms"] = {"Mashi (Nigéria)"}, ["jmw"] = {"Mouwase"}, ["jmx"] = {"Western Juxtlahuaca Mixtec"}, ["jna"] = {"Jangshung"}, ["jnd"] = {"Jandavra"}, ["jng"] = {"Yangman"}, ["jni"] = {"Janji"}, ["jnj"] = {"Yemsa"}, ["jnl"] = {"Rawat"}, ["jns"] = {"Jaunsari"}, ["job"] = {"Joba"}, ["jod"] = {"Wojenaka"}, ["jog"] = {"Jogi"}, ["jor"] = {"Jorá"}, ["jos"] = {"Basa Isarat Yordania"}, ["jow"] = {"Jowulu"}, ["jpa"] = {"Jewish Palestinian Aramaic"}, ["jpr"] = {"Judeo-Persian"}, ["jpx"] = {"Jepang (kulawarga)"}, ["jqr"] = {"Jaqaru"}, ["jra"] = {"Jarai"}, ["jrb"] = {"Judeo-Arabic"}, ["jrr"] = {"Jiru"}, ["jrt"] = {"Jakattoe"}, ["jru"] = {"Japrería"}, ["jsl"] = {"Basa Isarat Jepang"}, ["jua"] = {"Júma"}, ["jub"] = {"Wannu"}, ["juc"] = {"Jurchen"}, ["jud"] = {"Worodougou"}, ["juh"] = {"Hõne"}, ["jui"] = {"Ngadjuri"}, ["juk"] = {"Wapan"}, ["jul"] = {"Jirel"}, ["jum"] = {"Jumjum"}, ["jun"] = {"Juang"}, ["juo"] = {"Jiba"}, ["jup"] = {"Hupdë"}, ["jur"] = {"Jurúna"}, ["jus"] = {"Basa Isarat Jumla"}, ["jut"] = {"Jutish"}, ["juu"] = {"Ju"}, ["juw"] = {"Wãpha"}, ["juy"] = {"Juray"}, ["jvd"] = {"Javindo"}, ["jvn"] = {"Caribbean Javanese"}, ["jwi"] = {"Jwira-Pepesa"}, ["jya"] = {"Jiarong"}, ["jye"] = {"Arab Yahudi Yaman"}, ["jyy"] = {"Jaya"}, ["kaa"] = {"Kara-Kalpak", "Karakalpak"}, ["kab"] = {"Kabyle"}, ["kac"] = {"Kachin", "Jingpho"}, ["kad"] = {"Adara"}, ["kae"] = {"Ketangalan"}, ["kaf"] = {"Katso"}, ["kag"] = {"Kajaman"}, ["kah"] = {"Kara (Afrika Tengah)"}, ["kai"] = {"Karekare"}, ["kaj"] = {"Jju"}, ["kak"] = {"Kalanguya", "Kayapa Kallahan"}, ["kam"] = {"Kamba (Kenya)"}, ["kao"] = {"Xaasongaxango"}, ["kap"] = {"Bezhta"}, ["kaq"] = {"Capanahua"}, ["kar"] = {"Rungkun basa Karen"}, ["kav"] = {"Katukína"}, ["kaw"] = {"Kawi"}, ["kax"] = {"Kao"}, ["kay"] = {"Kamayurá"}, ["kba"] = {"Kalarko"}, ["kbb"] = {"Kaxuiâna"}, ["kbc"] = {"Kadiwéu"}, ["kbd"] = {"Kabardian"}, ["kbe"] = {"Kanju"}, ["kbg"] = {"Khamba"}, ["kbh"] = {"Camsá"}, ["kbi"] = {"Kaptiau"}, ["kbj"] = {"Kari"}, ["kbk"] = {"Grass Koiari"}, ["kbl"] = {"Kanembu"}, ["kbm"] = {"Iwal"}, ["kbn"] = {"Kare (Afrika Tengah)"}, ["kbo"] = {"Keliko"}, ["kbp"] = {"Kabiyè"}, ["kbq"] = {"Kamano"}, ["kbr"] = {"Kafa"}, ["kbs"] = {"Kande"}, ["kbt"] = {"Abadi"}, ["kbu"] = {"Kabutra"}, ["kbv"] = {"Dera (Indonésia)"}, ["kbw"] = {"Kaiep"}, ["kbx"] = {"Ap Ma"}, ["kby"] = {"Manga Kanuri"}, ["kbz"] = {"Duhwa"}, ["kca"] = {"Khanty"}, ["kcb"] = {"Kawacha"}, ["kcc"] = {"Lubila"}, ["kcd"] = {"Ngkâlmpw Kanum"}, ["kce"] = {"Kaivi"}, ["kcf"] = {"Ukaan"}, ["kcg"] = {"Tyap"}, ["kch"] = {"Vono"}, ["kci"] = {"Ngyian", "Kamantan"}, ["kcj"] = {"Kobiana"}, ["kck"] = {"Kalanga"}, ["kcl"] = {"Kela (Papua Nugini)", "Kala"}, ["kcm"] = {"Gula (Afrika Tengah)"}, ["kcn"] = {"Nubi"}, ["kco"] = {"Kinalakna"}, ["kcp"] = {"Kanga"}, ["kcq"] = {"Kamo"}, ["kcr"] = {"Katla"}, ["kcs"] = {"Koenoem"}, ["kct"] = {"Kaian"}, ["kcu"] = {"Kami (Tanzania)"}, ["kcv"] = {"Kete"}, ["kcw"] = {"Kabwari"}, ["kcx"] = {"Kachama-Ganjule"}, ["kcy"] = {"Korandje"}, ["kcz"] = {"Konongo"}, ["kda"] = {"Worimi"}, ["kdc"] = {"Kutu"}, ["kdd"] = {"Yankunytjatjara"}, ["kde"] = {"Makonde"}, ["kdf"] = {"Mamusi"}, ["kdg"] = {"Seba"}, ["kdh"] = {"Tem"}, ["kdi"] = {"Kumam"}, ["kdj"] = {"Karamojong"}, ["kdk"] = {"Numèè", "Kwényi"}, ["kdl"] = {"Tsikimba"}, ["kdm"] = {"Kagoma"}, ["kdn"] = {"Kunda"}, ["kdo"] = {"Rungkun basa Kordofania"}, ["kdp"] = {"Kaningdon-Nindem"}, ["kdq"] = {"Koch"}, ["kdr"] = {"Karaim"}, ["kdt"] = {"Kuy"}, ["kdu"] = {"Kadaru"}, ["kdw"] = {"Koneraw"}, ["kdx"] = {"Kam"}, ["kdy"] = {"Keder", "Keijar"}, ["kdz"] = {"Kwaja"}, ["kea"] = {"Kabuverdianu"}, ["keb"] = {"Kélé"}, ["kec"] = {"Keiga"}, ["ked"] = {"Kerewe"}, ["kee"] = {"Eastern Keres"}, ["kef"] = {"Kpessi"}, ["keg"] = {"Tese"}, ["keh"] = {"Keak"}, ["kei"] = {"Kei"}, ["kej"] = {"Kadar"}, ["kek"] = {"Kekchí"}, ["kel"] = {"Kela (Républik Démokratik Kongo)"}, ["kem"] = {"Kemak"}, ["ken"] = {"Kenyang"}, ["keo"] = {"Kakwa"}, ["kep"] = {"Kaikadi"}, ["keq"] = {"Kamar"}, ["ker"] = {"Kera"}, ["kes"] = {"Kugbo"}, ["ket"] = {"Ket"}, ["keu"] = {"Akebu"}, ["kev"] = {"Kanikkaran"}, ["kew"] = {"West Kewa"}, ["kex"] = {"Kukna"}, ["key"] = {"Kupia"}, ["kez"] = {"Kukele"}, ["kfa"] = {"Kodava"}, ["kfb"] = {"Northwestern Kolami"}, ["kfc"] = {"Konda-Dora"}, ["kfd"] = {"Korra Koraga"}, ["kfe"] = {"Kota (India)"}, ["kff"] = {"Koya"}, ["kfg"] = {"Kudiya"}, ["kfh"] = {"Kurichiya"}, ["kfi"] = {"Kannada Kurumba"}, ["kfj"] = {"Kemiehua"}, ["kfk"] = {"Kinnauri"}, ["kfl"] = {"Kung"}, ["kfm"] = {"Khunsari"}, ["kfn"] = {"Kuk"}, ["kfo"] = {"Koro (Côte d'Ivoire)"}, ["kfp"] = {"Korwa"}, ["kfq"] = {"Korku"}, ["kfr"] = {"Kachhi", "Kutchi"}, ["kfs"] = {"Bilaspuri"}, ["kft"] = {"Kanjari"}, ["kfu"] = {"Katkari"}, ["kfv"] = {"Kurmukar"}, ["kfw"] = {"Kharam Naga"}, ["kfx"] = {"Kullu Pahari"}, ["kfy"] = {"Kumaoni"}, ["kfz"] = {"Koromfé"}, ["kga"] = {"Koyaga"}, ["kgb"] = {"Kawe"}, ["kge"] = {"Komering"}, ["kgf"] = {"Kube"}, ["kgg"] = {"Kusunda"}, ["kgi"] = {"Basa Isarat Selangor"}, ["kgj"] = {"Gamale Kham"}, ["kgk"] = {"Kaiwá"}, ["kgl"] = {"Kunggari"}, ["kgn"] = {"Karingani"}, ["kgo"] = {"Krongo"}, ["kgp"] = {"Kaingang"}, ["kgq"] = {"Kamoro"}, ["kgr"] = {"Abun"}, ["kgs"] = {"Kumbainggar"}, ["kgt"] = {"Somyev"}, ["kgu"] = {"Kobol"}, ["kgv"] = {"Karas"}, ["kgw"] = {"Karon Dori"}, ["kgx"] = {"Kamaru"}, ["kgy"] = {"Kyerung"}, ["kha"] = {"Khasi"}, ["khb"] = {"Lü"}, ["khc"] = {"Tukang Besi North"}, ["khd"] = {"Bädi Kanum"}, ["khe"] = {"Korowai"}, ["khf"] = {"Khuen"}, ["khg"] = {"Khams Tibetan"}, ["khh"] = {"Kehu"}, ["khi"] = {"Rungkun basa Khoisan"}, ["khj"] = {"Kuturmi"}, ["khk"] = {"Halh Mongolian"}, ["khl"] = {"Lusi"}, ["khn"] = {"Khandesi"}, ["kho"] = {"Khotanese", "Sakan"}, ["khp"] = {"Kapori", "Kapauri"}, ["khq"] = {"Koyra Chiini Songhay"}, ["khr"] = {"Kharia"}, ["khs"] = {"Kasua"}, ["kht"] = {"Khamti"}, ["khu"] = {"Nkhumbi"}, ["khv"] = {"Khvarshi"}, ["khw"] = {"Khowar"}, ["khx"] = {"Kanu"}, ["khy"] = {"Kele (Républik Démokratik Kongo)"}, ["khz"] = {"Keapara"}, ["kia"] = {"Kim"}, ["kib"] = {"Koalib"}, ["kic"] = {"Kickapoo"}, ["kid"] = {"Koshin"}, ["kie"] = {"Kibet"}, ["kif"] = {"Eastern Parbate Kham"}, ["kig"] = {"Kimaama", "Kimaghima"}, ["kih"] = {"Kilmeri"}, ["kii"] = {"Kitsai"}, ["kij"] = {"Kilivila"}, ["kil"] = {"Kariya"}, ["kim"] = {"Karagas"}, ["kio"] = {"Kiowa"}, ["kip"] = {"Sheshi Kham"}, ["kiq"] = {"Kosadle", "Kosare"}, ["kis"] = {"Kis"}, ["kit"] = {"Agob"}, ["kiu"] = {"Kirmanjki (individual language)"}, ["kiv"] = {"Kimbu"}, ["kiw"] = {"Northeast Kiwai"}, ["kix"] = {"Khiamniungan Naga"}, ["kiy"] = {"Kirikiri"}, ["kiz"] = {"Kisi"}, ["kja"] = {"Mlap"}, ["kjb"] = {"Q'anjob'al", "Kanjobal"}, ["kjc"] = {"Coastal Konjo"}, ["kjd"] = {"Southern Kiwai"}, ["kje"] = {"Kisar"}, ["kjg"] = {"Khmu"}, ["kjh"] = {"Khakas"}, ["kji"] = {"Zabana"}, ["kjj"] = {"Khinalugh"}, ["kjk"] = {"Highland Konjo"}, ["kjl"] = {"Western Parbate Kham"}, ["kjm"] = {"Kháng"}, ["kjn"] = {"Kunjen"}, ["kjo"] = {"Kinnauri Pahari"}, ["kjp"] = {"Pwo Eastern Karen"}, ["kjq"] = {"Western Keres"}, ["kjr"] = {"Kurudu"}, ["kjs"] = {"East Kewa"}, ["kjt"] = {"Phrae Pwo Karen"}, ["kju"] = {"Kashaya"}, ["kjv"] = {"Kaikavian Literary Language"}, ["kjx"] = {"Ramopa"}, ["kjy"] = {"Erave"}, ["kjz"] = {"Bumthangkha"}, ["kka"] = {"Kakanda"}, ["kkb"] = {"Kwerisa"}, ["kkc"] = {"Odoodee"}, ["kkd"] = {"Kinuku"}, ["kke"] = {"Kakabe"}, ["kkf"] = {"Kalaktang Monpa"}, ["kkg"] = {"Mabaka Valley Kalinga"}, ["kkh"] = {"Khün"}, ["kki"] = {"Kagulu"}, ["kkj"] = {"Kako"}, ["kkk"] = {"Kokota"}, ["kkl"] = {"Kosarek Yale"}, ["kkm"] = {"Kiong"}, ["kkn"] = {"Kon Keu"}, ["kko"] = {"Karko"}, ["kkp"] = {"Gugubera", "Koko-Bera"}, ["kkq"] = {"Kaeku"}, ["kkr"] = {"Kir-Balar"}, ["kks"] = {"Giiwo"}, ["kkt"] = {"Koi"}, ["kku"] = {"Tumi"}, ["kkv"] = {"Kangean"}, ["kkw"] = {"Teke-Kukuya"}, ["kkx"] = {"Kohin"}, ["kky"] = {"Guugu Yimidhirr", "Guguyimidjir"}, ["kkz"] = {"Kaska"}, ["kla"] = {"Klamath-Modoc"}, ["klb"] = {"Kiliwa"}, ["klc"] = {"Kolbila"}, ["kld"] = {"Gamilaraay"}, ["kle"] = {"Kulung (Nepal)"}, ["klf"] = {"Kendeje"}, ["klg"] = {"Tagakaulo"}, ["klh"] = {"Weliki"}, ["kli"] = {"Kalumpang"}, ["klj"] = {"Khalaj"}, ["klk"] = {"Kono (Nigéria)"}, ["kll"] = {"Kagan Kalagan"}, ["klm"] = {"Migum"}, ["kln"] = {"Kalenjin"}, ["klo"] = {"Kapya"}, ["klp"] = {"Kamasa"}, ["klq"] = {"Rumu"}, ["klr"] = {"Khaling"}, ["kls"] = {"Kalasha"}, ["klt"] = {"Nukna"}, ["klu"] = {"Klao"}, ["klv"] = {"Maskelynes"}, ["klw"] = {"Tado", "Lindu"}, ["klx"] = {"Koluwawa"}, ["kly"] = {"Kalao"}, ["klz"] = {"Kabola"}, ["kma"] = {"Konni"}, ["kmb"] = {"Kimbundu"}, ["kmc"] = {"Southern Dong"}, ["kmd"] = {"Majukayang Kalinga"}, ["kme"] = {"Bakole"}, ["kmf"] = {"Kare (Papua Nugini)"}, ["kmg"] = {"Kâte"}, ["kmh"] = {"Kalam"}, ["kmi"] = {"Kami (Nigéria)"}, ["kmj"] = {"Kumarbhag Paharia"}, ["kmk"] = {"Limos Kalinga"}, ["kml"] = {"Tanudan Kalinga"}, ["kmm"] = {"Kom (India)"}, ["kmn"] = {"Awtuw"}, ["kmo"] = {"Kwoma"}, ["kmp"] = {"Gimme"}, ["kmq"] = {"Kwama"}, ["kmr"] = {"Kurdi Kalér"}, ["kms"] = {"Kamasau"}, ["kmt"] = {"Kemtuik"}, ["kmu"] = {"Kanite"}, ["kmv"] = {"Karipúna Creole French"}, ["kmw"] = {"Komo (Républik Démokratik Kongo)"}, ["kmx"] = {"Waboda"}, ["kmy"] = {"Koma"}, ["kmz"] = {"Khorasani Turkish"}, ["kna"] = {"Dera (Nigéria)"}, ["knb"] = {"Lubuagan Kalinga"}, ["knc"] = {"Kanuri Tengah"}, ["knd"] = {"Konda"}, ["kne"] = {"Kankanaey"}, ["knf"] = {"Mankanya"}, ["kng"] = {"Koongo"}, ["kni"] = {"Kanufi"}, ["knj"] = {"Western Kanjobal"}, ["knk"] = {"Kuranko"}, ["knl"] = {"Keninjal"}, ["knm"] = {"Kanamarí"}, ["knn"] = {"Konkani (individual language)"}, ["kno"] = {"Kono (Sierra Leone)"}, ["knp"] = {"Kwanja"}, ["knq"] = {"Kintaq"}, ["knr"] = {"Kaningra"}, ["kns"] = {"Kensiu"}, ["knt"] = {"Panoan Katukína"}, ["knu"] = {"Kono (Guinea)"}, ["knv"] = {"Tabo"}, ["knw"] = {"Kung-Ekoka"}, ["knx"] = {"Kendayan", "Salako"}, ["kny"] = {"Kanyok"}, ["knz"] = {"Kalamsé"}, ["koa"] = {"Konomala"}, ["koc"] = {"Kpati"}, ["kod"] = {"Kodi"}, ["koe"] = {"Kacipo-Bale Suri"}, ["kof"] = {"Kubi"}, ["kog"] = {"Cogui", "Kogi"}, ["koh"] = {"Koyo"}, ["koi"] = {"Komi-Permyak"}, ["kok"] = {"Konkani (macrolanguage)"}, ["kol"] = {"Kol (Papua Nugini)"}, ["koo"] = {"Konzo"}, ["kop"] = {"Waube"}, ["koq"] = {"Kota (Gabon)"}, ["kos"] = {"Kosraean"}, ["kot"] = {"Lagwan"}, ["kou"] = {"Koke"}, ["kov"] = {"Kudu-Camo"}, ["kow"] = {"Kugama"}, ["koy"] = {"Koyukon"}, ["koz"] = {"Korak"}, ["kpa"] = {"Kutto"}, ["kpb"] = {"Mullu Kurumba"}, ["kpc"] = {"Curripaco"}, ["kpd"] = {"Koba"}, ["kpe"] = {"Kpelle"}, ["kpf"] = {"Komba"}, ["kpg"] = {"Kapingamarangi"}, ["kph"] = {"Kplang"}, ["kpi"] = {"Kofei"}, ["kpj"] = {"Karajá"}, ["kpk"] = {"Kpan"}, ["kpl"] = {"Kpala"}, ["kpm"] = {"Koho"}, ["kpn"] = {"Kepkiriwát"}, ["kpo"] = {"Ikposo"}, ["kpq"] = {"Korupun-Sela"}, ["kpr"] = {"Korafe-Yegha"}, ["kps"] = {"Tehit"}, ["kpt"] = {"Karata"}, ["kpu"] = {"Kafoa"}, ["kpv"] = {"Komi-Zyrian"}, ["kpw"] = {"Kobon"}, ["kpx"] = {"Mountain Koiali"}, ["kpy"] = {"Koryak"}, ["kpz"] = {"Kupsabiny"}, ["kqa"] = {"Mum"}, ["kqb"] = {"Kovai"}, ["kqc"] = {"Doromu-Koki"}, ["kqd"] = {"Koy Sanjaq Surat"}, ["kqe"] = {"Kalagan"}, ["kqf"] = {"Kakabai"}, ["kqg"] = {"Khe"}, ["kqh"] = {"Kisankasa"}, ["kqi"] = {"Koitabu"}, ["kqj"] = {"Koromira"}, ["kqk"] = {"Kotafon Gbe"}, ["kql"] = {"Kyenele"}, ["kqm"] = {"Khisa"}, ["kqn"] = {"Kaonde"}, ["kqo"] = {"Eastern Krahn"}, ["kqp"] = {"Kimré"}, ["kqq"] = {"Krenak"}, ["kqr"] = {"Kimaragang"}, ["kqs"] = {"Northern Kissi"}, ["kqt"] = {"Klias River Kadazan"}, ["kqu"] = {"Seroa"}, ["kqv"] = {"Okolod"}, ["kqw"] = {"Kandas"}, ["kqx"] = {"Mser"}, ["kqy"] = {"Koorete"}, ["kqz"] = {"Korana"}, ["kra"] = {"Kumhali"}, ["krb"] = {"Karkin"}, ["krc"] = {"Karachay-Balkar"}, ["krd"] = {"Kairui-Midiki"}, ["kre"] = {"Panará"}, ["krf"] = {"Koro (Vanuatu)"}, ["krh"] = {"Kurama"}, ["kri"] = {"Krio"}, ["krj"] = {"Kinaray-A"}, ["krk"] = {"Kerek"}, ["krl"] = {"Karelian"}, ["krn"] = {"Sapo"}, ["kro"] = {"Rungkun basa Kru"}, ["krp"] = {"Durop"}, ["krr"] = {"Krung"}, ["krs"] = {"Gbaya (Sudan)"}, ["krt"] = {"Tumari Kanuri"}, ["kru"] = {"Kurukh"}, ["krv"] = {"Kavet"}, ["krw"] = {"Western Krahn"}, ["krx"] = {"Karon"}, ["kry"] = {"Kryts"}, ["krz"] = {"Sota Kanum"}, ["ksb"] = {"Shambala"}, ["ksc"] = {"Southern Kalinga"}, ["ksd"] = {"Kuanua"}, ["kse"] = {"Kuni"}, ["ksf"] = {"Bafia"}, ["ksg"] = {"Kusaghe"}, ["ksh"] = {"Kölsch"}, ["ksi"] = {"Krisa", "I'saka"}, ["ksj"] = {"Uare"}, ["ksk"] = {"Kansa"}, ["ksl"] = {"Kumalu"}, ["ksm"] = {"Kumba"}, ["ksn"] = {"Kasiguranin"}, ["kso"] = {"Kofa"}, ["ksp"] = {"Kaba"}, ["ksq"] = {"Kwaami"}, ["ksr"] = {"Borong"}, ["kss"] = {"Southern Kisi"}, ["kst"] = {"Winyé"}, ["ksu"] = {"Khamyang"}, ["ksv"] = {"Kusu"}, ["ksw"] = {"S'gaw Karen"}, ["ksx"] = {"Kedang"}, ["ksy"] = {"Kharia Thar"}, ["ksz"] = {"Kodaku"}, ["kta"] = {"Katua"}, ["ktb"] = {"Kambaata"}, ["ktc"] = {"Kholok"}, ["ktd"] = {"Kokata", "Kukatha"}, ["kte"] = {"Nubri"}, ["ktf"] = {"Kwami"}, ["ktg"] = {"Kalkutung"}, ["kth"] = {"Karanga"}, ["kti"] = {"North Muyu"}, ["ktj"] = {"Plapo Krumen"}, ["ktk"] = {"Kaniet"}, ["ktl"] = {"Koroshi"}, ["ktm"] = {"Kurti"}, ["ktn"] = {"Karitiâna"}, ["kto"] = {"Kuot"}, ["ktp"] = {"Kaduo"}, ["ktq"] = {"Katabaga"}, ["kts"] = {"South Muyu"}, ["ktt"] = {"Ketum"}, ["ktu"] = {"Kituba (Républik Démokratik Kongo)"}, ["ktv"] = {"Eastern Katu"}, ["ktw"] = {"Kato"}, ["ktx"] = {"Kaxararí"}, ["kty"] = {"Kango (Bas-Uélé District)"}, ["ktz"] = {"Juǀʼhoan", "Juǀʼhoansi"}, ["kub"] = {"Kutep"}, ["kuc"] = {"Kwinsu"}, ["kud"] = {"'Auhelawa"}, ["kue"] = {"Kuman (Papua Nugini)"}, ["kuf"] = {"Western Katu"}, ["kug"] = {"Kupa"}, ["kuh"] = {"Kushi"}, ["kui"] = {"Kuikúro-Kalapálo", "Kalapalo"}, ["kuj"] = {"Kuria"}, ["kuk"] = {"Kepo'"}, ["kul"] = {"Kulere"}, ["kum"] = {"Kumyk"}, ["kun"] = {"Kunama"}, ["kuo"] = {"Kumukio"}, ["kup"] = {"Kunimaipa"}, ["kuq"] = {"Karipuna"}, ["kus"] = {"Kusaal"}, ["kut"] = {"Ktunaxa", "Ksanka", "Kutenai"}, ["kuu"] = {"Upper Kuskokwim"}, ["kuv"] = {"Kur"}, ["kuw"] = {"Kpagua"}, ["kux"] = {"Kukatja"}, ["kuy"] = {"Kuuku-Ya'u"}, ["kuz"] = {"Kunza"}, ["kva"] = {"Bagvalal"}, ["kvb"] = {"Kubu"}, ["kvc"] = {"Kove"}, ["kvd"] = {"Kui (Indonésia)"}, ["kve"] = {"Kalabakan"}, ["kvf"] = {"Kabalai"}, ["kvg"] = {"Kuni-Boazi"}, ["kvh"] = {"Komodo"}, ["kvi"] = {"Kwang"}, ["kvj"] = {"Psikye"}, ["kvk"] = {"Basa Isarat Koréa"}, ["kvl"] = {"Kayaw"}, ["kvm"] = {"Kendem"}, ["kvn"] = {"Border Kuna"}, ["kvo"] = {"Dobel"}, ["kvp"] = {"Kompane"}, ["kvq"] = {"Geba Karen"}, ["kvr"] = {"Kerinci"}, ["kvt"] = {"Lahta Karen", "Lahta"}, ["kvu"] = {"Yinbaw Karen"}, ["kvv"] = {"Kola"}, ["kvw"] = {"Wersing"}, ["kvx"] = {"Parkari Koli"}, ["kvy"] = {"Yintale Karen", "Yintale"}, ["kvz"] = {"Tsakwambo", "Tsaukambo"}, ["kwa"] = {"Dâw"}, ["kwb"] = {"Kwa"}, ["kwc"] = {"Likwala"}, ["kwd"] = {"Kwaio"}, ["kwe"] = {"Kwerba"}, ["kwf"] = {"Kwara'ae"}, ["kwg"] = {"Sara Kaba Deme"}, ["kwh"] = {"Kowiai"}, ["kwi"] = {"Awa-Cuaiquer"}, ["kwj"] = {"Kwanga"}, ["kwk"] = {"Kwak'wala", "Kwakiutl"}, ["kwl"] = {"Kofyar"}, ["kwm"] = {"Kwambi"}, ["kwn"] = {"Kwangali"}, ["kwo"] = {"Kwomtari"}, ["kwp"] = {"Kodia"}, ["kwr"] = {"Kwer"}, ["kws"] = {"Kwese"}, ["kwt"] = {"Kwesten"}, ["kwu"] = {"Kwakum"}, ["kwv"] = {"Sara Kaba Náà"}, ["kww"] = {"Kwinti"}, ["kwx"] = {"Khirwar"}, ["kwy"] = {"San Salvador Kongo"}, ["kwz"] = {"Kwadi"}, ["kxa"] = {"Kairiru"}, ["kxb"] = {"Krobu"}, ["kxc"] = {"Konso", "Khonso"}, ["kxd"] = {"Brunei"}, ["kxf"] = {"Manumanaw Karen", "Manumanaw"}, ["kxh"] = {"Karo (Ethiopia)"}, ["kxi"] = {"Keningau Murut"}, ["kxj"] = {"Kulfa"}, ["kxk"] = {"Zayein Karen"}, ["kxm"] = {"Northern Khmer"}, ["kxn"] = {"Kanowit-Tanjong Melanau"}, ["kxo"] = {"Kanoé"}, ["kxp"] = {"Wadiyara Koli"}, ["kxq"] = {"Smärky Kanum"}, ["kxr"] = {"Koro (Papua Nugini)"}, ["kxs"] = {"Kangjia"}, ["kxt"] = {"Koiwat"}, ["kxv"] = {"Kuvi"}, ["kxw"] = {"Konai"}, ["kxx"] = {"Likuba"}, ["kxy"] = {"Kayong"}, ["kxz"] = {"Kerewo"}, ["kya"] = {"Kwaya"}, ["kyb"] = {"Butbut Kalinga"}, ["kyc"] = {"Kyaka"}, ["kyd"] = {"Karey"}, ["kye"] = {"Krache"}, ["kyf"] = {"Kouya"}, ["kyg"] = {"Keyagana"}, ["kyh"] = {"Karok"}, ["kyi"] = {"Kiput"}, ["kyj"] = {"Karao"}, ["kyk"] = {"Kamayo"}, ["kyl"] = {"Kalapuya"}, ["kym"] = {"Kpatili"}, ["kyn"] = {"Northern Binukidnon"}, ["kyo"] = {"Kelon"}, ["kyp"] = {"Kang"}, ["kyq"] = {"Kenga"}, ["kyr"] = {"Kuruáya"}, ["kys"] = {"Baram Kayan"}, ["kyt"] = {"Kayagar"}, ["kyu"] = {"Western Kayah"}, ["kyv"] = {"Kayort"}, ["kyw"] = {"Kudmali"}, ["kyx"] = {"Rapoisi"}, ["kyy"] = {"Kambaira"}, ["kyz"] = {"Kayabí"}, ["kza"] = {"Western Karaboro"}, ["kzb"] = {"Kaibobo"}, ["kzc"] = {"Bondoukou Kulango"}, ["kzd"] = {"Kadai"}, ["kze"] = {"Kosena"}, ["kzf"] = {"Da'a Kaili"}, ["kzg"] = {"Kikai"}, ["kzi"] = {"Kelabit"}, ["kzk"] = {"Kazukuru"}, ["kzl"] = {"Kayeli"}, ["kzm"] = {"Kais"}, ["kzn"] = {"Kokola"}, ["kzo"] = {"Kaningi"}, ["kzp"] = {"Kaidipang"}, ["kzq"] = {"Kaike"}, ["kzr"] = {"Karang"}, ["kzs"] = {"Sugut Dusun"}, ["kzu"] = {"Kayupulau"}, ["kzv"] = {"Komyandaret"}, ["kzw"] = {"Karirí-Xocó"}, ["kzx"] = {"Kamarian"}, ["kzy"] = {"Kango (Tshopo District)"}, ["kzz"] = {"Kalabra"}, ["laa"] = {"Southern Subanen"}, ["lab"] = {"Linear A"}, ["lac"] = {"Lacandon"}, ["lad"] = {"Ladino"}, ["lae"] = {"Pattani"}, ["laf"] = {"Lafofa"}, ["lag"] = {"Rangi"}, ["lah"] = {"Lahnda"}, ["lai"] = {"Lambya"}, ["laj"] = {"Lango (Uganda)"}, ["lal"] = {"Lalia"}, ["lam"] = {"Lamba"}, ["lan"] = {"Laru"}, ["lap"] = {"Laka (Chad)"}, ["laq"] = {"Qabiao"}, ["lar"] = {"Larteh"}, ["las"] = {"Lama (Togo)"}, ["lau"] = {"Laba"}, ["law"] = {"Lauje"}, ["lax"] = {"Tiwa"}, ["lay"] = {"Lama Bai"}, ["laz"] = {"Aribwatsa"}, ["lbb"] = {"Label"}, ["lbc"] = {"Lakkia"}, ["lbe"] = {"Lak"}, ["lbf"] = {"Tinani"}, ["lbg"] = {"Laopang"}, ["lbi"] = {"La'bi"}, ["lbj"] = {"Ladakhi"}, ["lbk"] = {"Central Bontok"}, ["lbl"] = {"Libon Bikol"}, ["lbm"] = {"Lodhi"}, ["lbn"] = {"Rmeet"}, ["lbo"] = {"Laven"}, ["lbq"] = {"Wampar"}, ["lbr"] = {"Lohorung"}, ["lbs"] = {"Basa Isarat Libya"}, ["lbt"] = {"Lachi"}, ["lbu"] = {"Labu"}, ["lbv"] = {"Lavatbura-Lamusong"}, ["lbw"] = {"Tolaki"}, ["lbx"] = {"Lawangan"}, ["lby"] = {"Lamalama", "Lamu-Lamu"}, ["lbz"] = {"Lardil"}, ["lcc"] = {"Legenyem"}, ["lcd"] = {"Lola"}, ["lce"] = {"Loncong", "Sekak"}, ["lcf"] = {"Lubu"}, ["lch"] = {"Luchazi"}, ["lcl"] = {"Lisela"}, ["lcm"] = {"Tungag"}, ["lcp"] = {"Western Lawa"}, ["lcq"] = {"Luhu"}, ["lcs"] = {"Lisabata-Nuniali"}, ["lda"] = {"Kla-Dan"}, ["ldb"] = {"Dũya"}, ["ldd"] = {"Luri"}, ["ldg"] = {"Lenyima"}, ["ldh"] = {"Lamja-Dengsa-Tola"}, ["ldi"] = {"Laari"}, ["ldj"] = {"Lemoro"}, ["ldk"] = {"Leelau"}, ["ldl"] = {"Kaan"}, ["ldm"] = {"Landoma"}, ["ldn"] = {"Láadan"}, ["ldo"] = {"Loo"}, ["ldp"] = {"Tso"}, ["ldq"] = {"Lufu"}, ["lea"] = {"Lega-Shabunda"}, ["leb"] = {"Lala-Bisa"}, ["lec"] = {"Leco"}, ["led"] = {"Lendu"}, ["lee"] = {"Lyélé"}, ["lef"] = {"Lelemi"}, ["leh"] = {"Lenje"}, ["lei"] = {"Lemio"}, ["lej"] = {"Lengola"}, ["lek"] = {"Leipon"}, ["lel"] = {"Lele (Républik Démokratik Kongo)"}, ["lem"] = {"Nomaande"}, ["len"] = {"Lenca"}, ["leo"] = {"Leti (Kamerun)"}, ["lep"] = {"Lepcha"}, ["leq"] = {"Lembena"}, ["ler"] = {"Lenkau"}, ["les"] = {"Lese"}, ["let"] = {"Lesing-Gelimi", "Amio-Gelimi"}, ["leu"] = {"Kara (Papua Nugini)"}, ["lev"] = {"Lamma"}, ["lew"] = {"Ledo Kaili"}, ["lex"] = {"Luang"}, ["ley"] = {"Lemolang"}, ["lez"] = {"Lezghian"}, ["lfa"] = {"Lefa"}, ["lfb"] = {"Buu (Kamerun)"}, ["lfn"] = {"Lingua Franca Nova"}, ["lga"] = {"Lungga"}, ["lgb"] = {"Laghu"}, ["lgg"] = {"Lugbara"}, ["lgh"] = {"Laghuu"}, ["lgi"] = {"Lengilu"}, ["lgk"] = {"Lingarak", "Neverver"}, ["lgl"] = {"Wala"}, ["lgm"] = {"Lega-Mwenga"}, ["lgn"] = {"T'apo", "Opuuo"}, ["lgo"] = {"Lango (Sudan Kidul)"}, ["lgq"] = {"Logba"}, ["lgr"] = {"Lengo"}, ["lgs"] = {"Basa Isarat Guinea-Bissau", "Língua Gestual Guineense"}, ["lgt"] = {"Pahi"}, ["lgu"] = {"Longgu"}, ["lgz"] = {"Ligenza"}, ["lha"] = {"Laha (Viet Nam)"}, ["lhh"] = {"Laha (Indonésia)"}, ["lhi"] = {"Lahu Shi"}, ["lhl"] = {"Lahul Lohar"}, ["lhm"] = {"Lhomi"}, ["lhn"] = {"Lahanan"}, ["lhp"] = {"Lhokpu"}, ["lhs"] = {"Mlahsö"}, ["lht"] = {"Lo-Toga"}, ["lhu"] = {"Lahu"}, ["lia"] = {"West-Central Limba"}, ["lib"] = {"Likum"}, ["lic"] = {"Hlai"}, ["lid"] = {"Nyindrou"}, ["lie"] = {"Likila"}, ["lif"] = {"Limbu"}, ["lig"] = {"Ligbi"}, ["lih"] = {"Lihir"}, ["lij"] = {"Ligurian"}, ["lik"] = {"Lika"}, ["lil"] = {"Lillooet"}, ["lio"] = {"Liki"}, ["lip"] = {"Sekpele"}, ["liq"] = {"Libido"}, ["lir"] = {"Liberian English"}, ["lis"] = {"Lisu"}, ["liu"] = {"Logorik"}, ["liv"] = {"Liv"}, ["liw"] = {"Col"}, ["lix"] = {"Liabuku"}, ["liy"] = {"Banda-Bambari"}, ["liz"] = {"Libinza"}, ["lja"] = {"Golpa"}, ["lje"] = {"Rampi"}, ["lji"] = {"Laiyolo"}, ["ljl"] = {"Li'o"}, ["ljp"] = {"Lampung Api"}, ["ljw"] = {"Yirandali"}, ["ljx"] = {"Yuru"}, ["lka"] = {"Lakalei"}, ["lkb"] = {"Kabras", "Lukabaras"}, ["lkc"] = {"Kucong"}, ["lkd"] = {"Lakondê"}, ["lke"] = {"Kenyi"}, ["lkh"] = {"Lakha"}, ["lki"] = {"Laki"}, ["lkj"] = {"Remun"}, ["lkl"] = {"Laeko-Libuat"}, ["lkm"] = {"Kalaamaya"}, ["lkn"] = {"Lakon", "Vure"}, ["lko"] = {"Khayo", "Olukhayo"}, ["lkr"] = {"Päri"}, ["lks"] = {"Kisa", "Olushisa"}, ["lkt"] = {"Lakota"}, ["lku"] = {"Kungkari"}, ["lky"] = {"Lokoya"}, ["lla"] = {"Lala-Roba"}, ["llb"] = {"Lolo"}, ["llc"] = {"Lele (Guinea)"}, ["lld"] = {"Ladin"}, ["lle"] = {"Lele (Papua Nugini)"}, ["llf"] = {"Hermit"}, ["llg"] = {"Lole"}, ["llh"] = {"Lamu"}, ["lli"] = {"Teke-Laali"}, ["llj"] = {"Ladji Ladji"}, ["llk"] = {"Lelak"}, ["lll"] = {"Lilau"}, ["llm"] = {"Lasalimu"}, ["lln"] = {"Lele (Chad)"}, ["llp"] = {"North Efate"}, ["llq"] = {"Lolak"}, ["lls"] = {"Basa Isarat Lituania"}, ["llu"] = {"Lau"}, ["llx"] = {"Lauan"}, ["lma"] = {"East Limba"}, ["lmb"] = {"Merei"}, ["lmc"] = {"Limilngan"}, ["lmd"] = {"Lumun"}, ["lme"] = {"Pévé"}, ["lmf"] = {"South Lembata"}, ["lmg"] = {"Lamogai"}, ["lmh"] = {"Lambichhong"}, ["lmi"] = {"Lombi"}, ["lmj"] = {"West Lembata"}, ["lmk"] = {"Lamkang"}, ["lml"] = {"Hano"}, ["lmn"] = {"Lambadi"}, ["lmo"] = {"Lombard"}, ["lmp"] = {"Limbum"}, ["lmq"] = {"Lamatuka"}, ["lmr"] = {"Lamalera"}, ["lmu"] = {"Lamenu"}, ["lmv"] = {"Lomaiviti"}, ["lmw"] = {"Lake Miwok"}, ["lmx"] = {"Laimbue"}, ["lmy"] = {"Lamboya"}, ["lna"] = {"Langbashe"}, ["lnb"] = {"Mbalanhu"}, ["lnd"] = {"Lundayeh", "Lun Bawang"}, ["lng"] = {"Langobardic"}, ["lnh"] = {"Lanoh"}, ["lni"] = {"Daantanai'"}, ["lnj"] = {"Leningitij"}, ["lnl"] = {"South Central Banda"}, ["lnm"] = {"Langam"}, ["lnn"] = {"Lorediakarkar"}, ["lns"] = {"Lamnso'"}, ["lnu"] = {"Longuda"}, ["lnw"] = {"Lanima"}, ["lnz"] = {"Lonzo"}, ["loa"] = {"Loloda"}, ["lob"] = {"Lobi"}, ["loc"] = {"Inonhan"}, ["loe"] = {"Saluan"}, ["lof"] = {"Logol"}, ["log"] = {"Logo"}, ["loh"] = {"Laarim", "Narim"}, ["loi"] = {"Loma (Côte d'Ivoire)"}, ["loj"] = {"Lou"}, ["lok"] = {"Loko"}, ["lol"] = {"Mongo"}, ["lom"] = {"Loma (Liberia)"}, ["lon"] = {"Malawi Lomwe"}, ["loo"] = {"Lombo"}, ["lop"] = {"Lopa"}, ["loq"] = {"Lobala"}, ["lor"] = {"Téén"}, ["los"] = {"Loniu"}, ["lot"] = {"Otuho"}, ["lou"] = {"Louisiana Creole"}, ["lov"] = {"Lopi"}, ["low"] = {"Tampias Lobu"}, ["lox"] = {"Loun"}, ["loy"] = {"Loke"}, ["loz"] = {"Lozi"}, ["lpa"] = {"Lelepa"}, ["lpe"] = {"Lepki"}, ["lpn"] = {"Long Phuri Naga"}, ["lpo"] = {"Lipo"}, ["lpx"] = {"Lopit"}, ["lqr"] = {"Logir"}, ["lra"] = {"Rara Bakati'"}, ["lrc"] = {"Northern Luri"}, ["lre"] = {"Laurentian"}, ["lrg"] = {"Laragia"}, ["lri"] = {"Marachi", "Olumarachi"}, ["lrk"] = {"Loarki"}, ["lrl"] = {"Lari"}, ["lrm"] = {"Marama", "Olumarama"}, ["lrn"] = {"Lorang"}, ["lro"] = {"Laro"}, ["lrr"] = {"Southern Yamphu"}, ["lrt"] = {"Larantuka Malay"}, ["lrv"] = {"Larevat"}, ["lrz"] = {"Lemerig"}, ["lsa"] = {"Lasgerdi"}, ["lsb"] = {"Basa Isarat Burundi", "Langue des Signes Burundaise"}, ["lsc"] = {"Basa Isarat Albarradas", "Lengua de señas Albarradas"}, ["lsd"] = {"Lishana Deni"}, ["lse"] = {"Lusengo"}, ["lsh"] = {"Lish"}, ["lsi"] = {"Lashi"}, ["lsl"] = {"Basa Isarat Latvia"}, ["lsm"] = {"Saamia", "Olusamia"}, ["lsn"] = {"Basa Isarat Tibét"}, ["lso"] = {"Basa Isarat Laos"}, ["lsp"] = {"Basa Isarat Panama", "Lengua de Señas Panameñas"}, ["lsr"] = {"Aruop"}, ["lss"] = {"Lasi"}, ["lst"] = {"Basa Isarat Trinidad jeung Tobago"}, ["lsv"] = {"Basa Isarat Sivia"}, ["lsw"] = {"Seychéll", "Lalang Siny Seselwa", "Langue des Signes Seychelloise"}, ["lsy"] = {"Basa Isarat Mauritius"}, ["ltc"] = {"Late Middle Chinese"}, ["ltg"] = {"Latgalian"}, ["lth"] = {"Thur"}, ["lti"] = {"Leti (Indonésia)"}, ["ltn"] = {"Latundê"}, ["lto"] = {"Tsotso", "Olutsotso"}, ["lts"] = {"Tachoni", "Lutachoni"}, ["ltu"] = {"Latu"}, ["lua"] = {"Luba-Lulua"}, ["luc"] = {"Aringa"}, ["lud"] = {"Ludian"}, ["lue"] = {"Luvale"}, ["luf"] = {"Laua"}, ["luh"] = {"Leizhou Chinese"}, ["lui"] = {"Luiseño"}, ["luj"] = {"Luna"}, ["luk"] = {"Lunanakha"}, ["lul"] = {"Olu'bo"}, ["lum"] = {"Luimbi"}, ["lun"] = {"Lunda"}, ["luo"] = {"Luo (Kenya and Tanzania)", "Dholuo"}, ["lup"] = {"Lumbu"}, ["luq"] = {"Lucumi"}, ["lur"] = {"Laura"}, ["lus"] = {"Lushai"}, ["lut"] = {"Lushootseed"}, ["luu"] = {"Lumba-Yakkha"}, ["luv"] = {"Luwati"}, ["luw"] = {"Luo (Kamerun)"}, ["luy"] = {"Luyia", "Oluluyia"}, ["luz"] = {"Southern Luri"}, ["lva"] = {"Maku'a"}, ["lvi"] = {"Lavi"}, ["lvk"] = {"Lavukaleve"}, ["lvl"] = {"Lwel"}, ["lvs"] = {"Standard Latvian"}, ["lvu"] = {"Levuka"}, ["lwa"] = {"Lwalu"}, ["lwe"] = {"Lewo Eleng"}, ["lwg"] = {"Wanga", "Oluwanga"}, ["lwh"] = {"White Lachi"}, ["lwl"] = {"Eastern Lawa"}, ["lwm"] = {"Laomian"}, ["lwo"] = {"Luwo"}, ["lws"] = {"Basa Isarat Malawi"}, ["lwt"] = {"Lewotobi"}, ["lwu"] = {"Lawu"}, ["lww"] = {"Lewo"}, ["lxm"] = {"Lakurumau"}, ["lya"] = {"Layakha"}, ["lyg"] = {"Lyngngam"}, ["lyn"] = {"Luyana"}, ["lzh"] = {"Literary Chinese"}, ["lzl"] = {"Litzlitz"}, ["lzn"] = {"Leinong Naga"}, ["lzz"] = {"Laz"}, ["maa"] = {"San Jerónimo Tecóatl Mazatec"}, ["mab"] = {"Yutanduchi Mixtec"}, ["mad"] = {"Madurese"}, ["mae"] = {"Bo-Rukul"}, ["maf"] = {"Mafa"}, ["mag"] = {"Magahi"}, ["mai"] = {"Maithili"}, ["maj"] = {"Jalapa De Díaz Mazatec"}, ["mak"] = {"Makasar"}, ["mam"] = {"Mam"}, ["man"] = {"Mandingo", "Manding"}, ["map"] = {"Rungkun basa Austronésia"}, ["maq"] = {"Chiquihuitlán Mazatec"}, ["mas"] = {"Masai"}, ["mat"] = {"San Francisco Matlatzinca"}, ["mau"] = {"Huautla Mazatec"}, ["mav"] = {"Sateré-Mawé"}, ["maw"] = {"Mampruli"}, ["max"] = {"North Moluccan Malay"}, ["maz"] = {"Central Mazahua"}, ["mba"] = {"Higaonon"}, ["mbb"] = {"Western Bukidnon Manobo"}, ["mbc"] = {"Macushi"}, ["mbd"] = {"Dibabawon Manobo"}, ["mbe"] = {"Molale"}, ["mbf"] = {"Baba Malay"}, ["mbh"] = {"Mangseng"}, ["mbi"] = {"Ilianen Manobo"}, ["mbj"] = {"Nadëb"}, ["mbk"] = {"Malol"}, ["mbl"] = {"Maxakalí"}, ["mbm"] = {"Ombamba"}, ["mbn"] = {"Macaguán"}, ["mbo"] = {"Mbo (Kamerun)"}, ["mbp"] = {"Malayo"}, ["mbq"] = {"Maisin"}, ["mbr"] = {"Nukak Makú"}, ["mbs"] = {"Sarangani Manobo"}, ["mbt"] = {"Matigsalug Manobo"}, ["mbu"] = {"Mbula-Bwazza"}, ["mbv"] = {"Mbulungish"}, ["mbw"] = {"Maring"}, ["mbx"] = {"Mari (East Sepik Province)"}, ["mby"] = {"Memoni"}, ["mbz"] = {"Amoltepec Mixtec"}, ["mca"] = {"Maca"}, ["mcb"] = {"Machiguenga"}, ["mcc"] = {"Bitur"}, ["mcd"] = {"Sharanahua"}, ["mce"] = {"Itundujia Mixtec"}, ["mcf"] = {"Matsés"}, ["mcg"] = {"Mapoyo"}, ["mch"] = {"Maquiritari"}, ["mci"] = {"Mese"}, ["mcj"] = {"Mvanip"}, ["mck"] = {"Mbunda"}, ["mcl"] = {"Macaguaje"}, ["mcm"] = {"Malaccan Creole Portuguese"}, ["mcn"] = {"Masana"}, ["mco"] = {"Coatlán Mixe"}, ["mcp"] = {"Makaa"}, ["mcq"] = {"Ese"}, ["mcr"] = {"Menya"}, ["mcs"] = {"Mambai"}, ["mct"] = {"Mengisa"}, ["mcu"] = {"Cameroon Mambila"}, ["mcv"] = {"Minanibai"}, ["mcw"] = {"Mawa (Chad)"}, ["mcx"] = {"Mpiemo"}, ["mcy"] = {"South Watut"}, ["mcz"] = {"Mawan"}, ["mda"] = {"Mada (Nigéria)"}, ["mdb"] = {"Morigi"}, ["mdc"] = {"Soq", "Male (Papua Nugini)"}, ["mdd"] = {"Mbum"}, ["mde"] = {"Maba (Chad)"}, ["mdf"] = {"Moksha"}, ["mdg"] = {"Massalat"}, ["mdh"] = {"Maguindanaon"}, ["mdi"] = {"Mamvu"}, ["mdj"] = {"Mangbetu"}, ["mdk"] = {"Mangbutu"}, ["mdl"] = {"Basa Isarat Malta"}, ["mdm"] = {"Mayogo"}, ["mdn"] = {"Mbati"}, ["mdp"] = {"Mbala"}, ["mdq"] = {"Mbole"}, ["mdr"] = {"Mandar"}, ["mds"] = {"Maria (Papua Nugini)"}, ["mdt"] = {"Mbere"}, ["mdu"] = {"Mboko"}, ["mdv"] = {"Santa Lucía Monteverde Mixtec"}, ["mdw"] = {"Mbosi"}, ["mdx"] = {"Dizin"}, ["mdy"] = {"Male", "Male (Ethiopia)"}, ["mdz"] = {"Suruí Do Pará"}, ["mea"] = {"Menka"}, ["meb"] = {"Ikobi"}, ["mec"] = {"Marra"}, ["med"] = {"Melpa"}, ["mee"] = {"Mengen"}, ["mef"] = {"Megam"}, ["meh"] = {"Southwestern Tlaxiaco Mixtec"}, ["mei"] = {"Midob"}, ["mej"] = {"Meyah"}, ["mek"] = {"Mekeo"}, ["mel"] = {"Central Melanau"}, ["mem"] = {"Mangala"}, ["men"] = {"Mende (Sierra Leone)"}, ["meo"] = {"Kedah Malay"}, ["mep"] = {"Miriwoong"}, ["meq"] = {"Merey"}, ["mer"] = {"Meru"}, ["mes"] = {"Masmaje"}, ["met"] = {"Mato"}, ["meu"] = {"Motu"}, ["mev"] = {"Mano"}, ["mew"] = {"Maaka"}, ["mey"] = {"Hassaniyya"}, ["mez"] = {"Menominee"}, ["mfa"] = {"Pattani Malay"}, ["mfb"] = {"Bangka"}, ["mfc"] = {"Mba"}, ["mfd"] = {"Mendankwe-Nkwen"}, ["mfe"] = {"Morisyen"}, ["mff"] = {"Naki"}, ["mfg"] = {"Mogofin"}, ["mfh"] = {"Matal"}, ["mfi"] = {"Wandala"}, ["mfj"] = {"Mefele"}, ["mfk"] = {"North Mofu"}, ["mfl"] = {"Putai"}, ["mfm"] = {"Marghi South"}, ["mfn"] = {"Cross River Mbembe"}, ["mfo"] = {"Mbe"}, ["mfp"] = {"Makassar Malay"}, ["mfq"] = {"Moba"}, ["mfr"] = {"Marrithiyel"}, ["mfs"] = {"Basa Isarat Méksiko"}, ["mft"] = {"Mokerang"}, ["mfu"] = {"Mbwela"}, ["mfv"] = {"Mandjak"}, ["mfw"] = {"Mulaha"}, ["mfx"] = {"Melo"}, ["mfy"] = {"Mayo"}, ["mfz"] = {"Mabaan"}, ["mga"] = {"Middle Irish (900-1200)"}, ["mgb"] = {"Mararit"}, ["mgc"] = {"Morokodo"}, ["mgd"] = {"Moru"}, ["mge"] = {"Mango"}, ["mgf"] = {"Maklew"}, ["mgg"] = {"Mpumpong"}, ["mgh"] = {"Makhuwa-Meetto"}, ["mgi"] = {"Lijili"}, ["mgj"] = {"Abureni"}, ["mgk"] = {"Mawes"}, ["mgl"] = {"Maleu-Kilenge"}, ["mgm"] = {"Mambae"}, ["mgn"] = {"Mbangi"}, ["mgo"] = {"Meta'"}, ["mgp"] = {"Eastern Magar"}, ["mgq"] = {"Malila"}, ["mgr"] = {"Mambwe-Lungu"}, ["mgs"] = {"Manda (Tanzania)"}, ["mgt"] = {"Mongol"}, ["mgu"] = {"Mailu"}, ["mgv"] = {"Matengo"}, ["mgw"] = {"Matumbi"}, ["mgy"] = {"Mbunga"}, ["mgz"] = {"Mbugwe"}, ["mha"] = {"Manda (India)"}, ["mhb"] = {"Mahongwe"}, ["mhc"] = {"Mocho"}, ["mhd"] = {"Mbugu"}, ["mhe"] = {"Besisi", "Mah Meri"}, ["mhf"] = {"Mamaa"}, ["mhg"] = {"Margu"}, ["mhi"] = {"Ma'di"}, ["mhj"] = {"Mogholi"}, ["mhk"] = {"Mungaka"}, ["mhl"] = {"Mauwake"}, ["mhm"] = {"Makhuwa-Moniga"}, ["mhn"] = {"Mòcheno"}, ["mho"] = {"Mashi (Zambia)"}, ["mhp"] = {"Balinese Malay"}, ["mhq"] = {"Mandan"}, ["mhr"] = {"Eastern Mari"}, ["mhs"] = {"Buru (Indonésia)"}, ["mht"] = {"Mandahuaca"}, ["mhu"] = {"Digaro-Mishmi", "Darang Deng"}, ["mhw"] = {"Mbukushu"}, ["mhx"] = {"Maru", "Lhaovo"}, ["mhy"] = {"Ma'anyan"}, ["mhz"] = {"Mor (Mor Islands)"}, ["mia"] = {"Miami"}, ["mib"] = {"Atatláhuca Mixtec"}, ["mic"] = {"Mi'kmaq", "Micmac"}, ["mid"] = {"Mandaic"}, ["mie"] = {"Ocotepec Mixtec"}, ["mif"] = {"Mofu-Gudur"}, ["mig"] = {"San Miguel El Grande Mixtec"}, ["mih"] = {"Chayuco Mixtec"}, ["mii"] = {"Chigmecatitlán Mixtec"}, ["mij"] = {"Abar", "Mungbam"}, ["mik"] = {"Mikasuki"}, ["mil"] = {"Peñoles Mixtec"}, ["mim"] = {"Alacatlatzala Mixtec"}, ["min"] = {"Minangkabau"}, ["mio"] = {"Pinotepa Nacional Mixtec"}, ["mip"] = {"Apasco-Apoala Mixtec"}, ["miq"] = {"Mískito"}, ["mir"] = {"Isthmus Mixe"}, ["mis"] = {"nu teu dikodekeun"}, ["mit"] = {"Southern Puebla Mixtec"}, ["miu"] = {"Cacaloxtepec Mixtec"}, ["miw"] = {"Akoye"}, ["mix"] = {"Mixtepec Mixtec"}, ["miy"] = {"Ayutla Mixtec"}, ["miz"] = {"Coatzospan Mixtec"}, ["mjb"] = {"Makalero"}, ["mjc"] = {"San Juan Colorado Mixtec"}, ["mjd"] = {"Northwest Maidu"}, ["mje"] = {"Muskum"}, ["mjg"] = {"Tu"}, ["mjh"] = {"Mwera (Nyasa)"}, ["mji"] = {"Kim Mun"}, ["mjj"] = {"Mawak"}, ["mjk"] = {"Matukar"}, ["mjl"] = {"Mandeali"}, ["mjm"] = {"Medebur"}, ["mjn"] = {"Ma (Papua Nugini)"}, ["mjo"] = {"Malankuravan"}, ["mjp"] = {"Malapandaram"}, ["mjq"] = {"Malaryan"}, ["mjr"] = {"Malavedan"}, ["mjs"] = {"Miship"}, ["mjt"] = {"Sauria Paharia"}, ["mju"] = {"Manna-Dora"}, ["mjv"] = {"Mannan"}, ["mjw"] = {"Karbi"}, ["mjx"] = {"Mahali"}, ["mjy"] = {"Mahican"}, ["mjz"] = {"Majhi"}, ["mka"] = {"Mbre"}, ["mkb"] = {"Mal Paharia"}, ["mkc"] = {"Siliput"}, ["mke"] = {"Mawchi"}, ["mkf"] = {"Miya"}, ["mkg"] = {"Mak (China)"}, ["mkh"] = {"Rungkun basa Mon-Khmer"}, ["mki"] = {"Dhatki"}, ["mkj"] = {"Mokilese"}, ["mkk"] = {"Byep"}, ["mkl"] = {"Mokole"}, ["mkm"] = {"Moklen"}, ["mkn"] = {"Kupang Malay"}, ["mko"] = {"Mingang Doso"}, ["mkp"] = {"Moikodi"}, ["mkq"] = {"Bay Miwok"}, ["mkr"] = {"Malas"}, ["mks"] = {"Silacayoapan Mixtec"}, ["mkt"] = {"Vamale"}, ["mku"] = {"Konyanka Maninka"}, ["mkv"] = {"Mafea"}, ["mkw"] = {"Kituba (Kongo)"}, ["mkx"] = {"Kinamiging Manobo"}, ["mky"] = {"East Makian"}, ["mkz"] = {"Makasae"}, ["mla"] = {"Malo"}, ["mlb"] = {"Mbule"}, ["mlc"] = {"Cao Lan"}, ["mle"] = {"Manambu"}, ["mlf"] = {"Mal"}, ["mlh"] = {"Mape"}, ["mli"] = {"Malimpung"}, ["mlj"] = {"Miltu"}, ["mlk"] = {"Ilwana", "Kiwilwana"}, ["mll"] = {"Malua Bay"}, ["mlm"] = {"Mulam"}, ["mln"] = {"Malango"}, ["mlo"] = {"Mlomp"}, ["mlp"] = {"Bargam"}, ["mlq"] = {"Western Maninkakan"}, ["mlr"] = {"Vame"}, ["mls"] = {"Masalit"}, ["mlu"] = {"To'abaita"}, ["mlv"] = {"Motlav", "Mwotlap"}, ["mlw"] = {"Moloko"}, ["mlx"] = {"Malfaxal", "Naha'ai"}, ["mlz"] = {"Malaynon"}, ["mma"] = {"Mama"}, ["mmb"] = {"Momina"}, ["mmc"] = {"Michoacán Mazahua"}, ["mmd"] = {"Maonan"}, ["mme"] = {"Mae"}, ["mmf"] = {"Mundat"}, ["mmg"] = {"North Ambrym"}, ["mmh"] = {"Mehináku"}, ["mmi"] = {"Hember Avu", "Amben", "Musar"}, ["mmj"] = {"Majhwar"}, ["mmk"] = {"Mukha-Dora"}, ["mml"] = {"Man Met"}, ["mmm"] = {"Maii"}, ["mmn"] = {"Mamanwa"}, ["mmo"] = {"Mangga Buang"}, ["mmp"] = {"Siawi"}, ["mmq"] = {"Musak"}, ["mmr"] = {"Western Xiangxi Miao"}, ["mmt"] = {"Malalamai"}, ["mmu"] = {"Mmaala"}, ["mmv"] = {"Miriti"}, ["mmw"] = {"Emae"}, ["mmx"] = {"Madak"}, ["mmy"] = {"Migaama"}, ["mmz"] = {"Mabaale"}, ["mna"] = {"Mbula"}, ["mnb"] = {"Muna"}, ["mnc"] = {"Manchu"}, ["mnd"] = {"Mondé"}, ["mne"] = {"Naba"}, ["mnf"] = {"Mundani"}, ["mng"] = {"Eastern Mnong"}, ["mnh"] = {"Mono (Républik Démokratik Kongo)"}, ["mni"] = {"Manipuri"}, ["mnj"] = {"Munji"}, ["mnk"] = {"Mandinka"}, ["mnl"] = {"Tiale"}, ["mnm"] = {"Mapena"}, ["mnn"] = {"Southern Mnong"}, ["mno"] = {"Rungkun basa Manobo"}, ["mnp"] = {"Min Bei Chinese"}, ["mnq"] = {"Minriq"}, ["mnr"] = {"Mono (USA)"}, ["mns"] = {"Mansi"}, ["mnu"] = {"Mer"}, ["mnv"] = {"Rennell-Bellona"}, ["mnw"] = {"Mon"}, ["mnx"] = {"Manikion"}, ["mny"] = {"Manyawa"}, ["mnz"] = {"Moni"}, ["moa"] = {"Mwan"}, ["moc"] = {"Mocoví"}, ["mod"] = {"Mobilian"}, ["moe"] = {"Innu", "Montagnais"}, ["mog"] = {"Mongondow"}, ["moh"] = {"Mohawk", "Kanien'kéha"}, ["moi"] = {"Mboi"}, ["moj"] = {"Monzombo"}, ["mok"] = {"Morori"}, ["mom"] = {"Mangue"}, ["moo"] = {"Monom"}, ["mop"] = {"Mopán Maya"}, ["moq"] = {"Mor (Bomberai Peninsula)"}, ["mor"] = {"Moro"}, ["mos"] = {"Mossi"}, ["mot"] = {"Barí"}, ["mou"] = {"Mogum"}, ["mov"] = {"Mohave"}, ["mow"] = {"Moi (Kongo)"}, ["mox"] = {"Molima"}, ["moy"] = {"Shekkacho"}, ["moz"] = {"Mukulu", "Gergiko"}, ["mpa"] = {"Mpoto"}, ["mpb"] = {"Malak Malak", "Mullukmulluk"}, ["mpc"] = {"Mangarrayi"}, ["mpd"] = {"Machinere"}, ["mpe"] = {"Majang"}, ["mpg"] = {"Marba"}, ["mph"] = {"Maung"}, ["mpi"] = {"Mpade"}, ["mpj"] = {"Martu Wangka", "Wangkajunga"}, ["mpk"] = {"Mbara (Chad)"}, ["mpl"] = {"Middle Watut"}, ["mpm"] = {"Yosondúa Mixtec"}, ["mpn"] = {"Mindiri"}, ["mpo"] = {"Miu"}, ["mpp"] = {"Migabac"}, ["mpq"] = {"Matís"}, ["mpr"] = {"Vangunu"}, ["mps"] = {"Dadibi"}, ["mpt"] = {"Mian"}, ["mpu"] = {"Makuráp"}, ["mpv"] = {"Mungkip"}, ["mpw"] = {"Mapidian"}, ["mpx"] = {"Misima-Panaeati"}, ["mpy"] = {"Mapia"}, ["mpz"] = {"Mpi"}, ["mqa"] = {"Maba (Indonésia)"}, ["mqb"] = {"Mbuko"}, ["mqc"] = {"Mangole"}, ["mqe"] = {"Matepi"}, ["mqf"] = {"Momuna"}, ["mqg"] = {"Kota Bangun Kutai Malay"}, ["mqh"] = {"Tlazoyaltepec Mixtec"}, ["mqi"] = {"Mariri"}, ["mqj"] = {"Mamasa"}, ["mqk"] = {"Rajah Kabunsuwan Manobo"}, ["mql"] = {"Mbelime"}, ["mqm"] = {"South Marquesan"}, ["mqn"] = {"Moronene"}, ["mqo"] = {"Modole"}, ["mqp"] = {"Manipa"}, ["mqq"] = {"Minokok"}, ["mqr"] = {"Mander"}, ["mqs"] = {"West Makian"}, ["mqt"] = {"Mok"}, ["mqu"] = {"Mandari"}, ["mqv"] = {"Mosimo"}, ["mqw"] = {"Murupi"}, ["mqx"] = {"Mamuju"}, ["mqy"] = {"Manggarai"}, ["mqz"] = {"Pano"}, ["mra"] = {"Mlabri"}, ["mrb"] = {"Marino"}, ["mrc"] = {"Maricopa"}, ["mrd"] = {"Western Magar"}, ["mre"] = {"Basa Isarat Kebon Anggur Martha"}, ["mrf"] = {"Elseng"}, ["mrg"] = {"Mising"}, ["mrh"] = {"Mara Chin"}, ["mrj"] = {"Western Mari"}, ["mrk"] = {"Hmwaveke"}, ["mrl"] = {"Mortlockese"}, ["mrm"] = {"Merlav", "Mwerlap"}, ["mrn"] = {"Cheke Holo"}, ["mro"] = {"Mru"}, ["mrp"] = {"Morouas"}, ["mrq"] = {"North Marquesan"}, ["mrr"] = {"Maria (India)"}, ["mrs"] = {"Maragus"}, ["mrt"] = {"Marghi Tengah"}, ["mru"] = {"Mono (Kamerun)"}, ["mrv"] = {"Mangareva"}, ["mrw"] = {"Maranao"}, ["mrx"] = {"Maremgi", "Dineor"}, ["mry"] = {"Mandaya"}, ["mrz"] = {"Marind"}, ["msb"] = {"Masbatenyo"}, ["msc"] = {"Sankaran Maninka"}, ["msd"] = {"Basa Isarat Yucatec Maya"}, ["mse"] = {"Musey"}, ["msf"] = {"Mekwei"}, ["msg"] = {"Moraid"}, ["msh"] = {"Masikoro Malagasy"}, ["msi"] = {"Sabah Malay"}, ["msj"] = {"Ma (Républik Démokratik Kongo)"}, ["msk"] = {"Mansaka"}, ["msl"] = {"Molof", "Poule"}, ["msm"] = {"Agusan Manobo"}, ["msn"] = {"Vurës"}, ["mso"] = {"Mombum"}, ["msp"] = {"Maritsauá"}, ["msq"] = {"Caac"}, ["msr"] = {"Basa Isarat Mongolia"}, ["mss"] = {"West Masela"}, ["msu"] = {"Musom"}, ["msv"] = {"Maslam"}, ["msw"] = {"Mansoanka"}, ["msx"] = {"Moresada"}, ["msy"] = {"Aruamu"}, ["msz"] = {"Momare"}, ["mta"] = {"Cotabato Manobo"}, ["mtb"] = {"Anyin Morofo"}, ["mtc"] = {"Munit"}, ["mtd"] = {"Mualang"}, ["mte"] = {"Mono (Solomon Islands)"}, ["mtf"] = {"Murik (Papua Nugini)"}, ["mtg"] = {"Una"}, ["mth"] = {"Munggui"}, ["mti"] = {"Maiwa (Papua Nugini)"}, ["mtj"] = {"Moskona"}, ["mtk"] = {"Mbe'"}, ["mtl"] = {"Montol"}, ["mtm"] = {"Mator"}, ["mtn"] = {"Matagalpa"}, ["mto"] = {"Totontepec Mixe"}, ["mtp"] = {"Wichí Lhamtés Nocten"}, ["mtq"] = {"Muong"}, ["mtr"] = {"Mewari"}, ["mts"] = {"Yora"}, ["mtt"] = {"Mota"}, ["mtu"] = {"Tututepec Mixtec"}, ["mtv"] = {"Asaro'o"}, ["mtw"] = {"Southern Binukidnon"}, ["mtx"] = {"Tidaá Mixtec"}, ["mty"] = {"Nabi"}, ["mua"] = {"Mundang"}, ["mub"] = {"Mubi"}, ["muc"] = {"Ajumbu"}, ["mud"] = {"Mednyj Aleut"}, ["mue"] = {"Media Lengua"}, ["mug"] = {"Musgu"}, ["muh"] = {"Mündü"}, ["mui"] = {"Musi"}, ["muj"] = {"Mabire"}, ["muk"] = {"Mugom"}, ["mul"] = {"Sababaraha basa"}, ["mum"] = {"Maiwala"}, ["mun"] = {"Rungkun basa Munda"}, ["muo"] = {"Nyong"}, ["mup"] = {"Malvi"}, ["muq"] = {"Eastern Xiangxi Miao"}, ["mur"] = {"Murle"}, ["mus"] = {"Creek"}, ["mut"] = {"Western Muria"}, ["muu"] = {"Yaaku"}, ["muv"] = {"Muthuvan"}, ["mux"] = {"Bo-Ung"}, ["muy"] = {"Muyang"}, ["muz"] = {"Mursi"}, ["mva"] = {"Manam"}, ["mvb"] = {"Mattole"}, ["mvd"] = {"Mamboru"}, ["mve"] = {"Marwari (Pakistan)"}, ["mvf"] = {"Peripheral Mongolian"}, ["mvg"] = {"Yucuañe Mixtec"}, ["mvh"] = {"Mulgi"}, ["mvi"] = {"Miyako"}, ["mvk"] = {"Mekmek"}, ["mvl"] = {"Mbara (Australia)"}, ["mvn"] = {"Minaveha"}, ["mvo"] = {"Marovo"}, ["mvp"] = {"Duri"}, ["mvq"] = {"Moere"}, ["mvr"] = {"Marau"}, ["mvs"] = {"Massep"}, ["mvt"] = {"Mpotovoro"}, ["mvu"] = {"Marfa"}, ["mvv"] = {"Tagal Murut"}, ["mvw"] = {"Machinga"}, ["mvx"] = {"Meoswar"}, ["mvy"] = {"Indus Kohistani"}, ["mvz"] = {"Mesqan"}, ["mwa"] = {"Mwatebu"}, ["mwb"] = {"Juwal"}, ["mwc"] = {"Are"}, ["mwe"] = {"Mwera (Chimwera)"}, ["mwf"] = {"Murrinh-Patha"}, ["mwg"] = {"Aiklep"}, ["mwh"] = {"Mouk-Aria"}, ["mwi"] = {"Labo", "Ninde"}, ["mwk"] = {"Kita Maninkakan"}, ["mwl"] = {"Mirandese"}, ["mwm"] = {"Sar"}, ["mwn"] = {"Nyamwanga"}, ["mwo"] = {"Central Maewo"}, ["mwp"] = {"Kala Lagaw Ya"}, ["mwq"] = {"Mün Chin"}, ["mwr"] = {"Marwari"}, ["mws"] = {"Mwimbi-Muthambi"}, ["mwt"] = {"Moken"}, ["mwu"] = {"Mittu"}, ["mwv"] = {"Mentawai"}, ["mww"] = {"Hmong Daw"}, ["mwz"] = {"Moingi"}, ["mxa"] = {"Northwest Oaxaca Mixtec"}, ["mxb"] = {"Tezoatlán Mixtec"}, ["mxc"] = {"Manyika"}, ["mxd"] = {"Modang"}, ["mxe"] = {"Mele-Fila"}, ["mxf"] = {"Malgbe"}, ["mxg"] = {"Mbangala"}, ["mxh"] = {"Mvuba"}, ["mxi"] = {"Mozarabic"}, ["mxj"] = {"Miju-Mishmi", "Geman Deng"}, ["mxk"] = {"Monumbo"}, ["mxl"] = {"Maxi Gbe"}, ["mxm"] = {"Meramera"}, ["mxn"] = {"basa Moi (Indonésia)"}, ["mxo"] = {"Mbowe"}, ["mxp"] = {"Tlahuitoltepec Mixe"}, ["mxq"] = {"Juquila Mixe"}, ["mxr"] = {"Murik (Malaysia)"}, ["mxs"] = {"Huitepec Mixtec"}, ["mxt"] = {"Jamiltepec Mixtec"}, ["mxu"] = {"Mada (Kamerun)"}, ["mxv"] = {"Metlatónoc Mixtec"}, ["mxw"] = {"Namo"}, ["mxx"] = {"Mahou", "Mawukakan"}, ["mxy"] = {"Southeastern Nochixtlán Mixtec"}, ["mxz"] = {"Central Masela"}, ["myb"] = {"Mbay"}, ["myc"] = {"Mayeka"}, ["mye"] = {"Myene"}, ["myf"] = {"Bambassi"}, ["myg"] = {"Manta"}, ["myh"] = {"Makah"}, ["myj"] = {"Mangayat"}, ["myk"] = {"Mamara Senoufo"}, ["myl"] = {"Moma"}, ["mym"] = {"Me'en"}, ["myn"] = {"Rungkun basa Maya"}, ["myo"] = {"Anfillo"}, ["myp"] = {"Pirahã"}, ["myr"] = {"Muniche"}, ["mys"] = {"Mesmes"}, ["myu"] = {"Mundurukú"}, ["myv"] = {"Erzya"}, ["myw"] = {"Muyuw"}, ["myx"] = {"Masaaba"}, ["myy"] = {"Macuna"}, ["myz"] = {"Classical Mandaic"}, ["mza"] = {"Santa María Zacatepec Mixtec"}, ["mzb"] = {"Tumzabt"}, ["mzc"] = {"Basa Isarat Madagaskar"}, ["mzd"] = {"Malimba"}, ["mze"] = {"Morawa"}, ["mzg"] = {"Basa Isarat Biara"}, ["mzh"] = {"Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay"}, ["mzi"] = {"Ixcatlán Mazatec"}, ["mzj"] = {"Manya"}, ["mzk"] = {"Nigeria Mambila"}, ["mzl"] = {"Mazatlán Mixe"}, ["mzm"] = {"Mumuye"}, ["mzn"] = {"Mazanderani"}, ["mzo"] = {"Matipuhy"}, ["mzp"] = {"Movima"}, ["mzq"] = {"Mori Atas"}, ["mzr"] = {"Marúbo"}, ["mzs"] = {"Macanese"}, ["mzt"] = {"Mintil"}, ["mzu"] = {"Inapang"}, ["mzv"] = {"Manza"}, ["mzw"] = {"Deg"}, ["mzx"] = {"Mawayana"}, ["mzy"] = {"Basa Isarat Mosambik"}, ["mzz"] = {"Maiadomu"}, ["naa"] = {"Namla"}, ["nab"] = {"Southern Nambikuára"}, ["nac"] = {"Narak"}, ["nae"] = {"Naka'ela"}, ["naf"] = {"Nabak"}, ["nag"] = {"Naga Pidgin"}, ["nah"] = {"Rungkun basa Nahuatl"}, ["nai"] = {"Rungkun basa Indian Amérika Kalér"}, ["naj"] = {"Nalu"}, ["nak"] = {"Nakanai"}, ["nal"] = {"Nalik"}, ["nam"] = {"Ngan'gityemerri"}, ["nan"] = {"Min Nan Chinese"}, ["nao"] = {"Naaba"}, ["nap"] = {"Neapolitan"}, ["naq"] = {"Khoekhoe", "Nama (Namibia)"}, ["nar"] = {"Iguta"}, ["nas"] = {"Naasioi"}, ["nat"] = {"Ca̱hungwa̱rya̱", "Hungworo"}, ["naw"] = {"Nawuri"}, ["nax"] = {"Nakwi"}, ["nay"] = {"Ngarrindjeri"}, ["naz"] = {"Coatepec Nahuatl"}, ["nba"] = {"Nyemba"}, ["nbb"] = {"Ndoe"}, ["nbc"] = {"Chang Naga"}, ["nbd"] = {"Ngbinda"}, ["nbe"] = {"Konyak Naga"}, ["nbg"] = {"Nagarchal"}, ["nbh"] = {"Ngamo"}, ["nbi"] = {"Mao Naga"}, ["nbj"] = {"Ngarinyman"}, ["nbk"] = {"Nake"}, ["nbm"] = {"Ngbaka Ma'bo"}, ["nbn"] = {"Kuri"}, ["nbo"] = {"Nkukoli"}, ["nbp"] = {"Nnam"}, ["nbq"] = {"Nggem"}, ["nbr"] = {"Numana"}, ["nbs"] = {"Basa Isarat Namibia"}, ["nbt"] = {"Na"}, ["nbu"] = {"Rongmei Naga"}, ["nbv"] = {"Ngamambo"}, ["nbw"] = {"Southern Ngbandi"}, ["nby"] = {"Ningera"}, ["nca"] = {"Iyo"}, ["ncb"] = {"Central Nicobarese"}, ["ncc"] = {"Ponam"}, ["ncd"] = {"Nachering"}, ["nce"] = {"Yale"}, ["ncf"] = {"Notsi"}, ["ncg"] = {"Nisga'a"}, ["nch"] = {"Central Huasteca Nahuatl"}, ["nci"] = {"Classical Nahuatl"}, ["ncj"] = {"Northern Puebla Nahuatl"}, ["nck"] = {"Na-kara"}, ["ncl"] = {"Michoacán Nahuatl"}, ["ncm"] = {"Nambo"}, ["ncn"] = {"Nauna"}, ["nco"] = {"Sibe"}, ["ncq"] = {"Northern Katang"}, ["ncr"] = {"Ncane"}, ["ncs"] = {"Basa Isarat Nikaragua"}, ["nct"] = {"Chothe Naga"}, ["ncu"] = {"Chumburung"}, ["ncx"] = {"Central Puebla Nahuatl"}, ["ncz"] = {"Natchez"}, ["nda"] = {"Ndasa"}, ["ndb"] = {"Kenswei Nsei"}, ["ndc"] = {"Ndau"}, ["ndd"] = {"Nde-Nsele-Nta"}, ["ndf"] = {"Nadruvian"}, ["ndg"] = {"Ndengereko"}, ["ndh"] = {"Ndali"}, ["ndi"] = {"Samba Leko"}, ["ndj"] = {"Ndamba"}, ["ndk"] = {"Ndaka"}, ["ndl"] = {"Ndolo"}, ["ndm"] = {"Ndam"}, ["ndn"] = {"Ngundi"}, ["ndp"] = {"Ndo"}, ["ndq"] = {"Ndombe"}, ["ndr"] = {"Ndoola"}, ["nds"] = {"Low German", "Low Saxon"}, ["ndt"] = {"Ndunga"}, ["ndu"] = {"Dugun"}, ["ndv"] = {"Ndut"}, ["ndw"] = {"Ndobo"}, ["ndx"] = {"Nduga"}, ["ndy"] = {"Lutos"}, ["ndz"] = {"Ndogo"}, ["nea"] = {"Eastern Ngad'a"}, ["neb"] = {"Toura (Côte d'Ivoire)"}, ["nec"] = {"Nedebang"}, ["ned"] = {"Nde-Gbite"}, ["nee"] = {"Nêlêmwa-Nixumwak"}, ["nef"] = {"Nefamese"}, ["neg"] = {"Negidal"}, ["neh"] = {"Nyenkha"}, ["nei"] = {"Neo-Hittite"}, ["nej"] = {"Neko"}, ["nek"] = {"Neku"}, ["nem"] = {"Nemi"}, ["nen"] = {"Nengone"}, ["neo"] = {"Ná-Meo"}, ["neq"] = {"North Central Mixe"}, ["ner"] = {"Yahadian"}, ["nes"] = {"Bhoti Kinnauri"}, ["net"] = {"Nete"}, ["neu"] = {"Neo"}, ["nev"] = {"Nyaheun"}, ["new"] = {"Nepal Bhasa", "Newar", "Newari"}, ["nex"] = {"Neme"}, ["ney"] = {"Neyo"}, ["nez"] = {"Nez Perce"}, ["nfa"] = {"Dhao"}, ["nfd"] = {"Ahwai"}, ["nfl"] = {"Ayiwo", "Äiwoo"}, ["nfr"] = {"Nafaanra"}, ["nfu"] = {"Mfumte"}, ["nga"] = {"Ngbaka"}, ["ngb"] = {"Northern Ngbandi"}, ["ngc"] = {"Ngombe (Républik Démokratik Kongo)"}, ["ngd"] = {"Ngando (Afrika Tengah)"}, ["nge"] = {"Ngemba"}, ["ngf"] = {"Rungkun basa Lintas-Papua"}, ["ngg"] = {"Ngbaka Manza"}, ["ngh"] = {"Nǁng"}, ["ngi"] = {"Ngizim"}, ["ngj"] = {"Ngie"}, ["ngk"] = {"Dalabon"}, ["ngl"] = {"Lomwe"}, ["ngm"] = {"Ngatik Men's Creole"}, ["ngn"] = {"Ngwo"}, ["ngp"] = {"Ngulu"}, ["ngq"] = {"Ngurimi", "Ngoreme"}, ["ngr"] = {"Engdewu"}, ["ngs"] = {"Gvoko"}, ["ngt"] = {"Kriang", "Ngeq"}, ["ngu"] = {"Guerrero Nahuatl"}, ["ngv"] = {"Nagumi"}, ["ngw"] = {"Ngwaba"}, ["ngx"] = {"Nggwahyi"}, ["ngy"] = {"Tibea"}, ["ngz"] = {"Ngungwel"}, ["nha"] = {"Nhanda"}, ["nhb"] = {"Beng"}, ["nhc"] = {"Tabasco Nahuatl"}, ["nhd"] = {"Chiripá", "Ava Guaraní"}, ["nhe"] = {"Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl"}, ["nhf"] = {"Nhuwala"}, ["nhg"] = {"Tetelcingo Nahuatl"}, ["nhh"] = {"Nahari"}, ["nhi"] = {"Zacatlán-Ahuacatlán-Tepetzintla Nahuatl"}, ["nhk"] = {"Isthmus-Cosoleacaque Nahuatl"}, ["nhm"] = {"Morelos Nahuatl"}, ["nhn"] = {"Central Nahuatl"}, ["nho"] = {"Takuu"}, ["nhp"] = {"Isthmus-Pajapan Nahuatl"}, ["nhq"] = {"Huaxcaleca Nahuatl"}, ["nhr"] = {"Naro"}, ["nht"] = {"Ometepec Nahuatl"}, ["nhu"] = {"Noone"}, ["nhv"] = {"Temascaltepec Nahuatl"}, ["nhw"] = {"Western Huasteca Nahuatl"}, ["nhx"] = {"Isthmus-Mecayapan Nahuatl"}, ["nhy"] = {"Northern Oaxaca Nahuatl"}, ["nhz"] = {"Santa María La Alta Nahuatl"}, ["nia"] = {"Nias"}, ["nib"] = {"Nakame"}, ["nic"] = {"Niger-Kongo"}, ["nid"] = {"Ngandi"}, ["nie"] = {"Niellim"}, ["nif"] = {"Nek"}, ["nig"] = {"Ngalakgan"}, ["nih"] = {"Nyiha (Tanzania)"}, ["nii"] = {"Nii"}, ["nij"] = {"Ngaju"}, ["nik"] = {"Southern Nicobarese"}, ["nil"] = {"Nila"}, ["nim"] = {"Nilamba"}, ["nin"] = {"Ninzo"}, ["nio"] = {"Nganasan"}, ["niq"] = {"Nandi"}, ["nir"] = {"Nimboran"}, ["nis"] = {"Nimi"}, ["nit"] = {"Southeastern Kolami"}, ["niu"] = {"Niuean"}, ["niv"] = {"Gilyak"}, ["niw"] = {"Nimo"}, ["nix"] = {"Hema"}, ["niy"] = {"Ngiti"}, ["niz"] = {"Ningil"}, ["nja"] = {"Nzanyi"}, ["njb"] = {"Nocte Naga"}, ["njd"] = {"Ndonde Hamba"}, ["njh"] = {"Lotha Naga"}, ["nji"] = {"Gudanji"}, ["njj"] = {"Njen"}, ["njl"] = {"Njalgulgule"}, ["njm"] = {"Angami Naga"}, ["njn"] = {"Liangmai Naga"}, ["njo"] = {"Ao Naga"}, ["njr"] = {"Njerep"}, ["njs"] = {"Nisa"}, ["njt"] = {"Ndyuka-Trio Pidgin"}, ["nju"] = {"Ngadjunmaya"}, ["njx"] = {"Kunyi"}, ["njy"] = {"Njyem"}, ["njz"] = {"Nyishi"}, ["nka"] = {"Nkoya"}, ["nkb"] = {"Khoibu Naga"}, ["nkc"] = {"Nkongho"}, ["nkd"] = {"Koireng"}, ["nke"] = {"Duke"}, ["nkf"] = {"Inpui Naga"}, ["nkg"] = {"Nekgini"}, ["nkh"] = {"Khezha Naga"}, ["nki"] = {"Thangal Naga"}, ["nkj"] = {"Nakai"}, ["nkk"] = {"Nokuku"}, ["nkm"] = {"Namat"}, ["nkn"] = {"Nkangala"}, ["nko"] = {"Nkonya"}, ["nkp"] = {"Niuatoputapu"}, ["nkq"] = {"Nkami"}, ["nkr"] = {"Nukuoro"}, ["nks"] = {"North Asmat"}, ["nkt"] = {"Nyika (Tanzania)"}, ["nku"] = {"Bouna Kulango"}, ["nkv"] = {"Nyika (Malawi and Zambia)"}, ["nkw"] = {"Nkutu"}, ["nkx"] = {"Nkoroo"}, ["nkz"] = {"Nkari"}, ["nla"] = {"Ngombale"}, ["nlc"] = {"Nalca"}, ["nle"] = {"East Nyala"}, ["nlg"] = {"Gela"}, ["nli"] = {"Grangali"}, ["nlj"] = {"Nyali"}, ["nlk"] = {"Ninia Yali"}, ["nll"] = {"Nihali"}, ["nlm"] = {"Mankiyali"}, ["nlo"] = {"Ngul"}, ["nlq"] = {"Lao Naga"}, ["nlu"] = {"Nchumbulu"}, ["nlv"] = {"Orizaba Nahuatl"}, ["nlw"] = {"Walangama"}, ["nlx"] = {"Nahali"}, ["nly"] = {"Nyamal"}, ["nlz"] = {"Nalögo"}, ["nma"] = {"Maram Naga"}, ["nmb"] = {"Big Nambas", "V'ënen Taut"}, ["nmc"] = {"Ngam"}, ["nmd"] = {"Ndumu"}, ["nme"] = {"Mzieme Naga"}, ["nmf"] = {"Tangkhul Naga (India)"}, ["nmg"] = {"Kwasio"}, ["nmh"] = {"Monsang Naga"}, ["nmi"] = {"Nyam"}, ["nmj"] = {"Ngombe (Afrika Tengah)"}, ["nmk"] = {"Namakura"}, ["nml"] = {"Ndemli"}, ["nmm"] = {"Manangba"}, ["nmn"] = {"ǃXóõ"}, ["nmo"] = {"Moyon Naga"}, ["nmp"] = {"Nimanbur"}, ["nmq"] = {"Nambya"}, ["nmr"] = {"Nimbari"}, ["nms"] = {"Letemboi"}, ["nmt"] = {"Namonuito"}, ["nmu"] = {"Northeast Maidu"}, ["nmv"] = {"Ngamini"}, ["nmw"] = {"Nimoa", "Rifao"}, ["nmx"] = {"Nama (Papua Nugini)"}, ["nmy"] = {"Namuyi"}, ["nmz"] = {"Nawdm"}, ["nna"] = {"Nyangumarta"}, ["nnb"] = {"Nande"}, ["nnc"] = {"Nancere"}, ["nnd"] = {"West Ambae"}, ["nne"] = {"Ngandyera"}, ["nnf"] = {"Ngaing"}, ["nng"] = {"Maring Naga"}, ["nnh"] = {"Ngiemboon"}, ["nni"] = {"North Nuaulu"}, ["nnj"] = {"Nyangatom"}, ["nnk"] = {"Nankina"}, ["nnl"] = {"Northern Rengma Naga"}, ["nnm"] = {"Namia"}, ["nnn"] = {"Ngete"}, ["nnp"] = {"Wancho Naga"}, ["nnq"] = {"Ngindo"}, ["nnr"] = {"Narungga"}, ["nnt"] = {"Nanticoke"}, ["nnu"] = {"Dwang"}, ["nnv"] = {"Nugunu (Australia)"}, ["nnw"] = {"Southern Nuni"}, ["nny"] = {"Nyangga"}, ["nnz"] = {"Nda'nda'"}, ["noa"] = {"Woun Meu"}, ["noc"] = {"Nuk"}, ["nod"] = {"Northern Thai"}, ["noe"] = {"Nimadi"}, ["nof"] = {"Nomane"}, ["nog"] = {"Nogai"}, ["noh"] = {"Nomu"}, ["noi"] = {"Noiri"}, ["noj"] = {"Nonuya"}, ["nok"] = {"Nooksack", "Lhéchelesem"}, ["nol"] = {"Nomlaki"}, ["non"] = {"Old Norse"}, ["nop"] = {"Numanggang"}, ["noq"] = {"Ngongo"}, ["nos"] = {"Eastern Nisu"}, ["not"] = {"Nomatsiguenga"}, ["nou"] = {"Ewage-Notu"}, ["nov"] = {"Novial"}, ["now"] = {"Nyambo"}, ["noy"] = {"Noy"}, ["noz"] = {"Nayi"}, ["npa"] = {"Nar Phu"}, ["npb"] = {"Nupbikha"}, ["npg"] = {"Ponyo-Gongwang Naga"}, ["nph"] = {"Phom Naga"}, ["npi"] = {"Nepali (individual language)"}, ["npl"] = {"Southeastern Puebla Nahuatl"}, ["npn"] = {"Mondropolon"}, ["npo"] = {"Pochuri Naga"}, ["nps"] = {"Nipsan"}, ["npu"] = {"Puimei Naga"}, ["npx"] = {"Noipx"}, ["npy"] = {"Napu"}, ["nqg"] = {"Southern Nago"}, ["nqk"] = {"Kura Ede Nago"}, ["nql"] = {"Ngendelengo"}, ["nqm"] = {"Ndom"}, ["nqn"] = {"Nen"}, ["nqo"] = {"N'Ko", "N’Ko"}, ["nqq"] = {"Kyan-Karyaw Naga"}, ["nqt"] = {"Nteng"}, ["nqy"] = {"Akyaung Ari Naga"}, ["nra"] = {"Ngom"}, ["nrb"] = {"Nara"}, ["nrc"] = {"Noric"}, ["nre"] = {"Southern Rengma Naga"}, ["nrf"] = {"Jèrriais", "Guernésiais", "Sercquiais"}, ["nrg"] = {"Narango"}, ["nri"] = {"Chokri Naga"}, ["nrk"] = {"Ngarla"}, ["nrl"] = {"Ngarluma"}, ["nrm"] = {"Narom"}, ["nrn"] = {"Norn"}, ["nrp"] = {"North Picene"}, ["nrr"] = {"Norra", "Nora"}, ["nrt"] = {"Northern Kalapuya"}, ["nru"] = {"Narua"}, ["nrx"] = {"Ngurmbur"}, ["nrz"] = {"Lala"}, ["nsa"] = {"Sangtam Naga"}, ["nsb"] = {"Lower Nossob"}, ["nsc"] = {"Nshi"}, ["nsd"] = {"Southern Nisu"}, ["nse"] = {"Nsenga"}, ["nsf"] = {"Northwestern Nisu"}, ["nsg"] = {"Ngasa"}, ["nsh"] = {"Ngoshie"}, ["nsi"] = {"Basa Isarat Nigéria"}, ["nsk"] = {"Naskapi"}, ["nsl"] = {"Basa Isarat Norwégia"}, ["nsm"] = {"Sumi Naga"}, ["nsn"] = {"Nehan"}, ["nso"] = {"Pedi", "Northern Sotho", "Sepedi"}, ["nsp"] = {"Basa Isarat Népal"}, ["nsq"] = {"Northern Sierra Miwok"}, ["nsr"] = {"Basa Isarat Maritim"}, ["nss"] = {"Nali"}, ["nst"] = {"Tase Naga"}, ["nsu"] = {"Sierra Negra Nahuatl"}, ["nsv"] = {"Southwestern Nisu"}, ["nsw"] = {"Navut"}, ["nsx"] = {"Nsongo"}, ["nsy"] = {"Nasal"}, ["nsz"] = {"Nisenan"}, ["ntd"] = {"Northern Tidung"}, ["ntg"] = {"Ngantangarra"}, ["nti"] = {"Natioro"}, ["ntj"] = {"Ngaanyatjarra"}, ["ntk"] = {"Ikoma-Nata-Isenye"}, ["ntm"] = {"Nateni"}, ["nto"] = {"Ntomba"}, ["ntp"] = {"Northern Tepehuan"}, ["ntr"] = {"Delo"}, ["ntu"] = {"Natügu"}, ["ntw"] = {"Nottoway"}, ["ntx"] = {"Tangkhul Naga (Myanmar)"}, ["nty"] = {"Mantsi"}, ["ntz"] = {"Natanzi"}, ["nua"] = {"Yuanga"}, ["nub"] = {"Rungkun basa Nubia"}, ["nuc"] = {"Nukuini"}, ["nud"] = {"Ngala"}, ["nue"] = {"Ngundu"}, ["nuf"] = {"Nusu"}, ["nug"] = {"Nungali"}, ["nuh"] = {"Ndunda"}, ["nui"] = {"Ngumbi"}, ["nuj"] = {"Nyole"}, ["nuk"] = {"Nuu-chah-nulth", "Nuuchahnulth"}, ["nul"] = {"Nusa Laut"}, ["num"] = {"Niuafo'ou"}, ["nun"] = {"Anong"}, ["nuo"] = {"Nguôn"}, ["nup"] = {"Nupe-Nupe-Tako"}, ["nuq"] = {"Nukumanu"}, ["nur"] = {"Nukuria"}, ["nus"] = {"Nuer"}, ["nut"] = {"Nung (Viet Nam)"}, ["nuu"] = {"Ngbundu"}, ["nuv"] = {"Northern Nuni"}, ["nuw"] = {"Nguluwan"}, ["nux"] = {"Mehek"}, ["nuy"] = {"Nunggubuyu"}, ["nuz"] = {"Tlamacazapa Nahuatl"}, ["nvh"] = {"Nasarian"}, ["nvm"] = {"Namiae"}, ["nvo"] = {"Nyokon"}, ["nwa"] = {"Nawathinehena"}, ["nwb"] = {"Nyabwa"}, ["nwc"] = {"Classical Newari", "Classical Nepal Bhasa", "Old Newari"}, ["nwe"] = {"Ngwe"}, ["nwg"] = {"Ngayawung"}, ["nwi"] = {"Southwest Tanna"}, ["nwm"] = {"Nyamusa-Molo"}, ["nwo"] = {"Nauo"}, ["nwr"] = {"Nawaru"}, ["nww"] = {"Ndwewe"}, ["nwx"] = {"Middle Newar"}, ["nwy"] = {"Nottoway-Meherrin"}, ["nxa"] = {"Nauete"}, ["nxd"] = {"Ngando (Républik Démokratik Kongo)"}, ["nxe"] = {"Nage"}, ["nxg"] = {"Ngad'a"}, ["nxi"] = {"Nindi"}, ["nxk"] = {"Koki Naga"}, ["nxl"] = {"South Nuaulu"}, ["nxm"] = {"Numidian"}, ["nxn"] = {"Ngawun"}, ["nxo"] = {"Ndambomo"}, ["nxq"] = {"Naxi"}, ["nxr"] = {"Ninggerum"}, ["nxx"] = {"Nafri"}, ["nyb"] = {"Nyangbo"}, ["nyc"] = {"Nyanga-li"}, ["nyd"] = {"Nyore", "Olunyole"}, ["nye"] = {"Nyengo"}, ["nyf"] = {"Giryama", "Kigiryama"}, ["nyg"] = {"Nyindu"}, ["nyh"] = {"Nyikina"}, ["nyi"] = {"Ama (Sudan)"}, ["nyj"] = {"Nyanga"}, ["nyk"] = {"Nyaneka"}, ["nyl"] = {"Nyeu"}, ["nym"] = {"Nyamwezi"}, ["nyn"] = {"Nyankole"}, ["nyo"] = {"Nyoro"}, ["nyp"] = {"Nyang'i"}, ["nyq"] = {"Nayini"}, ["nyr"] = {"Nyiha (Malawi)"}, ["nys"] = {"Nyungar"}, ["nyt"] = {"Nyawaygi"}, ["nyu"] = {"Nyungwe"}, ["nyv"] = {"Nyulnyul"}, ["nyw"] = {"Nyaw"}, ["nyx"] = {"Nganyaywana"}, ["nyy"] = {"Nyakyusa-Ngonde"}, ["nza"] = {"Tigon Mbembe"}, ["nzb"] = {"Njebi"}, ["nzd"] = {"Nzadi"}, ["nzi"] = {"Nzima"}, ["nzk"] = {"Nzakara"}, ["nzm"] = {"Zeme Naga"}, ["nzr"] = {"Dir-Nyamzak-Mbarimi"}, ["nzs"] = {"Basa Isarat Selandia Anyar"}, ["nzu"] = {"Teke-Nzikou"}, ["nzy"] = {"Nzakambay"}, ["nzz"] = {"Nanga Dama Dogon"}, ["oaa"] = {"Orok"}, ["oac"] = {"Oroch"}, ["oak"] = {"Noakhali", "Noakhailla"}, ["oar"] = {"Old Aramaic (up to 700 BCE)", "Ancient Aramaic (up to 700 BCE)"}, ["oav"] = {"Old Avar"}, ["obi"] = {"Obispeño"}, ["obk"] = {"Southern Bontok"}, ["obl"] = {"Oblo"}, ["obm"] = {"Moabite"}, ["obo"] = {"Obo Manobo"}, ["obr"] = {"Old Burmese"}, ["obt"] = {"Old Breton"}, ["obu"] = {"Obulom"}, ["oca"] = {"Ocaina"}, ["och"] = {"Old Chinese"}, ["ocm"] = {"Old Cham"}, ["oco"] = {"Old Cornish"}, ["ocu"] = {"Atzingo Matlatzinca"}, ["oda"] = {"Odut"}, ["odk"] = {"Od"}, ["odt"] = {"Old Dutch"}, ["odu"] = {"Odual"}, ["ofo"] = {"Ofo"}, ["ofs"] = {"Old Frisian"}, ["ofu"] = {"Efutop"}, ["ogb"] = {"Ogbia"}, ["ogc"] = {"Ogbah"}, ["oge"] = {"Old Georgian"}, ["ogg"] = {"Ogbogolo"}, ["ogo"] = {"Khana"}, ["ogu"] = {"Ogbronuagum"}, ["oht"] = {"Old Hittite"}, ["ohu"] = {"Old Hungarian"}, ["oia"] = {"Oirata"}, ["oie"] = {"Okolie"}, ["oin"] = {"Inebu One"}, ["ojb"] = {"Northwestern Ojibwa"}, ["ojc"] = {"Central Ojibwa"}, ["ojg"] = {"Eastern Ojibwa"}, ["ojp"] = {"Old Japanese"}, ["ojs"] = {"Severn Ojibwa"}, ["ojv"] = {"Ontong Java"}, ["ojw"] = {"Western Ojibwa"}, ["oka"] = {"Okanagan"}, ["okb"] = {"Okobo"}, ["okc"] = {"Kobo"}, ["okd"] = {"Okodia"}, ["oke"] = {"Okpe (Southwestern Edo)"}, ["okg"] = {"Koko Babangk"}, ["okh"] = {"Koresh-e Rostam"}, ["oki"] = {"Okiek"}, ["okj"] = {"Oko-Juwoi"}, ["okk"] = {"Kwamtim One"}, ["okl"] = {"Basa Isarat Kentish Kuna"}, ["okm"] = {"Koréa Tengah (10th-16th cent.)"}, ["okn"] = {"Oki-No-Erabu"}, ["oko"] = {"Old Korean (3rd-9th cent.)"}, ["okr"] = {"Kirike"}, ["oks"] = {"Oko-Eni-Osayen"}, ["oku"] = {"Oku"}, ["okv"] = {"Orokaiva"}, ["okx"] = {"Okpe (Northwestern Edo)"}, ["okz"] = {"Old Khmer"}, ["ola"] = {"Walungge"}, ["olb"] = {"Oli-Bodiman"}, ["old"] = {"Mochi"}, ["ole"] = {"Olekha"}, ["olk"] = {"Olkol"}, ["olm"] = {"Oloma"}, ["olo"] = {"Livvi"}, ["olr"] = {"Olrat"}, ["olt"] = {"Old Lithuanian"}, ["olu"] = {"Kuvale"}, ["oma"] = {"Omaha-Ponca"}, ["omb"] = {"East Ambae"}, ["omc"] = {"Mochica"}, ["omg"] = {"Omagua"}, ["omi"] = {"Omi"}, ["omk"] = {"Omok"}, ["oml"] = {"Ombo"}, ["omn"] = {"Minoan"}, ["omo"] = {"Utarmbung"}, ["omp"] = {"Old Manipuri"}, ["omq"] = {"Rungkun basa Oto-Manguea"}, ["omr"] = {"Old Marathi"}, ["omt"] = {"Omotik"}, ["omu"] = {"Omurano"}, ["omv"] = {"Omotic"}, ["omw"] = {"South Tairora"}, ["omx"] = {"Old Mon"}, ["omy"] = {"Old Malay"}, ["ona"] = {"Ona"}, ["onb"] = {"Lingao"}, ["one"] = {"Oneida"}, ["ong"] = {"Olo"}, ["oni"] = {"Onin"}, ["onj"] = {"Onjob"}, ["onk"] = {"Kabore One"}, ["onn"] = {"Onobasulu"}, ["ono"] = {"Onondaga"}, ["onp"] = {"Sartang"}, ["onr"] = {"Northern One"}, ["ons"] = {"Ono"}, ["ont"] = {"Ontenu"}, ["onu"] = {"Unua"}, ["onw"] = {"Old Nubian"}, ["onx"] = {"Onin Based Pidgin"}, ["ood"] = {"Tohono O'odham"}, ["oog"] = {"Ong"}, ["oon"] = {"Önge"}, ["oor"] = {"Oorlams"}, ["oos"] = {"Old Ossetic"}, ["opa"] = {"Okpamheri"}, ["opk"] = {"Kopkaka"}, ["opm"] = {"Oksapmin"}, ["opo"] = {"Opao"}, ["opt"] = {"Opata"}, ["opy"] = {"Ofayé"}, ["ora"] = {"Oroha"}, ["orc"] = {"Orma"}, ["ore"] = {"Orejón"}, ["org"] = {"Oring"}, ["orh"] = {"Oroqen"}, ["orn"] = {"Orang Kanaq"}, ["oro"] = {"Orokolo"}, ["orr"] = {"Oruma"}, ["ors"] = {"Orang Seletar"}, ["ort"] = {"Adivasi Oriya"}, ["oru"] = {"Ormuri"}, ["orv"] = {"Old Russian"}, ["orw"] = {"Oro Win"}, ["orx"] = {"Oro"}, ["ory"] = {"Odia (individual language)", "Oriya (individual language)"}, ["orz"] = {"Ormu"}, ["osa"] = {"Osage"}, ["osc"] = {"Oscan"}, ["osd"] = {"Digor Ossetic", "Digor", "Digor Ossetian"}, ["osi"] = {"Osing"}, ["osn"] = {"Old Sundanese"}, ["oso"] = {"Ososo"}, ["osp"] = {"Old Spanish"}, ["ost"] = {"Osatu"}, ["osu"] = {"Southern One"}, ["osx"] = {"Old Saxon"}, ["ota"] = {"Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)"}, ["otb"] = {"Old Tibetan"}, ["otd"] = {"Ot Danum"}, ["ote"] = {"Mezquital Otomi"}, ["oti"] = {"Oti"}, ["otk"] = {"Old Turkish"}, ["otl"] = {"Tilapa Otomi"}, ["otm"] = {"Eastern Highland Otomi"}, ["otn"] = {"Tenango Otomi"}, ["oto"] = {"Otomian"}, ["otq"] = {"Querétaro Otomi"}, ["otr"] = {"Otoro"}, ["ots"] = {"Estado de México Otomi"}, ["ott"] = {"Temoaya Otomi"}, ["otu"] = {"Otuke"}, ["otw"] = {"Ottawa"}, ["otx"] = {"Texcatepec Otomi"}, ["oty"] = {"Old Tamil"}, ["otz"] = {"Ixtenco Otomi"}, ["oua"] = {"Tagargrent"}, ["oub"] = {"Glio-Oubi"}, ["oue"] = {"Oune"}, ["oui"] = {"Old Uighur"}, ["oum"] = {"Ouma"}, ["ovd"] = {"Elfdalian", "Övdalian"}, ["owi"] = {"Owiniga"}, ["owl"] = {"Old Welsh"}, ["oyb"] = {"Oy"}, ["oyd"] = {"Oyda"}, ["oym"] = {"Wayampi"}, ["oyy"] = {"Oya'oya"}, ["ozm"] = {"Koonzime"}, ["paa"] = {"Rungkun basa Papua"}, ["pab"] = {"Parecís"}, ["pac"] = {"Pacoh"}, ["pad"] = {"Paumarí"}, ["pae"] = {"Pagibete"}, ["paf"] = {"Paranawát"}, ["pag"] = {"Pangasinan"}, ["pah"] = {"Tenharim"}, ["pai"] = {"Pe"}, ["pak"] = {"Parakanã"}, ["pal"] = {"Pahlavi"}, ["pam"] = {"Pampanga", "Kapampangan"}, ["pao"] = {"Northern Paiute"}, ["pap"] = {"Papiamento"}, ["paq"] = {"Parya"}, ["par"] = {"Panamint", "Timbisha"}, ["pas"] = {"Papasena"}, ["pau"] = {"Palauan"}, ["pav"] = {"Pakaásnovos"}, ["paw"] = {"Pawnee"}, ["pax"] = {"Pankararé"}, ["pay"] = {"Pech"}, ["paz"] = {"Pankararú"}, ["pbb"] = {"Páez"}, ["pbc"] = {"Patamona"}, ["pbe"] = {"Mezontla Popoloca"}, ["pbf"] = {"Coyotepec Popoloca"}, ["pbg"] = {"Paraujano"}, ["pbh"] = {"E'ñapa Woromaipu"}, ["pbi"] = {"Parkwa"}, ["pbl"] = {"Mak (Nigéria)"}, ["pbm"] = {"Puebla Mazatec"}, ["pbn"] = {"Kpasam"}, ["pbo"] = {"Papel"}, ["pbp"] = {"Badyara"}, ["pbr"] = {"Pangwa"}, ["pbs"] = {"Central Pame"}, ["pbt"] = {"Southern Pashto"}, ["pbu"] = {"Northern Pashto"}, ["pbv"] = {"Pnar"}, ["pby"] = {"Pyu (Papua Nugini)"}, ["pca"] = {"Santa Inés Ahuatempan Popoloca"}, ["pcb"] = {"Pear"}, ["pcc"] = {"Bouyei"}, ["pcd"] = {"Picard"}, ["pce"] = {"Ruching Palaung"}, ["pcf"] = {"Paliyan"}, ["pcg"] = {"Paniya"}, ["pch"] = {"Pardhan"}, ["pci"] = {"Duruwa"}, ["pcj"] = {"Parenga"}, ["pck"] = {"Paite Chin"}, ["pcl"] = {"Pardhi"}, ["pcm"] = {"Nigerian Pidgin"}, ["pcn"] = {"Piti"}, ["pcp"] = {"Pacahuara"}, ["pcw"] = {"Pyapun"}, ["pda"] = {"Anam"}, ["pdc"] = {"Pennsylvania German"}, ["pdi"] = {"Pa Di"}, ["pdn"] = {"Podena", "Fedan"}, ["pdo"] = {"Padoe"}, ["pdt"] = {"Plautdietsch"}, ["pdu"] = {"Kayan"}, ["pea"] = {"Peranakan Indonésia"}, ["peb"] = {"Eastern Pomo"}, ["ped"] = {"Mala (Papua Nugini)"}, ["pee"] = {"Taje"}, ["pef"] = {"Northeastern Pomo"}, ["peg"] = {"Pengo"}, ["peh"] = {"Bonan"}, ["pei"] = {"Chichimeca-Jonaz"}, ["pej"] = {"Northern Pomo"}, ["pek"] = {"Penchal"}, ["pel"] = {"Pekal"}, ["pem"] = {"Phende"}, ["peo"] = {"Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)"}, ["pep"] = {"Kunja"}, ["peq"] = {"Southern Pomo"}, ["pes"] = {"Iranian Persian"}, ["pev"] = {"Pémono"}, ["pex"] = {"Petats"}, ["pey"] = {"Petjo"}, ["pez"] = {"Eastern Penan"}, ["pfa"] = {"Pááfang"}, ["pfe"] = {"Pere"}, ["pfl"] = {"Pfaelzisch"}, ["pga"] = {"Arab Kréol Sudan"}, ["pgd"] = {"Gāndhārī"}, ["pgg"] = {"Pangwali"}, ["pgi"] = {"Pagi"}, ["pgk"] = {"Rerep"}, ["pgl"] = {"Primitive Irish"}, ["pgn"] = {"Paelignian"}, ["pgs"] = {"Pangseng"}, ["pgu"] = {"Pagu"}, ["pgz"] = {"Basa Isarat Papua Nugini"}, ["pha"] = {"Pa-Hng"}, ["phd"] = {"Phudagi"}, ["phg"] = {"Phuong"}, ["phh"] = {"Phukha"}, ["phi"] = {"Rungkun basa Pilipina"}, ["phj"] = {"Pahari"}, ["phk"] = {"Phake"}, ["phl"] = {"Phalura", "Palula"}, ["phm"] = {"Phimbi"}, ["phn"] = {"Phoenician"}, ["pho"] = {"Phunoi"}, ["phq"] = {"Phana'"}, ["phr"] = {"Pahari-Potwari"}, ["pht"] = {"Phu Thai"}, ["phu"] = {"Phuan"}, ["phv"] = {"Pahlavani"}, ["phw"] = {"Phangduwali"}, ["pia"] = {"Pima Bajo"}, ["pib"] = {"Yine"}, ["pic"] = {"Pinji"}, ["pid"] = {"Piaroa"}, ["pie"] = {"Piro"}, ["pif"] = {"Pingelap"}, ["pig"] = {"Pisabo"}, ["pih"] = {"Pitcairn-Norfolk"}, ["pij"] = {"Pijao"}, ["pil"] = {"Yom"}, ["pim"] = {"Powhatan"}, ["pin"] = {"Piame"}, ["pio"] = {"Piapoco"}, ["pip"] = {"Pero"}, ["pir"] = {"Piratapuyo"}, ["pis"] = {"Pijin"}, ["pit"] = {"Pitta Pitta"}, ["piu"] = {"Pintupi-Luritja"}, ["piv"] = {"Pileni", "Vaeakau-Taumako"}, ["piw"] = {"Pimbwe"}, ["pix"] = {"Piu"}, ["piy"] = {"Piya-Kwonci"}, ["piz"] = {"Pije"}, ["pjt"] = {"Pitjantjatjara"}, ["pka"] = {"Ardhamāgadhī Prākrit"}, ["pkb"] = {"Pokomo", "Kipfokomo"}, ["pkc"] = {"Paekche"}, ["pkg"] = {"Pak-Tong"}, ["pkh"] = {"Pankhu"}, ["pkn"] = {"Pakanha"}, ["pko"] = {"Pökoot"}, ["pkp"] = {"Pukapuka"}, ["pkr"] = {"Attapady Kurumba"}, ["pks"] = {"Basa Isarat Pakistan"}, ["pkt"] = {"Maleng"}, ["pku"] = {"Paku"}, ["pla"] = {"Miani"}, ["plb"] = {"Polonombauk"}, ["plc"] = {"Central Palawano"}, ["pld"] = {"Polari"}, ["ple"] = {"Palu'e"}, ["plf"] = {"Rungkun basa Malayu-Polinésia Tengah"}, ["plg"] = {"Pilagá"}, ["plh"] = {"Paulohi"}, ["plk"] = {"Kohistani Shina"}, ["pll"] = {"Shwe Palaung"}, ["pln"] = {"Palenquero"}, ["plo"] = {"Oluta Popoluca"}, ["plq"] = {"Palaic"}, ["plr"] = {"Palaka Senoufo"}, ["pls"] = {"San Marcos Tlacoyalco Popoloca", "San Marcos Tlalcoyalco Popoloca"}, ["plt"] = {"Plateau Malagasy"}, ["plu"] = {"Palikúr"}, ["plv"] = {"Southwest Palawano"}, ["plw"] = {"Brooke's Point Palawano"}, ["ply"] = {"Bolyu"}, ["plz"] = {"Paluan"}, ["pma"] = {"Paama"}, ["pmb"] = {"Pambia"}, ["pmd"] = {"Pallanganmiddang"}, ["pme"] = {"Pwaamei"}, ["pmf"] = {"Pamona"}, ["pmh"] = {"Māhārāṣṭri Prākrit"}, ["pmi"] = {"Northern Pumi"}, ["pmj"] = {"Southern Pumi"}, ["pml"] = {"Lingua Franca"}, ["pmm"] = {"Pomo"}, ["pmn"] = {"Pam"}, ["pmo"] = {"Pom"}, ["pmq"] = {"Northern Pame"}, ["pmr"] = {"Paynamar"}, ["pms"] = {"Piemontese"}, ["pmt"] = {"Tuamotuan"}, ["pmw"] = {"Plains Miwok"}, ["pmx"] = {"Poumei Naga"}, ["pmy"] = {"Malayu Papua"}, ["pmz"] = {"Southern Pame"}, ["pna"] = {"Punan Bah-Biau"}, ["pnb"] = {"Western Panjabi"}, ["pnc"] = {"Pannei"}, ["pnd"] = {"Mpinda"}, ["pne"] = {"Western Penan"}, ["png"] = {"Pangu", "Pongu"}, ["pnh"] = {"Penrhyn"}, ["pni"] = {"Aoheng"}, ["pnj"] = {"Pinjarup"}, ["pnk"] = {"Paunaka"}, ["pnl"] = {"Paleni"}, ["pnm"] = {"Punan Batu 1"}, ["pnn"] = {"Pinai-Hagahai"}, ["pno"] = {"Panobo"}, ["pnp"] = {"Pancana"}, ["pnq"] = {"Pana (Burkina Faso)"}, ["pnr"] = {"Panim"}, ["pns"] = {"Ponosakan"}, ["pnt"] = {"Pontic"}, ["pnu"] = {"Jiongnai Bunu"}, ["pnv"] = {"Pinigura"}, ["pnw"] = {"Banyjima", "Panytyima"}, ["pnx"] = {"Phong-Kniang"}, ["pny"] = {"Pinyin"}, ["pnz"] = {"Pana (Afrika Tengah)"}, ["poc"] = {"Poqomam"}, ["poe"] = {"San Juan Atzingo Popoloca"}, ["pof"] = {"Poke"}, ["pog"] = {"Potiguára"}, ["poh"] = {"Poqomchi'"}, ["poi"] = {"Highland Popoluca"}, ["pok"] = {"Pokangá"}, ["pom"] = {"Southeastern Pomo"}, ["pon"] = {"Pohnpeian"}, ["poo"] = {"Central Pomo"}, ["pop"] = {"Pwapwâ"}, ["poq"] = {"Texistepec Popoluca"}, ["pos"] = {"Sayula Popoluca"}, ["pot"] = {"Potawatomi"}, ["pov"] = {"Upper Guinea Crioulo"}, ["pow"] = {"San Felipe Otlaltepec Popoloca"}, ["pox"] = {"Polabian"}, ["poy"] = {"Pogolo"}, ["poz"] = {"Rungkun basa Malayu-Polinésia"}, ["ppe"] = {"Papi"}, ["ppi"] = {"Paipai"}, ["ppk"] = {"Uma"}, ["ppl"] = {"Pipil", "Nicarao"}, ["ppm"] = {"Papuma"}, ["ppn"] = {"Papapana"}, ["ppo"] = {"Folopa"}, ["ppp"] = {"Pelende"}, ["ppq"] = {"Pei"}, ["pps"] = {"San Luís Temalacayuca Popoloca"}, ["ppt"] = {"Pare"}, ["ppu"] = {"Papora"}, ["pqa"] = {"Pa'a"}, ["pqe"] = {"Rungkun basa Malayu-Polinésia Wétan"}, ["pqm"] = {"Malecite-Passamaquoddy"}, ["pqw"] = {"Rungkun basa Malayu-Polinésia Kulon"}, ["pra"] = {"Prakerta"}, ["prc"] = {"Parachi"}, ["prd"] = {"Parsi-Dari"}, ["pre"] = {"Principense"}, ["prf"] = {"Paranan"}, ["prg"] = {"Prussian"}, ["prh"] = {"Porohanon"}, ["pri"] = {"Paicî"}, ["prk"] = {"Parauk"}, ["prl"] = {"Basa Isarat Péru"}, ["prm"] = {"Kibiri"}, ["prn"] = {"Prasuni"}, ["pro"] = {"Old Provençal (to 1500)", "Old Occitan (to 1500)"}, ["prq"] = {"Ashéninka Perené"}, ["prr"] = {"Puri"}, ["prs"] = {"Dari", "Pérsia Apganistan"}, ["prt"] = {"Phai"}, ["pru"] = {"Puragi"}, ["prw"] = {"Parawen"}, ["prx"] = {"Purik"}, ["prz"] = {"Basa Isarat Providensia"}, ["psa"] = {"Asue Awyu"}, ["psc"] = {"Basa Isarat Iran", "Isarat Pérsia"}, ["psd"] = {"Basa Isarat India Dataran"}, ["pse"] = {"Central Malay"}, ["psg"] = {"Basa Isarat Penang"}, ["psh"] = {"Southwest Pashai", "Southwest Pashayi"}, ["psi"] = {"Southeast Pashai", "Southeast Pashayi"}, ["psl"] = {"Basa Isarat Puérto Riko"}, ["psm"] = {"Pauserna"}, ["psn"] = {"Panasuan"}, ["pso"] = {"Basa Isarat Polandia"}, ["psp"] = {"Basa Isarat Pilipina"}, ["psq"] = {"Pasi"}, ["psr"] = {"Basa Isarat Portugis"}, ["pss"] = {"Kaulong"}, ["pst"] = {"Pashto Tengah"}, ["psu"] = {"Sauraseni Prākrit"}, ["psw"] = {"Port Sandwich"}, ["psy"] = {"Piscataway"}, ["pta"] = {"Pai Tavytera"}, ["pth"] = {"Pataxó Hã-Ha-Hãe"}, ["pti"] = {"Pindiini", "Wangkatha"}, ["ptn"] = {"Patani"}, ["pto"] = {"Zo'é"}, ["ptp"] = {"Patep"}, ["ptq"] = {"Pattapu"}, ["ptr"] = {"Piamatsina"}, ["ptt"] = {"Enrekang"}, ["ptu"] = {"Bambam"}, ["ptv"] = {"Port Vato"}, ["ptw"] = {"Pentlatch"}, ["pty"] = {"Pathiya"}, ["pua"] = {"Western Highland Purepecha"}, ["pub"] = {"Purum"}, ["puc"] = {"Punan Merap"}, ["pud"] = {"Punan Aput"}, ["pue"] = {"Puelche"}, ["puf"] = {"Punan Merah"}, ["pug"] = {"Phuie"}, ["pui"] = {"Puinave"}, ["puj"] = {"Punan Tubu"}, ["pum"] = {"Puma"}, ["puo"] = {"Puoc"}, ["pup"] = {"Pulabu"}, ["puq"] = {"Puquina"}, ["pur"] = {"Puruborá"}, ["put"] = {"Putoh"}, ["puu"] = {"Punu"}, ["puw"] = {"Puluwatese"}, ["pux"] = {"Puare"}, ["puy"] = {"Purisimeño"}, ["pwa"] = {"Pawaia"}, ["pwb"] = {"Panawa"}, ["pwg"] = {"Gapapaiwa"}, ["pwi"] = {"Patwin"}, ["pwm"] = {"Molbog"}, ["pwn"] = {"Paiwan"}, ["pwo"] = {"Pwo Western Karen"}, ["pwr"] = {"Powari"}, ["pww"] = {"Pwo Northern Karen"}, ["pxm"] = {"Quetzaltepec Mixe"}, ["pye"] = {"Pye Krumen"}, ["pym"] = {"Fyam"}, ["pyn"] = {"Poyanáwa"}, ["pys"] = {"Basa Isarat Paraguay", "Lengua de Señas del Paraguay"}, ["pyu"] = {"Puyuma"}, ["pyx"] = {"Pyu (Myanmar)"}, ["pyy"] = {"Pyen"}, ["pze"] = {"Pesse"}, ["pzh"] = {"Pazeh"}, ["pzn"] = {"Jejara Naga", "Para Naga"}, ["qua"] = {"Quapaw"}, ["qub"] = {"Huallaga Huánuco Quechua"}, ["quc"] = {"K'iche'", "Quiché"}, ["qud"] = {"Calderón Highland Quichua"}, ["quf"] = {"Lambayeque Quechua"}, ["qug"] = {"Chimborazo Highland Quichua"}, ["quh"] = {"South Bolivian Quechua"}, ["qui"] = {"Quileute"}, ["quk"] = {"Chachapoyas Quechua"}, ["qul"] = {"North Bolivian Quechua"}, ["qum"] = {"Sipacapense"}, ["qun"] = {"Quinault"}, ["qup"] = {"Southern Pastaza Quechua"}, ["quq"] = {"Quinqui"}, ["qur"] = {"Yanahuanca Pasco Quechua"}, ["qus"] = {"Santiago del Estero Quichua"}, ["quv"] = {"Sacapulteco"}, ["quw"] = {"Tena Lowland Quichua"}, ["qux"] = {"Yauyos Quechua"}, ["quy"] = {"Ayacucho Quechua"}, ["quz"] = {"Cusco Quechua"}, ["qva"] = {"Ambo-Pasco Quechua"}, ["qvc"] = {"Cajamarca Quechua"}, ["qve"] = {"Eastern Apurímac Quechua"}, ["qvh"] = {"Huamalíes-Dos de Mayo Huánuco Quechua"}, ["qvi"] = {"Imbabura Highland Quichua"}, ["qvj"] = {"Loja Highland Quichua"}, ["qvl"] = {"Cajatambo North Lima Quechua"}, ["qvm"] = {"Margos-Yarowilca-Lauricocha Quechua"}, ["qvn"] = {"North Junín Quechua"}, ["qvo"] = {"Napo Lowland Quechua"}, ["qvp"] = {"Pacaraos Quechua"}, ["qvs"] = {"San Martín Quechua"}, ["qvw"] = {"Huaylla Wanca Quechua"}, ["qvy"] = {"Queyu"}, ["qvz"] = {"Northern Pastaza Quichua"}, ["qwa"] = {"Corongo Ancash Quechua"}, ["qwc"] = {"Classical Quechua"}, ["qwe"] = {"Quechuan (kulawarga)"}, ["qwh"] = {"Huaylas Ancash Quechua"}, ["qwm"] = {"Kuman (Rusia)"}, ["qws"] = {"Sihuas Ancash Quechua"}, ["qwt"] = {"Kwalhioqua-Tlatskanai"}, ["qxa"] = {"Chiquián Ancash Quechua"}, ["qxc"] = {"Chincha Quechua"}, ["qxh"] = {"Panao Huánuco Quechua"}, ["qxl"] = {"Salasaca Highland Quichua"}, ["qxn"] = {"Northern Conchucos Ancash Quechua"}, ["qxo"] = {"Southern Conchucos Ancash Quechua"}, ["qxp"] = {"Puno Quechua"}, ["qxq"] = {"Qashqa'i"}, ["qxr"] = {"Cañar Highland Quichua"}, ["qxs"] = {"Southern Qiang"}, ["qxt"] = {"Santa Ana de Tusi Pasco Quechua"}, ["qxu"] = {"Arequipa-La Unión Quechua"}, ["qxw"] = {"Jauja Wanca Quechua"}, ["qya"] = {"Quenya"}, ["qyp"] = {"Quiripi"}, ["raa"] = {"Dungmali"}, ["rab"] = {"Camling"}, ["rac"] = {"Rasawa"}, ["rad"] = {"Rade"}, ["raf"] = {"Western Meohang"}, ["rag"] = {"Logooli", "Lulogooli"}, ["rah"] = {"Rabha"}, ["rai"] = {"Ramoaaina"}, ["raj"] = {"Rajasthani"}, ["rak"] = {"Tulu-Bohuai"}, ["ral"] = {"Ralte"}, ["ram"] = {"Canela"}, ["ran"] = {"Riantana"}, ["rao"] = {"Rao"}, ["rap"] = {"Rapanui"}, ["raq"] = {"Saam"}, ["rar"] = {"Rarotongan", "Cook Islands Maori"}, ["ras"] = {"Tegali"}, ["rat"] = {"Razajerdi"}, ["rau"] = {"Raute"}, ["rav"] = {"Sampang"}, ["raw"] = {"Rawang"}, ["rax"] = {"Rang"}, ["ray"] = {"Rapa"}, ["raz"] = {"Rahambuu"}, ["rbb"] = {"Rumai Palaung"}, ["rbk"] = {"Northern Bontok"}, ["rbl"] = {"Miraya Bikol"}, ["rbp"] = {"Barababaraba"}, ["rcf"] = {"Réunion Creole French"}, ["rdb"] = {"Rudbari"}, ["rea"] = {"Rerau"}, ["reb"] = {"Rembong"}, ["ree"] = {"Rejang Kayan"}, ["reg"] = {"Kara (Tanzania)"}, ["rei"] = {"Reli"}, ["rej"] = {"Rejang"}, ["rel"] = {"Rendille"}, ["rem"] = {"Remo"}, ["ren"] = {"Rengao"}, ["rer"] = {"Rer Bare"}, ["res"] = {"Reshe"}, ["ret"] = {"Retta"}, ["rey"] = {"Reyesano"}, ["rga"] = {"Roria"}, ["rge"] = {"Romano-Greek"}, ["rgk"] = {"Rangkas"}, ["rgn"] = {"Romagnol"}, ["rgr"] = {"Resígaro"}, ["rgs"] = {"Southern Roglai"}, ["rgu"] = {"Ringgou"}, ["rhg"] = {"Rohingya"}, ["rhp"] = {"Yahang"}, ["ria"] = {"Riang (India)"}, ["rib"] = {"Basa Isarat Bribri"}, ["rif"] = {"Tarifit"}, ["ril"] = {"Riang Lang", "Riang (Myanmar)"}, ["rim"] = {"Nyaturu"}, ["rin"] = {"Nungu"}, ["rir"] = {"Ribun"}, ["rit"] = {"Ritharrngu"}, ["riu"] = {"Riung"}, ["rjg"] = {"Rajong"}, ["rji"] = {"Raji"}, ["rjs"] = {"Rajbanshi"}, ["rka"] = {"Kraol"}, ["rkb"] = {"Rikbaktsa"}, ["rkh"] = {"Rakahanga-Manihiki"}, ["rki"] = {"Rakhine"}, ["rkm"] = {"Marka"}, ["rkt"] = {"Rangpuri", "Kamta"}, ["rkw"] = {"Arakwal"}, ["rma"] = {"Rama"}, ["rmb"] = {"Rembarrnga"}, ["rmc"] = {"Carpathian Romani"}, ["rmd"] = {"Traveller Danish"}, ["rme"] = {"Angloromani"}, ["rmf"] = {"Kalo Finnish Romani"}, ["rmg"] = {"Traveller Norwegian"}, ["rmh"] = {"Murkim"}, ["rmi"] = {"Lomavren"}, ["rmk"] = {"Romkun"}, ["rml"] = {"Baltic Romani"}, ["rmm"] = {"Roma"}, ["rmn"] = {"Balkan Romani"}, ["rmo"] = {"Sinte Romani"}, ["rmp"] = {"Rempi"}, ["rmq"] = {"Caló"}, ["rms"] = {"Basa Isarat Romania"}, ["rmt"] = {"Domari"}, ["rmu"] = {"Tavringer Romani"}, ["rmv"] = {"Romanova"}, ["rmw"] = {"Welsh Romani"}, ["rmx"] = {"Romam"}, ["rmy"] = {"Vlax Romani"}, ["rmz"] = {"Marma"}, ["rnb"] = {"Basa Isarat Brunca"}, ["rnd"] = {"Ruund"}, ["rng"] = {"Ronga"}, ["rnl"] = {"Ranglong"}, ["rnn"] = {"Roon"}, ["rnp"] = {"Rongpo"}, ["rnr"] = {"Nari Nari"}, ["rnw"] = {"Rungwa"}, ["roa"] = {"Rungkun basa Roman"}, ["rob"] = {"Tae'"}, ["roc"] = {"Cacgia Roglai"}, ["rod"] = {"Rogo"}, ["roe"] = {"Ronji"}, ["rof"] = {"Rombo"}, ["rog"] = {"Northern Roglai"}, ["rol"] = {"Romblomanon"}, ["rom"] = {"Romany"}, ["roo"] = {"Rotokas"}, ["rop"] = {"Kriol"}, ["ror"] = {"Rongga"}, ["rou"] = {"Runga"}, ["row"] = {"Dela-Oenale"}, ["rpn"] = {"Repanbitip"}, ["rpt"] = {"Rapting"}, ["rri"] = {"Ririo"}, ["rrm"] = {"Moriori"}, ["rro"] = {"Waima"}, ["rrt"] = {"Arritinngithigh"}, ["rsb"] = {"Romano-Sérbia"}, ["rsk"] = {"Ruthenian", "Rusnak"}, ["rsl"] = {"Basa Isarat Rusia"}, ["rsm"] = {"Basa Isarat Miriwoong"}, ["rsn"] = {"Basa Isarat Rwanda"}, ["rsw"] = {"Rishiwa"}, ["rtc"] = {"Rungtu Chin"}, ["rth"] = {"Ratahan"}, ["rtm"] = {"Rotuman"}, ["rts"] = {"Yurats"}, ["rtw"] = {"Rathawi"}, ["rub"] = {"Gungu"}, ["ruc"] = {"Ruuli"}, ["rue"] = {"Rusyn"}, ["ruf"] = {"Luguru"}, ["rug"] = {"Roviana"}, ["ruh"] = {"Ruga"}, ["rui"] = {"Rufiji"}, ["ruk"] = {"Che"}, ["ruo"] = {"Istro Romanian"}, ["rup"] = {"Makédo-Romania", "Aromania", "Arumania"}, ["ruq"] = {"Megleno Romanian"}, ["rut"] = {"Rutul"}, ["ruu"] = {"Lanas Lobu"}, ["ruy"] = {"Mala (Nigéria)"}, ["ruz"] = {"Ruma"}, ["rwa"] = {"Rawo"}, ["rwk"] = {"Rwa"}, ["rwl"] = {"Ruwila"}, ["rwm"] = {"Amba (Uganda)"}, ["rwo"] = {"Rawa"}, ["rwr"] = {"Marwari (India)"}, ["rxd"] = {"Ngardi"}, ["rxw"] = {"Karuwali", "Garuwali"}, ["ryn"] = {"Northern Amami-Oshima"}, ["rys"] = {"Yaeyama"}, ["ryu"] = {"Central Okinawan"}, ["rzh"] = {"Rāziḥī"}, ["saa"] = {"Saba"}, ["sab"] = {"Buglere"}, ["sac"] = {"Meskwaki"}, ["sad"] = {"Sandawe"}, ["sae"] = {"Sabanê"}, ["saf"] = {"Safaliba"}, ["sah"] = {"Yakut"}, ["sai"] = {"Rungkun basa Indian Amérika Kidul"}, ["saj"] = {"Sahu"}, ["sak"] = {"Sake"}, ["sal"] = {"Rungkun basa Salishan"}, ["sam"] = {"Samaritan Aramaic"}, ["sao"] = {"Sause"}, ["saq"] = {"Samburu"}, ["sar"] = {"Saraveca"}, ["sas"] = {"Sasak"}, ["sat"] = {"Santali"}, ["sau"] = {"Saleman"}, ["sav"] = {"Saafi-Saafi"}, ["saw"] = {"Sawi"}, ["sax"] = {"Sa"}, ["say"] = {"Saya"}, ["saz"] = {"Saurashtra"}, ["sba"] = {"Ngambay"}, ["sbb"] = {"Simbo"}, ["sbc"] = {"Kele (Papua Nugini)"}, ["sbd"] = {"Southern Samo"}, ["sbe"] = {"Saliba"}, ["sbf"] = {"Chabu", "Shabo"}, ["sbg"] = {"Seget"}, ["sbh"] = {"Sori-Harengan"}, ["sbi"] = {"Seti"}, ["sbj"] = {"Surbakhal"}, ["sbk"] = {"Safwa"}, ["sbl"] = {"Botolan Sambal"}, ["sbm"] = {"Sagala"}, ["sbn"] = {"Sindhi Bhil"}, ["sbo"] = {"Sabüm"}, ["sbp"] = {"Sangu (Tanzania)"}, ["sbq"] = {"Sileibi"}, ["sbr"] = {"Sembakung Murut"}, ["sbs"] = {"Subiya"}, ["sbt"] = {"Kimki"}, ["sbu"] = {"Stod Bhoti"}, ["sbv"] = {"Sabine"}, ["sbw"] = {"Simba"}, ["sbx"] = {"Seberuang"}, ["sby"] = {"Soli"}, ["sbz"] = {"Sara Kaba"}, ["scb"] = {"Chut"}, ["sce"] = {"Dongxiang"}, ["scf"] = {"San Miguel Creole French"}, ["scg"] = {"Sanggau"}, ["sch"] = {"Sakachep"}, ["sci"] = {"Sri Lankan Creole Malay"}, ["sck"] = {"Sadri"}, ["scl"] = {"Shina"}, ["scn"] = {"Sicilian"}, ["sco"] = {"Scots"}, ["scp"] = {"Hyolmo", "Helambu Sherpa"}, ["scq"] = {"Sa'och"}, ["scs"] = {"North Slavey"}, ["sct"] = {"Southern Katang"}, ["scu"] = {"Shumcho"}, ["scv"] = {"Sheni"}, ["scw"] = {"Sha"}, ["scx"] = {"Sicel"}, ["scz"] = {"Shaetlan"}, ["sda"] = {"Toraja-Sa'dan"}, ["sdb"] = {"Shabak"}, ["sdc"] = {"Sassarese Sardinian"}, ["sde"] = {"Surubu"}, ["sdf"] = {"Sarli"}, ["sdg"] = {"Savi"}, ["sdh"] = {"Kurdi Kidul"}, ["sdj"] = {"Suundi"}, ["sdk"] = {"Sos Kundi"}, ["sdl"] = {"Basa Isarat Arab Saudi"}, ["sdn"] = {"Gallurese Sardinian"}, ["sdo"] = {"Bukar-Sadung Bidayuh"}, ["sdp"] = {"Sherdukpen"}, ["sdq"] = {"Semandang"}, ["sdr"] = {"Oraon Sadri"}, ["sds"] = {"Sened"}, ["sdt"] = {"Shuadit"}, ["sdu"] = {"Sarudu"}, ["sdv"] = {"Rungkun basa Sudan Wétan"}, ["sdx"] = {"Sibu Melanau"}, ["sdz"] = {"Sallands"}, ["sea"] = {"Semai"}, ["seb"] = {"Shempire Senoufo"}, ["sec"] = {"Sechelt", "She shashishalhem"}, ["sed"] = {"Sedang"}, ["see"] = {"Seneca"}, ["sef"] = {"Cebaara Senoufo"}, ["seg"] = {"Segeju"}, ["seh"] = {"Sena"}, ["sei"] = {"Seri"}, ["sej"] = {"Sene"}, ["sek"] = {"Sekani"}, ["sel"] = {"Selkup"}, ["sem"] = {"Rungkun basa Semit"}, ["sen"] = {"Nanerigé Sénoufo"}, ["seo"] = {"Suarmin"}, ["sep"] = {"Sìcìté Sénoufo"}, ["seq"] = {"Senara Sénoufo"}, ["ser"] = {"Serrano"}, ["ses"] = {"Koyraboro Senni Songhai"}, ["set"] = {"Sentani"}, ["seu"] = {"Serui-Laut"}, ["sev"] = {"Nyarafolo Senoufo"}, ["sew"] = {"Sewa Bay"}, ["sey"] = {"Secoya"}, ["sez"] = {"Senthang Chin"}, ["sfb"] = {"Langue des signes de Belgique Francophone", "Basa Isarat Prancis Bélgia"}, ["sfe"] = {"Eastern Subanen"}, ["sfm"] = {"Small Flowery Miao"}, ["sfs"] = {"Basa Isarat Afrika Kidul"}, ["sfw"] = {"Sehwi"}, ["sga"] = {"Old Irish (to 900)"}, ["sgb"] = {"Mag-antsi Ayta"}, ["sgc"] = {"Kipsigis"}, ["sgd"] = {"Surigaonon"}, ["sge"] = {"Segai"}, ["sgg"] = {"Basa Isarat Suis Jérman"}, ["sgh"] = {"Shughni"}, ["sgi"] = {"Suga"}, ["sgj"] = {"Surgujia"}, ["sgk"] = {"Sangkong"}, ["sgm"] = {"Singa"}, ["sgn"] = {"Basa Isarat"}, ["sgp"] = {"Singpho"}, ["sgr"] = {"Sangisari"}, ["sgs"] = {"Samogitian"}, ["sgt"] = {"Brokpake"}, ["sgu"] = {"Salas"}, ["sgw"] = {"Sebat Bet Gurage"}, ["sgx"] = {"Basa Isarat Sierra Leone"}, ["sgy"] = {"Sanglechi"}, ["sgz"] = {"Sursurunga"}, ["sha"] = {"Shall-Zwall"}, ["shb"] = {"Ninam"}, ["shc"] = {"Sonde"}, ["shd"] = {"Kundal Shahi"}, ["she"] = {"Sheko"}, ["shg"] = {"Shua"}, ["shh"] = {"Shoshoni"}, ["shi"] = {"Tachelhit"}, ["shj"] = {"Shatt"}, ["shk"] = {"Shilluk"}, ["shl"] = {"Shendu"}, ["shm"] = {"Shahrudi"}, ["shn"] = {"Shan"}, ["sho"] = {"Shanga"}, ["shp"] = {"Shipibo-Conibo"}, ["shq"] = {"Sala"}, ["shr"] = {"Shi"}, ["shs"] = {"Shuswap", "Secwepemctsín"}, ["sht"] = {"Shasta"}, ["shu"] = {"Aran Chad"}, ["shv"] = {"Shehri"}, ["shw"] = {"Shwai"}, ["shx"] = {"She"}, ["shy"] = {"Tachawit"}, ["shz"] = {"Syenara Senoufo"}, ["sia"] = {"Akkala Sami"}, ["sib"] = {"Sebop"}, ["sid"] = {"Sidamo"}, ["sie"] = {"Simaa"}, ["sif"] = {"Siamou"}, ["sig"] = {"Paasaal"}, ["sih"] = {"Zire", "Sîshëë"}, ["sii"] = {"Shom Peng"}, ["sij"] = {"Numbami"}, ["sik"] = {"Sikiana"}, ["sil"] = {"Tumulung Sisaala"}, ["sim"] = {"Mende (Papua Nugini)"}, ["sio"] = {"Rungkun basa Siouan"}, ["sip"] = {"Sikkim"}, ["siq"] = {"Sonia"}, ["sir"] = {"Siri"}, ["sis"] = {"Siuslaw"}, ["sit"] = {"Rungkun basa Sino-Tibét"}, ["siu"] = {"Sinagen"}, ["siv"] = {"Sumariup"}, ["siw"] = {"Siwai"}, ["six"] = {"Sumau"}, ["siy"] = {"Sivandi"}, ["siz"] = {"Siwi"}, ["sja"] = {"Epena"}, ["sjb"] = {"Sajau Basap"}, ["sjc"] = {"Shaojiang Chinese"}, ["sjd"] = {"Kildin Sami"}, ["sje"] = {"Pite Sami"}, ["sjg"] = {"Assangori"}, ["sjk"] = {"Kemi Sami"}, ["sjl"] = {"Sajalong", "Miji"}, ["sjm"] = {"Mapun"}, ["sjn"] = {"Sindarin"}, ["sjo"] = {"Xibe"}, ["sjp"] = {"Surjapuri"}, ["sjr"] = {"Siar-Lak"}, ["sjs"] = {"Senhaja De Srair"}, ["sjt"] = {"Ter Sami"}, ["sju"] = {"Ume Sami"}, ["sjw"] = {"Shawnee"}, ["ska"] = {"Skagit"}, ["skb"] = {"Saek"}, ["skc"] = {"Ma Manda"}, ["skd"] = {"Southern Sierra Miwok"}, ["ske"] = {"Seke (Vanuatu)"}, ["skf"] = {"Sakirabiá"}, ["skg"] = {"Sakalava Malagasy"}, ["skh"] = {"Sikule"}, ["ski"] = {"Sika"}, ["skj"] = {"Seke (Nepal)"}, ["skm"] = {"Kutong"}, ["skn"] = {"Kolibugan Subanon"}, ["sko"] = {"Seko Tengah"}, ["skp"] = {"Sekapan"}, ["skq"] = {"Sininkere"}, ["skr"] = {"Saraiki", "Seraiki"}, ["sks"] = {"Maia"}, ["skt"] = {"Sakata"}, ["sku"] = {"Sakao"}, ["skv"] = {"Skou"}, ["skw"] = {"Skepi Creole Dutch"}, ["skx"] = {"Seko Padang"}, ["sky"] = {"Sikaiana"}, ["skz"] = {"Sekar"}, ["sla"] = {"Rungkun basa Slavia"}, ["slc"] = {"Sáliba"}, ["sld"] = {"Sissala"}, ["sle"] = {"Sholaga"}, ["slf"] = {"Basa Isarat Suis Italia"}, ["slg"] = {"Selungai Murut"}, ["slh"] = {"Southern Puget Sound Salish"}, ["sli"] = {"Lower Silesian"}, ["slj"] = {"Salumá"}, ["sll"] = {"Salt-Yui"}, ["slm"] = {"Pangutaran Sama"}, ["sln"] = {"Salinan"}, ["slp"] = {"Lamaholot"}, ["slr"] = {"Salar"}, ["sls"] = {"Basa Isarat Singapura"}, ["slt"] = {"Sila"}, ["slu"] = {"Selaru"}, ["slw"] = {"Sialum"}, ["slx"] = {"Salampasu"}, ["sly"] = {"Selayar"}, ["slz"] = {"Ma'ya"}, ["sma"] = {"Southern Sami"}, ["smb"] = {"Simbari"}, ["smc"] = {"Som"}, ["smf"] = {"Auwe"}, ["smg"] = {"Simbali"}, ["smh"] = {"Samei"}, ["smi"] = {"Rungkun basa Sami"}, ["smj"] = {"Lule Sami"}, ["smk"] = {"Bolinao"}, ["sml"] = {"Central Sama"}, ["smm"] = {"Musasa"}, ["smn"] = {"Inari Sami"}, ["smp"] = {"Samaritan"}, ["smq"] = {"Samo"}, ["smr"] = {"Simeulue"}, ["sms"] = {"Skolt Sami"}, ["smt"] = {"Simte"}, ["smu"] = {"Somray"}, ["smv"] = {"Samvedi"}, ["smw"] = {"Sumbawa"}, ["smx"] = {"Samba"}, ["smy"] = {"Semnani"}, ["smz"] = {"Simeku"}, ["snc"] = {"Sinaugoro"}, ["sne"] = {"Bau Bidayuh"}, ["snf"] = {"Noon"}, ["sng"] = {"Sanga (Républik Démokratik Kongo)"}, ["sni"] = {"Sensi"}, ["snj"] = {"Riverain Sango"}, ["snk"] = {"Soninke"}, ["snl"] = {"Sangil"}, ["snm"] = {"Southern Ma'di"}, ["snn"] = {"Siona"}, ["sno"] = {"Snohomish"}, ["snp"] = {"Siane"}, ["snq"] = {"Sangu (Gabon)"}, ["snr"] = {"Sihan"}, ["sns"] = {"South West Bay", "Nahavaq"}, ["snu"] = {"Senggi", "Viid"}, ["snv"] = {"Sa'ban"}, ["snw"] = {"Selee"}, ["snx"] = {"Sam"}, ["sny"] = {"Saniyo-Hiyewe"}, ["snz"] = {"Kou"}, ["soa"] = {"Thai Song"}, ["sob"] = {"Sobei"}, ["soc"] = {"So (Républik Démokratik Kongo)"}, ["sod"] = {"Songoora"}, ["soe"] = {"Songomeno"}, ["sog"] = {"Sogdian"}, ["soh"] = {"Aka"}, ["soi"] = {"Sonha"}, ["soj"] = {"Soi"}, ["sok"] = {"Sokoro"}, ["sol"] = {"Solos"}, ["son"] = {"Rungkun basa Songhai"}, ["soo"] = {"Songo"}, ["sop"] = {"Songe"}, ["soq"] = {"Kanasi"}, ["sor"] = {"Somrai"}, ["sos"] = {"Seeku"}, ["sou"] = {"Southern Thai"}, ["sov"] = {"Sonsorol"}, ["sow"] = {"Sowanda"}, ["sox"] = {"Swo"}, ["soy"] = {"Miyobe"}, ["soz"] = {"Temi"}, ["spb"] = {"Sepa (Indonésia)"}, ["spc"] = {"Sapé"}, ["spd"] = {"Saep"}, ["spe"] = {"Sepa (Papua Nugini)"}, ["spg"] = {"Sian"}, ["spi"] = {"Saponi"}, ["spk"] = {"Sengo"}, ["spl"] = {"Selepet"}, ["spm"] = {"Akukem"}, ["spn"] = {"Sanapaná"}, ["spo"] = {"Spokane"}, ["spp"] = {"Supyire Senoufo"}, ["spq"] = {"Loreto-Ucayali Spanish"}, ["spr"] = {"Saparua"}, ["sps"] = {"Saposa"}, ["spt"] = {"Spiti Bhoti"}, ["spu"] = {"Sapuan"}, ["spv"] = {"Sambalpuri", "Kosli"}, ["spx"] = {"South Picene"}, ["spy"] = {"Sabaot"}, ["sqa"] = {"Shama-Sambuga"}, ["sqh"] = {"Shau"}, ["sqj"] = {"Albania"}, ["sqk"] = {"Basa Isarat Albania"}, ["sqm"] = {"Suma"}, ["sqn"] = {"Susquehannock"}, ["sqo"] = {"Sorkhei"}, ["sqq"] = {"Sou"}, ["sqr"] = {"Arab Sisilia"}, ["sqs"] = {"Basa Isarat Sri Lanka"}, ["sqt"] = {"Soqotri"}, ["squ"] = {"Squamish", "Sḵwx̱wú7mesh sníchim"}, ["sqx"] = {"Basa Isarat Kufr Qassem"}, ["sra"] = {"Saruga"}, ["srb"] = {"Sora"}, ["src"] = {"Logudorese Sardinian"}, ["sre"] = {"Sara"}, ["srf"] = {"Nafi"}, ["srg"] = {"Sulod"}, ["srh"] = {"Sarikoli"}, ["sri"] = {"Siriano"}, ["srk"] = {"Serudung Murut"}, ["srl"] = {"Isirawa"}, ["srm"] = {"Saramaccan"}, ["srn"] = {"Sranan Tongo"}, ["sro"] = {"Campidanese Sardinian"}, ["srq"] = {"Sirionó"}, ["srr"] = {"Serer"}, ["srs"] = {"Tsuut'ina", "Sarsi"}, ["srt"] = {"Sauri"}, ["sru"] = {"Suruí"}, ["srv"] = {"Southern Sorsoganon"}, ["srw"] = {"Serua"}, ["srx"] = {"Sirmauri"}, ["sry"] = {"Sera"}, ["srz"] = {"Shahmirzadi"}, ["ssa"] = {"Rungkun basa Nilo-Sahara"}, ["ssb"] = {"Southern Sama"}, ["ssc"] = {"Suba-Simbiti"}, ["ssd"] = {"Siroi"}, ["sse"] = {"Balangingi", "Bangingih Sama"}, ["ssf"] = {"Thao"}, ["ssg"] = {"Seimat"}, ["ssh"] = {"Arab Syihuh"}, ["ssi"] = {"Sansi"}, ["ssj"] = {"Sausi"}, ["ssk"] = {"Sunam"}, ["ssl"] = {"Sisaala Kulon"}, ["ssm"] = {"Semnam"}, ["ssn"] = {"Waata"}, ["sso"] = {"Sissano"}, ["ssp"] = {"Basa Isarat Spanyol"}, ["ssq"] = {"So'a"}, ["ssr"] = {"Basa Isarat Suis Prancis"}, ["sss"] = {"Sô"}, ["sst"] = {"Sinasina"}, ["ssu"] = {"Susuami"}, ["ssv"] = {"Shark Bay"}, ["ssx"] = {"Samberigi"}, ["ssy"] = {"Saho"}, ["ssz"] = {"Sengseng"}, ["sta"] = {"Settla"}, ["stb"] = {"Northern Subanen"}, ["std"] = {"Sentinel"}, ["ste"] = {"Liana-Seti"}, ["stf"] = {"Seta"}, ["stg"] = {"Trieng"}, ["sth"] = {"Shelta"}, ["sti"] = {"Bulo Stieng"}, ["stj"] = {"Matya Samo"}, ["stk"] = {"Arammba"}, ["stl"] = {"Stellingwerfs"}, ["stm"] = {"Setaman"}, ["stn"] = {"Owa"}, ["sto"] = {"Stoney"}, ["stp"] = {"Southeastern Tepehuan"}, ["stq"] = {"Saterfriesisch"}, ["str"] = {"Straits Salish"}, ["sts"] = {"Shumashti"}, ["stt"] = {"Budeh Stieng"}, ["stu"] = {"Samtao"}, ["stv"] = {"Silt'e"}, ["stw"] = {"Satawalese"}, ["sty"] = {"Siberian Tatar"}, ["sua"] = {"Sulka"}, ["sub"] = {"Suku"}, ["suc"] = {"Western Subanon"}, ["sue"] = {"Suena"}, ["sug"] = {"Suganga"}, ["sui"] = {"Suki"}, ["suj"] = {"Shubi"}, ["suk"] = {"Sukuma"}, ["suo"] = {"Bouni"}, ["suq"] = {"Tirmaga-Chai Suri", "Suri"}, ["sur"] = {"Mwaghavul"}, ["sus"] = {"Susu"}, ["sut"] = {"Subtiaba"}, ["suv"] = {"Puroik"}, ["suw"] = {"Sumbwa"}, ["sux"] = {"Sumerian"}, ["suy"] = {"Suyá"}, ["suz"] = {"Sunwar"}, ["sva"] = {"Svan"}, ["svb"] = {"Ulau-Suain"}, ["svc"] = {"Vincentian Creole English"}, ["sve"] = {"Serili"}, ["svk"] = {"Basa Isarat Slovakia"}, ["svm"] = {"Slavomolisano"}, ["svs"] = {"Savosavo"}, ["svx"] = {"Skalvian"}, ["swb"] = {"Maore Comorian"}, ["swc"] = {"Congo Swahili"}, ["swf"] = {"Sere"}, ["swg"] = {"Swabian"}, ["swh"] = {"Swahili (individual language)", "Kiswahili"}, ["swi"] = {"Sui"}, ["swj"] = {"Sira"}, ["swk"] = {"Malawi Sena"}, ["swl"] = {"Basa Isarat Swédia"}, ["swm"] = {"Samosa"}, ["swn"] = {"Sawknah"}, ["swo"] = {"Shanenawa"}, ["swp"] = {"Suau"}, ["swq"] = {"Sharwa"}, ["swr"] = {"Saweru"}, ["sws"] = {"Seluwasan"}, ["swt"] = {"Sawila"}, ["swu"] = {"Suwawa"}, ["swv"] = {"Shekhawati"}, ["sww"] = {"Sowa"}, ["swx"] = {"Suruahá"}, ["swy"] = {"Sarua"}, ["sxb"] = {"Suba"}, ["sxc"] = {"Sicanian"}, ["sxe"] = {"Sighu"}, ["sxg"] = {"Shuhi", "Shixing"}, ["sxk"] = {"Southern Kalapuya"}, ["sxl"] = {"Selian"}, ["sxm"] = {"Samre"}, ["sxn"] = {"Sangir"}, ["sxo"] = {"Sorothaptic"}, ["sxr"] = {"Saaroa"}, ["sxs"] = {"Sasaru"}, ["sxu"] = {"Upper Saxon"}, ["sxw"] = {"Saxwe Gbe"}, ["sya"] = {"Siang"}, ["syb"] = {"Central Subanen"}, ["syc"] = {"Classical Syriac"}, ["syd"] = {"Rungkun basa Samoyed"}, ["syi"] = {"Seki"}, ["syk"] = {"Sukur"}, ["syl"] = {"Sylheti"}, ["sym"] = {"Maya Samo"}, ["syn"] = {"Senaya"}, ["syo"] = {"Suoy"}, ["syr"] = {"Syriac"}, ["sys"] = {"Sinyar"}, ["syw"] = {"Kagate"}, ["syx"] = {"Samay"}, ["syy"] = {"Basa Isarat Al-Sayyid Bedouin"}, ["sza"] = {"Semelai"}, ["szb"] = {"Ngalum"}, ["szc"] = {"Semaq Beri"}, ["sze"] = {"Seze"}, ["szg"] = {"Sengele"}, ["szl"] = {"Silesian"}, ["szn"] = {"Sula"}, ["szp"] = {"Suabo"}, ["szs"] = {"Basa Isarat Kapuloan Solomon"}, ["szv"] = {"Isubu", "Isu (Fako Division)"}, ["szw"] = {"Sawai"}, ["szy"] = {"Sakizaya"}, ["taa"] = {"Lower Tanana"}, ["tab"] = {"Tabassaran"}, ["tac"] = {"Lowland Tarahumara"}, ["tad"] = {"Tause"}, ["tae"] = {"Tariana"}, ["taf"] = {"Tapirapé"}, ["tag"] = {"Tagoi"}, ["tai"] = {"Rungkun basa Tai"}, ["taj"] = {"Eastern Tamang"}, ["tak"] = {"Tala"}, ["tal"] = {"Tal"}, ["tan"] = {"Tangale"}, ["tao"] = {"Yami"}, ["tap"] = {"Taabwa"}, ["taq"] = {"Tamasheq"}, ["tar"] = {"Central Tarahumara"}, ["tas"] = {"Tay Boi"}, ["tau"] = {"Upper Tanana"}, ["tav"] = {"Tatuyo"}, ["taw"] = {"Tai"}, ["tax"] = {"Tamki"}, ["tay"] = {"Atayal"}, ["taz"] = {"Tocho"}, ["tba"] = {"Aikanã"}, ["tbc"] = {"Takia"}, ["tbd"] = {"Kaki Ae"}, ["tbe"] = {"Tanimbili"}, ["tbf"] = {"Mandara"}, ["tbg"] = {"North Tairora"}, ["tbh"] = {"Dharawal", "Thurawal"}, ["tbi"] = {"Gaam"}, ["tbj"] = {"Tiang"}, ["tbk"] = {"Calamian Tagbanwa"}, ["tbl"] = {"Tboli"}, ["tbm"] = {"Tagbu"}, ["tbn"] = {"Barro Negro Tunebo"}, ["tbo"] = {"Tawala"}, ["tbp"] = {"Taworta", "Diebroud"}, ["tbq"] = {"Rungkun basa Tibeto-Burma"}, ["tbr"] = {"Tumtum"}, ["tbs"] = {"Tanguat"}, ["tbt"] = {"Tembo (Kitembo)"}, ["tbu"] = {"Tubar"}, ["tbv"] = {"Tobo"}, ["tbw"] = {"Tagbanwa"}, ["tbx"] = {"Kapin"}, ["tby"] = {"Tabaru"}, ["tbz"] = {"Ditammari"}, ["tca"] = {"Ticuna"}, ["tcb"] = {"Tanacross"}, ["tcc"] = {"Datooga"}, ["tcd"] = {"Tafi"}, ["tce"] = {"Southern Tutchone"}, ["tcf"] = {"Malinaltepec Me'phaa", "Malinaltepec Tlapanec"}, ["tcg"] = {"Tamagario"}, ["tch"] = {"Turks And Caicos Creole English"}, ["tci"] = {"Wára"}, ["tck"] = {"Tchitchege"}, ["tcl"] = {"Taman (Myanmar)"}, ["tcm"] = {"Tanahmerah"}, ["tcn"] = {"Tichurong"}, ["tco"] = {"Taungyo"}, ["tcp"] = {"Tawr Chin"}, ["tcq"] = {"Kaiy"}, ["tcs"] = {"Torres Strait Creole", "Yumplatok"}, ["tct"] = {"T'en"}, ["tcu"] = {"Southeastern Tarahumara"}, ["tcw"] = {"Tecpatlán Totonac"}, ["tcx"] = {"Toda"}, ["tcy"] = {"Tulu"}, ["tcz"] = {"Thado Chin"}, ["tda"] = {"Tagdal"}, ["tdb"] = {"Panchpargania"}, ["tdc"] = {"Emberá-Tadó"}, ["tdd"] = {"Tai Nüa"}, ["tde"] = {"Tiranige Diga Dogon"}, ["tdf"] = {"Talieng"}, ["tdg"] = {"Western Tamang"}, ["tdh"] = {"Thulung"}, ["tdi"] = {"Tomadino"}, ["tdj"] = {"Tajio"}, ["tdk"] = {"Tambas"}, ["tdl"] = {"Sur"}, ["tdm"] = {"Taruma"}, ["tdn"] = {"Tondano"}, ["tdo"] = {"Teme"}, ["tdq"] = {"Tita"}, ["tdr"] = {"Todrah"}, ["tds"] = {"Doutai"}, ["tdt"] = {"Tetun Dili"}, ["tdv"] = {"Toro"}, ["tdx"] = {"Tandroy-Mahafaly Malagasy"}, ["tdy"] = {"Tadyawan"}, ["tea"] = {"Temiar"}, ["teb"] = {"Tetete"}, ["tec"] = {"Terik"}, ["ted"] = {"Tepo Krumen"}, ["tee"] = {"Huehuetla Tepehua"}, ["tef"] = {"Teressa"}, ["teg"] = {"Teke-Tege"}, ["teh"] = {"Tehuelche"}, ["tei"] = {"Torricelli"}, ["tek"] = {"Ibali Teke"}, ["tem"] = {"Timne"}, ["ten"] = {"Tama (Colombia)"}, ["teo"] = {"Teso"}, ["tep"] = {"Tepecano"}, ["teq"] = {"Temein"}, ["ter"] = {"Tereno"}, ["tes"] = {"Tengger"}, ["tet"] = {"Tetum"}, ["teu"] = {"Soo"}, ["tev"] = {"Teor"}, ["tew"] = {"Tewa (USA)"}, ["tex"] = {"Tennet"}, ["tey"] = {"Tulishi"}, ["tez"] = {"Tetserret"}, ["tfi"] = {"Tofin Gbe"}, ["tfn"] = {"Tanaina"}, ["tfo"] = {"Tefaro"}, ["tfr"] = {"Teribe"}, ["tft"] = {"Ternate"}, ["tga"] = {"Sagalla"}, ["tgb"] = {"Tobilung"}, ["tgc"] = {"Tigak"}, ["tgd"] = {"Ciwogai"}, ["tge"] = {"Eastern Gorkha Tamang"}, ["tgf"] = {"Chalikha"}, ["tgh"] = {"Tobagonian Creole English"}, ["tgi"] = {"Lawunuia"}, ["tgj"] = {"Tagin"}, ["tgn"] = {"Tandaganon"}, ["tgo"] = {"Sudest"}, ["tgp"] = {"Tangoa"}, ["tgq"] = {"Tring"}, ["tgr"] = {"Tareng"}, ["tgs"] = {"Nume"}, ["tgt"] = {"Central Tagbanwa"}, ["tgu"] = {"Tanggu"}, ["tgv"] = {"Tingui-Boto"}, ["tgw"] = {"Tagwana Senoufo"}, ["tgx"] = {"Tagish"}, ["tgy"] = {"Togoyo"}, ["tgz"] = {"Tagalaka"}, ["thd"] = {"Kuuk Thaayorre", "Thayore"}, ["the"] = {"Chitwania Tharu"}, ["thf"] = {"Thangmi"}, ["thh"] = {"Northern Tarahumara"}, ["thi"] = {"Tai Long"}, ["thk"] = {"Tharaka", "Kitharaka"}, ["thl"] = {"Dangaura Tharu"}, ["thm"] = {"Aheu"}, ["thn"] = {"Thachanadan"}, ["thp"] = {"Thompson", "Nłeʔkepmxcín", "Thompson River Salish"}, ["thq"] = {"Kochila Tharu"}, ["thr"] = {"Rana Tharu"}, ["ths"] = {"Thakali"}, ["tht"] = {"Tahltan", "Tāłtān"}, ["thu"] = {"Thuri"}, ["thv"] = {"Tahaggart Tamahaq"}, ["thy"] = {"Tha"}, ["thz"] = {"Tayart Tamajeq"}, ["tia"] = {"Tidikelt Tamazight"}, ["tic"] = {"Tira"}, ["tif"] = {"Tifal"}, ["tig"] = {"Tigre"}, ["tih"] = {"Timugon Murut"}, ["tii"] = {"Tiene"}, ["tij"] = {"Tilung"}, ["tik"] = {"Tikar"}, ["til"] = {"Tillamook"}, ["tim"] = {"Timbe"}, ["tin"] = {"Tindi"}, ["tio"] = {"Teop"}, ["tip"] = {"Trimuris"}, ["tiq"] = {"Tiéfo"}, ["tis"] = {"Masadiit Itneg"}, ["tit"] = {"Tinigua"}, ["tiu"] = {"Adasen"}, ["tiv"] = {"Tiv"}, ["tiw"] = {"Tiwi"}, ["tix"] = {"Southern Tiwa"}, ["tiy"] = {"Tiruray"}, ["tiz"] = {"Tai Hongjin"}, ["tja"] = {"Tajuasohn"}, ["tjg"] = {"Tunjung"}, ["tji"] = {"Northern Tujia"}, ["tjj"] = {"Tjungundji"}, ["tjl"] = {"Tai Laing"}, ["tjm"] = {"Timucua"}, ["tjn"] = {"Tonjon"}, ["tjo"] = {"Temacine Tamazight"}, ["tjp"] = {"Tjupany"}, ["tjs"] = {"Southern Tujia"}, ["tju"] = {"Tjurruru"}, ["tjw"] = {"Djabwurrung"}, ["tka"] = {"Truká"}, ["tkb"] = {"Buksa"}, ["tkd"] = {"Tukudede"}, ["tke"] = {"Takwane"}, ["tkf"] = {"Tukumanféd"}, ["tkg"] = {"Tesaka Malagasy"}, ["tkl"] = {"Tokelau"}, ["tkm"] = {"Takelma"}, ["tkn"] = {"Toku-No-Shima"}, ["tkp"] = {"Tikopia"}, ["tkq"] = {"Tee"}, ["tkr"] = {"Tsakhur"}, ["tks"] = {"Takestani"}, ["tkt"] = {"Kathoriya Tharu"}, ["tku"] = {"Upper Necaxa Totonac"}, ["tkv"] = {"Mur Pano"}, ["tkw"] = {"Teanu"}, ["tkx"] = {"Tangko"}, ["tkz"] = {"Takua"}, ["tla"] = {"Southwestern Tepehuan"}, ["tlb"] = {"Tobelo"}, ["tlc"] = {"Yecuatla Totonac"}, ["tld"] = {"Talaud"}, ["tlf"] = {"Telefol"}, ["tlg"] = {"Tofanma"}, ["tlh"] = {"Klingon", "tlhIngan Hol"}, ["tli"] = {"Tlingit"}, ["tlj"] = {"Talinga-Bwisi"}, ["tlk"] = {"Taloki"}, ["tll"] = {"Tetela"}, ["tlm"] = {"Tolomako"}, ["tln"] = {"Talondo'"}, ["tlo"] = {"Talodi"}, ["tlp"] = {"Filomena Mata-Coahuitlán Totonac"}, ["tlq"] = {"Tai Loi"}, ["tlr"] = {"Talise"}, ["tls"] = {"Tambotalo"}, ["tlt"] = {"Sou Nama", "Teluti"}, ["tlu"] = {"Tulehu"}, ["tlv"] = {"Taliabu"}, ["tlx"] = {"Khehek"}, ["tly"] = {"Talysh"}, ["tma"] = {"Tama (Chad)"}, ["tmb"] = {"Katbol", "Avava"}, ["tmc"] = {"Tumak"}, ["tmd"] = {"Haruai"}, ["tme"] = {"Tremembé"}, ["tmf"] = {"Toba-Maskoy"}, ["tmg"] = {"Ternateño"}, ["tmh"] = {"Tamashek"}, ["tmi"] = {"Tutuba"}, ["tmj"] = {"Samarokena"}, ["tml"] = {"Tamnim Citak"}, ["tmm"] = {"Tai Thanh"}, ["tmn"] = {" Taman (Indonésia)"}, ["tmo"] = {"Temoq"}, ["tmq"] = {"Tumleo"}, ["tmr"] = {"Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (ca. 200-1200 CE)"}, ["tms"] = {"Tima"}, ["tmt"] = {"Tasmate"}, ["tmu"] = {"Iau"}, ["tmv"] = {"Tembo (Motembo)"}, ["tmw"] = {"Temuan"}, ["tmy"] = {"Tami"}, ["tmz"] = {"Tamanaku"}, ["tna"] = {"Tacana"}, ["tnb"] = {"Western Tunebo"}, ["tnc"] = {"Tanimuca-Retuarã"}, ["tnd"] = {"Angosturas Tunebo"}, ["tng"] = {"Tobanga"}, ["tnh"] = {"Maiani"}, ["tni"] = {"Tandia"}, ["tnk"] = {"Kwamera"}, ["tnl"] = {"Lenakel"}, ["tnm"] = {"Tabla"}, ["tnn"] = {"North Tanna"}, ["tno"] = {"Toromono"}, ["tnp"] = {"Whitesands"}, ["tnq"] = {"Taino"}, ["tnr"] = {"Ménik"}, ["tns"] = {"Tenis"}, ["tnt"] = {"Tontemboan"}, ["tnu"] = {"Tay Khang"}, ["tnv"] = {"Tangchangya"}, ["tnw"] = {"Tonsawang"}, ["tnx"] = {"Tanema"}, ["tny"] = {"Tongwe"}, ["tnz"] = {"Ten'edn"}, ["tob"] = {"Toba"}, ["toc"] = {"Coyutla Totonac"}, ["tod"] = {"Toma"}, ["tof"] = {"Gizrra"}, ["tog"] = {"Tonga (Nyasa)"}, ["toh"] = {"Gitonga"}, ["toi"] = {"Tonga (Zambia)"}, ["toj"] = {"Tojolabal"}, ["tok"] = {"Toki Pona"}, ["tol"] = {"Tolowa"}, ["tom"] = {"Tombulu"}, ["too"] = {"Xicotepec De Juárez Totonac"}, ["top"] = {"Papantla Totonac"}, ["toq"] = {"Toposa"}, ["tor"] = {"Togbo-Vara Banda"}, ["tos"] = {"Highland Totonac"}, ["tou"] = {"Tho"}, ["tov"] = {"Upper Taromi"}, ["tow"] = {"Jemez"}, ["tox"] = {"Tobian"}, ["toy"] = {"Topoiyo"}, ["toz"] = {"To"}, ["tpa"] = {"Taupota"}, ["tpc"] = {"Azoyú Me'phaa", "Azoyú Tlapanec"}, ["tpe"] = {"Tippera"}, ["tpf"] = {"Tarpia"}, ["tpg"] = {"Kula"}, ["tpi"] = {"Tok Pisin"}, ["tpj"] = {"Tapieté"}, ["tpk"] = {"Tupinikin"}, ["tpl"] = {"Tlacoapa Me'phaa", "Tlacoapa Tlapanec"}, ["tpm"] = {"Tampulma"}, ["tpn"] = {"Tupinambá"}, ["tpo"] = {"Tai Pao"}, ["tpp"] = {"Pisaflores Tepehua"}, ["tpq"] = {"Tukpa"}, ["tpr"] = {"Tuparí"}, ["tpt"] = {"Tlachichilco Tepehua"}, ["tpu"] = {"Tampuan"}, ["tpv"] = {"Tanapag"}, ["tpx"] = {"Acatepec Me'phaa", "Acatepec Tlapanec"}, ["tpy"] = {"Trumai"}, ["tpz"] = {"Tinputz"}, ["tqb"] = {"Tembé"}, ["tql"] = {"Lehali"}, ["tqm"] = {"Turumsa"}, ["tqn"] = {"Tenino"}, ["tqo"] = {"Toaripi"}, ["tqp"] = {"Tomoip"}, ["tqq"] = {"Tunni"}, ["tqr"] = {"Torona"}, ["tqt"] = {"Western Totonac"}, ["tqu"] = {"Touo"}, ["tqw"] = {"Tonkawa"}, ["tra"] = {"Tirahi"}, ["trb"] = {"Terebu"}, ["trc"] = {"Copala Triqui"}, ["trd"] = {"Turi"}, ["tre"] = {"East Tarangan"}, ["trf"] = {"Inggris Kréol Trinidad"}, ["trg"] = {"Lishán Didán"}, ["trh"] = {"Turaka"}, ["tri"] = {"Trió"}, ["trj"] = {"Toram"}, ["trk"] = {"Rungkun basa Turkik"}, ["trl"] = {"Traveller Scottish"}, ["trm"] = {"Tregami"}, ["trn"] = {"Trinitario"}, ["tro"] = {"Tarao Naga"}, ["trp"] = {"Kok Borok"}, ["trq"] = {"San Martín Itunyoso Triqui"}, ["trr"] = {"Taushiro"}, ["trs"] = {"Chicahuaxtla Triqui"}, ["trt"] = {"Tunggare"}, ["tru"] = {"Turoyo", "Surayt"}, ["trv"] = {"Sediq", "Seediq", "Taroko"}, ["trw"] = {"Torwali"}, ["trx"] = {"Tringgus-Sembaan Bidayuh"}, ["try"] = {"Turung"}, ["trz"] = {"Torá"}, ["tsa"] = {"Tsaangi"}, ["tsb"] = {"Tsamai"}, ["tsc"] = {"Tswa"}, ["tsd"] = {"Tsakonian"}, ["tse"] = {"Basa Isarat Tunisia"}, ["tsg"] = {"Tausug"}, ["tsh"] = {"Tsuvan"}, ["tsi"] = {"Tsimshian"}, ["tsj"] = {"Tshangla"}, ["tsk"] = {"Tseku"}, ["tsl"] = {"Ts'ün-Lao"}, ["tsm"] = {"Basa Isarat Turki", "Türk İşaret Dili"}, ["tsp"] = {"Northern Toussian"}, ["tsq"] = {"Basa Isarat Thailand"}, ["tsr"] = {"Akei"}, ["tss"] = {"Basa Isarat Taiwan"}, ["tst"] = {"Tondi Songway Kiini"}, ["tsu"] = {"Tsou"}, ["tsv"] = {"Tsogo"}, ["tsw"] = {"Tsishingini"}, ["tsx"] = {"Mubami"}, ["tsy"] = {"Basa Isarat Tebul"}, ["tsz"] = {"Purepecha"}, ["tta"] = {"Tutelo"}, ["ttb"] = {"Gaa"}, ["ttc"] = {"Tektiteko"}, ["ttd"] = {"Tauade"}, ["tte"] = {"Bwanabwana"}, ["ttf"] = {"Tuotomb"}, ["ttg"] = {"Tutong"}, ["tth"] = {"Upper Ta'oih"}, ["tti"] = {"Tobati"}, ["ttj"] = {"Tooro"}, ["ttk"] = {"Totoro"}, ["ttl"] = {"Totela"}, ["ttm"] = {"Northern Tutchone"}, ["ttn"] = {"Towei"}, ["tto"] = {"Lower Ta'oih"}, ["ttp"] = {"Tombelala"}, ["ttq"] = {"Tawallammat Tamajaq"}, ["ttr"] = {"Tera"}, ["tts"] = {"Northeastern Thai"}, ["ttt"] = {"Muslim Tat"}, ["ttu"] = {"Torau"}, ["ttv"] = {"Titan"}, ["ttw"] = {"Long Wat"}, ["tty"] = {"Sikaritai"}, ["ttz"] = {"Tsum"}, ["tua"] = {"Wiarumus"}, ["tub"] = {"Tübatulabal"}, ["tuc"] = {"Mutu"}, ["tud"] = {"Tuxá"}, ["tue"] = {"Tuyuca"}, ["tuf"] = {"Central Tunebo"}, ["tug"] = {"Tunia"}, ["tuh"] = {"Taulil"}, ["tui"] = {"Tupuri"}, ["tuj"] = {"Tugutil"}, ["tul"] = {"Tula"}, ["tum"] = {"Tumbuka"}, ["tun"] = {"Tunica"}, ["tuo"] = {"Tucano"}, ["tup"] = {"Rungkun basa Tupi"}, ["tuq"] = {"Tedaga"}, ["tus"] = {"Tuscarora"}, ["tut"] = {"Rungkun basa Altaik"}, ["tuu"] = {"Tututni"}, ["tuv"] = {"Turkana"}, ["tuw"] = {"Rungkun basa Tungus"}, ["tux"] = {"Tuxináwa"}, ["tuy"] = {"Tugen"}, ["tuz"] = {"Turka"}, ["tva"] = {"Vaghua"}, ["tvd"] = {"Tsuvadi"}, ["tve"] = {"Te'un"}, ["tvg"] = {"Tugunese", "Batavian Portuguese Creole", "Mardijker Creole"}, ["tvi"] = {"Tulai"}, ["tvk"] = {"Southeast Ambrym"}, ["tvl"] = {"Tuvalu"}, ["tvm"] = {"Tela-Masbuar"}, ["tvn"] = {"Tavoyan"}, ["tvo"] = {"Tidore"}, ["tvs"] = {"Taveta"}, ["tvt"] = {"Tutsa Naga"}, ["tvu"] = {"Tunen"}, ["tvw"] = {"Sedoa"}, ["tvx"] = {"Taivoan"}, ["tvy"] = {"Timor Pidgin"}, ["twa"] = {"Twana"}, ["twb"] = {"Western Tawbuid"}, ["twc"] = {"Teshenawa"}, ["twd"] = {"Twents"}, ["twe"] = {"Tewa (Indonésia)"}, ["twf"] = {"Northern Tiwa"}, ["twg"] = {"Tereweng"}, ["twh"] = {"Tai Dón"}, ["twl"] = {"Tawara"}, ["twm"] = {"Tawang Monpa"}, ["twn"] = {"Twendi"}, ["two"] = {"Tswapong"}, ["twp"] = {"Ere"}, ["twq"] = {"Tasawaq"}, ["twr"] = {"Southwestern Tarahumara"}, ["twt"] = {"Turiwára"}, ["twu"] = {"Termanu"}, ["tww"] = {"Tuwari"}, ["twx"] = {"Tewe"}, ["twy"] = {"Tawoyan"}, ["txa"] = {"Tombonuo"}, ["txb"] = {"Tokharian B"}, ["txc"] = {"Tsetsaut"}, ["txe"] = {"Totoli"}, ["txg"] = {"Tangut"}, ["txh"] = {"Thracian"}, ["txi"] = {"Ikpeng"}, ["txj"] = {"Tarjumo"}, ["txm"] = {"Tomini"}, ["txn"] = {"West Tarangan"}, ["txo"] = {"Toto"}, ["txq"] = {"Tii"}, ["txr"] = {"Tartessian"}, ["txs"] = {"Tonsea"}, ["txt"] = {"Citak"}, ["txu"] = {"Kayapó"}, ["txx"] = {"Tatana"}, ["txy"] = {"Tanosy Malagasy"}, ["tya"] = {"Tauya"}, ["tye"] = {"Kyanga"}, ["tyh"] = {"O'du"}, ["tyi"] = {"Teke-Tsaayi"}, ["tyj"] = {"Tai Do", "Tai Yo"}, ["tyl"] = {"Thu Lao"}, ["tyn"] = {"Kombai"}, ["typ"] = {"Thaypan"}, ["tyr"] = {"Tai Daeng"}, ["tys"] = {"Tày Sa Pa"}, ["tyt"] = {"Tày Tac"}, ["tyu"] = {"Kua"}, ["tyv"] = {"Tuvinian"}, ["tyx"] = {"Teke-Tyee"}, ["tyy"] = {"Tiyaa"}, ["tyz"] = {"Tày"}, ["tza"] = {"Basa Isarat Tanzania"}, ["tzh"] = {"Tzeltal"}, ["tzj"] = {"Tz'utujil"}, ["tzl"] = {"Talossan"}, ["tzm"] = {"Central Atlas Tamazight"}, ["tzn"] = {"Tugun"}, ["tzo"] = {"Tzotzil"}, ["tzx"] = {"Tabriak"}, ["uam"] = {"Uamué"}, ["uan"] = {"Kuan"}, ["uar"] = {"Tairuma"}, ["uba"] = {"Ubang"}, ["ubi"] = {"Ubi"}, ["ubl"] = {"Buhi'non Bikol"}, ["ubr"] = {"Ubir"}, ["ubu"] = {"Umbu-Ungu"}, ["uby"] = {"Ubykh"}, ["uda"] = {"Uda"}, ["ude"] = {"Udihe"}, ["udg"] = {"Muduga"}, ["udi"] = {"Udi"}, ["udj"] = {"Ujir"}, ["udl"] = {"Wuzlam"}, ["udm"] = {"Udmurt"}, ["udu"] = {"Uduk"}, ["ues"] = {"Kioko"}, ["ufi"] = {"Ufim"}, ["uga"] = {"Ugaritic"}, ["ugb"] = {"Kuku-Ugbanh"}, ["uge"] = {"Ughele"}, ["ugh"] = {"Kubachi"}, ["ugn"] = {"Basa Isarat Uganda"}, ["ugo"] = {"Ugong"}, ["ugy"] = {"Basa Isarat Uruguay"}, ["uha"] = {"Uhami"}, ["uhn"] = {"Damal"}, ["uis"] = {"Uisai"}, ["uiv"] = {"Iyive"}, ["uji"] = {"Tanjijili"}, ["uka"] = {"Kaburi"}, ["ukg"] = {"Ukuriguma"}, ["ukh"] = {"Ukhwejo"}, ["uki"] = {"Kui (India)"}, ["ukk"] = {"Muak Sa-aak"}, ["ukl"] = {"Basa Isarat Ukraina"}, ["ukp"] = {"Ukpe-Bayobiri"}, ["ukq"] = {"Ukwa"}, ["uks"] = {"Basa Isarat Urubú-Kaapor", "Basa Isarat Kaapor"}, ["uku"] = {"Ukue"}, ["ukv"] = {"Kuku"}, ["ukw"] = {"Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni"}, ["uky"] = {"Kuuk-Yak"}, ["ula"] = {"Fungwa"}, ["ulb"] = {"Ulukwumi"}, ["ulc"] = {"Ulch"}, ["ule"] = {"Lule"}, ["ulf"] = {"Usku", "Afra"}, ["uli"] = {"Ulithian"}, ["ulk"] = {"Meriam Mir"}, ["ull"] = {"Ullatan"}, ["ulm"] = {"Ulumanda'"}, ["uln"] = {"Unserdeutsch"}, ["ulu"] = {"Uma' Lung"}, ["ulw"] = {"Ulwa"}, ["uly"] = {"Buli"}, ["uma"] = {"Umatilla"}, ["umb"] = {"Umbundu"}, ["umc"] = {"Marrucinian"}, ["umd"] = {"Umbindhamu"}, ["umg"] = {"Morrobalama", "Umbuygamu"}, ["umi"] = {"Ukit"}, ["umm"] = {"Umon"}, ["umn"] = {"Makyan Naga"}, ["umo"] = {"Umotína"}, ["ump"] = {"Umpila"}, ["umr"] = {"Umbugarla"}, ["ums"] = {"Pendau"}, ["umu"] = {"Munsee"}, ["una"] = {"North Watut"}, ["und"] = {"Undetermined"}, ["une"] = {"Uneme"}, ["ung"] = {"Ngarinyin"}, ["uni"] = {"Uni"}, ["unk"] = {"Enawené-Nawé"}, ["unm"] = {"Unami"}, ["unn"] = {"Kurnai"}, ["unr"] = {"Mundari"}, ["unu"] = {"Unubahe"}, ["unx"] = {"Munda"}, ["unz"] = {"Unde Kaili"}, ["uon"] = {"Kulon"}, ["upi"] = {"Umeda"}, ["upv"] = {"Uripiv-Wala-Rano-Atchin"}, ["ura"] = {"Urarina"}, ["urb"] = {"Urubú-Kaapor", "Kaapor"}, ["urc"] = {"Urningangg"}, ["ure"] = {"Uru"}, ["urf"] = {"Uradhi"}, ["urg"] = {"Urigina"}, ["urh"] = {"Urhobo"}, ["uri"] = {"Urim"}, ["urj"] = {"Rungkun basa Ural"}, ["urk"] = {"Urak Lawoi'"}, ["url"] = {"Urali"}, ["urm"] = {"Urapmin"}, ["urn"] = {"Uruangnirin"}, ["uro"] = {"Ura (Papua Nugini)"}, ["urp"] = {"Uru-Pa-In"}, ["urr"] = {"Lehalurup", "Löyöp"}, ["urt"] = {"Urat"}, ["uru"] = {"Urumi"}, ["urv"] = {"Uruava"}, ["urw"] = {"Sop"}, ["urx"] = {"Urimo"}, ["ury"] = {"Orya"}, ["urz"] = {"Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau"}, ["usa"] = {"Usarufa"}, ["ush"] = {"Ushojo"}, ["usi"] = {"Usui"}, ["usk"] = {"Usaghade"}, ["usp"] = {"Uspanteco"}, ["uss"] = {"us-Saare"}, ["usu"] = {"Uya"}, ["uta"] = {"Otank"}, ["ute"] = {"Ute-Southern Paiute"}, ["uth"] = {"ut-Hun"}, ["utp"] = {"Amba (Solomon Islands)"}, ["utr"] = {"Etulo"}, ["utu"] = {"Utu"}, ["uum"] = {"Urum"}, ["uur"] = {"Ura (Vanuatu)"}, ["uuu"] = {"U"}, ["uve"] = {"West Uvean", "Fagauvea"}, ["uvh"] = {"Uri"}, ["uvl"] = {"Lote"}, ["uwa"] = {"Kuku-Uwanh"}, ["uya"] = {"Doko-Uyanga"}, ["uzn"] = {"Northern Uzbek"}, ["uzs"] = {"Southern Uzbek"}, ["vaa"] = {"Vaagri Booli"}, ["vae"] = {"Vale"}, ["vaf"] = {"Vafsi"}, ["vag"] = {"Vagla"}, ["vah"] = {"Varhadi-Nagpuri"}, ["vai"] = {"Vai"}, ["vaj"] = {"Sekele", "Northwestern ǃKung", "Vasekele"}, ["val"] = {"Vehes"}, ["vam"] = {"Vanimo"}, ["van"] = {"Valman"}, ["vao"] = {"Vao"}, ["vap"] = {"Vaiphei"}, ["var"] = {"Huarijio"}, ["vas"] = {"Vasavi"}, ["vau"] = {"Vanuma"}, ["vav"] = {"Varli"}, ["vay"] = {"Wayu"}, ["vbb"] = {"Southeast Babar"}, ["vbk"] = {"Southwestern Bontok"}, ["vec"] = {"Venetian"}, ["ved"] = {"Veddah"}, ["vel"] = {"Veluws"}, ["vem"] = {"Vemgo-Mabas"}, ["veo"] = {"Ventureño"}, ["vep"] = {"Veps"}, ["ver"] = {"Mom Jango"}, ["vgr"] = {"Vaghri"}, ["vgt"] = {"Vlaamse Gebarentaal", "Basa Isarat Flemish"}, ["vic"] = {"Virgin Islands Creole English"}, ["vid"] = {"Vidunda"}, ["vif"] = {"Vili"}, ["vig"] = {"Viemo"}, ["vil"] = {"Vilela"}, ["vin"] = {"Vinza"}, ["vis"] = {"Vishavan"}, ["vit"] = {"Viti"}, ["viv"] = {"Iduna"}, ["vjk"] = {"Bajjika"}, ["vka"] = {"Kariyarra"}, ["vkj"] = {"Kujarge"}, ["vkk"] = {"Kaur"}, ["vkl"] = {"Kulisusu"}, ["vkm"] = {"Kamakan"}, ["vkn"] = {"Koro Nulu"}, ["vko"] = {"Kodeoha"}, ["vkp"] = {"Korlai Creole Portuguese"}, ["vkt"] = {"Tenggarong Kutai Malay"}, ["vku"] = {"Kurrama"}, ["vkz"] = {"Koro Zuba"}, ["vlp"] = {"Valpei"}, ["vls"] = {"Vlaams"}, ["vma"] = {"Martuyhunira"}, ["vmb"] = {"Barbaram"}, ["vmc"] = {"Juxtlahuaca Mixtec"}, ["vmd"] = {"Mudu Koraga"}, ["vme"] = {"East Masela"}, ["vmf"] = {"Mainfränkisch"}, ["vmg"] = {"Lungalunga"}, ["vmh"] = {"Maraghei"}, ["vmi"] = {"Miwa"}, ["vmj"] = {"Ixtayutla Mixtec"}, ["vmk"] = {"Makhuwa-Shirima"}, ["vml"] = {"Malgana"}, ["vmm"] = {"Mitlatongo Mixtec"}, ["vmp"] = {"Soyaltepec Mazatec"}, ["vmq"] = {"Soyaltepec Mixtec"}, ["vmr"] = {"Marenje"}, ["vms"] = {"Moksela"}, ["vmu"] = {"Muluridyi"}, ["vmv"] = {"Valley Maidu"}, ["vmw"] = {"Makhuwa"}, ["vmx"] = {"Tamazola Mixtec"}, ["vmy"] = {"Ayautla Mazatec"}, ["vmz"] = {"Mazatlán Mazatec"}, ["vnk"] = {"Vano", "Lovono"}, ["vnm"] = {"Vinmavis", "Neve'ei"}, ["vnp"] = {"Vunapu"}, ["vor"] = {"Voro"}, ["vot"] = {"Votic"}, ["vra"] = {"Vera'a"}, ["vro"] = {"Võro"}, ["vrs"] = {"Varisi"}, ["vrt"] = {"Burmbar", "Banam Bay"}, ["vsi"] = {"Basa Isarat Moldova"}, ["vsl"] = {"Basa Isarat Vénézuéla"}, ["vsn"] = {"Vedic Sanskrit"}, ["vsv"] = {"Basa Isarat Valénsia", "Llengua de signes valenciana"}, ["vto"] = {"Vitou"}, ["vum"] = {"Vumbu"}, ["vun"] = {"Vunjo"}, ["vut"] = {"Vute"}, ["vwa"] = {"Awa (China)"}, ["waa"] = {"Walla Walla"}, ["wab"] = {"Yote", "Wab"}, ["wac"] = {"Wasco-Wishram"}, ["wad"] = {"Wamesa", "Wondama"}, ["wae"] = {"Walser"}, ["waf"] = {"Wakoná"}, ["wag"] = {"Wa'ema"}, ["wah"] = {"Watubela"}, ["wai"] = {"Wares"}, ["waj"] = {"Waffa"}, ["wak"] = {"Rungkun basa Wakash"}, ["wal"] = {"Wolaytta", "Wolaitta"}, ["wam"] = {"Wampanoag"}, ["wan"] = {"Wan"}, ["wao"] = {"Wappo"}, ["wap"] = {"Wapishana"}, ["waq"] = {"Wagiman"}, ["war"] = {"Waray (Philippines)"}, ["was"] = {"Washo"}, ["wat"] = {"Kaninuwa"}, ["wau"] = {"Waurá"}, ["wav"] = {"Waka"}, ["waw"] = {"Waiwai"}, ["wax"] = {"Watam", "Marangis"}, ["way"] = {"Wayana"}, ["waz"] = {"Wampur"}, ["wba"] = {"Warao"}, ["wbb"] = {"Wabo"}, ["wbe"] = {"Waritai"}, ["wbf"] = {"Wara"}, ["wbh"] = {"Wanda"}, ["wbi"] = {"Vwanji"}, ["wbj"] = {"Alagwa"}, ["wbk"] = {"Waigali"}, ["wbl"] = {"Wakhi"}, ["wbm"] = {"Wa"}, ["wbp"] = {"Warlpiri"}, ["wbq"] = {"Waddar"}, ["wbr"] = {"Wagdi"}, ["wbs"] = {"Basa Isarat Benggala Kulon"}, ["wbt"] = {"Warnman"}, ["wbv"] = {"Wajarri"}, ["wbw"] = {"Woi"}, ["wca"] = {"Yanomámi"}, ["wci"] = {"Waci Gbe"}, ["wdd"] = {"Wandji"}, ["wdg"] = {"Wadaginam"}, ["wdj"] = {"Wadjiginy"}, ["wdk"] = {"Wadikali"}, ["wdt"] = {"Wendat"}, ["wdu"] = {"Wadjigu"}, ["wdy"] = {"Wadjabangayi"}, ["wea"] = {"Wewaw"}, ["wec"] = {"Wè Western"}, ["wed"] = {"Wedau"}, ["weg"] = {"Wergaia"}, ["weh"] = {"Weh"}, ["wei"] = {"Kiunum"}, ["wem"] = {"Weme Gbe"}, ["wen"] = {"Rungkun basa Sorbia"}, ["weo"] = {"Wemale"}, ["wep"] = {"Westphalien"}, ["wer"] = {"Weri"}, ["wes"] = {"Cameroon Pidgin"}, ["wet"] = {"Perai"}, ["weu"] = {"Rawngtu Chin"}, ["wew"] = {"Wejewa"}, ["wfg"] = {"Yafi", "Zorop"}, ["wga"] = {"Wagaya"}, ["wgb"] = {"Wagawaga"}, ["wgg"] = {"Wangkangurru", "Wangganguru"}, ["wgi"] = {"Wahgi"}, ["wgo"] = {"Waigeo"}, ["wgu"] = {"Wirangu"}, ["wgy"] = {"Warrgamay"}, ["wha"] = {"Sou Upaa", "Manusela"}, ["whg"] = {"North Wahgi"}, ["whk"] = {"Wahau Kenyah"}, ["whu"] = {"Wahau Kayan"}, ["wib"] = {"Southern Toussian"}, ["wic"] = {"Wichita"}, ["wie"] = {"Wik-Epa"}, ["wif"] = {"Wik-Keyangan"}, ["wig"] = {"Wik Ngathan"}, ["wih"] = {"Wik-Me'anha"}, ["wii"] = {"Minidien"}, ["wij"] = {"Wik-Iiyanh"}, ["wik"] = {"Wikalkan"}, ["wil"] = {"Wilawila"}, ["wim"] = {"Wik-Mungkan"}, ["win"] = {"Ho-Chunk"}, ["wir"] = {"Wiraféd"}, ["wiu"] = {"Wiru"}, ["wiv"] = {"Vitu"}, ["wiy"] = {"Wiyot"}, ["wja"] = {"Waja"}, ["wji"] = {"Warji"}, ["wka"] = {"Kw'adza"}, ["wkb"] = {"Kumbaran"}, ["wkd"] = {"Wakde", "Mo"}, ["wkl"] = {"Kalanadi"}, ["wkr"] = {"Keerray-Woorroong"}, ["wku"] = {"Kunduvadi"}, ["wkw"] = {"Wakawaka"}, ["wky"] = {"Wangkayutyuru"}, ["wla"] = {"Walio"}, ["wlc"] = {"Mwali Comorian"}, ["wle"] = {"Wolane"}, ["wlg"] = {"Kunbarlang"}, ["wlh"] = {"Welaun"}, ["wli"] = {"Waioli"}, ["wlk"] = {"Wailaki"}, ["wll"] = {"Wali (Sudan)"}, ["wlm"] = {"Middle Welsh"}, ["wlo"] = {"Wolio"}, ["wlr"] = {"Wailapa"}, ["wls"] = {"Wallisian"}, ["wlu"] = {"Wuliwuli"}, ["wlv"] = {"Wichí Lhamtés Vejoz"}, ["wlw"] = {"Walak"}, ["wlx"] = {"Wali (Ghana)"}, ["wly"] = {"Waling"}, ["wma"] = {"Mawa (Nigéria)"}, ["wmb"] = {"Wambaya"}, ["wmc"] = {"Wamas"}, ["wmd"] = {"Mamaindé"}, ["wme"] = {"Wambule"}, ["wmg"] = {"Western Minyag"}, ["wmh"] = {"Waima'a"}, ["wmi"] = {"Wamin"}, ["wmm"] = {"Maiwa (Indonésia)"}, ["wmn"] = {"Waamwang"}, ["wmo"] = {"Wom (Papua Nugini)"}, ["wms"] = {"Wambon"}, ["wmt"] = {"Walmajarri"}, ["wmw"] = {"Mwani"}, ["wmx"] = {"Womo"}, ["wnb"] = {"Mokati"}, ["wnc"] = {"Wantoat"}, ["wnd"] = {"Wandarang"}, ["wne"] = {"Waneci"}, ["wng"] = {"Wanggom"}, ["wni"] = {"Ndzwani Comorian"}, ["wnk"] = {"Wanukaka"}, ["wnm"] = {"Wanggamala"}, ["wnn"] = {"Wunumara"}, ["wno"] = {"Wano"}, ["wnp"] = {"Wanap"}, ["wnu"] = {"Usan"}, ["wnw"] = {"Wintu"}, ["wny"] = {"Wanyi", "Waanyi"}, ["woa"] = {"Kuwema", "Tyaraity"}, ["wob"] = {"Wè Northern"}, ["woc"] = {"Wogeo"}, ["wod"] = {"Wolani"}, ["woe"] = {"Woleaian"}, ["wof"] = {"Gambian Wolof"}, ["wog"] = {"Wogamusin"}, ["woi"] = {"Kamang"}, ["wok"] = {"Longto"}, ["wom"] = {"Wom (Nigéria)"}, ["won"] = {"Wongo"}, ["woo"] = {"Manombai"}, ["wor"] = {"Woria"}, ["wos"] = {"Hanga Hundi"}, ["wow"] = {"Wawonii"}, ["woy"] = {"Weyto"}, ["wpc"] = {"Maco"}, ["wrb"] = {"Waluwarra", "Warluwara"}, ["wrg"] = {"Warungu", "Gudjal"}, ["wrh"] = {"Wiradjuri"}, ["wri"] = {"Wariyangga"}, ["wrk"] = {"Garrwa"}, ["wrl"] = {"Warlmanpa"}, ["wrm"] = {"Warumungu"}, ["wrn"] = {"Warnang"}, ["wro"] = {"Worrorra"}, ["wrp"] = {"Waropen"}, ["wrr"] = {"Wardaman"}, ["wrs"] = {"Waris"}, ["wru"] = {"Waru"}, ["wrv"] = {"Waruna"}, ["wrw"] = {"Gugu Warra"}, ["wrx"] = {"Wae Rana"}, ["wry"] = {"Merwari"}, ["wrz"] = {"Waray (Australia)"}, ["wsa"] = {"Warembori"}, ["wsg"] = {"Adilabad Gondi"}, ["wsi"] = {"Wusi"}, ["wsk"] = {"Waskia"}, ["wsr"] = {"Owenia"}, ["wss"] = {"Wasa"}, ["wsu"] = {"Wasu"}, ["wsv"] = {"Wotapuri-Katarqalai"}, ["wtb"] = {"Matambwe"}, ["wtf"] = {"Watiwa"}, ["wth"] = {"Wathawurrung"}, ["wti"] = {"Berta"}, ["wtk"] = {"Watakataui"}, ["wtm"] = {"Mewati"}, ["wtw"] = {"Wotu"}, ["wua"] = {"Wikngenchera"}, ["wub"] = {"Wunambal"}, ["wud"] = {"Wudu"}, ["wuh"] = {"Wutunhua"}, ["wul"] = {"Silimo"}, ["wum"] = {"Wumbvu"}, ["wun"] = {"Bungu"}, ["wur"] = {"Wurrugu"}, ["wut"] = {"Wutung"}, ["wuu"] = {"Wu Chinese"}, ["wuv"] = {"Wuvulu-Aua"}, ["wux"] = {"Wulna"}, ["wuy"] = {"Wauyai"}, ["wwa"] = {"Waama"}, ["wwb"] = {"Wakabunga"}, ["wwo"] = {"Wetamut", "Dorig"}, ["wwr"] = {"Warrwa"}, ["www"] = {"Wawa"}, ["wxa"] = {"Waxianghua"}, ["wxw"] = {"Wardandi"}, ["wyb"] = {"Wangaaybuwan-Ngiyambaa"}, ["wyi"] = {"Woiwurrung"}, ["wym"] = {"Wymysorys"}, ["wyn"] = {"Wyandot"}, ["wyr"] = {"Wayoró"}, ["wyy"] = {"Western Fijian"}, ["xaa"] = {"Arab Andalusia"}, ["xab"] = {"Sambe"}, ["xac"] = {"Kachari"}, ["xad"] = {"Adai"}, ["xae"] = {"Aequian"}, ["xag"] = {"Aghwan"}, ["xai"] = {"Kaimbé"}, ["xaj"] = {"Ararandewára"}, ["xak"] = {"Máku"}, ["xal"] = {"Kalmyk", "Oirat"}, ["xam"] = {"ǀXam"}, ["xan"] = {"Xamtanga"}, ["xao"] = {"Khao"}, ["xap"] = {"Apalachee"}, ["xaq"] = {"Aquitanian"}, ["xar"] = {"Karami"}, ["xas"] = {"Kamas"}, ["xat"] = {"Katawixi"}, ["xau"] = {"Kauwera"}, ["xav"] = {"Xavánte"}, ["xaw"] = {"Kawaiisu"}, ["xay"] = {"Kayan Mahakam"}, ["xbb"] = {"Lower Burdekin"}, ["xbc"] = {"Bactrian"}, ["xbd"] = {"Bindal"}, ["xbe"] = {"Bigambal"}, ["xbg"] = {"Bunganditj"}, ["xbi"] = {"Kombio"}, ["xbj"] = {"Birrpayi"}, ["xbm"] = {"Middle Breton"}, ["xbn"] = {"Kenaboi"}, ["xbo"] = {"Bolgarian"}, ["xbp"] = {"Bibbulman"}, ["xbr"] = {"Kambera"}, ["xbw"] = {"Kambiwá"}, ["xby"] = {"Batjala", "Batyala"}, ["xcb"] = {"Cumbric"}, ["xcc"] = {"Camunic"}, ["xce"] = {"Celtiberian"}, ["xcg"] = {"Cisalpine Gaulish"}, ["xch"] = {"Chemakum", "Chimakum"}, ["xcl"] = {"Classical Armenian"}, ["xcm"] = {"Comecrudo"}, ["xcn"] = {"Cotoname"}, ["xco"] = {"Chorasmian"}, ["xcr"] = {"Carian"}, ["xct"] = {"Classical Tibetan"}, ["xcu"] = {"Curonian"}, ["xcv"] = {"Chuvantsy"}, ["xcw"] = {"Coahuilteco"}, ["xcy"] = {"Cayuse"}, ["xda"] = {"Darkinyung"}, ["xdc"] = {"Dacian"}, ["xdk"] = {"Dharuk"}, ["xdm"] = {"Edomite"}, ["xdo"] = {"Kwandu"}, ["xdq"] = {"Kaitag"}, ["xdy"] = {"Malayic Dayak"}, ["xeb"] = {"Eblan"}, ["xed"] = {"Hdi"}, ["xeg"] = {"ǁXegwi"}, ["xel"] = {"Kelo"}, ["xem"] = {"Kembayan"}, ["xep"] = {"Epi-Olmec"}, ["xer"] = {"Xerénte"}, ["xes"] = {"Kesawai"}, ["xet"] = {"Xetá"}, ["xeu"] = {"Keoru-Ahia"}, ["xfa"] = {"Faliscan"}, ["xga"] = {"Galatian"}, ["xgb"] = {"Gbin"}, ["xgd"] = {"Gudang"}, ["xgf"] = {"Gabrielino-Fernandeño"}, ["xgg"] = {"Goreng"}, ["xgi"] = {"Garingbal"}, ["xgl"] = {"Galindan"}, ["xgm"] = {"Dharumbal", "Guwinmal"}, ["xgn"] = {"Rungkun basa Mongolia"}, ["xgr"] = {"Garza"}, ["xgu"] = {"Unggumi"}, ["xgw"] = {"Guwa"}, ["xha"] = {"Harami"}, ["xhc"] = {"Hunnic"}, ["xhd"] = {"Hadrami"}, ["xhe"] = {"Khetrani"}, ["xhm"] = {"Middle Khmer (1400 to 1850 CE)"}, ["xhr"] = {"Hernican"}, ["xht"] = {"Hattic"}, ["xhu"] = {"Hurrian"}, ["xhv"] = {"Khua"}, ["xib"] = {"Iberian"}, ["xii"] = {"Xiri"}, ["xil"] = {"Illyrian"}, ["xin"] = {"Xinca"}, ["xir"] = {"Xiriâna"}, ["xis"] = {"Kisan"}, ["xiv"] = {"Indus Valley Language"}, ["xiy"] = {"Xipaya"}, ["xjb"] = {"Minjungbal"}, ["xjt"] = {"Jaitmatang"}, ["xka"] = {"Kalkoti"}, ["xkb"] = {"Northern Nago"}, ["xkc"] = {"Kho'ini"}, ["xkd"] = {"Mendalam Kayan"}, ["xke"] = {"Kereho"}, ["xkf"] = {"Khengkha"}, ["xkg"] = {"Kagoro"}, ["xki"] = {"Basa Isarat Kénya"}, ["xkj"] = {"Kajali"}, ["xkk"] = {"Kachok", "Kaco'"}, ["xkl"] = {"Mainstream Kenyah"}, ["xkn"] = {"Kayan River Kayan"}, ["xko"] = {"Kiorr"}, ["xkp"] = {"Kabatei"}, ["xkq"] = {"Koroni"}, ["xkr"] = {"Xakriabá"}, ["xks"] = {"Kumbewaha"}, ["xkt"] = {"Kantosi"}, ["xku"] = {"Kaamba"}, ["xkv"] = {"Kgalagadi"}, ["xkw"] = {"Kembra"}, ["xkx"] = {"Karore"}, ["xky"] = {"Uma' Lasan"}, ["xkz"] = {"Kurtokha"}, ["xla"] = {"Kamula"}, ["xlb"] = {"Loup B"}, ["xlc"] = {"Lycian"}, ["xld"] = {"Lydian"}, ["xle"] = {"Lemnian"}, ["xlg"] = {"Ligurian (Ancient)"}, ["xli"] = {"Liburnian"}, ["xln"] = {"Alanic"}, ["xlo"] = {"Loup A"}, ["xlp"] = {"Lepontic"}, ["xls"] = {"Lusitanian"}, ["xlu"] = {"Cuneiform Luwian"}, ["xly"] = {"Elymian"}, ["xma"] = {"Mushungulu"}, ["xmb"] = {"Mbonga"}, ["xmc"] = {"Makhuwa-Marrevone"}, ["xmd"] = {"Mbudum"}, ["xme"] = {"Median"}, ["xmf"] = {"Mingrelian"}, ["xmg"] = {"Mengaka"}, ["xmh"] = {"Kugu-Muminh"}, ["xmj"] = {"Majera"}, ["xmk"] = {"Ancient Macedonian"}, ["xml"] = {"Basa Isarat Malaysia"}, ["xmm"] = {"Manado Malay"}, ["xmn"] = {"Manichaean Middle Persian"}, ["xmo"] = {"Morerebi"}, ["xmp"] = {"Kuku-Mu'inh"}, ["xmq"] = {"Kuku-Mangk"}, ["xmr"] = {"Meroitic"}, ["xms"] = {"Basa Isarat Maroko"}, ["xmt"] = {"Matbat"}, ["xmu"] = {"Kamu"}, ["xmv"] = {"Antankarana Malagasy", "Tankarana Malagasy"}, ["xmw"] = {"Tsimihety Malagasy"}, ["xmx"] = {"Salawati", "Maden"}, ["xmy"] = {"Mayaguduna"}, ["xmz"] = {"Mori Bawah"}, ["xna"] = {"Ancient North Arabian"}, ["xnb"] = {"Kanakanabu"}, ["xnd"] = {"Rungkun basa Na-Dene"}, ["xng"] = {"Middle Mongolian"}, ["xnh"] = {"Kuanhua"}, ["xni"] = {"Ngarigu"}, ["xnj"] = {"Ngoni (Tanzania)"}, ["xnk"] = {"Nganakarti"}, ["xnm"] = {"Ngumbarl"}, ["xnn"] = {"Northern Kankanay"}, ["xno"] = {"Anglo-Norman"}, ["xnq"] = {"Ngoni (Mozambique)"}, ["xnr"] = {"Kangri"}, ["xns"] = {"Kanashi"}, ["xnt"] = {"Narragansett"}, ["xnu"] = {"Nukunul"}, ["xny"] = {"Nyiyaparli"}, ["xnz"] = {"Kenzi", "Mattoki"}, ["xoc"] = {"O'chi'chi'"}, ["xod"] = {"Kokoda"}, ["xog"] = {"Soga"}, ["xoi"] = {"Kominimung"}, ["xok"] = {"Xokleng"}, ["xom"] = {"Komo (Sudan)"}, ["xon"] = {"Konkomba"}, ["xoo"] = {"Xukurú"}, ["xop"] = {"Kopar"}, ["xor"] = {"Korubo"}, ["xow"] = {"Kowaki"}, ["xpa"] = {"Pirriya"}, ["xpb"] = {"Northeastern Tasmanian", "Pyemmairrener"}, ["xpc"] = {"Pecheneg"}, ["xpd"] = {"Oyster Bay Tasmanian"}, ["xpe"] = {"Liberia Kpelle"}, ["xpf"] = {"Southeast Tasmanian", "Nuenonne"}, ["xpg"] = {"Phrygian"}, ["xph"] = {"North Midlands Tasmanian", "Tyerrenoterpanner"}, ["xpi"] = {"Pictish"}, ["xpj"] = {"Mpalitjanh"}, ["xpk"] = {"Kulina Pano"}, ["xpl"] = {"Port Sorell Tasmanian"}, ["xpm"] = {"Pumpokol"}, ["xpn"] = {"Kapinawá"}, ["xpo"] = {"Pochutec"}, ["xpp"] = {"Puyo-Paekche"}, ["xpq"] = {"Mohegan-Pequot"}, ["xpr"] = {"Parthian"}, ["xps"] = {"Pisidian"}, ["xpt"] = {"Punthamara"}, ["xpu"] = {"Punic"}, ["xpv"] = {"Northern Tasmanian", "Tommeginne"}, ["xpw"] = {"Northwestern Tasmanian", "Peerapper"}, ["xpx"] = {"Southwestern Tasmanian", "Toogee"}, ["xpy"] = {"Puyo"}, ["xpz"] = {"Bruny Island Tasmanian"}, ["xqa"] = {"Karakhanid"}, ["xqt"] = {"Qatabanian"}, ["xra"] = {"Krahô"}, ["xrb"] = {"Eastern Karaboro"}, ["xrd"] = {"Gundungurra"}, ["xre"] = {"Kreye"}, ["xrg"] = {"Minang"}, ["xri"] = {"Krikati-Timbira"}, ["xrm"] = {"Armazic"}, ["xrn"] = {"Arin"}, ["xrr"] = {"Raetic"}, ["xrt"] = {"Aranama-Tamique"}, ["xru"] = {"Marriammu"}, ["xrw"] = {"Karawa"}, ["xsa"] = {"Sabaean"}, ["xsb"] = {"Sambal"}, ["xsc"] = {"Scythian"}, ["xsd"] = {"Sidetic"}, ["xse"] = {"Sempan"}, ["xsh"] = {"Shamang"}, ["xsi"] = {"Sio"}, ["xsj"] = {"Subi"}, ["xsl"] = {"South Slavey"}, ["xsm"] = {"Kasem"}, ["xsn"] = {"Sanga (Nigéria)"}, ["xso"] = {"Solano"}, ["xsp"] = {"Silopi"}, ["xsq"] = {"Makhuwa-Saka"}, ["xsr"] = {"Sherpa"}, ["xsu"] = {"Sanumá"}, ["xsv"] = {"Sudovian"}, ["xsy"] = {"Saisiyat"}, ["xta"] = {"Alcozauca Mixtec"}, ["xtb"] = {"Chazumba Mixtec"}, ["xtc"] = {"Katcha-Kadugli-Miri"}, ["xtd"] = {"Diuxi-Tilantongo Mixtec"}, ["xte"] = {"Ketengban"}, ["xtg"] = {"Transalpine Gaulish"}, ["xth"] = {"Yitha Yitha"}, ["xti"] = {"Sinicahua Mixtec"}, ["xtj"] = {"San Juan Teita Mixtec"}, ["xtl"] = {"Tijaltepec Mixtec"}, ["xtm"] = {"Magdalena Peñasco Mixtec"}, ["xtn"] = {"Northern Tlaxiaco Mixtec"}, ["xto"] = {"Tokharian A"}, ["xtp"] = {"San Miguel Piedras Mixtec"}, ["xtq"] = {"Tumshuqese"}, ["xtr"] = {"Early Tripuri"}, ["xts"] = {"Sindihui Mixtec"}, ["xtt"] = {"Tacahua Mixtec"}, ["xtu"] = {"Cuyamecalco Mixtec"}, ["xtv"] = {"Thawa"}, ["xtw"] = {"Tawandê"}, ["xty"] = {"Yoloxochitl Mixtec"}, ["xua"] = {"Alu Kurumba"}, ["xub"] = {"Betta Kurumba"}, ["xud"] = {"Umiida"}, ["xug"] = {"Kunigami"}, ["xuj"] = {"Jennu Kurumba"}, ["xul"] = {"Ngunawal", "Nunukul"}, ["xum"] = {"Umbrian"}, ["xun"] = {"Unggaranggu"}, ["xuo"] = {"Kuo"}, ["xup"] = {"Upper Umpqua"}, ["xur"] = {"Urartian"}, ["xut"] = {"Kuthant"}, ["xuu"] = {"Kxoe", "Khwedam"}, ["xve"] = {"Venetic"}, ["xvi"] = {"Kamviri"}, ["xvn"] = {"Vandalic"}, ["xvo"] = {"Volscian"}, ["xvs"] = {"Vestinian"}, ["xwa"] = {"Kwaza"}, ["xwc"] = {"Woccon"}, ["xwd"] = {"Wadi Wadi"}, ["xwe"] = {"Xwela Gbe"}, ["xwg"] = {"Kwegu"}, ["xwj"] = {"Wajuk"}, ["xwk"] = {"Wangkumara"}, ["xwl"] = {"Western Xwla Gbe"}, ["xwo"] = {"Written Oirat"}, ["xwr"] = {"Kwerba Mamberamo"}, ["xwt"] = {"Wotjobaluk"}, ["xww"] = {"Wemba Wemba"}, ["xxb"] = {"Boro (Ghana)"}, ["xxk"] = {"Ke'o"}, ["xxm"] = {"Minkin"}, ["xxr"] = {"Koropó"}, ["xxt"] = {"Tambora"}, ["xya"] = {"Yaygir"}, ["xyb"] = {"Yandjibara"}, ["xyj"] = {"Mayi-Yapi"}, ["xyk"] = {"Mayi-Kulan"}, ["xyl"] = {"Yalakalore"}, ["xyt"] = {"Mayi-Thakurti"}, ["xyy"] = {"Yorta Yorta"}, ["xzh"] = {"Zhang-Zhung"}, ["xzm"] = {"Zemgalian"}, ["xzp"] = {"Ancient Zapotec"}, ["yaa"] = {"Yaminahua"}, ["yab"] = {"Yuhup"}, ["yac"] = {"Pass Valley Yali"}, ["yad"] = {"Yagua"}, ["yae"] = {"Pumé"}, ["yaf"] = {"Yaka (Républik Démokratik Kongo)"}, ["yag"] = {"Yámana"}, ["yah"] = {"Yazgulyam"}, ["yai"] = {"Yagnobi"}, ["yaj"] = {"Banda-Yangere"}, ["yak"] = {"Yakama"}, ["yal"] = {"Yalunka"}, ["yam"] = {"Yamba"}, ["yan"] = {"Mayangna"}, ["yao"] = {"Yao"}, ["yap"] = {"Yapese"}, ["yaq"] = {"Yaqui"}, ["yar"] = {"Yabarana"}, ["yas"] = {"Nugunu (Kamerun)"}, ["yat"] = {"Yambeta"}, ["yau"] = {"Yuwana"}, ["yav"] = {"Yangben"}, ["yaw"] = {"Yawalapití"}, ["yax"] = {"Yauma"}, ["yay"] = {"Agwagwune"}, ["yaz"] = {"Lokaa"}, ["yba"] = {"Yala"}, ["ybb"] = {"Yemba"}, ["ybe"] = {"West Yugur"}, ["ybh"] = {"Yakha"}, ["ybi"] = {"Yamphu"}, ["ybj"] = {"Hasha"}, ["ybk"] = {"Bokha"}, ["ybl"] = {"Yukuben"}, ["ybm"] = {"Yaben"}, ["ybn"] = {"Yabaâna"}, ["ybo"] = {"Yabong"}, ["ybx"] = {"Yawiyo"}, ["yby"] = {"Yaweyuha"}, ["ych"] = {"Chesu"}, ["ycl"] = {"Lolopo"}, ["ycn"] = {"Yucuna"}, ["ycp"] = {"Chepya"}, ["ycr"] = {"Yilan Creole"}, ["yda"] = {"Yanda"}, ["ydd"] = {"Eastern Yiddish"}, ["yde"] = {"Yangum Dey"}, ["ydg"] = {"Yidgha"}, ["ydk"] = {"Yoidik"}, ["yea"] = {"Ravula"}, ["yec"] = {"Yeniche"}, ["yee"] = {"Yimas"}, ["yei"] = {"Yeni"}, ["yej"] = {"Yevanic"}, ["yel"] = {"Yela"}, ["yer"] = {"Tarok"}, ["yes"] = {"Nyankpa"}, ["yet"] = {"Yetfa"}, ["yeu"] = {"Yerukula"}, ["yev"] = {"Yapunda"}, ["yey"] = {"Yeyi"}, ["yga"] = {"Malyangapa"}, ["ygi"] = {"Yiningayi"}, ["ygl"] = {"Yangum Gel"}, ["ygm"] = {"Yagomi"}, ["ygp"] = {"Gepo"}, ["ygr"] = {"Yagaria"}, ["ygs"] = {"Basa Isarat Yolŋu"}, ["ygu"] = {"Yugul"}, ["ygw"] = {"Yagwoia"}, ["yha"] = {"Baha Buyang"}, ["yhd"] = {"Arab Yahudi Irak"}, ["yhl"] = {"Hlepho Phowa"}, ["yhs"] = {"Basa Isarat Yan-nhaŋu"}, ["yia"] = {"Yinggarda"}, ["yif"] = {"Ache"}, ["yig"] = {"Wusa Nasu"}, ["yih"] = {"Western Yiddish"}, ["yii"] = {"Yidiny"}, ["yij"] = {"Yindjibarndi"}, ["yik"] = {"Dongshanba Lalo"}, ["yil"] = {"Yindjilandji"}, ["yim"] = {"Yimchungru Naga"}, ["yin"] = {"Riang Lai", "Yinchia"}, ["yip"] = {"Pholo"}, ["yiq"] = {"Miqie"}, ["yir"] = {"North Awyu"}, ["yis"] = {"Yis"}, ["yit"] = {"Eastern Lalu"}, ["yiu"] = {"Awu"}, ["yiv"] = {"Northern Nisu"}, ["yix"] = {"Axi Yi"}, ["yiz"] = {"Azhe"}, ["yka"] = {"Yakan"}, ["ykg"] = {"Northern Yukaghir"}, ["ykh"] = {"Khamnigan Mongol"}, ["yki"] = {"Yoke"}, ["ykk"] = {"Yakaikeke"}, ["ykl"] = {"Khlula"}, ["ykm"] = {"Kap"}, ["ykn"] = {"Kua-nsi"}, ["yko"] = {"Iyasa", "Yasa"}, ["ykr"] = {"Yekora"}, ["ykt"] = {"Kathu"}, ["yku"] = {"Kuamasi"}, ["yky"] = {"Yakoma"}, ["yla"] = {"Yaul"}, ["ylb"] = {"Yaleba"}, ["yle"] = {"Yele"}, ["ylg"] = {"Yelogu"}, ["yli"] = {"Angguruk Yali"}, ["yll"] = {"Yil"}, ["ylm"] = {"Limi"}, ["yln"] = {"Langnian Buyang"}, ["ylo"] = {"Naluo Yi"}, ["ylr"] = {"Yalarnnga"}, ["ylu"] = {"Aribwaung"}, ["yly"] = {"Nyâlayu", "Nyelâyu"}, ["ymb"] = {"Yambes"}, ["ymc"] = {"Southern Muji"}, ["ymd"] = {"Muda"}, ["yme"] = {"Yameo"}, ["ymg"] = {"Yamongeri"}, ["ymh"] = {"Mili"}, ["ymi"] = {"Moji"}, ["ymk"] = {"Makwe"}, ["yml"] = {"Iamalele"}, ["ymm"] = {"Maay"}, ["ymn"] = {"Yamna", "Sunum"}, ["ymo"] = {"Yangum Mon"}, ["ymp"] = {"Yamap"}, ["ymq"] = {"Qila Muji"}, ["ymr"] = {"Malasar"}, ["yms"] = {"Mysian"}, ["ymx"] = {"Northern Muji"}, ["ymz"] = {"Muzi"}, ["yna"] = {"Aluo"}, ["ynb"] = {"Yamben"}, ["ynd"] = {"Yandruwandha"}, ["yne"] = {"Lang'e"}, ["yng"] = {"Yango"}, ["ynk"] = {"Naukan Yupik"}, ["ynl"] = {"Yangulam"}, ["ynn"] = {"Yana"}, ["yno"] = {"Yong"}, ["ynq"] = {"Yendang"}, ["yns"] = {"Yansi"}, ["ynu"] = {"Yahuna"}, ["yob"] = {"Yoba"}, ["yog"] = {"Yogad"}, ["yoi"] = {"Yonaguni"}, ["yok"] = {"Yokuts"}, ["yom"] = {"Yombe"}, ["yon"] = {"Yongkom"}, ["yot"] = {"Yotti"}, ["yox"] = {"Yoron"}, ["yoy"] = {"Yoy"}, ["ypa"] = {"Phala"}, ["ypb"] = {"Labo Phowa"}, ["ypg"] = {"Phola"}, ["yph"] = {"Phupha"}, ["ypk"] = {"Rungkun basa Yupik"}, ["ypm"] = {"Phuma"}, ["ypn"] = {"Ani Phowa"}, ["ypo"] = {"Alo Phola"}, ["ypp"] = {"Phupa"}, ["ypz"] = {"Phuza"}, ["yra"] = {"Yerakai"}, ["yrb"] = {"Yareba"}, ["yre"] = {"Yaouré"}, ["yrk"] = {"Nenets"}, ["yrl"] = {"Nhengatu"}, ["yrm"] = {"Yirrk-Mel"}, ["yrn"] = {"Yerong"}, ["yro"] = {"Yaroamë"}, ["yrs"] = {"Yarsun"}, ["yrw"] = {"Yarawata"}, ["yry"] = {"Yarluyandi"}, ["ysc"] = {"Yassic"}, ["ysd"] = {"Samatao"}, ["ysg"] = {"Sonaga"}, ["ysl"] = {"Basa Isarat Yugoslavia"}, ["ysm"] = {"Basa Isarat Myanmar"}, ["ysn"] = {"Sani"}, ["yso"] = {"Nisi (China)"}, ["ysp"] = {"Southern Lolopo"}, ["ysr"] = {"Sirenik Yupik"}, ["yss"] = {"Yessan-Mayo"}, ["ysy"] = {"Sanie"}, ["yta"] = {"Talu"}, ["ytl"] = {"Tanglang"}, ["ytp"] = {"Thopho"}, ["ytw"] = {"Yout Wam"}, ["yty"] = {"Yatay"}, ["yua"] = {"Yucateco", "Yucatec Maya"}, ["yub"] = {"Yugambal"}, ["yuc"] = {"Yuchi"}, ["yud"] = {"Arab Yahudi Tripoli"}, ["yue"] = {"Yue Chinese", "Cantonese"}, ["yuf"] = {"Havasupai-Walapai-Yavapai"}, ["yug"] = {"Yug"}, ["yui"] = {"Yurutí"}, ["yuj"] = {"Karkar-Yuri"}, ["yuk"] = {"Yuki"}, ["yul"] = {"Yulu"}, ["yum"] = {"Quechan"}, ["yun"] = {"Bena (Nigéria)"}, ["yup"] = {"Yukpa"}, ["yuq"] = {"Yuqui"}, ["yur"] = {"Yurok"}, ["yut"] = {"Yopno"}, ["yuw"] = {"Yau (Morobe Province)"}, ["yux"] = {"Southern Yukaghir"}, ["yuy"] = {"East Yugur"}, ["yuz"] = {"Yuracare"}, ["yva"] = {"Yawa"}, ["yvt"] = {"Yavitero"}, ["ywa"] = {"Kalou"}, ["ywg"] = {"Yinhawangka"}, ["ywl"] = {"Western Lalu"}, ["ywn"] = {"Yawanawa"}, ["ywq"] = {"Wuding-Luquan Yi"}, ["ywr"] = {"Yawuru"}, ["ywt"] = {"Xishanba Lalo", "Central Lalo"}, ["ywu"] = {"Wumeng Nasu"}, ["yww"] = {"Yawarawarga"}, ["yxa"] = {"Mayawali"}, ["yxg"] = {"Yagara"}, ["yxl"] = {"Yardliyawarra"}, ["yxm"] = {"Yinwum"}, ["yxu"] = {"Yuyu"}, ["yxy"] = {"Yabula Yabula"}, ["yyr"] = {"Yir Yoront"}, ["yyu"] = {"Yau (Sandaun Province)"}, ["yyz"] = {"Ayizi"}, ["yzg"] = {"E'ma Buyang"}, ["yzk"] = {"Zokhuo"}, ["zaa"] = {"Sierra de Juárez Zapotec"}, ["zab"] = {"Western Tlacolula Valley Zapotec", "San Juan Guelavía Zapotec"}, ["zac"] = {"Ocotlán Zapotec"}, ["zad"] = {"Cajonos Zapotec"}, ["zae"] = {"Yareni Zapotec"}, ["zaf"] = {"Ayoquesco Zapotec"}, ["zag"] = {"Zaghawa"}, ["zah"] = {"Zangwal"}, ["zai"] = {"Isthmus Zapotec"}, ["zaj"] = {"Zaramo"}, ["zak"] = {"Zanaki"}, ["zal"] = {"Zauzou"}, ["zam"] = {"Miahuatlán Zapotec"}, ["zao"] = {"Ozolotepec Zapotec"}, ["zap"] = {"Zapotec"}, ["zaq"] = {"Aloápam Zapotec"}, ["zar"] = {"Rincón Zapotec"}, ["zas"] = {"Santo Domingo Albarradas Zapotec"}, ["zat"] = {"Tabaa Zapotec"}, ["zau"] = {"Zangskari"}, ["zav"] = {"Yatzachi Zapotec"}, ["zaw"] = {"Mitla Zapotec"}, ["zax"] = {"Xadani Zapotec"}, ["zay"] = {"Zayse-Zergulla", "Zaysete"}, ["zaz"] = {"Zari"}, ["zba"] = {"Balaibalan"}, ["zbc"] = {"Central Berawan"}, ["zbe"] = {"East Berawan"}, ["zbl"] = {"Blissymbols", "Bliss", "Blissymbolics"}, ["zbt"] = {"Batui"}, ["zbu"] = {"Bu (Bauchi State)"}, ["zbw"] = {"West Berawan"}, ["zca"] = {"Coatecas Altas Zapotec"}, ["zcd"] = {"Las Delicias Zapotec"}, ["zch"] = {"Central Hongshuihe Zhuang"}, ["zdj"] = {"Ngazidja Comorian"}, ["zea"] = {"Zeeuws"}, ["zeg"] = {"Zenag"}, ["zeh"] = {"Eastern Hongshuihe Zhuang"}, ["zem"] = {"Zeem"}, ["zen"] = {"Zenaga"}, ["zga"] = {"Kinga"}, ["zgb"] = {"Guibei Zhuang"}, ["zgh"] = {"Standard Moroccan Tamazight"}, ["zgm"] = {"Minz Zhuang"}, ["zgn"] = {"Guibian Zhuang"}, ["zgr"] = {"Magori"}, ["zhb"] = {"Zhaba"}, ["zhd"] = {"Dai Zhuang"}, ["zhi"] = {"Zhire"}, ["zhk"] = {"Basa Isarat Kurdi"}, ["zhn"] = {"Nong Zhuang"}, ["zhw"] = {"Zhoa"}, ["zhx"] = {"Tionghoa (kulawarga)"}, ["zia"] = {"Zia"}, ["zib"] = {"Basa Isarat Zimbabwé"}, ["zik"] = {"Zimakani"}, ["zil"] = {"Zialo"}, ["zim"] = {"Mesme"}, ["zin"] = {"Zinza"}, ["ziw"] = {"Zigula"}, ["ziz"] = {"Zizilivakan"}, ["zka"] = {"Kaimbulawa"}, ["zkd"] = {"Kadu"}, ["zkg"] = {"Koguryo"}, ["zkh"] = {"Khorezmian"}, ["zkk"] = {"Karankawa"}, ["zkn"] = {"Kanan"}, ["zko"] = {"Kott"}, ["zkp"] = {"São Paulo Kaingáng"}, ["zkr"] = {"Zakhring"}, ["zkt"] = {"Kitan"}, ["zku"] = {"Kaurna"}, ["zkv"] = {"Krevinian"}, ["zkz"] = {"Khazar"}, ["zla"] = {"Zula"}, ["zle"] = {"Rungkun basa Slavia Wétan"}, ["zlj"] = {"Liujiang Zhuang"}, ["zlm"] = {"Malay (individual language)"}, ["zln"] = {"Lianshan Zhuang"}, ["zlq"] = {"Liuqian Zhuang"}, ["zls"] = {"Rungkun basa Slavia Kidul"}, ["zlu"] = {"Zul"}, ["zlw"] = {"Rungkun basa Slavia Kulon"}, ["zma"] = {"Manda (Australia)"}, ["zmb"] = {"Zimba"}, ["zmc"] = {"Margany"}, ["zmd"] = {"Maridan"}, ["zme"] = {"Mangerr"}, ["zmf"] = {"Mfinu"}, ["zmg"] = {"Marti Ke"}, ["zmh"] = {"Makolkol"}, ["zmi"] = {"Negeri Sembilan Malay"}, ["zmj"] = {"Maridjabin"}, ["zmk"] = {"Mandandanyi"}, ["zml"] = {"Matngala"}, ["zmm"] = {"Marimanindji", "Marramaninyshi"}, ["zmn"] = {"Mbangwe"}, ["zmo"] = {"Molo"}, ["zmp"] = {"Mbuun"}, ["zmq"] = {"Mituku"}, ["zmr"] = {"Maranunggu"}, ["zms"] = {"Mbesa"}, ["zmt"] = {"Maringarr"}, ["zmu"] = {"Muruwari"}, ["zmv"] = {"Mbariman-Gudhinma"}, ["zmw"] = {"Mbo (Républik Démokratik Kongo)"}, ["zmx"] = {"Bomitaba"}, ["zmy"] = {"Mariyedi"}, ["zmz"] = {"Mbandja"}, ["zna"] = {"Zan Gula"}, ["znd"] = {"Rungkun basa Zande"}, ["zne"] = {"Zande (basa individu)"}, ["zng"] = {"Mang"}, ["znk"] = {"Manangkari"}, ["zns"] = {"Mangas"}, ["zoc"] = {"Copainalá Zoque"}, ["zoh"] = {"Chimalapa Zoque"}, ["zom"] = {"Zou"}, ["zoo"] = {"Asunción Mixtepec Zapotec"}, ["zoq"] = {"Tabasco Zoque"}, ["zor"] = {"Rayón Zoque"}, ["zos"] = {"Francisco León Zoque"}, ["zpa"] = {"Lachiguiri Zapotec"}, ["zpb"] = {"Yautepec Zapotec"}, ["zpc"] = {"Choapan Zapotec"}, ["zpd"] = {"Southeastern Ixtlán Zapotec"}, ["zpe"] = {"Petapa Zapotec"}, ["zpf"] = {"San Pedro Quiatoni Zapotec"}, ["zpg"] = {"Guevea De Humboldt Zapotec"}, ["zph"] = {"Totomachapan Zapotec"}, ["zpi"] = {"Santa María Quiegolani Zapotec"}, ["zpj"] = {"Quiavicuzas Zapotec"}, ["zpk"] = {"Tlacolulita Zapotec"}, ["zpl"] = {"Lachixío Zapotec"}, ["zpm"] = {"Mixtepec Zapotec"}, ["zpn"] = {"Santa Inés Yatzechi Zapotec"}, ["zpo"] = {"Amatlán Zapotec"}, ["zpp"] = {"El Alto Zapotec"}, ["zpq"] = {"Zoogocho Zapotec"}, ["zpr"] = {"Santiago Xanica Zapotec"}, ["zps"] = {"Coatlán Zapotec"}, ["zpt"] = {"San Vicente Coatlán Zapotec"}, ["zpu"] = {"Yalálag Zapotec"}, ["zpv"] = {"Chichicapan Zapotec"}, ["zpw"] = {"Zaniza Zapotec"}, ["zpx"] = {"San Baltazar Loxicha Zapotec"}, ["zpy"] = {"Mazaltepec Zapotec"}, ["zpz"] = {"Texmelucan Zapotec"}, ["zqe"] = {"Qiubei Zhuang"}, ["zra"] = {"Kara (Korea)"}, ["zrg"] = {"Mirgan"}, ["zrn"] = {"Zerenkel"}, ["zro"] = {"Záparo"}, ["zrp"] = {"Zarphatic"}, ["zrs"] = {"Mairasi"}, ["zsa"] = {"Sarasira"}, ["zsk"] = {"Kaskean"}, ["zsl"] = {"Basa Isarat Zambia"}, ["zsm"] = {"Standard Malay"}, ["zsr"] = {"Southern Rincon Zapotec"}, ["zsu"] = {"Sukurum"}, ["zte"] = {"Elotepec Zapotec"}, ["ztg"] = {"Xanaguía Zapotec"}, ["ztl"] = {"Lapaguía-Guivini Zapotec"}, ["ztm"] = {"San Agustín Mixtepec Zapotec"}, ["ztn"] = {"Santa Catarina Albarradas Zapotec"}, ["ztp"] = {"Loxicha Zapotec"}, ["ztq"] = {"Quioquitani-Quierí Zapotec"}, ["zts"] = {"Tilquiapan Zapotec"}, ["ztt"] = {"Tejalapan Zapotec"}, ["ztu"] = {"Güilá Zapotec"}, ["ztx"] = {"Zaachila Zapotec"}, ["zty"] = {"Yatee Zapotec"}, ["zuh"] = {"Tokano"}, ["zum"] = {"Kumzari"}, ["zun"] = {"Zuni"}, ["zuy"] = {"Zumaya"}, ["zwa"] = {"Zay"}, ["zxx"] = {"No linguistic content", "Not applicable"}, ["zyb"] = {"Yongbei Zhuang"}, ["zyg"] = {"Yang Zhuang"}, ["zyj"] = {"Youjiang Zhuang"}, ["zyn"] = {"Yongnan Zhuang"}, ["zyp"] = {"Zyphe Chin"}, ["zza"] = {"Zaza", "Dimili", "Dimli (macrolanguage)", "Kirdki", "Kirmanjki (macrolanguage)", "Zazaki"}, ["zzj"] = {"Zuojiang Zhuang"} } local deprecated = { ["bh"] = {"Rungkun basa Bihari"}, ["in"] = {"Indonésia"}, ["iw"] = {"Ibrani"}, ["ji"] = {"Yiddi"}, ["jw"] = {"Jawa"}, ["mo"] = {"Moldavia", "Moldova"}, ["aam"] = {"Aram"}, ["adp"] = {"Adap"}, ["agp"] = {"Paranan"}, ["ais"] = {"Nataoran Amis"}, ["ajp"] = {"Arab Levant Kidul"}, ["ajt"] = {"Aran Yahudi Tunisia"}, ["aoh"] = {"Arma"}, ["asd"] = {"Asas"}, ["aue"] = {"ǂKxʼauǁʼein"}, ["ayx"] = {"Ayi (China)"}, ["ayy"] = {"Tayabas Ayta"}, ["baz"] = {"Tunen"}, ["bbz"] = {"Arab Kreol Babalia"}, ["bgm"] = {"Baga Mboteni"}, ["bhk"] = {"Albay Bicolano"}, ["bic"] = {"Bikaru"}, ["bij"] = {"Vaghat-Ya-Bijim-Legeri"}, ["bjd"] = {"Bandjigali"}, ["bjq"] = {"Southern Betsimisaraka Malagasy"}, ["bkb"] = {"Finallig"}, ["blg"] = {"Balau"}, ["bmy"] = {"Bemba (Républik Démokratik Kongo)"}, ["bpb"] = {"Barbacoas"}, ["btb"] = {"Beti (Kamerun)"}, ["btl"] = {"Bhatola"}, ["bxx"] = {"Borna (Républik Démokratik Kongo)"}, ["byy"] = {"Buya"}, ["cbe"] = {"Chipiajes"}, ["cbh"] = {"Cagua"}, ["cca"] = {"Cauca"}, ["ccq"] = {"Chaungtha"}, ["cdg"] = {"Chamari"}, ["cjr"] = {"Chorotega"}, ["cka"] = {"Khumi Awa Chin"}, ["cmk"] = {"Chimakum"}, ["coy"] = {"Coyaima"}, ["cqu"] = {"Chilean Quechua"}, ["cug"] = {"Chungmboko", "Cung"}, ["cum"] = {"Cumeral"}, ["daf"] = {"Dan"}, ["dap"] = {"Nisi (India)"}, ["dek"] = {"Dek"}, ["dgu"] = {"Degaru"}, ["dha"] = {"Dhanwar (India)"}, ["dit"] = {"Dirari"}, ["djl"] = {"Djiwarli"}, ["dkl"] = {"Kolum So Dogon"}, ["drh"] = {"Darkhat"}, ["drr"] = {"Dororo"}, ["drw"] = {"Darwazi"}, ["dud"] = {"Hun-Saare"}, ["duj"] = {"Dhuwal"}, ["dwl"] = {"Walo Kumbe Dogon"}, ["ekc"] = {"Eastern Karnic"}, ["elp"] = {"Elpaputih"}, ["emo"] = {"Emok"}, ["gav"] = {"Gabutamon"}, ["gbc"] = {"Garawa"}, ["gfx"] = {"Mangetti Dune ǃXung"}, ["ggn"] = {"Eastern Gurung"}, ["ggo"] = {"Southern Gondi"}, ["ggr"] = {"Aghu Tharnggalu"}, ["gio"] = {"Gelao"}, ["gji"] = {"Geji"}, ["gli"] = {"Guliguli"}, ["gti"] = {"Gbati-ri"}, ["guv"] = {"Gey"}, ["hrr"] = {"Horuru"}, ["iap"] = {"Iapama"}, ["ibi"] = {"Ibilo"}, ["ill"] = {"Iranun"}, ["ilw"] = {"Talur"}, ["ime"] = {"Imeraguen"}, ["izi"] = {"Izi-Ezaa-Ikwo-Mgbo"}, ["jar"] = {"Jarawa (Nigéria)"}, ["jeg"] = {"Jeng"}, ["kbf"] = {"Kakauhua"}, ["kdv"] = {"Kado"}, ["kgc"] = {"Kasseng"}, ["kgd"] = {"Kataang"}, ["kgh"] = {"Upper Tanudan Kalinga"}, ["kgm"] = {"Karipúna"}, ["kjf"] = {"Khalaj [Indo-Iranian]"}, ["koj"] = {"Sara Dunjo"}, ["kox"] = {"Coxima"}, ["kpp"] = {"Paku Karen"}, ["krm"] = {"Krim"}, ["ksa"] = {"Shuwa-Zamani"}, ["ktr"] = {"Kota Marudu Tinagas"}, ["kvs"] = {"Kunggara"}, ["kwq"] = {"Kwak"}, ["kxe"] = {"Kakihum"}, ["kxl"] = {"Nepali Kurux"}, ["kxu"] = {"Kui (India)"}, ["kzh"] = {"Kenuzi-Dongola"}, ["kzj"] = {"Coastal Kadazan"}, ["kzt"] = {"Tambunan Dusun"}, ["lak"] = {"Laka (Nigéria)"}, ["lba"] = {"Lui"}, ["leg"] = {"Lengua"}, ["lii"] = {"Lingkhim"}, ["llo"] = {"Khlor"}, ["lmm"] = {"Lamam"}, ["lmz"] = {"Lumbee"}, ["lno"] = {"Lango (Sudan Kidul)"}, ["lsg"] = {"Basa Isarat Lyons"}, ["meg"] = {"Mea"}, ["mgx"] = {"Omati"}, ["mhh"] = {"Maskoy Pidgin"}, ["mja"] = {"Mahei"}, ["mld"] = {"Malakhel"}, ["mnt"] = {"Maykulan"}, ["mof"] = {"Mohegan-Montauk-Narragansett"}, ["mst"] = {"Cataelano Mandaya"}, ["mvm"] = {"Muya"}, ["mwd"] = {"Mudbura"}, ["mwj"] = {"Maligo"}, ["mwx"] = {"Mediak"}, ["mwy"] = {"Mosiro"}, ["myd"] = {"Maramba"}, ["myi"] = {"Mina (India)"}, ["myq"] = {"Forest Maninka"}, ["myt"] = {"Sangab Mandaya"}, ["nad"] = {"Nijadali"}, ["nbf"] = {"Naxi"}, ["nbx"] = {"Ngura"}, ["ncp"] = {"Ndaktup"}, ["ngo"] = {"Ngoni"}, ["nln"] = {"Durango Nahuatl"}, ["nlr"] = {"Ngarla"}, ["nns"] = {"Ningye"}, ["nnx"] = {"Ngong"}, ["nom"] = {"Nocamán"}, ["noo"] = {"Nootka"}, ["nte"] = {"Nathembo"}, ["nts"] = {"Natagaimas"}, ["nxu"] = {"Narau"}, ["ome"] = {"Omejes"}, ["oun"] = {"ǃOǃung"}, ["pat"] = {"Papitalai"}, ["pbz"] = {"Palu"}, ["pcr"] = {"Panang"}, ["pgy"] = {"Pongyong"}, ["pii"] = {"Pini"}, ["plj"] = {"Polci"}, ["plp"] = {"Palpa"}, ["pmc"] = {"Palumata"}, ["pmk"] = {"Pamlico"}, ["pmu"] = {"Mirpur Panjabi"}, ["pod"] = {"Ponares"}, ["ppa"] = {"Pao"}, ["ppr"] = {"Piru"}, ["prb"] = {"Lua'"}, ["prp"] = {"Parsi"}, ["pry"] = {"Pray 3"}, ["puk"] = {"Pu Ko"}, ["puz"] = {"Purum Naga"}, ["rie"] = {"Rien"}, ["rmr"] = {"Caló"}, ["rna"] = {"Runa"}, ["rsi"] = {"Basa Isarat Rennell"}, ["sap"] = {"Sanapaná"}, ["sca"] = {"Sansu"}, ["sdm"] = {"Semandang"}, ["sgl"] = {"Sanglechi-Ishkashimi"}, ["sgo"] = {"Songa"}, ["skk"] = {"Sok"}, ["slq"] = {"Salchuq"}, ["smd"] = {"Sama"}, ["snb"] = {"Sebuyau"}, ["snh"] = {"Shinabo"}, ["sul"] = {"Surigaonon"}, ["sum"] = {"Sumo-Mayangna"}, ["svr"] = {"Savara"}, ["szd"] = {"Seru"}, ["tbb"] = {"Tapeba"}, ["tdu"] = {"Tempasuk Dusun"}, ["tgg"] = {"Tangga"}, ["thc"] = {"Tai Hang Tong"}, ["thw"] = {"Thudam"}, ["thx"] = {"The"}, ["tid"] = {"Tidong"}, ["tie"] = {"Tingal"}, ["tkk"] = {"Takpa"}, ["tlw"] = {"South Wemale"}, ["tmk"] = {"Northwestern Tamang"}, ["tmp"] = {"Tai Mène"}, ["tne"] = {"Tinoc Kallahan"}, ["tnf"] = {"Tangshewi"}, ["toe"] = {"Tomedes"}, ["tpw"] = {"Tupí"}, ["tsf"] = {"Southwestern Tamang"}, ["unp"] = {"Worora"}, ["uok"] = {"Uokha"}, ["uun"] = {"Kulon-Pazeh"}, ["vki"] = {"Ija-Zuba"}, ["wgw"] = {"Wagawaga"}, ["wit"] = {"Wintu"}, ["wiw"] = {"Wirangu"}, ["wra"] = {"Warapu"}, ["wrd"] = {"Warduji"}, ["wya"] = {"Wyandot"}, ["xba"] = {"Kamba (Brasil)"}, ["xbx"] = {"Kabixí"}, ["xia"] = {"Xiandao"}, ["xip"] = {"Xipináwa"}, ["xkh"] = {"Karahawyana"}, ["xrq"] = {"Karranga"}, ["xss"] = {"Assan"}, ["xtz"] = {"Tasmania"}, ["ybd"] = {"Yangbye"}, ["yds"] = {"Basa Isarat Yiddi"}, ["yen"] = {"Yendang"}, ["yiy"] = {"Yir Yoront"}, ["yma"] = {"Yamphe"}, ["ymt"] = {"Mator-Taygi-Karagas"}, ["ynh"] = {"Yangho"}, ["yol"] = {"Yola"}, ["yos"] = {"Yos"}, ["yri"] = {"Yarí"}, ["yuu"] = {"Yugh"}, ["zir"] = {"Ziriya"}, ["zkb"] = {"Koibal"}, ["zua"] = {"Zeem"} } return { active = active, deprecated = deprecated, } 0c8z1cebcfdtu0b67caw7qzlhy3kcmb 0 98795 730737 728909 2026-10-24T06:44:15Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 730737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{speciesbox | name = Iguana héjo | image = Iguana iguana Portoviejo 01.jpg | image_caption = déwasa, [[Ékuador]] | image2 = Green iguana (Iguana iguana) juvenile.jpg | image2_caption = rumaja, [[Grand Cayman]] | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite journal | authors = Bock, B., Malone, CL, Knapp, C., Aparicio, J., Avila-Pires, T.C.S., Cacciali, P., Caicedo, J.R., Chaves, G., Cisneros-Heredia, D.F., Gutiérrez-Cárdenas, P., Lamar, W., Moravec, J., Perez, P., Porras, L.W., Rivas, G., Scott, N., Solórzano, A. & Sunyer, J. | title = ''Iguana iguana'' | journal = [[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume= | page = e.T174481A1414646 | publisher = [[IUCN]] | year = 2018| doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T174481A1414646.en }}</ref> | genus = Iguana | species = iguana | authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]) | synonyms = * ''Lacerta iguana'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]</small> * ''Hypsilophus tuberculatus'' <small>Wagler 1830</small> * ''Iguana hernandessi'' <small>Jan 1857</small> * ''Iguana iguana rhinolopha'' <small>Wiegman, 1834</small> * ''Hypsilophus rhinolophus'' <small>Fitzinger, 1843</small> * ''Iguana rhinolopha'' <small>Dumeril & Bibron, 1837</small> * ''Iguana rhinolophus'' <small>Günther, 1885</small> | range_map = Iguana iguana distribution map.png }} '''Iguana héjo''' nyaéta sato anu ngaran latinna ''Iguana iguana'', nu kaasup ti kulawarga ''[[Iguanidae]].''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/174481/1414646|title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|last=|first=|website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|publisher=|accessdate=2020-01-10}}</ref> Ieu iguana mangrupa pituin ti wewengkon [[Amérika Tengah]] jeung [[Amérika Kidul|Kidul]], bisa kapanggin ti Sinaloa jeung Veracruz, [[Méksiko]], di kidulna nepi ka ''Tropic of Capricorn'' di [[Paraguay]] jeung [[Brasil]] kidul wétan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.floridagardener.com/critters/iguanas.htm|title=The common green iguana (Iguana iguana)|website=www.floridagardener.com|accessdate=2020-01-10}}</ref> Ieu kadal badag ogé nyicingan loba pulo di sakuliah wewengkon [[Karibia]] sarta basisir wétan [[Pasifik]], ogé geus diwanohkeun ka [[Florida]] kidul jeung [[Hawaii]].<ref name=":0" /> == Déskripsi == Na mangsa tilu taun, iguana nu mimiti megarna kur sajeung 12 gram téh bisa jadi 1 kg, sarta kaasup iguana déwasa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/61467/IPA-Green-Iguana-Risk-Assessment.pdf|title=IPA Green Iguana Risk Assessment|last=|first=|website=Queensland Government|publisher=|accessdate=}}</ref> Sanggeus megar tinu jadi endog, ieu panjang iguana héjo kurang leuwih antara 17 nepi ka 25 cm.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.anywhere.com/flora-fauna/reptile/green-iguana|title=Animal Information: Green Iguana|website=www.anywhere.com|accessdate=2020-01-10}}</ref> Lolobana mah iguana déwasa beuratna antara 4 jeung 6 kg, tapi di sawatara wewengkon di [[Amérika Kidul]], ku cara dahar nu tinangtu mah bisa nepi kana 8 kg beuratna. Ieu kadal badag panjang ti hulu nepi ka buntut téh kurang leuwih 2 méter.<ref name=":1" /> Sanajan disebut iguana héjo, satemenna ieu kadal téh miboga warna-warna nu varéatif.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.greenigsociety.org/colors.htm|title=Color Changes|website=www.greenigsociety.org|accessdate=2020-01-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208171514/http://www.greenigsociety.org/colors.htm|archivedate=2020-02-08}}</ref> Kadal déwasa jadi leuwih saragam warnana téh lantaran beuki nambahna umur éta iguana, sedengkeun anu ngorana mah sok katempo totol-totol atawa saru antara warna héjo jeung coklat.<ref name=":2" /> Warna ogé bisa varéatifna dumasar kaayaan haté, suhu, kaséhatan, atawa status sosialna.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.petcoach.co/article/green-iguana-color-change-causes/|website=www.petcoach.co|accessdate=2020-01-10|title=Arsip salinan|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219181334/https://www.petcoach.co/article/green-iguana-color-change-causes|archivedate=2020-12-19}}</ref> Parobahan warna kawas kitu bisa mantuan ieu iguana dina térmorégulasi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.plos.org/everyone/2016/01/11/whats-warming-the-cold-blooded-iguana/,%20http://blogs.plos.org/everyone/?p=20195|title=What's Warming the Cold-Blooded Iguana? {{!}} EveryONE: The PLOS ONE blog|last=Hofl|first=Rebecca|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-01-10}}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Na waktu isuk, nalika suhu awak rendah, warna kulit jadi leuwih poék, tujuanna sangkan iguana nyerep panas tina cahya panonpoé.<ref name=":3" /> Tapi nalika tengah poé anu mana panonpoé nyorot luhureun sirah, ieu iguana warnana jadi leuwih caang atawa malah jadi pias, maksudna sangkan mantulkeun cahya panonpoé sarta ngaminimalisir panas nu diserep.<ref name=":3" /> Iguana anu kawilang aktif biasana mah miboga warna leuwih poék tinimbang iguana nu cicingeun nu hirup di lingkungan babarengan.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/tetrapod-zoology/amazing-social-life-of-green-iguana/|title=Amazing social life of the Green iguana|last=Naish|first=Darren|website=Scientific American Blog Network|language=en|accessdate=2020-01-10}}</ref> Anu ngabédakeun tina ieu iguana nyaéta jawér nu ngagayot handapeun beuheung, nu mangrupa gagayotan kulit nu manteng tina beuheung tengah nepi ka puhu buntut, sarta buntut panjang nu nyungcung.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.petcoach.co/article/behavior-of-the-green-iguana/|website=www.petcoach.co|accessdate=2020-01-10|title=Arsip salinan|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811132504/https://www.petcoach.co/article/behavior-of-the-green-iguana/|archivedate=2021-08-11}}</ref> Jawér jalu leuwih ngumembang batan jawér nu iguana bikang.<ref name=":4" /> Legana tulang hyoid ngarengken sarta ngadorong tungtung panghareupna tina ieu struktur, nu dipaké dina patahanan téritorial atawa nalika ieu iguana kasieunan.<ref name=":4" /> Ieu jawér ogé miboga fungsi dina nyerep sarta disipasi panas nalika dipanjangkeun.<ref name=":4" /> == Habitat == Iguana héjo mangrupa kadal badag nu hirup dina tatangkalan, komona mah biasa hirup dina dahan tangkal pangluhurna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/green_iguana.htm|title=Green Iguana|website=ScienceDaily|language=en|accessdate=2020-01-11}}</ref> Iguana anu ngora nyicingan tangkal di bagian landeuh nu kaiuhan, sedengkeun iguana kolot cicing di bagian tangkal nu leuwih luhur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/juvenile-green-iguana-iguana-iguana-in-a-small-palm-tree-in-news-photo/849939484|title=A juvenile Green Iguana, Iguana iguana, in a small palm tree in Costa...|website=Getty Images|language=en-us|accessdate=2020-01-11}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kabiasaan hirup dina tangkal téh ngamumkinkeun ieu kadal bisa moyan handapeun cahya panonpoé, arang turun kana taneuh iwal iguana bikang nu ngali liang pikeun endogan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livescience.com/51153-iguanas.html|title=Iguana Facts|last=Contributor 2015-06-12T04:30:52Z|first=Alina Bradford-Live Science|website=livescience.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-01-11}}</ref> Sanajan iguana héjo leuwih resep hirup dina tatangkalan, tapi da ieu iguana téh bisa ogé nyaluyukeun hirup ka aréa nu leuwih nembrak.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theleopardgecko.org/common-green-iguana/|website=theleopardgecko.org|accessdate=2020-01-11|title=Arsip salinan|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111054203/https://theleopardgecko.org/common-green-iguana/|archivedate=2020-01-11}}</ref> Rék di mana waé ieu iguana cicingna, karesepna mah di tempat nu loba cai lantaran ieu iguana bisaan dina ngojayna sarta hadé pisan na waktu teuleum di jero cai pikeun nyingkahan prédator.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tsusinvasives.org/home/database/iguana-iguana|title=GREEN IGUANA - Iguana iguana|last=|first=|website=www.tsusinvasives.org|publisher=|accessdate=2020-01-11}}</ref> == Réproduksi == Lolobana iguana héjo nepi kana majadna téh antara tilu nepi ka opat taunan, sanajan ieu kadéwasaan téh saenya bisa kahontal leuwih anggal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.townofpalmbeach.com/909/What-is-a-Green-Iguana|title=What is a Green Iguana? {{!}} Palm Beach, FL - Official Website|website=www.townofpalmbeach.com|accessdate=2020-01-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113012128/https://www.townofpalmbeach.com/909/What-is-a-Green-Iguana|archivedate=2020-01-13}}</ref> Iguana leuwih mindeng baranahan di usum halodo, tujuanna sangkan aranakanna megar dina usum ngijih nalika kadaharan leuwih gampang sayaga.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.anapsid.org/iguana/breedingaggression.html|title=Dealing With Male Green Iguana Breeding Aggression|website=www.anapsid.org|accessdate=2020-01-13}}</ref> Pakawinan iguana kaasup kana sato nu poligini, saurang iguana jalu bisa kawin jeung sababaraha iguana bikang.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=Developmental Psychobiology and Behavioral Ecology|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=enLSBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA124&lpg=P#v=onepage&q&f=false|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|date=2012-12-06|isbn=978-1-4684-5421-5|language=en|first=Elliott M.|last=Blass}}</ref> Sapatemonna dilakonan di wilayah datangna bikang anu mana leuwih ti hiji bikang.<ref name=":6" /> Teu saeutik ogé kajadian konflik antara iguana jalu.<ref name=":5" /> Kalakuan kawin jalu katara kayaning ngayun-ayunkeun sirah, manjangkeun sarta mondokkeun jawér handap, ogé susuruntul atawa ngégél beuheung bikangna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.greenigsociety.org/breedingseason.htm|title=Breeding Season Issues|website=www.greenigsociety.org|accessdate=2020-01-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222175658/http://www.greenigsociety.org/breedingseason.htm|archivedate=2019-12-22}}</ref> Jalu nu dominan ogé sok nandaan batu, rokrak, atawa bikangna ku zat anu ngandung féromon liket nu dikaluarkeun tina pori-pori fémurina.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Iguana Den's Care and Keeping of Giant Green Iguanas|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=dKEKnIQVsS4C&pg=PA31&lpg=PA31#v=onepage&q&f=false|publisher=Lulu.com|date=2005-04-01|isbn=978-1-4116-2842-7|language=en|first=Meredith|last=Martin}}</ref> Nalika kawin, iguana jalu ngadeukeutan iguana bikang sarta numpak kana tonggongna, bari ngangkang.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=http://www.anapsid.org/iguana/breedingbasics.html|title=Iguana Breeding Season Basics|website=www.anapsid.org|accessdate=2020-01-13}}</ref> Pikeun nahan pasangaranna, iguana jalu gewewek kana kulit punduk iguana bikang ku sungutna, sakapeung bisa ngajadikeun tatu.<ref name=":7" /> Iguana jalu ngadekkeun liang kloaka-na ka iguana bikang sarta ngasupkeun salah sahiji hémipénna kana kloaka bikang.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title=Reproductive Medicine, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice E-Book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=puSVDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA27-IA77&lpg=PA27-IA77#v=onepage&q&f=false|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|date=2017-03-30|isbn=978-0-323-52867-2|language=en|first=Vladimir|last=Jekl}}</ref> Kopulasi bisa lumangsung sawatara menit. Iguana bikang bisa nyimpen cimani nika mangtaun-taun, ngamumkinkeun bisa ngabuahan sél endog di mangsa nu ka hareupna.<ref name=":8" /> == Rujukan == {{Reflist|}} raa6qfuu22shnam7t5z08zfj2sr7d0s 0 99085 730740 729013 2026-10-24T07:52:36Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 730740 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Josephine Butler | image =Josephine Butler.jpg | caption = Josephine Butler | birth_name = Josephine Elizabeth | birth_date = {{Birth date|1828|13|04}} | birth_place =[[Northumberland]], Inggris | death_date ={{Death date and age|1906|12|30|1828|04|13}} | death_place = | nationality = [[Inggris]]n | education = | occupation = Feminist | years_active= | agent = | title = | spouse = | children = | relatives = | family = | awards = | alias = Butler | domestic_partner = | credits = | URL = }} '''Josephine Butler''' nyaéta feminis [[Inggris]], lahir dina tanggal 13 April 1828 di Northumberland.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/butler_josephine.shtml|title=BBC - History - Josephine Butler|website=www.bbc.co.uk|language=en-GB|accessdate=2020-02-27}}</ref> Bapana katelah John Gray mangrupa salah saurang pendukung kuat répormasi sosial jeung juru kampanye nolak ayana perdagangan budak.<ref name=":0" /> Sedengkeun Josephine nyaéta nu mawa parobahan sosial di Inggris dina abad ka-19, sarta boga peran salaku jalma anu ngaronjatkeun kondisi nu leuwih hadé pikeun para wanoja dina widang atikan jeung kaséhatan.<ref name=":0" /> Josephine kawin ka Goerge Butler dina taun 1852, Butler mangrupa saurang akademisi kalayan boga pandangan politik anu sarupa jeung Josephine.<ref name=":0" /> Josephine jeung Butler boga opat anak, hanjakal dina taun 1863, salah sahiji budak awéwéna tilar dunya dina umur genep taun.<ref name=":0" /> Kajadian ieu jadi cikal bakal pikeun Josephine pikeun terjun kana kagiatan aman anu patali jeung hak-hak wanoja.<ref name=":0" /> Ieu kagiatan téh salah sahiji cara pikeun mopohokeun kajadian sarta pikeun ngungkulan kanalangsana ditinggalkeun ku anakna.<ref name=":0" /> Josepine jadi bagian tina kelompok anu maksa parlemén pikeun naékeun umur anu disatujuan tina 13 taun jadi 16 taun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dangerouswomenproject.org/2016/11/14/josephine-butler/|title=Josephine Butler|website=Dangerous Women Project|language=en-GB|accessdate=2020-02-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227071803/http://dangerouswomenproject.org/2016/11/14/josephine-butler/|archivedate=2020-02-27}}</ref> == Kahirupan Josephine == [[Gambar:Josephine Butler bust (26484385992).jpg|jmpl|Josephine Butler ]] Ngabogaan ngaran lengkep Josephine Elizabeth Butler, anu mangrupa saurang féminis Victoria jeung mangrupa nu mawa parobahan sosial anu terus-terusan ngawanohkeun ngeunaan hak pilih wanoja pikeun dunya atikan anu leuwih hadé batan saméméhna, dihapuskeunna prostitusi anak sarta dipungkasna prakték perdangan manusa pikeun waoja nu masih ngora sarta barudak pikeun dijadikeun pelacur.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://hist259.web.unc.edu/josephinebutler/|title=Josephine Butler (1828-1906) {{!}} Towards Emancipation?|website=hist259.web.unc.edu|accessdate=2020-02-27}}</ref> Josephine dilahirkeun di Mifield dina bulan April 1828, kalayan dina kulawarga anu beunghar.<ref name=":1" /> Josephine mangrupa anak awéwé anu ka opat sarta anak ka tujuh ti pasangan Hannah jeung John Gray anu mangrupa salah saurang agén pertanahan jeung ahli pertanian.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://spartacus-educational.com/Wbutler.htm|title=Josephine Butler|website=Spartacus Educational|language=en|accessdate=2020-02-27}}</ref> Josephine disakolakeun di imah, sarta maca rupa-rupa literasi dina basa Inggris jeung basa Italia sarta tarjamahan para Bapa Geréa.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bio/25.html|title=Josephine Butler, Pioneer Worker Among Women|website=justus.anglican.org|accessdate=2020-02-27}}</ref> Josephine mangrupa wanoja anu tumuwuh pikeun babagi prinsip agama jeung moral bapana sarta kateuresepanna kana kateuadilan.<ref name=":2" /> Dina taun 1833 kulawarga Josephine pindah imah, lantaran Josephine, Jhon Gray dipercaya salaku ménéjer Rumah Sakit Greenwich di Dilston deukeut ka Corbridge, Nothreland.<ref name=":1" /> John Gray ngadidik anak-anakna kana isu-isu politik, sarta anak-anakna didik dina perlakuan anu satata, ku kituna didikanna gedépisan pangaruhna ka Josephin. Kitu ogé ajaran agama anu diajarkeun ku indungna.<ref name=":1" />Pangéran Leopold kungsi katarik ati, malah nganggap Josephine salaku wanoja panggeulisna saalam dunya.<ref name=":2" /> Dina bulan Oktober 1852, Josephine dina umur 24 taun kawin jeung Goerge Butler anu mangrupa saurang sarjana jeung saurang ulama, asalna ti Exetra Collage, Oxford.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> George mupakat jeung Josephine pikeun komitmen dina répormasi ribelaral jeung micinta kana budaya Italia.<ref name=":1" /> Butler jeung Josephin boga budak nu mungaran dina taun 1852 ngaranna George Gray Butler, anak ka dua lahir dina taun 1854 dingaranan Arthur Stanley, anak ka tilu, anu lahir dina taun 1857 dingaranan Charles sarta anak bungsuna awéwé lahir taun 1859 dingaranan Evangeline Mary.<ref name=":1" /> Hanjakal, Arthur jeung Evangeline tilar dunya alatan nandangan panyakit.<ref name=":1" />Satuluyna Josephine pindah ti Oxford ka Clifton dina taun 1856, sarta George diangkat jadi kapala sakola [[Liverpool]] Colage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.winchester-cathedral.org.uk/our-heritage/famous-people/josephine-butler-19th-century-campaigner-against-human-trafficking/|title=Josephine Butler: 19th century campaigner against human trafficking|website=Winchester Cathedral|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-02-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720143118/https://www.winchester-cathedral.org.uk/our-heritage/famous-people/josephine-butler-19th-century-campaigner-against-human-trafficking/|archivedate=2019-07-20}}</ref> Di dieu pisan, Josephine neruskeun kagiatan sosialna pikeun mérépanangtayungan ka sababaraha wanoja tunawisma anu sering jadi pelacur, anu akibatna ngabogaan panyakit kelamin.<ref name=":1" /> Di Liverpool, Josephine nyieun asrama sarta loba dituturkeun di kota-kota séjénna.<ref name=":1" /> Josephin mimiti kampanye dina taun 1869 pikeun ngalawan Undang-undang Penyakit Menular taun 1866 jeung taun 1869, ngeunaan upaya ngurangan panyakit kelamin di angkatan bersenjata.<ref name=":1" /> Mangsa harita, pulisi diidinan pikeun nangkep wanoja-wanoja anu caricing di palabuan jeung kota-kota militér anu dianggap pelacur jeung maksa maranéhna pikeun dipariksa.<ref name=":1" /> Ku ayana éta kajadian, Josephine sering mapay-mapay saban kota pikeun nepikeun pamadeganna ngaliwatan biantara-biantarana anu ngutuk éta tindakan.<ref name=":1" /> Ku kawanina, loba masarakat anu ngarasa héran, geuning aya wanoja anu wanian cumarita di hareupeun jalma loba ngeunaan éta tindakan, malah teu saeutik anu nganggap yén Josephin mangrupa sakutu ti para pelacur.<ref name=":1" /> Taun 1881 Josephin kungsi ngolo parlemén sangkan naékkeun standar umur kawain para wanoja.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=MOORE|first=RODERICK|date=27 02 2020|title=JOSEPHINE BUTLER (1828-1906): FEMINIST, CHRISTIAN AND LIBERTARIAN|url=http://www.libertarian.co.uk/lapubs/libhe/libhe010.pdf|journal=http://www.libertarian.co.uk/lapubs/libhe/libhe010.pdf|doi=|pmid=|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231028/http://www.libertarian.co.uk/lapubs/libhe/libhe010.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-03}}</ref> Dina taun 1883, perjuangan Josephin kakara katingali hasilna, kahayang Josephine anu naékkeun umur cukup pikeun kawin tina 13 taun disatujuan jadi 16 taun, sarta carita panyakit nu népa ditangguhkeun.<ref name=":2" /> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/butler-josephine-butler/|title=Josephine Butler {{!}} Champion of Women's Rights {{!}} Blue Plaques|website=English Heritage|accessdate=2020-02-27}}</ref>Hanjakal, tilu taun satuluyna dicabut deui.<ref name=":1" /> Dina taun 1867 Josepine kungsi ngagabung jeung Anne Jemima Clough pikeun ngadegkeun kursus lanjutan para wanoja. Satuluyna Josephine diangkat jadi présidén Déwan Inggris Utara dina widang atikan wanoja.<ref name=":2" /> Taun satuluyna, Josephin kalibet dina kampanyeu pikeun ngolo Universitas Cambridge pikeun méré luang anu leuwih loba ka para siswa wanoja.<ref name=":2" /> Kampanyeu ieu ngabuahkeun hasil, satuluyna ngadegkeun [[Newham Collage]] sakola pikeun para wanoja.<ref name=":2" /> Dina tanggal 30 Désémber 1906 Josephine tilar dunya.<ref name=":2" /> Sedengkeun salakina alatan gering parna, anu geus ngadukung sapinuhna tilar dunya dina taun 1886.<ref name=":3" /> <br /> == Buku == Dina taun 1868 Josephine medalkeun bukuna, anu judulna nyaéta ''[[The Education and Employment]]''. Dina taun satuluyna, nerbitkeun deui buku, anu jdulna ''[[Women's Work and Women's Culture]].''<ref name=":2" /> DIna buku ieu Josephine nepikeun pamadeganna yén awéwé teu meunang nyoba-nyoba nyaingan lalaki, sabab antara awéwé jeung lalaki ngabogaan peran anu béda di masarakat.<ref name=":2" /> Ieu pamadegan téh nguciwakeun sababaraha tokoh féminis upamana [[Emily Davies]] anu mikahayang para wanoja bisa bersaing kalayan sarat bisa sajajar jeung kaum lalaki.<ref name=":2" /> Sedengkeun Josephine percaya yén awéwékudu milih, sabab maranéhna béda jeung kaum lalaki.<ref name=":2" /> Josephine boga pamadegan yén wanoja nyaéta pikeun nangtayungan jeung ngurus nu kemah sarta hak pilih wanoja kacida pentingna pikeun moralitas jeung karaharjaan bangsa.<ref name=":2" /> == Koléksi Ngeunaan Josephine di Pabukon Liverpool == Salah sahiji tempat anu masih kénéh nyimpen barang-barang anu patali jeung Josephine nyaéta Pabukon Liverpool. Salah sahiji kolési nasional, utamana patali jeung Josephine nyaéta berkas korépondénsi, surat-surat pribadi, lukisan, potrét, potongan-potongan pérs sarta memorabilia, asrsip imah memorial jeung sajabana.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://libguides.liverpool.ac.uk/library/sca/josephinebutler|title=Library Guides: Special Collections & Archives : Josephine Butler Collection|last=Higham|first=Jenny|website=libguides.liverpool.ac.uk|language=en|accessdate=2020-02-27}}</ref> Koléksi anu aya eusina leuwih ti 35o volume buku jeung pamplét kaasup majalah kontémporér upamana The Shield jeung Laporan Karajaan taun 1871 anu asli ngeunaan lumangsungna panyakit nu népa.. Sarta, loba di antarana anu dipimilik ku Josephine jeung anak cikalna. Kolési koréspondénsi Jusephine nyaéta koléksi panggedéna di luar pabukon wanoja, nyéa 155 surat.<ref name=":4" /> == Rujukan == <references /> <br /> [[Kategori:Feminis]] qwv96ubirxjyaj83qomhgdtzk9jxora 0 106620 730735 728766 2026-10-24T05:05:57Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 730735 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Gedung Karesidenan Kabupaten Purwakarta (2).jpg|kiri|jmpl|Gedung Karésidénan Kabupatén Purwakarta ]] Gedong Karésidenan Purwakarta mangrupakeun salah sahiji gedong baheula nu jadi tinggalan jaman Walanda, ayana di Jalan K.K. Singawinata, wewengkon Kampus Ceplak, Désa Nagri Kidul, Kacamatan Purwakarta. Gedong ieu miboga sajarah jeung arsitektur nu penting dina lalampahan pamaréntahan di wilayah Karawang jeung sabudeureunana dina jaman Hindia Walanda.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wisatajabar.com/2016/04/gedung-karesidenan-purwakarta-pesona.html|title=Gedung Karesidenan Purwakarta, Pesona Bangunan Peninggalan Zaman Kolonial|accessdate=2025-07-19}}</ref> Mimitina ngadegna gedong ieu dimimitian dina mangsa pamaréntahan Bupati Sastra Adiningrat kahiji dina taun 1854. Dina waktu harita, Purwakarta geus ditetepkeun jadi puseur Karesidenan Karawang. Tapi, kantor residenana sorangan masih kénéh di Karawang, sabab di Purwakarta can aya gedong resmi pikeun kapamimpinan, jeung deuih transportasi ka ditu tacan nyugemakeun. Saterusna, sanggeus jalur karéta api Batavia nepi ka Padalarang réngsé diwangun, aksés ka Purwakarta beuki gampang. Ieu nu jadi salah sahiji alesan pikeun ngadegkeun Gedong Karésidenan di Purwakarta. Ceuk sababarahahiji sumber, gedong ieu dimimitian diwangunna kira-kira taun 1902.<ref name=":0" /> == Pungsi gedong == Karésidenan Purwakarta mangrupa salah sahiji wangunan sajarah nu diwangun kira-kira dina abad ka-19 atawa awal abad ka-20. Gedong ieu ngawengku bagian penting tina warisan budaya di Tatar Sunda jeung Indonésia dina umumna, sarta nyimpen sajarah administrasi pamaréntahan Hindia Walanda di wewengkon Purwakarta jeung sabudeureunana. Karésidenan atawa disebut ogé ''residentie'' dina basa Walanda, mangrupa hiji wilayah administratif nu dikokolakeun ku saurang residen. Residen teh salah sahiji pajabat kolonial nu langsung di handapeun pamaréntahan pusat Hindia Walanda. Karesidenan Purwakarta harita ngawengku wewengkon kabupatén jeung sabudeureunana, sarta jadi bagian tina struktur pamaréntahan kolonial nu leuwih lega. Karésidenan Purwakarta salaku kantor administrasi residen sakaligus tempat tinggalna.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://budaya.data.kemdikbud.go.id/cagarbudaya/objek/KB004175|title=Data Budaya Kemdikbud|accessdate=2025-07-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212052712/https://budaya.data.kemdikbud.go.id/cagarbudaya/objek/KB004175|archivedate=2025-12-12}}</ref> Sakumaha wangunan resmian jaman kolonial séjénna, arsitektur gedong ieu nunjukkeun gaya Walanda klasik, kalayan struktur kokoh, tihang-tihang jangkung, jandéla lega, jeung bahan wangunan nu tahan lila. Gedong saperti kieu henteu saukur tempat gawé, tapi ogé jadi lambang kawasa kolonial dina hiji daerah. Ti segi fungsina, salian ti kantor administrasi, gedong ieu ilaharna dipaké ogé keur tempat sidang, rapat pamaréntahan, jeung kadang jadi tempat keur ngampih para pejabat tinggi jeung kulawargana. Pungsina mangrupa puseur kagiatan pamaréntahan kolonial tingkat lokal. Dina konteks kiwari, gedong Karésidenan Purwakarta kaasup salah sahiji wangunan sajarah nu dirawat ku Pamaréntah Daérah. Kaayaanana masih cukup hadé, kalawan sababaraha bagian nu geus direnovasi, pikeun ngajaga kabersihan jeung kaamanan, tapi teu ngaleungitkeun unsur sajarah jeung nilai aslina. Gedong ieu kabuka keur umum dina kaayaan tangtu, tapi ogé masih dipaké ku pamingpin daérah pikeun kaperluan rapat atawa pasamoan nu pormal.<ref name=":3" /> == Patalian jeung Karawang == [[Gambar:Sta KW dp gupt.JPG|jmpl|Stasiun Kareta Api Karawang di Jawa Barat]] Pangwangunan Gedong Karésidenan deuekeut patalina jeung status Purwakarta minangka ibu kota Karésidenan Karawang. Dina mimiti mangsa pamaréntahan Bupati Sastra Adiningrat I, nu dimimitian dina taun 1854, Purwakarta resmi ditetepkeun jadi puseur administrasi karésidenan éta. Sanajan kitu, pikeun sababaraha waktos, résiden Karawang masih kénéh aya di kota Karawang. Dina waktos-waktos nu tangtu, résiden téh sapeuting dua peuting sumping ka Purwakarta pikeun ngalaksanakeun tugas administratip. Kaayaan éta lumangsung lantaran di Purwakarta can diwangun gedong resmi keur kaperluan karésidenan sarta infrastruktur transportasi waktu harita masih kawatesan. Kapilihna Purwakarta minangka puseur pamaréntahan geus matak robahna dinamika kota. Sakitu lila, kahirupan di Purwakarta beuki ngarah kana prosés modernisasi, boh tina segi sosial, ékonomi, boh infrastruktur kota. Pangwangunan Gedong Karésidenan nu saluyu jeung kaperluan administratif anyar ieu dimimitian dina awal abad ka-20, sasarengan jeung réngséna pangwangunan jalur karéta api antara Batavia jeung Padalarang nu ngaliwat ka Purwakarta. Jalur transportasi éta jadi pangaweruh gedé pangwangunan pasilitas pamaréntahan, kaasup Gedong Karésidenan, di kota Purwakarta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/lifestyle/read/4099759/menengok-peninggalan-zaman-kolonial-di-gedung-karesidenan-purwakarta|title=Menengok Peninggalan Zaman Kolonial di Gedung Karesidenan Purwakarta|last=Liputan6.com|website=liputan6.com|language=id|accessdate=2025-07-19}}</ref> Dina ahirna, residen nu ti Karawang dipindahkeun ka Purwakarta. Dina jaman pendudukan Jepang, Gedong Karésidenan kungsi dipaké pikeun markas polisi militér Jepang nu katelah Honbu Kenpeitai. Sanggeus Indonesia merdéka, fungsi gedong ieu robah deui, ayeuna dipaké pikeun kantor Badan Koordinasi Wilayah Purwakarta. <ref name=":1" /> == Arsitektur gedong == Ditempo ti segi wangunanana, Gedong Karésidenan miboga gaya arsitektur Indische Empire Stijl, nya éta gaya arsitektur Walanda nu dicampur jeung adaptasi iklim tropis. Gedong utama nangtung di tengah lahan nu lega, nu di hareupna jeung sisi kénca katuhu aya taman nu jembar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kabarsunda.com/budaya/4476/gedung-keresidenan-di-purwakarta-berusia-2-abad-kini-jadi-bangunan-horor-tak-terurus/#google_vignette|title=Gedung Keresidenan di Purwakarta Berusia 2 Abad, Kini Jadi Bangunan Horor Tak Terurus – KabarSunda.com|website=www.kabarsunda.com|accessdate=2025-07-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212052520/https://www.kabarsunda.com/budaya/4476/gedung-keresidenan-di-purwakarta-berusia-2-abad-kini-jadi-bangunan-horor-tak-terurus/#google_vignette|archivedate=2025-12-12}}</ref> Pikeun asup ka gedong utama, aya tangga di bagian tengah nu langsung nyambung ka serambi terbuka. Serambina miboga hateup siga kanopi tina bahan séng jeung disangga ku tihang kai nu wangunna segi dalapan. Tihang-tihang ieu dihias ku motif trawangan, siga pagar kai nu dikukus. Di bagian hareup serambi aya dua kamar, masing-masing aya di sisi katuhu jeung kénca. Lawang panto kamar papadéan dina jero, jandélana ogé jandéla kai nu disusun jalusi, sedengkeun bagian jerona jandéla kaca.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://purwakarta.ayoindonesia.com/berita-purwakarta/pr-32877866/Menengok-Sejarah-Kantor-Karesidenan-Purwakakarta|title=Menengok Sejarah Kantor Karesidenan Purwakakarta - Ayo Purwakarta|last=Haryadi|first=Dadi|website=Menengok Sejarah Kantor Karesidenan Purwakakarta - Ayo Purwakarta|language=id|accessdate=2025-07-19}}</ref> Ti serambi bisa asup ka rohangan utama ngaliwatan panto nu wangunna siga panto kamar. Di gedong utama dijieun tina genteng jeung wangunna buleud kotak. Antara hateup utama jeung serambi, aya liang ventilasi nu ditutup ku ukiran kai bermotif béntang atawa kembang. Ukiran kawas kieu ogé aya di bagian sisi luar gedong. Di sisi katuhu jeung kénca gedong utama aya paviliun nu bentukna siga imah lembur, tuluy manjang ka tukang. Antara paviliun jeung gedong utama nyambung ku koridor kabuka nu disebut ''doorloop.'' Ayeuna, Gedong Karésidenan dipaké pikeun kantor Bakorwil Purwakarta jeung masih kénéh ngajaga sajarahna.<ref name=":2" /> == Sajarah dumasar taun == [[Gambar:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Vijver Poerwakarta TMnr 60016141.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Situ di Purwakarta jaman Walanda]] Dina taun 1992 nepi ka 1996, kantor arsip di Kabupatén Purwakarta masih kénéh diatur jeung dikelola ku Sekretariat Daerah, hususna di Bagian Umum Sub Bagian Tata Usaha jeung Keuangan. Dina waktos éta, kantor arsip can jadi hiji lembaga mandiri sarta masih aya dina struktur organisasi sekretariat pamaréntahan kabupatén. Tuluy dina 1996 nepi ka 1999, kaayaan kantor arsip masih kénéh sarua, can aya robahan struktural nu ngagentoskeun statusna jadi mandiri. Kagiatan kearsipan masih dilaksanakeun ku Bagian Umum, sarta kakawasaanana tetep di lingkungan Sekretariat Daerah Kabupatén Purwakarta. Karék dina 1 April 1999, Kantor Arsip Daerah Kabupatén Purwakarta mimiti muka layanan sacara mandiri. Kalawan diundangna Peraturan Pamaréntah (PP) Nomor 41 Taun 2007 ngeunaan Organisasi Parangkat Daerah, aya parobahan dina susunan organisasi di lingkungan Pamaréntah Kabupatén Purwakarta. Salajengna, dumasar kana Peraturan Daerah Kabupatén Purwakarta Nomor 11 Taun 2008 ngeunaan Pembentukan Lembaga Teknis Daerah, ditetepkeun yén Kantor Arsip Daerah jadi salah sahiji lembaga nu ngalaksanakeun pancén Bupati. Hal ieu diteruskeun ku Peraturan Bupati Nomor 57 Taun 2008 ngeunaan Rincian Tugas, Fungsi, jeung Tata Kerja Kantor Arsip Daerah. Tugas utama kantor ieu nyaéta ngalaksanakeun nyusun jeung ngajalankeun kawijakan daérah di widang kearsipan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://disipusda.purwakartakab.go.id/sejarah-kantor-arsip-dan-perpustakaan-purwakarta/|title=Sejarah Kantor Arsip dan Perpustakaan Purwakarta|last=admin|website=Dinas Arsip dan Perpustakaan Kabupaten Purwakarta|language=en-US|accessdate=2025-07-19}}</ref> == Galéri == <gallery> Gedung Karesidenan Kabupaten Purwakarta samping kanan.jpg|Gedung ti Kenca Gedung Karesidenan Kabupaten Purwakarta (1).jpg|Gedung ti Kenca Gedung Karesidenan Kabupaten Purwakarta (3).jpg|Gedung ti Katuhu Gedung Karesidenan Kabupaten Purwakarta (4).jpg|Ditempo ti Tengah Pendopo Kabupaten Purwakarta tampak depan.jpg|Conto Wangunan di Purwakarta nu Leuwih Heubeul Stasiun Purwakarta 2021.jpg|Stasiun_Purwakarta_2021 COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De operatiekamer van het ziekenhuis in Purwakarta TMnr 60014752.jpg|Koleksi Tropen Museum nu Nempokeun Rumah Sakit Baheula Stasiun KA Purwakarta (4).jpg|Stasiun KA Purwakarta Tampak Luar Gereja Salib Suci Purwakarta (2024).png|Tampak Luar Gereja Salib Suci Purwakarta Situ Cigangsa Purwakarta (5).jpg|Situ Cigangsa Purwakarta </gallery> == Sumber == [[Kategori:Wangunan di Jawa Kulon]] [[Kategori:Artikel Kopdar Wiki Cagar Budaya 2.0]] [[Kategori:Artikel Wiki Cagar Budaya 2.0]] 16jg7s8sce3chr1rsysqjpi9nylmt9x 10 107520 730698 700114 2026-10-23T12:13:38Z Rafka Aditia 29183 730698 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><!-- # Using a sub-template, so that we never have have more than one call to the [[WP:EXPENSIVE]] function {{PAGESINCATEGORY}} # # TOC, depending on category size # <= 100 pages → no TOC # 101–1200 pages → {{Category TOC}} # > 1200 pages → {{Large category TOC}} ########################################################################### # NOTE: The sort key {{PAGENAME}} is used on all the tracking categories # # to override any {{DEFAULTSORT}} used in the category # ########################################################################### -->{{#ifexpr: {{{pagecount}}} > 1200 <!-- -->|<!-- # > 1200, so large TOC -->{{Large category TOC<!-- -->|CatAutoTOC=yes<!-- -->|pagecount={{{pagecount}}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->[[Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi kategori badag|{{PAGENAME}}]]<!-- -->|<!-- # < 1200, so check again -->{{#ifexpr: {{{pagecount}}} > 100<!-- -->|<!-- # > 100, so std TOC -->{{Category TOC<!-- -->|pagecount={{{pagecount}}}<!-- -->|CatAutoTOC=yes<!-- -->|align = {{#if: {{{align|}}} | {{{align}}} |left}}<!-- -->|top = {{#if: {{{top|}}} | {{{top}}} |yes}}<!-- -->|numerals = {{#if: {{{numerals|}}} | {{{numerals}}} |group}}<!-- -->|uppercase = {{#if: {{{uppercase|}}} | {{{uppercase}}} |yes}}<!-- -->|lowercase = {{#if: {{{lowercase|}}} | {{{lowercase}}} |no}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->[[Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi kategori standar|{{PAGENAME}}]]<!-- -->|<!-- # <= 100, so no TOC -->[[Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu teu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi|{{PAGENAME}}]]<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq: {{{pagecount}}} | 0 <!-- -->|[[Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis dina kaca kalawan PAGESINCATEGORY nu euweuh nilai|{{PAGENAME}}]]<!-- -->}}<!-- -->{{clear}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation|Template:{{ROOTPAGENAME}}/doc}} [[Kategori:Wikipedia CatAutoTOC]] </noinclude> j637vq3i4h90vpwmskk859n52suaxds 730711 730698 2026-10-23T16:53:39Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Rafka Aditia mindahkeun kaca [[Citakan:CatAutoTOC/core]] ka [[Citakan:Automatic category TOC/core]] 730698 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><!-- # Using a sub-template, so that we never have have more than one call to the [[WP:EXPENSIVE]] function {{PAGESINCATEGORY}} # # TOC, depending on category size # <= 100 pages → no TOC # 101–1200 pages → {{Category TOC}} # > 1200 pages → {{Large category TOC}} ########################################################################### # NOTE: The sort key {{PAGENAME}} is used on all the tracking categories # # to override any {{DEFAULTSORT}} used in the category # ########################################################################### -->{{#ifexpr: {{{pagecount}}} > 1200 <!-- -->|<!-- # > 1200, so large TOC -->{{Large category TOC<!-- -->|CatAutoTOC=yes<!-- -->|pagecount={{{pagecount}}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->[[Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi kategori badag|{{PAGENAME}}]]<!-- -->|<!-- # < 1200, so check again -->{{#ifexpr: {{{pagecount}}} > 100<!-- -->|<!-- # > 100, so std TOC -->{{Category TOC<!-- -->|pagecount={{{pagecount}}}<!-- -->|CatAutoTOC=yes<!-- -->|align = {{#if: {{{align|}}} | {{{align}}} |left}}<!-- -->|top = {{#if: {{{top|}}} | {{{top}}} |yes}}<!-- -->|numerals = {{#if: {{{numerals|}}} | {{{numerals}}} |group}}<!-- -->|uppercase = {{#if: {{{uppercase|}}} | {{{uppercase}}} |yes}}<!-- -->|lowercase = {{#if: {{{lowercase|}}} | {{{lowercase}}} |no}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->[[Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi kategori standar|{{PAGENAME}}]]<!-- -->|<!-- # <= 100, so no TOC -->[[Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu teu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi|{{PAGENAME}}]]<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq: {{{pagecount}}} | 0 <!-- -->|[[Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis dina kaca kalawan PAGESINCATEGORY nu euweuh nilai|{{PAGENAME}}]]<!-- -->}}<!-- -->{{clear}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation|Template:{{ROOTPAGENAME}}/doc}} [[Kategori:Wikipedia CatAutoTOC]] </noinclude> j637vq3i4h90vpwmskk859n52suaxds 10 107539 730697 700264 2026-10-23T12:08:57Z Rafka Aditia 29183 730697 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><!-- # TOC, depending on category size # <= 100 pages → no TOC # 101–1200 pages → {{Category TOC}} # > 1200 pages → {{Large category TOC}} -->{{Category other|<!-- ################################################################################# #### This is a category page, so generate a TOC if needed. #### #### #### #### Use a sub-template [[Citakan:CatAutoTOC/core]], so that we never have #### #### more than one call to the [[WP:EXPENSIVE]] function {{PAGESINCATEGORY}} #### ################################################################################# -->{{CatAutoTOC/core<!-- -->|pagecount={{PAGESINCATEGORY:{{#invoke:HTMLDecode | HTMLDecode | text={{PAGENAME}} }}|R}}<!-- -->|align = {{{align|}}}<!-- -->|top = {{{top|}}}<!-- -->|numerals = {{{numerals|}}}<!-- -->|uppercase = {{{uppercase|}}}<!-- -->|lowercase = {{{lowercase|}}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->{{Template other<!-- -->|<!-- ################################################################################# #### This page is a template, so categorise it #### #### in [[Kategori:Citakan nu maké daptar eusi kategori otomatis]] ... #### #### #### #### ... unless it is a /doc, /testcases or /sandbox #### #### #### #### There is no point categorising every sub-page of the same template #### ################################################################################# -->{{#if: {{Str endswith|{{PAGENAME}}|/doc}}{{Str endswith|{{PAGENAME}}|/kasus uji}}{{Str endswith|{{PAGENAME}}|/kotrétan}}<!-- -->|<!-- ### Don't categorise /doc, /testcases or /sandbox pages -->|<!-- ### Not a /doc, /testcases or /sandbox page, so categorise it -->[[Kategori:Citakan nu maké daptar eusi kategori otomatis]]<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} [[Kategori:Citakan kategori|Daptar eusi kategori]] [[Kategori:Citakan daptar eusi|Daptar eusi kategori]] </noinclude> 78hkdubzl33a5sd3o01jzl98ptzknab 828 109139 730726 730690 2026-10-24T00:19:11Z Rafka Aditia 29183 730726 Scribunto text/plain require('strict') local p = {} --[[ -------------------------< P R I V A T E _ T A G S >------------------------------------------------------ {{#invoke:Lang/documentor tool|private_tags}} Reads the override{} table in Modul:Lang/data and renders a wiki table of private tags and their associated languages ]] local function private_tags (frame) local override_t = mw.loadData ('Modul:Lang/data').override -- get the override table local private_t = {} for tag, lang in pairs (override_t) do if tag:find ('%-x%-') then table.insert (private_t, table.concat ({'\n|-\n|', lang, '||', tag})) end end table.sort (private_t) table.insert (private_t, 1, '{| class="wikitable sortable"') table.insert (private_t, 2, '\n|+ Supported private-use IETF language tags') table.insert (private_t, 3, '\n! Language !! Private-use tag') return table.concat (private_t) .. '\n|}' -- return '<pre>' .. table.concat (private_t) .. '\n|}' .. '</pre>' --error (mw.dumpObject (private_t)) end --[[ -------------------------< L A N G - X X _ S E T T I N G S >---------------------------------------------- {{#invoke:Lang/documentor tool|lang_xx_settings|template={{ROOTPAGENAME}}}} Reads the content of the template and extracts the parameters from {{#invoke:Lang|...}} for display on the template's documentation page. ]] local function lang_xx_settings(frame) local page = mw.title.makeTitle('Template', frame.args['template'] or frame.args[1]) -- get a page object for this page in 'Citakan:' namespace if not page then return '' -- TODO: error message? end local content = page:getContent() -- get unparsed content if not page then return '' -- TODO: error message? end local out = {} local params local style if content:match('{{%s*#invoke:%s*[Ll]ang%s*|[^|]+|[^}]+}}') or content:match('{{%s*#invoke:%s*[Ll]ang/kotrétan%s*|[^|]+|[^}]+}}') then -- if this template uses [[Modul:Lang]] params = content:match('{{%s*#invoke:%s*[Ll]ang%s*|[^|]+(|[^}]+)}}') or content:match('{{%s*#invoke:%s*[Ll]ang/kotrétan%s*|[^|]+(|[^}]+)}}') -- extract the #invoke:'s parameters if not params then return '' -- there should be at least one or the template/module won't work TODO: error message? end table.insert(out, '{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right; float: right;"\n|+settings') -- start a wikitable for k, v in params:gmatch('%s*|%s*([^%s=]+)%s*=%s*([^%s|]+)') do -- get the parameter names (k) and values (v) if 'label' == k then -- special case for labels because spaces and pipes v = params:match('label%s*=%s*(%[%[[^%]]+%]%])') or params:match('label%s*=%s*([^|\n]+)') or 'missing label' end table.insert(out, table.concat({k, '\n|', v})) -- make rudimentary wikitable entries end style = content:match('lang_xx_([^|]+)') if not style or ('italic' ~= mw.text.trim (style) and 'inherit' ~= mw.text.trim (style)) then return '<span style="color:#d33">Error: template #invoke calls unknown function</span>' end return table.concat({table.concat(out,'\n|-\n! scope="row" | '), '\n|-\n|colspan="2"|style: ', style, '\n|-\n|}'}) -- add inter-row markup and close the wikitable and done else return '' -- does not use [[Modul:Lang]] so abandon quietly end end --[[ -------------------------- < U S E S _ M O D U L E > -------------------------- {{#invoke:Lang/documentor tool|uses_module|template={{ROOTPAGENAME}}}} Reads the content of the template to determine if this {{lang-xx}} template uses Modul:Lang. Returns the index of the substring '{{#invoke|lang|' in the template page content if true; empty string if false. Used in template documentation {{#if:}} parser functions. ]] local function uses_module(frame) local page = mw.title.makeTitle('Template', frame.args['template'] or frame.args[1]) -- get a page object for this page in 'Citakan:' namespace if not page then return '' -- TODO: error message? end local content = page:getContent() -- get unparsed content if not page then return '' -- TODO: error message? end return content:find('{{%s*#invoke:[Ll]ang%s*|') or '' -- return index or empty string end --[[ -------------------------- < S H A R E D _ C O D E > -------------------------- - Tables: -- LANGUAGE_CATEGORIES -- error_messages -- strings - Functions: -- make_error(message, layout, parent_category, nocat) -- get_language_link(language_name, language_code) -- get_see_also_section(page_title, language_name, language_code) -- get_hidden_category_template(frame) -- get_top_section(frame) -- get_bottom_section(frame, language_name, see_also_section, parent_category) ]] local LANGUAGE_CATEGORIES = { ["LANGUAGES_SOURCES"] = "Artikel kalawan sumber basa %s (%s)", ["LANGUAGES_COLLECTIVE_SOURCES"] = "Articles with %s-collective sources (%s)", ["CS1"] = "CS1 sumber basa %s (%s)", ["CS1_SCRIPT"] = "CS1 maké aksara basa %s (%s)", ["LANGUAGE_TEXT"] = "Artikel nu ngandung téks basa %s", ["LANGUAGES_COLLECTIVE_TEXT"] = "Artikel kalawan téks dina basa %s", ["SUNDANESE"] = "Artikel nu ngandung téks basa %s nu dicutat sacara éksplisit", ["IPA"] = "Kaca kalawan IPA %s" } local error_assistance = " Please see [[Template talk:Lang]] for assistance." local error_messages = { ["ASSISTANCE"] = "Please see [[Template talk:Lang]] for assistance.", ["INCORRECT_CATEGORY_TITLE"] = "[[:%s]] is not the category being populated by the %s template. The correct category is located at: [[:%s]].", ["NO_CATEGORY_TITLE_FOUND"] = "No language category found for '''%s.'''" .. error_assistance, ["NOT_VALID_CATEGORY_FORMAT"] = "'''%s''' is not a a valid category title." .. error_assistance, ["NOT_VALID_LANGUAGE_CODE"] = "[[%s]] is not a valid ISO 639 or IETF language name." .. error_assistance, } local strings = { ["ERROR_CATEGORY"] = "[[Kategori:Kasalahan citakan Lang jeung lang-xx]]", ["ERROR_SPAN"] = '<span style="font-size: 100%%; font-style: normal;" class="error">Error: %s </span>', ["PURGE_DIV"] = '<div style="font-size: x-small;">%s</div>', ["SEE_ALSO"] = "\n== Tempo ogé ==", ["SEE_ALSO_ITEM"] = "* [[:%s]]", } --[[ -------------------------- < M A K E _ E R R O R > -------------------------- Create an error message. Does not place page in error category if args.nocat is used. Does not categorize in parent cateogory if used in category namespace (usually for /testcases). ]] local function make_error(message, layout, parent_category, nocat) table.insert(layout, string.format(strings["ERROR_SPAN"], message)) if not nocat then table.insert(layout, strings["ERROR_CATEGORY"]) end if mw.title.getCurrentTitle().nsText == "Kategori" then table.insert(layout, parent_category) end return table.concat(layout) end --[[ -------------------------- < G E T _ L A N G U A G E _ L I N K > -------------------------- Generates a language link for the correct style. Collective languages use the name_from_tag value, while other languages use a display name of "basa x". ]] local function get_language_link(language_name, language_code) local lang_module = require('Modul:Lang') -- Is a language collective? if language_name:find('rungkun basa') then return lang_module.name_from_tag({language_code, link = "yes"}) else return lang_module.name_from_tag({language_code, link = "yes", label = "basa " .. lang_module.name_from_tag({language_code})}) end end --[[ -------------------------- < G E T _ P R I M A R Y _ L A N G U A G E _ C O D E > -------------------------- Returns the primary language for sub-langage variants. ]] local function get_primary_language_code(language_code) -- If no hyphen exists, return nil (for cases like "el") if not language_code:find("-") then return nil end -- Match everything before the first hyphen, but only if a hyphen exists if language_code:match("^-") then return nil -- If the code starts with a hyphen, return nil end -- Look for the first part before any hyphen local primary_code = language_code:match("^[^-]+") return primary_code end --[[ -------------------------- < G E T _ S E E _ A L S O _ S E C T I O N > -------------------------- Generates a consistent style See also section for {{Category articles containing non-English-language text}} and {{Non-English-language source category}}. If {{CS1 language sources}} is converted, it should also use it. ]] local function get_see_also_section(page_title, language_name, language_code) local see_also_section = {} for _, category_name in pairs(LANGUAGE_CATEGORIES) do local category = mw.title.new(string.format(category_name, language_name, language_code), 14) if category and page_title ~= category.text and category.exists then table.insert(see_also_section, string.format(strings["SEE_ALSO_ITEM"], category.prefixedText)) end end table.sort(see_also_section) table.insert(see_also_section, 1, strings["SEE_ALSO"]) if table.getn(see_also_section) == 1 then return "" else return table.concat(see_also_section, "\n") end end --[[ -------------------------- < G E T _ H I D D E N _ C A T E G O R Y _ T E M P L A T E > -------------------------- Generates the Citakan:Hidden category template. This function is separate from the get_top_section() function as this should be used in both error categories and valid categories. ]] local function get_hidden_category_template(frame) return frame:expandTemplate{title = 'Hidden category'} end --[[ -------------------------- < G E T _ T O P _ S E C T I O N > -------------------------- Generates a consistent top maintenance template section which consists of: -- Citakan:Possibly empty category -- Citakan:Purge ]] local function get_top_section(frame) local top_section = {} if mw.site.stats.pagesInCategory(mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text, "all") == 0 then table.insert(top_section, frame:expandTemplate{title = 'Possibly empty category'}) else table.insert(top_section, frame:expandTemplate{title = 'Possibly empty category', args = {hidden=true}}) end local purge_module = require('Modul:Purge') table.insert(top_section, string.format(strings["PURGE_DIV"], purge_module._main({"Purge page cache"}))) return table.concat(top_section, "\n\n") end --[[ -------------------------- < G E T _ B O T T O M _ S E C T I O N > -------------------------- Generates a consistent non-text section which consists of: -- Citakan:Automatic category TOC -- A see also section -- {{DEFAULTSORT}} -- Categorization in parent category ]] local function get_bottom_section(frame, language_name, see_also_section, parent_category, parent_language_category) local bottom_section = {} table.insert(bottom_section, frame:expandTemplate{title = 'Automatic category TOC'}) table.insert(bottom_section, see_also_section) if mw.title.getCurrentTitle().nsText == "Kategori" then table.insert(bottom_section, frame:preprocess{text = "{{DEFAULTSORT:" .. language_name .. "}}"}) if parent_language_category then table.insert(bottom_section, "[[" .. parent_language_category .. "]]") end table.insert(bottom_section, parent_category) end return table.concat(bottom_section, "\n\n\n") end --[[ -------------------------- < N O N _ E N G L I S H _ L A N G U A G E _ T E X T _ C A T E G O R Y > -------------------------- {{#invoke:Lang/documentor tool|non_sundanese_language_text_category}} This function implements {{Kategori téks salian ti basa Sunda}}. ]] local non_sundanese_language_text_strings = { ["LINE1"] = "Kategori ieu ngandung artikel kalawan téks dina %s%s. Tujuan utama tina kategori-kategori ieu nyaéta pikeun ngagampangkeun pamariksaan téks dina basa lian sacara manual atawa otomatis.", ["LINE2"] = "Kategori ieu ngan bisa ditambahkeun dina kulawarga citakan %s, ulah ditambahkeun sacara langsung.", ["LINE3"] = 'Contona %s, anu ngabungkus téks ku %s. Ogé sayogi nyaéta %s anu ditampilkeun minangka %s.', ["LINE3_SYNTAXHIGHLIGHT"] = "<span lang=\"%s\">", ["IN_SCRIPT"] = " (dina %s)", ["EXAMPLE_DEFAULT_TEXT"] = "téks dina basa %s di dieu", ["PARENT_CATEGORY"] = "[[Kategori:Artikel nu ngandung téks salian ti basa Sunda]]", ["TEMPLATE"] = "Lang", ["TEMPLATE2"] = "Langx", } local function non_sundanese_language_text_category(frame) local page = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() local args = require('Modul:Arguments').getArgs(frame) -- args.test is used for /testcases if args.test then page = mw.title.new(args.test) end -- Naming style: Articles with text from the Berber languages collective local page_title_modified = page.text local split_title = "([^,]+)%%s([^,]*)" local part1 = "" local part2 = "" if page_title_modified:find('Artikel kalawan téks dina basa') then -- Naming style: Kategori:Artikel kalawan téks ti basa Afro-Asia (as currently implemented in Modul:lang) part1, part2 = LANGUAGE_CATEGORIES["LANGUAGES_COLLECTIVE_TEXT"]:match(split_title) elseif page_title_modified:find('nu dicutat sacara éksplisit') then part1, part2 = LANGUAGE_CATEGORIES["SUNDANESE"]:match(split_title) else -- Naming style: Kategori:Artikel nu ngandung téks basa Prancis part1, part2 = LANGUAGE_CATEGORIES["LANGUAGE_TEXT"]:match(split_title) end page_title_modified = page_title_modified:gsub(part1, "") page_title_modified = page_title_modified:gsub(part2, "") local language_name = page_title_modified local layout = {} table.insert(layout, get_hidden_category_template(frame)) local parent_category = non_sundanese_language_text_strings["PARENT_CATEGORY"] if language_name == page.text then -- Error: Category title format not supported. return make_error(string.format(error_messages["NOT_VALID_CATEGORY_FORMAT"], page.text), layout, parent_category, args.nocat) end local lang_module = require('Modul:Lang') local language_code = lang_module._tag_from_name({language_name}) if language_code:find('[Ee]rror') then -- Error: Language code not found in database. return make_error(string.format(error_messages["NOT_VALID_LANGUAGE_CODE"], language_name), layout, parent_category, args.nocat) end local correct_language_category_title = lang_module._category_from_tag({language_code}) if correct_language_category_title:find('[Ee]rror') then -- Error: No category title found for language code. return make_error(string.format(error_messages["NO_CATEGORY_TITLE_FOUND"], language_code), layout, parent_category, args.nocat) end local current_category_title = page.prefixedText if current_category_title ~= correct_language_category_title then -- Error: The current title used is not in the supported format. TODO: can this still be reached? return make_error( string.format(error_messages["INCORRECT_CATEGORY_TITLE"], current_category_title, frame:expandTemplate{title = 'Tlx', args = {non_sundanese_language_text_strings["TEMPLATE"]}}, correct_language_category_title), layout, parent_category, args.nocat) end table.insert(layout, get_top_section(frame)) local script_text = "" if args.script then script_text = string.format(non_sundanese_language_text_strings["IN_SCRIPT"], args.script) end local language_link = get_language_link(language_name, language_code) table.insert(layout, string.format(non_sundanese_language_text_strings["LINE1"], language_link, script_text)) local lang_template = frame:expandTemplate{title = 'Tl', args = {non_sundanese_language_text_strings["TEMPLATE"]}} table.insert(layout, string.format(non_sundanese_language_text_strings["LINE2"], lang_template)) local language_code_link = lang_module._name_from_tag({language_code, link="yes", label=language_code}) local example_default_text = string.format(non_sundanese_language_text_strings["EXAMPLE_DEFAULT_TEXT"], language_name) local example_text = args.example or example_default_text local lang_template_example = frame:expandTemplate{title = "Tlx", args = {non_sundanese_language_text_strings["TEMPLATE"], language_code_link, example_text}} local langx_args = {non_sundanese_language_text_strings["TEMPLATE2"], language_code_link, example_text} local langx_template_example = frame:expandTemplate{title = "Tlx", args = {non_sundanese_language_text_strings["TEMPLATE2"], language_code, example_text}} local langx_template_code = frame:expandTemplate{title = non_sundanese_language_text_strings["TEMPLATE2"], args = {language_code, example_text}} -- Strip private use subtag from code tag because this is what [[Modul:Lang]] does. local language_code_without_private_use = language_code:gsub("%-x%-.*", "") -- Wrap in syntaxhighlight. local syntaxhighlight = frame:extensionTag( "syntaxhighlight", string.format(non_sundanese_language_text_strings["LINE3_SYNTAXHIGHLIGHT"], language_code_without_private_use), {lang = "html", inline = true} ) table.insert(layout, string.format(non_sundanese_language_text_strings["LINE3"], lang_template_example, syntaxhighlight, langx_template_example, langx_template_code)) local see_also_section = get_see_also_section(page.text, language_name, language_code) local parent_language_code = get_primary_language_code(language_code) local parent_language_category if parent_language_code then parent_language_category = lang_module._category_from_tag({parent_language_code}) end local bottom = get_bottom_section(frame, language_name, see_also_section, non_sundanese_language_text_strings["PARENT_CATEGORY"], parent_language_category) return table.concat(layout, "\n\n") .. bottom end --[[ -------------------------- < N O N _ E N G L I S H _ L A N G U A G E _ S O U R C E S _ C A T E G O R Y > -------------------------- {{#invoke:Lang/documentor tool|non_sundanese_language_sources_category}} This function implements {{Kategori sumber salian ti basa Sunda}}. ]] local non_sundanese_language_sources_strings = { ["LINE1"] = "Ieu téh kategori palacak pikeun artikel nu maké %s pikeun ngawanohan sumber %s.", ["PARENT_CATEGORY"] = "[[Kategori:Artikel kalawan sumber salian ti basa Sunda]]", ["TEMPLATE"] = "In lang", } local function non_sundanese_language_sources_category(frame) local page = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() local args = require('Modul:Arguments').getArgs(frame) -- args.test is used for /testcases if args.test then page = mw.title.new(args.test) end local page_title = page.text local language_code = page_title:match('%(([%a%-]+)%)') local language_name = require('Modul:Lang')._name_from_tag({language_code}) local layout = {} table.insert(layout, get_hidden_category_template(frame)) local parent_category = non_sundanese_language_sources_strings["PARENT_CATEGORY"] local in_lang_module = require('Modul:In lang') local correct_language_category_title = in_lang_module._in_lang({language_code, ["list-cats"]="yes"}) if correct_language_category_title == "" then -- Error: No category title found for language code. return make_error(string.format(error_messages["NO_CATEGORY_TITLE_FOUND"], language_code), layout, parent_category, args.nocat) end local current_category_title = page.prefixedText if correct_language_category_title ~= current_category_title then -- Error: The current title used is not in the supported format. return make_error( string.format(error_messages["INCORRECT_CATEGORY_TITLE"], current_category_title, frame:expandTemplate{title = 'Tlx', args = {non_sundanese_language_sources_strings["TEMPLATE"]}}, correct_language_category_title), layout, parent_category, args.nocat) end local language_link = get_language_link(language_name, language_code) local text = string.format(non_sundanese_language_sources_strings["LINE1"], frame:expandTemplate{title = 'Tlx', args = {non_sundanese_language_sources_strings["TEMPLATE"], language_code}}, language_link) table.insert(layout, get_top_section(frame)) table.insert(layout, text) local see_also_section = get_see_also_section(page_title, language_name, language_code) local parent_language_code = get_primary_language_code(language_code) local parent_language_category if parent_language_code then parent_language_category = in_lang_module._in_lang({parent_language_code, ["list-cats"]="yes"}) end local bottom = get_bottom_section(frame, language_name, see_also_section, parent_category, parent_language_category) return table.concat(layout, "\n\n") .. bottom end --[[ -------------------------- < N O N _ E N G L I S H _ L A N G U A G E _ C S 1 _ S O U R C E S _ C A T E G O R Y > -------------------------- {{#invoke:Lang/documentor tool|non_sundanese_language_cs1_sources_category}} This function implements {{Kategori CS1 sumber salian ti basa Sunda}}. ]] local non_sundanese_language_cs1_text_strings = { ["LINE1"] = "Ieu téh kategori palacak pikeun [[WP:CS1|CS1 citations]] nu maké paraméter %s pikeun ngawanohan sumber dina [[Basa %s|%s]]. Kaca dina kategori ieu ngan bisa ditambahkeun ku citakan CS1 jeung [[Modul:Citation/CS1]].", ["PARENT_CATEGORY"] = "[[Kategori:CS1 sumber basa asing]]", -- #TODO change to "Articles with non-english CS1 language sources" or "CS1 non-English language sources" } --"This is a tracking category for [[WP:CS1|CS1 citations]] that use the parameter %s to hold a citation title that uses %s characters and contains the language prefix <code>%s:</code>. Pages in this category should only be added by CS1 templates and [[Modul:Citation/CS1]].", --"[[Kategori:CS1 maké aksara basa asing]]", -- "This is a tracking category for [[WP:CS1|CS1 citations]] that use the parameter %s. Pages in this category should only be added by CS1 templates and [[Modul:Citation/CS1]].", -- "to identify a source in [[%s language|%s]].", -- "to hold a citation title that uses %s characters and contains the language prefix <code>%s:</code>.", local function non_sundanese_language_cs1_sources_category(frame) local page_title_object = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() local page_title = page_title_object.text local language_code = page_title:match('%(([%a%-]+)%)') local language_name = require('Modul:Lang')._name_from_tag({language_code}) local layout = {} table.insert(layout, get_hidden_category_template(frame)) local see_also_section = "" local parameter_doc = frame:expandTemplate{title = 'para', args = {"basa", language_code}} table.insert(layout, get_top_section(frame)) table.insert(layout, string.format(non_sundanese_language_cs1_text_strings["LINE1"], parameter_doc, language_name, language_name)) local see_also_section = get_see_also_section(page_title, language_name, language_code) local bottom = get_bottom_section(frame, language_name, see_also_section, non_sundanese_language_cs1_text_strings["PARENT_CATEGORY"]) return table.concat(layout, "\n\n") .. bottom end --[[ -------------------------- < T E S T _ C A S E S _ S H A R E D _ C O D E > -------------------------- ]] local function compare_by_keys2(a, b) -- local function used by table.sort() return a[2] < b[2] -- ascending sort by code end local function compare_by_keys(a, b) -- local function used by table.sort() return a[1] < b[1] -- ascending sort by code end -- Used by testcases_iso_code_to_name() local function get_language_code_table_from_code(args) local entry = {} --if args.override_table[args.language_code] then -- table.insert(entry, args.override_table[args.language_code][1]) -- :gsub(' %b()$', '') fails here --else table.insert(entry, args.language_code) -- end return entry end -- Used by testcases_name_from_tag() local function get_language_code_and_name_table_from_code(args) local entry = {} if args.override_table and args.override_table[args.language_code] then table.insert(entry, args.language_code) local language_code, _ = args.override_table[args.language_code][1]:gsub(' %b()$', '') table.insert(entry, language_code) else table.insert(entry, args.language_code) table.insert(entry, args.language_table[args.language_code]) end return entry end -- Used by testcases_category_from_tag() local function get_language_code_and_category_table_from_code(args) local entry = {} table.insert(entry, args.language_code) table.insert(entry, args.test_function({args.language_code})) return entry end -- Used by testcases_iso_name_to_code() and testcases_tag_from_name() local function get_language_name_and_code_table_from_code(args) local entry = {} if args.override_table[args.language_code] then table.insert(entry, args.override_table[args.language_code][1]) -- only the first name when there are multiples table.insert(entry, args.language_code) else table.insert(entry, args.language_names[1]) -- only the first name when there are multiples table.insert(entry, args.language_code) end return entry end local function get_table(table_function, language_table, length, range, iso_number, test_function) local table_of_language_name_and_code_tables = {} local override_table_name = "override" if iso_number then override_table_name = "override_" .. iso_number end local override_table = require("Modul:ISO 639 name/ISO_639_override/kotrétan")[override_table_name] -- For most ISO 639s. if range then for language_code, language_names in pairs(language_table) do if language_code:find(range) then table.insert(table_of_language_name_and_code_tables, table_function({ override_table = override_table, language_code = language_code, language_names = language_names, test_function = test_function, language_table = language_table })) end end -- For ISO 639-1. elseif length then for language_code, language_names in pairs(language_table) do if language_code:len() == 2 then table.insert(table_of_language_name_and_code_tables, table_function({ override_table = override_table, language_code = language_code, language_names = language_names, test_function = test_function, language_table = language_table })) end end -- For general /testcases. else for language_code, language_names in pairs(language_table) do table.insert(table_of_language_name_and_code_tables, table_function({ override_table = override_table, language_code = language_code, language_names = language_names, test_function = test_function, language_table = language_table })) end end return table_of_language_name_and_code_tables end local function get_undabbed_table(language_list, length, range) local undabbed_language_table = {} -- for this test, ISO 639-3 language name disambiguators must be removed; un-dabbed names go here for language_code, language_names in pairs(language_list) do -- For most ISO 639s. if range then if language_code:find(range) then undabbed_language_table[language_code] = language_names[1]:gsub(' %b()$', '') -- undab and save only the first name; ignore all other names assigned to a code end -- For ISO 639-1. elseif length then if language_code:len() == 2 then undabbed_language_table[language_code] = language_names[1]:gsub(' %b()$', '') -- undab and save only the first name; ignore all other names assigned to a code end -- For general /testcases. else undabbed_language_table[language_code] = language_names[1]:gsub(' %b()$', '') end end return undabbed_language_table end --[[ -------------------------- < T E S T C A S E S _ C A T E G O R Y _ F R O M _ T A G > -------------------------- Entry point for the various category_from_tag testcases. Build a table of test patterns where each entry in the table is a table with two members: {"<language_code>", "<category name according to Modul:Lang>"} - "Expected" column value is the category name according to Modul:Lang. - "Actual" column value is the result of {{#invoke:Lang/kotrétan|category_from_tag|<language_code>}}. TODO: Currently not working. ]] local function testcases_category_from_tag(self, args) local cat_from_tag_function = require('Modul:Lang')._category_from_tag local language_tables = get_table(get_language_code_and_category_table_from_code, args.language_list, args.length, args.range, args.iso_number, cat_from_tag_function) table.sort(language_tables, compare_by_keys) self:preprocess_equals_preprocess_many( '{{#invoke:Lang/kotrétan|category_from_tag|', '}}', '', '', language_tables, {nowiki=false} ) end --[[ -------------------------- < T E S T C A S E S _ N A M E _ F R O M _ T A G > -------------------------- Entry point for the various name_from_tag testcases. Build a table of test patterns where each entry in the table is a table with two members: {"<language_code>", "<language_name>"} - "Expected" column value is the <language_name>. - "Actual" column value is the result of sandbox version {{#invoke:Lang/kotrétan|name_from_tag|<language_code>}}. ]] local function testcases_name_from_tag(self, args) local undabbed_language_table = get_undabbed_table(args.language_list, args.length, args.range, nil) local language_tables = get_table(get_language_code_and_name_table_from_code, undabbed_language_table, args.length, args.range) table.sort(language_tables, compare_by_keys) self:preprocess_equals_preprocess_many( '{{#invoke:Lang/kotrétan|name_from_tag|', '}}', '', '', language_tables, {nowiki=false} ) end --[[ -------------------------- < T E S T C A S E S _ T A G _ F R O M _ N A M E > -------------------------- Entry point for the various tag_from_name testcases. Build a table of test patterns where each entry in the table is a table with two members: {"<language_name>", "<language_code>"} - "Expected" column value is the <language_code>. - "Actual" column value is the result of sandbox version {{#invoke:Lang/kotrétan|tag_from_name|<language_name>}}. TODO: Currently not working. ]] local function testcases_tag_from_name(self, args) local language_tables = get_table(get_language_name_and_code_table_from_code, args.language_list, args.length, args.range, args.iso_number, nil) table.sort(language_tables, compare_by_keys2) local ordered_table = {} table.sort(unordered_table) for _, key in ipairs(unordered_table) do table.insert(ordered_table, {key, reverse_table[key]}) end self:preprocess_equals_preprocess_many( '{{#invoke:Lang/kotrétan|tag_from_name|', '}}', '', '', language_tables, {nowiki=false} ) end --[[ -------------------------- < T E S T C A S E S _ I S O _ C O D E _ T O _ N A M E > -------------------------- Entry point for the various iso_code_to_name testcases. Build a table of test patterns where each entry in the table is a table with one member: {"<language_code>"} - "Expected" column value is the result of the live version of {{#invoke:ISO 639 name|iso_639_name_to_code|<language_code>}}. - "Actual" column value is the result of sandbox version {{#invoke:ISO 639 name/kotrétan|iso_639_name_to_code|<language_code>}}. ]] local function testcases_iso_code_to_name(self, args) local language_tables = get_table(get_language_code_table_from_code, args.language_list, args.length, args.range, args.iso_number, nil) table.sort(language_tables, compare_by_keys) self:preprocess_equals_preprocess_many( '{{#invoke:ISO 639 name/kotrétan|iso_639_code_to_name|link=yes|', '}}', '{{#invoke:ISO 639 name|iso_639_code_to_name|link=yes|', '}}', language_tables, {nowiki=false} ) end --[[ -------------------------- < T E S T C A S E S _ I S O _ N A M E _ T O _ C O D E > -------------------------- Entry point for the various iso_name_to_code testcases. Build a table of test patterns where each entry in the table is a table with two members: {"<language_name>", "<language_code>"} - "Expected" column value is the <language_code>. - "Actual" column is value the result of {{#invoke:ISO 639 name/kotrétan|iso_639_name_to_code|<language_name>}}. ]] local function testcases_iso_name_to_code(self, args) local language_tables = get_table(get_language_name_and_code_table_from_code, args.language_list, args.length, args.range, args.iso_number, nil) table.sort(language_tables, compare_by_keys2) self:preprocess_equals_preprocess_many( '{{#invoke:ISO 639 name/kotrétan|iso_639_name_to_code|2=' .. args.iso_number .. "|", '}}', '', '', language_tables, {nowiki=false} ) end --[[--------------------------< S E E _ A L S O >-------------------------------------------------------------- adds items to the list of items in §See also section of Citakan:Lang-x/doc; Evaluates single positional parameter which is a comma-separated list of items including list markup. {{#invoke:Lang/documentor tool|see_also|*{{tl|Lang-tt-Cyrl}}, *{{tl|Lang-tt-Latn}}, *{{tl|Lang-tt-Arab}}}} ]] local function see_also (frame) if nil == frame.args[1] or '' == frame.args[1] then -- if empty, ... return -- ... return nothing end return frame:preprocess (frame.args[1]:gsub ('%s*,%s', '\n')) -- preprocess so any templates are rendered before saving and done end --[[ -------------------------< E X P O R T E D _ F U N C T I O N S > ----------------------------------------- ]] return { lang_xx_settings = lang_xx_settings, uses_module = uses_module, see_also = see_also, non_sundanese_language_text_category = non_sundanese_language_text_category, non_sundanese_language_sources_category = non_sundanese_language_sources_category, non_sundanese_language_cs1_sources_category = non_sundanese_language_cs1_sources_category, private_tags = private_tags, -- Modul:Lang testcases testcases_category_from_tag = testcases_category_from_tag, testcases_name_from_tag = testcases_name_from_tag, testcases_tag_from_name = testcases_tag_from_name, -- Modul:ISO 639 name testcases testcases_iso_code_to_name = testcases_iso_code_to_name, testcases_iso_name_to_code = testcases_iso_name_to_code, } 9g3eibjf8fp2x426k3126h7ccpanfmq 10 109312 730699 2026-10-23T12:48:31Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Citakan anyar 730699 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{Automatic category TOC stats/core<!-- -->|notoc={{PAGESINCATEGORY:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu teu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi|R}}<!-- -->|stdtoc={{PAGESINCATEGORY:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi standar|R}}<!-- -->|largetoc={{PAGESINCATEGORY:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi badag|R}}<!-- -->}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> m1un29y4k5sbnhdx9roixzoh7lnefb2 10 109313 730700 2026-10-23T12:53:47Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Citakan anyar 730700 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><!-- -->{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |- ! scope="col" | Éfék ! scope="col" style="text-align:right"| Kaca ! scope="col" style="text-align:right"| % |- ! scope="row" | Euweuh daptar eusi |style="text-align:right"| [[:Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu teu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi|{{formatnum:{{{notoc|}}}}}]] |style="text-align:right"| {{Percentage | {{{notoc|}}} | {{#expr: {{{notoc|}}} + {{{stdtoc|}}} + {{{largetoc|}}}}} | 2 | pad=yes}} |- ! scope="row" | {{tl|Category TOC}} standar |style="text-align:right"| [[:Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi standar|{{formatnum:{{{stdtoc|}}}}}]] |style="text-align:right"| {{Percentage | {{{stdtoc|}}} | {{#expr: {{{notoc|}}} + {{{stdtoc|}}} + {{{largetoc|}}}}} | 2 | pad=yes}} |- ! scope="row" | {{tl|Large category TOC}} |style="text-align:right"| [[:Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi badag|{{formatnum:{{{largetoc|}}}}}]] |style="text-align:right"| {{Percentage | {{{largetoc|}}} | {{#expr: {{{notoc|}}} + {{{stdtoc|}}} + {{{largetoc|}}}}} | 2 | pad=yes}} |- ! scope="row" | '''Total''' |style="text-align:right"| '''{{formatnum:{{#expr: {{{notoc|}}} + {{{stdtoc|}}} + {{{largetoc|}}}}}}}''' || |- |colspan=3 | <small>{{Purge|Pupus sindangan kaca ieu pikeun némbongkeun total panganyarna.}}</small> |}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Dokuméntasi|Citakan:Automatic category TOC stats/doc}} </noinclude> fducvll75i7uzfruvkqlndkf34stxdf 730708 730700 2026-10-23T16:42:57Z Rafka Aditia 29183 730708 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><!-- -->{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |- ! scope="col" | Éfék ! scope="col" style="text-align:right"| Kaca ! scope="col" style="text-align:right"| % |- ! scope="row" | Euweuh TOC |style="text-align:right"| [[:Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu teu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi|{{formatnum:{{{notoc|}}}}}]] |style="text-align:right"| {{Perséntase | {{{notoc|}}} | {{#expr: {{{notoc|}}} + {{{stdtoc|}}} + {{{largetoc|}}}}} | 2 | pad=yes}} |- ! scope="row" | {{tl|Category TOC}} standar |style="text-align:right"| [[:Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi standar|{{formatnum:{{{stdtoc|}}}}}]] |style="text-align:right"| {{Perséntase | {{{stdtoc|}}} | {{#expr: {{{notoc|}}} + {{{stdtoc|}}} + {{{largetoc|}}}}} | 2 | pad=yes}} |- ! scope="row" | {{tl|Large category TOC}} |style="text-align:right"| [[:Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi badag|{{formatnum:{{{largetoc|}}}}}]] |style="text-align:right"| {{Perséntase | {{{largetoc|}}} | {{#expr: {{{notoc|}}} + {{{stdtoc|}}} + {{{largetoc|}}}}} | 2 | pad=yes}} |- ! scope="row" | '''Total''' |style="text-align:right"| '''{{formatnum:{{#expr: {{{notoc|}}} + {{{stdtoc|}}} + {{{largetoc|}}}}}}}''' || |- |colspan=3 | <small>{{Purge|Pupus sindangan kaca ieu pikeun némbongkeun total panganyarna.}}</small> |}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Dokuméntasi|Citakan:Automatic category TOC stats/doc}} </noinclude> luspm187ineem5bipqvbe0dmmyt4nro 730721 730708 2026-10-23T16:59:14Z Rafka Aditia 29183 730721 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><!-- -->{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |- ! scope="col" | Éfék ! scope="col" style="text-align:right"| Kaca ! scope="col" style="text-align:right"| % |- ! scope="row" | Euweuh TOC |style="text-align:right"| [[:Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu teu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi|{{formatnum:{{{notoc|}}}}}]] |style="text-align:right"| {{Perséntase | {{{notoc|}}} | {{#expr: {{{notoc|}}} + {{{stdtoc|}}} + {{{largetoc|}}}}} | 2 | pad=yes}} |- ! scope="row" | {{tl|Category TOC}} standar |style="text-align:right"| [[:Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi kategori standar|{{formatnum:{{{stdtoc|}}}}}]] |style="text-align:right"| {{Perséntase | {{{stdtoc|}}} | {{#expr: {{{notoc|}}} + {{{stdtoc|}}} + {{{largetoc|}}}}} | 2 | pad=yes}} |- ! scope="row" | {{tl|Large category TOC}} |style="text-align:right"| [[:Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi kategori badag|{{formatnum:{{{largetoc|}}}}}]] |style="text-align:right"| {{Perséntase | {{{largetoc|}}} | {{#expr: {{{notoc|}}} + {{{stdtoc|}}} + {{{largetoc|}}}}} | 2 | pad=yes}} |- ! scope="row" | '''Total''' |style="text-align:right"| '''{{formatnum:{{#expr: {{{notoc|}}} + {{{stdtoc|}}} + {{{largetoc|}}}}}}}''' || |- |colspan=3 | <small>{{Purge|Pupus sindangan kaca ieu pikeun némbongkeun total panganyarna.}}</small> |}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Dokuméntasi|Citakan:Automatic category TOC stats/doc}} </noinclude> 1hvnnohg5tgxa4qbiinlx24y3geia7y 14 109314 730701 2026-10-23T12:56:19Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Kategori anyar 730701 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tracking category}} <div style="display:block; float:right">{{Automatic category TOC stats}}</div> Kategori nu maké {{tl|Automatic category TOC}}, dikelompokkeun dumasar kana naon anu dilakukeun ku daptar eusi kategori otomatis dina unggal kaca: *[[:Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu teu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi]] *[[:Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi standar]] – maké {{tl|Category TOC}} *[[:Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi badag]] – maké {{tl|Large category TOC}} Citakan nu transklusikeun {{tl|Automatic category TOC}} dikategorikeun dina {{clc|Citakan nu maké daptar eusi kategori otomatis}} {{suppress categories<!-- avoid category loops -->|1={{Automatic category TOC}}}} [[Kategori:Kategori palacak daptar eusi kategori otomatis|01]] 6onk9nmezyzgjt6niocvnrfhcn7lrn9 730719 730701 2026-10-23T16:58:08Z Rafka Aditia 29183 730719 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tracking category}} <div style="display:block; float:right">{{Automatic category TOC stats}}</div> Kategori nu maké {{tl|Automatic category TOC}}, dikelompokkeun dumasar kana naon anu dilakukeun ku daptar eusi kategori otomatis dina unggal kaca: *[[:Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu teu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi]] *[[:Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi kategori standar]] – maké {{tl|Category TOC}} *[[:Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi kategori badag]] – maké {{tl|Large category TOC}} Citakan nu transklusikeun {{tl|Automatic category TOC}} dikategorikeun dina {{clc|Citakan nu maké daptar eusi kategori otomatis}} {{suppress categories<!-- avoid category loops -->|1={{Automatic category TOC}}}} [[Kategori:Kategori palacak daptar eusi kategori otomatis|01]] pfkr9x9w39cq1dwdvvd9echziqqv9tq 10 109315 730704 2026-10-23T16:32:25Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Citakan anyar 730704 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{safesubst:<noinclude/>#invoke:Percentage|main|{{{1|0}}}|{{{2|100}}}|{{{3|}}}|pad={{{pad|}}}|sigfig={{{sigfig|}}}|%={{{%|%}}}|nonscinote={{{nonscinote|}}} }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Dokuméntasi}} </noinclude> 0l7u1wrpc49nrqe0fd8jl43i9nnf0eo 10 109316 730705 2026-10-23T16:32:53Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Mindahkeun ka [[Citakan:Perséntase]] 730705 wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIH [[Citakan:Perséntase]] 6e37s52kszul2prdhcmxgqc2s878e6i 828 109317 730706 2026-10-23T16:36:41Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Modul anyar 730706 Scribunto text/plain -- -- This module implements [[Template:Percentage]] -- local p = {} local math_module = require( "Module:Math" ) local precision = math_module._precision local sortkey = require( "Module:Sortkey" ) local function rnd(num, digits) -- This function implements {{rnd}} return math_module._precision_format(tostring(num), digits) end local function oom(num) -- This function implements {{order of magnitude}} return math_module._order(tostring(num)) end function _nonscinote(num) -- This function undoes scientific notation if mw.ustring.match(num or '', '^%s*(%d)%.(%d+)<span[^<>]*>×</span>10^{([%-−]*)(%d)}%s*$') then local a,b,c,d = mw.ustring.match(num or '', '^%s*(%d)%.(%d+)<span[^<>]*>×</span>10^{([%-−]*)(%d)}%s*$') d = tonumber(d) or 1 if c ~= '' then return '0.' .. mw.ustring.rep('0', d - 1) .. a .. b else return a .. mw.ustring.sub(b .. mw.ustring.rep('0', d ), 1, d) end end return num end local function fmtout(num,snote) if snote then return _nonscinote(num) else return num end end local function fixminus(s) -- Converts a leading ASCII hyphen-minus (U+002D) to a Unicode minus sign (U+2212), -- preserving any leading padding whitespace. Only the sign of the number is touched. return (mw.ustring.gsub(tostring(s), '^(%s*)%-', '%1−')) end function _percentage(n1, n2, prec, suffix, pad, sigfig, sn) local pct = 100*n1/n2 skey = '<span data-sort-value="' .. sortkey._sortKeyForNumber(pct) .. '♠" style="display:none"></span>' -- prec = math.floor(prec) if sigfig ~= '' then local out if pct ~= 0 then out = fmtout(rnd(pct, tonumber(sigfig) - oom(pct) - 1), sn) else out = fmtout(rnd(pct, tonumber(sigfig) - 3), sn) end return skey .. fixminus(out) .. suffix end if pad ~= '' then return skey .. fixminus(fmtout(rnd(pct, prec), sn)) .. suffix end prec = (prec < 0) and 0 or prec if pct ~= 0 then pct = ((pct < 0) and -1 or 1)*math.floor(math.abs(pct * 10^prec) + 0.5) / 10^prec end return skey .. fixminus(fmtout(pct, sn)) .. suffix end function p.main(frame) local args = frame.args[1] and frame.args or frame:getParent().args local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') return _percentage( math_module._cleanNumber(args[1] or 0, true) or 0, math_module._cleanNumber(args[2] or 100, true) or 100, tonumber(args[3]) or tonumber(args['pad']) or 0, args['%'] or '%', args['pad'] or '', args['sigfig'] or '', yesno(args['nonscinote'] or 'no') ) end return p buedtunkmjr1m885g5323ze5xnbqray 828 109318 730707 2026-10-23T16:40:28Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Modul anyar 730707 Scribunto text/plain local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs local p = {} function p._encode(sortkey) -- Protect against sortkey nesting. -- Example: {{sort|{{dts|2013|07|07}}|{{dts|1990|12|01}}}} if string.find(sortkey, "sortkey") or string.find(sortkey, "data-sort-value") then return ""; end return mw.text.encode(sortkey) end function p.encode(frame) local args = getArgs(frame); return p._encode(args[1] or "") end local function valid_number(num) -- Return true if num is a valid number. -- In Scribunto (different from some standard Lua), when expressed as a string, -- overflow or other problems are indicated with text like "inf" or "nan" -- which are regarded as invalid here (each contains "n"). if type(num) == 'number' and tostring(num):find('n', 1, true) == nil then return true end end function p._sortKeyForNumber(value) local sortkey if not valid_number(value) then if value < 0 then sortkey = '1000000000000000000' else sortkey = '9000000000000000000' end elseif value == 0 then sortkey = '5000000000000000000' else local mag = math.floor(math.log10(math.abs(value)) + 1e-14) local prefix if value > 0 then prefix = 7000 + mag else prefix = 2999 - mag value = value + 10^(mag+1) end sortkey = string.format('%d', prefix) .. string.format('%015.0f', math.floor(value * 10^(math.min(28,14-mag)))) end return sortkey; end function p.sortKeyForNumber(frame) local args = getArgs(frame); return p._sortKeyForNumber(args[1] or "") end return p bf6nib86o701vban8cvux2j7z8q1z36 14 109319 730709 2026-10-23T16:44:54Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Kategori anyar 730709 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tracking category}} <div style="display:block; float:right">{{Automatic category TOC stats}}</div> Kategori nu maké {{tl|Automatic category TOC}}, dikelompokkeun dumasar kana naon anu dilakukeun ku daptar eusi kategori otomatis dina unggal kaca: *[[:Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu teu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi]] *[[:Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi standar]] – maké {{tl|Category TOC}} *[[:Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi badag]] – maké {{tl|Large category TOC}} Citakan nu transklusikeun {{tl|Automatic category TOC}} dikategorikeun dina {{clc|Citakan nu maké daptar eusi kategori otomatis}} {{suppress categories<!-- avoid category loops -->|1={{Automatic category TOC}}}} [[Kategori:Kategori palacak daptar eusi kategori otomatis|02]] igp6nhg39a5puxup67py3pqf7dhen2q 730713 730709 2026-10-23T16:56:16Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Rafka Aditia mindahkeun kaca [[Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi standar]] ka [[Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi kategori standar]] 730709 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tracking category}} <div style="display:block; float:right">{{Automatic category TOC stats}}</div> Kategori nu maké {{tl|Automatic category TOC}}, dikelompokkeun dumasar kana naon anu dilakukeun ku daptar eusi kategori otomatis dina unggal kaca: *[[:Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu teu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi]] *[[:Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi standar]] – maké {{tl|Category TOC}} *[[:Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi badag]] – maké {{tl|Large category TOC}} Citakan nu transklusikeun {{tl|Automatic category TOC}} dikategorikeun dina {{clc|Citakan nu maké daptar eusi kategori otomatis}} {{suppress categories<!-- avoid category loops -->|1={{Automatic category TOC}}}} [[Kategori:Kategori palacak daptar eusi kategori otomatis|02]] igp6nhg39a5puxup67py3pqf7dhen2q 730718 730713 2026-10-23T16:57:53Z Rafka Aditia 29183 730718 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tracking category}} <div style="display:block; float:right">{{Automatic category TOC stats}}</div> Kategori nu maké {{tl|Automatic category TOC}}, dikelompokkeun dumasar kana naon anu dilakukeun ku daptar eusi kategori otomatis dina unggal kaca: *[[:Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu teu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi]] *[[:Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi kategori standar]] – maké {{tl|Category TOC}} *[[:Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi kategori badag]] – maké {{tl|Large category TOC}} Citakan nu transklusikeun {{tl|Automatic category TOC}} dikategorikeun dina {{clc|Citakan nu maké daptar eusi kategori otomatis}} {{suppress categories<!-- avoid category loops -->|1={{Automatic category TOC}}}} [[Kategori:Kategori palacak daptar eusi kategori otomatis|03]] 19r9yme42yy4y2wuf4i0hepjp9fi3e1 730720 730718 2026-10-23T16:58:19Z Rafka Aditia 29183 730720 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tracking category}} <div style="display:block; float:right">{{Automatic category TOC stats}}</div> Kategori nu maké {{tl|Automatic category TOC}}, dikelompokkeun dumasar kana naon anu dilakukeun ku daptar eusi kategori otomatis dina unggal kaca: *[[:Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu teu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi]] *[[:Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi kategori standar]] – maké {{tl|Category TOC}} *[[:Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi kategori badag]] – maké {{tl|Large category TOC}} Citakan nu transklusikeun {{tl|Automatic category TOC}} dikategorikeun dina {{clc|Citakan nu maké daptar eusi kategori otomatis}} {{suppress categories<!-- avoid category loops -->|1={{Automatic category TOC}}}} [[Kategori:Kategori palacak daptar eusi kategori otomatis|02]] msd9si0fqmx1ium2a71y3ektvl33jtc 14 109320 730710 2026-10-23T16:45:32Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Kategori anyar 730710 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tracking category}} <div style="display:block; float:right">{{Automatic category TOC stats}}</div> Kategori nu maké {{tl|Automatic category TOC}}, dikelompokkeun dumasar kana naon anu dilakukeun ku daptar eusi kategori otomatis dina unggal kaca: *[[:Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu teu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi]] *[[:Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi standar]] – maké {{tl|Category TOC}} *[[:Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi badag]] – maké {{tl|Large category TOC}} Citakan nu transklusikeun {{tl|Automatic category TOC}} dikategorikeun dina {{clc|Citakan nu maké daptar eusi kategori otomatis}} {{suppress categories<!-- avoid category loops -->|1={{Automatic category TOC}}}} [[Kategori:Kategori palacak daptar eusi kategori otomatis|03]] 6psh2vuknz21acvu9aegq1duru9petr 730715 730710 2026-10-23T16:56:38Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Rafka Aditia mindahkeun kaca [[Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi badag]] ka [[Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi kategori badag]] 730710 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tracking category}} <div style="display:block; float:right">{{Automatic category TOC stats}}</div> Kategori nu maké {{tl|Automatic category TOC}}, dikelompokkeun dumasar kana naon anu dilakukeun ku daptar eusi kategori otomatis dina unggal kaca: *[[:Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu teu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi]] *[[:Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi standar]] – maké {{tl|Category TOC}} *[[:Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi badag]] – maké {{tl|Large category TOC}} Citakan nu transklusikeun {{tl|Automatic category TOC}} dikategorikeun dina {{clc|Citakan nu maké daptar eusi kategori otomatis}} {{suppress categories<!-- avoid category loops -->|1={{Automatic category TOC}}}} [[Kategori:Kategori palacak daptar eusi kategori otomatis|03]] 6psh2vuknz21acvu9aegq1duru9petr 730717 730715 2026-10-23T16:57:35Z Rafka Aditia 29183 730717 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tracking category}} <div style="display:block; float:right">{{Automatic category TOC stats}}</div> Kategori nu maké {{tl|Automatic category TOC}}, dikelompokkeun dumasar kana naon anu dilakukeun ku daptar eusi kategori otomatis dina unggal kaca: *[[:Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu teu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi]] *[[:Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi kategori standar]] – maké {{tl|Category TOC}} *[[:Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi kategori badag]] – maké {{tl|Large category TOC}} Citakan nu transklusikeun {{tl|Automatic category TOC}} dikategorikeun dina {{clc|Citakan nu maké daptar eusi kategori otomatis}} {{suppress categories<!-- avoid category loops -->|1={{Automatic category TOC}}}} [[Kategori:Kategori palacak daptar eusi kategori otomatis|03]] 19r9yme42yy4y2wuf4i0hepjp9fi3e1 10 109321 730712 2026-10-23T16:53:40Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Rafka Aditia mindahkeun kaca [[Citakan:CatAutoTOC/core]] ka [[Citakan:Automatic category TOC/core]] 730712 wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIH [[Citakan:Automatic category TOC/core]] mm5wvsgy8wz3d87ik4r5nohg366v1w7 14 109322 730714 2026-10-23T16:56:16Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Rafka Aditia mindahkeun kaca [[Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi standar]] ka [[Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi kategori standar]] 730714 wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIH [[:Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi kategori standar]] cwj0v5hithm293beiod1o4y09qkguu9 14 109323 730716 2026-10-23T16:56:38Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Rafka Aditia mindahkeun kaca [[Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi badag]] ka [[Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi kategori badag]] 730716 wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIH [[:Kategori:Daptar eusi kategori otomatis nu ngahasilkeun daptar eusi kategori badag]] 31jjqdzawk0x7h2sjluy8iax5zhlowb 14 109324 730722 2026-10-23T17:03:34Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Kategori anyar 730722 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kategori téks salian ti basa Sunda}} 73bhtgdmo7r76srstkaub3zq391h3nl 14 109325 730723 2026-10-23T17:08:00Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Kategori anyar 730723 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kategori téks salian ti basa Sunda}} 73bhtgdmo7r76srstkaub3zq391h3nl 14 109326 730724 2026-10-23T17:11:57Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Kategori anyar 730724 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kategori téks salian ti basa Sunda}} 73bhtgdmo7r76srstkaub3zq391h3nl 14 109327 730725 2026-10-23T23:26:09Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Kategori anyar 730725 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kategori téks salian ti basa Sunda}} 73bhtgdmo7r76srstkaub3zq391h3nl 14 109328 730730 2026-10-24T00:51:34Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Rafka Aditia mindahkeun kaca [[Kategori:CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)]] ka [[Kategori:CS1 sumber basa Indonésia (id)]] 730730 wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIH [[:Kategori:CS1 sumber basa Indonésia (id)]] bgvz01ystfj9tjtyrx0lbn1zuw5l4iy 828 109329 730733 2026-10-24T02:46:04Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Modul anyar 730733 Scribunto text/plain require('strict'); local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs --[[--------------------------< E R R _ M S G _ M A K E >------------------------------------------------------ ]] local function err_msg_make (msg) return '<span class="error" style="font-size:100%">error: ' .. msg .. ' not recognized</span>' end --[[--------------------------< _ I S _ C O D E >-------------------------------------------------------------- local or require()d entry point return true if <code> is a mediawiki recognized code; false else <code> - language code to validate; expected to be lowercase without leading/trailing whitespace <target_lang_code> - language code for target language; expected to be valid; expected to be lowercase without leading/trailing whitespace specifying <target_lang_code> may be a pointless exercise because of cldr fallback. For example, mw.language.fetchLanguageName (crh, sq) -> Crimean Turkish because the Albanian language definitions do not have an Albanian-language version of the language name ]] local function _is_code (code, target_lang_code) code = mw.language.fetchLanguageName (code, target_lang_code); return '' ~= code; end --[[--------------------------< _ _ V A L I D A T E _ T A R G E T _ L A N G _ C O D E >------------------------ validates target_lang_code as a know language code; returns two values when target_lang_code is valid, first return value holds target_lang_code; second return value is nil when target_lang_code is invalid, first retrun value is nil; second return value has error message if target_lang_code argument is nil, (missing or empty in the invoke) use local wiki's language code ]] local function __validate_target_lang_code (target_lang_code) local msg; if target_lang_code then -- not missing or empty if not _is_code (target_lang_code) then -- validate target_lang_code msg = err_msg_make ('target language code: ' .. target_lang_code); target_lang_code = nil; -- unset as invalid end end if not target_lang_code then -- if nil because missing or empty or because invlaid and we set it nil target_lang_code = mw.getContentLanguage():getCode(); -- use local wiki's language code end return target_lang_code, msg; -- target_lang_code is valid or nil; msg is nil or has an error message end --[[--------------------------< I S _ C O D E >---------------------------------------------------------------- module entry point args[1]: language code -> <code> args[2]: optional target language code; same as <target lang code> in {{#language:<code>|<target lang code>}}; defaults to the local wiki language return true if <code> is a mediawiki recognized code; nil else ]] local function is_code (frame) local args = getArgs (frame, { valueFunc = function (key, value) return (value and '' ~= value) and value:lower():gsub ('^%s*(.-)%s*$', '%1') or nil; end }); local code = args[1]; local target_lang_code = __validate_target_lang_code (args[2]); return code and _is_code (code, target_lang_code) and true or nil; end --[[--------------------------< N A M E _ F R O M _ C O D E >-------------------------------------------------- module entry point args[1]: language code args[2]: optional target language code; same as <target lang code> in {{#language:<code>|<target lang code>}}; defaults to the local wiki language return language-name if language-code is a mediawiki recognized code; error message string else returned language name not guarenteed to be in target_lang_code (if specified), because mw language lists are incomplete ]] local function name_from_code (frame) local args = getArgs (frame, { valueFunc = function (key, value) return (value and '' ~= value) and value:lower():gsub ('%s*(.-)%s*', '%1') or nil; end }); local code = args[1]; if not code then return err_msg_make ('code: (empty)'); end local target_lang_code, msg = __validate_target_lang_code (args[2]); if msg then return msg; end local name = mw.language.fetchLanguageName (code, target_lang_code); -- returns empty string if code not found return '' ~= name and name or err_msg_make ('language code: ' .. code); -- return language name or error message end --[[--------------------------< C O D E _ F R O M _ N A M E >-------------------------------------------------- local entry point args[1]: language name args[2]: optional target language code; instruct this function to fetch language name list in 'this' language return language-code if language-name is a mediawiki recognized name and target language code is valid; error message string else second return value is a boolean used by is_name(); true when name is found; false else ]] local function _code_from_name (args) local name = args[1]; if not name then return err_msg_make ('name: (empty)'); end local target_lang_code, msg = __validate_target_lang_code (args[2]); if msg then return msg; end local code_name_list = mw.language.fetchLanguageNames (target_lang_code, 'all'); -- get language code / name list in target_lang_code language indexed by language code local name_code_list = {}; -- to hold language name / code list indexed by name for k, v in pairs (code_name_list) do -- spin through the code / name list and name_code_list[v:lower()] = k; -- make a name / code list end if name_code_list[name] then return name_code_list[name], true; -- returns code when name is found and true for is_name() else return err_msg_make ('language name: ' .. name), false; -- return error message when name not found and false for is_name() end end --[[--------------------------< C O D E _ F R O M _ N A M E >-------------------------------------------------- module entry point args[1]: language name args[2]: optional target language code; instruct this function to fetch language name list in 'this' language return language-code if language-name is a mediawiki recognized name and target language code is valid; error message string else ]] local function code_from_name (frame) local args = getArgs (frame, { valueFunc = function (key, value) return (value and '' ~= value) and value:lower():gsub ('^%s*(.-)%s*$', '%1') or nil; end }); local result, _ = _code_from_name (args); -- suppress true/false return used by is_name() return result; end --[[--------------------------< I S _ N A M E >---------------------------------------------------------------- return true if <name> is a mediawiki recognized language name; false else args[1]: language name args[2]: optional target language code; instructs _code_from_name to fetch language name list in 'this' language defaults to local wiki's language; when this parameter not valid, language name is assumed to be not valid ]] local function is_name (frame) local args = getArgs (frame, { valueFunc = function (key, value) return (value and '' ~= value) and value:lower():gsub ('%s*(.-)%s*', '%1') or nil; end }); local _, result = _code_from_name (args); -- suppress code return used by code_from_name() return result and true or nil; end --[[--------------------------< E X P O R T E D F U N C T I O N S >------------------------------------------ ]] return { code_from_name = code_from_name, is_code = is_code, is_name = is_name, name_from_code = name_from_code, _is_code = _is_code, -- entry point from another module } 8pqnzgtq7ebx347t4mkm4d3ttg4cfax